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DOCUMENTS "COM"
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Vol.1978/0076

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(78)226 final.
Brussels .30May1978
MEMORANDUM
on"theimplementation ofanironandsteel
research programme ,withaviewtoobtaining
financial aidunderArticle55(2)(c)of
theECSCTreaty
COMC78)226final.

MEMORANDUM
ontheimplementation ofanironandsteel
research programme,withaviewtoobtaining
financial aidunderArticle 55(2)(c)of
theECSCTreaty
INTRODUCTION
Theresearch proposals onironandsteelcontained inthismemorandum have
beenselected fromatotalof119thatweresubmitted totheCommission of
theEuropean Communities requesting aidunderArticle 55,2(c)oftheECSC
Treaty.Afterdetailed examination bytheServices oftheCommission incolla­
boration withtheIronandSteelTechnical Research Committee,37proposals
havebeenselected asfirstpriority and,alongwith23projects carried
overforbudgetary reasonsfromtheprogramme approved in1977,constitute
thenewresearch intheironandsteelsectorfor1978.
Inexamining theaimsoftheseproposals andassessing theirrelevance to
theneedsofthesteelindustryparticular attention wasgiventoprojects
thatwouldimproveproductivity ,reduceproduction costsandincrease the
quality ofsteelproducts aswellastheirperformance underservice condi­
tions.Withinthesemajorlinesoftechnical development ,increasing emphasis
hasbeendevotedtoshort-to-mediumtermresearchobjectives .
Thetechnical contentoftheproposed programme coversvariousaspectsof
ironandsteelresearch relatedtoproblems inboththeproducer andthe
usersectorsoftheindustry withtheleveloffundingdistributed asfollows
ironores(3,7%);ironmaking (10,2%);steelmaking (5,8%);rollingmills
andmechanical working (14,7%);measurements andanalysis (20,5%)and
properties andserviceperformance ofsteels(32,1%).
Intheproduction orientedresearchsectoroftheprogramme,improving the
economics ofprocesses andreducingenergyconsumption arereoccuring themes
whileenhancedoperational safetyissoughtinworkproposed ontheblast
furnace andoncontinuous casting.
Thecontinuing importance beingattachedtosteelqualityisdemonstrated
bythelargeamountofeffortproposed inthefieldsofrollingmillsand
measurements andanalysis.Anumberofprojectsareconcerned withimpro­
vingtheflatnessofsheetandstripbymodifying orimproving thecontrol
ofvariouselements oftherollingmill(inter-stand tension,differential
rollingspeed,rollbending).Inaddition,thesurfacequalityofsemi­
finishedproducts (bloomsandslbas)isthesubjectofresearchdirected
atthedetection andremovalofsurfaceimperfections .

-2-
Studiesintheproperties andserviceperformance ofsteelsincludemajor
effortontheweldability ofhighstrengthsteelswithparticular attention
beingdevotedtoavoiding thedangerofheataffected zonecracking under
serviceconditions .Theexploitation andutilisation ofstructural steels
isalsotheaimofaCommunity programme onthedevelopment ofmoresatis­
factoryassessment methodsforelasto-plasticfracture toughness testing.
Afteralapseofseveralyears,further ECSCaidisrequested forresearch
intheimportant areaofthemachinabilityofsteelsinconnection withthe
roleofnon-metallic inclusions .
Thebudgetallocation forsteelresearch wasfixedin1978at16million EUA
byDecision No2996/ECSCoftheCommission (OJNoL351/55of31.12.1977 ).
Financial aidfarthe37research steelprojects represents anamountof
9.368.880 EUA.Inaddition,23researchprojects onwhichfavourable opi­
nionsweredelivered bytheECSCConsultative Committee andbytheCouncil
in1977couldnotbefinanced fromthe1977budgetowingtobudgetreductions
introduced inthatsameyear.Financial aidforthese23projects amountsto
6.001.760 EUA.Thusthetotalfinancial aidtobechargedtothebudgetof
16million EUAprovided for,inrespectof1978,amountsto15.370.640 EUA.
Thedifference betweenthesetwoamounts,namely629.360 EUA,willbeusedto
coverancillary expenditure andthecostsofdissemination ofinformation .
O
O

THERESEARCH PROGRAMME
I."IRONORE"Programme
Thevariousexperiments withmechanical cuttinghaveshownthatthisisa
feasible methodforuseintheLorraineironminesprovidedthatthemachines
usedarespecially designed tocopewiththehardness andabrasiveness of
theoreandthethickness oftheseams.Theexperiments havealsoshown
thatthepoweredsupportsystemdeveloped wassuitable fortheroofand
pressure conditions .Aneconomic studyhasshownthattheuseofcuttersand
poweredsupports wouldbeeconomically viablein3.50mseamsifanoutput
of1.600tonnespershiftcouldbeobtained andin2.50mseamswithalower
output.
Theaimoftheresearchprojectistotryouttheequipment invariouspanels
typicalofthewholeoftheLorraine orefield(calcareous andsiliceous ).
Iftheresearch issuccessful ,thelongwallfacemethodwouldhavenumerous
advantages overtheconventional methods :higherorerecovery,miningof
thinseamscurrently considered unworkable ,production ofacleanerandfiner
ore,improvement ofsafety,workingconditions andproductivity .
II."DIRECT REDUCTION ANDPIGIRON"Programme
a)Sinter
Project P546aimstoproduce ahigh-grade sinterwithoutusingthenormal
belding methods.Beddingsystemsforthepremissing ofthevariousorefines
orconcentrates ,together withbasicaddition agentsandpossibly recycled
materials ,takeupalargeamountofspaceand,especially iftheplantis
closetoresidential areas,causeenvironmental problems .Inthisproject
therawmixwillbeblendedinamissing androlling drum.Thebasicity ofthe
sinterwillbemeasured automatically andusedasacontrolled va­
riablefortheblendinginstallation .Thedegreeofbasicity notonlyaffects
blastfurnaceoperation butalsodetermines thedegreeofseparation ofsolid
inthewastegaselectricfiltersandtheproportion ofgaseousfluorine com­
poundsreleased .Thissystemisexpected tohavealowercapitalcostthana
beddingsystemfororefinesandalsotakeuplessspaceandcauseless
pollution.
b)Blastfurnaces
Project P500concerns theoperation oflargeblastfurnaces .Itisknown
thatasmallerproportion offinesintheburden,anincrease inthemechani­
calstrength oftheiron-bearing materials chargedandofthecokeandalarger
averageparticlesizeinallburdenmaterials haveafavourable effecton
blastfurnaceoperation,inparticular byreducingspecific cokeconsumption .
However,thecostsofpreparing theburdenandthecokewillclearlybe
higher.Thepurposeofthisprojectistherefore toattaintheeconomic optimum.
Theprojectwillhelptoincreasethecompetitiveness ofoursteelindustry
andhencetosecurejobs.

-4-
Project P519relatestotheoperation ofblastfurnaces ingeneral.Most
blastfurnaces havesafetydevicesthatcontroltheblastflowpertuyere.
Iftheflowfallsbelowaminimumvalue,theoilfeedisautomatically
switched off.Theseanomalies areforeshadowed byfluctuations inhotblast
volume.Thepurposeoftheprojectistherefore toanalyseandinterpret this
phenomenon withelectronic equipment soastoprovidetheoperator atan
earlystagewithadecision-making aid.Therearetwoaimsinview:conser­
vationofenergyandoperating safety.
III."STEELWORK "Programme
Inthesteelplant sectorthereisoneapplication relating tocastingand
solidification andtworelating toelectric steelmaking .
a)Casting andsolidification
Inproject P520anelectromagnetic delivery systemtometerthecasting
streamwillbeusedforthefirsttimeinanindustrial continuous casting
machine .Thestreamcanberegulated veryprecisely byelectromagnetic
means.Auniformstreamgivesaconstant liquidsteellevel,whichisone
oftheconditions forgoodproductquality.Themainaimsofthisresearch
project are:
toincrease plantsafety,and
topreventreoxidation ofthestreambetweenthevesselandthemould,
b)Electric steelmaking
Project P549isanextension ofthecurrentproject onamathematical
modeltooptimize-the electric steelmaking process (agreement 6210–CA/1/105).
Theapplication foranextension isbeingmadeinordertoallowthemost
recentdevelopments inelectric steelmaking tobeincorporated inthemodel.
Thepurposeofproject P554istoinvestigate thehigh-voltage systemand
havefeedbackeffectsofthearcs.Theseeffectsresultmainlyfromthe
non-linear behaviour ofthearcs.Thepractical difficulty inaprecise
investigation ofthesephenomena liesinthefactthatthevoltages and
wattages ofthethreephaseswhosestarpointisthefurnacecannotbe
measureddirectly butonlyviameasuring loopsinwhicherrorvoltages are
induced.
Theaimoftheprojectistodetermine theprecisecausesofthelinefeed­
backeffects andtheirrelationship withthemodeofoperation ofthearc
furnace.Inaddition thesuperimposed effectsofseveralfurnaces willbe
investigated .
IV."ROLLING WILLSANDPROCESSING "Programme
Whentheeconomicsituation wasatitsbest,therollingmillswerefaced
mainlywithproblems ofproduction andproductivity .Thepresentcrisis
hascausedthemanufacturers ofrolledproducts toturntheirattention to
improving thecompetitiveness oftheirproducts .

-5-
Asaresult,themainaimsofthecurrentresearchprojectsareeconomy
(threeprojects )andimprovement ofquality (fiveprojects).
Oneproject(P591)relatestoenergyconservation byimprovedoperation of
soakingpits.
Twoprojects aimtoreducemaintenance andrepaircostsintherollingmill,
oneofthem(P578)bydiminishing wearoncoldrollingrollsandtheother
(P551)bystudyingrollingmilldrivesandtheirproblems .
Thesurfacefinishofhot-rolled productslargelydependsonreheating
conditions andconsequently thebettercontrolofdecarburizationandscaling
inreheating furnacesistheaimofproject P592.Therearethreeprojects
designedtoimprovetheflatness ofrolledproducts (P552,553and579).
Finally,oneproject(P507)isdevotedtocoilingtemperature controlina
widestripmillasthemetallurgical qualities oftheproductdependonthis
temperature .
V.MEASUREMENT Programme
Undertheprevailingeconomi cconditions itisconstantly necessary toimprove
thequalityofsteelproducts .
Thisisparticularly soinrespectofthesurfacedefectstolerated onlong
flatproducts andwirerod.Qualitycontrolforthispurposeshouldbecarried
outattwodifferent stages.
1)Semi-finished products
Theeconomic advantages oftheinspection ofsemi-finished products areobvious
asitprevents therollingcfdefective billets (seeprojects P514and516
forexample).
Whatismore,ifsurfacedefectsaredetected andmarkedonbilletstheycan
berepairedpriortorolling,givingadefinitequalityimprovement .
2)Finished products
Theinspection offlatproducts andinparticular wirerodduringrolling
intherodmillenablesmillmaladjustements causingdefectstobedetected
sothatrapidactioncanbetakentocorrect them,thuspreventing defective
rolling.Inviewofthehighproduction ratesonmodernmulti-strand wire
millsandthenormalpractice ofdetecting defects oncoldwirebyrandom
sampling,theadvantages ofearlydetection areobvious.
Oftheexisting techniques ,theEddycurrentmethods (seeproject P581)appear
wellsuitedforautomation ofinspection .
Subsurface defectsinrolledproducts areofmajorconcerntosteelcompanies,
asregardsboththeinspection ofmaterials andtheproduction andworking
ofsteel.Although theintroduction ofcontinuous castinghashelpedtobring

-6-
aboutaconsiderable reduction intheproportion ofmajordefectssuchas
blowholesinsteelparts,itisnevertheless truethat,astechnological
requirements areincessantly stepped up,thedetection ofeversmaller
defectshasbecomenecessary .Forthepurpose,useismadechieflyofthe
ultrasonic inspection anddetection method (seeproject P555)whichhas
theadvantage ofbeingsuitable forcontactlessuse,sothatpartscanbe
examined and/orinspected athightemperature andtheirsurfacestatedoes
notinanywayaffectgooddefinition .
Although theproblemofdetecting andlocatingdefectsisonthewayto
beingsolved,thereisanotherextremely important aspect :theremoval
ofthedefects byasuitable process.Forexample,thesteelindustry has
tocarryouttheconditioning ofslabsinordertomeetthequantity and
qualityrequirements forproduction .Atthepresenttime,thisisdone
manually withtheoxy-acety lenetorchbyworkers whoremovevisually detected
defectsunderextremely arduous workingconditions characterized byheat,
dazzleanddustcausedbythelance.Asthisproblemisgrowingworse,it
isproposed tosolveit(seeproject P516)byinvestigating anBddy-current
methodofdetecting defects combined withanautomatic on-lineinstallation
forlocating thedefects andstoringtheircoordinates forautomatic control
ofamultiple-head spotscarfinmachine .
Itisobviousthatsuchasystemcouldhaveanimportant socio-economic
impact.
VI."PROPERTIES ANDSERVICE PERFORMANCE "Programme
Theresearch proposals selected inthisfieldreflect adesiretoreach
practical conclusions ;theirchoicewasbasedonthecriteria ofquality,
productivity anddevelopment .Thisisinlinewiththecurrentneedsofour
steelindustry whichmustaboveallshowitsvitality andefficiency .
Muchworkisbeingdevotedtothedevelopment ofsteelgradesenablingbetter
serviceproperties tobeobtained inweldedstructures orpressure vessels.
Thesubjects proposed alsoshowtheneedtosupportprojects inveryspecific
fieldswherespecialalloysshouldenabletheCommunity toholditsown.
Betterproductivity andnewusescanbeenvisaged forsteeliftheaims
described insomeoftheproposals canbeattained .
Annex 1:Summarytable
Annex2:Theresearch projects

SUKMARY TABLE
Annex1
Project
n°iPro]posedResearchIFinancial Aid 1
TitleoftheResearchbyDurâtion
vearsAmount SUA
(15.12.77 )Amount EUA
(15.12.77 )
IRONMINES
501Longwalladvancing inLorraine (complement )
DIRECT REDUCTION ANDPIGIRON
a)SinterSamifer 11/2583.500 60i
1350.100
546Production ofhigh-quality sinteratasinterplant without
bedding
b)BlastfurnaceHoesch 2 274.000 60;
1164.400
500Characteristics ofthechargeinlargeblastfurnaces " ntalsider
fc.S.M.2
2581.000
409.50060
60348.600
245.700
519 Plowcontrolinblastfurnacetuyeres
STEELWORKS
a)Casting–Sol_idi£i£at_ion _Arbed 21/2322.500 60193.500
520Industrial operating testonanelectromagnetic launderin
acontinuous castingplant
b)Electric st_e_elwork_Arbed 2 192.500 60
I!115.500
ι
!
ι
549 1Mathematical modeltooptimize theelectric steelmaking process B.F.I. 3/4 I55.5OO 6093.300
554Investigation ofthehighvoltagesystemandlinefeedback
effects ofarcfurnacesB.F.I. 3 551.000 60330.600
I
I

-2-Annex1
Project
n°Proposed Research Financial AidI
TitleoftheResearch
I byJxLrafcian
yearsAmount EUA
(15.12.7711oAmount EUAI
(15.12.77 )
ROLLING MILLSANDPROCESSING
507Coilingtemperature controlinwidestripmills C.R.M. 4 812.000 60487.200
551 Optimumdesignofrollingmilldrives B.F.I. ,3 636.500 60381.900
552 Improvement ofloopliftercontrolinhotstripmills B.F.I. 3 357.000 60214.200
553 IFurtherdevelopment andtestingofflatnessandstriptension
jcontrolsystemsincoldrollingV-EEa 4 I.O85.OOO 60651.000
578 Improvement ofthecoldrollingofA1orSikilledsteels IRSID 4 502.50060301.500
5791
IRollbendingofheavyplatemills
1
1irsid
'Forges
lDilling3
3210.500
236.50060
60126.300
141.900
591|Optimummanagement ofsoakingpitbatteries IC.S.M.
(Fiat21/2
21/2251.500
76.50060
60150.900
45.900
592Controlofdecarburization andscalinginindustrial reheating
furnacesforhot-rolling
MEASUREMENT(C.S.M.
(G.K.N.2
2146.000
16.00060
6087.6OO
9.600
514Inspection andrepairofsurfacedefectsofslabsinhotcondition Hoogovens 4 893.000 60535.800
516Automatic recording andmemorizing ofsurfacedefectsincoldslabs
forthedevelopment ofdatapriortoordering anautomatic spot
scarting machinejItalsiderÏC.S.M.3
3616.000
89.50060
60369.600
53.700
523Gaugingproductlengthinlongproductmills Arbed 2 297.500 60178.500
531Condition monitoring ofproduction machinery insteelworks B.S.C. 3 359.500 60 •215.700
555 j
1Ultrasonic examination ofrolledproducts ,particularly
heavyplate–Development ofaprototype machineVDEh 3 512.000 60307.200

-3- Annex1
Project
n°|Proposed Research IIFinancial AidI
TitleoftheResearchbyAiration
yearsAmount BUA
(15.12.77 )%Amount EUA
(15.12.77 )
581Examination forsurfacedefects onbilletsandwirebyEddy-
current sIRSID 3 296.OOO 60177.600
595Acoustic emission defectslocation andgradinginwelded
structures
PROPERTIES ANDSERVICE PERFORMANCE
a)WeldabilityC.S.M. 3 140.000 60
184.000
563Cracksensitivity ,deformation andfracture behaviour ofthe
heataffected zoneofweldments inhigh-strength fine-grained
construction steels
b)FormabilityVDEh 3 775.500 60465.300
505Spotweldingofhigh-strength deep-drawing steelsandproper­
tiesofweldmentsC.R.M. 2 158.000 60 94.800
508Newcontinuous reheating cyclefortmplate C.R.M. 4 753.000 60451.800
538/2!Resistance spotweldability ofsteelsheet Weld.Inst.3 216.000 60129.600
583Suitability forcoldforming
c)Constructional steelsIRSID 3 288.500 60 173.100
586Plasticdeformation intheV+O^range forvariousordinarysteels
d)FractureIRSID 3 296.OOO 60177.600
I
539Elasto-plastic fracture toughness testingandassessment methods
I
IWeld.Inst.11/2448.800 60
1269.280

-4- Annex1
Project
n°I Proposed Researoh Financial Aid 1
TitleoftheResearchbyflirafrim
/•earsIAmount HJA
1(15.12.77 )1"Amount EUA
(15.12.77 )
e)Hight_emj3erature_8 teels
525Cavitation andfracture increepresisting steels
f)MarinetechnologvB.S.C. 3 187.500 60112.500
590Offshorestructures :tubularjointstressanalysis (complement )
g)LightstructuresUKAEA l/2 34.000 100 34.000
490Investigation inthecriteria ofEuropean domestic comfortandthe
technical obstacles toindustrialized building systems (complemenlForsch.
)Bausyst.1 143.000 70100.100
515Possibilities fortheproduction ofsteelwindowsusing
stamping processes
h)AlloyandspécialjsteelsItalsider 2 143.000 6085.800
487Research programme onlossesinelectrical sheets Ist.Gal.Ferr 3 171.500 60102.900
536Effectofsulphurandsulphide shapeonthemechanical
properties ofmachinability ofalloysteelsB*• 3 466.500 60279.900
544Basicproperties ofgrainorientedelectrotechnical steels B«S#C» 3 385.500 60231.300
565Influence ofsulphide shapeanditseffectonthemechanical
properties andmachinability ofspecialconstruction steelsVDEh 3 498.500 60299.IOO
TOTAL 15.568.300 9.368.880

Annex 2
THERESEARCH PROJECTS
I."IRONORE"PROJECTS
P501~Advancing -facemininginLorraine
Thewinning methodmostextensively usedinCommunity ironoreminesisthe
roomandpillarsystem.Theoreisstripped byexplosives ;stratacontrolis
byroofbolting .Thistechnique hasevolvedovertime,anditsevolution has
madeitpossible toachieverecordproductivity rates.Butitiscurrently
levelling out.
Theaimoftheresearch istoimproveproductivity .Itwillutilizeresults
previously obtained whichhaveshownthatmechanical working canreplaceshot-
firingandthatself-advancing supports canreplacerockboltinginironore
mines,provided asystembasedonworkingthefaceisadopted.
Thischangerequires thedesignandconstruction ofequipment specially
adaptedtoironoremines.
Theobjectives oftheresearch are:
(a)todevelop amethodofshortwall workingwithwidecuts,firstforsili­
ceousoresandthenforcalcareous ores.
Thedevelopment workwillinvolve :
-adaptation ofthecontinuous minerforfaceworking
-adaptation ofchockstoshortwall conditions .
(b)toestimatetheeconomicviability ofthemethodandtoimprovesafetyfor
faceworkers .
Allthetestswill,inprinciple,becarriedoutinseamsofthickness varying
between 3and3.50metres.Duringthetestsanumberofinspections and
scientific experiments willbecarriedout,particularly continuous recording
ofrockdeformation .
Theequipment willbedesigned andconstructed onlybyEuropeanfirms.
Theworkdescribed above,covering aperiodofeighteen months,willbecom­
plementary tothatalreadyinprogressundercontract 7230-15/301with
SAMIFER inParis (F).
II."DIRECTREDUCTION ANDPIGIRON"PROJECT
a)Sjnter
P546-Production ofhigh-quality sinteratasinterplantwithoutbedding
Theresearchwillbecarriedoutonanindustrial sinterplantoperating
withtwosinteringbeltsof150and174m2draughtareaandasinteringcapacity

Annex 2
of11000tonnesperday.Eachsinterbeltisequipped withtwocokebunkers
and14oreandadditive bunkersdischarging intothemixingplantbywayof
weighstrucks.
Sampling isfullyautomatic .Fullyautomatic analytical equioment operating
ontheX-rayfluorescence systemisalsotobetriedoutforthefirsttime
forprocesscontrol.Thisequipment candetermine thecontents ofFe,Ca,
Si,Mgandtheconcentrations ofF3^0^,Fe^O^,CaO,SiO^andMgO,from
whichtheCaO/SiO^ratioimportantforcontrolpurposes canalsobeobtained
Atalaterstageintheresearchitisplannedtoinstallsuitable computer
unitstotakeovercontrolofthemixcomposition .
Variations inthetechnological andmetallurgical properties ofthesinter
willthenbedetermined inpractical tests.Thesedatawillbecompared with
figuresobtained fromsinterplantswithbeddingsystems.
Theresearch hasbeenproposed byHoesch-Huttenwerken AG,Dortmund (D).It
willtaketwoyears.
P500-Characteristics ofthechargeinlargeblastfurnaces
Theresearch willbecarried outona14mfurnacefittedwithallthemodern
ancillary equipment .
Inthepreparatory phase,thenecessary sampling andmeasuring systemswill
beinstalled andtested.
Inthefirstexperimental phaseoreandcokesampleswillbetakenfromthe
tuyeresoveratwo-month period.Duringthistimetheinfluence onfurnace
workingofthenaturalscatterintheburdenmaterial willbedetermined .
Inthesecondphasethedegreeofoxydation ofthesinterwillbedelibera­
telyvaried (FeOcontents 5-9%).
Inthethirdphasetheinfluence ofsinterparticle sizewillbedetermined .
Inaddition tothemetallurgical testsonsinterandcoke,relevantblast
furnaceoperating datasuchasgasflow,radialgasdistribution ,etc.will
bedetermined inordertoidentify factorslimitingproductivity .
Theresearch hasbeenproposed byItalsider inTarento (I),inconjunction
withtheCentroSperimentale Metallurgico inRoma(I).Itwilltaketwoyears
P519-Flowcontrol inblastfurnacetuyeres
Theexperiments willbecarriedoutonan8.5manda9mfurnace.

-3-
Annex 2
Inthefirststagethenecessary technical dataforthetwoblastfurnaces
willbecollected overaspecificperiodandadataprocessing modelprepared .
Inthesecondphaseanelectronic controlsystemwillbedeveloped toperform
thefollowing tasks:
1.Measurement ofthepreciseblastflowpertuyere.
2.Monitoring andindication ofpulsation processes ;analysusasregards
frequency andamplitude .
3.Processing ofthesignals;possiblytriggering ofanalarm.
Finally,thecontrolsystemwillbetriedoutinalong-time test.
Theworkhasbeenproposed byArbedinEsch-Belval (L)andisexpectedto
taketwo-and-a-halfyears.
III."STEEL WORKS"PROGRAMME
a'£â.§t_ing_and Solification
P520-Industrial operating testsonanelectronagneticlaunderinacon­
tinuouscastingplant
Theexperiments willbecarriedoutonafour-strand industrial continuous
castingmachine onwhicheitherroundbilletsof120to240mmdiameter or
rectangular billets of90to158mmcanbecast.
Theresearch programme canbedividedintoanelectrical andmetallurgical
part.Theelectrical partconcerns automatic controlofliquidsteellevel.
Themetallurgical research willbeconcentrated onsteelskilledwithalumi­
nium.Particular attention willbepaidtocentresegregation ,surfacedefects
andinclusions .
Therefractory wearinthelaunderwillthenbedetermined inalong-term
test.Inconclusion acostcomparison willbemadewiththeconventional
continuous castingmethod.
Theprojectisproposed byARBEDinLuxembourg (L).Itwilltakeapproxima­
telytwoyears.
b)E_lectric_steelwork
P549~Mathematical modeltooptimize theelectric steelmakinq process
Researchproject 6201-Ca-1/105onthesamesubjectisalmostcompleted .
Inthecourseoftheagreement thefollowing developments havebeenmadein
electric steelmaking :

Annex2
1.Appreciable increase inspecific meltingcapacity .
2.Useofoil-oxygen burnersintheelectric furnacetoincrease melting
capacity .
3.Automatic monitoring offurnacewalltemperature .
4.Useofwater-cooled wallcomponents .
Inordertobringtheresearchresults uptodatewiththenewestdevelopments ,
thefourabove-mentioned pointsaretobeincorporated intheelectric steel­
makingmodeldevised.
Theresearch hasbeenproposed bytheBetriebsforschungsinstitut inDusseldorf
(D)andisexpected totakeninemonths.
P554-Investigation ofthehighvoltage systemandlinefeedbackeffects of
arcfurnaces
Theoretical studies andpraticaltestsonanarcfurnacearenecessary for
thisprogramme :
1.Theeffectsofvoltage andwattagemeasurement errors (causedbyharmonics
andinduction )onimpedance controlaretobeinvestigated .
2.Alternatives toimpedance controlaretobeinvestigated .Thesealternative
methodsofcontrolling thearcsizewillpossibly besuperimposed onimpe­
dancecontrol .
3.Waysofreducing lowfrequency variations inmainsvoltage bythemodeof
operation ofthefurnacearetobeinvestigated .
4.Thewayinwhichthepowersystem voltageharmonics causedbythearcare
dependent onmodeofoperation -especially onthesymetrical orassyme-
tricalsettingofarcsizes,aretobeinvestigated .
5.Thewayinwhichthelowfrequency voltagefluctuations andharmonics of
severalarcfurnaces aresuperimposed aretobeinvestigated .
Theproject hasbeenproposed bytheBetriebsforschungsintitut inDusseldorf ,
(D).Itwilltakethreeyears.
IV."ROLLING MILLSANDPROCESSING "Programme
P507~Coilingtemperature controlinwidestripmills
Whenflatproducts arehotrolled,theintrinsic qualityofthesteeldepends
chiefly onthefinding andcoilingtemperatures .Automatic monitoring and
regulating systems havebeenintroduced soastomaintain thesetemperatures
ascloseaspossible totheiroptimumsetvaluethroughout thecoilbutthey
onlypartlyachievetheirpurposebecauseofthelackofflexibility and
efficiency inexisting coolingsystems.

Annex 2
Theaimofthisprojectistodevelopahighlyefficient coolingsystemto
followthemaincoolingsprays.
Thiswillenablefaultsowingtopoorregulation ofthemaincoolingwaysto
becorrected byincorporating acoolingcontrolalgorithm inthecomputer
controlling themill.
Theprojectisproposed bytheCentredeRecherches Metallurgiques inLiege,
(B),andwilltakefouryears.
P551-Optimumdesignofrollingmilldrives
Likeanymachine,rollingmillshavemovingpartswhichstarttoresonate
atcertainproduction speeds,causingvibration ofafrequency andamplitude
thatoftenadversely affecttheservicelifeoftherollingstandcomponents .
Variousmethodsofovercoming theharmfuleffectsofthisvibration havebeen
studied,butnosystematic studyhasbeenmadeoftheprimarycausesofthe
vibration ,i.e.thedrivesthemselves .
Theprojectaimstofillthisgapbysystematically investigating alarge
numberofmassdistribution configurations inrollingmilldrives.
Theexpectedresultsshouldenablenewrollingmillstobedesigned orexisting
installations corrected soastoeliminate suchvibration .
Theprojectisproposed bytheBetriebsforschungsinstitut inDusseldorf ,(D)
andwilltakethreeyears.
P552-Improvement ofloopliftercontrolinhotstripmills
Inmodernwidestripmills,thestripgenerally movesataround17-22 m/sec
andthespeedmaybeashighas30m/secinthemostrecentinstallations .
Undertheseconditions ,toobtainreliable guiding andconstantstripwidth
thestriptension betweenstandsmustremainconstant inordertooffsetthe
relative speedvariations betweentherollsofsuccessive stands.
Existing loopliftersoftheelectromechanical ,pneumatic orhydraulic type
arenotentirelyefficient ,mainlybecausetherelations betweenthedynamic
position ofthelooplifteranditsconsequences onrollingareinsufficiently
known.
Thepurposeoftheprojectistomakeasystematic studyoflooplifteropera­
tingparameters soastoallowthevarioussystemsinusetobecompared,
withtheiradvantages anddrawbacks .Inaddition,thecriteriatobemetby
awidestripmillinordertoeliminate theneedforloopliftersaretobe
defined .
Theresearchisexpectedtoproducebetterknowledge ofthetensionphenomenon
betweenstandsandconsequently bettercriteria forthedesignofnewinstalla­
tionsandthemodification ofexisting ones.

Annex 2
Theprojectisproposed bytheBetriebsforschungsinstitut inDusseldorf ,(D)
andwilltakethreeyears.
P553-Furtherdevelopment andtestingofstripflatness andstriptension
control systemincoldrolling
Flatness isoneofthemostimportant qualitycriteria forcold-rolled steel
strip,especially thinstrip,tinplate andstainless steel.Inaddition,the
flatness ofthestrip,withaspecified tensionequallydistributed overits
fullwidth,isaveryimportant factorforcorrectcoldrollingwithoutpro­
blems.Muchresearch hasrecently beendoneonthedesignofaflatness measu­
ringdeviceforuseonthemillinservice (ECSCresearch 6210-60/070)but
theconditions foritsusehavenotyeatbeensatisfactorily studied anddefi­
ned.
Theprojectproposes asystematic studyofflatness andtensioncontrol
duringcoldrolling oncoldtensionmills,Senzimir stands,flattening and
skin-pass standsforcoldstrip,tinplate andstainless steel.
Theresearch willincludeindustrial-scale testscarried outonindustrial
plantinservice.
Theprojectisproposed bytheVereinDeutscher Eisenhuttenleute inDusseldorf ,
(D),andwilltakefouryears.
P578-Improvement ofthecoldrollingofAlorSikilledsteels
Atthepresenttime20%ofthesteelproduced inWestern Europeiscontinuous­
lycastandabout85%ofthat20%takestheformofslabs,alargeproportion
ofwhichwillbecoldrolled.Continuously caststeelsareatthemomentall
killedsteels (aluminium ,silicon,etc.)asrimmingsteelscausecasting
problems .Thistechnique ,whichisbeingusedforanever-growing shareof
steelforrolling,andparticularly coldrolling,hasoneextremely serious
drawback .
Killedsteelscontaininclusions ofaluminaorsiliconcarbide,depending on
theaddition used.Whentheseinclusions appearonthestripsurfacetheyhave
anabrasiveeffectontheworkrollsandthis"polishing "effectcausesslip
necessitating replacement oftherolls,sometimes aftertheyhavebeenused
foronlyafewtonnesofsteel.
Theprojectaimstostudythedistribution ofaluminaorsiliconcarbidein
slabsandstrip,together withthephenomenon ofrollabrasion,andtoseek
metallurgical and/ortechnological methodsofmitigating oreliminating
rollingproblems .
Theprojectisproposed bytheInstitut deRecherches delaSiderurgie Fran­
<paiseatStGermain-en-Laye,(F),andwilltakefouryears.
P579-Rollbending ofheavyplatemills
TwoECSCresearchprojects (6210-71/3/031and6210-71/3/032)havealready
beencarriedoutonthecounter-deflection ofmillrollsinheavyplate

Annex2
milis;thefirstwasdevotedtothetheoretical aspectsandtoexperiments
andthesecond,whichisstillinprogress,concernstheindustrial applica­tionofthemethod.
Thetwoprinciples used(WorbandBurb)areefficient enoughforthepresent
purpose,i.e.toimprovethedesignandflatness oftheplate,butareextre­
melycostlytouseandnecessitate extensive modification torollingstands.
Testshaveshownthatabalancing device (similartotheWorbcounterdef lec-
tionsystem)isefficient .Thisdevicecouldbeadaptedfairlysimplyto
mostexistingplatemills.
Thepurposeoftheprojectistostudy,developandtestaworkrollbalancing
systemsimilartoaWorbtypecounterdef lectionsystemandadjustable tomeet
varyingrequirements .
Itisexpectedtoproduceanaveragegainofabout15pointsinyield(3to
28depending ontheplatedimensions ).
Theprojectisproposed bytheInstitut deRecherches delaSiderurgie Fran-
gaiseatStGermain-en-Laye,(F),andtheForgesetAcieries deDilling,(D),
andwilltakethreeyears.
P591-Optimum management ofsoakingpitbatteries
Uptonowsoakingpitshavegenerally beenmanagedmanually withanenormous
wastageofenergy.Twoprojects arenowinprogress ;inanattempttooptimize
thereheating process,butmainlyfromtheangleofthesuitability ofthe
ingotforrolling (6210.79.FandB).
InJapan,moreorlessautomatic systems havealreadystepped uptheoutput
ofasoakingpitbattery andproduced energysavings;butatthecostof
enormous investment .Theaimhereistoremedythissituation bydesigning
andconstructing anautomatic management systemforafewcellesonly.After
thedevelopment stage,iffavgurable results havebeenobtained,thesystem
willbeenlarged andinasecondstagedesigned tomanageallthecells.This
step-by-stepapproach shouldenablethedifficulties tobesolvedmore
efficiently andatlowercost.
Theresearchisexpected toleadtoaconsiderable reduction inenergyconsump­
tionandamorehomogeneous thermalstateoftheingots.
Theprojectisproposed bytheCentroSperimentale Metallurgico inRome,(I),
andFiatTeksidinTorino,(I).Itisexpectedtotaketwo-and-a-halfyears.
P592-Controlofdecarburi zationandscalinginindustrial reheating furnaces
forhotrolling
Atpresentdecarburization andscalingduringthereheating ofsteelproducts
areonlyempirically trackedandcontrolled .Thereisasyeatnomodeldescri­
bingthesephenomena thatcanbeappliedtocomputerized reheating control.
Asaresult,productsareofpoorerqualityandthereisarelatively high
lessofproduction referredtospecific imput.Theaimoftheproposalisto

Annex2
develop anautomatic systemtopredicttheextentofdecarburi zationand
scalinginaproductasitisbeingreheated,asafunction ofalloperating
conditions andvariables suchastime,producttemperature ,furnacetempera­
ture,flamecharacteristics ,furnaceatmosphere ,steelcomposition ,etc.
Thenanautomatic controlsystemwillbedeveloped soastooptimize theabove
factorsinordertoreducedecarburization andscalingtoaminimum.
Theprojectisproposed bytheCentroSperimentale Metallurgico inRoma,(I)
andGuest,KeenandNettlefolds inCardiff,(GB).Itwilltaketwoyears.
V."MEASUREMENTS "Programme
P514~Inspection andrepairofsurfacedefects onhotslabs
Thewell-known advantages ofdirectrollingbetween aslabbing millanda
hotstripmillbecomeevenmoreprofitable asthecostofenergyandlabour
increases .
Themainobstacle tosuchamethodatthepresenttimeistheneedforcon­
tinuousinspection toremedysurfacedefects .
Itistherefore necessary tofindameansofdefining thecoordinates of
defects ontheslabsurface .
Thisisthepurposeoftheproject,whichwillanalyse alighting system
helpingtoimprovethecontrast ofthedefects.Laterascarfing planfor
selective repairofcracksandotherdefectsobserved willbeformulated .
Thisprojectisestimated totakefouryearsandhasbeenproposed by
Hoogovens ofIJmuiden,(NL).
P516-Automatic recording andmemorising ofsurfacedefects incoldslabs
forthedevelopment ofdatapriortheordening anautomatic spotscarfing
machine
Thesteelindustry isfacedwiththeproblemofconditioning slabsinorder
tomeetthequantity andqualityrequirements forproduction pruposes .
Inmostcasesthisisdoneempirically byamanualmethod.Theworkers who
repairthedefectsuseanoxy-acety lenetorchunderveryarduousworking
conditions characterized byheat,dazzleandthedustcausedbythelance.
Theprojectaimstomakethistypeofworkmoreefficient andatthesame
timesocially moreacceptable .Firstofallastudywillbecarriedoutto
observethesedefects andthenamethodwillbeselected andtherepair
operation willbemechanized andautomated .
Majordefectswillbestoredforautomatic controlofamultiple-head spot
scarfing machine.Quitespartfromthesocialconsequences ,thisrational
development willundoubtedly beeconomically viable.

Annex2
Theprojectisplannedtotakethreeyearsandhasbeenproposed byItalsider
ofTarento,(I)andtheCentroSperimentale Metallurgico ofRoma,(I).
P523-Gaugingproduct LengthinLongproductmills
Systemsforcuttingproductstolengthcomprising lengthmeasurement andposi­
tioningthataresuitable forinstallation onexistingmillshavetomeet
thefollowing requirements :
-widerangeoflengthsfortheinitialproduct
-systemindependent ofproduct speed
-systemindependent ofproductposition ontherollertable
-possibility ofmeasuring usefullengthaftercropping
-gaugingfacility .
Preferably thesystemshouldbeablerapidlytocalculate optimumlengths
fromthelengthoftheinitialproduct.
Themethodscurrently available suchasdynamicinfra-red sensors,assemblies
oflocalsensors andlaser-based sensorsareoftenextremely expensive or
donotmeetalltherequirements mentioned above.
Thepurposeofthisprojectistodevelop ameasuring systembasedontele­
visioncameras .
Thesystemusesamicrocomputer forline-by-lineanalysis ofthetelevised
image.
Theprinciple ofimageanalysis bycomputerisknowninmanyfieldsand
previous workhasbeendoneonit.Itappearsfeasible toapplyittolength
measurement .
annedprogramme :
1)Development ofprogramming andlaboratory simulation ;
2)Erection ofapilotinstallation consisting oftwocameraswithinterface
andmicrocomputer onablooming mill;
3)Industrial tests.
Thisresearch,plannedtolasttwoyears,hasbeenproposed byARBEDof
Esch-sur-AIzette,(L).
P531-Condition monitoring ofproduction machinery insteelworks
Thisprojectisalogicalfollow-up toprevious ECSC-funded work(agreement
6210.92/8/801).Thatworkwasconcerned inparticular withthedetection of
incipient failureofbearings,usingvibration analysis andspectroscopic
analysis oftheoil.Theobjectsofthenewprojectaretodevelopandapply

-10-
Annex 2
inthesteelworks situation thetechniques ofvibration analysis ofmachinery ,
particulate analysis offluidsandoilsandothercondition monitoring
techniques inordertodetectincipient plantfailure andsoincrease the
availability ofplantmachinery .
Theplanofworkisasfollows :
1.Theextension ofvibration analysis techniques toslow-rotating larger
machinery ,
2.Theuseofvibration analysis indetecting incipient failureingearboxes,
3.Condition monitoring ofmachinery usingfluid-based techniques' ,
4.Incidence ofcertaincriteria inpreventing failureofjournalbearings :
a)shaftorbits
b)housingaccelerations
c)pressuredistributions insidethecentrebearings
d)housing andoiltemperatures
e)pressure fluctuations inoillines
f)contamination ofoilusingspectrometri cmethods
g)filterandmagnetplugdeposits .
Allthisworkisproposed bytheBritishSteelCorporation ,Battersea Labo­
ratoryinLondon,(GB).Theestimated duration isthreeyears.
P555-Ultrasonic examination ofrolledproducts,particularly heavyplate.
Development ofaprototype machine
Electrodynami cultrasonic transducers havebeendeveloped inrecentyears.
Theprinciple involved,theconversion ofelectric pulsesintoacoustic
pulsesandviceversa,hasonegreatadvantage :thereisnoneedforthefilm
ofliquidformerly required .Thesemethodsaretherefore extremely usefulfor
industrial applications ascontactless ultrasonic scanning canbecarried
outonpartsatelevated temperatures .Whatismore,thesurfacestateno
longeraffectsthequalityofthereadings .
Thisresearchprojectplanstomakemaximumuseoftheseadvantages forin­
dustrial applications bydeveloping thetechnique fortheinspection ofsheet
andstrip,i.e.
Inspection bymeansoftransverse waveswithvertical incidence
Inspection bymeansofsurface waves
andbyoptimizing thetransducers usedforthispurpose .
Theworkwillbesharedonsitebythedepartments ofHoeschHuttenwerke AG
andtheInstitut furZerstorungsf reiePrufverfahren(IZfP).Theprogramme is
asfollows :
-Detection onheavyplate(3-80mmthick)ofdefectsatleast2mm
indiameter ;
-Construction ofapilotplantforinspection ofheavyplateunder
industrial conditions .

Annex2
Thefollowing workwillalsobecarriedoutinparallel :
-Development oftransducers suitableforuseinthemills(plateup
to25mmthick);
-Installation ofprogrammable electronica operating atabout50Hz
forastripwidthof5cmandspeedof2.5m/s;
-Improvement intheinterpretation ofthesignalsobtained ;
-Evaluation ofdefectlengthandwidth;
-Increase inthelightintensity ofzonesclosetothesurface.
Theprojectisproposed bytheVereinDeutscher Eisenhuttenleute inDussel­
dorf,(D),andisestimated totakethreeyears.
P581-Examination ofsurfacedefectslocation onbillets andwirebyEddy-
currents
Theeconomic advantage ofinspecting semi-finished aswellasfinisedproducts
isobviousasitprevents therollingofdefective billets andallowsinspec­
tionofwirerodduringrolling ontherodmillsothatmillmaladjustments
canbedetected andrapidlycorrected .Ofexisting techniques ,theeddycurrent
methodsappearwellsuitedforautomation .Thepurposeofthisresearchproject
istocontinue thedevelopment ofsurfacedefectdetection onwirerodand
alsotoapplythenew"multiprobe andmultifrequency "techniques totheins­
pection andsurfaceexamination ofbillets.
Theaimistodetect,onhotorcoldas-rolled billets,anyseams,scabsor
cracksrequiring repairorwarranting rejection ofthebilletinorderto
preventtherollingofdefective products .
Itshouldleadtorationalization withdefinite economic advantages .
Theprogramme isproposed bytheInstitut deRecherches delaSiderurgie
Frangaise atSaintGermain-en-Laye,(F),andisestimated tolastthree
years.
P595-Acoustic emission defectlocation andgrading inweldedstructures
Acoustic emissionisbecoming avaluable dynamicnon-destructive technique
forevaluating thestructural integrity ofvariousmaterials andpressure
retaining components .
Itappearstechnically certainthatthereisaverywiderangeofapplications
forthisnewmethod.
Theresearchproposalislimitedtothin-walled (notmorethan30mmthick)
weldedstructures ,mainlypipelines .
Theprogramme aimsarechiefly :
Tocompletethehardware andsoftwareofthemiIti-channel system
alreadyavailable inthelaboratory concerned ;
Todesignanindustrial plantpermitting satisfactory detection .

Annex2
Thepreliminary experimental approach willcomprise :
Evaluation oftheamplitude andenergydistributions ofthesignale
performance inthelaboratory ofexperimental testsonanewdesign
oftestpiecesfordestructive testing.
Theprojectisproposed bytheCentroSperimentale Metallurgico inRoma,(I),
andisestimated totakethreeyears.
VI."PROPERTIES ANDSERVICE PERFORMANCE "Programme
a)Weldabi_H£y
P563~Cracksensitivity ,deformation andfracture behaviour oftheheat-
affected zoneofwelments inhigh-strength fine-grained construction steels
Theweldingofverythick-walled pressure vessels,especially forreactor
engineering ,isfrequently asourceofdifficulty becausetheheat-resistant
fine-grained construction steelssuitable forthisapplication haveadefinite
tendency tocracking intheheat-affected zoneundertherelevant conditions
(highinternal stresses withadegreeofmultiaxiality )causedbythelarge
thicknesses ).Theseveretestingcalledforbytheincreasingly stringent
safetyrequirements hasshownthatthesecrackscanoccurevenifthesteels
concerned ,e.g.steels20MnMoNi 55and22NiMoCr37,areperfectly welded
withthegreatest care.
Theaimoftheprojectistoelucidate thecausesandmechanism ofthis
cracking inthick-walled weldments (internal processes and/orgrainboundary
processes ).Thechemical composition ofthesteelsconcerned willthenbe
optimized inrespectofaccompanying elements insuchawayastoretain
amaximumoftoughness evenintheheat-affected zoneofthethick-walled
weldments foundinreactorpressurevessels andtoanincreasing extentin
generalpurposepressure vessel^,evenundereconomic weldingconditions ,and
toavoidtherisk,whichincreases withwallthickness,ofcracking during
welding andstress-free annealing andofthepropagation ofthesecracks
underservicestresses .
Thetestsaretobecarriedoutbothonindustrially produced cracked com­
ponents andonactualweldswithlargewallthicknesses forwhichindustrial
meltsofthesteelsconcerned withvaryingcontents oftraceandaccompanying
elements willbeworkedtothestateofsemi-finished products withaminimum
thickness of100mm.Thiswillenabletheconditions inthick-walled weldments
tobeinvestigated withoutneedtorelyonsimulation .Thecrackedcomponents
andactualweldments willbeusedtoobtaininformation ontoughness and
fracture behaviour andinparticular cracking mechanisms bymeansofallthe
suitabledestructive ,non-destructive ,physical andchemical methods.
b)formability
P505-Spotweldingofhigh-strength deep-drawing steelsandproperties of
weldments
Inthisproject,theaimistodefinethebestmethodofspotweldinghigh-
strength deep-drawing steelssoassimultaneously tomeettherequirements

-13-
Annex2
resulting fromstaticstresses andtoretainthebestpossibleresistance
todynamicstresses .
Thevariousparameters examined willbe:
-thethickness ofthesheetandthegradeofhigh-strength steel(yield
strength 280-400 N/mm2),mainlyofthelow-carbon andmicroalloy
type;
-theoptimum weldingconditions ;
-theperformance ofthespotwelds;
-theinfluence ofthegeometrical layoutofthespotwelds.
Theworkwilltaketwoyearsandisproposed bytheCentredeRecherches
MetaIlurgiques,Liege,(B),itwillbecoordinated withtheworkonpro­
posalP538/2.
P508~Newcontinuous reheating cyclefortin-plate
Thisprojectisdesigned todevelop .anewannealing cyclefortin-plate inclu­
dingquenching inboilingwater;itwillextendupanddownthetemperscale
(ASTMhardness scale)therangeofsteelssuitable forcontinuous annealing .
-Testtoobtaintempers 2(hardness 50-56)and3(hardness 54-60)
bycontinuous annealing (killedtemper 1,hardness 46-52,should
preferably bebellannealed toremainnon-aging ).
-Testtoobtaintempers 4(hardness 58-64)to6(hardness 67-73)
fromsteelslesshardthaniscurrently possible .
-Attempttoobtainnewextra-hard products by'heattreatment .
Thiswork,whichwilltakefouryears,isproposed bytheCentredeRecher-
chesMetallurgiques ,Liege(B).
P538-Resistance spotweldability ofsteelsheet
Thepurposeofthisproposal isto:
1.Estblishrationalstatic (tensileshear,crosstension )anddynamic
(impacttensileshear,impactcrosstension,fatiguetensileshear,
fatiguecrosstension )strengthtestsforresistance spot-welded low-
carbonandHSLAsteelsheets (1-5mmthickness),andtodeveloprealistic
shopfloorteststoallowpropercontroloftheweldqualityinproduction .
2.Evaluatethetestsestablished in1,whenweldingsuitablegradesof
low-carbon andHSLAsteelsheetswithsinglespotweldsandwhenusing
arraysofspotwelds.
Theabovework,whichcanbecompleted overaperiodofthreeyears,is
proposed bytheWeldingInstitute,Abington,Cambridge,(GB),andwillbe
coordinated withtheworkdescribed inproposal P505.

-14-
Annex2
P583~Suitability forcoldforming
Theaimsoftheproposed research are:
-todefineorconfirmtherelations betweenthelawofwork-hardening of
steelsanddirectorindirect extrusion stresses ;
-todefinetheinfluence ofgeometrical parameters (die)andmetallurgical
parameters ontheconditions fortheoccurence ofinternal removalofwork-
hardening indirectextrusion ;
-todefinetheinfluence ofthesameparameters onconditions fortheoccur­
renceofsurfacecracksinindirect extrusion ;
-tostudythebehaviour ofgradesorstructures regarded aslessfavourable
forcoldformingbuthavingotheradvantageous properties (lamellarstruc­
turesformachining .PborSsteelsforsevencutting,etc.);
-tostudycorrelations betweenextrusion performance andtheresultsof
laboratory testsusedtodefinesuitability forcoldforming;
-tostudytheinfluence offormingconditions ontheintensity ofresidual
stresses .
Thiswork,whichwilltakethreeyears,isproposed bytheInstitut deRecher-
chesdelaSiderurgie Frangaise ,StGermain-en-Laye,(F).
^2D5iry£i22D51_steels
P586-Plasticdeformation inthe+'Vrangeforvariousordinary
steels
Rollingschedules havingfairlylowfinaltemperatures developed inrecent
yearscannowbeusedfortheproduction of40%ofEuropean heavyplate.
Thistendency appearstobegradually gaininggroundintheproduction of
sheetoncontinuous stripmillswhereanexcellent compromise isobtained
betweenthecharacteristics ofstrength andductility thatcanstillbe
increased .
Thisresearch projectwillenabletheinfluence ofplasticdeformation inthe
+rangetobestudied fromvariousaspects.
Theresearch willconcentrate onordinary C-Mngrades,semi-killed orkilled
withthepossible addition ofdispersoids (orverylowalloyedgrades).
Severalaspectswillbetakenintoaccount byusingcarefully selected
experimental conditions .
(a)Evolution offlowstresses fortwo-phase structures .
(b)Influence ofworkhardening eitherbeforeorduringj+\trans­
formation ontheprogress ofthistransformation .
(c)Incidence ofthetwo-phase stateonintrinsic forgeability athighdefor­
mationspeedandmeasurement oftherelativeplasticity oftwophases
foranimposedtotaldeformation .

Annex2
(d)Influence ofwork-hardening onrecrysti LLization intheferritic ormixed
phaseandonprecipitation (AIN,carbidesorcarbonitrides ofdispersoids )
intheferritic ormixedphase.
(e)Incidence ofdeformation inthemixedphaseontheproperties ofthe
finalproduct (mechanical properties ,textures,laminations ).
Theresearch wasproposed bytheInstitut deRecherches delaSiderurgie
Frangaise atStGermain-en-Laye,(F),andwilltakethreeyears.
d)Fracture
P539-Elasto-plasticfracture toughness testing andassessment methods
Themethodusedforassessing thetoughness ofmaterials whichfailunder
elasticconditions arenowwidelyaccepted andbasedonthecriticalstress
intensityfactorK^.However,inthefieldofelastic-plastic fracture,i.e.,formaterials which,inthethickness andatthetemperatures ofinte­
rest,displaysignificant plasticity priortofailure,thereisstillno
consensus ofopinion aboutthemostsatisfactory approach .
Itisproposed thatamediumstrength C-Mnsteel(tensilestrength =500N/mm2)
andahigherstengthlow-alloy steel(tensilestrength =600-650N/mm2)
both50mmthick,shouldbeusedintheprogramme .Eachlaboratory will
prepare areportdescribing itsownstudiescarriedoutwithintheprogramme .
Anoverallreviewoftheprogramme resultswillbeprepared bytheWelding
Institute incollaboration withtheotherparticipants .
Theabovementioned work,whichcanbecompleted overaperiodofoneyear
andahalf,isproposed bytheWeldingInstitute,Abington,Cambridge,(GB).
TheWeldingInstitute willbetheprogramme coordinator withthefollowing
collaborating laboratories :
-CentredeRecherches Métallurgiques ,Liège,(B)
-Laboratorium voorWeerstand vanMaterialen ,Ghent,(B)
-Institute forIndustrial Research andStandards ,Dublin,(Ir)
-Institut deRecherches delaSidérurgie Française,StGermain-en-
Laye,(F)
-AtomicEnergyCommission ,Risé,(DK)
-Institut deSoudure,Paris,(F)
-InstitutfürEisenhüttenkunde ,Technical University ,Aachen,(D)
-MaxPlanckInstitutfürEisenforschung ,Düsseldorf ,(D)
-CentroSperimentale Metallurgico ,Roma,(I)
-MetaalInstituut TNO,Apeldoorn,(NL)
-BritishSteelCorporation ,PhysicalMetallurgy Centre,Rotherham,(GB).

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Annex2
High-temperature steels
P525~Cavitation andfracture increep-resisting steels
InarecentECSC-supported study,cavitynucleation andgrowthduringuni­
axialtesting wasinvestigated insomedetailandthenucleation andgrowth
wererelatedtostress,strain,temperature andtime.Itwasalsoshownthat
thesamebasicpehnomena ofcavitynucleation andgrowthwereresponsible for
thepropagation ofpre-existing cracksinCommercial steelstestedunder
creepconditions .Itwouldappear,therefor,thataknowledge oftheeffects
ofgrainsizeandstressstateoncavitation wouldbeofdirectrelevance
to"in-service "cracking ofweldments andthisproposed research isaimed
atproviding basicinformation ontheseaspectsofcreepperformance .
Thestudywillbeconfirmed totwohigh-temperature ferriticsteels :1%Cr
-1/2%Moand21/4%Cr-1%Mo,andtheprogramme ofhightemperature
testing andsubsequent cavitation damagestudieswillbedirected atprovi­
dinginformation on:
-thestressstatedependence ofthenucleation andgrowthofcavities
-thegrainsizedependence ofcavitation processes
-thecriterion offailure .
Theproject hasbeenproposed bytheBritishSteelCorporation ,London,
(GB)overaperiodofthreeyears.
Marine_technoJ.oqy
P590~Offshore structures :tubularjointstressanalysis
Theworkproposed consists inafiniteelementelasticstressanalysis
ofsixtubularconnections .Thetubularjointsstudiedconsistofanunper­
foratedprincipal tubeorchord.Oneortwosmallertubesorbraceshave
suitablyprofiled endfacesandareattached tothechordsothatthecentre
linesofthebraceandchordareat90°.Whereasinglebraceisattached,
thisisreferredtoasT-joint;wheretwobracesareattached,theyareplaced
onopposite sidesofadiameter ofthechordandformacross-joint or
X-joint .
Thisworkwouldbecarriedoutaspartofthecurrentoffshore research pro­
grammeinordertocalculate andprovidetheresultsnecessary tocontinue the
IRSIDprogramme .
Thiswork,whichwilltakesixmonths,willbemanaged bytheUKOffshore
SteelsResearch ProjectManagement ,andthecalculations willbecarriedout
byAtkinsResearch andDevelopment usingthefiniteelementprogramme ASAS
andthepost-andpre-processor programmes developed forUKOSRP.
Theworkdescribed above,covering aperiodof6months,willcomnlernen-
tary,tothatalreadyinprogress undercontract 7210-8/801withtheDepart­
mentofEnergyinLondon,(GB).

Annex 2
g)Lightstructures
P490-Investigation inthecriteria ofEuropean domestic comfort andthe
technical obstacles toindustrialized building systems
Theperiodoftwoyearsallowedforresearch project P370wastooshortto
enablesoundly-based criteria tobeestablished .Severaloftheresearch
topicsincluded intheprojectrequire alongerperiodofresearch than
thetwoyearsthathavealreadyelapsed :
-deflection ofthesteelstructure anditseffects onconstruction
andengineering ;
-mechanical testingoftheslabingcomponents withadjoining structures
-measurement oftheheatrequirement atthe"internal "heatingplant
throughtheconstant conductor ofthedistrict heatingsystem;
-cooperation withthetestresidents asregardsthepsychological and
physiological aspectsoflivingintheECSCexperimental station
andthephysical aspectsofthebuildings ;
-areportontheexperience gainedwillbeprepared incooperation
withtheresidents oftheexperimental station.
Thefollowing researchtopicswillbecoveredindetail :
-evaluation oflivingcomfortandconvenience withtheexisting
buildingmaterials andlayoutbythetenantstakingpartinthe
research ;
-analysisoftheuseofthefreespaceinthedwellings suchas
terraces,centralcourtyards ,balconies,porches,etc.,withparti­
cularreference tothesteelcomponents usedinthem;
-otheradditional investigations thatprovenecessary duringthe
research andareagreeedwiththeCommission .
Thiswork,lastingoneyear,tobeexecuted bytheForschungsgesel Ischaft
furIndustriel leBausysteme mbH,Berlin,(D),willbecomplementary to
thatalreadyinprogressattheBerlinstationundercontract7210-SA/104.
P515-Possibilities fortheproduction ofsteelwindowsusingstamping
Underthisresearchproject,itisplannedtostudyanewtypeofwindow
which,designedtobebothfunctional andaesthetic,canexhibit,canexhibitbothmoreusefulserviceproperties thanthewindowsavailable
todayandbettercorrosionresistance,givingitalongerlife.
Stampingcangivetherolledproductthedesiredshapesanddimensions byexploiting theplasticproperties ofstampingsteelwhich,whensubjectedto
specificworking,loosesitsoriginalconfiguration andtakesonanew
oermanent shape.
Thisresearchisproposed byItalsider,Genova,(I),andwilltaketwoyears.

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Annex 2
A.L.L°y_aD£L.§peci a_l_stee Ls
P487-Research programme onLossesinelectrical sheets
Thetheoretical resultsobtained undertheprevious ECSCcontract require
furtherinvestigation andverification onvariousmaterials .Consequently it
isproposed tocarryoutatheoretical andexperimental investigation to
clarifythemechanisms andtheactualextentofthecontributions tolosses
madebytheprocesses ofcorrolation betweenBarkhausen effects,andconse­
quently betweenirreversible motionsofBlochwalls,according tothefollo­
winggeneral scheme :
1.Theoryoflosses
effectofcorrelations onlosses
effectofnucleation onlosses
2.Measurements onlargeelectrical sheets
3.Contribution tothedevelopment ofelectrical sheetsforuseinelectrical
engineering .
P536~Effectsofsulphur andsulphide shapeonthemechanical properties
andmachinabi Iityofalloysteels
Theaimofthisresearch istoexplorefurtherthepossibility ofminimizing
theadverseeffects ofsulphides onmechanical properties whileenhancing
themachinabi lityofmedium-carbon steels,throughtheaddition ofcalcium
byinjection techniques .Itiswellestablished thatsulphuradditions can
markedly improvethemachinabilityofsteelsbut,ifnotproperly controlled ,
canproduceadversechangesinthetoughness orfatigueproperties ofthe
finished component .
Theresearch willconcentrate onthetwosteels-Cr-Mo(708M40)and
Cr-Ni-Mo(AISI8620)-whichwillbeproduced withtwolevelsofsulphur
contentwithintherange0.05to0.3%aswellasthreelevelsandtworates
ofcalcium additon .
Theevaluation ofthesteelswillcovermachinabi litytesting,theassessment
ofmechanical properties andmetallographi cexamination .
Theprojectwilltakethreeyearsandithasbeenproposed bytheBritish
SteelCorporation ,London,(GB);theresearch willbeco-ordinated withthat
tobeundertaken inproposal P565.
P544-Basicproperties ofgrain-oriented electrotechni caIsteels
Thisproposal represents anextension ofthemorepromising linesofinves­
tigationthathaveemergedfromacurrent ECSCsupported researchproject
ontheproperties ofgrain-oriented electrotechni calsteels;themainaspects
tobestudied inthenextphasecover:

-19-
Annex2
1.Lossanddomains –toincludetheexamination ofthefactorsthatcontrol
domainwallspacingandmotionaswellaspowerlossinmulti-grain domain
systems .
2.Transformer waveformsandrelatedtopics-thiswillcoverwaveforms in
singlestripsandEbsteinSquares,waveforms intransformer coresand
theoretical studiesaimedatpredicting fluxdistributions indifferent
typesorcoreconfiguration andtocomparing themagnitude ofcalculated
andexperimental harmonic levels.
Thisprojecthasbeenproposed bytheBritishSteelCorporation ,London,(GB)
overaperiodofthreeyearsandwillbecoordinated withtheresearch proposed
inP487.
P565-Influence ofsulphide shapeanditseffects onthemechanical properties
andmachinabiIityofspecialconstruction steels
Theaimoftheprojectistoinvestigate theinfluence oftheelements zircon
andcalciumasspecialsulphide-forming agentsonthemechanical properties
andmachinabi lityofaluminium-killed specialconstruction steelswithahigh
sulphurcontent.Specialconstruction steelswithaferritic-pearliticstructure
(Ck45and49MnVS3)andwithaquenched andtempered structure (42CrMo4)
areselected asmaterials forcomponents tobesubjected tointensive machining .
Theresearch willbedividedintothreephases :
1.Optimization oftheaddition ofzirconorcalciumwithsulphurcontents varying
from0.03to0.1%fromtheviewpoint ofcomposition ,quantity,sizeand
hotformability oftheinclusions andthemechanical properties andmachi­
nability ofthematerials .Thisworkwillbecarriedoutonmeltsprodu­
cedonasemi-industrial scale.
2.Usingindustrial melts,determination oftheinfluence onmechanical pro­
perties andmachinabilityofthezirconandsulphurcontents determined
selected onthebasisofthesemi-industrial scaletests.
3.Determination oftheoptimumconditions fortheaddition ofcalciumonan
industrial scaletosteelswithahighsulphurcontentandtestingof
themechanical properties andmachinabilityofsteelsmadeinthisway.
Thiswork,whichwilltakethreeyears,hasbeenproposed bytheVerein
Deutscher Eisenhuttenleute,Dusseldorf ,(D);itwillbecoordinated withthe
workonproposal P536.