EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

1. CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSAL

The Single European Sky (SES) initiative aims to improve the overall efficiency of the way in which European airspace is organised and managed through a reform of the industry providing air navigation services (ANS). Its development has involved two comprehensive legislative packages – SES I and SES II composed of four regulations[1] – and over 20 Commission implementing rules and decisions[2]. The framework of the four SES regulations is intertwined with the development of the European Aviation Safety legislation[3], the latter comprising a number of tasks entrusted to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)[4] and the launch of a comprehensive project to modernise equipment and systems for air navigation services under the SESAR title[5]. Existing rules touch upon five interrelated pillars addressing performance, safety, technology, the human factor and airports.

The experience gained with SES I since 2004 and SES II since 2009 has shown that the principles and direction of the SES are valid and warrant a continuation of their implementation. However the initiative is experiencing significant delays in its implementation, notably in the achievement of the performance goals and the deployment of its basic elements (such as functional airspace blocks (FABs) or National Supervisory Authorities (NSAs)).

In 2009, when adopting the SES II package, the legislator decided that SES II would be done in two stages and invited the Commission to come back to do an alignment of SES and EASA regulations after the initial set of EASA implementing measures and audit experiences concerning ANS was in place[6]. A recast of the legislative package was therefore already foreseen, primarily aiming at simplifying and clarifying the border line between EASA and SES legal frameworks.

The process of recast also gives the opportunity to assess the effectiveness of the existing legal provisions in the light of the lack of timely implementation of the SES initiative. This process of revision of the SES legal framework, known under the abbreviation of SES 2+, is intended to accelerate the implementation of the reform of air navigation services without departing from its original objectives and principles. It is also part of the Single Market Act II[7] initiative and aims hence to improve the general competitiveness and growth of the EU economy and not just that of the air traffic management system.

The purpose of the SES 2+ package is to introduce improvements in oversight of rules, the performance scheme, the customer focus of the service providers and in overall performance.

In addition, the SES 2+ package will simplify the legislation by eliminating certain overlaps in the existing framework. Concerns have been raised about several overlapping areas existing in the SES framework and there is also a need to clarify the roles of the various actors at EU-level. This alignment between the four SES Regulations and the EASA Basic Regulation[8], is a purely technical adaptation measure already required by the legislation. Due to the extent of overlap between the Regulations, a recast of the remaining parts of the four SES Regulations into one is a logical consequence of that adaptation.

Problems addressed

The first problem area addressed in SES2+ is the insufficient efficiency of Air Navigation ANS provision remains relatively inefficient in terms of cost- and flight efficiency as well as the capacity offered. This is highlighted by a comparison with the United States, which covers similar sized airspace. In the US, the en-route airspace is controlled by a single service provider as opposed to 38 en-route service providers in Europe. The US service provider controls almost 70% more flights with 38% less staff. The main root causes for this difference in productivity in Europe are the shortcomings in setting up and enforcing the performance scheme, ineffective supervisory authorities and the disproportionally high amount of support staff in the service providers.

The second key problem addressed is a fragmented ATM system. The European ATM system consists of 27 national authorities overseeing in total over a hundred Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs), with the associated variance in systems, rules and procedures. There is a large amount of additional costs caused by the fact that Europe has a large number of service providers, each procuring their own systems, mostly training their own staff, creating their own operating procedures and being limited territorially to providing services in a small airspace. To overcome fragmentation, the SES has introduced the ideas of cross-border Functional Air Blocks (FABs) and the centralised Network Manager to run certain network level services. However, FABs are not yet performance oriented and the Network Manager remains too weak.

General objective:

To improve the competitiveness of the European air transport system vis-à-vis other comparable regions and in particular to develop further the Single European Sky initiative.

Specific objectives:

· To improve the performance of air traffic services in terms of efficiency.

· To improve the utilisation of air traffic management capacity.

Operational objectives:

· To ensure that the provision of Air Navigation Services is transparent, based on market principles and customer value.

· To strengthen the role of the National Supervisory Authorities.

· To strengthen the process of setting up targets and enforcing the performance scheme (including the reinforcement of the Performance Review Body/Performance Review Unit (PRB/PRU).

· To undertake a strategic redirection of Functional Airspace Blocks.

· To strengthen the governance and operational scope of the Network Manager.

2. RESULTS OF CONSULTATIONS WITH THE INTERESTED PARTIES AND IMPACT ASSESSMENTS

A three-month public consultation was performed between September and December 2012 on the DG MOVE website. In addition two high-level events – a conference in Limassol and a hearing in Brussels – have been organised and numerous bilateral meetings with all affected stakeholders have taken place to support the preparation of this initiative.

An impact assessment (IA) has been prepared by DG MOVE to support legislative proposals on improving efficiency, safety and competitiveness of the Single European Sky. The package proposes revising the four SES Regulations ((EC) Nos 549-552/2004, as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1070/2009) and the EASA Basic Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1108/2009)[9]. This initiative concerns agenda planning number (EU) No 2014/MOVE/001. The impact assessment roadmap has also been published on the website of the Commission[10].

3. LEGAL ELEMENTS OF THE PROPOSAL

3.1. Recast (throughout the Regulation)

The four SES Regulations have been merged into a single regulation, which has necessitated a number of changes throughout them. The new rule is structured in five chapters based on the actors concerned:

- Chapter I: General provisions

- Chapter II: National authorities

- Chapter III: Service provision

- Chapter IV: Airspace

- Chapter V: Final provisions

In addition, some of the contents which overlapped with the existing Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 have been removed from the SES Regulations and certain small details from these removed sections have been reproduced in Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, in order to underline the continuity of approach. Most provisions have been removed from Regulation (EC) No 552/2004, which is now deleted in its entirety, except for certain details related to Annex I on notified bodies, which have been merged with the annex on qualified entities, as well as some general descriptive paragraphs in Annex II, which are reproduced in Annex Vb of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 to stress the need for continuing existing policies.

In line with the view that the Commission should focus on economic regulation and in particular on the performance scheme and SESAR, whereas EASA(now EAA, under the agreement on standardisation of Agencies) supports the process through co-ordinating all technical rule drafting, a new Article 28 has been added to describe the manner in which the consistency between SESAR policies and new technical rules can be ensured.

Finally, the new rules on implementing and delegated acts stemming from the Lisbon Treaty have been included throughout the Regulation.

3.2. National authorities (Articles 3, 4 and 5 and Article 2, definition 36)

One of the major needs for action identified in the impact assessment has been the need to strengthen the national authorities, both as regards their independence and their expertise and resources. For that purpose Article 3 describes the level of independence required from the authorities vis-à-vis the service providers they are intended to oversee. Due to the need in some Member States to carry out some administrative reorganisation, a transitional period is also foreseen until 2020. Furthermore more explicit requirements are set on the competences and independence of the staff hired, as well as strengthening the independent funding of the authorities through the route charges scheme Article 14.

To improve expertise amongst the authorities, a network of national authorities is foreseen in Article 5, including also the possibility of pooling experts so that States may benefit of experts coming from other Member States.

Finally, a definition of the term 'National Supervisory Authority' has been added, whereby it is clarified that for the purposes of this Regulation the competent authorities under Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 are considered to be National Supervisory Authorities, so that no second layer of administration is required.

3.3. Performance and charging schemes (Articles 11, 12, 13 and 14)

The Article 11 on performance scheme has been amended to rationalise the process of target setting and to allow focusing of target setting more at the local level. This allows for more educated tailored setting of targets.

Small adjustments to support this have also been made to Articles 12 and 13 on charging and the text has also been updated so that the provision concerning funding of authority tasks covers also the extension of EASA under Regulation (EC) No 1108/2009 to perform some of those tasks.

3.4. Functional Airspace Blocks (Article 16)

The article was amended already under Regulation (EC) No 1070/2009 to give the functional airspace blocks (FABs) more of a performance focus and this process is continued in this revision. The FABs should not be seen as static blocks of airspace, but as industry-led initiatives to seek improvements in overall service provision. For that to be possible, the industry needs to be given more flexibility to develop the FABs, even to devise different types of FABs, depending on where they expect to find the most synergies. Therefore the focus of the article is now more on flexible "industrial partnerships" and the measure of success will be the level of performance improvements achieved.

3.5. Support services (Articles 10 and Article 2, definition 37)

Since analysis has shown that most improvement potential exists in the services that are provided to support the core air traffic services and since these services by their nature could also be provided under market conditions, the former Article 9 of Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 has been deleted and replaced with an article concerning the provision of support services under normal public procurement rules. The core air traffic services, which are considered to be natural monopolies, remain under the requirement to designate them, but support services should be allowed to develop freely, using the full potential of expertise also from other sectors. A safeguard clause has been included, based on the model of Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 to ensure vital security and economic interests are not endangered. A transitional period is foreseen until 2020.

Finally, a definition of support services is included in Article 2 (37) to explain which services are targeted with this provision.

3.6. Network Management (Articles 17 and Article 2, definitions 7, 9 and 10)

The Article 17 on network management has been updated in two ways. First, the previously inconsistent article has been reorganised to bring the listing of all of the services that the Network Manager provides into paragraph 2 and elements that were related to technical implementing rules on air traffic flow management – and hence not to the Network Manager itself – have been relocated in Annex Vb of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, which already included the relevant provisions concerning flow management rules. In connection with this, a reference to the aeronautical information portal has been added to paragraph 2 as this service is already to some extent integrated in the Network Manager, but not expressly mentioned in the Regulation.

Secondly, the article has been revised to align it with the language used in Regulation (EC) No 1108/2009, naming the "functions" as "services" and treating the Network Manager consistently in the same manner as other service providers insofar as certification, oversight and safety requirements are concerned. The language of the relevant definitions has also been updated accordingly.

Finally, a provision has been included in Article 17 to cover the further development of the Network Manager in the direction of an industrial partnership by 2020.

3.7. Involvement of airspace users (Article 19)

The need to introduce more customer focus on the air navigation service providers was identified as one area of improvement in the impact assessment. A new Article 19 has been created to ensure the airspace users are consulted and also involved in the approval of investment plans.

4. OPTIONAL ELEMENTS

A shorter separate explanatory memorandum has been created to accompany the proposed amendments to the EASA Basic Regulation, i.e. Regulation (EC) No 216/2008.

The proposal has no impact on EU Budget, as all the functions addressed in it already exist today.

ê 549/2004 (adapted)

2013/0186 (COD)

Proposal for a

REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

laying down the framework for the creation of Ö on the implementation of Õ the sSingle European sSky

(recast)

(Text with EEA relevance)

ê 549/2004 (adapted)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty Ö on the Functioning of the European Union Õ establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 80(2) Ö 100(2) Õ thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission[11],

After transmission of the draft legislative act to the national Parliaments,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee[12],

Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions[13],

Acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure,

Whereas:

ò new

(1) Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of 10 March 2004 laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky (the framework Regulation)[14], Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of 10 March 2004 on the provision of air navigation services in the single European sky (the service provision Regulation)[15], Regulation (EC) No 551/2004 of 10 March 2004 on the organisation and use of the airspace in the single European sky (the airspace Regulation)[16] and Regulation (EC) No 552/2004 of 10 March 2004 on the interoperability of the European air traffic management network (the interoperability Regulation)[17] have been substantially amended. Since further amendments are to be made, they should be recast in the interests of clarity.

ê 549/2004 recital 1

(2) Implementation of the common transport policy requires an efficient air transport system allowing safe and regular operation of air transport services, thus facilitating the free movement of goods, persons and services.

ê 549/2004 recital 2 (adapted)

At its Extraordinary Meeting in Lisbon on 23 and 24 March 2000, the European Council called on the Commission to put forward proposals on airspace management, air traffic control and air traffic flow management, based on the work of the High Level Group on the single European sky set up by the Commission. This Group, made up largely of the civil and military air navigation authorities in the Member States, submitted its report in November 2000.

ê 1070/2009 recital 2 (adapted)

(3) The adoption by the European Parliament and the Council of the first package of the single European sky legislation, namely, Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of 10 March 2004 laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky (the framework Regulation), Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of 10 March 2004 on the provision of air navigation services in the single European sky (the service provision Regulation), Regulation (EC) No 551/2004 of 10 March 2004 on the organisation and use of the airspace in the single European sky (the airspace Regulation), and Regulation (EC) No 552/2004 of 10 March 2004 on the interoperability of the European air traffic management network (the interoperability Regulation), laid down a firm legal basis for a seamless, interoperable and safe air traffic management (ATM) system.

ò new

The adoption of the second package, namely, Regulation (EC) No 1070/2009, further strengthened the Single European Sky initiative by introducing the performance scheme and the Network Manager concepts to further improve the performance of the European Air Traffic Management system

ê 550/2004 recital 3 (adapted)

Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 (the framework Regulation)[18] lays down the framework for the creation of the single European sky.

ê 551/2004 recital 4 (adapted)

Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 (the framework Regulation)[19] lays down the framework for the creation of the single European sky.

ê 551/2004 (adapted)

(4) In Article 1 of the 1944 Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, the Contracting States recognise that ‘every State has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory’. It is within the framework of such sovereignty that the Member States of the Community Ö Union Õ , subject to applicable international conventions, exercise the powers of a public authority when controlling air traffic.

ê 552/2004 recital 3 (adapted)

Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 (the framework Regulation)[20] lays down the framework for the creation of the Single European Sky.

ê 1070/2009 recital 1

(5) Implementation of the common transport policy requires an efficient air transport system allowing the safe, regular and sustainable operation of air transport services, optimising capacity and facilitating the free movement of goods, persons and services.

ê 1070/2009 recital 37

(6) The simultaneous pursuit of the goals of augmentation of air traffic safety standards and improvement of the overall performance of ATM and ANS for general air traffic in Europe require that the human factor be taken into account. Therefore the Member States should consider the introduction of ‘just culture’ principles.

ê 549/2004 recital 6 (adapted)

(7) The Member States have adopted a general statement on military issues related to the Single European Sky[21]. According to this statement, Member States should, in particular, enhance civil-military cooperation and, if and to the extent deemed necessary by all Member States concerned, facilitate cooperation between their armed forces in all matters of air traffic management.

ê 549/2004 recital 3

Smooth operation of the air transport system requires a consistent, high level of safety in air navigation services allowing optimum use of Europe's airspace and a consistent, high level of safety in air travel, in keeping with the duty of general interest of air navigation services, including public service obligations. It should therefore be carried out to the highest standards of responsibility and competence.

ê 549/2004 recital 4

The single European sky initiative should be developed in line with the obligations stemming from the membership of the Community Union and its Member States of Eurocontrol, and in line with the principles laid down by the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.

ê 549/2004 recital 5 (adapted)

(8) Decisions relating to the content, scope or carrying out of military operations and training do not fall within the sphere of competence of the Community Ö Union under Article 100(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Õ.

ê 549/2004 recital 23 (adapted)

Arrangements for greater cooperation over the use of Gibraltar airport were agreed in London on 2 December 1987 by the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom in a joint declaration by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the two countries. Such arrangements have yet to enter into operation.

ê 550/2004 recital 1 (adapted)

ð new

(9) Member States have restructured, to varying degrees, their national air navigation service providers by increasing their level of autonomy and freedom to provide services. It is increasingly necessary to ensure that ð a well-functioning common market exists for those services that can be provided under market conditions and ï minimum public-interest requirements are satisfied ð for those services that are considered natural monopolies under current technological conditions ï under this new environment.

ê 550/2004 recital 4

In order to create the single European sky, measures should be adopted to ensure the safe and efficient provision of air navigation services consistent with the organisation and use of airspace as provided for in Regulation (EC) No 551/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the organisation and use of the airspace in the single European sky (the airspace Regulation)[22]. The establishment of a harmonised organisation for the provision of such services is important in order to respond adequately to the demand of airspace users and to regulate air traffic safely and efficiently.

ê 551/2004 recital 1

The creation of the single European sky requires a harmonised approach for regulation of the organisation and the use of airspace.

ê 551/2004 recital 2 (adapted)

In the report of the High Level Group on the single European sky in November 2000 it is considered that airspace should be designed, regulated and strategically managed on a European basis.

ê 551/2004 recital 3 (adapted)

The Communication of the Commission on the creation of the single European sky of 30 November 2001 calls for structural reform to permit the creation of the single European sky by way of a progressively more integrated management of airspace and the development of new concepts and procedures of air traffic management.

ê 551/2004 recital 6

Airspace is a common resource for all categories of users that needs to be used flexibly by all of them, ensuring fairness and transparency whilst taking into account security and defence needs of Member States and their commitments within international organisations.

ê 551/2004 recital 7

Efficient airspace management is fundamental to increasing the capacity of the air traffic services system, to providing the optimum response to various user requirements and to achieving the most flexible use of airspace.

ê 552/2004 recital 1

In order to create the Single European Sky, measures should be adopted in relation to systems, constituents and associated procedures with the objective of ensuring the interoperability of the European air traffic management network (EATMN) consistent with the provision of air navigation services as provided for in Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the provision of air navigation services in the Single European Sky (the service provision Regulation)[23] and the organisation and use of airspace as provided for in Regulation (EC) No 551/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2003 on the organisation and use of the airspace in the Single European Sky (the airspace Regulation)[24].

ê 552/2004 recital 2 (adapted)

The report of the High Level Group on the Single European Sky has confirmed the need to establish technical regulation on the basis of the ‘new approach’ in accordance with the Council resolution of 7 May 1985 on a new approach to technical harmonisation and standards[25] where essential requirements, rules and standards are complementary and consistent.

ê 552/2004 recital 4 (adapted)

The report of the High Level Group has confirmed that even though progress has been achieved during the last few years towards seamless operation of the EATMN, the situation still remains unsatisfactory, with a low level of integration between national air traffic management systems and a slow pace in the introduction of new concepts of operation and technology necessary to deliver the additional required capacity.

ê 552/2004 recital 5

Enhancing the level of integration at Community level would result in better efficiency and lower costs for system procurement and maintenance and in improved operational coordination.

ê 552/2004 recital 6

The predominance of national technical specifications used in procurement has led to fragmentation of the systems market and does not facilitate industrial cooperation at Community level; as a result, industry is particularly affected since it needs to considerably adapt its products for each national market; these practices render development and implementation of new technology unnecessarily difficult and slow down the introduction of new operational concepts that are required to increase capacity.

ê 549/2004 recital 8)

For all these reasons, and with a view to extending the single European sky to include a larger number of European States, the Community should, while taking into account the developments occurring within Eurocontrol, lay down common objectives and an action programme to mobilise the efforts by the Community, the Member States and the various economic stakeholders in order to create a more integrated operating airspace: the single European sky.

ê 549/2004 recital 24

Since the objective of this Regulation, namely the creation of the single European sky, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States, by reason of the transnational scale of the action, and can therefore be better achieved at Community Union level, while allowing for detailed implementing rules that take account of specific local conditions, the Community Union may adopt measures in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty. In accordance with the principle of proportionality as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve this objective.

ê 549/2004 recital 9

Where Member States take action to ensure compliance with Community requirements, the authorities performing verifications of compliance should be sufficiently independent of air navigation service providers.

ê 549/2004 recital 10

Air navigation services, in particular air traffic services which are comparable to public authorities, require functional or structural separation and are organised according to very different legal forms in the various Member States.

ê 549/2004 recital 11

Where independent audits are required relating to providers of air navigation services, inspections by the official auditing authorities of the Member States where those services are provided by the administration, or by a public body subject to the supervision of the abovementioned authorities, should be recognised as independent audits, whether the audit reports drawn up are made public or not.

ê 1070/2009 recital 9

(10) To ensure the consistent and sound oversight of service provision across Europe, the national supervisory authorities should be guaranteed sufficient independence and resources. This independence should not prevent those authorities from exercising their tasks within an administrative framework.

ê 1070/2009 recital 10

(11) National supervisory authorities have a key role to play in the implementation of the sSingle European sSky and the Commission should therefore facilitate cooperation among them in order to enable the exchange of best practices and to develop a common approach, including through enhanced cooperation at regional level. This cooperation should take place on a regular basis.

ê 550/2004 recital 6

Member States are responsible for monitoring the safe and efficient provision of air navigation services and for the control of compliance by air navigation service providers with the common requirements established at Community level.

ê 550/2004 recital 7

Member States should be permitted to entrust to recognised organisations, which are technically experienced, the verification of compliance of air navigation service providers with the common requirements established at Community level.

ê 549/2004 recital 20

The sanctions provided for with respect to infringements of this Regulation and of the measures referred to in Article 3 should be effective, proportional and dissuasive, without reducing safety.

ê 549/2004 recital 17

The social partners should be informed and consulted in an appropriate way on all measures having significant social implications. The Sectoral Dialogue Committee set up under Commission Decision 1998/500/EC of 20 May 1998 on the establishment of Sectoral Dialogue Committees promoting the dialogue between the social partners at European level[26] should also be consulted.

ê 1070/2009 recital 11 (adapted)

(12) The social partners should be better informed and consulted on all measures having significant social implications. At Community Ö Union Õ level, the Sectoral Dialogue Committee set up under Commission Decision 98/500/EC[27] should also be consulted.

ê 550/2004 recital 11

Conditions attached to certificates should be objectively justified and should be non-discriminatory, proportionate and transparent, and compatible with relevant international standards.

ê 550/2004 recital 2 (adapted)

The report of the High Level Group on the single European sky of November 2000 has confirmed the need for rules at Community level to distinguish between regulation and service provision and to introduce a system of certification aimed at preserving public interest requirements, most notably in terms of safety, and to improve charging mechanisms.

ê 550/2004 recital 10

Whilst guaranteeing the continuity of service provision, a common system should be established for certifying air navigation service providers, which constitutes a means for defining the rights and obligations of those providers and for regular monitoring of compliance with such requirements.

ê 550/2004 recital 12

The certificates should be mutually recognised by all Member States in order to allow air navigation service providers to provide services in a Member State other than the country in which they obtained their certificates, within the limits of the safety requirements.

ê 550/2004 recital 14

In the interest of facilitating the safe handling of air traffic across the boundaries of the Member States for the benefit of the airspace users and their passengers, the system of certification should provide for a framework to enable Member States to designate providers of air traffic services, regardless of where they have been certified.

ê 550/2004 recital 5

The provision of air traffic services, as envisaged by this Regulation, is connected with the exercise of the powers of a public authority, which are not of an economic nature justifying the application of the Treaty rules of competition.

ê 550/2004 recital 13

ð new

(13) The provision of communication, navigation and surveillance services, as well as ð meteorological and ï aeronautical information services, should be organised under market conditions whilst taking into account the special features of such services and maintaining a high level of safety.

ê 550/2004 recital 15

On the basis of their analysis of safety considerations, Member States should be able to designate one or more providers of meteorological services in respect of all or part of the airspace under their responsibility, without the need to organise a call for tenders.

ê 550/2004 recital 19

Charging conditions applying to airspace users should be fair and transparent.

ê 550/2004 recital 20

User charges should provide remuneration for the facilities and services provided by air navigation service providers and Member States. The level of user charges should be proportionate to the cost, taking into consideration the objectives of safety and economic efficiency.

ê 550/2004 recital 21

(14) There should be no discrimination between airspace users as to the provision of equivalent air navigation services.

ê 550/2004 recital 22

Air navigation service providers offer certain facilities and services directly related to the operation of aircraft, the costs of which they should be able to recover according to the ‘user pays’ principle, which is to say that airspace users should pay for the costs they generate at, or as close as possible to, the point of use.

ê 550/2004 recital 23

It is important to ensure the transparency of the costs to which such facilities or services give rise. Accordingly, any changes made to the system or level of charges should be explained to airspace users; such changes or investment proposed by air navigation service providers should be explained as part of an exchange of information between their management bodies and airspace users.

ê 550/2004 recital 24

There should be scope for modulating charges that contribute to maximising system-wide capacity. Financial incentives may be a useful way of accelerating the introduction of ground-based or airborne equipment that increases capacity, of rewarding high performance or of offsetting the inconvenience of choosing less desirable routings.

ê 550/2004 recital 25

In the context of those revenues raised to provide a reasonable return on assets, and in direct correlation with the savings made from efficiency improvements, the Commission should study the possibility of establishing a reserve aimed at reducing the impact of a sudden increase in charges to airspace users at times of reduced levels of traffic.

ê 550/2004 recital 26

The Commission should examine the feasibility of organising temporary financial aid for measures to increase the capacity of Europe's air traffic control system as a whole.

ê 1070/2009 recital 7 (adapted)

(15) The concept of common projects, aimed at assisting airspace users and/or air navigation service providers to improve collective air navigation infrastructure, the provision of air navigation services and the use of airspace, in particular those that may be required for the implementation of the ATM Master Plan Ö as endorsed by Council Decision 2009/320/EC[28] , in accordance with Article 1(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 219/2007 Õ , should not prejudice pre-existing projects decided by one or several Member States with similar objectives. The provisions on financing of the deployment of common projects should not prejudge the manner in which these common projects are set up. The Commission may propose that funding, such as Trans-European Network or European Investment Bank funding, may be used in support of common projects, in particular to speed up the deployment of the SESAR programme, within the multiannual financial framework. Without prejudice to access to that funding, Member States should be free to decide how revenues generated by the auctioning of aviation sector allowances under the Emissions Trading Scheme are to be used and to consider in this context whether a share of such revenues might be used to finance common projects at the level of functional airspace blocks.

ê 550/2004 recital 27

The establishment and imposition of charges on airspace users should be reviewed by the Commission on a regular basis, in cooperation with Eurocontrol, and with national supervisory authorities and airspace users.

ê 551/2004 recital 8

The activities of Eurocontrol confirm that the route network and airspace structure cannot realistically be developed in isolation, as each individual Member State is an integral element of the European air traffic management network (EATMN), both inside and outside the Community.

ê 551/2004 recital 13

It is essential to achieve a common, harmonised airspace structure in terms of routes and sectors, to base the present and future organisation of airspace on common principles, and to design and manage airspace in accordance with harmonised rules.

ò new

(16) The concept of a Network Manager entity is central to improving the performance of Air Traffic Management at network level, by centralising the provision of certain services, which are best performed at network level. In order to facilitate dealing with an aviation crisis, a coordination of such a crisis should be ensured by the Network Manager.

(17) Commission is convinced that the safe and efficient use of airspace can only be achieved through close cooperation between civil and military users of airspace, mainly based on the concept of flexible use of airspace and effective civil-military coordination as established by ICAO, it stresses the importance of enhancing civil military cooperation between civil and military users of airspace.

(18) Accuracy of information on airspace status and on specific air traffic situations and timely distribution of this information to civil and military controllers has a direct impact on the safety and efficiency of operations. Timely access to up-to-date information on airspace status is essential for all parties wishing to take advantage of airspace structures made available when filing or re-filing their flight plans.

ê 550/2004 recital 16

Air navigation service providers should establish and maintain close cooperation with military authorities responsible for activities that may affect general air traffic, through appropriate arrangements.

ê 550/2004 recital 17

The accounts of all air navigation service providers should provide for maximum transparency.

ê 550/2004 recital 18

The introduction of harmonised principles and conditions for access to operational data should facilitate the provision of air navigation services and the operation of airspace users and airports under a new environment.

ê 551/2004 recital 9

A progressively more integrated operating airspace should be established for en-route general air traffic in the upper airspace; the interface between upper and lower airspace should be identified accordingly.

ê 551/2004 recital 10

A European upper flight information region (EUIR) encompassing the upper airspace under the responsibility of the Member States within the scope of this Regulation should facilitate common planning and aeronautical information publication in order to overcome regional bottlenecks.

ê 1070/2009 recital 30 (adapted)

(19) The provision of modern, complete, high-quality and timely aeronautical information has a significant impact on safety and on facilitating access to Community Ö Union Õ airspace and freedom of movement within it. Taking account of the ATM Master Plan, the Community Ö Union Õ should take the initiative to modernise this sector in cooperation with Eurocontrol Ö the Network Manager Õ and ensure that users are able to access those data through a single public point of access, providing a modern, user-friendly and validated integrated briefing.

ê 551/2004 recital 11

Airspace users face disparate conditions of access to, and freedom of movement within, the Community airspace. This is due to the lack of harmonisation in the classification of airspace.

ê 551/2004 recital 12

The reconfiguration of airspace should be based on operational requirements regardless of existing boundaries. Common general principles for creating uniform functional airspace blocks should be developed in consultation with and on the basis of technical advice from Eurocontrol.

ê 551/2004 recital 14

The concept of the flexible use of airspace should be applied effectively; it is necessary to optimise the use of sectors of airspace, especially during peak periods for general air traffic and in high-traffic airspace, by cooperation between Member States in respect of the use of such sectors for military operations and training. To that end, it is necessary to allocate the appropriate resources for an effective implementation of the concept of the flexible use of airspace, taking into account both civil and military requirements.

ê 551/2004 recital 15

Member States should endeavour to cooperate with neighbouring Member States to apply the concept of flexible use of airspace across national borders.

ê 551/2004 recital 16

Differences in the organisation of civil-military cooperation in the Community restrict uniform and timely airspace management and the implementation of changes. The success of the single European sky is dependent upon effective cooperation between civil and military authorities, without prejudice to the prerogatives and responsibilities of the Member States in the field of defence.

ê 551/2004 recital 17

Military operations and training should be safeguarded whenever the application of common principles and criteria is detrimental to their safe and efficient performance.

ê 551/2004 recital 18

Adequate measures should be introduced to improve the effectiveness of air traffic flow management in order to assist existing operational units, including the Eurocontrol Central Flow Management Unit, to ensure efficient flight operations.

ê 552/2004 recital 10

Implementing rules for interoperability should be drawn up for systems whenever necessary to complement or further refine the essential requirements; those rules should also be drawn up where necessary to facilitate the coordinated introduction of new, agreed and validated concepts of operation or technologies; compliance with those rules should be permanently maintained; those rules should rely on rules and standards developed by international organisations such as Eurocontrol or ICAO.

ê 552/2004 recital 7

It is therefore in the interest of all those involved in air traffic management to develop a new partnership approach allowing the balanced involvement of all parties and stimulating creativity and the sharing of knowledge, experience and risks; such partnership should aim at defining, in cooperation with industry, a coherent set of Community specifications that can fulfil the widest possible range of needs.

ê 552/2004 recital 11

The development and adoption of Community specifications concerning EATMN, its systems and constituents and associated procedures is an appropriate means of defining the technical and operational conditions necessary to meet the essential requirements and relevant implementing rules for interoperability; compliance with published Community specifications, which remains voluntary, creates a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements and the relevant implementing rules for interoperability.

ê 552/2004 recital 12

Community specifications should be established by the European standardisation bodies in conjunction with the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (Eurocae) and by Eurocontrol, in accordance with general Community standardisation procedures.

ê 552/2004 recital 13

The procedures governing the assessment of conformity or suitability for use of constituents should be based on the use of the modules covered by Council Decision 93/465/EEC of 22 July 1993 concerning the modules for the various phases of the conformity assessment procedures and the rules for the affixing and use of the CE conformity marking, which are intended to be used in the technical harmonisation directives[29]; as far as necessary, these modules should be expanded to cover specific requirements of the industries concerned.

ê 552/2004 recital 14

The market concerned is of small size and consists of systems and constituents used almost exclusively for air traffic management purposes and not intended for the general public; it would be therefore excessive to affix the CE mark to constituents as, on the basis of the assessment of conformity and/or suitability for use, the manufacturer's declaration of conformity is sufficient; that should not affect the obligation on manufacturers to affix the CE mark to certain constituents in order to certify their compliance with other Community legislation relating to them.

ê 552/2004 recital 15

The putting into service of air traffic management systems should be subject to verification of compliance with the essential requirements and relevant implementing rules for interoperability; use of Community specifications creates a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements and relevant implementing rules for interoperability.

ê 552/2004 recital 16

The full application of this Regulation should be accomplished by means of a transitional strategy designed to attain the objectives of this Regulation while not creating unjustified cost-benefit barriers to preservation of the existing infrastructure.

ê 549/2004 recital 7

Airspace constitutes a limited resource, the optimum and efficient use of which will be possible only if the requirements of all users are taken into account and where relevant, represented in the whole development, decision-making process and implementation of the single European sky, including the Single Sky Committee.

ê 549/2004 recital 25

The measures necessary for the implementation of this Regulation should be adopted in accordance with Council Decision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999 laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission[30].

ê 549/2004 recital 26 (adapted)

Article 8(2) of the Standard Rules of Procedure for committees[31] established in application of Article 7(1) of Decision 1999/468/EC provides a standard rule according to which the Chairman of a committee may decide to invite third parties to a meeting of that committee. If appropriate, the Chairman of the Single Sky Committee should invite representatives of Eurocontrol to take part in meetings as observers or experts,

ê 549/2004 recital 18

Stakeholders such as air navigation service providers, airspace users, airports, manufacturing industry and professional staff representative bodies should have the possibility to advise the Commission on technical aspects of the implementation of the single European sky.

ê 549/2004 recital 12

It is desirable to extend the single European sky to European third countries, either within the framework of participation by the Community in the work of Eurocontrol, after the accession by the Community to Eurocontrol, or by means of agreements concluded by the Community with these countries.

ê 549/2004 recital 13

The accession of the Community to Eurocontrol is an important component in the creation of a pan-European airspace.

ê 549/2004 recital 14

In the process of creating the single European sky, the Community should, where appropriate, develop the highest level of cooperation with Eurocontrol in order to ensure regulatory synergies and consistent approaches, and to avoid any duplication between the two sides.

ê 549/2004 recital 15 (adapted)

In accordance with the conclusions of the High Level Group, Eurocontrol is the body that has the appropriate expertise to support the Community in its role as regulator. Accordingly, implementing rules should be developed, for matters falling within the remit of Eurocontrol as a result of mandates to that organisation, subject to the conditions to be included in a framework of cooperation between the Commission and Eurocontrol.

ê 549/2004 recital 16

The drafting of the measures necessary in order to create the single European sky requires broad-based consultations of economic and social stakeholders.

ê 550/2004 recital 8

Smooth operation of the air transport system also requires uniform and high safety standards for air navigation service providers.

ê 550/2004 recital 9

Arrangements should be made to harmonise the licensing systems for controllers, in order to improve the availability of controllers and to promote the mutual recognition of licences.

ê 550/2004 recital 28

Owing to the particular sensitivity of information concerning air navigation service providers, national supervisory authorities should not disclose information covered by the obligation of professional secrecy, without prejudice to the organisation of a system for monitoring and publishing the performance of those providers,

ê 549/2004 recital19

The performance of the air navigation services system as a whole at European level should be assessed on a regular basis, with due regard to the maintenance of a high level of safety, to check the effectiveness of the measures adopted and to propose further measures.

ê 549/2004 recital 21

The impact of the measures taken to apply this Regulation should be evaluated in the light of reports to be submitted regularly by the Commission.

ê 551/2004 recital 19

It is desirable to reflect upon the extension of upper airspace concepts to the lower airspace, in accordance with a timetable and appropriate studies,

ê 549/2004 recital 22

This Regulation does not affect the power of Member States to adopt provisions in relation to the organisation of their armed forces. This power may lead Member States to adopt measures to ensure that their armed forces have sufficient airspace for adequate education and training purposes. Provision should therefore be made for a safeguards clause to enable this power to be exercised.

ê 552/2004 recital 19 (adapted)

For reasons of legal certainty it is important to ensure that the substance of certain provisions of Community legislation adopted on the basis of Directive 93/65/EEC remains in force unchanged. The adoption under this Regulation of the implementing rules corresponding to such provisions will necessitate a certain amount of time,

ê 552/2004 recital 18 (adapted)

Council Directive 93/65/EEC of 19 July 1993 on the definition and use of compatible technical specifications for the procurement of air traffic management equipment and systems[32] is limited to obligations of awarding entities; this Regulation is more comprehensive in that it addresses obligations of all actors, including air navigation service providers, airspace users, industry and airports, and provides both for rules applicable to all and for the adoption of Community specifications which, while being voluntary, creates a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements. Therefore, Directive 93/65/EEC, Commission Directive 97/15/EC of 25 March 1997 adopting Eurocontrol standards and amending Council Directive 93/65/EEC on the definition and use of compatible technical specifications for the procurement of air-traffic-management equipment and systems[33] and Commission Regulations (EC) No 2082/2000 of 6 September 2000 adopting Eurocontrol standards and amending Directive 97/15/EC[34] and (EC) No 980/2002 of 4 June 2002 amending Regulation (EC) No 2082/2000 should be repealed after a transitional period.

ê 552/2004 recital 8

The internal market is a Community objective and therefore measures taken under this Regulation should contribute to its progressive development in this sector.

ê 552/2004 recital 9

It is therefore appropriate to define essential requirements which should apply to the European air traffic management network, its systems, constituents and associated procedures.

ê 552/2004 recital 17

Within the framework of the relevant Community legislation, due account should be taken of the need to ensure:

– harmonised conditions with regard to the availability and efficient use of radio spectrum necessary for the implementation of the Single European Sky, including electromagnetic compatibility aspects,

– protection of the safety-of-life services from harmful interference,

– efficient and appropriate use of frequencies allocated to and managed exclusively by the aviation sector.

ò new

(20) In order to take into account the changes introduced in Regulations (EC) No 1108/2009 and (EC) No 1070/2009 , it is necessary, in accordance with Article 65a of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 February 2008 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency[35], to align the content of this Regulation with that of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008.

(21) Furthermore, the technical details of Regulations (EC) No 549/2004, (EC) No 550/2004, (EC) No 551/2004 and (EC) No 552/2004, agreed in 2004 and 2009, should be brought up-to date as well as technical corrections made to take account of progress.

(22) The geographical scope of this Regulation over the ICAO NAT region should be amended to take account of the existing and planned service provision arrangements and the need to ensure consistency in application of rules to the air navigation service providers and airspace users operating in that area.

(23) In line with its roles as an operational organisation and the continuing reform of Eurocontrol, the function of the Network Manager should be further developed towards an industry-led partnership.

(24) The concept of functional airspace blocks designed to improve the co-operation between air traffic service providers, is an important tool for improving the performance of the European ATM system. To further enhance this tool, the functional airspace blocks should be made more performance focused, based on industrial partnerships and industry should be given more freedom to modify them in order to reach and, where possible exceed, the performance targets.

(25) The functional airspace blocks should operate in a flexible manner, bringing together service providers across Europe to capitalise on each other's strengths. This flexibility should allow for seeking synergies between providers regardless of their geographical location or nationality and allow for variable formats of service provision to emerge in the search for performance improvements.

(26) To enhance the customer-focus of air navigation service providers and to increase the possibility of airspace users to influence decisions, which affect them, the consultation and participation of stakeholders in major operational decisions of the air navigation service providers should be made more effective.

(27) The performance scheme is a central tool for economic regulation of ATM and the quality and independence of its decisions should be maintained and where possible improved.

(28) In order to take into account technical or operational developments, in particular by amending annexes, or by supplementing the provisions on network management and performance scheme, the power to adopt acts in accordance with Article 290 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union should be delegated to the Commission. The content and scope of each delegation is set out in detail in the relevant Articles. It is of particular importance that the Commission carries out appropriate consultations during its preparatory work, including at expert level. The Commission, when preparing and drawing-up delegated acts, should ensure a simultaneous, timely and appropriate transmission of relevant documents to the European Parliament and Council.

(29) When adding to the list of network management services, the Commission should conduct a proper consultation of industry stakeholders.

(30) In order to ensure uniform conditions for the implementation of this Regulation, in particular with regard to the exercise of their powers by national supervisory authorities, provision of support services on an exclusive basis by a service provider or groupings thereof , corrective measures to ensure compliance with the Union-wide and associated local performance targets, review of compliance in relation to the charging scheme, governance and adoption of common projects for network related functions, functional airspace blocks, modalities of participation of stakeholders in major operational decisions of the air navigation service providers, access to and protection of data, electronic aeronautical information and technological development and interoperability of air traffic management, implementing powers should be conferred on the Commission. Those powers should be exercised in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers[36].

(31) In accordance with Regulation (EU) No 182/2011, for the implementing acts adopted under this Regulation, the examination procedure should be used for the adoption of implementing acts of general.

(32) The advisory procedure should be used for the adoption of implementing acts of individual scope.

ê 549/2004 recital 20 (adapted)

(33) The penalties provided for with respect to infringements of this Regulation and of the measures referred to in Article 3 should be effective, proportional and dissuasive, without reducing safety.

ò new

(34) The procurement of support services should be carried out, as applicable, in accordance with Directive 2004/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts, public supply contracts and public service contracts[37] and Directive 2004/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 coordinating the procurement procedures of entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors[38]. Account should also be taken of the guidelines set out in the Commission interpretative communication 2006/C179/02 on the Community law applicable to contract awards not or not fully subject to the provisions of the Public Procurement Directives[39], as appropriate

ê 1070/2009 recital 42

(35) The Ministerial Statement on Gibraltar Airport, agreed in Córdoba on 18 September 2006 (the Ministerial Statement), during the first Ministerial meeting of the Forum of Dialogue on Gibraltar, will replace the Joint Declaration on the Airport made in London on 2 December 1987, and the full compliance with that Statement will be deemed to constitute compliance with the 1987 Declaration.

ê 1070/2009 recital 43

(36) This Regulation applies in full to Gibraltar Airport in the context and by virtue of the Ministerial Statement. Without prejudice to the Ministerial Statement, the application to Gibraltar Airport and all the measures related to its implementation shall conform fully with that Statement and all the arrangements contained therein.

ê 549/2004 recital 24 (adapted)

(37) Since the objective of this Regulation, namely the creation Ö implementation Õ of the Single European Sky, cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States, by reason of the transnational scale of the action, and can therefore be better achieved at Community Ö Union Õ level, while allowing for detailed implementing rules that take account of specific local conditions, the Community Ö Union Õ may adopt measures in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, as set out in Article 5 of the Treaty on European Union. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, as set out in that Article, this Regulation does not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve this objective.

ê 552/2004

HAVE ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.1 (adapted)

ð new

Article 1

Objective Ö Subject matter Õ and scope

1. ð This Regulation lays down rules for the creation and proper functioning of ï The objective of the sSingle European sSky initiative is to enhance Ö in order to ensure Õ current air traffic safety standards, to contribute to the sustainable development of the air transport system and to improve the overall performance of air traffic management (ATM) and air navigation services (ANS) for general air traffic in Europe, with a view to meeting the requirements of all airspace users. This Ö The Õ sSingle European sSky shall comprise a coherent pan-European network of routes, ð an integrated operating airspace, ï network management and air traffic management systems based only on safety, efficiency and technical considerations ð interoperability ï , for the benefit of all airspace users. In pursuit of this objective, this Regulation establishes a harmonised regulatory framework for the creation of the single European sky.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2 (adapted)

2. The application of this Regulation and of the measures referred to in Article 3 shall be without prejudice to Member States' sovereignty over their airspace and to the requirements of the Member States relating to public order, public security and defence matters, as set out in Article 38 13. This Regulation and the measures referred to in Article 3 do Ö does Õ not cover military operations and training.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.3 (adapted)

3. The application of this Regulation and of the measures referred to in Article 3 shall be without prejudice to the rights and duties of Member States under the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention). In this context, an additional objective of this Regulation is, Ö seeks to assist, Õ in the fields it covers, to assist Member States in fulfilling their obligations under the Chicago Convention, by providing a basis for a common interpretation and uniform implementation of its provisions, and by ensuring that these provisions are duly taken into account in this Regulation and in the rules drawn up for its implementation.

ê 550/2004

CHAPTER I

GENERAL

Article 1

Scope and objective

1. Within the scope of the framework Regulation, this Regulation concerns the provision of air navigation services in the single European sky. The objective of this Regulation is to establish common requirements for the safe and efficient provision of air navigation services in the Community.

2. This Regulation shall apply to the provision of air navigation services for general air traffic in accordance with and within the scope of the framework Regulation.

ê 551/2004

CHAPTER I

GENERAL

Article 1

Objective and scope

1. Within the scope of the framework Regulation, this Regulation concerns the organisation and the use of airspace in the Single European Sky. The objective of this Regulation is to support the concept of a progressively more integrated operating airspace within the context of the common transport policy and to establish common procedures for design, planning and management ensuring the efficient and safe performance of air traffic management.

2. The use of airspace shall support the operation of the air navigation services as a coherent and consistent whole in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the provision of air navigation services in the single European sky (the service provision Regulation)[40].

ê 551/2004 (adapted)

ð new

43. Without prejudice to Article 10, tThis Regulation shall apply to the airspace within the ICAO EUR and AFI ð and NAT ï regions where Member States are responsible for the provision of air traffic services in accordance with the service provision Ö this Õ Regulation. Member States may also apply this Regulation to airspace under their responsibility within other ICAO regions, on condition that they inform the Commission and the other Member States thereof.

ê 551/2004

4. The Flight Information Regions comprised within the airspace to which this Regulation applies shall be published in the Official Journal of the European Union.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.1

54. The application of this Regulation to the airport of Gibraltar is understood to be without prejudice to the respective legal positions of the Kingdom of Spain and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with regard to the dispute over sovereignty over the territory in which the airport is situated.

ê 552/2004

Article 1

Objective and scope

1. Within the scope of the framework Regulation, this Regulation concerns the interoperability of the EATMN.

2. This Regulation shall apply to the systems, their constituents and associated procedures identified in Annex I.

3. The objective of this Regulation is to achieve interoperability between the different systems, constituents and associated procedures of the EATMN, taking due account of the relevant international rules. This Regulation aims also at ensuring the coordinated and rapid introduction of new agreed and validated concepts of operations or technology in air traffic management.

ê 549/2004 (adapted)

Article 2

Definitions

For the purpose of this Regulation and of the measures referred to in Article 3, the following definitions shall apply:

ê 549/2004

ð new

1.‘air traffic control (ATC) service’ means a service provided for the purpose of:

(a) preventing collisions:

– between aircraft, and

– in the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions; and

(b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic;

2.‘aerodrome control service’ means an ATC service for aerodrome traffic;

3.‘aeronautical information service’ means a service established within the defined area of coverage responsible for the provision of aeronautical information and data necessary for the safety, regularity, and efficiency of air navigation;

4.‘air navigation services’ means air traffic services; communication, navigation and surveillance services; meteorological services for air navigation; and aeronautical information services;

5.‘air navigation service providers’ means any public or private entity providing air navigation services for general air traffic;

6.‘airspace block’ means an airspace of defined dimensions, in space and time, within which air navigation services are provided;

7.‘airspace management’ means a planning function ð service ï with the primary objective of maximising the utilisation of available airspace by dynamic time-sharing and, at times, the segregation of airspace among various categories of airspace users on the basis of short-term needs;

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(a)

8.‘airspace users’ means operators of aircraft operated as general air traffic;

ê 549/2004

ð new

9.‘air traffic flow management’ means a function ð service ï established with the objective of contributing to a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic by ensuring that ATC capacity is utilised to the maximum extent possible, and that the traffic volume is compatible with the capacities declared by the appropriate air traffic service providers;

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(b)

ð new

10.‘air traffic management (ATM)’ means the aggregation of the airborne and ground-based functions ð services ï (air traffic services, airspace management and air traffic flow management) required to ensure the safe and efficient movement of aircraft during all phases of operations;

ê 549/2004

11.‘air traffic services’ means the various flight information services, alerting services, air traffic advisory services and ATC services (area, approach and aerodrome control services);

12.‘area control service’ means an ATC service for controlled flights in a block of airspace;

13.‘approach control service’ means an ATC service for arriving or departing controlled flights;

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(c)

1413a.‘ATM Master Plan’ means the plan endorsed by Council Decision 2009/320/EC[41], in accordance with Article 1(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 219/2007 of 27 February 2007 on the establishment of a Joint Undertaking to develop the new generation European air traffic management system (SESAR)[42];

ò new

15. ‘aviation crisis’ means circumstances under which airspace capacity is abnormally reduced as a result of major adverse weather circumstances or the unavailability of large airspace parts either through natural or political reasons;

ê 549/2004

1614.‘bundle of services’ means two or more air navigation services;

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(d)

1715.‘certificate’ means a document issued by a national supervisory authority in any form complying with national law, which confirms that an air navigation service provider meets the requirements for providing a specific service;

ê 549/2004

1816.‘communication services’ means aeronautical fixed and mobile services to enable ground-to-ground, air-to-ground and air-to-air communications for ATC purposes;

17.‘European air traffic management network’ (EATMN) means the collection of systems listed in Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 552/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the interoperability of the European air traffic management network (the interoperability Regulation)[43] enabling air navigation services in the Community to be provided, including the interfaces at boundaries with third countries;

18.‘concept of operation’ means the criteria for the operational use of the EATMN or of part thereof;

19.‘constituents’ means tangible objects such as hardware and intangible objects such as software upon which the interoperability of the European Air Traffic management Network (EATMN) depends;

ò new

20. ‘declaration’ means for purposes of ATM/ANS, any written statement:

- on the conformity or suitability for use of systems and constituents issued by an organisation engaged in the design, manufacture and maintenance of ATM/ANS systems and constituents;

- on the compliance with applicable requirements of a service or a system to be put into operation issued by a service provider";

- on the capability and means of discharging the responsibilities associated with certain flight information services

ê 549/2004 (adapted)

20.‘Eurocontrol’ is the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation set up by the International Convention of 13 December 1960 relating to Cooperation for the Safety of Air Navigation[44];

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(f) (adapted)

2122.‘flexible use of airspace’ means an airspace management concept applied in the European Civil Aviation Conference area on the basis of the ‘Airspace management handbook for the application of the concept of the flexible use of airspace’ issued by Ö the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation Õ (Eurocontrol) Ö [45] Õ ;

ê 549/2004

23.‘flight information region’ means an airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information services and alerting services are provided;

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(g)

2223a.‘flight information service’ means a service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights;

2323b.‘alerting service’ means a service provided to notify relevant organisations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and to assist such organisations as required;

ê 549/2004

24.‘flight level’ means a surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to the specific pressure datum of 1013,2 hectopascals and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals;

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(h)

2425.‘functional airspace block’ means an airspace block based on operational requirements and established regardless of State boundaries, where the provision of air navigation services and related functions are performance-driven and optimised with a view to introducing, in each functional airspace block, enhanced cooperation among air navigation service providers or, where appropriate, an integrated provider;

ê 549/2004 (adapted)

2526.‘general air traffic’ means all movements of civil aircraft, as well as all movements of State aircraft (including military, customs and police aircraft) when these movements are carried out in conformity with the procedures of .the Ö International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), as established by the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation Õ ICAO;

27.‘ICAO’ means the International Civil Aviation Organisation, as established by the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation;

2628.‘interoperability’ means a set of functional, technical and operational properties required of the systems and constituents of the EATMN and of the procedures for its operation, in order to enable its safe, seamless and efficient operation. Interoperability is achieved by making the systems and constituents compliant with the essential requirements;

2729.‘meteorological services’ means those facilities and services that provide aircraft with meteorological forecasts, briefs and observations as well as any other meteorological information and data provided by States for aeronautical use;

2830.‘navigation services’ means those facilities and services that provide aircraft with positioning and timing information;

2931.‘operational data’ means information concerning all phases of flight that are required to take operational decisions by air navigation service providers, airspace users, airport operators and other actors involved;

32.‘procedure’, as used in the context of the interoperability Regulation, means a standard method for either the technical or the operational use of systems, in the context of agreed and validated concepts of operation requiring uniform implementation throughout the EATMN;

3033.‘putting into service’ means the first operational use after the initial installation or an upgrade of a system;

3134.‘route network’ means a network of specified routes for channelling the flow of general air traffic as necessary for the provision of ATC services;

35.‘routing’ means the chosen itinerary to be followed by an aircraft during its operation;

36.‘seamless operation’ means the operation of the EATMN in such a manner that from the user's perspective it functions as if it were a single entity;

ê 549/2004

3238.‘surveillance services’ means those facilities and services used to determine the respective positions of aircraft to allow safe separation;

3339.‘system’ means the aggregation of airborne and ground-based constituents, as well as space-based equipment, that provides support for air navigation services for all phases of flight;

3440.‘upgrade’ means any modification that changes the operational characteristics of a system;

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.2(j)

3541.‘cross-border services’ means any situation where air navigation services are provided in one Member State by a service provider certified in another Member State. ;

ò new

36. ‘national supervisory authority’ means the national body or bodies entrusted by a Member State with the tasks of supervision in accordance with this Regulation and the national competent authorities entrusted with the tasks provided for in Article 8b of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008;

37. 'support services’ means air navigation services other than air traffic services as well as other services and activities, which are linked to, and support the provision of air navigation services;

38. 'local performance targets' means performance targets set by the Member States at local level, namely functional airspace block, national, charging zone or airport level.

ê 549/2004

Article 3

Fields for action by the Community

1. This Regulation establishes a harmonised regulatory framework for the creation of the single European sky in conjunction with:

(a) Regulation (EC) No 551/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the organisation and use of the airspace in the Single European Sky (the airspace Regulation)[46];

(b) Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the provision of air navigation services in the Single European Sky (the service provision Regulation)[47]; and

(c) Regulation (EC) No 552/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the interoperability of the European Air Traffic Management network (the interoperability Regulation)[48];

and with the implementing rules adopted by the Commission on the basis of this Regulation and the regulations referred to above.

2. The measures referred to in paragraph 1 shall apply subject to the provisions of this Regulation.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.3 (adapted)

ð new

CHAPTER II

Ö national authorities Õ

Article 34

National supervisory authorities

1. Member States shall, jointly or individually, either nominate or establish a body or bodies as their national supervisory authority in order to assume the tasks assigned to such authority under this Regulation and under the measures referred to in Article 3.

2. The national supervisory authorities shall be ð legally distinct and ï independent of ð in particular in organisational, hierarchical and decision-making terms, from any ï air navigation service providers ð or any private or public entity having an interest in the activities of such providers ï. This independence shall be achieved through adequate separation, at the functional level at least, between the national supervisory authorities and such providers.

ò new

3. Without prejudice to paragraph 2, the national supervisory authorities may be joined in organisational terms with other regulatory bodies and/or safety authorities.

4. The national supervisory authorities that are not legally distinct from any air navigation service providers or any private or public entity having an interest in the activities of such providers, as provided for in paragraph 2, on the date of entry into force of this Regulation shall meet this requirement by 1 January 2020 at the latest.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.3 (adapted)

ð new

35. Ö The Õ Nnational supervisory authorities shall exercise their powers impartially, independently and transparently. This shall be achieved by applying appropriate management and control mechanisms ð In particular, they shall be organised, staffed, managed and financed so as to allow them to exercise their powers in that manner. ï , including within the administration of a Member State. However, this shall not prevent the national supervisory authorities from exercising their tasks within the rules of organisation of national civil aviation authorities or any other public bodies

ò new

6. Staff of the national supervisory authorities shall:

(a) be recruited under clear and transparent rules which guarantee their independence and as regards persons in charge of strategic decisions, be appointed by the national cabinet or council of ministers or another public authority which does not directly control, or benefit from the air navigation service providers;

(b) be selected in a transparent procedure on the basis of their specific qualifications, including appropriate competence and relevant experience inter alia in the field of auditing, air navigation services and systems;

(c) act independently in particular from any interest related to air navigation service providers and shall not seek or take instructions from any government or other public or private entity when carrying out the functions of the national supervisory authority;

(d) as regards persons in charge of strategic decisions, make an annual declaration of commitment and declaration of interests indicating any direct or indirect interests that may be considered prejudicial to their independence and which may influence the performance of their functions; and

(e) as regards persons in charge of strategic decisions, audits or other functions directly linked to oversight or performance targets of air navigation service providers, have no professional position or responsibility with any of the air navigation service providers after their term in the national supervisory authority, for a period of at least one year.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.3

ð new

74. Member States shall ensure that national supervisory authorities have the necessary resources and capabilities to carry out the tasks assigned to them under this Regulation in an efficient and timely manner. ð The national supervisory authorities shall have full authority over the recruitment and management of their staff based on their own appropriations stemming from inter alia route charges to be set in proportion to the tasks to be fulfilled by the authority in accordance with Article 4. ï

85. Member States shall notify the Commission of the names and addresses of the national supervisory authorities, as well as changes thereto, and of the measures taken to ensure compliance with ð this Articleï paragraphs 2,3 and 4.

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9. The Commission shall establish detailed rules laying down the modalities of the recruitment and selection procedures for the application of paragraphs 6(a) and (b). Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 27(3).

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.1 (adapted)

Article 42

Tasks of the national supervisory authorities

1. The national supervisory authorities referred to in Article 3 4 of the framework Regulation shall Ö be entrusted in particular with the following tasks: Õ

(a) ensure Ö ensuring Õ the appropriate supervision of the application of this Regulation, in particular with regard to the safe and efficient operation of air navigation service providers which provide services relating to the airspace falling under the responsibility of the Member State which nominated or established the relevant authority.;

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(b) granting of certificates to air navigation services providers in accordance with Article 8b of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and overseeing the application of the conditions under which they have been granted;

(c) issuing licenses, ratings, endorsements and certificates for air traffic controllers in accordance with Article 8c of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and overseeing the application of the conditions under which they have been issued;

(d) drawing up performance plans and monitoring their implementation in accordance with Article 11;

(e) monitoring the implementation of the charging scheme in accordance with Articles 12 and 13;

(f) approving the conditions of access to operational data in accordance with Article 22; and

(g) supervising declarations and the putting into service of systems.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.1 (adapted)

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2. To this end, eEach national supervisory authority shall organise proper inspections and surveys to verify compliance with the requirements of this Regulation including human resources requirements for the provision of air navigation services. The air navigation service provider concerned shall facilitate such work.

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Article 5

Co-operation between national supervisory authorities

1. The national supervisory authorities shall exchange information about their work and decision‑making principles, practices and procedures as well as implementation of Union law. They shall cooperate for the purpose of coordinating their decision-making across the Union. The national supervisory authorities shall participate and work together in a network that convenes at regular intervals. The Commission and the European Union Agency for Aviation ( hereafter "EAA") shall be members, coordinate and support the work of the network and make recommendations to the network, as appropriate. The Commission and EAA shall facilitate active cooperation of the national supervisory authorities and exchanges and use of staff between the national supervisory authorities based on a pool of experts to be set up by EAA in accordance with Article 17(2)(f) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008.

Subject to the rules on data protection provided for in Article 22 of this Regulation and in Regulation (EC) No 45/2001, the Commission shall support the exchange of the information referred to in the first and second subparagraph of this paragraph among the members of the network, possibly through electronic tools, respecting the confidentiality of business secrets of air navigation service providers.

2. The national supervisory authorities shall cooperate closely, including through working arrangements, for the purposes of mutual assistance in their monitoring tasks and handling of investigations and surveys.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.1

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3. In respect of functional airspace blocks that extend across the airspace falling under the responsibility of more than one Member State, the Member States concerned shall conclude an agreement on the supervision provided for in this Article with regard to the air navigation service providers providing services relating to those blocks. ð The national supervisory authorities concerned shall establish a plan specifying the modalities of their co-operation with a view to giving effect to that agreement. ï

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.1 (adapted)

4. National supervisory authorities shall cooperate closely to ensure adequate supervision of air navigation service providers holding a valid certificate from one Member State that also provide services relating to the airspace falling under the responsibility of another Member State. Such cooperation shall include arrangements for the handling of cases involving non-compliance with Ö this Regulation and with Õ the applicable common requirements set out Ö adopted Õ in Ö accordance with Õ Article Ö 8b(1) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 Õ 6 or with the conditions set out in Annex II.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.1 (adapted)

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5. In the case of cross-border provision of air navigation services ð in an airspace falling under the responsibility of another Member State ï , such Ö the Õ arrangements ð referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 ï shall include an agreement on the mutual recognition of the supervisory tasks set out in Article 4(1) and (2) and of the results of these tasks. This mutual recognition shall apply also where arrangements for recognition between national supervisory authorities are made for the certification process of service providers.

6. If permitted by national law and with a view to regional cooperation, national supervisory authorities may also conclude agreements regarding the division of responsibilities regarding supervisory tasks.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.1 (adapted)

Article 63

Qualified entities

1. National supervisory authorities may decide to delegate in full or in part the inspections and surveys referred to in Article 4 2(2) to qualified entities that fulfil the requirements set out in Annex I.

2. Such a delegation granted by a national supervisory authority shall be valid within the Community Ö Union Õ for a renewable period of three years. National supervisory authorities may instruct any of the qualified entities located in the Ö Union Õ Community to undertake these inspections and surveys.

ê 552/2004 (adapted)

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Article 8

Notified bodies

1.3 Member States shall notify the Commission, ð EAA ï and the other Member States of the bodies Ö qualified entities to which they have delegated tasks in accordance with paragraph 1 Õ they have appointed , to carry out tasks pertaining to the assessment of conformity or suitability for use referred to in Article 5, and/or the verification referred to in Article 6, indicating each Ö entity Õ body's area of responsibility and its identification number Ö and of any changes in this respect Õ obtained from the Commission. The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union the list of Ö qualified entities Õ bodies, their identification numbers and areas of responsibility, and shall keep the list updated.

2. Member States shall apply the criteria provided for in Annex V for the assessment of the bodies to be notified. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria provided for in the relevant European standards shall be deemed to meet the said criteria.

34. Member States shall withdraw Ö the delegation Õ notification of a notified body Ö qualified entity Õ which no longer meets the Ö requirements set out Õ criteria provided for in Annex I V. It shall forthwith inform the Commission, ð EAA ï and the other Member States thereof.

4. Without prejudice to the requirements referred to in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, Member States may decide to appoint organisations recognised in conformity with Article 3 of the service provision Regulation as notified bodies.

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5. Bodies nominated before the entry into force of this Regulation as notified bodies in accordance with Article 8 of Regulation (EC) No 552/2004, shall be considered to be qualified entities for the purposes of this Article.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.5

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Article 710

Consultation of stakeholders

1. The Member States ð National supervisory authorities ï , acting in accordance with their national legislation, shall establish consultation mechanisms for appropriate involvement of stakeholders, including professional staff representative bodies ð for the exercise of their tasks ï , in the implementation of the sSingle European sSky.

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2. The stakeholders may include:

– air navigation service providers,

– airport operators,

– relevant airspace users or relevant groups representing airspace users,

– military authorities,

– manufacturing industry,

– professional staff representative bodies.

ê 550/2004 (adapted)

CHAPTER III

RULES FOR THE Ö SERVICE Õ PROVISION OF SERVICES

ê 550/2004 (adapted)

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Article 6

Common requirements

Common requirements for the provision of air navigation services shall be established in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 5(3) of the framework Regulation. The common requirements shall include the following:

– technical and operational competence and suitability,

– systems and processes for safety and quality management,

– reporting systems,

– quality of services,

– financial strength,

– liability and insurance cover,

– ownership and organisational structure, including the prevention of conflicts of interest,

– human resources, including adequate staffing plans,

– security.

Article 87

Certification of air navigation service providers

1. The provision of all air navigation services within the Community Ö Union Õ shall be subject to certification by ð or declaration to, ï Member States ð national supervisory authorities or EAA in accordance with Article 8b of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 ï .

ê 550/2004

2. Applications for certification shall be submitted to the national supervisory authority of the Member State where the applicant has its principal place of operation and, if any, its registered office.

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2. The certification process shall also ensure that the applicants can demonstrate sufficient financial strength and have obtained liability and insurance cover, where this is not guaranteed by the Member State concerned.

ê 550/2004 (adapted)

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3. National supervisory authorities shall issue certificates to air navigation service providers where they comply with the common requirements referred to in Article 6. Certificates may be issued individually for each type of air navigation service as defined in Article 2 of the framework Regulation, or for a bundle of such services, inter alia, where a provider of air traffic services, whatever its legal status, operates and maintains its own communication, navigation and surveillance systems. The certificates shall be checked on a regular basis.

43. ð The certificate shall provide for ï Certificates shall specify the rights and obligations of air navigation service providers, including non-discriminatory access to services for airspace users, with particular regard to safety. Certification may Ö shall Õ be subject only to the conditions set out in Annex II. Such conditions shall be objectively justified, non-discriminatory, proportionate and transparent.

5. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, Member States may allow the provision of air navigation services in all or part of the airspace under their responsibility without certification in cases where the provider of such services offers them primarily to aircraft movements other than general air traffic. In those cases, the Member State concerned shall inform the Commission and the other Member States of its decision and of the measures taken to ensure maximum compliance with the common requirements.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.3 (adapted)

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46. Without prejudice to Articles 8 and 9 tThe issue of certificates shall confer on air navigation service providers the possibility of offering their services to Member States, other air navigation service providers, airspace users and airports within the Community Ö Union Õ . ð With regard to support services this possibility shall be subject to the compliance with Article 10(2). ï

7. National supervisory authorities shall monitor compliance with the common requirements and with the conditions attached to the certificates. Details of such monitoring shall be included in the annual reports to be submitted by Member States pursuant to Article 12(1) of the framework Regulation. If a national supervisory authority finds that the holder of a certificate no longer satisfies such requirements or conditions, it shall take appropriate measures while ensuring continuity of services on condition that safety is not compromised. Such measures may include the revocation of the certificate.

ê 550/2004

8. A Member State shall recognise any certificate issued in another Member State in accordance with this Article.

9. In exceptional circumstances, Member States may postpone compliance with this Article beyond the date resulting from Article 19(2) by six months. Member States shall notify the Commission of such postponement, giving their reasons therefor.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.4 (adapted)

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Article 98

Designation of air traffic service providers

1. Member States shall ensure the provision of air traffic services on an exclusive basis within specific airspace blocks in respect of the airspace under their responsibility. For this purpose, Member States shall designate an air traffic service provider holding a valid certificate ð or declaration ï in the Community Ö Union Õ .

2. For the provision of cross-border services, Member States shall ensure that compliance with this Article and Article 18 10(3) is not prevented by their national legal system requiring that air traffic service providers providing services in the airspace under the responsibility of that Member State ð fulfil one of the following conditions ï :

(a) be owned directly or through a majority holding by that Member State or its nationals;

(b) have their principal place of operation or registered office in the territory of that Member State or

(c) use only facilities in that Member State.

3. Member States shall define the rights and obligations to be met by the designated air traffic service providers. The obligations may include conditions for the timely supply of relevant information enabling all aircraft movements in the airspace under their responsibility to be identified.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.4

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4. Member States shall have discretionary powers in choosing an air traffic service provider, on condition that the latter fulfils the requirements and conditions referred to in Articles 6 and 7 ð is certified or declared in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 ï .

ê 1070/2009 Art. 2.4

5. In respect of functional airspace blocks established in accordance with Article 16 9a that extend across the airspace under the responsibility of more than one Member State, the Member States concerned shall jointly designate, in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, one or more air traffic service providers, at least one month before implementation of the airspace block.

6. Member States shall inform the Commission and other Member States immediately of any decision within the framework of this Article regarding the designation of air traffic service providers within specific airspace blocks in respect of the airspace under their responsibility.

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Article 10

Provision of support services

1. Member States shall take all necessary measures to ensure that, in accordance with this Article, providers of support services can compete within the Union on the basis of equitable, non-discriminatory and transparent conditions for the purpose of providing these services.

The requirement set out in this Article shall be met at the latest by 1 January 2020.

2. Member States shall take all necessary measures to ensure that the provision of air traffic services is separated from the provision of support services. This separation shall include the requirement that air traffic services and support services are provided by separate undertakings.

3. In choosing the provider of support services, in particular cost efficiency, overall service quality and safety of services shall be taken into account by the entity procuring those services.

4. A provider of support services may only be chosen to provide services in the airspace of a Member State, when:

(a) it is certified in accordance with Article 8b of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008;

(b) its principal place of business is located in the territory of a Member State;

(c) Member States and/or nationals of Member States own more than 50 % of the service provider and effectively control it, whether directly or indirectly through one or more intermediate undertakings, except as provided for in an agreement with a third country to which the Union is a party; and

(d) the service provider fulfils national security and defence requirements.

5. Support services related to the operations of the EATMN may be provided in a centralised manner by the Network Manager by adding those services to the services referred to in Article 17(2), in accordance with Article 17(3). They may also be provided on an exclusive basis by an air navigation service provider or groupings thereof, in particular those related to the provision of the ATM infrastructures. The Commission shall specify the modalities for the selection of providers or groupings thereof, based on the professional capacity and ability to provide services in an impartial and cost-effective manner, and establish an overall assessment of the estimated costs and benefits of the provision of the support services in a centralised manner. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 27(3). The Commission shall designate providers or groupings thereof in accordance with those implementing acts.

ê 550/2004

Article 9

Designation of providers of meteorological services

1. Member States may designate a provider of meteorological services to supply all or part of meteorological data on an exclusive basis in all or part of the airspace under their responsibility, taking into account safety considerations.

2. Member States shall inform the Commission and other Member States without delay of any decision within the framework of this Article regarding the designation of a provider of meteorological services.

ê 1070/2009 Art. 1.5 (adapted)

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Article 11

Performance scheme

1. To improve the performance of air navigation services and network ð services ï functions in the sSingle European sSky, a performance scheme for air navigation services and network ð services ï functions shall be set up. It shall include:

(a) Co