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Vol. 1983/00 27 
  
 
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Conformém ent au règlement (CEE, Euratom) n° 354/83 du Conseil du 1er février 1983 
concernant l'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communauté économique 
européenne et de la Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique (JO L 43 du 15.2.1983, 
p. 1), tel que modifié par le règlement (CE, Euratom) n° 1700/2003 du 22 septembre 2003 
(JO L 243 du 27.9.2003, p. 1), ce dossier est ouvert au public. Le cas échéant, les documents 
classifiés présents dans ce dossier ont été déclassifiés conformément à l'article 5 dudit 
règlem ent. 
In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983 
concerning the openi ng to the public of the historical archives of the European Econom ic 
Community and the European Atomic Energy Communit y (OJ L 43, 15.2.1983, p. 1), as 
amended by Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1700/2003 of 22 September 2003 (OJ L 243, 
27.9.2003, p. 1), this f ile is open to the public. Where necessary, classified documents in this 
file have been declassified in conformity with Article 5 of the aforementioned regulation.  
In Übereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom  1. 
Februar 198 3 über die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europäischen  
Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Europäischen Atomgem einschaft (ABI. L 43 vom  15.2.1983,  
S. 1), geändert durch die Verordnung (EG, Euratom) Nr. 1700/2003 vom 22. Septem ber 2003  
(ABI. L 243 vom 27 .9.2003, S. 1), ist diese Datei der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Soweit  
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der genannten Verordnung freigegeben.  
COMMISSION O F THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(83) 80 final 
Brussels, 24 february 1983
ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTION  
OF THE INTERNAL MARKET
Report by the Commission to the Council
\
C0M(83) 80 final

-  2 -
CONTENTS
Page
I. THE COMMON MARKET, THE BASIS FOR ACTION BY THE 3
COMMUNITY
Internally 4
Externally 5
II. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE INTERNAL MARKET 7
Growing interdependence 7
Matters of interest to the firms 12
III. RESPONSIBILITY OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES 16
Much achieved, but more needs to be done 16
Bureaucratic inertia 17
Short-term considerations 19
A variety of situations and methods 20
Three specific examples 22
IV. LINES OF ACTION 24
Protecting the "acquis communautaire" 24
Eliminating disparities 26
Annex I :  Trade barriers and constraints 29
Annex II: Statistics
Intra-Community trade with regard to total trade 33
Intra-Community trade with regard to GNP 34
Growth of investments 35
Infringements of the EEC Treaty 36
Technical harmonisation 37
Notifications of new technical regulations 38

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I. THE COMMON MARKET, THE BASIS FOR ACTION BY THE COMMUNITY
1. The existence of a large, completely unified internal market is
a factor of decisive importance for reconstructing Europe's industrial  
might, as much because of the sense of security afforded by access  
to a large market as by reason of its economies of scale. This is  
particularly true as regards investment decisions, since every element  
of uncertainty is reflected as part of the cost.
2. Under present conditions, in which the decisive advantage of a  
unified market is sadly lacking, too many industrialists refuse to  
accept the risk of becoming organised at Community level, thereby  
exposing themselves to competition from non-European groups. At the  
same time, they are tempted by seductive offers of co-operation from  
outside the Community which, even though they will play a somewhat  
subordinate role, effectively improve their access to the international  
market which, as a result of such alliances, becomes paradoxically  
less risky than the Community market.
3. In order to break out of this vicious circle, the Community must decide  
to complete rapidly the unification of all aspects of its internal  
market. Only when they are convinced that this will happen will  
economic agents, in anticipation of the opening up of national markets,  
modify their behaviour accordingly. In this connection, barriers to  
the free circulation of goods or services, problems of establishment  
and differences in company law can be equally as important as, and  
perhaps more serious than disparities in exchange rates, monetary policies  
and inflation, rates.
4. The present report concentrates on an Evaluation of the manner in which  
the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital is fonctioning.  
It does not seek to examine further either the consequences of the  
absence of a better monetary and fiscal framework at Community level,
or a fortiori the more general considerations associated with the current  
economic crisis which can have an impact on the development of economic  
structures and on the fonctioning of the internal market.

- 4 -
Internally
5. At public authority level the inadequate approximation of macro-
economic conditions means that in every Member State a separation  
is maintained between internal economic activity and economic  
relations with other Member States. Also the expectations of  
entrepreneurs are disappointed because intra-Community trade remains  
largely an off-shoot of external trade with all the reflexes which  
this situation provokes in the general public, the administrations  
and governments. In particular, any action by the relevant department  
of administration aimed at strengthening the internal market often  
comes up against opposition from other departments responsible for macro-  
economic aspects focussed on the national situation. It should be  
possible to cure this muddle by assessing - by means of government-  
level arbitration - the advantages and disadvantages of the decisions  
required: as between on the one hand the immediate constraints of
the national macro-economic framework and on the other the consequences  
of belonging to the Community. Besides, it is admitted that the  
longer the difficult economic situation persists the less likely is  
it that any strategy conceived and applied from a purely national  
viewpoint will succeed.
6. In the context of the priorities adopted in Copenhagen, the objective  
of developing the internal market - repeatedly reaffirmed by the  
European Council - was placed in the context of a series of actions  
covering several fields. For obvious technical reasons, the parallelism 
cannot be monitored at all levels and at all stages of the Community's  
decision-making process without causing total paralysis. The European  
Council's decision to hold regular meetings led the Presidency of the  
Council to organise its work, with the agreement and help of the  
Commission, so that each policy can develop in a way which will facilitate  
the active participation of the different governments in the realisation  
of the compromises necessary for taking decisions.

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Externally
7. Efforts at promoting more effective functioning of Europe's internal  
market with a view to optimising the operation of its economy can  
only be imagined in the context of a common commercial policy  
capable of defending the legitimate interests of Community industry.
The development of the internal market must be considered above all  
as the foundation of the improved competitiveness of European firms.
Any strategy aimed at getting out of the present economic crisis must  
be based upon the market's continental dimension.
8. The "continental dimension" is not merely a geographical term; it  
can only be defined by differentiating between Community members and  
countries that are not part of the Community. A differentiation of  
this type is inherent in any customs union and any economic union.
The very term "internal market" presupposes that the identity of the  
unit involved differs from that which lies outside. The rules  
governing international economic relations comprise the principles set  
out within the GATT framework which allow the Community to reserve  
for its members the advantages resulting from an intensification of  
their mutual ties as long as this does not involve a deterioration
in the treatment of non-Community countries by comparison with the  
earlier situation.
9. However, differentiation does not mean isolation, particularly since
economic activity takes place in an increasingly interdependent world.  
The consensus which allowed the negotiation of the Treaty instituting  
the EEC - as well as the economic interests of the Community dictated  
by its nature as a processing region - mean that it must remain open  
to dialogue and negotiation with its trading partners. Thus the  
Community, the largest trading power in the world, has a clear  
responsibility to maintain a stable and equitable framework for  
international economic relations. It will continue to assume this  
responsibility as it has in the past, and will encourage its partners  
to do the same. Its relations with non-Community countries are based  
on mutual advantage, except where specific co-operation and development  
projects are concerned.

-  6 -
10. These principles having been reaffirmed, it will be noted that  
the Community has not yet - to any satisfactory extent - achieved  
its goals with regard either to its internal market or to its  
treatment of the extension of the latter into its external relations.  
As to this last aspect, a proposed regulation concerning the  
reinforcement of the common commercial policy, in particular as  
regards a defence against unfair trading practices, will shortly be  
presented to the Council.
11. Similarly convergence of present situations, which is the very 
purpose of developing an internal market, widens the basis on which  
divergent interests can thus be conciliated; in addition, it would  
not be acceptable to make agreement on external aspects a condition  
sine qua non for internal progress. Conversely, the operation and  
development of the internal market implies drawing the correct  
conclusions as regards the imperfections of our commercial policy -  
imperfections which must be regarded as a common fault, not as an  
acquired right of the Member States to "go it on their own" since  
the permanent recognition of such a right amounts to a denial of the  
Community itself.
12. Finally, experience has shown that divergences between Member States  
with regard to external relations become an insurmountable obstacle  
to progress in the creation of the Community when approached at  
questions of principle on a theoretical basis; as a contrast to this,  
when the stakes and interests of both parties are open for all to  
see it becomes possible to achieve progress.

II. THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE INTERNAL MARKET
13. Building the common market, on the foundation laid by the customs  
union set up by the Treaty, has been a logical extension of the  
efforts which western Europe has been making to eliminate obstacles  
to trade - in goods in particular - since 1947. Progress on services  
has been slower, since very often harmonisation is the only means of  
eliminating the barriers in this area. As for the right of establish­
ment and free movement of persons,  the Treaty was not intended to  
spark off European-wide waves of migration but simply to allow those  
who wish to perform their activities wherever they feel would be to  
their maximum advantage. Nearly two million workers in the Community -  
almost all of them depending on others for their employment - have  
benefited from these Community rules. But for the professions, freedom  
of establishment in another Member State has been, and still is, of  
only marginal importance in terms of numbers affected.
14. Consequently, this quantitative assessment of the economic impact of  
the internal market concentrates primarily on trade in goods, though  
due account is taken of a number of points relating to investment and  
services. It also gives an idea of the degree of mobility of
the factors of production achieved to date.
Growing interdependence
15. In the first phase the results of eliminating obstacles to trade in  
goods surpassed expectations. In the ECSC's first five years of  
existence intra-Community trade in coal and steel rose by 129%. Then  
from the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1958 up  
to the first enlargement in 1973, trade in all products between the  
Six, measured in current values, soared from 7 000 million units of  
account to 54 000 million units of account, growing faster than  
trade with non-Community countries. For instance, between 1959 and  
1970 the annual growth rate for exports to countries outside the  
Community stood at 9%, whereas intra-Community trade grew by over 16%,  
with almost a six-fold increase over the whole period, as against the  
two-and-a-half-fold increase in exports to non-Community countries.

-  8 -
16. With the onset of the first oil crisis, this trend slowed sharply  
as regards the six founder Member States. In the new Member States  
the initial impetus began to make itself felt towards the end of  
the ’60s, in all likelihood as economic operators looked towards  
the imminent enlargement of the Community. When they first joined  
the Community all the Member States were sending, on average, one  
third of their exports to their Community partners, the smaller Member  
States being more dependent on intra-Community trade than their larger  
partners. In 1973, this share rose to 53.7% but sank to 50.3% by 1975  
to increase again subsequently.
17. In a third phase the second oil crisis at the end of 1980 had similar
consequences: a downturn in intra-Community trade yet again from
54.5% in 1979 to 50.7% in 1981. In 1982 however it is tending to  
resume the previous average level: for the first nine months of 1982  
it reached 52%.
18. It is not easy to pinpoint the precise causes of this contraction  
among which reference must be made to the increasing price of oil  
together with a certain reorientation of trade resulting from the  
increased demand created in the oil producing countries. Nevertheless,  
one can put forward as one explanation tentative figures for the  
costs generated by formalities at the Community's internal frontiers.  
The UK Department of Trade has put the cost at h 203 million a year.  
According to the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and  
Monetary Affairs, time lost waiting at the frontiers alone costs
1  000 million ECU a year, the total cost of all crossings of the  
Community's internal frontiers now approaching 12 000 million ECU.  
Preliminary calculations by the Commission suggest that the cost of  
these formalities could be equivalent to between 5% and 10% of the  
actual value of the goods. The maintenance of substantial formalities  
at internal frontiers puts the Community market at a disadvantage  
by comparison with certain large markets outside the Community.

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19. The reinforcement of the internal market is thus necessary to restore
an advantage to intra-Community trade outlets by comparison with those  
of non-Community countries. The expansion of intra-Community trade  
has been a significant factor in improving the competitiveness of  
European firms. From the data in the Commission's study on the  
competitiveness of Community industry, it seems likely that the most  
competitive companies on the Community market also do best at world  
level. In addition, the national economies of the Member States have  
been growing increasingly interdependent as a result, with intra-  
Community exports steadily increasing their share of GDP to 9% in  
France, Italy and the United Kingdom in 1980, 11% in Germany, 13% in  
Denmark and over one third in the Netherlands, BLEU and Ireland.  
Together, these two factors clearly illustrate the key role which the  
internal market can play in economic growth: macroeconomic decisions
permitting, the conditions are right for a general improvement in the  
competitiveness.
20. However the aggregate totals fail to reflect the full extent of this  
interdependence within the Community. The trade figures include  
products unavailable inside the Community (for example, raw materials  
or exotic products) and many low-value-added products. Similarly, GDP  
includes many activities which, by definition, are not traded but may 
nevertheless require imported goods or services (for instance, public  
administration, the retail trade or house-building).  Increasingly,  
this interdependence will have to be taken into account when, for  
example, defining the reference market for checking companies'  
business practices.
21. An analysis confined to industry alone - however rough and whatever  
the imperfections of the method - has shown that manufactured products  
imported from non-Community countries total less than 10% of home  
production in France, Italy and Germany, between 15% and 20% in the  
United Kingdom and over 20% in the Netherlands and the BLEU.

-  10  -
The figure for the Community as a whole is approximately 12%. This  
suggests that from the macroeconomic point of view the pressure from  
non-Community competitors is being contained within reasonable limits.  
But although the final figures are relatively closely grouped, the  
breakdown by industry differs from one Member State to another, which  
explains the diverging commercial policy decisions being reached  
within the Community. Nonetheless the Commission feels that its  
analysis confirms its conviction that where commercial policy is  
concerned, there are justifiable grounds for differences on specific  
problems far more than on matters of principle.
22. Services are playing a growing role in the economy for the share  
represented by traded services for the Community as a whole increased  
from 46.5% in 1970 to 50.7% in 1980. As for inter-State trade, intra-  
Community imports of all services accounted for 9.0% of all goods and  
services imported that year. But before progress can be made towards  
creating a common market in this increasingly important sector,  
substantial legal and administrative obstacles remain to be overcome.  
Progress to date has been only modest.
23. Turning to investment, the statistics are too disparate, taking into
account also monetary fluctuations, to form a basis for any perfectly  
reliable conclusions. Nevertheless they reveal phases comparable to  
the trade figures: regular and substantial growth up to 1973, a sharp
contraction at the time of the first oil crisis, moderate recovery  
from 1976 to 1980, and now a new decline in investment since 1981.
The rate of investment in the Community as a percentage of GDP slipped  
from 23% in 1970 to 20% in 1982. And the annual growth rate for  
investment, which still held steady at 3.4% from 1976 to 1980, has  
been negative ever since.

-  1 1 -
24. It seems that the diminishing attractiveness of the Community  
market for investments coming either from the Community itself  
or from non-Community countries has been accompanied by a re­
orientation of Community investments towards other markets. Although  
only 3% of the total investments made by the Member States are  
abroad, it must be recognised that today 47% of German investment  
abroad is placed in the USA, as compared with 16% twenty years ago.
At the same time the percentage placed in the other Member States  
has fallen back to the 1964 level of 28%. France divides its foreign  
investment equally between the Community and the USA - each receiving  
28% - but twenty years ago France's Community partners attracted
54% and the USA 6%. Too few data are available to establish how 
far economic uncertainty - still too great - is responsible for the  
behaviour of the Community's investors or whether their unwillingness  
to enter into transnational operations within the Community merely  
reflects the fact that despite its promising start the Community  
has failed to build up confidence in the future of its internal market.
25. It is equally difficult to establish the precise cause-and-effeet  
relationship between the shifts in investment within the Community  
and the sluggish progress towards free movement of capital. Since  
these efforts have advanced little beyond the two Directives adopted  
back in 1960 and 1962 to facilitate intra-Community trade and to  
prohibit all restrictions on certain foreign currency payments,
the national capital markets have remained firmly partitioned.
Finally, on the Euro-markets - where international foreign currency  
loans are negotiated and which are the main avenue for movements  
of capital, even for the Member States - countries with weak currencies  
are forced to run up their debts in strong currencies, since only  
they are traded. The liberalisation of capital movements, presently  
almost at a standstill, can only be resumed in step with the progress  
being made towards economic and monetary union in other fields.

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Matters_of_interest to firms
26. This assessment of the economic importance of a properly fonctioning  
internal market would not be complete without an assessment of  
enterprises' views of the potential and limitations of the market.
27. The role of small and medium-sized firms in the Community's economy  
today, and their potential, are generally acknowledged. By their  
nature, the firms are highly diverse and often, initially at any  
rate, better-suited to the local market than to winning markets  
across the frontier. Their very size can Limit to a certain extent  
their efforts to expand. To make matters worse, when they do seek  
wider markets - say, because a given product from their range fits  
into a particularly promosing slot on the market - they run up  
against a series of uncertainties and problems caused mainly by the  
lack of standardised technical rules, legal uncertainty, or complex  
procedures. Often this effectively bars the possibility of Community­
wide expansion of activities.
28. Big firms find it easier to overcome these obstacles since, amongst  
other reasons, (i) it is easier for them to gain access to  
information and, hence, to make the adjustments needed to win markets  
in neighbouring countries; (ii) they produce goods for mass  
consumption and are therefore in a better position to absorb the  
temporary extra costs involved in breaking into foreign markets;
(iii) they benefit from a solid base in their home market, have  
extensive distribution networks in the other Member States and, as a  
result, generally do not experience too many problems launching new  
products, tailored to different markets wherever necessary. For
all these reasons their interest centres on the obstacles which  
prevent them from operating as flexibly on the Community market as  
they can on their home market. In short, the concern of large firms  
is not so much that the obstacles are insuperable, but with the cost  
of overcoming them.

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29. Co-operation between enterprises situated in different regions  
of the Community is an essential aspect of the internal market  
and of its economic role in the present crisis. At the same time,  
the lack of legal vehicles at Community level and the limited  
harmonisation of national laws has been shown by experience to be
a real barrier to co-operation between enterprises, even if only for  
psychological reasons. Numerous co-operation projects of a promising  
nature have failed to materialise because of the lack of appropriate  
legal structures to accommodate them. In addition, a series of tax  
obstacles hamper co-operation, national taxation systems making  
virtually no allowance for transnational co-operation. A firm  
established in two States, for example, is subject to two separate  
fiscal systems. In addition, the drawing up of a single income  
statement showing the overall profit or loss is not possible.
30. These general points have emerged from the experience gained during  
the consultations to prepare Community legislation and from everyday  
practice with the Community acts already adopted. Beyond that, the  
Commission has sought, by means of a special study, to obtain a  
more detailed picture of the problems facing enterprises wishing
to operate on the Community’s internal market in the same way as on  
their own home market. The conclusions sketched below are drawn from  
this analysis of a limited, but nevertheless highly representative,  
sample of firms.
31. First, it was recognised that before enterprises could make the jump
in quality from the home market to the wider Community market they had  
to overcome various management problems: lack of management
resources, unwillingness to take risks, lack of planning and lack of  
knowledge of the prospects opened up by Europe's internal market.
This applies, for example, to firms which have limited their  
operations to a specific local market and have never explored the  
economies of scale made possible by the common market, deterred by
the apparently impenetrable, or at least more difficult market in  
other Community countries. Instead they prefer to take up the offer  
of State aid facilities and tackle markets in certain non-Community 
countries, however difficult the venture may be, particularly if they  
hold out the prospect of rapid, albeit temporary succès. Non-European  
firms rarely experience such problems.

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32. Social and cultural obstacles, and in particular language barriers,  
which are more pronounced within the Community than in the USA  
for example should not be overestimated. Only a minority of the  
enterprises questioned felt that they posed a genuine problem.
Language problems create no insuperable difficulties at either the  
planning or sales stages, though they may create some problems at  
the planning stage and sometimes in the context of customs clearances.  
What is more, conssumers are showing a growing readiness to accept  
tastes and fashions from other Community countries, at least as  
specialities, if not as everday products. Finally, the nationalist  
feelings which sometimes triumph over rational economic criteria  
when European consumers purchase a car, for example, will lose their  
sway as components are drawn from several different Member States  
and the country of origin of the end-product becomes less and less  
evident. Finally, this fact must be publicised fairly, with firms  
refraining from campaigns to promote the purchase of national  
products.
33. The most tangible obstacles appear to have been created by intervention  
by the public authorities - for example, customs procedures, technical  
barriers, tax barriers, company law, national preference arrangements  
and State aid at the microeconomic level, and, for instance, currency  
movements, diverging inflation and interest rates and energy  
costs dictated by macroeconomic policies. Firms pursuing a market  
strategy geared to the Community dimension and to the market conditions  
in partner countries particularly object to the macroeconomic barriers,  
though they also speak out against the microeconomic obstacles, which  
are resented even more by small or medium-sized firms or by those  
as yet unaccustomed to the challenge of competition at Community  
level. Significantly, large firms or trade-mark holders hardly ever  
bring grievances before the Commission.

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34. The State intervention to blame for the interference with the
functioning of the internal market of which enterprises complain  
does not always take the form of formal, public action against which  
proceedings can be brought on the grounds that it contravenes  
Community law. In many cases the government action is not transparent  
but prefers a psychological approach, creating an atmosphere of  
uncertainty and discouraging the individual concerned from attempting  
to overcome the obstacle or from invoking the legal procedures  
available to remedy the situation. Conversely, ties between enterprises  
and public authorities, the result essentially of State intervention,  
lead to firms developing ambiguous attitudes, the attraction of  
the European dimension being insufficiently strong to incite firms  
to abandon the present comfort of national systems designed to  
accommodate and protect them.

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III. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHORITIES
Much_achievedi_but more needs to be done
35. The achievements which the Community and its Member States,  
inspired by early enthusiasm for European integration, have  
managed to realise are considerable. Customs duties were abolished  
in 1968 - eighteen months earlier than provided for in the  
chapter on the Customs Union in the EEC Treaty. Quantitative  
restrictions and measures of equivalent effect have been banned.
Several hundred Directives have harmonised the laws, regulations  
and administrative provisions of the Member States which directly  
affect the establishment or working of the common market. Thus,  
with regard to taxation, in 1967 the introduction of the VAT system  
did away with one of the most important distortions of competition,  
namely the cumulative tax on turnover. As regards the free movement  
of goods, the adoption of nearly two hundred Directives designed to  
eliminate technical barriers to trade, and the institution of  
proceedings in many cases for infringement of the rules stemming
in particular from Articles 30 et seq. of the EEC Treaty, have made  
it possible to do away with innumerable obstacles to trade.
36. These undeniable successes, the economic impact of which was highlighted  
in the previous chapter, cannot hide the importance of what remains
to be done. Contrary to the legitimate hopes aroused by the creation  
of the Community, the formalities at the internal borders of the  
Customs Union remain almost intact, and are as complex as those  
applying to imports from non-member countries. Similarly, undertakings  
in different Member States do not enjoy a single legal and taxation  
framework allowing them to co-operate transnationally.
37. Community legislation is progressing too slowly, which creates an  
additional feeling of frustration in the mind of the public at large.  
When agreements are finally reached after lengthy discussions in
the Council, their implementation too often takes longer than the  
time limits laid down and in many cases distorts the substance of  
what has been agreed. Infringement proceedings - costly in terms

- 17 -
of resources and unpleasant from the political viewpoint - then  
have to be resorted to, if not only what has already been achieved  
but future agreements, too, are not to be jeopardised.
38. At the same time, the "acquis communautaire" is increasingly
threatened by intervention on an ever-wider scale by the authorities.  
While the purpose of such intervention is not always out of line with  
the Treaties, further obstacles to the proper operation of the  
common market are nevertheless created by the greater disparity  
between Member States, which in turn requires harmonisation measures  
by the Community. Very often, intervention by the authorities runs  
counter to the "acquis communautaire", and punitive sanctions have to  
be taken: the increase in proceedings started by the Commission in
response to complaints received bears witness to this unfortunate  
tendency.
39. Clearly, such intervention also includes the financial support which
the authorities grant to firms: verification of whether these
measures are compatible with the common market is entrusted to the  
Commission, which gives account of its actions in this respect in  
its annual report on competition.
Bureaucratic inertia
40. The creation of a single European market is a dynamic undertaking  
which requires a willingness to adapt traditional systems of  
administration and supervision to the new needs and conditions;
it also requires confidence in the common institutions. Very often,  
the willingness shown at the highest political level clashes with  
the well-known phenomenon of bureaucratic inertia. This form of  
resistance to change, common to all administrative systems, represents  
a considerable obstacle to the proper working of the internal market  
on several grounds.

- 18 -
41. Firstly, a State's membership of the Community only rarely affects  
the behaviour of its civil servants. Opportunities are thus lost  
of making simple improvements, which are not expensive especially  
if introduced when existing structures are reformed or modified.
It is astonishing, for instance, that channels reserved for Community  
citizens have not been introduced more often at frontier passport-  
control points. Similarly, it is hard to believe that separate  
tariffs for mail to destinations inside and outside the Community  
could not have been introduced on one of the many occasions when  
international postage rates have been raised. It is also surprising  
that the authorities responsible have not found a way of facilitating  
frontier crossings for low-volume border traffic. A change of outlook  
with regard to barriers of this kind would not only encourage tourism,  
but would make a fundamental contribution to public confidence in  
the Community.
42. When new acts or regulations are deemed necessary, it has not become  
the habit to draft instruments which create least difficulty as  
regards relations within the Community. From its experience of  
proceedings for infringement of the Treaty, mainly but not entirely  
with regard to Article 30, the Commission has found in quite a few  
cases that an infringement has not been caused by a deliberate desire  
to contravene Community law, but by an insufficient awareness on the  
part of the administrative department concerned of the Community
and the framework which it defines.
43. A more serious matter is the attitude of technical aspects - very  
often apparent at meetings when legislation that requires unanimity  
is being prepared - who "stand pat" on their arguments because they  
regard their country's way of doing things as so good that it cannot  
be altered for the sake of reaching a Community solution. The  
Commission has often found that such resistance can more easily be  
overcome when it is inspired by specific interests which can be  
evaluated and compensated in some way, than when it is merely a  
dogmatic reaction.

- 19 -
Short-term considerations
44. Many of the defects in the operation of the internal market arise  
because governments find it difficult to sacrifice specific short­
term considerations for advantages which, though concrete, are more  
remote. In the short run, factories are closing, the situation
in certain local areas is deteriorating and budgetary austerity  
is limiting flexibility: all factors provoked by the present crisis
which have political repercussions. In the medium term, economic  
rationality, the play of comparative advantages, the hope springing  
from new industrial developments which will create growth are all  
elements which logically and politically constitute the essential  
framework for the development of a common market in the Community.
45. Solutions to this dilemma are too rarely placed in the Community
framework. Often, when the economic situation worsens, a defensive
reflex dominates: open or disguised protectionist measures are
taken and Community solidarity in the form of a joint decision is
shunned for fear that it will be impossible to maintain the effort
which that decision involves. Or, when joint measures - conceived
as a positive, bold response to the economic crisis - are slowed
down or prevented by differences within the Community, isolated
initiatives are immediately taken. Such attitudes contribute in
»
no small way to the deterioration of the Community's internal situation  
and, in particular, call into question all that has been done to  
improve the working of the internal market.
46. The responses to these two forms of retreat from a Community-  
oriented approach should of course be differentiated. Generally,
a protectionist measure contravenes the Treaty and, as such, should  
be sanctioned. The isolated initiative cannot be sanctioned and  
therefore appears strictly speaking to be legitimate. It is  
nevertheless a breach of Community solidarity and may thus have  
very serious repercussions.

-  20  -
A variety of situations and methods
47. Compliance with Treaty rules, as these are defined by the courts,  
and the creation of a Community legal framework, often encounter
a variety of genuine difficulties of a political or cultural nature:  
different administrative and legislative traditions; the degree of  
centralisation or regional autonomy; different conceptions of the  
respective roles of the State and private enterprise; a variety of  
macro- and micro-economic policies.
48. The common market can only be developed if the extent of these  
differences is grasped, leading first to an appropriate degree of  
transparency and thence to conciliation measures, and finally  
resulting in a joint solution, if not in the immediate future, then  
at least within a jointly agreed period which should be as short as  
possible. This positive approach implies that no Member State,  
regardless of its economic weight, its legal or political tradition,  
or its technological lead, can claim that the Community solution is  
identical to its own national version, it being exceptional for the  
harmonisation of laws and techniques to be realisable on the basis  
of a single Member State's rules.
49. An obvious example is provided by the (very topical) problems of
standardising technical rules: progress towards industrial production
on a continental scale depends very much on convergence in this field.  
The advantage of standardising industrial products has long since  
been demonstrated. However, a major innovation was introduced very  
quickly in one country, namely Germany, a century ago. It was found  
that the more comprehensive the specifications ir. standards were, the  
better the quality of the products and, at the same time, the more  
skilful the workforce became; accordingly, industry took the strategic  
decision to co-operate as regards standards and devote considerable  
resources to their preparation. The intrinsic qualities of German  
standard setting rapidly became such that the State considered it

-  2 1  -
could refer to these standards, drawn up by trade bodies, whenever 
its public-order obligations (health, safety, consumer protection,  
etc) made its intervention essential. This situation, excellent  
though it is on grounds of practicality and efficiency, can however  
create a definite obstacle once commercial practice is also taken  
into account, to penetration of the German market by products  
manufactured in another Member State under a different system of  
standards. Conversely, in the eyes of German authorities and  
companies, other Member States' systems, based on wider public  
intervention, appear arbitrary and unjustifiably obstructive. The  
problem really is to define a system of standardisation and preparation  
of technical rules which either ensures that current barriers are  
done away with under a system of mutual recognition or gradually  
replaces present systems by a Community system. Whatever the solution  
finally adopted, there is no doubt that the first step cannot be to  
ensure real transparency, for the information being communicated on  
the basis of the system currently in force is clearly unbalanced  
and inadequate. The Council should take a decision shortly on this  
matter, but that will only be a beginning: the fundamental problem
still remains unsolved.
50. Transport services provide a similar example. The slowness of
liberalisation in this area is due to the fact that Member States  
stick to strategies the basic differences of which have been  
determined by those countries' economic, political and historical  
legacy, the peripheral States depending to a much greater degree  
on road transport than those in the centre, which have given greater  
prominence to rail. The unsolved problems of competition between rail,  
road and, to a certain extent, inland waterways and inter-regional  
air transport are a source of economic inefficiency and can affect  
trade in the same way as non-tariff barriers. A common transport  
policy - an essential element in reviving the internal market - is not  
necessarily synonymous with a uniform transport policy; on the  
contrary, it must be sufficiently flexible for the diversity of  
national situations to be taken into account.

-  22  -
Three specific examples
51. Public procurement activities represent about 15% of Community GNP,  
including purchases of military and space equipment. Their  
continued segregation constitutes a barrier to trade and innovation,  
at national as well as Community level. The measures taken by the  
Community to open up public procurement by ensuring greater  
transparency have had very disappointing results. Although the  
scope for Community action has been limited, one is bound to conclude  
that the procedures, even when formally applied, have seldom been  
correctly inplemented, and purchasing departments have generally  
resorted systematically to the restricted procedures, which in the  
spirit of the Community directives ought to have been used in  
exceptional circumstances only. Moreover, the technical specifications  
are sometimes given too much importance as regards both invitations
to tender and the awarding cf public procurement contracts.
52. The Council having requested a report on the functioning cf  
Directive 77/62/EEC, the Commission is examining the question as to  
whether, as well as technical amendments to Community statutes,  
national efforts in those industries where the size of the market  
encourages innovation and development should not be better concerted,  
if necessary by active policy-making at Community level.
53. This question is particularly acute in the telecommunications field,  
where the Commission has found to its regret that the few changes  
which it did propose have not received the unanimous agreement cf  
the Council. As a result of this failure, which is a serious threat  
to the prospects of the industry in the Community faced as it is  
with world competition based on new information technologies, the  
Commission has no alternative but to start again from scratch in its  
search for a strategic plan that can ensure the continental dimension  
required. It nevertheless considers that rapid progress is possible  
as early as this year.

- 23 -
The responsibility of the authorities is a key factor in the future  
of pharmaceuticals as well. This industry is still one of the most  
competitive in the Community. The production of new substances,  
however, requires considerable investment, if the necessary research  
is to be financed. At the same time, the market is still fragmented.  
This fragmentation results partly from the behaviour of enterprises  
themselves, and partly from intervention by the Member States, and  
in particular from the diversity of methods employed by all Member  
States to restrict the growth of expenditure on drugs in the context  
of their social security programmes. This creates severe distortions  
of competition with regard to the income from sales by firms in the  
different markets. The Commission reserves the right to inform the  
Council about all aspects of this problem, pursuant to the resolution  
which Parliament has just passed; it is aware that this is a very 
thorny subject, politically and technically.

- 24 -
IV. LINES OF ACTION
Protecting the "acquis communautaire"
55. The progress made by the Community, whether in the form of Regulations  
passed under the Treaties or in the form of secondary legislation,
is being jeopardised in a manner which is increasingly unacceptable.
This can be forestalled in two ways: by preventing the occurrence
of situations likely to disrupt the proper operation of the internal  
market and by stamping out violations of the rules established by  
the Treaty and by secondary legislation.
56. There are two types of preventative measures required. To begin with,  
at Community level, there should be more information about proposals  
for legislation or regulations - accompanied where necessary by
a temporary halt - to allow the Member States concerned or the Commission  
to ask for proposals to be amended or to allow the Commission to  
propose harmonisation measures at Community level to replace national  
measures. The decision which the Council will shortly be taking on  
setting up an information system on technical standards and regulations  
in industry comes under this heading. Experience will show whether  
this method should be extended to other areas covered by national  
legislation and regulations.
57. A second type of measure is to tackle the very roots of the problem.
The fact that many infringements of the Treaty are the result of  
bureaucratic negligence rather than attempts at protectionism (see  
paragraph 42) should prompt the Member States to set up national  
instruments to avoid the creation of further obstacles to the  
operation of the internal market. In fact, the idea was put forward  
at the European Council in Copenhagen that each Member State should  
reinforce its co-ordination procedures as regards the internal market.
One such requirement would be to encourage the authorities responsible  
for passing legislation and regulations to opt for those solutions which

- 25 -
do least damage to the Community's internal market. It would 
probably be difficult to introduce this fonction by means of  
Community legislation, since this would necessarily require a  
uniform approach. Nevertheless, a statement of principle by  
the European Council along these lines, committing the Governments  
of Member States to pragmatic but steady progress, would certainly  
do much to boost public confidence.
58. Since 1977, the Commission has stepped up and streamlined its  
attempts to stamp out violations of Community laws. The processing  
of complaints is now much more efficient and faster. The Court of  
Justice has set some extremely important legal precedents (Cassis de  
Dijon, Gaston Schul, Reyners),  defining with increasing precision  
the room for manoeuvre which in exceptional cases the Treaty allows  
the Member States. Nevertheless, the problem remains that, even  
when an infringement is quite blatant, corrective action still  
takes too much time.
59. Because of the sheer volume of complaints addressed to it, the  
Commission cannot process them all in an equally short period of  
time; this is bound to work to the advantage of those Member States  
infringing legislation. For this reason, the Commission, while  
continuing to take action to improve and rationalise its internal  
procedures, will be asking the Budgetary Authorities in the 1984  
Budget for extensive additional resources. These resources are  
particularly necessary because, owing to the number of cases, the  
Commission is currently forced to base its action primarily on  
individual complaints. Even though this approach permits the  
Commission to deal with a large number of measures that are incompatible  
with the Treaty, it has a number of disadvantages as it may create  
imbalances between the Member States against whom action is being  
taken, between different economic sectors or between the different  
types of infringement. Although some imbalance is more or less  
inevitable in a process which, although it is judicial in nature,
nust also consider underlying political, institutional, economic and  
social factors, it is also important to proceed systematically,  
particularly when it comes to following guidelines laid down by judicial  
decisions or to using general notification or information procedures.

- 26 -
60. Systematic action, which will necessarily mean broader action -  
if only at the pre-litigation stage - can also help, at least in  
part, to overcome another disadvantage of procedures based essentially  
on complaints, namely the hesitation of potential plaintiffs. The  
Commission has observed that this reluctance, which is quite common
at national level too because of fear of reprisals, is even more  
common at Community level. This is a complex problem which cannot be  
solved by legal measures, as these behaviour patterns are very 
difficult to detect. For this reason, some thought will have to be  
given to reducing as far as possible the extent of this phenomenon  
which can encourage reactions likely to reduce the confidence of  
economic operators in the advantages cf a common market.
Eliminating disparities
61. As the objectives of economic unification being pursued by the  
Community are extremely ambitious and as progress to date is far from  
achieving them, merely to ensure that progress is not jeopardised is  
not enough to guarantee the proper operation of the internal market.  
Consequently, it is essential to use legislation to reduce the  
substantial inequalities between the situations existing in the  
Member States.
62. Apart from the political problems which the first chapter of this  
report tries to solve, the technical efficacy of the Community as a  
lawmaker has diminished considerably over the last few years. There  
are several reasons for this:
(i) the increase in the number of Member States tends to have an  
automatic retarding effect;
(ii) in many areas, the difficulties increase proportionally with  
the progress made by the Community, since there are wider  
differences of opinion, tradition or interest;
(iii) as the scope of legislation widens it becomes more difficult
to synchronise work being done by the Community institutions in  
order to find political settlements to the advantages and dis­
advantages to each Government of the various matters under discussion;

- 27 -
(iv) even before matters reach the Community stage, the vast number 
of different subjects makes it increasingly difficult to make 
political arrangements within each government, with the result 
that a position which was taken reluctantly can have a 
paralysing effect at Community level.
63. There are several ways of overcoming these problems, none of which 
will probably be effective on its own but all of which together can 
ease the situation. There is basically a need to restore flexibility 
to the negotiations within the Council and to simplify decision­
making procedures.
64. Any attempts to make negotiations more flexible must come from:
(i) the Commission, which should justify its proposals more clearly, 
particularly by clearly stating why the measure is required and 
the options it has decided upon;
(ii) the governments of the Member States by assigning priority to
those co-ordination measures concerning the internal market which:
- will ensure the simultaneous consideration of different 
areas where Community legislation is in progress in order 
to ensure the necessary flexibility in negotiations;
- as regards to procedures for translating Directives into 
national legislation will ensure their application within 
the given deadlines and which, once they have been adopted 
in all Member States, will allow the Council generally to 
cut the time it takes to adopt future directives;
(iii) jointly by the Commission and the Council, which should monitor 
progress being done with technical preparatory work in the 
Council so that this work:
- does not get held up at the stage of expert consultations;
- can be carried out in such a way as to present the Council 
with packages of legislative and operational decisions so 
that it can maintain the dynamic balance which is one of 
the main features of the Community and a guarantee of its 
progress.

- 28 -
As regards simplifying decision-making procedures, the Commission is 
increasingly convinced that efforts should be made to lighten the 
working procedures for harmonisation in fields other than those of 
such complexity as company law and intellectual property. As far 
as possible, the Council should offload technical matters by making 
more use of its powers of delegation as recommended by the European 
Council. Article 115 of the EEC Treaty makes express provisions for 
this possibility and opens the way to a simplified legislative procedure 
using management and regulating committees. This procedure has already 
been used successfully with customs matters and with the adaptation 
to technical progress of existing directives without any loss to the 
Member States of their right of scrutiny of Community activities.
Since 1973 the Commission has adopted 43 Directives relating to 
technical barriers. All of them, without exception, received the 
favourable opinion of the committees made up of representatives of 
Member States. The encouraging results shown by the procedure for 
adapting Council Directives to technical progress suggest that this 
procedure should be extended to the adoption of specific directives 
arising from framework directives already adopted by the Council.

ANNEX I
TRADE BARRIERS AND CONSTRAINTS
Indication, based on actual cases reported to the Commission, of the type 
of difficulties and obstacles encountered by firms or individuals wishing 
to trade beyond their national markets or to take advantage of a Community 
market.
General barriers and constraints
A. National preference
1. Campaigns to encourage the purchase of national products, origin 
marking; activities of bodies responsible for promoting national 
products ;
2. Preference granted in the context of taxation, aid and credit;
3. Reserving public contracts for national products or giving 
preference to national products in such contracts; (discriminatory 
technical specifications; awarding contracts to local tenderers
or tenderers using national products) ;  splitting-up of contracts 
to avoid open tendering procedures; recourse to emergency 
procedures or restricted procedures; incorrect application or late 
transposition of Community rules; exemptions provided for in 
Community rules (transport, water, energy, telecommunications; 
value thresholds);
4. Regulation of orders of oil and gas companies;
B. Legal uncertainty resulting from:
1. the demand for general powers to control frontiers within the 
Community;
2. the plethora of rules and regulations and the lack of trans­
parency;
3. amendments to rules and regulations without adequate transition 
periods ;
4. incorrect or late application of Community law; stagnation of 
Community activities;
5. blacklists of complainants;
6. ambiguous wording of provisions the text of which applies to 
products whatever their origin, but which in practice are 
applied only to products from third countries;
Frontier barriers
A. Formalities and inspections
1. Many complex customs, tax and statistical formalities;
2. Certificates and licences required without explanation (e.g. in 
the context of intra-Community transit);

- 30 -
3. Certificates of origin; justified or unjustified verification 
of origin in the context of Article 115 of the EEC Treaty;
4. Import declaration used as licences;
5. Discontinuation of the simplified procedures for steel products;
6. Personal checks; fuel checks;
B. Import restrictions
1. Import timetables;
2. Imports subject to the opinion of a committee in which national 
manufacturers are represented (e.g. in the case of fire-fighting 
equipment and solar collectors);
C. Administrative matters
1. Limited number of approved crossing points (e.g. for video 
recorders, textiles, clothing, steel products, animals and 
fruit); customs offices concentrated in ports and airports;
2. Shortages of staff and equipment at customs offices; many delays; 
infrastructure out of line with traffic requirements;
3. Liability of officials for amounts not collected;
D. Other
1. Requirement to go through a customs agent or a guarantor;
2. Methods of calculation which raise the value for customs 
purposes;
3. Excessive nature of criminal customs law;
Rules concerning technical safety and public health
A. Preparation of the rules
1. Plethora of rules, lack of transparency, frequent changes, 
inadequate transition periods; complexity;
2. Influence of national producers;
3. Product specifications instead of performance specifications;
4. Non-recognition of the rules of the other Member States; 
dissuasive conditions of access to quality labels;
B. Substance of the rules
1. Discriminatory effects; trade standards which penalise imports;
2. Complex rules (e.g. concerning fruit juice);
3. Provisions which require that meat products must have been 
cooked at 70°C (thus preventing the importation of cold sausage 
and dried ham);
4. Stringent rules (e.g. concerning construction materials, sanitary 
ware and the use of additives);
5. Incompatibility with Community rules and regulations (e.g. legislation 
on additives in wine and the designation thereof);
6. Imports of pigmeat banned because of sources of swine fever in 
certain areas of the exporting State;

- 31 -
7. Non-returnable packaging required (e.g. for apples and pears); 
requirement to market beer and soft drinks in recoverable 
containers approved by the authorities of the importing State; 
rules on the labelling of milk powder; requirement to use the 
language of the importing State (e.g. for foodstuffs, including 
tinned foodstuffs);
8. Beer purity law;
9. Rules concerning UHT milk;
C. Application of the rules
1. Limited number of check points;
2. Lengthy and expensive checks (e.g. bacteriological inspection 
of pasta);
3. Difficult to obtain an approval (e.g. for the importation of 
cars by individuals);
4. Special methods of analysis;
5. Lengthy and expensive approval procedures (e.g. for pharmaceutical 
products and electrical equipment);
6. Lengthy analyses (e.g. for perishable foodstuffs);
7. Elaborate inspections for imported seasonal produce (e.g. cherries 
and apples); barriers to imported agricultural produce; 
intransigent application of rules and codes (e.g. for meat,
cold meat, poultrymeat, milk, dairy products, cheese and eggs); 
quarantine requirement for batches of imported oysters;
8. Non-recognition of certificates of conformity to technical 
standards or specifications (e.g. pressure equipment; particle­
board, caravan; medical equipment; refrigerators, television 
sets; electrical equipment and electric tools);
9. Documents required which are difficult or impossible to provide 
(e.g. certificates of conformity and ageing certificates for 
certain spirits);
Other barriers and constraints
A. Transport conditions
1. Requirement to transport UHT milk by refrigerated means; rules 
concerning the carriage of dairy products in tanker lorries;
2. Exemptions from the obligation to use the tachograph, checking 
of driving time;
3. Checking the weights and dimensions of vehicles;
B. Taxation
1. Tax schemes (e.g. for alcoholic drinks; private vehicles, 
tyres; relief for locally-bottled mineral water, alcohol 
denaturing rules which can result in perfumes and toilet 
waters being treated in the same way as spirits; other schemes 
favouring local producers) ;
2. Value-added tax (e.g. differences in rates; collection 
procedures; flat-rate repayment rates for agriculture);

- 32 -
C. Aids
1. Distortion of competition; lack of transparency;
2. Aid made subject to the purchase of national products;
D. Price rules
1. Minimum or maximum prices (e.g. for pharmaceutical products; 
fixing of the price of gas); fixing of profit margins;
E. Services
1. Banking;  insurance;
2. Air transport services (licences, professional certificates 
etc.: pricing system); road transport (quotas; driving time; 
checking the weights and dimensions of vehicles; taxation).

- 33 -
Table 1
INTRA-COMMUNITY TRADE WITH REGARD TO TOTAL TRADE
(in %)
1958
I E1973
I E1981
I E
D 34.335.8 53.048,2 48.246.9
F 26.728.6 55.857,0 48.248.2
I 29.533.1 49.451.8 40.743.2
NL 50,157.1 61.373.2 52.471.3
UEBL 54,753.6 70,973.8 59.370.0
UK 20.420.3 33.133.1 39.441.2
IRL 68.281.5 71.876,3 74.769.9
DK 59.058.2 45.946.4 47.946.7
GR 53.350.4 50.055.0 50.043.3
EUR 33.835.3 52.153.7 47.650.7
I = Imports  
E = Exports
NOTE: The development of these figures is influenced, in part, by the  
increase in the price of petrol as well as by reorientation of  
trade caused by the additional demand in petrol-producing  
countries.

- 34 -
Table 2
INTRA-■COMMUNITY TRADE WITH 
(in %)REGARD TO GNP
1958 1973 1981
IE IE IE
D 4.7'5.9 8.39-3 11.512.0
F 2,82.8 8.28.1 10.3 8,6
I 3.22.9 8.97.5 10,7 9.4
NL 21.621.9 24,829.1 24.835.0
UEBL 17,917.0 33.135.1 37.239.4
UK 3.73.2 7.25.7 8.48.1
IRL 27.121 .4 30.324.5 47.4 32.8
DK 17.215.8 12.510.1 14.813.2
GR 10, 4 4.0 10.6 4.9 12.1 5.0
EUR 5.55.4 10.510.4 12.612.5
I = Imports  
E = Exports

- 35 -
Table 3
GROWTH OF INVESTMENTS  
(Annual change in %)
1961-70 1971-80 1982
D 4.7 2.0 -6.3
F 7-8 2.4 -1.4
I 5,1 1.2 -2,4
NL 7.0 0.3 -4.0
B 5,8 2.2 -5.2
LUX 3-5 2,4 0,1
UK 5.0 0.6 1.1
IRL 9.7 5,2 -2.1
DK 7-3 -1,0 -1,0
GR 9,3 2.5 -4,8
EUR 5,0 1,6 -3,0
1982 = estimate

- 36 -
Table 4
INFRINGEMENTS OF THE EEC TREATY  
Number of procedures ex. art. 169
YearFormal
NoticesReasoned
opinionCases brought
to the Decisions  
Court of the Court
1959 2 1
1960 20 3- -
1961 22 6 3 1
1962 8 5 2 2
1963 8 4 3-
1964 17 7 1 1
1965 28 5 1 1
1966 25 3- -
1967 18 5- -
1968 20 12 3 1
1969 46 21 11 4
1970 50 16 2 8
1971 42 4 2 1
1972 40 18 4 1
1973 30 7 4 4
1974 30 11 1 1
1975 60 23 2 1
1976 90 38 6 2
1977 68 28 8 2
1978 100 46 15 5
1979 200 79 18 8
1980 240 82 28 20
1981 243 150 50 17
1982 332 166 46 23
NOTE: The increase in the number of infringement procedures at the end  
of the seventies is explained, in part, by the increase in the  
volume of Community law and by the fact that in 1977 the  
Commission reinforced and nationalized its internal procedures.  
In 1982, 37 % of matters brought before tl j  Court concerned the  
incorrect transposition, or the absence of any transposition,  
of directives into national law; at the beginning of the  
eighties, three quarters of infringement procedures concerned  
this.

- 37 -
Table 5
TECHNICAL HARMONISATION  
(Industrial products)
Di rectives  
adopted 
by the 
Commi ssionCommission
ProposalsDi rectives  
adopted 
by the 
Counci lProposals
pending
31.12.
69-72 0 35
1973 1 12 11 34
1974 2 33 14 59
1975 1 15 12 65
1976 4 13 22 55
1977 1 6 17 51
1978 5 11 11 46
1979 7 7 11 42
1980 1 25 10 58
1981 5 6 6 57
1982 14 4 7 58
Total 43 150

- 38 -
Table 6
NOTIFICATIONS OF NEW TECHNICAL REGULATIONS  
(by virtue of the arrangement of 1969)
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982Total
D 3- 1- — — _ _ 4
F 1 4 - 7 9 9 8 745
I 1 1 - - - - - 3 5
NL - 1 1 - 1 - 2 - 5
B 2 2 1 1 1 - - - 7
LUX - - - - - - - - -
DK 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
IRL - - - - - 1 1 - 2
UK - - - - - - - - -
GR - - - - - - - - -
Total 810 512 14 12 12 14 87 ·