Commission staff working document - Accompanying document to the Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market [COM(2008) 192 final] /* SEC/2008/0460 final */





[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES | Brussels, 15.4.2008 SEC(2008) 460 COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying document to the Report on Progress in Creating the Internal Gas and Electricity Market [COM(2008) 192 final] COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying document to theReport on Progress in Creating the Internal Gas and Electricity Market BACKGROUND TO THIS REPORT This summary technical report contains important background information relevant to the main 2007 Communication on the implementation of the electricity and gas Directives[1]. The bulk of the information is based on the reports made by national regulators, which were submitted in the second half of 2007. These individual reports have been published and can be found on the website of the European Regulators’ Group for Electricity and Gas (www.ergeg.org). This report consists of comparative tables and graphs which, as in previous benchmarking exercises, draw together key indicators submitted by regulators unless indicated differently. The tables reflect the situation as indicated for each table/graph. The majority of data refers to the position by end of 2006, in those cases where the full opening of the electricity and gas market as of 1 July 2007 has a special indication on the market situation data refers to July 2007 as far as available already. Where no 2006 or very recent 2007 data is available 2005 data has been added, if available, with a view to allow for comparisons on a very general scale. Where no data is currently unavailable, this appears in tables as follows: “NA” (not available) or in the case the data is not applicable for the abbreviation: "NAP" (not applicable). Index Table 1: Market opening 4 Table 2: Annual Switching Rate Electricity 2006 (by volume) 5 Table 3: Annual Switching Rate Gas 2006 (by volume) 7 Table 4: Existence of price controls 2006 9 Table 5: Degree of concentration 2006 11 Table 6: Wholesale Market Position – 2006 12 Table 7: Retail Market position – 2006 14 Table 8: Degree of concentration 16 Table 9: Market Structure in Import and Production of Gas – 2006 17 Table 10: Structure of Gas supply market 2006 19 Table 11: Network Access Electricity 2006 28 Table 12: Day - ahead transmission capacity allocation - June 2007 30 Table 13: Interconnection capacity in relation to installed generation capacity 31 Table 14: Network Access Gas 2006 32 Table 15: Regional Initiatives driven by ERGEG - Gas Regions 34 Table 16: Regional Initiatives driven by ERGEG - Electricity Regions 35 Table 17: Unbundling Electricity 2006 36 Table 18: Unbundling Gas 2006 38 Table 19: Electricity Security of Supply 2006-2007 40 Table 20: Gas Security of Supply 43 Table 21: 2006 Primary Energy Consumption 46 Table 22: Natural gas supplies 2006 48 Table 23: Natural gas Storage - 1 January 2007 53 Figure 1: Natural gas shares by sector 2006 21 Figure 2: EU Electricity Price 2004-2007 (Industrial Users) 22 Figure 3: Electricity prices - industrial users - Euro per kWh - 2007 23 Figure 4: EU Electricity Price 2004-2007 (Household Users) 24 Figure 5: EU Gas Price 2004-2007 (Industrial Users) 25 Figure 6: Gas prices - industrial users - Euro per GJ – 2007 26 Figure 7: EU Gas Price 2004-2007 (Household Users) 27 Figure 8: Share of Natural Gas in Primary Energy Consumption 2006 47 Figure 9: Breakdown of 2006 gas net supplies 50 Figure 10: Net import from non-EU countries 2006 51 Figure 11: Breakdown of 2006 LNG supplies 52 Figure 12: Gas Demand Forecast 2030 - EU 27 54 Figure 13: Gas Import Dependency - EU 27 55 Figure 14: EU 27 Gas Demand Forecast by Sector 56 1. LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION Table 1: Market opening Electricity and gas markets opened before 1 July 2007 | Electricity and gas markets open on 1July 2007 | Derogations | Austria | Bulgaria | On electricity market opening | Belgium | France | Cyprus until 2013 | Czech Republic | Greece | Estonia | Denmark | Hungary | Malta | Finland (electricity only) | Luxembourg | Germany | Northern Ireland | On gas market opening | Italy (gas only) | Poland | Finland | Ireland | Romania | Latvia until 2010 | The Netherlands | Slovenia | Lithuania until 2010 | Portugal | Slovakia | Portugal until 2010 | Spain | Electricity market open on 1 July 2007 | N.B. Cyprus and Malta have no gas market for the time being | Sweden (electricity only) | Italy | United Kingdom | Latvia | Lithuania | Gas market open on 1st of July 2007 | Estonia | Sweden | Source: European Commission 2. CUSTOMER DIMENSION Table 2: Annual Switching Rate Electricity 2006 (by volume) [2] large industrial | medium sized industrial and businesses | small industry and households | Market opening | Austria[3] | 6,4% | 1,6% | 0,9% | 100% | Belgium | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Bulgaria | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Cyprus[4] | 0% | 0% | NA | 30,2% (est.) | Czech Rep. | 4% | 2% | 0,2% | 100% | Denmark[5] | NA | 15,2% | 2,7%[6] | 100% | Estonia | NA | 0% | 0% | 13% | Finland | NA | NA | NA | 100% | France[7] | 0% | 0% | 0% | 69% [*( | Germany | 14,15%[8] | 9,33%[9] | 2,55%[10] | 100% | Greece | NA | NA | 0% | 70% [*( | Hungary | NA | NA | NA | 67% [*( | Ireland | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Italy | NA | NA | NA | 73% [*( | Latvia | NA | NA | NA | NAP | Lithuania | NA | 0% | 0% | NAP | Luxembourg | 10,9% | 0,7% | 0% | 84% | Malta | NA | NA | NA | 0%[11] | Netherlands | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Norway | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Poland | 15,84% | 0,01% | 0% | 80% [*( | Portugal[12] | 5,5% | 55,7% | 4,1% | 100% | Romania | NA | NA | NAP | 83,5% [*( | Slovakia | NA | NA | 0% | 80% [*( | Slovenia | 0% | 1,18% | 1, 46%[13] | 75% [*( | Spain | 9% | 20% | 5% | 100% | Sweden[14] | 9,6% | 9,8% | 100% | UK | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Source: Regulators data Note: countries marked with [*( - market opening as of 1 .7.2007: 100% Table 3: Annual Switching Rate Gas 2006 (by volume)[15] large industry and power plants | Medium sized industry and business | small industry and household | Market opening | Austria | 6% | 2,7% | NA | 100% | Belgium | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Bulgaria | NA | NA | 100% | Cyprus[16] | NAP | NAP | NA | NAP | Czech Rep. | NA | NA | NAP | 69,2%[*( | Denmark | NA | NA | 13% | 100% | Estonia | 0% | 0% | 0% | 95% [*( | Finland | NAP | NAP | NAP | 0% | France | NA | NA | NA | 73% [*( | Germany | 2,82% | 0,41% | 0,01% | 100% | Greece | 0% | 0% | 0% | 70% | Hungary | 86% | 40% | 1% | 100% | Ireland | NA | NA | NA | 86% | Italy | 7% | 4% | NA | 100% | Latvia[17] | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | Lithuania[18] | NA | 0% | 0% | 81% [*( | Luxembourg | 0% | 0% | 0% | 79% [*( | Malta[19] | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | Netherlands | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Norway | NA | NAP | NAP | NAP | Poland | NA | NA | 0% | 71,22% [*( | Portugal[20] | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | Romania | NA | NA | NA | 75% [*( | Slovakia | NA | NA | 0% | 72% [*( | Slovenia | NA | NA | NA | 89,40% [*( | Spain | 25% | 25% | NA | 100% | Sweden | NA | NA | NA | 100% | UK | NA | NA | NA | 100% | Source: Regulators data Note: countries marked with [*( - market opening as of 1 .7.2007: 100% Table 4: Existence of price controls 2006 ELECTRICITY | GAS | Belgium | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Denmark | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Estonia | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Germany | N | Y | Y | N | N | N | Ireland | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Italy | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Latvia | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Lithuania | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Luxembourg | N | N | Y | N | N | N | Slovenia | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Spain | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Sweden | N | N | N | N | N | N | UK | N | N | N | N | N | N | Source: ERGEG 3. ELECTRICITY MARKET INDICIATORS Table 5: Degree of concentration 2006 Electricity (generation) | Very highly concentrated [HHI[21] above 5000] | BE, FR, IE, LV, SK, SL | Highly concentrated [HHI 1800-5000] | ES, IT, LT, NL, HU, LX, PT, ROM | Moderately concentrated [HHI 750-1800] | AT, CY, NO, PL, UK, SW | Source: regulators’ submissions (NA: FI, DK, CZ, GR, ML, EE, DE) Table 6: Wholesale Market Position – 2006 Belgium | NA [2005: 87,08( | 2 | 87.64 | NA [2005: 0( | NA [2005: 0( | Bulgaria | NA | NA | 59.77 | NA | NA | Cyprus | 4,65 | 1 [1( | 100 | NAP | NAP | Czech Rep. | 71,7 | 1 [1( | 69.4 [73,92( | 0,5 | NAP | Denmark | 35,8 | 2 [2( | 66 [76( | 34,4 | 61 | Estonia | 7,98 | 2 [1( | 94[99( | 0 | 0 | Finland | NA [2005: 84,9( | 5 | 57 | NA [2005: 39,2( | NA [2005:41,7( | France | 478,4 | 1 [1( | 86 [93( | 29,6 | 83,1 | Germany | 567 | 5[24] | 68,52 | 88,46 | 386,77 | Greece | 54,6 | 1 [1( | 95.3 | NAP | NAP | Hungary | 40,55 | 6 [6( | 67 [67( | NA | NA | Ireland | 26,6 | 4 [4([25] | 83.16 [72( | NAP | NAP | Italy | 337,8 | 5 | 74.3 | 189 | NAP | Latvia | NA [2005: 6,5( | 1 | 92 | NA [2005: 0( | NA [2005: 0( | Lithuania | 8,9 | 3 [3( | 71.6 | 1,68 | NA | Luxembourg | 6,72 | 2 | 73 | 0 | 0 | Malta | NA | 1 | 100 | NA | NA | Netherlands | 112 | 4 [4( | 60 | 19,2 | 131,1 | Norway | 122,5 | 5 | 43,7 | 66,3 | 399,9 | Poland | 149,8 | 5 | 37.7 | 0,19 | 0 | Portugal | 49,2 | 2 [3( | 67.3 [75( | NAP | 0,46 | Romania | 50,02 | 6 | 74.22 | 4,106 | NAP | Slovakia | 26,6 | 2[1( | 83,75 [85,2( | 0 | 0 | Slovenia | 13,69 | 2 | 90.6 | 0,001 | 0 | Spain | 268 | 4 | 80 | 139,1 | NA | Sweden | 157,6 | 3 | 79 | 110,8 | 235 | UK | 305,4 | 6 [6( | 37,5 [37( 59.9 | NA | NA | Sources: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Table 7: Retail Market position – 2006 Belgium | 3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Bulgaria | 9 | NA | NA | Cyprus | 1 [1( | 0 | 100 | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | Czech Rep. | 3 [3( | 285 [279( | 96 [96( | 98 [98( | 99 [99( | Denmark | 8 [8( | 5 [5( | NA | Estonia | 1 [1( | 3 [3( | 100 [100( | 92 [92 | 92 [92( | Finland | 3 | NA | NA | France | 1 | 17 [17( | 93,7 [93,6( | 98,2 [98,3( | 95,6 [95,5( | Germany | 3 | NA | 48,49[27] | 36,07 | 47,04 | Greece | 1 | 24 | 97,5 | 98,5 | 100 | Hungary | 4 [4( | 11 [12( | 71,05 [65,73([28] | 99,43 [99,65( | 100 [100( | Ireland | 5 | NA | NA | Italy | 3 | 213 | 48,7 | 33,7 | 91,3 | Latvia | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Lithuania | 2[1( | 17 [18( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | Luxembourg | 4 | 2 | 92 | 96 | 97 | Malta | 1 | NA | NA | Netherlands | 5 [4( | 20 [20( | NA | NA | 80 [83( | Norway | 5 | 5[29] | NA | Poland | 6 | 21 | 47,5 | 51,5 | 48,2 | Portugal | 1 | 3 [3( | 100 [100( | 98,6 [98,6( | 98,6 [98,6( | Romania | 9 | 140 | 44 | 41 | 59 | Slovakia | 5[3( | 140 | 14 | 1 | 20 | Slovenia | 6 | 8 | 88 | 80 | 75 | Spain | 4 | 12 | 85 | 84 | 82 | Sweden | 3 | 10 [11( (est. | 43 | 43 | 43 | UK | 7[6( | 16 [17( | 55 [54([30] | 56 [55( | 58- | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available. 4. GAS MARKET INDICIATORS Table 8: Degree of concentration Gas (import and production) | Very highly concentrated [HHI above 5000] | all others | Highly concentrated [HHI 1800-5000] | AT, IE, IT, ES, NL | Moderately concentrated [HHI 750-1800] | UK | Source: Commission Table 9: Market Structure in Import and Production of Gas – 2006 Gross inland consumption (Gm3/y)[31] | Number of companies with over 5% share of production\import capacity | Number of companies with over 5% share of available gas | Share of 3 largest gas shippers in wholesale market (%) | Austria | 8,46 | 3[4( | 4 [4( | 80 [80( | Belgium | NA [2005: 17,1( | 3 [2005: 2( | NA [2005: 2( | NA [2005:100( | Bulgaria | NA | 3 | NA | NA | Cyprus | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | Czech Rep. | 9,27 | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 100 [100( | Denmark | 4,1 | 1 [7( | 3 [3( | 90 [90( | Estonia | 1.0087 | 2 [2( | 2 [2( | 100 [100( | Finland | 4,5 | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 100 [100( | France | 46,77 | 3[2( | 2 [0( | NA | Germany | 105,2 | 7 [2005: 5( | NA [2005: 11( | NA | Greece | 3,12 | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 100 [100( | Hungary | 14,742 | 3 [2( | 4 [4( | 89,9 [92( | Ireland | NA | 6 | NA | NA | Italy | 84,5 | 3 | 3 | 66,5 | Latvia | NA [2005: 1,66( | 1 [2005: 1( | NA [2005: 1( | NA [2005:0( | Lithuania | 3,10 | 4 [2( | 2 | 100 [100( | Luxembourg | 1,407 | 1 | 1 | 100 | Malta | NAP | NAP | NA | NAP | Netherlands | 45 | 4 [4( | 4 [4( | NA | Norway | NA | NA | NA | NA | Poland | 13,9 | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 99,3 | Portugal | 3,86 | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | NAP | Romania | 17,2 | 4 | 4 | 90,6 | Slovakia | 6,2 | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 100 [100( | Slovenia | 1,1 | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 86 | Spain | 33,8 | 5 [6( | 4 [4( | 75,4 | Sweden | 0,9 | 1[32] | 5 | NA [2005:100( | UK | 98 | 6[10( | NA | NA [2005:42( | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Table 10: Structure of Gas supply market 2006 Belgium | 5 [2005:2( | NA [2005:4 ( | NA [2005: 100( | NA [2005: 100( | NA | NA | Bulgaria | 2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cyprus | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | CZ | 7 [7( | 3 [3( | NA | 57,84 | 57,59 | 57,48 | Denmark | 6 [4( | 3 [3( | 100 [100( | NA | 85 [85( | 95 [95( | Estonia | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 97 [93( | Finland | 1 [6( | 0 [0( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | NA | NA | France | 3 [4( | 15 [15( | NA | 86 [84( | 93 [93( | 100 [100( | Germany | 4 | NA [2005:3( | 39 | 45,5 | 23,6 | 27,1 | Greece | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | Hungary | 7 [7( | 0 [0( | 92 [92( | 78 [80( | 7 [77( | 81 [81( | Ireland | 3 [3( | 7 [7( | 99 [99( | 91 [91( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | Italy | 2 | 182 | 89,7 | 71,1 | 47,3 | 47,1 | Latvia | 1 [2005:1( | NA [2005:0( | NA [2005:40( | NA [2005:8( | NA [2005:0( | NA [2005:7,5( | Lithuania | 1 [2( | 2 [2( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | LUX | 4 | 1 | 95 | 100 | 95 | 92 | Malta | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NL | 6 [3( | 20 [20( | NA | NA | NA | 79 [80( | Norway | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Poland | 7 [1( | 71 [75( | 98,18 | 96,44 | 59,39 | 61,83 | Portugal | 4 [0( | 0 [0( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 82 [82( | 82 [82( | Romania | 6 [4( | 11 [11( | 75,42 | 67,57 | 92,99 | 95,28 | Slovakia | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | 100 [100( | Slovenia | 3 | 0 [0( | 1 | 97 | 56 | 66 | Spain | 5 [5( | 19 [21( | 74 [74( | 74 [74( | 74 [74( | 87 [87( | Sweden | 5 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA | UK | 7 [6( | 27 [28( | NA | 52 [54( | 61 [60( | 73 [72( | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Figure 1: Natural gas shares by sector 2006 [pic] Source: Eurogas 5. PRICE DEVELOPMENTS Figure 2: EU Electricity Price 2004-2007 (Industrial Users )[34] [pic] Source: Eurostat - € per kWh Figure 3: Electricity prices - industrial users - Euro per kWh - 2007[35] [pic] Source: Eurostat Figure 4: EU Electricity Price 2004-2007 (Household Users)[36] [pic] Source: Eurostat - € per KWh Figure 5: EU Gas Price 2004-2007 (Industrial Users)[37] [pic] Source: Eurostat - Euro per Gigajoule Figure 6: Gas prices - industrial users - Euro per GJ – 2007[38] [pic] Figure 7: EU Gas Price 2004-2007 (Household Users)[39] [pic] Source: Eurostat - Euro per Gigajoule 6. NETWORK ACCESS Table 11: Network Access Electricity 2006[40] Number of transmission companies | Number of distribution companies | Approx network tariff large users €/MWh[41] | Approx network tariff low voltage commercial €/MWh[42] | Approx network tariff low voltage household €/MWh[43] | Austria | 3 [3( | 130 [130( | 10,1 [12,8( | 48,7 [66,1( | 55,7 [57,6( | Belgium | NA [2005: 1( | NA [2005:26( | NA [2005:11( | NA [2005:64( | NA [2005:51( | Bulgaria | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cyprus | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 35,26 [35,26( | 35,25 [35,25( | 49,84 [49,84( | Czech Rep. | 1 [1( | 3 [3( | 1,52 [1,57( | 5,83 [6,61( | 37,33 [39,96( | Denmark | 1 [1( | 110 [107( | 12,1 [12,1( | 26,8 [26,8( | 44,3 [44,3( | Estonia | 1 [1( | 42 [41( | 13,32 [13,32( | 29 [29( | 39,21 [39,21( | Finland | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:90( | NA [2005:11,7( | NA [2005:28,2( | NA [2005:39( | France | 1 [1( | 148 [147( | 12,6 [12,6( | 40,2 [40,2( | 41,9 [41,9( | Germany | 4 [4( | 876 [877( | 16,5 [15,1( | 63,8 [54,9( | 73 [62,8( | Greece | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 3,38 | 20,35 | NA | Hungary | 1 [1( | 6 [6( | 8,30 [9,03( | 50,03 [57,49( | 33,67 [39,03( | Ireland | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | NA | NA | NA | Italy | 9 | 169 | 13,7 | 48,83 | 79,7 | Latvia | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:9( | NA [2005:2,8( | NA [2005:18( | NA [2005:30( | Lithuania | 1 [1( | 2 [2( | 25,05 | 53,58 | 53,58 | Luxembourg | 2 [2( | 10 [10( | 7,61 [7,68( | 37,97 [28,96( | 74,76 [73,76( | Malta | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Netherlands | 1 [1( | 9 [9( | NA | NA | NA | Norway | 1 [1( | 155 [155( | 12,6 | 28,1 | 71,4 | Poland | 1 [1( | 15 [15( | 19,98 [17,35( | 72,14 [67,86( | 43,45 [42,33( | Portugal | 3 [3( | 13 [13( | 4 [4( | 37,6 | 28,5 [28,5( | Romania | 1 [1( | 25 [27( | 20,89 | 65,38 | 65,38 | Slovakia | 1 [1( | 3 [3( | 38,6 [42( | 41,5 | 38,6 [42( | Slovenia | 1 [1( | 5 [1( | 8,71 | 45,73 | 47,83 | Spain | 1 [1( | 326 [326( | 7,3 | 22,3 | 34,5 | Sweden | 1 [1( | 175 [175( | 10,21 | 37,66 | 44,92 | UK | 1 [1( | 18 [18( | NA | NA | 31,51 [33,26( | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Table 12: Day - ahead transmission capacity allocation - June 2007 [pic] Source: ERGEG Monitoring Report – Compliance with Regulation 1228/2003, July 2007 Table 13: Interconnection capacity (NTC) in relation to installed generation capacity [pic] Source: ERGEG 2007 Table 14: Network Access Gas 2006[44] Number of transmission companies | Number of distribution companies | Approx network tariff large users €/m3[45] | Approx network tariff medium commercial €/m3[46] | Approx network tariff small commercial/ household €/m3[47] | Austria | 7 [7( | 19 [19( | NA [NA( | 0,0998 [0,964( | 0,1482 [0,1437( | Belgium | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:18( | NA [2005:0,022( | NA [2005:0,068( | NA [2005:0,128( | Bulgaria | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cyprus | NAP | NAP | NAP [NAP( | NAP | NAP | Czech Rep. | 1 [1( | 113 [102( | 0,02319 | 0,04752 | 0,0558 | Denmark | 1 [1( | 4 [4( | NA [NA( | 0,13 [0,13( | 0,13 [0,13° | Estonia | 1 [1( | 31 [31( | 0,014 [0,014( | 1,014 [0,014( | 0,049 [0,049( | Finland | 1 [1( | 32 [32( | 0,068 [0,068( | NA | NA | France | 2 [2( | 23 [23( | 0,011 [0,011( | 0,102 [0,102( | 0,153 [0,153( | Germany | 5 [22( | 734 [719( | 0,029 [0,016( | 0,10 [0,091( | 0,132 [0,117( | Greece | 1 [1( | 4 [4( | 0,0475 [0,0429( | NA [0,1496( | NA [0,157( | Hungary | 1 [1( | 11 [11( | 0,034 [0,037( | 0,071 [0,077( | 0,077 [0,084( | Ireland | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | NA | NA | NA | Italy | 2 | 360 | 0,0175 | 0,0833 | 0,1112 | Latvia | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:1,38( | NA [2005:1,90( | NA [2005:1,90( | Lithuania | 1 [1( | 6 [6( | 0,04 [0,04( | 0,06 [0,06( | 0,06 [0,06( | Luxembourg | 1 [1( | 4 [0( | 0,015 [0,014( | 0,061 [0,052( | 0,096 [0,096( | Malta | NA | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | Netherlands | 1 [1( | 11 [11( | NA | NA | 0,057 | Norway | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | Poland | 1 [1( | 6 [7( | 0,0435 [0,0438( | 0,1138 [0,1149( | 0,1130 [0,1142( | Portugal | 1 [1( | 11 [11( | NA | NA [NA( | NA | Romania | 1 [1( | 33 [34( | 0,04364 | 0,05190 | 0,05452 | Slovakia | 1 [1( | 42 [42( | 0,044 [0,048( | 0,059 [0,07( | 0,0817 [0,0959( | Slovenia | 1 [1( | 17 [17( | 0,0203 | NA [NA( | 0,14 | Spain | 8 | 22 | 0,030 | 0,131 | 0,253 | Sweden | 2 [2( | 7 [7( | NAP | NA | NA | UK | 1 [1( | 8 [8( | NA | NA | 0,079 | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Table 15: Regional Initiatives driven by ERGEG - Gas Regions [pic] Source: ERGEG Regions Gas (total 3) 1. South: chaired by Spain; members Spain, Portugal, France 2. South South East: co- chaired by Austria and Italy; members Austria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, (Romania and Bulgaria have been invited to join) 3. North/North West: chaired by the Netherlands; members Netherlands, Belgium, France, Ireland, UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Northern Ireland, Poland (aspirant member). Table 16: Regional Initiatives driven by ERGEG - Electricity Regions Source: ERGEG Regions Electricity (total 7) 1. Baltic: chaired by Latvia, members Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 2. Central East: chaired by Austria; members Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia 3. Central South: chaired by Italy; members Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Slovenia 4. Central West: chaired by Belgium; members Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands 5. Northern: chaired by Denmark; members Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Poland, Sweden 6. Southern: chaired by Spain; members Spain, Portugal, France 7. UK & Ireland: chaired by UK; members France, Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom 7. UNBUNDLING Table 17: Unbundling Electricity 2006 Belgium | NA [2005:1( | 0 [0( | NA [2005:26( | NA [2005:26( | 13 [13( N | Bulgaria | NA | 0 [0( | NA | NA | NA | Cyprus | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 0 [0( (Y) | Czech Republic | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 3 [3( | 3 [3( | 279 [275( (Y) | Denmark | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 107 [107( | 110 [107( | 103 [100( (N) | Estonia | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 42 [42( | 1 [1( | 41 [40( (Y) | Finland | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:90( | NA [2005: 28( | NA | France | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 148 [147( | 0 [4( | 143 [143( (Y) | Germany | 4 [4( | 0 [0( | 876 [877( | NA | 799 [799( (Y) | Greece | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 0 [0( (N) | Hungary | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 6 [6([48] | 0 [0( | 0 [0( (N) | Ireland | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 0 [0( (N) | Italy | 9 | 1 | 169 | NA | 157 (N) | Latvia | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:9( | NA [2005:8( | 8 [8( (Y) | Lithuania | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 2 [2( | 2 (2( | 5 [5( (Y) | LUX | 2 [2( | 0 [0( | 10 [10( | 2 [2( | 9 [9( (Y) | Malta | NA | 0 [0( | NA | NA | NA | NL | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 9 [9( | 9 [9( | 5 [5( (Y) | Norway | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 155 [155( | 50 [50( | 149 [149( (Y) | Poland | 1 [1( | 0 [1( | 15 [15( | 0 [15( | 1 [1( (Y) | Portugal | 3 [3( | 1 [1( | 13 [13( | 11 [11( | 10 [10( (Y) | Romania | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 25 [27( | 0 [7( | 17 [19( (Y) | Slovakia | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 3 [3( | 0 [3( | 140 (N) | Slovenia | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 5 [1( | 0 [1( | 1 [0( (N) | Spain | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 326 [326( | 326 [326( | 320 [320( (Y) | Sweden | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 175 [175( | 175 [175( | 169 [169( (Y) | United Kingdom | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 18 [18( | 18 [18( | 4 [4( (N) | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Table 18: Unbundling Gas 2006 Belgium | NA [2005:1( | 0 [0( | NA [2005:18( | NA [2005:18( | NA [2005:9( (N) | Bulgaria | NA | 0 [0( | NA | NA | NA | Cyprus | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | Czech Republic | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 113 [102( | 0 [8( | 105 [94( (Y) | Denmark | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 4 [4( | 4 [4( | 2 [1( (N) | Estonia | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 31 [31( | 1[1( | 31 [31( (Y) | Finland | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 32 [32( | 1 [1( | 32 [32( (Y) | France | 2 [2( | 0 [0( | 23 [23( | 0 [0( | 20 [20( (Y) | Germany | 5 [22( | 0 [0( | 734 [719( | NA | 708 [694( (Y) | Greece | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 4 [4( | 0 [0( | NA (N) | Hungary | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 11 [11( | 0 [2( | 6 [6( (Y) | Ireland | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 0 [0( (N) | Italy | 2 | 1 | 360 | 234 | 267 (N) | Latvia | NA [2005:1( | 0 [0( | NA [2005:1( | NA [2005:0( | NA [2005:0( (N) | Lithuania | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 6 [6( | 1 [0( | 6 [5( (Y) | LUX | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 4 [0( | 0 (0( | 4 [4( (Y) | Malta | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | NL | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 11 [11( | 11 [11( | 7 [7( (Y) | Norway | NA | NA | NA | NA | NAP | Poland | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 6 [7( | 0 [6( | 0 [1( (N) | Portugal | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 11 [11( | 11 [11( | 7 [7( (Y) | Romania | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 33 [34( | 33 [34( | 31 [32( (Y) | Slovakia | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 42 [42( | 1 [1( | 41 [41( (N) | Slovenia | 1 [1( | 0 [0( | 17 [17( | 0 [0( | 17 [17( (Y) | Spain | 8 | 1 | 22 | 22 | 16 (N) | Sweden | 2 [2( | 1 [1( | 7 [7( | 7 [7( | 7 [7( (Y) | United Kingdom | 1 [1( | 1 [1( | 8 [8( | 5 [5( | 0 [0( (N) | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. 8. SUPPLY – DEMAND BALANCE Table 19: Electricity Security of Supply 2006-2007 MW | Peak demand recorded GW[49] | winter/ summer peak | Maximum net generating capacity GW[50] | Austria | 9,481 [8,733( | W | 19,182 | Belgium | NA [2005:13,73( | W | NA [2005: 15,68( | Bulgaria | NA | W | NA | Cyprus | 0,907 [1,0066( | S | 1,118 [1,129( | Czech R | 11,40 [10,549( | W | 17,5 [17,5( | Denmark | NA [2006: 6,4( | W | 12,5 [12,7( | Estonia | 1550 [1537( | W | 2,059 [2,050( | Finland | NA [2005:13,5( | W | NA | France | 86,3 [86,3( | W | 116 [116( | Germany | 77,8 | W | 139,5 | Greece | 9,961 | S | 11,645 | Hungary | 6,449 | W | 6,625 | Ireland | 5 [5( | W | 5,8 [5,8 | Italy | 55,6 | S | 79,6 | Latvia | NA [2005: 1,272( | W | NA [2005: 2,684( | Lithuania | 2,09 | W | 2,79 | Luxembourg | 1,053 | W | 0,557 | Malta | NA | S | NA | Netherlands | 14,8 | W | 21 [21( | Norway | 21,575 [21,45( | W | 29,267 | Poland | 24,6 | W | 35,7 | Portugal | 8,8 [8,8( | W | 13,6 [13,6( | Romania | 8,151 [8,435( | W | 15,501 | Slovakia | 4423 | W | 8127 [7727( | Slovenia | 2,076 | W | 2,991 | Spain | 42,15 | S | 83,04 | Sweden | 26,3 [26,2( | W | 33,8 | UK | 61,3 [61,3( | W | 78,4 [78,4( | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Table 20: Gas Security of Supply Gross Inland Consumption 2006[51] (Gm3) | Peak 2006[52] (Mm3/d) | Import capacity total 2006 (Gm3/y) | Unreserved capacity (Gm3/y)[53] | Austria | 8,46 | NA | 36,7 | 0 | Belgium | NA [2005: 17,1( | NA [2005:3,1( | NA [2005:120,4( | NA [2005:4,3( | Bulgaria | NA | NA | NA | NA | Cyprus | NAP | NAP | NAP | NAP | Czech R | 9,27 | 67,6 [49,3( | 66 | 11 | Denmark | 4,1 | 21 [20( | 1,5 | 0,3 | Estonia | 1,008 | 6,7 [6,35( | 1,008 | NA | Finland | 4,5 | 19,7 [19,7( | 6,9 | NA | France | 46,77 | 51,7 [46,64( | 70,64 | 10,9 | Germany | 105,2 | NA | 266,87 | NA | Greece | 3,12 | NA | 3,2 | NA | Hungary | 14,742 | 89,1 | 19,7 | 4,57 | Ireland | NA | NA | NA | NA | Italy | 84,5 | 443 | 94,1 | 19,1 | Latvia | NA [2005:1,66( | NA [2005:10000( | NA [2005:2,5( | NA [2005:0( | Lithuania | 3,10 | 21,9 | 11,8 | 5,76 | Luxembourg | 1,407 | NA | 4 | 4 | Malta | NA | NA | NA | NA | Netherlands | 45 | NA | NA | NA | Norway | NA | NA | NA | NA | Poland | 13,9 | 67,5 [54( | 43,2 | 5,23 | Portugal | 3,86 | 16,4 [16,4( | 8,95 | 4,7 | Romania | 17,2 | 71,5 | 5,1 | NA | Slovakia | 6,2 | 42 [30( | 73700 | NA | Slovenia | 1,101 | 4,96 | 2,78 | NA | Spain | 33,8 | 148,3 | 63,6 | 7,632 | Sweden | 0,919 | NA | 1,5 | NA | UK | 98 | 413 [436( | 35 | NA | Source: Regulators data Data in brackets [ ( indicating most recent 2007 data, where available, unless reference to 2005 data is explicitly indicated. Table 21: 2006 Primary Energy Consumption[54] [pic] Source: Eurogas Figure 8: Share of Natural Gas in Primary Energy Consumption 2006 [pic] Source: Eurogas Table 22: Natural gas supplies 2006[55] [pic] Source: Eurogas Conversation factors 1 PJ (GCV) ( 25,6 million m3 gas 1 m3 of natural gas ( 39 mega joules (MJ – GCV) ( 10,8 kWh 1 Mtoe ( 1 million tones of oil equivalent ( 41,86 PJ (NCV) 1000 m3 of natural gas ( 0,9 ton oil equivante (toe – crude oil) 1 BCM ( 1 billion cubic meters 1 cubic meter (m3) ( 35,315 cubic feet (cf) 1 million m3 of LNG ( 593 million m3 of gas Net Caloric value (NCV) ( 0,9 Gross calorific value (GCV) 1 megajoule ( 106 joules (MJ) 1 gigajoule ( 109 joules (GJ) 1 terajoule ( 1012 joules (TJ) 1 petajoule ( 1015 joules (PJ) Figure 9: Breakdown of 2006 gas net supplies[56] [pic] Source: Eurogas Figure 10: Net import from non-EU countries 2006 [pic] Source: Eurogas Figure 11: Breakdown of 2006 LNG supplies[57] [pic] Source: Eurogas Table 23: Natural gas Storage - 1 January 2007 [pic] Source: Eurogas Figure 12: Gas Demand Forecast 2030 - EU 27 [pic] Source: Eurogas Figure 13: Gas Import Dependency - EU 27 [pic] Source: Eurogas Figure 14: EU 27 Gas Demand Forecast by Sector [pic] Source: Eurogas [1] 2003/54/EC and 2003/55/EC [2] Not including rate of customer re-negotiations with their existing supplier. Figures about contract re-negotiations are only available for Germany (2005: 11, 96%; 2006: 11, 86%) and Belgium (2005: 6,4 %) [3] Switching rates from Oct 2006 to Sept 2007. [4] Derogation. No switching procedures are as yet into force because there are no IPPs (the switching procedure/changing supplier is not an option at the moment). [5] No data available specifically for large industry. Statistic on switching focuses on 2 customer segments: hourly metered customers and non-hourly metered customers (“load profile” = “template customers”). [6] Non-hourly metered customers ("load profile" = "template" customers). [7] Data not available by volume: switching rate by number of eligible meter points – large industry: 0,21%; medium sized industry: 0,02%; small industry and households: 0,22%. [8] Consumption of more than 2 GWh/year. [9] Consumption of more than 10 MWh/year to 2 GWh/year. [10] Consumption of 10 MWh/year or less. [11] Derogation. [12] Switching rate calculated as ratio between variation of electricity supplied in the liberalised market to the total annual consumption. [13] 1, 95% total eligible customers at distribution level (households excluded) including medium and small sized industry. [14] Sweden switching rate statistics are divided in two groups: households and non-households costumers. The figures for the categories "industrial" and "medium sized industrial and businesses" together refer to annual switching rate for non-household customers; category "small industry and households" refers to annual switching rate for household customers. [15] Not including rate of customer re-negotiations with their existing supplier. Figures about contract re-negotiations are only available for Germany (2005: 9, 44%; 2006: 7%). [16] No developed gas market. [17] Derogation until 2010. [18] Derogation until 2010. [19] No developed gas market. [20] Derogation until 2010. [21] HHI by capacity – sum of squared shares of individual companies. [22] Annual final demand including losses without pumped storage. [23] Energieallianz and VErbund are perceived as separate entities. [24] Companies' net gerneration capacity in relation to net capacity for "public supply", source: IWEN. [25] Numbers relate to fully dispatched generation; excluding interconnection capacity. [26] Number of independent suppliers that are ownership unbundled of any electricty network buisness in the country. [27] Consumption of more than 10 MWh/y to 2 GWh/y. [28] 50-2000 MWh/y. [29] Household market. [30] Figures referring to non-domestic with a consumption lees than 100 kW; for recent 2007 data: November 2006-February 2007. [31] Gross Inland Consumption = production + imports – exports + Storage variations [32] Importers [33] Fully independent suppliers ownership unbundled of any gas network business in the country. [34] Electricity prices charged to final industrial consumers, which are defined as follows: annual consumption of 2 000 MWh, maximum demand of 500 kW and annual load of 4 000 hours. Prices are given in Euro (without taxes) per kWh corresponding to prices applicable on 1 January each year. [35] Electricity prices charged to final industrial consumers, which are defined as follows: annual consumption of 2 000 MWh, maximum demand of 500 kW and annual load of 4 000 hours. Prices are given in Euro (without taxes) per kWh corresponding to prices applicable on 1 January each year. [36] Electricity prices charged to final domestic consumers, which are defined as follows: annual consumption of 3 500 kWh of which 1 300 kWh is overnight (standard dwelling of 90m²). Prices are given in Euro (without taxes) per kWh corresponding to prices applicable on 1 January each year. [37] Natural gas prices charged to final industrial consumers, which are defined as follows: annual consumption of 41 860 GJ, and load factor of 200 days (1 600 hours). Prices are given in Euro (without taxes) per GJ corresponding to prices applicable on 1 January each year. [38] Natural gas prices charged to final industrial consumers, which are defined as follows: annual consumption of 41 860 GJ, and load factor of 200 days (1 600 hours). Prices are given in Euro (without taxes) per GJ corresponding to prices applicable on 1 January each year. [39] Natural gas prices charged to final domestic consumers, which is defined as follows: annual consumption of 83.7 GJ (equipment: cooking, water heating and central heating). Prices are given in Euro (without taxes) per GJ corresponding to prices applicable on 1st January each year. [40] Network charges including system operation costs, commercial and billing costs related to network, congestion management cost, excluding taxes. [41] Standard customer Ig = annual consumption of 24000 MWh and maximum demand of 4000 kW. [42] Standard customer Ib= annual consumption of 50 MWh and maximum demand of 50 kW. [43] Standard customer Dc = annual consumption of 3500 kWh of which 1300 by night. [44] Network tariff including metering costs excluding levies and taxes. [45] Standard customer I4 = annual consumption of 418,6 TJ. [46] Standard customer I1 = annual consumption of 0,418 TJ. [47] Standard customer D3 = annual consumption of 83,7 GJ. [48] Legally 6 DSOs but 3 ownership groups. [49] The highest simultaneous demand for electricity satisfied during the year. The electricity supply at the time of peak demand may include demand satisfied by imported electricity or alternatively the demand may include exports of electricity. The total peak load on the national grid is not the sum of the peak loads during the year on every power station as they may occur at different times. [50] IEA definition: the national Maximum Generating Capacity is defined as the sum of all individual plants' maximum net capacity available during a period of at least 15 hours per day. The reported figures should relate to the maximum net capacities on 31 December. Net capacity is without auxiliary services. [51] Gross Inland Consumption = Production + Imports - Exports + Storage variations. [52] Maximum quantity of gas consumed in a day during the year. [53] Open to short term transport. Capacity not reserved for transit or domestic long term contracts (> 1 year). [54] Nuclear and hydro electricity are domestically produces. Renewables include biomass, wind, solar and geothermal energy. [55] Changes in stocks: (-) injection, (+) withdrawal. [56] Others including supplies from sources which can not be identified. [57] Others including supplies from sources which can not be identified.