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Vol. 1984/0 143 
  
 
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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
C O M (84) 315 final
Brussels, 12 June 1984
M E M O R A N D U M
o n  the implementation of an iron and steel research programme, with a  
view to obtaining financial aid under Article 55(2)(c)  
of the E C S C  Treaty
(submitted to the Council by the Commission)
C0M(84) 315 final

MEMORANDUM
on the implementation of an iron and steel research  
programme, with a view to obtaining financial aid under  
article 55 (2)(c) of the ECSC Treaty
I - INTRODUCTION
The prospects and opportunities for research and development in meeting  
the future technological needs of the steel industry of the Community  
formed part of a recent Commission communication to the Council entitled  
"General Objectives for Steel 1985" .  In recognizing the changing  
situation in the steel sector, emphasis was placed on the contribution  
technology must make to the modernisation and restructuring of steel­
making in the Community so that international competitiveness can be  
i  mproved.
Major challenges facing the industry are the achievement of further  
improvements in the efficiency of existing steelmaking routes and the  
expansion of the range of sophisticated and high quality grades produced.
It is evident that in production, attention over the medium-term will be  
concentrated on incremental improvement in the classical steelmaking  
processes while longer-term research will include studies of radically new  
manufacturing methods. Furthermore, growing international competition in  
steel markets will intensify the efforts to innovate and exploit new  
technologies in product development particularly in connection with new  
higher value added products. Indeed, the future viability of the industry  
may depend to a considerable extent on the success that is achieved in  
this latter area.
Thus research and development must have the following important objectives:
- reduce costs and increase productivity
- up-grade product quality
- improve the service performance of products and extend the scope for  
steel utilisation.
The ECSC programme of steel research for 1984 presented in this memorandum  
embraces these priority objectives while project selection has been based  
on the criteria outlined in the medium-term orientation for steel research  
(1981-85) .
(*)
(  **)C0MC83)239 final
Official Journal,C99, Voi.24, 2 May 1981.

-2-
The projects described in the document have been selected from a total of  
200 proposals submitted to the Commission of the European Communities  
requesting aid inder Article 55 2(c) of the ECSC Treaty. After a detailed  
examination by the services of the Commission in collaboration with the  
Iron and Steel Technical Research Committee, 74 proposals have been selec­
ted as first priority :  >r inclusion in this year's programme.
The technical scope of the proposed investigations covers different  
aspects of p ocess-or.jnted and product-oriented research and the level  
of funding for the d.fferent fields is as follows:
- ironmaking :  13,3 %
- steelmaking :  19,8 %
- rolling mills and mechanical working :  10,0 %
- measurements and analysis :  10,6 %
- properties and service performance :  45,3 %
- miscellaneous :  1/-0 %
Subject to funding, the financial aid for the 74 research proposals out­
lined below will amount to a total of 17.141.800 ECU. To this will be  
added 400.000 ECU for ancillary costs and dissemination of information,  
giving a total financial commitment of 17.541.800 ECU.

-3-
II ~ RESEARCH PROJECTS  
II.1 ~ ORE REDUCTION  
I _ I _ . _ 1 _ . _ 1 _ ._Si_n_ter i_n^
Th
ere are three applications relating to sintering, all designed to reduce  
energy consumption in the sintering process. The approaches adopted differ:  
P1494 will investigate sintering at low temperature, P1508 will determine  
the optimum particle sizing for coke breeze; while in P1624 ore fines  
will be pelletized to improve the permeability of the sinter.
P.1494: Reduction of heat requirements for the sintering of a Lorraine-ore-  
based sintering mixture
Experiments will be carried out with Lorraine ore blended with varying  
amounts of high-grade ore.
1. The influence of the ore and coke particle sizing will be investigated  
by means of experiments on the sinter pellet.
2. The optimum particle size distribution will be ascertained on the  
industrial sinter line.
The main aim is to reduce sinter temperature.
Applicants :  1. ARBED - Luxembourg
2. LURGI, Frankfurt  
Budget :  410.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 1/2 years
P.1508: Use of various sizes of coke breeze to reduce the fuel requirements  
in iron ore sintering
Three different particle sizes for coke will be investigated with the same  
sinter mix.
1. 3.15/0 mm, mean particle size 0.4 mm
2. 4.00/0 mm, mean particle size 0.8 mm
3. 5.00/0 mm, mean particle size 1.3 mm
The industrial tests will be carried out on two well-instrumented sinter
lines with grate areas of 400 and 250 m2.
Applicant :  Thyssen - Duisburg
Budget :  659.500 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P.1624: Sintering of partially pelletized ore mixtures
1. Tests will be carried out to ascertain how far ore fines K. 0.2 mm are  
suitable for pelletizing in their natural sizing.
2. Experimental sintering operations will be carried out with 30-50%  
pellets and permeability, productivity, energy consumption and the  
properties of the sinter will be determined.
Applicant
Budget
Probable durationCSM - Roma  
446.500 ECU  
2 years

-4-
I_I_.J\_._2. _ _Blast _f urnace
The aims of the four blast furnace projects are as follows: the improve­
ment of blast furnace operation by formulating a logic of consistent  
operating data oased on .he association of symptoms (P.1499), the dis­
placement of s licon rt oval in the blast furnace by blowing ore fines  
through the tiyeres (P 575), the study of the effect on coke quality of  
the injection of coal ines (P.1592) and model experiments on the descent  
of the blast furnace >  large and combination of the models with blast  
furnace experiments (P.1625).
P.1499 :  Mrnitoring the operation of the blast furnace by means of 
objective parameters
The changes in operating data will be recorded and diagnosed. In this  
process the different types of data will be brought into association.
In a second stage practical cases will be analysed.
Applicant :  CRM - Liège
Budget :  906.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1575 :  Removal of pig iron silicon in the blast furnace
The temperature will be reduced by blowing in metal oxides in the tuyere  
region. This should inhibit SiO formation (MeO + SiO - Me + Si 0 _ ,  )  and  
enable better use to be made of the high blast temperature. d
Applicant :  IRSID - St. Germain-en-Laye
Budget :  523.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1592 :  Effect of blast furnace coal injection
Coal will be injected into a pilot plant consisting of a combustion chamber  
and tuyeres of industrial size in order to simulate the operating  
conditions in front of the tuyeres in a blast furnace. The influence of the  
coal (in particular the volatile proportion, the particle size distribution  
and the ash content) on coke quality will be investigated.
Applicant :  BSC - London
Budget :  346.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P-1625 :  Fluodynamics of the materials in the blast furnace charge
The descent of the charge will be investigated
a) in the blast furnace
b) with blast furnace models.
The change; in strata thickness in the radial direction will be studied in  
particular. The results should help to improve blast furnace operation.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuova Italsider - Genova  
Budget :  513.000 ECU
Probabme duration :  3 years

-5-
II.2 - STEELMAKING  
ll-J L -J L s ^ijng^and _So l ^d i  f i_c a t ion
The aims of these four projects are as follows: In projects P.1493 and  
P.1594 the influence of mould fluxes on the occurrence of longitudinal  
cracks and breakouts will be studied. In project P.1593 the conditions  
causing nozzle blockage will be investigated from the quantitative view­
point. The aim of P.1630 is to improve the internal quality and surface  
finish of slabs and blooms using the FAST process.
p-1493 :  The effect of mould lubricants on heat transfer, surface quality  
and incidence of breakouts during continuous casting
Projects P.1493 and P.1594 are coordinated.
The critical data on mould fluxes, especially their lubricating properties,  
and their influence on the risk of breakouts are to be determined.
App l  i  cant  
Budget
Probable durationTU Clausthal - Clausthal-Zellerfeld  
231.500 ECU  
3 years
P.1594 :  Mould fluxes for continuous casting
Research will be carried out on the causes and mechanisms of breakouts,  
especially those caused by the product sticking to the mould. In addition  
the mould flux properties will be optimized as regards surface quality.
Laboratory and in-plant tests are planned.
Appli cant 
Budget
Probable durationBSC - London  
199.500 ECU  
3 years
P-1593 :  Nozzle blockage in continuous casting
The interactions between steel, inclusions and refractories are to be  
i  nvest i  gated.
First of all the type of blockages will be studied. Then simulation tests  
will be carried out in the laboratory during which the steel composition  
and refractory materials will be varied, and finally the design of the  
nozzles will also be taken into consideration.
Applicant
Budget
Probable durationBSC - London  
138.000 ECU  
2 years
P.1630 :  FAST-SC process for the solidification of slabs in continuous  
cast i  ng
Two methods are planned for micro-alloying:
a) the insertion of wires (alloyed) through the casting ladle stopper
b) the addition of metal powders (alloyed)through a lance

-6-
The mixing conditions will be described in a mathematical model.
Finally tests on an industrial scale are planned.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuc /a Italsider - Genova  
Budget :  6C .500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 ears
II ^^^.Stee^works^^etaUurg^
In convertor steelmaking, the present trend is to carry out certain  
treatments (removal of silicon, phosphorus and sulphur) before the metal  
enters the converter. Projects P.1626/2, P.1518 and P.1519 follow these  
lines although they adopt different approaches. Another topical theme is  
"mixed" blowing. Project P.1576 will study the heat and materials transfers  
between the various phases (rnetal, slag, gas) for this type of blowing.
The last projects in this category (P.1596) is designed to optimize  
phosphorus and sulphur removal processes in the ladle.
P.1626 :  Operation with low silicon content in molten pig iron
The current tendency is to produce steels with a very low content of  
undesirable trace elements (silicon, phosphorus, sulphur). In industrial-  
scale tests these elements are to be eliminated:
a) in the submarine ladle
b) in the converter charging ladle
Both are equipped with efficient slag removal systems.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuova Italsider - Genova  
Budget :  883.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1518 :  Removal of silicon from pig iron between blast furnace tapping  
and the pig iron transport ladle
Silicon removal is to be designed as a continuous process in the launder.
If possible, phosphorus and sulpnur removal will also be shifted to the  
launder.
It is planned to construct a launder chamber or tubulence reactor for  
silicon removal. FeO, CaO and CaF^ will be used as agents, both with and  
without the addition of oxygen.
Applicant :  Krupp - Bochum
Budget :  1.264.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1519 :  Silicon and phosphorus removal from pig iron
Tests are to be carried out on the removal of silicon, phosphorus and  
sulphur from pig iron between the blast furnace and the steel plant using  
lime, liquid LD slag and dried or sintered LD sludge or sinter.

-7-
Preliminary tests in the Laboratory, the preparation of a technical  
strategy and a profitability study based on materials and heat balances  
are planned.
P.1576 :  Transfers in a converter
The influences of the lance, converter geometry, lance operation and pig  
iron composition are to be described in general terms. First of all  
experiments will be carried out on a cold model, then the model will be  
described in mathematical terms and finally experiments in a 6-tonne  
converter are planned.
Applicant :  IRSID - St .Germain-en-Laye
Budget :  432.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1596 :  Phosphorus and sulphur removal in secondary steelmaking
Research to optimize phosphorus and sulphur removal in the ladle is  
planned in three experimental phases:
a) experiments in a pilot plant
b) construction of mathematical and physical models to interpret the  
experimental work
c) determination of thermodynamic data.
Applicant :  BSC - London
Budget :  361.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
There is only one project under this heading. An attempt will be made to  
produce ingots from high-alloy steel with a wide solidifcation range  
(high-speed tool steels, stainless steels) by remelting in the electron  
beam furnace. Remelting will be carried out below the liquidus temperature.
P.1522 :  Subliquidus remelting of high-alloy steel with consumable
The steels S 6-5-2 and X 19 CrNiNb 18 9 will be remelted:
a) in the two-electrode vacuum arc furnace and
b) in the electron beam furnace.
The aim will be to obtain steel with a fine solidification structure which  
is equivalent to a structure obtained by powder metallurgy. Surface ultra­
sonic and metallographic tests are planned.
Applicant :  Krupp - Bochum
Budget :  120.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 yearsAppli cant 
Budget
Probable durationHoesch - Dortmund  
532.000 ECU  
3 years
I_I zi -1. i. &Ç. Ç. j.a L J1ÜÇ.Ç.Ç.5.I.Ç.S
electrodes

-8-
11 ._2 .__Ref r act o r i_es
One project was selected in this section. The technique of flame guniting  
is to be further developed for applying insulating linings to distributor  
vessels.
P.1500 :  Lining distributor vessels by flame guniting
Suitable materials will first be identified in laboratory tests. Then the  
conditions for the process will be established with a view to optimum  
mechanical and thermal properties. Finally in-plant experiments are  
planned.
Applicant :  CRM - Liège
Budget :  574.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
II ,_2_._5.__Iheoret_i_ca l__Met_a l_l_urgy_
In this field the chemical equilibria of the alkali metals Ca, Mg, Ba and  
Sr in steel refining will be investigated. In particular solubility in  
alloyed and non-alloyed iron, reactions with trace elements and the  
distribution between metal and slag will be studied.
P.1523 :  Refining of steel melts with alkaline earth metals
Basic thermodynamic research on the solubility, formation of intermetallic  
phases and equilibria will be carried out with the metals Mg, Ba, Ca and  
Sr. In addition the compounds and reactions of these metals with Bi, Pb, Sb,  
Sn and P will be investigated.
Applicant :  VDEh - Düsseldorf
Budget :  301.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 1/2 years
II■3 ~ MECHANICAL WORKING
All seven of the projects proposed in this field are designed to improve  
the quality of the various rolled products. Project P.1529 concerns the  
improvement of straightness in the cutting of bars and light sections.  
Projects P.1495, P.1526 and P.1579 aim to improve the mechanical properties  
and flatness of heavy plate, while projects P.1528 and P.1605 are intended  
to reduce coiling and flatness defects in hot-rolled wide strip. Project  
P.1544 is also designed to improve flatness, but in this case of cold strip.
I_K3._U_Rol_l_i_ng_Mi_l_l_s _-_Bars _and_Sect_i_ons
P.1529 :  Improvement of bar straightness for small sections at the cutters
Ways of avoiding bending of the bars during hot cutting are to be  
identified.
This should improve yield, especially for special steel.

-9-
The experiments will be carried out with drum-type shears.
Applicant :  Krupp - Siegen
Budget :  204.500 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
I.L1 .3; _2; __R olL  j ^ i_ n  _ M  i_  U s _ F  Lit. J Ü .Ü Q .d  u  c t s
P-1495 :  Production of high strength sheet and plate by the QST process
The quenching and self-tempering process developed for bars is to be  
further developed for light and heavy plate.
First a suitable QST plant will be built for development of the cooling  
techno logy.
The metallurgical tests will be carried out on steel Fe 510.
Applicant :  ARBED - Luxembourg
Budget :  226.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P.1526 :  Optimized hot straightening of heavy plate
The aim is to improve flatness, especially for thermomechanically rolled  
plate. The straightening process will be investigated and analysed. Then  
a straightening strategy will be devised and tested out in operation on  
normal and wedge-shaped plates.
Applicant :  Dillinger Hüttenwerke - Dillingen
Budget :  451.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1579 :  Hot straightening of heavy plate
The aim is to improve the theoretical knowledge of the processes occurring  
in the hot straightening of heavy plate. Theoretical and experimental  
research on a hot straigthening machine is planned. The target and actual  
values of the plates and the characteristics of the straightening machine  
will be taken into account in a mathematical model to be constructed.
P. 1526 and P.1579 form a single programme. The first project will  
investigate the industrial aspects and the second the theoretical aspects.
Applicant :  IRSID - St. Germann-en-Laye
Budget :  292.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1528 :  Improvement of coiling quality on hot strip coilers
The aim is to avoid coiling defects and thereby to improve output. The  
influencing factors will be analysed from the viewpoint of measurement  
technique. Simulation experiments will be carried out, different types of  
coiling equipment being taken into consideration.

-10 -
Plant optimization is the ultimate aim.
Applicant :  VDEh - Düsseldorf
Budget :  836.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1605 :  Measurement and control of strip shape
The flatness of hot strip will be measured before and after coiling. The 
factors responsible for changes in flatness will be determined. The cooling 
plan on the runout table and the distribution of roll force will be taken 
into account in determining target values for coi ler entry. Flatness at the 
coiler will be compared with flatness at the pickling plant or slitter. A 
programme for changing flatness adjustment at the final stand and for 
strip cooling will be designed.
Applicant :  BSC - London
Budget :  210.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
II ._5,_Z._Cold__Rol_l_i_nc[
P.
1544 :  Installation and operating conditions of flatness measurement 
systems
The aim is to improve flatness measuring systems in cold rolling mills by 
eliminating incorrect adjustments caused by warped strip. Analyses based 
on the theory of elasticity, laboratory tests and measurements in 
industrial operation are plannedCon strip not more than 0.5 mm thick).
Applicant :  BFI - Düsseldorf
Budget :  627.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 1/2 years
II.4 - MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS
The continuing demand for improved standards of product quality in 
production and fabrication along with the requirement for more advanced 
methods of inspection and process control make research in the field of 
measurements and analysis a key part of the programme.
In the nine projects outlined below, particular attention is devoted to 
non-destructive testing techniques to determine residual stress on steel 
components while other projects deal with problems of chemical analysis, 
surface inspection of strip and monitoring the burden profile in a blast 
furnace.
P.1502 :  Ionic chromatography
In recent research extremely efficient methods have been developed for the 
quantitative analysis of elements. This was done in a coordinated 
programme conducted by steel laboratories on the use of inductive coupled 
plasma spectrometry. This method of analysis is currently proving very 
successful in the steel industry, but a number of problems arising in 
"liquid" chemistry have not yet been solved Ce.g. anion determination).

-11 -
It seems that ionic chromatography could solve this type of problem. The 
project will examine this possibility with a view to adapting the method 
to specific cases arising in steel laboratories and to designing suitable procedures.
The work programme calls for a preparatory phase subdivided into three main parts:
a) study of ferric ion complexing modes;
b) analytical study of various pickling baths;
c) study of the precise determination of very low contents of phosphorus 
and sulphur in steels and at a later stage determination of boron and 
nitrogen.
Applicant :  CRM - Liège
Budget :  219.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P-1530 :  Non-destructive determination of -stresses in steel by ultrasonic 
and magnetic methods
This project is a follow-up to two earlier contracts (7210.GA/120 and 
7210.GA/810) in the same field. The aim is to develop a measuring method 
to determine internal mechanical stresses in rolled and forged products. 
Internal stresses, which will be analysed solely by an ultrasonic method 
using transverse waves of different polarity, will be distinguished from 
surface stresses and stress gradients, for which magnetic methods will be 
used (dynamic magnetostriction, Berkhausen effect, etc.) because of their 
greater sensitivity. The development of the ultrasonic methods will consist 
of improving the transverse wave emittors and receivers and the processing 
elect roni cs.
The magnetic methods will be adapted and improved and prototypes will be 
constructed.
The programme will also include basic research to identify the effects of 
the structure and of the stresses stemming from the influence of the steel 
structure on the measurements proper.
Applicant :  Fraunhofer Institut für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren -
Saarbrücken 
Budget :  465.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1565 :  Internal stresses in the heat-treatment of work pieces
This research is aimed at describing cooling processes and residual 
stresses by extrapolation with the help of computer programmes.
To this end a programming system will be developed jointly by the M.P.I. 
and the data processing service of Krupp. The temperature and the stress 
variations during cooling will be calculated dynamically.
Further programmes will be employed which will compare the time/temperature 
distribution over radial cross-sections with those found for standard 
samples.

-1 2 -
The method will be applied in practice on a single and double cylinder of 
50 CrMo4 steel in continuous cooling and in cyclic cooling.
The results obtained from this research project should make it possible 
to predict and measure the stresses produced during cooling in pieces 
which have undergone heat-treatment and thus to anticipate and avoid any 
damage.
This work will be coordinated with projects P.1530 and P.1652.
Applicant :  VDEh - Düsseldorf
Budget :  127.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1652 :  Residual stress measurements for improvements in billet cropping 
yield
This is an extension of the research done in a completed project 
(7210.GA/810) carried out in cooperation with the FIzP, Saarbrücken, for 
the application to shearing.
Measurement of residual stress in billets is abviously useful in forging 
as these stresses often cause twisting or crackling. The non-contacting 
ultrasonic method to be used (EMAT) is based on very accurate measurements
of wave velocity, dispersion and attenuation of reflected and transmitted
pulses.
AERE Harwell will design an instrument to measure both internal and 
surface stresses in steels before and after cropping so as to obtain more 
consistent quality control of cropped billets. All this research will 
be coordinated with project P.1530 of FIzP and P.1565 of VDEh.
The method using EMA transducers would first be applied to simple sections 
(round, square) and then to more varied products at the Brymbo Steel 
Works, Clwyd, Wales.
Applicant :  UKAEA Research Centre - Harwell
Budget :  175.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1581 :  Aluminous oxidized phases in steels
To enable the steelmaker to monitor and control inclusions in steels, 
especially continuously cast steels, the analyst must be in a position to 
identify and quantify the various oxidized inclusions. In the final steel­
making stage, it is important to know the degree of cleanliness of the 
metal and the distribution of various elements between metallic and 
inclusion phases (aluminium-killed steels for example). It is therefore 
necessary to obtain the most accurate results possible by using suitable 
chemical methods of analysis:
1) Chemical analysis:
The measurements will be carried out by atomic absorption and optical 
emission spectrometry with plasma beam excitation.
2) Electrochemical dissolving
Study of electrochemical separation methods carried out by dissolving 
the iron matrix.

-13-
3) Physical analysis:
Optical emission spectrometry with mild excitation. An analyser of the 
LECO RO 316 type will be used for the oxygen phases.
This research will help towards the production of new steel grades with a 
low content of deoxidizing elements.
Applicant :  IRSID - St. Germain-en-Laye
Budget :  290.000 ECU
Probable duration :  4 years
P-1583 :  Development of pickling baths for stainless steels
This project consists of a study of the physics and chemistry of solutions 
and in particular the development of suitable methods of analysis for 
determination of the constituents in solution. The aim is to obtain an 
accurate knowledge of the way in which pickling baths for stainless steels 
operate.
Data yielded by analytical chemistry will be used to develop for stainless 
steels an industrial pickling process meeting certain requirements 
(pickling capacity, surface quality, absence of pollution, recovery of 
chromium and nickel, etc.)
The approach adopted will be laboratory work followed by a transfer of 
technology to the industrial scale.
Applicants :  IRSID - St. Germain-en-Laye
Forges de Gueugnon - Gueugnon 
Budget :  319.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1585 :  Optical means of profile analysis
The gas distribution in a blast furnace is an extremely important operating 
parameter that is affected mainly by the way in which the burden is charged.
The aim is to develop a device capable of plotting the stock surface and 
processing the data obtained so as to act on the charging and stock 
distribution appliances. Use will be made of a laser technique whose main 
characteristics are a beam of a perfect specified shape and a higher energy 
density than conventional systems.
During the preliminary phase laboratory work will be carried out to study 
the level of the signal of the TV camera obtained by back-scattering of 
a laser beam on coke and also on sinter.
In the first stage, the features of the system will be selected:
- choice of light source
- choice of the most efficient receiver
- method of installing the system.
In the second stage, the system designed will be further developed and 
coupled to a data acquisition and processing system combined with image 
processing.

-14-
In-plant research will be carried out at Sollac's Patural blast furnace
Appli cant 
Budget
Probable durationIRSID - St. Germain-en-Laye 
469.500 ECU
2 years
P.1631 :  Proto.ype syst n  for the surface inspection of strii
Automation of the inspection of rolled strip surface quality is becoming 
increasingly importan, for quality control of the product and standardi­zation of inspection methods.
This research tackles the problem of quality control for stainless and 
electrical steels; the aim is to design, develop and construct two proto- 
types for surface defect detection and classification. These will then be 
installed on inspection lines at the Terni works.
The following technology is planned: enclosed light sources to illuminate 
the strip, linear CCD cameras with 512 photodiodes for detection and 
microprocessors to process the signals.
The work will ue divided into three separate phases:
D Study to determine the best light source for the site in conjunction 
with the detection system selected; study of the arrangement and distribution of the sensors.
2) Study and design of hardware and software for data processing and transmission.
3) Construction and installation of two prototypes
- one on the stainless steel line
- the other on the electrical steel line.
Compari son of the results with visual inspection.
Not only should it be possible to design an inexpensive, flexible system 
that is easy to operate, but the process should also open the way to the 
us6 of robotics and automation in this field.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Terni - Terni
Budget :  727.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1632 :  Dynamic test of the lubricating film for cold rolling
In cold rolling the lubricating film between the rolls and the sheet serves 
an important unction that is vital to the surface quality of the sheet.
It is hoped to overcome difficulties that arise in this connection by 
designing and developing a fast and inexpensive inspection method. The 
aim is to onstruct and perfect an instrument that can be used to monitor 
the plane ueformation of portions of sheet under various conditions and 
to instrument the whole s>stem so as to obtain rolling parameters (stress- strain, coefficient of friction).

-15-
The system will then be installed on two cold tandem mills so as to carry 
out in turn two test programmes:
a) on test sheets
recording of the stress-strain curves under various conditions,
- analyses and examination of the deformations on the surface of 
the sheets tested.
b) on sheet leaving the tandem mill
- analyses and examination of surface to define the effect of rolling 
on the lubricant and on the sheet.
After the rolling tests, data will be collected for statistical processing 
and correlation between the dynamic tests and the data obtained in 
industrial operation.
An evaluation method will be designed to measure the degree of efficiency 
of the lubricating film.
Applicant :  CSM - Roma
Budget :  240.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
II■5 ~ PROPERTIES AND SERVICE PERFORMANCE 
11_ ; _ 5 - _ 1 _ ._We l_dabi_ l^vby
We
lding operations are of great importance in the use of steel. When 
fabricating components it is necessary to observe safety standards 
(mechanical strength) but also to maintain competitiveness (economic 
aspect). The results obtained in the research projects under this heading 
should help towards meeting these requirements.
P.1503 :  Preheating conditions for the welding of structural steels
With a correct choice of preheating conditions for semi-automatic or 
automatic welding of structural steels under inert gas, it is possible to 
avoid cold under-bead cracking which can jeopardize safety. By increasing 
the technical knowledge already available it should be possible to 
simplify welding requirements, thereby reducing the cost involved.
The ultimate aim of this research project is to determine the savings in 
preheating that can be made, in particular with the inert gas process 
(MIG), and to investigate the possibility of eliminating preheating in 
certain cases and for certain steel grades.
Applicant :  CRM - Liège
Budget :  241.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P.1547 :  Resistance spot welding and projection welding of zinc-coated 
steel plate
For many technical applications, and in particular in the motor industry, 
steel sheet with a zinc coating is being used more and more frequently to

-16 -
provide protection against corrosion. Resistance spot welding and 
projection weldi > g  a re frequently used for this type of sheet because of 
their high productivity, ihe protective coating need not be removed 
before welding out remai ~s throughout the welding process. Attention 
has to be paid to the 1  acing of the spots and their reliability as 
regards mecharicaL beh lour. A special study will be made of the behaviour 
of sheet with a zinc-b ..ed coating.
Applicant :  neinisch-Westfälisehe Technische Hochschule - Aachen
Budget :  176.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1548 :  Effect of material on the high performance of longitudinal seam 
welding of cans
The use of brazing to fabricate cans intended for food has been called 
into question because of the migration of the heavy metals contained in 
the brazing alloy. Consequently roller seam welding is used for tin 
plate. To prevent the coated sheet from sticking to the electrodes, however, 
the lost electrode method has to be used. This makes it difficult to 
increase weldi ,g speeds, especially as dimensional tolerances then play 
an important part in the success of the welding operation.
An attempt will be made to optimize the various parameters: sheet 
composition, mechanical properties, thickness and flatness tolerances, 
surface finish, coating, so as to obtain greater welding efficiency.
Applicant :  Rasselstein AG - Neuwied
Budget :  769.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1550 :  Weldability of micro-alloyed high-strength fine-grained structural
steels
The purpose of this research is to study the influence of welding on the 
properties of micro-alloyed high-strength fine-grained structural steels 
(for example STE 460 and 15 NiCuMoNb 5). The welding of these steels 
(multipass welding for heavy plate) is at present followed by a post­
welding stress-relieving operation.
The project will investigate how far this treatment could be eliminated, as 
this would obviously reduce the duration and cost of the fabricating 
operations. If good results are obtained it will be possible to relax the 
requirements and rules for the use of these steels.
Krupp GmbH of Essen and Thyssen of Oberhausen, will cooperate in this 
research.
Applicant :  VDEh - Düsseldorf
Budget :  177.500 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P.1586 :  Thick joints welded by the consumable wire-guide process
Vertical electro-slag welding with consumable wire guide is a very high 
energy process capable of welding thick plate at high speed, however, there

-17-
are two drawbacks that hamper its use: the density of the weld metal and 
the toughness of the weld metal and the heat-affected zone. This project 
aims to improve these two properties by making use in particular of the 
knowledge acquired of the metallurgy of the molten metal in welding under 
solid flux.
The influence of the inclusion state on micro-structure and toughness is 
now known.In the course of this research the improvements brought about 
by C-Mn steel plate (E355 and E460) with low sulphur and phosphorus 
contents in fabricating by means of very high energy welding will also be
i  nvest i  gated.
Applicants :  IRSID - St.Germain-en-Laye
Creusot-Loire - Le Creusot 
Budget :  435.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
p.1609 :  High-speed resistance seam welding
The general objective of the proposed programme is to study the high-speed 
resistance seam welding of uncoated and coated steels.
Sheet steel of thickness 0.5 - 1.5 mm is currently resistance seam welded 
in mass production industries for domestic container/drum manufacture.
While welding speeds of up to 10 m per minute are feasible in some of 
these applications, welding speeds of less than 4 m per minute are typical 
in industry. Limitations on welding speed can be attributed to a lack of 
basic understanding of the seam welding process and the requirement in many 
instances to make pressure-tight welds and welds of a good aesthetic 
appearance, i.e. non-marking or free from indentation on the exposed 
side of the joint. In addition, the use of high-speed welding can call for 
tighter tolerances regarding the material to be welded.
The objectives of the proposed programme are, therefore:
i) to determine the factors which influence welde formation in high­
speed seam welding of uncoated (both unalloyed and high strength) 
and coated steels. This will include an assessment of the dynamic 
force-resistance relationships, during welding.
to dermine the influence of material tolerances, i.e. analysis, thick­
ness and surface condition on the ability to make acceptable resis 
tance seam welds at welding speeds up to 20 m per minute.ii)
Appli cant 
Budget
Probable durationBSC - London 
195.500 ECU 
3 years
P.1634 :  Development of high-productivity submerged arc welding techniques
At oresent the submerged arc welding process is applied at industria 
rjiTsing  techniques with - ^ ^ ^ - . - l ^ r p r r t ^ t r v e H w e t ^  
diameter pipes, tec n^es deVeloped which allow far higher producti-
;·? " " e ^  Ìo br^tained. The benefits to be obtained by increasing 
the nLber of wires are :  higher productivity, improved metallurgical 
properties of the weld and reduced flux consumption.

-18-
The purpose of the proposed research programme is to determine and 
quantify the advantages of using multi-wire techniques and to establish 
the optimal weld,ng condiJ  ions in terms of the correct relationship 
between number rf wires aid type and amount of flux for a given parent 
material.
The applicaticis to wh .  the research studies will apply are welded 
large-diametet pipes, eel sections and vessels.
The parent materials .sed for the experimental welds will be (a) steels 
produced by controll d rolling and having acicular ferritic or polygonal 
ferritic s ' -  'uctures (thicknesses up to 30 mm), and (b) quenched and 
tempered or normalised steels with different mechancal strength (thick­
nesses up to 100 mm).
The mechanical properties of the welded joints will be studied and 
evaluated by means of traditional mechanical tests and by fracture 
mechanics tests performed on both weld metal and heat-affected zones.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuova Italsider - Genova 
Budget :  563.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
IIi5i2i_Corros2on_and_Surface_Protect2on
The research proposed under this heading focuses on improving the under­
standing of surface states so as to develop industrial conditions ensuring 
a good bond between the base metal and the coating. Economic aspects 
(cost, energy) are also tackled.
P.1552 :  Corrosion behaviour of low-alloy steels in seawater
The aim is to demonstrate the influence of the elements Cr and Si on 
steel corrosion in the atmosphere and in seawater, and in particular the 
influence of different chromium contents on the behaviour of steel in 
seawater.
Earlier research has shown that chromium and aluminium have a favourable 
effect on corrosion in seawater but this advantage does not extend to 
splash and tidal zones. It is possible that silicon could prove 
advantageous n all three regions. It is therefore necessary to determine 
the optimum content of silicon and the best combination of the three 
elements Cr, Si and Al. The influence of these elements and of cathodic 
protection on the behaviou- (hardness) of the heat-affected zone in 
welded connections will also be examined.
Applicant :  VDEh - Düsseldorf
Budget :  158.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1587 :  Surface treatment and the corrosion of industrial galvanized
products ~ ~ --
Th
e aim of the research project is to optimize surface treatment and the 
suitability for phosphate-coating of industrial galvanized products so as

-19-
to improve paint adhesion and corrosion resistance.
It is planned to study:
- the surface state of galvanized coatings and the way it changes up to 
the time that the organic coating (paint) is applied; surface physics 
and chemistry and topography will be studied;
- the suitability for phosphate-coating of various precoated products;
- the adhesion of phosphate layers and paint on sheet and corrosion 
mechanisms at the metal/paint interface.
This research will be carried out in close cooperation with the Centre 
d'information de la Tôle d'Acier Galvanisé.
Applicant :  IRSID - St. Germain-en-Laye
Budget :  435.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1611 :  Surface cleanliness of cold-rolled strip
It is proposed to study, in greater depth, the various factors influencing 
the surface cleanliness of cold-rolled and annealed steel sheet, 
especially for use in the motor car industry.
The formation and effects of organic material (non soap) in surface deposits, 
and the role of particulate material in rolling emulsions at various mill 
locations, will be investigated. More detailed analysis and control of 
rolling oil formulations will be instituted and a sensitive method for 
detecting tramp oil leakages will be developed. Current work has indicated 
that rolling oil may have an inhibitive effect on graphite formation, this 
will be examined in greater detail. The effects of ‘ interlap pressures, 
annealing atmosphere composition, sheet texture and temperature-time 
effects on graphitisation will also be examined. The interaction of the 
above factors with the steel microstructures in relation to rimmed, 
mould-stabilised and Concast steel grades will be investigated.
The aim of the project is to recommend an improved regime of processing 
which will result in a cleaner final sheet product, thus enhancing 
subsequent paintability.
Applicant :  BSC - london
Budget :  206.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P.1640 :  A new continuous annealing process for cold-rolled steel strip
Two special treatments have been proposed for use in continuous annealing 
processes. During quenching and/or final surface conditioning, the strip 
is passed through a neutral electrolytic solution under dc polarization.
This prevents the formation of oxide layers and therefore gives the strip 
good surface properties. The best operating conditions for this process 
will now be established by trials on an experimental line.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuova Italsider - Genova 
Budget :  587.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years

-20 -
P.1646 :  Electrochemical control and monitoring of stainless steel 
pickling processes
The aim of the study is to reduce energy consumption and improve the 
quality standard for sulphuric and nitrohydrofluoric pickling in stainless 
steel strip production lines. Through revised formulas and procedures it 
should be possible to:
- optimize bath composition (H SO HNO,, HNO., + HF) in relation to surface 
effects,depending on the type of steei treated;
- develop control techniques for automatic bach management;
- develop methods for fast evaluation of the surface quality of the strip 
produced.
The results obtained should be applied directly in production lines so that 
automatic plant management can minimize energy requirements and consumption 
of specific acids and enable a constant optimum surface quality to be 
obtained.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Terni SpA - Terni 
Budget :  284.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
iI^3._Cold_Forming
The industries using sheet steel are increasingly turning to high-strength 
steels. Consequently it is necessary to keep up research on these products 
as regards their structure and surface finish and also of course their 
deep drawing properties. The proposed projects concentrate on improving 
this knowledge.
P.1488 :  Formabi li ty of thin cold-rolled steel sheet with variable micro- 
structure and coatings '
The topics of proposed research in formabi lity of thin cold-rolled steel 
sheet are:
a) f langability (hole-flanging and flange-buckling)
b) studies of strain gradients across the surface and through thickness 
of sheet.
These topics deal with the important industrial problem of material 
variability and its role in formability limits.
The various types of steel which is proposed to study are:
a) cold rolled steel sheet :  - low carbon steel
- zinc coated carbon steel
- tin coated carbon steel
b) including high-strength grades :  - rephosphorised
- microalloyed
- dual-phase

-21 -
and will be provided by EEC manufacturers.
This proposed research programme will be carried out in close scientific 
collaboration between the steel industry and university research institutes 
namely the University of Athens and the University of Louvain in Belgium.
Applicants :  Hellenic Steel - Athens
T.U. - Athens
Budget :  200.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P.1506 :  Basic annealing - gas-metal reaction
Surface cleanliness is still without any doubt of great concern to the 
steelmaker because of the limits laid down by the user industries (for 
example the motor industry).
Recrystallization annealing of tight coils is of importance here insofar 
as it is supposed to remove the oils deposited on the strip during pickling 
and cold rolling.
Now that the changes in the chemical composition of the gaseous phase 
present between the turns of a coil throughout the annealing process and 
the mechanisms involved in eliminating the oils have been clarified, ways 
of modifying these gas-metal reactions so as to improve the surface clean­
liness of the finished product will be sought. This will be done by means 
of tests on industrial coils involving controlled adjustments to the 
oxidizing potential of the protective atmosphere during the most 
appropriate period and by laboratory simulation tests in an instrumented 
annealing furnace.
It is also proposed to develop a non-destructive technique enabling the 
number of industrial tests to be increased so that the effect of certain 
parameters can be better evaluated statistically.
Applicant :  CRM - Liège
Budget :  558.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
p.1613 :  Dynamic properties of sheet sheet weIded/bonded structures
Developments in high-strength, formable steels have resulted in weight 
saving when used in vehicle applications, particularly in low stress 
areas.
The proposed programme is aimed at producing basic information on the 
dynamic properties of various materials in the welded condition under 
conditions similar to the loading regimes imposed on a component in 
practice. In addition to fatigue, high-speed impact testing will be 
carried out to ascertain the collapse characteristics of various basic 
engineering structural fabrications, e.g. tubular, boxhat, Z and inserted 
sections. The influence of the joining process on the stiffness of 
structures will also be examined.
It is proposed to carry out a programme of work :

-22 -
(i) To determine the collapse response under high speed impact loading 
conditions - up to 32 km/h of typical sheet metal welded sections - 
and to compare the collapse characteristics with theoretical 
predictions. Additionally, the impact characteristics of pre-fatigued 
test pieces will be determined to assess the influence of cumulative 
damage on the weld properties.
(ii) Tests will be carried out on simple welded sections using variable 
amplitude loading stress sequences with either a single size 
excursion or excursions of two or more magnitudes to simulate over­
load conditions. A wide spectrum of loading conditions will be 
used from tension to compression. In addition, tests will also be 
carried out under precise strain sequences.
To meet these objectives, the influence of steel strength and thickness, 
section geometry and weld geometry will be investigated. This will allow 
the generation of more realistic information on the properties of 
resistance welds, weld bonded (resistance/adhesive) and adhesively bonded 
joints.
Applicant :  BSC - London
Budget :  205.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1638 :  Optimization of the static annealing parameters of sheet steel 
for pressing ~~
The industrial applicability of results obtained in the laboratory is 
contingent on the possibility of ensuring that the gases reacting with 
carbon (H^O, CO^, 0^) reach the interior of the coils efficiently. The 
possibility of adding compounds of elements that inhibit graphite growth 
(S, Se, Te) must be explored. Industrial tests will be used in an attempt 
to determine the roles of surface carbon and of iron powder in phosphatibi- 
Lity. The possibility of eliminating the carbon deposit without costly 
preliminary treatment and without changes in plant design is of primary 
importance, especially in consideration of the ever greater demands for high 
surface quality in sheet steel for the motor industry.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuova Italsider - Genova 
Budget :  199.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P-1641 :  Single and dual-phase steels for continuous annealing
The current trend in producing high-strength steel sheet for car bodies is 
to start with a steel having a relatively low yield strength so as to 
eliminate deepdrawing problems and to make use of the bake-hardening effect 
to impart the required strength to the pressed and painted panel.
The purpose of this research programme is to optimize the mechanical and 
bake-hardening properties of single-phase rephosphorized steels and dual­
phase low-alloy steels.
In addition to determining the most suitable steel compositions and the 
most effective cooling rates, it will be possible to assess the advantages 
of continuous annealing over batch annealing.

-23-
A study is proposed of the influence on the properties of the product of the 
following process parameters: annealing temperature and time, quenching 
temperature, quenching rate, overaging temperature and time.
It is also intended to investigate more closely the extent to which 
composition and process parameters influence recrystallization mechanisms; 
particular attention will be given to the influence of the partial 
austenitic transformation which takes place during annealing. In the case 
of dual-phase steels, an attempt will be made to establish a correlation 
between recrystallization texture and anisotropy coefficient for 
different values of the percentage of martensite.
The most promising materials will also be characterized by means of 
full-size drawing tests.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuova Italsider - genova 
Budget :  646.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
_Stru£tura l _  _S t e e Is
Structural steels are used in many different fields such as steel 
construction, vehicle bodies and welded structures in general.
Efforts are being made to develop more economic grades using less of the 
alloying elements regarded as strategic, and also grades and fabricating 
methods that will help steel to remain competitive.
P.1490 :  Welded, bolted and riveted connections in high strength low alloy 
steel in structures subjected to high dynamic loading
The application of HSLA steels to structures subjected to high dynamic 
loading can only yield benefits when the fatigue resistance of joints is 
upgraded. Up to now most efforts in this direction centre on welded joints 
in (cold-rolled) sheet of thicknesses below 3 mm, as used in the car 
i  ndust ry.
Hot-rolled, thermomechanically treated, low carbon HSLA steels, with plate 
thicknesses ranging from 3 to 9 mm, have, in tis respect, received much 
less attention up to now, although the application possibilities for trucks, 
railway vehicles, earth-moving equipment etc. are quite obvious and 
i  mportant.
Under a previous research projects welded, bolted and riveted joints were 
evaluated for their fatigue strength.
Fatigue tests have been carried out with sinusoidal and two types of 
random loading.
The results, although not yet consolidated, are very satisfactory indeed.
It is regarded as important by the participants that this research 
programme gets a direct follow-up in order to:

-24-
- further improve joint efficiency
- assess the reliability of more complex joints
with regard to both constant- and random-amplitude fatigue.
The proposed follow-up research programme covers:
- evaluation of different welding techniques
- application possibilities of higher strength bolts for friction- 
grip joints
- further optimization of joints with H.T. rivets
- assessment of the reliability of basicly improved joining techniques 
when applied in complex and very complex structural configurations 
(i.e. a complete truck chassis),
all with regard to fatigue/resistance in the case of constant amplitude 
and service-type random loading.
Applicant :  Stichting Steelcentrum Nederland - Rotterdam
Budget :  441.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1497 :  Full-scale fatigue tests on butt-welded rolled sections
Because of a lack of experimental results, some construction rules 
currently in force do not allow the use of butt-welded rolled sections.
This is an economic handicap for steel frameworks subject to fatigue 
stress such as railway bridges, offshore structures, hoisting and 
transport equipment.
The aim of the proposed research is to determine experimentally the 
permissible effective bending stress of the most usual welded joints. It 
is expected that the results will generally obviate the need to increase
the thickness of the base of rolled sections by welding on plates. It
is well knovnthat this practice greatly reduces the level of the 
permissible stress but makes the steel less competitive.
The University of Karlsruhe will take part in this work.
Applicant :  Arbed - Luxembourg
Budget :  368.500 ECU
Probable duration :  4 years
P.1556 :  Development of very high strength low carbon steels with acicular
martensite by means of precipitation hardening
In research that has just been completed it has been demonstrated that 
0.2% proof stresses of around 900 N/mm2 and tensile strengths of around 
1  150 N/mm2 at notch toughness transition temperatures of about - 160°C 
can be obtained by thermomechanical treatment of steels containing 0.03% 
carbon, 2% manganese 2% chromium, 1% nickel and 1% molybdenum. This 
unusually good combination of strength and toughness properties is only 
obtained with an acicular martensite structure. The strength of the 
martensite is to be further increased by precipitation hardening through 
intermetallic phases, which should not greatly reduce the toughness.

-25-
The expected increases in strength are much higher than in the case of 
precipitation hardening through carbonitrides.
Applicant :  MPI - Düsseldorf
Budget :  259.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 1/2 years
P.1557 :  Development of wear-resistant steel for wheels and tyres with 
special regard to high speed traffic
The main point of the proposed research programme is to develop a new 
type of steel for wheels and tyres with special regard to high-speed 
traffic. For this purpose it is necessary to use materials with low wear 
(abrasion), low susceptibility to thermal cracking, high resistance to 
crack initiation, low crack propagation rate under the cycling load and 
high toughness to avoid brittle fracture.
A fundamental study will be carried out with CMn, CMnV, CMnNb, CMnSi 
and CCrMn steel types in the normalized quenched and tempered state.
Wheels and tyres will be fabricated and tested under practical railway 
conditions.
Applicant :  Thyssen Henrichshütte AG - Hattingen
Budget :  350.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1588 :  Fatigue of welded clad plate
The use of clad sheet consisting of a structural steel base plate on to 
which a thin stainless steel sheet is rolled has economic advantages for 
welded structures liable to corrosion.
However, some fabricating problems have to be studied, such as those 
arising in butt welding or the welding of stainless steel stiffeners 
to the clad plate. There are risks of cracking should the stainless steel 
dissolve into the base steel. The knowledge required to overcome this 
difficulty is to be obtained by fatigue and fracture tests on a variety 
of assemblies.
The proposed work will be carried out jointly by IRSID, St.Germain-en-Laye 
and Creusot-Loire, Firminy.
Applicants :  IRSID - St. Germain-en-Laye
Creusot-Loire - Firminy 
Budget :  333.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1642 :  Low-cycle fatigue behaviour of steels for automotive applications.  
Effect of microstructure and metallurgical parameters
Experience shows that a considerable number of failures of structural ^ 
components under variable service loading occurs at low cycles (N^.10 )  
and at low nominal stresses.
This means that localized parts of these components are subjected to 
plastic strain, although the nominal stress is supposed to be elastic.

-26-
The crack initiation process, which in many engineering applications 
consumes the majority of the useful life, must then be considered in terms 
of low-cycle fatigue.
On the other hand, the mechanisms responsible for softening or hardening 
during low-cycle fatigue tests are not yet sufficiently well understood, 
especially in terms of the changes in microstructure and of the effect 
of other metallurgical factors.
The recent development of new materials for automotive applications (e.g. 
medium carbon microalloyed steels with precipitation hardened pearlitic 
microstructure, or dual-phase formable steels with ferrite + high carbon 
martensite microstructure) makes it even more important to analyse these 
basic mechanisms, in order to improve the fatigue strength of the steels by 
a better combination of composition, microstructure, and thermal or thermo- 
mechanical processes.
The aim of the proposed research s to determine the cyclic stress-strain 
properties of the abovementioned new class of steels and ascertain how 
they vary with microstructure and processes.
Applicant :  CSM - Roma
Budget :  255.500 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
IIi5i5i_Fracture_Mechanics
Particular care is called for in designing and choosing steel for pressure 
vessels and containers for the transport of gas. Safety is of vital 
importance for these vessels. Consequently the research projects proposed 
here concentrate in particular on the analysis and understanding of 
brittle fracture phenomena related to the environment and to the chemical 
characteristics of the products stored and/or transported.
P.1504 :  Resistance of steels to corrosion caused by humid H-,S
The proposed research project concerns tube steels of grades X 60 and X 70.
These steels are increasingly used for applications in which they are  
subject to H-,S corrosion in the presence of sea water.
The influence of the steel properties on corrosion resistance will be 
evaluated. The final aim is of course to define fabricating conditions 
that will give good corrosion resistance while remaining economic.
Two aspects will be taken into consideration:
a) Stress corrosion cracking: these long-time tests will be carried out on 
a limited number of steels which will be preselected on the basis of 
quality criteria.
The influence of chemical composition (Mn, Cu, Ni, Mo) and if necessary 
heat treatment will be examined.

-27-
b) Hydrogen-induced corrosion: an ultrasonic inspection method will be 
developed and the influence of several elements, in particular silicon, 
will be studied.
Applicant :  CRM - Liège
Budget :  195.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
P-1532 :  Measurement of dynamic fracture mechanics parameters for various 
steels ~~ '
Great progress has been made in the theoretical principles of dynamic 
fracture mechanics and the experimental measuring technique used to 
determine material properties in practice. However the actual dynamic 
properties are known for only a small number of steel grades.
In this research project it is therefore planned to measure the dynamic 
fracture mechanics properties and the conventional mechanical properties 
and to compare them for steels:
- which differ radically in composition, structure and intended use 
(shipbuilding, offshore structures, pressure vessels, pipelines)
- which have numerous applications
- which are used in particular for components and structures that have to 
meet particularly stringent safety criteria as regards resistance to 
dynamic stressing.
The aims of the research are:
- to ascertain the amount of dynamic data available for materials;
- to demonstrate quantitative relations between the different dynamic 
properties and between dynamic and static properties;
- to obtain a better overall idea of the dynamic strength properties of the 
various steels;
- to obtain a better knowledge of the relations between the types of 
materials and the dynamic properties;
~ to make progress towards the application of the dynamic fracture 
mechanics concept to the elastoplastic properties of materials over a 
wider range;
- to carry out more experiments on measuring dynamic properties on 
different types of steel and to incorporate the results of these 
experiments in recommendations and test specifications.
Applicant :  Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Forschung -
München
Budget :  126.000 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years

-28-
P-1617 :  Steels with improved hydrogen-induced cracking susceptibility
Exploitation of oil and gas fields containing appreciable quantities of 
hydrogen sulphide will become increasingly necessary as world oil and gas 
reserves diminish. Consequently, steels for transmission pipelines, in 
particular, are required to be resistant to hydrogen-induced cracking 
(HIC) and such a requirement is already a feature of current specifications 
The degree of HIC resistance is usually specified in terms of the extent 
of cracking in standard tests in solutions which approximate to the pH 
values commonly encountered in sour gas or oil wells. HIC resistance is 
also being specified for steels intended for process plant, e.g. coal 
gasi fication.
The aim of the proposed research is to establish relationships between 
plate/slab HIC performance in standard tests and the degree and extent 
of segregation, including how this can be defined in quantitative micro- 
structural terms and the significance or otherwise of inclusion type and 
distribution. A close understanding of these factors is a necessary pre­
requisite for the development of steels with improved HIC resistance. The 
results will be applicable to sulphide stress corrosion cracking in 
which hydrogen plays a prominent role.
Applicant :  BSC - london
Budget :  173.500 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
n_.J_._6·- _Hi_gh-Temperature _Ste e l _ s
The main research effort here is concentrated on the behaviour of turbines 
(shafts) and the choice of suitable steel grades. Service conditions have 
an important effect on the strength of the material which is subjected 
to load cycle variations.
P-1559 :  Melting and creep rupture behaviour of 1% CrMoV steels
Because of the increasingly stringent requirements for power plant 
components and the pressure for higher economic efficiency and greater 
fabricating safety, new steelmaking and treatment methods have been used 
for some years for the manufacture of thick-walled power plant components.
The most important of these methods include:
- oxygen blowing (LD)
- calcium powder injection (CAB) in the ladle
- electroslag remelting (ESR)
- Bohler electroslag topping (BEST) and
- vacuum carbon deoxidation (VCD).
With each of these processes it is possible to obtain products that are 
more homogeneous, purer and have lower contents of trace elements than 
with conventional refining in the electric furnace. The improvement in the 
toughness of these steels in the delivery state is undeniable.
So far, however, insufficient research has been devoted to the effect of 
these parameters on the service behaviour of high-temperature steels under 
long time stressing in the creep rupture range.

-29-
In the course of this research project reliable data will systematically 
be compiled for the particularly important group of 1% CrMoV steels and 
evaluated a comparative basis. The main aim is to investigate the long 
time toughness behaviour.
Two previous programmes on the fatigue and corrosion fatigue behaviour of 
steels for offshore steel structures have been undertaken with the 
financial support of the ECSC Steel Research Programme. Attention is 
directed to the current requirements as regards further research which 
could form the basis of the present proposed programme. Particular 
attention is directed towards the application of the data obtained from 
laboratory test pieces to the conditions for the growth of cracks in 
tubular joints subjected to variable amplitude loading. Other factors 
still requiring further clarification are the effect of thickness on 
fatigue behaviour at thicknesses greater than 75 mm and the performance 
of higher strength steels under offshore conditions. Such factors are 
considered important in relation to the development and need for the use 
of higher strength steels in offshore structures.
The research studies proposed by the various laboratories in the 
Community are complementary and form a coordinated programme.
P.1492 :  Environmental effects in fatigue crack. Initiation and propagation
The proposed research has been developed in two parts :  constant amplitude 
and variable amplitude testing. Each part will be described separately 
in terms of the techniques used and its objectives. All tests will be 
carried out on BS 4360 grades 50 D steel.
There are three main aims for the phase "Constant Amplitude Testing":
- determination of the effect of applied cathodic protection potential on 
crack initiation,
- investigation of the effect of calcareous deposition and hydrogen 
uptake on crack initiation,
- evaluation of crack initiation and propagation behaviour in regions of 
stress concentration representative of those found in weld toe regions.
Fatigue experiments will be carried out in air, sea-water and saltwater 
at various applied levels of cathodic protection potential. Variable 
amplitude testing experiments will be also carried out to provide a 
fundamental understanding of the interaction between environmental and 
mechanical overload effect and to provide data on the effect of narrow band 
random loading on corrosion-fatigue crack initiation and propagation.Applicant
Budget
Probable durationVDEh - Düsseldorf 
106.500 ECU 
3 years
.Offshore .Techno l_og£
Appli cants
Budget
Probable durationKorrosionscentralen - Glostrup 
UKAEA Research Centre - Harwell 
442.000 ECU 
3 years

-30-
P.1551 :  Corrosion fatigue strength of full-size welded and cast tubular 
nodes
In phase III of the programme full-size tubular nodes, either welded or of 
a composite cast steel/plate design, will be investigated as a logical 
continuation of the previous studies on test bars. These tests, like the 
earlier ones on specimens, will be carried out mainly under random sea 
state stress sequences in artificial sea-water.
The aim is to investigate the transferability of the experimental 
results to real structures and to develop proposals for improvements to 
the design rules for offshore structures on the basis of
- the results obtained so far on specimens and
- the results of the proposed tests on tubular nodes.
The research proposal has been coordinated with Det Norske Veritas (DnV) 
and the German group of steelmakers, shipyards and research institutes.
Conditions of the research
- Specimen
- Wall thickness
- Loading
- Stress sequence
- Material
- Environment__programme
K 
tubular nodes of about 1000/600/600 mm in diameter 
30/20/20 mm
Tension-compression loading of the braces 180° 
phase-displaced
Variable loading sea state stress (essentially); 
Wohler tests (random samples)
FeE 355 (essentially) ; high-strength steel 
(FeE 460 or FeE 690) ; in addition, some tubular 
nodes of cast steel/plate composite structure will 
be investigated.
Artificial sea-water (essentially), in addition 
cathodic protection (random samples).
The stress distribution in the critical cross-section prior to the 
occurrence and during the growth of the cracks will be determined by 
detailed strain measurements.
Another keypoint of the studies wilt be the determination of crack 
propagation with the earliest possible detection of crack initiation, 
especially in tests at low stress levels or with a high number of cycles.
Further efforts will be made to propose state of the art dimensioning of 
offshore structures.
The programme will cover the investigation of about 20 tubular nodes in 
total.
For budgetary reasons the programme will be carried out in two phases.
Applicant :  VDEh - Düsseldorf
Budget :  1.003.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P-1589 :  Fatigue behaviour of welded offshore structures
The aim of this project is to promote the use of high-strength structural 
steels for offshore use, for which purpose a steel of the type E460 has

-31-
been selected. In order to make optimum use of these steels with their 
excellent mechanical properties it is necessary to develop improved welding 
methods and techniques for post—weld treatment. In this programme a study 
will be made of the influence of the improved welding procedure already 
developed under the earlier programme and of prestressing shot peering 
on crack initiation and the very early propagation of corrosion fatigue 
cracking in welded T-joints. More basic research of a complementary 
nature concerning the fatigue behaviour of short cracks will be carried 
out on notched test pieces simulating stress concentration in weld toe 
regions.
Some full-size tests on tubular nodes will provide a link between the 
research on specimen welds and actual service conditions. The welding and 
post-weld treatment techniques will of course be the same as those used on 
the specimen welds.
The results will help towards an understanding of the potential advantages 
of using high-strength structural steels for offshore welded structures.
Applicant :  IRSID - St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget :  290.000 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1619 :  Properties of steels for offshore environments
Recent work both within the ECSC Marine Technology Programme and 
nationally sponsored research have elucidated the behaviour of steels 
in an offshore environment. However, the continuing pattern of design 
innovation, development of new oil fields in more hostile and deeper waters, 
together with a need for the cost effective develomment of marginal fields, 
all require that the knowledge of steel behaviour in certain areas be 
i  mproved.
The first aspect involves the study of the fatigue properties of a welded 
joint between a cast node steel and a higher strength steel tubular. It is 
believed that this will be the limiting factor governing the utilisation 
of the superior fatigue properties of cast node joints.
Quantification of the fatigue properties of welded joints of 150 and 
200 mm thickness forms a second area of research. Steel thicknesses of 
up to 200 mm are currently proposed for conventional offshore platforms and 
new design concepts.
Another important aspect covering the design of steel structures is the 
definition of fatigue crack growth thresholds. This has currently only been 
achieved using constant amplitude loading and it has been assumed that 
under variable amplitude loading the threshold value can be up to 75% 
lower. Obviously such an assumption can have a very marked effect upon 
predicted fatigue lives. In the third part of the programme the threshold 
levels under random loading will be measured both in air and sea-water.
The final area of study is concerned with an evaluation of the various test 
methods used to measure the susceptibility of steel to stress corrosion 
cracking (SCC). Several methods are both available and contained in 
specifications for steel supply but they differ in severity and 
applicabi Lity.

-32-
A systematic study of the methods is planned to evaluate their relation­
ships. A small test programme will be carried out on higher strength steel 
to ascertain in what way nickel influences SCC properties.
P-1653 :  Fatigue behaviour of welded joints in offshore structures
In order to withstand the competition of other materials, new designs are 
presented which avoid the need to use complicated and expensive nodes.
Instead of the traditional truss structure a vertical cylinder with a 
large diameter and wall thickness will be used.
However, the fatigue behaviour of these thick plates has not yet been 
investigated.
An on-going review of the requirements of the codes is extremely important. 
In this connection it is advisable to investigate the effect of a root 
defect on fatigue behaviour, because these defects are almost unavoidable 
in one-side welding and there is some doubt whether all root defects need 
to be repaired.
By avoiding the need to repair the welds much time and/or money can be 
saved.
The proposed research programme deals with the following items :
Fatigue behaviour of welded steel joints in offshore structures.
The fatigue behaviour of:
1. a butt-welded thick plate
2. a thick plate with an attachment perpendicular to the main stress 
di rection
3. a thick plate with an attachment parallel with the main stress 
di rection
4. root defects in a butt-welded tubular connection.
Fatigue life estimation based on a fracture mechanics approach 
especially for the region of longer fatigue lives.
Applicant :  Stichting Materiaalonderzoek in de Zee - Delft
Budget :  453.500 ECU
Probable duration :  2 years
Promoting steel for constructional uses requires a continuous flow of 
information. Potential users need to be shown that steel can compete 
price-wise and from the safety angle. The user must, therefore, have at 
his disposal codes and means of calculation that are easy to use.Appli cant 
Budget
Probable durationBSC - London 
396.500 ECU 
3 years
I _ I ^ i5^8i_L_lght_Structures

-33-
P-1562 :  Fatigue strength and fatigue resistance of welded and stiffened 
rectangular hollow connections ~~
Between 1975 and 1980 fatigue strength tests on rectangular hollow-section 
connections (K-type and N-type framework nodal points) were carried out 
with ECSC support. This research project is an extension of that work. The 
aim is to fill in the gaps in our understanding of the effects of various 
parameters on the fatigue strength and resistance of framework and quadri­
lateral beam nodal points.
The research is also aimed at determining the reduction in fatigue 
strength with maximum cycles of 2.106 to 107.  The tests will be split into 
three phases:
Phase I :  Determination of "alternating stress S - number of cycles to 
fracture Ng" curves for K nodal pointswith varying width to 
wall thickness ratios, overlapping and shoulder angles.
Phase II :  Determination of "Sr - Ng"curves for T nodes under vertical 
stress and moment with varying width to wall thickness 
ratios and maximum stress ratio R.
Phase III :  Determination of "S -N_" curves for K nodes with very hiqh 
cycles ND > 2.106.  r B
D
The results of the research will be used principally for checking and 
confirmation of data to be employed as the basis for calculations in the 
dimensioning of dynamically-stressed hollow-section framework structures in, 
for example, cranes, bridges and winding gear. The results from the tests 
on T-nodes (e.g. for quadrilateral beams) and to develop a method for 
their dimensioning. An attempt will be made to establish national and 
international standards and recommendations for fatigue strength and 
resistance dimensioning of hollow-section nodes with particular attention 
being paid to geometrical parameters (sizes and structural shapes).
Applicant :  Mannesmannrohren-Werke - Düsseldorf
Budget :  442.000 ECU
Probable duration :  4 years
P.1574 :  Calculation software for thin-walled elements
The operating rules for the dimensioning of cold-formed thin-walled 
elements are complex and their application in a design office requires a 
whole series of painstaking calculations. This problem can thus be 
detrimental to the use of cold-formed thin-walled sections which are being 
employed to a much greater extent than before in metal structures.
The creation of software suitable both for this purpose and the often 
limited hardware in the design office would be of considerable help and 
would play a part in solutions involving cold-formed sections not being 
rejected on grounds of over-complicated calculations.
Over the last decade considerable developments have taken place in the 
rules for the verification of thin sections. The "Recommendations of the 
European Convention for Constructional Steelwork", which are currently 
under discussion, take into account recent research work and represent the

-34-
consensus of many leading specialists in the European Community, the United 
States and Canada.
It is therefore, proposed, on the initiative of the Syndical National du 
Profilage des Produits Plats en Acier, that software be created on the 
verification of cold-formed thin elements suitable for use in independent 
design offices with modest hardware (16-bit microcomputers suitable for 
scienti fi c use).
The results will be presented in the form of a standard formula.
The software will be developed for CP/M in FORTRAN 77 or FORTRAN MICRO­
SOFT. The language will enable the software to be used on a mainframe 
machine as well as on existing or future microcomputers.
Applicant :  Centre Technique Industriel de la Construction
Métallique - Paris 
Budget :  87.000 ECU
Probable duration :  1  1/2 year
IIi5i9i_Sgeç2a l_and_Al j.oy_Steels
Optimization of steel grades for specific uses is of vital importance for 
the user industries. Competition from non-Community steelmakers is keen 
and the Community must consolidate its foothold on the special steel 
market. The research projects here concentrate on the development of 
compositions that offer excellent mechanical properties while remaining 
competitive.
p-1564 :  Etchability of steels for the processing of plastics
The growing demand for plastics articles with an embossed surface is 
highlighting the importance of techniques for producing relief patterns in 
moulds.
The aim of the project is to determine some of the influences of steelmaking 
and processing methods on the etchability of tool steels for plastics 
fabrication. The following parameters are to be investigated:
- steelmaking method (conventional melting, electroslag remelting, 
special treatment affecting sulphide content);
dimensions, degree of forming and position of test pieces 
(dimensions up to approximately 1.000 mm x 600 mm);
- chemical composition and heat treatment (about 10 different types of 
tool steel, quenched and tempered or case hardened);
- sulphur content (from 0.003 to 0.1%, in particular 0.015 and 0.060%).
Research into etchability will be carried out in cooperation with one or 
two etching forms. In addition to standard etching processes, etching 
operations adapted to the specific conditions, e.g. higher sulphur 
contents and particular steel grades, will be carried out.

-35-
Initially the steels 40 CrMnMo 7 (1.2311) and 40 CrMnMo S 8 6 (1.2312), 
hardened to about 300 HB, will be investigated.
Applicant :  VDEh - Düsseldorf
Budget :  155.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1568 :  Testing of heat-treatable steels with a reduced carbon content 
for lightweight car wheels
The motor industry is showing increasing interest in alternative materials 
that can help to reduce vehicle weight.
As a result steel has to a considerable extent been replaced by aluminium 
for car wheels. The proportion of aluminium wheels is estimated at 
15-20% and is rising.
There is little likelihood of halting this substitution as so far it 
has not been possible in practice to achieve any significant weight 
reduction in steel wheels by using new high-strength steel grades with 
good cold-forming properties such as low-alloy steels to Euronorm 149-80 
and steels with a dual-phase structure.
In this project an attempt will be made to impart high strength to the 
steel by suitable heat treatment after the wheel disc has been formed. The 
main focus will be on the use of low-alloy heat treatable steels which can 
be used successfully for complicated pressings that are subsequently heat 
treated.
The aims of the research project are:
a) to use heat-treatable steels with a reduced carbon content for wheel 
discs;
b) to impart high strengths by heat treatment;
c) to influence residual stress by controlled cooling during heat 
t reatment;
d) to reduce the weight of mass-produced wheels.
Applicant :  Krupp Stahl AG - Bochum
Budget :  405.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1622 :  Effect of bright drawing on the properties of free-cutting and 
engineering steels
The Community steelmakers' home market for bar for bright conversion 
(currently totalling 1.7 million tonne/annum) is declining and is under 
growing threat from competitive products and processes. Bright steel 
bars are used for the manufacture of a wide variety of machined automotive 
and other engineering components. Free-cutting steels represent a major 
portion of this market. However, there is a lack of quantitative information 
concerning the effects of bright drawing and straightening on the product 
characteristics and in-service performance of special steels produced by 
modern steelmaking, bar rolling and drawing processes.

-36-
This project, therefore, is intended to provide quantitative data on the 
effects of drawing reduction, strain rate, straightening and stress- 
relieving treatments on 50 mm drawn bar direct hardening alloy steel. 
(Additionally, 19 mm drawn bar in low-carbon leaded free-cutting steel will 
be evaluated). The drawing operation will be conducted by selected bright 
bar producers using a range of Schumag machines, bull block and drawing 
benches, reeling and other straightening operations. A comparison will be 
made with reeled and turned bar.
The product characterization will include determination of tensile, impact, 
fatigue and fracture toughness properties, residual stress levels and 
distribution, and machinabi lity including automatic lathe component 
production, turning, drilling and cutting force techniques.
From this information it is anticipated that the drawing process can be 
optimized so that improved, more cost-effective steels can be made available 
to manufacturing industry, thus helping to preserve an important market for 
special steel bars.
Applicants :  BSC - London
BISPA - London
Budget :  237.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years
P.1647 :  Low- and medium-carbon welding steels
It is known that the resistance of metals to abrasive wear is dependent 
nont only on macrohardness but also on microstructural parameters of the 
material such as microstructural homogeneity and heterogeneity, distribution 
of hard phases, toughness, brittleness, etc.
As a result there is a growing interest in the use of dual-phase steels 
since they possess toughness and the mechanical strength in a particularly 
satisfactory combination. In particular extensive research activities have 
been launched under the auspices of the ECSC with the aim of developing 
high-carbon dual-phase steels.
Market research, however, shows that there is at present a strong demand for 
steel plate (especially light plate) possessing high wear resistance and, in 
addition, satisfactory weldability and pliability.
For these reasons it is essential to arrange for a programme of research 
into the possibility of developing dual-phase steels with a maximum carbon 
content of 0.3% which possess the abovementioned properties in the most 
suitable combination.
Applicants :  CSM - Roma
Nuova Italsider - Genova 
Budget :  386.500 ECU
Probable duration :  3 years

-37-
II■6 ~ MISCELLANEOUS 
P.1489 :  Technical steel literature
This is a continuation of previous agreements granting ASELT financial 
assistance for the translation into Community languages of papers on iron 
and steel subjects published in "difficult" languages (in particular 
Russian and Japanese).
Applicant :  ASELT - Luxembourg
Budget :  175.000 ECU
Probable duration :  1  year
★ * ★ ★ ★

SUMMARY TABLEAnnex
Project
N° Title of the researchResearch proposed
byProbableduration
(years)Budget ECU 
(30.12.1983)Financial aid
Amount ECU 
(30.12.1983)
1494
1508
1624
1499
1575
1592
1625
1493
1593I. ORE REDUCTION 
1.1. Sinter
Reduction of heat requirements for the sintering of a  
Lorraine-ore based sintering mixture
Use of various sizes of coke breeze to reduce the  
fuel requirements in iron ore sintering
Sintering of partially pelletized ores mixtures  
Ii2i_Bl^ast_furnace
Monitoring the operation of the blast furnace by  
means of objectives parameters
Removal of pig iron silicon in the blast furnace
Effect of blast furnace coal injection
Fluodynamics of the material in the blast furnace  
charge
II. STEELMAKING
11^1 ^_Cast i_n 2_and_soli_di_f i_catiort
The effect of mould lubricants on heat transfer,  
surface quality and incidence of breakouts during  
continuous casting
Nozzle blockage in continuous castingArbed
Lurgi
Thyssen
CSM
CRM
IRSID
BSC
CSM
Italsider
T.U.Clausthal
BSC3 1/2 316.500 
93.500
659.500
446.500
906.500
523.000
346.500
]  294.000
i 219.000
231.500
138.00060
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60189.900
56.100
395.700
267.900
543.900
313.800
207.900
176.400
131.400
138.900
82.800

Annex
ProjectTitle of researchResearch propos ed Financial aid
N°byF;robableduratior(years)Budget ECU  
(30.12.1983)%Amount ECU  
(30.12.1983)
1594Mould fluxes for continuous casting BSC 3 199.500 60119.700
1630FAST-SC process for the solidification of slabs in  
continuous casting
II.2. Steelworks-metallurqyCSM 1  
Italsider >3} 607.500 60364.500
1518Removal of silicon from pig iron between blast furnace  
tapping and the pig iron transport ladleKrupp 31.264.500 60758.700
1519Silicon and phosphorous removal from pig iron Hoesch 3 532.000 60319.200
1576Transfers in a converter IRSID 3 432.500 60259.500
1596Phosphorus and sulfur removal in secondary steelmaking BSC 3 361.500 60216.900
1626Operation with low silicon content in molten pig iron  
II.3. Special processesCSM 1 
Italsider /3|  401.000 
\ 482.00060
60240.600
289.200
1522Subliquidus remelting of high-alloy steel with  
consumable electrodes
II.4. RefractoriesKrupp 2 120.000 6072.000
1500Lining distributor vessels by flame guniting  
II.5. Theoretical metallurgyCRM 3 574.500 60344.700
1523
;defining of steelmelts with alkaline earth metals VDEh 3 1/2 301.500 60180.900

- 3 -Annex
ProjectResearch propose d Financial aid
N°
byProbableduration(years)Budget ECU  
30.12.1983)%Amount ECU  
(30.12.1983)
III. MECHANICAL WORKING
1495Production of high strength sheet and plate by QST  
processArbed 2 226.000 60135.600
1526Optimized hot straightening of heavy plate Dillinger 3 451.500 60270.900
1528Improvement of coiling quality on hot strip coilers VDEh 3 836.500 60501.900
1529Improvement of bar straightness for small sections of  
cuttersKrupp 2 204.500 60122.700
1544Installation and operating conditions of flatness  
measurement systemsBFI 3 1/2 627.000 60376.200
1579Hot straightening of heavy plate IRSID 3 292.500 60175.500
1605Measurement and control of strip shape  
IV. MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSISBSC 3 210.000 60126.000
1502Ion chromatography CRM 3 219.000 60131.400
1530Non destructive determination of stresses in steels  
by ultrasonic and magnetic methodF.I.z.P. 3 465.500 60279.300
1565Internal stresses in heat-treatment of work pieces VDEh 3 127.500 6076.500
1581Aluminous oxidized phases in steels IRSID 4 290.000 60174.000
1583Development of pickling bath for stainless steels IRSID Ì 31  319.000 60191.400
Gueugnon )
1585Optical means of profile analysis IRSID 2 469.500 60281.700

- 4 - Annex
ProjectTitle of researchResearch propos ed Financial aid
N°
byProbableduration
(yparOBudget ECU  
(30.12.1983)%Amount ECU  
(30.12.1983)
1631Prototype system for the surface inspection of strip CSM 1  
Terni J3\
/507.500
219.50060
60304.500
131.700
1632Dynamic test of lubricating film for cold rolling CSM 2 240.000 60144.000
1652Residual stress measurements for improvement in billet  
cropping yield
V. PROPERTIES AND SERVICE PERFORMANCE  
V.1. WeldabilityHarwell 3 175.500 60105.300
1503Preheating conditions for the welding of structural  
steelsCRM 2 241.000 60144.600
1547Resistance spot welding and projection welding of  
zinc-coated steel plateRWTH Aachen 3 176.500 60105.900
1548Effect of material on high performance of longitudinal  
seam welding of cansRasselstein 3 769.000 60461.400 '
1550Weldability of micro-alloyed high-strength fine­
grained structural steelsVDEh 2 177.500 60106.500
1586Thick joined welded by the consumable wire-guide  
processIRSID 1  
Creusot-Loi rej31
j435.000 60261.000
1609High speed resistance seam welding BSC 3 195.500 60117.300
1634Development of high-productivity submerged arc  
welding techniquesCSM ' j  
Italsider 13
j368.500
195.00060
60221.100
117.000

- 5 -
Annex
ProjectTitle of the researchResearchproposed Financial aid
N°
byProbableDuration
(years)Budget ECU 
(30.12.1983)%Amount ECU 
(30.12.1983)
V.2. Corrosion and surface protection
1552Corrosion behaviour of low-alloy steels in seawater VDEh 3 158.500 6095.100
1587Surface treatment and the corrosion of industrial 
galvanized productsIRSID 3 435.000 60261.000
1611Surface cleanliness of cold-rolled strip BSC 2 206.000 60123.600
1640A new continuous annealing process for cold-rolled 
steel stripCSM \ 
Italsider 12lS587.000 60352.200
1646Electrochemical control and monitoring of stainless 
steel pickling processes
V.3. Cold formingCSM 1 
Terni - f2l
J284.000 60170.400
1488Formability of thin cold-rolled steel sheet with 
variable microstructure and coatingHellenic St.\ 
T.U. Athens J2li200.000 60120.000
1506Basic annealing-gas-metal reaction CRM 3 558.500 60335.100
1613Dynamic properties of sheet steel welded/bonded 
structuresBSC 3 205.000 60123.000
1638Optimization of the static annealing parameters of 
sheet steel for pressingCSM 1  
Italsider )2 \f199.000 60119.400
1641Single and dual-phase steels for continuous annealing 
V.4. Structural steelsCSM 1  
Italsider - >2 \
J646.000 60387.600
1490Welded, bolted and riveted connections in high strength 
low alloy steel in structures subjected to high 
dynamic loadingSSN 3 441.500 60264.900

-  6 -Annex
ProjectTitle of the researchResearch proposed Financial aid
N°
byProbable durat i  on (vparOBudget ECU 
(30.12.198 )%Amount ECU 
(30.12.198 )
1497Full-scale fatigue tests on butt-welded rolled 
secti onsArbed 4 368.500 60221.100
1556Development of very high strength low carbon steels 
with acicular martensite by means of precipitation 
hardeningMPI 3 1/2 259.500 60155.700
1557Development of wear-resistant steel for wheels and 
tyres with special regard to high speed trafficThyssen 3 350.000 60210.000
1588Fatigue of welded clad plate IRSID l  
Creusot-Loi re)31 333.500 
i60200.100
1642Low-cycle fatigue behaviour of steels for auto­
motive application
V.5. Fracture mechanismCSM 2 255.500 -60153.300
1504Resistance of steels to corrosion caused by humid 
H2SCRM 2 195.000 60117.000
1532Measurement of dynamic fracture mechanism parameters 
for various steelsFGFaF 2 126.000 6075.600
1617Steels with improved hydrogen - induced cracking 
susceptibilityBSC 2 173.500 60104.100

- 7 -Annex
Project
N°
f c  ,Title of the researchResearchoroposed Financial aid
byFJrobabLeduratior(years)Budget ECU 
(30.12.1983)%Amount ECU 
(30.12.1984)
V.6. Hiqh-temperature steels
1559Melting and creep behaviour of 1% CrMoV steels 
V.7. Offshore technologyVDEh 3 106.500 60 63.900
1492Environmental effects in fatigue crack initiation 
and propagationKorr.Cent. \ 
Harwell 331 328.000 
) 114.00060
60196.800
68.400
1551Corrosion fatigue strength of full-size welded and 
cast tubular nodesVDEh 31.003.500 60602.100
1589Fatigue behaviour of welded offshore structures IRSID 3 290.000 60174.000
1619Properties of steel for offshore environments BSC 3 396.500 60237.900
1653Fatigue behaviour of welded joints in offshore 
st ructures
V.8 .  Liqht structuresSMOZ 2 453.500 60272.100
1562Fatigue strength and fatigue resistance of welded 
and stiffened rectangular hollow connectionMannesmann 4 442.000 60265.200
1574Calculation software for thin-walled elements 
V.9. Special and alloy steelsCTIM 1 1/2 87.000 60 52.200
1564Etchability of steels for the processing of plastics VDEh 3 155.500 60 93.300

- 8 - Annex
Project
N°Title of the researchResearch proposed Financial aid
byProbable
duration
(yparOBudget ECU 
(30.12.1983)%Amount ECU 
(30.12.1983)
1568
1622
1647
1489Testing of heat-treatable steels with a reduced 
carbon content for lightweight car weels
Effect of bright drawing on the properties of free- 
cutting and engeneering steels
Low - and medium - carbon welding steels
VI. MISCELLANEOUS 
Technical steel literatureKrupp
BSC ] 
BISPA (
CSM 1
Italsider J
Aselt3
3
3
1405.500 
j 237.500 
j 386.500
175.00060
60
60
100243.300
142.500
231.900
175.000
Sub-total 28.453.000 17.141.800
Ancillary costs and dissemination of 
i  nformati on400.000·
TOTAL 28.453.000 17.541.800

Co^BMHcatîoa from i k  Cm mUm off tkc Europe«· Cmn—imiiw »  caopain a  t k
ECSC
(Articlt 4t qftbt ECSC Tnéty)
In the letter to the chairman of the Consultative Committee of the ECSC, the 
Commission asked the Committee to undertake the consultation laid down in Article 55 
(2) (c) of the Treaty concerning the desirability of allocating the following sums from 
the levies laid down in Article 50 of the Treaty for financial aid aimed at facilitating the 
following technical research projects.
Under Article 48 of the Treaty, associations of companies in the ECSC are entitled to 
submit to the Commission the observations made by their members concerning the 
undermentioned subjects of consultation.
114$4
1>08
162*
1499
1575 '  
1392Any observations should be received by the Commission not later than Tim*.  1984
(in E C U }
Reduction of heat requirements for the sintering of a  
Lorraine-ore based sintering mixture
Use of various sizes of coke breeze to reduce the  
fuel requirements in iron ore sintering
Sintering of partially pelletized ores mixtures
Honitoring the operation of the blast furnace by  
means of objectives parameters
Removal of pig iron silicon in the blast furnace
Effect of blast furnace coal injection
Fluodynamics of the material in the blast furnace  
charge
The effect of mould lubricants on heat transfer,  
surface quality and incidence of breakouts during  
continuous casting
Nozzle blockage in continuous casting1 * 1 6 0 + 0
395.700
267.900
543.900
313.800
207.900
138.900
82.800

lA&rf
/3I w t f
i i A v & e r[Mould fluxes for continuous casting
FAST-SC process for the solidification  
continuous castingslabs in
Removal of silicon from pig iron between blast furnace  
tapping and the pig Iron transport ladle
Silicon and phosphorous removal from pig iron
«Transfers in a converter
Phosphorus and sulfur removal in secondary steelaaking  
Operation with low silicon content in molten pig iron
Subiiquidus remelting of high-alloy steel with  
consumable electrodes
)ÿ|^50(i Lining distributor vessels by flame guniting
/dlSTÎ Refining of steelmelts with alkaline earth metals
Production of high strength sheet and plate by ®ST  
process
Optimized hot straightening of heavy plate  
Improvement of coiling quality on hot strip collars
Improvement of bar straightness for small sections of  
cutters
Installation and operating conditions of flatness  
measurement systems
Hot straightening of heavy plate
Measurement and control of strip shapei W t i
V r & T Z l
ils z r z î
i605 i C
|15©2^ I  Ion chromatography
I  Non destructive determination of stresses in steels  
I  I  by ultrasonic and magnetic method
11565'I internal stresses in heat-treatment of work pieces
I'HrST 5o I  Aluminous oxidized phases in steels
J1 5 6 3 y\ I  Development of pickling bath for stainless steels
SlAOptical means of profile analysis119.TOO 
364.500
758.700
319.200
259.500
216.900
72.000
344.700
180.900
135.600
270.900
501.900 
122.700
376.200
175.500
126.000
131.400 
279.300
76.500
174.000
191.400
281.700

163f~
J U t t V  
1652 KPrototype system for the surface Inspection of strip
Dynamic test of lubricating film for cold rolling  
Residual stress measurements for improvement in billet  
cropping yield
15©3 U
T548
1550
Î586 ((à
1609 (4( 
1Preheating conditions for the welding of structural  
steels
Resistance spot welding and projection welding of  
zinc-coated steel plate
Effect of material on high performance of longitudinal 
seam welding of cans
Weldability of micro-alloyed high-strength fine­
grained structural steels
Thick joined welded by the consumable wire-guide  
process
High speed resistance seam welding  
Development of high-productivity submerged arc  
welding techniques
I  Corrosion behaviour of low-alloy steels in seawater
I Surface treatment and the corrosion of industrial  
galvanized products
,  ^Tj Surface cleanliness of cold-rolled strip j
[3 ^ *0 VcW new continuous annealing process for cold-rolled  
1 steel strip
1646 1 Electrochemical control and monitoring of stainless
1 steel pickling processes
81488 ^  I Formability of thin cold-rolled steel sheet with  
1 variable microstructure and coating
__tfe f (Basic annealing-gas-metal reaction
16
13 So IDynamic properties of sheet steel welded/bonded  
]structures
1638 S '! (optimization of the static annealing parameters of  
(sheet steel for pressing
1641 JT- Single and dual-phase steels for continuous annealing
1490 B  (welded, bolted and riveted connections in high strength  
(low alloy steel in structures subjected to high  
(dynamic loading

V S 6 i ^
yyjri rc
15«« 5> 
y t f i s?
\?xi Co
\ J M  £ tFull-scale fatigue tests on butt-welded rolled 
sections
Development of very high strength low carbon steels  
with acicular martensite by means of precipitation  
hardening
Development of wear-resistant steel for wheels and  
tyres with special regard to high speed traffic
Fatigue of welded clad plate
Low-cycle fatigue behaviour of steels for auto­
motive application
Resistance of steels to corrosion caused by humid  
H2S
Measurement of dynamic fracture mechanism parameters 
for various steels
Steels with improved hydrogen - induced cracking  
susceptibility
Melting and creep behaviour of 1% CrMoV steels
Environmental effects in fatigue crack initiation  
and propagation
Corrosion fatigue strength of full-siie «elded and  
cast tubular nodes
Fatigue behaviour of welded offshore structures  
properties of steel for offshore environments
Fatigue behaviour of welded joints in offshore  
structures
Fatigue strength and fatigue resistance of welded  
I and stiffened rectangular hollow connection
Calculation software for thin-walled elements
^}t>\ Etchability of steels for the processing of plastics221.100  
155.700
210.000 
200.100 
153.500
a
117.000
75.600
106.100
63.900
x é s t * ?
602.100
174.000
237.900 
272.100
a
265.200 
52.200
93.300

1568 }f
1622 Jl 
I647 pTesting of heat-treatable steels with a reduced 
carbon content for lightweight car weels
Effect of bright drawing on the properties of free- 
cutting and engeneerlng steels
L o w  - and atediue - carbon welding steels243.300
142.500
231.900
1489 Technical steel literature175.000