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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(78)616 final
Brussels .21November 1978
PROPOSAL
FOR A
RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMME (1979-1983 )
FOR THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY
IN THE FIELD OF CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
(presented totheCouncil 'bytheCommission )
tv - .sï~A»z*£-1o4=£-H
.is* i
Theprogramme proposed bytheCommission covers
practically theoverall European programme on
fusion .Ithas "been established onthe basis
oftherecommendations issued bythe "Liaison
Group "(assisted by"Advisory Groups "and
"Experts "),taking into account thepreliminary
advice formulated bythe "Consultative Committee
for Fusion ". Consultations with the associated
organizations have been ensured also through the
"Committee ofDirectors ".
TheCommission expresses itsgratitude tothe
members ofthese bodies for their help in
defining acompromise between ambitious tech­
nical proposals andrealistic financial
constraints .

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Explanatory Memorandum
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Fusion asanenergy source
1.2 Community nature oftheprogramme
1.3 Motivation for the initiative ofthe Commission
1.4 Motivation ofthepresent programme proposal
PRESENT SITUATION OFTHERMONUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH
11.1 Terms ofreference
11.2 Scientific and .technical situation
11.3 World context
11.4 Situation inEurope
II.5 Summary ofthemain achievements during the
first three years ofthepresent programme
PROPOSED PROGRAMME
III.1 Information from thelong-term planning studies
III .2Objectives ofthefive-year plan
111 .3Magne ticconfinement
111 .4Fusion technology
111 .5Inertia !confinement
111.6Summary oftheproposed programme
IMPLEMENTATION
IV.1 Financial situation ofthe 1976-1 9^0
programme oftheAssociations
IV.2 Programme proposal for1979-1983
IV.3 Organization
Proposal foraCouncil Decision adopting aresearch and
training programme (1979-83 )fortheEAEC inthefield
ofcontrolled thermonuclear fusion
Opinion oftheScientific andTechnical Committee
Opinion oftheConsultative Committee forFusion
Financial Record Sheet

A)EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 2.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 FUSION ASANENERGY SOURCE
Theproblem ofenergy sources attheworld level inthe long term
isfarfrom being solved .Thermonuclear fusion isoneofthevery few
sources which might solve this problem orgive asubstantial contribu­
tion toitssolution .Theseriousness oftheenergy problem forEurope
does notneed tobestressed here .Thepotential benefits that Europe
might draw from fusion energy areparticularly important onaccount of
itshigh level ofenergy consumption perunit area andofitslatitude
and climate .
Thedevelopment offusion power reactors isalong ,complex andexpensive
venture and itssuccess ,inthelight ofthepresent state ofknowledge ,
isnotguaranteed .Butinview oftheimportance ofthefinal goal ,
thecosts and therisks arenotdisproportionate .Theyearly cost of
thepresent fusion programme iscomparable tothat of 1day'spresent
oilconsumption intheCommunity .
Based onsuch considerations ,in1958 ,theEuropean Community started a
programme on"Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion andPlasma Physics "whose
aim istoestablish thepossibility ofproducing ,atcompetitive cost ,
useful energy from thereactions between light nuclei .This programme
isdesigned tolead induecourse tothejoint construction ofprototype
reactors with aview totheir industrialisation andmarketing .There must
becontinuous assessment ofthepotential offusion power andtheresources
required toachieve it,inorder toprovide abasis forplanning decisions
inthemore general frame ofenergy research anddevelopment .
Considering theprogress made inrecent years onecanreasonably expect
that scientific feasibility should bedemonstrated within thenext decade .
Thecontinuation and amoderate extension ofthepresent effort should be
sufficient toreach this first goal .Thenext steps should bethe
demonstration first oftechnical feasibility andthen ofeconomic power
production .Planning studies carried outindependently byvarious groups
ofexperts intheworld indicate that ademonstration reactor could be
built attheturn ofthecentury .Butinorder todothis ,itisessential
tostart making progress nowontheproblems oftechnical feasibility and
this requires anincreased effort infusion technology .

3.
1.2 COMMUNITY NATURE OFTHE PROGRAMME
Theprogramme is,bydecision oftheCouncil ,along term collaborative
project embracing allwork carried outwithin theMember States on
fusion andplasma physics ,and ispartly financed bytheCommunity .
Inthepast ,theCommunity wasable toovercome thedifficulties in
setting upacommon European programme inthefield ofphysics .Now ,
theprogress made implies thelaunching ofasubstantial programme of
fusion technology forwhich European integration ,although difficult ,
iseven more necessary than for thephysics part oftheprogramme .
Theoriginal decision oftheCouncil toproceed onaEuropean basis to
the R.and D.leading tofusion reactors was theresult offar-reaching
negotiations ;specific national interests inthefield offusion should
still beconsidered inthis context .TheCommunity aspect ofthewhole
programme must beaccentuated toensure anefficient andeconomical
development leading tothereactor .Such atrend iswell illustrated
bytherecent creation oftheJoint Undertaking JET ,which will bethe
focal point oftheEuropean programme inthecoming years .Theability
ofEurope todesign anadvanced project oftheimportance ofJET in
only afewyears hasbeen theconsequence ofthepatient effort of
integration previously realised with theAssociations .
1.3 MOTIVATION FOR THE INITIATIVE OFTHE COMMISSION
Since itscreation ,Euratom hascontributed funds andmanpower topromote
activities inthelaboratories ofthemember States andtheir integration
inacommon programme within theAssociations .
Theprincipal motivations forsuch aninitiative oftheCommission are :
thescale ofhuman andfinancial resources required ,which suggests
notcarrying such adevelopment onanational basis ;
- theexistence ofacollective need ,common toallmember States ;
- thelong time scale oftheeffort (extending towards theendof
thecentury )necessary toarrive atthereactor ;
- theopening ofawide community market fortheEuropean reactor ,
when success isachieved .

4.
1.4 MOTIVATION OFTHE PRESENT PROGRAMME PROPOSAL
Theprinciple ofthe "sliding programme "(adoption ofanewfive-year
programme after three years ofimplementation ofthepreceding one)
wasproposed bytheCommission in1975 inorder toensure theconti­
nuity oftheprogramme and tore-orient itifnecessary ,taking into
account the evolution ofthe scientific and technical situation .
The Council ofMinisters on25March 1976 decided that "The Commission
will submit totheCouncil in1978 areview proposal designed to
replace thepresent programme with anewfive-year programme asfrom
1January 1979"(1).
TheScientific andTechnical Committee (STC)initsopinion onthe
proposed five-year fusion programme 1976-80 "regarded aspositive the
Commission 'sintention toprovide for areview ofthesituation at
mid-programme andforarolling programme "and "asked theCommission
topayspecial attention ,when therevision isundertaken ,tofusion
byinertial confinement and totechnological problems ".
TheCommission deems itnecessary topropose thepresent programme
for thefollowing reasons :
a)theprogress achieved inTokamak physics makes itpossible to
undertake new specific experiments necessary forfurther progress ;
b)heating methods recently developed andsuccessfully tested cannow
beapplied toconfining devices already built orunder construction :
aquantitative step intheeffort onplasma heating isnecessary ;
c)since thedecision ontheconstruction ofJEThasbeen taken ,it
seems wise tostart pre-def inition work forthenext step inorder
tobeable toundertake itsdesign during thefollowing five-year
programme :this implies anadjustment oftheshort term aims of
theprogramme andofitscontents ;
d)thekeyfusion technology problems fortheTokamak line have been
identified andinternational collaboration isstarting ontwoof
these problems (large supraconducting coils andeffects ofneutron
bombardment onmaterials ):thesetting upofatechnology pro­
gramme aiming atthesolution oftheproblems relevant tothe
next step isnowpossible anddesirable .
(1)O.J.N°L90of3April 1976 .-

5.
CHAPTER II
PRESENT SITUATION OFTHERMONUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH
II .1TERMS OFREFERENCE
II.1.1 Physics
Toachieve apositive energy balance byfusion processes ,the
plasma temperature (more precisely theiontemperature )must exceed
atypical value of10keV andthequality oftheplasma confinement
must also exceed acertain limit .Afigure ofmerit measuring the
quality ofplasma confinement istheproduct n*£"of theplasma
density "n"andtheconfinement time Afusion reactor will
required Clarger than 10 ions percmseconds .Theproblem
infusion research isthen first toreach these minimum values
(physical feasibility ),then tobuild amachine which faces all
thetechnical problems that will bemet inareactor (technical
feasibility ),andfinally toarrive atareactor which produces
energy atacompetitive cost (economic feasibility ).
Infact ,these 3ste^s arenotindependent :forinstance ,inplanning
experiments aiming itdemonstrating physical feasibility ,itis
clearly oftheutnust interest toconsider thepossibility of
eventual extrapolations tofuture reactors .
II.1.2 Magnetic and inertial confinements
Inreaching therequired value ofnG ,twoextreme methods are
conceivable :
Onecantake arelatively lowvalue for thedensity andmaintain
this for "long "confinement times (oftheorder ofoneminute );
this istheroute chosen bythemagnetic confinement inwhich
3aplasma oflarge dimensions (many m)ismaintained within a
fixed volume (often oftoroidal shape )bytheaction ofmagnetic
fields created both bylarge currents circulating inexternal
coils and ,inthecase ofTokamaks ,intheplasma itself ;
Onecanusevery high plasma densities forshort periods (shorter
than amillionth ofasecond ).This istheinertial confinement
route ,inwhich thefuel (deuterium andtritium )initially

6.
contained inasmall (less than 1cm)hollow sphere iscompressed
andheated very rapidly byintense beams oflight (lasers ),
electrons orions .The fuel subsequently undergoes fusion
reactions during thefree explosion ofthe "pellet ".The
duration islimited only byinertia ,hence thename "inertial
confinement ";
- Past research has indicated that intermediate solutions donot
seem tobevery promising .
II .2SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SITUATION
II.2.1 Magnetic Confinement
Thesituation isillustrated (figure 1-A,B,C)through the
evolution during thelast fewyears ofsome major fundamental
plasma parameters inTokamaks (aparticular type oftoroidal device ).
Thefigures indicate also theminimum values (already mentioned )
necessary toreach thereactor domain .Itshould beunderlined that
impressive progress hasbeen reported recently intheTokamak line :
1.Aniontemperature of60millions degrees (rather close towhat
13will benecessary inareactor ),atadensity of2.10 ions
3 . . .per cm ,has been obtained atPrinceton inthePLT device .This
major result shows that thefear ofadverse effects due tohigh
iontemperatures (seeparagraph III .3.1.3)islikely tobe
unfounded .
2.Thefavourable scaling law (seeparagraph III .3.1.1)ofthe
conf_inemen_t t^ime_^ (proportional toplasma density and
tothesquare oftheminor plasma radius )hasbeen confirmed
tobevalid inawider range ofparamaters ,mostly byFT (Frascati )
working at600kamp and80kGauss ,andPLT (Princeton )working
athigh temperature .
3.JleJta_values ^(seeparagraph III .3.1.2)have reached mean values
of2%,inthedevices T11(USSR )andTosca (Culham ).Moreover ,for
agiven toroidal magnetic field ,ithasbeen possible toincrease
noticeably theplasma current inseveral devices :Diva (Japan ),
Alcator (USA ),TFR (Fontenay -aux-Roses )and T11(USSR ).
Most ofthis progress results directly from theuse ofpowerful
auxiliary heating .

7.
Asimple extrapolation oftherate ofprogress gives confidence
forentering thereactor domain shortly after theendofthefive-year
programme ,relying onthenext generation ofmachine .This isnot to
saythat anyofthese machines will beareactor itself ,they will
give access tonewplasma regimes athigher temperatures which rould
possibly modify theexpected scaling laws .Theunknown behaviour of
plasmas containing tritium andproducing alarge amount ofthermo­
nuclear energy will certainly require extensive investigation .
Moreover ,associated technologies will have tobefully developed
before demonstrating technical feasibility .
II.2.2 Inertial Confinement
Recent results arevery promising :symmetrical implosions ofpellets
have been obtained ,which led tohigh compression ratios (about
1000 )oftheplasma ,andappreciable rates ofthermonuclear reactions
9
(10pershot ).Considerable progress inlaser fusion technology
(seefigure 1-D)and inelectron beam generators islikely to
lead toarapid improvement intheperformance ofthese systems .
More specifically :
1. L.ajLe£..fusion .Twomultibeam systems areoperating nowata
power level above 10TW :Shiva (neodimium )atLivermore and
Helios (CO2)atLosAlamos .Pellet implosions atfull power
will beperformed systematically inthenear future .Antares ,
a100TWCO2laser system ,isunder construction atLosAlamos ;
completion isscheduled for 1982 .
2. E^le^ctron_b e^ams .Significant progress hasbeen made onbeam-
transport techniques ,allowing thedesign ofmultibeam systems .
EBFA ,a20beam 30TWdevice ,isscheduled tobeoperational
atSandia (USA )in1980 .A100TWdevice isunder construction
attheKurchatov Institute (Moscow ).
Very important results should then beobtained inthecoming years .
"Breakeven "experiments ,demonstrating physical feasibility ,are
foreseen inthemid eighties .

8.
II .3WORLD CONTEXT
II.3.1 Budgets
Inthree years (75-78 )theannual American fusion budget hasmore
than doubled ,crossing the400million dollars line in1978 (for
both magnetic andinertial confinement ).TheJapanese effort has
increased considerably (byafactor of12between 1970 and 1976 )
nowreaching nearly half theEuropean effort .IntheUSSR ,where
absolute figures aredifficult toobtain ,itappears that the
effort remains comparable with that oftheUSA .
II.3.2 Large Tokamaks
Given theprogress ofTokamaks ,anexample ofmagnetic confinement
device ,theexpansion ofthis line hasbeen much faster than the
others .Each programme includes ,inaddition toprojects ofinter­
mediate size ,thepreparation and theconstruction ofalarge
Tokamak tobeready atthebeginning ofnext decade (JET inEurope ,
TFTR intheUSA ,JT-60 inJapan ,T-10 MinUSSR ).Moreover ,it
ispredominantly ontheTokamak scheme that technological problems
associated with future reactors areanalysed .
11.3.3 Other magnetic approaches
Inrelative terms ,theactivities onmagnetic mirrors ,Stellarators
andhigh-beta configurations have decreased during thelast few
years .However ,theAmericans have obtained appreciable success
with mirrors andaremaintaining asubstantial effort inthis field
whereas they have ceased major work onStellarators .Europe has
done theopposite ,abandoning themirrors toconcentrate onStella -
rators (Wendelstein VIIA,atGarching ,isthelargest existing
Stellarator )andhigh-beta configurations ,sothat theprogrammes
arecomplementary forthese auxiliary lines .
11.3.4 Inertial confinemen t
This line ofresearch represents atrue alternative toTokamaks .
Although new (large scale activity started only in1971),itis
rapidly expanding intheUSA ,theUSSR andinJapan (from a
negligible fraction ofthewhole American effort in1972 ,itclimbed
toroughly 30%oftheUSAfusion budget in1978).Inthis line ,
many problems arestill open (e.g. thechoice between laser and

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IMPORTANT PARAMETERS SINCE19601990

10.
electron orionbeams ).Nevertheless ,crucial experiments are
14programmed fortheearly eighties ;forinstance SHIVA-NOVA ,a10
watt laser beam experiment atLivermore should become operational
before JET andcould lead tobreak-even conditions .
II.3.5 International collaboration
- World-wide ,informal exchange ofinformation hastaken place
formany years inavery satisfactory way ,particularly inthe
field ofmagnetic confinement .Itshould bestressed that the
associated laboratories canparticipate inthis exchange of
information only aslong astheCommunity fusion programme
contributes substantially totheworld results .Theimbalance
due totheincreased USeffort during thelast fewyears is
already noticeable .Official cooperation isinprogress in
theframe oftwoorganisations :theInternational Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA )andtheInternational Energy Agency (IEA).
- TheCommission isrepresented intheInternational Fusion
Research Council oftheIAEA ,through which itcontributes tothe
organisation oftheWorld Conferences onPlasma Physics and
Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research ,tothepublication ofthe
review "Nuclear Fusion ",andtoother specific cooperative
ventures ,e.g. anannual conference onlarge Tokamaks .
- Intheframe oftheIEA ,theCommission is"lead organisation
inthefield ofthermonuclear fusion research and acts on
behalf ofitspartners intheCommunity fusion programme ,for
theconclusion ofspecific agreements .Three implementing
agreements prepared bytheFusion Power Coordinating Committee
oftheIEAhave been concluded inthe last twoyears :onthe
Intense Neutron Source ,ontheLarge Coil Project andonplasma -
wall interaction (Textor ).Moreover ,aperiodic exchange of
information onVery Large Experimental Devices (TFTR intheUSA ,
JETintheCommunity andJT-60 inJapan )completed byaseries
ofworkshops onspecific construction problems ,hasbeen in
progress forthree years .
II.4SITUATION INEUROPE
II.4.1 Introduction
This five-year plan isthefifth tobeproposed totheCouncil .

11.
>
For thefirst time ,afurther plan isproduced while theprevious
onehasonly been running forless than three years ,inagreement
with thedecision oftheCouncil of25March 1976 .Even though
three years maybeashort time inresearch ,anumber ofsubjects
have shown significant progress 'since thepresentation ofthe
last plan ,asreported below ,which justifies "aposteriori "
theusefulness ofthe "sliding programme "concept .
- Themain aim ofthelast 2plans hasbeen todevelop Tokamak
research inEurope toaninternationally competitive level .
This aimhasbeen fully reached :theconstruction ofJEThas
effectively started ,and acomplementary setofmedium-size
devices hasallowed Europe toplay aleading role inTokamak
world research during the last fewyears .Other devices are
under construction orinthephase ofdefinition .
- Within themagnetic confinement approach ,alternatives to
Tokamaks (Stellarators ,high-beta configurations ,...) arebeing
studied atanappropriate level .Their relative weight inthe
overall effort isdecreasing .
Methods forheating theplasma have been developed with great
success .Heating developments absorb alarge ,andincreasing ,
fraction ofthefusion programme .
- Inertial confinement represents asmall part ofthetotal effort .
- Arelatively small technological programme exists ,devoted both
tothepresent type ofmachine and tothenext generation of
experiments ,with thefusion reactor asthefinal goal .This
programme isexpanding atthemoment duemainly totheincreased
interest inthefield ofsuperconductivity .
II.4.2 JET
Thepreparation ofthe Joint Undertaking JET"hasbeen concluded
in1977 with the choice ofCulham asasite .Atthe end ofthe
interim phase (June 1978 )theconstruction phase hasstarted .The
machine isplanned tobeoperational forbasic performance in1983
oreven earlier (seeparagraph III.3.2.1 ).Attheendoftheinterim
phase oftheProject ,theJET staff amounts toabout 50and theinternal
management structure ofthe team has been established .About 150
contracts forspecific work for theimplementation oftheprogramme
have been placed with theAssociations .Forwork tobeperformed

12.
bythird parties (mostly industry ),about 100contracts have
been placed which mainly concern tests andmanufacture of
components for themachine .Inparticular ,thevacuum vessel ,
thetoroidal coils and thepower supplies (flywheel -generator -convertor
systems )have been ordered .Finally ,aconsultancy contract has
been placed for theJET specific buildings andassociated services .
II.4.3 Other Tokamaks
ATokamak device canbebasically characterized byitsdimensions
and itsconfining magnetic fields .Theplasma itcontains should
ideally bedense ,hot ,clean ,confined foralong time^,andhave
ahigh ""(^istheratio between theplasma pressure andthe
pressure exerted bythemagnetic field ,and isameasure ofthe
efficiency ofthedevice ).JETalone isneither sufficient nor
isitdesigned totackle all theproblems which should besolved
before Tokamaks ofthenext generation canbelaunched .Themajor
Tokamaks already infull exploitation intheCommunity ,TFR (Fontenay ),
Pulsator (Garching )andDite (Culham )have contributed very substan­
tially tothegeneral progress .TFRremained themost powerful
Tokamak (I=400kA)intheworld until 1976 ,when T-10 andPLT
started tooperate ;recently ,temperatures of2keV have been obtained .
Pulsator produced anexcellent contribution tothestudy ofplasma
instabilities and ,despite itsrelatively small size andlowmagnetic
field ,produced plasma ofhigh density jiandoflarge product n.*£ .
Dite hasbeen thefirst Tokamak toincorporate adivertor (ormagnetic
system toextract plasma impurities )and isbeing used forimportant
experiments onplasma heating byinjection offast neutral particles .
Tosca (Culham )isasmall Tokamak studying shaped cross-sections and
adiabatic compression .Erasmus (Brussels )which isasmall butvery
compact device andPetula andWega (Grenoble )aredevoted mainly tothe
study ofplasma heating byRFschemes .FT (Frascati ),ahigh magnetic
field device ,isthemost ambitious technological undertaking decided
inEurope during thethird programme ;itcame into operation late
in1977 andcould beamong thefirst Tokamaks intheworld toreach
onemega-ampere current intheplasma .Besides themodification
ofTFRrecently achieved toallow higher performance ,some quite
large newdevices arenear completion :Asdex (Garching )will bea
Tokamak with apoloidal divertor andpowerful heating byneutral

13.
injection ,andTextor (Julich ),which istheobject ofaninternational
implementing agreement forcooperation with theAmericans ,will be
mostly devoted totheimportant problem ofplasma-wall interaction .
II.4.4 Heating
AsaTokamak configuration isessentially defined asthecombi­
nation ofatoroidal current carried bytheplasma and asuper
imposed toroidal field ,Ohmic heating isintrinsically present
inaTokamak .But itcanbedemonstrated that ,with the
possible exception ofvery high field devices ,Ohmic heating
will never lead tofusion temperatures .Moreover ,foragiven
toroidal field ,theinfluence ofohmic heating decreases when
thesize ofthemachine increases .Therefore ,inthelarger
devices presently completed orinconstruction ,auxiliary
heating isrequired toachieve high performances .Theimpor­
tance ofpowerful auxiliary heating hasbeen fully realized
during thelast years :itisthought that ,inmost future
Tokamaks ,auxiliary heating systems could cost asmuch asthe
machine itself .
- Twomethods areunder active development :theinjection ofhigh
intensity beams ofneutral particles ,asystem which isalready
operational atappreciable power levels (onemegawatt ),and
radio-frequency methods ,which ,although less advanced seem to
bemore promising forfuture large machines andreactors .The
Commission has tried successfully tocoordinate theRandD
efforts onheating :thelaboratories ofCulham andFontenay -
aux-Roses areresponsible forthedevelopment ofneutral
injection ,whereas Grenoble andBrussels arespecializing in
RF.Inaddition ,fundamental studies arecarried outonturbulent
heating andelectron-beam heating .
Power levels comparable tothat ofohmic heating have been
reached recently with neutral injection heating onTFR (600KW)
andDite without disturbing thequality oftheconfinement .
Atthesame time ,1MWinjector units arebeing developed at
Culham andFontenay -aux-Roses under JETcontract .These
injectors will also beavailable fordevices like Textor ,Asdex
orTFR-604 .Recent success inthedevelopment ofneutral
inj'ection heating canbeconsidered asoneofthebest achieve­
ments ofthe associated laboratories .

14.
II.4.5
II.4.6- Concerning theRF-heating schemes ,high-level expertise hasalso
been developed .Europe istruly competitive inthis domain and
possesses some toroidal devices especially devoted tostudy the
application ofthis type ofheating .Promising results have been
obtained with Petula andWega attheGrenoble Laboratory which
has themajor responsibility inthis field andcollaborates
with E.R.M. (Brussels )where Erasmus isexpected tocontribute .
Stellarators
These aretoroidal systems inwhich themagnetic field isessentially
produced bycoils located outside theplasma chamber .Although
being conceptually more complicated than Tokamaks ,they should be
more flexible andcould inprinciple work continuously .Uptonow
thepresent devices ,Wendelstein VII-A andCleo ,were operated with
2ohmic heating current .Iontemperatures of300eVandn.Qof10
were reached .With respect tocomparable Tokamaks they show no
disruption ,ahigher density limit andconfinement properties
increasing with decreasing ohmic heating current .Technical diffi­
culties have uptonowhindered theinstallation ofthelarge chamber
foreseen forWVII-A .Isar T-l ,a"high-beta "Stellarator ,hasbeen
terminated after showing thepossibility ofobtaining equilibrium
insuch configurations .
High-beta configurations
Tokamaks have sofarnotreached values ofpthatarerequired for
aneconomic reactor .Moreover ,theoretical predictions onthe
maximum |Jareuncertain andstillhavenotbeenchecked experi­
mentally .Thebehaviour ofhigh plasmas isnowbeing investigated
inanumber ofdevices :pulsed high |3Tokamaks ,suchasSpica
(Jutphaas ),Belt Pinch (Garching ,discontinued )andTenq (Julich ,
discontinued ),High ftStellarators ,andreversed field pinches .
Mostofthehigh |3-activity intheCommunity isconcentrated on
thereversed field pinch inacollaborative programme between
Culham (HBTX )andPadua (Eta-Beta ).According toideal fluid theory ,
reversed field pinches canbestable for |5upto40%.values
between 10%and 40%have been observed experimentally although at
lowtemperatures .Thedesign ofthelarge RFXexperiment atCulham
isnowcompleted inaparameter range comparable with present day
Tokamaks .

15.
II.4.7 Inertial confinement
Thegeneral situation inEurope isunsatisfactory .Because ofthe
possible military interest incertain aspects ofinertial confine­
ment ,theCommission hasnotbeen able toco-ordinate thewhole
fusion activity inthis field .Nor isityetpossible topromote
theexpansion ofwork oninertial confinement which seems tobe
justified both byrecent published results from other countries ,
andalso bythecurrent policies oftheUSA ,USSR andJapan .
- Inthefield oflaser fusion ,theAssociation Euratom -IPPand
atasomewhat lower level theAssociation Euratom-CNEN are
conducting limited experimental investigations ,with some
theoretical support from theEuratom-Etat Beige andEuratom -
NSBESD (Sweden )Associations .These efforts are toomodest
tobecompetitive with those outside Europe .Afewyears ago ,
some newnational programmes (Rutherford Laboratory ,Ecole
Polytechnique )appeared outside theEuratom fusion Programme
andthese aredeveloping rapidly .Finally ,inlaboratories
which aremore orless classified itisknown that asubstantial
effort isbeing made atLimeil andthat some work isalso going
onatAldermaston .
- Inthefield ofelectron orionbeam fusion ,there ispractically
noactivity inEurope .
- Inthefield ofPlasma Focus ,which isless sensitive ,coordination
ismore satisfactory .Euratom-UKAEA andEuratom-CNEN Associations
areworking inclose contact with several German Universities
(Stuttgart inparticular ).Anindependent activity goes onat
Limeil .High densities andthermonuclear temperatures are
obtained forshort times inthese devices ,resulting inalarge
number offusion reactions .Theperformance oftheone-Megajoule
2Frascati device isatpresent limited to10 neutrons per
13 .. • .. "pulse (10 areexpected from scaling laws )duetoplasma-wall
interactions which areatpresent under investigation .
II.4.8 Diagnostics
Inspite ofremarkable progress ,Tokamak research isstill ina
situation where theaccumulation ofexperimental observations isthe
main task ofthephysicists working inthis field .Plasma diagnostics

16.
arethen ofvital importance and alarge effort isbeing made ,
inalllaboratories ,toapply known techniques tospecific machines
ortodevelop newdiagnostic methods .The local measurements of
electron density andtemperature arenowmade bywell established
methods ,thedetermination ofiontemperature and "chemical "
composition oftheplasma (impurity content )isless well developed
while themeasurements oftheplasma-current distribution andof
plasma-wall interactions areinanearly stage ofdevelopment .
Inthefield ofinertial confinement ,even theapplication ofknown
diagnostics tothespecific situation requires substantial efforts
because ofthevery high space and time resolution involved
(typically onethousandth ofamillimeter ,andonebillionth of
asecond ).
II.4.9 Theory andcomputing
Therecent development oftheoretical studies wascharacterised
byasteadily growing interaction with theexperimental programme
ononehand andbyarapid increase inthenumerical calculations
onthe other hand .The main theoretical effort has been centred
ontheunderstanding ofTokamak limitations (disruptive phenomena ,
anomalous thermal diffusion anddynamics ofimpurities )andonthe
successful application ofthetheory ofelectromagnetic wave
propagation tothestudy ofRF-heating .Powerful computer codes
have been formulated fordealing with both plasma behaviour and
Tokamak engineering ,andareatpresent ofcommon useinthe
different laboratories .Theinterpretation ofexperimental results
(data acquisition systems )isanother domain inwhich theuseof
computers isexpanding rapidly .
II.4.10 Fusion technology
Thetechnology programme wasestablished inorder toassess the
possibility ofimplementing astrong task-oriented technology programme
during thenext five year plan .
Thepresent activities infusion technology areessentially the
following :
1)Inthearea oftheIEA-collaboration three implementing agreements
arerunning :
Intense neutron sources :there isalarge uncertainty in

17.
thechoice ofproject proposal ,directed towards the
construction ofa14MeVneutron generator .
-Plasma-wall interaction :TEXTOR-Jvilich (seeII.4.3)
-Large Coil Project :LCP -OakRidge (USA).TheEuropean
contribution consists ofthe construction ofatleast one
NbTi coil ,tobetested attheUStest facility inalarge
toroidal magnetic configuration .
2)InJuly 1977 ,theCouncil ofMinisters^' ^allocated ,inthe
framework oftheJoint Research Centre multiannual activity
(1977-80 )aprogramme onthermonuclear fusion technology with
(2)thefollowing guidelines :
topursue andextend theJRCparticipation inEuropean
conceptual design studies onfusion reactors ,already running
forsome years incooperation with Frascati andNaples
(FINTOR-group )
-tocontribute totheanalysis ofproblems related tothe
safety andenvironmental aspects offusion ,
toparticipate inthestudy ofmaterials forfusion ,in
particular radiation damage effects andtheevaluation of
thetechniques andequipment needed forsuch investigations .
3)Inalmost allassociated laboratories ,system studies were
carried out ,notonly onTokamaks but also onRFX (Culham ),
Internal Ring (Julich ,Stockholm ),Belt /Screw Pinch (Petten ,
Jutphaas ).AGarching based group leads inthesetting upand
implementation ofamodular computer code forthestudy of
different fusion concepts .
4)Pellet injection asarefuelling method isstudied inRis^and
Garching .
5) Inaddition tothemain effort onconventional superconducting
magnet development inKarlsruhe inconnection with theLarge
(1)O.J.n°L200of8July 1977 .
(2)Concerning administration andbudget ,this work iscarried outunder the
responsibility oftheJRC-Ispra .Inorder toensure theunity ofCommunity
activity inthefield offusion ,this work isco-ordinated bytheDirector
oftheFusion Programme ;theLiaison Group -ofwhich theJRC isa
member -plays therole ofAdvisory Committee onProgramme Management for
the research work carried out atthe JRC .

18.
Coil Project ,some initial work onadvanced superconducting
A-15materials iscarried outinFrascati ,Petten andSaclay ,
thelatter also involved inthetesting ofthesuperf luid-helium
cooled conductors for theTORUS -II-Supra.
6)AtJiilich ,experimental work onthethermodynamics ofLi-T
systems iscarried out .
7)AtJiilich andHarwell ,investigations onbulk neutron damage
(simulation )areproceeding .
8) InGarching andCulham ,surface damage byenergetic particles
isbeing investigated .
9)Neutronic studies arecarried outatHarwell ,Jiilich and
Karlsruhe .
II.4.11 Implementation
Theimportance ofresearch onthermonuclear fusion justifies ,more
than ever ,acoordinated action bytheCommunity .What hasalready
been done hasbeen sufficiently attractive toinduce countries not
belonging totheCommunity toapply forassociation with the
European fusion programme :afirst agreement wasconcluded with
Sweden in1976 ,andonewith Switzerland islikely tofollow in
1978 .Such agreements lead tocontracts ofAssociation .
During theformer five-year plan thecontract formobility of
personnel allowed about 40physicists andengineers tomove from
their home laboratory toanother associated laboratory forperiods
ofseveral months ,and acomparable number ofexchanges hasalready
taken place during thefirst half ofthepresent plan .Atransfer
ofmaterial (e.g. diagnostic equipment )isoften involved onsuch
occasions .Thestudy ofplasma-wall interactions onTFR (Garching
andJiilich teams atFontenay )andthecollaborative programme on
Wega (Garching team atGrenoble )have been among themost significant
activities ofrecent years .This close cooperation across national
boundaries bears comparison with thebest attainable even within
member States .

19.
Fortheimplementation ofitsfusion programme ,theCommunity
relies upon :
1)astaff of860professionals (mid-1978 )including theJETteam .
Thetotal staff ,including technical andadministrative support ,
amounts toslightly over 3,000 people .This ensemble isnot
merely thesumofsub-groups geographically dispersed ,but
represents awell integrated complex ofspecialists able to
work together onaEuropean scale ,ashasbeen shown during
thedesign phase ofJET .
2) 19specialized laboratories ,with modern equipment .Thenames
andthecorresponding associations aregiven intable I.
3)management structures created ontheinitiative oftheCommission ,
andthrough which thework ofeach laboratory isintegrated in
atrue European framework .Because ofthese structures ,the
member States oftheCommunity find themselves inacompetitive
position compared with other world fusion programmes .
TABLE I
Associations
&OrganizationsCountries Dates Laboratories
EUR-CEA France 1959 Fontenay-aux -Roses
Grenoble
EUR-CNEN /CNR Italy 1960 Frascati and (later )
Padua and Milan
EUR-IPP Germany 1961 Garching
EUR-F0M Ho11and 1962 Jutphaas ,Amsterdam
EUR-KFA Germany 1962 Julich
EUR-EB Belgium 1968 ERM and ULB
EUR-UKAEA U.K. 1973 Culham
EUR-Ris® Denmark 1973 Risa
EUR-NSBESD Sweden 1976 Stockholm ,Goteborg ,
EUR-CH Switzerland 1978 (?) Lausanne
JET 1977 adjacent toCulham
JRC 1977 Ispra

20.
II.5 SUMMARY OFTHE MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS
OFTHE PRESENT PROGRAMME
II.5.1 Tokamaks
From thepoint ofview ofthequality ofconfinement themost recent
advances have been made intheUSAwhere then£*values ofALCATOR
13-3
(3.10 cm sonaxis )arenowconfirmed byPLTwhich has ,in
addition ,reached iontemperatures of5.5keV .These results are
short ,byjust anorder ofmagnitude oftheLawson criterion inr\3?
andbyless than afactor 2iniontemperature .Iontemperatures
exceeding 2keVwere reached inEurope in1976 inTFRwhere ,forthe
first time ,theiontemperature exceeded theelectron temperature .
Outstanding progress hasrecently been achieved intheCommunity
concerning plasma purity .Atthebeginning ofthe 1976-80 programme
thiswasavery serious problem (zeff^3).Clean plasmas 0
arenowcurrently produced particularly inTFR ,DITE andFTdue to
newdischarge cleaning techniques and toarapid advance inthe
diagnostics ofimpurity production anddiffusion aswell asintheir
understanding andcontrol .Abundle divertor hasbeen applied for
thefirst time (DITE )and the "cold mantle "concept hasbecome
clearer (Jutphaas ,Stockholm ).
Recently developed feedback techniques for thecontrol ofplasma
equilibrium arenowavailable (CLEO-Tok ,TFR 600 ,TOSCA ).The
ability toprogramme thetime evolution ofthemean plasma density
first tested onALCATOR andPULSATOR ,isnowachieved onalmost all
experiments .
All theunderstanding ofTokamak physics hasadvanced substantially -
inparticular asaresult ofthedetailed energy balance studies
performed onTFR and DITE .
II .5.2 Other devices
Theoperation ofStellarators (CLEO ,WVIIA)with ohmic heating
current hasshown that such mixed configurations exhibit better
confinement properties than equivalent Tokamaks .
Asubstantial improvement intheunderstanding ofthereversed field
pinch ,onwhich thehigh beta line isconcentrating ,has led tothe
construction oftwomedium size devices (ETA-BETA ,HBTX-1A )now
nearing completion .

21.
11.5.3 Heating
Inthefield ofneutral injection theachievements ofthepresent
programme arealready remarkable .Thefirst application toa
Tokamak (CLEO ),only four years ago ,was atthe 50KWpower
level ,well below that oftheohmic heating .The 1MWlevel has
nowbeen reached ,substantially exceeding theohmic heating
without affecting theplasma confinement (TFR ,DITE ).The
development of 1MWunits forJET isinanadvanced stage .
Multi-MW systems areunder construction (DITE ,ASDEX ,TFR604).
Concerning thehigh frequency heating anoutstanding contribution
tothetesting andtheunderstanding ofLower Hybrid Resonance
heating hasbeen provided bytheCommunity (Grenoble ).The
Transit Time Magnetic Pumping experiment onPETULA was thefirst
successful application (without pump-out )ofthis method .
Encouraging preliminary results onIonCyclotron Resonance Heating
have recently been obtained onTFR .
11.5.4 Inertial Confinement
Thevery rapid world progress inthis field hasnotbeen matched
bythemodest European effort which has ledtothedevelopment of
a1TWiodine laser (Garching ),some progress intheunderstanding
ofplasma light interaction ,andthelaunching ofanexperimental
activity atFrascati .
II.5.5 Fusion technology
Themain problems inthis field have been identified .Moreover :
intheareas ofsafety andsystem studies ,andofmaterials ,
following theinclusion ofthese subjects intheJRCprogramme
(1977-1980 )newwork hasstarted atIspra where aconceptual
design activity incooperation with Frascati (FINTOR group )
wasalready being carried out .Preparatory work onradiation
damage simulation isalso inprogress .
inthearea ofsupraconducting magnet technology following
theconclusion ofanIEAimplementing agreement forthe
contribution from theCommunity (IPP-Karlsruhe )ofa
supraconducting coil fortheLarge Coil Project (OakRidge ),

22 .
thedesign ofsuch acoil hasreached thestage where
construction byindustry isbeing considered .Tests on
cooling with superf luid helium areinprogress (CEA-Saclay ).
II.5.6 Conclusion
Theabove-mentioned progress shows that incomparison with the
situation three years ago ,Tokamak plasmas arebetter confined ,
better heated ,andhave much lower impurity concentration .
Thus ,wearesubstantially closer tothecriterion needed fora
fusion reactor ,andthere iscorrespondingly more confidence that
thephysical feasibility ofafusion reactor canbedemonstrated .

23.
CHAPTER III
PROPOSED PROGRAMME
ν
111.1 INFORMATION FROM LONG TERM PLANNING STUDIES
Exploratory long term planning studies ,conducted intheframework
oftheCommunity programme aswell asinother parts oftheworld ,
andbased ontheassumption that afuture reactor would beofthe
Tokamak type ,have indicated achoice ofpossible strategies to
reach thegoal ofademonstration reactor .These strategies lead
todifferent time schedules anddifferent total expenditures
depending mainly upon theamount ofrisk they accept (togive an
order ofmagnitude ,about 25years and 10.000 MEUA could be
necessary toreach ademonstration reactor ).But allstrategies ,
even ifthey diverge atlater times ,have acommon trunk :the
machine(s )tobebuilt after JET (oritsforeign equivalents )
should bedeuterium-tritium burner(s ),that istosaymachines in
which thefusion reactions will besustained forlong times .Thus ,
theEuropean Community isinaposition tofixclearly theaims of
itsfusion programme forthenext fewyears ,both inphysics and
intechnology .
Long term planning studies will continuously re-assess the
potential advantages ofthevarious long-term strategies ,inthe
light offresh experimental results .Their conclusions will be
formulated ontheoccasion ofeach programme revision ,andwill
help todefine newintermediate-term objectives .
111 .2 OBJECTIVES OFTHE FIVE-YEAR PLAN
111.2.1Magne tic confinement
Thesteady progress made with Tokamaks hasalready led toa
progressive concentration ofeffort inthis direction ,and this
concentration will continue during the79-83 plan .Research on
low-beta Stellarators andonhigh-beta configurations which could
possibly lead toalternative solutions ,will becarried out ina
fewlaboratories andwill represent about 10%ofthetotal effort .
Formirror machines ,noexperimental activity isforeseen .

24.
Themain objectives oftheprogramme are :
- tocomplete theconstruction ofJETand tobegin itsoperation .
TheCommission hasalready sent totheCouncil several documents *^
which have led totheapproval oftheconstruction phase oftheJET
project andthedecision toinclude theproject inthefusion programme .
This priority action will ,therefore ,notbedescribed again indetail
inthepresent programme proposal ;
- toaccumulate enough knowledge ,both inphysics and intechnology ,to
beable todefine thePost-JLT machine (s)during thefive-year period so
construction could start during thefollowing plan .Inparticular ,
theresearch should determine theoptimum field and size ofthe
Post-JET machine(s ),andallow anassessment ofwhether itshould
produce tritium andgenerate electricity .Itshould also provide
experimental information ontheadvisability ofusing superconducting
coils .
This implies :
theconstruction ofJET ,scheduled tobeoperational inthe
year 1983 ,orearlier (seeparagraph III .3.2.1)andthepreparation
ofitsexperimental programme ;
theobtaining ofmuch physical keyinformation from intermediate
size toroidal devices ,ofTokamak type orofother types ;
- thedevelopment ofpowerful auxiliary heating systems ,inparticular
inview oftheir application toJET ;
- theimplementation ofamore substantial technology programme ,
inparticular inthefield ofmaterials ,superconductivity ,
tritium handling ,remote handling ,and system studies ;
- ifpreliminary test onsuperfluid helium cooled coils give
positive results ,theconstruction ofamedium size supra -
conducting Tokamak devoted toprofile shaping studies and
plasma heating ;
+) Inparticular :R/820/78 (ATO 17)of10April 1978 .

25.
- ifpreliminary studies demonstrate areasonable balance
between risk andcost ,theconstruction ofamedium-size
Very High Field Tokamak (V.H.F.T. )»tostudy forthefirst
time some specific problems ofa"burning "plasma ;
theinitiation ofdesign studies ofPost-JET machines .
Another objective oftheprogramme istoassess uptowhich point
other magnetic confinement schemes (Stellarator ,reversed field pinch )
are real alternatives toTokamaks .
III .2.2 Inertial confinement
TheEuropean situation isunsatisfactory ,and islikely toremain
sofor some time .Whereas theresults already obtained abroad
have led toarapid acceleration oftheAmerican ,Russian and
Japanese programmes ,political sensitivity due tothecloseness
ofsome civilian andmilitary interests inthis domain hascaused
theCommission topresent ,against itsownwishes ,aminimum
programme which issufficient :
- toenable acritical evaluation ofresults obtained elsewhere ;
- tomake significant contributions tosome keyproblems ,which
isabasic condition for afruitful exchange ofinformation
with foreign laboratories ;
- tomaintain anucleus ofcompetent scientists ,toserve asa
focal point for theremaining European efforts scattered in
various civilian laboratories ,and topermit during thenext
plan theconstruction ofalarge fusion feasibility experiment
ifthenecessary political decisions were taken .
Achange intheEuropean policy will beessential ifthecrucial
experiments planned abroad produce theexpected results ,such as
abreak-even in1983 .

26 .
Anyhow ,even with itsvery limited effort ,theCommission will
endeavour tosecure effective collaboration with other civilian
laboratories ,ashasalready been done inthepast for thePlasma
Focus .
III .3 MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT
III .3.1 Mam problems
1)Quality ofconfinement .Ithasbeen seen that theimportant
parameter here istheproduct ofthedensity and theconfine­
ment time (n.f ).Oneoftheaims oftheprogramme will be
toimprove theunderstanding and thequality oftheconfine­
ment and inparticular :
- toascertain theempirical laws governing ,especially
itsdependence upon "n"which isnotyetclearly understood ;
- toexplore thelimitations imposed bytheviolent insta­
bilities called "disruptive ".
With thegeneration ofexperiments tobecompleted during this
plan (including JET),theaim istheachievement ofvalues
i -m14 "3close to10 cm s,î.e
than obtained atpresent .14 -3close to10 cm s,i.e. oneorder ofmagnitude higher
2)JB-values .Tobeeconomically viable ,aTokamak-like reactor
requires ^-values ofabout 5-10 %,(mean -values of2%
have already been obtained inspecific devices ).This point
isofimportance ,asthequality ofcontainment could begreatly
modified when pressure becomes appreciable compared tothe
magnetic pressure .During this plan itishoped toattain regimes
where could reach afewpercent inlarge devices ,testing the
effect ofnoncircular cross sections and ofplasma profile shaping .
3)Temperature .Ignition (thesituation where nuclear heating
exceeds theenergy losses oftheplasma )requires iontempera­
tures higher than presently achieved .Such temperatures appear
tobeattainable with thetechnology already available ,provided

27.
theconfinement properties arenot toomuch lessened byhigh
iontemperature effects .Theminimum temperature tobereached
depends onthequality oftheconfinement andthepurity of
theplasma andishigher than 5keV .
Impurities were recently considered asoneofthemore serious
problems because oftheincreased radiation losses they
generate .Atpresent ,thesituation hasimproved ,although
many questions remain open .Theacceptably lowimpurity
content recently achieved has tobeconfirmed forlonger
operating times andwhen powerful neutral injection isapplied .
Sources ofimpurities aswell astheir dynamics andcontrol
have tobefurther investigated .This problem isclosely
connected with plasma wall interaction and inthecase ofa
reactor ,with refuelling andexhaust .
Exhaust andrefuelling .Inlong-pulse (orD.C)operation ,
means ofexhausting thereaction products andofrefuelling
areneeded .Exhaust studies bymeans of"divertors "will
continue inDITE andwill beamajor task ofASDEX (which
has adifferent type ofdivertor ).Means ofpumping helium
(thechief reaction product )and ofhandling large amount
ofhotexhaust gaswill bestudied .Thestudies ofthecold
mantle proposal ,analternative solution ,will continue .
Refuelling bymeans ofpellets ,clusters andgasinlet (via
theabove-mentioned cold mantle )will benecessary andwill
beintensively studied during theplan .
Alpha-particles .Theproblem ofhelium isnotonly connected
with thequestion ofimpuri_.ds butalso with heating and
confinement .Thepresence ofmany energetic alpha-particles
(helium ions )will beanimportant newfeature ofaDTburner .
This question will betackled when JET comes into active
operation and ,possibly ,onanother device ,now inthephase
ofdefinition ,which istemporarily referred toas"V.H.F.T "
(Very High Field Tokamak ).

28.
III .3.2Experimental devices (cf.table II)
1)JET .Themain effort oftheprogramme isclearly carried out
onJET ,inphysics aswell asfinancial andmanpower commitment .
Intheinitial proposal (1),twosteps were considered forthe
operating phase ofJETandreferred toasbasic performance and
extended performance .
Thebasic performance corresponds totheexploratory studies
using ahydrogen plasma inamagnetic field of27.7 kG ;the
flat topofthemagnetic field is20seconds long ,theplasma
current reaches 3.8MA (inaD-shaped plasma )andtheneutral
injection heating amounts to10MW.
From thebeginning ,thestructures aredesigned insuch away
astoensure thepossibility ofproceeding later toan
extended performance stage .Inthis regime themagnetic field
will beincreased to34.5 kGhaving aflat topreduced to
10seconds ,and theplasma current increased to4.8MA.For
this second phase newpower supplies will benecessary ,both
for thetoroidal magnetic field and for theauxiliary heating ,
thepower ofwhich istobebrought upto25MW.Theworking
gaswill beDeuterium .Ifthis phase issuccessful ,thelater
utilisation ofaD-Tmixture should provide alarge amount of
thermonuclear self-heating ,oftheorder of10MW.
- Sofar ,thefollowing schedule hasbeen considered :the
period 1979-1983 corresponds approximately totheestimated
five year construction time ,themanufacture ofallmajor
components ofthemachine being completed bymid-1981 .At
that time ,theassembly hall should beready while the
torus hall should beready atthebeginning of1982 ,the
full installation being completed about oneyear later .
Another six months will then beneeded for tests and com­
missioning ,before starting theexperimental programme
inmid 1983 ,towards theendofthepresent plan .Themain
objectives ofthis first phase oftheexploitation are the
study oftheevolution ofplasma behaviour with parameters
close tothose ofareactor ,thestudy ofplasma-wall
interaction under these conditions ,and thestudy ofplasma
heating .Intheframe ofthis timetable ,thesecond phase
1)EUR-JET-R5,September 1975 .

29 .
TABLE II-MAIN DEVICES INMAGNETIC CONFINEMENT
Experiments Site Main objectives andCharacteristics
JET (2) Culham Scaling ,plasma-wall interaction ,
Plasma heating ,alpha-particles
Médium size Tokamaks
TFR (1) Fontenay Scaling ,plasma profiles ,heating
DITE (1) Culham Bundle divertor ,neutral injection ,impurities
FT (1) Frascati High field ,high plasma density ,high current
Asdex (2) Garching Poloidal divertor ,high iontemperature
Textor (2) Julich Plasma wall interaction ,impurities
Torus II (3) (CEA) Plasma profiles ,heating ,superconducting magnets (?)
V.H.F.T. (3) Garching Very high field ,adiabatic compression ,ignition (?)
Other Tokamaks
Petula (1) Grenoble RFheating
Erasmus (1) Brussels RFheating
TCA (2) Lausanne RFheating
Wega (1) Grenoble RFheating
Torture (1) Jutphaas Turbulent heating
Thor (1) Milano Runaway electrons ,RFheating
Ringboog (1) Jutphaas Cold mantle
Dante (1) Ris# Pellet ablation
Spica (1) Jutphaas High beta behaviour
Tosca (1) Culham High beta (noncircular cross-section )
Other toroidal devices
W-VII A(D Garching
Cleo (D Culham
HBTX-1A 2) Culham
ETA-BETA D Padua
RFX (3) Culham
F-IV (2) StockholmStellarator with NIheating
11 with RFheating
Reversed field pinch
ofextended performances
Cold mantle
(1)Inoperation (2)inconstruction (3)inpreparation

30.
would bestarted around 1985 .
However ,several very encouraging results have been obtained recently
inthefield ofTokamaks (II.2.1):good behaviour ofhigh temperature
plasmas (Ti>5keV )inthecollisionless regime ;satisfactory scaling
oftheplasma energy confinement time with dimensions (itvaries as
thesquare ofthesmall plasma radius ),increase oftheelectron -
energy confinement time with Teandne;insensitivity ofenergy
confinement time tomagnetic field andplasma current ;success in
obtaining clean plasmas ;positive results ,both experimental and
theoretical ,onthemaximum attainable ^-value .These facts ,as
well asaconsideration ofthetimetable forother large devices -
TFTR (USA )should come into operation atthebeginning of1982 andcould
beequipped with 45MWneutral injection heating in1983 ;JT60
(Japan )isscheduled foroperation attheend of1982 -ledtheJET
team toreconsider their timetable .Aproposal isbeing prepared
aiming atapossible acceleration oftheconstruction phase (JET to
beready foroperation inbasic performance attheendof1982 ).
Moreover ,theJETteam isconsidering thepossibility ofproceeding ,
atanearlier stage than previously foreseen ,totheimplementation
oftheextended performance ,even during theconstruction phase .
This could imply :
1.Tohave 25MWofadditional heating available atthestart of
theoperation phase andtherefore toinstall 125MWofpower
supply (suitable forboth methods ofheating ).
2.Toexperiment actively onthemajor method ofRFHeating on
thelargest Tokamaks available ,inorder tobeable totake a
decision for JET indue time .
3.Toinstall complementary power supplies togenerate theincreased
magnetic field .
4.Tomake anincreased effort onthedevelopment ofremote handling
and tritium equipment .
Extrapolation from theresults which have become available recently ,
theextended performance ,when achieved ,could lead tothefollowing
plasma parameters :T^C*15keV,n10^cm ^6%.The
energy confinement time should liebetween 0.5and 5s,andwhen
using D-Tmixture , 100MWoffusion power could beproduced .

31.
Other Tokamaks inoperation orconstruction .JET alone could
notgive all thenecessary information toproceed with the
fusion programme .Itisintegrated inaprogramme ofsmaller
complementary experiments better suited tostudy specific points .
Some devices concerned arealready inoperation ;others will
becompleted during this plan (those especially designed for
heating studies will beconsidered inparagraph III .3.3).
This coherent system isorganized tocover asaccurately as
possible thefield ofproblems tobetackled ontheTokamak
line .Itiscentred onsome major devices :Dite (Culham ),
FT (Frascati ),TFR (FAR),Asdex (Garching )andTextor (Jiilich ,
after 1981 ),each being specialized inthestudy ofseveral
ofthemain questions mentioned under III.3.1 .Ineach case ,
adequate heating power allows theplasma tobebrought toa
higher performance regime .Smaller Tokamaks have specific
tasks :Ringboog (Jutphaas )isdedicated tocold mantle studies
incollaboration with theStockholm Laboratory (model experi­
ments ),Dante (Ris^)topellet ablation studies inconjunction
with Garching andCulham .Tosca (Culham )andaTokamak-like
experiment Spica (Jutphaas ),aredevoted toassess thehigh-
beta capability ofTokamak configurations .
NewTokamaks .Depending upon theoutcome ofconceptual and
experimental preliminary studies now inprogress ,theconstruction
oftwonewdevices (Torus IIandV.H.F.T. )could belaunched .
These machines will aimspecifically atdemonstrating twopro­
cesses essential for the step after JETbutwhich cannot be
tackled ontheexisting machines :
- theapplicability ofsupraconducting coils toareal Tokamak
the self heating ofaDTplasma and theeffect ofalpha
particles onplasma confinement .
Torus II,amedium-size superconducting Tokamak ,isinthefinal
phase ofdesign intheAssociation Euratom-CEA .Tests on
magnet cooling bysuperfluid helium are inprogress .Afinal
decision onconstruction should betaken in1979 .This device ,
apart from presenting ahigh technological interest ,would be
devoted tothestudy ofhigh power supplementary heating (possibly
with radio-frequency )andtoinvestigations ontheimportant
question ofplasma profile shaping .

32.
V.H.F.T. ,aVery High Field Tokamak ,ispresently under prelimi­
nary study ,andwould extend theprogress recently obtained with
high density andhigh magnetic field operation .Thedefinition
phase should beconcluded attheendof1978 and aconcrete
design could start in1979 .Theextrapolation oftheempirical
confinement time tohigher densities andtheuseofstrong ohmic
heating (high current density ),possibly incombination with
other heating methods (neutral injection ,adiabatic compression )
should lead toignition for adeuterium-tritium mixture .Such an
ignition experiment would bebuilt atGarching with thehelp of
Frascati .This collaboration could beextended atthe international
level .
Other toroidal devices .Some activity hasbeen maintained
onlines which canberegarded both asalternative andcontributory
totheTokamak line ,namely :Stellarators andreversed field pinches .
TheStellarators arerepresented bytwodevices :W-VII A(Garching )
andCleo (Culham ).Lowbeta Stellarators canhelp theunderstanding
oftransport properties ofTokamaks .Thereported positive effect
caused bytheexternal helical fields onplasma stability isof
interest but itsorigin and itspotential forreactor applications
arenotyetclear .Aserious effort will bemade toreach net
current-free operation .Configurations different from classical
Stellarators (i.e. toroidal main field plus field ofhelical
windings )arestudied infast compression experiments .They may
also beemployed inanew load assembly forW-VII .Nonew
Stellarator device isplanned atpresent .Theactivity on
reversed field pinches isdeveloped with twodevices :HBTX 1A
(Culham )andEta Beta (Padua )intheframe ofaclose collaboration
between both laboratories .Thenext stage would bethelarge
RFXexperiment proposed atCulham ,aspart ofacooperative pro­
gramme with Padua .
Planning groups .Adefinition group should start working in
1979 todefine thestep beyond JETandinparticular whether
there should beone ortwopost JETdevices andwhether ornot
thedevice immediately following JETshould produce netelectric
power .

33.
Definition work for theDEMO reactor will beintensified starting
in1979 with theFintor Group (common working group Frascati -
Ispra-Naples )asanucleus .
These twogroups will maintain aclose contact with each other
andwith theLong Term Planning activity which will becontinued ,
with its nucleus inBrussels .
III .3.3Heating methods
From thebeginning oftheEuratom fusion programme ,plasma heating
hasbeen identified asone ofthemajor problems inthermonuclear
fusion research .Inthe light ofrecent results ,this problem
appears more andmore important :inorder toreach their maximum
performances ,JET and themedium-size devices need powerful
complementary heating .Asefficient heating methods begin tobe
available ,itisboth necessary andreasonable topropose a
considerable expansion oftheheating programme .
UptoJETsize ,neutral injection based onpositive ionsources
isasuitable solution ,but itisofdifficult application to
larger machines .Twoalternative solutions areunder investigation
radio-frequency heating andneutral injection based onnegative
ionsources .Efforts will bemade during these years toassess
therelative potentialities ofthese twosolutions .
Scientific andtechnological developments arebeing progressively
concentrated inselected laboratories which also act asconsultants
andpossible suppliers for theother laboratories intheCommunity .
This isthecase with neutral injection which hasbeen attributed
jointly toFontenay andCulham .Forradio -frequency heating ,most
oftheexpertise isconcentrated intheCEA (and theERM ).
1)Neutral injection heating .Itconsists oftheinjection ofa
beam ofhigh velocity neutral atoms obtained byneutralisation

ofaccelerated ions .The sources presently used provide positive
ions which arewell adapted for thepresent level ofenergy .
For thehigher level ofenergy required inlarger machines ,
however ,theneuttalisation efficiency forpositive ions becomes
solow that itseems necessary toturn tonegative ion sources
which aremuch less developed atpresent .Therefore aneffort
should bemade inthecourse ofthis 5-year programme tostudy
sources andaccelerators ofnegative ions ,inorder tobe
ready atthebeginning ofthenext programme todevelop an
injection line using negative ions atapower level of 1MW .
Shielding oftheinjectors after theignition oftheplasma
could make this method applicable toareactor .Further studies
arerequired .For thetime being ,thecollaboration between
Culham andFontenay -aux-Roses isoriented towards thepro­
duction of 1MW80keVH°units with positive ionsources .
Such adevelopment isrequired forJET ,which will necessitate
10MWofneutral injection foroperation inbasic performances ,and
some 25MWinextended performances ,but also for theother
intermediate size machines :Dite ,TFR 604 ,Torus II,Asdex ,
Textor andWendelstein VII A.Contracts for thedelivery of
neutral injection systems have already been signed between
Associations .Aconsiderable enhancement ofthetotal efficiency
ofthese systems will beobtained ifthedevelopment ofrecovery
systems presently inprogress issucessful .Itisintended to
extend thepresent techniques totherealisation of 1MW
160keV D°units .
Radio-frequency heating .Itisnotyet asadvanced asneutral
injection .Thephysics oftheheating interaction between
electromagnetic waves andplasmas istheobject ofactive
investigations .Research isgoing oninavariety ofpossible
schemes ,characterized bythefrequency atwhich they operate .
During this plan ,itisintended toconcentrate progressively
onthemost promising ,and todevelop them toalevel ofpower
comparable towhat iscurrently reached byneutral injection
(about 1MW).Itshould then bepossible ,before theendofthe
plan ,toselect themethod best suited forJET andPost-JET ,
and tocompare itsmerits with those ofneutral injection .

35 .
Themain lines oftheproposed programme are thefollowing :
Inthelowfrequency range (–■100kHz),Petula (Grenoble ),
andpossibly itsupgraded version ,should give thenecessary
information for apossible extrapolation toTorus IIandJET
- ■Inthemiddle frequency range (1-100MHz),significant
tests will bemade onTFR .Erasmus andTCA (Lausanne )will
contribute complementary information .
- Thehigh frequency range (^ 1GHz)will becovered byWega
(Grenoble ),acommon experiment Garching-Grenoble with
collaboration ofERM .FTandperhaps Asdex will also
contribute .Alater test onJET isenvisaged .The
industrial development ofpowerful klystrons isrequired .
Forthevery high frequency range (^30GHz),astrong
effort has tobemade todevelop thenecessary technology .
Thefirst tests areplanned atCulham andMilan (50GHz
gyrotrons forCleo ,28GHzgyrotrons forThor andTosca ).
Ifthedevelopment issuccessful ,this method could be
applied tothepresent Tokamaks (Dite ,TFR).
Ohmic heating andother methods .Thegood results obtained on
Alcator (USA),acompact experiment athigh field ,provoked
theinterest inchecking thelimits ofohmic heating when
very high fields areapplied .Astudy group hasbeen setup
atGarching with thecollaboration ofFrascati toassess the
potential andtherisks ofsuch anexperiment known under
thename ofVery High Field Tokamak (V.H.F.T. -see §III .3.1)
Another efficient heating method ,Adiabatic Compression which
hasbeen thoroughly experimented inthepast ,isintrinsically
limited induration .Itmaybeapplied toJET ..Theapplication
ofsuch amethod toV.H.F.T. could help toreach ignition
temperatures where alpha-particles heating could take over .
Other heating methods asshock heating ,turbulent heating
(Jutphaas )imploding liners ,laser heating orrelativistic
electron beams (Amsterdam ),will beinvestigated atanexplo­
ratory level .

36.
111 .3.4Theoretical andcomputational studies
All theareas ofwork mentioned above involved both experimental
andtheoretical studies .Theoretical work isessential toprovide
theunderstanding ofconfinement andheating observations ,sothat
correct assessments maybemade ofexperimental results obtained
both inEurope andabroad .They will enable sound extrapolations
tobemade for thenew conditions encountered asreactors are
approached .
Because much more detail inunderstanding andprediction isnow
needed ,there will beincreasing useofcomputational methods .
Technical discussions aretaking place toimprove theco-ordination
offusion computing inEurope which should lead toeasier exchange
ofcomputed programmes andinterchangeable access tocomputing
facilities inthedifferent laboratories .Astudy hasbeen
requested tofinalize proposals inthis matter .
111 .3.5 Other activities
Theoretical andexperimental fundamental plasma physics investiga­
tions arelargely shifted toUniversities .Such collaborations
would have theadditional benefit ofcreating areserve ofyoung
scientists andengineers whomight berequired byanexpanding
programme .
III .4 -FUSION TECHNOLOGY
III .4.1 Introduction
Themain objectives ofthetechnology part ofthefive-year programme
arethedefinition andprovision ofthenecessary technological
support forthePost-JET phase .Theproposed programme isrelated
tothefollowing major areas :
- System Studies
- Safety andenvironmental impact
- Superconducting magnet technology
Tritium andblanket technology
Materials technology .
Thetechnology programme originally proposed bythe'expert groups
wassubstantially larger andmore ambitious than theonepresented

37 .
here .Inspite ofthegreat interest insuch anextensive programme ,
theCommission had tomake adrastic cut intherelated budget in
order tocurtail theoverall cost .This hasbeen done bylimitation
tothemost urgent problems andinparticular those ofdirect interest
tothedesign andconstruction ofthePost-JET machines .Because of
this ,areas ofresearch such astheIntense 14MeVNeutron Source ,
superconducting magnet design fortime varying currents ora
test loop fortritium breeding blanket modules had tobepostponed
forre-consideration atthetime ofthe 1981 programme revision
orearlier aspart oftheprogramme oftheJRC ifextended .On
theother hand ,research programmes presently performed outside the
fusion area ,butwith similar objectives (e.g. materials development
inthefast fission breeders )could bedirected incollaborative
programmes towards theneeds offusion technology .
Itshould benoted that this five-year programme does notinclude
development work onsuch items ascryogenic orwater cooled high field
magnets ,norlarge electrical power generators ,since atpresent these
arebeing developed within device-related projects ,forexample JET .
III .4.2System Studies
Thefunction ofsystem studies istodevelop conceptual designs of
fusion reactor stations ,indicate targets oroptimum engineering
features andperform theassociated parameter sensitivity analysis .
System studies will also beuseful tooutline theparameters for
intermediate steps .Inassessing thelist ofsystems towhich
studies have tobedirected ,itisnecessary toconsider thebasic
options oftheEuropean programme .Thus nostudies onmirrors and
inertial confinement systems areforeseen atpresent .Ontheother
hand ,themain effort will bedirected towards theTokamak concept
(pulsed orquasi steady state );some attention will bepaid to
other systems ,such asfission-fusion hybrid systems ,thereversed
field pinch andbelt-screw pinch reactors ,andtoprocess heat
application offusion reactors .
Theconceptual studies forDemo inwhich theJRCwill play aleading
role will incorporate thefindings oftheAssociation Laboratories
inacontinuous updated definition ofthepower reactor .Itis
important that fusion reactor conceptual designs inherently include

38.
remote handling capability forallnecessary direct servicing and
repair functions .Anactive programme ontheapplication of
manipulators isbeing developed intheJETProject .Alimited
additional effort forthedevelopment ofgeneral purpose mani­
pulators isincluded inthetechnology programme .
III .4.3Safety andEnvironmental Impact Studies
Themain studies concerning safety andtheenvironmental impact
offusion energy will concentrate ontheestablishment andthe
continuous assessment ofthesafety concepts related tothemain
reactor stations being investigated inthedefinition andcon­
ceptual design groups ,ontheassessment ofenvironmental impact
andimplication oflicensing requirements .Inparticular these
studies will include theevaluation oftritium inventory and
release under normal operation theevaluation ofevents related
topossible accidents andthedisposal ofactive components .It
will benecessary toevaluate ,foreach design concept ,the
significant accident scenarios which cancause loss ofcontainment
and resultant radioactive release tothe environment .
III .4.4 Super conducting Magnet Technology
Theconcentrated effort foreseen inthis area should place the
Community inacompetitive position when major decisions concerning
future large superconducting devices aretaken during thefive-year
plan .Inaddition ,thedemonstration oftheoperation ofa
superconducting magnet system ,possibly inconnection with afusion -
plasma experiment ,isconsidered ofgreat importance ,because ofthe
very high probability that future large fusion devices (based on
toroidal confinement )will beequipped with superconducting magnet
systems .
J)Large Coil Project (LCP).TheLCP isatest facility tobe
built inOakRidge involving atoroidal setofsixD-shaped
field coils .Thecoil dimensions (4.7x2.5m)will allow the
results tobeextrapolated totherequirements ofthelarge
post-JETdevices .Thefirst European coil from KFK (Karlsruhe )
with NbTi superconducting material isexpected tobedelivered
toOakRidge bytheendof1981 .Three other coils are
provided bytheUSA ,onebyJapan andanother one (pending
final approval )bySwitzerland .

39 .
2)A15Superconductors .TheuseofA15compounds allows the
operation ofmagnets with higher magnetic fields (typically 5to
8Tontheplasma axis )and/orincreased stability and
temperature safety margin inrealistic operation conditions .
Both properties areofrelevance tothemost probable evolution
ofthemagnetic fusion programme .Forthis reason ,itis
proposed that adynamic ,goal oriented programme bestarted .
Specifically ,theproposal istobuild asecond Community coil
for the LCP test device with A15 conductors .
Themost promising A15compound ,butnotyetavailable in
sufficient quantities inEurope forlarge coil construction ,
isNb^Sn .Aconsiderable increase ineffort isrequired to
develop coils incorporating itsuseinasecond test coil for
LCP .This should beamajor aim ,with acompletion date about
three years later than thedelivery oftheNbTi coil .
3)Superfluid Helium Cooling (Torus II).The twomain advantages
ofsuperfluid helium cooling (HeIIat 1,8°K)aretheenhance­
ment ofthecritical values ofthesuperconductor anda
substantially increased heat transfer rate forshort pulses .
These areclearly ofvalue fortherelatively small coils pro­
posed forTorus II (major radius 2.15 m,field onaxis 4.5T).
Preliminary experiments onamodel coil inSaclay show promising
results with regard toTorus IIconstruction .
Inaddition ,there areother activities insupport ofsupercon­
ducting magnet systems needed infuture devices .Inparticular ,
this programme proposal includes thefollowing twoareas :
4)Poloidal Field Coils .Thepoloidal field coils ,carrying
essentially variable currents inpresent machines ,have notyet
been considered forsuperconductors .Before theuseofsuch
coils canbeenvisaged ,thedifficulties connected with time
varying currents insuperconducting coils aretobeovercome .
Because ofthepriority given totheother superconducting
activities ,nolarge scale tests areforeseen before programme
revision .
5)Support fortheSuperconducting Programme .Underlying the
final fabrication ofthesuperconducting coil systems isthe

40.
need forextensive development work ,such asthemethods of
stabilization ,heat transfer ,cooling and theeffects ofthermal
cycling onelectrical andthermal insulation .
III.4.5Tritium andBlanket Technology
Thetritium technology required tooperate apost-JET fusion device
safely will depend upon thefuel flow andtheoverall radiological
safety system .Todemonstrate thecapability ofhandling safely
andreliably theamounts oftritium insuch adevice ,i.eabout
lOg/daywith about 100-2C ginthesystem atanytime ,aEuropean
tritium laboratory isproposed .This will require access tothe
technological know-how existing outside thefusion laboratories of
theCommunity .
Theinclusion intheDT-burner ofaneutron absorbing blanket
having atleast apartial breeding capability would require
prior demonstration ofthesafe andreliable operation ofa
blanket module .Therefore ,and inconjunction with thematerials
programme ,theneed exists toperform ,towards theendofthe
plan ,blanket module technology tests including irradiation tests .
Inparticular ,thefollowing components orsystems need tobe
developed andtested forpost-JET application :
1)Tritium Storage andDelivery System .Tritium maybestored
either assome metal hydride orasagas .Present storage
techniques areprobably adequate ,buttesting andoperational
experience will berequired prior tooperation oftheDTfusion
device .
2)Tritium Transfer andExhaust Systems .Valves will ingeneral
require allmetallic seals andforthepressure range 10^to
-810 torr both cryogenic andturbomolecular pumps arecompatible
with tritium ,butsome development work isneeded tosolve
specific problems related tothis application ,forinstance
helium pumping .
3)Exhaust GasTreatment .TheDTexhaust will need purification
from chemical impurities like 0,NandHeandreadjustment of
thehydrogen isotope composition ,this having been altered
bythevarious fusion reactions andbyinjection .There are

41 .
several methods available foreach ofthese two stages of
treatment but itwill benecessary totest andoptimise equip­
ment design for themethod finally selected .
4)Containment andDecontamination .Containment and accidental
release oftritium areproperly thesubject ofregulations and
licensing procedures inallcountries oftheCommunity .The
definition ofthese isclosely related totheother problems
ofreactor safety andmust beconsidered together .The
practical evaluation ofthechosen method isaproper topic
fortheexperimental programme ofthetritium laboratory .
Current concepts envisage enclosing theentire installation in
acasing continuously flushed with inert gasthat issubsequently
treated toextract thetritium .Inaddition ,thewhole building
containing thefusion device will itself besealed andvented to
acirculation andtritium treatment plant ,providing secondary
containment .Thetechnology involved isconsidered tobe
available inprinciple .However ,itwill beessential todemons­
trate thereliability ofthecontainment system ,even ifona
somewhat reduced scale .This isoneofthemajor objectives
ofoperating thetritium laboratory .
5)Tritium Recovery from Blanket .Tritium recovery techniques will
depend onthechoice ofthebreeding material :liquid lithium
metal orsolid orliquid lithium compounds .Intheliquid Li
case ,several tritium separation methods arebeing discussed .
Encouraging experimental results ondistillation have been
reported ,which need confirmation inalaboratory scale pilot
experiment .Recovery from solid Licompounds suffers from the
difficulty ofpreventing tritium from leaking into theprimary
coolant .
III .4.6Material Technology
Thematerials programme should strongly interact with thedesign of
thepost-JETdevice(s )forselection ofmaterials ,identification
ofspecifications andinvestigation ofspecial problems .
Inaddition ,however ,duetolong lead times ,significant exploratory
work for the needs ofthe Demonstration reactor has tostart now .

42 .
Themain problem areas formaterials inafusion environment derive
from :mechanical stresses ,both continuous andcycled ;corrosion
inpresence oflithium orlithium compounds andimpurities ;
radiation damage inbulk material andonsurface .Themost
serious problems are ,however ,thecombination ofthese effects ,
which aredifficult toevaluate onthebasis ofpresent day
knowledge .•
Themain items forinclusion inthetechnology programme inthis
area should bethefollowing :
1)Selection and Standardisation ofMaterials .Ashort term
preference isgiven towell-developed materials such as
austenitic steels andnickel-based alloys .Due tothelong
time needed toprove newmaterials ,some exploratory work on
alternative (chosen among those already industrially available )
isneeded .Animportant criterion istheminimisation ofthe
activation ofmaterial .
2)Mechanical Properties ofUnirradiated Materials (Creep and
fatigue ;embrittlement andfracture ;metallurgical problems in
fabrication ). Some oftheconditions the fusion reactor
materials aregoing toface arevery unfamiliar toengineers ,
6forinstance ,pulsed stress andheat loading ,with about 10
cycles /yr.Creep andfatigue behaviour ofeven themost
common materials under these conditions should receive
attention .
3)Compatibility (Corrosion inliquid LiandLicompounds ,corrosion
byHecontamination ,permeability tohydrogen isotopes ).
Corrosion islikely tooccur inallstructural materials .The
presence ofunconventional materials (LiorLicompounds )andof
impurities (like Heandhydrogen isotopes )make this problem
largely speculative although experimental results arebecoming
available .Theknowledge ofpermeability isimportant topredict
hydrogen-isotope concentration throughout thereactor both for
itseffects onmaterials (embrittlement )and forsafety .

43 .
Radiation damage (Simulation through bombardment with electrons ;
light andheavy ions ;irradiation infission reactors ;irradiation
with 14MeVneutrons ;irradiation ofinsulating materials ).
Theradiation damage infusion reactor materials induces swelling ,
creep ,embrittlement andother changes ofthemechanical and
electrical properties .Thedamage isproduced bythehigh energy
neutrons both through displacements andthrough transmutations ,
anddepends ontheconditions inwhich thematerial isirradiated .
Twomain simulation tools areavailable today :irradiation with
charged particles andfast neutron irradiation infission reactors .
Theformer canbeused tosimulate theeffects ofboth displace­
ments induced byneutrons andgasproduction ,whereby high dose
rates canbeobtained .Intense neutron sources ofspecial design ,
particularly those based ontheDT-reaction ,mayprovide a
radiation environment which most closely resembles theone
predicted inafusion reactor ;they canthus provide calibration
andverification for thesimulation methods .Itcould represent
asignificant subject forinternational collaboration .Itis
thus proposed todevelop aEuropean contribution (tothis
collaboration )bystarting exploratory work soastocompare the
various approaches toanintense neutron source ,and tomake
conceptual designs ofthemost attractive ones .
Surface Damage .Plasma-wall interaction isimportant both from
thepoint ofview ofplasma physics andfrom thepoint ofview
ofitseffects onmaterial properties .Asfar asmaterials
areconcerned ,theareas ofsurface damage tobeinvestigated
include :modification ofmechanical properties offirst wall
materials duetosurface erosion andfuel implantation ;testing
ofappropriate materials inorder tominimize impurity radiation
losses ;trapping andrelease of .fuel atthefirst wall (see
also III-3-1).

44 .
III .5 INERTIAL CONFINEMENT
III .5.1 Laser fusion
Theproblems oflaser fusion canbeclassified asfollows :
-High-power laser development ;
-Studies oflight-plasma interaction andenergy transport ;
-Compression hydrodynamics andthermonuclear burn ;
Pellet design and fabrication ;
-Basic theory ;
-Reactor studies .
Within thenext fewyears ,theEuropean programme oninertial
confinement will amount only toafewpercent oftheSoviet or
U.S. programmes .Tomeet thepurposes expressed in§III .2.2
itshould then consist ofavery limited number oftopics in
which itshould try tohave some impact ontheworld scene .
Moreover ,for asmall overall effort ,itisimportant forthe
programmes ofindividual laboratories tobecomplementary and
close enough formutual help through efficient collaboration .
Finally theprogrammes ofthevarious Associations should tend to
converge inorder toprepare thebasis forthefuture realization
(ifopportune )ofalarge joint compression experiment (atleast
135.10 watts ,minimum cost 50MEUA ).
Taking into account theexpertise andequipment available inthe
various Associations ,theproposed programme isthefollowing :
1)High-power laser development
-optimisation ofthe 1TWiodine laser already developed
andtransfer oftheknow-how toindustry ,with theaim to
produce inthenear future modules of 1TW-.3nsec
(Garching ).Possible extension tomodules ofhigher power .
-Development ofaCO2laser line of250J-1nsec and
realization of4ofthese modules sothat a1TWsystem
would beavailable (Frascati ).
-Investigations onnewhigh efficiency lasers (Garching ).
2)Light-plasma interaction andenergy transport
-Experimental investigations using both neodimium andiodine
laser beams focussed mostly onplane targets (Garching );
-Theoretical andcomputational studies (Garching ,Brussels ,
Goteborg ).

45 .
3)Compression studies
-Study ofthehydrodynamic stability oftheimplosion of
pellets oflarge aspect ratio ,attwodifferent wavelengths
(1and 10microns )using first a2x100J-2nsec neodi -
mium system andlater a4x250J-1nsec (X^system .
Such experiments will useDTfilled pellets but arenot
aimed atproducing themaximum number ofneutrons (Frascati ).
-Realization ofamedium size compression experiment using
2iodine laser modules of 1TWinorder togetexperience
with therelevant techniques ,diagnostics andcomputations
(Garching ).
4)Basic studies
Continuation ofpresent theoretical studies (Brussels ,Goteborg )
ontransport coefficients andnon-linear phenomena ,inorder to
apply them tospecific situations met intheexperimental
programme .
5)Collaboration
Need forefficient collaboration isparticularly felt inthe
following areas :computation ,pellet fabrication (pellets
will bebought abroad atthebeginning ,but this situation
ishighly unsatisfactory ),diagnostics andreactor studies .
Itwill beattempted toincrease asmuch aspossible the
contacts between the Associations and other civilian labora­
tories (Rutherford ,Polytechnique ,Universities ),forinstance
byincluding those laboratories inthearea accessible through
themobility fund .
III .5.2Other approaches
- Inspite ofitspotentialities andofitsfast development
abroad ,electron and ionbeam fusion research cannot be
initiated intheAssociations within thevery limited programme
proposed forinertial confinement .
- Activity onPlasma Focus will remain limited forthetime
being totheexploitation ofthelarge 1Megajoule device
existing atFrascati ,incollaboration with Culham andin
close contact with several German Universities .Ageneral
assessment ofthis line ofresearch isplanned for 1980 .

46.
III .6 SUMMARY OFTHE PROPOSED PROGRAMME
Theproposed programme consists for alarge part inthecontinuation
ofthepresent effort .Inaddition ,itincludes anextension ofthis
effort and some new activities .
III .6.1 Continuation ofpresent activity
This means essentially theconstruction ofJETand thestart of
itsoperation inthebasic performance stage aswell astheexploi­
tation ofthealready existing devices andthose under construction .
Most ofthese devices areTokamaks designed toanswer specific questions
(seeTable II)which are ofprimary importance for thenext step .The
necessity ofobtaining amaximum ofinformation from them isevident .
Afewother toroidal devices belonging tothealternative lines should
produce information necessary tothedecision whether tocarry on
thedevelopment ofthese lines ortodiscontinue it.Inaddition
they should allow thestudy ofsome problems concerning theTokamak
line :thedecoupling ofheating from confinement (Stellarators )and
theinvestigation oftheproperties ofhigh-beta plasmas (high beta
devices ).
Inthefield ofneutral injection ,thedevelopment ofintermediate
voltage hydrogen injection lines with positive ionsources canbe
considered asachieved :their extensive application toconfining
.devices has started .Thedevelopment ofhigher voltage lines ,
deuterium injectors ,recovery systems andnegative ionsources is
concentrated intwo Associations and must continue inorder tomeet
therequirements ofJETand ofthenext step .
Inthefield ofradio-frequency heating thedevelopment ofthe
Lower Hybrid Resonance heating isthemost advanced :itisnow
entering intheapplication phase .Concerning other methods ,their
number hasbeen reduced during thelast programmes andthecontinua­
tion oftheir development tohigher power levels isnecessary in
order toprepare theselection ofthebest suited ones tomeet the
requirements ofJETand ofthenext steps .

47.
Afewactivities inthefusion technology area have been started
recently andthere isnodoubt ofthenecessity fortheir
continuation .These are theLarge Coil Project ,test onsupra -
conductivity with superfluid helium cooled materials ,conceptual
design ,safety andenvironmental studies ,radiation damage
simulation .
Inthefield ofinertial confinement thework performed until now
intheassociated laboratories consisted essentially for the
technological part inthedevelopment ofa1TWiodine laser and
thepre-development ofa250Joule C02laser andforthephysics
inthestudy oflight-plasma interaction .Both theprogress and
theincrease ofeffort outside theCommunity are sorapid that in
order not toloose contact inanirreversible wayanextension of
thepresent activity isessential .
III .6.2 Extension
- Depending upon theoutcome ofinvestigations which have been
triggered recently bythevery positive results obtained in
1978 ontheTokamak line ,itcould beproposed toshorten
theconstruction phase ofJETand toimplement theextended
performance during theconstruction phase .Thetechnical
feasibility and scientific advisability ofsuch anoperation
has notyetbeen assessed bythecompetent bodies ofthe
Joint Undertaking .
- Depending upon theoutcome ofconceptual andexperimental
preliminary studies nowinprogress ,theprogramme might include
theconstruction oftwonewTokamaks :avery high field device
(VHFT )aiming attheignition ofadeuterium-tritium plasma and
asupraconducting Tokamak (Torus II)devoted toplasma profile
shaping andheating studies .Forthepreparation ofthenext
step ,theimportance ofanearly ignition experiment andofthe
application ofsupraconductivity toareal Tokamak does notneed
tobeemphasized .Thepossibility ofbuilding each ofthetwo
newexperiments outlined above hasnotyetbeen assessed .Itis
"afortiori "notcertain that both will have tobebuilt .
Inthefield ofplasma heating ,onthecontrary ,anextension of
effort isboth possible andnecessary .Most oftheexisting

48 .
devices have been ,orwill bequite soon ,operated intheir
basic performances .Inorder toreach their maximum performances ,
they need substantial additional auxiliary heating power .Several
neutral injection units foranoverall power oftheorder ofat
least 25MWwill have tobeproduced andapplied toJET and to
other Tokamaks such asASDEX ,TFR 604 ,Dite ,Textor andTorus II.
Substantial radio frequency heating power atthelower hybrid
resonance will have tobeapplied inparticular toFT.
- Inthefusion technology area ,activity onsystem studies should
beintensified and thedevelopment ofanA15supraconducting coil
for LCP should beundertaken .
Theproposed extension inthefield ofinertial confinement ,
which isnecessary inorder toachieve theminimum objectives of
theprogramme inthis field ,includes theindustrial production
of 1TWiodine laser modules ,thedevelopment andconstruction of
four 250Joule (X^lasers ,andtheinitiation ofcompression
tests .
III .6.3 New activities
Toprepare for thePost-JET machine ,knowledge isrequired ofthe
tritium technology needed forfusion .Tritium technology already
existing inmember States should bemade available tothefusion
programme ,but there will remain aneed for aEuropean laboratory
"specifically devoted tothetritium technology offusion devices .
This hasalready been recognized inUSA ,where aTritium System
Test Assembly istobebuilt atLosAlamos .IfEurope isto
collaborate effectively with theUSA inthis field ,anadequate
expertise must becreated within theCommunity .Allowing for
thetime needed tomeet thestringent licensing requirements in
theCommunity ,action should start assoon aspossible .Moreover ,
tests on,blanket modules should start towards the end ofthe
5-year programme .
Theproblem ofmaterials ,already significant forJET ,isof
primary importance for thenext step andcrucial for thereactor .
Thepresent state ofknowledge isjust sufficient toidentify the
areas inwhich work isnecessary .Due tolong lead times
involved insome testing procedures ,significant exploratory work
should start now ,particularly with regard toradiation damage .

49.
CHAPTER IV
IMPLEMENTATION
IV.1FINANCIAL SITUATION OFTHE 1976-1980 PROGRAMME OFTHEASSOCIATIONS
Theappropriation oftheCommission forthefinancing oftheprogramme
oftheAssociations fortheperiod 1976-1980 ,decided bytheCouncil
on25March 1976 ,wasof120MUA^.Thiswould correspond toa
total volume ofthis programme ofabout 410MUA (applying the25%
rate forgeneral support andthe45%forpreferential support )if
theentire sumgiven bytheCouncil asaceiling forthefinancing
ofpriority actions (39MUA)were devoted topreferential support to
these actions .
.... . •., .(2)When this programme decision was adopted ,theCommission pointed out
that itsappropriation resulted from asubstantial reduction ofits
initial proposal and that consequently difficulties would beencountered
inthesteering oftheprogramme .Moreover theCommission pointed
out that ifnecessary ,itwould submit totheCouncil during the
execution oftheprogramme aproposal intended toadapt itsappro­
priation totheeconomic conditions .
InJuly 1977 ,inorder tocope atleast inpart with difficulties in
thefinancing ofthegeneral budgets oftheAssociations ,and in
view oftheprogramme revision tobeundertaken in1978 ,itwas
agreed with thepositive advice oftheConsultative Committee for
.(3)Fusion ,toreduce thefunds devoted topreferential support from
39to27MUAand toincrease by12MUA thefunds devoted togeneral
support .This would allow theCommission tofinance ,attherates
decided bytheCouncil ,aprogramme with atotal volume ofabout
(3)430MUA .TheConsultative Committee forFusion approved also the
proposal oftheCommission toask theCouncil ,ontheoccasion of
thereview tobeundertaken in1978 ,torevalue itsfinancial allocation ,
taking into account thechange ineconomic conditions since 1stJanuary
1976 .Thefinal release oftheappropriation oftheCommission forthe
financing ofthewhole five-year programme wasdecided bytheCouncil
4)inNovember 1976 and theAssociation contracts fortheperiod
(1)O.J. NL90of3Aprii 1976 :120MUA=124MUA (total appropriation )
- 4MUA (management +mobility )
(2)Doc .R.781/76(ATO 42)1976-80
(3)Doc .R1980 /77 (ATO 89)
(4)Doc .T/919/76(ATO )

50.
1976-80 could notbeconcluded until 1977 .Thechanges intheeconomic
conditions between January 1976 andmid 1977 (about 17%ofaverage
inflation )led theCommission toconclude these contracts foran
overall financial volume ofabout 500MUA ,with theusual rate of25%
ofparticipation ingeneral support .Theincrease by70MUA ofthetotal
financial volume from 430 to500 MUA results inanincrease inthe
Commission 'sparticipation of17.5 MUA (=25%of70MUA )forthewhole
period 1976-1980 .Itmust beunderlined that this sumrepresents only
thecomplement necessary for theCommission tohonour theobligations
taken towards theAssociations (25%ofgeneral expenditures )in1977 .
Thepart ofthis sumactually needed for thefirst three years ofthe
1976-1980 programme ,which arenotcovered bythenewfive-year program­
me1979-1983 ,isabout 10MUA (3/5of17.5 MUA).Therefore the
commitment oftheCommission for thethree years 1976 ,1977 and 1978 amounts
toabout 84MUA (=10MUA +3/5ofthetotal appropriation of124MUA).
Thebalance of40MUA (=124-84 MUA)remaining from the1976-80 program­
meistherefore available forthepartial support ofthe 1979-83 program­
me .
IV.2PROGRAMME PR0P0SAL FOR 1979-1983
IV .2.1 Staff
The total professional manpower involved inthefusion programme
including the staff seconded toJET and theEuratom staff working
inthe Associations and the JRC was about 860 atmid 1978 .An
approximate breakdown ofthese 860professionals isthefollowing :
qualified research scientists working inthe
Associations oftheMember States (including
60EURATOM officials ) 700
general support (direction ,administration ,technical
services ,etc...) (including 9EURATOM officials ) 75
JET Team 48
Association EURATOM-NSBESD (Sweden ) 25
J.R.C. (Ispra ) [2
Total 860

51.
Theoverall manpower (including all thenon-professionals )ismore
difficult toevaluate since insome oftheAssociations supporting
services areshared with other laboratories ,notconcerned with
fusion .Anapproximate estimate leads toatotal ofatleast
3000 people .
Concerning thecomposition oftheprofessional staff tworemarks
should bemade :
- since experimental devices arebecoming larger andtechnically
more sophisticated ,ashortage ofengineers andspecialized
technicians forthedesign andconstruction isgenerally felt ,
although thenumber ofphysicists fortheconception ,the
operation and theinterpretation ofresults ofthemachines is
sufficient ;
- since therecruitment ofjunior professionals hasbeen reduced
nearly tozero inrecent years ,theaverage ageofthestaff
isincreasing atarate which approaches oneyear peryear .
For aprogramme which should last afewmore decades this ageing
ofthestaff isadangerous phenomenon .
For theimplementation ofthat part ofthetechnology programme
developed outside theassociated laboratories ,itisintended to
setupanumber ofsubcontracts between theassociated laboratories
andother laboratories external tothefusion programme ,most of
them inthefission field .Therefore ,anextensive recruitment
oftechnology experts inthefusion laboratories forthis purpose
does notseem necessary atpresent ,although the Associations
will need asmall number ofspecialists tosupervise theabove -
mentioned subcontracts .
Noappreciable increase ofstaff isforeseen intheAssociations
during thefive-year period 1979-83 .Thetotal manpower involved
inthefusion programme will increase slightly duemostly to
thebuild-up oftheJETTeam andalso tothepossible extension
offusion activities atthe J.R.C.

52 .
Inspite oftheproposed extension oftheprogramme ,theCommission
does not askanyincrease ofthenumber ofitsownstaff for the
implementation ofthis five-year programme .This will remain
113Community employees asdecided bytheCouncil on25March 1976 .
Thepart ofthis staff working inBrussels atthefusion programme
directorate hasbeen recently increased to20people andshould
remain atthis level during theexecution oftheproposed
programme .All theother Euratom personnel will remain inthe
associated laboratories orwill beseconded toJET .
IV.2.2 Overall expenditure oftheassociated laboratories
Theprogramme proposed here istheresult ofacompromise between
theneed tointensify theactivity totheextent justified bythe
importance ofthefinal goal for theCommunity ,and theawareness
that the financial effort that can beasked for islimited .
Abroader front ofresearch such astheoneofthefusion programme
oftheSoviet Union ,oramore ambitious programme with tighter
timing such astheAmerican one ,would bedesirable butwould
require amuch larger financial effort .Inthis sense ,thedesi­
rable ceiling ofexpenditure forresearch inthis field iswell
above theproposed figure .Thelower limit onthecontrary is
well defined since itisstrictly related tothemanpower ofthe
associated laboratories .Ifnonew investment wasmade ,the
progress ofresearch would bestopped quite soon but thelevel of
expenditure could notbesubstantially reduced unless thestaff
itself were reduced .
Theoverall financial volume discussed hereafter corresponds tothe
programme described inChapter III .andsummarized inparagraph III .6
under theheadings :Continuation ofpresent activity ,extension ,
newactivities .Itdoes notinclude thepart oftheprogramme to
becarried out attheJ.R.C. ,inSweden andpossibly inSwitzerland .
1)Continuation ofpresent activity
Thesumoftheprovisional budgets oftheassociated labora­
tories fortheyear 1978 (expressed intherespective national
currencies and then converted into EUA atthe rates ofthe
beginning of1978 )amounts toabout 104MEUA .This figure
multiplied by5would lead toatotal of520MEUA for

53 .
1979-83 programme ,attheeconomic conditions ofJanuary
1978 .Therate ofinflation intheCommunity isatpresent
ofabout 7,5%peryear (more precisely ,itwas 7,5%
between April 77andApril 78).This leads toa5-year
budget ofabout 560MEUA attheeconomic conditions of
January 1979 .Moreover ,atconstant manpower ,thecost of
personnel isestimated from past experience toincrease by
atleast 6%peryear intheCommunity ;this unavoidable
increase affects about 40%ofthetotal fusion budget and
leads toanadditional requirement of28MEUA fortheyears
1980 to1983 .Thecontinuation ofwork atthepresent level
requires therefore afive-year budget of588MEUA .This sum
includes theextrapolation oftheinvestments made in1978 ,
which were moderate asmost ofthe investments had been
committed atthebeginning ofthe1976-1980 programme .This
extrapolation gives room therefore tolimited newinvestments
corresponding tothecontinuation ofpresent activity ,but
cannot allow thelaunching ofanysignificant newaction .
-Volume (ateconomic conditions January 78) 520MEUA
-Inflation January 78-January 79(7,5%) 40MEUA
-Increase cost personnel (atconstant manpower ) 28MEUA
Continuation atpresent level 588MEUA
Extension ofpresent activity .Theprogramme summarized in
paragraph III .6.2corresponds tothefollowing financial
commitments :
-Investments for new Tokamaks :Torus IIand
VHFT .The cost ofeach ofthese machines
will beofthe order of20to30MEUA
-Additional heating (JETexcluded )
-Inertial confinement
-Fusion technology :
.System and environmental studies ,
planning anddefinition groups :5MEUA
.Supraconductivity (mostly A15coil
forLCP ):15MEUA50MEUA
23MEUA
10MEUA
Total20MEUA
103MEUA

54 .
3)Newactivities (seeparagraph III .6.3)
-Tritium technology
-Materials 30MEUA15MEUA
Total : 45MEUA
Itshould beclearly pointed out that these figures
.correspond totheprogramme described inChapter IIIexcept
formaterials .Inthis latter case ,theimplementation ofthe
programme defined bytheExperts andoutlined inparagraph
III .4.6would require amuch larger financial commitment .
With thefunding indicated hereabove theinitiation ofthis
programme ispossible but thespeed ofitsdevelopment will
beseverely limited .
Inconclusion ,thegeneral expenditure oftheassociated laboratories
(including sub-contracts fortechnology )for thefive-year
period 1979-1983 isestimated asfollows :
Continuation ofpresent activity 588MEUA
Extension ofpresent activity 103MEUA
New activities 45MEUA
Onthebasis ofthetechnical description given inChapter III
andwithin theframework oftheoverall expenditure proposed in
paragraph IV.2.2,theinvestments required fortheimplementation
ofthe1979-83 programme areestimated at120MEUA ,inthe
economic conditions ofthebeginning of1979 .
Theproposed partial ceilings fortheinvestments ofthe
associated laboratories which should befinanced bytheCommunity
atthepreferential support rate of45%arethefollowing :Grand Total : 736 MEUA
IV.2.3 Preferential support
MEUA
Tokamaks and support toJET
Other toroidal devices
Heating andinjection
Fusion technology
Inertial confinement64
15
35
30
6

55 .
IntheTokamak line ,about 10MEUA have been included forwork
(e.g. development ofdiagnostics ,heating methods ,study
contracts ,etc.)tobeexecuted forJETbytheassociated
laboratories .Inthesame line provision ismade (50MEUA )for
thepossible construction ofTorus IIandV.H.F.T.
Itshould bepointed outthat thesumofthese ceilings (150
MEUA )ishigher than theproposed overall ceiling forpriority
actions (120MEUA ).This means that theceilings shown cannot be
reached simultaneously inall thelines .
Asinthepreceding five-year programmes ,preferential support
will begranted bytheCommission only toactions which are
attributed priority status bytheGroupe deLiaison .
IV.2.4 Mobility
The "Mobility contract "fortheexchange ofstaff among the
various laboratories engaged inorcontributing totheimplementation
oftheprogramme hasbeen extensively used during thelast two
five-year programmes with good effects .This exchange hasproved
tobethe best method for the transfer ofscientific and
technical know-how andanexcellent means ofimproving the
utilization oftheavailable staff andexpertise .Thefunds
devoted tothemobility ofstaff should therefore beatleast
kept constant .Amaximum amount of2MUAwas setaside for this
purpose inthe 1976-80 programme andthesame amount (2MEUA )is
proposed forthe 1979-83 programme .
IV.2.5 Management andadministration
The staff ofthe fusion directorate inBrussels was increased in
thelast twoyears inaccordance with the 1976-80 plan ,andhas
reached atotal of20people .This figure should bemaintained
inthecourse ofthe79-83 programme .Theaverage staff number
during this period will therefore behigher than intheperiod
76-80 .Anincrease ofthecost ofthis personnel hasbeen intro­
duced bytheinclusion ofCommunity taxes onsalaries inthe
tariff rates forstaff charged tothebudget oftheEuropean
Community andbythetransition from UAtoEUA .

56 .
The expansion ofthefusion programme ,inparticular with the
inclusion ofnew fusion technology activity ,isresulting inan
increase ofexpenditure for theorganization ofmeetings ,
workshops etc .and forexpert contracts .
Anappreciable increase oftheexpenditure formanagement and
administration ,mainly due tothecost ofpersonnel ,must then be
provided for inthe79-83 programme .Theappropriation ofthe
Commission should therefore include aceiling ofabout 7MEUA for
this item .
IV.2.6 JET
Présent situation
Asapproved bytheCouncil (R/2404 /77-ATO 116),thecost ofthe
JETproject intheconstruction phase (ending mid-1983 )hasbeen
calculated inBelgian francs andputat7500 million Belgian
francs atJanuary 1977 prices .This sumrepresents 184,6 MEUA at
therate oftheEUAof3January 1977 (1EUA =40,6207 BF).
Inaccordance with theStatutes oftheJETJoint Undertaking
adopted bytheCouncil of30May 1978 (1)theexpenditure ofthe
Joint Undertaking shall beborne atthe80%rate byEURATOM .
Thepart ofthetotal cost oftheproject intheconstruction
phase tobeborne byEURATOM istherefore 147.7 MEUA (=80%
of184.6 MEUA ).
The funds necessary for theparticipation ofEURATOM inthe
"expenditure for theproject during 1976-1978 amount to16MEUA
(=80%of20MEUA ).These funds have been taken out ofthe
appropriation of102.4 MEUA allocated bytheCouncil decision of
30May 1978 (2).TheCommission proposes repealing repeal this decision
asfrom the 1stJanuary 1979 when thenewprogramme 1979-1983 should
come into force .Thefunds necessary for theparticipation of
EURATOM intheexpenditure oftheJoint Undertaking for the
period from 1979 tomid-1983 areestimated at131.7 MEUA (=147.7
-16MEUA ).This sumhas therefore tobeincluded intheappro­
priation oftheCommission for the 1979 /83fusion programme .
During thesecond half of1983 ,JETwill beintheoperation
phase .Ithasbeen estimated that theaverage annual budget of
JETshould notvary appreciably going from theconstruction of
(1)O.J. NL151ofthe7.6.1978 ,p.11
(2)O.J. NL151ofthe7.6.1978 ,p. 8

57.
totheoperation phase .Onthis basis ,about 18MEUA will be
required byJETduring thelast semester of1983 .Thefunds
necessary fortheparticipation ofEuratom will then amount to
about 14.5 MEUA (80%of18MEUA ).These arenot included in
theappropriation oftheCommission requested inthepresent
document .
With thedecision of30May 1978 (1)theCouncil hasallocated to
thefusion programme 1976 /80,fortheimplementation oftheJET
project ,150temporary staff inthesense ofArticle 2(a)ofthe
Conditions ofEngagement ofOther Servants oftheEuropean
Communities .This allocation should beconfirmed inthe Council
Decision concerning the 1979 /83fusion programme andpossibly
revised onthe occasion ofrevision tobeundertaken in1981 .
Possible évolution .
TheCommission hasalready pointed out that part oftheexpenditure
necessary toallow thedevice toreach itsextended performance
will probably have tobecommitted during thesecond half ofthe
construction phase(2 ).This commitment was oftheorder of50MEUA ,
for80%ofwhich theCommission intended submitting arequest to
the Council onthe occasion ofthe revision tobeundertaken in1981 .
Inview ofrecent scientific progress ,anacceleration ofthe
construction ofJETandanearlier implementation oftheextended
performance would appear desirable (III.3.2.1 ). Ifthis turned
out tobefeasible ,according toapreliminary estimate made by
theJET team ,theadditional commitments could beevaluated at
62MEUA (inJuly 1978 money andincluding contingency andadditional
personnel )andpart ofitcould becommitted in1980 .Themain
items would bethepower supplies needed tobring themagnetic field
upto35kGauss ,thesupplementary heating power needed toreach
atotal of25MWand theremote handling andTritium equipment
forD-Toperation .
This question istobeexamined bytheorgans oftheJETJoint
Undertaking .TheCommission will inform theCouncil ofMinisters ,
induetime and ifappropriate ,submit aproposal accordingly .
(1)O.J. NL151ofthe7.6.1978 ,p.8
(2)R/820/78 (ATO 17)

58.
IV .2.7
0
2Appropriation oftheCommission for 1979-1983 .
Programme oftheAssociations .
Thebreakdown oftheappropriation oftheCommission requested
forthe 1979-83 programme ,without JET ,attheeconomic condi­
tions ofJanuary 1979 ,isthefollowing :
Overall volume % Commission
participation
General support 616 25 154
Preferential support 120 45 54
Mobility ofPersonnel 2 100 2
Management &Administration 7 100 7
Total : 745 MEUA 217 MEUA
From thebudget point ofview ,thenewappropriation necessary to
finance the 1979-83 programme oftheAssociations ,isestimated
at177MEUA (217-40MUA ),taking into account the40MUAwhich
remained available from the 1976-80 programme .
Areduction ofthis appropriation would result innewdifficulties
inthesteering oftheprogramme .Asagreed bytheCCF ,it
should beavoided that theappropriation oftheCommission be
insufficient tocover ,atthe 25%and 45%rates ,theexpenditure
incurred bytheAssociations .
JET
Thefunds necessary for theparticipation ofEURAT0M inthe
expenditure for theconstruction phase ofJETduring the 1979-83
programme amount to131.7 MEUA attheeconomic conditions of
January 1977 .This sumdoes not include :
- thefunds necessary fortheparticipation ofEURAT0M in
theexpenditure during theoperation phase oftheproject
in1983 ,estimated atabout 18MEUA ,ormore iftheoperation
phase were tostart before mid-1983 .
thefunds necessary for theparticipation ofEURATOM
intheexpenditure resulting from apossible speeding upof
theproject aimed atbringing forward access totheextended
performance (see §IV.2.6).

59 .
3)Overall appropriation
Thenewrequested appropriation istherefore :
For theparticipation in
theprogramme ofthe
AssociationsMEUA
217 atthe economic condi­
tions ofJanuary 1979
For theparticipation
inJET 131.7 atthe economic condi­
tions ofJanuary 1977
Total : 348.7 MEUA
Oneshould point outthat theappropriation fortheparticipation
inJEThasalready been agreed bytheCouncil .
Theorganization oftheCommunity fusion programme isbased onthe
the bilateral association contracts between EURATOM and the Insti­
tutions inthemember States and inSweden which are active in
fusion research .Each Association has aSteering Committee
consisting ofasmall number ofrepresentatives oftheCommission
andofthepartner Institution .These meet twoorthree times a
year andareresponsible essentially for theprogrammes and the
budgets oftheAssociations .
For theCommunity fusion programme asawhole ,three committees
play aconsultative andcoordinating role atdifferent levels :
1)TheLiaision Group ,composed ofleading scientists ofthe
associated bodies andoftheCommission ,has theresponsibility
ofgiving scientific and technical advice totheCommission and
totheAssociations onnewprogrammes andofadvising the
Commission ontheallocation ofpreferential support funding
atthe 45%level .
According totheCouncil decision of25March 1976 (1)this
preferential support canbeaccorded bytheCommission only toIV .3 ORGANIZATION
(1)O.J. NL90of3.4.1976 ,p.13.

60 .
operations which areaccorded priority status bytheLiaison
Group .Moreover theLiaison Group plays therole ofan"Advisory
Committee forProgramme Management "forthefusion part ofthe
JRCprogramme (1).TheLiaison Group meets about three times a
year .This body isassisted atpresent bysixAdvisory Groups ,
one for each ofthemain lines oftheprogramme -Tokamaks ,Screw
pinches andHigh-beta Stellarators ,Low-beta Stellarators ,Heating
andinjection ,Very high density ,andTechnology .TheAdvisory
Groups arecomposed ofexperts from alltheassociated laboratories
andmeet about four times ayear .
2)TheCommittee ofDirectors (CofD),composed ofthe
Directors ofthe associated laboratories and JET and the
Commission 'sDirector ofthefusion programme ,isresponsible for
thepreparation ofthedecisions concerning theprogrammes ,the
conditions ofinterventions bytheCommission ,themobility and
exchange ofpersonnel ,and forvarious problems concerning
collaboration also outside the associated laboratories and
outside theCommunity .Furthermore ,the CofDmay berequested
toact asatechnical committee for theCCF ;itmeets in
general ,every other month .
AdhocGroups andCoordinating Committees are setupbythe Cof
Dwhen necessary inspecialized areas (Data acquisition ,
computing ,etc.).For thepreparation ofthenewpart ofthe
fusion technology programme ,four expert groups have been setup
inJanuary 1978 bythe CofD:on"Material Development for
Fusion ",on"Magnet Development ",on"Tritium andBlanket
Technology "andon"Safety andSystem Studies ".Theproposed
programmes prepared bythese groups intherespective areas of
competence were submitted foradvice totheAdvisory Group on
Fusion Technology and totheGdL .
3)TheConsultative Committee forFusion (CCF),created bya
decision oftheCommission on26March 1976 andcomposed of
officials ofthemember States and Sweden atthe level ofrespon -
(1)OJNC192of 11.8.1977 ,p.1

61.
sibility fornuclear andenergy research ,isresponsible for
advising theCommission (itsopinions arealso transmitted
totheCouncil )onproblems concerning :
- theimplementation anddevelopment oftheprogramme ,
including theJETproject
- changes ofdirection which might appear necessary
- thepreparation ofthefuture programme
determination ofthe total volume ofthe fusion research
activities intheEuropean framework
- theincreasing concentration andintegration ofthe
work carried out inmember States
Concerning theJETproject ,itsmanagement structure isdefined
intheStatutes oftheJETJoint Undertaking .Itconsists
essentially oftheJETCouncil ,theJETExecutive Committee ,
and theProject Director .
Theorganisation oftheCommunity fusion programme hasconstantly
evolved inthepast ,according totheneeds oftheprogramme .
Two improvements could beintroduced inthenear future :
- apossible reduction ofthenumber oftheAdvisory Groups of
theGdLand aredefinition oftheir terms ofreference ,
taking into account theevolution oftheprogramme ,should
bedecided bytheGroupe deLiaison after theadoption by
theCouncil ofa1979-83 programme ;
- for thecoordination andimplementation ofthetechnology
programme asubcommittee ofthe CofDshould becreated .
According totheneeds ,this body could seek theadvice of
expert groups similar tothose which have been setupfor
thepreparation ofthenewpart ofthetechnology programme .

62.
B.PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION
of ••••
adopting aresearch andtraining programme (1979-83 )
for theEuropean Atomic Energy Community
inthe field ofcontrolled thermonuclear fusion
THE COUNCIL OFTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
Having regard totheTreaty establishing theEuropean Atomic Energy
Community ,and inparticular Article 7thereof ,
Having regard totheproposal from theCommission submitted after consultation
with theScientific andTechnical Committee ,
Having regard totheopinion oftheEuropean Parliament' ^,
2)Having regard totheopinion oftheEconomic and Social Committee ,
3) .4)Whereas initsDecision 76/345/Euratom ,asamended byDecision 78/470/Euratom ,
theCouncil adopted aresearch and training programme (1976-80 )inthefield
offusion andplasma physics ;whereas Article 3ofthat Decision provides
that theCommission will submit totheCouncil in1978 areview proposal
designed toreplace the 1976-80 programme with anewfive-year programme
asfrom 1January 1979 ;whereas inview oftheconsiderable efforts needed
toreach theapplication stage ofcontrolled thermonuclear fusion ,which
could beofbenefit totheCommunity ,particularly inthewider context
ofthesecurity ofitslong-term energy supplies ,thevarious stages of
development ofthework hitherto undertaken inthis field should continue
onajoint basis ;
Whereas thescientific progress achieved inthis field inrecent years inthe
Community and therest oftheworld illustrates theneed ,particularly for
Tokamak systems ,toconstruct larger andmore complex devices and toconcentrate
inparticular onthedevelopment ofplasma heating techniques and thestudy
ofcertain technological problems with thecollaboration oftheJRC ;
(1)O.J. N
(2)O.J. N°
(3)O.J. N°L90,3.4 .1976 ,p.12
(4)O.J. N°L151 ,7.6.1978 ,p.8

63.
Whereas itisnecessary toequip theCommunity with alarge Tokamak
machine (JET :Joint European Torus );
Whereas theresearch proposed bytheCommission constitutes anappropriate
means ofpursuing such actions and itis,consequently ,inthecommon interest
toadopt amultiannual programme inthefield ofcontrolled thermonuclear
fusion ,theexistence ofwhich isalso anecessary condition fortheCommunity
toparticipate instrengthening cooperation atworld level inthis field ;
Whereas itisimportant that theCommunity should continue toencourage
both theconstruction ofcertain equipment concerned with projects accorded
priority status ,bygranting apreferential rate ofparticipation intheexpen'
diture onsuch equipment ,andtheimplementation ofmajor projects carried out
jointly byallorsome oftheassociated laboratories ;
Whereas ,furthermore ,themobility ofstaff between organizations cooperating
intheexecution oftheprogramme should bepromoted ,
HAS DECIDED ASFOLLOWS :
Article 1
Aresearch and training programme inthefield ofcontrolled thermonuclear
fusion asdefined intheAnnex ishereby adopted for afive-year period
beginning 1January 1979 .
Article 2
Theglobal needs for theentire duration oftheprogramme without JET
areestimated at217MEUA and 113Community employees .
Theglobal needs for theconstruction phase ofJETduring theduration
oftheprogramme areestimated at131.7 MEUA and 150temporary staff within
themeaning ofArticle 2(a )oftheconditions ofemployment ofother servants
oftheEuropean Communities .
These figures areonly indicative .

60.
operations which areaccorded priority status bytheLiaison
Group .Moreover theLiaison Group plays therole ofan"Advisory
Committee forProgramme Management "for thefusion part ofthe
JRCprogramme (1).TheLiaison Group meets about three times a
year .This body isassisted atpresent bysixAdvisory Groups ,
one foreach ofthemain lines oftheprogramme -Tokamaks ,Screw
pinches andHigh-beta Stellarators ,Low-beta Stellarators ,Heating
andinjection ,Very high density ,andTechnology .TheAdvisory
Groups arecomposed ofexperts from all theassociated laboratories
andmeet about four times ayear .
2)TheCommittee ofDirectors (CofD),composed ofthe
Directors ofthe associated laboratories and JET and the
Commission 'sDirector ofthefusion programme ,isresponsible for
thepreparation ofthedecisions concerning theprogrammes ,the
conditions ofinterventions bytheCommission ,themobility and
exchange ofpersonnel ,and forvarious problems concerning
collaboration also outside the associated laboratories and
outside theCommunity .Furthermore ,the CofDmayberequested
toact asatechnical committee for theCCF ;itmeets in
general ,every other month .
AdhocGroups andCoordinating Committees are setupbythe Cof
Dwhen necessary inspecialized areas (Data acquisition ,
computing ,etc.).For thepreparation ofthenewpart ofthe
fusion technology programme ,four expert groups have been setup
inJanuary 1978 bytheCofD:on"Material Development for
Fusion ",on"Magnet Development ",on"Tritium andBlanket
Technology "andon"Safety andSystem Studies ".Theproposed
programmes prepared bythese groups intherespective areas of
competence were submitted foradvice totheAdvisory Group on
Fusion Technology and totheGdL .
3)TheConsultative Committee forFusion (CCF),created bya
decision oftheCommission on26March 1976 andcomposed of
officials ofthemember States and Sweden atthe level ofrespon -
(1)OJNC192of11.8.1977 ,p.l

61.
sibility fornuclear andenergy research ,isresponsible for
advising theCommission (itsopinions arealso transmitted
totheCouncil )onproblems concerning :
theimplementation anddevelopment oftheprogramme ,
including theJETproject
changes ofdirection which might appear necessary
- thepreparation ofthefuture programme
determination ofthe total volume ofthe fusion research
activities intheEuropean framework
- theincreasing concentration andintegration ofthe
work carried out inmember States
Concerning theJETproject ,itsmanagement structure isdefined
intheStatutes oftheJETJoint Undertaking .Itconsists
essentially oftheJETCouncil ,theJETExecutive Committee ,
and theProject Director .
Theorganisation oftheCommunity fusion programme hasconstantly
evolved inthepast ,according totheneeds oftheprogramme .
Twoimprovements could beintroduced inthenear future :
- apossible reduction ofthenumber oftheAdvisory Groups of
theGdLand aredefinition oftheir terms ofreference ,
taking into account theevolution oftheprogramme ,should
bedecided bytheGroupe deLiaison after theadoption by
theCouncil ofa1979-83 programme ;
- for thecoordination andimplementation ofthetechnology
programme asubcommittee oftheCofDshould becreated .
According totheneeds ,this body could seek theadvice of
expert groups similar tothose which have been setupfor
thepreparation ofthenewpart ofthetechnology programme .

62.
B.PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION
of ••••
adopting aresearch andtraining programme (1979-83 )
for theEuropean Atomic Energy Community
inthe field ofcontrolled thermonuclear fusion
THE COUNCIL OFTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
Having regard totheTreaty establishing theEuropean Atomic Energy
Community ,and inparticular Article 7thereof ,
Having regard totheproposal from theCommission submitted after consultation
with theScientific andTechnical Committee ,
Having regard totheopinion oftheEuropean Parliament' ^,
2)Having regard totheopinion oftheEconomic and Social Committee ,
3) 111 •• in//-i /■*-»Whereas initsDecision 76/345/Euratom ,asamended byDecision 78/470/Euratom ,
theCouncil adopted aresearch and training programme (1976-80 )inthefield
offusion andplasma physics ;whereas Article 3ofthat Decision provides
that theCommission will submit totheCouncil in1978 areview proposal
designed toreplace the 1976-80 programme with anewfive-year programme
asfrom 1January 1979 ;whereas inview oftheconsiderable efforts needed
toreach theapplication stage ofcontrolled thermonuclear fusion ,which
could beofbenefit totheCommunity ,particularly inthewider context
ofthesecurity ofitslong-term energy supplies ,thevarious stages of
development ofthework hitherto undertaken inthis field should continue
onajoint basis ;
Whereas thescientific progress achieved inthis field inrecent years inthe
Community and therest oftheworld illustrates theneed ,particularly for
Tokamak systems ,toconstruct larger andmore complex devices and toconcentrate
inparticular onthedevelopment ofplasma heating techniques andthestudy
ofcertain technological problems with thecollaboration oftheJRC ;
(1)O.J. N
(2)O.J. N°
(3)O.J. N°L90,3.4 .1976 ,p.12
(4)O.J. N°L151 ,7.6.1978 ,p.8

63.
Whereas itisnecessary toequip theCommunity with alarge Tokamak
machine (JET :Joint European Torus );
Whereas theresearch proposed bytheCommission constitutes anappropriate
means ofpursuing such actions and itis,consequently ,inthecommon interest
toadopt amultiannual programme inthefield ofcontrolled thermonuclear
fusion ,theexistence ofwhich isalso anecessary condition fortheCommunity
toparticipate instrengthening cooperation atworld level inthis field ;
Whereas itisimportant that theCommunity should continue toencourage
both theconstruction ofcertain equipment concerned with projects accorded
priority status ,bygranting apreferential rate ofparticipation inthe expen'
diture onsuch equipment ,andtheimplementation ofmajor projects carried out
jointly byallorsome oftheassociated laboratories ;
Whereas ,furthermore ,themobility ofstaff between organizations cooperating
intheexecution oftheprogramme should bepromoted ,
HAS DECIDED ASFOLLOWS :
Article 1
Aresearch and training programme inthefield ofcontrolled thermonuclear
fusion asdefined intheAnnex ishereby adopted forafive-year period
beginning 1January 1979 .
Article 2
Theglobal needs for theentire duration oftheprogramme without JET
areestimated at217MEUA and 113Community employees .
Theglobal needs for theconstruction phase ofJETduring theduration
oftheprogramme areestimated at131.7 MEUA and 150temporary staff within
themeaning ofArticle 2(a)oftheconditions ofemployment ofother servants
oftheEuropean Communities .
These figures areonly indicative .

64.
TheEuropean unit ofaccount isdefined inArticle 10oftheFinancial
Regulation of21December 1977 applicable tothegeneral budget ofthe
European Communities "*^.
Article 3
TheCommission s.ha 1Isubmit totheCouncil in1981 areview proposal designed
toreplace thepresent programme with anewfive-year programme with effect
from 1January 1982 .
Article 4
Decisions 76/345/Euratom and 78/470/Euratom arerepealed .This Decision
shall enter into force on 1January 1979 .
Done atBrussels , For theCouncil
The President
5)O.J. NL356 ,31.12.1977 ,p. 1.

65.
ANNEX
.„ CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
Thesubject matter oftheprogramme tobeexecuted shall be :
(a)plasma physics inthesector concerned ,inparticular studies ofa
basic character relating toconfinement with suitable devices and tc
methods forproducing andheating plasma ,
(b)research into theconfinement ,inclosed configurations ,ofplasma
ofwidely varying density andtemperature ,ifpossible attaining
ignition conditions ;
(c)production ofandresearch into plasma ofhigh andvery high density
and inparticular thestudy oflaser fusion ;
(d)thedevelopment andapplication toconfinement devices ofsufficient
powerful plasma heating methods ;
(e)improvement ofdiagnostic methods ;
(f)investigation into technological problems connected with current
research andproblems relating totheuse ofthermonuclear reactions
(g)implementation oftheJETproject . '
Thework referred tounder (a), (b),(c),(d),(e)and (f)shall be
carried outbymeans ofassociation orlimited duration contracts
designed toyield theresults necessary fortheimplementation ofthe
programme andtaking into consideration thework carried outbythe
JRC ,inparticular inrelation tothetechnology referred tounder (f).
Theimplementation oftheJETproject referred tounder (g)hasbeen
entrusted tothe "Joint European Torus (JET),Joint Undertaking ",
established byDecision 78/471/Euratom .^
O.J. NL151of7.6.1978 ,p.10.

66.
2.Theprogramme setout inpoint 1shall bepart ofalong-term
cooperative project embracing allwork carried out intheMember States in
thefield ofcontrolled thermonuclear fusion .Itisdesigned tolead
induecourse tothejoint construction ofprototypes with aview to
their industrial-scale production andmarketing .
3.Theglobal needs for theduration oftheprogramme without JET
areestimated at217MEUA and 113Community employees .Theamount in
question isintended tocover :
- expenditure onequipment foroperations accorded priority status
and some expenditure insupport ofJET ;
- thecost ofstaff mobility ;
other expenditure relating tooperations tobecarried outunder
theprogramme excluding JET .
4.Theappropriation allocated totheprogramme without JETcanbe
broken down asfollows :
(a)about 25%for thefinancing atapreferential rate ofprojects ,
asspecified inparagraph 5.
(b)about 4%foradministration costs and forexpenditure intended
toensure themobility ofstaff toenable them towork inorga­
nizations cooperating intheimplementation oftheprogramme ;
(c)theamount not setaside for theoperations andexpenditure
referred toin (a)and (b)shall bedevoted tothefinancial
participation bytheCommunity inother expenditure incurred
bytheassociations .This participation shall beatauniform
rate ofabout 25%.

67.
5.After conducting atechnical examination theLiaison Group mayaccord
priority status toprojects belonging tooneofthefollowing areas :
Tokamak systems and support forJET
Other toroidal machines
Heating andinjection
Fusion technology
Inertial confinement .
TheCommission may finance these projects atauniform preferential rate
ofabout 45%.
Inreturn ,allpartner associations shall have theright totake
part intheexperiments carried outwith this equipment .
6.Theglobal needs for theconstruction phase oftheJETProject
during theprogramme period areestimated at131.7 million European
units ofaccount and 150temporary staff .Theamount inquestion
isintended tofinance theconstruction phase oftheJETproject with
arate ofparticipation of80%.

C)OPINION OFTHESCIENTIFIC ANDTECHNICAL COMMITTEE (STC)ONTHEDRAFT PROPOSAL
FOR AFIVE-YEAR PROGRAMME 1979-83 ONCONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION
The STChas examined ,atthemeeting of16October 1978 ,theproposal
for afive-year programme 1979-83 presented bytheCommission .
TheCommittee hasnoted with satisfaction therecent progress made in
thearea ofmagnetic confinement .These advances increase theconfi­
dence ofseeing JETreach itsstated objectives andmake likely a
demonstration ofthe "scientific feasibility "(1)offusion byTokamaks
inthemid-80' s;these advances justify anincrease intheeffort
devoted tofusion .Inconsequence ,theCommittee considers that the
proposed general programme (2)isjustified .
TheCommittee observes that ,inaccordance with itsprevious advice ,
theCommission iscontinuing toconcentrate itsefforts ontwowell
defined objectives :theTokamak andplasma heating .Asfarasalternative
lines areconcerned inthearea ofmagnetic confinement ,theSTCrecommends
moving towards aconcentration ofeffort inasingle line which should
begiven approrpriate support .Dispersion ofeffort must beavoided and
thepossibility ofinternational collaboration exploited instead .
The STCrecalls that initsprevious advice ithadasked theCommission
topay special attention ,when therevision wasundertaken ,tofusion
byinertial confinement and totechnological problems .Consequently ,
The STCwould like tosee thebasic problems associated with inertial
confinement clarified assoon aspossible inorder toallow some
position tobeadopted onthesubject .Meanwhile ,itseems
appropriate toproceed with theproposed minimum programme .
(1)Scientific feasibility :conditions inwhich energy derived from the
reacting plasma isgreater than that expended inheating theplasma .
(2)General programme :theprogramme proposed bytheCommission excluding
thereal realization and theexploitation ofJET .

TheCommittee ,recognizing theneed forastrong effort in
technology inpreparing forthepost JETphase ,regards as
positive theCommission 'sproposals forwork inthetechnology
field ,but itasks that they should becarried outprudently .
Itrecommends that work onSystem Studies should beincreased ,
thereby providing guidelines forthebuild upofthewhole
technology programme .
TheCommittee insists that JET isanintegral part ofthefusion
programme .Itunderlines ,asdoes theCommission initsprogramme
proposal ,theobligation oftheAssociations tomake aneffective
contribution tothe success ofJET .Ithasbeen informed that ,
following therecent advances ,ways arebeing considered tospeed up
theconstruction ofJETandpreparation for itsexploitation phase .
Thenecessary financial means fordoing this have notyetbeen worked
out indetail andarenot included intheprogramme proposal presented
bytheCommission .Apart ofthese funds could beneeded from 1981 .
TheSTCreaffirms theadvantages ofthesliding programme concept :
theability toreview periodically theobjectives and themeans ,
assuring acontinuity inthesteering oftheprogramme ,and the
possibility oftaking into account thevariations ineconomic conditions .

70.
OPINION
ofthe Consultative Committee for Fusion
onthedraft Proposal for afive-year Programme 1979-1983
oncontrolled thermonuclear fusion
adopted atitsmeeting on25October 1978
TheCCFhasexamined thedraft proposal forafive-year programme
1979–83 presented bytheCommission .
TheCommittee wishes toemphasize theimportance andnecessity of
thesliding programme concept .
TheCommittee unanimously agrees that afinal decision bytheCouncil
ontheprogramme isneeded rapidly (mid 1979 atthelatest ).The
document presented bytheCommission represents agood basis forthe
general part ofthefive-year programme (1).
TheCCF isaware that ,due torecent scientific progress ,aproposal
isbeing prepared aimed atspeeding uptheconstruction ofJETand
bringing forward access totheextended performances .Itrecommends
theCommission toinclude initsprogramme proposal allavailable
information onthis subject ,with anestimate oftheextra funding
which will berequired .
Theprogramme proposed bytheCommission excluding therealization
and theexploitation ofJET .

71.
D)FINANCIAL RECORD SHEET
I.FUSION PROGRAMME EXCLUDING JET
1.RELEVANT BUDGET HEADING :3351
2.TITLE OFBUDGET HEADING :Controlled thermonuclear fusion including
theJETproject .This part oftherecord relates only thefusion
programme excluding JET .
3.LEGAL BASIS :Article 7oftheEAEC Treaty
Council Decision 76/345/Euratom (1)anddecision expected
before April 1979 .
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVE (S),JUSTIFICATION OFTHEPROJECT :
4.1 Description
Theproject isdesigned tocontinue theresearch programme inthe
field ofcontrolled thermonuclear fusion and covers all activities
intheMember States inthis field .Sweden and Switzerland are
associated with theprogramme .Itrelates inparticular tothe
study ofmagnetic andinertial confinement ofplasma and offusion
technology .
4.2 Objective .
(a)Theshort term objectives oftheprogramme are :
toaccumulate enough knowledge ,both inphysics and in
technology ,tobeable todefine thepost-JET machine(s )during
thefive-year period sothat construction could start during
thefollowing plan .Inparticular ,theresearch should
determine theoptimum field andsize ofthepost-JET
machine(s ),andallow anassessment ofwhether itshould produce
tritium andgenerate electricity .Itshould also provide
experimental information ontheadvisability ofusing super­
conducting ornormal coils :
(1)O.J. NL90of3April 1976 .

72.
- toassess uptowhat point other magnetic confinement systems
(Stellarators ,reversed field pinch )may beregarded asreal
alternatives toTokamak ;
- tocarry out aminimum programme oninertial confinement .
(b)thefinal aimofthis programme istodetermine whether energy canbe
produced atcompetitive prices from nuclear fusion reactions
between light atomic nuclei and ,ifso,jointly toconstruct
prototypes with aview toindustrial-scale production andmarketing .
4.3 Justification
Theproblem ofenergy sources atworld level mthelong term isfarfrom
being solved .Thermonuclear fusion isoneofthevery fewsources which
might solve this problem oratleast make asubstantial contribution to
itssolution ,inawaywhich would beparticularly beneficial toEurope .
Themain reasons forconducting research inthis field onaCommunity
basis are asfollows :
thescale ofthehuman andfinancial resources required ,which
suggests that such adevelopment could hardly becarried outon
anational basis ;
theexistence ofacollective need ,common toallMember States ;
- thelong time-scale oftheeffort (extending towards toendofthe
century )needed toarrive attheconstruciton ofthereactor ;
- intheevent ofsuccess ,theopening-up ofawide Community market
for theEuropean reactor .
5.OVERALL FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OFTHE PROJECT FOR THE WHOLE OFITS
EXPECTED DURATION (EUA )
5.0 Implications inrespect ofexpenditure (period 1979-83 )
5.0.0 Costs incurred by :
-Thebudget oftheCommunities : 217.000.000 EUA (1)
-National administrations and
other sectors atnational level : 528.000.000 EUA
Total cost : 745.000.000 EUA
(1)Theamount of217.000.000 EUA isbroken down asfollows :
31.463.000 EUAalready committed from appropriations forthe1976-80
programme
8.537.000 EUAbalance ofappropriations forcommitment 1976-80
177.000.000 EUAnew funds required for the 1979-83 programme
217.000.000 EUA

73.
5.5.1 Multiannual timetable
Toallow fortherolling nature ofthafusion programme ,thetimetable below relates totheperiod 1976-83 covering thecurrent programme
j-80 )andtheproposed programme (1979-83 ).Forthe1976-83 period there isatotal allocation of301MEUA,consisting of84MEUA
fortheperiod 1976-1978 plus 217MEUAfortheperiod 1979-1983 .
5,1,1 Appropriations forcommitment (VA1976–77 pEUA–1978–83 )(rounded offtothousand EUA)
Category ofexpenditure 1976
(final
exécution )1977
(provisional
exécution1978
(1978 budget
+appropria­
tions
remaining
from 1977 )1979 1980 1981 1982
V1983 T«al
!Staff Γ3240000 13782 000 6157000 16127 000 Γ6561000 6955 000 7372 000 7815 000 48009000 |
l
Administrative &
technical operating
expenditure 135000 170 000 171 000 231 000 247 000 264 000 282 000 302 000 1802000
251 189 000Contracts 10658 000 82773 000 8377 000 20054 000 113 327 000 8000 000 8000 000
Total 14033 000 86725 000 14705 000 26412 000
6412 000 AP
+20000 000
NP)120 135 000
(2125000 AP
+118 010 000
NP)15219 000 5654 000 8117 000 301000000 (1)
(1)Commitments contracted in1976-78 total 115463000EUA,ofwhich 84000000EUAforwork done in1976-78 and31463000EUAfor
work tobecarried out in1979 and after .
(2)Appropriations forcommitments requested for1979–83 total 185537000EUA,ofwhich 8537000EUAarestill available inappropriations
forcommitment from the1976-80 programme ;consequently newappropriations amount to185537000-8537000■177000000EUA .Totheamoint
of185537000must beadded 31463000EUAcomnitted before 1979 forwork tobecarried outin1979 andafter s185537000+
31463 000 -217 000 000 EUA .
AP»ancient programme 1976-80
NP■newprogramme 1979-83

74.
5.1.2 Appropriations forpayment (UA1976-77 ,EUA1978-83 ,rounded offtothousand EUA)
Category of
expenditure.1976
(final
exécution )1977
(including
appropria­
tions for
payment
carried over
to1978 )1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
I1983 1984 Total
Staff j
ï I3240 000 3782000 II6157 000 6127000| 6561000
I .6955000 ||7372000 J7815 000
s JI
I - .I48009000
Administration &
technical
operating
expenditure 135 000I
170000 !171000 |
_ I231 000 247 000 264 000 282 000 302 000I
I
I
|- 'I
!
I
I . .
!1802000
i
[Contracts 17908000 |
I116787000 I119525000 !
I .1| 30454000 I
II33000000 {
I I[36000000j!40000 000 44000 000 1351500d !251 189000
Total !
I
I21283 000 20739 000|25853000
I
! __|AP26812000 j
|NP10000000AP29313 000
NP10495 00043219 00047654000 j52117000 13515 00C 30101000000°
I
Tot36 812 000 Tot39 808 000
(1)payments 1976-78 $ 67875000
payments 1979-84 : 233 125000
Total : 301 000 000EUA
Theamount of233125000EUAfortheperiod 1979-84 includes anamount of16125000EUAforwork carried outprior tothat period :
233 125 000
-16125000
217 000 000

75.
5.2Method ofcalculation
(a)Staff costs
Thestaff proposed forthis programme consists ofthefollowing :
Year A Β C .Total
1979 74 35 3 112
1980-1983 75 35 3 113
The calculations take into account theparameters laid down for the
preparation ofthepreliminary draft budget for the 1979 financial
year .For theperiod 1980-83 ,staff costs have been increased by6%
per annum .
(b)Administrative andtechnical operating expenditure
This covers thecosts oftravel ,missions ,experts and theorganizatioi
ofmeetings together with theuse ofadministrative and technical
support .
(c)Contract expenditure
For theperiod 1979-83 ,thecost ofcarrying out thefusion programme
inthelaboratories associated with theCommunity isestimated at
736MEUA ,including Commission staff seconded tothose laboratories .
TheCommunity would participate inthefinancing ofthis expenditure
atarate ofabout 25%.Thi"rate could beincreased toapproximately
45%forsome operations accorded priority status bytheLiaison
Group .Most ofthis expenditure would have tobecommitted atthe
start ofthenewprogramme for 1979-83 .
Costs involved inthemobility ofstaff other than Commission staff
areestimated at2MEUAfortheperiod 1979-83 .
5.3 Implications inrespect ofrevenue
- Community taxes onthesalaries ofCommission staff .
- Contribution ofthis staff topension scheme .

76.
6. TYPE OFCONTROL TOBEAPPLIED
Scientific control : -Steering committees setupbyassociation
contracts tobeconcluded with the national
laboratories .
-Committee ofDirectors setupbytheassociation
contracts .
-Liaison Group recognized bytheCouncil asan
ACPM (O.J. C192of11August 1972 ,page 1).
-Consultative Committee forFusion setupbythe
Commission pursuant toArticle 135oftheEuratom
Treaty .
Administrative and
Financial Control : -Steering Committees
-Financial Control andContracts Department ofDGXII
ofthe Commission .
-Court ofAuditors .
7.FINANCING OFTHE PROJECT
Appropriations tobeentered infuture budgets (1979-84 ).

77.
II)JET PROJECT
1.RELEVANT BUDGET HEADING CODE :335 1
2.TITLE OFBUDGET HEADING :Controlled thermonuclear fusion including
theJETProject .This part oftherecord relates only totheJETProject .
3.LEGAL BASIS :Article 7oftheEAEC Treaty ,
Council Decision 78/470/Euratom of30May 1978
(O.J. L151of7June 1978 ,page 8)andCouncil Decision
expected before April 1979 .
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFTHEPROJECT :
4.1 Description
Construction ,operation andexploitation ,aspart oftheCommunity fusion
programme andforthebenefit oftheparticipants therein ,ofalarge
torus facility oftheTokamak type and itsauxiliary facilities (Joint
European Torus -JET )inorder toextend theparameter range applicable
tocontrolled thermonuclear fusion experiments uptoconditions close to
those needed inathermonuclear reactor .
4.2 Objectives
Toobtain andstudy aplasma inconditions anddimensions approaching
those needed inathermonuclear reactor .Four main areas ofwork are
required toachieve this aim :
(i) thescaling ofplasma behaviour asparameters approach the
reactor range ;
(ii) theplasma-wall interaction inthese conditions ;
(iii) thestudy ofplasma heating ;
(iv) thestudy ofo^-particle production andconfinement andconsequen
resultant plasma heating .

78 .
4.3 Justification
Execution oftheJETProject isanessential stage inthedevelopment
oftheCommunity 'sfusion programme .With regard tothefinal aimof
this programme and itsjustification ,please refer toPart I,Section 4.3
ofthe record sheet .
5.OVERALL FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OFTHE PROJECT FOR THE WHOLE OFITS
EXPECTED DURATION (EUA )
5.1Implications inrespect ofexpenditure (period 1976-83 )
5.1.1 Costs incurred by :
Thebudget oftheEuropean Communities (80%) 147700000 E
National administrations and other sectors at
national level (20%) 36900 000 E
Total cost :
This cost hasbeen estimated atconstant January 1977 prices .
5.1.2 Multiannual timetable
Years 1976 /77/78 1979 .1980 .1981 .1982 .1983 .
3.7 .1
i
Total .!
Commitments
(MEUA )16 54.4 .35.2 .25.6 .12.8 . 147.7
Payments
(MEUA )9.6 32 38.4 .32.8 .23.2 .11.7 .1
I
147.7 I
5.2 Method ofcalculation
Thecost oftheJETProject intheconstruction phase hasbeen estimated
at184.6 MEUAatJanuary 1977 prices andattheconversion rate for the
EUAat3January 1977 (1EUA =Bfrs 40.6207 ).Theappropriations
required tocover theCommunity 'sparticipation of80%inthefinancing
oftheproject amount to147.7 MEUA .
(1)Thesumofcommitments for1979-1983 amounts to137.7 MEUA (=147.7 -16)
andcorresponds totheJETappropriation proposed inthenewprogramme
1979-1983 .147 700 000 EUA
36900 000 EUA
184 600 000 EUA

79.
The amount of184.6 MEUA does not take into account :
(a)Variations ineconomic conditions since January 1977 .Itispointed
outthat theJETProject consists essentially ofhardware .TheJET
Joint Undertaking forthefirst time isnowupdating thecost estimatt
fortheproject .TheCommission will inform thebudget authority .
(b)Thecost ofoperating thefacility during 1983 .
(c)Thecost ofthenecessary capital investment forextended performance ,
Thepromising results obtained recently inTokamak installations appej
tojustify some speeding upoftheprogramme .Itistherefore probab ]
that much oftheexpenditure forextended performance will have tobe
committed during theconstruction phase .Itisunderstood that this
additional expenditure canbecommitted only onthebasis ofanew
Council Decision onthis programme .Thepreparatory work onthe
establishment ofthis programme hasalready started .
Implications inrespect ofrevenue
Community taxes onthesalaries oftemporary staff .
PROJECT FINANCED FROM :
Appropriations entered inthebudgets oftheEuropean Communities for
1976 ,1977 and 1978 .
Appropriations tobeentered infuture budgets .
TYPE OFCONTROL TOBEAPPLIED
(a)Scientific control :JET Council
Consultative Committee for Fusion
(b)Administrative and
Financial Control :JET Council
Court ofAuditors .