ANNEX 1 
COMMISSION OF THE  EUROPEAN  COMMUNITIES 
COM(82) 865 final 
Brussels,  21st December  1982 
PROPOSALS  FOR A EUROPEAN 
SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL STRATEGY 
FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME  1984-1987 
(Communication from  the Commission  to the  Council and to the 
European Parliament) 
COM(82) 865 final 

CONTENTS 
INTRODUCTION  p&ge 
I. THE  CURRENT  SITUATION  - THE CHALLENGES  TO BE FACED 2 
II. THE COMMUNITY  IN THE  INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT  6 
III. A SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL STRATEGY  FOR EUROPE 10 
A. Principles,  goals and objectives  proposed  for the  period 
1984-1987  10 
B. Programming  guide for the  period 1984-1987  18 
Introduction 
B.1. Goals 
- Promoting  agricultural  competitiveness  (including fish) 
- Promoting  industrial  competitiveness 
- Improving  the management  of raw  materials 
- Improving  the management  of energy resources 
- Reinforcing  development  aid 
- Improving  living and working  conditions 
- Improving  the efficacy  of the Community's  scientific 
and technical potential 22 
22 
31 
44 
49 
66 
70 
79 
IV. B.2. Horizontal  activities 
WAYS AND MEANS 
1. Structures  and procedures 
2.. Ways and Means -  Action programmes 
3. Financial  resources 84 
85 
85 
85 
86 
89 CONCLUSIONS 
ANNEXES : Annex I : Analysis  of the Community's  position  in the 
international  context 
Annex II : List of theme plans 

PROPOSALS  FOR A EUROPEAN  SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  STRATEGY 
FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME  1984-1987 
INTRODUCTION 
This paper presents  the first general  framework  programme  for 
scientific  and technical  research,  development  and demonstration 
activities,  which is proposed  to the  European Community  for the 
years 1984-1987. 
As a response  to the  Council of Ministers  requests,  made at its 
meetings  in November  1981 and  subsequently  in March and June 1982 
on the basis of Commission communications  " this proposal  has been 
prepared,using  : 
- current  data and forecasts  as to  national  research,  development  
and demonstration  policies  in the  Member States , as well as those 
of other main countries  , 
- Community  forecast  studies  (work of the  FAST Group) ancj the  13 
theme plans ' specially  drafted  for the  preparation  of this 
framework programme, 
- studies  and discussions  undertaken  by the  Commission  services  
concerned  with the aid of  experts from the Member States and 
eminent  personalities  belonging  to the  European Research  and 
Development Committee (CERD)  and the  Industrial  Research  and 
Development Committee (CORDI). 
(1) cf. The documents  C0MC8D574  final,  SEC(82)310, SEC(82)896 
final. 
See, in Annex I, "Analysis  of the  Community's  position  in the 
international  context". 
FAST : Forecasting  and Assessment in the  field of Science & Technology. 
See the list of theme plans in Annex II. (2) 
(3) 
(4) 

- 2 -
This document  attempts to set out : 
- Community  socio-economic goals which are the basis of the  common 
strategy  in science and technology, 
- the major  scientific  and technical objectives which it  would be 
suitable  to adopt at  Community  level for the  1984-1987  period, 
- the specific  objectives, for which the  priorities  and the  relative 
weightings are indicated in the  programming  guide to be followed 
in order to decide which research,development and demonstration 
activities  should be undertaken  jointly. 
The Commission  feels that with  this as a basis the Council and the 
Parliament  will be in a position to  arrive  at a verdict on the 
amount and orientations of the outlay to be allocated at  Community  
level to science and technology in  relation  to other  Community  
activities  and policies  and in  relation  to the  scientific  and  
technical  activities  and policies  of the Member  States. 
The framework  programme  will thus not only be a  Community  program­
ming tool but also one for  medium  term financial  forecasting  likely 
to render it considerably easier to  make sectoral  programme  or 
budgetary decisions. 
I. THE CURRENT  SITUATION  - THE CHALLENGES  TO BE FACED 
At the start of the  1980s all industrialised  countries - and thus, 
at various  levels  of intensity  all Member  States of the  Community  -
are confronted with  five major problems. 
1. The economic  crisis  with its attendant  inflation  and unemployment 
Two calculations in  this respect : the  number  of unemployed  which, 
within the Community  has currently reached the  level of 10.7 mil­
lion, or 9.6 % of the active population, is  likely  to rise to 
15 mi Llion in 1985 . 
(1) It should be  recalled  here, in the context of  Community  enlargement, 
that Spain and Portugal are facing conditions as  difficult  as those 
in the 10. The source of the data given here is :  EUROSTAT  6/1982 
and the FAST report. 

- 3 -
In order to get  back to an unemployment  rate of  2 % in 1995 it 
will be necessary to create about  1 million  new jobs a year from 
now on. 
2. The unstable (not to say declining) competitive capacity of the  
vast majority of  Member  States in  relation  to other  major countries. 
This is as true of  scientific  or technological competitiveness as 
it is of  agricultural  competitiveness and  industrial  competitiveness. 
In fact the EEC's  agricultural  balance of trade with the  rest of the 
world remains in  deficit.  Industrial  competitiveness, which is al­
ready inadequate so far as advanced technology is concerned is 
tending to deteriorate in other,  more traditional  areas of produc­
tion such as  motor vehicles or chemicals.  Finally,  all national 
and Community  level studies are in  agreement  as to  their conclusions, 
which make it clear that there is a need to revive  scientific  and 
technical"creativity"within  the Community. 
3. The need to improve the  management  of energy and raw material  
resources 
Whether  for oil, natural gas, uranium or mineral resources which 
can be exploited in reasonable  economic  conditions, the  Community 
is greatly  dependent  for their supply  upon other countries. The 
Community  must therefore take care to  manage  its own  capital  of 
primary or secondary resources with the utmost care  (recycling 
materials,  exploiting low grade ores, using techniques which 
economise  on energy resources, renewable energy,  etc.). 
4. The vital need to  intensify  relations and cooperation with developing  
countries 
It is as much out of a sense of  solidarity  with the  third world 
as for mutual  economic  benefit that the  Community  is in a position 
to play a  role unequalled in the world both so far as developing 
R,DSD within the developing countries themselves is concerned, 
and for building up its own R8D capacity in response to developing 
countries'  needs. 

- 4 -
5. To prepare  society  for the changes  arising  from, or  Likely  to  
arise from the development of new  technologies 
(as much at local as at Community  level) 
Taking simply, by way of example, the consequences of developing 
information  technology it is worth  recalling  that one third of all 
jobs in Europe  will be directly  affected  in their nature or  their 
function  by developments in these  technologies.  Training,  education 
and job  sharing  will be major  topics  for consideration  by developed 
societies  which wish to maintain and improve  their  living  standards, 
social equilibrium  and the  quality  of life. 
Apart from these  five major problems, which  call for responses in the 
short and medium  term, the  Member  States  of the  Community  will - as 
the work of the  FAST team has made clear - in the  longer  term, need 
to face up to and master the  significant  changes which can  already  be 
discerned  : 
- A profound rearrangement in the way  service  industries  are organised.1 
These will, in the years to  come, be of special  importance and 
interest  as factors  creating  employment,  competitiveness and  citizen 
participation.  (It should be noted here  that in 1980 the  service 
sector already  accounted for 51 % of jobs  within the Community  and 
56 % of value added). 
- The organisation  and renewal of  production  by making use as appro­
priate, of new  technologies,  the essential  bastion  of new growth. 
- Making  optimum  use of  land via integrated  land use management 
including  water and  natural  renewable resources (by  contrast  there 
is at the  moment  considerable  conflict  between  uses of  land for 
different  purposes ;  industry,  agronomy,  urban development,  trans­
port, etc.)* 
- The development of the  third world over and above the  transfer  of 
techniques  and products  (organised  cooperation,  exchanges,  work 
sharing,  etc.). 
(1) By way of  example  one could  cite the adaptation  of transport  systems 
to the new needs of the  economy  of society. 

- 5 -
- Finally,  continuous adaptation  of society  to technological  change 
(the balance  between  work and leisure  activities,  urban structures, 
social participation  in activities  of public  interest,  the cultural 
impact of communication technology,  etc.). 
Whilst scientific  development  cannot,  in the  face of these harsh 
realities  and prospects, guarantee  economic  growth, long term  compe­
titive capability  or social well being,  it does constitute  a necessary 
albeit inadequate element.  The contribution which  the multi-purpose 
tool of R,D&D can  make sometimes  seems even to be  fundamental. 
Thus all developed  or rapidly  industrialising  countries  are assigning 
considerable  resources  to the  support of R,D&D. 
What is the  European  Community's  position  in this general picture  ? 
What place does it hold in the  international context  ? 
An analysis  of the  situation  is given in a schematic  manner  in Annex I 
(which is a summary  of analyses  carried  out by  Commission  staff,UNESCO, 
the OECD etc.) and in a  more detailed  way and on a  sectoral basis,  in 
the theme plans  listed in Annex 2. 
Thus in what follows only  certain  overall  data are given, dealing with 
the Community's  strengths  and weaknesses  in the  international context. 

- 6 -
II. THE COMMUNITY  IN THE  INTERNATIONAL  CONTEXT 
The ten Member  States of the Community  possess considerable research 
potential,  being responsible  for 20 % of expenditure  on R,R&D in the 
world (1982). 
More than 1 million scientists  and technicians take part  in research 
activities  today, 350,000 of whom are specifically  research workers. 
The Community's  research capacity is,  if one only takes account  of purely 
civilian  research, only  27 % less than the United States,  and double 
Japan's  (1982). 
In terms of pub lie expenditure,  a comparison  of expenditure  by the Com­
munity, the United States  and Japan, expressed  in billions  of ECU, shows 
the following  : 
Budgetary  allocations  (Government Funding)  Billions  of ECUs 
1975 1981 1982 
prov. 
Belgique/Belgie 0.36 0.54 0.56 
Danmark 0.18 0.24 0.25 
Deutschland 4.18 7.07 7.84 
Ellas n.a. 0.07 0.07 
France 3.18 6.63 8.17 
Ireland 0.03 0.06 0.08 
Italia 0.56 2.06 1.91 
Nederland 0.64 1.18 1.28 
United-Kingdom 2.37 5.99 6.33 
EUR-IO 11.50 23.85 26.49 
COMPARISON 
1BCU 
U.S.A. (Federal outlays) = $1.24077 
14.56 =$1.11645 
30.16 
Est. =$1.00324 
38.15 
Est. 
1BCU= 
JAPAN (Gov. expenditure) 354.312YEN 
2.49 =247.598Y 
6.83 
Est. =244.671Y 
7.50 
Est. 
PS. The funding breakdown  of R&D  between  public sector  (Gov. funding) and 
private sector (industry,  NP0, etc.) is  about 50/50 for  EUR-10 and USA, 
whereas Japanese  Government  finances  R&D activities  at a level slightly 
inferior to 30 %. 

- 7 -
Thus in general  terms  one can see that the  Community's  Member 
States possess  scientific  and industrial  resources of  remarkable 
breadth, richness and diversity. The personnel, the  teams,  the 
equipment,  the financial  resources  (even  if they are  somewhat 
inadequate)  the mechanisms  for transforming  knowledge  into inno­
vation altogether  make up what amounts  to a tool for progress 
with a potential efficay  virtually  without  peer at the interna­
tional level. 
However,  on a second  analysis  Europe's  potential exhibits  some 
worrying features. The vast majority of national and  Community 
studies which have been carried out in recent years highlight 
the following  realities  : 
- something  of a decline in the  creativity  or scientific 
productivity  of European  research  systems, 
- not enough  multi-disciplinary research  (whereas  for many areas, 
such as new sources of  energy,  the environment,  agro-food, the 
solutions  required can only be  found  by means  of multi-sectoral 
of multi-disciplinary research), 
- some rather large  gaps in the research  continuum,  where univer­
sities feel work is too applied in nature but  where  industry 
feels it is too basic  (namely  synthetic materials, agro-food 
technology, toxicology,  among others), 
- the mismatch  which can be discerned in various sectors  between 
scientific  "supply" (the product of research laboratories) and  : 
i) scientific  and technical  demand,  particularly that arising 
from industry, 
ii) social  demands, 
iii) to a lesser extent,  governmental  demand. 

- 8 -
This relative  mismatch between  supply  and demand  brings  about 
some serious lacks.  The Euro-Siberian pipeline  is a very good 
example in  this respect,  where the American  embargo  showed  up 
Europe's  level of dependence. The mismatch  also leads  in many 
cases to developments in  applied research  which are not  actually 
applicable,  or to the appearance of  innovations  for which  there 
is no market  (series  of computers,  aircraft  prototypes,  pharma­
ceutical  products,  etc.), 
- the failure,  or over slowness, to adapt  shown by public research 
organisation  structures  (suffice  it to quote in  this respect  the 
well known problem of the  division  of functions  between  research 
and teaching within  universities,  and relations  between the  uni­
versities  and industry), 
- insufficient  attention  is given to disseminating  scientific  and 
technical  information  and exploiting  R,D&D results, 
- finally,  too much duplication  of public  R&D activities  carried 
out in countries  of the  Community  : large parts  of the  research 
funded by  public  money in the Member  States  are being developed 
simultaneously  and are the  same. Whilst  in many cases such 
duplication  may be  stimulating  or fruitful  there is always a 
threshold  above which  repeating  work becomes  a sterile  exercise, 
and above which  intra Community  competition  develops to the 
detriment  of the  competitive capacity  of the  Community  vis a vis 
other countries.  And this is particularly  true while  the level 
of the teams concerned is uncompetitive in  international  terms. 
It is certainly  true that  for several years,  so far as  this 
last matter is concerned the  number  and the scope of  joint 
activities  and Community  cooperation  have experienced  rapid 
growth. However,  the competitive  capability  of the  Member  States 
remains  insecure  and their  scientific  and technical  reknown 
uneven. 

- 9 -
The similarity  of these negative aspects within the  Community,  the 
major expenditure which is devoted to research nationally  - which 
does not however  reach the threshold of international competitive­
ness - the limits  and inadequacies of  each country, are all factors 
which bear witness to the necessity for systematic cooperation. 
But should  this be bi-lateral  and multi-lateral,  and arranged on 
an ad-hoc  basis, or a strategy organised and developed progressi­
vely at Community  level (and brought into relations with other 
developed and developing countries)  ? 
These are the questions which the  Commission  is now asking 
Member States to discuss, using as a basis  this document,  which 
proposes a  scientific  and technical strategy for  Europe,and  its 
expression in the form of a  framework  programme  for the years 
1984-1987. 

- 10 -
III. A SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  STRATEGY  FOR EUROPE 
A. PRINCIPLES,,  GOALS AND OBJECTIVES  PROPOSED  FOR THE  PERIOD  
1984-1987 
Three basic  principles  upon which the  common  strategy for 1984-
1987 should be founded are suggested : 
- Firstly,  a reinforced  priority  to be given to developing 
scientific  and technical  activities  in the context of the 
redeployment of the  Community's  policies  and activities  and 
the allocation,  in the  framework  of this redeployment, of 
an increasing percentage of  human and financial  resources to 
these activities. 
- Secondly,  starting  out from the basic goals,  making use of an  
objective  based approach, that is of a  selection  of well 
thought out and  significant  objectives for the period 1984-
1987 with a view to : 
. facilitating  the implementation of the research  specifically-
desired  by the Member  States, 
. facilitating  the subsequent adoption of action  programmes 
for implementation by  identifying  and putting  into order 
the priority  needs of the  Community  and thus the  relative 
weighting to be given to the corresponding  scientific  and 
technical  objectives, 
. testing  in a specific  manner  the method  of making  political 
and technical choices as  between  national,  international 
and Community  activities. 
- Thirdly, the undertaking of a sustained  effort  to stimulate 
the efficacy  of the  Community's  scientific  and technical poten­
tial. This topic,  which is the seventh basic goal selected for 
the framework  programme  1984-1987  is the subject of a separate 
chapter in the 2nd part of the  document  setting  out the  "program­
ming guides". 
Thus at this point only the  first two basic  principles  proposed 
are considered : 
(3) 

- 11 -
1. INCREASED  PRIORITY  FOR SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  ACTIVITY 
The common  R&D strategy should not  have the Europeanisation 
of scientific  and technical  activities  in the Member  States 
as an aim in  itself,  but should aim to create and sustain the 
most favourable conditions for  joint growth. With  this joint 
growth is mingled a concern for improved cooperation with 
other developed or developing nations. 
That these conditions are frequently  unfulfilled  at the 
Community  level was recognised by the  Member  States at the 
Council meetings  of 8 March and 30 June  1982. 
To make a real choice  between  national, international and 
Community  action possible, the  assessment  of the  volume  of 
Community  efforts  to be envisaged should not be  limited  in  
advance  to an  artificially  restrained  amount  having very 
little to do with the  problems  to be tackled. This is in 
fact a question of the scale, of the  significant  level which 
should be given to  Community  activity. 
So that discussion, and  hence  useful choice, can  exist,  it 
is important that one be  open to the idea of  significant 
potential  growth  in Community  resources, at least for  some 
goals. Otherwise the current  realities  of obvious imbalances, 
and, in  fields  not forming the subject of  Community  activity, 
a very costly  non-Europe,  can only be prolonged. 
As an example,  one might  here make reference to thermonuclear 
fusion,  an activity  where  the Member  States,  committed  to a 
path involving 3  billion  ECUs worth of expenditure up to 
1990, have  decided to coordinate all  their efforts  and invest 
600 MioECUs  jointly  between  now and 1986 for reasons both to 
do with effectiveness and  economy  whilst at the  same time 
following  through an examination of  enlargement  and cooperation 
at international  level. It is  certainly  true that by no  means 
all the subjects to be discussed  will be as straightforward 
as this. However,  the example  should be kept in  mind as a 
reference. 

- 12 -
But even more so should it be recognised by the  Community  institu­
tions that the  Community's  scientific  and technical  activities  are 
activities  which in the  1980s  should be given increased  priority 
because  of the value added which they contribute to national  acti­
vities by prolonging and  expanding  them at least cost to  all. 
In this respect one should  recall  the extent to  which European  coo­
peration  efforts during the  last few decades  have been a determining 
factor for the  Member  States in keeping  them up with competition 
through innovation (nuclear  fission,  thermonuclear fusion, space, 
etc.). It should also be noted that, conversely, in those  fields 
where European  cooperation has not or has not yet  been developed 
significant  gaps are appearing  between  the Community,  the USA and 
Japan (already apparent so far as  computer  science and biotechnology 
are concerned,  weaknesses  are beginning to  emerge  in more traditional 
sectors such as  motor vehicles, chemicals and materials. 
By virtue of the direct value to  Member  States  which the Community 
dimension possesses in  itself  as compared  with any other  form of 
cooperation, in  terms of continuity, efficacy and  economy,  the 
efforts  to be carried out  jointly  should systematically be pin­
pointed each time the usefulness of such cooperation  becomes 
apparent . 
Working from the considerable  problems  and needs which have been 
isolated  in the course of preparing the current  framework  programme, 
the Commission  can only state the  need to accord a  significantly 
increasing  importance to  scientific  and technical  activities  in the 
context of the readjustment of strategies and  policies  which  it is 
carrying  out. 
2. THE OBJECTIVES  BASED APPROACH  - THE MAIN SCIENTIFIC  S TECHNICAL  OBJECTIVES 
The series of studies and consultations  which were undertaken so as to pre­
pare thi s framework  programme  particularly  highlighted and confirmed  : 
- the similarity  between  the major problems  faced by  Member  States of 
the Community  (the economic  crisis,  competitiveness...), 
- the large  amount  of duplication of research carried out (at various le­
vels and with various  degrees  of funding) by the different  Member States  ; 
a factor  which limits Europe's  capacity to  compete  where this duplication 
has no value, 

- 13 -
- the degree of dependence, sometimes unaceeptably  high, on other 
countries  (for example vegetable  protein,  the American  embargo  upon 
the Euro-siberian  gas pipeline,  raw materials), 
- the progressive worsening  of North/North  and North/South imbalances, 
- the discrepancy  or mismatch between  scientific  supply,  that is the 
products  of research,  and economic  and social demand. 
Thus, since any strategy  must be a response,  the Commission,  in confir­
mation and as a  clarification  of its previous communications,  is now 
putting forward  the following  basic goals and major scientific  and 
technical  objectives  for the first framework  programme  1984-1987  : 
COMMUNITY  GOALS SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  OBJECTIVES 
1.Promoting  agri-
cultura I 
competitiveness 
(including  fish) 1.1 .Development  of agricultural  competitiveness 
and improvement  of products 
2.Promoting 
industri a I 
competitiveness 2.1.Elimination  and reduction  of hindrances 2.Promoting 
industri a I 
competitiveness 2.2.Improvement  & develp.of  new techniques  and 
products  for conventional  industry 2.Promoting 
industri a I 
competitiveness 
2.3.Promotion 
& develop.of 
new technol . 2.3.1. Information technology 2.Promoting 
industri a I 
competitiveness 
2.3.Promotion 
& develop.of 
new technol . 2.3.2. Biotechnology 
3.Improving  the 
management  of 
raw materials 3.1.Optimal  use of raw  materials  (including 
recycling  them) 
4.Improving  the 
management  of 
energy resources 
& reducing 
energy dependence 4.1.The  develop.of nuclear  fission  energy,  esp. 
safety aspects 4.Improving  the 
management  of 
energy resources 
& reducing 
energy dependence 4.2.Control  led thermonuclear  fusion (JET) 4.Improving  the 
management  of 
energy resources 
& reducing 
energy dependence 
4.3.The  develp.of renewable sources  of energy 4.Improving  the 
management  of 
energy resources 
& reducing 
energy dependence 
4.4.Rational  use of energy (analysis  of systems, 
hydrocarbons,coaI,energy  saving) 
5.Reinforcing 
development  aid 5.1.The  implementation  of S/T  activities  which 
benefit developing  countries 
6.Improving  living 
and working 
conditions 6.1 .Improvement  of safety and protection  of 
health 6.Improving  living 
and working 
conditions 
6.2.Protection  of the  environment  (and preven­
tion of hazards) 
7. Improving  the efficacy  of the  EEC's S/T potential  (Stimulation) 

- 14 -
So that one may  better  understand  the programming  guide which 
is to be  selected  for the  1984-1987  period - as a  function  of 
the goals and of the  objectives  - it is  first necessary  to 
analyse the scientific  and technical  choices  which the Community  
has made up to now. 
The scientific  and technical  choices  currently facing  the  
Community 
The adoption  of this matrix  system  of describing  the Community's 
current  scientific  and technical  (R,D&D)  activities  makes it clear 
that the choices  which have been  made up to now, in a  pragmatic 
and sectorial  manner,can  be expressed  in financial  terms (for 
1982) as  follows  : 
(The table  below was made by  analysing all  the sectoral  programmes 
which have been developed  up to now and  specifying  which  goals 
they correspond  to either in whole or in  part. Thus the objectives 
are set out  horizontally  and the  sectors  vertically). 

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES / 
/ ACTIVITY BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS FOR 1?« { SECTOR (Commitments) \ 
Expressed 1n HloECUS \ Agrlcult. Fish INDUSTRY Trans­port few 
materials ENERGY DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL ENVIR0NNEN GENERAL INT.ACTIV _ TOTAL X BY 
0SJECTIV BY 
GOAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES / 
/ ACTIVITY BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS FOR 1?« { SECTOR (Commitments) \ 
Expressed 1n HloECUS \ IgrUult. Fish lew technologies •.biotechnology, in­formation technoU •icroelectronics 'emote sensing) conventional technologies (steel textiles, shoes. Pood stuffs) :oamunity Bureau Of leferences metals uranium ceramics wood recycling substitut materials energy savings hydrocarbons coal controlled thermonuclear fusion JET new sources of oneigy nuclear fission research for the benefit of developing countries LONE research Into medectv ind public it.Uh lyglene and nine safety *adiation srotectian protection of the environment 
comimiTv 
GOALS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL \ 
OBJECTIVES \ IgrUult. Fish lew technologies •.biotechnology, in­formation technoU •icroelectronics 'emote sensing) conventional technologies (steel textiles, shoes. Pood stuffs) :oamunity Bureau Of leferences metals uranium ceramics wood recycling substitut materials energy savings hydrocarbons coal controlled thermonuclear fusion JET new sources of oneigy nuclear fission research for the benefit of developing countries LONE research Into medectv ind public it.Uh lyglene and nine safety *adiation srotectian protection of the environment 
1. proaotlng agricul­tural competitive-Mll (Including flih) 1.1. Development of agricultural compe­titiveness and Improvement of products 4,52 4,08 -0,20 1,84 - -0,12 0,24 11,00 1.86 1,86 
2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.1. Elimination and reduction of H1n-dx.?cces 0,43 0,92 --2,76 - - -0,24 4,35 0,74 
18,46 2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.2. Improvements ft devt. of new tech-niaues S orod.for Convent.Industries -23,14 -3,01 20,12 -0,42 3,06 0,24 49,99 j 8,47 18,46 2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.3. promotion ft development of new technologies 2.3.1.Info Technology -52,57 --0,10 - - --52,6? ! 8,92 18,46 2. promoting Industrial competitiveness 2.3. promotion ft development of new technologies 2.3.2. biotechnology -0,75 -0,28 0,92 - - -- j 
1,95 1 0,33 18,46 
3. Improving the management of raw materials 3.1. optimal use of raw materials 
(including recycling them) 0,05 1.27 -4,11 0,15 - -0,42 -8,0C \ 1,36 1,3« 
4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc 4.1. the development of nucltar fission energy esp. safety aspects - - -0,91 111,79 -1,53 0,12 I 
114,35 ! 19,37 
i 63,66 4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc 4.?. controlled thermonuclear fus1on(JET - - --179,47 - - --179,47 j 30,41 63,66 4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc 
4.3. The devt. of renewable sour.energy - - -0,10 21,22 - - --21,32 3,62 63,66 4· laprovlng tha management of tnargy resources f reducing energy dependancc 
4.4. rational use of energy (analysis o1 systems, hudrocarbons, coat, enero) saving) 3,04 -0,73 53,86 - -1,99 0,96 60,58 10,26 63,66 
S. Reinforcing development aid 5.1. the implementation of S/T activi­ties which benefit devel.countries -1,61 -0,23 1,02 0,80 -0,06 0,24 3,96 0,67 0,67 6· laprovlng living and working 6.1. improvement of safety t protection of health -0,10 1,70 0,06 6,77 -14,10 9,39 0.12 32,24 5,46 10,15 
conditions 6.2. Protection of the environment (1 prevention of hazards) -2,00 -0,83 3,00 -3,73 17,88 0,24 27,68 4,69 10,15 
7. laprovlng tha affl cacy of the EEC's S/T potentiaKstlaulal . - - -- - - - -----
Horizontal activities (FAST, Formation, studies) - - -- - - - -22,68 22,68 3,84 3,84 
TOTAL 5,00 89,48 1,70 12,46 403,02 0,80 19,78 32,92 25,08 590,25 100,00 100 X by activity sector 0,85 15,16 0,29 2.11 68,28 0,14 3,35 j 5,58 4,25 100,00 
I 

- 16 -
Taking the choices which  have been  made up to now  objective 
by objective reveals  the following  : 
- a pronounced  bias towards improving  and managing  energy 
resources  : 
. this goal takes  63.66 % of Community  resources 
- a rather  limited priority  for industrial  competitiveness  : 
. this goal is accorded  18.46 % of Community  resources 
- a fairly  high priority  in favour of improving  living  and 
working conditions  (health,  safety, environment)  : 
. this goal receives  10.15 % of Community  resources 
- a beginning  has been  made in efforts  to improve  the management 
of raw materials resources  : 
. this goal receives  1.36 % of Community  resources 
- a rather  low priority  for promoting  agricultural  competi­
tiveness  : 
. this goal receives  1.86 % of Community  resources 
- an almost  total absence  up to now of  activities  for developing 
countries  : 
. this goal receives  0.67 % of Community  resources. 
The total amount of  financial  resources  (including  all R,DSD 
activities)  had reached  the level of 590 MioECUs by 1982, 
representing  2.6 X of the Community's  overall  budget,  or again 
2.2 % of the  total equivalent  public  expenditure  in the  Member 
States. 
The question  is whether  the scientific  and technological 
activities  which have been  built up at Community  level are  
of adequate  scope in the  general context  of the  diverse  
activities  and policies  carried  out by the Community. 

- 17 -
Can the choices which  have been made up to now be  considered  
both adequate  and appropriate  in relation  to the  challenges 
which the Community  must face up to in the  1980s (agricultural 
and industrial  competitiveness  and employment,  better balanced 
regional  development,  the emergence  of new  technologies,  the 
strengthening  of links with developing countries whi  ch is needed...)  ? 
It is clear to the  Commission  that the scale of the  effort 
undertaken,  and the  choices which  have been made so  far must 
be reconsidered.  At the  same time the amount of resources 
allocated  to each goal should  be looked at again, and the 
relative  weighting  to be  accorded  to each of the  objectives 
adopted should  be established. 

- IB -
B. PROGRAMMING GUIDE  
Introduction 
On the basis of the  Community's  chosen  goals and the  major 
scientific  and technical objectives which  have been identified 
eminent  people from  the worlds of science  and industry"-'  were 
given by the  Commission  the task of preparing  the theme plans. 
These plans make a  study, once having restated  the common 
policies  which underlie  the R,DSD  activities,  of : 
- the scale of R,D&D in the  field under discussion, 
- the direction  taken by other main countries,  by the Member 
States and by the  Community, 
- the nature and the  scope of the  efforts  which it would be 
desirable  to develop at the  European  level, 
- the objectives which  Community  activity  should pursue. 
These documents,  together with  the results  of consultation with 
Government  experts  and the  work of the  Commission  staff,  served 
as a basis for the  Commission's  deliberations,  prior to selecting 
the programming  guide now put  forward.  Finally,  three fundamental 
considerations  served as a guide to the  Commissions's  thinking. 
a) In the  present period  of budgetary  restriction,  the research  deve­
lopment & demonstration  activity  to be undertaken  in common  should : 
- make it  possible  for Member  States to exploit  to the  full 
the advantages  proffered  by the  Community  dimension, 
- achieve, through cost sharing,  a significant  level of activity 
corresponding  to the  scale of problems  to be resolved, 
- be financed from available  Community  budgetary resources, 
particularly  by using existing  funds. In fact, the various 
Community  policies  should  have a direct  involvement with 
this overall  strategy, which  is a basic element  in the  develop­
ment of Community  science  and technology. 
(1) See : doc.  SEC/82/310  (preparation note  for the  Council  of 8.3.82): 
Framework  programme  for the  Community's  S/T activities,  and 
doc. SEC/82/896finaI  (Commission  working  paper)  : Framework  pro­
gramme for the  Community's  S/T activities  - First outU-ie. 
(2) See Annex II. 

- 19 -
b) The following  criteria  should  be adopted  as a means of 
selecting  the specific  research, development  and demonstration  
objectives  : 
- those S/T objectives  which, because  of the  scale of human 
and financial  resources which they  require,  cannot be carried 
out on a national  basis, at least not without great  difficulty, 
- those S/T objectives  whose  fulfilment  calls for a very large 
or organised market, 
- those S/T objectives  which,  to be  fulfilled,  require  the 
development  of activities  which are, by  their nature,  inter­
national, 
- those S/T objectives  which are responses  to identical  or 
similar  collective  needs  within the Member  States  and which 
could therefore  be undertaken  at least cost, 
- those S/T objectives  to be adopted  in order to contribute 
to the implementation  or definition  of other Community 
policies. 
The simultaneous examination  of the  proposed major  objectives 
and selection  criteria  during  Community  level discussion,  will 
make it  possible  over and above the direct matching  of goals, 
objectives  and hence actions  to be undertaken  : 
- to seek an over a 11 balance  between  the various  R,D&D activities  to 
be carried  out, as a  function  of the  occasionally  divergent 
interests  of Member  States  (either  at national  or regional 
level) , 
- to take account  of activities  with a joint interest  which 
might not require  the participation  of all Member States, 
- to seek agreement  or consensus  insofar  as the  development, 
adaptation,  rounding  off or  taking,up  of international  action 
outside the Community  is concerned  : for example  space re­
search,  oceanography, meteorology,  COST activities  and activi­
ties to be undertaken  following  the discussions held  by the 
"Technology, growth  and employment  Working Group"  set up at 
the Versailles  summit. 

- 20 -
c) The objectives  and selection  criteria  proposed to the  Community 
for the years 1984-1987  should,  when it comes to selecting  the 
actual activities  which are to be implemented,  increasingly 
pave the way for a  more future oriented choice. This  will 
therefore  be deliberately angled  towards the  adaptation  of 
European  societies  to the  scientific,  economic and  social 
changes which may be  foreseen  in the  longer  term 
The Commission has been persuaded to adopt a  step by step 
approach because of the  discrepancies  which are  currently 
evident,  and because responses from  Member  States  are often 
too late or too  little,  given the ever  increasing competition 
or the damaging  effects  of technological  growth. 
Thus, since the 1984-1987  period  will both precede and lay  down 
the basis  for the  action strategy  which  will need to be  carried 
out in the 1990s, the  first thing it ca Lis for i s the-gradua I  imple­
mentation of a  strategy  of adaptation,  to reorientate,  develop and  com­
plement the  Community's  current  activities,carried  out on the  basis 
of the three Treaties. 
The main  themes  adopted by the Commission for  this first 
framework  programme  are therefore  to use the avenues of  R,D&D 
to tackle competition  from outside  the Community  and no longer  just 
to maintain competition  which is  essentially  within  the Com­
munity, and to  strengthen  inter Member  State  solidarity  through 
the choice  of joint objectives. 
(1) The work of the  FAST team. 

> 
- 21 -
General remarks 
- This proposal for a  framework  programme  is the  first of its 
kind and, for  this reason represents the  first stage of the 
continuous examination and  overall  decision  making  required 
by the Community  institutions  for scientific  and technical 
matters. 
Based as it is  upon data which are  sometimes  incomplete or 
unconfirmed it necessarily includes  some faults  and weaknes­
ses. 
This instrument is one which  must be brought to perfection 
during the years to  come,  particularly  insofar  as data  col­
lection improves. It is  upon the quality  of the basic  natio­
nal and international  data which are  collected  that the rea­
lism and precision  of the discussion over the choice to be 
made between  national and  Community  scientific  and technical 
activities  depends. 
- Already both  numerous  and varied (even if they are frequently 
on a somewhat  modest  seale),  the activities  which are being 
carried out on the basis of the three Treaties  constitute  a 
portfolio  of programmes  which must be integrated,  with adjust­
ments where necessary,  into the new strategy which is proposed. 
- The seven  main Community  goals are taken up one  after the 
other in what follows,  and set out according to the major 
objectives  which have been identified.  During the preparation 
of this programming  guide account has  been taken of the over­
laps between  objectives,  disciplines  and technologies whi ch 
are inevitable.  The relative  weighting to be given to the 
specific R,D&D  objectives under consideration for each  main 
objective  is to be found in the  text relating  to the various 
goals. Since the cost of research varies according to sector 
(depending for  example  upon whether it is research on nu­
clear safety  carried  out in large  installations,or  research 
of the systems analysis variety) and according to the opera­
tional arrangements involved (whether these involve concei— 
ted action,  coordinated  action,  shared cost  action,  direct 
action or demonstration projects) the percentages for each 
of the specific  objectives proposed  have been a I located with 
these considerations in  mind. 
- Finally,  it should be noted that the demonstration projects 
included  in the current  framework  programme  pursue  economic 
and commercial objectives over and  above the purely  scien­
tific and technical  goals set out in the  programming  guide, 
because among  other things they  have to fulfil  the following 
two conditions : "to  have prospects for.commerciaI  utilisa­
tion and present  difficulties  over finance because of the 
major economic  risk which such projects involve"* 

- 22 -
B-l THE GOALS 
1. PROMOTING  AGRICULTURAL COMPETITIVENESS (INCLUDING FISHING) 
For often  very similar  reasons,  it is  today necessary  for both farming  and 
fishing to adapt to increasingly  difficult  ODerating  conditions. 
The current  economic  difficulties  facing agriculture  have highlighted  the 
risks of a policy  based essentially  on increasingly intensive  production. 
This approach  has by now  brought  about the conditions  for its own down­
fall : for almost  all the main products  the Community has  reached  the 
production  level needed  to meet  its own requirements  and this is resulting 
in high costs for the  common  agricultural policy. 
The increase  in fuel and power  prices and rising  production  costs in 
general are making  operating conditions  more and more  precarious  for the 
less efficient  farms. 
These challenges  can partially  be met by  adapting  production  structures  and 
improving  productivity  aims to which research  must make its contribution. 
Fishing is not  only affected  by the  cost of fuel, which pushes up product 
prices, but is  also suffering  from the loss of fishing rights  in the  waters 
of non-member  countries  and the  introduction  of conservation  measures  in 
Community  waters. 
Here too structural  changes  and technical  improvements  are essential 
despite the difficult  problems  involved  in adjusting  the sector to the new 
fishing  conditions,  and research  can provide  a powerful  stimulus. 
1.1. DEVELOPING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF 
AGRICULTURAL  PRODUCTS 
ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE  COMMUNITY 
The agrifoodstuffs sector  is a key  branch of the  European  economy. The 
importance  of the CAP and  its impact on the  financial  resources  available 
to the Community for  all its policies  - more  than 70% of the  budget goes to 

- 23 -
support  agricultural  prices  - have been stressed  on manv  occasions.  On the 
consumer  side, about 30% of total household  spending  goes to buy  food. 
The research projects  must obviously  be in  line with the overall  approach 
of the common  agricultural  policy and must therefore fit  in with its  main 
goals. More specifically,  they should help  to : 
- reduce disparities  between  the incomes  of farm and other workers  and 
also disparities  within the sector  resulting  from production conditions; 
the latter,  which obviously influence productivity,  themselves  depend on 
farm structures  (size and equipment)  and environmental factors (climate, 
type of soil, infrastructure,  etc.) ; 
- improve  farm profitability  not by  increasing production  where there are 
already surpluses  but rather by cutting costs  and changing  over to 
different  enterprises that  will also help  to reduce  surpluses; 
- allay the concern  amongst  consumers  about food quality,  stock farming 
and fattening  methods,  pollution  of agricultural  origin,  the environ­
ment, etc. 
The agricultural  research  conducted  by the Member  States in existing 
research  institutes  and centres  has reached a very high standard. 
Inadequate  coordination  is a major shortcoming. 
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
The current  level of Community  support for  agricultural  research  is 
inadequate  and the  1984-87  framework  programme  of Community  activities 
proposes  that it should  be more than doubled.  The order in which the 
specific  objectives,  are set out  below,  should not be  interpreted  as an 
order of priority. 
1. Better  use of  waste and byproducts  - biomass  production 
This research objective  is important  because  it helps  to improve  farm 
competitiveness  by reducing inputs  in the  form of fertilizers,  energy 
and animal feedingstuffs.  More efficient  use of  farm waste would also 
help to reduce  surface  water and air pollution  (see environmental 
protection  objective). 
The Community  must make more effort to coordinate national  programmes 
and to support  work on technologies introducing  new applications  of 

- 24 -
waste : anaerobic  fermentation,  various  uses of straw,  protein 
production  from animal  waste,  use of  slaughterhouse  waste,  composting, 
etc. 
The use of  biomass  to produce  energy  has attracted interest in the 
Community,  resulting in extensive  biomass  sections in the  Commission's 
solar energy  programmes  (shared-cost projects,  demonstration  projects). 
However,  two comments  are called for on this  approach  viewed  from the 
angle of the  competitiveness  of agricultural production : 
a) The use of  waste to produce  energy  on the  farm helps to cut  energy 
costs for various  products  and therefore this objective  merits 
support. 
b) The production of  biomass  (fuel crops such as fast-growing  plants) is 
controversial,  however,  because  it is regarded  as important  from the 
energy viewpoint  but has no  priority  for agriculture. To  produce 
biomass  on a significant scale,  would take substantial resources, 
especially  in terms of the  acreage  to be put  down.  In any case, 
opinions  differ  on the relative  profitability  of the potential  uses 
of biomass  for energy,  food or as a raw material (for  example,  in the 
chemical  industry,  which  could better exploit the  complex  molecular 
structure of plants). 
It would therefore be useful if the  Community  were to help devise 
methods  for evaluating objectively the  advantages  of biomass 
production and use,  based  on a clear  terminology  and good tools for 
computing  economic  yields, so that the various possible applications 
of biomass  could be  compared. 
2. Improvement  of agriculture in  marginal  regions- (in particular  
Mediterranean  regions) 
One of the objectives  here would be the better integration of  agri­
culture in  other regional  activities  (integrated rural  development). 
This project could benefit  from pilot and demonstration  projects 
supported  by the Community. 
A data base containing objective information on land use and potential, 
natural risks and their ecological characterisation  should  be establish­
ed and agricultural  warning  and forecasting services set up.  Advanced 
technologies  such as remote  sensing could play an  important  part. 
1 Within the meaning  of the Council Directive, of  24 June 1980 
Amending  Directive  75/268/EEC  on mountain  and hill farming  and farming 
in certain less-favoured  areas. 

- 25 -
Reclamation  of derelict  land for reafforestation  and more  generally 
the improved  exploitation  of timber resources  by selection  of new 
forest varieties  should  be given Community  support  way of  research 
and demonstration projects. 
3. Crops in deficit 
The Community  imports large quantities  of products such  as maize, 
tobacco,  and high-protein animal feedingstuffs.  Community  support  for 
work designed  to encourage  the growing  of these products  is justified, 
especially  for economic  studies  on the  effect of replacing  traditional 
crops by crops that  will make up shortfalls. 
4. Reduction  of surpluses 
After each harvest  the Community is  faced with  the problem  of surpluses 
that are structural  rather than  cyclical.  Research  is needed to overcome 
this problem  either by reducing production  and marketing costs  so 
that the surpluses  can be  sold at competitive prices  on the  world 
market, or by processing  them into products  for which there is a more 
profitable  market  or by converting  to other purposes, (in  particular  the 
crops in deficit  mentioned  above)  the land, machinery,  etc. used to grow 
them. The  research  needed  for these three  approaches  to the  problem  will 
be closely  linked  to other activities  with an agricultural,  agri-
food or agri-industrial  aspect  : biomolecular engineering,  remote 
sensing,  wood, biomass  for energy,  research  for the  benefit  of 
developing countries,  etc. 
Much of the  effort  should  be devoted  to demonstration projects, 
especially  on changing land  use, cropping techniques  and products,  the 
socioeconomic aspects  of which should be given particular  attention. 
5. Food quality  (research  on the  effects  of intensive  farming) 
Consumers  are becoming  more and more  concerned  about  food quality,  which 
is influenced  by modern methods of  intensive farming,  and the Community 
should make a major research  effort in this field. In view of the 
complexity  and economic  impact of this subject,  it should be studied  at 
Community  level within  the general context  of the  common  agricultural 
policy. 
The Community  should also help  to develop  new toxicological  methods 

- 26 -
allowing  better  definition  of the  "safety"  criteria  for foodstuffs. 
Improvement  of food processing  is also an objective  to be pursued.  There 
are already coordinated  COST projects  on this subject.  A better defined 
and more extensive  Community  effort  should be made. 
6. Improvement  of animal production 
In this area a Community  impulse could  make a  contribution  to the 
stimulation  and improved  coordination  of the  work of the Member  States 
on 
- control  of diseases  affecting  young animals 
- improvement  of livestock  breeding  yields 
- carcasse  classification  (with a view to better transparency  in meat 
price formation) 
- the development  of more acceptable  methods  for the housing, transport 
and slaughter  of animals (animal welfare). 
7. Biological  control  and integrated  control of diseases  and pests 
This covers disease prevention  and pest control.  Obviously research  is 
being conducted  in all the Member  States to reduce  productivity  losses 
caused by the  various pests  and diseases  affecting  plants and animals. 
This work must be better coordinated.  It also helps  to reduce  pollution 
hazards. 
The Community  action should  in particular  involve  a few  pilot 
demonstration projects  on integrated  control. 
Protection  against imported exotic diseases should  form part of this 
objective.  The research  results  would be useful in improving regulations 
on plant  and animal imports. 
8. Development  and application  of advanced  methodologies 
Selective  Community  action is required  to achieve better coordination 
Of work in the Member  States,  to disseminata^  knowledge,  encourage 
mobility  of research  workers  and support research  in certain  critical 
or highly  specialized  fields  such as genetic manipulation  and the 
protection  of genetic resources  (see the  biotechnology objective)  or 
remote sensing for  agriculture  (evaluation  of yields,  irrigation  water 
management,  decisions  on crops and monitoring  of their state). 

- 27 -
In the genetic  field, the usefulness  of gene banks in protecting 
cultivated  plant species  and improving  their resistance  to diesase 
is recognized  by all the Member  States.  There are national  banks 
but they need to be integrated into  a European  system.  The 
Community  should also  examine  the feasibility  and usefulness  of 
gene banks for productive livestock. 
9. Information 
Research  teams working  on a wide variety  of topics are scattered 
throughout  the Member  States and closer coordination  of the  work would 
be extremely  helpful.  For this, it is essential  to improve  the Community 
arrangements  for information  on current  or planned  research projects.  An 
information  network  based on the AGREP  (Permanent  Inventory  of the 
Agricultural  Research  Projects  of the  European  Community),  which should 
be updated  and supplemented  by data on project resources,  would be 
extremely  valuable.  Community  support  is required  to set  it up, in 
particular  to encourage  information  activities  in some of the Member 
States so as to  have a complete  network. 
Remarks 
Agricultural  research  in support of aid to developing countries  is covered 
in another  section  of the  framework  programme  (see "Reinforcing  development 
aid") which deals with  the importance  of and  desirable guidelines  for 
agricultural  research for  the benefit of the  developing countries. This 
research should preferably  be conducted  in collaboration with research 
institutes  in the  developing countries. 
Many of the  items above contain  an environmental  element  : the  preservation 
of the natural  environment  and wild life must be taken into consideration 
(see the objective "Protecting  the environment"). 

- 28 -
1.2. DEVELOPING  THE PRODUCTIVITY  AND IMPROVING  THE QUALITY  AND 
PROCESSING  OF FISHERY  PRODUCTS 
INTRODUCTION 
Fisheries  research is one of the  essential  factors for a  structural  policy 
in this sector. So far  Community  support for  this research has  been 
confined to a few concerted action projects of  limited  scope and the 
setting up of a  Scientific  and Technical  Committee  for Fisheries  (Commission 
Decision  of 8 June 1979 (OJ No L  156/29))  to advise the  Commission.  Amongst 
the proposals  relating  to structural  policy  in the  fisheries  sector set out 
in a communication  to the Council  (COM(80)420  final of 18 July  1980),  the 
Commission  proposes  a Regulation concerning the coordination and  promotion 
of fisheries  research  which contains information on the choice of  fields  in 
which research should be coordinated. This  document  is still topical  and 
therefore  the proposed  subjects are taken up again  below.  Further suggestions 
and new  lines of research  resulting  from recent development  in the sector 
will be added to them. 
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
The priority  objectives of future  Community  projects should  come under five 
general headings  : 
1. Evaluation of resources 
This is a 
This is a  field which is already reasonably well covered by routine  work 
in the Member  States designed to monitor all species of  commercial 
value. However,  it would be useful to coordinate  this work at Community 
level and support its  development  along the following  lines : 
- Bioeconomic  modelling of resources. In  this field a policy  of aid for 
exchanges  of scientists  from the Member  States and  international 
organizations,  especially  ICES (except for the Mediterranean), and 
contacts outside the  Community  (United States,  Canada)  would be 
particularly  useful. 
- Development  of methods  for monitoring and evaluation of resources. In 
view of the high cost and  limited  number  of laboratory ships,  adequate 
monitoring by national  facilities  is impossible.  Joint action is 
essential  here to cover vast  expanses  of ocean including little-known 
regions (for  example  the South  Atlantic). 
In the technical  improvement  of methods,  emphasis  should be placed on 
new methods  of echo sounding  and tagging for  certain  species. 

- 29 -
2. Fishing  and selective  catching techniques 
Energy saving in fishing and fish processing  methods.  This subject  is 
well covered  by Member  State programmes  but Community  coordination  is 
necessary for technical  and economic  studies  on the  improvement  of 
fishing gear (especially  trawls)  and minimization  of energy consumption, 
and on advanced  techniques that  save energy in fish processing  and 
preservation.  See the  objective "Rational  utilization  of energy". 
3. Product processing 
The improvement  of product processing techniques (e.g.  refrigeration) 
merits Community  support  and should have a spinoff  affecting  food 
quality and energy  conservation. 
The use of  small fish (for example  Mediterranean pelagic  fish),  fishery 
by-products  and waste could yield an as yet  unexploited source  of 
protein  for human and  animal consumption.  A Community  research project 
on this subject  is recommended. 
4. Interaction  between  species  and their environment 
The study  of complex  interactions  between the various species  and 
the environment  is a field in which little  research  has been done and 
coordinated action  at Community  and international  level would be very 
useful. 
Community  action is particularly  desirable  in the  general  field of 
contamination  affecting  the human  food cnain. 
Such research  would go beyond the present stage  which consists mainly  of 
devising  and implementing  routine analysis  methods  for monitoring  marine 
pollution,  and would pay greater attention  to the  relations  between 
pollution  and diseases  carried  by fish coming  from polluted areas. 
5. Aquaculture 
This growth  sector merits  special  attention.  The major topical  subjects 
include improvement  of the  reproduction  of species, genetic manipulation 
and the study of diseases  affecting  aquaculture. 

- 30 -
Developing  agricultural  productivity  and improving the  quality  and  
processing  of agricultural  products 
Specific  objectives % 
- Waste (including  biomass)  20 
- Marginal regions 10 
- Crops in deficit  5 
- Reduction of surpluses 15 
- Food quality  10 
- Improvement  cf animal production 15 
- Biological  and integrated  control  of diseases and pests 10 
- Development  and applications of  advanced  methodologies 15 
- Information < 3 
Fisheries 
Specific  objectives %_ 
- Evaluation of stocks 35 
- Fishing techniques ' 15 
- Product processing techniques 15 
- Environment  (diseases in the natural  environment, 
pollution,  etc.) 15 
- Aquaculture  (including  diseases in  artificial 
environments)  ;2Q 
To achieve the  minimum  level of effectiveness required, expenditure on projects 
under the goal "Promoting  agricultural  competitiveness,  including  fishing" 
should be 130  million  ECU (in constant 1982 values) for the period  1984-87, 
broken down as follows : 
Agriculture  ii5  million  ECU 
Fisheries  15  million  ECU. 
For this goal, the  Commission  will as far as possible  make use of the  budget 
resources of the funds in  this sector to finance the R&D  directly  related  to it. GOAL 1 ; PROMOTING  AGRICULTURAL  COMPETITIVENESS,  INCLUDING  FISHING 
Approximate  breakdown  between  the specific  objectives. 

- 31 -
2. PROMOTING  INDUSTRIAL  COMPETITIVENESS 
INTRODUCTION 
The need for a Community  industrial  strategy,  the importance  of R,D&D 
in this strategy  and the  priority  to be given to the  goal "Promoting 
industrial  competitiveness"  in the  planning  of Community  scientific 
and technical  activities  were pointed  out in two  recent communications 
from the Commission  to the  Council. 
The rapid  development  of new  technologies  and their inevitable  introduct­
ion into the industrial fabric  will bring about radical  changes  not only 
in manufacturing processes  but also in the  nature of products  and 
services,  and the  structure, organization  and location  of industrial 
activities.  It is essential  to anticipate these  changes  if industry  is 
to be able to adapt quickly  enough and become more competitive rather 
than being  outdone  by more efficient  competitors  and, forced on to the 
defensive, being obliged  to protect  itself by adapting  when it is too 
late. It is primarily  up to  industry  to make the  necessary  effort,  but 
where it can be  useful,  depending  on the  economic,  social and strategic 
importance  of the  sectors  concerne,  the Commission  can and  must play an 
important  role in this process,  in harmony  with national  measures  and 
in consultation with  industrial  operators, including  the small and 
jnedium enterprises. 
The Community  strategy  stemming  from the need for a long-term  policy 
of industrial  change  must centre on observation  and forward studies, 
R&D and  pilot or demonstration operations  : 
- Observation  and forward studies 
It is strategically  important  to investigate  ways in which traditional 
sectors can make  best use of the new  technologies  so as to  improve, 
if not change,  their infratechnology. 
- Research  and development 
Infratechnology modernization  calls for increased  knowledge  at three 
levels : 
the new technologies that  have enormous  potential  for change.  Priority 
will be given to new  information technology  which has already started to 
revolutionize  numerous  economic  sectors  and in  which an enormous 
effort is required,  and to  biotechnology  which  will have 
1 COM(81)639  final/2  - "A Community  Strategy  to Develop  Europe's  Industry". 
COM(81)574  final - "Scientific  and Technical  Research  and the  European 
Community-Proposals  for the 1980s". 
Infratechnology  : all the technologies underlying  a sector or a product. 2 

- 32 -
a substantial  impact on many  economic  sectors,  in particular 
agriculture,  health,  the chemical  industry  and the  environment; 
. multisectoral technologies, i.e.,  key technologies  common  to 
numerous  sectors; 
. adaptation  of convergent  technologies  (such as materials,  design 
and manufacturing  technologies)  to specific sectors; 
- Pilot or demonstration  operations  on infratechnology  modernization 
In some industrial  branches  or sectors of importance  to the 
European  economy  and likely to undergo  interesting  changes 
within the fairly near future, it  may be  necessary  to take 
measures  to overcome  reluctance  to change.  These specific 
measures  should  concern  companies  spread  over several  Member 
States and of  different sizes,, in  order to benefit  from the 
diversity  of the  experiments. 
The promotion  of industrial  competitiveness  is perhaps  the most complex 
goal in this framework  programme,  touching  as it does upon almost the whole 
of the production  process.  Community  R,D&D cannot of course cover all 
sectors but it must, through  its catalytic  effect,  act as a  spur for 
measures  by the Member  States and by  industry. This  approach  cannot be 
successful unless it  gains the support and participation  of the  industrial 
circles. In the  implementation  of the  Community  strategy,  the small and 
medium enterprises  must have special attention paid  to their particular 
needs and constraints. 
One point should be made  before  turning  to the  major objectives  in this 
goal : because  of the  variety of economic  and social goods produced  by 
industry,  these objectives  are closely linked  to other objectives  in the 
framework  programme.  For example,  improved  use of raw  materials  and energy 
resources  leads to the  design of new and more  competitive materials, 
products  or processes  and has a  substantial  impact on the  development  of 
the conventional industries (in actual fact  about one-third  of the 
activities  benefiting  these industries  can stem from the spin-off  from 
projects  mainly  directed  towards  other objectives).  In the same way, the 
new technologies,  through  their applications,  will make a  vital contribution 
to the development  of agricultural competitiveness, health, safety,  the 
rational  use of  energy,  etc. 

- 33 -
THE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  OBJECTIVES 
In its role as a catalyst,  Community  R,D&D must stimulate cooperation both 
between  different  sectors of industry and  between  industry, research 
centres and  universities.  Improvement  of European-wide  cooperation is an 
ever-present consideration that is  reflected  in the three  major objectives 
identified  for the  promotion  of industrial  competitiveness. 
2.1. Removing  and reducing  impediments. 
2.2. Improving  and developing new technologies and new products 
for conventional  industries. 
2.3. Promoting  and developing new technologies : 
2.3.1, Information technology 
2.3.2. Biotechnology. 
2.1. REMOVING  AND REDUCING  IMPEDIMENTS 
The comparability and  quality  of measurements  are of great  importance 
in the marketing of  industrial  goods and products : complaints  about 
product  quality  stemming  from incorrect or inaccurate  measurements 
can be costly.  When they involve the  specification  of quality  criteria, 
the Community's  standardizing  activities  also call for the  development 
of reference materials and  measuring  methods  recognized by  all, as 
otherwise the desired harmonization  effect  cannot  be obtained. 
Research  and development  in this field can certainly  be regarded 
as a task for the  Community.  The scientific  and technical  aims will 
be to improve  measurement  methods  and to prepare and  certify  reference  
materials  in the nuclear  field (energy and medical applications) and 
in fields where there are  growing  needs,  such as metrology (dimensional, 
mechanical,  electrical,  optical  and temperature), chemical analysis 
(especially  metals, foods and  industrial  pollutants),  and the physical 
and technological properties of materials. 
With technical progress leading to greater complexity in products 
and hence in the inspection and  measurement  methods  required,  this 
activity  is gaining in  importance  and is one of the ever-present 
aims of Community  R&D. 

- 34 -
In addition to  this activity,  other objectives  such as the promotion 
and development  of information technology  call for standardization 
activities  that are also  designed  to remove  barriers. 
2.2. IMPROVING  AND DEVELOPING  NEW TECHNIQUES  AND NEW PRODUCTS  
FOR THE CONVENTIONAL  INDUSTRIES 
This objective is of  vital importance  because  it is relevant to the 
greater part of the  industrial  fabric  of our society. So far  Community 
work in this field has been relatively  limited  and specific  but it 
will be increased substantially during the period  covered  by the 
framework  programme. 
1. Following the  approach  outlined in the introduction, observation and  
forward studies  will be carried out in consultation with the sectors 
concerned. 
Firstly,  it is necessary  to analyse, for a given sector or product, 
its properties, its functions, its  market  and the production  process 
so as to  examine  how far the available technologies could  improve 
quality,  or modify  the product  and increase productivity.  Secondly, 
a functional analysis  must be carried out to  identify  the important 
traditional  and new technologies and decide  where they can best be 
used. It is also  necessary  to observe  experiments  on infratechnology 
renewal  being conducted  in Europe  and elsewhere,  especially the 
United States and  Japan. 
The results of  these studies  will help in the evaluation of  priorities 
for projects with the following objectives. 
2. R&D on multisectoral technologies. 
The aim is to  identify  and improve  key technologies  common  to many 
industrial  sectors. This  calls for cooperation  between  industry, 
research centres and  universities. 
In the light of the studies already  conducted  and the  requirements 
expressed  by European  industrialists,  it will be necessary  to make 
available  sufficient  resources to obtain a  real break through  by 1988 in 
the following directions : 
the development  of new materials (composites, superalloys,  polymers, 
ceramics, etc.) with a higher  performance  or able to replace strategic 
.materials that  have to be imported, 

- 35 -
- the improvement  of reliability  and wear resistance, 
- the development  of new  techniques  for shaDincr and workincr  materials, 
in particular  the use of  lasers, 
- the improvement  of surface and membrane  properties, 
- the development  and improvement  of welding  and other joning tech­
niques, 
- the development  of new  techniques  and instruments, especially  for 
quality  control  of products  and for pollution  measurements  (see 
the objective  "Environmental  protection"), 
- the development  of catalytic  processes. 
Many sectors including  the motor, machine  tool, non-ferrous,  transport 
and chemical  industries  will benefit  from the results obtained. 
3. R&D for technological  renewal  in specific sectors 
The infratechnology  of a sector can be  renewed  by the  combined  use of 
convergent  technologies  such as computer-aided  manufacturing,  new 
materials  and new  joining  techniques.  These technologies  have often been 
developed  in a different sector  and have to be adapted  to specific 
requirements  and made  compatible. 
Priority  will be given to the  sectors currently  most vulnerable,  such as 
the textile,  clothing  and steel industries,  and to  sectors of economic 
or strategic  importance  likely to benefit  most from infratechnology 
renewal,  such as transport,  machine  tools, building  and agrifoodstuffs. 
4. Pilot or demonstration  operations 
To speed up the  renewal of infratechnology  in some  sectors, it  will be 
necessary  not only to keep manufacturers  informed  of the new  possibil­
ities opened up by  earlier  research  but also to speed up their practical 
application  in the  sectors  concerned  by means of  pilot laboratory 
operations  or even experimental  demonstration  operations within 
companies  themselves.  These projects  will necessarily  be limited  in 
number and the  sectors, firms, regions  and countries  concerned  will be 
selected,  in close cooperation with industry,  mainly  with a view to 
maximizing  the desired  snowball  effect.  The steel and clothing 
industries  appear to merit priority  here. 

- 36 -
2.3. PROMOTING  AND DEVELOPING  NEW TECHNOLOGIES 
2.3.1. INFORMATION  TECHNOLOGY 
Information technology  (IT) is  of strategic  importance  not only because 
of its far-reaching impact  on many economic  and social  activities  but 
also because  of the size of the industrial  sector it represents.  If 
current growth  rates continue,  this sector  will by 1990 be the largest 
in manufacturing industry, with  a world turnover  of around $ 600 thousand 
million. In this sector,  where competitiveness  depends  on technological 
progress,  the European  industry  is all too often dependent  on imported 
solutions  and lags behind  in introducing  the most recent technologies. 
The competitiveness  of the European  IT industry  is at stake and a large 
R,D&D effort is of the utmost importance if  Europe is to be brought to 
the technological  level of its American  and Japanese  competitors. 
Aware of what is at issue, the Member  States have launched  or are 
preparing  major R,D&D programmes  at national  level. The Community  should 
not only help  to concert national  policies  but should  also, through 
powerfully  catalytic  activities,  encourage  the intra-Community  colla­
boration  necessary  for reaching  the scale of activity  sufficient  to ensure 
effectiveness  and for the  preparation  of common norms and standards. 
The objectives  of the Community  effort  will be as  follows : 
1. R&D to master basic technologies 
From the studies conducted  and national experts consulted it  is clear 
that the Community  effort  should be concentrated  on the following  five 
fields simultaneously.  It is not  possible  to narrow down the  choice 
today because  progress  in one field depends  on progress  made in  the 
others. 
Microelectronics 
The cost and performance  of all modern  electronic  systems  depend on the 
progress  made in  microelectronics  and in particular  VLSI circuits. 
Europe,  which absorbs 20% of  the integrated  circuit  market but produces 
only 6%, cannot  continue  to be dependent  on the United States  and Japan 
in this key field. A substantial  effort is necessary  to develop in 
Europe a design, manufacturing  and test capacity for  VLSI circuits. 
To be competitive,  the work must focus on submicron  geometries. 
Software_engineering 
Progress  in software  is as vital as progress  in microelectronics  in 
making European  products competitive. Software  development  is costly 
and calls for European-wide  cooperation  so as to  make best use of the 

- 37 -
human resources available in  Europe.  Substantial progress  must be made . 
in software engineering,  especially  in improving generating techniques 
for "reusable"  modular  software  needed  to control the new generation of 
advanced  information processing  systems. 
Advanced  information processing 
The new generation of  advanced  systems  will enable man to  communicate 
directly  with the  machine,  which  will operate in a way  more similar 
to human  reasoning,  employing  processes of association and deduction 
rather than calculation  and data storage. The research  must concern 
information  science (representation of  knowledge,  inferential  and 
deductive techniques), storage and use of  knowledge,  signal  proces­
sing, outside interfaces and new  computer  architectures. This 
research  will in particular  lead to the design and operation of 
expert systems. 
Office automation 
Office automation  will probably  become  the largest  market  for IT. 
In the United States, IBM and  Xerox have so far  spent more in this 
field than the  whole of the European  industry. The  work should be 
concentrated on the  many aspects of  intelligent  interactions 
between  man and  machine  (integrated image-text-speech  communication, 
document  creation and  distribution,  etc.).  Of the  office  automation 
functions,  machine  translation  is of particular  importance  at 
Community  level. 
Integrated  flexible  manufacturing 
The whole of manufacturing industry,  whether  small firms or big, 
will benefit greatly  from the development  of integrated  systems 
combining  computer-aided  design, manufacturing,  assembly,  testing 
and repair.  Together  with office  automation,  this is one of the 
information  technology applications that  will have the largest 
market. 
Research  should  relate  in particular  to the architecture of  inte­
grated systems,  robotics and sensors and  will need further develop­
ments in microelectronics and software. 
2. Setting  up of an inter-laboratory  communication  system 
An information  exchange  system  linking  research centres,  universities 
and industrial  laboratories  throughout  the Community  is an essential 
infrastructure  for the implementation of cooperative  Community  R&D projects. 

- 38 -
The system  should supply a  variety  of services  (exchange  of information, 
exchange  of codes and data  banks and mutual  access to  computing 
facilities  by the partners in the project) and it should be 
implemented  mainly by using the  communications  facilities  supplied 
by the postal and telecommunications  authorities  at national and 
international  level and data processing  facilities  supplied by 
manufacturers. The  Community  effort  should concentrate in  particular 
on the standardization of  high-level  protocols. 
Research  will have to be carried  out to ascertain the  characteristics 
and procedures for  rapid implementation of the  system,  which  will be 
continually  modified in the  light of experience and could  later be 
extended  to the whole of the European  research  community. 
3. Applications  development  and user  training 
Exploiting  technological  capital  so as to bring to the marketplace 
new products that are competitive and  attractive  to the user is obviously 
a weak link in the innovation process in information technology in 
Europe.  An inadequate  mastery  of the basic technologies is not the only 
reason for  this. Another  is the  tendency  of European  industrialists  and 
users to prefer imported  solutions,  which are regarded as  less risky. 
A greater  effort  to develop IT applications and  exchanges  of experience 
would help to develop the  European  market  and also to  improve  the 
competitiveness of the  industries  that would use the new technology. 
An effort  on a Community  scale is required  because  scattered national 
activities  may do no  more than open up a national  market  and because 
the field of applications is so vast that there is a  risk of the new 
techniques not being introduced  into some fields  until it is too 
late. 
The emphasis  should be on sectors  likely  to benefit  most from IT 
such as conventional  industries,  agriculture,  medecine,  transport, 
the nuclear industry, etc. 
Implementation of these  activities  in the  form of cooperative projects 
bringing  together users, industry and research centres  will help to 
vitalize  the industry/user  interface  and will make a vital contribution 
to user training. 
1 This objective should be  examined  in conjunction with the chapter on 
the technological renewal of  specific  sectors  under the objective 
"Improving and developing new techniques and new products for the 
conventional  industries". 

- 39 -
2.3.?, BIOTECHNOLOGY 
The pragmatism  which has so  far held  sway in the  application  of the  life 
sciences  will in the  years ahead be transformed  by the  systematic  and 
increased  exploitation  of the  chemistry  of self-organizing  systems.  Because 
of its  potential  applications  in a wide range of absolutely  vital sectors, 
biotechnology is  a tool which may in the  long term fundamentally modify 
current  technologies  and improve  European  competitiveness. 
The aim of the  proposed  strategy  is therefore  to promote  and improve  the 
efficacy  of public and private  measures  in this field and to  create a 
favourable  environment  in which European  biotechnology  can flourish. 
Biotechnology  will create  numerous  products  and services  and will transform 
activities  in several  major conventional sectors such  as pharmaceuticals, 
fine chemicals, agri-foodstuffs,the  environment  and in  specialized  sectors, 
some of which will become of great importance, such  as energy from biomass, 
oil recovery, microbial metal leaching,  etc. 
Because of the  wide variety  of potential  applications  and the  diversity  of 
the solutions that biotechnology  has to  offer, work and exchanges  must go 
beyond the national  framework  in order to achieve  optimum  efficiency.  Also 
the "contextual" aspects  (especially  in the way of  standards  and regul­
ations) must be developed  in parallel  with the research  and its applications 
if the latter are actually  to be undertaken,  as was made  clear by the 
difficulties  encountered  in the  production  of bioproteins.  These contextual 
aspects obviously  have a Community  dimension. Consequently  the objectives 
are as follows  : 
- mission-oriented research  in key  sectors (50%  of the  total effort), 
- development  of the  applications  of biotechnology (30%)  , 
- support for  European  research  in biotechnology  by means of contextual 
measures  to facilitate  it (20%). 
1. Mission-oriented  research  in key  sectors  of biotechnology 
Here the main object is to stimulate  and promote  Community  research 
projects  with the long-term objective  of removing  obstacles  to the use 
of modern  biochemical  and genetic  methods  in industry  and agriculture. 

- 40 -
These projects should include : 
- fundamental  studies on the genetics, physiology and biochemistry of 
microorganisms  that can be  used to synthesize  from simple and 
abundant  materials (carbon dioxide,  hydrogen  and methanol)  a wide 
range of complex  compounds  now obtained  from imported  liquid 
hydrocarbons, 
- improvement  of methods  for expression and transfer of new genetic 
information  in organisms  useful to man, 
- harnessing of  enzymes,  microorganisms  and cell lines for the 
production of high-value substances and the control of important 
processes, 
- microbial physiology studies for  improved  understanding of factors 
affecting  product  yield,  strain  stability  and rate of  biomass 
production, 
- photobiological research for the  development  of new bioconversion 
processes, 
- dilute  effluent  processing techniques, 
- computer  systems  for theoretical  representation and  drawing  of the 
transformation of  biologically  active molecules, 
- cryopreservation techniques for plant  cells and tissues, 
- improved  basic knowledge  of cellular  and molecular pathology and 
development  of new  in-vitro  pharmacological  tests and new medicinal 
products,  especially  for preventive treatment,  which can only be 
developed if public  funds are made available (see the objective 
"Improving  safety and protecting health"), 
- research on the general topic of  biological  safety. 
2. Development  of applications 
In these development  projects  priority  should be given to objectives 
identified  in the  framework  programme;  in the long  term they will be 
the natural extension of the research projects described  earlier. 
This objective should be regarded in conjunction with the chapter on 
technological  renewal  of specific  sectors  under the objective 
"Improving  and developing new techniques and new products for the 
conventional  industries". 

- 41 -
In the immediate  future the main emphasis  will be on  pilot or demonstra­
tion projects  in the  following  fields : 
- solar energy and the use of  biomass, 
- optimum  land use and  integrated  management, 
- enhancing  the profitability  of current agricultural  products., 
- waste processing, 
- transfer  to tropical  agriculture  of modern  biotechnological  methods 
and materials, 
- use of  modern  biotechnological  methods  and materials  in the  study 
of nutrition  problems. 
3. Contextual  measures 
The following contextual  measures  have been identified  : 
a.encouraging  Member  States to develop  centres  of excellence (with  a 
specific  world-class capability)  in selected  fields;  developing 
a European  network  based on these centres  so that the Community 
as a whole has a world-class capability  in all fields that is 
accessible  to each Member  State; 
b.promoting  the setting-up  of multi-disciplinary project  teams in 
universities  and the  exchange  of scientists  between  industry 
and the universities  and between  the different  Community  countries, 
so as to develop the essential  human resources; 
c.developing  the quality  of supporting services  and facilities  so 
as to improve  the environment  for biotechnology  (e.g. logistic 
support by developing  European  culture collections  and associated 
data banks); 
d.improving  the European  position  in respect of intellectual  property 
so as to  protect it  and facilitate  its use. 
Measures  a. and b.  above  will partly be dealt with  through  the outline 
plan for stimulation  (see goal 7). 

- 42 -
GOAL 2 : PROMOTING  INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS 
Approximative  breakdown  between  the specific  objectives. 
2.1. Removing  and reducing  impediments 
Specific  objectives 
- Nuclear reference  materials  and techniques 
(energy and medical  applications) 
- Dimensional, mechanical,  electrical, 
optical and temperature metrology 
- Chemical analyses (metals, food  and pollutants) 
- Physical  and technological properties  of materials 45 
25 
15 
15 
2.2. Improving  and developing  new techniques  and products  for the 
conventional  industries 
Specific  objectives 
- Forward  studies  and observation 
- R&D on  multisectoral  technologies 
(lasers, new materials,  etc.) 
- Sectoral  R&D (steel,  textiles,  clothing, 
transport,  etc.) 
- Pilot or demonstration operations  to speed up 
infratechnology  modernization  in certain 
industries  (steel,  textiles,  etc.) % 
< 3 
40 
40 
20 
(S) 

- 43 -
2.73. Promoting  and developing  new technologies 
2.3.1. Information technology 
Specific  objectives 
- R&D to  master basic technologies  : 
microelectronics,  software engineering, 
advanced  information processing,  office 
automation  and integrated  flexible  manufacturing 
- Setting  up of an  inter-laboratory  communication 
system needed  for intra-Community  cooperation 
in R&D 70 
5 
- Development  of applications (conventional  industries, 
nuclear,  agriculture,  medecine,  etc.) 25 
2.3.2. Biotechnology 
Specific  objectives 
- Support  for basic research  in key  sectors 50 
30 
20 - Strengthening  of the  European'position  by 
applications  of biotechnology 
- Contextual  measures 
If the Community  action is to be  significant  and make an  effective 
contribution  to improving  Europe's  industrial  competitiveness  in 
comparison  to its main rivals,  it is essential  to allocate  funds 
totalling  more than 1 000  million  ECU (in constant  1982 values) 
for the period 1984-87,  broken down as  follows  amongst  the major 
objectives  : 
Removing  and reducing  impediments  30  million  ECU 
- Conventional  industries  35Q  million  ECU 
- New technologies  680  million  ECU 
Information technology  600 million  ECU 
Biotechnology  80  million  ECU 
This breakdown between the  identified  objectives  will be reviewed  as the 
implementation  of the  relevant  actions  will proceed. 

- 44 -
3. IMPROVING  THE MANAGEMENT  OF RAW MATERIALS 
3.1. OPTIMUM  USE OF RAW  MATERIALS 
INTRODUCTION 
Over and above  fossil  fuels,  for which its degree of dependence  is well 
known, the Community  is heavily  dependent  on imports to cover its 
requirements for  most renewable  and non-renewable  raw materials. Its 
dependence  on outside sources is put at 75% for all the products it 
needs most. It is 100% or close to it for materials such as  phosphates, 
chromium,  cobalt,  manganese,  molybdenum,  platinum, titanium,  vanadium, 
niobium and tantalum. This  situation  is further aggravated by the 
uneven distribution  of raw material resources throughout the world. 
More than three-quarters of the  proven  or estimated reserves of 
numerous  raw materials are concentrated in a small  number  of countries, 
all outside the  Community. 
Aware of the implications of  this situation,  the European  countries  have 
taken steps to secure regular supplies of these  essential  materials. 
The range of measures  includes the  diversification  of sources of supply, 
stockpiling,  increasing  self-sufficiency,  more frequent use of secondary 
(recycled)  raw materials,  development  of own resources of  renewable 
materials  (such as  wood) and the replacement of scarce materials by 
others that can be obtained  more easily. 
Community  research  will help the  Community  to become  less dependent  on 
outside  sources by  building  up its own production  potential  and making 
optimum  use of the raw materials  available. 

- 45 -
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
1• Minerals 
Exploration  of deposits 
The emphasis  will be on the  prospecting  of deposits  at great depths and 
the development  of offshore  methods.  The fields to be given Community 
support include  : 
- exploration for deposits  at great depths;  improvements  in remote 
sensing and studies  on the  genesis, structure  and composition  of the 
first 2-3 km of the  earth's crust using  a multidisciplinary  approach; 
- the improvement  of prediction  models; 
- data interpretation  techniques; 
- coordination  and improvement  of information  and data exchange  systems; 
- research  on the  marine environment. 
Ore extraction  and treatment  and mining technology 
Community  activities  should be directed  towards  the development  of 
advanced  technologies for  : 
- exploiting  lean and complex  ores; 
- making  marginal deposits  workable  by improving mining safety,  ore 
extraction  and haulage  methods  in the  mines and techniques for 
working deposits with  a high content  and low  tonnage; 
- improving  fines recovery; 
- saving  energy; 
- improving  the application  of geostatistics  and the  modelling  of 
mineworking; 
- improving  the design and performance  of industrial  ore flotation 
and treatment plants. 
2. Wood 
The Community  has to  import in order to cover more than half of its 
requirements for  wood and products  made from wood. In order of importance, 
this foreign trade  deficit  comes  just after  oil. Consumption  is now 

- 46 -
increasing  faster  than domestic production  and the growing  deficit 
calls for forceful  actions  by the Community,  in particular  through its 
R,D&D programmes. 
Research on wood will therefore  have two objectives  : to reduce depen­
dence on outside sources  and improve  the economic  viability  of the wood 
industries.  Obviously these objectives are  closely  linked to two  other 
sections of the framework  programme,  industry  and agriculture,  or 
.more specifically  forestry. 
For timber production, the  emphasis  in the Community  should be on 
increasing  the quantity  and improving the  quality  of wood for 
industrial  applications.  There are also other  more specific  objectives  : 
- Technological  problems  associated with the processing  of wood and 
its use in the construction  and furniture  industries. 
- Processing  of wood and similar  organic materials  into fibre products. 
Priority  should be given to new  methods of making pulp from wood, 
techniques for producing better pulp  from straw and other ligneous 
organic  fibres and the adaptation  of paper and board manufacturing 
processes  to the characteristics  of the new pulp produced; 
- Chemical  and biological  processing  of wood and the by-products  of 
the timber industry (biotechnology applications are found here),  in 
particular  the improvement  of methods of separating the constituents 
of wood and its by-products  and of  processes for the  use of  lignin, 
hemi-cellulose  and cellulose. 
3. Recycling 
Community  R,D&D projects in  this field are justified  not only  because 
they will help to improve  the Community's  raw material  situation  but 
also because  of their useful  effects on the environment  and the 
energy balance (for  example  conversion  of waste into fuel).  Research 
on recycling  often has very close  links with other objectives  under 
the headings  of agriculture,  biotechnology, environmental protection, 
etc. 
The specific  objectives  of the Community  activities  concerning recy­
cling will be : 
- improvement  of waste sorting and processing techniques 
(mechanical  and thermal) and the upgrading  of products; 
- processing  of agricultural,  forestry  and organic  waste (see the 
objectives  "Agriculture"  and "Biotechnology"); 
- advanced  techniques for the recovery  of strategic  metals; 
- the refining  of secondary metals  and other advanced  techniques. 

- 47 -
4. Substitution  and materials technology 
To reduce  the risks of shortages  and cut the  deficit on its trade 
balance,  the Community  must promote R,D&D projects  yielding  a better 
knowledge  of materials  so that optimum  use can be made of the 
possibilities  of replacing  strategic  substances  by more common 
elements, for  example  the substitution  of chromium,  silver,  tin, 
tungsten and cobalt which  are essential  materials  in the  electrical, 
electronic  and machine-tool  industries,  for the treatment  of surfaces 
and for  facings. 
Apart from improving  the Community's  economic  independence,  research 
in this field will  make a  contribution  to the  objectives concerning 
the environment,  energp  and above all industrial  competitiveness. 
That is why substitution  and materials technology  are included 
under the objective "Improving  and developing  new techniques  and 
new products for  the conventional  industries". 

- 48 -
GOAL 3 : IMPROVING  THE MANAGEMENT OF RAW  MATERIALS 
Approximate  breakdown  between  the specific  objectives. 
3.1. Optimum  use of raw  materials 
Specific  objectives 
- Minerals 
. exploration 
. extraction,  treatment, 
mining technology 
- Wood 
- Recycling 25 
40 65 
25 
10 
For reasons  of effectiveness,  the funds to be  allocated  to this 
objective  at Community  level during the period 1984-87  should be 
at least 80million  ECU (in constant  1982 values). 

- 49 -
4. IMPROVING  THE MANAGEMENT OF  ENERGY RESOURCES  AND REDUCING ENERGY DEPENDENCE 
The need for the Community  to face up to the energy challenge  has frequently 
been reaffirmed  by the European  Council over  the last few years. 
The Community's  energy  strategy underlines  the logic of a wide-ranging 
community  activity  in the  energy  field, as well as the need for an increased 
effort to speed up the reduction  in dependence  on oil (energy savings,develop­
ment of substitute  energy sources,  and diversification  of supply and demand) 
and facilitate  the adjustment  of Community  industry  to the energy market. 
Since 1974 this Community  goal has been given the greatest weighting  in 
scientific  terms. By the year 2000, without  retaining  absolute  priority, 
the pursuit  of this goal should  mean nonetheless  a strengthening  and above 
all an expansion  of the corresponding  R,D&D  activities  geared to the 
following  major objectives  : independence,  long-term  security  of supply, 
competitiveness  and safety. 
At Community  level, the develoment  of nuclear  fission  energy must above all 
be viewed  from the standpoint  of nuclear safety  and the special  contribution 
that Community  R,D&D can make  to the acceptance  of this form of energy, 
thanks among other things  to wide-ranging  work which,  over and above the 
scientific  results  it contributes  because of its exemplary  value, the 
consensus  it demonstrates  and the independence  appropriate  to Community 
work, will be capable of exerting  a positive  influence  on the nuclear 
controversy. 
Research  in the  field of controlled  thermonuclear fusion has, since its 
inception,  been carried  out in the  context of a coordinated  Community 
programme.  The Council  felt that, given  on the one hand the contribution 
which fusion could  make to energy supplies  in the  long term, and on the 
other hand the scale of the effort needed to reach the stage at which 
this technology could  be applied,  work which had been carried  out until 
then in its various  phases of development  should be continued  on a joint 
basis. 
The development  of renewable  energy  sources  is not  only intended  to increase 
Europe's  independence  as far as energy is concerned  but also to promote 
industrial  competitiveness  and agricultural  productivity  as well as 
strengthening aid  to developing countries.  A special  effort needs to be 
made in  this very wide field to promote,  at Community  level,  those 
activities  which are most likely to benefit  from the Community  dimension. 
R,D&D in the  sectors associated with  the optimum use of fossil fuels, in 
particular  the increased  use of coal and other solid fuels, the production 
and use of synthetic  fuels, energy  conservation,  the optimum use of heat 
(production,  transport  and storage) and new  uses of electricity,  coupled 
with systems  analysis  and energy planning studies,  must enable energy  
to be used rationally , thus contributing  to the aim of  increasing indepen­
dence, diversifying  energy  sources and optimizing costs. 
1 com(81)540  final : "The  development  of an energy strategy for  the Community". 

- 50 -
4.1. DEVELOPING  NUCLEAR  FISSION  ENERGY 
(IN PARTICULAR  ITS SAFETY  ASPECTS) 
INTRODUCTION 
The development  of nuclear  fission  energy  is one of the  main ways of reducing, 
through  the diversification  of energy  sources, the  Community's  dependence  on 
oil. The continuation of a resolute nuclear  programme  is therefore,an 
essential  aspect  of European  energy  policy. The  Community  strategy provides 
for the consolidation and  intensification  of research  activities,  in parti­
cular in the general  fields  of nuclear safety, health and  environmental 
protection,  and fissile  materials safeguards. The  European  Parliament has 
adopted  a resolution approving and confirming  this strategy  upon which the 
Council also  took a favourable position . It should also be recalled that the 
nuclear option  embraces  the development  of the entire  fuel cycle, including 
reprocessing and fast reactors. 
It is with  this in mind that the present guidelines for  Community  R&D have 
been drawn up. 
ORIENTATIONS 
Community  R,D&D  activities  will therefore be mainly directed  towards  the 
safety aspects, i.e. the protection of  workers  and the general public 
against nuclear  hazards.  In this manner  Community  research can exert a 
positive  influence on the nuclear controversy, by providing objectiye 
information that transcends the national  dimension.  By helping to 
harmonize  national  approaches  to safety,  Community  action also assists 
in promoting  industrial  competitiveness by reducing the barriers to  intra-
European  trade. 
At international  level, there is an increasingly  marked tendency  to 
cooperate  in the general  field of nuclear safety, a trend  which is 
considered  extremely  favourable for the  development  of this energy  source 
and will be taken into account  by Community  action. 
The main areas taken into consideration are reactor safety, the  management 
and storage of radioactive  waste,  radiation protection,  fissile  materials 
safeguards, the  decommissioning  of nuclear plants, and- in the  remainder 
of the fuel cycle that has already  reached  the industrial  stage- certain 
safety aspects  which  call for Community  action. 
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
1. Reactor  safety 
The light water reactor  concept  has already  reached  industrial  and 
commercial  maturity :  over two hundred  reactors of  this type are in 
service throughout  the world. The dissemination of  this technology and 
the impact  it has had on society  call for further research on safety. 
1 
2 COM (82) 36  final : An Energy  Strategy for the  Community  : 
the Nuclear Aspects. 
Energy Council of 13 July 1982. 

- 51 -
The main reasons reside in the  need to assess  more accurately the safety 
margins  - and thus increase the  availability  - of reactors, to  establish 
a joint approach  to safety standards, and to  facilitate  the decision­
making process. Furthermore, a  Community  research  programme  can contribute 
to better public acceptance of  this energy  source. 
The actions,taken by the  Community  in this area should therefore  pursue 
the following  objectives : 
- to exploit  to the  full the operating data  from the 80 of so reactors 
currently  in service in the  Member  States,  which provide an  irrepla­
ceable data  base for improving our  knowledge  of the  reliability  of 
the plant,  systems  and components,  and of the  effect  of human factors 
on safety. Using these data,  probabilistic  methods  - whose 
development  should be continued -  will enable  risk assessment  to be 
improved; 
- to develop  different  accident prevention techniques and methodologies, 
focusing  in particular  on monitoring  systems,  instrumentation and 
inspection  techniques; 
- to improve  our knowledge  of the mechanisms  governing accidents, by 
combining  theoretical  and experimental research, in order to  improve 
the calculation  codes used for safety analyses. The  comparison  of 
the different  codes,  the dissemination of information and the 
presentation  of the  codes validated in the  light of this work to 
their potential  users are all  factors  that should bring  about a 
gradual harmonization of nuclear safety analyses at  European  level? 
- to improve , by means of in-pile  and out-of-pile  experiments, the  
knowledge  of accident  sequences , with a  view to establishing  rules 
for the behaviour of operators in the event of an  emergency. 
These objectives should be pursued in  parallel  with an  effort  to 
stimulate  the exchange  of information within the  Community,  which 
will provide the indispensable  technical  basis for harmonizing safety 
guides and practices at  European  level. 
The first commercial-size  fast reactor for  power generation is  currently 
being built in Europe;  the sodium-cooled  fast breeder reactor design 
has therefore not yet  been developed to the  same degree  as the  light 
water concept. Safety research is  still necessary in order to prepare 
more effectively  for the widespread use of these reactors on an  industrial 
scale. The main features of such research  will be accident prevention, 
the study of  fuel and core behaviour in  abnormal  operating conditions 
(covering  the various accident  phases  up to and  including  the disassembly 
stage),  the study of the behaviour of structures and  components  under 
loads corresponding to these hypothetical accidents, and the evaluation 
of post-accident conditions.  These studies should lead to the establishment 
of a common  basis for  calculation  codes that would be widely accepted and 
capable of harmonizing the  approach  to the safety of these reactors at 
European  level and helping to  remove  the barriers  to trade in  fast 
reactor components. 

- 52 -
In a more general context, i.e.  without  any reference to a specific 
reactor concept,  special attention  will be devoted  to man-machine  inter­
action and  ergonomics,  as well as to the introduction of new technologies 
(in particular information  technology  applications) in  this industrial 
sector (see also the objectives  "Improving  safety and protecting health" 
and "Promoting  industrial  competitiveness"). 
All these objectives can only be attained  through  a balanced  combination 
of theoretical and  experimental  research. The  latter  aspect  requires the 
use of large  facilities  and multidisciplinary  teams of a high  standard, 
and should  be carried out with the  widest  possible international co­
operation.  Such cooperation  should  be reflected at  Community  level in a 
pooling of efforts  around major experiments,  conducted  either in 
Community  research centres or in national centres with  Community 
participation.  This would also facilitate  international collaboration, 
the results of  which would be available to all the  Member  States. 
2. The Community  has several  decades  of experience  in the management  of  
radioactive  wastes ; however,  the ultimate  stage in the cycle -  final 
disposal - is carried out only in the  case of low-activity,  relatively 
short-lived  wastes.  The aim of  Community  R, D&D is therefore to 
demonstrate  a complete  management  scheme  that ensures  at every stage the 
protection of man and his  environment. 
The twelve-year  (1980-92)  Community  plan of action on radioactive 
waste , which the Council  approved  in 1980,  provides  for indispensable 
Community  consultation, as well as the  guidance  and continuity of the 
activities  conducted  in this field.  The objectives  pursued  by Community 
action will be : 
- as far as the  waste treatment,  conditioning and handling  phase  are 
concerned  : 
. the optimization of the existing  methods  for low- and  medium-activity 
wastes and the provision of  more economical,  safer and  more efficient 
methods; 
. the development  of processes  for immobilizing certain high-activity, 
long-lived  wastes  in suitable  solid forms with a  view to final 
storage; 
. the development  of similar  processes  for gaseous  wastes,  since it may 
no longer be possible in future to  discharge  them as effluents. 
1 O.J. C 51,  29.2.1980,  p. 1. 

-53-
In addition  to this work,  criteria  should be drawn up for the  quality 
of wastes  with a view to their storage; 
- as regards  the final disposal  of high-activity  wastes : 
. the demonstration,  by means of the  design, engineering  and 
operation  of experimental  underground  chambers  and prototype 
facilities,  of the  feasibility  of final disposal  in deep 
continental  geological formations  (salt,  granite,  clay, etc.); 
. the evaluation,  by means of  laboratory experiments  and in-situ 
tests, of the  feasibility  of the  final storage  method  consisting 
of burial under the ocean sediments; 
. the evaluation  of the  safety of the  different  final disposal 
options by developing  risk analysis methodologies  and by  modelling 
phenomena  on the  basis of experimental  results.  This approach 
compensates  for the  fact that very long-term safety  cannot be 
demonstrated  directly,  and it will be refined  in the  light of all 
the experimental achievements. 
If these objectives  are to be  attained,  the Community  R,D&D 
effort -which has for  several years pooled  a significant  proportion 
of the Member  States'  activities,  concerning  final disposal  in 
particular  must be continued without  interruption. 
European  cooperation  and Community  coordination should  be strengthened, 
as well as international  cooperation  in the  wider sense, since it  is 
only through  joint efforts  that final disposal  will be demonstrated 
convincingly  to public opinion. 
3. The problems  raised by nuclear plants  withdrawn  from service  are of 
general  interest  and call for Community  action on the  decommissioning  
of nuclear plants.  The aims should be to improve  and develop new 
specialized  decommissioning  techniques,  and to  test them in real-service 
conditions  during  major decommissioning  operations undertaken  in the 
Member States.  The problems  associated with  the possible re-use  of the 
materials  recovered  will also be tackled. 
4. The other stages  in the  fuel cycle , namely  fabrication,  enrichment  and 
reprocessing,  which have reached  industrial  and commercial  maturity, 
should not in  themselves  be the  subject  of Community  research, except 
possibly  on certain  specific  aspects  of general  interest  that always 
have a bearing  on safety (aerosols,  for example) . 

- 54 -
5. The methods  for protecting  workers and the  general public against  the  
radiation  emitted throughout  the fuel cycle and the  monitoring  of its 
consequences  constitute  a priority  Community  objective.  The biological 
effects of radiation  - especially  the effect of low  doses - should be 
studied in order to evaluate  risks  realistically  (see the  objective 
"Improving safety  and protecting health"). 
6. The importance  and economic  impact of safeguards  and the  need to 
establish  a European  strategy  on this issue for  the nineties  require  a 
major action to be taken by the  Community  and national  efforts to be 
concerted.  In order to facilitate  the implementation  of multinational 
(Euratom)  and international  (IAEA)  safeguards  systems,  work conducted  by 
the Community  will be geared to developing instrumentation for  the 
identification,  measurement,  confinement  and surveillance  of nuclear 
materials,  and evaluating  the in-plant  performance  of such instrument­
ation; developing  a functional,  integrated data  assessment  and transmission 
system; and studying  or developing methodologies for  the parametric 
analysis  and optimization  of safeguards techniques  in different  types of 
plant or in the  fuel cycle.  All these  activities  will give due regard to 
industrial  needs in Europe and the  increase  in the  amount of nuclear 
materials  in circulation. 
7. In order to achieve the aims mentioned  in this plan, it  is necessary  to 
have a number of accurate, universally-accepted nuclear data;  the 
development  of the  nuclear industry  and the  application  of nuclear 
techniques  in other fields make it necessary  to have nuclear reference  
materials  (see also  the objective  "Removing  or reducing impediments"). 
8. Lastly,  fundamental  research should  not be  absent from the Community's 
concerns in the  nuclear  field, and an  activity  compatible with  the 
above-mentioned  objectives  will be maintained  in research  on actinides, 
in which the Community  has for many years been in the  forefront. 
Special mention  should be made of the  high flux reactor  (HFR) at the 
Joint Research Centre's Petten Establishment,  which is used for 
irradiating  fuels and structural  materials  as part of the  reactor safety 
activities,  investigating  the strength  of materials for  the fusion 
programme  and producing radio-isotopes. 

- 55 -
4.2. CONTROLLED  THERMONUCLEAR  FUSION 
INTRODUCTION 
Since thermonuclear fusion is  one of  the possible solutions  to the long-
term energy  problem,  huge research  programmes  were embarked  upon as soon as 
the Second  World War was  over in order  to bring thermonuclear fusion out  of 
the realm  of theory and into that of reality. 
OBJECTIVES  FOR COMMUNITY  R,D&D 
Three major objectives  will have to be  fulfilled  in turn  : 
- scientific  feasibility,  which it is hoped to demonstrate  in the  eighties 
by the large  tokamak  experiments, the construction  work for which is 
almost completed  (JET in the  European  Community,  TFTR in the US and JT 
60 in Japan); 
- technical  feasibility,  in particular  as regards the large-scale 
production  and handling  of tritium,  the strength  of materials,  remote 
handling,  superconducting  coils and conversion  of the fusion  energy, 
which is to be demonstrated  by the extremely large  and costly machines 
currently  envisaged  : NET  in Europe, ETR in the United States,  FER in 
Japan, INTOR under a joint project grouping together the  European 
Community,  the United States, the Soviet  Union and Japan, and other 
machines  that could  be built in the context  of international  cooperation; 
- lastly,  commercial  feasibility,  which could be demonstrated  at the 
beginning  of the next century using  an experimental  power reactor 
referred to as DEMO. 
This will be a long and costly endeavour,  and it seems unlikely  that energy 
will be produced  industrially  from nuclear fusion  on a large scale before 
some fifty years hence; by then, world  R,D&D expenditure  will probably  have 
exceeded 100 000  million ECU. 
Europe leads the  field in research  on fusion reactors  based on the magnetic 
confinement  principle,  and the European  programme  - which-groups  together 
under Community  coordination all the  Member  States'  activities,  in this 
field - should be continued without  respite.  It is necessary  to pursue 
efforts aimed at demonstrating the  scientific  feasibility  of fusion,  while 
at the same time undertaking  new efforts to demonstrate  its technical 
feasibility.  European  cooperation  and coordination  by the Commission  should 
be strengthened, since it is only through  joint action that the  Member 
States  will be able to take up the challenge  of fusion. The oportunities 
for cooperating with the other world  programmes  should at the same time be 
fully exploited. 
The strategy underlying the  European  programme  consists  of the following  : 
- carrying out  a substantial  programme  on the tokamak  concept  with., a view 

- 56 -
to building  a demonstration  reactor,  completing  the first stage of this 
programme (the  JET project and its extensions)  and carrying  out programmes 
to back up work on the  tokamak  configuration; 
- continuing  to develop the technology  necessary  for the second stage of 
the tokamak programme  (NET) in  accordance  with the guidelines  emerging 
from the conceptual studies; 
- studying alternative  confinement  systems  that are likely to lead to a 
fusion reactor, preferably  in collaboration with other world fusion 
programmes,  in particular  in the  United States; 
- examining  towards  the end of the  eighties  the results of JET and of 
similar experiments  that are to be  carried  out elsewhere  and deciding 
whether to go ahead with the second stage of the  tokamak programme. 
Simultaneously with  these  activities,  studies  are being carried  out on 
fusion reactor  systems  in order to keep constantly abreast  of the  state of 
the art and to  hold the programme  on course towards  its ultimate objective  -
the demonstration  reactor  (DEMO). 
The Council Decision  of 25 May 1982  adopted  the 1982-86  programme,  which 
has a budget of 620  million  ECU, consisting  of 319  million  ECU for the JET 
project and 301  million  ECU for the rest of the  programme.  Some 1000  researchers 
are involved  in the  Community programme. 
This recent Decision  has therefore  laid down the guidelines  for R,D&D in 
this area until 1986, and the  long-term  goal on fusion is thus being 
deliberately  and resolutely  pursued.  The corresponding  activities  designed 
to demonstrate  the scientific feasibility  of fusion and tackling  the 
problem of demonstrating  its technical  feasibility  should receive  throughout 
the duration  of this framework  programme  financial  resources that  will 
remain fairly  constant  in the  case of physics research,  but will increase 
considerably  for technological research. 

- 57 -
4.3. DEVELOPING  RENEWABLE  ENERGY SOURCES 
INTRODUCTION 
Under the Community's  energy supply stragegy  , the development  of renewable 
energy sources  is one of the  priority  objectives;  this will contribute  to 
a more rapid reduction  in oil dependence  and help in adapting  Community 
industry  to the  energy market. 
As regards  the renewable  energies,  which are attractive  because  of their 
decentralized  nature and the  possibilities  they offer for gaining some 
independence from  imports,  a large number of  activities  have been embarked 
upon that pave the way  for applications  in the  short, medium and  long term. 
A considerable  effort  nevertheless  remains  to be made in order to demonstrate 
their technical  and economic  feasibility  and to  increase  the chances  of a 
market developing  for the  devices  that use these energy sources. 
The development  of such a market would  be beneficial  both in reducing  the 
Community's  energy dependence  and in  terms of employment. 
The contribution  of the  renewable energies should almost double  during 
this decade and reach the figure of approximately  26 million  TOE/y by 1990. 
If due regard is given to the  investment needed  to develop  this energy 
production  capacity,  the beneficial  effects  on employment  of the  implementation 
of these new technologies  are evident. 
Also, the activities  to be undertaken  in this area will not only work 
towards the main goal of "Improving  the management of  energy  resources", 
but will at the same  time contribute  to other objectives  such as improving 
the environment,  increasing  industrial  and agricultural  competitiveness  and 
assisting  the developing  countries. 
The following  paragraphs  will discuss  the main renewable energy sources  : 
direct solar energy, biomass, wind  power,  geothermal energy  and hydro­
electric  power,  each providing  the target for a  specific  research  objective. 
Priority  will be given to direct  solar energy, biomass  and geothermal 
energy,  followed  by wind and hydroelectric  power. Work carried  out to 
pursue these  specific  objectives  should  also include  the development  at 
Community  level of methods  and installations  for testing and assessing 
devices and concepts,  as well as actions  to solve the problems  limiting  the 
application  of new  concepts, such  as those involving  materials. 
1 COM(81) 540 final, 2.10.1981,  "The Development of an Energy  Strategy 
fori-the Community". 

- 58 -
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
1. Direct  solar energy 
The considerable  solar energy  potential  that is available in  the 
Community  justifies  a substantial  R,D&D activity  focusing  on heat 
and electricity  production. 
As regards thermal applications, the  Community  programmes  should 
continue to develop - especially  as demonstration projects  - technol­
ogies for  space heating, hot  water production  and air conditioning 
of buildings, applying  inter alia the techniques  of passive architecture. 
The integration  of various technologies (heat  pumps,  storage, etc.)  into 
"hybrid"  systems  in which solar energy  plays a part will be assessed. 
These programmes  should also study the  development  of new  technologies 
that can be applied to industry (heat for various  industrial  processes), 
agriculture  ("solar"  greenhouses  and drying,  water pumping  and irrigation) 
and water desalination.  In some of the areas  mentioned,  in which 
considerable progress  has already  been made, greater  emphasis  should be 
laid on demonstration than  on research. 
In the electricity  production sector,  work on solar power stations 
should be brought to a successful conclusion, while stress should  be 
laid on photovoltaic conversion,  by continuing research  on new  solar 
cells and installing  pilot  facilities. 
2. Biomass 
The theoretical  potential  of biomass  in Europe makes it one of the 
largest renewable  energy  sources.  Wood together with  agricultural  wastes 
and certain  "fuel"  crops could  make a significant  contribution.  The 
relative  priorities  to be  attributed  to the various possible  uses of 
biomass and the types  of land on which it could  be harvested,  and the 
research that should  be devoted to the subject  have been discussed 
under the objective  "Improving  agricultural  competitiveness"  of this 
document. 
Be that as it may, R,D&D work in this sector should  be conducted  at 
Community  level,  in particular  basic research  on photobiology, 
fermentation  and cellulose  hydrolysis using  enzymes. 
Fuel crops  (including  algae)  will be the subject mainly  of research 
projects,  as well biomass  combustion,  pyrolysis  and hydroliquefaction 
and the development  and improvement  of thermochemical  and fermentation 
processes for converting  biomass  into liquid  fuels (see also the 
objective  "Biotechnology"). 
(6) 

- 59 -
3. Wind power 
New technologies could  promote  the large-scale  use of  wind power in 
certain  regions  of the Community.  R,D&D  will concentrate  on generators 
of all  sizes, on centralized  and decentralized  electricity  generating 
with connection  to the national  grid in the majority  of cases, and on 
the other applications  of this energy  source. In addition,  the potential 
of Community  wind power production  will be assessed. 
4. Geothermal  energy 
Thanks to new  discoveries,  this form of energy could provide  a greater 
contribution  to the European  energy  scene.  Priority  should be given in 
Community  projects  to hot dry rocks, in  view of the large  potential  they 
represent for  electricity  production,  and to  the production  and 
utilization  of low-grade  heat, in  which reinjection  problems  still call 
for research  work and space heating units using  lukewarm  water should be 
the.subject  of demonstration projects. 
The study  of high-temperature sources (mainly pressurized brine)  suitable 
for producing  electricity  will require increased  R&D efforts,  for 
example  the study  of corrosion  and reinjection  problems. 
In addition,  the Community  programme  should continue its  assessment  of 
European  geothermal  potential. 
5. Hydroelectric  power 
Hydroelectric  technology,  which is already well-developed,  does not 
require  further research.  The Community  will nevertheless support 
demonstration projects  aimed at exploiting  small-capacity hydroelectric 
power sources. 
6. Other aspects of renewable  energy  sources 
Apart from the technical  and economic  problems  curbing the  market 
penetration  of the renewable  energies, other  factors  of a legal,  social 
or environmental nature can also act  as a hindrance  to such penetration. 
These factors  should as far as possible  be the subject  of work conducted 
simultaneously with the  R,D&D proper. 
It will also be necessary  to give due regard to local features  when 
developing the various technologies. This is  particularly  obvious in  the 
case of the technologies that are  likely to contribute  to the energy 
supplies of the developing countries (see the objective  "S and T 
activities  of benefit to developing  countries"). 

- 60 -
4.4. RATIONAL  USE OF ENERGY 
INTRODUCTION 
The aim of  rational  use of  energy  (RUE) is to optimize the  energy  system, 
which is subjected to a  variety  of policies  and constraints.  This is 
therefore  a huge area that is  closely  connected with several other 
objectives,  such as the  improvement  of industrial  processes and environ­
mental protection. 
Our understanding of the way in  which the energy  system  operates should be 
improved,  while at the  same time new techniques should be developed that 
will help towards  optimizing  it. With this in mind and despite the 
disparities  between  the Member  States'  energy  resources, a  number  of 
Community  objectives can be  identified.  The most important are the study of 
solid fuels (coal in particular),  energy  savings, hydrocarbons, heat 
transport  and storage,  electricity  production and  systems  analysis. 
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
1. Systems  analysis 
The activities  relating  to systems  analysis coordinated by the  Commission 
have contributed to a better understanding of  energy  supply and  demand 
systems  and of  their interactions  with each other, with other sectors 
and with the  economy  in general.  Models have been developed and are at 
present operational. 
The main aims of Community  activities  are currently  to improve  and apply 
the models  that have already  been developed, if necessary to extend 
them, to update  the data  bases and to develop new  models  and models  that 
can be applied to the developing countries. 
2. Energy  savings 
Residential  and commercial  sector 
The importance of the  energy  resource represented by savings in  space 
heating  is considerable : by the year  2000, such savings could  amount  to 
as much as 50% of a  consumption  that currently  accounts for one-third of 
the overall  energy demand. 
Most of the R,D&D  efforts  have hitherto  focused on new  buildings.  It is 
now necessary for greater attention to be devoted to the  improvement  of 
the existing  building  stock,  where there is a considerable  potential  for 
savings. 
1 The Role of Coal in the  Community  Energy  Strategy, 
O.J. C 105,  26.4.1982. 

- 61 -
The Community  actions  will deal with  the coordination,  standardization 
and dissemination  of information using  a data base on existing  energy 
saving techniques,  their efficiency  and the  standards governing  them. 
R,D&D activities  proper  will focus primarily  on advanced  techniques  for 
the insulation,  ventilation,  heating  and energy management  of buildings. 
Systems and architectural  studies  and socio-economic research  will also 
be conducted. 
Demonstration  projects  will mainly  involve  public  buildings,  blocks of 
flats, and cooperative  or local authority  buildings  and will provide  the 
data enabling  national  and regional  projects  to be assessed, adopted  and 
implemented. 
Industrial  sector 
This sector accounts  for approximately  35% of  total energy demand,  which 
.makes clear immediately  the considerable impact  of the  savings that  can 
be made by  various  means, namely : 
1. by reducing energy consumption  in production processes  and recover­
ing the thermal energy released  at various stages  in these 
processes; 
2. by implementing  new, more energy-efficient  processes;  and 
3. by using materials  and products  whose manufacture incorporates  as 
little energy as possible. 
In order to avoid having  to devote too great an effort to specific 
sectors,  Community  research  will focus  primarily  on point 1, while 
the demonstration  will concentrate  on points 1 and 2 and, as a  matter of 
priority,  on the  problems  of RUE in  small and medium-sized  firms, a more 
modest effort  being made for the benefit of heavy industry. 
Energy modelling  of processes  will be used in order to attain the most 
important  objective,  which is to arrive at greater  efficiency  in the 
production  and use of  heat and electricity  in industry. 
Another important aspect  is that of the  substitution  of hydrocarbons, 
i.e. the use of  non-renewable  energy sources  instead  of liquid or 
gaseous  hydrocarbons. 

- 62 -
Agricultural  sector 
Demonstration  projects  are one of the best ways of revealing  the energy 
savings  that can be  made in  agriculture.  A preferential  area for such 
projects  is the  drying of crops. 
Transport  sector 
The energy consumed  in this sector is derived almost  exclusively  from 
petroleum  products,  which has already made it the subject of major 
programmes  carried  out by private and public bodies.  The Community  will 
devote special attention  to energy savings  in transport,  both by 
improving  existing technologies  and by  developing  unconventional 
vehicles and new  technologies.  In particular,  the development  and use of 
materials, alloys  and ceramics  will make it possible  to achieve  greater 
energy efficiencies. 
3. Solid fuels 
The revival  of interest  in R,D&D on  solid fuels is connected  with the 
aim of increasing  the share of coal in electricity  production  and of 
replacing oil  by coal (or by synthetic fuels  produced  from coal) in a 
number of sectors. 
Without  neglecting  the transport  and processing  of solid fuels, R,D&D 
will have to focus primarily  on the following topics  : 
Production 
As regards  coal production,  the objective  remains  increased productivity; 
Community  R,D&D  activities  will consequently  continue  on the lines of 
the current  ECSC programme,  which is also concerned  with safety  and the 
improvement  of working  conditions  (see the objective  "Improving  safety 
and protecting health"). 
Utilization 
Community  R,D&D  will be aimed at improving  combustion  processes  and the 
processes  for converting  solid fuels into  gaseous  or liquid products,  in 
order more fully to satisfy the requirements  of energy systems  based on 
the use of  liquid fuels. 

- 63 -
The aim of the work on combustion  will be to  develop and demonstrate  new 
technologies  - such as fluidized-bed  combustion  and combustion  of 
solid/fluid  mixtures  - and to  improve  burners and conventional  combustion 
systems. 
As far as gasification  is concerned, in  view of the scope of the work in 
progress in various places, the  Community  programmes  will concentrate  on 
demonstration  and basic research  on new  processes.  The Community  will 
also continue  to support  underground  gasification  projects. 
As regards  liquefaction  either  after preliminary  gasification  or by 
direct hydroliquefaction,  the Community  will support  R,D&D projects  on 
the production  of synthetic  liquid  fuels.  This work could also  have 
repercussions  on biomass  conversion technology. 
Coal characterization,  the techno-economic  evaluation  of the different 
synthetic  fuels,  their specific  uses and standardization  and problems 
concerning materials  will also be studied. 
Associated  R,D&D  activities 
The work described  above,  which is of a technological nature,  will be 
backed up by basic research in physics  and chemistry  aimed at gaining a 
better understanding  of the various processes involved. 
In addition,  at each stage in the  development,  production  and use of 
solid fuels,  it will be extremely important  to examine  whether  they are 
compatible with the  need to protect the  environment  (see the objective 
"Protecting  the environment"). 
4. Heat 
Community  research in  this field will  relate to the transport  and 
storage of heat. As regard transport, the  aim is to improve  the energy 
management  of district  heating  systems  through the  use of  telemetering 
devices and modelling,  to develop thermochemical  systems  for supplying 
process heat  and to  perfect large heat  pumps. 
Work on storage  will relate to small- and large-scale storage over short 
and long periods using  methods  such as chemical storage. This  work will 
be supplemented  by economic  assessments. 
4. Electricity 
The objectives  of Community  R,D&D  will concern the  development  of new 
industrial  processes for using the  electricity  generated  by sources 
other than hydrocarbons, the  development  of electric-powered vehicles 
and new types of batteries  and the improvement  of the efficiency  with 
which this form of energy is used. 

- 64 -
GOAL 4 : IMPROVING THE  MANAGEMENT  OF ENERGY RESOURCES 
Approximative  breakdown  between  the specific  objectives. 
4.1. Nuclear  fission  energy 
Specific  objectives % % 
- Reactor safety 
. Light  water reactors  : use of  operating 
data; accident prevention;  improved 
knowledge  of the  mechanisms  governing 
accidents;  harmonization. 
. Fast reactors  : accident prevention; 
study of the  behaviour  of fuel sub­
assemblies,  the core, structures  and 
components  in abnormal  operating 
conditions;  evaluation  of post-accident 
conditions. 60 
40 
20 
- Radioactive  waste : waste treatment, 
conditioning  and handling;  final disposal 
of high-activity  wastes. 15 
— Plant  decommissioning  : development  and 
application  of techniques  in real-service 
conditions. 
Safety aspects  of other steps:  of the  fuel 
cycle. 
Protection  of workers  and the  general public. 
- Safeguards. 10 
10 
- Nuclear  measurements  and reference materials. 
Research  on actinides. 5 

- 65 -
4.2. Controlled  thermonuclear  fusion  
Specific  objectives 
- Construction  and operation  of JET 
- Tokamak  of medium  dimensions  (including 
heating and diagnostics) 
- NET and technology 
- Alternative  lines of development to tokamaks 
- Lasers 50 
< 30 
15 
5 
3 
4.3. Renewable  energy sources  
Specific  objectives 
- Direct  solar energy 
- Biomass 
- Wind power 
- Geothermal energy 
- Hydroelectric  power 
- Other 30 
25 
15 
20 
5 
5 
4.4. Rational  use of energy  
Specific  objectives 
- Systems  analysis 
- Energy savings 
- Solid fuels 
- Heat 
- Electricity < 3 
40 
45 
10 
5 
If results  that are both  significant  and commensurate  with requirements are 
to be obtained  in this field,  the financing  of Community  activities  for the 
goal "Improving the  management  of energy resources and  reducing  energy 
dependence" should  amount  to at least 1 900 million  ECU (in constant 1982 
values) over  Hue period 1984-87,  broken down as follows  : 
- developing  nuclear  fission  energy 54 0  million  ECU 
- controlled  thermonuclear  fusion 480  million  ECU 
- developing renewable energy sources 310  million  ECU 
- rational  use of energy 520  million  ECU 

- 66 -
5. REINFORCING  DEVELOPMENT  AID 
5.1. UNDERTAKING  SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  ACTIVITIES  FOR THE  BENEFIT  OF  
THE DEVELOPING  COUNTRIES 
INTRODUCTION 
Up to now the contribution  which the Community  has made to the developing 
countries  so far as  scientific  and technical research is  concerned  has been 
in four basic  forms  : 
- financial  contributions to international  Institutes  related to the  CGIAR, 
- finance for a "research"  element  in development  operations, 
- finance for certain investments with  scientific  objectives, 
- contributions to the  training  of researchers and technicians . 
This contribution has  been by no means  negligible,  either in the  amount  of 
aid or in the  results  obtained, since in addition to other sources of aid, 
both bilateral  and multilateral  it has made possible the  development  or 
conservation of  scientific  activities  of value to  development. 
But such actions  have not been part of an  overall  policy  framework.  Their ad 
hoc nature may well  partly  militate  against  their  effectiveness. 
The Framework  Programme  will make it possible to give  more coherence  to this 
activity  and make it more effective.  It takes on  particular  importance 
because  of the  chance  it will give to developing countries to  choose  the most 
appropriate  avenues  by which  to encourage  their  own development.  Community 
assistance  in the  scientific  and technical area, as in other areas, should 
only support  policies  freely  defined in the context of a dialogue  between  the 
Community  and the countries  concerned  on the  efficacy  and adequacy  of such 
policies.  The framework  programme  will enable  the Community  to orientate its 
scientific  and technical  activities  for the benefit of developing countries 
in a better way. The  Community  dimension  holds out  possibilities  in this 
respect  which ought  to be followed up, and in  this context, it  would be 
useful to examine  the whole  range  of Member  States and  Community  programmes 
in such a way as to give the  overall  effort  maximum  coherence  and 
effectiveness . 
GENERAL  OBJECTIVES 
The orientation to be given to  this aid should be  founded  upon the following 
considerations  : 
a) Scientific  research plays an important part in the  development  process. 
The inadequate  attempts  in this direction  made by the developing countries 
call for a  realisation  on the part of those with the  political 
responsibility  in the  developed  countries of the  importance  which  research 
had for  their own development.  The situation  also calls for outside help 
so that an  autonomous  research  capacility  can be  built  up within these 
countries,  which would  be able to carry out  their  own scientific  research 
designed to control  their own destiny. 

- 67 -
b) This outside help should  have two aspects  : 
- aid via international  or Community  organisations,  which contribute 
already and which guarantee  immediate  efficacy  and the  necessary 
continuity.  This procedure  has given good results  in the  past. It should 
at the same  time be better oriented  towards  the needs of the  recipient 
c ountries  and better mobilise,  for the  benefit  of developing countries, 
the heritage  of knowledge  which is available  in the  countries  of the 
Community  as well as the  basic research capacities  of the Member  States. 
- aid for the  development  of national  and regional research  systems  in the 
developing countries. This  is a long job,  made risky by the  existence  of 
the first form of aid. But it is the  primary objective  which  will, in 
the end, make  it possible  to ensure the technological maturity  of States 
and cooperation with  the international  scientific  community. 
When implementing  activities,  it would be expedient  to make  sure that  the 
research  is firmly  placed  in the  local context  particularly  by : 
- conserving  what is already  known by making an inventory  of and  making 
use.' of traditional  technical  knowledge  and sustaining  existing 
scientific  communities  ; 
- scientific  research  at university  level  into traditional  skills 
(medicine, construction materials,  architectural  styles)  so that ways of 
using them in the  development  process  may be  specified. 
- support  for b  asic local  organisations  for designing  and implementing 
activities  which  generate innovation  (exhibitions,  competitions,  the 
donation  of prizes). 
c) It is  agriculture  which must at first form the primary  theme of the  effort: 
this priority  is compatible with  the EEC's policy  which  puts agriculture 
at the centre of developing countries  development  efforts  and which is 
about to increase  the role of agriculture  in community  scientific  research 
themes. 
With this in mind an activity  is currently  under way to  mobilise  Europe's 
scientific  potential  - very much on the  basic side  - for the  benefit  of 
development.  It should be supplemented  by an  effort  aimed at developing 
indigenous research capacity  in the  partner states  by encouraging research 
with a view to short or medium-term  results,  but not to the  exclusion  of 
all else. 
CRITERIA  FOR SELECTING  ACTIVITIES  AND DECIDING  RESOURCES 
a) Depending  on a country's  level of scientific  development,  aid must take 
appropriate  forms.  In the  countries  which are least developed, barely  at 
subsistance  level,  aid via foreign research  workers  must predominate  for 
the time being, whilst  an effort to train local  researchers  and to make 
ready a reception  infrastructure  should  be being made as a  reserve  for the 
future. 

- 68 -
In States  which have  already  reached a  certain  scientific  capacity  the 
dominant form of aid  should  be that directed  to centres  of excellence 
which, when boosted in  this way could become  centres  for national  and 
regional  advancement in  greatly varying  forms  ranging  from inter-
institutional  cooperation  programmes  to the  setting  up of systems designed 
to facilitate  the reintegration  of national research  workers who  happen  to 
be in European or  other countries. 
It is on the  basis of such  centres that  a certain  level of regional 
coordination  could be undertaken  with a view to making  better  use of 
available  human  and materials resources. 
b) On the one hand,  outside research  must be mobilised  more and more in 
respect  of topi cs which  require sophisticated  human and material 
resources, leaving  local research capacity  to tackle, progressively,  those 
topics which can  more easily  be coped  with under  local conditions. 
On the other hand, aid to  research projects should  undergo a  rigorous 
evaluation  of their  characteristics  : the  extent  to which  objectives  are 
relevant,  the methodology  appropriate  and the  recipient  teams well thought 
of. In short,  it is  vital that criteria  relating  to quality  prevail  over 
considerations  of local opportunity. 
c) Six sectoral orientations  are suggested because of  their compatibility 
with Community  policy  on development aid : 
- agriculture,  forestry,  the campaign  against  the encroachment of  desert 
areas,  fish (including  fish breeding), favouring  those  topics  relating 
to self sufficiency  in food, and rural development, 
- the environment : hydrogeology and  climatology, 
- health notably  problems of  infant  nutrition  and that of the mother 
(related  to agricultural  production  and food aid) and  tropical  diseases, 
- resources  of the  soil, and belowground :  geological prospecting, 
- energy : renewable sources of energy  appropriate  to subsistance 
economies, 
- population  : demographic  studies. 

- 69 -
GOAL 5 : REINFORCING  DEVELOPMENT AID  : SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  ACTIVITIES 
An indicative  split of the  outlay as between  the various  specific  objectives 
5.1. Scientific  and technical  activities  for developing countries 
Specific  Objectives 
- Agriculture, breeding, forestry,  desertification  50 % 
- Fish and fish breeding  1Q  % 
- Population  and health 20 % 
- Fossil resources  10 % 
- Energy 5 % 
- Environment  5 % 
The overall  Community  action  in this goal, taking place  both within  the 
Community  and the  developing countries, should receive resources appropriate 
to the importance  of the  objective.  For the  period 1984-1987  these are 
estimated  to be at  least 150 MioECUS  (at 1982  prices). 

- 70 -
6. IMPROVING  LIVING  AND WORKING  CONDITIONS 
Within this exteremely  wide field only two scientific and  technical  oc^ectives  , 
have 7been selected  at this  time. They are set out in  more details  below.  Further 
scientific  and technical  objectives  may be  anticipated  in successive  revisions 
of the Framework  Programme. 
6.1. IMPROVING  SAFETY  AND PROTECTING  HEALTH 
INTRODUCTION 
Improving safety and protecting health are important  measures  to assure a 
high quality of life for the  individual.  Since health  refers to the state of 
well-being  of the individual  and safety to his protection  from environmental 
risks, both are interdependent and are considered  jointly.  Health is also one 
of the priority  objectives in  Community  scientific  and technical  activities 
for the benefit of developing countries. 
The objective of  Community  R, D&D efforts  is to improve knowledge  in the 
following  areas : 
1. Human adaptation 
2. Reproduction,  growth and ageing, 
3. Personal  environment, 
4. Health technology 
5. Health care, and 
6. Health promotion, 
The criteria  for selection  of priorities  include the relevance in  terms of 
the dimension of the problem(s), the  potential  for application,  the expected 
impact on the decrease of health care costs, and the  significance  of statis­
tical data, the value of  which increases with the  size of the population. The 
criteria used must be viewed in a perspective of the global objectives as 
determined by WHO and other agencies.  Throughout,  the concept applied is one 
of health defined in  terms of maximal performance  recognizing  internal,  and 
more importantly, external  constraints. 
A major aim is to  promote  the transfer  of bairJc knowledge  gained by ongoing 
research  into practice.  Concerning  overall  orientation,  there is a  shift from 
corrective  measures  to primary prevention. 
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
1. Human adaptation 
Individual  adaptability 
Research should be directed  towards  identifying  indicators  of adaptability 
of the individual  functioning in his family and  social  context at various 
ages. 
Stimulants  OcOffee,  alcohol,  psychotropics, and  illicit  drugs)  that affect 
individual  behaviour should be investigated in  terms of their  effect  on 
the adaptive process. 

- 71 -
Adaptation  and working  environment 
The problem  of optimal  matching  between  the individual  and the  working 
environment  is a  critical  area for  the improvement  of health.  Ergonomics 
and knowledge  of psycho-physiological  profiles  of different jobs should  be 
promoted,  including considerations  of the  effects  of light,  noise, etc., 
as well as of the  impact of information technology  on job-profiles,  with 
special  reference  to employment  of handicapped  persons. 
2. Reproduction,  growth  and ageing  
Congenital abnormalities  and infant mortality 
Improvement  of methods  for prenatal detection  of congenital abnormalities 
and for screening  the newborn  for congenital metabolic  or other physiolo­
gical defects requires further  R, D&D  efforts.  Preventive studies should 
be directed  to better  identification  of potential  risks including  embryo-
toxic effects  and deficiencies that  might  increase  their  incidence. 
The correlation  of infant mortality  and morbidity with perinatal condi­
tions should be investigated.  Research  into infant physiology  defence 
mechanisms  and their activation should  be promoted. 
Growth 
Birth cohort studies should  be encouraged  to monitor  personal, environ­
mental and social  factors influencing physical  and intellectual  develop­
ment. Particular  attention  in cross-cultural studies should  be paid to 
diet and nutrition  in childhood  and early  life. Nutritional  needs in 
late adult  life are ill-defined.  It is  important that  caloric,  fat and 
protein  intake should  be examined  in relation  to prevailing health status, 
and attempts  made to  define optimal  nutritional  patterns. 
The Elderly 
The problems  of chronic brain dysfunction,  and of  sensorial (auditory  and 
visual) and motor handicaps  in the  elderly should  be intensively explored. 
Preventive  measures,  as well as early diagnostic  ones, and both medical 
and surgical treatments, including natural  or artificial  implants, should 
be given  a very high  priority. 
Physiological  studies should also  be promoted  in order to understand 
better the characteristics  of the  biochemical, physiological  and regula­
tory interplay  in the  elderly. 
3. Personal  environment  
Accidents 
Epidemiological studies  of accidents at home and on  the roads are required 
to assess  both human and  technological factors involved. Driving  ability 
should be studied with consideration  to possible effects  of prescribed 
drugs. 

- 72 -
For accidents at  work,  research is  necessary  on the application of the 
principles  of integrated safety on  machine  design and use, materials 
choice and  work organization. Special attention should be given to certain 
industries  e.g. construction, and certain  groups  of workers  e.g. young, 
migrants, sub-contractors. 
Research  on the  limitation  of consequences  of radiation accidents  remains 
an area of high  priority.  In this respect,  local  irradiations  of limited 
importance  - which happen  rather frequently  among  workers  - are to be 
given more attention. 
Exposures 
Research  into the effects of  ionizing  radiation on man and his  environment 
must consider  somatic  and genetic  effects,  risk evaluation and optimiza­
tion of protection as well as  improved  dosimetry, taking into considera­
tion aspects of occupational protection, that of the general public and 
that of patients  undergoing  radiological  examination. In  this last case 
special  attempts  must be made to identify  alternative  methods  to reduce 
radiation  exposure  in diagnostic  procedures  (see also the objective 
"Developing  nuclear  fission  energy,  particularly  its safety aspects". 
The increasing use of  optical  and non-optical non-ionizing radiations 
(ultrasounds,  ultraviolet  light,  microwaves,  laser,  radiowaves,  etc.) 
should be  monitored  for possible  damage  or long-term  effects.  Reliable 
dosimetry  needs  to be developed. 
A strategy to clear the backlog of chemical  substances  for which  toxi-
cological  information is lacking should be progressively  developed.  New 
methods  of toxicity  testing and bioassays  need to be developed  and stan­
dardized (see also the objective "Protection of the  environment  and pre­
venting  pollution"). 
Dust, noise, vibrations and  temperature  stress are  typical  pollutants of 
mining,  steel  and other  heavy  industries and  remain  research  priorities. 
Biotechnologies are  likely  to become  an important  aspect  in industrial 
activities  before the end of the century. It is important that  investi­
gation of potential  risks and ways to detect,  prevent  or contain  them be 
encouraged  (see also the objective  "Promoting  and developing new  techno­
logies ; biotechnology"). 
Surveillance  of workers  and public  exposed  to risks  requires the  develop­
ment of information  systems.  Research  and development  of data  sources  for 
health research  purposes  is a high  priority. 

- 73 -
4. Health technology  
Diagnosis 
Non-invasive  methods  for earlier  detection  of altered  function,  biological 
monitoring,  and methods  for measurement  of regulatory  factors  and markers 
should be developed.  Cell cultures,  genetic  markers,  membrane  transport 
studies,  advanced  enzymology,  immunochemistry  and cytochemistry,  etc. 
should be developed  in clinical  practice. 
Recent developments  in imaging techniques should  be monitored  for their 
clinical  effectiveness. 
Advanced  computer  methods  and telematics should  be incorporated  into 
clinical  procedures. 
Treatment 
Receptors biochemistry should  be encouraged  including  the development  of 
specific  carriers  for active molecules  by advanced  immune  techniques. 
Moreover,  the development  of in-vitro  pharmacological  systems  acceptable 
by all or most of the Member  States  and the  development  of new  - parti­
cularly  preventive  - drugs  requiring  significant  R, D&D  expenditure  and 
having important influence  on the  overall  cost of health care, should also 
be encouraged  (see also the objective "Promoting  and developing  new tech­
nologies  ; biotechnology"). 
Genetic engineering should  be exploited  for production  of protein-mole­
cules. 
Plasma and blood treatment  for extracorporeal  removal  of endogenous  or 
exogenous  noxious substances  by combining  biological  and physico-chemical 
methods  should  be further developed. 
Combination  of surgical,  physical  and pharmacological  methods  for select­
ive destruction  of lesions  should  be promoted  and evaluated. 
Further  development  of treatment  and prognosis  methods  of the  effects  of 
local and total body irradiation  is necessary. 
Research should  be co-ordinated  in the  area of organ transplants, relevant 
immunological research,  artificial  organs  and tissues,  including  hybrid 
techniques  and biocompatible materials. 
5. Health care  
Delivery 
Disabling  common  conditions,  e.g. emotional disorders, rheumatic disease, 
are high  priority  problems. 
The assessment  of benefits  of preventive  methods,  clinical  procedures,  and 
new medical technologies should  be carried  out through  controlled  trials. 

- 74 -
Research  on screening and health surveillance with  methods  for the early 
diagnosis and detection of deterioration in  performance  must be developed. 
Organization 
Research  into resource  distribution,  utilisation  and effectiveness should 
be encouraged  in conjunction with formal cost  assessment.  Comparative 
studies  between  Member  States on resource allocation and planning should 
be undertaken.  The information  requirements  for health service  management 
should be defined and health information  systems  designed  and developed. 
6. Health  promotion 
Research  into methods  of promoting  healthy  lifestyles  should be  pursued 
with particular reference to high  risk groups,  e.g. migrants,  and eva­
luation  of techniques  and programmes  undertaken.  Campaigns  to educate 
public attitudes, expectations and use of health services should be 
developed  and evaluated. 
6.2. PROTECTING  THE ENVIRONMENT  AND PREVENTING  POLLUTION 
INTRODUCTION 
The basic objectives of the  environmental  policy are to  preserve  health, 
human life and living  systems  necessary  to man, to  safeguard  plant and  animal 
life and the natural  environment  as a whole  and generally to  improve  the qua­
lity of life. 
Up to now, the  approach  to environmental  management  has basically  been a 
reactive  one, with  problems  generally being tackled in an ad hoc  manner  as 
and when they emerged,  or rather as  they became  obviously  urgent.  It is now 
generally recognized that prevention  would  be more appropriate,  more 
effective  and less costly  than cure. Naturally a new  approach  of this kind 
presupposes  a change  of emphasis  in the R, D&D carried out in  support  of the 
environment  policy.  Very briefly,  the adjustments  needed  may be  summarized  as 
follows : 
- Prevention 
Environment  R, D&D should  back up the preventive  approach  to environment 
management.  This means  that the various factors affecting the  environment 
have to be taken  into consideration at the  earliest  possible  stage  and at 
the highest possible decision  making  level.  R&D support  is essential for 
the identification  and evaluation of  hazards  of physical  (ionizing  and 
non-ionizing radiation, etc.),  chemical  or biological  origin  and for the 
design and  implementation  of policies  and plans intended to protect the 
environment. 
Action Programme  of the  European  Communities  on the  Environment  (1982-
1986) (draft being revised) -  C0M(8l)626  final,  4.11.1981. 

- 75 -
- Long lead time research  programmes 
In addition to research on  tackling  problems  that already  exist  or will 
come up in the  medium  term, long lead* time research projects are  essential. 
The aim  will be to  improve  the understanding of  fundamental  environmental 
and ecological  processes.  They  will have to examine  in particular  climatic 
factors  which,  depending  on the way they  interact,  may help or hinder  human 
activities.  Long lead time research  will help to give decisionmakers a 
better awareness  of future  problems  and trends. 
SPECIFIC  OBJECTIVES 
Since most human  activities  have an impact on the  environment,  the environ­
ment objective is  closely  linked  to all the other objectives in the  framework 
programme  (such as  agriculture,  industry,  energy,  developing countries, raw 
materials,  etc.).  Consequently the  range  of problems  calling  for environmen­
tal R, D&D  activities  is extremely  wide. 
Environmental  factors  are not confined within national boundaries and  most of 
them are common  to several countries. Extensive cooperation at  Community 
level is therefore  essential,  especially  in view of the  limited  resources 
(both human  and financial)  available  to each member  country for research on 
the environment.  The value of  this cooperation is  even more obvious for long 
lead time research,  which  is generally  costly  and is of  interest  to all the 
Member States and  even to other countries. 
The specific  objectives for  Community  research are  outlined  below  : 
1. Research in support of environmental  management 
This covers three  fields  : pollution,  resources and the  interaction 
between  man and the  environment.  In each of these  fields  more specific 
objectives  can be defined. 
Pollution  control  concentrates on aspects such as  pollution  sources, 
pathways,  ecological  and health  effects,  reduction and prevention. The 
specific  objectives are, for  example  : 
- effects  of chemical products and  their  monitoring, 
- behaviour and monitoring of radionucleides in various  ecosystems, 
- evaluation of  pollution,  development  of pollution  abatement  methods  and 
clean technologies for selected  industries,  in particular  those 
concerned with  energy  (mines, coal  combustion  and conversion,  vehicles), 
accumulation of C0o in the  atmosphere  and its  climatic  implications, 
impact of  human  activities  on the stratosphere, 
effects  of atmospheric  pollution  on terrestrial  ecosystems,  especially 
acid rain, 

- 76 -
- processing, storage  and reduction  in volume of toxic and dangerous 
waste, 
- exhaustion  and pollution  of the  water table,  pollution  of fresh water 
and coastal  ecosystems  and marine  pollution  by hydrocarbons, 
- impact on the  environment  of new  technologies such  as biotechnology, 
- abatement  and control  of noise pollution  and vibrations. 
The preservation  of resources  in bhe  natural  environment  is very closely 
tied up with the objectives  of the  agriculture  and fisheries  sections. 
More specific  objectives include  : 
- preservation  of the  diversity  of living  species  and genetic resources, 
- prevention  of-.soil  degradation  and the  reduction  in arable areas,. 
- efficient  forestry  working, 
- rational  use of  pesticides  and fertilizers, 
- preservation  of ocean resources. 
As regards  man/environment  interactions . Community  R, D&D  will endeavour 
to bring together  activities  of a multidisciplinary  nature  and to  assess 
the overall  interaction  between  man and his  surroundings. 
Priority  will be given to research  on : 
- the effects  of urban encroachment,  tourism  and intensive  agriculture, 
• - the  effects  of population increases, 
- the loss of cultural  heritage. 
2. Overall understanding  of environmental  problems 
The Community  R, D&D  work should give  an overall  picture  in the  following 
fields : 
- improved  understanding  of the  fundamentc1'  processes  in ecosystems, 
- improved  knowledge  of climatic  mechanisms  and the  influence  of human 
activities  on climate, 
- evaluation  of the  impact of climatic  changes  on water and agricultural 
resources (erosion,  desertification), 
- public  awareness  of environmental  problems  and management of  information 
on environmental protection, 
- development  at Community  level of impact  assessment  techniques, 
modelling  methods,  etc. 

- 77 -
Over and above  these  specific objectives,  it is  essential  to strengthen 
the European  position  as regards instruments for  measuring  and monitoring 
environmental  parameters  (see the  objective  "Improving and developing new 
techniques and products for the conventional  industries"). 

- 78 -
GOAL 6 : IMPROVING  LIVING AND  WORKING  CONDITIONS 
Approximate  breakdown  between the  specific  objectives 
6.1. Improving  safety  and protecting  health 
Specific  objectives % 
— Human  adaptation 10 
- Reproduction, growth and ageing 5 
- Personal  environment 25 
- Health  technology 40 
- Health  care 15 
- Health  promotion 3 
6.2. PROTECTING  THE ENVIRONMENT  AND PREVENTING  POLLUTION 
Specific  objectives % 
- Environmental  management 70 
reduction  and prevention  of pollution 40 
preservation  of natural  resources 25 
interactionsbetween  man and the environment 5 
- Overall  understanding of environmenta] problems 
processes  of the ecosystem and  climatic  mecha­
nisms ;  information  for and  attitude  of the 
general  public  ; impact assessement techniques, 
etc. 30 
To reach the necessary  level of effectiveness  at Community  level,  the funds 
to be devoted to  this goal for 1984-1987  should be at  least  270million  ECU 
(in constant 1982 values) broken  down as follows  : 
- improving  safety  and protecting  heallh 
- protecting  the environment 110 million  ECU 
160 million  ECU 
It should  be noted  (see page 70) that further  scientific  and technical 
objectives will'need to be  taken  into consideration in the future and 
will have to have appropriate  resources  allocated to  them. 

- 79 -
7. IMPROVING  THE EFFICACY  OF THE COMMUNITY'S  SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  
POTENTIAL 
INTRODUCTION 
This new form  of action,  which  during the  years  1983 and 1984 is to be the 
subject of an  experimental  exercise  intended  to try out the  ways and means  of 
intervention  which  are specific to the action,  corresponds  to one of the 
major goals  of the  framework  programme  and needs  to be adopted  as one of the 
bases of the common  strategy. 
Firstly,  it is  directly  designed  to strengthen  the scientific  competitiveness 
of the Community  and thereby  has a more or less direct  impact  on increasing 
economic  competitiveness,  improving  safety factors and  developing  the dia­
logue between  the Community  and non-member  countries. 
Secondly,  within the  framework  programme  it is an essential  complement  to the 
programmed  activities  if the  element  of flexibility,  speed  and "edge"  so 
necessary  to the common  R&D strategy is to be retained.  Because  of its  very 
nature,  this activity  occupies  a special  place  in the  framework  programme. 
Since its aim is to increase the effectiveness of R&D in the  Community,  the 
stimulation  scheme  concentrates  more on providing  support  for research  teams 
and different  forms  of R&D (multidisciplinary and multinational)  than deve­
loping research  and development  activities.  Consequently  it consists of a 
number  of activities  that cannot  be planned  in advance. 
The stimulation action  thus 
- fills  out the  range  of measures  already  taken  at national, international 
and Community  level  to sustain the  competitiveness  of European  science md 
techno](gy, 
- contributes  whenever  necessary,  a supplement  to the  Community's  medium  term 
R, D&D programmes  in the  form of "unrestricted" action. 
In order  to break down the isolation  of monodisciplinary research,  open  it up 
to the Community  multinational  dimension,  ensure  cross  fertilization,  take 
full advantage  of promising  breakthroughs  or respond  to unforeseen  require -
ments, there must be a capability to react to new situations as and  when they 
emerge.  The weakness  of the factors  making  for mobility, the  shortage  of jobs 
for young  graduates  and the  inadequacy  of structures to  cope with the  changes 
in science and  technology  are all  handicaps  that have to be overcome. 
To judge  from an analysis of structural and  human  factors  limiting  the effi­
cacy of European  R&D in  fields  where  it directly  affects the  chances  of 
attaining  the Community's  scientific  and technical objectives, the  most that 
can be done in advance  in the way of stimulating efficacy is to  determine  the 
courses  of action that could  reduce  or abolish  these  constraints and to  esti­
mate the resources  required for that  purpose. 

- 80 
The choice  of the  "partners"  who will put the  stimulation  scheme  into effect 
by conducting  certain  R&D work must be based on an  assessment  of their qua­
lity and potential  and the  likelihood  that their work  will genuinely help  to 
improve  efficacy  in the  type of R&D  concerned. This evaluation  must be made 
on a case-by-case basis  by the  scientific  and technical  Community  itself in 
the light of the  offers of cooperation received. 
The application  of these principles  has led to the  preparation  of an  outline 
plan of stimulation,  summarised  below which  aims to improve  the efficacy  of 
R&D capabilities  whilst  corresponding  to the  scientific  and technical  goals 
and objectives  in the  general  framework  programme  for the period 1984-1987. 
Finally,  and taking account  of the  evaluation  of methodology  which the Com­
mission  will undertake  at the end of the  first year of the  experimental 
phase, the Community  Institutions  will be required  to come to a  decision  on 
the outline  plan so that the action,  whose  "value and opportuneness"  were 
recognised  at the  Council's  meeting  of 30  June 1982, can,  from 1985 onwards 
be developed with  the appropriate  bases and funds. 
FIELDS OF ACTION 
Several dozen  studies  (including  36 prospective studies conducted  by the  FAST 
team), more than 30 meetings  (conferences, seminars, panels  of experts) held 
by or under the auspices  of the  general advisory  committees  (CERD,  CORDI), 
numerous  discussions  at national  and international  level  (ESF, Solvay  Insti­
tutes, NATO, NAS ), the  work on comparing  national  policies  (COPOL)  and on 
preparing  plans for  the various goals  of the  framework  programme  have yielded 
the following  results  : 
- they have identified  factors  restricting  the efficacy  of European  R&D 
systems and the way  they measure  up to  today's requirements  ; 
- they have made it possible  to evaluate  the limits to national,  internatio­
nal and Community  activites  that have already  been carried  out to  stimu­
late this efficacy  and reduce the mismatch  with requirements  ; 
- they have identified  a vast number  of fields,  both multisectoral  and 
multidisciplinary,  which  call for suitable  support  and a  multinational 
dimension  in order to bring about better  scientific  and technical 
development. 
The full version  of the  outline  plan is the  equivalent  of the  "theme 
plans" preapred for  the various basic options selected for  the framework 
programme  (see the  list of these plans  in Annex II). 
' ESF European  Science Foundation 
NATO North Atlantic  Treaty Organization 
mm National  Academy  of Science  (USA) 

- 81 -
Bearing in mind the other six goals  in the  framework  programme,  there are 
substantial  stimulation requirements  in many  areas. In an  ambitious  and 
pragmatic  approach,  the Commission  is first focussing  on a few of  these areas 
in the light of an  analysis  of the  scientific  and technical  importance  of 
each of them, the efficacy  of the R&D  conducted  in it, how closely  it is 
inter-related  with several other  scientific  and technical  sectors, its 
usefulness  in the  light of the  goals of the  framework  programme  and the 
prospects  of substantial  progress. 
Finally,  partial  overlaps with  Community  R, D&D  programmes  are anticipated  so 
as to make  it possible,  whenever  this seems  necessary,  to bring a "stimula­
tion dimension"  to sectors covered  by medium  term Community  programmes. 
These choices  will be adapted  and supplemented  as the  stimulation  activities 
are developed, bearing  in mind requests  from the scientific  and technical 
worlds themselves. 
Frequently overlapping  and often dependent  on the  development  of common 
conceptual  tools,  the areas described  differ  essentially  in the  level of 
knowledge  concerned  and in how  remote  they are from practical  applications. 
- Science  of complex  systems 
A vast area  in which the development  of basic knowledge  is of  interest  to 
numerous  scientific  and technical  sectors  and disciplines.  Some components 
are of particular  social  and economic  interest.  The more specific  incentive 
activities  will be concentrated  on these and will essentially  be designed 
to strengthen  the links between  the "basic" research, "applied" research 
and "development"  parts of the  scientific  and technical  activity.  The 
following  will be covered  : basic biological  research  and its developments, 
earth atmosphere  interfaces,  chemistry  (especially  fine chemicals  and basic 
combustion  phenomena),  the earth sciences  and optics. 
- Information  and communication  sciences 
There are already  numerous Community  projects  under way in  this field and a 
major R&D programme  has been proposed  (ESPRIT)  ; all these  activities  also 
require  conceptual capacity  to be  built up by  improving  exchanges  between 
basic researchers  and activating  the research/applications  interfaces 
through  collaboration  between  researchers  and users. 
- Oceanography 
A very promising  R&D field of a  typically  multidisciplinary  nature  in which 
the indispensable cross  fertilization  of disciplines  and R&D  activities  can 
be improved  through  the stimulation  scheme.  Three  areas can be  considered 
here (coastal  zones, the great deeps and the  interface  between  ocean and 
atmosphere)  and stimulation  measures  are needed to strengthen  and supple­
ment the national  or international  R&D programmes  that are already  in pro­
gress or will be developed. 

- 82 -
- Space 
Space is an exceptional laboratory  environment  in which  substantial scien­
tific progress can be  made (especially in biology and the study of proces­
ses taking place at the heart of  matter  - formation of materials in condi­
tions of micro-gravity) ;  this can be fostered by stimulation  measures  to 
assist R&D activities  on the  ground  in support  of in-flight  experiments  and 
to help  breaksdown  the scientific  and technical  isolation  of certain  teams 
in the Community. 
- Surface chemistry and physics 
This field  has a close relationship to the sciences of  complex  systems,  and 
can lead to  more direct applications of any  advances  in basic  knowledge. 
This is  particularly  true of  catalysis,  surface  exchange  and adhesion  phe­
nomena.  Suitable stimulation  measures  will help overcome  the difficulties 
resulting  from the scattered location of  teams,  their often inadequate  size 
or poor communications  between  R&D disciplines. 
- Scientific  instrumentation 
This sector is experiencing substantial  economic  growth  and a greater R&D 
effort of an appropriate nature should be  encouraged  so as to strengthen 
its scientific  and technical  bases,  since it is  both of importance  for 
technical  progress and an  major  industrial  market  in its own  right.  The 
stimulation  measures  should be  designed  to provide  support  for basic R&D 
work or the  development  of new instruments involving close cooperation 
between  different  teams.  Preference  will be given to instrumentation 
sectors relevant to the  fields  selected for the stimulation  scheme. 
- Science of the structure of  composite  materials 
This field  is of great  importance  for advanced  technologies, but an ele­
ment of empiricism is  sometimes  a drag on scientific  and technical pro­
gress. Apart  from the need to develop  genuine  joint  R&D programmes,  it is 
also necessary  to encourage  greater effectiveness (especially in the  areas 
of metallic  composites  and biomaterials) by strengthening basic multidis-
ciplinary  research  combined  with experiments. 
To ensure  that the decisions  taken  do not rule out the capacity to react to 
unforeseen  situations,  some of the  funds  available for the stimulation  scheme 
would be set aside to be  spent  on any other  field  in which  a requirement 
might emerge. 
Forms of aid 
The kind of  difficulties  to be faced in  these  fields  derive  from the opera­
tional arrangements  which  the Commission  intends to test and perfect in 1983 
and 1984. The stimulation  activity  in the period  1985-1987  should  basically 
take the four  forms  tested in  1983-1984  : subsidies, research allocations, 
laboratory twinning contracts and operations contracts.  There  will be two 

- 83 -
types of action : incentive operations to  promote  mobility, cooperation and  
new avenues  of R&D, and operations with a  specific  target  designed  to mobi­
lize available resources in order to attain a  specific  result. 
Funds required 
In view of the  requirements  to be met and the threshold of effectiveness for 
attainment  of the desired result (estimated in  comparison  with the  level  of 
national  and international aid of the  same.type),  it has  been concluded  that 
it is necessary  to earmark  5% of the  "total  amount  of Community  financial 
resources for science and  technology"  : this is an objective to be attained 
at the end of the  1984-1987  period. 

- 84 -
B-2 HORIZONTAL  ACTIVITIES 
The adoption  of an  overall  framework  programme  implies,  as a ' 
corollary,  that the Community  pay special attention  to 
"horizontal  activities"  which are of  scientific  and technical 
interest : • 
- forecasting studies  (a FAST II programme), 
- the dissemination  of scientific  and technical information 
and knowledge, 
- protecting inventions, 
- exploiting  R,D&D  results, 
- finally,  the continuous  evaluation  of R,DSD results  and their 
use. 
Taken together  these  activities  are of  considerable  value. 
Since they form,  directly  or indirectly,  one of the  keys to 
the effectiveness  of Community  R,D&D they need to be  systema­
tically  sustained. 
By virtue  of their "horizontal"  nature  they are the  subject 
of specific  proposals  by the  Commission  which  will go together 
with and act as supporting  measures  .for this  framework  programme 
proposal. 
The minimum  threshold  of resources  for 1984-1987  above which 
these activities  are likely to be  both adequate  and effective 
is 110 MioECUs  (at 1982 constant  prices). This  sum includes 
activities  directed  towards  utilising  the results of Community 
R,DSD, for which a special  system of financing  is proposed  by 
the Commission 
(1) See documents  : "Promoting  the utilization  of Community-
sponsored  RSD" and  "Community  plan of action relating  to 
the evaluation  of Community  RSD programmes". 

- 85 -
IV. WAYS AND MEANS 
The implementation  of the Common R, D&D  strategy  proposed  in this programme 
for the period 1984-1987  will entail  adaptation  of 
- consultation,  decision-making  and management  structures  and procedures  ; 
• - procedures  for carrying  out Community  scientific  and technical projects. 
1. Structures  and procedures 
The global  approach  on which the very concept  of a framework  programme 
rests has now  led the Commission  to take various decisions  of its own on 
reorganisation. 
More than a year has passed  since it  grouped  together  into on 
Directorate-General  the departments  responsible for  JRC activities  and 
for a major  part of the  Community's  shared-cost  programmes. 
Secondly,  it has begun setting  up a system of interdepartmental 
consultation  geared  to the new  approach  of the  framework  programme. 
As regards  the machinery  for preparing decisions  and for management  at  
national  level  for R, D&D  policy  makers  and government  experts  alike , 
the Commission  intends  to present  appropriate  recommendations  to the 
Council shortly. 
Discussion  of this proposal for  a framework  programme  in the  Community 
institutions  should  therefore allow  the Commission  to come to a final 
decision particularly  as regards  : 
- the interministerial  (or interdepartmental)  nature  of the  system to be 
put forward  in order to ensure  that the general  framework  programme  of 
Community  R, D&D  activities  is drawn up and  reviewed  periodically  ; 
- changes  in the  structures  and procedures  of the  consultation  which has 
to take place before  and after decisions  are taken by the  Community 
institutions  on scientific  and technical  activities  arising  from the 
framework  programme. 
The Commission's  recommendations  will be aimed in the  main at speeding 
up and rationalising  the current  system  and harmonising  procedures  for 
examining  the scientific,  technical  and financial  aspects  of Community 
proposals. 
2. Ways and means - action  programmes 
a) In its Programming  Guide the framework  programme  sets out a  number of 
specific  scientific  and technical objectives  intended  as a basis for 
defining  what Community  action is needed.  The Community  action 
programme,  generally established  on a sectoral  or disciplinal  basis, 
will not necessarily  be designed  to satisfy  one single objective  ; 

- 86 -
instead,  they will constitute a  simultaneous  approach  to several 
objectives, possibly representing different goals. A matrix structure 
should therefore  develop,  setting objectives against actions. 
b) Some of the action  programmes  designed  to meet the scientific  and 
technical  objectives for  1984-1987  will from now on be the subject of 
Council Decisions : in particular  demonstration  projects in the 
energy sector and a  number  of research and  development  programmes. 
For the  latter  the Commission  intends in future to  apply the concept 
of action  programmes . 
An action  programme  to achieve  one or several  specific  scientific  and 
technical  objectives  will comprise  a set of R&D projects in a 
particular  area bringing  together  the different  procedures  applied at 
Community  level : research within the JRC (direct 'action),  shared-
cost contracts  (indirect  action) and coordinated research (concerted 
action),  one of the  fundamental  characteristics of the action 
programme  being the integrated  management  of all the  procedures 
applied. The action  programme  will be expressly  designed  to take into 
account  demonstration  projects, action  undertaken  as part of  COST and 
action taken at national  level by the Member  States. 
c) The Commission  intends progressively to  submit  its proposals  for 
initiating  or carrying out action in the R&D  field,  in the  form of 
action programmes  including, if  need be, a number  of the R&D 
programmes  already  under  way. 
The action  programmes  will be the subject of individual decisions on 
the part of the Council. 
For the period  1984-1987  the JRC  programme  will continue  to be the 
subject of a  composite  decision with its different parts  slotting 
into the appropriate action  programmes  ; approval  of programmes 
conducted  under  Article  55 of the  ECSC Treaty  will follow the 
specific  procedures  laid down in that Treaty. 
d) The Commission  will shortly  present  its proposed  scheme  for 
introducing  programmes  of action  designed  to achieve  the Community 
objectives it puts'  forward  in this document. 
3. Financial  resources 
The strategy of adaptation put to the  Community  for the period  1984-1987 
brings in  some marked changes  to the directions and the  scientific  and 
technical  activities  undertaken  so far at the  Community  level. 
This strategy is  based on : 
- a clear  priority  for improvement  of scientific,  agricultural  and 
industrial  competitiveness, involving a  marked  increase in the 
relative  importance  (in terms of funds)  to be accorded  to these goals 

- 87 -
-- a definite  bias in favour cf scientific  and technical  activities  of 
interest  to developing  countries.  In view of the  virtually  complete 
absence of projects  in this connection  at present, it would  seem that 
the greatest  effort  should be made  here ; 
- keeping  an eye on  improving  the management  of energy resources, 
without  giving  this goal the absolute  priority  it enjoyed  in the 
Seventies  ; 
- an increase  in efforts to improve the management  of raw  materials  ; 
- continuing  to develop  activities  to improve  living and working 
conditions  and "horizontal"  activities  of the  Community  (distribution 
of knowledge, wvaioriBation", forecasting, etc.). 
In order to achieve  the proposed  objectives,  the fund's made available 
for the period 1984-1987  should correspond (in  line with the amounts 
indicated  for each  objective  in the  programming  guide) to the  following 
minimum  thresholds  : 
million ECU 
- Promoting  agricultural  competitiveness,  including 
fish 
. sub-goal  agriculture 
. sub-goal  fish 115 
15 
- Promoting  industrial  competitiveness 
. Removal  and reduction  of hindrances 
. Conventional  industries 
. New technoLog ies 30 
350 
680 
- Improving  the management  of raw  materials 80 
- Improving  the management  of energy resources 
. Development  of nuclear energy  - fission 
. Controlled  thermonuclear  fusion 
. Development  of renewable energy sources 
. RationaZ  use of  energy 540 
480 
310 
520 
- Reinforcing  aid to the  developing  countries 150 
- Improving  living and working  conditions 
. Improvement  of safety and protection  of health 
. Protection  of the  environment 160 110 

- 88 -
,- Improving  the efficacy of  scientific  and 
technical  potential 5% of the 
total amount  of 
appropriations 
- Horizontal action  (including  the utilisation of R&D) 110 
These amounts  to an estimated  minimum  outlay of  around 3.750  million  ECU 
for the period  1984-1987. 
Although  it can hardly be  called  ambitious given the  requirements  to be 
met, this proposal  reflects  a renewed  vigour and  commitment  on the part 
of Europe,  comparable  to that evolved and  pursued  by the Member  States 
in the 1960's  . 
The proposed  strategy  presupposes  that there is  once *again a  common  will 
and an explicit  choice of  significant  objectives of  common  interest 
which meet the needs of the Member  States. It rests on the  assumption 
that in the  medium-term  R, D&D is a  particularly  effective  means both of 
countering the effects of the present  crisis  and of  emerging  from it. 
In the Commission's  opinion, since R, D&D is one of the  most productive 
long- and  medium-term  investments  for both the Member  States and the 
Community  as a whole,  the financial  outlay for  this purpose  needs not 
only to be increased to a  significant  extent, but also to be  guaranteed 
agains short-term  economic  phenomena  or pressures  which  may affect the 
redistribution  of Community  resources.. 
The Commission  therefore considers it desirable for a certain  percentage 
of the Community's  budget  to ^e  se^ aside for the financing of 
Community  R, D&D  activities. 
Given the minimum  overall  estimate indicated  above for the  1984-1987 
framework  programme,  this should amount  to around  4% per  year of the 
Community'r  resources by the end of the period in question. 
Subsequent  decisions  taken with regard to  scientific  and^technical 
activities  would have to observe  the limits  thus defined , the  latter 
being subject to review for  each framework  programme. 
1 
2 
3 percentage  to be reached  by the end of the period  1984-1987. 
It is worth  recalling  that in 1968  Community  R&D activities  alone 
accounted  for 2.5% of the  total amount  of the  Member  States' public 
budgets,  whereas  in 1982 R, D&D  activities  accounted  for only 2.2% 
thereof. 
R, D&D activities  ensuing  from the ECSC Treaty would also have to comply 
with the  specific  financing rules  connected  with this Treaty. 

- 89 -
CONCLUSIONS 
On the  basis of this communication, which puts forward  the framework 
programme  1984-1987  the Commission  invites  the Council  and the 
Parliament  : 
a) to take a view on the  scientific  and technological objectives 
which have been selected,  their relative priority  and the  minimum 
financial  outlay which  is implied  in their implementation, 
b) to express  their agreement  that finance  for Community  R,DSD 
activities  should  be provided from  the Community's  budget 
and that  this funding should,  by the end of  1984-1987  period reach 
the level of about 4 % per  year of Community  resources. 

ANNEX  I 
ANALYSIS  OF THE COMMUNITY'S  POSITION  IN THE  INTERNATIONAL  CONTEXT 
By taking  an overall  view of the  data available (from  documents 
prepared  by Commission  staff,  detailed  analyses appearing  in the 
theme plans,documents produced  by UNESCO, OECD and NATO) it is 
possible,  in a few  figures  and illustrations  to show the Community's 
place in the  international  context  as well as trends which  can be 
forecast. 
These data should  be treated with caution  however,  since comparison 
can often  be made  difficult  because  of the  differences  of definition 
or nomenclature which  are used in the  various countries analysed  and 
because of the  significant  fluctuations  in exchange  levels  and consu­
mer price indexes (formulae used  in forecasts  to compensate  for these 
variations  are obviously founded  upon hypotheses). 
1. The international  context 
In 1981,  more than 200 billion  ECUs were spent on R,DSD in the 
world (both public  and private spending).  More than two million 
research  workers took part  in this activity,  which had a  strongly 
intensifying  effect  on the  stream of competition  by innovation. 
The United States, whilst  not retaining  the scientific  and tech­
nical predominance  which it has  held for 20  years, remains  the 
country which  has the  most complete research  and innovation 
potential  today,  and as a  general  rule, the one  which is most 
productive.  Without  any serious  gaps or inadequacies  in the 
research  carried  out it  maintains  an outlay  of considerable 
si ze. 
(8) 

- 2 -
United States  of America 
1982 Federal  R&D funding  by agencies (estimates) 
2 Billion Billion ECU % Total 
National  Defense 
Space Research  and 
Technology 
Health and Human 
servi ces 
Energy 
Nat.resources 
and Environment 
Transportation 
Agri culture 
Social services 
N.S.F. 
Other Agencies 19.65 
5.74 
3.90 
4.86 
0.72 
0.36 
0.84 
0.51 
0.90 
0.78 19.59 
5.72 
3.89 
4.84 
0.72 
0.36 
0.84 
0.51 
0.90 
0.78 51.34 
15.00 
10.20 
12.69 
1.88 
0.94 
2.21 
1.33 
2.36 
2.05 
TOTAL 38.28 38.15 100.00 
1 ECU = $ 1.00324 (6 month  average  1982) 
Source : N.S.F. 
Despite some downward  trends which  are to be  seen in the  growth 
curves of funds allocated  to R&D by the  Federal  Government,  fore­
casts which have been  assembled  show  that this effort  will continue 
in the years to come. 
Total R&D expenditure  in the USA  (including  public  and private research) 
Forecast expenditure expressed  in billion  ECU 
1982 1984 1987 
(1 ECU = 1.00324 2) 
R&D spending  77,38 ^94 +_ 116 
Ratio of R&D  expenditure  to gross domestic product  1980 : 2,4 % 

- 3 -
Sofar as active research  workers  are concerned,  their  number  in 
the USA can today be estimated at _+  660,000.  It might  also be noted 
that university  staff are three times greater in  number  here than 
within the Europe  of 10. 
It is Japan which  is currently giving  R,D&D  investment proportionally 
the greatest  priority.  During the  last decade  the ratio  of R&D  expen­
diture to GDP  grew from 1.5 % to 2 %  (whereas  the intensity of  effort 
within the Community  (EUR 10) hardly altered, remaining at  about 
1.9 %). It is intended that  this ratio  should be  built  up to 2.5 % 
in 1985 and 3 % in 1990 
An intense research  effort  linked to a clear and concentrated 
industrial  policy has allowed  Japan  to acquire progressively  more 
advanced,  not to say  predominant,  positions in world  markets  such 
as iron and  steel,  shipbuilding, optics,  computer  science and bio­
technology. 
The objectives for the future  have already  been announced.  They 
are (apart  from strengthening competitiveness in the  fields  of new 
information technologies and biotechnology) : 
- materials  from industrial  recycling 
- oceanography 
- highly processed food  stuffs 
- housing and  urban  development 
-medical and  chirurgical  materials 
- and, in connection with information technologies, all  equipment 
making it possible to  economise  on man  power. 
(1) 
(2) Report by the Science and  Technology  Agency  of the  Japanese 
Government  (1981). 
Source : Ministry of International  Trade and Industry, 
Tokyo. 

_ 4 -
So far as financial  forecasts  are concerned  the following probable 
trends can be put  forward  : 
Total R&D expenditure  in Japan (including public  and private research) 
Forecast expenditure expressed  in billion  ECU 
1982 1984 1987 
(1 ECU = 244.671  Yen) 
R&D spending  + 25.26 +30 +41 
Active research workers  in 1981  totalled  about 405,000  (in other 
words a greater  number  of researchers than  the Community.  It should 
be noted that  the university population  is already higher than  in 
the Europe  of 10). 
Finally it is  worth stressing  the fact that  RSD expenditure  in Japan 
goes exclusively  towards  research  for  civilian  purposes. 
The USSR and the COMECON  countries  are characterised  by the following 
features  : 
- considerable  RSD investment (mainly  in the  USSR where the ratio 
of RSD expenditure  to GNP is the  highest  in the  world, exceeding 
3 % in 1981  according  to official  figures), 
- a concentration  of effort in certain areas  : military  research, 
space, propulsion, hydroaccoustics, optics,  etc. (we might also 
mention in the  field of basic research  : mathematics,  theoretical 
physics,  astronomy,  nuclear physics), 
- a notable inadequacy sofar  as applying  RSD results  to problems 
of agricultural  or industrial  competitiveness  is concerned,  or to 
the exploitation  of resources. 
Another point worth emphasising  is the  immense  training  and education 
effort,  particularly  directed  towards  science  and technology which 
is being undertaken  and sustained  in the COMECON  countries. 

- 5 -
The USSR and other COMECON  countries thus display  the dual - and 
contradictory  - characteristics  of being at one and the  same time 
countries  which are highly developed  scientifically  speaking whilst 
being dependent  on the  West in many fields  for a lot of technology 
or technological applications which  are economically fundamental. 
In this respect they  are in  both scientific  and technological,  and 
market terms, countries which  will be of  considerable interest  to 
the Community  in years to come. 
China,a huge nation slowly  becoming  industrialised,  is at the  same 
time scientifically  and technologically  advanced  in certain  fields 
(space,nuclear questions, biology)  and underdeveloped  in various 
fundamental sectors.Its declared intention, which  can only with 
great difficulty  be expressed  in figures,  is to  increase its invest­
ments in R&D on a  regular basis. This should  be noted with interest 
by the Community  because  of the  amount and the  quality  of China's 
resources,  particularly  human  resources. 
So far as other  industrialised  nations  are concerned (such  as Canada, 
Sweden,  Switzerland, Austria  or Spain...)  the data which  have been 
collected  show a marked  wish for  growth in research  and development. 
At the same time, but within due limits,  the rapidly developing  
countries  (such as Brazil,  Mexico, India  and Korea...)  which have 
recently  entered  the market for classic or advanced  technology  are 
making evident  their  intent  to support  R,D&D  investment increasingly 
in various  fields. 
See the 13  theme plans in this respect. 

- 6 -
2. The Member  States of the EEC 
The national  R,D&D  policy confrontation exercices which  have 
taken place  among the Member  States  (COPOL  79 and  COPOL 81 ), 
and the comparisons which  have been made with policy  in the 
United States  and Japan have very much brought  out three groups 
of facts  : 
a) The European  Community  possesses  a major potential for research 
at the threshold  of the  eighties viz.: 
. 20 % of  all money spent on R,D&D in the  world (public  and 
private  research  - more than 52 billion  ECU in  1982), 
. more than 1 million  scientists  and technicians (including 
350,000  researchers)  are currently  engaged  in this sort of 
activity), 
. Europe's  R&D capacity  is less than half  as great as the  USA's 
(but only  27 % less if  one confines  the comparison  to civil 
research),  and it is double Japan's. 
b) Whilst, generally speaking,  the technology  gap between  the 
Europe of 10 and the USA has  been significantly  reduced over 
15 years,  new weaknesses  are becoming  apparent  as compared  to 
the USA and  Japan. By the  same token one cannot help  but note 
the Community's  inadequacies,  compared  to these two countries 
in respect  of the  utilisation  of research results  and their 
adoption  in terms of innovation,  particularly  industrial  innovation. 
c) For the  major fundamental research areas (the "big sciences") 
and the high technologies,  European  cooperation  has made it 
possible  for European  States  to avoid being  left out of the 
mainstream  of science  and industrial  innovation  in fields 
such as high energy physics, space, aeronautics  or thermo­
nuclear fusion. 
(1) See the relevant  documents 
- CREST/1237/,79 
- CREST/1202/2/82  rev.2 

- 7 -
Conversely, in  fields where European  cooperation has not or not 
yet developed, noticeable  gaps are appearing  between  the Europe 
of 10, the United States and  Japan  (this is already evident in 
the case of computer  science and biotechnology, and worrying 
signs are emerging  in more traditional  sectors; the automobile, 
chemical and materials  industries). 
Developments  and trends 
- General data 
So far as  budgets  are concerned  it may be noted that  between 
1970 and 1980 the  total of budget  appropriations for R&D (nearly 
20 billion  ECUs in 1980'")  grew by one  third,  putting it  some­
where between  the stagnation of R&D  budgets  in the USA and the 
more than doubling in  Japan. 
As for priorities  one may  note the large proportion  always 
assigned to defence,  which is in 
EUR 10 25 % of public expenditure on R&D 
USA 47 % 
Japon 2 % " 
However  it should be stated that the  position  differs  very much 
from one country to another within the  Community,  and the pro­
portion  given over to  defence  can vary  from 0 to more than 50 %. 
Apart from defence  the R&D  policies  of the Member  States of the 
European  Community  are essentially  based upon the following 
principles  : 
- promoting  internationally  competitive  economic  development, 
- solving  social problems  such as improving working conditions 
and protecting the  environment, 
- maintaining a proper balance  between  basic research and 
research oriented  toward  practical  applications. 
(1) 26,5 bi  I lion in 1982. 

- 8 -
- Sectoral data 
The importance accorded to Agriculture in the  Community  (expressed 
mainly in the  Common  Agricultural  Policy) is on.ly  partially  reflected 
in R8D at national  level.  In fact one sees that public expenditure 
on agriculture R&D for all  Member  States accounts on average for 
only 3.7 % of the  total,  and that it is  distributed  very unevenly 
(Netherlands and  Denmark  9 %, France 4 %,  West Germany  2 %). 
On the other  hand Italy,  where  the area of land  under  cultivation 
has shrunk by 6 % over the  last 10 years  (compared  with a  Community 
average of 3 %),  spends  no more than 0.9 ECU per  head of population 
whilst the Netherlands  spends  6.8. In Ireland (which  spends  4.7 ECUs 
per head on R&D, taking second place  after  the Netherlands),  agri­
culture  has a key  position  in the country's  economy,  but produc­
tivity remains  somewhat  low compared  to other  Member  States. 
In the industrial  field  intervention by national administrations 
is more than significant  in that it accounts for 50 % in  some 
Member States ; it is  clear that developing the innovation capacity 
of industry has  come to be one of the  ways of tackling  the crisis 
which is  affecting  Western  economies.  This realisation  is relatively 
recent however  since, following a  major  reduction in R&D for indus­
trial purposes at the  start  of the 70s, the  come back was not 
apparent  until  around 1978. Keeping up  this trend made it possible 
to get back to 1974  levels  in 1981. 
Since 1974 Energy has  been given a very high  priority  in the 
Community  so far as financing R&D is concerned (11 % of the  total 
R&D budget). This has  largely  been  justified  by the highly negative 
trade baLance  in energy products.  However  since 1974 it is note­
worthy that there has  been a redistribution  of public finance 
within the overall  budget  devoted to energy research : nuclear 
fission  energy has experienced a  significant  reduction in its 
share (of the order of 20 % in the Federal Republic of  Germany 
and 7 % in France  between  1975 and 1980) in favour of  fossil  fuels, 
renewable energy sources and energy saving. On the other  hand, 

- 9 -
the proportion assigned  to controlled thermonuclear fusion  has 
remained  fairly  high (6 % of  the overall  public expenditure  on 
energy research  in the Community  in 1979). 
After energy  resources,  the supply of Raw  Materials  is the  second 
weak point in the Community's  economy,  where  imports  are more than 
double exports. Public  RSD effort in the Member  States to do  with 
optimal use of raw  material's  and recycling  them is limited  how­
ever and is of  the order of 7 % of  public expenditure  on industrial 
research. 
Improving Living Standards  is one of  the basic goals  of the Member 
States which,  particularly  via their RSD budgets,  have given the 
question increasing attention during  the last decade.  It might be 
noted that from  1970 to  1979 the  proportion  of RSD  expenditure 
devoted to managing  the human °nvironment,  to protecting  and 
promoting health,  and to  problems  of life in society  has grown 
from 7.5 % to 11.2 %.  However,  this trend seems to have stabilised 
and in 1980 a  slight  reduction  was noticeable,  in particular  for 
the objective dealing with  life in society. 
Finally,  international  and European  scientific  and technical  
cooperation (apart from  Community  activities  and COST actions) 4» 
mainly concerned with : 
- basic research operations,  'lo be noted here  are mainly the 
European  Nuclear Research Centre  (CERN),  the European  Molecular 
Biology Laboratory  (EMBL)  operating within  the framework  of the 
European  Molecular Biology Organisation,  the Observatory  run 
by the European  Organisation  for Astronomical Research  in the 
Austral  hemisphere  (ESO) and the Global Atmospheric Research 
Programme  (GARP).  In this context  it is worth noting  the special 
role played by the European  Science Foundation  so far as informa­
tion exchanges  and the concertation  of basic research  activities 
are concerned. 
- major  technical research  programmes.  Among the  main examples  to 
be noted  is the  European  Space Agency  (ESA)  which, from  the 
financial  point of view is the biggest international 

- 10 -
cooperation organisation  in the  world with  a budget  of 730 
MioECUs in 1980 and  getting  on for 1.500  staff.  One might  also 
mention  the EUR0DIF  association (constructing  an enrichment 
plant for nuclear  fuels  using the gaseous  diffusion  method), 
and the Airbus  programme. 
A last point,  particularly  so far as  Member  States  RSD activities 
intended  to support  developing countries  are concerned,  is that 
France spends  the most (of the  order of 65 % of  total Community 
expenditure,  which  was about 260 MioECUs in 1980 - a net  increase 
over 1975 when expenditure  was 200  MioECUs). 

TOTAL FOR EUR-1Q : 23,842.14  MioECU 
1981 
TOTAL  FOR EUR-10 SET OUT BY  COUNTRY TOTAL  FOR EUR-10 SET OUT ACCORDING TO  NABS  OBJECTIVES 
Figures  for Luxembourg not available 
1. Exploration and exploitation of the  earth  and its 
atmosphere 
2. Planning of human environments 
3. Protection and improvement of human health 
(of which 33 research on pollution) 
4. Production, distribution and rational utilisation 
5. XgriculfuVal productivity and technology * nomenclature for analysing and comparing scientific budgets 
6. Industrial  productivity and technology 
7. Social & sociological problems 
8. Exploration & exploitation of Space 
9. Defence 
10. General promotion of Knowledge 

12 
R&D EXPENDITURE  IN THE MEMBER  STATES SET OUT  ACCORDING  TO THE 10  NABS OBJECTIVES. 
NO FIGURES AVAILABLE FOR  LUXEMBOURG 

- 13 -
Changes in public funding since  1975 are  shown by the  following  : 
Budgetary  allocations  (Government  Funding)  Billions of ECUs 
1975 1981 1982 
prov. 
Belgique/Belgie 
Danmark 
Deutschland 
Ellas 
France 
Ireland 
Italia 
Nederland 
United-Kingdom 
EUR-10 
COMPARISON 0.36 
0.18 
4.18 
n.a. 
3.18 
0.03 
0.56 
0.64 
2.37 
11.50 0.54 
0.24 
7.07 
0.07 
6.63 
0.06 
2.06 
1.18 
5.99 
23.85 0.56 
0.25 
7.84 
0.07 
8.17 
0.08 
1.91 
1.28 
6.33 
26.49 
1ECU= $1.24077 
U.S.A. (Federal outlays)  14.56 =$1.11645 
30.16 
Est. =$1.00324 
38.15 
Est. 
1ECU=354.312YEN 
JAPAN (Gov. expenditure)  2.49 =247.598Y 
6.83 
Est. =244.671Y 
7.50 
Est. 
P.S. The  funding breakdown  of R&D between  public sector  (Gov. 
funding) and private sector (industry,  NPO, etc.) is about 
50/50 for EUR-10 and U.S.A., whereas Japanese  Government  fin­
ances R&D activities  at a level slightly inferior  to 30%. 
(1) Forecast information  for the period 1984-1987  in the  Member  States of 
the EEC is still too uncertain  to be  given here. 

COMMUNITY  GOALS SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES NAME OF EXPERT 
1. Promoting  agricultural 
competitivenss  (including 
fishing) 1.1. Developing  agricultural  productivity  (soils,  animal and ^ 
plant products,  agricultural  technology) Agricultural  section  : 
Prof. W.F. Raymond,Agricultural 
|Science Consultant,  Maidenhead 
UK. 
1.2. Improving  the quality and processing  of agricultural 
products Fishing section  : 
Dr. S.F. De  Groot, Ministerie 
van Landbouw en  Visserij, 
Rijksinstituut  voor 
Visserijonderzoek,  NL 
2. Promoting  industrial 
competitiveness 2.1. Removing  and reducing  impediments 
2.2. Improving conventional techniques  and products 
2.3. Promoting  and developing  new technologies 
2.3.1. Information technology 
2.3.2. Biotechnology Dr. U. Colombo,  President 
ENEA. I 
Mr.A. Danzin, former  Director 
of the Institut  de Recherche 
en Informatique (IRIA)  F 
[Mr. M. Cantley.DG XII,  FAST I Dr. K. Sargeant,  DG XII,FAST 
3. Improving  the management 
of raw materials 3.1. Optimum use of raw  materials  (including  recycling) Commission  departments 
4. Improving  the management of 4.1.  Developing nuclear  fission  energy (in  particular 
energy resources  and reducing its  safety aspects) 
energy dependence Prof.Dr.A.Birkhofer,  Gesell-
schaft fur Reaktorsicherheit 
GmbH (GRS), D 
Mr. A. Gauvenet,  Inspecteur 
general d'EDF pour la surete 
et la securite  nucleaire.F 
4.2. Controlled  thermonuclear  fusion,  JET (File of the  Fusion Panel] 

COMMUNITY  GOALS SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNOLOGICAL  OBJECTIVES NAME OF EXPERT 
4.3. Developing  new sources of energy 
4.4. Optimul  use of  fossil fuels (hydrocarbons,  coal) 
4.5. Energy  savings Prof. H. Durand, Université 
de Paris,F  (former  President 
of the Commissariat  à l'Ener­
gie Solaire  (C0MES),F) 
5. Reinforcing  development  aid 5.1. Setting  up scientific  and technical  activities  of 
benefit to developing  countries Mr. D. Williams,Crown 
Agent for Overseas  Government 
and Administration,  UK, 
Member of the  Economic  and 
Social Committee 
Improving  living and 
working conditions 6.1. Improving  safety 
6.2. Protecting health 
6.3. Protecting  the surroundings  (environment  and prevention 
of health  hazards) Prof.L.Donato,CNR,  Pise 
Dr.A. Sors, DG XII, 
Environment  Programme 
(Former Deputy  Director  of 
the Monitoring  Assessment 
Research  Centre,  Chelsea 
College,University  of London) 
7. Improving  the efficacy  of the EEC's scientific  and technical potential (stimulation) Commission  departments  with 
the assistance  of Special 
Advisors 

ANNEX II 
THE GOALS AND  OBJECTIVES 
Clarifications  and adjustments  made by the  Commission  in respect of 
the inital proposals  put forward in document COM (82)865  final. 

- 1 -
Following  discussion in  Council  on the Communication  entitled 
"Proposals  for a European  Scientific and  Technical  Strategy  -
Framework  Programme  1984-1987,  COM(82)865  final",  the talks  which 
preceeded  this discussion, and  bearing  in mind the results of the 
ongoing  examination  of the Framework  Programme  being undertaken  by the 
specialised  scientific  and technical  committees,  the Commission  feels 
that it  would be appropriate  to provide  a certain  number  of 
supplementary  clarifications.  Without  calling into  question  the 
overall package  and the  main indications of priority therein, the 
Commission  now suggests  certain modifications  concerning  the goals  and 
objectives put  forward  in communication  C0M(82)865  final. 
These are set out in eight  sheets  and a summary  table. 

- 2 -
Goal n°l. "Promoting  agricultural  competitiveness (Including  
fisheries)"  130 MioECUs 
In its proposal  the Commission  wanted to underline  the importance 
attached to this goal by providing for  a tripling,  in absolute 
terms, of the  amount of research expenditure  devoted  to objectives 
linked to the  promotion  of agricultural  competitiveness. This 
approach  marks the first stage of a strengthening  in the  objectives 
related to this goal. During discussion  in bodies responsible  to 
the Council,  some delegations  suggested  an even greater 
expenditure.  The Commission,  bearing  in mind the importance  of 
Common Agricultural Policy,  has considerable  sympathy  for this 
point of view. However,  it would draw Member States' attention  to 
the fact that any increases  for this goal would change the overall 
balance proposed  and would therefore require  a new assessment. 
Since most Member  States welcomed  the overall  balance,  the 
Commission  would,  subject  to further discussion  in the  Council, 
retain its original  proposal  which in itself significantly  shows 
the renewed  importance  attached  to agricultural  competitiveness. 
The adoption  of the  common  fisheries  policy  underlines  the importance 
of an increased  R,D&D  effort in order to improve the  benefit to the 
Community  of the  renewable  ressources  of the sea. 
Community  R&D should be concentrated  on the main  objectives  identified 
in the programming  guide - section 1.2 - "Developing  the productivity 
and improving  the quality and processing  of fishery  products"  of 
document COM/82/865  final. 

- 3 -
Goal n°2. "Promoting  industrial  competitiveness" - 1.060  MioECUs 
The Framework  Programme  illustrates  the Commission's  desire 
considerably  to strengthen R, D&D oriented  towards  promoting 
industrial  competitiveness. This desire was favourably received by the 
Council,  but the discussion  indicated  that it  would be useful to 
clarify the Commission's  intentions.  With this goal, and over and 
above the elimination  and reduction of  impediments,  the Commission  has 
two aims in mind : 
- to promote,  on the one  hand, research  into new technology and thus 
encourage  the growth  of the corresponding new  industrial  sectors; 
the Commission  will put forward proposals to  this effect  and will 
examine  the scientific  and technical  problems  related  to the  field 
of telecommunications; 
- on the other  hand, to promote  the development  of basic technology 
common to several sectors (materials technology,  lasers,  etc..) and 
encourage  its diffusion  horizontally  among all the "conventional" 
sectors  of application  for this technology and for new technology, 
particularly  via pilot or demonstration projects dealing with  infra 
technological  renewal. In  fact it is the  diffusion  of applications 
which is one of the  keys to the modernisation of the  fabric  of 
European  industry  which is so  vital in the face of the challenge 
being mounted  by its external competitors. This is the aim of the 
objective  "Improving and developing new techniques and new products 
for conventional  industries"  the over-abbreviated  title of which, 
"Conventional  industries",  used in the summary  tables  might well 
have caused  confusion. The proposals  which the Commission  will 
shortly  put forward  will illustrate  this approach. 

- 4 -
It is not therefore a  case of subsidising conventional industry, or 
aiding crisis-hit  sectors, but  actually  encouraging the 
competitiveness of conventional industries by developing and applying 
new techniques  especially  in sectors  where the size of the enterprises 
concerned  (SMEs) makes it impossible for  them to do the necessary 
research and  development  themselves. 
It is clear that promoting  industrial  competitiveness  cannot  simply be 
done by research,  development  and demonstration  activities  in 
themselves  but that it is necessary to take a  certain  number  of 
accompanying  measures  going beyond  the scientific  and technical 
context in the  strict  sense of the  term, such as measures  to encourage 
investment, develop a transnational  infrastructure  in the  field of 
innovation,  facilitate  industrial  reconversion, etc.. 

- 5 -
Goal n°3. "Improving  the management  of raw  materials"  - 80 MioECUs 
The level of resources  available  for this goal was considered  too 
restricted  to allow, notably,  for an  activity  to develop "off-shore" 
methodology,  which calls for considerable  amounts of  money.  Since the 
Commission's  intention  is first of all to set about preliminary 
studies on the  subject, it  keeps open the  possibility  of expanding  the 
scope of this goal at the  first revision  of the Framework Programme, 
in the light of results  from these preliminary studies. 
The presence  of research  relating  to wood in  this objective  was 
queried.  In fact one could also consider  wood to be an  agricultural 
product or regard research  into its utilisation  as being more 
appropriately  placed  under the heading "Improving  industrial 
competitiveness".  However the  important thing  is that the heading 
"wood" be  included  as a specific  objective  of the Framework Programme. 
The basic problem  caused by the Community's  import of wood and wood 
products,  to the  extent of one  half of its total needs,  has militated 
in favour  of retaining  this specific  objective  in this goal, but cross 
referencing  it with  the two  other goals concerned.  At the  same time 
the recommendation was  made that the problem  of water, considered  as a 
raw material, should  be examined,  together with  the question  of its 
availability.  The objective "Protecting  the environment"  covers "the 
exhaustion  and pollution  of water tables"  and thus involves  some study 
of this aspect. 

- 6 -
Goal n°4. "Improving  the management  of energy resources  and reducing  
energy dependence"  - 1.850  MioECDs,  adjusted  to 
1.770 MioECUs. 
As a response  to certain queries  made by  national delegations  the 
Commission  felt it necessary  to go rather deeper  into its analysis  of 
the amount of resources  required  for the objective  "Developing  Nuclear 
Fission Energy".  This analysis  made it possible  to differentiate, 
among the objectives  identified  between  research  making  a direct 
contribution  to the  development  of this form of energy and research 
which contributes  to the  objectives  "Improving  Safety and Protecting 
Health" and "Protecting  the Environment",  which should  therefore  be 
allocated  to the  goal "Improving  Living and Working  Conditions". This 
examination  led to the  transfer  of 80 MioECUs  in favour of the  latter 
goal. 
With this exception  the Commission  is retaining  the internal  balance 
as initially  proposed,  that is : 
- Developing  nuclear  fission  energy 460 instead  of 540 
- Controlled  thermonuclear  fusion 480 
- Developing  renewable  energy  sources 
- Rational  use of  energy 310 
520 
Option 4 : Improving  the management  of 
energy resources  and reducing  energy 
dependence 1.770 MioECUs 
instead of 1.850 

- 7 -
However  it should be  noted that in  1984 the Commission  will have cause 
to formulate concrete proposals of  major importance  in the  field of 
thermonuclear  fusion and  demonstration  projects.  These proposals  will 
take account  of results  obtained  from programmes  now under  way and 
should lead to a penetrating discussion of the  criteria  which should 
particularly  be adopted  in these fields  so far as  community  activity 
is concerned.  This could lead to a modification of the  internal 
balance  for this goal. The  Commission  thus considers, whilst 
maintaining its proposal as to the  relative  scale of resources  devoted 
to this option in the  Framework  programme,  that the proportions 
allocated  to the four objectives  making  it up could be  reviewed  in the 
light of factors related to the  implementation  of the programmes. 

- 8 -
Goal n°5. "Reinforcing  development  aid" - 150 MioECUs 
Following the  line of the "Memorandum  on Community  development 
policy"  1, and in  response  to the increasing  volume  of requests for 
developing countries for  Community  action in the  field of science and 
technology for  development,  the Commission  included the goal 
"Reinforcing  development  aid" in the  Framework  Programme  from the 
outset. This goal was subsequently quantified in the  document 
C0M(82)865  final. Some delegations requested that the  results  of the 
programme  "Science and technology for  development"  be awaited before 
coming to a decision on the  proposed  expenditure. 
The Commission  would  like it to be  noted that the point now is to 
demonstrate  its political will  and indicate the  financial  implications 
of its proposals. The operational  procedures  will be defined gradually 
and experience gained during the  first specific  programme  in this 
field will  be taken  into account. 
The Commission  feels that the current  programme  "Science and 
Technology  for Developing Countries" with its two parts "Agriculture" 
and "Tropical Medicine" is the  start of a more wide ranging  activity. 
It would emphasise  that it is not  feasible  to wait for the completion 
of a subsequent  evaluation before launching  another  activity  in this 
field. This approach  would be too  rigid and would  entail  the danger  of 
interrupting  a long  term activity  and thus damaging  the motivation of 
researchers and disappointing the expectations of developing 
countries,  which are increasingly  calling  for community  action in 
science and technology. 
In the Commission's  view it is not necessary to  modify  the expenditure 
proposed  for this option. 
1 COM(82)640 

- 9 -
Goal n°6. "Improving  living and working  conditions"  - 270 MioECUs,  
increased  to 385  mioECUs. 
As indicated  above, the development  of nuclear  fission  energy  included 
research  activities  more closely related  to the  goal "Improving  Living 
and Working  Conditions". This goal  is thus to benefit  from the 
transfer  of 80 MioECUs  from the energy goal. This goal  has also been 
subjected  to a reexamination  on the  basis of discussions  in the 
Council as well as subsequent  deliberations, particularly within 
specialised  scientific  committees. 
Research  into natural catastrophes, covering  aspects  of forecasting 
them, preventing  them and mitigating their effects  is a subject of 
common interest  where the Community  dimension  will, by bringing 
research together,  and through  the follow on effect of a mobilising 
programme,  make possible  an increase  in knowledge  and hence a 
reduction  in the human and  material  consequences  of these natural 
phenomena  (flooding  and drought,  earthquakes,  volcanic eruptions, 
etc.). This sort  of research  will be basically  split between  the two 
objectives relating  to this goal. 
It might also be expedient  to increase  the importance  given to 
healthcare  in the  objective  "Improving  safety and protecting health" 
and not to  reduce the level of research  in absolute  terms in 
comparison  with the current  level. 
In objective "Protecting  the environment",  the problem of the 
destruction  of forests as a result of acid rain  - already cited  in the 
Commission's  proposal  - should  receive  a higher  priority. 
These considerations  have encouraged  the Commission  to set the 
following  proposed  expenditure  against  these two objectives  : 

- 10 -
Improving  safety and protecting health  190 MioECUs 
Protection  of the  environment  195 MioECUs 
Goal n°6 : Improving  Living 
and Working  Conditions"  385 MioECUs  instead  of 270 

- 11 -
Goal n°7. "Improving the  efficacy  of the Community's  scientific  and  
technical  potential" -85 MioEcus 
Certain  delegations suggested that the  results  of the experimental 
period of the stimulation  activity  should be awaited before  allocating 
any major sums to it. The Commission  would mention  that the 
experimental period  1983-1984  is exclusively  concerned with the 
operational  procedures of implementing the action and not the 
principle  of it, which has already  been approved  by the Council. 
Since preparatory studies  have led the  Commission  to the conclusion 
that 5% of the finance to be set aside for  scientific  and technical 
activities  at the  community  level should be reserved for  non 
programmed  stimulation actions,  this proportion has  been adopted  as an 
objective  to be achieved by the end of the period. This is why the 
Commission  proposes  gradually to increase the  financial  resources 
allocated  to this option and to provide for a  total sum of  85 MioECUs 
for the period  1984-1987. 
If the conclusions  arising  from the experimental period lead to a 
fundamental  revision  of some of the intervention  methods  anticipated 
and to a modification of the  programme  timetable of  development 
envisaged for  this action the  financial  resources  which would 
consequently  become  available  during the period  1984-1987  could be 
transferred  to other research  activities. 

- 12 -
HORIZONTAL  ACTIVITIES  - 110 MioECUs , reduced to 90  MioECUs. 
In response to  certain  questions  posed during discussion of the 
Framework  Programme,  the Commission  would like to make it clear that 
scientific  and technical  activities  of a horizontal  nature include : 
- the FAST programme, 
- preparatory studies for future  programmes, 
- promoting the  utilisation  of results  (taken in the wider  sense which 
covers activities  aimed at protecting, disseminating and  exploiting 
research  results  as well as licence  concessions on inventions), 
- training  activities  together with grants and courses, 
- ongoing evaluation of R, D&D  results  and their  utilisation, 
In undertaking a rigorous analysis of these  horizontal  actions in 
order to eliminate those  which do not  really  possess an R, D&D 
element,  the Commission  has come to the conclusion that the resources 
needed to undertake these  activities  could be reduced  from 110 to 90 
MioECUs. 

- 13 -
TABLE SUMMARISING  THE OBJECTIVES AND THE  AMOUNTS 
CONSIDERED  NECESSARY  TO ACHIEVE  THEM 
MioECUs 1 % 
1. Promoting  agricultural  competitiveness  130 3,5 
- developing  agricultural  productivity  and 
improving products  : agriculture  115 
fisheries  15 
2. Promoting  industrial  competitiveness  1060 28,2 
- removing  and reducing  impediments  30 
- new techniques  and products  for the conventional 
industries  350 
- new technologies  680 
3. Improving  the management of raw  materials  80 2,1 
4. Improving  the management of  energy resources  1770 47,2 
- developing nuclear  fission  energy 460 
- controlled  thermonuclear  fusion 480 
- developing  renewable  energy sources  310 
- rational  use of  energy 520 
5. Reinforcing  development  aid 150 4,0 
6. Improving  living and working  conditions  385 10,3 
- improving safety  and protecting health  190 
- protecting  the environment  195 
7. Improving  the efficacy  of the Community's  scientific 
and technical potential 85 2,3 
- Horizontal  activities 90 2,4 
3750 100,0 
1 in ECUs at 1982  constant values 
2 corresponds  to 5% by the end of the  period. 

SUMMARY TABLE 
Correlation  between  criteria  and objectives 
1 = Main correlation 
2 = High degree  of correlation 
3 = Secondary  correlation COMMUNITY  DIMENSION •VALUE TO THE COMMUNITY . 
Scope of human 
& financial 
resources 
required Size of the 
potential 
market Trans-
nationalism Collective 
needs Support  for the 
Community's  major 
objectives 
1. Promoting  agricultural  competitiveness 
- Developing  agricultural productivity  and 
improving  products  : agriculture 
fisheries 2 
2 2 
1 2 
1 
2. Promoting  industrial  competitiveness 
- Removing  and reducing  hindrances 
- New techniques  and new  products for 
conventional  industries 
- New technologies 2 2 1 1 
1 
2 1 3 2 
3. Improving  Management  of Raw  Materials 2 1 1 
4. Improving  the Management  of Energy Resources 
- Development  of nuclear  fission  energy 
- Controlled  thermonuclear  fusion 
- Development  of renewable energy sources 
- Rational  use of  energy _,. . 2 
1 
2 2 
2 
2 
2 1 
2 
1 
1 1 
1 
1 
1 
5. Reinforcing  development aid 
2 1 1 
6. Improving  Living and Working  Conditions 
- Improving  Safety & protecting 
Health .. 
- Protecting  the Environment 2 3 3 
1 1 
2 2 
1 
7. Improving  the efficacy  of the  Community's 
scientific  & technical potential 
.2 1 1