ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(77)560
Vol.1977/0183

Disclaimer
Conformément aurèglement(CEE,Euratom)n°354/83duConseildu1erfévrier1983
concernantl'ouvertureaupublicdesarchiveshistoriquesdelaCommunauté économique
européenneetdelaCommunautéeuropéennedel'énergieatomique(JOL43du15.2.1983,
p.1),telquemodifiéparlerèglement(CE,Euratom)n°1700/2003du22septembre2003
(JOL243du27.9.2003,p.1),cedossierestouvertaupublic.Lecaséchéant,lesdocuments
classifiésprésentsdanscedossierontétédéclassifiésconformément àl'article5dudit
règlement.
InaccordancewithCouncilRegulation(EEC,Euratom)No354/83of1February1983
concerningtheopeningtothepublicofthehistoricalarchivesoftheEuropeanEconomic
CommunityandtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(OJL43,15.2.1983,p.1),as
amendedbyRegulation(EC,Euratom)No1700/2003of22September2003(OJL243,
27.9.2003,p.1),thisfileisopentothepublic.Wherenecessary,classifieddocumentsinthis
filehavebeendeclassified inconformitywithArticle5oftheaforementioned regulation.
InÜbereinstimmung mitderVerordnung(EWG,Euratom)Nr.354/83desRatesvom1.
Februar1983überdieFreigabederhistorischen ArchivederEuropäischen
Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft undderEuropäischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI.L43vom15.2.1983,
S.1),geändertdurchdieVerordnung(EG,Euratom)Nr.1700/2003vom22.September2003
(ABI.L243vom27.9.2003,S.1),istdieseDateiderÖffentlichkeitzugänglich.Soweit
erforderlich,wurdendieVerschlusssachen indieserDateiinÜbereinstimmung mitArtikel5
dergenanntenVerordnungfreigegeben.

COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
!
COM(77)560final.
%\?\K..x.Brussels,2december1977
/;
Y1
VV
\
t\i
/■.
:il£
COMMUNITY ACTIONINTHECULTURAL SECTOR
(Communication from"theCommissiontotheCouncil)
ι
COM(77)560final.

CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
I.APPLICATION OFTHE TREATY TOTHE CULTURAL SECTOR 5
A.Freedom oftrade incultural goods 5
B.Combating thefts ofcultural goods 6
C.Freedom ofmovement and establishment for cultural workers 10
4
D.Training periods foryoung cultural workers 11
E.Harmonization oftaxation inthe cultural sector 12
F.Harmonization oflaws oncopyright andrelated rights 15
G.Social aspects 27
II.OTHER ACTION 30
A.Contribution tothepreservation ofthearchitectural heritage .30
B.Contribution tothedevelopment ofcultural exchanges 33
C.Cooperation between cultural institutes intheMember States ... 39
D.Promotion ofsocio-cultural activities atEuropean level AO
ANNEXES
I.
II.Financial aspects
Draft Council Resolution

*
INTRODUCTION
1.PreparationsforCommunityactionintheculturalsectorwerttegun
followingtheEuropeanParliament*sResolutiononthissubjeot,adopted
unanimouslyon13May1974^•
InanotherResolution,dated8March1976andalsoadoptedunanimously *,
theEuropeanParliamentexpresseditsapprovalofapreliminaryworkingpaper
describingthemainlinesofthisaction3.
InadditiontothesupportoftheEuropeanParliament ,theCommission
hasbeenencouragedbycertainstatements madeattheSummitmeetingsof
1969,1972and19731
-AttheHague,theHeadsofStateorGovernmentdeolaredthattheyregarded
Europeasan"exceptionalseatofdevelopment ,cultureandprogress",and
thatitwas"indispensable topreserve"it.
-ThefinalCommuniqueoftheParisSummitcontainsobservations suchas:
"eoonomicexpansionisnotanendinitself","itshouldresultinan
improvementinthequalityoflifeaswellasinlivingstandards",
"particularattentionwillbegiventointangiblevalues".
-TheCommuniqueonEuropeanidentity,whichwasadoptedattheCopenhagen
Summit,showsthatcultureisrecognizedatthehighestpoliticallevelas
beingoneofthefundamental elementsofthisidentity.
TheCommissionhasalsonotedthat,inthereportbythePrimeMinister
ofBelgiumonEuropeanUnion,cultureisreferredtoseveraltimesasameans
ofarousingagreaterfeelingofbelongingandsolidarityamongstEuropeans.
OJNoC62,30May1974.
20JNoC7915April1976.
3SEC(76)217.
ThisworkingpaperwasforwardedtotheCouncilon12October1976forthe
informationoftheWorkingPartyonOeneralAffairs*

Lastly ,aswell asfeeling that something wasexpected ofitbyagreat
many cultural workers and9.g^qtion ofpublic opinion ,theCommission was
motivated bythefactual material gathered byitsdepartments concerning
theeconomic and social difficulties ofthe cultural Bector .
2. Community action inthecultural sector hasbeen prepared cautiously .
Sofar theCommission hasrestricted itself toformulating ideas andunder­
taking experiments which itconsidered essential before going further .
Ideas were mainly developed onthebasis of:
-studies carried out for the Commission onsituations which were still
practically unexplored atCommunity level ;
-thework ofagroup ofexperts whoaregiving theCommission substantial
assistance indetermining guidelines andmeans ofaction .These experts
come from allthecountries oftheCommunity andparticipate inaprivate
capacity .TheCouncil ofEurope isrepresented byanobserver .-
Some experiments were launched in1976 with theaidofatransfer of
20700u.a .andothers alittle later ,thanks toanappropriation of100000u.a .
entered under Article 393ofthe 1977 Budget .
3* This Memorandum will endeavour todescribe thepresent state ofprogress
ofCommunity action inthecultural seotor andindicate further developments
tobeaimed at.
However ,thescope ofthis action –which isdefined bythesignificance of
theexpression "cultural Bector "–must first bediscussed .
Thecultural sector maybedefined asthe sooio –economic whole formed bypersons
andundertakings dedicated totheproduction anddistribution ofcultural goods
and services .

Communityactionintheculturalsectoristhereforenecessarily
centredonsolvingtheeoonopiQandsocialproblemswhiohariseinthis
sectorasinallothers–sometimes,eveninmoreaouteform.Firstly,
itaimstosupportoulturebygraduallycreatingamorepropitiouseconomic
andsocialenvironment .
Justasthe"culturalsector"isnotinitself"culture",Community
actionintheculturalsectordoesnotconstituteaculturalpolicy,
4.AswillbeseenthroughoutthisMemorandum,Communityactioninthe
culturalsectorstrengthenscooperationbetweentheCommunityandthe
international organizations concernedwithculture.
Cooperation withUNESCOmainlyconcernsstudies.Onthebasisof
documentation collectedandmadeavailabletoitbyUNESCO,theCommission
hadastudycarriedoutonthemeansofcombatingtheftandillegaltraffic
inworksofart.Anewideawasintroducedinconnectionwiththestudyon
theculturaldimensionofdevelopment ,whichisbeingpreparedbytwoexperts
chosenbymutualagreement:thecostofthisstudyisbeingshared.
CooperationwiththeCouncilofEurope,whichwasgreatlyintensified
bytheopening,in19715»oftheliaisonOfficeinBrussels,operatesthrough
aregularexchangeofstudiesanddooumentsandbyjointworkatmeetings
organizedbytheCouncilofEurope,whichrepresentatives oftheCommission
areinvitedtoattend.
ParfromduplicatingtheCouncilofEurope'sownprogramme,Community
actionintheculturalsectorprovidesthestartingpointforacombinedadvance.
Inviewofthedifferences betweentheobjectives ,legalresourcesand
workingmethodsoftheCommunityandtheCouncilofEurope,itiseasyto
determinewhateachoanbestachieveandtomakeoptimumuseofthiBdivision
oflabouronbothsides.

-4-
Thus,itisundeniablythetaskoftheCouncilofEuropetocontinueits
high–level,fundamentalresearchoncultureitself(definitions,subjectmatter,
aims,development,etc.)whichenablesittoupdateandadaptbasicconcepts–
culturaldemocracy,socio–culturalleadership ,orintegratedconservation –to
thechangestakingplaceinsooiety.TheseoonceptB,whichithasdeveloped
andpublicized ,toagreatextentinspiretheculturalpolioiesoftheMember
States.
TheCommunity^taskisnowfirstlytomoveontopracticalmeasuresin
well-defined spheressuchas,forexample,thetaxationgystemapplyingto
culturalfoundations orcopyrightlawandsecondlytoobtainthemaximum
possiblepracticalbenefitfromthedecisiveresultsachievedbytheCouncil
ofEuropeasregardsthepreservation ofourarchitectural heritage.

I.APPLICATION OPBIE TREATY "TOTHE CULTURAL SECTOR
5»Most Community action intho oiilttxral Beotor isnothing more than the
application oftheEEOTreaty tothis sector .This involves freedom of
trade ,freedom ofmovement andestablishment ,harmonization oftaxation
systems andlegislation# The le^al basis isthoTreaty itself .
Thevarious Community instruments envisaged bytheCommission will ,asthey
areprepared ,besubmitted totheCoimorl anforma.l proposals .
A. Freedom oftrade incultural /?oods
6.Cultural goods areolassed bytheCommission amongst thetypes ofgoods
forwhich theformalities involved inmovement aoross internal Community
frontiers must besimplified .
Thevarious possible ways ofachieving Buch asimplification areat
present being studied with theassistance oftheCustoms Legislation Committee .
7.Itisstill all toooften apf>arant toEuropeans that administrative
formalities impede thefree movement ofcultural ,goods between thocountries
oftheCommunity .
Thepoint should bereached atwhich formalities become sosimple that thoi;c
concerned caneasily carry outcustoms operations themselves without beinf
forced toresort toaclearing agent .
Thepractice ofexempting creative artists intheplastic arts from formalities
when transporting their ownworks should begenerally applied and legalized .

Similarly ,theBystems ofsureties applied inrespect ofsales of
oultural goods must beimproved sothat thefinancial burden isassmall
aspossible .
B. Combating thefts ofcultural goods
8. Since thefts ofcultural goods have become areal menace inallMember
countries ,theproblem ofpreventing them isaCommunity one ;further ,the
measures called forhave more chance ofproving effective ifimplemented at
Community ,rather than national ,level .
Just astheworld framework istoobroad ,because ofthedifferences
insituations andmethods ,thenational framework istoonarrow insofar as
thefirst thought forthieves and illicit dealers istogettheir loot out
oftheoountry .Theintermediate scale andrelative homogeneity ofthe
Community seem toprovide thebest framework inwhich tocombat thefts of
cultural goods .
9. While itmaybeimpossible toputastop tothefts ofcultural goods
altogether ,they maybecurbed sufficiently toreduce their number and
lessen their seriousness .Toachieve this ,thequestion should beattacked
indirectly rather than directly ,since thefts canmost readily bedetected
through theillicit dealings towhich they give rise ;inother words ,a
campaign against illicit dealings would bemore effective than anyaction
against thethefts themselves .
Thebest procedure istopartly deprive thieves ofcultural goods of
their motivation bymaking theft less rewarding ,that istosay ,bymaking it
more difficult andrisky todispose ofthegoods .This means harmonizing
legislation ,since disparities between onecountry andanother aidandabet
thieves andillicit dealers ,who areskilled inprofiting from them .
What usually happens ?Stolen cultural goods arebought and sold a
number oftimes to"wash "them andgive them respectability .Theparties to

-7-
■JHKFTSOT?nULHIRAL GOODS
Worksofart
Theseriousnessandcontinuedworseningofthisproblemaresowellknown,
notonlytospecialistsinthisfieldhubtothepublicatlarge,thatthere
isnoneedtoillustrateitwithstatisticscoveringthewholeCommunity.
Inanycase,suchstatisticswouldbeincorrectinviewofthefaotthat,
evenwhengoodsofsubstantialvalueareinvolved,theftsarebynomeans
alwaysdeclaredbytheviotim3.
Howeverimpressivetheymaybe,thefiguresbelowareincompletesince
theycoveronlyfourcountriesand,ofcourse,relateonlytothefts
actuallydeclared.
Itisestimatedthat44000worksofarthavebeenstoleninItalysincethe
endoftheSecondWorldWar.
Belgiura(from1970to1973)»morethan300theftsreported.
Luxembourg(since196!?):140theftsreported.
«
Ofcourse,thepolioerecoveracertainnumberofthestolenoulturalgoods
(damagedorotherwise);anexampleiBthoreooveryof119Piciassosstolen
fromthePalaisdesPapeBinAvignonon31January1976.
Thereisevengreateruncertainty horethan,forexample,asregards
paintings.Inthiscase,thievestakepossessionofculturalgoodswhose
chiefcharacteristic isthattheirexistence wasunknownbeforetheir
clandestine removal.Theonlywaytoformanideaofthonumberoftheftsistomakeanextrapolation (necessarilysubjective)basedonthenumberof
archaeological findswhichthepoliceandotherGovernmentagencieshave
succeededinrecoveringfromthievesandillicitdealers.
InItaly#wherethearchaeological heritageisparticularly rich,41592
objectbwererecoveredfrom1970to1974*FranceItaly1.970 1.97.1197219731974
246659275843052010952
12611024271233305190
Archaelogicalfinds
*

-8-
theinitialsales,whicharekeptsecret,areawarethattheyarefraudulent;
theylead-andoften,letusstressthefact,afterthegoodshavecrossed
oneormorefrontiers-toregularsalesconductedopenly.
Recordcardforculturalgoods
10.Sincetheftisalwaysapossibility,itisofgreatvaluetophotograph
culturalgoodsanddrawupanaccuratedescriptionoftheminadvance.Most
failurestorecoversuchgoodsareduetothefactthatthepolicedidnot
possessphotographsor,ifaphotographwasavailable,tothefactthatthe
lapseoftimebetweennotifyingthemofthetheftandprovidingthemwitha
descriptiontosupplementthephotographwastoolong.
TheCommissionintendstoinstructagroupofexpertstodrawupa
Communitymodel,intheshapeofaprintedfonn,forarecordcardwithone
ormorephotographsattached,dependingonthenatureofthegoodsinquestion,
andasupplementary description.
Copiesoftheformwouldbemadeavailabletopersonsresponsiblefor
culturalgoodsortoowners,whowouldthencompleteoneformforeachmajor
itemintheircareorpossession,therebyestablishingarecordcardofthe
goodsinquestion.
Useoftherecordcardsystemwouldofcoursebyvoluntary:therewould
benoobligationtocompleteacard,butthefacilitywouldbeavailable,in
theirowninterests,tothoseresponsibleforculturalgoodsortoowners.
Eachwouldsimplykeepthecaxdinhispossessionunlessatheftoccurred.
Ontheotherhand,assoonasatheftwasdiscovered,thepersonresponsible
forthegoodsoritsownerwouldhandoverthecorresponding recordcardto

-9-
thelooalpolioe.ThelatterwouldBendittothe^customsandtoInterpol
(international CriminalPolioeOrganization )whichwouldinturntransmitit
tothepoliceforcesinothercountriesbothattheycouldalerttheirown
customsauthorities.Detailsoftherecordoardwould "becommunicated ,atthe
sametimeastothepolice(thatistosay,immediatelyafterthethefthad
beendiscovered),tothegreatestpossiblenumberofpersonstowhomthievesand
illicitdealersmighttrytosellthestolengoods;museamcurators,dealers,
collectors,etc.Itwouldalsobepossibletopublishtherecordintheart
pressandinthecaseofparticularlypreciousitems,inthedailypreBsandon
television.
Whilsttakingintoaccounttheprivateowner'sconcernfordiscretion
(due,inparticular,tothefearofprovidinga"finger"forthieves)until
atheftoccurs,theproposedeasternwouldhavetwoadvantages !
–itwouldensurerapidanddetailedpublicityfortheftsofoulturalgoods–
anessentialconditionfortheirreooveiy }
-itwouldenableaninventoryoftheftstobedrawnupwithoutdifficulty,
simplybycollectingtherecordcardsconcerningstolenculturalgoods.
Anorganization (eitheraCommunitybody,oraninstitutionorbureau
setupinoneoftheMemberStates)wouldberesponsibleforkeepingthe
inventoryandformakingthenecessaryarrangements toensurethatallthose
ooncernedcouldconsulttheinventoryiftherewereanydoubtastotheorigin
ofculturalgoodswhichhadbeenofferedforsale.
Ratification ofinternational agreements
11.TheCommission recommendstheratification oftheCouncilofEurope
agreementontheprotectionofthearohaeologioal heritage,BignedinLondon
on6May19^9and"theratification oftheConvention Monmeasurestobe
takentoprohibitandpreventtheimport,exportandtransferofillegally
acquiredproperty"whichwasadoptedon14November1970 "thesixteenth
2sessionofUNESCO'sGeneralConference •
■■■•MMHMWavaMMnM )
TwooftheMemberStatesoftheCommunityhavenotyetratifiedthisAgreement.
ThisAgreementhasnotyetbeenratifiedbyanyoftheMemberStatesofthe
Community.

-10-
Inratifying theUNESCO Convention ,oertain reservations might "beattached ,
notably ,topreclude anylater dispute ofitsnon-retroactive character .
Fakes inthe plaBtic arts sector
12.Theobjective ofincreasing trade inoultural goods ,which flows from
theprinciples oftheTreaty andalso from cultural needs ,implies that this
trade must "bemade assafe aspossible .Itisnot ,-therefore ,suffioient to
combat theft ;steps should also betaken toprevent thefabrication and
distribution offakeB .Inaddition tothedetriment tocreative artists ,
honest dealers andpurchasers ,these crimee affeot thefunctioning ofthe
common market insofar aBthey give rise tomiBtruet onthepart ofthepotential
buyers ofoultural property .
Depending ontheresults ofastudy which isatpresent under way ,
theCommission maymake proposals forharmonizing twogroups oflaws to
improve their effectiveness :
–legislation ontheprevention ofthefabrication anddistribution offakes ;
–legislation governing therecognition ofexperts *qualifications for
the authentication ofworks ofart .
Thecampaign against thefabrication .anddistribution offakes must
bebased ondetermining what isauthentic andwhat isnot ;itseffectiveness
therefore depends toagreat extent onthecompetence andintegrity ofexperts
and ,asaresult ,onraising thetechnical andethical standards oftheir
profession .
C.Freedom ofmovement and establishment for cultural workers
13.Forwage andsalary earners since theadoption ofRegulation (EEC)No
1612/68of15October 1968 ,andforBelf-employed persons following several
judgments handed down bytheCourt ofJustice oftheEuropean Communities ,it
hasbeen established that possession ofthenationality ofthehost country can
nolonger bemade acondition forCommunity workers .

-11-
However ,freedom ofmovement andestablishment have still to "become a
reality ;toachieve this ,workers must beinformed ofopportunities for
employment intheCommunity countries towhich they plan togotopursue their
trade .
Cultural workers areparticularly ill–served inthis reBpect .They can
scarcely rely onprivate agenoies ,impresarios *offices andother "artistic
agencies ",whose activities could notbesaid tobeprimarily guided bysocial
orcultural considerations .
Inasmuch astheofficial employment services will operate aCommunity -
wide system fortheclearing ofvacancies andapplications foremployment ,the
SEDOC *could beused tosupply employers andworkers inthecultural sector
with exact ,regular andobjective information onthemarket with which they are
concerned .
But since thesystem wasconceived forjobs inwhich thequalif ications
necessary aremore technical than personal ,theinclusion ofsome cultural
professions ofwhich itisdiffioult togive aprecise definition raiseB
certain difficulties .
Now that preparations fortheSEDOC toenter into itsoperational
phase aresufficiently advanced ,theCommission isattempting tooveroorae
these difficulties asfaraspossible .
Training periods foryoung cultural workers
14.Those young cultural workers whowish toundertake afairly long period
oftraining inaCommunity country other than their ownwill have the
opportunity todoso-inthesame wayasyoung workers inindustry and
agriculture -under the "second joint programme topromote exchanges ofyoung
workers within theCommunity ",which thaCommission ispreparing onthebasis
ofArticle 5^ "t*10Treaty .
*Eurcnean System fortheinternational clearing ofvacancies andapplications
for

-12
Sinceseveraloftheguidelineswhiohitintendstoadoptforthis
programmedifferfromthoBeofthefirstprogramme,theCommissionhas
oonsidereditnecessarytotestthembycarryingoutanumberofpilotschemes.
Followingtheresultsofthesepilotsohemes,theCommissionwillpropose
totheCounciltheregulationwhichwillenablethesecondprogrammeofexchanges
tobelaunched *
OneofthepilotBohemeswillinvolveyoungculturalworkers.
EaHarmonization oftaxationintheculturalsector
a*Removalof_tax_barriere to^thejievelopment^of
culturalfoundationsandpatronage
15.Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat,withoutadequatefinanoialsupport,
variousculturalaotivitieswouldexperienceadeterioration inquality,or
eventhetotaldisappearance ofanyquality.Consequently ,sincegovernments
andlocalauthorities oannotbeexpectedtoinoreasetheirsubsidiesabovea
certainlevel,thefutureofculturedependstoalargeextentonfoundations
andpatronage.
Itshouldbestressed,firstly,thatthepossibilities whichfoundations
andpatronshaveforaotionarecloselylinkedtothetaxationsystemapplied
tothemand,secondly,thatanyIOBSofrevenueresultingfromtaxconcessions
tofoundations andpatronswouldscarcelybecomparabletotheexpenditure
whichwouldhavetobebornebytheStateiffoundations andpatronsdidnot
providethepublicserviceinquestion.
16.TheCommissionhassentaMemorandumtotheStandingCommitteeofHeads
ofNationalRevenueDepartments ontheelimination oftaxbarrierstothe
developmentofculturalfoundations andpatronage.

-13-
Amongst theproblems raised intheMemorandum arethedisparities between
thenational taxation systems applicable tofoundations andpatronage ,the
discrepancies inthetaxconcessions granted tothem inthevarious countries
andthenational compartmentalization which taxation often imposes ontheir
activities .
Itsuggests ,inparticular ,that thenine fiscal territories should be
merged toform asingle fiscal territory within which thetaxconcessions
granted tocultural foundations would becalculated without regard tothe
country oforigin ofincome andthecountry ofdestination ofexpenditure .
b.^ifora VAT chargers
17.Theeffect ofVATonculture isnotaneutral one .?ymaking cultural
goods dearer itrestricts thecirculation which they could enjoy .
Thesituation isparticularly worrying inthecase ofcontemporary works .
Their very creation maybethreatened bymarketing difficulties .
Inthis connection themyth oftheautomatic andcontinued increase in
thevalue ofcontemporary works should notbeallowed tobespread .Insofar
asitleads tothepenalization ofthese works byaharsh taxation system ,it
constitutes aserious deterrent tocreation .
Ofcourse ,examples ofBpeotacular operations maybecited ;butthis
doeB notmean that contemporary works arethechosen hunting ground of
speculators orthought ofasasound long-term investment .Thewayinwhich
they fluctuate according tothewhims offashion exposes buyers totherisk of
asudden drop invalue .Striking examples areprovided bynumerous painters
whowere highly regarded around theendofthe19th orbeginning ofthe20th
century ?their pictures ,which cost enormous Bums atthetime ,areunsaleable
today .

-14-
18.IfculturalgoodsaretobemadesubjecttoVAT,itseffectshouldat
leastbekeptwithinreasonablelimits.Thiswouldnotbethecaseifthe
entiresellingprioeweretobeusedasthebaseofassessment *TheCommission
thereforeintendstoproposetotheCounciladirectiveunderwhichthebaseof
assessmentfororiginalworkBofart,antiquesandcollectors'pieceswould
simplybethedealer'sprofitmargin,andthedealerwouldbeabletoopt
eitherfortherealmargin(onprovisionofdocumentaryevidence)orafixed
marginof30?bofthesellingprice.
c.TaxationofculturalworkerB
19*Althoughitwouldcertainlynotbedesirableforculturalworkersto
becomeprivilegedtaxpayers,itisabsolutelyessentialthattheyBhouldcease
tobediscriminated against.Withthisinmind,theharmonization oftaxation
onculturalworkerswillmakeitpossibletointroduceprovisionswhichtake
intoacoountthesituationspeculiartothem.
Sufficeittogiveoneexample.
Themajorityofculturalprofessionsaremarkedbytheirregularity with
whichthosewhopursuethemreceivetheincomearisingfromthisaotivity.Thus
aworkmaybringremunerationforitscreatorafteralongperiodofpreparation
duringwhichhehaBbeenreducedtolivingofftheinoomefromhispreviouswork.
*
Similarly,asaresultofprogressive incometax,anactorpayshightaxes
duringayearinwhiohhehashadthegoodfortunetoworkalot,butwhich
fallsbetweenyearsinwhich,throughnofaultofhisown,heisvirtually
unemployed.
ThesysteminforoeinoertaincountriesoftheCommunity ,whereby
culturalworkersareallowedtospreadtaxableearningsarisinginone
exceptionalyearoverseveralyears,shouldbegenerallyapplied.

-15-
P. Harmonization oflaws oncopyright andrelated rights
20.TheCommission has instructed itsdepartments toundertake aseries
ofconsultations with representatives ofrights management societies and
thetwosides oftheindustries concerned ,both cultural workers (writers ,
composers ,creative artists intheplastic arts ,craftsmen ,photographers ,
directors ,choreographers ,performers ,audio-visual technicians ,etc.)and
intermediaries :publishers ,librarians ,artdealers ,auctioneers ,producers
ofshows ,films ,records andvideo-tapes ,those incharge ofradio and
television networks ,etc .
These consultations will make itpossible todetermine theguidelines to
bereviewed concerning :
a.problems common tocopyright andcertain related rights ;
b.problems concerning copyright proper ;
c.resale rights ofcreative artists intheplastic arts ;
d.theright ofprotection for the creations ofcraft worker3 .
Since thefindings ofaspecial study inprogress arenotyetavailable ,
rights governing theartistic property ofphotographers will not bedealt
with for the moment .
Other problems will also have tobedealt with subsequently ;forexample ,
those relating tocultural workers employed byradio and television
networks ,"independent "collaborators (short-term contracts )ofthese
organizations ,mergers between manufacturers ofaudio material (records
andtapes )andmusic publishers ,andthecampaign against pirate editions
ofdisc and tape recordings andillicit impressions ofpublications .

-16-
a.Problemg^common to_copjrright andcertainrelated ,rights
21.Inconsideringthecomplexsphereofcopyrightandrelatedrighta
oneshouldnotloseBightoftheeconomicandsocialpositionofcultural
workersandtheprinciplethatanyprofessional activityshouldprocurethe
meanstolivereasonablyforthosewhopursueit*
Non-discnmination aorcgardsnationality
22.Theharmonization ofthelawsoncopyrightandrelatedrightsBhould
leadtoasituation,pursuanttotheTreaty,inwhichculturalworkersfrom
Communitycountriesarenolongersubjecttoanydiscrimination asregards
theserightsonthebasisofnationality.
Thus,allrightsmanagementsocietieswillhavetoguaranteeoultural
workersfromotherCommunitycountriesthesametreatmentasthoseoftheir
owncountry.
Distribution
23.Theproductfromroyaltiesandrelatedrightsoouldbedistributed on
anindividualbasisbytherightsmanagementsocietieswhereverthiadid
notcauseexcessiveadministrative difficulties ;royaltieswouldbepaid
directlytotheculturalworkerwhohadearnedthem.
Therearealsosocietieswhichallocatepartoftheindividualroy&ltieBcollectedto
aeocialfundorculturalfoundation.Thispraotioogivesgoodresults,
particularly inthefinancingofsupplementary retirementschemes.
ThepartialBelf-finanoingofthepromotionofdissemination ,which
directlyconcernseveryculturalprofession(oulturalfoundation)would,to
someextent,makeupfortheinadequacyofthesubsidiesgrantedbythepublic
authorities-subsidieswhiohshouldobviouslybecontinuedandevenincreased
asfaraspossible–andhelptoguaranteetheindependence ofculture*

-17-
Several societies could gettogether toform acommon Booial fund and
oultural foundation .
The consequences oftechnical progress
24, Theboom inaudio andvisual reproduction equipment confronts performers
with asituation identical tothat facing authors asaresult ofthemassive
photocopier "boom .In "both cases foutlets shrink without thesubsequent loss
being compensated byremuneration .Nor isthelatter anylonger inproportion
totheusemade oftheoriginal work .Lastly ,there isnoremuneration atall
when aprogramme isdistributed bycable ;itthen crosses national frontiers
toreach anaudience other than that ofthetelevision network whioh produced it.
While thegreater Bpread ofoulture and ,more generally ,communication between
peoples ,maybeapplauded ,anewproblem israised bytheexistence ofanew
audience forwhich theoriginal produoer hasnotremunerated authors ,publishers
orperformers .
Duplicators (photocopiers ,microcopiers )arenowextensively used in
libraries ,schools ,universities ,research institutes ,documentation centres ,
etc.,and itisonly amatter oftime before individuals also buyanduse
copiers ascommonly astape recorders .This poses thedifficult problem of
establishing abalance between theinterests ofusers andtheneed forauthors
andpublishers toobtain areasonable return fortheir work .Whilst itiB
true that what isintheinterests ofusers often also aids the spread of
oulture ,onecannot discount therisk ,particularly with regard tobooks and
high-quality magazines ,ofareduction inthenumbers printed ,which would in
turn lead toafall inpublishers *revenue and ,asaresult ,inauthors *
remuneration .Ifalarge number ofauthors andpublishers were unable to
continue ,then thecopier would ultimately bethevictim ofitsownprodigious
success -itwould suffer theconsequences ofhaving killed off the
publications which provided itsoriginals .Similarly ,theaudio-visual sector
will oontinue toprosper only ifthere areenough skilled performers .For

V.
-18-
this ,"secondary utilization "must receive fair remuneration .
Thetraditional expression "secondary utilization "is,inany case ,less and
less inkeeping with reality .Performers have foralong time teen working
for anaudience sitting athome rather than thepublic which comes tothem –
and theproportion isnowoverwhelmingly tothedetriment ofthe live show or
performance ,which canbere–used virtually adinfinitum indifferent places
and atdifferent times .
Asregards thereproduction ofthewritten word ,sounds andimages ,asum
ought tobeincluded intheselling price ofequipment (photocopiers ,tape-
recorders ,video recorders )andthematerial they use (photocopy papers ,tapes )
toguarantee theremuneration which authors ,publishers ,andperfprmers are
entitled toexpect (andmust notbedenied );itcould bebased onapercentage
oftheretail price .Forexample ,when purchasing equipment ormaterials ,
users could pay afixed feewhich would cover subsequent utilization coming
under theheading ofcopyright (including publishers *rights )andperformers'
rights .Forlarge –scale reproduction equipment (libraries ,universities ,etc.)
aperiodic fee could becharged ontopofthat paid atthetime ofpurchase or
rental .
Asregards cable television (and ,inthenear future ,satellite
retransmission ),notenough isknown about alltheproblems involved for
adefiniitive solution tobeproposed atthis moment .Onepossible solution
would ,however ,beforthose responsible tobeobliged tosignoontraots
with thetelevision networks requiring thelatter topayauthorB ,publishers
andperformers .

-19-
b.Problems ofcojDy^i £tit_
Durât ion ofcopyright
25.Copyright lasts forseventy years after thedeath ofanauthor inthe
Federal Republic ofGermany andfifty years intheeight other countries of
theCommunity ;extensions ofvarying length were introduced inBelgium ,Pranoe
andItaly ,tocompensate forthereduced opportunities forcommercializing
works during thewar#
Ihedifferent durations ofcopyright have negative effeots onthefree
movement ofliterary ,musical andartistic works *Whereas awork maybe
exploited freely inacountry inwhich itnolonger benefits from protection ,
this isnotthecase inanother oountry inwhich itisBtill protected .
Theharmonization oflaws should „aimatbringing theduration ofcopyright
into line .
There arethree possible solutions :
–theperiod offifty years inforce inDenmark ,Ireland ,Luxembourg ,Netherlands
and theUnited Kingdom ;
–theperiod ofseventy years inforce intheFederal Republic ofGermany ;
–aperiod ofseventy years broken down into aninitial period offifty years ,
during which copyright would remain anindividual right ,andasecond ,
twenty-year period during which itwould fall within thepublio domain subject
topayment .
Thepublic domain subject topayment exists inItaly and ,inaslightly
different form ,inFrance :after acertain period theroyalties onanauthor 's
works nolonger gotohisheirs ,but toallliving authors .

20-
Publiclendingrigftt
26.ThepubliclendingrightsysteminuseinDenmarkandtheFederal
RepublicofGermany(and,inarelatedform,intheNetherlands)shouldbe
appliedthroughouttheCommunity.
Thegeneralapplicationofthissystemwouldprovidethetwo-foldadvantage
ofprocuringadditionalresourcesforauthorsandpublishersinallthecountries
oftheCommunityandproviding(fromthepartoftheproductnotdistributed
individually )acontribution towardsthesocialfluidsandculturalfoundations
intheliterarysector(point23).
Forpraoticalreasonspubliolendingrightsshouldbechargedatafixed,
rate.
Playwrights andcomposers
27.Subsidiesdopermitaccesstotheatresforagegroupsandsocio-professional
categories whowouldotherwisebeexcludedbyhighpricesandenableworks
tobeperformedincaseswherethiswouldbeimpossiblewithoutfinancial
aidfromnational,regionalorlocalauthorities.Butthefinancialcontribution
made"bythepublicauthoritiesdoesnoteffectivelybenefitauthorsbyproviding
aquantifiable increaseinremuneration :itmayevenbetotheirdisadvantage#
Thefactthatatheatreissubsidized meansthatitcanchargerelatively low
prices,onwhichroyaltiesarecalculated ;thisinturnmeansthatauthors'
remuneration isinadequate.
Asolutionmightbesoughteitherinsimplyregardingsubsidiesaspartof
normaloperatingreceiptswhen'calculatingroyaltiesor,atleast,in
grantingauthorsalevyonsubsidies(whosescopewouldhavetobefixed).
Authorswouldthenreceiveapercentageofallsubsidiesallocated.

-21-
Thediscussionhasbeenconfinedtotheatricalanddramatioauthorssolely
forthesakeofsimplicity.Clearly,theproblemsfacedbycomposersarethe
sameandshouldbesolvedinthesameway.
Literarytranslators
.28.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtotheimprovent-essentiallyviaaction
inthefieldofauthors*rights–oftheirstatusandmaterialsituation,both
ofwhicharetotallyunsatisfactory .
Theremuneration ofliterarytranslatorsisgenerallyverylowandinnoway
matcheseitherthetalentandeffortwhichtheirworkdemandsoritsimportance
forculturalexchangesbetweenthevariouslinguisticgroupsintheCommunity.^
c.Re£ale_right_s of__creativeartist£_in_the_plastic_arts sector
29.AdirectiveshouldbeintroducedonthebasisofArticle100oftheTreaty
toensuretheharmonization ofthelawsonresalerightsinforceinseveral
Communitycountriesandthegeneralapplicationoftheserightsthroughout
theCommunity. _
TheTreatyprovidesfortheharmonization oflawswhendisparities
betweenlegalprovisionsdistorttheconditionsofcompetition;inline
withthisconcept,harmonization shouldcoverthetypesoftransactions
subjecttotaxation,thethresholdbeyondwhichresalerightswouldbecome
applicable,theratepayableandthemeansofcollection.
V
-'TopreventtransactionswhichshouldnormallytakeplaceintheCommunity
frombeingattractedtosomenon–membercountrywhereresalerights

(
| J7E3ALKHIGIiTS
fiecaler-i,-rli^ejconecuvi.creativeart.ir.lf?inthenl.n.iiticartafollowingthe
origin?.!codeoftheirworks,wheret:,jsellingprico©xceedBacertainlovel.
Theyconsistofpaymentstotheartistorhiaheirsofapercentageeither
ofthepriceobtained .onsuccessivesalesoftheworkoronthecapital
/rainfromonesaletothenext.
Inthiswaytheartistobtainsafinancialsharein.thesuccessobtained
byhiswor!;sthroughouthiscareer,andnotjustwhentheyfirstappear.
I^orcreativeartistsintheplasticartsthetimelimitapplyingtoresale
rightsisofgreatimportance,sinceitisveryrarefortheir ^talenttobe !
appreciatedimmediately sthisgenerallydemandsaconsiderable lapseoftime.
Intheabsenceofresalerightsanyappreciation invaluebringsnoreturn
tothecreatororhisheirs;howevergreattheprofitsoneachresale
(apicture,forexample,isoftenre-soldseveraltimes),theygoexclusively
tothesuccessive owneroanddealers.
\
AlthoughtheninecountriesoftheCommunityareallsignatoriesofthe
"BerneConvention ontheProtectionofLiteraryandArtisticWorks",of
9December1886,intowhichresalerightswereintroducedbytherevisionof
26June1943(Article14(b),(l),suchrightsonlyexistde.jureordefacto
insixofthesecountries:Belgium,Denmark,Prance,Italy,Luxembourgand
theFederalRepublicofGermany.
Sincemajorsales(highvalue)tend+obeheldincountrieswherecostsare
lower,thosecountrieswherenoresalerightoapplybenefitfromadistortion
ofcompetitionwithinthemeaningoftheEECTreaty.
Thesameistruefortransactions whicharenotsubjecttoresalerights.
Amongstcountriesinwhichresalerightsareapplied,distortions ofcompetition
arisefromdifferencesintheratespayable.
Thelatteraregenerallyprogressive.Dependingonthesaleprice,thelowest
rateinforceintheCommunityis1$(orworkswhososalepriceislow)and
thehighest.6fotinthecaseofworkssoldformorethanBfrs50000.
*
iRenalerightsarealwayspaidbythevendor,exceptinBelgium,wherethe
purchaserpays.
InBelgium,wnereresalerightsapplyonly"tosalebyauction,
anofficialoftheMinistryofEducationandCulture,the"Percepteur
dudroioaasuite"(collectorofresalerights)receivesthesuv.sleviedandpays
them,freeofcharge,eithertoartictaortheirheirsortoanartists*
associationdesignatedbyoneortheother.Elsewhere,resaleri^ht3are
Jiaywentforservicesrendered-byartists'associations . I

-23-
arenotapplicable,aCommunitymeasureshouldbeadoptedunderwhich
resalerightswouldbeleviedonthedeclaredcustomsvaluewhenart
workscrossaCommunityfrontier.
30'.Thegeneralapplicationofresalerightswouldnotonlyeliminate
thesociallyunacceptable inequalitybetweenartistsinthevarious
countriesoftheCommunitybutalsoasituationwhich,insofarasit
distortscompetition ,iainadmissibleasregardsthefunctioningofthe
commonmarket.
However,itshouldnotbeforgottenthattheIntergovernmental Conference
onCulturalPoliciesinEuropeorganisedbyUNESCOinHelsinkifrom
19to28June1972reoommendedthatMembercountriesshould"reoognizethe
copyrightoftheartistsconcernedonallpublicsaleBoftheirworks'*
(Recommendation No12–1,8).
d.Protection^of thepropertyofcreativecraftsmen
31. ThroughouttheCommunity(exoept,perhaps,theFederal
RepublicofGermany)creativecraftsmenencounterseriousfinancial
difficulties .Theymightwellbeabletoovercomethembyexpanding
theirmarket;howevertheyarenotveryanxioustoBelloutsidetheir
owncountrysinoetheyfearthat,beyondnationalfrontiers,theirworkbwould
beevenlesswellprotectedagainstreproduction oradaptationthanathome.
Craftsmenformasocio-professinmlgroupwhichmaybeconsideredas
particularlyvulnerable.Legislativeprovisionsconcerningthis
groupshouldpaythegreatestattentiontothepsychologicalconditions
andhumanandday-to-daysituationsinvolved.

Tohelp creative craftsmen (and ,inparticular ,safeguard thoBe whose
crafts aredying out),thelack ofinternational protection against
plagiarism –which hinders trade intheir creations –must beremedied .
Thechief objective istoensure effective protection ,both at
national andCommunity level ,fortheactofconception andcreation
given form intheworks ofcraftBmen .
Ways and means
32.Thesimplest andquiokest procedure would befortheCouncil to
adopt aRegulation ,onaproposal from theCommission .
ARegulation combining alltheprovisions applicable inallthecountries
oftheCommunity would ,inparticular ,have theadvantage ofbeing "decipherable
This isanimportant point ,since craftsmen arenotgenerally theheads
oflarge undertakings with thefinancial mean3 tomaintain their own
legal service .They cannot keep themselves constantly uptodate with complex
andfragmented legal provisions .
Only when they have available acomplete andclear Regulation will craftsmen
have thefeeling that their works arereally protected ;they maythen
adopt apositive attitude towards intra-Community trade inthese works .
The Community Regulation
33^Itshould bebased ontheprinciple that craftsmen 'screations should
generally benefit from both oopyripht (i.e. ,asartistic property inthe
applied arts )andregistered deoign royalties (asindustrial property ).
Itisessential that craftsmen should enjoy both these rights inview of
thevariety ofsituations which mayarise inpractice .Thus ,bytheir
nature ,craftsmen 'screations areboth works ofart–or,atleast ,works

-25-
ofapplied art–and .objects with autilitarian function inthe "broadest sense .
Asaresult ,whilst onsome occasions only onecopy orasmall series may "be
made ,onothers theworks maybereproduced onanindustrial scale®
TheRegulation should ,therefore ,contain some provisions borrowed
fromcopyright lawandothers borrowed fromlegislation governing
design patents andregistered designs .
Certain provisions ofthetwosystems would bemodified toavoid
ambiguity .
Forinstance jtheprotection ofcraftsmens *creations might beof
shorter duration thanthatapplying toauthor 'scopyright je*g«,a
period of2jyears fromthedateofcreation could beadopted ,as
provided fortythe3erne Convention -ofwhich allCommunity Member
States aresignatories ~covering applied artproducts .
Cultural effect s
34.§srimproving their material situation through better protection
oftheir creations ,theCommunity could enabiu craftsmen tofalfil
tothefull their recognized cultural role®
ihecreative crafts meet theneedfelttymany ofour
contemporaries (inever-increaaing numbers )nottobesurrounded exc1.ua *vnly
bymass-produced articles ,helptoembellish thehabitat ,contribute
towards improving taste (bothbycontacts between thecreator andthe
byyer andthrough theoriginality ofthearticles -r,doavailable tothepublic )
endgivescope todemocratic patronage bythose whocannot buypaintings or
sculptures ;craft good*arefinancially accessible tothemajority of
thepopulation .
Generally speaking ,craftsmanship ispartofthecultural tendency
towards aconcept ofgrowth inwhich progress isassessed interms of

quality rather than quantity .Without being alarge-scale consumer
ofenergy andrawmaterials ,crafts anship helps toimprove thequality
oflife both asanactivity (upgrading ofmanual work )andbyproduoing
articles which aredurable goods andatthesame time Batisfy both praotical
and aesthetic needs *
Moreover ,craftsmen frequently play apart ,asrestorers ,inpreserving
historic buildings andBites :there arevery fewofthem whoarenotor
cannot become restorers .Theprosperity thus assured bytheCommunity
would maintain inbeing thebody ofhighly Bkilled specialists whoare
essential atatime when thepreservation ofthearchitectural heritage
isassuming animportant place inthecultural policies oftheMember States .
Lastly ,bytheir very presence ,craftsmen restore life tohistorio sites ,
olddistricts orpictoresque abandoned villages .They are ,thus ,active
S
agents indeveloping regions andpromoting tourism .
Social consequences
35.Theadoption ofaRegulation would provide practical proof that the
Community isaware ofthefact that craftsmen constitute acategory of
cultural workers worthy ofspecial attention .
They aremenandwomen who ,finding itdiffioult toadapt towork inindustry
andurban life ,have hadthecourage totake ontherisks involved in
working asindividuals and ,often ,transferring tothecountry ortoa
historic site .More andmore young people arejoining them .Furthermore ,
,artists who donotpossess theexceptional talent necessary tobecome great
painters orsculptors (orwho ,although possessing these talents ,have nothad
theopportunity )have found anhonourable andsatisfactory substitute incrafts ,
where they donot suffer afeeling offrustration *

0.Socialaspects
36.Thematerialsuccessofsomeindividualculturalworkershasledtoa
misunderstanding aboutculturalworkersingeneralonthepartofthepublic
asawhole.Infact,suchsuoceesisveryrare.
Themajorityofindustrialworkerswouldnotaoceptthelivingstandardsof
allbutafewoulturalworkers,whichareprecariousandgenerallylowerthan
theirown.
Thehighestproportionof"proletarians"(i.e.,theunderprivileged )isnowadays
tobefoundinthesooio-professional categoryconstituted byculturalworkers.
37.Ineducatedcirolespeoplenolongerbelievethatculturedevelopsinan
idealworld,unaffectedeitherpositivelyornegativelybyeventsinthereal
world.AllEuropeans,howeverill–informedaboutculturalproblems,realize
thatwhilsttheprosperityofoulturalworkersdoesnotnecessarilystimulate
thecreationofmasterpieces ,povertyisperfectlycapableofpreventingit.
Thereisgeneralagreementontheideathatculturalworkersshouldsharethe
advantagesofsocialprogress,notonlyforobviousreasonsofsocialjustice
buttoensurethatcultureitselfismaintainedanddeveloped.
38.Althoughstillfarfromadequate,theresultsobtainedovertheyearsfor
themajorityofotherworkersdemonstratethatamovecannowbemadetowards
agradualimprovement inthesocialsituationofculturalworkers.
Thisimprovedsocialsituationwillbeapioneering moveinsofarascultural
workersintheCommunitywillnothavetopayforitwiththeirliberty:they
willnotbecomeprosperousbyceasingtobefree.

Generalguidelines
39.ItemergesfromthepreviouspagesofthisMemorandumthatalmostall
themeasuresenvisagedaspartoftheapplicationoftheTreatytothecultural
sectoraredesignedtoimprovethesocialsituationofworkersinthissector.
Thustheharmonization oflawsoncopyrightandrelatedrightsonthe"basisof
themostfavourablewillresultinanincreaseinthefinancialyieldfromthe
entirerangeofrightsfromwhichmanyculturalworkerslive–orshouldlive.
Likewise,thesimplification oftheadministrative formalitieswhichhinderthe
freeexchangeofculturalgoodswillleadtowiderdistribution ;byincreasing
thedemandforculturalgoodsandservices,widerdistributionwillleadtoan
increaseinculturalworkers*incomesand,aboveall,afallinthehighrate
ofunemploymentinmany–ifnotall–culturalprofessions.Byeliminating
taxbarrierstothedevelopmentofculturalfoundations,themajorissueofthe
employmentofculturalworkerscanbetackled:.largerandmoreactivefoundations
willfindadditionaloutletsforthem.
However,oneshouldnotliveinafool*sparadise*Inthefirstplace,itwilltake
ratheralongtimeforthemeasuresjustdescribedtobefinallyadoptedandstill
longerbeforeculturalworkersbfegintofeeltheireffectsinday-to-daylife.
Ontheotherhand,asfarassocialsecurityisconcerned,itispossible
todecidemorequicklyonthevariousmeasures,whe\eeffectswillbefeltmore
rapidly.
Socialsecurityforculturalworkers
40,Sinceculturalworkersarestilloftenbadlyprotectedbysocialsecurity,
aseriesofmeasuresshouldbetakentoincreasetheircoveragainstsocialrisks,
intheformofsickness,invalidityandold-ageinsuranceandfamilyallowances.
I

~29-
Thefirst problem istoadapt existing social security systems tothe
particular situation ofcultural workers inpaid employment .This situation
arise bmainly from thefact that ,bynomeans from choice ,many cultural
workers areemployed bymore than oneemployer (hence thedifficulty in
collecting employers' contributions )orwork only intermittently ,hence
their high andoften catastrophic unemployment rates ,Cover against
employment ,which isthemajor social problem inth®cultural sector ,
urgently needs improving .
Inthecase ofself-employed cultural workers (e.g. writers ,painters ,
etc.),thechanges should bebased onnewsolutions which have already
been introduced orarebeing prepared inseveral countries oftheCommunity .

-30-
II.OTHERACTION
41•Contributions aretobemadetowardsthepreservation ofthe
architectural heritageandthepromotionofculturalexchanges,overand
abovetheapplicationoftheTreatytotheculturalsector.Thesemeasures
areinharmonywiththetwoParliamentary Resolutionsreferredtointhe
introductiontothisMemorandum :inthefirst,theEuropeanParliamentgave
prioritytothearchitectural heritage;intheseconditlaidparticular
emphasisonculturalexchanges.
TheCommissionisalsointendingtotakeactionwithrespectto
cooperation amongtheMemberStates'culturalinstitutesandthepromotion
socio-cultural activitiesatEuropeanlevel.
A.Contribution tothepreservation ofthearchitectural heritage
42.InaccordancewiththeproposalscontainedintheEuropeanCommunity
actionprogrammeontheenvironmentof17May1977*»theCommunitycould
contributetothepreservation ofthearchitectural heritagebypromoting
trainingforrestorersanddeveloping newconservation andrestoration techniques.
Promotionofspecialisttrainingforrestorers
43.Itisvitalthatmorehighlyskilledspecialists shouldberecruited
tojointhosealreadyworkingonrestorationsites:therearenotenough
oftheminanyofourcountries.
Tomeetthisneed,Communityscholarships areawardedtonationals
oftheMemberStatestoenablearchitects ,engineersandtownplannersto
attendcoursesgivenbytheCentred'etudeseuropeennea pourlaconservation
dupatrimoineurbainetarchitectural (EuropeanStudyCentreforthe
preservation ofthearchitectural andurbanheritage)attheCollegeof
EuropeinBrugesandthecourseinarchitectural preservation givenbythe
International Centreforthestudyofthepreservation andtherestoration
ofculturalpropertyattheUniversityofRome.
*0JNoC139.13June1977.

-31-
ocholarships forcraftsmen arealso available from theEuropean Centra
fortraining craftsmen intheconservation ofthearchitectural herita ge,
which opened on15September 1977 *Thia Centre hastheadvantage ofbeing
located inVenice ,which isinitself bothalaboratory andaparticularly
critical situation asregards preservation !students findnumerous oppor­
tunities topractise insitu and ,atthesame time ,tomake themselves
useful straight away .Moreover ,since thecreation oftheCentre wasthe
result ofcollaboration between theEuropean ProVenetia Viva Foundation
andtheCouncil ofEurope ,theaward ofCommunity scholarships constitutes
anadditional aspect ofthepractical cooperation being established between
theCommunity andtheCouncil ofEurope .
Itisexpected that the1978Budget willmake itpossible tocontinue
granting scholarships forBruges ,RomeandVenice ,asin1976and1977 .
Promotion ofnuclear conservation techniques
44»Nuclear conservation hasbeen successfully practised fornearly tenyears
hytheCentre d'etudes nucleaires (Nuclear research centre )inGrenoble which ,
with theaidofanexperienced team andhigh-performance equipment ,has
perfected atechniques superior notonly tothat inuseelsewhere inthe
Community butthroughout theworld .However ,until recently -apart from
works andobjects ofFrench origin -only works andobjects submitted by
theInstitut Royal duPatrimoine Artistique deBelgique have been treated
attheCentre .Thereason forthis unsatisfactory situation wasthat the
potential ofnuclear conservation techniques wasstill practically unknown
inthe other countries .
TheCommunity ,aswasproper ,acted inthefollowing way .
-Attheendof1976 financial aidwasgranted totheCentre tocarry out
alarge-scale Community information campaign ;itthus became possible
todraft ,print andcirculate abooklet andaprospectus intended forthe
competent services intheMember States andlocal authorities ,aswell as
private owners ofbuildings andsites .

NUCLEARCONSERVATION
NuolearconBervation mayinvolvesimplytheirradiationofstone,marbleoroldwood
or,incertainoasesneedingmorerefinedmethods,irradiationprecededhy
impregnation byasubstancewhichhardensundertreatmentbygammarays.
Inadditiontofurnitureandobjetsd»art,disassembledoeilings,floors,panelling,
woodwork,facades(dressedstone)pavingetones,statues(inwood,stoneorsarblo),
oapitals,balustradesandwoodenornaments,whetherornotcoated,areparticularly
suitablefortreatment.
ThisisnotaBmall-scaleprocessbutanindustrialteohniquewhichoanbeusedon
Ilargequantitiesofobjeots.
I
Thetreatmentproteotsj
-woodsagainstnormalwearandtear,humidityandparasitesj
-stoneandmarbleagainsttheailmentstowhichtheyareprone;atmoapherio
pollution(whichisanever-increasing hazard-facadesbreakupandtheqontours
ofstatuesbecomeblurred)}weatheroyoles(variationsinhtuiidityandtemperature,
freezingandthawing).
Thetreatmentputsanendtodeterioration ,increasesresistancetotheelementsand
strengthensobjectsbyhardeningthem.
Onceanobjecthasbeentreateditcanwithstandrestorationworkwhiohcouldhave
beenimpossibleinitspreviousfragilestate.Therestoreroanusetraditional
methodsinsafety.Itis,therefore,possibletoattendtothemosturgentthings
first|i.e.tosavealargenumberofthreatenedobjectsrapidlyuntilthetimeand
resouroesareavailablefortheircompleterestoration.
Treatmentbyradiationcaninnowaycauseradioactivityintheobjecttreated.
Thesurfaceaspect1Bunchanged.
/ # '
»*
TheCentred'otudesnucle'airesinGrenoblecornesundertheCommissariatâl'Energie
Atomique(CEA).
Itha.ashieldedcall4ax4»*3mandtwoimpregnationtank,,«horizontal
vee.elJmions„d80ck,indiameterandaverticalveeael2.5„hleh„d1-2.indiameter.
Beforereceivingfi^nci.1.lafr0„th.comityth,fen.rehadthre.
twonuclearoone.rv.tlontechnician,on.permanent,full-tl™ha.,..
Otherscientistsalsohelpedoccasionally.

-33-
EngineersfromtheCentremakedirectcontactwithexpertrestorers :
theygiveseriesoflecturesonnuclearconservation inspecialist
trainingestablishments attendedbyCommunityscholarshipholders.
-Thesumallocatedfromthe1977budgetamountstohalfthecostofan
additionalengineerwhichtheCentrewouldhavebeenunabletorecruit
withoutthisaid.TheCommunity'sfinancialcontribution isintended
toencouragetheCentretomakeasimilarcontributionitself.Thecost
oftheoperationissharedbetweentheCommunityandtheCentre.
TheadditionalengineerisessentialiftheCentreistobeableto
dealwiththeincreasing numberofrequestsforassistanceexpectedasa
resultoftheinformation campaign,whilstmaintaining reasonableprices
forusers.
In1978"theCommunityistocontinuehelpingtheCentreunderthe
sameconditionsasin1977#
B.Contribution towardsthedevelopment ofculturalexchanges
45•Th©peoplesoftheCommunitydonotyetknoweachotherwellenough.
Therearestillareasofmistrust-ifnotofprejudiceorpreconceived
ideas.
Oneoftheobjectivesofculturalexchangesshouldbetoshowthe
culturalsimilarities ,linksandaffinitiesbetweenallthecountriesand
regionsoftheCommunityand,at.thesametime,thevariousnationaland
regionalcontributions tothatculture.
Thus,thepeoplesoftheCommunitywillbeabletoreflectonthis
phenomenonwhichmakesitpossibleforthemtounderstandandmutually
enricheachotherandthenweightheculturalcomponentagainsteconomio
interestsandpoliticalconsiderations .

s
-34-
46.Obviously ,theCommunity will notbeable toassume thesame
responsibilities asimpresarios orrich patrons incultural exchanges .
Apart from rare exceptions ,itcanonly contribute indirectly totheir
development .
Community Youth Orchestra
#
47.InaResolution of8May 1976 theEuropean Parliament asked the
Commission totake thenecessary steps togrant Community patronage to
this Orohestra fwhose creation ,organization andadministration hadbeen
proposed bytheFoundation oftheInternational Festival ofYouth Orchestras .
Afewweeks later theCommission acceded tothewisheB oftheEuropean
Parliament .
«
Inacoordanoa with theFUrxO proposal thooroheatra will bonoist of100
young amateur musicians ,aged 14to20,from alltheoountries ofthe
Community .Itwill spend theChristmas ,Easter andSummer holidays every
year rehearsing forooncerts tobegiven inthenine oapital oities under
theleadership offamous conductors .Thefirst s'eries ofoonoerts is
planned for1978 *
Evaluation ofcultural events inthe Community
*
'48.Itwill only bepossible todevelop cultural exohanges iftheworks
exchanged have asignificant impaot onthepublic towhioh they arepresented .
Theproblem istoseleot works fordifferent audienoes .Ihere isstill
agreat deal ofuncertainty concerning theaspirations )tastes and
receptiveness ofEuropeans ,theobstacles enoountered inoneCommunity
\
country indisseminating theculture ofsmother Community country ,and
thekeytothis dissemination ;what would belikely todrive oneor
another audience aw&y andwhat might attraot it.Intheabsence ofmore
detailed knowledge ,theorganization ofcultural exchanges rarely gets
beyond thestage ofimprovisation -oratthebest ,empiricism *
0JNoC79»5April 1976.

-35-
Inview ofthia general problem itseemed that themost effective action
theCommunity could take would betocommission high-level scientific
studies tosummarize thelessons tobelearned from particularly noteworthy -
projects .
The1977 Budget made itpossible toengage twomulti-dinciplinary teams of
university professors ,senior lecturers andpost-graduate students to
evaluate Europalia (Europalia maybedescribed aBaseries offestivals
illustrating theculture ofoneoranother Community held inBrussels and
certain other Belgian towns 'foronemonth every twoyears )andthe
Saisons europSermes (European seasons )inBrest ,which present highly
varied aspects ofthecultures ofseveral Community countries every
year .These evaluations arebased ondirect observation (survey of
audience reaction ,analysis andinterpretation )of"Europalia -Germany "
andthe "German Month "inOctober 1977 »which inmany cases presented
thesame exhibitions ,concerts ,etc.,inBelgium andBrest respectively .
In1978 theevaluation ofEuropalia andtheEuropean seasons inBrest
should becontinued ,butbymaking useoftheir respective records ,rather
than bydirect observation .
Byapplying thesame methodology asfordirect observation ,thefinancial
contribution already approved will beexploited tothefull .Aconsiderable
part ofthe1977 appropriation hasbeen used tofinance work carried out
bytheuniversity teams ondeveloping methods which ,intheabsence ofany
precedent ,had tobe"invented "#•
Moreover ,since time isalso animportant factor ,theuseofrecords
covering quite along period will provide answers toquestions which are
raised whenever anattempt ismade todevelop cultural exchanges .

-Someofthesequestionsareofageneralnature.Howcanthepublic-
atfirsttakenabackbycontactwiththecultureofacountryotherthan
theirown-beattractedingreaternumbers?Whichculturaleventsare
mostlikelytoattractlargeraudiences,morediversifiedintheirsocio-
professional composition?
-Otherquestionsarepeculiartothenativecultureofeachofthecountries
whichtookpartinthepreviousEuropeanseasonsinBrestandinEuropalia
(before".Europalia-Germany").InthecaseofEuropalia,thecountries
wereItaly(1969),theNetherlands (l9?l)»theUK(1973)andPrance(1975).
In1978theFlandersfestivalshouldalsobeevaluated.Thefestival-type
ofculturaleventisveryimportantbecauseoftheconsiderable successit
hashadinthelasttwentyyearsand,aboveall,becauseitattractsa
greatmanyyoungpeople.ByevaluatingtheFlandersFestival,theresearch
carriedoutinrelationtoEuropalia,stagedforthemultinational public
ofacapitalcity,andtheEuropeanseasonsinBrest,whichhadthehomogeneous
(butmorevariedfromthesocio-professional pointofview)publicofamedium-
sizedtown,canbeextendedtoyoungpeople*
Collaboration willbearrangedbetweentheFestivaluniversityteamandthose
ofBrusselsandBrest,whiohalreadycooperate.
Thereportsofthethreeuniversity -teamswillbewidelyoiroulatedInall
countriesoftheCommunity,amongstthecirclesoonoernedandthenational
andlocalauthorities .
Museums:Europeanrooms
49.IfonecomparesmostmuseumswithicebergSjtheintentioniscertainly
nottoimplythattheyarechillyplaces(ontheoontrary,ingenious
effortshavesucceededinmaking.themlivelyandwelcoming)butto
illustrateaphenomenonwhiohhasbecomealmostgeneral:theirgreater
partishidden.1

-37-
Obviously,areturn -tothedustyjumblesofyesteryearisnottobe
recommended® Itisperfectlyacceptableforamuseumtostoreawayworks
whichwouldsufferbycomparisonwiththosewhichithaschosentodisplay
andwhichwoulddistractattentionfromthesnuselessly.>Jhatis,onthe
other-hand#regrettableisthataccesstotheseworksisrefusedto
visitorsfromothermuseumsvsheretheywouldriotbeduplicatedandwhere,
sinceenvironmentplaysanimportantpartinappreciation theywouldno
longerberegardedassecondary a
Furthermore ;itshouldbeaddedthathallowedmasterpieces arenot
indispensabletothetaskofartisticeducation/dissemination (bothinand
outofschool)whichmuseumsnowadaysregardason©oftheirprims
objectives.I^SB"intimidating -worksareoftenmoraeffectiveinthrowing
lightonaneraoratechnique „
Thesearejustafewofthereasonsforthinkingthatexchangesbetween
museumsshouldgobeyondlarge-scaletemporaryexhibitions.
However,manycuratorsarereticentwithregardtoanyothertypeof
exchanges3largelybecauseoftheirattachment-howeverpraiseworthy-
totheworksforwhichtheyareresponsible (andwhichtheytendto
oror-eatisat© comparedwiththosowhichtheymightobtaininexchange)and
theirdistant©-whichisunderstandable -forth©cumbersomeadministrative
workinvolvedinthesmallesttransaction.
Consequently ,todevelopexchangessignificantly }
-thepublicmust"beinduced(bymakingitawareofthescopeofthe
reservestocksinourmuseums,ofwhichitisill-informed )toexercise
moralpressuretopreventworkswhichformpartoftheCommunity's
heritagefromremaininginaccessible ;
–curatorsmust"bepersuadedtoadoptamorefavourableattitudetow&rds
exchanges ,andtheworkinvolvedmustbefacilitated »

-38-
In1978 theCommunity istomake funds available toamuseum to-over
part oftheexpense involved incarrying outapilot scheme :the
organization of"European rooms ".
Itwill "bebetter tohave amedium -sized muscur .than a.large ,illustrious
institution ,whose example could notsubsequently befollowed onan
adequate scale because oflack ofoomparable means .
%
This museum will hring together ir =Hjacent roomo vrks "fVor e*»veral
Community countries other thnn i+sown (•■rorlcs he!oneiw ?to
themuseum hutpreviously scattered throughout itscollections ).
Toattract apublic which does notnormally gotomuseums (because oflack
ofinterest inaspecific field )andgive them abroader view ofEuropean
culture ,theEuropean rooms will bediversified ,showing notonly
paintings butsoulptures ,tapestries ,furniture ,objets d'art (vases ,
olocks ,utensils produced byfolk artandtraditions ,eto.)andarticles
ofarchaeological orhistorical interest *
Ifthepilot soheme has thesuccess which mayreasonably beexpected ,a
great many curators will beencouraged toorganize their ownEuropean
rooms ,andatalater stage ,tocarry outexchanges with other Community
museums which ,byfilling certain gaps ,will enable them toenrich these
rooms . Hie reserves ofeach museum constitute analmost inexhaustible
source ofsupply for suoh exchanges .
Even when thepsychological barrier hasbeen removed ,however ,administrative
barriers will remain .Curators will continue tohesitate inview ofthe
formalities involved .
Hiepilot scheme will ,therefore ,have tobethesubject ofastudy
intended forthecurators ofalltheCommunity 'smuseums ;itshould
contain anaccount ofthesolutions found todifficulties (which will
undoubtedly have arisen ).andanadministrative guides theformalities
involved incrossing theinternal frontiers oftheCommunity ,types of
insurance ,eto.

-39-
TheCommissionstaffwouldtakeadvantageofthepreparation anddistri­
butionofthestudytodraftandcirculatethetextsofthreestandard
contractsondifferentexchangeschemesforitemstobeexhibited:
shorterorlonger-termloans,storage,formaltransfer.Itisimportant
forcuratorstohavemodelswhichareeasytouseandnonetheless
guaranteethemthenecessarylegalsecurity,
C-Copperationbetweentheculturalinstitutesof-theMemberStates
50.WhethertheyareestablishedinaCommunitycountryoranor>-Cominunity
country,theseinstitutesshouldcooperatewitheachotherasregardstimetables,
activitiesa«iprograms.-Theyshouldalsosetupcertaineventsandprojects'
together.
Thissyst™ofjointprojectswouldnotonlyreducethecostsofculturalactivities
foreachofthoStatesparticipating {whichwouldbe:nosmalladvantageinthe
presenteconomicsituation),butwouldalsobroadenthe'impactoftheseactivities,
Tnieieparticularlytrueinthecaseofnon-membercountriesalongwayfrom
theCommunity.Inthesecountriesthe"theme"runningthroughallEuropean
cultureextracts,interestsandimpressesmuchmorethanthe"variations"which
distinguishthedifferentculturesorthe©iropeanpeoples.ToaJapaneseperson,
forinstance,Durer,Tiepolo,HogarthandPoussinarefirstandforemostfour
Europeanpainters,a^donlyafterthataGerman,Italian,BritishendFVench
painter.'
51.TheMemberStateswhicharenotculturallyrepresentedinonecountryor
anotheroouldprovideconsiderablestimulustocooperationwiththecultural
institutesoftheotherMemberStates,Iftfceyweretoasktheexistinginstitutes
^thsrear&oftenmorethanoneinonecountry)toberesponsiblefortheircultural
representation ,theseinstituteswouldbecomeDonmit-cedtoafonaofcooperation
ofwhosepracticalimportanceandculturalvaluetheyWOT.Idsoonbeconvincedand
whichtheywouldriotfalltodevelop.
Theaiaistohaveonedayeinacarefullychosennon-membercountry,&
oultTu&J.lastittiiewhichvcuidrepresentalltheMemberStatesofthe

-40-
52.Itwould behighly desirable ifsomething wasdone tofollow upthe
excellent initiative taken "bytheDutoh President oftheCounoil when he
brought together all theCultural Counsellors oftheEmbassies ofthe
Member States inWashington *
I
Ifitoomes tothat ,regular meetings between Cultural Counsellors would
have aprecedent inthe cooperation between Commeroial andPress
Counsellors stationed innon-member oountries .
D.Promotion ofBocio –cultural activities atEuropean xevel
53. carrying outvaluable studies andbringing together thebest experts ,
theCouncil ofEurope hasshifted from theconcept ofmaking culture democratic
tothat ofcultural demooracy ,inother words ,--fl'om theconcept ofspreading
culture tothat offostering socio –cultural events .Thepromotion of
socio–oultural events hasgradually been defined ,given atheoretical basis ,
anddesoribed toadegree ofdetail which embraces thetechniques for
achieving it.
Atthepresent time ,when what might bedefined asgeneral promotion of
sooio–cultural activities isnormal inalltheM^n.ber States ,some thought
should begiven towhat could beavery specialize 1andparticular form of
it,i.e. thepromotion ofsocio-cultural activities atEuropean level .
54.Theword "European "defines thescope oftheplanned socio-cultural
activities andisnotjustavague expression .Itsimply means that ,
instead ofbeing restricted toonecountry ,thefield ofapplication of
these sooio –cultural activities will extend toall thecountries ofthe
Community .
T+inrotaquestion ofintroducing toeach nation thecth^r yio+io.»7F
either asmodels tocopy or,onthecontrary ,asinferior beings whose failings
give cause forsmug self-safisfaction . TTor isitr.qr.csti .cn?f
persuading each nation that theotfcer nations resemble it.Itis
aquestion ofshowing dach nation thepast and,_more especially ,thepresent
state oftheother nations :what they think ,what they do,what they are .
After having judged each other forBOlong without knowing eaoh other ,the
nations nowneed toknow eaoh other inorder tounderstand each other .

55.Promotion ofsooio«-cnltur3l activities atEuropean level will "be
baaed essentially oncultural exchanges ofanewtype .
Asoompared with traditional oultural exchanges ,thenovel aspect ofthe
cultural exchanges which aretofuel European sooio-cultural activities
will lieintheir objective ,thepeople forwhom they were intended ,and
their purpose .
–They will aimtoencourage active participation incultural life ,going
beyond thepassive consumption ofcultural products *
–They will notsimply involve theso–called "elite "(that is,those who
arealready "cultured ",intheoldsense ),but
–They will correspond tothemodern concept ofanopen ,broader ,
diversified ,pluralist andconsequently democratic ,culture .
Whilst culture used tobelimited toliterature ,mi'sic endtheplastic
arts ,tothecultural heritage andtheso–called "higher "or"noble "genres ,
itisnowreckoned toinclude genres which were previously considered minor
orpopular ,that itissituated inthepresent asanioh asinthepast ,
andthat itcomprises ,inaddition totheaesthetic side ,i.e. literature ,
music ,plastio arts ,ascientific side (sciences ,technology ),aphysical
Bide (sports ,open-air life )andasocial side Jmaninhisworking
environment ,inthecontext ofeveryday living ,theeconomy andpolitics .
56.Inorder topromote eooio-cultural activities atEuropean level ,usewill
have to "bemade oftheassistance which themass media and,inparticular ,radio
andtelevision cangive or,with alittle help ,could give .
Themajor cultural phenomenon ofthelast twenty years isthat radio andtelevision
penetrate daily into thehotaes ofallEuropeans ,including those who ,through
lack ofeducation ,money ortime ,donotread .,donottravel anddonotgoto
museums .-theatres orconcert ,halls .This phenomenon ismore positive than

negative ,anditcould beeven more positive ,since ,besides mediocre programmes ,
there aremany excellent ■broadcasts which testify that culture isnotsystematically
ignored ordistorted byradio andtelevision andthat itisnotimpossible to
extend therange ofsubjects andimprove thegeneral level .
3hefollowing aretwoundertakings which theCommunity Bhould encourage byat
least according them itspatronage !
–TheDutch language Belgian television organization isproduoing ,tinder thetitle
of"Europa Nostra ",aseries towhioh theGerman ,FYench andItalian television
organizations have already contributed andwhich will consist of365broadcasts ,
each ofwhich will last five minutes andbedevoted toagreat European ofthe
past orpresent ;
«•Nine television organizations have joined together toproduce aperiodical
magazine each onasubject ofEuropean interest ,which allthepartners have
agreed tobroadcast .
TheCommunity should also offer anumber ofthepeople responsible forthevarious
mass media theopportunity tocarry outresearch together into solutions toproblems
raised bytheparticipation ofeaoh ofthem inthepromotion ofsocio-cultural
activities atEuropean level :practical problems concerning production ,coproduction
andpurchases orexchanges forbroadcasting purposes ;problems ofstyle which arise
from theneed toavoid both cheap popularization andpedantry which bores thepublic .
Those responsible for -theB,as3 will i?e«?d tob«
informed ofthepotential which information soienoe ,despite itsbeing
still anewdiscipline ^already hasatitBdisposal .
57.Sports doatleast have onething incommon with theproduotion of
certain mass medial they have beoome aspeotaole and ,what ismore ,a

-43-
spectaclewithahugeaudienceoForboththesereasonstheyareameans
ofmasscommunication andtheymaybeoneoftheohannelsforpromoting
Europeansocio-cultural activities.Ihelattershouldalsoprovideroom
forthepraoticeofsport,alongsidesportforthespeotator.
lbbeginwith,theCommunitycouldtaketwomeasuresi
-organize,withthehelpofthecompetentfederations ,Europiadesatwhioh
alargepublicwouldsee(onthespotorviaEurovision)youngamateurs
fromtheninecountriesparticipating incompetitions inthedifferent
disciplinesoflightathleticssaidingymnasticsandswimming;
–launcharesearohprojectonthecausesof^porting .jingoismandonthe
campaignnecessarytocombataphenomenonwhioh'isdegradingtothepublic
and,atthesametime,deprivessportofagreatdealofitscultural
value.Ihefestivespiritshouldnotbeobliterated bytheimplacable
willtoconquer(ortoseeconquered...)atanyprice.

ANNEX !
FINANCIAL ASPECTS
«
1.Legal andadministrative information
(a)Budget item :Article 393
(b)Heading of "budget item :Expenditure oncultural projects
(c)Budget year :1978
(d)Légal bAsist
-European Parliament Resolution of13May19741
TheEuropean Parliament asked theCommission tomake acontribution
towards preserving thearchitectural heritage ,through twokinds of
measures :thepromotion oftraining forspecialists intherestoration
ofmonuments andworks ofart ;thepromotion ofnuclear conservation
techniques .
2–European Parliament Resolution of8March 1976
TheEuropean Parliament gave apositive assessment ofapreliminary
working paper onCommunity aotion inthecultural sector ^andstressed
that theCommission should implement themeasures setouttherein without
delay .
TheResolution also stressed theneed toensure thedevelopment of
cultural exchanges .
-Council Resolution of•••
This Resolution applies tothewhole range ofCommunity action inthe
cultural sector •
?
2.Description ,objectives andgrounds forthemeasures
2.0Description ofmeasurespreliminary
2.0.0 .Descriptions ofmeasures
Preservation ofthe architectural heritage
This isthe sequel toaction undertaken "bytheCommunity in
1976 and1977 :promotion ofspecialized training forrestorers
ofmonuments andsites :promotion ofnuclear conservation .
OJNoC
20JNoC
3SEC(76 )62of30May 1974 .
79of5April 1976 ,
217 .

-2- ΑΝΝΊ2Χ I
TheCommunity grants scholarships tonationals ofitsMember States ,
e.saresult ofwhich thenumber ofwell-trained restorers ishigher
than itwould beotherwises without these "Community scholarships "
many students would beunable toattend thecourses .
Asfarasnuclear conservation isconcerned ,theaim isnot tosubsidize
research buttoprovide financial support forthewidespread application
oftheresults oflarge-scale scientific studies carried outover nearly
tenyears bytheCentre d'etudes nucleaires (Nuclear research centre ),
Grenoble .TheCommunity should promote theuse ofarefined technique
created byoneofitsMember States andtake advantage oftheexperienced
team andfirst-rate equipment available inthat country .
The sum of30000u.a .granted tothe Centre isequivalent tohalf the
cost ofanadditional engineer ,whom the Centre would beunable to
recruit without this assistance .The Community 'sfinancial contribution
isintended toencourage the Centre tomatch this sum .The cost of
theoperation isshared between theCommunity andthe Centre .
Development ofcultural exchanges
The Community cannot take onresponsibilities which areproperly those
oforganizers ofcultural events orpatrons .What itcandoeffectively
istocontribute tothedevelopment ofcultural exchanges byhelping
todraw ontheexperience gained byexisting projects which have already
proved their worth .
In1977 theCommunity isfinancing theevaluation of"Europalia-Germany "
andtheconcurrent "German Month "(which includes similar events )on
theprogramme ofthe "European Season "inBrest .
The work ofevaluation isessential ifthe Commis^fon istobeina
osition tomeet thewiBhes expressed bytheEuropean Parliament under
P\nts 5,6and 7ofitsResolution of8March 1976 .
&•*9evaluation ofEuropalia andthe"European Seasons "inBrest
B'vildbecontinued in197& , this time byusing their respective
rev–ds .
b.Inlv„\ithereactions ofthepublic toaparticular type ofinter-
nation' .cultural event –amajor European festival –should be
observe »survey ofreactions ,analysis andinterpretation .The
Flanders '•»stival hasbeen selected .
V
'V . ■

-3- ANNEX I
AaforBuropal iaandthe "European Seasons "inBrest (evaluations
inprogress andfor1978 )»theFlanders Festival will beevaluated
byamult idisciplinary team ofuniversity professors ,senior
lecturers andpost-graduate students .
c.When amuseum possesses works from other countries oftheCommunity
they areoften tobefound scattered throughout itscollections .
Ifthese works were brought together inoneroom (orseveral
adjacent rooms )this would give visitors anidea oftheEuropean
dimension ofculture .
In1978 amuseum inoneoftheMember States istobegiven
financial assistance tocarry outapilot soheme on"European
rooms ".
Depending ontheresults ofthepilot scheme (which will show up
thepotential anddifficulties )theCommission will endeavour to
convince afewmuseums todirect atleast asmall part oftheir
activities towards illustrating European culture .
2.0.1 .Object ives ofthemeasures
Theobjectives derive ftom theconsiderations below .
-Asregards thepromotion ofspecialized training forrestorers and
thepromotion ofnuclear conservation ,Community action isthe least
costly solution forMember States :inthelong run ,itwill lead to
savings foreach ofthem .
Theopportunities offered byexisting training centres andtheCentre
d'etudes nucleaires inGrenoble should beused tothe full instead of
investing considerable sums tocreate newtraining centres where
teachers would take years toacquire sound experience orbuilding
other installations comparable tothose inGrenoble .
-Itstands toreason that activities concerning thedevelomment of
cultural exchanges must becarried outatCommunity rather than
national level .
-Thedevelopment ofcultural exchanges within thenine countries will
gobeyond thefrontiers ofindividual States -andeven beyond those
oftheCommunity itself .Itwill help theCommunity tomake itself
felt inassociated and non-member countries aswell *

-4- ANNEX I
2.0 .2»Groimda forthemeasures chosen toachieve theobject ives
3ychoosing tosupport existing projects theCommission wanted ,first and
foremost ,togain time andavoid duplication ofeffort .Furthermore
since theprojects inquestion arebeing financed byother bodies ,the
Community 'scontribution does nothave tobevery large andmerely
supplements existing finance where specifically Community objectives are
inview .
TheCommunity 'sfinancial aidisinnocaea used simply toenable aproject
tocontinue unchanged ,butisexclusively oriented tohelping projects
todevelop inadirection considered valuable totheCommunity .
Nordoes this aidconstitute aprecedent likely toproduce aspate of
applications .Itleaves aside dubious endeavours toconcentrate ona
small number ofestablished projects ofexceptional value ."Fragmented "
aidwould beexpensive forsociety asawhole andineffective forculture .
Expenditure
Thefollowing sumischarged totheCommunity Budget :
22Z§
180000u.a .
This amount ismade upasfollows :

-5-ANNEXI
1978 1977 1976
Preservation ofarchitectural heritage
PromotionofspecializedtrainingforrestorersofhistoricbuildingsandsiteB
-EuropeanCentreforthestudyand
preservation oftheurbanandarchitectural
heritage(CollegeofEurope,Bruges) 16500126004200
-Architectural conservation courseatthe
International Centreforthestudyofthe
conservation andrestoration ofcultural
property(UniversityofRome)••••.••••••••••• 2150013300
-EuropeanCentrefortrainingcraftsmen
intheconservation ofthearchitectural
heritage(Venice)••••••«•«••••••••••••••••••• 1800014100
Promotionofnuclearconservation •••••••••••••• 300003000016500
Development ofculturalexchanges
-EvaluationofEuropalia ) 15000
-Evaluationofthe"EuropeanSeasons"inBrest)5000015000
-Evaluation oftheFlandersFestival
-Pilotscheme:"Europeanrooms"inmuseums 44000
TOTAL:18000010000020700
1979and19Ô0
Sincethemeasurestobetakenarespecificinnature,itwouldseem
prematuretomakedetailedmultiannualforecastsatthisstage:they
couldonlyberoughestimates *Thetotalcostofthemeasuresenvisaged
may,however,beputatabout25000011.a.in1979and300000u«a.iu
I98O.

-6-
&MŒX I
Method ,ofcalculation
Promotion of^specializad^t racing forrestorers of__historic buildings andsites
Thedifferences between theamounts proposed forBruges ,Rome andVenioe are
due tothevarying length ,ofthecourses and thefact that subsistence oosts
differ inthe three cities *
Contracts concluded for I978 will specify ,asfor1977 1that ifoneormore
Community scholarship holders canthemselves afford tofinance part ofthe
expenditure normally oovorcd bythescholarship ,those responsible for the
Centre inquestion will increase thenumber ofscholarships available while
reducing theamount granted incertain cases®
Itisnot ,therefore ,possible toindicate beforehand theexact number of
recipients ofCommunity scholarships .
Atthemoment only thefollowing rough idea canbegiven :Bruges ,seven ;
Rome ,nine ;Venice ,six .
Promotion of_nucl ear^conservat,ion technicjues __
In1978 theCommunity will continue tofinance'half thecost ofanengineer .
AttheCentre d'etudes nucleaires ,Grenoble ,thecost amounts to60000u.a .
peryear .Itcorresponds toanoverall rate ,that istosay ,including social
security contributions ,miscellaneous costs ,andequipment#
Evaluation_of ®u£0£al^»„the _>E5uropean Seasons in^Brestj ,andtheFlanders Festival
The same method ofcalculation isused fortheEuropalia team ,theEuropean
Seasons "team andtheFestival team ,which will o*inwork in ]"To.
(a)Monthly remuneration onthebasis oftenhours ofwork permonth :
Professor 200 u.a.
Sonior ••••»»•»••« 0e•+ a9••&•••# •««15^U.e-3.®
Post-G ra&uate Student • 100u.a .
4
(b)Each ofthethree amounts ,which total 50000u®a .ascanbeseen
from thetable ,aremade upasfollows ;
–Remuneration oftwoprofessors ,three senior lecturers
and five post-graduate students each working tenhours
permonth foraten-month period ••••.••••••••••• 13500u.a .
=~Typing andmiscellaneous 3000u.a .
16500

-7-
ANNEX 1
Pilot schemes MEuro£ean_i ^oms"^jiKseuaia
In -w.^wofthevery higji cost >.fthewoi .>3necessary foramodern presentation
(which 5b.atthesametime ,suited totilt ,subject matter andattraotive to
thepubl.o )ftheestimated amount of44000u«a«ismolest .Itisintended
merely asar.incentive •
5.Supervision .
5.0.Regular ity_of expenditure
General financial oontrol system .
Since thenumber ofcontracting parties or "beneficiaries (inthecase of
scholarships forexample )isrelatively small ,this system will "beeasy
toapply#
5.1.Effectiveness of__measu£es
Effectiveness canbeevaluated through thereactions ofthecompetent
Government departments ,members oftheEuropean Parliament ,professional
oiroles ,cultural workers andthepieas .

ANNEXIT
"DRAFTCOUNCILRESOLUTION
THECOUNCILOPTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIES ,
HavingregardtotheTreatyestablishing theEuropeanEconomicCommunity,
HavingregardtothedraftResolutionpresentedbytheCommission ,
HavingregardtotheOpinionoftheEuropeanParliament ,
HavingregardtotheOpinionoftheEoonoraicandSocialCommittee,
ReferringtotheFinalDeclarations oftheSummitsofTheHague(1969)
andParis(1972)andtheDeclarationonEuropeanIdentity(1973),
Convincedthattheeconomicandsocialdifficulties oftheculturalsector
canbeprogressively overcomebystricterapplicationtheretooftheEEC
Treaty,andinparticulartheprovisionsthereofregardingfreetrade,
freedomofmovementandestablishment ,taxharmonization ,theharmonization
oflaws,andsocialmeasures ?
Concernedattheconstantlyincreasingnumberoftheftsofculturalgoods,
DesiringthattheCommunityshouldmakeitsowncontribution towardsthe
preservation oftheCommunitywealthconstitutedbythearchitectural heritage
ofthenineMemberStatesandtowardsthedevelopmentofculturalexchanges
asameansofpromotingunderstanding betweennations,
TakingaccountoftheEuropeanParliamentResolutionsof13May1974and
8March1976*,
*0JNo62,30.5.1974;
OJNo79,5.4.1976.

2ANNEXII
InthelightoftheCommissionCommunicationof16November1977entitled"Community
actionintheculturalsector".•/
HASADOPTEDTHISRESOLUTION :
1.Communityactionintheculturalsectorshallbeimplementedonthe
basisoftheguidelineslaiddownintheCommissionCommunication.
2.Tothatend,theCouncilherebyinstructstheCommissiontocontinue
thevariousactivitiesalreadyundertakenandtotakeanyappropriate
action.
3.Priorityshallbegiventomeasureslikely-directlyorindirectly-
toenableculturalworkerstobenefitasmuchaspossiblefromsocial
progress.