W^S0 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
COM(93) 572 final 
Brussels, 24 November 1993 
Second report 
on the application of Directive No 79/409/EEC 
on the conservation of wild birds 
(presented by the Commission) 
m 
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Annexes * INTRODUCTION — p. 1 
Background and purpose of the directive p. 3 
Force of the directive P-3 
Other Community aspects p.7 
International cooperation p. 13 
IMPLEMENTATION — P-15 
MeasurestakenbyMemberStatestoprotectSPAs and habitats p. 16 
outside SPAs (1981 -1991) 
Special measures taken by Member States within the 
general system of protection for wild birds (1981 -1991) p. 43 
Sale p. 49 
Comments on sale p.51 
Hunting p.54 
Special measures taken by Member States lor the wise . p. 69 
use of hunted species (1981 -1991) 
Derogations authorised by Member States (1981 -1989) p. 74 
Research (1981 -1991) p^ 99 
ITRANSPOSITION/IHPLEHENTATION PROBLEMS P. 111 
-SPAs and habitats outside these areas p. 113 
-Hunting seasons p. 115 
- Illegal hunting p. 116 
-Derogations . p. 117 
- National reports p. 118 
CONCLUSION _ p. 119 
Bibfiography _ p. 123 
-A-
INTRODUCTION 
Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds is one of the most 
important pieces of EC environmental legislation. It was indeed the first 
European directive on the conservation of nature in general in that it 
concerns the protection not only of birds but also of their habitats. It is 
therefore of major importance for the management of natural resources in 
Europe. 
As with all EC directives, directive 79/409/EEC is a binding legal instrument 
Member States must comply with the obfigations it imposes upon them by 
adopting the necessary laws, regulations and administrative arrangements 
and by modifying their practices so as to comply with the provisions laid 
down in the directive. For compliance to be achieved, the Council allowed 
Member States a period of two years as of the notification date of the 
directive (April 1979). 
To mark the ten years since directive 79/409/EEC entered into force, it was 
decided to produce a report assessing the directive's contribution to the 
conservation of bird fauna in the Commu^. The rnain purpose of tWs report 
is to highlight what has been achieved as a result of the directive and to 
underline application problems which have yet to be solved. m 
This report summarises the provisions taken by Member States and 
constitutes a comprehensive information document on the implementation of 
the directive over the period 1981 -1991. 
The first part deals with Community aspects (the directive itself, the role of 
the Commission) and other legal instruments concerning the conservation of 
birds, adopted at EC or international level. 
The second part deals with the implementation of the directive by the 
Member States. The implementation of its main provisions are presented on 
a subject-by-subject and a country-by-country basis to provide a clear picture 
of the measures which have been taken in the various fields (hunting, 
habitats, conservation of species etc.) to protect wild birds. 
The third part presents the problems relating to implementation of the 
directive by the Member States. 
This report was compiled from information contained in the national reports 
submitted to the Commission by Member States under Articles 12 and 9 of 
the directive. It is also based on additional information gathered from the 
ministries of environment and non-governmental organisations in the 12 EC 
countries* 
The report was compiled with a view to presenting the situation in the 
Member States as extensively as possible but it does not claim to be 
exhaustive. For practical reasons, regional differences in the laws and other 
measures adopted in Spain, Italy and Germarry m the fields covered by this 
report have not been taken into account The study is confined to an 
assessment of measures adopted at national level for all EC Member States 
except Belgiurm and the United Kingdoms. 
This report is intended for persons from ail areas concerned with the 
conservation of wild birds: central, regional and local government, research 
Institutes, environmental protection groups, hunting associations and 
ornithologists at large. 
Given the various threats European birds are faced with, this report will 
hopefully contribute to improving their conservation by encouraging those 
who are in charge of nature protection at an levels to maintain the efforts 
made and to tighten and extend controls to safeguard wild birds occurring in 
Europe and ensure their survival. 
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2) ForfoUn**dKkvdom.&9*Brirt(oo<i^vDvim*Seo^mdto mdW»hs)Mnd 
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE DIRECTIVE — 
Following scientific research conducted by the Commission, it was found that 
the number of species of European birds was falling and. in addition, the 
population levels of some species were declining sharply. In view of the 
serious threat that this posed to the conservation of natural heritage, it 
became necessary to adopt specific protection measures to deal with the 
different factors influencing population levels of wild birds. Since a large 
number of European species are migratory, it was recognised that the 
protection of wild birds is a transboundary problem entailing shared 
responsibilities at European level. 
Directive 79/409/EEC, adopted by the Council on April 21979, establishes 
a general system of protection for all species of naturally occurring birds in 
the wild state in the European territory of the Member Statesi. The purpose 
of the directive is to protect and manage these species and to regulate the 
hunting, capture, killing and sale of such species. 
FORCE OF THE DIRECTIVE 
« General obligations 
First and foremost, it must be emphasised that this directive concerns birds 
as well as their eggs, nests and habitats (Article 1 ). 
There is a general obligation on the Member States to take the requisite 
measures to maintain their bird populations at a level which corresponds 
in particular to ecological, scientific and cultural requirements, while taking 
account of economic and recreational requirements (Article 2). 
The general system of protection for birds (Article 5) prohibits: 
* deliberate killing or capture 
* deliberate destruction of, or damage to, their nests and eggs or removal 
of their nests 
* taking their eggs in the wild and keeping these eggs even if empty 
* deliberate disturbance of these birds particularly during the breeding 
and rearing period and keeping birds belonging to species which may 
not be hunted or captured. 
1) Belgium (B). Denmark (OK). France (F). Germany (D). Greece (G). Ireland (IRQ, haly (ft, 
Luxembourg (L), Netherlands (NL). Portugal (P). Spain (E). United Kingdom (UK) 
r Measures concerning habitats 
Since the destruction of natural and semi-natural environments is the most 
serious threat to birds, directive 79/409/EEC focusses on preserving, 
maintaining and re-establishing a sufficient diversity and area of habitats. In 
particular, this includes the creation of protected areas and biotopes and the 
re-establishment of destroyed biotopes (Article 3). 
Annex I primarily lists vulnerable and rare species and those in danger of 
extinction. Such species are to be the subject of special conservation 
measures concerning their habitat in order to ensure their survival and 
reproduction. The original list of 74 species making up Annex I of the 
directive was amended twice: by directive 85/411/EEC and by directive 
91/244/EEC. There are now 175 species and subspecies listed In this 
Annex (see Annex 3 of this report). 
Member States must classify the most suitable territories (both land and 
marine areas) in number and size as special protection areas (SPAs) for 
the conservation of these species. Similar measures must be taken for 
regularly occurring migratory species not listed in Annex I. Particular 
attention is to be paid to the protection of wetlands and especially those of 
international importance as laid down in the Ramsar Convention. 
Member States must send the Commission information on the measures 
they have adopted so that it can coordinate them with a view to establishing 
a coherent network. In addition, Member States must take appropriate steps 
to avoid pollution or deterioration of habitats both inside and outside special 
protection areas (Article 4). 
v Restrictions on sale 
The sale of wild birds (including the transport, keeping and offering for sale) 
is prohibited. The ban concerns live or dead birds and any readily 
recognisable parts or derivatives of such birds. 
Sale of the seven species of birds listed in Annex III part 1 is not prohibited 
provided that the birds have been legally acquired (i.e. killed or captured). 
The 19 other species listed in Annex III part 2 (formerly ten species, 
amended by directive 91/244/EEC) may be exempted from this prohibition by 
Member States but they must first consult the Commission (Article 6). 
c Hunting and killing 
The 72 species Ested in Annex II may be hunted under national legislation 
but Member States are to ensure that hunting does not jeopardise 
conservation efforts. Annex II of the directive is in two parts: the 24 species 
in the first part may be hunted anywhere in EC territory whereas the 48 
species in the second part may be hunted only in certain Member States 
(indicated in the Annex). Whatever the case, the practice of hunting must 
comply with the principles of wise use and ecologically balanced control of 
the species of birds concerned. 
• 
In particular, Member States are to ensure that species which may be hunted 
are not hunted during the rearing season nor during the various stages of 
reproduction. Migratory species which may be hunted are not to be hunted 
during their period of reproduction or during their return to their breeding 
grounds (Article 7). 
Annex IV of the directive lists certain methods of capturing and killing birds 
(including snares, nets, poisoned bait, blind or mutilated live birds used as 
decoys) and methods of hunting using means of transport (aircraft, motor 
vehicles, boats) all of which are prohibited. The general principle is a ban on 
the use of all means, arrangements or methods used for the large-scale or 
non-selective capture or killing of birds or capable of causing the local 
disappearance of a species (Article 8). 
• Derogations 
Member States may derogate from the provisions concerning the general 
system of protection, sale, hunting and killing where there is no other 
satisfactory solution. Such derogations must be taken according to a 
procedure and for reasons which are expressly defined irt Article 9 of the 
directive. These reasons are: 
* in the interests of public health and safety 
* in the interests of air safety 
* to prevent serious damage to crops, livestock, forests, fisheries and 
water 
* for the protection of flora and fauna 
* for the purposes of research and teaching, of re-population and 
réintroduction 
* to permit, under strictly supervised conditions and on a selective basis, 
the capture, keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small 
numbers. 
An annual report of the derogations authorised by the Member States must 
be compiled by the latter and submitted to the Commission. The Commission 
must at all times ensure that the consequences of these derogations are not 
incompatible with the directive. 
s The ORNIS Committee 
A Ocrrmlttee was set up In accordance with Article 16 of the Directive 
to adapt the directive to technical and scientific progress : the ORNIS 
Ocrrmlttee. It consists of representatives of Member States, most of 
whan occupy positions within the nature conservation department of 
their country's Ministry of the Environment, and Is chaired by a 
representative of DG XI at the Ccrrmlsslon. The Ocrrmlttee meets at least 
once a year to discuss problems encountered by the various countries in 
Implementing the provisions of the directive and to consider possible 
amendments to the directive (Article 16). In addition, this Ocrrmlttee 
Is assisted In Its work by a scientific working group made up of 
experts from the 12 EC countries. 
•Other measures 
Member States are to encourage research and any work required for the 
purpose of protection, management and use of birds (Article 10). 
Every three years, Member States are to submit to the Commission a report 
on the implementation of national provisions taken to comply with the 
directive (Article 12). 
Member States may introduce stricter protection measures than those 
provided for under the directive (Article 14). 
OTHER COMMMUNITY ASPECTS 
• The FFH directive (Fauna, Flora and Habitats) 
Within the framework of its Fourth Action Programme on the Environment 
(1987 - 1992), the Commission drafted a proposal for a directive on the 
protection of natural and semi-natural habitats and wild fauna and flora. In 
view of the serious threats to the natural environment from intensive farming, 
urbanisation, road building and hydraulic works, this new directive, adopted 
by the Council on May 211992, is a response to the urgent need to protect 
habitats which are vital for the reproduction and survival of many species of 
flora and fauna. 
It Is important to specify that the FFH directive complements directive 
79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds and does not replace it 
Certain management measures for the FFH Directive's Special Areas of 
Conservation, as laid down In Article 6 of this Directive, could 
become applicable to the Special Protection Areas foreseen In Article A 
of the wild birds dlrectlve^.The habitats covered by the new directive 
Include estuaries, marshes, salt meadows, bogs heathland, natural 
grassland and forests. 
• TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC WORK 
The Commission's Directorate General (DG) XI Is in charge, of administering 
directive 79/409/EEC and monitoring Its implementation in the Member 
States. In addition, it i promotes ...applied research on a regular bads on 
specific topics concerning the protection of birds (see Annex 1 of this report). 
Topics dealt with include population levels, the impact of hunting and 
migration routes within EC territory. The purpose of this research is to assess 
the Impact of measures adopted under the directive by Member States and 
to determine what further steps are necessary to improve the situation. 
The ORNIS Ocrrmlttee has also addressed certain biological concepts 
contained In directive 79/409/EEC, such as : 
CO Explanation of the concept Taking account of economic and 
recreational requirements- (Article 2) in relation to the taking of 
birds (by hunting and capture): 
1/ Directive S2M3ttC of 21/S& on the conservait of rwturt 
andOon^O.J. L 206 of 22.7.1992. p. 7 
*} Reminderof Article 7ofthemidweO»e: 
Oblça1k^atisingwderArtk^€(2).(3)a^(4)o(ti^ 
obfyathrtsadsirigtMiderthe6nt9enterK»ofAn^^ 
respect of areas dassTtedpursuant to Article 4 0) or eirniany recognised under Arid* 
4(2)thereojmaxMnmedaUofiTvlerner*a1k»o^ 
or recognition by m MernberSta* underd*recth+7W409/Œ&w later. 
The main conclusions from the general understanding of population 
dynamics and the theory for the taking (hunting and capture) of migratory 
birds are as follows. Low levels of taking are likely to have little effect on 
spring population size. Moderate levels of taking are unlikely to cause 
populations to decline but will reduce the size of the spring population. Very 
high levels of taking will lead to a decline in populations, and for most 
species the level of taking at which this will occur is unknown. 
It is in the interest both of conservationists and hunters to ensure that bird 
populations do not undergo long-term declines. Better data and modelling of 
the population dynamics of sedentary and migratory birds subject to taking is 
needed. In the absence of such information, high levels of taking should be 
avoided. 
(ii) Meaning of the concept "during the rearing season nor during the 
various stages of reproduction (and dependence)- (Article 7, para 4) 
The entire rearing season is encompassed by the various stages of 
reproduction and dependence. 
Thus the period of reproduction and dependence begins when the nesting 
territory Is defended and ends when the young beccme Independent (see 
Annex IV to this report). 
(Hi) Meaning of the concept "during their period of reproduction or during 
their return to their rearing grounds" (Article 7, para 4) 
The entire period of reproduction is encompassed by the various stages of 
reproduction and dependence i.e the period of reproduction and 
dependence which has been defined for all species, whether migratory or 
sedentary. 
The concept must therefore be taken to mean the period from the beginning 
of the annual geographical migration towards the reproduction areas until the 
end of the various stages of reproduction and dependence. For geese, these 
stages are considered to end with the fledging of the young. 
«• 
(iv) Explanation of the notion of "wise use" (Article 7, para 4) 
For species which may be hunted, the impact of hunting on spring 
populations is two-fold: 
- a reduction of the population size 
- a reduction of available habitats 
A reduction in the size of spring populations means: 
- that the number of birds is lower than it would be if there were no 
hunting 
- or that the population reserve is smaller in size 
- or that the emigration and colonisation potential is reduced 
The latter two factors determine the ability of a species to adapt to a 
changing environment It is thus important for fauna management that the 
impact of hunting be assessed in terms of the level of spring populations 
surviving. 
A reduction of available habitats occurs through two processes : 
- the disturbance caused by hunting restricts the use of habitats where 
hunting takes place 
- more importantly, animals subjected to hunting have to cover greater 
distances to escape hunting. This means that they cannot colonise 
habitats with a relatively high human presence 
Species with an unfavourable conservation status are those with some 
populations declining within the Community or with very low population 
levels. It is of course generally not advisable to subject such species to 
hunting. In some cases, not for biological but for sociological reasons, it may 
however be beneficial for the conservation status of a particular species to 
keep hunting possible. 
The combined effects of a reduction in the population size (thus its potental 
to colonise) and a reduction in available habitats make it necessary, in cases 
where it is desired to continue hunting species with an unfavourable 
conservation status, to compensate for the impact of hunting by positive 
measures for habitat management 
These measures may be adopted within restoration plans which, because 
the latter aim to improve the species' overall potental to reproduce, colonise 
and adapt to changes in the environment, must apply to all populations, 
peripheral as well as central. Indeed, peripheral populations play a 
particularly important role in the process through which species adapt to 
changes in the environment. In the European context, this process is 
fundamental 
(v) Explanation of the concept of "other Judicious use" 
(Article 9, paragraph 1c) 
This concept is to include activities which make a vital contribution to 
improving the efficiency of the general system for the protection of wild birds 
Source: Working Document no. Xlft89/91 of the Omis Committee 
10 
established by the directive. It may also include other use provided that this 
does not jeopardise the general objectives of the directive and it may include 
hunting using birds of prey in the context of falconry. 
(vii) Explanation of the concept trf "small numbers" (Article 9, paragraph 1c)i 
Under Article 9, it is possible to derogate from the provisions of Articles 5,6, 
7 and 8 where there is no other satisfactory solution, particularly 
(subparagraph (c)) in order to permit the capture, keeping or other judicious 
use of certain birds. In this case, Article 9 stipulates that the derogations are 
only to concern •small numbers". A method to determine a quantity has been 
developed in order to fix a threshold below which the derogation is 
automatically considered as meeting the requirements of the notion of "small 
numbers". 
1) The notion of "small numbers" is necessarily relative. A size cannot be 
small or large except in relation to another size. 
2) That said, the question then arises as to the size to which "small 
numbers" are to be compared. Since all the cases of derogations 
concern the taking of birds i.e. an annual loss for the population 
affected, the most appropriate solution is to compare the numbers 
involved in this taking to the overall annual mortality, defined as the 
sum of deaths due to natural causes and to the taking of birds under 
Article 7 if applicable. 
3) It is therefore proposed to fix the threshold of "small quantities" as a 
given percentage of the total annual mortality of the population(s) 
concerned by the derogation. 
4) For sedentary species, "population concerned" means the population 
of the geographical region in which the derogation applies; 
For migratory species, it means the population of the regions 
from which the largest numbers of migratory binds come before passing 
through the region where the derogation applies during the period the 
latter is in force. 
5) In order to determine an exact figure for the threshold, two approaches 
are possible: 
trie figure must be much lower, by at least an order of size, 
than those figures characteristic of the taking of birds under 
Article 7. A figure of 1% meets this condition. 
1) p. 155, Rapport EUR 1283S(1nkxmati* sur tapobcatkxi de la directive 79M09&EE) 
11 
the taking must have a négligeable effect on the population 
dynamics of the species concerned. A figure of 1% or less 
meets this condition as the parameters of population dynamics 
are seldom known to within less than one percentage point and 
bird taking amounting to less than less than 1% can be ignored 
from a mathematical point of view in model studies. 
6) "Small numbers" should be considered as being any taking of less than 
1% of the total annual mortality of the population concerned 
(average value) for species which may not be hunted and any taking of 
around 1% for species which may be hunted, it being understood 
that conformity with Article 9 of the directive depends in any event 
on compliance with the other provisions of the Article. 
For takings exceeding these thresholds, an in-depth scientific analysis is 
conducted by the competent authority which authorises the derogation. This 
is in order to verify that the derogation is not incompatible with the objectives 
of the directive. The results of this analysis are to be presented to the ORNIS 
Committee. 
* ACE 
Under regulation (EEC) no. 1872/84 (of 28/6/84) on Action by the 
Community relating to the Environment (ACE), the Community could grant 
financial support for projects providing an incentive and aimed at maintaining 
or re-establishing seriously threatened biotopes which are the habitat of 
endangered species and are of particular importance to the Community 
(under directive 79/409/EEC). 
To this end, the Community had earmarked a total budget of 6.5 million Ecus 
and financial support from the Community for such a project could amount to 
up to 50% of its total cost This percentage was modified by regulation (EEC) 
no. 2242/87 of 23/7/87 under which - in exceptional circumstances - the 
financial support could be up to 75% of the total cost of the project provided 
that it concerned biotopes which are the habitat of species threatened with 
extinction in the Community. The total budget earmarked was increased to 
24 million Ecus. 
The ACE measures are closely finked to directive 79/409/EEC and they have 
made it possible to maintain and re-establish a large number of important 
biotopes for wild birds. 
12 
m ACNAT 
Where nature conservation is concerned, the ACE measures were replaced 
by Action by the Community relating to Nature Conservation (ACNAT) under 
regulation (EEC) no. 3907/91 of 19/12/91. The Community has earmarked a 
total budget of 50 million Ecus for ACNAT for a period of two years and may 
grant financial support for projects aimedat: 
- maintaining or re-establishing biotopes which are the habitat of 
endangered species or seriously threatened habitats of particular 
importance to the Community, or at implementing measures to conserve 
or re-establish endangered species 
• maintaining or re-establishing types of natural habitat of Community 
interest (e.g. marshes and salt meadows, dunes, steppes, stagnant 
water, heathland, natural grassland, peatbogs and forests). 
In normal circumstances, financial support from the Community for such 
projects may be up to 50% of their cost and, in exceptional circumstances, 
up to 75% provided that they concern: 
- biotopes or habitats of species threatened with extinction in the EC 
-habitats in darker of disappearance in the EC 
- species threatened with extinction in the EC 
Because of their wide scope, the ACNAT measures will significantly 
contribute to the safeguarding of habitats and the conservation of 
endangered species in the EC. 
LIFE 
On 21.5.92, In accordance with EBC Regulation 1973/92, a financial 
Inst riment for the Environment (LIFE) was established In order to 
assist development and Implementation of Oorrrnunlty environment policy 
and legislation. The habitat and nature protection chapter of LIFE, 
which replaces ACNAT, allows for funding of actions which help meet the 
obligations under Council Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/A3/EEC. 
Projects must be presented by the Member states and evaluated by the 
Oarmlttee set up under Directive 92/43/EBC; they must also be part of 
the list of priority actions eligible for LIFE funding a list which Is 
pub 11 shed annual ly In the Official Journal of the European Oorrmunltles. 
12 
m The ORNIS database 
The ORN1S database was set up by the ORNIS committee in 1991. Its purpose 
is to collect and provide the information necessary for implementing directive 
79/409/EEC. The database brings together scientific and technical data 
concerning: 
- population size and trends of the different species of birds 
- basic information on their habitats 
- basic information on aspects dealing with time and space (physical 
location) of their reproduction, migration and wintering 
- data on the main impact of humans on their population dynamics 
(deliberate taking). 
This database will lead to a better understanding of species biology 
and habitat ecology and will thus help to Increase scientific knowledge 
In this field (for further Information and the list of national 
contacts see Annex II of this report). 
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 
Besides directive 79/409/EEC, there are other international legal instruments 
which play an important role in the protection of wild birds: 
• The Ramsar Convention 
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, known as the 
Ramsar Convention, was signed on February 2 1971. It is based on the 
principle that habitats of species of flora and fauna above all must be 
protected. Wetlands are defined as being areas of marsh, fen, peatland or 
water, whether permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, 
fresh, brackish or salt (Article 1). 
Land drainage and development over the last 20-30 years have caused a 
considerable reduction in the surface area of wetlands in Europe and 
beyond. This situation prompted the drafting of an international legal 
instrument 
Under the Ramsar Convention, each contracting party is to designate, within 
its national territory, wetlands of imemafiorialimportarK^mtermsofeœlogy, 
botany, zoology, Imnology or hydrology, for inciuskm ta animer 
In the first instance, wetlands of imernationalimportarK» to waterfowl at 8iiy 
season should be designated (Article 2). The contracting parties must also 
f) 
1ortt»Cor>*erva1bao1Na1umendNalum1Reo* 
14 
endeavour to co-ordinate policies and regulations concerning the 
conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna (Article 5). 
All the EC Member States except Luxembourg have ratified this Convention. 
In the latter country, a Bill for. ratification was put before Parliamenti on 
December 6 1989. 
» The Bonn Convention 
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 
(the Bonn Convention) was signed on June 23 1979. It concerns not only 
certain species of birds, but also certain species of (terrestrial and marine) 
mammals, reptiles and fish. 
The contracting parties recognise that the conservation and effective 
management of migratory species of wild fauna require the concerted action 
of all States within which these species spend any part of their fife cycle. 
Under the Convention, immediate protection is to be provided for migratory 
species threatened with extinction (Article 3). Contracting parties must also 
pay special attention to migratory species with an unfavourable conservation 
status and individually or in cooperation take appropriate and necessary 
steps to conserve such species and their habitats (Article 2). In addition, the 
concluding of international agreements for the conservation and 
management of such species is encouraged (Article 4). 
The Ocrrmunlty and all Member States except Greece are parties to this 
Convention. 
e The Bern Convention 
The Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural 
Habitats, known as the Bern Convention, was signed on September 19 
1979. It is based on the principle that wild flora and fauna constitute a natural 
heritage which plays a vital role in maintaining biological balances. The 
contracting parties recognise the importance of conserving wild flora and 
fauna and their natural habitats, especially those species and habitats whose 
conservation requires the cooperation of several States. Particular emphasis 
is given to endangered and vulnerable (migratory) species (Article 1). 
The Ocrrmunlty and al I Member States are parties to this Convention. 
The EC, by virtue of Its exclusive Jurisdiction In the field of the 
protection of birds, acts for the 12 Member States within the framework 
of the two above Conventions. 
On account of their contents, the three above-mentioned Conventions are 
closely linked to directive 79/409/EEC. Although they do not exclusively 
concern birds, their legal importance for the protection of wild birds at 
international level must.be emphasised. 
1) Chambre des Députés 
15 
le 
,-^MEASURES TAKEN BY.M EMBER-STATES 
^OPROJ£CTSP^^|fâ^BITATS OUTSIDE SPAs •«i. _ _. , ,_gg_-;-, 
-i::v'" -ÏÏ* >-^ • ^981^9911 
Article 3: 
2. ..Jtfember States shafl take the recuit 
or re^tablLsh a sufficient diversity 
ofbtrds referred to InArttde I. 
2. The pn»sm>afloa maintenance and re-establishment of biotopes and 
habitats shall Include prtnvnity 
a) creation of protected areas 
b) upkeep andmanagementtn accordant wia^ 
oj habitats inside and outsiae the protected zones 
d reestabUshmerU of destroyed biotopes 
d) creation of biotopes 
Article 4: 
1. The species mentioned in Annex It shall be the subject of special 
conservation measures concerning their habitat tnanier to ensvn 
survival and reproduction in their area of distribution 
In this connection, account shall be taken of: 
a) species in ganger of extinction 
b) species vulnerable to specific changes tn their habitat 
c! species considered rare because of smaU populations or restricted 
local distribution 
d) other species requiring particular attention for reasons of the 
specific nature of their habitat 
Trends and variations tn population levels shall be taken into account as a 
background for evaluations. 
Member States shalldassify tn partiailar fhe nœt suttabie territories rn 
number and tn size as special protection areas for the conservation of these 
species, taking Into account their pnoCecttonTequftTemerttstnmegeojncyhioal 
sea and land area where this directive applies. 
2. Member States shall take stmûar measures for regulajiy occurring 
species not listed tn Annex I bearing tn mind their need/or protection tn 
the geographical land and sea area wtuœt^ 
their breeding, moulting and wintering cmeas and stagtng posts cJong their 
migration routes. To this end. Member States shall pay pcaVczûm attention 
to the protection of wetlands and partiaxIaHy to u>etJands of tnterriattonal 
importance. 
1) See Annex 3 of this report 
17 
3. Member States shall send the Commission all relevant information so that 
it may take appropriate initiatives with a view to the coordination necessary 
to ensure that the areas providedfor tn paragraphs 1 and 2 above form a 
coherent whole which meets the protectkm requirements of these species 
tn the geographical land and sea area where this directive applies. 
4. In respect of the protection areas referred wtn paragraphs 1 and 2 
above. Member States shall take appnpriate steps to avoid poUution or 
deterioration ofhabitats or any dtshtrhamrs qffecttng the birds, tn sofar 
as these UXJUM be slgnifUxmt having re 
Article. Outside these pœtection areas. Member States shall also str^ 
avoid pollution or deterioration of habitats. 
The main measures taken by Member States since 1981 under the above-
mentioned Articles of the directive are presented on the following pages in a 
country-by-country summary. Tables 1(i) and 1(0) give an overview of SPAs 
designated throughout the EC in 1991 and, by way of comparison, in 1986 
(see also pages 113 and 114). 
18 
B - BELGIUM 
The Nature Conservation Acti of 12/7/73, is the main statutory instrument 
enabling certain areas to be given protection status. In particular, it provides 
for the possibility to create (and to subsidise) nature reserves, forestry 
reserves and nature parks. For each of these three categories of 
protection, the law imposes, in differing degrees, protection measures and 
allows for the setting up of management plans. 
Legislation on physical planning and the conservation of monuments and 
sites constitutes two other useful statutory instruments: the first provides in 
particular for the possibility for certain parts of Belgian territory to be set 
aside for nature areas {pones naturelles) or for areas of scientific Interest 
{zones dlntérêt scientifique) when development plansz (sectoral plans) are 
drawn up; the second enables certain sites to be classified for their scientific 
value. 
Since 1980, nature conservation, physical planning as well as monuments 
and sites fall within the competence of the Regions. To a large extent, the 
above-mentioned legislation remains common to the Regions even If since 
1980, It has been somewhat amended or led to different measures of 
application depending on the Regions. 
It is clear that areas protected under this legislation have served as a 
framework for the designation of SPAs by. the Regions. Following this, the 
Regions have adopted a number of measures or implemented actions which 
ensure better protection of SPAs, particularly of those areas not concerned 
by the appfication of the above-mentioned legislation. 
In Flanders 
* an Order adopted by the Regional Executive on 4/12/91 carries the 
obligation to make an official declaration for any alteration to the vegetation 
in areas of biological value so that appropriate measures can be taken to 
protect these areas. The areas concerned (marshes, old pastures) include 
areas which, because of their vegetation, provide a habitat for large 
populations of birds during certain periods of the year. 
• all municipal authorities were notified of the Order adopted by the Regional 
Executive (17/10788) designating the SPAs and they were requested to take 
this into account in municipality management 
1) Wet¥oorhetaaduurbehouoyijoluurUojt\se^ 
2) Pians déménagement du territoire 
19 
* under the Protection of Surface Water Acti of 26/3/71, the Flemish 
Department of the Environment has drawn up a surface water quality plan on 
a trial basis in an area where an SPA is situated. 
* an Order adopted by the Régional Executive on 23/3/89 stipulates that 
environmental impact studies must be earned out prior to the undertaking of 
work or activities, in particular in certain areas included in sector plans 
(nature area, nature reserve, area of ecological value) as well as in Ramsar 
sites and SPAs. This is especially directed at construction or alteration of 
motorways, airports, leisure or tourist infrastructures, land regrouping and 
land clearing projects and hydraulic works. 
* in some SPAs, specific measures have been taken, such as requiring the 
water table to be maintained at a certain level-or classifying the area as a 
green area {zone verte). These areas have also been incorporated into a 
recent project to draw up a plan of action entitled "main green structure" 
(structure principale verte) for the Region of Flanders. The purpose is to 
designate a structured set of land areas in which a more intensive policy of 
nature conservation is to be implemented. The main structure will include 
four types of areas to be used for specific purposes: 
- core areas (zonesnoyaux) where nature conservation should be the 
main function. These are relatively large natural areas or which 
encompass a large number of small natural areas; 
- nature development areas {zones de développement de la nature) 
where it Is possible to Implement a policy of developing or 
re-establishing natural areas. In these areas, nature conservation is 
one function among others e.g. agriculture, forestry or outdoor leisure 
activities; 
- link areas (zones de Saison) which offer new opportunities for 
migration, nesting and the protection of species which may recolonise 
new or abandoned sites; 
- buffer areas (zones tampon) which are to protect core areas and 
development areas against harmful external influences (e.g. air 
pollution or a fall in surface water levels). 
The regional authorities have drawn up an initial inventory of core and 
development areas. 
InWallonia 
* in woodland areas under the forest regime (public forests) situated in SPAs, 
conservation objectives, particularly regarding birds, are Integrated in forest 
development plans*. For private landowners, afforestation or reforestation 
1) WHopdebeschenviigvmnoeoppenTaktewatermn 
2) Pi*ns déménagements forestiers 
20 
from broad-leaved tree species is especially encouraged when it is carried 
out in an SPA (5% increase in subsidy rate). 
* maps showing the core areas and the peripheral areas for each SPA have 
been sent to all the provinces, municipalities, institutions and administrative 
services concerned to varying degrees by the development of rural areas. 
* conservation requirements linked to SPA designation are taken into 
account by the regional authority where authorisations are issued concerning 
land and urban development, protection of surface water against pollution, 
waste, noise abatement, non navigable water courses and wateringues. The 
regional authority has requested municipal authorities and provinces to do 
likewise. 
* whenever a problem is reported in an SPA and especially in their core 
areas, consultation meetings are held with all the interested parties so as to 
maintain the biological interest of the site in question. 
* contracts for studies amounting to 7.5 million FB have been negotiated for 
six SPAs. The studies, involving censuses and ecological descriptions of 
these SPAs have either been completed or are underway. They should 
enable guidelines to be set up to determine measures to be taken in each 
typeofbiotope. 
* a Decree adopted by the Regional Executive on 7/9/89, amending the 
Nature Conservation Act, stipulates that now the designation of a site as a 
nature reserve takes effect as soon as the Executive has notified the owner 
of the site of its intention to do so. This is for a period of one year maximum 
pending its final statutory designation as a reserve. This provision is 
particularly useful when, for example. It Is necessary to urgently save a site 
that is significant for the protection of birds. 
* an Order adopted by the Regional Executive on 8/6/89 sets up a system of 
protection for all wetlands the biological interest of which has been officially 
recognised by the Minister in charge of Nature Conservation, following 
advice from the National Nature Councili. 
- GERMANY 
In Germany, there are no SPAs as such but there are 117 areas designated 
in compliance with Article 4 of the directive. 
1) Conseil Supérieur de la Nature 
21 
The amended Federal Nature Conservation Acti of 12/3/87 provides for six 
different categories of protection areas: 
- nature protection areas (Naturschutzgebiete) 
- national parks (of which there .are four) 
- countryside protection areas (Landschaftsschutzgebiete) 
- nature parks 
- natural monuments (Naturdenkmâler) 
- protected features of the countryside (geschûtzte Landschaftsbestandteile) 
In general, important bird areas are protected under the classification "nature 
protection area*. They are normally designated tyw^ of decree adopted by 
the regional State (Land) governments for the purpose of preserving 
biocenoses or biotopes of species of wild flora and fauna, for scientific 
reasons or because of their rarity, features or beauty. 
Of the six types of protection area, nature protection areas benefit from the 
strictest protection. Any activity which may destroy, damage or alter these 
areas either wholly or in part or which may cause a constant nuisance is 
prohibited. Futhermore, such areas are kept under regular surveillance. 
Environmental protection associations play an Important role in managing 
nature protection areas in certain Lander. For example, the German 
Association for the Protection of Birds? in Schleswig-Holstein and in Baden-
WQrttemberg and the WWFs in Bremen. 
Such associations often own the protected areas. Some Lander (e.g. 
Bayem) grant subsidies of up to 50% of the purchase price to associations 
(or municipafities) wishing to buy areas of land for conservation purposes. 
Alongside these measures, there are also private nature reserves and 
voluntary management agreements may be concluded between the State 
and landowners. Under such a contract, the landowner undertakes to 
implement certain measures or to refrain from certain activities. In exchange, 
he is given compensation payment 
- DENMARK 
All the important bird areas have been dassified and the results were published in 
1983 in a book entitled &- htglebeskytteisesomrâcier(ECBtà 
The aim of this publication was to provide guidelines for decision-makers 
resrx>ndbleforplartr^andlariduse.Atotalof 111 Bird Protection Areas have 
been designated, covering 960.092 ha. of wWch 242.000 ha. fte. 5.6% of the total 
surface area of the country) are land areas and 718J00O ha. marine areas. 
1) NeuiassuogdesBundesnaturschuOgesetzes 
2) Deutscher Bund 10c Vooelschutz 
3 World Wide Fund for Nature 
oo 
The Conservation of Nature Act (Law no. 530 of 10/10/84, amended by Law no. 
355 ot 13/5/87) provides for four types of measures aimed at habitat protection: 
i) general conservation of certain habitats and important features of the 
countryside. This includes a ban on destruction and on land cultivation and 
drainage: 
- natural lakes (with a surface area of more than 500 m*) 
- all watercourses having a nature conservation interest (approximately 
2/3 of all watercourses in Denmark) 
- bogs (of more than 5.000 m*) 
- salt meadows and salt marshes (of more than 3 ha) 
- heaths (of more than 5 ha) 
- protected strips along the whole coastline, along the banks of larger 
watercourses, around larger lakes and around monuments. 
In the above-mentioned areas, almost any alteration requires authorisation 
from the nature conservation authorities. In general, the building of roads 
and electricity pylons also require the approval of the nature conservation 
authorities. 
0) land areas may be protected under an individual conservation order 
(easement) which guarantees full compensation to any private owner in the 
event of expropriation. Each individual conservation order consists of a set of 
detailed rules designed especially for the particular area being protected 
Hi) certain marine areas may be protected under ministerial conservation 
orders. 
iv) natural monuments and national landmarks 
Under the Hunting and Wildlife Administration Act (no. 294) of 9/6/82, game 
reserves may be created. In these areas, hunting and/or public access is 
prohibited wholly or in part However, game reserves do not benefit from any 
habitat protection as such. In 1988, there were 82 such areas covering a 
total surface area of 120.000 ha 
In recent years, protection of the 111 SPAs has greatly improved: 
* firstly, in order to protect wetland habitats designated as SPAs against 
afforestation, the Ministry of the Ertvironment has forbidden tree-planting except 
in those areas selected forthe purpose of protecting woodland birds. 
* secondly, a monitoring programme of birds in Ramsar sites and SPAs 
(1987-89) points to the fact that these areas fulfil their objectives to a very 
large extent Furthermore, the designations have largely prevented major 
habitat changes within these areas. 
23 
In addition, Danish legislation on nature conservation has been strengthened. 
The main measure related to bird habitats is the drafting of a new Nature 
Protection Bill which is currently under discussion in the Danish Parliament. 
Under this Bill: 
• 
- the general rules defining types of nature protection area will be simplified 
and amended so that all salt marshes, tidal meadows, heathland, bogs 
and uncultivated, grass-covered areas including fresh meadows - of more 
than 2.500 m2 will be protected (i.e. no alteration or interference can 
occur unless a special licence has been granted) 
- the possibility of putting certain parts of territorial waters under a nature 
conservation regime by a conservation order will be extended to the whole 
of Denmark's fishing territory (Economic Zone). 
In 1989, a new Nature Management Act was adopted. Over the period 
1989-94, 900 million DKR will be used for open landscape action projects 
within four main categories: nature management, nature restoration, State 
forest planting and outdoor recreational activities. 
A number of projects have already been selected and initiated. Many of them 
will involve the restoration of various former wetlands. 
In 1987, an Action Plan for the improvement of the Aquatic Environment was 
adopted by the Danish Parliament. The aim is to reduce by 50% the total 
amount of nitrogen and phosphate discharge into the environment within 
3-5 yearsHb achieve this target, measures will be implemented at a total cost 
of 12 billion DKR, in three principal areas: . 
- tanning* manure and dung must be used in a better way. Upper limits 
for the amount of manure which may be spread per hectare of 
farmland have been fixed. Compulsory vegetation cover of a certain 
proportion of cultivated fields is required in order to prevent the run-off 
of fertilisers during rainy winters. 
- urban areas: waste water treatment plants must be extended and 
improved to cover mechanical/biological and chemical treatment An 
upper limit of 8 mg N and 1JS mg P per litre of waste water has been set 
for the outlet from waste water treatment plants. 
- industry.: the treatment of waste water must be improved. 
Although the original aims have been modified since 1987, the Action Plan 
has already led to an improvement in the aquatic environment in streams, 
lakes, lagoons and the sea close to the coast 
In 1989, the National Forest and Nature Agencyt drafted and published 
Action Plans for conservation measures in land and marine areas. These 
Action Plans set out basic criteria for actions to be taken and proposals for 
1) Sikov-ogNaturstyrotsen 
2-
future protection initiatives to define high priority areas. An evaluation will 
also be carried out to determine the most suitable protection measures. 
In 1990, the National Forest and Nature Agency initiated the drafting of a 
priority list of areas which are the most threatened and thus need protection 
and management. 
- SPAIN 
Under Law 1571975 on Protected Natural Areasi, two types of protection 
area may be established: 
- integral nature reserves of scientific interest (réservas intégrales de 
interés dentifico). These fall into three categories: botanical, zoological 
or geological reserves according to the characteristics and value of the 
area to be protected. Any activity which may cause destruction, 
deterioration, alteration, disturbance or disfigurement of the biotopes 
or biocenoses is prohibited. Use of these areas is strictly limited to the 
pursuit of the scientific and research objectives which led to their 
designation. There are 44 such areas. 
- natural sites of national interest (paraje natural de interés nadonafj. 
These are in general small areas. The use of such areas and 
of the natural resources therein must be.compatible with the conservation 
of those features of value which were thé reason for the area 
being designated. There are 18 such areas. 
Under Law 4/1989 on the conservation of natural areas and of wild flora and 
fauna2, several types of protection area may be established: 
- nature parks (parques naturates). Within these areas, it is possible 
to restrict the use of natural resources. Any use incompatible with the 
conservation objectives is prohibited. Before an area can be designated 
as a nature park, a management plan for its natural resources must be 
drawn up and approved. The aims of such plans are to: 
* define and indicate the conservation status of the natural resources 
and ecosystems in the area 
* determine the restrictions which must be imposed according to the 
conservation status 
* promote the implementation of measures to conserve, restore and 
improve the area's natural resources 
1) Ley de espachs rtaturales protegkfos 
2) Leydeoonservaaondelosespackjsnatualesyo^la1k>ray1murms 
* formulate guidelines for sectoral policies and for the development of 
socio-economic activities, so that they are compatible with the stated 
requirements of the area 
There are some 60 such areas. 
- national parks (parques nadonales) (of which there are nine) 
- nature reserves (réservas naturales). Within these areas, the use of 
natural resources is restricted except for cases where the use is 
compatible with the conservation of the features of value to be protected. 
The collecting of biological or geological material is prohibited except for 
research and teaching purposes where It must be officially authorised. As 
for nature parks, before an area can be designated as a nature reserve, 
a management plan for its natural resources must be drafted and 
approved. 
- natural monuments (monumentos naturales) 
- protected landscapes (pa/sa/espnoreg/dos) 
In the five types of protection areas provided for in the 1989 Law, peripheral 
protection (or buffer) areas may be established to prevent external factors 
having an impact on the ecology and landscape. 
Under the Hunting Act 1/1970i, the following may be established: 
- national game refuges (réfugies nadonales de caza) (by decree) 
where, for biological or scientific reasons, it is necessary to ensure the 
conservation of certain game species. Hunting is permanently prohibited 
in such areas of which there are five. 
- national game reserves (réservas nadonales de caza) of which there 
are 25. 
Habitats outside protected areas are generally managed by municipalities rf 
the land is pubficjy owned. In the case of private property, management is in 
the hand of private persons. In some protected areas, there is a large part 
made up of private property. Consequently, the latter plays an important role 
in the conservation of natural areas in Spain. 
Another important measure for habitat conservation was the Water Act, 
adopted in 1985. Under previous legislation (the Cambo Act), the drainage of 
wetlands and marsh areas was a priority. The 1985 Act on the other hand, 
prohibits such activities and makes It compulsory to obtain formal 
authorisation and to conduct an environmental tmpact assessment before 
the undertaking of any activity which maty alter wetlands. 
1) Ley 1/1970 de caza 
26 
In addition, a number of regions (Comunidades Autônomas) have begun work 
to improve conditions in their protection areas. The most striking example is 
Andalucfa which with the help of a large budget, has implemented a special 
regeneration plan for its wetlands including las Salinas del Cabo de Gâta, 
rAtbufera de Adra and the wetlands south of Cordoba 
Similarly, Catalufia has begun improvements in its forest areas and has 
implemented a plan to regenerate the Delta de TEbro. Two other regions have 
drawn up plans to re-establish habitats: the Balearics where the authorities 
are trying to improve the management of TAIbufera des Grao and Galicia 
where work on the regeneration of the mouth of the river Mino (on the Spanish 
side) has yielded substantial improvements. Local authorities (municipalities) in 
this region are making efforts to protect "rias", estuaries and beaches. 
Regeneration plans have been drawn up for wetlands in the regions of 
Castilla-La Mancha and Castilla-Leon as well as in the National Parks of 
Donana and DaimieL In the region of Valencia, management plans have 
been set up in the Marjal de Pego-Ofiva and in the Albufera. 
- FRANCE 
In 1981, a list of 118 areas of particular ecological interest or of importance 
for flora or fauna was prepared by the Fauna and Flora Secretariati (of the 
National Museum for Natural History2). 
This list serves as a reference and constitutes the scientific basis for 
designating special protection areas. For each of these areas, information is 
included on the municipalities concerned, the classification of the area, 
species of birds involved, current and future developments, particular threats 
and specific features. In 1991, the fist was updated and completed. 
A) A wide range of measures provides for habitat protection according to the 
objectives established in the different types of area: 
I protected areas for which the State is responsible (by legislation 
and regulations): 
- nature reserves (réserves naturelles). The objective is to protect 
certain exceptional natural areas and elements of fauna and flora. 
In all, 106 cover 110.000 ha 
Areas qualified as integral reserves (réserves intégrales) can exist where all 
human activity may be forbidden in the interest of science. Upon the initiative 
of private landowners, some land may be classified as voluntary nature 
reserves (réserves naturelles volontaires) for a six-year period (renewable). 
1) Secretariat de ta Faune et de la Flore 
2) Museum Nationale de fHistoke Nature** 
Il 
- national parks (parcs nationaux) which comprise a central area in 
which human activities are strictly regulated, if not forbidden. The aim 
is to ensure protection of exceptional natural sites. There are six such 
parks covering 345.000 ha Around the parks, a pre-park or peripheral 
area has been defined and is subject to a rural development plant. 
- classified and listed sites (sites classés et sites inscrits). The 
objective is to protect landscapes or certain natural monuments. 
- biotope protection orders (arrêtés de protection de biotopes) adopted 
locally on the initiative of the Prefects for the preservation of limited 
areas. 
H areas protected bv land purchase or the Implementation of special 
provisions on the initiative of public authorities or public utility 
bodies: 
- regional nature parks (parcs naturels régionaux), numbering 27 and 
covering 4.100.000 ha, enable contractual work to be undertaken to 
preserve species, the natural environment and landscapes 
- land purchased by the Coast and Lakeshore Conservation Agencyr. 
34.675 ha cover 456 km of shore 
- land purchased by the Departmental Tax on Green Spaces* for 
conservation purposes: 12.000 ha purchased to date 
- State biological reserves (réserves biologiques domaniales) situated 
in forests managed by the National Forestry Office» - 8.279 ha) 
- land purchased and managed by private foundations (Foundation for 
the Preservation of Wild Faunas, Regional Site Conservation Agencies* 
etc.-10.000 ha) 
B) In addition, for the protection of species, there exists a vast network of 
game reserves (réserves de chasse) (11.000 reserves covering 851 km of 
coastline, 2.346 km of waterways representing 1.838.742 ha of land) in 
which hunting is forbidden. This land is classified in the following categories 
according to its importance (depending on the species to be protected and 
the measures planned): 
- national game reserves (réserves nationales de chasse) (representing 
large areas from 3.000 to 5.000 ha for the preservation and 
reconstitution of rare or threatened species) 
1) Plan d'aménagement rural 
2) Conservatoire du Littoral et des Rivages Lacustres 
3) Taxe départementale des espaces verts 
4) OrTœ National des Forets 
5) Fondation pour la sauvegarde de la faune sauvage 
- marine game reserves (réserves de chasse maritimes) The aim is to 
ensure resting and stop-over areas for migrating birds 
- river game reserves (réserves de chasse fluviales) 
- game reserves in State forests (réserves de chasse en forêt domaniale) 
- game reserves (réserves àe chasse) approved locally upon request by 
private landowners or by recognised municipal hunting associations. 
In a circular issued on 30/4/87, the Ministry of the Environment requested all 
Prefects to set up files on all areas within their Department which could be 
classified as protection areas - under management agreements rather than 
by means of new legal instruments. 
- GREECE 
Framework Law No. 1650 of 16710/86 contains an important chapter on the 
conservation of nature and landscape. The Law provides for more effective 
management of protection areas and gives new responsibilities to the 
Ministry of the Environment regarding habitat protection. 
The Law provides for the classification of protection areas into five categories: 
- areas of absolute protection 
- areas for the conservation of nature 
- national parks 
- protected natural formations, protected landscapes and protected 
aesthetic elements 
- areas for ecodevelopment 
This new classification simplifies the old system but since the Law 1650 has 
not yet been fully implemented, the classification of some protection areas 
under the old system is still being used: 
- national parks 
- aesthetic forests 
- natural monuments 
- hunting reserves (permanent) 
- controlled hunting grounds (indefinite period) 
- game farms 
- areas where hunting is prohibrtedfrxarestrkAed period of time 
(3 to 10 years) 
- landscapes of particular beauty 
- protected monuments and historic places 
- areas protected under the Ramsar orthe Barcelona Conventions 
In addition, under Law 360/1976 on environmental and physical planning 
issues, a number of areas of particular importance for the survival of rare 
species have been designated as protected areas. 
29 
The protection of wild birds* biotopes is regulated by Joint Ministerial 
Decision (JMD) no. 414985 of 29/11/85i. The following are prohibited: 
- the use of agricultural chemicals which are not on the market 
- pollution of wetland biotopes with poisons or industrial effluents 
- the carrying out of work or works which may disturb the ecological 
balance of protected areas without the prior approval of the Ministry of 
Agriculture. 
Areas in which special measures are required for the management and use of 
their natural resources maty be identified and defined by ministerial decisions 
Measures must thus be established in order to protect and ensure the 
conservation of species which are threatened with extinction, which are 
sensitive to any deterioration in their biotopes, which are rare owing to their 
small populations or their restricted area of distribution or which require special 
protection as a result of the specific character of their biotope. 
Wetland biotopes and particularly those which have been designated of 
international importance under the Ramsar Convention, are areas which 
require special protection. 
Concerning biotopes of exceptional importance, the Prefects (Nomarchs) 
may impose by decision special restrictions on grazing during the period of 
reproduction or maty forbid land reclamation or the felling or thinning of trees 
in order to preserve suitable conditions for the nesting and reproduction of 
the species listed in Annex I of the JMD (which is identical to Annex I of the 
directive 79/409/EEC, first version). 
Under the JMD, a considerable number of areas have been identified and 
designated as non-hunting grounds for a period of three to ten years. 
- ITALY 
In Italy, the different types of protection areas are: 
- national parks (of which there are five) 
- regional parks 
- marine reserves including the coastline (designated by the State) 
- nature reserves (created under decree no. 448 of 13/3/76). Nature 
reserves may be designated by the State (by ministerial decree) or 
by regional authorities. All natural resources are protected therein. 
1) Measures for the Management oi W9d Birds (Ministry of Agriculture and Mkvsu^ 
Economy) 
2) Ministry of Agriculture 
30 
In addition, under Law 968/77t, the regions and local authorities (province 
and municipalities) may designate (i) protection areas (oasi di protezione) 
for the refuge, reproduction and resting of wild fauna and (ii) restocking 
and capture areas for the reproduction of game species. 
Similarly, zoological reserves or restocking areas in which birds are 
protected may be established under regional laws. 
To ensure that action is taken at local level to conserve habitats, local 
authorities are obliged to draw up land-use plans which take nature 
conservation into account 
Within the national parks, no activities or development is permitted except 
grazing, forestry and limited farming. Development is prohibited on private 
and public property unless special official authorisation with rigid restrictions 
is obtained beforehand. National parks are kept under permanent 
surveillance.. 
National and regional nature reserves and marine reserves benefit from a 
similar degree of protection to that given to national parks but some 
concessions are nevertheless possible (for example intensive farming). The 
environment cannot be altered and any damage caused must be repaired. 
Legislation on protection areas will be re-enacted under a framework law on 
nature reserves and parks. A bill is currently under deliberation in 
Parliament 
- IRELAND 
Protection measures required by Directive 79/409/EEC are implemented 
under the Wildlife Act (1976) and orders and regulations made under it The 
National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Office of Public Works is the 
national authority responsible for the administration of the Act 
Under this Act, it is forbidden to pick, cut, uproot or take specimens of 
protected flora or destroy or interfere with their habitats except under licence. 
The conservation of representative types of ecosystems is one of the most 
important requirements of the Act 
Statutory protection has been given to representative types of ecosystems in 
Ireland. These are: 
1) Legge 27/12/77: Prindpi generaB e dtsposizhni per la protezione e la tutela delta fauna e 
disciplina delta cacda 
31 
- nature reserves: 71 have been established of which 64 are State-
owned, seven are either privately owned or are held in joint ownership 
of the State and private interests. The network of reserves covers bird 
sites, peatlands, grasslands, sand dune systems, fens, coastal 
heathlands, limestone pavements and marine areas. (A further ten 
nature reserves are held by NGOs but these do not have statutory 
recognition) 
- refuges for fauna: seven have been established. These are areas 
where particular species of fauna are afforded special protection 
- wildfowl sanctuaries: there are 68 such areas. These are areas where 
shooting is prohibited all year round 
- management agreements: six such agreements have been reached 
and are in operation. These agreements ensure that the landowner on 
payment of an agreed sum will manage his land in such a way as to 
ensure that the habitat in question is protected 
- land acquisition: the State has an ongoing acquisition programme for 
rare and threatened habitats so that the highest level of protection 
can be afforded to them as nature reserves under the Wildlife Act 1976. 
Concerning SPAs, it is prohibited under the 1985 Regulations to cause 
pollution or deterioration of the habitats concerned or any disturbance which 
might be harmful to the species listed in Annex I of the directive. In particular, 
it is prohibited to leave in any part of an SPA: 
- organic matter 
- rubble, scrap metal, glass, paper or other waste materials 
- any deleterious substance i.e. any substance (including explosive 
substances) which, if discharged into an SPA, might cause death or injury 
to species of flora and fauna or might damage or destroy species of fauna 
and flora and their habitat - including household and industrial waste, 
slurry and other animal excrement, bilge water, oil etc. 
These provisions do not cover changes in land use. However, most of those 
SPAs classified to date are owned by the National Parks and Wildlife Service 
and the others, although privately owned, are uninhabited islands. 
Protection of habitats is also achieved through other legislation: 
- national parks: five have been established to date all of which conform 
to lUCNi criteria category II. Within the national parks, the only 
1) International Union for the Conservation of Nature art Natural Resource* 
32 
developments permitted are visitors facilities and visitor access 
compatible with conservation requirements 
- areas of scientific interest: Ireland has identified about 1.600 ASIs. 
These do not have any statutory basis in their own right at 
present but a large number of focal authorities seek to protect mem by 
including them in their own County Development Plans and setting 
goals for their conservation. Planning legislation then applies. 
Under Article 19 of Council Regulation 797/85, a pilot scheme for the 
protection of environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) has been set up in 
two areas. The objective of the scheme is to contribute towards the 
introduction or maintenance of farming practices compatible with the 
requirements of the environment and natural resources or the requirements 
of the maintenance at the landscape and the countryside. 
- LUXEMBOURG 
The Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Act of 11/8/82i provides 
for the protection of natural environments. Following a classification 
procedure, parts of national territory may be designated as protection areas 
(zones protégée^ in order to ensure the preservation of biotopes of scientific 
interest and the protection of landscapes and natural monuments. In 
Luxembourg, the protection area Is the onty posstole category of protection. 
Concerning habitats outside protection areas, it is prohibfted tinder this Act to 
clear woodlands, to alter or to reduce biotopes such as reed beds, ponds 
and other wetlands, hedgerows and scrub. The Act also provides for 
protection for river bank and iakeshore vegetation. Any construction In a 
green area (zone verte — i.e. situated outside areas earmarked for 
urbanisation under development plans? approved by the Minister) must be 
subject to a decision taken by the Ministry of Physical Planning and 
Environments ' 
Furthermore, for a number of years, the Mmtetry of Physical Planning and 
Errvironmemhasbeenrjursuiriéapoficytf 
are thus saved from the threat of alteration. The Ministry grants subsidies to 
the Luxembourg Association for the Study and Protection of Birds« of up to 
50% on the purchase of natural habitats which the latter wishes to aoqufoe 
for biotope conservation. 
1) Loi concernant ta pmtection de la rtatum et des ressour^ 
2) Pians déménagement 
S) MrttsUnderAmenaçenteotdu Territoire eidemn^komement 
4) HeUeffirdWatur 
33 
The Ministry of Water and Forestsi drew up a list of sites which may be 
classified as national or regional nature reserves. This list was included in 
the General Declaration of Intention (GDI)2 of 24/4/81 concerning the partial 
development plan for the natural environment The list comprises 98 sites: 
- 11 woodland areas 
- 60 wetlands 
- 11 dry grasslands 
- 16 other reserves (peat bogs, heathland etc.) 
In most cases, the sites are small (5 to 10 ha on average) surrounded by a 
buffer area of farmland or woodland. These sites are of interest in terms of 
their fauna or flora 
In 1989-90, the Ministry of Physical Planning and Environment revised and 
redefined the GDI fist and a total of 137 sites were identified: 
- 20 woodland areas 
- 81 wetlands 
- 13 dry grasslands 
- 23 other habitats 
So far, on the basis of these two versions of the list, nine sites have been 
classified as protection areas (the first two in 1986). The classification 
procedure has been started for 35 others. Sites included in this list cover a 
total surface area of 21.700 ha Cue., including buffer areas. 8.3% of the 
country's surface area). 
Under the 11/8782 Act, the following activities may be prohibited within a 
protection area: 
- removing plants 
- driving vehicles 
- building 
- applying pesticides 
- altering the use of the land 
- excavating, extracting materials, moving the earth or using the water. 
Increasingly, the Ministry is contracting out to environmental protection 
associations the management of protection areas and land purchased for 
conservation purposes. Management plans list the measures to be taken. In 
the case of the nine protection areas already classified, management plans 
have been or are currently being drawn up. 
The three areas listed in the inventory of areas of major interest for the 
conservation of wild birds in the EC* (SFF3 forms) are currently being 
reassessed in greater detail and seven areas have provisionally been 
identified. 
1) Ministère des Eaux et des Forêts 
2) Déclaration dlntention Générale 
3) Zones de grarid intérêt pour la conservathn des oiseaux sauvages 
34 
NL - NETHERLANDS 
Under the 1967 Nature Conservation Acti, two types of protected areas may 
be designated in the Netherlands: 
- State nature monuments (Staatsnatuurmonumenten). These are 
State-owned and cover about 200.000 ha^ 
- protected nature monuments (beschermde natuunnonumenten), 
which are not State-owned and cover about 24.000 ha* 
Under this Act, no activity which may damage the environment within these 
two types of designated areas may be undertaken unless authorised by the 
Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management end Fisheries or unless they 
form part of a management plan drawn up by that Ministry. There Is a 
general ban on polluting the area and on removing, cutting, gathering or 
taking away any plant, flower or branch and on disturbing, taking or Idling 
wild fauna. 
Apart from these nature monuments designated under the Nature 
Conservation Act, there are other categories of protected areas: 
* approximately 150.000 ha are owned and managed by private 
organisations (purchase and management are subsidised by the Ministry of 
Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries). Management plans 
Inducing an ecological description exist for most of these areas. 
* moreover, there are a number of national parks (nationale parken)4 so-
called major areas of outstanding natural Interest (grote eenheden 
natuurgebieden) and areas managed under the Policy Document on 
Agriculture and Nature Conservation (Retatienotsr), the latter mainly intended 
for the protection of meadow birds. 
A draft Flora and Fauna BUI of December 1987a (aiming at Integraliating the 
Bird Protection Act, the Hunting Act, chapter V - deafing with flora and fauna 
- of the Nature Conservation Act, and the various regulations concerning 
trade in endangered flora and fauna) proposes a new category of protected 
area: the protected habitat This Is defined as an area of vital importance in 
its capacity as a habitat for a particular species. The provincial authorities will 
be responsible for designating such areas. 
The following axe examples of measures which have been taken to prevent 
pollution and habitat deterioration within SPAs: 
V Natuurbeschermingswet 
2) End of 1991 
3) Flora-en Fmunawet 
35 
The main objective of the management plan drawn up for Maria peel, is the 
regeneration of the peat bogs in this area and thus the conservation and 
restoration of its original ornithological value. Other plans being drafted are 
aimed at restoring the agricultural area around Mariapeel so as to improve its 
hydrological and ecological state. 
Certain management measures have been taken to maintain the water level 
in the peat bogs of the Groote Peel. In addition, specific measures have 
been taken to conserve the populations of Grus grus: sensitive areas have 
been fenced off and restrictions have been placed on hunting within and 
around the Groote PeeL A number of studies have shown that land drainage 
and irrigation in a 2.000 m wide agricultural belt around the Groote Peel may 
harm the ecological value of this SPA. The Dutch government has therefore 
decided to prohibit drainage, irrigation and groundwater extraction unless a 
special licence is obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature 
Management and Fisheries. As in the case of Mariapeel, there will be the 
possibility to restore the agricultural area around the Groote Peel. 
In order to halt the increasing eutrophication of the Naardermeer due to the 
influx of poor quality water, a water treatment plant has been installed with 
the help of a government grant of NLG 4.2 million. 
In the Weerribben, one-year contracts have been concluded between the 
State and farmers providing for a mowing limit in order to protect birds. 
Under these contracts, farmers undertake not to mow before June 15. This 
measure may also be introduced in areas where management agreements 
have been established (under the 1988 Regulation on management 
agreementst). A management plan has been drawn up for this SPA. 
In order to prevent pollution or deterioration of habitats outside SPAs, the 
following measures have been or will be taken: 
- purchase of land of value for the conservation of birds 
- efforts to make farming practices compatible with conservation objectives 
in areas of major interest for birds 
- promotion of optimal management of water quality in terms of nature 
and landscape conservation. The Water Management Act*, the 
Surface Water Pollution Acts, the Groundwater Act4 and the Soil 
Protection Acts constitute the legal framework for a system of water 
management compatible with the ecological function of a particular habitat 
- conservation of particular features of the landscape in rural areas with the 
possibility of grants being made available by national, provincial and 
municipal authorities 
1) HegeSng Beheersovereenkomsten 1988 
2) WetopdewaterluMshouding 
3) WetveronUekùgingoppwvtaktewater 
4) Grondwutorwet 
5) Wet bodembeschermma 
3ô 
- combatting acidification and eutrophication of important bird habitats 
by greater use of legal instruments: the Fertiliser Acti, the Soil 
Protection Act2, the Nuisance Acts and the Atmospheric Pollution Act-». 
The Dutch government has formulated a Nature Policy Plan 
(Natuurbeleidsplan), published in 1990, which aims at the sustainable 
conservation, rehabilitation and development of nature, wildlife and 
landscape. Part of this plan is the setting up of a national ecological network 
(ecotog'tsche hoofdstructuur). Le. a network of areas which will constitute a 
lasting basis for safeguarding nationally and internationally important species 
and ecosystems. This structure consists of core areas, nature development 
areas ami ecological corridors. 
In addition to the Nature Policy Plan, thé government has drawn up a 
number of other plans which are irnportant for bird conservation, such as the 
Agricultural Structure Memorandum (Structuumota Landbouw) and the 
Multiyear Crop Protection Plan (Meerjamnprvgramma Gewasbeschermtng). 
The latter aims at a sharp reduction of the use of pesticides. 
- PORTUGAL 
Under Decree-Law 613/76 of Tiling the following types of protection area 
may be established by the National Department of Parks, Reserves and 
Nature Conservation (SNPRCNs - within the Ministry of Environment and 
Natural Resources): 
- total nature reserves. All aspects of nature are protected therein. 
No development is allowed. Any activity which may alter the 
- dynamics of the ecosystems is prohibited. The presence of 
human beings is authorised for administrative and scientific 
purposes only 
- partial nature reserves. These are established to preserve certain 
well-defined elements of flora and fauna, soil, geology or water resources. 
Adequate precautions are taken to enable their protection, scientific study 
and use. Partial nature reserves may therefore constitute biological, 
botanical, zoological, geological, aquatic or marine nature reserves 
- national parks 
- protected landscapes 
- classified places/sites 
- nature partes. These are areas of land regulated with the aim of, 
amongst otherthings, nature conservation and landscape protection. 
They may be made up of private or public property. 
1) Meststotfwet 
2) WetboderrAeschemmg 
3) Hinderwet 
4) WetkTZakekxXttverontniniglng 
5) Service Nachoal de Parques. Réservas a Conservmçko da Natumza 
37 
The SNPRCN can also designate other types of areas with a view to 
maintaining the biological balance of the countryside: 
- areas of special ecological interest. These are areas of great 
ecological value in terms of productivity, nature or the quality of their 
products. They must maintain the capacity to restore natural resources, 
thus guaranteeing the biological balance of the surrounding countryside 
- special agricultural or forestry areas. In these areas, agricultural 
and forestry developments must guarantee the ecological balance of 
the surrounding countryside 
- rundown areas to be re-established. These are areas where the soil 
or the vegetation has been destroyed, necessitating special measures 
to re-establish them 
The SNPRCN determines the designation, the classification and the 
management of an the above-mentioned protection areas. In addition, it is 
responsible for the management of habitats outside protection areas and for 
providing finance for them. 
The other types of protection area are: 
- bird sanctuaries. These are areas that are well-suited for the resting, 
breeding or migration of one or more bird species. Within the sanctuaries, 
the main objective is to preserve natural conditions 
- ornithological areas to be re-established. These are sites which, in the past, 
were suitable for the resting, breeding or migratwn of one or more bird species 
and which require special measures to re-establish them. 
The latter two types of protection areas are set up upon the initiative of the 
owner of a site that is suitable for such a purpose or the SNPRCN. In each 
case, an agreement is concluded between both parties. The owner is 
responsible for the management of these areas but it must be in accordance 
with regulations established by the SNPRCN, with focal circumstances being 
taken into account 
The Decree-Law no. 75791 of 14/2/91 sets out measures for the protection of 
habitats of wild birds which occur on Portuguese territory: the most suitable 
territories in number and in size must be classified as special protection 
areas, established by Decree-Law, for the protection of 152 species of birds 
fisted in Annex I of the above-mentioned Decree-Law (all of which are listed 
in Annex I of the directive, as amended on 6/3/91). 
38 
UKl - UNITED KINGDOM 
In Great Britain, the most important types of protection tor bird habitats are: 
- sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs). The SSSI system is the 
basis for habitat protection in England, Wales and Scotland. Set up 
by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act (1949), the 
protection of SSSIs was reinforced by the Wildlife and Countryside Act 
of 1981. 
Under the latter Act, the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC - a public 
scientific advisory bodyt) must Identify SSSIs on the basis of their flora, 
fauna or geological or physiographical features. The NCC must then notify 
focal planning authorities in whose territory the site is situated, every owner 
and occupier of land within such a site and the Department of the 
Environment The NCC Is also obliged to notify the owners and occupiers of 
any operations likely to damage the flora and fauna or other features of the 
site (potentially damaging operations or PDOs). Owners and occupiers must 
inform the NCC of any Intention on their part to undertake any of these 
operations so that the NCCs agreement can be sought 
The principal means of protection for these areas is a negotiated 
management agreement under which the owners or the occupiers of the land 
receive financial compensation from the NCC In return for their commitment 
not to cany out the PDOs or, where appropriate, a commitment to manage 
the land as a national nature reserve (see below) in association with, the 
NCC. For example, during the financial year 1988-89, some £7.3 million 
were spent on management agreements to safeguard the conservation value 
of the areas. 8% of Great Britain is covered by the SSSI system which 
includes 5.400 sites most of which are in the hands of private landowners. 
The 1981 Act also provides for other types of protection measure: 
- the nature conservation order (NCO), which is made by {he appropriate 
territorial environment Minister after consultation with the NCC to protect 
fauna, flora or other features of national importance against PDOs. 
However, if the NCC does not succeed in concluding a management 
agreement with owners and occupiers or in purchasing the land in 
question under a compulsory purchase order (CPO), then a nature 
conservation order win not protect a site beyond a twelve month period. 
Since 1981, more than 40 NCOs have been made, thus facifitating 
cooperation between owners and occupiers on the the one hand and 
the NCC on the other. 
1) With effect fmm April1199%. the NCC mas replaced h England. Wales and Scotland by 
EngBsh Nature, the CountrysVeCourKaiorW 
Sccdajrd(N<^ respectively. From Apr* 11992, the *KX£i*msrepieced by Soo^ 
Heritage 
39 
- marine nature reserves (MNRs). These are managed by the NCC 
for the purposes of conserving or studying marine flora, fauna or 
other features of special interest in the area. By 1988, only one MNR 
had been created. 
- areas of special protection for birds. Such areas may be established by 
Orders made with the Department of the Environment after consultation 
with owners and occupiers. 
Other possible types of habitat protection (not under the 1981 Act) are: 
- national nature reserves (NNRs). The NCC can establish NNRs on 
land owned by itself or, following the conclusion of a Nature Reserve 
Agreement, by voluntary conservation bodies (such as the RSPBi) or any 
other private landowner or occupier; There are at present more than 200 
NNRs, covering some 150 000 ha. (The creation of NNRs is provided for 
in the 1949 Act). In addition, focal authorities may make by-laws to 
protect NNRs from damaging activities by a third party. 
- local nature reserves (LNRs). The focal planning authorities may 
designate LNRs on land belonging to them and may manage it in 
association with the NCC. (This measure is also provided for in the 1949 
Act). As for NNRs, focal authorities may make by-laws to protect LNRs 
from damaging activities by a third party. 
- environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs). ESAsmay be designated 
under Article 19 of Council Regulation 797/85 (transposed into UK law by 
the 1986 Agricultural Act). The ESA system is voluntary (based on 
management agreements with farmers) and is designed to encourage 
farmers, in certain selected areas, to manage their land in ways which will 
protect its scenic and wildlife value. The primary focus is on farming 
methods. 
The system which is planned to run for five years at a cost of about 
£12 million, is being monitored to evaluate its benefits in terms of flora and 
fauna protection. 
- national parks 
The different territorial Environment Ministries? are responsible for 
designating SPAs. To provide protection for SPAs, their designation is linked 
to the NCCs programme for notifying and renotifying SSSIs. Before an area 
can be designated as an SPA. it must first be notified as an SSSI to secure 
the legal protection given by the provisions of the 1981 Act Each SSSI or 
part SSSI may then be proposed to the appropriate territorial environment 
Ministry for designation as an SPA. 
1) Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 
2) Depanment of fa Environment (Engtand%WeisbOr^^ 
Environment Department (Scotland) 
40 
The Wildlife and Countryside (Amendment) Act of 1985 further increased 
statutory protection afforded to SSSIs. Previously, there was a period of 
notice between the NCC identifying the site and the site being given legal 
protection. During this period, there was a risk of damage. Under the 1985 
Act, the period of notice was abolished and sites are protected as soon as 
the NCC notifies owners, occupiers and local planning authorities. 
Other important legal instruments regarding SPAs are the circular 27/87 
issued by the Department of the Environment (England), the circular 52/87 
issued by the Welsh Office (Wales) and the circulars 1/81 and 13/91 issued 
by the Scottish Office Environment Department (Scotland). These circulars 
were transmitted to focal planning authorities in the respective regions and 
the aim was to clarify SPA protection in the different regions. 
in 1991, the RSPB embarked on a programme of preparing Habitat Action 
Plans for all the major ecosystems in the United Kingdom. Priority is given to 
the most threatened ecosystems which are of great value to birds. The aim 
of these plans is to identify and implement conservation actions in the areas 
of policy and legislation, land acquisition and management, site protection, 
casework and advisory efforts. In addition, each plan must evaluate the 
importance of the ecosystems to nature conservation. 
In Northern Ireland, legislation broadly similar to the Wildlife & Countryside 
Act is found in the Nature Conservation and Amenity Lands Order and the 
Wildlife Order (both of 1985); both are administered by the Department of the 
Environment for Northern Ireland (DOE/NI). The types of protection for bird 
habitats are: 
- areas of special scientific interest (ASSIs). These compare with SSSIs 
in Great Britain. 
- marine nature reserves (MNRs). Provision for MNRs is virtually identical 
to that in GB. 
- wildlife refuges. They are similar to areas of special protection for birds 
inGB. 
- national nature reserves (NNRs). They are almost identical to those 
provided for in GB. 
- environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs). They are designated by the 
Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland with advice from DOE/NI. 
41 
TABLE 1 (i) 
«SRECIAlIra^ 
^1»2/8§Œl^ë^^§p 
MS no. of SPAs total surface area 
of SPAs per MS (ha) surface area year of 
of MS (ha) designation 
B 
D* 
DK 
E 
F 
G 
I 
IRL 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 117 ++290.998.60 
111 +960.092 
joined the EC on 1/1/86 
20 151.970 
16 §3664 
5 7690 
joined the EC on 1/1/86 
21 37389.70 3.051.810 
24.870.930 
4.308.000 
54.396.460 
13.195.700 
30.127.810 
6.889.460 
258.640 
4.186.300 '83 
•83 
'86 
*86 
•86 
24.411.100 'o^/Weo 
Total: 309 1.451.804,30 225.349.710 
of the 960.092 ha of SPAs in Denmark, 242.000 ha are land 
areas and 718.000 ha are marine areas 
of the 290.998,60 ha of SPAs in Germany, the Wadden sea covers 
183.080 ha 
in Germany, the SPAs are not classified under that name but 117 areas 
have been designated in compliance with Article 4 of the directive. 
A large number of them are classified as nature reserves 
(Naturschutzgebiete ) 
this does not include cliff faces (i.e. the two SPAs: The Cliffs of Moher. 
Co. Clare and Horn Head. Co. Donegal) 
TABLE 1 (il) 
iPEClAbTROTECnON ARÉÀS|N&HEMEMBER STATES (MS)^. 
MS no. of SPAs total surface area 
of SPAs per MS (ha) surface area year of 
of MS (ha) designation 
B 
D# 
DK 
E 
F 
I 
IRL 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 36 
117 
111 
135 
61 
26 
74 
20 
4 
9 
34 
40 431.306 
++290.998,60 
+960.092 
2.324.895.75 
519.741 
191.637 
310.378 
§5548 
356.06 
52.865 
318.872 
128.847,10 3.051.810 
24.870.930 
4.308.000 
50.479.000 
54.396.460 
13.195.700 
30.127.810 
6.889.460 
258.640 
4.186.300 
9.174.500 
24.411.100 '88T89 
•83 
•83 
•88r90 
•867867 
•90 
*Q7fQ9 
•88 
'86790 
•87/W89 
W88789/ 
•90 
'86789 
•82/W867 
'B7rsQras/ 
•90 
Total: 667 5.535.536.51 225.349.710 
of the 960.092 ha of SPAs in Denmark, 242.000 ha are land 
areas and 718.000 ha are marine areas 
of the 290.998,60 ha of SPAs in Germany, the Wadden Sea covers 
183.080 ha 
in Germany, the SPAs are not classified under that name, but 117 areas 
have been designated in compliance with Article 4 of the directive. 
A large number of them are classified as nature reserves 
(Naturschutzgebiete ). 
this does not include cliff faces (i.e. the two SPAs: The Cliffs of Moher, 
Co. Clare and Horn Head. Co. Donegal) 
tSREGIAL MEASURESJ7SKEN BY MEMBER STATES 
. jSJjj^lga WlTHINiTHE^SENERAtaSYSTEM - -
^gl^ 
The general system of protection is laid down by Article 5: 
Article 5: 
.~~Member States shall take the requisite measures to establish a general 
system ojprotechonfor all species of birds referred to In Article 1. prohibiting 
tn particular: 
a) ddiberute kQling or capture by any method 
b) deliberate destruction oj'. or damage to. their nests and eggs or 
removal of their nests 
d taking their eggs tn the wûd and keeping these eggs even if empty 
d) dellbenite disturbance of these bbtà partlculojiu during the period 
of breeding and rearing, insofar as dlstunbance would be 
significant having regard to the objectives of this directive 
e) keeping birds of species the hunting and capture of which is 
prohibited 
The main measures taken by the Member States since 1981 to protect wild 
birds are presented in the following country-by-country summary which is 
based on the information obtained. 
4-1 
J B 
The Royal decrees of 9/9/81 (Flemish region) and of 20/7/72 (Walloon region) 
establish the general principle that all birds belonging to species of naturally 
occurring birds in the wild in the European territory of the Member States where the 
directive applies, arc. protected, Exception Is however made in the two regions for 
those birds belonging to the species classed as game by the legislation on hunting. 
D 
Under the Federal Decree on the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 
(19/12/86)1. special protection is given to all European birds (listed in Axmex I of 
this Decree). This Annex comprises 77 species of birds Included in Annex I of the 
directive and 6 included in Annex H/2 according to which these 6 species may not 
be hunted in Germany: Alectoris barbara. Philomachus pugnax, Fluvialis aprJcaria. 
Numerous arquata. Tringa totanus. Turdus fllacns). Legislation on hunting at 
Federal and Lander level includes specific regulations for species which may be 
hunted, particularly the Federal Decree on the Protection of Game of 25/10/852. 
BK 
• The Hunting & Wildlife Administration Act (no. 294) of 9/6/82 lays down the 
principle that all species of wild birds are totally protected except those which are 
classed as game species. 
* In 1990, the National Forest and Nature Agency established a red list {Réaliste) of 
species of plants and animals threatened with extinction and thus needing special 
protection. This list includes 97 species of birds divided into six categories: extinct 
spedes. species threatened wlm cxnTViin^ 
decline and species needing special responsibility. 
W 
• Under Royal Decree 3181/19803 of 30/12/80. strict protection is given to 344 
species of birds (practically all the non-huntable species in Spain). A further 31 
species were added to this list by Royal Decree 1497/19864 of 6/6/86. A total of 
129 species listed In Annex I and 21 species listed in Annex 0/2 (of which 8 may 
not and 13 may be hunted in Spain according to Annex n/2) are covered by these 
two decrees (see Table 4 (11) p. 56). 
* Under Law 4/1989 of 27/3/89$. a national list (oatûlogo) of endangered species 
is to be drawn up in four categories (see below). Protection of these species 
requires specific measures to be adopted (mdicated m brackets): 
— species threatened with extinction (recovery plan/ptan de neciyeradon) 
— species sensitive to changes in their habitat (habitat conservation plan/pian de 
consenxxclôndelhôbitat} 
— vulnerable species (conservation plan/plan de oonservacfon) 
— species of a special interest (management plan/plan de manejo) 
1) Bundesartenschut2yetordnung 
2) BundeswUdsciuAzverordnung 
3) Real décréta por el que se protegen determinadas espedes de la fauna silvesUe y se dictan 
las noonas précisas pacaaseguracla efectJMdaddeesta ptotecdôn 
4) Real décréta por el que se establecen medidas de coordinacfa para la conservation de 
esoec^defaunaYSUshStjkaLamptià^KkKeUSstadej^^ , , „ 5) Ley de conservacion de Los espacios naturales y de la 
flora faéauna silvestres 
A 'S 
Under Royal decree 439/1990 (of 30/3/900. the following 11 species of birds (all of 
which arc listed in Annex I of the directive) arc classed in the category "threatened 
with extlnctjkMT: 
— Botaurus stcDarls — Marniaronetta angustirostris 
— Gypaetus barbatus — Chlamydotls undulata 
— Ardeola rauoides " — Aythya nyroca 
— AquHa adalbertl — Fulica cristata 
— Ciconia nigra — Oxyura leucocephala 
— Turnlx syhratJca 
Under Law 4/1989. a recovery plan must be established for those species in the 
threatened with extinction" category. The regions* are responsible for drawing up 
and approving these plans. Recover/ plans have been drawn up for Chlamydotis 
undulata. Oryura leucocephala and Gypaetus barbatus in Navarra. When a species 
occurs In more than one region, as a provisional measure, a coordinated plan {plan 
coorxunado) is drawn up between the different regions tn which the species occurs 
and the national authority (ICONAa). Coordinated plans serve as a basis for the 
recovery plans. Coordinated plans have already been drawn up for Gypaetus 
barbâtes, AojnTaarialhcr^ 
• In addition, 268 species of birds have been classed "of special interest". 
* 128 species listed In Annex I of the directive are covered by the Order of 
17/4/814 (establishing the list of protected birds throughout French territory). 
* Some of the huntable species are protected In several regions by Préfectoral 
dftrfekmg prrihihfHng w r*<il rlrHng hunting 
* Tetrao urogaflus has been totally protected since 1985 In the following regions : 
Lorraine, Alsace, Franche-Comté and Phône-Alpes (under the Orders of 10/12/85 
and 11/4/91). 
* A national list (called the livre rouge) of species threatened with extinction or in 
particular danger was established in 1983 by the Secretariat de la Faune et de la 
Flore (Museum National de l'Histoire Naturelle) under the aegis of the Ministry of 
the Environment 
• Tne Joint Ministerial Decision (JMD) 414985 of 29/11/85 establishes the 
principle that all species of wild birds are protected.except those classed as game 
species. The 75 espèces listed in Annex I of the directive (first version) are strictly 
protected in Greece (Annex I of the DMC Is Identical to Annex I of the original 
directive). 
The JMD marks a turing point in Greek legislation on the protection of birds since 
according to the previous legislation, the Forestry Code (Law 86/1969). all birds 
were huntable except for about 30 species listed. 
• Measures have been taken to conserve the colony of Pelecanus crispus In the Gulf 
of Amvrakfkns. 
• A management plan is being drawn up for Alectoris chukar (a species not listed in 
the Annexes of the directive). 
1) fM<fecreto439rt990porelquesereoulaelCatalw 
2) ComunldadesAutiSnomas 
8 lS^£^^ltëïïg££$£eM SPf^ble «il territoiiï-
46 
• Under the new Law 157i of 11/2/92 on the protection of wild birds and hunting, 
bird species, the populations of which live permanently or temporarily in the wild 
on national territory, are protected (Article 2) except for species classed as game 
(under Article 18 of this Law). 
• 73 species from Annex I and two species from Annex II/2 (Netta ruflna and 
Cygnus olor) benefit from special protectlon. 
IRL 
* The 1976 Wildlife Act provides for protection of all species of wild birds except for 
certain game species, the hunting of which Is authorised annually by Ministerial 
Order. 
* Pynhula pyrrhula is totally protected under Regulation 283/1980 
* Sterna sandvicensis. Sterna dougaUlt Sterna hirundo. Sterna paradisaea and 
Sterna amifrons: management of nesting sites along the East Coast (including 
predator control) Is being carried out by the IWC2 and the NPW& 
* Cygnus cygnus: management of a site in the West of Ireland Is being conducted hi 
order to minimise disturbance. 
* Anser albifrons flavHosUis: tmplrmrntauon by the NPWS of management plans for 
flocks in Çtmnty Wçxforr\ (the mafr| yn»g) çmt\ manggfrnfmt plans fy^te^ofthtiffaten^d 
flocks in the West and Midlands. 
* Branta leucopsis: sward rnanagement by the IWC and the NPWS In the West of 
Ireland site 
* Crex crec field advisoiy work Is conducted by the IWC and the NPWS and there Is 
liaison with the farming community m relation to timing and m^ 
* The Grand-Ducal Regulation of 8/4/86< on the protection in whole or In part of 
certain species of wild fauna provides for complete protection of all birds occurring 
In the wild in Europe except for species classed as game and Sturnus vulgaris. 
Under this measure. Passer domestlcus. Passer montanus and Lanius sp. were 
removed from the list of unprotected birds. 
NL 
* Under the 1936 Bird Protection Acts, all species of European wild birds are in 
principle protected except those classed as game. 
* A species management plan isoortbesehermlngsplan) has been drawn up for 
Tetrao tetrix and a habitat restoration plan {Herstelplan Leefgebteden) for Perdix 
perdix; management plans have been prepared for Grus grus, Platalea leucorodia 
and Tyto alba. For other species, similar plans are to be completed In the coming 
years. 
* In 1985. the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries issued a list of 48 species 
threatened with extinction or particularly endangered in the Netherlands (red list). 
1) Norme per la protezione de la fauna solvatha omeoterma e per il preHevo venatono 
2) Irish WUdbird Conservancy 
3) National Parks and WHdUle Service (see p. 31) 
4) Règlement grand-ducal concernant la protection intégrale et partielle de certaines espèces 
47 
* With a view to protecting wild birds present on national territory, it is prohibited 
under Decree-Law no. 75/91 of 14/2/91. to kill, capture or keep such birds by 
whatever method, to destroy, damage, remove or keep their young and their eggs 
and to disturb them intentionally during their period of reproduction and rearing. 
xm 
Great Britain: 
•AH species of wild birds are protected under the Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981) 
except for species for which hunting Is authorised. Special protection is given at all 
times to 79 species which are rare or threatened with extinction, Including 43 
species listed In Annex I and 11 species listed In Annex n/2: Turdus pilaris. 
Turdus ihacus. Lanosa hmosa, Tringa nebularia, Coturmx coturnrx. Phflcmachus 
pugnax, Ctangnla hyemalls, Aythya mama, Melanttta nigra, Melanttta fusca and 
Numenius phaeopus. (According to Annex n/2. the latter five species may be 
hunted In the United Kingdom). 
* During the close season, the following species also benefit from special protection: 
Anscr anser. Anas acuta and Bucephala clangula 
• In association with the NCCi, the RSPB2 classed 117 species of birds as "species 
of conservation importance" In 1989. All were awarded the status of red data 
species. The BSPB and the NCC are currently preparing Action flans for all these 
species, giving priority to the 43 most threatened. 
The Action Flans aim to convert Information found through research Into the 
practical action required to counter the threats to these birds. The contents of a 
Species Action Plan win include a biological/ecological evaluation of the species, 
analysis of the threats, the necessary action to be taken, targets, a work 
programme and monitoring. 
So far. Action Plans have been drawn up for approval for the following five species: 
Milvus mlhrus. Crex crex. Sterna dougallii. Faloo columbarius and Embertza cuius. 
In addition. Action Plans are in advanced draft for the following 11 species: 
— Haliaaetus albldlla — Branta bernicla 
— Circus pygargus — Anser albifrons fiavlrostxis 
— Tetrao urogallus — Circus cyaneus 
— Tetrao tetrix / — Parus cristatus 
— Loxia scotlca — Burhmus oedicnemus 
— Tytoalba 
The RSPB along with the NCC are planning to initiate Action Flans for some 50 
other red data species in the near future. 
1) Nature Conservancy Coundl (see p. 38) 
2) Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 
48 
Northern Ireland: 
* Under the Wildlife Order (NI) 1985/171. protection is given to all species of wild 
birds except those for which hunting is authorised. Special protection is given at all 
times to 56 species Including 24 listed in Annex I and 9 listed in Annex 11/2: 
Streptopella turtur. Turdus pilaris, Limosa limosa. Mergus merganser. Tringa 
nebularia, Coturnix coturnix. Philomachus pugnax. Melanttta nigra. Numenius 
phaeopus. (According to Annex n/2. the latter two species may be hunted in the 
United Kingdom). 
* During the close season, the following species benefit from special protectloniAnas 
strepera, Bucephala clangula. Anas acuta, Pluvialis aprlcarta. Aythya ferma. Aythya 
marua. Anas dypeata, Anas penelope. 
A further measure taken: 
* Same vulnerable sites of Falco peregrinus are specially wardened: the species is 
protected from disturbance during the breeding season and protected from killing and 
taking during the remainder of the year. 
><^>~ -.atyjftta-,-
The sale of wild binds is regulated by Article 6 of the directive: 
Article 6: 
J. ....Member States shall prohibit for aR the bird species referred to in Article 1. 
the sale, transport for sale, keeping for sale and the offering for sale of live 
or dead btrds and of any readily recognisible parts or derivatives of such 
birds. 
2. The activities referred to tn paragraph 1 shall not be prohibited In respect of 
the species referred to tnAnnexUl/1. provided that the btrds have been 
legally killed or captured or otherwise legally acquired. 
3. Member States may, for the species listed tn Annex n/2. allow within 
their territory the activities referred to in paragraph 1. making provision for 
certain restrictions, provided the btrds have been legally killed or captured 
or otherwise legally acquired. 
Afember States granting authorisation pxn^uard to this para 
veryy at regular intervals that fa co^ 
such authorisation cortitnue to be f^ 
4. The Commission shall cany out studies on the biological status of the 
species listed tnAnnexIIl/3 and on the effects of marketing on such status 
Annex III was amended by directive 91/244/EEC of March 6 1991 under 
which the nine species of Annex III part 3 were transferred to Annex III part 
2. Consequently, there are now a total of 19 species listed in Annex III part 2. 
However, since this study deals with the 10 years* application of the directive 
(1981 -1991), it seems preferable to analyse the situation concerning sale in 
the Member States using the original version of Annex III as established in 
the directive 79/409/EEC of April 2 1979. 
Authorisations for the sale of species listed in Annex III in the different 
Member States (1981 - 1991) are indicated in the table below, followed by 
relevant information on: 
- the period during which the sale of these species is authorised 
- measures taken to protect species listed in Annex III 
- species which may be sold under national legislation but which are 
not fisted in Annex III 
50 
TABLE 2 
AUTHORISATIONS FOR THE SALE OF SPECIES LISTED IN ANNEX m 
IN THE MEMBER ESTATES 
Species B D DE IRL NL UK 
Annex myi 
Anas platyrhynchos 
Lagopus 1. scoUcus 
Alectoris rufa 
Alectoris barbara 
Perdix perdix 
Phasianus colcbicus 
CoUimha palumbus 
Annex HI ft 
Anser anser 
Anaspenelope 
Anascrecca 
Anas acuta 
Aythya ferlna 
Aythya fuligula 
SomaterlamoHlsstma 
Lagopus mutus 
Tetrao urogallus 
Fuhcaatra 
Annot m/3 
Anser albifrons 
Anascrypeata 
Aythya marlla 
Melanttta nigra 
Tetrao tetrix 
Pluviahs aprlcarla 
Lymnocryptes minimus 
GaUtoago gaUlnago 
Scolopax rustlcola + 
L + «4-
+ 
+ 
I + 4-
+ + 
+ • 
+ 
+ 
* : species which may be sold 
51 
DK 
m®m COMMENTS 
in Belgium, all species for which a hunting season has been 
established may be sold (dead} during the open season and for up 
to 10 days after the season ends (Article 10. Hunting Act 1882). 
The 4 species listed in Annex Œ/1 referred to in the above table may 
be sold in the Flemish and Walloon regions. 
The 3 species listed in Annex m/2 and the one species listed in Annex 
m/S referred to in the above table may be sold only in the Walloon 
region. 
In the Flemish region, the sale of Fulica atra. Anser anser. Anas 
crecca. Anas penelope and Scolopax rustlcola has been prohibited 
since 1/1/87 by the annual Orders on the opening and closing of the 
hunting seasons even though these Orders authorised the hunting of 
the S gpgçfea for the ensuing hunting seasons. 
In the Walloon region, as hunting of GaUlnago gaUlnago has not 
been authorised since the 1990-91 season, sale of this species Is no 
longer authorised either 
The regulation on the sale of species which may be sold (Federal 
Decree on the Protection of Game of 25/10/85) does not provide for a 
given period for the sale of these species. Species which may be 
sold according toAnncxcs 2 and 3 of Ûte 
Annex HI of the directive 
Sale of species which may be hunted Is authorised during the 
hunting season and for up to 8 days after the season ends. 
The following species not listed tn Annex m may be sold under the 
Hunting and Wildlife Administration Act (no. 294) of 9/6/82: 
Anser fabalis, Anser brachyrhynchus. Branta canadensis. Anas 
querauedula. Bucephala dangnla. Clangula hyemalis. Melanttta 
fusca. Mergus merganser; Mergus senator, Streptopella decaocto. 
Numerous arquata, Numenlus phaeopus. Lams ridlbundus. Lams 
canus. Larus fuscus. Larus argentatus. Larus marinus 
Thesakofd^dspecimeTisofspe<^esv4ilchmaybes6ldls 
authorised an year round under Royal Decree 1118/1989 (15/9/89). 
Columba oenas and Coturnix coturnix may be soM under this decree 
but only m the form of processed products. 
• The sale of species which may be sold Is authorised during the 
hunting season under article 872 of the Rural Code. 
• The sale of Sturnus vulgaris Is authorised under the Order of 
20/12/83 on the sale of certain species of birds. 
•In addition, the following activities were authorised on a trar«5it1ona1 
basis: 
— until 29/2/84, the Import of fresh or frozen specimens of Turdus 
morula. Turdus pilaris. Turdus philomelos and Turdus Ulacus for the 
sole purpose of supplying the food preservation industry excluding 
retailers. Door to door sale, offering for sale, retail sale or purchase of 
fresh or frozen specimens of these species remains prohibited. 
— until 30/6/85. door to door sale, offering for sale, sale and purchase 
of preserved products of these species manufactured before 1/1 /84 
Under Joint Ministerial Decision No. 414985 (29/11/85). no sale of 
dead birds is authorised 
* The sale of species which may be sold is authorised during the 
hunting season established for the species In question (under Law 
968/77, the Decree of 20/12/79 and the Decree of 4/6/82). 
* Under Law 968/77, the sale of species which may not be hunted is 
prohibited. It Is also prohibited to sell Scolopax rusticola as well as 
dead birds smaller than Turdus sp. with the exception of Sturnus 
vulgaris. Passer italiae. Passer montanus. Passer domesticus and 
Alauda arvensis during the hunting seasons established for these 5 
species (article 20 of the Law). 
* The following species not listed In Annex in may therefore be sold 
during the authorised hunting seasons: 
Anas strepera, Anas querquedula, Alectoris graeca. Gaflmula 
clnoropus, Coturnix coturnix. Streptopelia turtur. Turdus merula. 
Turdus fllacus, Turdus philomelos. Turdus pilaris. Vahellus vanellus. 
RaHus aquaneus. Nummius arquata. Ttinga totanus. Phllomachus 
pugnax and Limosa limosa (under Law 968/77 and the Decree of 
4/6/82) 
. .,,. ,,.j The sale of species for which a hunting season has been established 
IRL is authorised during the open season (under the Wildlife Act 1976) • 
> The sale of Numenius arquata is authorised since there is a hunting 
season for this species under Open Seasons Order. The sale of 
Bucephala clangula and Anas sucpeia (species for which there is 
a hunting season) is prohibited since 1982 under the Regulation 
264/1982 
-—-j The sale of all game species Is authorised during the open season and 
|I/'.> for up to 10 days after the seasons ends under the Hunting 
——I 30/5/84. To ensure the survival of endangered game species, the 
Ministry of Physical Planning and Envh uiiincntiiiay totally prohibit the 
ottering for sale, the sale, transport for sale or door to door sale of those 
game species (Article 7 of the above-mentioned Act). Thus, the sale of 
Scolopax rusticola has been prohibited since the hunting season 
1989-90 under the annual Ministerial Regulations on the opening 
and closing of the hunting seasons 
53 
1 Under the 1954 Hunting Act. species for which a hunting season has 
^k been established by this Act (and subsequently by the Ministerial 
Order on the opening and closing of hunting seasons of 8/8/77). 
may be sold during the open season and for up to 10 days after the 
season ends. The sale of Anas strepera and Anser faballs Is authorised 
since the above-mentioned Order establishes a hunting season for 
these species 
1 * Under the Decree-Law 274 A/88 of 3/8/88. the sale of dead 
P specimens of species which could be hunted (laid down in the same 
-—J Decree-Law) was authorised during the established hunting season 
and for up to 5 days after the season ended. 
The following species not listed in Annex HI could thus legally be sold: 
Columbia lMa. Anas strepera. Anas querquedula. Coturnix coturnix. 
Turdus vlsdvorus. Turdus pilaris. Turdus lliacus. Turdus philomelos. 
Columba oenas, Streptopelia turtur. GaDlnula chloropus 
• The Decree-Law 60/91 of 30/1/90. under Decree-Law 274 A/88, 
was adopted to more effectively control the ban on sale of specimens 
killed by hunting. Sale of dead specimens of species which may 
be hunted Is now prohibited unless authorised by Ministerial 
Order. Any sale of dead specimens of species which may be hunted 
must be authorised by a Ministerial Order (prtcrria) adopted by the 
Ministry of Agriculture (responsible for game management). For the 
hunting seasons 1990 - 91 and 1991 - 92. the Ministerial Orders 
regulating hunting activities did not mention any act of sale. 
"—-"-] * In Great Britain, the sale of Cohimha hvla and Columba palumbus is 
UK authorised all year round under the Wildlife & Countryside Act (1981). 
—1 Sale of the following 12 species is only authorised between 1/9 and . 
28/2 inclusive: Tetrao urogallus. Fuhca atra, Aythya fullgula. 
Anas acuta. Aythya ferina. Anas crecca. Anas penelope. Anas 
platyrhynchos, Pluvlalls apricaria. Anas ctypeata. GaUlnago gaUlnago. 
Scolopax rusticola. 
• The sale of Phasianus colchlcus, Perdix perdix. Alectoris rufa. 
Lagopus lagopus scoticus. Lagopus mutus and Tetrao tetrix is 
authorised during the open season and for up to 10 days after the 
season ends (under the Game Act of 1831) 
• In Northern Ireland, the sale of Columba palumbus Is authorised 
all year round under the Wildlife Order/NI 1985/171. Under the Game 
Law Amendment Act/NI of 1951. the sale of Phasianus colchlcus 
(male only). GaUlnago gaUlnago. Lymnocryptes minimus and 
Scolopax rusticola ts authorised during the open season and for up to 
5 days after the season ends. The sale of Lagopus lagopus 
scoticus Is prohibited by the Act although under it this species may 
be hunted. 
sf 
Hunting is regulated by Articles 7 and 8, as follows: 
Article 7: 
i. Owing to their population level geographical distribution and reproductive 
rate throughout the Community, the species listed tn Annex U may be 
hunted undernational legislation. Member States shall ensure that the 
hunting of these species does not Jeopardise 
distribution area. 
2. The species referred w m Annex U/l may be huru^ 
sea and land area where this directive applies. 
3. The species referred to In Annex n/2 may be hunted only m fa Member 
States tnrespect of which they are Indicated. 
4. Member States shall ensure that the practice of hunting, tncvjdlng falconry 
tfpnictlsed, as carried on tnacoonlancewlfa 
complies with fa prtrtàphes of wise use otà 
of the species of birds concerned and that this practice is compatible as 
reganis the population of these species, tnparticular migratory spectes, 
urtlh fa measures resulting fror^ 
the species to whichhuntinglaws apply are not hunted during fa rearing 
seasonnordurtng the various stages of reproduction, m the case of 
migratory species, they shall see m partial thol fa species to whtà 
hunting regulations apply are not hunted during their period of reproduction 
or during their return to their rearing grounds. Member States shall send 
the Commission all relevant Information on the practical appl^ 
hunting regulations. 
Article 8: 
1. In respect of the hunting, capture or killing of birds urdber this dlnxtive. 
Member Stoles shall prohibit the use of all means, arrorigements or 
methods used for the large-scale or non-selective capture cr killing o^ 
or capable ofcausing the local disappearance of a species, tnparticular the 
use of those listed in Annex IVfa). 
2. Moreover, Member States shaft prohibit any huntingfnom the modes of 
transport and under the conditions mentioned tn Annex IV (b). 
55 
Species listed in Annex II part 1 of the directive: 
Although the directive authorises the hunting of 24 species throughout EC 
territory, the number of species which may be hunted under national legislation 
is lower in several Member States either because, in those countries, certain 
species do not occur or because one or more of the 24 species are protected 
by national legislation. 
Table 3i indicates: 
- the number of species listed in Annex II part 1 which may be hunted 
under national legislation in the various Member States (column C) 
as opposed to the number authorised by the directive (A) and - by 
way of comparison - the number of species fisted in Annex II part 1 
which are present in each country (B) 
- the status of species listed in Annexe II part t in the different Member 
States including cases of species fisted in Annex II part 1 which are 
protected under national legislation (see comments) 
Species listed in Annex II part 2 of the directive: 
Although the directive authorises the hunting of the species fisted in Annex II 
part 2 only in specified Member States, the number of species which may be 
hunted under national legislation in those countries is lower for the same 
reasons which apply to the species fisted in Annex II part 1. 
Table 4i indicates: 
- the number of species fisted in Annex II part 2 which may be hunted 
under national legislation in the various Member States (column C) as 
opposed to the number authorised by the directive (A) and - by way 
of comparison - the number of species fisted in Annex II part 2 which 
are present in each country (B) 
- the status of species listed in Annex II part 2 in the different Member 
States (see comments): 
* cases of species fisted in Annex II part 2 which may be hunted 
or which are classed as game species under national legislation in 
a particular country despite the fact that the directive prohibits the 
hunting of those species in that country 
* cases of species which may be hunted or which are classed as 
game species under national legislation in a particular country yet 
they are not fisted in Annex II part 1 or 2 
* cases of species fisted in Annex II part 2 which are protected 
under national legislation 
Finally, Tables 5t, 61 and 7i provide an overview of the status in the Member 
States of: 
the species listed in Annex II part 1 (Table 5) 
the species fisted in Annex II part 2 (Table 6) 
the species not fisted in Annex II but for which taking (hunting or 
control) is authorised (Table 7). 
A country-by-country summary is then given of special measures taken by 
Member States for the wise use of species which may be hunted (see article 7 
paragraph 4). in particular, iniomiafion Is provided c^ the efforte 
the hunting seasons to the biological requirements of the species hunted. 
1) Situation at30.OG.92 
TAI31X3 (I) 
ISTATUSlOeSREaES LISTED IN ANNEXE II PART 1 IN MEMBER STATES (MS) 
MS A 
ANNEX ttfl 
HUNTABLE 
SPECIES e 
ANNEX ItA 
SPECIES 
PRESENT C 
ANNEX 11/1 
SPECIES 
HUNTEO COMMENTS 
B 24 19 8 
19 
24 
DK 
E 
F 
G 24 
24 
24 
24 8 
20 
19 
21 
22 
20 15 
I 
URL 24 
24 
24 18 
19 
22 
18 
22 
22 
18 19 
16 * In Flanders. 18 of the 24 species listed In Annex 
n/1 are classed as game species under the Flemish 
Decree on Hunting of 24/7/91. Also under this decree. 
Lagopus lagopus scoticus and Scolopax rusticola were 
withdrawn from the list of spedes formerly classed as 
game species (under the Hunting Act of 1882). 
There is an open season for 8 species from Annexe U/1 
* Since the season 1989-90, there has no longerbecn 
ail open season for Scolopax rusticola 
•uWauonla, 19 of the 24 species listed In Annex n/1 
are classed as game species under the Walloon Order 
of 18/6/92. Also under this Order, Lagopus lagopus 
scoticus was withdrawn from the Hst of species formerly 
classed as game species (under the HuntingActofl882). 
There Is an open season for 8 species from Annex H/l. 
* Since fixe season 1990-91, there has no longer been 
an open season for GaUlnago gaUlnago 
* Special protection Is given to Alectoris xufa under the 
Federal Decree on the Protection of Species of "Wild 
Fauna and Flora of 19/12/86. Hunting Is thus 
prohibited 
* Lagopus mutus. Anas clypcatau Anas sUcpcra and 
CoUnnba ttvia are classed as game species under the 
Hunting Law of 29/9/76 but the hunting of these 4. 
spedes Is prohibited (no hunting seasons established] 
Under Poyal Decree 1095/1989 (8/9/89), Anser 
fabalis and Perdix perdix are no longer classed as 
game species 
* As a result of a sharp decline In their populations, 
there has been a ban on hunting of: 
- Perdix perdix since 1984 
-Anser anser stnee 1991 
* Alectoris chukar (spedes not listed In Annex n/1 
or n/2) may be hunted under Joint Ministerial 
Decision (JMD) 41498S (29/11/85) 
Only the hunting of male specimens of Phasianus 
colchicus is authorised 
* The hunting of GaUlnago gaJJlnago. Lymnocryptcs 
minimus and GaUlnago media (the latter species 
listed In Annex 0 has been banned since 1980. 
No nauthotlsatlon for the hunting of these 3 
species Is planned. 
58 
TABLE 3 (II) 
;ST/ttlJSiOI=^PECIES!JSTE0!lN!^^ 
MS A 
ANNEX U/1 
HUNTABLE 
SPECIES B 
ANNEXUn 
SPECIES 
PRESENT C 
ANNEX UA1 
SPECIES 
HUNTED COMMENTS 
NL 24 19 15 
P 
UK 24 
24 20 
23 
21 17 
18 
16 Under the Ministerial Order of 8/8/77 on the opening 
and closing of hunting seasons (Itself under the 1954 
Hunting Law). Lymnocryptes minimus Is classed as 
game spedes but the hunting of this species is not 
authorised 
In Great Britain, special protection Is given to Anas 
querquedula under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 
(1981) 
In Northern Ireland, Anser fabaUs and Anas 
querquedula were withdrawn from the list of birds 
which may be hunted (under the wndHfe Order 
1985/171) 
* Both species are protected by the same Order: 
special protection is given to Anas querquedula 
* Perdix penhx. AlectorJs rufa, Phasianus colchlcus 
(female) and Alectoris chukar (species not hsted m 
Annex n/1 or n/2) may be hunted under the Game 
Law Amendment Act (1951) but special authorisation 
for hunting these species must be granted by the 
Department of Environment/NI 
59 
TABLE 4 (I) 
lSTATUS?Of|JSRECIES LISTEDJNlVNNEXIl PART 2 IN MEMBER STATES (MS) 
MS ANNEX 11/2 
HUNTABLE 
SPECIES B 
ANNEX il/2 
SPECIES 
PRESENT —c— 
ANNEX IV2 
SPECIES 
HUNTED COMMENTS 
B 45 
45 
15 47 15 * In Flanders, the Flemish Order of 4/11/87. 
amending the Hunting Act of 28/2/1882 redefines 
the list of species of birds classed as game. Under 
this Order (and the Flemish Decree of 24/7/92). the 7 
species which may be hunted in Belgium according to 
Annex n/2 are classed as game but there is no open 
season for any of these 7 species 
* Under the same Order, withdrawn hum this list were: 
€ species from Annex L Anser erythropus. Aythya 
nyrocau Branta leucopsls. Branta ruflcollls. Tadorna 
fcmigtaca and GaUlnago media; 16 species hum Annex 
n/2 not huntable in Belgium: Branta bermcla. 
Bucephala clangula. Clangula hyemalis, Coturnix 
coturnix. Larus argentatus. Larus ildibundus, Netta 
xufma. Melanttta fuseau Melanttta nigra. Mergus 
senator. Mergus merganser. Somateria moulsstmau 
Turdus fllacus. Turdus merula. Turdus visdvorus and 
Turdus pilaris: IS species not listed In Annex n/1 or 
n/2: Anas americana. Anas discors, Anser 
caenilcscens. Aythya coHaris, Mergus albcllus. Tadorna 
tadorna. Somateria spectabflls, Garrulus gandarius. 
Pica pica. Corvus corone comix. Corvus coronc corone. 
Coxvus frugflegus and Corvus monedula. (Hunting of 
these species has not been authorised for many years) 
* In Wanoala. the Walloon Order of 18/6/92 amending 
the Hunting Act of 28/2/1882 redefines the list of 
species of birds classed as game. Under mis Order, the 
7 species which may be hunted In Belgium according to 
Annex n/2 are classed as game but there Is no open 
season for any of these 7 spedes. (Hunting ofGallinula 
chloropus and Vanellus vancThis has not been 
authorised since the since the 1989-90 season) 
* Under the Walloon Order of 18/6/92. withdrawn 
from this list were the same species as In Flanders 
under the Flemish Order of 4/11/87 (see above list) 
Hunting of these species has not been authorised for 
many years. 
* Under the Hunting Act of 29/9/76. the following 
species are classed as game species: 
- Mergus senator. Mergus merganser, Bonasa bonasta. 
Coturnix coturnix (species which may not be hunted 
In Germany according to Annex n/2). 
- All species ofColumbldae. wild geese (Anser sp. and 
Branta sp4 and wild ducks despite the fact that 
Somateria mrinfrwtma, Clangula hyemalis, Netta 
lufina, Anser brachyrhynchus. Bucephala clangula. 
Columba oenas and Streptopelia turtur may not be 
hunted tn Germany according to Annex n/2. 
* Fodlcepsalstatus, Otis taida. Ante 
corax. Faloonfdac and Accinttridae (not listed In 
Annex n/1 or n/2). 
* Hunting Is prohibited for all the above-mentioned 
species — no hunting seasons established. 
GO 
TABLE 4 (H) 
^^'C^*^ STATUS.OFsSPJEClES USTED IN ANNEX 11 PART 2 IN MEMBER STATES (MS) 
MS ANNEX tt/2 
HUNTABLE 
SPECIES B 
ANNEX U/2 
SPEOES 
PRESENT C 
ANNEX 0/2 
SPECIES 
HUNTEO COMMENTS 
DK 29 44 18 
S3 43 14 
36 46 36 * Since 1972. hunting of Branta bcmlcla (huntable in 
DK under Annex n/2) and Tetrao tetnx (not huntable 
in DK under Annex H/2) has not been authorised 
* Since 1979. hunting of Gavta stellata. Gavla arctica 
and Gavla limner (all 3 species listed in Annex I) has 
not been authorised 
* Since 1982. hunting of Vanellus vanellus (huntable 
In DK under Annex n/2) has not been authorised. 
* Since 1983, hunting of limosa lapponica, îinww 
limosa. Haematopus ostralegus. PluvlaHs squatarola, 
Ftuvlalis apricaria, Tringa ncbularla. Tringa tetanus, 
Tringa erythropus, Calidris camitus (huntable in DK 
under Annex 11/2). Turdus meriila. Turdus pflaris (not 
huntable In DK under Annex n/2). Corvus corone corone 
Corvus corone cornix, Corvus hugflegus. Pica pica, 
Corvus monedula. Passer domestiens and Garrulus 
glandarins (species not listed to Annex n/1 or n/2) 
has not been authorised 
* AH the above mentioned species are totally protected 
under flic Hunting and TOdfflcAdiululsUauonAct 
(no. 294} of 9/6/82 
* Under Royal Decree 1095/1989 (8/9/89111 species 
wae wiOtdrawnfrom the list of species classed as 
game Melanttta nigra. Mergus senator, CalHmua 
chloropus, RaHus aquaticus. Tringa totanus. Tardus 
merula, Numenius arquata (huntabk to Spam under 
Annex n/2). Pterocles ortrntahs, Canutes ^bndarlus. 
Corvus frugflegus, Corvus corax (these 4 species not 
listed In Annex H/1 or H/2). 
* The following 21 species are protected: 
- Under Royal Decree S181/1980: Haematopus 
ostralegus. Calidris camihis. Phflomachus pugnax. 
Tringa erythropus, Tringa nebulana. Limosa lfmosau 
Limosa lapponica. Numenius phaeopus. Larus canus, 
HuviaUs squatarola and Stieptopelia decaocto (species 
huntable to Spain under Annex n/2). Cygnus dor, 
Branta bemida. Bucephala clangula. Aythya marfla. 
Larus marmus. Mergus merganser (not huntable In 
Spain under Annex n/2) 
* Under Royal Decree 1497/1986: Bonasa bonasta. 
Tetrao tetnx (not huntable In E under Annex n/2). 
Tetrao urogallus. Piuvialis apricana (huntable in E3 
* Branta bermcla, Cygnus olor, Mergus niefganserand 
Mergus serrator (may not be hunted to F under Annex 
n/2) axe protected species under the Order of 17/4/81 
* Underfee Order of 26/6/87. the following species were 
removed hum the list of species classed as game: Anser 
biachyxhynchus (may not be hunted toFunder Annex 
P/g),5ifyfleles listed toAnneyf-T^if^gytnY^.Aamnaga 
tncdla.O»uiadrliisinorincllu3andSother species not 
listed In Annex n/1 or H/2: Arcnanalnterpies, Tonga 
ochroptis. ehatadrhts hlatlrnila. Cl»smtAt\^^ {frflbf1*? 
and Charadnus alexandrinus, AH 9 species were 
61 
TABLE 4 (HI) 
^^^^JATO^ MEMBER STATES (MS) 
MS A 
ANNEX ft/2 
HUNTABLE 
SPEOES 6 
ANNEX KO 
SPEOES 
PRESENT C 
ANNEX U/2 
SPEOES 
HUNTED COMMENTS 
14 45 14 
19 47 15 
IRL 13 43 
44 
NL 44 * Under the Annual Hunting Regulation (Itself under 
the JMD) establishing the list of spedes which may 
be hunted, the following species not listed in Annex 
n/1 or n/2 may be hunted: Pica pica. Garrulus 
gfamdarius. Corvus monedula. Corvus corone cornix, 
Sturnus vulgaris. Passer doxnesticus. Passer 
montanus. Passer hispaniolensis. Oriolus oriolus and 
Merops anfaster. The latter 2 species have not been 
Included on the list since the 1990-91 season. -
* Under the Decree of 4/6/82.13 species were 
removed from the list of species winch may be hunted: 
Fringffla codebs. Lunula arborea. Anthuscampestrls 
(species listed to Annex Q, Anthus tnvialis.Anthus 
pratensts, Fringffla moria^1ngffla.Emberiracalaiidïa. 
ChlorJs chlons. Cardueus carmabtoa.GalcridacrJstata, 
Anmus spfnolettsu Coocothraustes coccothraustes 
(species not listed to Annex n/1 or U/2) and. in view of 
Its scarcity In Italy. limosa lapponica (huntable to 
ftaty under Annex n/2) 
* 11 species not listed to Annex H/1 or n/2 could be 
hunted: Passer ttahac. Passer montanus. Passer 
domestlcns. Sturnus vulgaris. Corvus monedula, 
Corvus frugflcgus, Corvus corone corone and Colinus 
virgtalanus (under Law 968/77 of 27/12/77) & Pica 
pica, Corvus corone cornix and Garrulus glandarhis 
(under the Decree of 4/6/82). These 11 species may 
soil be hunted under the new Hunting Law (no. 157) 
of 11/2/92 which replaces Law 968/77 
* See addendum for further information 
Under the Open Seasons Amendment Order 266/1982. 
Anser albifrons flavtrostrls (species listed to Annex I) 
was withdrawn from the list of species which maybe 
hunted but a limited hunting season was authorised 
in County Wexford (mam 1/11/89 to 1/1/90) 
* The hunting of Corvus frugûegus and Corvuscorone 
cornix (spedes not listed to Annex nyi or 11/2) has 
been banned since 1982 
* Under the Ministerial Régulation of 22/11/90.3 
species (not listed In Annex H/1 or U/2) are classed 
as game spedes: Corvus corone corone. Pica pica 
and Garrulus glandarius. Hunting of these 3 species 
Is authorised 
* Under the Ministerial Order of 8/8/77. GaUlnago 
media (species listed to Annex 1) and Tetrao tetnx (not 
huntable toNL according to Annex n/2) are classed as 
game but mere Is no open season for these two spedes 
* Under this Order, all spedes of Anaudae are classed 
as game despite the fact that only Anser albifrons and 
Aythya mania may be hunted to NL under Annex n/2. 
(However, there are open seasons for these two 
species only). 
62 
TABLE 4 (iv) 
STATUS OFSPEC1ESUSTED IN ANNEX 11 PART 2 IN MEMBER STATES (MS) 
MS ANNEX 11/2 
HUNTABLE 
SPECIES B 
ANNEX H/2 
SPECIES 
PRESENT C 
ANNEX 11/2 
SPEOES 
HUNTED COMMENTS 
NL 
10 36 
UK 16 46 
16 43 * 6 other spedes not listed In Annex 11/1 or U/2 are 
classed as game species: Garrulus glandarius. 
Corvus corone corone. Corvus monedula. Pica pica. 
Corvus corone comix and Corvus frugUegus 
(NB hunting of the latter two species Is not authorised) 
* Under Decree-Law 274-A/88 (3/8/88). 12 species 
listed to Annex U/2 are classed as game although 3 
of them may not be hunted to Portugal according to 
Annex n/2: Vanellus vanellus. Limosa limosa and 
Streptopella decaocta. Since the 1989-90 season, there 
has been no open season for these 3 spedes. 
Under the same Decree-Law: 
* Tetrax tetrax (species listed in Annex I) Is classed as 
game but there Is no longer any open season for it 
* 7 other spedes not listed to Annex n/1 or n/2 are 
classed as game: Corvus monedula. Corvus corax, 
Corvus corone corone. Sturnus vulgaris, Sturnus 
unicolor. Garrulus glandarius. Pica pica but hunting 
of the latter 5 spedes Is prohibited. 
Under Decree-Law 43/90 of 8/2/90. Corvus 
monedula and Corvus corax were withdrawn from the 
list of spedes classed as game 
* In Great Britain, under the Wildlife & Countryside 
Act (WCA) of 1981: 
- 9 spedes which may be hunted according to Annex U/2 
are protected: Piuvialis squatarola, Limosa lapponica, 
Numenius arquata. Tringa tetanus, Clangula hyemalis. 
Aythya marfla. Melanitta nigra. Melanttta fusca and 
Numenius phaeopus (special protection Is given to the 
latter S spedes) 
- 4 spedes may be taken (controlled) which may not 
be hunted In the UK under Annex n/2: Streptopella 
decaocto, Larus marlnus. Larus fuscus and Larus 
argentatus 
- 8 other species not listed to Annex n/1 or n/2 may be 
taken: Corvus corone corone. Corvus monedula. Pica 
Pica. Garrulus glandarius. Corvus frugUegus. Passer 
domesUcus. Sturnus vulgaris. Corvus corone cornix 
• In Northern Ireland, under the Wildlife Order 
1985/171: 
- 11 spedes were withdrawn from the list of species 
which may be hunted: Cygnus olor. Nette ruûna, 
Somateria mollisstma. Clangula hyemalis. Melanitta 
fusca, Mergus senator. Piuvialis squatarola. Columba 
oenas. Magus merganser. Melanitta nigra and 
Numenius phaeopus 
-AH 11 spedes arc protected (special protection Is 
given to the latter 3 spedes) 
- 3 spedes may be taken (controlled) which may not 
be hunted In the UK under Annex U/2: Larus marlnus. 
Larus fuscus and Larus argentatus 
- 7 other spedes not listed in Annex n/1 or n/2 may 
be taken: Corvus corone corone. Corvus corone 
comix- Corvus monedula, Ojruus.frug^LegusVPasser 
domesticus, Sturnus vulgaris. Pica pica 
63 
ADDENDUM 
MS COMMENTS 
E * There are still 6 spedes classed as game under 
Royal Decree 1095/1989 which are not listed in 
Annex n/1 or n/2: Sturnus unicolor, Sturnus 
vulgaris. Corvus corone corone, Corvus monedula. 
Pica pica and Larus cachto"^"^ (+ hunting 
seasons established for all these species except 
Larus cachtonans) 
F • Since 1985. Tetrao urogaHus has been protected 
to the regions of Lorraine. Alsace, Fraxicbe-C>>mté & 
Fhône-Alpes under the Orders of 10/12/85 and 
11/4/91 
• Abo, under the Order of 26/6/87.7 other species 
not listed In Annex H/1 or n/2 were removed from 
the list of species classed as game: Corvus corone 
corone, Corvus corone cornix. Corvus fmgflfgns, 
Corvus rnnnrdnla. Pica pica. Sturnus vulgaris and 
Garrulus glandarius 
I «Also under Law 157/92: « 
- FrtogfDa coelebs & Fringffla monttfringflla were 
reinstated and Bonasa bonasia (spedes not 
huntable to Italy a<x»rding to Annex n/2) was 
added to the list of species which may be hunted. 
- 4 species were removed from the list of species 
which may be hunted: Tringa tetanus. Numenius 
arquata. Tetrao urogallus and Piuvialis apricaria 
(aH 4 species huntable In Italy according to 
Annex n/2) 
G4 
KEY TO THE QUICK REFERENCE TABLES (TABLES 5,6 AT© 7) 
A spedes absent in the country 
P spedes protected under national legislation 
• spedes protected under national legislation although it may be hunted 
in that particular country according to Annex n to the directive 
+ species for which a hunting season Is established under national 
legislation 
A spedes for which a hunting season was formerly established under 
national legislation 
X spedes for which a hunting season Is established under national 
legislation despite the fad that It may not be hunted In that particular 
country according to Annex H to the directive 
G spedes classed as game under national legislation but for which no 
hunting season Is established 
Q spedes classed as game under national legislation despite the fad that 
it may not be hunted in that particular country according to Annex n 
tothe directive 
L protected spedes but may be killed under licence under specific conditions 
laid down national legislation despite the fad that It may not be hunted In 
that particular country according to Annex n to the directive 
C spedes considered as a pest species which may be controlled (regulated) 
under specific conditions laid down In national legislation 
• spedes considered as a pest species which may be controlled (regulated) 
under specific conditions laid down In national legislation despite the fad 
that it may not be hunted to that particular country according to Annex 
H to the directive 
m male 
TABLE 5 65 
I. I C H> < » ,i IIIII i Jl i ••• 
STATUSjOijgl^CIES^STEDJMM^NL __ .„_ , _ 
:QuiCKMBFàîÈt^^ABl^SaTM7K>NJOr^0.0£^2)^^ ~ ~«. 
MS 
SPECIES B 
W DK IRL NL UK 
GB NIRL 
Anser fabalis 
Anscr anser 
Branta canadensis 
Anaspenelope 
Anas strepera 
Anascrecca 
Anas platyrhynchos 
Anas acuta 
Anas querquedula 
Anasclypeata 
Aythya ferina 
Aythya fuligula 
Lagopus lagopus 
scoticus 
Lagopus mutus 
Alectoris graeca 
Alectoris rufa 
Perdix perdix 
Phasianus colchlcus 
Fulicaatra 
Lymnocryptes 
minimus 
Gallinago gallinago 
Scolopax rusticola 
Columba hvla 
Columba palumbus G 
+ 
G 
-f 
+ 
G 
G 
G 
G 
G 
A 
A 
A 
A 
+ G 
G 
G 
-f 
G 
+ 
-f 
G 
G 
G 
G 
G 
A 
A 
A 
A 
+ 
+ + 
+ 
G 
• 
• 
«f 
+ 
G 
+ 
•f 
A 
G 
AP 
AP 
+ 
• G 
A 
+ P 
AG «f 
A 
A 
A 
A 
• 
+ 
•4-
A 
• C A 
A** 
A + 
«f 
«f 
«f 
«f 
«f 
• 
+ 
A iG 
A 
+ 
«f 
A 
A 
• G P 
P 
A 
• 
•f 
«f 
«f 
+ 
«4-
«f 
A 
«f 
«f P 
P 
P 
+ 
-f 
+ 
• P 
«f 
•f 
A 
A 
• (m) 
P P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
• 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
A 
A 
A 
• G 
P 
• C A G 
• 
G 
«f 
««• 
• 
A 
A 
A 
A 
«f 
G 
A 
C P 
P 
A 
«f 
«f 
A 
A 
A 
«f 
P 
i •f 
•4-
P 
«f 
•f 
«4-
P AP 
•f 
«f 
P 
C* 
C A 
A 
(m) 
P 
•f 
+ 
+ 
C* 
C 
N.B. the sub-spedes Lagopus 
mutus pyrcnalcus is protected 
in E (Royal Decree 1497/19861 The species in question here Is the feral 
pigeon and && the rock dove. The latter 
species Is proteded to GB and NIRL 
66 
TABLE 6 (i) 
MS 
SPECIES B 
W DK IRL UK 
NL 
GB NIRL 
Cygnus olor 
Anser brachyrhynchus 
Anser albifrons 
Branta berxucla 
Netta ruûna 
Aythya mailla 
Clangula hyemalis 
Melanitta nigra 
Melanttta fusca 
Bucephala clangula 
Mergus senator 
Mergus merganser 
Bonasa bonasia 
Tetrao tetrix 
Tetrao urogallus 
Alectoris barbara 
Coturnix coturnix 
Meleagris gallopavo 
RaHus aquaticus 
Gallinula chloropus 
Haematopus ostralegus 
Piuvialis apricaria 
Piuvialis squatarola P 
G 
G 
P 
P 
G 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
G 
A 
A 
P 
A 
P 
AG 
P 
G 
P P 
G 
G 
P 
P 
G 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
G 
A 
A 
P 
A 
P 
• G 
P 
G 
P •f 
D 
•4-
«f 
a 
«f 
a 
a 
+ 
a 
a 
a 
o 
+ 
AP 
a 
«f 
p 
p 
p 
p 
p AP 
P 
4-
4-
«f 
4-
4-
«f 
4-
4-
A 
• P 
A 
A 
P 
A 
P 
P 
A* AP 
P 
P 
P 
«f 
P 
P 
A 
• 
P 
AP 
• 
P 
AP 
P 
• 
+ 
A P 
P 
-f 
P 
4-
4 
4 
4-
P 
P 
4 
(m) 
+ (m) 
A 
+ 
A 
•f P 
P 
4 
P 
P 
4-
P 
P 
P 
P 
4-
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
A 
«f 
A 
P 
• 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
X 
+ 
«f 
A 
«f 
•f 
P P 
P 
•4-
A 
A 
A 
A 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
A 
A 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P. 
P 
P L 
a 
-4-
LD 
a 
• 
a 
a 
a 
a 
a 
a 
a 
A 
a 
A 
A 
p 
A 
P 
P 
P A 
A 
A 
P 
P 
P 
A 
A 
P 
P 
A 
P 
A 
A 
A 
A 
A 
4-
A 
P 
• 
P 4-
L 
L 
A 
«4-
+ 
P 
P 
A 
P 
+ 
P AP 
L [ P 
• P 
•f 
• P 
+ 
• P 
• P 
A 
A 
A 
A 
P 
A 
P 
* only on the Canary Islands 
TABLE 6 (iï) 
W^"M..I. . IJ»I ii • ipj "wf»n i,|i ; inwnwr1 \...' • " '' ' " 'T \y"wmi.^:«-•.•*-." N^pyiBEagg^g^^Ms»igM^ 
MS 
SPEdES B 
W DK IRL NL UK 
GB INIRL 
Vanellus vanellus 
Calidris canutus 
Philomachus pugnax 
Limosa limosa 
Limosa lapponica 
Numenius phaeopus 
Numenius arquata 
Tringa erythropus 
Tringa totanus 
Tringa nebularia 
Larus ridlbundus 
Larus canus 
Larus fuscus 
Larus argentatus 
Larus marinus 
Columba oenas 
Streptopella decaocto 
Streptopella turtur 
Alauda arvensis 
Turdus merula 
Turdus puarts 
Turdus philomelos 
Turdus lliacus 
Turdus vlsdvorus AC 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
AT 
P 
P 
AT 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P AC 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
AT 
P 
P 
AT 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
AP 
P 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
4-
D 
4 
o 
p 
p 
p 
p 
p 
p A« 
A» 
P 
V 
A* 
4-
4-
A« 
A« 
A* 
+ C 
4-C 
4-
+ c 
4 
P 
4 
P 
P 
AT 
AP 
P 
P 
P 4P* 
4-
4-
4-+ 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
4 
4 
4 P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
4 
P 
4-
4-
4-
4-4-
A« 
P 
A« 
P 
A» 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
4-
4-
4-
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
4-
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
T 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
T 
P 
P 
T 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P AO 
P 
P 
AO 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
4-
AO 
4-
P 
4-
4-
4-
4-P 
• 
P 
P 
P 
T 
T 
T 
P 
T 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
- P 
P 
P 
P 
T 
AP 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
* spedes protected under Royal Decree 3181/1980 
but hunting season established to some regions 
(Cornunido/des Autbnomas) 
Go 
TABLE 7 
M.S. 
SPECIES B 
W D DK 1RL UK 
NL 
GB NIRL 
Phalacrocorax carbo 
Phalacrocorax 
aristotelis 
Ardea clnerca 
Branta leucopsis 
Acdplter nisus 
Acdplter gentilis 
Buteo buteo 
Aledoris chukar 
Fringilla fringffla 
Fringilla montifringilla 
Oriolus oriolus 
Merops apiastcr 
Corvus corone corone 
Corvus corone cornix 
Corvus frugUegus 
Corvus monedula 
Pica pica 
Garrulus glandarius 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Sturnus unicolor 
Passer domeslicus 
Passer hlspaneolciisis 
Passer Italian 
laisser inontanu:> P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A T 
P 
P 
A V 
A 
A P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
AT 
P 
A V 
A V 
A Y 
P 
A 
P 
A 
A 
P P 
P 
a 
p 
L 
L 
L 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
A 
A 
P P T 
PY 
P Y 
P 
L 
L 
L 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A Y 
A Y P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
xa 
A 
I' 
XfJ 
Xll 
p 
X|) 
4-
P 
P 
A 
1* P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
T 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
X 
P 
P 
A 
A 
A 
A 
Y 
Y 
A P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
X 
X 
P 
P 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
p 
X 
p 
X 
X L 
p 
L 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
Y 
P 
Y 
A 
Y 
A 
A P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
X 
P 
A 
P 
A 
A 
P P 
P 
P 
a 
p 
p 
p 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
YO 
a 
a 
TO 
YD 
xa 
Y 
A 
Y 
A 
A 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
TO 
P 
P 
P 
TO 
TO 
TO 
*^ 
P 
P 
A 
P L 
L 
L 
L 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P P 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
P 
P 
P 
P 
A 
A 
P 
J A 
A 
I' 
SPECIAL MEASUIŒS 3AKEN BY MEMBER STATES 
;FORTT£ET^ SPECIES 
(1981-1991) 
In both the Flemish and Walloon regions, for all game species, the population levels 
determine whether hunting is authorised or not. 
Even when hunting has been authorised 11 may be temporarily or permanently 
prohibited where circumstances such as bad weather or severe winters have a 
harmful eûed on bird population levels. 
The Federal Decree on Hunting Seasons of 2/4/771 establishes hunting periods 
during which hunting of the spedes listed to the Decree is authorised. Hunting is 
prohibited outside the periods Indicated and for those game spedes for which no 
hunting season has been established. 
In addition, the Lander may shorten or suspend hunting seasons. In the event of 
the biological balance bdng disturbed or serious damage being caused to crops, 
the Lander may. for specific areas or hunting reserves, prolong hunting seasons or 
establish hunting seasons for species with no hunting season laid down in the 
above-mentioned Decree. During the breeding period, the hunting of adult birds is 
prohibited until the young become independent. 
DK 
Hunting seasons for certain spedes of birds have been shortened over the last 20 
years. The hunting seasons in 1983 and. in brackets, those prior to 1983 are 
indicated below 
• hunting season from 1/9 to 31/12 (from 1/8 to 31/12) 
— Anser faballs 
— Anser albifrons 
— Anser brachyrhynchus 
— Branta canadensis 
— Numenius arquata 
— Numenius phaeopus 
• hunting season from 1/9 to 29/2 
— Larus ridibundus (from 16/8 to 29/2) 
~ Larus canus 
~ Fuhca atra 
— Larus fuscus (from 16/8 to 30/4) 
~ Larus argentatus 
~ Larus marinus 
• hunting season from 1/9 to 31/12 (from 16/8 to 31/12) 
— Anas platyrhynchos 
-- Anas querquedula 
-- Anascrccca 
70 
hunting season from 1/9 to 31/12 (from 16/8 to 31/12) (cont'd) 
— Anas acuta 
— Anas penclope 
— Anas dypeata 
— Gallinago gallinago , 
— Lymnocryptes minimus 
•hunting season from 16/10 to 30/11 (from 21/10 to 30/11) 
— Phasianus colchlcus (female) 
* hunting period from 1/10 to 29/2 (from 16/8 to 29/2) 
— Aythya ferina 
* hunting period from 1/10 to 31/12 (from 24/9 to 31/12 + from 1/3 to 7/4) 
— Scolopax rusticola 
Hunting is strictly prohibited during the period'when xnigratoty birds return to 
their breeding grounds to toe spring. Under Royal Decree 109S/1989i of 8/9/89. 
tills period is established thro 
The hunting season tor waterfowl (established at régional level) may not begin 
before 15/10 (Under Royal Decree 1095/1989). The aim Is to protect waterfowl 
species which become more vulnerable during the summer as the water level to 
wetlands gradually decreases. The 15/10 date corresponds to the onset of the 
autumn rains. 
In the event of exceptional circumstances (weather or biological factors) affecting or 
possibly affecting locally one or several spedes winch may be hunted* the regional 
authorities may impose temporary moratoriums or spécifie bans on the capture of 
these spedes. 
When such exceptional drcumstances afreet all species which may be hunted to an 
area extending beyond a single region, temporary moratoriums and spedflc bans on 
hunting may be imposed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 
association with the regional authorities to order to protedthos^ 
m CT 
Decree 86*571 of 14/3/86i establishes the procedure for opening and closing 
hunting seasons which run from 1/9 to 29/2 for most spedes. This Decree also 
provides for shorter hunting seasons with specific opening and dosing dates to 
take into account toe status of some particularly threatened spedes : 
—Tetrao urogauus (from 15/9 to 15/10] 
- Tetrao tctrix (from 15/9 to 15/10) 
- Lagopus mutus (from 1/9 to 11/H) 
- Alectoris graeca (from 1/9 to 11/11) 
— Bonasabonasia (from 1/9 to 11/11) 
In order to encourage the protection and restocking of game, the Prefect of the 
Department, who establishes the hunting seasons to an annual Order, may, for 
each spedes concerned: 
— prohibit hunting with the aim of restoring th« population 
— limit the number of days duitog which hunting is allowed 
V *^*a^por«foiJtM*okmJif«ft{M0^ normaspamsuarotoedtm 2) Décret 86-571 du 14.3-86 fixant Les modalités d'ouverture et de clôture de la chasse 
71 
In addition. Prefects may prohibit the hunting of certain species which may be 
hunted (Rural Code. art. R 224-7). 
Traditionally, on the Channel and Atlantic coasts and in several Departments in 
the Paris basin, the hunting of wildfowl used to begin on 14/7. This practice was 
modified recently after it was reprimanded by the Council of State [Conseil d'EùaQ 
(in its decision of 7/10/88) which took the view that the breeding and rearing 
periods for some spedes were not over by that date. 
The opening dates for hunting seasons take account of the development and 
dependence of the young. The closing dates arc based on the different migration 
periods using data colleded at regional level. 
The Joint Ministerial Decision (JMD) 414985 of 29/11/851 establishes a list of 
areas where hunting is not permitted or for which special regulations or 
prohibitions on hunting apply e.g. national parks, permanent game reserves, 
hunting parks etc. 
In addition, under the JMD, the Ministry of Agriculture may restrfct the hunting 
season, the days of the week on which hunting is permitted throughout the whole 
country or to parts of it and the number of quarry killed if, owing to particularly 
harsh conditions, it is established that there is a risk of decrease to the numbers 
of certain species of wud birds, Thus the hunting of Perd^perrlix and Aiiser anser 
has been banned since 1984 and 1991 respectively as a result of a sharp decline 
in their populations. Furthermore, there has been a total ban on the spring 
hunting of Streptopella turtur since 1985. 
Under the Decree of 20/12/792. as from the season 1979-80. the hunting season 
for certain spedes of birds that may be hunted was reduced as follows: 
i) for the following spedes. the end of the hunting season was brought 
forward from 31/3 to 10/3 (start of the season remained unchanged: 18/8): 
— Passer italiae ~ Anas querquedula 
— Passer domesticus — Aythya fuligula 
— Sturnus vulgaris — Gallinago gallinago 
— RaHus aquaticus — Columba palumbus 
— Anas penelope — Lymnocryptes minimus 
— Anas acuta — Piuvialis apricaria 
11) for the following spedes. the end of the season was brought foiward from 
31/3 to 10/3 (start of the season remained unchanged: 3rd Sunday to Sept): 
--Turdus philomelos — Corvus monedula 
— Turdus fliacus — Corvus frugUegus 
— Gallcrida cristata * — Corvus corone corone 
— Alauda arvensts —Vanellus vanellus 
lit) for the following spedes, the end of the season was brought forward from 
31/3 to 28/2 (start of the season remained unchanged: 18/8): 
1) ^o^Miakt9rialÛacishn4H98S(29n 
2) Decreto del 20-12.79 : Variazicne dell'elèacocdelle specie cacciabili 
/2 
~ Passer montanus — Philomachus pugnax 
-- Anas crccca —Aythya fcrina 
— Anas strepera — Numenius arquata 
— Anas clypeata — Tringa totanus 
— Limosa lapponica * 
iv) Ûnalty. for the follciwingspeV^cs, the end of the season 
from 31/3 to 28/2 (start of the season remained unchanged: 3rd Sun in Sept): 
— Turdus pilaris — LuHula arborea * 
* spedes withdrawn from the list of spedes which may be hunted by the Decree of 
4/6/82i 
The new Hunting Law (no, 1ST) of 11/2/922 replaces Law 968/77. Under the 
new Law 157, the hunting season was shortened for several spedes of birds 
which may be hunted (including some already affected by the Decree of 
20/12/79) as follows: (toe previous hunting seasons are Indicated to brackets) 
1) hunting season from 3rd Sunday tn Sept. to 31/12: 
-Cotmnixcotmnte(18/8 to 31/12)+ -Passerttafcae (18/8 to 10/51 * 
-Stxcptopelfa tartar * *+ -Passddomesttcus * •• 
-Tuxdusmerula * •«• -Alaudaarverjsis(3rdSuntoSepttol0/3p 
-Passer montanus (18/8 to 28/21 * 
ID hunting season from 3rd Sunday to Sept. to 31/1: 
-Sturnus vulgaris (18/8 to 10/3) * -Anas plaryrhynchos (18/8 to 28/2)+ 
-Rahus amjtaticus - « • «4Ftahcaatra ' * * + 
•Anaspendope « « « «GaTHnulaeffloropus m * + 
-Anas acuta * " * -Anas crccca 
-Anas querquedula * «Anasstrcpera 
-Aythya fuhgula « « « «Anas clypeata 
-C&ltaago gallinago * * -Aytiiyaferlna 
-Columba palumbus * * -Fhflornachus pugnax*' 
-Lynmocryptcsiiiiiilnius * * 
-Turdus pilaris (3rd Sunday in September to 28/2) * 
-Scolopax rusticola * " + 
-Turdus philomelos (3rd Sunday to September to 10/3) * 
-Turdus fliacus * « • • 
-Corvus moncdula m m m • • • 
-Corvus frugflegus " • « • 
-Corvus corone corone " • « • 
-Vanellus vanellus * • • • 
ill) hunting season from 1/10 to 30/11: 
-Lagopus mutas (3rd Sunday to September to 31/12) <f 
-Tctraotetrix - * * + 
-Alectoris graeca "* * * * + 
+ previous hunting season — under Law 968/77 
* previous hunting season — under the Decree of 20/12/79 
Under Law 157/92, nie regions may: 
- bring forward toe opentogdatecf the hunin^ season to 1/9 for spedûc spedes 
1) D*cn*o<M4&82: VaOaaioniaM'alonco <téteM^*dJuoootB'c*cciebX. .. 
2) Legge no. 157 : Norme per La protezione delta fauna selvatica omeoterw e per it prenevo 
venatorio. (Entered into force on 27-2.92) 
73 
provided that they also bring forward the closing date (Article 18. para. 2) so that 
the duration of the hunting season is not Increased. 
- prohibit or reduce the hunting of specific spedes for pre-established periods for 
reasons linked to their population levels or in the event of particular ecological or 
climatic conditions or in the event of diseases or other disasters (Article 19, para 1). 
ERL 
Under the Wildlife Act 1976. in the interest of conserving fauna, hunting seasons 
may temporarily be suspended in the event of severe weather (section 27). 
There is also provision in legislation for the prohibition of hunting in specific areas: 
wildfowl sanctuaries. There arc a total of 68 such statutory no-shooting areas 
throughout the country. 
Hunting may be prohibited temporarily when it snows. 
Under certain provisions of the Hunting Ad of 30/5/84i, the State or municipal 
authorities may rent hunting areas. This measure was taken to create game 
reserves. Hunting may also be prohibited in State property (State forests). 
Under the 1954 Hunting Acts, the hunting of certain species, of birds may be 
prohibited during the open season when their populations decline sharply (Article 20). 
Discussions arc currently underway at Ministerial level on the possibility of 
changing the opening date of the hunting season of Anas platyrhynchos from 24/7 
to mid-August 
UK 
Great Britain 
Under the Wildlife & Countryside Ad (1981), hunting seasons are established for 
the 19 spedes which may be hunted according to Schedule 2. part I of this Act: in 
general from 1/9 to 31/1. Outside these seasons (Le. in the close season), hunting 
is prohibited 
The 1981 Act also makes provision for hunting to be banned by Order during the 
open season to the event of severe weather preventing wild birds feeding because of 
ice. snow and frozen ground. 
Northern Ireland 
Similarly, under the Wildlife (NI) Order 1985/171. hunting seasons are established 
for all 14 spedes which may be hunted aocording to Schedule 2. part I of the Ordcn 
from 1/9 to 31/1. Outside these hunting seasons (Le. to the close season), hunting 
is prohibited. The Department of the Environment (NI) may introduce a ban on 
hunting during the open season in periods of severe weather. 
1) Loidu30/5/84 modifiant et complétant la législation suc tachasse 
2) Jachtwet 
DEROGATIONS AUTHORISED BY MEMBER STATES 
»-&• ^ N UNDER ARTICLE 9 .:*.•; ' 
,-...:,.„.^. - (1981 -1989)" - : 
Article 9: 
1. Member States may derogate from the provisions of Articles 5. 6. 7 and 8 . 
where there is no other satisfactory solution for the following reasons: 
a) - 1n the interests of public health and safety 
• in the interests of air safety 
- to prevent serious damage to crops, livestock, forests, fisheries and water 
-for the protection of flora and fauna 
b) -for the purposes of research and teaching, of re-population, of 
re-Introduction and for the breeding necessary for these purposes 
d - to permit under strictly sur^n^ed coridTûoris arid on a selectu>e basts, 
the capture, keeping or other Judicious use of certain birds tn small numbers. 
2. The derogations must specify: 
- the species which are subject to the derogations 
- the means, arrangements or methods authorisedfor capture of killing 
- the conditions of risk and the circumstances of time and place under which 
such derogations may be granted 
- the authority empowered to declare that the required conditions obtain and 
to decide what means, arrangements or methods may be used within what 
limits and by whom 
- the controls which will be carried out 
3. IZach year, the Member States shall send a report to the Commission on the 
implementation of this Article 
4. On the basis of the information aixulable to 1L and m particular fa 
ù\forTnation communicated to It pursuant to paragraph 3, the Commission 
shall at all times ensure that the consequences of these dérogations are 
not incompatible with this directive. It shall take appropriate steps to this end. 
Member States have notified derogations from Articles 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the 
directive for certain species of birds. A country-by-country summary of these 
derogations is presented in the following tables, covering the period 1981 -
1989 unless otherwise indicated. The reasons given are divided into five 
categories in accordance with Article 9: 
1. in the interests of public health and safety 
2. in the interests of air safety 
3. to prevent serious damage to crops, livestock, forests, fisheries and 
water 
4. for the protection of flora and fauna 
5. to permit, under strictly supervised conditions and on a selective basis, 
the capture, keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small 
numbers 
Derogations for scientific reasons (research, ringing etc.) or for the keeping 
and stuffing of dead birds have not been included. 
Key: n/c = not communicated 
76 
<X)DNTKX-
REASON j^f&rr'-, £p=1981g?1989 
SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
LOTUS rldibundus 
Larus argentatus Kfll/scarc 
1/3 Passer domesticus 
Passer montanus 
Sturnus vulgaris Kill/scare 
Larus rldibundus 
Lams argentatus 
Vanellus vanellus Kill/scare 
Kill/capture 
Anaspiaturhynchos 
Columbapalumbus Km 
3/4 Pfcaplca 
Corvus monedula 
Corvus corone corone 
Garrulus glandarius Km/scare 
Phasianus colchlcus Capture of reared birds which have been released 
AcdpUergentilis 
Acdpaemlsus 
Fdlcoperegrtnus 
Falœbtaamkus 
Falcocherrug 
Carduebschloris 
CardueUscannabtna 
CardueUs sptnus 
FrtngUlacoelebs 
Turdus philomelos 
Embertza schoeniritts 
Embertza cUrtneUa 
Embertza. calandm. 
Cavauehsdtûorts 
CardueUsfiaxrimstris 
CardueUsJUuwuea 
FttngfBacoelebs 
FrtngtOantont^hngOla 
Cooooawaustesooooothmustes 
Pyrriudapynhula 
LaxtacuTvirosau 
Passer montanus Keep and transport for use tn falconry 
total no. of birds concerned: 65C87) 
G6C88) 
Capture and keep for reciTat Innal purposes 
— Capture using non-automatic cages 
with a maximum volume of SO dm* 
tOttf no. Of blrrfe concerned: 21.844 f86) 
22^65 C88) 
Keep certain species in large cages for 
breeding 
tottf no, of birds concerned; 268.000 C86) 
285.000C67) 
257.486088) 
77 
COUNTRY: Belgium (Flanders) (cont'd) 1981 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITT PERMITTED 
Phpenicopterus ruber 
Branta ru/iooliis 
Branta leucopsis 
Anser erythropus 
Tadorna tadorna 
Casarcafenuginea 
Netta rufina 
Bucephala clangula 
Aixsponsa 
Cypsfulvus 
Aegupiusmona+thus 
Alectorbsrufa 
Tetmourogalhis 
Coturnix coturnix 
FranaoiUnusfruncolinus 
Streptopella turtur 
Cohrmhaoenas 
Columbabvia 
Streptopeliadecaocto 
Streptopella senegalensis 
Anthropoïdes vtrgo 
Tytoalba 
Corvus corax 
Corvusjrugilegus 
Corvus corone cornix 
Turdus vtsctvorus 
Pod^oepsnigricollis 
Manvamnettaongustirostris 
Oangida hyemalis 
Melanitta nigra 
Bucephala Islandica 
Mergus senator 
Lagopusmutus 
Anasjormosa 
Aythya ryroca 
Mergus cucullatus 
Buoephalaalbeola 
Anasdisars 
Bruntabernlcla 
Somalerkimotlisstma 
Mergus merganser 
Oxyumleuaxephala 
Turdus floats 
Turdus pOaris 
Turdus merula 
PtnicnIacruMdeator 
Syrraphtes paradoxus 
Alectoris chukar 
Tachybaptusrujlcollis 
GaufasfeUaia 
Anas amenoana Possess under transitional measures 
— During the transition to a stricter system 
of protection, persons already in possession 
of birds which could legally be kept under the 
previous system, were authorised to keep 
those particular birds until the death of the 
latter 
total no, of transitional authorisations: 
14.600 ('85 - '89) 
78 
1981-1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
5 Cioonladoonia 
BombydUagamdus 
Serinus serinus 
Phoenkxtnaias mtrwr 
• Keep 
total no of birds concerned: 497 f"871 
79 
^X)UNTRY:3ël^um:fWallo£ila) ^981-1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Passer domesticus KUl/capture/transport 
1/2 Laws ridibundus 
LOTUS argentatus 
Vanellus vanellus Kill. 
Columbapalumbus 
Passer montanus 
Sturnus vulgaris KID 
Kill/capture/transport 
3/4 Picapioa 
Garrulus glandarius 
Corvus monedula 
Corvusfrugûegus 
Corvus corone corone KID 
Phasianus colchlcus Capture of reared birds which have been released 
Faloopengrtnus 
Fuîœbtanntcus 
Fulœrustkxlus 
Falœcherrug 
Acdplter nisus 
AccipttergentSlis 
Turdus pMomdos 
Eimbertzacttrtnella 
Ernben^asthoenidus 
PyrrmMpurrhula 
Embertzacolandm 
Carduelischlocts 
Carducus sr^fMMC 
CaniueUs carduelis 
CardueUs cannabtna 
Carduelisflammea 
Carduelisfiavtrostris 
CooooQuuustes cooooUmustes 
FrtngfBacoelebs 
FrtngiDa wauttfîtngfBa 
MJOXUL curosrosoxi Keep and transport for falconry 
total no. of birds concerned: 30C88) 
40C89) 
Capture for the purpose of supplying 
birds (aviculture) 
— Capture using non automatic cages 
of 50 dm* max. 
total no. of frttflg concerned: 38.744 C87) 
40.664 C88) 
80 
Icou^ :^£Ï98Ï^1989® 
REASON SPECIES ACITVITT PERMITTED 
Corvusfrugûegus Kill 
Pica pica 
Garrulus glandarius 
Corvus corone corone 
Corvus frugUegus 
Columbauvla 
Larus sp, 
Acctpiter gentilis 
Buteo buteo Capture/kill/scare 
GcratsJruotZegus 
Cornus corone comix 
Phalacrocorax carbo 
Podlceps crlstatus 
Ardeactnerea Captare/kWscare/destxoy nests 
S/4 Pica pica 
Corvus corone corone 
Cowus corone comix 
Garruhjs glandarius 
Acctpiter nisus 
Acdpltergentilis 
Pkrttpobufao KID 
Capture/ldD & capture/release in 
another area 
Qanrff 4fte fXffffIff? <S 
Cdndueus canndboia 
Jtyriuflapynnula 
CardueUs sjrtraxs 
Frtr^utacoelebs 
Cardue&sjianimea 
Erlthacus rubecula 
Cygnus olor 
FrtngOlldae 
Acctpiter gentilis 
Folcoperegrtnus 
Aquttachnjsaetos 
MÛuusmÛvus 
Haltaetas albicllla Capture* lseep and breed for recreational 
purposes (aviculture) 
total no. of birds concerned: 12C87) 
41f88) 
Keep and breed birds already held to capttvity 
no. of bfads concerned: n/c 
Capture and keep for falconry 
no. of birds concerned: 
Keep and breed (Tor falconry) 
HQ, of t?lrds concerned: 16C87) 
10C88) 
n/c 
81 
*v.v: '*jfy>-*g *»'•»-;-.-
jSïï *3K1987-;I989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Lams argentatus 
Passer domestints 
Corvus frugUegus 
Cygnusolor KID 
Capture/scare/klD 
Capture/mise à mort 
KID 
1/2 Acdplter nisus 
Buteo buteo 
Circus pygargus 
Faiœttrnwncukis 
Falœcolumbartus 
Calidris sp, 
Anasploturhynchos 
SomateriamoQisstma 
Cygnusolor 
Perdix perdix 
VaneBus vanellus 
Pluvious aprlcaria 
Haematopus ostralegus 
Thngatotanus 
LOTUS sp KID 
Larus rldibundus 
Larus canus 
Larus argentatus 
Larusfuscus 
Larus martnus 
Columoapoiuanbus 
Vanellus vanellus 
Cygnus sp 
Brantaleucopsis 
Haematopus ostralegus 
Perdix perdix 
Phasianus colchlcus 
SomaterlamoWsstma 
Anassp. 
Acrtptter nisus 
Scolopax rusticola 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Corvusfrugilegus 
Corvus corone corone 
Picapica 
Passer sp. 
FalœtinnuncuhjLS 
CohmdxaUvkL 
Alaudaaruensis 
Hirunaorusaca 
ErnbenzadtrtneUa 
Turdus sp. 
Strlgldae 
Piuvialis apncarta 
Buteo buteo Kffl 
82 
3L987 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTTVITT PERMITTED 
Columba palumbus Kill 
Buteo lagopus 
Corvus monedula 
Corvus corax 
FrtngiBacoelebs 
Acdplter gentilis Capture/kill 
Acdplter nisus Capture/kill 
Corvus frugUegus Capture/destioy nests 
Buteobuteo Capture/kffl 
Ffoalocrocoraxcarbo KID 
Anasplatyrhynchos Capture/keep/klD 
Anser anser KID 
Puttoaami 
SfoçpftyeUadgoaocto 
Turdus pûarts 
CouonbapaZurribus 
Andes ctnerea 
Larus sp. 
Anasplatyrhynchos Km 
Qcpjnusoior • 
Acctpiter gentilis Capture/kin 
Accrptterittsus Capture/km 
Buteobuteo Capture/kfll 
83 
^COUNTRY: U986i-1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
3 Sturnus unicolor 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Pica pica 
Corvus corax 
Corvus corone corone 
Corvus monedula 
Cuanopicacyanus 
Gatlmula chloropus 
Alauaaamensts 
Turdus merukL 
Turdus pÛaris 
Turdus philomelos 
Turous Oiacus 
Turdus vlsctvorus 
Passer domesucus 
Anasplatyrhynchos 
Columbasp. 
Otis tetrax 
Burhtnusoedicnemus Capture/hunt/kiD 
LOTUS cocrunnans For the protection of Larus audouinli on the 
Chafarlnas islands Cas part of a conservation 
and management project) 
i^toicopereorftuxs 
Falcottnnuncukts 
Acctpiter gentilis 
Acdplter nisus 
Frtngilliaaeà. 
Embertzldae 
Turdidae Capture of young by cenxwlugfram nest for 
breeding (far falconry) 
total no, of birds CTnccrngd: 56C87) 
Capture using nets and limes, and keeping 
in cages for recreational purposes (aviculture) 
total i». of captures authorised,: 
76.261.390 C86) 
40.470.115 C87) 
5.945.794 f88) 
3.799.557 f89) 
Capture using limes — traditional hunting 
m eastern Spain (regions of Catahma 
and Valencia) 
total no. of captures authorised: 
12.902.400 («86} 
10.111.140 C87) 
17.668.492 f88) 
6.971.336 C89) 
84 
COUNTRY: ^Sipàin (cont'd) [ 1986 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Alectoris rufa Hunting using calling males during 
the breeding period 
(region of Aragon) 
— Traditional hunting 
no. of birds concerned: n/c 
Turdidae Capture using "coll " type nets (in the 
Balearic Islands region) 
— Traditional hunting 
no. of captures authorised: 
1.372.032 C89) 
Columbapolumbus* 
Columbaoenas* Capture using vertical nets 
(Navarra region) 
—Traditional hunting 
no. of birds concerned: 2000 C89)* 
100C89R 
85 
^COUNTRY: ;cï:#K 1981 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTTVITY PERMITTED 
Larus argentatus KID 
Larus rldibundus 
Larus argentatus 
Columba palumbus 
CorvusJrugOegus 
Corvus corone corone 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Vanellus vanellus KID 
3/4 CoruusfrugÛegus 
Cbnxis corone corone 
Sufmusoufearts 
Pica pica 
Columbapalumbus 
Ganvhss glandarius 
Larus argetttaius 
Larus rldibundus Kfll 
Turdus merula 
Turdus pflarts 
Turdus fliacus 
Turdus visdvorus 
Turdus philomelos 
Alaudaarvensis 
Turdus merula 
TurduspOaris 
Turdus fliacus 
Turdus uCsctoorus 
Turdus philomelos 
Vanellus vanellus* 
Pujvtahsaprtoaria+ 
Trlnganebularia 
Trtngatotanus Capture using limes an trees in the 
south-east (Departments: Alpes de Haute-
Provence, Alpes-Maritimes. Boucbes-du-
Khone. Vax* & Vauduse) 
—The purpose of this type cf capture is to 
obtain f*fir\^Tifi btrds for traditional hHn^nf* 
no. of birds concerned: 50.000 C87) 
47.862 C88) 
Capture and IdD using "pontes" 
(horizontal trap-nets) in the Departments of 
Gironde. Lot et Garonne. landes. Pyrénées-
Atlantiques) and using mmatolesm (small 
cages mounted on traps) m the Departments 
of Lot et Garonne, landes. Tarn et Garonne 
no. of birds concerned: 807.000 C87) 
684.000 C88) 
Capture and klD using snares in the 
Aiueiiiics 
—Trapping by means of horse-hair snares 
attached to branches baited vriih sorb berries 
or placed on the ground 
total no. of buds concerned: 10.460 f88) 
19.609 C89) 
Capture and kffl using trap-nets with a mesh 
stae of at least 8 cm. in the Ardennes 
no. of birds concerned- 1917 C88)* 
8C88K 
1954(39)* 
86 
1981 - 1989 
ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Capture and kill using mpantes" (horizontal 
trap-nets) in the Departments of Gers. 
Gironde. Landes. Lot et Garonne. Pyrénées-
Atlantiques and using mpantieres'' (vertical nets 
in the Department of Pyrenees Atlantiques 
no. of birds concerned: 200.000 ('88) 
200.000 ('89) 
Capture by taking young from nest, possess 
and transport for the purpose of falconry 
forti] no| of birds concerned: 287 C87) 
18 C88) 
Derogations anticipated for hunting plans 
which have never been established COUNTRY: .Prance (cont'd) 
REASON SPECIES 
Columba palumbus 
Acdplter gentilis 
Acdpiter nisus 
Falœperegrtnus 
Thngagtareola 
Trtngaodvopus 
Brantabernicla 
Calidris alpina 
Arenariatnterpres 
Charodrtus hlnttntla 
Chamdrlusalexandnnus 
Gallinago media 
87 
^owriaicYî^ 1981-1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Corvus corone corone 
Corvus monedula 
Pica pica 
Ganuhis glandarius 
Passer domesacus 
Passer montanus 
Passer hispaniolensis 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Oriolus oriolus 
Merops aptastw Capture/kiD 
OoocotfinGUistesaioojtfDUustes* Impact ofhve binds from Pakistan 1er 
Erxùiertzamelanocepnala* fmiiiiirreial purposes 
nccflrtnto concerned: ioors9)« 
650C89H 
88 
COUNTRY: ,£tâty£&i&%à 1987- 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Larus argentatus 
Larus minutus 
Sturnus vulgaris Km/scare 
3/4 Corvus corone corone 
Corvus corone comix 
Conjus monedula 
CorvusfrugQegus 
Garrulus glorbddrius 
Plcapica 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Passer ttaliae 
Passer montanus 
Pholacroooroxcarbo 
LOTUS argentatus 
Larus minutus 
Larus rldibundus Km 
Alaudaarvensis Capture by means of nets, for use as calling 
birds fl^fliiiiflrfli^ Veneto. Eyfa«M-V'rn^rM>-P<"i*a) 
no. of birds concerned: 
Lombardia: 3072 f89) 
Veneto: 1661 f89) 
FttahATenezla-Guula: 4131 (B9) 
Turdus merula 
Turduspikais 
Turdus philomelos 
TurdusÛiacus 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Passerdamesticus 
Passer montanus 
Vanellus vanellus 
Coturnix coturnix Capture by means of nets, for use as calling 
birds (Lombardia. Veneto, Frlull-Venerla-Glulia. 
Geneva) 
total no. of birds concerned, bv «pedes: 
T. merula* 27.752 C89) 
T. pilaris: 59.338 C69) 
T. philomelos: 106.181 C69) 
T. fliacus: 36£63 C89) 
S. vulgaris: 4.663 C89) 
Capture by means of nets, for use as caDing 
birds (MfTKtQj i-^^wirdia) 
total no. of birds concerned: 526 C89) 
Capture by means of nets, for use as calling 
birds n^mii *y |nfl^t. Marche) 
no. of birds concerned: 44fiftB91 
Capture by means of nets, for use as calling 
birds (Marche) 
nn tfbmteconcm^^nnffto) 
89 
COÊWTKïiSM <*^:Fœ%S*M^ 'ZÎSr&fr" £;1981 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Passer domesticus 
Larus argentatus 
Larusfuscus 
Larus martnus 
Columbtdae 
Pica pica 
Ertthacusrubecula 
FrtngtOiaae 
MotadDaalba 
Turdus merula 
Hfriindbrusaai Capture/ldD/scare 
Scare 
Remove nests 
Larus rldibundus 
LOTUS canus 
LOTUS argentatus 
Larusfuscus 
LOTUS martnus 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Vanellus vanellus 
Piuvialis aprtcarta 
Corvus monedula 
CarvusfrugÛegus 
Corvus corone corone 
Columbtdae Capture/kffl/scare 
Plcaploa 
larusfuscus 
LOTUS martnus 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Corvus corone corone 
Corvus corone cornix 
Corvus monedula 
CorvusfrugÛegus 
Columbtdae 
Passer domesticus 
Phalacroooraxcarbo 
Haematopus ostralegus 
Cygnus cygnus 
Phalacroooraxcarbo Capture/kin/scare 
Scare 
Picapioa 
Cornus corone corone 
Corvus corone cornix 
Corvus monedula 
Larus rldibundus Capture/kill/scare 
KDl/scare using decoys, alphaehloralosc 
and shooting 
90 
COUNTRY: .Ireland (cont'd) -•> 1981 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
..n. ...j-mwmu 
Falco peregrinus 
Faloo ttnnunculus 
Acdptter nisus Take from nest and possession for 
falconry and capUve breeding 
total no. of birds concerned: 17 (*87) 
27 ('88) 
37 C89) 
91 
C 1981 - 1989 
ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Hunt/scare 
Hunt 
Hunt/scare hi order to protect small 
birds 
Occasional shooting 
— traditional hunting COUNTRY: ^j^araenuta 
REASON SPECIES 
3 Sturnus vulgaris 
Columba palumbus 
Corvus corons corone 
Pica pica 
Garrulus glandarius 
Corvus corone corone 
Pica pica 
Garrulus glandarius 
92 
1987SI989 
3EŒASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Ardeadnerea Disturb nests 
Larus ridibundus Kill , 
Larus martnus 
LOTUS argentatus 
LOTUS canus 
Vanellus vanellus 
Golurribaocaas 
Columbapolumbus 
Corvus corone corone 
Corvus monedula 
PicapkxL 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Anaspiatyrhynchos 
AnascreoooL 
AythyafuBgula 
Aymyafenha 
Perdixperdix 
Phasianus colchlcus 
PluviaUs apricaria. 
ArdeacSnerea 
Haematopus ostrolegus 
Tadorna tadorna 
VanefittsoaneOus Collect eggs 
Baawifopus osaulepus 
PuttoaoDbu 
Butrohuteo Capture and release in another 
Asfoofcfs area 
Acdplter gentilis 
Aodptterotsus 
Saixahtao 
Cobumbaoenas KID 
Cohnxixtpahrmbus 
Corvus corone corone 
CorousfrugUegus 
Corvusmonedtda 
PioapkXL 
Gamâusgkmdartus 
Anaspiatyrhynchos 
Anaspendope 
FuHotLatra. 
Phaskmœcokhicus 
Anser<mser 
Anserjahabs 
Anseralbtfrons 
BnantabenxEda . 
Basserdamesucus 
Passer montanus 
Stunwsnéqarls Cyçpus olof 
93 
tàthefla^s ïœht^ T.987-1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
LOTUS ridibundus 
LOTUS marinus 
LOTUS argentatus 
Streptopeliadecaocto 
Ardeadnerea 
Gallinulachloropus 
Podioepscrtstatus KID 
KiD/coDect eggs/disturb nests 
Larus argentatus 
LOTUSrtdibundus 
Larusfuscus 
Larus canus Couect eggs and disturb nests 
Larus argentatus 
LOTUS ridibundus KID 
Acdplter gentilis 
Falœperegrtnus Keep eggs and nests for breeding for 
total no. of birds reared: 2SC88) 
2SC89) 
Acdpfter gentilis 
Falœperegrtnus Possess and transport for falconry 
total no. of birds concerned 220 C88) 
220C89) 
Carduelis carduelis 
Carduelis spinus 
Carduelis cannabina 
Carduelis chloris 
Fringfllacoelebs 
Emberlzadtnheuo. 
Turdusmerula Possess and keep in cages for recreational 
purposes (aviculture) 
no. of birds concerned: n/c 
Vanellus vanellus 
Phoenfcopterus ruber 
Phoeniconatas minor 
Cygnus coluinbkiTUJS 
Anthropoïdes vlrgo Couect eggs to aDow~.x)ther use 
no. of birds concerned: n/c 
Possess for aviculture (only in 200s) 
total no. of birds concerned: 40C89) 
94 
1987*1989 
ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Hunting (shooting) on the island of Madeira 
to prevent damage to crops 
Scare 
Scare/kill 
Capture using nets for recreational purposes 
total no. of birds concerned: 36 C88) 
Capture and possession for falconry . 
I?°i of frftds VQIKWS& 1 C69) COUNTRY: ;-:Uà;?:;ié .Portugal ;.•&"£; 
REASON SPECIES 
3/5 Columba trocaz 
Merops apiasier 
Tetrax tetrax 
Q^nff fffty< <yynrf n^f/c 
Carduelis chloris 
Fringfllacoelebs 
Falœperegrtnus 
Si) 
COUNTRY: •United Kingdom • 1987 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Columbji livia 
Passer domesticus 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Brariia canadensis 
LOTUS argentatus Capturc/kiD/dcstroy eggs and/or nests 
Cygnusolor 
Strixaluco 
Anasplatyrhynchos 
Eruhacusrubecula Capture and release in another area 
Larus ridibundus 
Larus canus 
LOTUS martnus 
Larus argentatus 
Larusfuscus 
Larus tehthyaetus 
Vanellus vanellus 
Haematopus ostralegus 
Corvus corone corone 
CorvusfrugQegus 
Corvus monedula 
Columbauvia 
Cctumbapalumbus 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Alauaaarvensis 
Perdlxperdlx 
Numenius arquata 
Streptopella decaocto 
Ganulus glandarius 
Ptcapfca 
Passer domesticus 
PluVlalisapricana Capture/kiD birds/remove eggs/destroy 
nests 
Anser anser 
Anserbrachyrhynchus 
Anserfavtrostris 
Anser albifrons 
Brorttabernicla 
Brorttaleucopsts 
Brantacanadensis 
Pyrrtuiapyniwla 
Corvus corone corone 
Cowuscorax 
Coruusmonedula 
Corvusfrugflegus 
Anaspenelape 
Streptopella decaocto 
Larus martnus 
Larusfuscus 
LOTUS argentatus 
Turdus nerula Capture/kiD birds/remove eggs/destroy 
nests 
96 
^UNTRYiHJj^ 1987 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Ardeadnerea 
Gcarnuus glandarius 
PicapkxL 
CotumbaUuia 
Cdlwnbapolumbus 
Passer domesticus 
Sturnus vulgaris 
Mergus merganser 
Mergus senator 
GaBlmdachloropus 
Steroorartus skua 
Phalacroooraxcarbo Capturc/ldD birds/remove eggs/destroy 
nests (cont'd) 
Corvus corone corone 
Lams martnus 
Larusfuscus 
Laws argentatus 
Lacrusridtburtdus 
Larus khûyaeais 
Anser anser 
Brantacanadensis 
Anasplaturhynchos 
Acdptternlsus 
Falœvnnunculus 
Strtxaluœ 
Sternaalbtfrons 
Crexcrex 
Burhlnusoedicnernus 
Stemahtntndo 
Cygnusolor 
Amenenodua 
Brantacanadensis 
Pandlonhaliaetus 
Buteo buteo 
MBausmttvus 
Acdptternlsus 
Acdplter gentilis 
Falœperegrtnus 
Buteo buteo 
aR species Capture/kin birds/remove eggs/destroy 
nests 
Capture birds/take eggs and nests and move 
them to a dînèrent area 
Recapture of captive specimens 
Take and destroy eggs 
— the licence allows only the clearance of 
nest boxes not currently in use before next 
breeding season (only foam Ol/10 to 31/01) 
Buteobuteo 
AodpWernlsus 
FatmpeKgrtnus 
FakoUnrwnculus Capture and possess for falconry 
total no. of bfrrta concern^- 57 087) 
48C88) 
97 
COUNTRY: United J&ngdoTii (cont'd) 1987 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Falcoperegrinus 
Aodpiier nisus 
Buieo buteo 
Loxiacurvtrostra 
Plectropheruix nivalis 
Alaudaaruensis 
Turdusmerula 
Anthuspratensis 
Turdus philomelos 
LOTUS ridJbundus 
TurduspÛaris 
Vanellus vanellus 
Perdixperdix 
Lagopus lagopus scoticus 
Turdus Ûtacus 
Turdus vfsdvorus 
GalliradaLchloropus 
Phasianus colchlcus 
Anascrecca 
Anasplatyrhynchos 
Larus argentatus 
Larusfuscus 
LOTUS martnus 
LOTUS canus 
Larus rtdlbundus* 
Sutabassana+ 
SuLoLbassana 
Phalacrocorax carbo 
Phalacroojraxarlstotelis 
Loxiacurvtrostra 
Falcoperegrinus 
Falœùnrumcuhis 
AquQadtvusaetos 
MUnusmJkms 
Falœperegiums 
Buteohuteo 
Acdptternlsus 
FàJœctilumbartus 
Tytoolba 
Strixahico 
Aihenenocbua 
Falœsubbuteo 
Podloepscrlstatus 
Lanius exoubitor 
Ggnusotbr. . Capture for aviculture. 
total no. of birds concerned: 11 C87) 
4 C88) 
Killed in the course of falconry 
total no. of birds concerned: 
410 (1/9/87 - 28/2/88) 
1773 (1/9/88 - 28/2/89) 
Take and seH eggs for human consumption 
no. of eggs concerned: 48.916 C88)* 
65.129 C89J* 
2,000 C89)+ 
KID for human consumption 
no. of birds concerned: 
Take eggs for aviculture 
total no. of eggs concerned: 2000 C87) 
2000 C88) 
6C87) 
Possess birds which cannot be shown to have 
been legally removed from the wild 
total no. of birds concerned: 29C88) 
13C89) 
96 
COUNTRY: United Kingdom (cont'd) 1987 - 1989 
REASON SPECIES ACTIVITY PERMITTED 
Sell dead birds 
total no. of birds concerned: 
364 C89) : 236 ancient specimens killed 
prior to the directive and 
128 recent specimens 
(a total of 134 different 
species in 1989) 
oc 
RESEARCH 
1981^991 
An important provision of the directive, under Article 10, is that Member 
States are to encourage research in the field of conservation of wild birds. 
Article 10: 
1. Member States shall encounjge research and any work required as a basis 
for the protection, management an^ 
bird mentioned in Article 1. 
2. Partioûor attention sboft 
listed tn Annex V. Member States shaU send the Commission OJTU Inform^ 
required to enable It to take appropriate measures for the coordlnotton of the 
research and work referred to tn this Article. 
Such research enables a better understanding of the biology of a species or 
the ecology of a habitat Scientific knowledge thus acquired can contribute to 
providing better protection and more effective management of spedes and 
habitats. 
The main themes of research and studies carried out in the different Member 
States since 1981 are presented on the following pages. Where possible, the 
organisation in charge and the year are indicated. 
100 
B 
In Flanders: 
study on feeding habits of Ardea dnerea and biological methods to 
protect fish farms against prédation from this species of bird 
(Ecology and Fauna Protection Laboratoryi) 
study on the impact of human activities on the natural environment 
and study on bio-indicators (Nature Conservation Department of 
the Flemish Regional Executive) ; 
study on feeding habits of Pocficeps cristatus (Institute for Nature 
Protedfon/IPffe) ; 
research on the trends in populations of waterfowl andwaders, 
particularly in the 23 SPAs and In the Ramsar sites (I PN); 
study on the change, distribution and use of wild geese habitats 
In Flanders (IPN) ; 
research Into the relationship between nature conservation and 
farming methods, particularly In the 23 SPAs (IPN) ; 
research Into the population dynamics of Ardea dnerea breeding in 
Flanders (IPN) ; 
ecological description of the 23 SPAs In Flanders which are of 
particular importance for birds, espedalry migratory birds (IPN) ; 
The Belgian Royal Institute for Natural Sciences (KBINs) is studying: 
bird migrations by means of ringing some 600.000 birds a year 
throughout Belgium ; 
acceptable limits for the number of spedmens to be taken by hunting 
out of the total population of woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) breeding 
or passing through Flanders. 
In Wallonia: 
Contracts for studies amounting to FB 7.5 million have been negotiated 
for six SPAs. The studies. Involving censuses and ecological 
descriptions of these SPAs have either been completed or are underway. 
study on the delayed cultivation of meadows in order to protect 
birds nesting therein (Nordrhdn-Westfalen/NRW, 1984) ; 
regular population censuses of diurnal and nocturnal birds of prey 
(NRW); 
study on the population dynamics of certain species of seabirds 
(Branta leucopsts, Branta bemicla, Calidris canutus) and 
ecological role of the Wadden Sea in Schleswig-Hoistein (1981-82) ; 
census of meadow birds and the drafting of proposals for the 
1) frfyyrfnatmTVoorfîkofa^^o/^gnaDg/»»^%^^^^t/i-
2) IttstkuutvoorNaluuibehoud 
*» Knninkffr Ralnk&h tnnHt,Htt *~%~r AJatiimotenschaooen 
101 
protection of species in dedine. In particular, this study concerns 
Ciconia dconia, Limosa limosa, Tringa totanus, Gallinago 
gallinago, Philomachus pugnax and Circus pygargus 
(Schieswig-Holstein, 1981-82) ; 
population census of falconiformes (Hamburg, 1980-85) ; 
survey of the bird fauna in the city of Hamburg as a basis for 
reference for environmental policy dedsions ; 
study on the biology of populations of Haematopus ostralegus 
(Niedersachsen, 1985-89) ; 
direct and indirect effects of oil slicks on seabirds in the Deutsche 
Bucht (Niedersachsen) ; 
study on areas to be protected in Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen, 1981 ) 
population dynamics of birds, particularly Defichon urbica 
(Rheinland-Pfalz. 1980) ; 
research on the biology and ecology of Scolopax rusticola in relation 
to spring hunting and the protection of biotopes. This research 
indudes the drawing up of a biotope management plan for this 
species in the Mitteigebirge area (Rheinland-Pfalz, 1975-84) ; 
basic research with a view to drawing up a species conservation 
programme geared to soil conservation. The following spedes are 
primarily concerned: Gallinago gallinago, Crex crex, Saxicola rubetra, 
Motadllaflava, Anthus pratensis and Locustella naevia (Baden-
Wûrttemberg, 1985-88) ; 
ecology of Ciconia dconia in Bavaria: breeding population, biotope 
requirements, protection and ways of maintaining and increasing 
populations (Bayem, 1980-82) ; 
regular census of waterfowl at selected lakes (Bayem) ; 
causes of illness and death among wild birds (Bayem). 
DK 
monitoring of EC bird protection areas and censuses of their bird 
populations ; 
surveys to assess the consequences of différents types of activity on 
the value of an area as a habitat for birds; 
ringing surveys ; 
quantitative studies at local level to assess the change in bird 
population levels ; 
studies on particular spedes listed in Annex I of the directive or groups 
of ecologically vulnerable spedes. 
m 
The following research has been conducted by ICON An 
the situation of Aquila chrysaetos in the regions of Guadalajara, 
Cuenca and Ciudad Real (1986) ; 
1) Institute National para la Conservation de la Naturaleza 
102 
winter census of waterfowl (1986 and 1987) ; 
classification of Spanish wetlands according to their importance for 
waterfowl (1987) ; 
survey of potential distribution areas for Oxyura leucocephala 
(1987) ; 
survey of the Spanish population of Ciconia nigra and its breeding 
grounds (1987) ; 
survey of the Spanish population of Otis tarda (phase 1/1987, 
phase 11/1989) ; 
biology, habitat use and basis for conservation of Neophron 
per.cnopterus in the Iberian Peninsula (1987) ; 
survey of the Spanish population of Gypaetus barbatus and its 
breeding grounds (1987/1988) ; 
survey of the Iberian population of Neophron per~.cnopterus and its 
breeding grounds (1987/1988) ; 
use of space by breeding adults: Aquila adalberti (1987/1988) ; 
demographic parameters of the wintering population of Grus grus in 
Spain (1987/1988); 
survey of the Spanish population of Aquila chrysaetos and its 
breeding grounds (1988) ; 
survey of the breeding colonies of Falco naumanni and problems 
relating to their conservation (1988) ; 
survey of dispersal and concentration areas for young 
Oxyura leucocephala (1988) ; 
designing fadGties for the reintroduction of Porphyrio porphyrio 
(1988) ; 
census of wintering bird spedes (1989) ; 
monitoring of the dispersal of young Gypaetus barbatus (1989) ; 
survey of the Spanish population of Gyps fulvus (1989) ; 
establishing the conservation status of Streptopefia turtur (1989) ; 
census of breeding waterfowl (1989) ; 
establishing the degree of inbreeding within sub-populations of 
Aquila adalberti 1989/1990) ; 
survey and typology of wetlands (1989/1990) ; 
survey of threatened species at EC level (1989/1990) ; 
study on the biology and ecology of Columba bolfii and Columba 
junoniae ; 
studies on the impact of chemical pollution on certain bird populations 
(e.g. Aquila adalberti) ; 
evaluation of the impact of power lines (transport) as a cause of 
bird mortality; 
preparation of a model for the numbers of Alectoris rufato be 
hunted in Spain; 
survey of the Spanish population of Hieraaetus fasdatus 
(1989-90) ; 
use of space and dispersal movements of Otis tarda in pilot areas 
(1990-91) ; 
103 
monitoring of waterfowl populations (1990-91 ) ; 
selection of breeding grounds of Ciconia sp. in Spain. Wintering 
areas of Ciconia nigra ; 
monitoring dispersal of young Aquila heliaca (1991 ) ; 
survey of the Spanish population of Pandion hatiaetus and its 
breeding grounds (1991); 
status, distribution of and sensitive areas for Perdix perdix in Spain 
(1991); 
definition and survey of breeding grounds of Turnix sylvatica 
(1991); 
monitoring the dispersal of young Hieraaetus fasdatus (1991 ) ; 
methods for restoring populations of Aquila heliaca (1991 ). 
At regional level, a considerable amount of research has also been carried 
out 
survey arid description of natural areas of interest in terms of ecology, 
fauna and flora (areas fisted on account of their interest to breeding, 
migrating and wintering birds) (Ministry of the Environment, from 
1982) ; 
monitoring of abundance level of common birds (STOC), using 
both the technique of ringing (constant effort to capture) and listening 
devices for songbirds at resting areas - according to standardised 
methods (Museum National cf Histoire Naturelle/CRBPOi) ; 
establishing the impact of bird taking methods on the size of 
populations (survey carried out among wildfowl hunters) ; 
determining the role of certain spedes as pollution indicators; 
study on the harmful effects of chemical pollution on bird population 
levels; 
development of ecological methods of preventing damage caused by 
birds (scaring systems using acoustic techniques or falconry to 
prevent risks of coUison between aircraft and birds at airports). The 
following species are concerned: Phalacrocorax sp., Branta sp. 
and Phoenicopterus ruber) ; 
réintroduction of Gyps futvus in the Cévennes ; 
reintroduction of Gypaetus barbatus in the Alps ; 
study of migration strategies of wetland passerines (Acrocephalus sp., 
Locustellasp. & Lusdniasvedca) and Alaudaarvensts 
(Museum National cf Histoire Naturelle/CRBPO) ; 
research on migration, reproduction biology, population dynamics 
of species e.g. Western Palearctic waders 
(Museum National cf Histoire Naturelle/CRBPO and ONC2) ; 
The following research has been conducted on behalf of the Ministry of the 
Environment 
1) CerUredeBeGtêercrwssurlaBhloghdesPopulathnsd^ 
2) Offcx National de la Chasse 
10-
surveys of herons, wintering Analidae. wintering and breeding waders, 
breeding diurnal birds of prey, breeding seabirds ; 
censuses of migrating Palearctic waterfowl in tropical Africa ; 
atlas of wintering birds in France (SOF1/SFF2) ; 
atlas of breeding birds in France (updated version being prepared); 
numerous regional atlases of breeding birds ; 
surveys and spedfic biology studies of spedes of birds 
enabling a better understanding of population levels and trends 
(Anatidae, seabirds, Tetrao tetrix, Buteo sp., Ciconia dconia, Branta 
bemida, Coturnix coturnix, Tetrao urogallus, Ardea dnerea, Emberiza 
hortulana and Crex crex) ; 
studies on spedfic habitats of bird fauna, particularly wetlands: 
Aquitaine (1984), Bretagne (1984), Marais de TOuest (1985), 
Lorraine (1985) and regional surveys of peat bogs ; 
survey of the coastline (1979 and 1982) ; 
survey on Anatidae visiting wetlands (ONC, 1983). 
In addition, various types of research have been carried out on wetlands by 
the Committee for Ecology and Management of National Heritages and the 
National Hunting Office*. 
Hn 
surveys and ringing of birds, mainly waterfowl in the wetlands of 
north-east Greece ; 
ecological study of passerine communities in Olympus National Park 
(study planned but not yet carried out) ; 
ringing and migration studies of passerines in the Peleponnese region; 
ringing studies of Alcedo atthis ; 
international research project on Pelecanus crispus* ; 
ecological study of the populations of Perdix perdix in Macedonia* ; 
study on the biology of Buteo rufinus in north-east Greece* ; 
conservation and management of wetlands in north-east Greece in 
relation to Peteanus crispus ; 
genetic study of Parus lugubris (study planned but not yet carried out) ; 
study on the management of Dadia Forest ; 
midwinter waterfowl censuses (in association with the IWRBs)* ; 
population studies of certain birds (e.g. Numenius tenuirostris, 
Anser erythropus). 
long term study 
1) Société Ornàhologique de France 
2) Secrétariat de la Faune et de la Flore 
3) Comité Ecologique et Gestion du Patrimoine National 
105 
Various studies have been conducted by the Istituto Nazionale di Biologia 
della Selvaggina (in Bologna): 
survey of waterfowl ; 
study on migration strategies of birds (particularly passerines and 
waders) throughout Italy ; 
research programme on the following native spedes: Perdix 
perdix and Phasianus colchicus (linked to another research programme 
on the impact of farming methods on fauna); 
research programme on Alectoris sp^ waterfowl, diumaland 
nocturnal birds of prey ; 
coordination of an international project on spring migration of 
birds across the Mediterranean (in association with Corsica and 
Malta). 
on-going survey and census of all breeding colonies of seabirds on 
the Irish coast ; 
on-going sample censusing and productivity monitoring of selected 
seabird spedes); 
ad-Ireland survey of Sterna dougalfii (1984) and detailed research on 
biology and feeding ecology of breeding colonies on Rockabitl 
(Co. Dublin) and at Lad/s Island Lake (Co. Wexford);* 
detailed annual studies of Sterna hirundo, Sterna paradisasa, 
Sterna sandvicensis and Sterna albifrons at selected important 
sites on east, south-east and north-west coasts; 
long term detailed study (began in 1966) of 12 spedes of seabirds 
including regular censuses and large-scale ringing on the island of 
GreatSaitee; 
regular censuses of breeding colonies of Larus argentatus, Larus 
fuscus, Larus canus and Larus ridibundus on inland lakes in west, 
north-west and midlands ; 
mid-winter censuses of Cygnus bewickii at regular intervals 
(part of an international programme) ; 
mid-winter censuses of Cygnus çygnus in 1985-86 and 1990-91 
(with the UK); 
mid-winter census of Cygnus olor in 1990-91 ; 
national census of Anser anser in March 1986 ; 
detailed on-going study of population and ecology of Anser albifrons 
flavirostris at all Irish wintering sites ; 
aerial census in spring of Branta leucopsts every five years 
(in co-operation with the UK) ; 
annual census and productivity monitoring of Branta bemida hrota 
at all Irish wintering sites ; 
lOi 
census of waterfowl (ducks, geese, swans, waders, grebes etc.). 
at over 1.000 wetlands in Ireland (four winters: 1984-85 until 
1987-88); 
national breeding and winter censuses and study of feeding 
ecology of Phalacrocorax carbo ; 
national census of Falco peregrinus in 1981 followed by annual 
sample monitoring ; 
detailed study of breeding populations and ecology of Falco 
cotumbarius in sample study areas ; 
study of status and distribution of Tyto alba in eastern Ireland ; 
survey of breeding population of Irish waders on machair sites 
and in the Shannon Callows with on-going monitoring by the IWCi ; 
ecology of coastal site of Corvus corone comix in Cork ; 
national census of Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax ; 
study of ecology of Haematopus ostralegus in Dublin Bay ; 
on-going studies of woodland birds in Killamey National Park ; 
studies on lead poisoning in swans ; 
national census of breeding populations of Sula bassana in 
1985-86 (part of an international census in the North Atlantic zone). 
Monitoring of colonies at regular intervals ; 
study of Buteo buteo recolonisation from Northern Ireland (1991) ; 
national census of calling males of Crex crex in summer 1988, 
followed by on-going monitoring of main breeding areas and detailed 
studies in the Shannon Callows ; 
detailed research of sample population of Perdix perdix.; 
study of effectiveness of releasing hand-reared birds: Phasianus 
colchicus ; 
survey of all Irish breeding spedes (1988-91) to update the 
distributional information of the 1968-72 atlas of breeding birds ; 
survey of all Irish wintering spedes (1981-82 until 1983-84) and 
survey of sites (espedalry wetlands and seabird breeding sites) 
suitable for designation as nature reserves, refuges for fauna or 
Spedal Protection Areas. 
The above-mentioned research was conducted by the NPWS*. non­
governmental organisations and individual spedafists either separately or in 
a collective arrangement. 
aSf*»»l 
Research carried out in Luxembourg concerns primarily ringing operations 
and surveys of native and migratory spedes undertaken by the Luxembourg 
Association for the Study and Protection of Birdsa. 
1) Irish Wildbird Conservancy 
2\ National Parks nrvi W,MIH* <*>tvi™ 
- H). 
NL 
ringing programme for birds coordinated by the Dutch Ringing 
Centrei at HetereaSOVONî (umbrelia'organisation of all the 
Durch ornithological assodations) carries out, with a nationwide 
team of volunteers, different censuse&and counts ; 
atlas of birds in the Netherlands, compiled in 1987 by SOVON. This 
atlas includes information on population levels and distribution 
of all the bird spedes present in the Netherlands between 
1978 and 1983; 
ecological methods aimed at preventing damage caused by birds. 
Stucfies have been conducted on the nature and extent of the damage 
caused by birds to crops and the most suitable methods to use in 
order to prevent or reduce such damage. The following birds are 
concerned: gulls, sparrows, starlings, Corvtdae, geese and 
cormorants; 
determining the role of certain spedes of birds as indicators of 
water pollution. A number of stucfies are underway -on Aythya 
fuGgula,Fuficaatra, Phalacrocorax carbo. and Pocficepscristatus. 
The Netherlands Institue for Marine Research* carried out a study 
in 1988-89 on the impact of pollution in the North Sea on seabirds; 
The Central Vefinary Institute* (Lelystad) carries out research on bird 
mortality (report: «Bird Mortaffly in the Netherlands 1975-1989*); 
survey on hunting carried out among hunters to obtain statistics on 
the taking of birds by hunting ; 
annual assessment of the status of breeding, migratory and 
wintering birds in nature reservess (conducted by officials of the 
nature reserves) ; 
research on the period in which the northern and southern varieties 
of Pluviafis apricaria migrate through the Netherlands. 
P ^ 
survey and Characterisation of breeding birds in Portugal and 
preparation of an atlas (pubtished in 1989) ; 
organisation of a national monitoring programme of seabirds washed 
up along the coastline during the winter and analysis of associated 
mortality factors; 
survey and biology study of the national population of Ciconia 
dconia; 
survey and biology study of breeding seabirds in Portugal 
(on the European mainland and also on Madeira and the Azores); 
censuses of seabirds fin particular Anatidae and waders) in the 
most important wetlands in Portugal ; 
biotogysfcjdyofArdeidae.flarro 
including the monitoring of colonies and breeding populations for 
spedes which breed in Portugal ; 
1) Vogetuekstaûoa 
2) Sanwnwen\endeOigariisathsVogelondeax>ekNederlar^ 
3) NededarKblnstrtuutvoorOoderzoekoerZ+e 
4) Centraal DiergeneesWn^ig Institiut 
5) Natuurreservaten 
~ lot- ° 
biological monitoring of the bird populations dependent on the steppe 
area in the central and southern regions of Portugal, espedally Otis 
tarda, Tetrax tetrax, Grus grus and other associated species (e.g. 
Pterocles orientalis. Burhinus oedicnemus. Circus pygargus, Falco 
naumanni) ; 
biology study of trans-Saharan bird migrations, in particular the 
spedes of Sylviidae assodated with salt meadows and reed beds 
(Phragmites) in coastal wetlands. 
UK 
i) research/studies carried out concerning habitats: 
land use change in the Highlands - study of impact on predatory birds 
(1985); 
impact of recreation on the bird wildlife of freshwater habitats with 
open water (Wildfowl Trusti, 1981 ) ; 
study of breeding sites of waders and other birds nesting on 
moorland (1983) ; 
survey of upland breeding birds and afforestation (1985) ; 
impact of land drainage on wildlife (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology/ 
l£T,1984); 
biological effect of land use change in lowland Scotland (1984) ; 
monitoring of Corvus corax and upland land use in Central Wales 
(1986); 
impact of afforestation on the population biology of Pyrrhocorax 
pyrrhocorax (University of Glasgow, 1989) ; 
habitat loss (1986); 
impact of agricultural intensification on breeding of ground-nesting 
birds (University of Durham, 1988) ; 
breeding waders of machair (1987) ; 
breeding bird survey: salt marshes (RSPB2,1985) ; 
sand dune management studies (IET, 1988) ; 
moorland bird study (NCCs, on-going) ; 
land use, bird habitats and nature conservation on the Isle of Islay 
(NCC. 1988) ; 
birds in Shetland and Orkney in relation to agricultural development 
programmes (RSPB, 1987) ; 
conservation implication of cereal "set-aside" (NCC, on-going) ; 
effects of afforestation on moorland birds and their predators (1989) ; 
nature conservation and low intensity agricultural land (NCC, 1991 ) ; 
ecological studies in the Wash: birds (and invertebrates) (1ET, 1988). 
ii) research/studies carried out concerning spedes: 
seabirds at sea off north-west Britain (1986) ; 
monitoring of rare British breeding birds (1988) ; 
birds and pollution (lET. 1989) ; 
1) Wetlands and WVdfowl Trust 
2) Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 
3) Nature Conservancy Council 
109 
lead poisoning in Cygnus olor (University of Oxford, 1988) ; 
lead poisoning in Cygnus cygnus in the Ythan estuary 
(University of Aberdeen, 1987) ; 
Orkney seabird monitoring (1989) ; 
conservation requirements'of Crex crex in the Western Isles 
(RSPB.1988); 
pilot survey on Mergus senator and Mergus merganser in Scotland 
(University of Durham, 1986) ; 
breeding performance and feeding of Sterna sp. in Scotland 
(University of Durham, 1986) ; 
ground-nesting birds of the Somerset Levels (RSPB, 1986) ; 
study of the movement of wader populations in western Europe 
(University of Durham, 1984) ; 
seabird studies on Skomer (University of Oxford, 1983) ; 
surveillance of cliff-nesting seabirds in Orkney (1985) ; 
survey and monitoring of Falco peregrinus in Cumbria (1985) ; 
shorebird monitoring in the Moray Firth (1985) ; 
monitoring of Piuvialis apricaria (1985) ; 
réintroduction de Haliaejtus albidlla (1986-1991) ; 
seabird colony register (NCC, 1989) ; 
effects of recreational pressure on the breeding of Piuvialis apricaria 
(University of Manchester, 1989) ; 
evaluation of the effects of shooting on the populations de Numenius 
arquata in Great Britain (University of Durham, 1988) ; 
development of seabird populations and performance (IET, 1989) ; 
ecology of Tetrao urogallus (IET, 1989) ; 
food supply and breeding performance in Sterna sp. 
(University of Glasgow, 1990) ; 
conservation of vulnerable and dispersed spedes (NCC, on-going) ; . 
qualitative breeding bird atlas (on-gdng) ; 
status and breeding distribution of Charadrius morinellus (NCC, 1987) ; 
review of recreational disturbance of waterfowl (RSPB, 1988) ; 
monitoring of Milvus mitvus (NCC, 1990) ; 
raptor monitoring and conservation (NCC, on-going) ; 
seabird monitoring programme (on-going) ; 
wildfowl and waders in south-west Wales (NCC, 1988) ; 
wintering wildfowl and waders on the Somerset Levels and Moors 
(RSPB, 1989) ; 
moorland bird surveys in Angus and Perthshire (Scotland) 
(NCC. 1990); 
distribution of Anser anser around the Loch of Strathbeg (Grampian) 
(University of Aberdeen, 1991) ; 
monitoring the effects of intensive scaring of Branta leucopsis 
on lslay (University of Glasgow, 1988) ; 
distribution of breeding waders in Great Britain (RSPB, 1989) ; 
wildfowl patterns and management on Caithness lochs (Scotland) 
(1989) ; 
winter ecology of Piectrophenax nivalis (1988) ; 
no 
fluctuations of wildfowl on Lough Neagh (DOE/NI)i ; 
study of the decline of Melanitta nigra on Lough Erne (DOE/NI) ; 
distribution of breeding waders in Northern Ireland (DOE/NI + RSPB); 
relationship between Anas penelope and Branta bernicla at 
Strangford Lough (IWRB2 • National Trust) ; 
population studies of wildfowl and waders at Strangford Lough 
(IWRB + National Trust) ; 
distribution of Falco peregrinus in Northern Ireland (DOE/NI) ; 
feeding patterns of corrmorants in North Antrim (DOE/NI and 
DOA/Nh). 
1) Department c4 the Eni^ronment for Northern Ireland 
01 tniomniinnnt Wf*1**rfnwt ntvi \A/**I~~*I~ Oneoarrh Ritman 
11 
TRANSPOSITI ON/ IMPLEMENTATI ON 
PROBLEMS 
More than 10 years after it offidally entered into force (2/4/81), directive 
79/409/EEC has indeed been transposed into national legislation in the Member 
States but such national legislation does not always comply with the provisions of 
the directive. 
Similarly, appication in practice (implementation) of the directive in the Member 
States does not fairy comply with the legal providons lakfdciwn in the directive. 
For an overall assessment of the directive, the application problems should 
be pointed out 
In several Member States, national legislation on hunting which was 
introduced well before the directive was adopted, has not been fully adapted 
to comply with the provisions of the directive (Articles 7 and 8). In addition, 
some national legislation on the protection of birds does not fully comply with 
the provisions of the directive (Artides 1 and 5). 
Consequently, the Commission has had cause to initiate infringement 
proceedings against most Member States for failing to comply with or for partly 
complying with the cfirective. The Court of Justice of the European Communities 
has even passed judgements against certain Member States on the grounds 
that a number of providons in their national (or regional) legislation on hunting 
or the protection of birds failed to comply with the directive: 
- Belgium: 8/7/87 Judgement of the Court: regional legislation 
(Case 247/85) failed to comply with the directive 
- Italy: 8/7/87 Judgement of the Court: national legislation 
(Case 262/85) failed to comply with the directive 
(Case 334/89) 17/1/91 2nd judgement for the same reason 
- Germany: 17/9/87 Judgement of the Court: several provisions 
(Case 412/85) of national and regional legislation failed 
to comply with the directive 
(Case 288/88) 3/7/90 2nd judgement for the same reason 
- Netherlands: 13/10/87 Judgement of the Court: several providons 
(Case 236/87) of national legislation failed to comply with 
the directive 
(Case 339/87) 15/3/90 2nd judgement for the same reason 
- France: 29/4/88 Judgement of the Court: national legislation 
(Case 252/85) failed to comply with the directivet 
1) In the same judgement, France **as found to be failing to provide adequate protection of 
eoos and nests 
112 
It should be noted that, despite these Court Judgements, some Member 
States have not yet amended the legislation in question. 
SPECIES CLASSED AS GAME 
In certain Member States, the list of spedes classed as game under national 
legislation does not conform to Annex II of the directive. In this respect, there 
are two distinct types of problem: 
1 ) under their national legislation, several Member States have classed 
certain spedes as game although the directive totally prohibits hunting 
of these spedes (spedes not listed in Annex II). 
In most cases, the spedes in question are considered as pest spedes: 
Corvus corone Pica pica 
Corvus frugUegus Sturnus sp. 
Corvus monedula Passer sp. 
Garrulus glandarius 
If Member States consider that these are cases for derogation under 
Article 9, they should indicate them in the annual derogation reports. 
2) in several Member States, certain spedes listed in Annex 11/2 are 
classed as game under national legislation although the*directjve 
prohibits the hunting of those spedes in those particular countries. It 
must be emphasised however that - in most cases - no hunting 
season is actually established for the spedes in question, either under 
national legislation on hunting, nor under a supplementary (annual) act 
of legislation. This means therefore that hunting of those spedes is 
prohibited. It should, however be pointed out that amendment of 
Annex II/2 adding the five above corvid species is currently underway. 
All of the cases of spedes which are classed as game under national 
legislation but not actually hunted may constitute a formal problem of 
transparency. 
SPECIES WHICH MAY BE SOLD 
Under their national legislation, certain Member States authorise the sale of 
an spedes classed as game. Consequently, the number of spedes which 
may be sold in these countries is actually greater than those which may be 
sold according to Annex 111 of the directive. 
Other Member States have established an exhaustive fist of species whk* may 
be sold under their national legislation but the list nevertheless includes non-
Annexe III species. 
113 
SPECIAL PROTECTION AREAS AND HABITATS OUTSIDE THESE 
AREAS 
Under Article 4 of the directive, Member States must classify special 
protection areas (SPAs) for the spedes of birds listed in Annex I of the 
directive and for regularly occurring migratory spedes not listed in Annex I. 
They must also take spedal conservation measures within these areas. 
To date (February 1992), more than 600 SPAs have been classified, 
covering a total surface area of about 5.5 million hectares on EC territory. 
These figures certainly represent a considerable improvement compared 
with the situation in 1986 (309 areas covering about 1.4 million ha.). 
However, there are two problems concerning the application in practice of 
the providons laid down in Article 4: 
1) A great difference Is apparent between the number and surface area 
of SPAs classified and that which seems necessary to create an adequate 
and coherent network. 
The Commission has drawn up a list of some thousand areas of great 
interest for the conservation of wild birds in the EC and regularly updates it 
(SFF3 forms). Taken together, these areas constitute a rough estimate of a 
coherent network that could meet the requirements of Article 4. Many of the 
areas included in this list have not been classified as SPAs. Although 
Member States are not necessarily obliged to classify all the areas listed in 
the SFF3 forms, the areas they do classify should be suffident in number 
and size for the conservation of Annex I species. The Commission, 
supported by the ORNIS Committee, has invited Member States to use the 
Bezzeii method in order to achieve this result. 
In fact only Denmark and Belgium have almost fully complied with their 
obligations regarding SPA classification. The other Member States, 
particularly Germany (certain Lander), Greece, France, Ireland, the 
Netherlands and the United Kingdom have not yet classified a sufficient 
nimber of SPAs. In seme regions of the EC. such as Northern Ireland and 
Gibraltar, there are no SPAs at all. 
2) Even if a large number of SPAs have actually been classified, appropriate 
measures have not always been taken to protect habitats within these areas 
and the spedes of birds which occur therein. There are indeed cases where 
dassified SPAs are threatened by development/construction projects and 
operations, farming and forestry, pollution and recreational activities. 
1) See section 4 J3. pp. 42 -45. Rapport EUR 12S3S(lnkxmatk>n sur rappfk^ion de la directive 
-rn tér\r\ wrr~« 
114 
Outside SPAs, Member States must also take the requisite measures to 
preserve, maintain and re-establish a suffident diversity and area of habitats for 
wi Id bi rds. This provision laid down in Article 3 is not always complied with as, 
once again, economic considerations have priority over protection efforts. 
In many Member States, protected habitats are or have been threatened by 
development operations or projects which are frequently incompatible with 
the conservation objectives stipulated in the directive. 
Regarding the re-etablishment of destroyed biotopes, also laid down in 
Article 3, concrete examples of projects are rather rare in most Member 
States. 
Faced with the cases of rwn-compliance with Articles 3 and 4 of the directive, 
the Commission has initiated infringement proceedings against several 
Member States either for having designated an insuffident number of SPAs or 
because of deterioration or destruction of a habitat caused by an economic 
activity (farming, industry, urbanisation, tourism or infrastructure). 
115 
HUNTING SEASONS 
When establishing hunting seasons for the spedes listed in Annex II, 
Member States must, under Article 7 of the directive, ensure that: 
- those spedes are not hunted during the rearing season nor during 
the various stages of reproduction 
- migratory spedes are not hunted during their period of 
reproduction or during their return to their rearing grounds (See Annex iv 
to this report). 
The meaning of these provisions has been the subject of great discussion 
among hunters, environmentalists and sdentists. Whatever the case, certain 
months in the year coincide with sensitive periods for bird populations: April, 
May and June are the months in which birds build their nests and raise their 
young. For some spedes, nest-building and raising young begins in 
February/March or continues until July/August. Furthermore, certain 
migratory species find mates and return to their breeding grounds during the 
months of February/March. 
Details of the biological characteristics of hunted spedes (rearing seasons, 
periods of reproduction, periods during which migratory spedes return to 
their rearing grounds) are available for consultation in the ORNIS database. 
It has to be said that hunting seasons established in the EC vary 
considerably from one Member State to another and do not always appear to 
comply with the above-mentioned providons. The Court of Justice passed a 
judgement against Italy on 17/1/91 (Case 157/89), stating that Italian hunting 
legislation was incompatible with the providons of the directive insofar as it 
authorised:: 
i) the hunting of certain spedes of birds beginning on 1878 despite the 
fact that these spedes are still in the reproduction and dependence 
stages 
ii) the hunting of certain spedes of migratory birds until 28/2 or 10/3 
despite the fact that during that time of the year these spedes fly over 
Italian territory on their return to their rearing grounds 
1) 71^ concerns the following kerns of leghiathn: Law 968/77 of 27/12/77 art the Decree 
of 20/12/79 and not the new law 157 of11/2/92 
116 
ILLEGAL HUNTING 
In several EC countries, hunting activities are pursued which do not conform 
to the provisions of national legislation. 
In most cases; the countries concerned have deep-rooted regional or 
local hunting traditions. Illegal hunting activities are partly due to 
insufficient awareness, education and training of the general public 
and partly to the lack of effective control and penalties. More often 
than not, the regional or local authorities In charge of controlling 
hunting do not have sufficient staff to carry out their tasks properly? 
117 
DEROGATIONS 
Member States may authorise derogations for different reasons laid down in 
the directive (article 9). Since 1Ô81, a large number of such derogations has 
been authorised. Some of these are in accordance with the providons of the 
directive, others are not 
As can be seen from the summary of derogations notified to the 
Commission, some Member States are excessively liberal in authorising 
derogations under Article 9 and in particular for reason (c) of Article 9: 
- to permit, under strictly supervised œrtiifions and on a selective bads, 
the capture, keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small 
numbers't 
The derogations which cause problems are the following: 
Spain: the numbers of Turdidae captured exceed the Emits for 
"small numbers" (dérogation E/20/89) 
derogations E/26788. B9/89. EH9/89. B9/90 andE/28/90 
concerning the use of Ernes for the capture of Turdidae 
and FringilCdae do not appear to be justified dnce the 
competent authorities have not shown that this method of -
capture is selective 
Greece: Alectoris chukar is still being hunted without a management 
plan (this derogation has not been notified) 
Italy : derogations 1/2/89 and 1/5/89 concerning the use of limes 
for the capture of Alauda arvensis and Turdus merula 
do not appear to be justified since the competent authorities 
have not shown that this method of capture is selective 
1) See p,10of this report 
118 
NATIONAL REPORTS 
Article 12 of the directive stipulates that, every three years, Member States 
must send the Commission a'report on the implementation of national 
providons taken under the directive. The main purpose of these reports is to 
enable the Commission to assess the implementation of the directive in the 
different Member States on the bads of information forwarded. Two types of 
problems arise in this respect: 
1 ) the national reports are submitted late or not at all 
Although Member States are obliged to send the Commisdon a 
national report every three years, it must be said that a number of 
countries have not submitted their reports on a systematic bads. 
Furthermore, Italy and Portugal have yet to send in their national 
reports for the period 1987 - 1989. 
In addition, several countries (e.g. Denmark, France and Luxembourg) 
have been late in submitting their national reports. This makes it 
difficult for the Commisdon to assess the implementation in practice 
of the directive. 
2) the national reports submitted contain inadequate Information 
The national implementation reports submitted do not always contain 
relevant information in detail on the implementation of national 
providons taken under the directive. 
The national reports often describe the existing statutory and 
administrative measures or those which have been adopted but fail 
to mention the practical steps taken (e.g. hunting controls and 
SPA monitoring). As a result, these reports do not always constitute 
a source of comprehensive information on the implementation of the 
directive in the Member States. 
119 
CONCLUSION 
Coundl Directive 79/409/EEC marks a real turning point in the history of EC 
environmental policy: it imposes on Member States a set of obligations in the 
field of nature conservation by providing a legislative framework for the 
protection not only of wild birds, but also of their habitats. 
This framework has proved increasingly necessary to counter threats from 
continual developments in agriculture (intensification of farming methods 
induding drainage, clearance and deforestation of land, excesdve use of 
fertilisers and pesticides), industry, urbanisation, transport and tourism. 
These various types of threats may disturb, damage or destroy habitats and 
thus cause the disappearance of certain spedes. 
In view of its emphasis on habitat protection and its extremely wide scope 
(all spedes of birds naturally occurring in the wild state in Europe as well as 
their eggs and nests are concerned), directive 79/409/EEC is beyond any 
doubt the most extensive piece of legislation on bird protection. Indeed, it 
has become a model for the conservation of wild birds in Europe and 
elsewhere. 
The directive is based on the prindple that protection js an obligation 
whereas hunting, capture and killing are activities authorised under certain, 
dearly defined conditions. An exhaustive list establishes the spedes of birds 
which may be hunted and sold. This prindple completely reverses the 
traditional European concept in several Member States whereby only certain 
spedes were protected. 
By way of an. overall assessment of the application of the directive, it can be 
said that in many respects the results are positive: 
Most Member States have gradually adapted their national legislation on 
hunting, sale, protection of birds and their habitats to comply with the 
providons of the directive. In most cases, national legislation adopted dnce 
1981 incorporates the spirit of the directive regarding the new concept of 
protection. In certain Member States, bills to amend existing legislation that 
does not comply with the directive have been drawn up and submitted to 
national parliaments for approval. 
In addition, the directive has helped to improve arid reinforce the 
conservation status of the species of wild birds occurring within the EC. As a 
result of national providons adopted, several measures have been taken to 
protect spedes fisted in Annex I and even some listed in Annex II of the 
directive. 
12C 
The same is true for bird habitats. A network of special protection areas 
(SPAs) has been created in the EC: in April 1991, a total of 667 SPAs had 
been designated covering more than 5.5 million hectares throughout the EC 
compared with 309 SPAs covering 1.4 million ha. in December 1986. Many 
Member States provide effective management and protection for the areas 
designated and are endeavouring to designate others. The SPA network 
represents a new concept for protection, with the emphasis on areas which 
constitute important habitats for spedes listed in Annex I. In this way, it 
makes a significant contribution not only to protecting wild birds but also to 
maintaining the diversity of flora and fauna and ecosystems within the EC. 
The progressive implementation of the directive has significantly contributed 
to improving the biological situation of most spedes. Several breeding 
spedes are no longer threatened with extinction in the EC although the 
status of many of these spedes still gives great cause for concern. There 
has also been an increase in the population of almost all species of 
Anatidae. Nevertheless, the spedes of European birds which nest in open 
spaces (such as meadows, grasslands, moorland, scrubland and fields) are 
on the decline but the directive alone cannot put a stop to this phenomenon: 
there must be a change in farming methods in the Community for a solution 
to be found; the implementation of directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation 
of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora plus the implementation of the 
agri-environmental Regulation 2078/92/EEC «ill undoubtedly be decisive 
contributory factors-
With the implementation of directive 79/409/EEC, hunting seasons have 
been adapted in most Member States and are more compatible with the 
biological requirements of hunted spedes. Generally speaking, hunting is 
now organised in accordance with the principles of wise use and an 
ecologically balanced control of the spedes concerned. 
Derogations under Article 9 of the directive are closely monitored in most 
Member Stales where necessary. For bird spedes which occur in favourable 
conditions, monitoring is limited to a regular check of population size and 
trends, thus redudng the administrative costs of implementing the directive. 
However, despite the positive developments, the directive is not yet fully 
implemented in the 12 Member States. Up to now, the best results have 
been obtained in Denmark and Luxembourg. Implementation problems 
primarily concern the designation and actual protection of SPAs, derogations 
and hunting activities. 
Ten Member States have not yet designated SPAs in sufficient number and 
size for the conservation of spedes listed in Annex I. In addition, most 
Member States do not always provide adequate protection for bird habitats 
in 
(whether these are in SPAs or not). In several Member States, protected 
habitats (some of which are situated within SPAs) are or have been 
threatened by development projects and operations which are frequently 
incompatible with the conservation objectives laid down in the directive. It 
must be emphasised, as clearly stated in Article 4 of the directive, that 
Member States are obliged to avoid pollution or deterioration of habitats 
within SPAs and also to strive to avoid pollution or deterioration of habitats 
outside SPAs. 
There is still a difference of opinion between the Commission and the 
Member States concerned over a number of derogations (Italy and Spain). 
In some countries (France, Italy and Spain), implementation of the provisions 
on hunting is proving difficult on account of deep-rooted regional or local 
hunting traditions which persist In recent years, this situation has given rise 
to considerable conflicts between hunters and nature conservationists. 
Furthermore, it .has to be said that poaching continues to varying degrees in 
some regions of the Community: hunting of protected spedes, hunting during 
the dose seasons and outside authorised areas, use of prohibited methods 
of hunting and capture. 
Controls on hunting activities vary greatly acccording to the different 
countries and even regions. In some Member States, a weak administrative 
infrastructure lacking in finandal and human resources (manpower and 
qualified staff) has resulted in poor implementation in general and particularly 
in a lack of effective control of hunting activities (e.g. Greece, Italy). In 
several regions of the EC, illegal hunting activities are not sufficiently 
controlled or penalised. The general public, espedalfy hunters, as well as the 
authorities in charge of controlling hunting activities must therefore be made 
aware of the need for conservation. In addition to the officials in charge of 
enforcing nature conservation regulations, national and regional police forces 
should also be encouraged to keep a closer watch on the situation. 
Furthermore, in Greece, the absence of a scientific institute in charge of 
nature protection constitutes a major obstade to the proper implementation 
of the directive. 
Nevertheless, it should be emphasised that at the present point in time the 
deterioration and destruction of habitats pose more serious threats to the 
survival of wild birds in Europe than hunting as such. Member States thus 
need to make considerable efforts in order to provide better protection and 
management of habitats of vital importance to birds. Habitat destruction 
means a lower reproduction rate for some spedes and, as a consequence, 
may threaten their survival. It also heightens the impact of hunting on the 
populations of some spedes. Population management plans must therefore 
ic: 
be drawn up for species in decline which may be hunted. The aim is to 
achieve sustainable use of those populations i.e. to maintain the ecological 
balance of bird fauna 
As a result of the sdentific working group set up in 1991 and the meeting on 
"wise use" held in May 1990. certain sdentific questions concerning the 
implementation of the directive have been clarified. It is to be hoped that the 
ORNIS database, established in 1991, will also help available sdentific data 
to be drculated more widely and encourage the responsible authorities in the 
Member States to make greater use of this data 
Despite the difficulties in implementing directive 79/409/EEC. the impact of 
this piece of Community legislation on the conservation of wild birds has 
dearly been condderable. Even if all the necessary laws, regulations and 
administrative arrangements have not yet been adopted or fully implemented 
in the Member States, dgn'rficant progress has definitely been made dnce 
1981 as a result of the directive. Even if some steps have yet to be taken 
(implementation in certain fields, training and increasing public awareness 
etc.), the process has got off to a good start However, effective long-term 
conservation and management of wild birds in Europe will chiefly depend on 
concerted action by the 12 Member States to achieve full protection of 
habitats and spedes of fauna 
123 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
Compilation des informations fournies par les Etats membres sur 
l'application des dispositions, nationales prises en vertu de la directive 
79/409/CEE concernant la conservation des oiseaux sauvages 1981 -1983 
Compilation des informations fournies par les Etats membres sur 
l'application des dispositions nationales prises en vertu de la directive 
79/409/CEE concernant ta conservation des oiseaux sauvages 1984 -1986 
Compilation des informations fournies par les Etats membres sur 
l'application des dispositions nationales prises en vertu de la directive 
79/409/CEE concernant la conservation des oiseaux sauvages 1987 -1989 
Compilation des dérogations communiquées par les Etats membres au titre 
de rarticie 9 de la directive 79/409/CEE -1987 
Compilation des dérogations communiquées par les Etats membres au titre 
de rartide 9 de la directive 79/409/CEE -1988 
Compilation des dérogations communiquées par les Etats membres au titre 
de rarticie 9 de la directive 79/409/CEE -1989 
CCE, Zones de protection spéciale: zones désignées selon rarticie 4 de la 
directive 79/409/CEE. avril 1991 
IIMA, Documentation sobre la caza de aves y el estado de conservation de 
las espedes impficadas en Espana y Portugal, situation en 1990, mai 1991 
CCE, Information sur rappfication de la directive 79/409/CEE. Rapport EUR 
12835 FR, 1990 
Langeveld Mariam, Important Bird Areas in the European Community: a 
shadow list of special protection areas. International Coundl for Bird 
Preservation, 1991 
Bertelsen J. & Simonsen N.H., Documentation on bird hunting and the 
conservation status of the spedes involved, situation in 1986, Ministry of the 
Environment/Game & Wildlife Administration, Copenhagen, Revised edition, 
December 1989 (Rapport Katf) 
Biber Jean-Pierre & Saiathé Tobias, Conservation priorities for migratory 
birds of the European Community. International Council for Bird 
Preservation, May 1990 
124 
Proceedings of the meeting on "wise use" held at the Institut Royal des 
Sciences Naturelles de Belgique on 5 May 1990, IRSNB, June 1990 
(working document) 
Tucker G.M., McCulloch M.N. & Baillie S.FL. The conservation of migratory 
birds in the Western Palearctic flyway. Review of the importance of losses 
incurred to migratory birds during migration, British Trust for Ornithology, July 
1991 
J.O. des Communautés Européennes: 8eme rapport annuel au Parlement 
Européen sur le contrôle de Tapplication du droit communautaire - 1990. 
Document 91/C 33801 du 31/12/91 
Miljoministeriet/Skov- og Naturstyrelsen, R0dliste '90: saerligt beskyttelse-
kraevende planter og dyr i Danmark, 1991 
Bibby Colin, Houdsen Stuart, Porter Richard & Thomas Gareth: Towards a 
bird conservation strategy, RSPB Conservation Review, Vol 3/1991 
Porter Richard, Bibby Colin, Elliott Graham, Houdsen Stuart, Thomas Gareth 
& Williams Gwyn: Spedes actions plans for birds, RSPB Conservation 
Review (undated) 
RSPB: Spedes Action Plan 0421 Corncrake Crex crex (a red data spedes), 
May 1991 
Ministerie van tandbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij: Soortbeschermingsplan 
Korhoen,Juni1991 
Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij: Herstetplan 
Leefgebieden: Patrijs, April 1991 
Baldock David & Haigh Nigel: The implementation of directive 79/409 on the 
protection of wild birds (in the 12 EC member States), Institute for European 
Environmental Poficy (London), October 1988 (3 volumes) 
Krâmer Ludwig: Effet national des directives communautaires. Revue 
juridique de renvironnement, 3/1990 
Cour de Justice des Communautés Européennes, CCE/République 
Française (Affaire 252/85), Chasse - non-respect de la directive du 2 avril 
1979 concernant la protection des oiseaux sauvages. Revue juridique de 
renvironnement, 4/1988 
125 
Kiss Alexandre: Droit international de l'environnement. Editions Pedone, 
1989 
Rapport de Jacques Vernier l'Application effective du droit européen de 
l'environnement, mai 1991 
Haigh, N.: EEC Environmental Policy and Britain, Longman 1987 
Basic statistics of the Community, 27th edition, Eurostat, Luxembourg 
Europe Environnement, no. 347,17/7/90 
Europe Environnement, no. 357,22/1/91 
Europe Environnement, no. 364,16/5/91 
Parlement Européen, Commisdon de renvironnement, de la santé publique 
et de la protection des consommateurs, Projet de rapport sur la proposition 
de la Commission au Conseil relative à une directive portant modification de 
la directive 79/409/CEE du Conseil concernant la conservation des oiseaux 
sauvages. Rapporteur M.Hemmo Muntingh, 13/11/91. (Document no. PE 
153.203) 
Parlement Européen, Rapport fait au nom de la Commission de 
renvironnement, de la santé publique et de la protection des-consommateurs 
sur rappGcation dans la Communauté européenne de la directive concernant 
la conservation des oiseaux sauvages. FLapporteun M. Hemmo Muntingh, 
26/9/88. (Document no. PE DOC A 2-181/88) 
JOCE 25/7/90 C184: Arrêt de la Cour du 3/7/90 dans Taffaire C-288/88: CCE 
contre RFA 
JOCE 11/4/90 C93: Arrêt de la Cour du 15/3/90 dans Taffaire C-339/87: CCE 
contre les Pays-Bas 
JOCE 9/2/91 C34: Arrêt de la Cour du 17/1/91 dans Taffaire C-157/89: CCE 
contre ritafie 
Les questions écrites suivantes: 
No. 1499/90 (21/6/90) - Abattage cf oiseaux migrateurs 
No. 1209/90 (22/5/90) - Chasse aux tiseaux dans la réserve naturelle 
de la baie de Canche (France) 
No. 1518/90 (21/6/90) - Non-appBcation de la directive 79/409/CEE par 
la France 
No. 731/90 (27/3/90) - Capture d'oiseaux chanteurs dans la région de 
rBfel, à proximité de la frontière Belge 
126 
No. 925/89 (1/12/89) 
No. 606/89(27/10/89) 
No. 2174/90 (4/10/90) 
No. 354/90 (26/2/90) 
No. 2438/90 (7/11/90) 
No. 2331/90 (18/10790) 
No. 2700/90 (4/12/90) 
No. 383/90 (26/2/90) 
No. 572/90 (16/3/90) 
No. 686/89 (6/11/89) 
No. 1394/90(13/6/90) 
No. 2391 (25/10/90) 
No. 858/91 (8/5/91) 
No. 604/89 (27/10/89) 
No. 1978/90(1/9/90) - Réserve des landes de Lunebourg 
- destruction d'une zone humide d'importance 
internationale (Acheloos, Grèce) 
- Ligne électrifiée à grande vitesse de la SNCF 
et infraction à la directive communautaire sur 
la protection des oiseaux 
- Sauvegarde de renvironnement côtier et 
aquatique du golfe de Moray et des espèces 
rares de flore et de faune 
- Projets cf irrigation en Espagne 
- Parc national d'Aiguës Tories (Espagne) 
- Parc national de Donana (Espagne) 
- Nouvelles protestations contre les risques de 
grave détérioration du parc de Donana 
- Application du droit communautaire dans le 
parc national de Donana 
- Graves dommages causés au parc national/ 
grec de "Valia Kalda" 
- Graves dommages causés au parc national 
grec de "Valia Kalda" 
- Violations des directives 79/409/CEE et 
85/337/CEE (dans le golfe cfAmvrakikos, 
Grèce) 
- Violation de la directive du Conseil concernant 
la conservation des oiseaux sauvages dans les 
îles Strophades (Grèce) 
- Violation des directives 79/409/CEE et 
85/337/CEE (en Grèce) 
- Commerce illégal d'oiseaux sauvages en 
Italie 
and further information obtained: 
(i) by fax or by post from the environment ministries in the 12 Member States 
(legislation concerning the protection of wild birds, hunting and sale, 
information on spedfic protection measures) and from non-governmental 
organisations (protection plans for threatened species) — between 
September 1991 and July 1992 
(ii) during consultation of documents at DGXI's legal affairs department 
pertaining to infringement proceedings initiated (1983 -1991). 
12: 
RÉFÉRENCES JURIDIQUES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 
DES TABLEAUX 5, 6 ET 7/ 
LEGAL AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES FOR 
TABLES 5. 6 AND 7 
B 
F: 
- Loi sur la chasse (28/2/1882) (espèces anciennement classées comme gibier) 
- Jachtdecreet (du 24/7/91) (espèces classées comme gibier) 
- Rapport triennal 1987 - 1989 de la Commission (p. 16) (espèces chassées) 
-AiTCté royal sur la protection des oiseaux (9/9/81) 
- Rapports triennaux 1984-86 (p.43). 1987-89 (p.13) (espèces nuisibles) 
- Beslutt Vlaamse ExecuUeve (4/11/87) (espèces nuisibles) 
W: 
- Loi sur la chasse (28/2/1882) (espèces anciennement classées comme gibier) 
- Arrêté du 18/6/92 (espèces classées comme gibier) 
- Arrêté du 18/4/91 fixant l'ouverture et la fermeture de la chasse pour la saison 
1991-92 dans la Région wallonne (espèces chassées et espèces nuisibles) 
- Arrêté royal sur la protection des oiseaux du 20/7/72 
U 
- Bundesjagdgesetz (29/11/52) telle qu'elle a été modifiée/as amended 29/9/76 
(espèces classées comme glbler/spedes classed as game) 
- Vcrordnung ûber die Jagdzelten (2/4/77) (espèces chassées/species hunted) 
- BuTirifyaTtffifyhulzvawdimng (19/12/86) (espèces protégées/protected spedes) 
- Rapport Kalo (p.329) (espèces nuislbles/pest spedes) 
SE 
- Hunting and Wildlife Administration Act (no. 294 - 9/6/82) (espèces classées 
comme glbier/spedes classed as game) 
- Jagttabel: generelle jagttlder gaétende forjagttâret 1991-92 (espèces chassées/ 
spedes hunted) 
- Order concerning the Regulation of Injurious Mammals and Birds (du 1/1/83) 
(espèces nuislbles/pest spedes) 
m 
- Real decreto 1095/1989 (8/9/89) per el que se declaran las espedes objeto de 
caza y pesca y se establecen normas para su protecdôn (espèces classées comme 
gibier) 
- Documentadon sobre la caza de avesy d estado de consexvadon de las espedes 
Implicates en Espana y Portugal, sttuadan en 1990, HMA (pp. 37-38.46-47) 
(espèces chassées) 
- Real decreto 3181/1980 (30/12/80) por el que se protegen determlnadas 
espedes de la fauna sttVcstre y se dlctan las normas précisas para asegurar la 
efecttvidad de esta protecdôn (espèces protégées) 
- Real decreto 1497/1986 (6/6/86) por d que se establecen medldas de 
cooinniadonparalaconscrvadfa 
ampUandose la lista de espedes protegldas en todo d texxltoxlo nadonal (espèces 
protégées) 
- Rapport HMA (pp.54-55 - espèces nuislbles/pest spedes) 
128 
F 
- Arrêté du 26/6/87 fixant la liste des espèces de gibier dont la chasse est 
autorisée 
- Arrêté du 17/4/81 fixant les listes des oiseaux protégés sur l'ensemble du 
territoire national 
- Code rural Art. R227-27 (espèces nuisibles) 
- Code rural Art. R 228-5 (protection des espèces non chassables) 
G 
- Joint Ministerial Decision 414985 (29/11/85): Measures for the Management 
of Wild Birds (espèces classées comme glbier/spedes classed as game) 
- Annual Hunting Regulation 79696/3093 (26/7/90) pour la saison 1990-91 
(espèces chassées/spedes hunted) 
• Courrier de Mr. Ch. Markou du 6/12/91 et entretien avec A. Kallia/DGXI 
(espèces nuislbles/pest spedes) 
I 
- Legge 968/77 (27/12/77): Prindpl générait e dlsposizionl per la protezione e la 
tutela délia fauna e la disciplina deua cacda (espèces andennement classées 
comme gibier et espèces chassées) 
- Decreto (4/6/82): Variazionl aïï'elenco délie spede dl uccelli cacdabfll (espèces 
classées comme gibier) 
- Legge 157/92 (11/2/92): Norme per la protezione deHa fauna servatlca 
omeoterma e per fl prelievo venatorio (espèces classées comme gibier et chassées) 
mi> 
- Wildlife (Open Seasons) (Amendment) Order 1991 (268/91) pour la saison 
1991-92 (espèces chassées/spedes hunted) 
- Wildlife Act (1976) (espèces protegees/protected spedes) 
- Wildlife Act (Amendment) Regulations 254/1986 (espèces nuislbles/pest spedes) 
L 
- Règlement ministériel du 22/11/90 concernant les espèces de la faune sauvage 
classées gibier 
- Règlement ministériel du 1/7/91 concernant l'ouverture de la chasse (espèces 
chassées et espèces nuisibles) 
- Règlement grand-ducal du 8/4/86 concernant la protection Intégrale et partielle 
de certaines espèces animales de la faune sauvage 
NL 
- Jachtwet (1954) (espèces classées comme glbier/spedes classed as game) 
- Décret ministériel sur l'ouverture et la fermeture de la chasse du 8/8/77 (espèces 
chassées/spedes hunted and pest spedes) 
- Vogéhvet (1936) (espèces protégées/proteded spedes) 
£ 
- Decreto-Ld 274 - A/88 (3/8/88) (espèces anciennement dasssées comme gibier) 
• Decreto-Ld 43/90 (8/2/90) (espèces classées comme gibier) 
- Calendarlo venatorio 1991-92 (espèces chassées) 
- Decreto-Ld 75/91 (14/2/91) (espèces protégées) 
- Rapport IIMA (espèces nuisibles) 
129 
UK 
GB: 
- Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (espèces chassées et protégées, espèces 
nuisibles/spedes hunted and protected, pest spedes) 
- Game Act 1831 (espèces chassées/spedes hunted) 
NIRL: 
- Wildlife Order 1985/171 (espèces chassées et protégées, espèces nuisibles/ 
spedes hunted and protected, pest spedes) 
- Game Law Amendment Act 1951 (espèces chassées/spedes hunted) 
Espèces absentes dans les 12 Etats membres. Documents consultés:/ 
Absent spedes In the 12 Member States. Documents consulted: 
- Rapport/Report EUR 12835 
- Rapport/Report HMA 
- Rapport/Report KaW 
s** 
y-sm 
m 
ANNEX I 
List of reports available In DG XI concerning 
the Directive 79/409/EEC. 
Compilation des dérogations communiquées, par les Etats membres au 
titre de l'article 9 de la Directive 79/409/CEE. 1987. 
(Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de 
Belgique dans le Cadre du contrat 6610-89-48) 
- Compilation des dérogations communiquées par les Etats membres au 
titre de l'article 9 de la Directive 79/409/CEE. 1988. 
(Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de 
Belgique dans le Cadre du contrat 6610-89-48) 
« 
- Compilation des dérogations communiquées par les Etats membres au 
titre de l'article 9 de la Directive 79/409/CEE. 1989. 
(Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de 
Belgique dans le Cadre du contrat 6610-90-6687) 
- Compilation des informations fournies par les Etats membres sur 
l'application des dispositions nationales prises en vertu de la 
Directive 79/409/CEE concernant la conservation des oiseaux sauvages. 
1981-1983. 
(Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de 
Belglqure dans le cadre du contrat 6610/89/48) 
- Compilation des informations fournies par les Etats membres sur 
l'application des dispositions nationales prises en vertu de la 
Directive 79/409/CEE concernant la conservation des oiseaux sauvages 
1994-19vYt 
(Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de 
Belgique dans le Cadre du contrat 6610-89-48) 
- Compilation des Informations fournies par les Etats membres sur 
l'application des dispositions nationales prises en vertu de la 
Directive 79/409/CEE concernant la conservation des oiseaux sauvages 
1997-1989, 
(Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de 
Belgique dans le Cadre du contrat 6610(90)6687) 
- Compilation des informations scientifiques présentées par les Etats 
membres en ce oui concerne les modifications de l'Annexe H/2 de la 
Directive 79/409/CEE. 
(Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturel les 
de Belgique dans le Cadre du contrat 6610-89-48) 
Compilation des dérogations commnlquées par les Etats membres au 
titre de l'article 9 de la Directive 79/409/CEE - 1990 
Compilation réalisée par l'Institut Royal des Sciences naturelles 
de Belgique dans le cadre du contrat 4- 3640 (91)16323. 
Compilation des connaissances sur l'état de conservation des 
passereaux et leur rôle dans l'équilibre écologique 
D. A CAMARA-SMEETS - Laboratoire 'Ecologie Animale - Louvain-La-
Neuve - (ENV/223/74) 
Bird Conservation In Europe 
S . CRAMP (ENV/223/74) 1977 
Données actuelles pour la situation de certaines espèces d'oiseaux 
chassables et commercialisables 
Western Palearctic Birds S. CRAMP U/78/506 - 1980 
Inventaire préliminaire des zones humides d'importance 
communautaire ou Internationale 
Netherlands Foundation for International Bird Preservation - Museum 
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, S. Allavena - U/79/183 &çlè 
Etablissement de l'inventaire des zones de protection spéciale, des 
zones humides conformément à la Résolution du Conseil du 2.4.79 
relative à la conservation des oiseaux sauvages ; 
1. Important bird areas In the E.C. (IC8P, Dr. Osieck, Prof. Dr. 
M.F. Mozer Bruyns) 
l.a) important areas In serious threat - Projects for other 
annex x I species 
1.b) Preliminary list of Important bird areas In Greece 
2. Aperçu sur les zones de grand Intérêt pour la conservation des 
oiseaux dans la CE. (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle) 
3. Erstes Gutachten zum Netz der Vogelschutzgebiets in der E.G. 
(E. Bezzel) 0780/563(447) 
Contribution à la détermination des zones de protection spéciale 
pour la conservation des oiseaux 
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle - Centre Studi ed informazlone 
sulle Comunita Europee (Studio esempl If icativo in Sardegna 
U/79/384 - 1980 
Can ringing and recovery data be of use for Improving wildfowl 
management in Europe - A, J. Cave - 1980 
Etude relative à la mise en place d'un système de surveillance du 
niveau de population des espèces d'oiseaux sauvages I.R.S.N.B. -
U/81/197 
Etude pliote d'environnement préalable à un prolet de développement 
agricole (étude de cas en Grèce - Amvraklkos 
Ecoset - Ares - U/81/202 
Etude relative aux règles et à la oratlgue de la chasse aux oiseaux 
sauvages dans les Etats membres de la Communauté 
- I.C.B.P. - S. Allavena - U/82/197 
Contribution à la protection des biotopes dans la Communauté -
E.R.L. - U/82/199 
"f3^ 
Zones d'Importance pour la conservation des oiseaux dans la CE. 
(partie lin 
The Netherlands Foundation for International Bird Preservation -
U/82/427 
Etude relative a la mise en place d'une base d'information pour la 
préparation de rapports sur l'application de la Directive 
79/4Q9/ÇEE 
- I.R.S.N.B. - U/83/217 
Sites de grande importance pour la protection des oiseaux menacés 
de manière Immédiate. Point de la situation en 1984 
-Netherlands Institution for international Bird Preservation -
U/83/218 
Etude en matière de gestion d'un réseau de sites européens de grand 
Intérêt biologique 
- Société pour l'Inventaire de la Flore et de la Faune - I.R.S.N.B. 
- U/83/219 
Etude préliminaire à une identification de la répartition 
écologique et géographique en Afrique de certains éléments de 
ravi faune de la CE, 
- I.R.S.N.B. - U/83/220 
Elargissement et mise à lour de l'Information sur les espèces 
menacées dans la CE. 
- I.R.S.N.B. - P/83/270 
Etude préparatoire a l'Atlas européen des oiseaux nlcheurs 
- I.R.S.N.B. - P/83/473 
Etu.de de mjse en place d'une surveillance continue des f luc^atlç-n? 
annuelles des oiseaux nlcheurs a distribution dispersée 
I.R.S.N.B. (contrat P/83/474) Octobre 1984 
Aperçu des zones de grand Intérêt pour la conservation des espèces 
d'oiseau* migrateurs de fa Çpnimunau^ en Afrique 
I.R.S.N.B. Contrat U/84/129 - EUR 10878 - 1986 
Hunting wild birds - laws and practices In 8 EEC Member States 
IC8P-EC Working Group - September 1983 
Préparation et évaluation d'actions communautaires pour 
l'environnement naturel - période 1984 - 1985 
P. Kunkel - 84/11-033-11-S 
Etudes relatives à l'application de la Directive 79/409/CEE. en 
particulier en ce oui concerne le statut des espèces et des 
populations et la situation de leurs habitats 
- I.R.S.N.B. - 84/11/035/11/S _ octobre 1985 
Etude en matière de gestion des biotopes représentés dans le réseau 
de zones de protection spéciale pour la protection des oiseaux 
University of Durham - 84/11/042/11/s octobre 1985 
-434 
__ Surveillance des populations d'oiseaux sauvages 
I.R.S.N.B. - Contrat 6611/84/05-1 - Août 1987 
- Mise à lour de l'information sur les espèces menacées dans la 
Communauté - situation en 1986 
- I.R.S.N.B. - 8586600/11/025/11S 1986 
- Evaluation de l'inventaire des zones protégées et d£§ zones 
surveillées communiquées par les Etats membres ainsi que des 
actions communautaires pour l'environnement entreprises dans ces 
zones (période 85/86) 
G.I.R.E.A. - P. Kunkel - 85/B6600/11/026/11ZS 
Etude relative à l'application de la Directive 79/409/CEE (période 
85/86) 
I.R.S.N.B. - 85/B6600/11/027/11S 1986 
Documentation sur la chasse aux oiseaux et l'état de conservation 
des espèces concernées. Situation en 1986. 
Landbrugsm in 1 sterlets - Game and Wildlife Administration 
85/B6600/028/11/N octobre 1986 
- Designation of special protection areas - in accordance with the 
Directive 79/409/EEC - Status and recommendations 
ORNIS CONSULT/DANISH ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY -
Contract 86-66615-11-N 
- Etude relative à l'analyse de données concernant les zones de 
protection spéciale 
I.R.S.N.B. Contrat 6611/ZH/14 - Octobre 1988 
- Les expériences de gestion Interne dans les zones de protection 
spéciale au sens de l'article 4 de la Directive 79/409/CEE 
Programme de Jumelages des sites naturels européens - Rapports 
techniques de la réunion du groupe de travail sur la gestion des 
rose Mères et de la végétation aquatique - Maloroue. luin 1989 
AMENAGEMENT-ENVIRONNEMENT - Contrat 86610/55/88 
- Rapport Kalo : Document at Ion on Bird Hunting and the Conservation 
Status of the Soecles Involved. Situation In 1986 
J. Bertelsen and N.H. Simonsen; Ministry of the Environnement Game 
and Wildlife Administration, Denmark, Revised edition, December 
1989. 
Rapport BASC : Information Papers on the Different Oblects of 
Annex V of Directive 79/409 
British Association for Shooting and Conservation - Contract 
B6610/45/88 March 1990. 
- Evaluaclon del Impacto del Puerto deport ivo de CalA Gal iota 
fColonla de Sant Jordl. Mai I or ca. Esoana) sobre las aves de la zona 
Anallsls de la Situacion actual del problema de la Incldencia de la 
Grulla comun forus grus) en tos cult!vos de Gallocanta (Zaraooza-
Teruel. Esoana) 
J.C AL0NS0 - contrat 6610/89/02 - Novembre 1989 
Rapport EUR 12835, 1990 - Information sur l'application de la 
Directive 79/409/CEE 
décembre 1989 - I.R.S.N.B. - (contrat 6610-89-48) 
AI* 
Rapport ICBP : Analyse du Phénomène des Oiseaux Migrateurs dans la 
Communauté Européenne; 
Contrat N* 6610-62-88 - Jean-Pierre Biber and Tobias Salathé; March 
1990; International Council for Bird Preservation. 
Rapport ICBP : Conservation priorities for migratory birds of the 
European Community 
(Contrat n* B6610-62-88) by Jean-Pierre Biber and Tubias Salathé, 
May 1990, International Council for Bird Preservation. 
Rapport BTO : The conservation of migratory birds in the western 
Paleartlc-African flyway. 
by CM. Tucker, M.N. Mc Culloch, S.R. Bai Hie, July 1991, British 
Trust for Ornithology. This report is a summary of BTO Research 
Report N* 58. contract 6617/27/89 
Rapport Stlftung Europaisches Naturerbe Vorbereituno einer 
Kamoaone "Natur ohne Grenzen" zur Einbeziehung der Kommunen und 
Regionen Eurooas fdr die EG-Kommlsslon 
B 6610-89-02, 86610-89-84) Marz 1990. 
Dossiers d'Information sur certaines espèces d'oiseaux réalisés par 
l'IRSNB : 
Sarcelle d'été - Anas querquedula 
Chevalier combattant - philomax pugnax 
Grand tétras - Tetrao urogallus 
Nette rousse - Netta rufIna 
Perdrix bartavelle - Alectoris Graeca 
Tétras lyre - Tetrao tetrix 
Perdrix gambra - Alectoris barbara 
Barge à queu noire - Limosa limosa 
Gelinotte des bois - Bonasa bonasia 
Bécassine des marais - Gallinago gallinago 
Proceedings of the meeting on "wise use" held at Institut Royal des 
Sciences Naturelles de Belgique on 5 May 1990, IRSNB, June 1990 
(nr. X1/189/91) 
Rapport ICBP: Action plan for the conservation of western LESSER 
KESTREL (Falco naumannl) populations 
J.P. Biber - September 1990. 
Rapport IRSN8 : Fiches d'Information sur les espèces enumérées dans 
l'Annexe I de la Directive 79/409/CEE. 
mise à Jour de juillet 1990 (Contrat 6610-89-48). 
Rapport Dr. Ellenberg: Verbreitunq. HMuflukelt. Produktlvitat und 
Verfoloungraten bel Rabenkrghe. Elster und Elchelhëher In der 
Bundesrepubllk Deutschland (MaYz 1989) 
Documentée ion sobre la caza de aves y el estado de conservacion de 
las esoecles Impllcadas en Espana y Portugal - Sltuaclon en 1QQO. 
(Contrat 6610/90/6834) - I IMA INSTITUTO IBERIC0 PARA EL MEDIO 
AMBIENTE Y LORS RECURS0S NATURALES - mal 1991. 
_ Contamination par les polluants métalliques de l'avifaune aquatique 
utilisant les zones humides de la côte atlantique et 
méditerranéenne française 
(contrat B6610/89/25) I.W.R.B. - 1990. 
Calcul actualisé des Indices de vulnérabilité proposés par E. 
BEZZEL pour les oiseaux de l'annexe l et espèces équivalentes 
I.R.S.N.B. - août 1989 - (Contrat 6610 17 89) 
- Etude relative à l'analyse de données concernant les zones de 
protection spéciale 
I.R.S.N.B. Octobre 1988 (Contrat 6611/ZH/14) 
Designation of special protection areas - in accordance with the 
Directive 79/409/CEE - status and recommendations 
ORNIS CONSULT - DANISH ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY - (contrat 
86/B6615/11/005/11/N) 
- Conservation and management of the biotopes ot the Dalmation 
pelican - Pelecanus crispus In Northern Greece) 
February 1991 - Aristotelian Universith of Thessaloniki - (Contrat 
6611/86/10-2) 
- Evaluaclon del imoacto del Puerto deoortivo de Cala Gal iota 
(Colonla de Sant Jordl. Mallorca. Esoana) sobre las aves de la 
*pnaT 
Jorge MUNTANER - (Contrat 6610/89/02) -1989. 
- Anallsls de la sltuaclon actual del problema de la incidencia de la 
Grulla comun (orus grus) en los cult!vos de Gallocanta (Zaraooza-
TerueI) Espana. 
J.AL0NS0 (contrat 6610 89 02) 1989. 
- Management and reinstatement of Old Hall Marshes 
- R.S.P.B. (contrat 6611/84/07-2) 
- Surveillance des populations d'oiseaux sauvages 
- I.R.S.N.B. (contrat 6611/84/05-1) - août 1987. 
Designated Natural Areas In the European Community - proposals for 
a revision of the classification system of protected and managed 
areas In the E.C 
ASSOCIATION AMENAGEMENT -ENVIRONNEMENT (contrat 86B 6611 11 001 11 
Rapport de la Commission : The influence of hunting on bird 
populations (XI/216/92) 
Rapport I.R.S.N.B. - ORNIS - Data Bank - 1992 
Zones de protection spéciale - zones désignées selon l'article 4 de 
la Directive 79/409/CEE concernant la conservation des oiseaux 
sauvages (février 1992). 
Bilan d'application de la Directive n* 79/409/CEE sur la 
conservation des oiseaux sauvages 
Rapport établi en collaboration avec l'Institut pour une Politique 
Européenne de l'Environnement, Paris - contrat n" 4-3040(91)5853) -
Juillet 1992. 
-43) 
- Monitoring waterfowl populations in the European Community 
IWRB March 1992 (Contrat 6610(90)4981) 
- Illegal activities concerned with taking of birds in the EC : An 
expert's view : AIistair Gamme I - 15 May 1990 
Updated information on the status of nine threatened wild birds in 
Greece enumerated in Annex I of the Directive 79/409/EEC -
FAINARETTI - December 1992 (contrat 4-3040(92)8404) 
Actions pour la restauration de populations d'oiseaux gravement 
menacés dans la Communauté 
I.R.S.N.B. - (contrat 6610(90)10089) 
Status and conservation of the Magpie (Pica pica) and of the Hooded 
Crow (Corvus corone sardonius) in Greece 
Phot is PERGANTIS - December 1992 
Logiciel sur les Oiseaux protégés en Europe 
OPUS SPECIES - 15 août 1992 (contrat 4-3040(91)4681) 
Appui scient If loue à la base de données 0RN1S 
EUROPEAN BUREAU FOR CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT - (contrat4-
3040(92)6237) 
- A report on the status of management measures and priorities for 
Annex II species - D. HILL, XI/13/93 
Actions d'uroence 
Mesures d'urgence visant à la conservation de Haliaaetus albicilla, 
Egretta alba et Phalacrocorox pygmaeus dans la Communauté 
ORNIS CONSULT, SOCIETE HELLENIQUE D'ORNITHOLOGIE, IRISH WILDBIRD 
CONSERVANCY 
- Mesures d'urgence pour la conservation d'espèces menacées de 
disparition à Madère (Monachus monachus, Pterodroma madeira, P. 
face, Columba trocaz, Calonectris diomedea boreal is) - PARQUE 
NATURAL DA MADEIRA -MUSEE MUNICIPAL DE FUNCHAL. 
Actions d'urgence pour la protection d'espèces d'oiseaux menacés de 
disparition à Amvrakikos, Evros et les îles Chafarine (Açores et 
Iles Canaries) - Anser erythropus, Numenius tenuirostris, pelicanus 
crispus). R.S.P.B. en collaboration avec les autorités grecques 
(Ministère de l'Agriculture), la Société Ornithologique Hellénique, 
IC0NA, Sociedad Espaola de Ornithologia. 
- Actions d'urgence pour la conservation de Sterna dougallii dans la 
Communauté - R.S.P.B.. 
Mesures d'urgence pour la conservation de Chersophilus duponti et 
Url aalge Iberlcus dans la Communauté. SOCIEDAD ESPAN0LA DE 
ORNITHOLOGIA. 
ym 
ANNEXE II 
ORNIS 
data base 
m 
The ORNIS data base is an information classification tool which 
gathers existing data on the various species of bird in the 
European Community with a view to ensuring the efficient 
management of the species' populations in accordance with the 
principles set out in Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation 
of wild birds. 
This data base was set up and developed on the initiative of 
scientific institutions in the European Community, which are also 
responsible for its management. The Commission of the European 
Communities has allocated funds to these institutions for the 
purpose of creating and developing the data base and entering and 
verifying the data. The remaining costs are covered by. the 
institutions themselves within the framework of their own 
scientific programmes. 
The managing institutions have placed the data base itself and 
all the information files at the disposal of the ORNIS Committee, 
Committee for the adaptation of Directive 79/409/EEC, has agreed 
to take part in the data validation procedures and to provide 
operational guidance. The managing institutions have requested 
and followed the guidelines laid down by the ORNIS Committee and 
its Scientific Working Group as regards the choice of the data 
fields, the definition of such fields, data-entry priorities, and 
data base access procedures. 
Hx> 
1. Management and information 
Seven institutions are currently involved in the management of 
the data base and are able to provide information on how it 
operates as well as on the data already available. 
Institut Roval des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 
Section d'Evaluation Biologique 
29, rue Vautier 
B - 1040 Bruxelles 
Tel: 32-2-627.43.54 
Fax: 32-2-649.48.25 
gpuianflrig Museum 
13, Levidoustreet 
Kifissia 
G - Athènes 
Tel: 30-1-80.15.870 
Fax: 30-1-80.80.674 
Joint Natmre conservation Çoroûttee 
Monkswood House City Road 
OK - Peterborough PE1 XJY 
Tel: 44-733-62.626 
Fax: 44-733-555.948 
Ministère de l'Aménagement du territoire et de 
1 ' EnVJrpnnemeilfc 
5A, rue de Prague 
Luxembourg Ville 
Tel: 352.478.68.26 
Fax: 352-400.410 
Office National cte le Chasse 
85 bis, avenue de Wagram 
F - 75017 Paris 
Tel: 33-1-44-15-17-17 
Fax: 33-1-47-63-79-13 
Irish Wildlife Service 
Office of Public Works 
51, St. Stephen's Green 
Dublin 2 
Ireland 
Tel: 353-1-661-31-11 
Fax: 353-1-661-07-47 
Istituto Nazionale per la Fauna Selvat-j^ 
Via Ca'Fornacetta 9 
I - 40064 Ozzano dell 'Emilia (Bologna) 
Tel: 39-51-798.746 
Fax: 39-51-796.628 
Ht 
Five other institutions have access to the information on the 
operation of the data base and are in a position to make 
available such information. A number of these institutions are 
also likely to take part in the management of the data base in 
the near future. 
Serviço Nacional de Parques. Réservas e Conservacao da 
Natureza 
Rue da Lapa 73 
P - 1200 Lisboa 
Tel: 351-1-67.55.18 
Fax: 351-1-60.10.48 
Institarto de la Conservacidn de la Naturaleza 
4, Gran Via de San Francisco 
E - 28040 Madrid 
Tel: 34-1-34.76.188 
BundesforgchiinQsanstalt f&£ Naturschutz und 
Lanflsçhaftsokoloqi e Konstantinstrasse 110 
D- 5300 Bonn 2 
Tel: 49-228-84.910 
Fax: 49-228-84.91.200 
Ministerie van Landbouw. Natuurbeheer en Visserij 
Postbus 20401 
ML- 2500 EK Den Haag 
Tel: 31-70-379.29.1 
Fax: 31-70-347.82.28 
Skov- og Naliirstvrelsen 
Slotsmarken 13 
DK- 2970 Horsholm 
Tel: 45-45-76.53.76 
Fax: 45-45-76.54.77 
HI 
2. Geographical structure of the data base 
The ORNIS data base contains information on surface areas. It 
therefore complements the CORINE-Biotopes data base, which is 
based on pinpoint data, relating to specific measurement sites 
or locations. 
The basic geographical units of the ORNIS data base are the 
regions as defined in the'European Community's Political Map and 
corresponding within each Member State to a different NOTS level 
which, however, remains fixed. The smaller units are the NOTS 
units at a lower level, whilst the multiples are constituted by 
the Members States and the Community. In Belgium, Greece, 
France, Ireland, Italy, Portugal and Great Britain, the 
"regional* level NOTS unit is the «region of the national 
administrative system", in Germany the "Bundesland" or Federal 
State, and in Spain the "autonomous region". Denmark, 
Luxembourg, and the Netherlands each constitute a single NUTS 
region. 
The data base is systematically supplemented at the regional 
level. Data corresponding to lower levels, if any, are entered 
in a compatible auxiliary file. 
3. Data strnctnrp 
The data base comprises scientific and technical data on the 
following: 
- population sizes and trends of the various wild bird 
species in the European Community; 
basic information on their habitats; 
- basic information on temporal and spatial aspects of their 
reproduction, migration and wintering; 
factors concerning direct human intervention in their 
population dynamics, i.e. the intentional removal of birds 
and/or eggs. 
All data are assigned a reliability rating, according to the 
following code: 
1: verified census or research datum 
2: unverified census or research datum 
3: local estimate (national expert or institution) 
4: central estimate (Community experts). 
For all temporal data, the time unit is the month, subdivided in 
ten-day periods. 
All indications concerning specific periods are linked to average 
annual values. 
4H3 
4. Data fields 
1- Reproduction 
1- Presence: 
2. Abundance: 
3. Trends: 
4. Period: 
5. Habitat: Present, irregular or absent 
Number of nesting couples or, if this is 
inadequate, number of individuals, nests or 
eggs . 
Growing, stable, declining 
Period comprised between the beginning of 
the defence of the territory and the 
independence of the fledglings 
In the case of species in which fledgling 
social dependence extends over long periods, 
the end of the reproduction period is 
determined as follows: 
- for Anser and Branta, when the fledglings 
leave the nest; 
•- for Perdix, Alectoris and others, at the 
end of the period of parental protection 
The data recorded on Anas platyrhynchos and 
Colomba palumbus concern the overall 
reproductive period of 80% of the nesting 
couples* 
The ORNIS data base does not record the 
reproductive period divisions as defined 
here. 
Three main habitats are indicated 
* For these species, the information compiled takes account of 
the fact that, due to the artificial transformation of. their 
feeding grounds through agriculture and eutrophication, these 
species seem to be partially domesticated. 
2. Passing 
1. Presence: 
2. Numbers: 
3. Trends: 
4. Origin: 
5. Periods: 
6. Habitat: 
3. Wintering 
1. Presence: 
2. Numbers: 
3. Trends: 
4. Origin: 
5. Periods: 
6. Habitat: Present, irregular or absent 
Number of individuals 
Growing, stable, declining 
Countries or regions of origin of migrating 
species 
Pre-nuptial and post-nuptial passage periods 
Three main habitats are indicated 
Present, irregular or absent 
Number of individuals 
Growing, stable, declining 
Countries or regions of origin of wintering 
species 
Periods spent in wintering grounds 
Three main habitats are indicated 
\MU 
4. Taking 
1. Regulations: 1-
2. 
3. 
2. Numbers: 
3. Period: 4 
5 
4. Habitat: 
5. Illegal taking Huntable, open season 
Huntable, no open season 
Taking ^subject to individual 
derogations 
Taking subject to general derogations 
Hunting subject to derogation 
Number of individuals per year 
Legal hunting periods, period announced 
by Members States for derogations 
Three main habitats are indicated 
Sf Additional tiles 
1. List of species within the Community 
2. Vulnerability coefficients 
3. Computer data sheet requested by the geographic basis 
4. Data sheets drawn up by translating 3 and adding free 
texts 
5. Bibliographical files 
6. Biological data (reproduction and death rates) 
7. Conversion tables 
8. Miscellaneous items 
A^ 
6. Data entry procedure 
Information data are collected and entered in a documentation 
file by one of the managing institutions. Such data be taken 
from published sources, the institutions' own archives or 
information made available by third parties (data ranked 2 in the 
documentation files). 
Individual data are then chosen from the documentation files for 
each species, region and field (data ranked 1 in the 
documentation files) so as to include them in the data base 
following a procedure which may comprise: 
1. a proposal by one of the managing institutions 
2. validation by one of the managing institutions, selected 
on the basis of the geographical origin of the data 
3. verification and decision by the ORNIS Committee. 
Data which have passed through stage 1 are termed "temporary", 
those which have passed through stage 2 are termed "validated", 
and those which have passed through stage 3 are termed 
"verified". 
For data concerning the "illegal taking" field, which by their 
very nature are difficult or even impossible to determine 
reliably through direct observation or falsifiable hypotheses, 
stages 1 and 2 are replaced by a single stage involving a 
unanimous proposal Ipy an ad hoc group composed of three 
institutions or organisation, one of which does not take part in 
the management of the data base. 
A + L 
7. Access procedures 
The procedures for access to the data are currently being drawn 
up via a consultation process between the managing institutions, 
the ORNIS scientific working group, and the services of the 
Commission of the European Communities, in accordance with the 
European Directives and the various relevant national 
legislations. 
In order to meet any pressing needs, the various administrations 
concerned with wildlife conservation, whether at Community, 
national or regional level, can already request information from 
the institutions listed under 1, first list, including 
information on the current availability of the relevant data 
field and the interim procedures for access to temporary, 
validated or verified data in the data base. 
General information on the data base (basic principles, 
definition of fields, restrictions on use) can be obtained from 
any. of the institutions listed under 1. 
8. Examples of application 
- evaluation of the percentage of the nesting populations 
of threatened or vulnerable species included in the Special 
Protection Areas; 
- the drafting of regulations on hunting periods by the 
competent authorities; 
- evaluation of the derogations under article 9 of 
Directive 79/409/EEC, communicated by the Member States. 
VW/tK «WlHi WIH HtJi 7V40VIK 
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• 
Morlnctptevf«f 
Geudplcvltf 
JpftrenVUvIl 
Kemohtin torn nib 
Ptrdit'CfAteAti 
(lubeipieti iWrla) 
FnAfi'd'lttft' 
inAdi 
PrtAfi-d'Ifyi* 
bnurtU 
friAii^liMt* 
CodorAltlo 
CilmlO'Comum 
Oil«lrlo-d4-erlm 
Tolrlo 
CrftU'Comum 
SUld 
Ab«tirdi.mown 
Ab«titdi 
firni1on'|i 
Alftliu 
Aleinvlo 
Corrcder 
Ptt6\t-6o-rrut 
ttnmboti* 
cirimboli 
TiMmbolt-doundi 
Abtbtciporido 
CombncAtt 
79/409/gtC WMIIhlt Wild* Birds 79/409/tK 
10). OtMAtgomtdl! 
104. HumtAhJi 
ttimfrottrtt 
10$. TrtAgt glirtott 
10$. Phttiropui 
lobitii 
lOt. tAAJt 
rnttiAOOtphttut 
101 UntigtAd 
lOO.ftlMlludMMI 
110. OtfodtttldoA 
Aflotfet 
111. tttrAiatpli 
111 ttiffli 
•lAoMetAdi 
nj. tttrAtdougiim 
114. IttmihlAJAdo 
11$. tttrAi pmdme* 
111 tttmi itbtfroni 
117. CttitdOAtu 
hybrldtft 
111 cNtdonhiAfgtr 
IIP Urttlltft 
fbtrftui 
• 
1)0, pttfodtt 
orhrmtli 
111. Pttrodttitehtti 
17.1 cohtrnbt 
. ptkfmbui itortci Btotftot 
Aftdhidbt roil 
tinptto ftftO 
Andirrtoi 
buttrdo 
Pitiropo 
pKOnAO 
Otitett 
abtdntgrt 
Otvfatt pteoftAi 
Ontottdt 
Aodouln 
Pigin pleoAcgri 
Pigit* plqutrro* 
ChtrrlA 
pttmtgro 
ChtrrlA rotido 
Chirrln comdn 
ChtrrlA Irtleo 
ChirriAdto 
Purnifd 
arlbhAto 
Ptmirtl eomflA 
AnoeomOA 
Cnrbetptdt 
(bidet) 
Ottft 
OtAficomdA 
t 
Pilorni torcit 
(Mbotpcdtdo 
til Atom) DiAik 
Trtdckktr 
TyndAsbbtt 
•port 
TlAkimed 
©dînent At 
lorthovtdtt 
Atlgt 
Tyndnitibbtt 
mlg* 
Audoulmmlgt 
tiAdttrA* 
BetMm* 
tpttttcmt 
DeugiRittrAt 
Pjordttrot 
Hintmt 
Ontfgtim* 
Hvfdikmggtt 
temt 
tortttrnt 
iorttt$t(aAdèrirt 
BtOtnfberlikt 
tfctnt) 
tonbugit 
MAdnont 
tptdthiMt 
MAdhOAt 
PJntdut 
(kiAdtrirtfn 
Acortmt) Deutidi 
DoppttichAtpft 
MNttdtnibtl* 
bndivoget 
BAjcn witter* 
ttuft* 
OdlAihOhAdSeA 
tehwinkopf* 
mowt 
DOAAtehmbtt* 
mOwo 
KonlttnmOwt 
• 
Udtfoeiehwitb* 
Btubeeeiehwitbt 
Brindtet* 
tdtwilbt 
nOMnttt* 
tchwilbt 
PhtBieeietiwttbt 
MttoAteo* 
tdtwilbt 
Zwtrgtot* 
tdtwilbt • 
Vtlftbtrtttt* 
tdtwilbt 
Triûorieo* 
tCTIWllvO 
Trottttlummt 
Obtrlieht 
UAttnrO 
tiAdmtghuhA 
tpttt/kithuhA 
• 
Bingtttiobt 
(Unttfiftdtr 
AtortA) "lUrfrwd 
AUwO)MAtt*Ul*A 
Annotjtrw 
Aoorwo^rpM 
• 
PopoO*40AV|UWt0^rff 
•t 
BxwOMOliopoe, 
AtrnopjO|i*^d*/wQo{ 
AttatAifaoot 
rt$oT*dAovo 
Keoo^AC 
XttpoiQtIoOOYO 
POOOyMQOMt 
flOfO^iO^fAAOftrd 
A<JKIUIOY*O<JOW 
• 
rtttrOYAaQOYO 
MowlQ>t07*Anov5 
Mo^Qoyftdoovo • t 
4Ttj*^P» B^r^p»^*'B^/W**d*^^»^ 
(e^Mt»nQwO 
E4|T|VRI^UIIt^UHwKl 
tTttptottQUTtSQdttOtQ 
•Moott (*/*Aq 
AVQerv) Engfith 
Ortttlnlpt 
tlender^rftled 
Curfew 
•ood ttndptper 
fttdkttckttl 
Phtltropt 
MedktrrinecAOult 
gttnd*r*btfltdOuB 
• • 
AttdoulrlOutt 
OuB*-b(fl*dT«m 
CttptinTtm 
iindwtdtTtm 
BottdttTtrn 
Common Ttm 
Arctic Tern 
UttltTem 
WWiktrtdTem 
BttdtTtm 
CufltmotCbtdiA 
robtptdti) 
Bttdt-btBltd 
ttrtdgroutt 
PlrXtflod, 
Btndgroutt 
WOOdpfgtOA 
(Ajorti 
tubtptcJci) fnrab) 
Bdetwlnt double 
Courût Iboegrtle 
ChmlWrtrtaln 
Phttoropelbee 
Itroft 
Movttto 
mfltnocfpTiitt 
OotkAdnBltur 
Ootltnd 
efAtidoutn 
tttmt hi AMI 
tttmt ttipliAAt 
tttmt augtk 
gt*m*d*Dougtl 
ftomt ptorrtgirtn 
tttmt trctfqut 
tttmt AtlAt 
Outfit* mouttic 
Outfttttrrotrt 
(htlDtrncjtd/trolt 
SET 
OtnttuntbtAd* 
Otrttjien 
Pigeon ftmitf 
(tout tiplct del 
Atom) tttlllAO 
CroceotoAt 
Chhtrtottello . 
Plroptro 
boMhtrceelo 
Pitiropo beceo 
•oan* 
OibbtiAO eonlllno 
OtbbltAO roieo 
Otbbltno eono 
BondlA* dl mire 
timpenin 
BondlAe dl mire 
rmgglort 
Bteeipeict 
tttmi del Dovitlt 
ttimi eomune 
Itemt eodilun|i 
Pnttottlo 
MttAittlno 
plombito 
MtgAiltlno 
Urtt (lonoipe'ele 
Iberlcrt 
Otngt 
OriAdule 
Cotombtetio 
doaoipede delle 
Attorre) HederltndJ 
Poettnlp 
Dunbekvulp 
Boirvlier 
Ortuwi fnn|epoot 
twirtkopmeeuw 
Dunbekmeeuv 
AudoolM meeu* 
Uehjtern 
• • 
Peuterutem 
Oroti item 
DouitHi ttprn 
Vlidief 
Hoordie item 
Dwerfttern 
• 
Wlt*vin|jiern 
Zvine item 
leekoet (Iberliehe 
ondenoorO 
tvi rlbutV ti f\4> 
hOCA 
Vltbulktindhoen 
H oui du If 
(ondertoort vin de 
Atoren) Portuiuli 
Nireejt'rctl 
MiaHc^de•blr.o• 
flno 
Micirlco-btiiirdo 
PiliropOtdebieO' 
Ant 
Othroti-de-eiberi-
prttt 
Oilvou-debieo-
flno 
Alettnt it 
Audouln 
Cilvlni-debiro 
prete 
Oilvlni'd«bito-
termilbe 
Cirt|tu*eomum 
AAdorlnhi'do-
miMotet 
Andorlnhl-do-
mir*eomum 
Andorlnhi'do-
mtr-lrfllti 
AftdOflnbt-do-
mt/>tAi 
Oil VIAI-depict i-
brtneii 
Ollvlni'prttl 
Alro0ub«Jp<6« 
IWrla) 
CorUjelde-
btrrl|t>pr(ti 
Ctrtffel'de. 
birrlfl-bfinn 
Pombo-tOffit dn 
A(oret 
79/409/KC Wild iffdt Wild Blrdi 79/409/HC 
125. Cotumbi trotit 
114. Cotumbi botttl 
125. Cotumbi 
kjAOAltl 
111 Bubo bubo 
127. KyetttiaAdlia 
111 Oliuddktm 
puttrlAum 
12B. Atlo flimmevl • 
1)0. AtgottuiluAtrtut 
1)t. dprirmtgui 
turopttut 
1)1 Aeut after 
ISS. AteedoitthU 
1)4. Coridngimjkji 
1)1 Ptaiteinut 
1)1 Dryocopui 
mirtfut 
1)7. Dindroeopoi 
mtjor a MrternH 
1)1 Dindroeopoi 
miter ihiAntrt 
DP. DtAdroeopot 
lyrlieui 
140. Dindroeopoi 
mtdkii 
141. DtAdroeopoi 
Itutotot BietAOl 
Ptlomt torojutst 
Pitomi turojui 
Pitomt rtbteht 
Mho Alt 
BOhOAWll 
Moeftueloehleo 
tochutt 
ampettrt 
Udtuttdt 
Ttngmitm 
Choticibrii grit 
Vtnetk) tifrt 
MirtlA petader 
Ctrrtet 
PROOAO 
PltOAtgro 
Pleo pteiptnoi 
dtTtntrirt 
Pleo ptapmoi 
dtOnnCtnirti 
Pttoilrto • 
PteomedliAO 
Pleo dortlbtioeo DlAtk 
MidelnliAgtltt 
duo 
KimrttktiAgtltt 
dut 
Uorbcrdut 
ttorhomugtt 
tntuglt 
gpurvtugtt 
Mottlhomuglt 
Ptrkiglt 
MltflVA 
KtfftrttBof 
tttutj 
Oekrtg* 
Orltptett* 
torttpctt* 
ttor flippent 
fjundtnri fri 
TtAertft) 
$torfligtp*tt*t 
njnoerintri 
OnnCiAirtO 
tyrtik fligipctt* 
MettemAigtpctte 
Htrtdrygget 
ftigtptme Dtutieh 
tllberhtltttube 
KiAirenuubt 
torbttrtiubt 
tftm 
tdiAtt*Butt 
tptrltAgikiui 
tumpfohreute 
BtuhAitktut 
liegeAmetker 
Kiffemi*gl*r 
Btvofte) 
Oliunckt 
Oriutp«cht 
tchwirtiptcht 
BuAttpoeht 
(UnttnrlvoA 
Ttnerlffi) 
Bonttpeeht 
OJnttrirtvon 
OnnCintrti) 
Btuttpteht 
• 
Mtttttipeeht . 
WtltrOektA* 
•peeht 'BUrrnxd. 
AtOjOMe/ottoo ttj{ 
AiotrjMQtottoo tow 
OODI 
Aot^rORIQwIlOO 
MAOO^OC, 
B|MOVOj\t6^fXo>ntO 
BOAtdprtOv^poej 
XoeonotfU 
(AtruAide) 
nfctH&0tQ6 
XofQoowxtdoo 
AIMVOWO 
Xefctottovojoovo 
Snxtotouditdoa 
MouQoim»Xt«)oo 
ne^fefaflKtoOo* 
(fM KcrraQttov) 
nottfelotmjcbt&oo. 
(fUMTdYIQ) 
Dofcto^oto^ttloo 
MwowuAtiAc* 
AjtntA^wtBtouAi* 
tic* l Bngttih 
toflB*4ood Pigeon 
Befletttwtt 
Ptgooti 
tarret Pigeon 
• 
ttjkOwt 
BnowyC/Wi 
Pygmy Owl 
thorMirtdOwt 
TiAgmimriOwt 
Mtghtfct 
Whltt*rump«d 
twift • 
KtAlftihtr 
BoBtf 
Ortynttid*d 
Woodpeektr 
BUek 
woodpecker 
Orttt tpoatd 
Woodpecker 
CbAtrtnb 
robtptdet) 
Orttt tpotttd 
woodpecker 
(OrintbuMrtt 
rubtpedet) 
tyrktA 
woodpecker 
Middle tpotttd 
Woodpecker 
Whtte-biekid 
Woodpecker Piintibi 
Pigeon treat 
» 
Pigeon do Botte 
Plgoon dot 
Wmwt% 
Ortnd-due 
ttturope 
Ptofaede* 
ritlget 
(•hOUCBt 
ettwBchette 
nDOUdet mirth 
Chouottt do 
TtAgmttm 
BAtouWrtAt 
tTBurbpe 
Mirtlnet etfrt 
Mirtfihptchetrr 
dfurope 
Bottler cTBurope 
Pk cendré 
Ptenotr 
Pklpefcho 
OoWoipêotdt 
Tlnlrirr*) 
PtclpcJcheCtoW 
otptctdeti 
OrtndtCtntrt*) 
Pletyrtiejue 
Pkmtr 
Pie 1 doe Wine lulltno 
Colombi dl 
Mideln 
Colombi dl Ooll* 
Cotombidl 
Ohtnont 
Oufo ml* 
Ourodellenevt 
Chrttti AI AI 
Oufo dl pi Hide 
CrVetti 
apogroete 
gucdtetpre 
BoAdOAe eifro 
Mirth peietton 
OhliAdtlt mtrlnt 
Pleehlo eenerlno 
Pleehio nero 
Pleehlo rono 
migglort Ootio* 
•petit dl Tenerife) 
Pleehlo rotto 
miggfon Ctotto* 
•ptdt dettltolt 
Ortnd* CiAirli) 
Pleehlo tlrlteo 
Pleehlo roue 
mtttiAo 
Pleehlo dono-
bltACO f Nederlindi 
Trocttdolf 
Bolle'i liurierduir 
Uurtirdulf 
Oehee 
Jneeyvufi 
Dwertull 
Vetdull 
BUltOOOMll 
NiehtrMlutv 
KtiTer|fertvilviv 
tjivoget 
Sehtffetnr 
Orl|tkopip«ehi 
Z*im ipethi 
Oroti bonte 
tpeeht (Tenerife. 
OAdinoort) 
Orett bonte 
ipechi (Cnn 
Ciniitt. 
ondenoorO 
Syrlicne bonte 
tpeeht 
Mlddebte bonit 
tpeeht 
Vltruiipeeht Porruguij 
Pombo-iorcit di 
Mideln 
PembO'tortit de 
Bold 
Pombo-de-ribo-
brineo 
Bwfo-rtil 
Bufo-brtnto 
Moeho-plfmevi 
Conj|id>mbil 
Moeno dt Ten|t«it»*> 
Kolubo-diiufoni 
AndorlnhlO'tifre 
Cuirdl'Moi'tomum 
lollelro 
Peto-d«.«»b-ec»' 
dntenti 
PetO'preto 
Plct-piu de Tenenfe 
PlapiudeCn* 
Ctmrlt 
PleiptU'ttrio 
Pia'pio-mediifto 
Ma-piude din> 
79/409/ÊEC 'WlMllrdt Wild Birds 79/409/IEC 
142. Pleofdei 
tr1dtctyhJl( 
14). Chtrotephitlui 
dupentl 
144. MiliAoeoryphi 
olindn 
14). CtttAdrtlti 
brtehydictytt 
1*4. Otliridt thekltt 
147. lullvti trbortt 
141. AAthul 
eimptitrti 
14). Treiledytt! 
troglodytei 
rrldiAtAili 
1)0. lutelAli rvtda 
Hi. lutleoli dieotlit 
1)1 OtninthtlNeuri 
15). Aeroaphitui 
milinopogon 
1)4. Aeroaphitui 
ptkidieoti 
D). Hlppotiti 
elrtitorum 
1)1 Irlvtiurdi 
1)7. lyMiuAdtti 
1)1. Sylvtt ruippettl 
1)1- trlvli nttorft 
160. Pladufiptrvi 
Ml Pteduti 
Mmkorquitt BiOiAot 
Pleo tidletfto 
Atondri dt 
Dupont 
CitiAdrti eomdn 
Ttrrtn eomdn 
Cegufcdt 
m*At«tlAi # 
TOtovti 
Blibtti etmpeltrt 
ChoehtA 
Oubttptdt dt 
Pilrbtt) 
Ptehlitut 
Tirtbflli etntrtt 
CullilbiAtgn 
CirrtarlA rtit 
CirrlartA ajudo 
lireero grindt 
Currua urdi 
Currua nbBirgi 
Currua dt 
BOpptB 
CumtagitfliAt 
Pipiffloîai 
piplrrofo . 
Pipemotai 
lemleoltirlno Dtmk 
Tretlet ipcttt 
Dupontt licrttt 
Kitindtrtiefke 
Korttltt tttrkt 
KortAOtbbtt 
toptttrkt 
Htdttftrkt 
Mirkplber 
Osrdtimuttt 
(u Aden A fri 
PiirettJe) 
Btlhtb 
ftiAtrtib 
byriktlugl 
torgtittnplkktr 
Timtrttlttingtr 
ViAdiingcr 
OUvtminger 
lirdlntk MAger 
Provtnctiingtr 
tortttrubet 
«Ager 
Hog**ing*r 
tflle IhiaAipper 
Kthfatvt 
nueiAipper Deuttdi 
DnltehtAipeeht 
DupoAtierehe 
Kilinderlerch* 
RurmhtAttrehi 
ThekJtlerehe 
Hetd«ttreht 
Bnchpltptr 
ZiunkbnlgCHIr 
tit**Unttrtiû 
Bltukehlehen 
KtAtrtrv* 
lehmitttr 
TnutnttlA* 
•chmluer 
Mirttk«AilAg«r 
ttggtnrohr* 
MAger 
Olive At potter 
tirdtngntmOckt 
ProvtAesgrtt* . 
mOekt 
MtiktAgrt> 
mOekt 
tperbcrgrti* 
mOekt 
2wtrgiehAlpptr 
HilbrtAg* 
•ehAlpptr •BXlmwA . 
Tr/toct>Aot0wXi* 
WOO 
9l)AOOt04pivCjO 
BovYOTroAAvTOa 
t 
MtttQoyoJueVrtpa 
KfftoOui^TC tne 
•fciXne, 
AncjooWQTjBctv 
No4tOwXA)« 
• 
TovtOfodxttK 
(unotUot tiK v, 
•Mto) • 
rirJbatolatitirt 
Me^noWwc twv 
Ko^TOQtei*/ 
MctvCjortttAoiAt)? 
Movtrwtortotojilo©: 
Ke^Tttortototiite 
AtotQitotta 
npOplTtttOWl4jO* 
ft V.nf POStOf 
Movoto9totot4}0> 
pMMOf . 
O/oAtOtfflQoAAMOf 
Navojtvrox4*nK 
AOurjUJffBXO^pTTf? Bngtlih 
Three-toed 
Woodpecker ' 
DupoAft tirk 
CtkAdnttrk • 
thorwo«d Urk 
ThekliUrk 
* 
Woodtirk 
TiwnyPlpli 
Wren (Pttr tilt 
tubtpedet) 
Btuethrott • 
Ctnirybtindi 
gtontehit 
BltdtWhtittir 
Mount died 
Wirbttr 
Aquitte Wirbttr 
Ottve-trte 
Wirbttr 
Mirmon'i 
Wirbttr 
Dtrtford Wirbttr 
BOppetti Wtrbter 
Birred Wirbttr 
Btd-brtiited 
Plyatehtr 
JemUoTltred 
Plfatehtf Pnnak) 
Ptetrtdtetylt 
• • 
tlrtt de Dupont 
Alouette alindre 
AJouitt* 
attndrtB* 
Cochtvlidt 
Thekl* 
Alouentkikj 
PIptireuMettM 
Troglodyte 
trtgrtonoout* 
otpèce do Pitr 
tot*) 
Oorttbteuel • 
miroir 
Tnefjttdee 
CtntrtM 
Tnquet rttur 
Uttdntottl 
mouttt che* 
Phrtgmft* 
tqutdqut 
Hypotttdet 
Othrltri 
Piuvettt itrdt 
Piuvtttt pttehod 
PlUriStde 
B0pp*|| 
Piurttt* Iptrytlrt 
Oobemouehe 
mln 
Oebe-mouehtl 
•emlooUler tuBino 
Pledilo trldttUlo-
Aflodotidet 
DUpOAt 
CitiAdn 
Cilindrilli 
Ctpttliedi 
tptgnoli 
TOdlrffll 
Cttindro 
tcrttdolo 
Oottotptett dette 
twtePilrttte) 
Pettitturro 
tihlmptto delle 
Ctntrte 
Moniehelli nert 
Ponpigllt 
aingnoto 
Pigttireto 
ClAlptAO 
kmAtlAO 
MtgniAlni nrdi 
MtgmnlAi 
KMt del POppofl 
Wgli pidovini 
Plgllirhoteht 
perdrotto 
BIAI temtterqutu HiderltAdt 
Orleieenipeeht 
Dviponti leeuverlk 
KiUndeHeeuverlh 
KoftieenleeuvtfiV 
Tbelilileeutveriic 
Boomleeuverlk 
Dulnpleper 
wlAierkonlAg 
(oAdenoon vin 
Pilrlita) 
Bliutvbont 
Cintrtteht 
roodborttupuit 
Zfvine tipult 
Iwmkoprlei* 
un|er 
VCiterrlettmier 
OrleVie tpoivoiel 
$irdl|rvie l/limul 
Provenpihe 
grumui • 
lOppxMi iMimui 
Iperverfrnmul 
Welrx 
vUe|envm|er 
Bilkinvl^ien. 
v»n|«r . PortufulJ 
Plei-ptu-i/ldJetilo 
Cilhindn de Dupont 
Cilhindn-eomum 
Cllhindilnhi-tomgrn 
Cotovli'monteilni 
Cotovttpeo.ueni 
Petlnht-dotetmpoi 
Ctrrl't (lubeifrfele de 
Pilr die) 
Piiee>de-p«iio-irjl 
CinuodiiCinlriu 
Chtico-preto 
feloji-rtil 
Peloii-iqulUet 
PelOJl-dll-Otlveim 
Toutlneiri-iirdi 
Peioii-do-mtto 
Toutinein 6t *0pp<il 
Tootlne|n|»»ilo 
Pipi.moiciir>»Ouerio 
Pipi-mottnde neio-
tolif 
79/409/tÊC WlHHrdt Wild Blrdi 79/409/ICC 
16*1 Pladuli ilWeonti 
let). tltti krueperl 
164. Sttti whttehtidl 
16). Untut eothirto 
166. tinlui minor 
167. Pyrrhoeont 
pyrrhotorii 
161 PringDti cottibi 
ombrieti 
16). PnVtgrtliteyd** 
170. Lotltteotla 
171. Buaneta 
gfthtgfneut 
171 Pyrrhuli murtni 
17$. tmbtrltt 
dntnai 
174. tmbtrlti 
honutini 
17$. Imberlti actti BtpiAot 
Piptmotai 
eollirlno 
Trtpidor d* 
KrQper 
Triptdor eorto 
AlaudOn 
dortlrro|o 
AtaudoA ehleo 
Chovi plqulrrojt 
PtAidAdel 
Hlerro 
PlAtoAdelTelde 
Plquttuerto ' • 
ItCOOtl 
Cimiehueto 
trompettro 
Ctmtdtuetode 
tin Miguel 
BierlbiAO 
dnlreo 
Bierlbino 
honettno 
BialbiAo 
«Aldento | DiAtk 
HvldhiUtt 
AuetAipper 
KrOptr 
ipctme|tt 
Kortlkirttk 
ipctmejte 
Btdrygget 
torAtkidt 
ftotenbryitet 
tor/Atktde 
Atpekrtge 
Bogflnke 
(uAdenn ft» 
Hlerro) 
Bll bogAflke 
Skottk kortAcb 
(Brkendomptp 
Domptp frt 
Aconrni 
Oulgrl vxrtlg 
HertuttA 
Buttvxrllng • 
Deutteh 
HtlibeAd* 
lehAlpper 
KrOpen Xlerber 
KoneAklelber 
Neunioter 
lehwtntUrA* 
wOrger 
Alpenkrlhe 
BuehAnk 
(UAtertrt *OA 
HI*rro) 
tydeftnk 
tehottlteher 
KreuttdhAtb*! 
WOitenglmpel 
Ator*Aglmp*t 
KlelAulttltehe 
Ammer 
OrtottA 
OnuerOrtottn ittnvwd 
Kou<OftVfOxA«;tT|{ 
TovQKOWOHAnvdxoc 
Koootttotoou* 
Jt6VOXO( 
AttOttdjCOC, 
roi&jvoow^oXA; 
KowavmoXtOHOOte 
Xntvotj («*M 
KttVQQlMv) 
rttXotdomvot 
IWOOMOttlC tT){ 
Utamat 
fioifprjrtOQQotAAe/ 
noftovloc ttsv 
XuuovototxVo^o 
BXd*oe, 
XxovpopXdxot Bntltth 
Cotltrtd 
Plyateher 
KrOper*i Muthtteh 
Corttan Muthtteh 
B*d*biek*d 
thrlkt 
Loiter Orey 
thrike 
Chough 
ChtfflAch Otterro 
tubtpedet) 
Ctntrytittnd 
ChefTlAeh 
teottlth Crettbtll 
Trumpeter PlAeh 
Atoftt Bullfinch 
Clnereoui Bunting 
OnottA Bunting 
Crettichmir*! 
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Prinab 
Oobemouehtl 
collier 
tlttetl* d* KrOptr 
tltted* eon* 
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leorcheur 
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Pinion det irbrei 
(toutetpoe* d* 
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Pinion bleu 
Beoerotil 
d'Bcotti 
Bourrtul 
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Bourreulldei 
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Brutnt ortoliA 
Bruint aAdrflltrd tullino 
Btlltdtl colli re 
Pleehlo muriion 
del KrOper 
Pleehlo muntore 
eorto 
Averlt plecoli 
Averlt eenerlni 
Orteehlo eonllino 
Pringuetlo 
(lottotpede dl 
Hlerro) 
PrlnfuellodlTelde 
Croelere icotteje 
Trombettlere 
ClulTolotto deile 
Attorn 
Zlgolo elnereo 
Ortolmo 
Ortolmo |ri|lo Nederlindt 
wnhiUvtleien* 
vtnier 
KrtJperi 
boomklever 
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klever 
Gnu*e kliuvier 
KUIne kltpeViter 
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Ortolnn 
Brulnkeeloriotun Portufuij 
Pipt-mojen-de-eolif 
Trepideln de 
Kropper 
Trepidelfi-eoMt 
Meinco-de-douo. 
ruiro 
Pieinr,o-p<queftO 
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/ft 
ANMEX IV 
MEMO ON «CERTAIN BIOLOGICAL NOTIONS REFERRED TO 
IN THE COUNCIL DIRECTIVE OF 2 APRIL 1979 
ON THE CONSERVATION OF WILD BIROS 
C70/409/EEC - Article 7.4) 
April 1993 
4*r 
A. REPRODUCTION AND REARING PERIODS 
1. Review of biological tenus used 
Article 7.4 of the "Birds" Directive provides that "Member States . . . 
shall see in particular that the species to which hunting laws apply 
are not hunted during the rearing season nor during the various 
stages of reproduction» In The case of migratory species ... the 
species ... are not hunted during their period of reproduction •* 
The breeding (reproduction) season and its chronological development 
(i.e. the succession of its various stages) can be established with 
regard to one specimen, a pair, a group or a species. In view of the 
behavioural differences between groups of spedes and of observation 
problems, crmm & fHwons (1977, p.29) proposed the following 
definition: "the reproductive season is the period during which a 
species lays and incubates eggs and raises its young until they fly 
away"; this definition was used by Bertelsen f SittPnggn (1989) to 
define the breeding season of the species listed in Annex II of 
Directive 79/409. 
To this one should add territorial behaviour on the one hand and, on 
the other, the period of dependence, the final stage of reproduction. 
The notion of territorial behaviour is, at times, hard to define. 
The problem does not occur in relation to migratory species, i.e. 
those species where a majority of individuals show migratory 
behaviour; in their case, the close season starts with return 
migration. 
With regard to sedentary species, except those*which indulge in 
collective displays (Woodcock, Tetraonids) - a particularly sensitive 
period -, those competent authorities which declare that this 
criterion does not apply can set a corresponding criterion based on 
their knowledge of the year-on-year average date on which the first 
egg is laid by that species in that particular region and on its 
biology. 
The notion of dependence concerns only the relationships between 
individuals - be it the dependence of young on adults (as a provider 
of food, of protection against predators and bad weather ...) - and 
not the relationships, of whatever kind, between individuals and 
their surroundings. 
It may, in certain cases, be useful to distinguish between two stages 
in the acquisition of independence. The first stage, which might be 
termed "strict dependence", would cover the period during which the 
death of one (or both) parent(s) leads to a notable (or decisive) 
reduction in chick survival rates. The second period sees a steadily 
diminishing social cohesion between parents and offspring. In such 
cases, the loss of parent(s) does not have a noticeable effect on 
survival of the young. 
2. Diagnostic criteria 
The aim of this section is to propose parameters which can be 
observed in natura to establish breeding and rearing seasons. 
As most of the problems with regard to regulations in this field 
occur when fixing the opening dates for the hunting season, it seems 
wise to establish, as objectively as possible, the end of the 
breeding and rearing seasons. 
For this reason, and in order to minimize disturbance, it is proposed 
that the unfledged young of nidifugous species be observed and their 
age determined. It will the be possible, by use of bibliographical 
data (length of incubation in particular), to calculate the critical 
dates for a «group of birds breeding on a given site. 
This technique can, for example, be used to compile a graph showing 
dates of flight, by species, by region and by year. However, given 
the failures at each stage in the reproductive process, the graphs 
are not nomothetic. 
The opening dates of the hunting season can be fixed for several 
years on the basis of data (especially by use of the ORNIS database), 
or on a yearly basis by using seasonal observations. 
The latter approach can only be used in the case of species for which 
a reliable forecast is possible. Given that one is focusing on the 
end of a phenomenon which takes place over several weeks and in so 
far as a sample of complete breeding seasons is available, it would 
seem that observation of at least 2/3 of a season should be a more 
or less reliable basis for predicting the end of the current 
(breeding) season. 
B. RETURN MIGRATION 
1. Review of biological terms used 
Article 7.4 of the "Birds" Directive provides that "in the case of 
migratory species ... the species ... are not hunted during their 
return to their rearing grounds". 
The return migration- is the annual journey by which migratory birds -
a population, a group or an individual * return from their wintering 
grounds to their breeding areas, be it in one or several stages. 
Birds are to be considered as returning to their nesting grounds 
when, in response to physiological changes at the end of their 
wintering phase, they move towards their breeding grounds. 
Wintering ends with the departure from winter quarters where 
migratory populations have remained more or less permanently since 
the end of their postnuptial migration. Generally speaking, the end 
of the wintering phase is more or less progressive, as it is not 
triggered off simultaneously in all individuals. 
It is important to note that: 
• 
The act of leaving a wintering site does not necessarily imply 
a migration, as the population concerned may be moving to 
another, more favourable wintering ground; 
Sexually mature birds on the return migration are not 
necessarily in a physiological condition to breed. However, as 
the Directive reads "species ... are not hunted" this has to be 
taken to mean a whole population. 
The complexity of movements may be dues, at least in part, to several 
factors: 
meteorological (e.g. frozen or dried-out ponds); 
exhaustion of food sources; 
disturbance-of various kinds, etc. 
It will therefore be difficult to distinguish pre-nuptial migration, 
as described above, from the various movements taking place at the 
end of the winter. The problem is all the greater in cases of 
substantial overlap between wintering and breeding areas, where 
wintering, migrating and newly returned individuals will all be 
present in the same area. 
For certain species, bird counts coupled with observation of sex 
ratio trends could, in the absence of individually marked specimens, 
permit a more reliable interpretation of the changes in numbers 
present. Bird marking is the only way to estimate the renewal rate 
of individuals on a site fKersten & Smit. 1984). 
In addition, for a given species, a joint analysis of numbers leaving 
wintering areas, changes in numbers on transit sites and dates of 
arrival at the breeding grounds should allow relatively reliable 
conclusions to be drawn. 
Observation of migratory flights can only be undertaken for certain 
species and is often partial (night or high altitude flights). 
Other migration study methods have the drawback of not allowing exact 
species identification (radar) or of providing insufficient data ion 
most cases (not enough ringing effort in wintering areas). 
Summing up, observation of fluctuations in numbers present on sites 
throughout the Community, supplemented by analysis of ringing data 
and sex ratios and ascertaining of the arrival dates on the breeding 
grounds should permit a sound assessment to be made as to the 
timetable of return migration. 
AL* 
By contrast to the breeding season, it appears to be difficult to 
determine the dates for the closing of the hunting season on the 
basis of a predictive model, as the only rapidly available data 
available to scientists and legislators would be initial 
observations, which are often the most problematic to interpret. 
C. TOWARDS POSSIBLE STRATEGIES FOR FIXING MAXIMUM LENGTH 
OF THE HUNTING SEASON 
To recapitulate, the hunting season should exclude the various stages 
of reproduction and the rearing season - as defined on page 2 -, as 
well as return migration. 
In view of the individual variability encountered in most species, 
the objective of protection should be linked to the population 
dynamics and conservation level of a given species, instead of 
monitoring individual specimens within these populations. 
Regarding the breeding and rearing seasons whose timing can be 
followed, the small percentage of exceptionally late hatches can 
reasonably be ignored in the statistical monitoring of the 
population as a whole; 
On the other hand, determining the beginning of migration is 
difficult for the species concerned, on account of possible 
confusion with erratic movements often due to climatic or food 
availability factors. 
It is therefore advisable to use an average time unit. Visual 
observations can provide data over ten-day periods (each 
including a week-end; such "decades'* can be the time unit used 
when following the phenomenon. 
Taking into account that (a) migration begins at different times from 
year to year, (b) Spring migration is more protracted for early than 
for late migrants1, (c) the role of exceptionally early migrants to 
a species' conservation status is more important in the case of 
species whose conservation status is unfavourable. 
there is no significant overlap between the hunting season and Spring 
migration if: 
1. for species whose conservation status is favourable and whose 
migration begins before 20 February, the hunting season closes 
within the decade following the decade when migratory passage 
begins; 
2. for species whose conservation status is favourable and whose 
migration begins after 20 February, or for species whose 
conservation status is unfavourable and whose migration begins 
before 20 February, the hunting season closes within the same 
decade as that during which migratory passage begins; 
The 20th February has been chosen to distinguish early from 
late migrants 
A** 
3- for species whose conservation status is unfavourable and whose 
migration begins after 20 February, the hunting season closes 
within the decade preceding that during which migratory passage 
begins. 
At present, on the basis of fields data, only two specific points of 
the migratory phenomenon can be reliably determined: the beginning 
of migration and the period of9maximum migratory activity- This is 
simply because the renewal rate of individuals at a given site is 
unknown. 
As regards the breeding timetable, field counts provide an estimate, 
per time period (e.g. ten days), of the numbers of young passing from 
the dependent to the independent phase. Each brood monitored, even 
if re-sighted, is counted only once in the season. The sum of such 
data over a full breeding season can subsequently be used to 
calculate the percentage of independent young at any given time in 
the season. 
/jéx. 
Corrigendum 
TABLES 5. 6 AND 7 
STATUS OF THE SPECIES IN ANNEX II, PARTS I AND I I 
IN THE MEMBER STATES 
SUMMARY TABLES 
Spain: data from the ORNIS base pre-date those in the table. 
Basis of comparison 
- For the three regions concerned: direct 
- For the 10 Member States: inferred from regional data where possibile 
- For the incomplete Member State (UK-NIRL): idem. 
Table $ (Annex 11,1) 
- Germany 
Alectoris graeca: Replace the A by a P. 
(There are a few of the species in Bavaria). 
- Spain 
Logopus nut us: Replace the A by a P. 
(A sub-species is part of the whole population of the species and 
cannot therefore be designated as 'absent' in the area of that sub­
species) 
- France 
Branta canadensis: Replace the A by a P. 
(The species is established in several places in the north of 
France). 
-United Kingdom 
Columbia llv/a: replace the C by a P. 
(The measures relating to feral pigeons do not appear anywhere else 
in this table; all the data for the other Member States relate to 
genuinely wild populations of this species). 
Jtl 
Table 6 (Annex 11.2) 
- Germany: Add a G to the square. 
(Although they are classified as 'game', none of these species have 
been hunted for years.) 
Anser brachyrhynchus 
Netta ruflna 
Aythya marl la 
Somateria molllsslma 
Clangula hyemalis 
Bucephala clangula 
Mergus serrator 
Mergus merganser 
Bonasa bonasla 
Coturnix coturnix 
Columba oenas 
Streptopella turtur 
- Ireland 
Aythya mar 11 a: Replace the + by a P. 
(There is no hunting season for this species). 
- Netherlands: Add a G to the square. 
(Although classified as 'game*, none of these species have been 
hunted for years.) 
Anser brachyrhynchus 
Netta ruflna 
Somateria molllsslma 
Clangula hyemalis 
Melanitta nigra 
Melanitta fusca 
Bucephala clangula 
Mergus serrator 
Mergus merganser 
Tetrao tertrlx 
- Portugal: Add a G to the triangle and the square. 
(Although classified as 'game', neither of these species has been 
hunted during the 1991/92 or 1992/93 seasons). 
Vanellus vanellus 
Limosa limosa 
Turdus merula: Replace the full stop by a P. 
(There was no hunting season for this species in 1991/92 and 
1992/93). 
A^ 
Table 7 (Species which may be hunted according to the legislation of the 
various Member States, but which are not entered against these countries in 
Annex II,?) 
- Germany 
Ardea dnerea: Add a v to the square. 
(This species is classified as game, but there is no open hunting 
season for it. It can, however, be controlled as a pest subject to 
derogation arrangements). 
- Netherlands: Add a v to the square 
Branta leucopsls 
Corvus corone cornix 
Corvus frugUegus 
Garrulus glandarius 
(The species are classified as game but there is no open hunting 
season for them. They can, however, be controlled as pests under 
derogation arrangements). 
Branta bernlcla: Add a v to the square 
(This species, which is not mentioned in this table, is classified 
as game, but there is no open hunting season for It. It can, 
however, be controlled as a pest subject to derogation 
arrangements). 
- Sturnus unicolor* 
Belglë F: A 
Beigië W: A 
Deutschland: A 
Danmark: A 
France: P 
Espana: + 
Ireland: A 
Luxembourg: A 
Nederland: A 
United Kingdom GB: A 
United Kingdom NIRL: A 
Portugal: C 
Italia: P 
Greece: A 
* As per fax of 29 September 1993 in annex 
13.10.1993 
ORNIS-IRSNB 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(93) 572 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 14 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-93-609-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-61431-5 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
Lr2985 Luxembourg