15.3.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC73/1
II
(PreparatoryActs)
ECONOMIC ANDSOCIALCOMMITTEE
OpinionontheproposalforaCouncilDecisionadoptingtheSecondPhaseoftheTrans­
EuropeanCooperationSchemeforHigherEducation(TempusII)(!)
(93/C73/01)
On21October1992theCouncildecidedtoconsulttheEconomicandSocialCommittee,
underArticle198oftheTreatyestablishingtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity,onthe
abovementioned proposal.
TheSectionforSocial,Family,EducationalandCulturalAffairs,whichwasresponsiblefor
preparingtheCommittee'sworkonthesubject,adopteditsOpinionon14January1993.
TheRapporteurwasMrConnellan.
Atits302ndPlenarySession(meetingof27January1993),theEconomicandSocial
CommitteeadoptedthefollowingOpinionunanimously .
1.4.TheCommissionnowproposestheinitiationof
asecondphase(TempusII)andhasproducedadraft
CouncilDecision.Thisdocumentdrawsheavilyonthe
resultsoftheexternalevaluationoftheprogramme
whichconcludedinbroadtermsthattheTempusPro­
grammehasmadeanimpressivestartandenjoyswide
popularityinbothEastandWest.ThesecondTempus
(TempusII)wouldhaveafour-yearperspectivebegin­
ningon1July1994.1.Introduction
1.1.Tempus,theaimofwhichistosupportthe
developmentandrenewalofthehighereducationsys­
teminthecontextofeconomicreformandrecoveryin
thecountriesofCentralandEasternEuropethrough
co-operationwithappropriatepartnersintheEuropean
Community,wasadoptedforaninitialpilotphase
whichbeganon1July1990.AlaterCouncildecision
extendedthepilotphaseforoneyearlastinguntilthe
endofJune1994(CouncilDecision92/240/EEC).
1.2.Anannualreporthasbeenpresentedbythe
Commissioncoveringtheperiod7May1990-31July
1991.Thisreportdealsinafactualsensewiththe
resultsoftheinitialcallsforApplications .
1.3.Aspartofaformalevaluationprocess,theCom­
missioncontractedCoopersandLybrandEuropeto
evaluatetheTempusprogramme .Theresultsofthis
analysiswerepresentedinMay1992.Thereport
focusedprimarilyonthecentralplank(JointEuropean
Projects)oftheTempusstrategyinreforminghigher
educationsystemsinthecontextofeconomicreform
andrecovery.2.Commissionproposal
TheCommissionproposesinbroadtermsthefol­
lowing:
2.1.Extensionoftheprogrammebeyondthecurrent
tenparticipatingeligiblecountries,CentralandEastern
Europeancountries,toincludethenewlyindependent
StatesoftheformerSovietUnion,currentlyinreceiptof
CommunityAssistanceaspartoftheTacisProgramme .
2.2.Focussingoftheprogrammeonboththeobjec­
tivesof:
(i)Tempustargetedtoreformofhighereducation.
(ii)Tempustargetedtoshort-termeconomicrestruc­
turingneeds(i.e.skillshortages,etc.). (*)OJNoC311,27.11.1992,p.1.

NoC73/2 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 15.3.93
themselvesoftheirparticularareasofpriorityneedin
ordertobetterfocusaid.
3.Somebackgroundinformation
3.1.2.3.Concentrating onJEP'sasthemostsuccessful
meanstoachievetheaimsoftheprogrammeasdistinct
frompure'mobilitygrants'.
2.4.Identification byeachoftheeligiblecountries
YearProgrammebudget
(mnECU)NumberofEligible
CountriesApplications Acceptances %Successrate
1990 25 3 1338 152 11,4
1991 74,5 6 1401 314 22,7
1992 104 10 1979 244 12
coreanddynamiccomponentoftheprogrammeand
hasresultedinitbeingverysuccessful.Alightregulat­
oryframeworkhasbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,crucial
tothissuccess.Theneedtosetitwithinaclearer
nationalstrategyisparamount,bothforreasonsof
clarityandfairnessintheapplicationprocedure.Other­
wise,thelowsuccessrate(12%),reflectingthebudget­
arylimitsoftheprogrammeindealingwithanover­
whelmingnumberofhighqualityapplications (accord­
ingtotheCommissionabout50%),couldgenerate
someillfeelingandreducethecurrententhusiasmfor
promotingjointprojects.However,itisrecognisedalso
thatthequalityofapplicationsfromcertaineligible
countriesmayhavebeeninadequateduetotheirrela­
tivelyweakstateofeconomicdevelopment .Insuch
casesparticularattentionshouldbepaidtotheprobable
greaterimpactoftheprogrammeontheweakerecon­
omies.3.2.TypesofProject
Thedifferentformsofprojectarethreefold:
(i)JointEuropeanProjectswhichcomprise
universities/enterprisesfromaneligiblecountry
andtwoMemberStatesandwhichfocusonareas
importanttotheprocessofhighereducation
reform.
(ii)Mobilitygrants.
(iii)YouthExchanges.
3.3.TheCommitteeisrequestedtofurnishtheCom­
missionwithbothspecificandgeneralcommentsin
relationtotheproposal.ThefollowingaretheCom­
mittee'scomments .
4.3.Coordination
4.Generalcomments
4.3.1.Inthesamecontext,theCommitteewould
urgeclosercoordination,betweeneligibleStatesandthe
Commission,injointlysettingtheapplicationcriteria.
Likewise,closecoordinationamongstthevariousoper­
ationalservicesconcernedintheCommissionmight
bemoreevidentwereittopublishaninter-service
'Vademecum'ofallthoseinvolvedinTempusincluding
thevariousDirectorates-General concernedandthe
TaskForceforHumanResources,Education,Training
andYouth,togetherwithanappendedsummaryof
projectsundertaken .TheVademecumforeachCom­
munityprogrammeconcernedwithhighereducation
enterpriselinkagesshouldincludeasynopsisofthe
keyelementsofcomplementary programmes (Comett,
Erasmus,Lingua,andrelevantresearchanddevelop­
mentprogrammes).4.1.Supportforbroadthrust
4.1.1.TheCommitteewelcomestheTempusIIpro­
gramme,supportsitsextensiontoincludethenewly
independentstatesoftheformerSovietUnion,and
alsowelcomestheCommission'sassurancethatthe
splitting-upofcertainformerCentralandEasternEuro­
peancountrieswillnotinterrupttheirparticipationin
theprogramme .Itendorsestheviewthatthelong­
termhighereducationalandeconomicrestructuring
objectives(includingtheeliminationofskillshortages)
shouldbemoreclearlytargetedandconsidersthatthe
CommissionisrighttofocusonJointEuropeanProjects
(JEPs)asdistinctfrompure'mobilitygrants'.
4.1.2.InthemonitoringoftheTempusprogramme
particularattentionshouldbegiventoensuringequality
ofparticipationopportunitiesforthesexes.
4.2.The'bottom-up'approach
4.2.1.The'bottom-up'approach,basedoncallsfor
applicationsfromindividualinstitutions,isclearlythe4.4.Theroleofthesocialpartners
4.4.1.Theroleofthesocialpartnersinhelpingto
drawupandassessjointprojectswithinTempusshould
alsobebetteremphasizedintheprogramme.Inthe

15.3.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC73/3
reasonsshouldbeincludedinthenextapplication
round.overallcontextofsocialandeconomicreform,the
Committeerecommendstheestablishment ofajoint
liaisoncommitteebetweentheESCandthesocialpart­
nersinCentralandEasternEuropeancountries,similar
tothatwhichhasexistedsince1975betweentheEC
andtheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation (EFTA).The
involvementofEuropeanrepresentativeorganisations
inthiswaywouldensurethatthesocialpartnershave
greateropportunitiestoinfluencetheeconomicand
socialrestructuringofeligiblecountries.5.2.SettingTempusinthecontextofeconomicand
socialreform
4.5.Involvementofenterprise5.2.1.ItmightbeusefultopersuadealleligibleStates
tobeclearerastotheirrestructuringobjectives,man­
powerneedsandthedevelopmentofcorresponding
skills,andtobemorestringentinrequiringtheactive
involvementofindustryandofthesocialpartnersin
theTempusprogramme.TheCommitteealsourgesthe
CommissiontoestablishalinkbetweentheTempus
programmeandthePhare-democracy programme
(ECU5millionfor1993).4.5.1.Theemerginginvolvementofenterprise,as
definedinArticle3oftheCommissionproposal,in
JEPsisawelcomedevelopmentandmustbeencouraged
andbroadenedtoensuretheproperinvolvementofall
categoriesofenterprise,bothprivateandpublic.In
ordertoincreasetheeffectivenessoftheprogrammein
theprocessofeconomicandsocialreform,theCom­
mitteewouldwishtoseegreaterinvolvementof
enterpriseandthesocialpartnersinJEPsfromeligible
countriesandMemberStates.TheCommitteerec­
ommendsthatinvolvementofenterpriseinJEPscould
beconsideredapriorityoptionforthefuture.The
involvementofenterpriseshouldbemonitoredto
ensurethatanyfactorswhichinhibittheirparticipation
areremoved.5.3.Involvementbyenterprise
5.3.1.TheCommittee recommends greater
enterpriseinvolvementinJEPs(atpresentindustryfrom
MemberStatesisinvolvedinalmostonethirdofthe
JEPsandindustryfromeligiblecountriesisinvolvedin
aboutonesixthoftheprojects).Withoutneglecting
theimportanceoffundamental/basicresearch,greater
enterpriseinvolvementwouldensurethatuniversities
respondtoindustrialneedsinthedevelopmentofcur­
ricula:inmeetingskillsshortagesandensuringthat
industryitselfbecomesmoreactiveinstaffdevelop­
ment.Furthermore,itwouldactasacatalystinlinking
firmsfromtheECandCentralandEasternEuropean
countries.5.Specificcomments
5.1.Applicationcriteriaandprocedures
5.3.1.1.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheAdvis­
oryCommitteeproposedinArticle5.2oftheproposal
should,inaddition,compriseoneindustryrepresenta­
tivefromeachMemberState.Therewouldthenbeone
representativeeachfromtheacademiccommunityand
industrythusreflectingtheimportanceofthehigher
education/industrypartnershipintheprogramme .5.1.1.EligibleStatesshoulddrawuptighterdefi­
nitionsconcerningtheirpriorityrequirementsunderthe
programmewithinthecontextofanationalstrategy
foreconomicandsocialreform,(whilerespectingthe
autonomyoftheapplyinginstitutionsandtheneed
forflexibility)togetherwithacloseroverviewand
coordinationofeliminationcriteria,inordertomove
awayfromtheunfair12%acceptancerateof1992.If
tightprioritiesprovedifficulttoestablishjointly,afilter
processdealingatafirststagewith'outlineappli­
cations'shouldbeconsideredinordertomakesavings
onthetime,moneyandemotionalinvestmentofappli­
cants,aswellasoftheselectionservices.
5.1.2.TheCommissionmightalsoreflectonthe
needtopromotepositivelyabroaderlinguisticbalance
intheacceptancecriteria.Atpresentthereappearsto
beadisproportionate emphasisonsomeCommunity
languages.
5.1.3.TheCommitteewouldfurtherurgethathigh
qualityapplications (meetingtherevisedcriteria)deem­
edeligiblebutturneddownforpurelybudgetary5.4.Impactevaluation
5.4.1.Eligiblecountriesalonedecideonthepro­
portionoftheirPharefundallocation,whichtheywish
toallocatetoTempus.TheCommitteerecommends
thatincountriessuchasPolandandHungary,(where
ahighproportionoffundshavebeenallocatedandthe
programmeiswellestablished),apilotNationalImpact
Studycouldbeconductedwhichwouldserveasaguide
toimprovingtheeffectivenessoftheprogrammeinthe
othereligiblecountries.

NoC73/4 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 15.3.93
5.5.Integrationwithotherrelatedprogrammes
5.5.1.Tempusisanexternalaidprogrammeunder
theoverallPhareprogrammeforeligiblecountriesin
CentralandEasternEurope.AsimilarTempuspro­
grammeisproposedundertheaegisoftheTacispro­
grammefortheformermemberstatesoftheUSSR.For
practicalreasons,includingtherelativestateofdevelop­
mentofthetwoareas,andpoliticalrelationships ,the
CommitteerecommendsthattheTempusprogramme
foreachareashouldbeoperatedwithseparatebudgetary
allocations.Thisprocedurewouldrecognizethateligible
countriesineachareaareatdifferentstagesofdevelop­
mentandhavequitevariedneeds.
5.5.2.WithintheCommunity,theCommitteerec­
ommendsthatthenationalTempusofficesshouldliaisewherepracticablewiththecoordinationofficeswhich
havebeenestablishedtoserviceComettorErasmus
projects,whenprovidingpromotionalandadministrat­
ivesupportforuniversitiesandindustrywishingto
participateinTempusprojects.Thisprocedurecould
simplifytheprocessofsettingupnewJEPsbyusingor
expandingexistingnetworks.
5.5.3.Lastly,theCommitteestressestheneedto
facilitateaccessofallpotentialparticipantsandinte­
grationofthevariousinitiativesbyprovidingclear,
comprehensive informationontheopportunities
offeredtouniversities,industryandenterprisesbyTem­
pusandotherdirectlyorindirectlyrelatedECpro­
grammes.
DoneatBrussels,27January1993.
TheChairman
oftheEconomicandSocialCommittee
SusanneTTEMANN
OpinionontheproposalforaCouncilDirectiveamendingDirective89/107/EECondie
approximation ofdielawsoftheMemberStatesconcerningfoodadditivesintendedfor
humanconsumption
(93/C73/02)
On3July1992theCouncildecidedtoconsulttheEconomicandSocialCommittee,
underArticle100aoftheTreatyestablishingtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity,onthe
abovementioned proposal.
TheSectionforProtectionoftheEnvironment ,PublicHealthandConsumerAffairs,which
wasresponsibleforpreparingtheCommittee'sworkonthesubject,adopteditsOpinionon
5January1993.TheRapporteurwasMrHilkens.
Atits302ndPlenarySession(meetingof27January1993),theEconomicandSocial
CommitteeadoptedthefollowingOpinionunanimously .
1.Introduction
1.1.Thecompletionoftheinternalmarketinfood­
stuffsrequirestheECtointroduceacommonfoodstuffs
policy.InthepastalltheMemberStateshavelegislated
inthisarea,especiallyinconnectionwithpublichealth
andqualitycontrol.Thismustnowbereplacedwith
EClegislation.1.2.In1988theCounciladoptedaDirective(89/
107/EEC)whichprovidesaframeworkfortheuseof
additivesinfoodstuffsintheCommunity .
1.2.1.ThisDirectiveworkedfromtheprinciplethat
thereshouldbeapositivelistofpermittedadditives
and,wherenecessary,ofpermittedquantitiesinthe
Community .Italsostatedthattheframeworklaid