COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 04.09.1996 
COM(96) 407 final 
SECOND REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 
to the Council, the European Parliament, 
the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 
on the integration of health protection requirements in Community policies 
(1995) 

Executive Summary 
1. This second report on the integration of health requirements in Community 
policies gives an overview of Community activities in 1995 with repercussions on 
health. Building on the first report, published in 1995, which took stock of health 
dimensions in all areas of Community policy, this report concentrates on a number 
of key policy areas. It is in these areas that the most important health-related 
developments have taken place: 
- social policy, 
- internal market, 
- agriculture, food and fisheries, 
- research and development, 
- environment and energy, 
- transport, 
- international cooperation. 
It includes the work of relevant agencies and other outside bodies connected to 
the Community which are working in these areas. 
2. This annual report is one of the instruments the Commission has set up in order 
to monitor how the Community is meeting the obligation in Article 129 of the 
Treaty that health requirements shall form a constituent part of other Community 
policies. As set out in detail in the first report in 1995, this Treaty obligation is 
supplemented by a range of other references to health protection in the context of 
other Community policies. Their common aim is to ensure a high level of human 
health protection (Article 3 (o) of the Treaty). 
In the light of this goal, the Commission has also put into place other instruments 
which have more influence on the preparation of Community legislation and other 
activities than a retrospective report. These include the procedures of full 
interservice consultation on proposals in other fields which could have an impact 
on health being put forward by the Commission. In addition, the Interservice 
Group on Health provides opportunities for more general discussions of health-
related topics among Commission services, while ad hoc groups have been created 
to allow more detailed examinations of particular problems or areas of policy 
from the health point of view. 
3. Some progress has been made in raising awareness of the numerous links with 
and effects on health which the vast majority of Community policy areas have -
and therefore of the importance of an early integration of health issues into the 
preparatory work for drawing up policies and action programmes - both within the 
Community institutions as well as in Member States. Moreover, the fact that 
health issues also tend to generate considerable media attention and raise major 
concerns among the population is another reason why they need to be taken into 
account at an early stage of policy formation. 
It is not always evident how best to integrate health requirements in a given area 
of policy, or how and according to which criteria to judge success or failure. 
Work will have to continue to develop thinking on these areas. In publishing this 
report, the Commission wishes to stimulate public debate on these questions. In 
this sense, this report is an instrument to promote transparency and discussion on 
health issues within the Community. 
Table of Contents 
1. Introduction 
2. Public health programmes and activities 
3. Integration of health requirements in Community policies 
3.1 Social policy 
3.1.1 Social protection 
3.1.2 European Social Fund 
3.1.3 Solidarity - social exclusion 
3.1.4 Free movement of workers 
3.1.5 People with disabilities 
3.1.6 Health and safety at work 
3.2 Internal market -free circulation of persons and goods - taxation 
3.2.1 Medicinal products 
3.2.2 Medical devices 
3.2.3 Consumer protection - cosmetics 
3.2.4 Taxation 
3.2.5 Jurisdiction on free movement of goods 
3.2.6 Free movement of persons, recognition of diplomas -health professions 
3.2.7 Data protection 
3.2.8 Education and training - KAROLUS 
3.3 Agricultural and foods Policy, fisheries 
3.3.1 Veterinary sector 
3.3.2 Pesticide residues 
3.3.3 Tobacco 
3.3.4 Foodstuffs 
3.3.5 Milk promotion campaigns 
3.3.6 Fisheries 
3.4 Research and development 
3.4.1 BIOMED 
3.4.2 Telematics 
3.4.3 G 7 Global Information Society Initiative 
3.4.4 Targeted socio-economic research 
3.4.5 Research on agriculture, fisheries and agro-industrial processing 
3.4.6 Transport research 
3.4.7 Environment and Climate 
3.4.8 Industrial and Material Technologies 
3.4.9 Standards, Measurements and Testing 
3.5 Environmental policy, energy 
3.5.1 Air pollution 
3.5.2 Radiation protection 
3.5.3 Chemical products 
3.5.4 Civil protection 
m 
3.5.5 European Environment Agency 
3.5.6 Energy policy 
3.6 Transport 
3.6.1 Ships 
3.6.2 Transport of dangerous goods 
3.6.3 Road transport 
3.7 International cooperation, relations with third countries and international 
organisations 
3.7.1 EC-USA cooperation 
3.7.2 Cooperation with Central Europe and the Community of Independent States -
Phare/Tacis 
3.7.3 Cooperation with international organisations 
3.7.4 Cooperation with ACP countries in the health field 
3.7.5 Co-operation with South and South East Asia, Latin America 
3.7.6 Fight against drugs 
3.7.7 Humanitarian aid 
3.7.8 Environment and health 
3.8 Integration of health requirements in other Community policies 
3.8.1 Statistics 
3.8.2 Youth and education 
3.8.3 Information activities 
3.8.4 Regional policy 
3.8.5 Drugs 
4. Conclusions 
iv 
1. Introduction 
1. This second report on the integration of health requirements in Community 
policies aims to provide an overview of developments in European Community 
policy pertaining to health. Read as a whole, it shows that a wide range of policy 
areas in the Community have considerable repercussions on health. 
2. Article 129 of the Treaty stipulates that health considerations should form a 
constituent part of the Community's other policies. This annual report - following 
a Commission decision in the context of adopting the Commission 
Communication on the Framework of Action in the field of public health1 - is 
designed to give an overview on how this obligation of the Treaty is taken into 
account in the different areas of Community policy. 
3. This report is supplemented by other instruments of consultation and concertation 
within Commission services which aim to ensure that health requirements are 
properly taken into account. An Interservice Group on Health has been created 
which includes representatives from relevant Commission services and meets in 
plenary several times a year. Several subgroups follow specific issues. In 
application of regular Commission internal procedures, Commission services are 
required to consult on all proposals with a potential bearing on health with the 
responsible services for public health in the Directorate General for Employment, 
Industrial Relations and Social Affairs. 
4. , The first report on the integration of health requirements in other Community 
policies, covering activities in 1994, was adopted by the Commission on 29 May 
19952. As a first report of its kind, it aimed to give a complete overview of 
Community activities related to health. This second report focuses on health-
related activities during the course of 1995. It does not include the recent debates 
on BSE and CJD which occurred in 1996 and will be dealt with in the third 
report. For a broader picture, it should be read in conjunction with the first report, 
particularly with its introduction, which includes a history of health-related 
activities at Community level. 
5. The first report was met with great interest by the other Community Institutions 
and the public, while there was recognition of the difficulties associated with 
presenting such a wide range of topics in a coherent manner. The Council adopted 
a resolution on the integration of health requirements in Community policies 
which took the 1994 report as a point of departure. 
The Council welcomed the initiative taken by the Commission to present such 
reports, and invited the Commission to pay particular attention, in future reports, 
to certain areas of Community activity, namely, economic and in particular fiscal 
policy, social policy, including questions of employment, free movement of goods 
and persons, agricultural and food policy, consumer policy, research and 
technological development, environment and transport.3 
COM (93)559 fin. of 24.11.1993 
COM (95)196 fin. 
Council Resolution of 20.12.1995, OJ C 350/2, 30.12.1995 
1 
This report seeks to present an overview of all relevant activities whilst giving 
particular attention to the abovementioned areas of policy. 
6. The European Parliament, in its Resolution on the medium-term social action 
programme, asked the Commission to present guidelines on incorporating health 
protection requirements in the other Community policies4. 
7. This year's report starts off with an overview of the public health programmes and 
activities of the Community, which in 1995 have been advanced considerably. 
This is followed by a summary of activities in a number of priority areas - areas 
which are important either because of the major activities which took place last 
year or because of the major impact they have on health in general. In a third 
section, the report outlines other health-related activities in additional areas of 
Community policy. In addition, some specific subjects (drugs, AIDS and tobacco) 
are presented in "boxes" inserted into the text. Legislative measures proposed or 
adopted in 1995 are summarised in an annex. 
8. As in the first report, this report demonstrates that there is a diversity of areas of 
activity with an impact on health in the Community. In some areas, a remarkable 
degree of coherence has been achieved between the objectives in their own right 
and their impact on public health. In other areas, there is still progress to be made. 
This report is designed to present as broad a picture as possible of political 
initiatives with a health perspective. It could serve to raise awareness on health-
related issues and their likely impact, as well as to stimulate efforts aimed at 
ensuring that health becomes a fundamental consideration in the design and 
implementation of policies. 
Report on the Medium-Term Social Action Programme (HUGHES), Doc. A4-0311/95, p. 12 
2 
2. Public health programmes and activities 
9. The Commission's Communication on the Framework of Action in the field of 
public health5 identified eight policy areas necessitating particular attention and 
the development of specific programmes. As outlined in the 1994 report, proposals 
have been presented in the areas of the fight against cancer (Proposal for a 
European Parliament and Council Decision adopting an action plan 1996-2000 to 
combat cancer6), prevention of AIDS and other communicable diseases (Proposal 
for a European Parliament and Council Decision adopting a Community action 
programme on the prevention of ADDS and other communicable diseases7), 
prevention of drug dependence (Proposal for a European Parliament and Council 
Decision adopting a programme of Community action on the prevention of drug 
dependence8) and health promotion, information, education and training (Proposal 
for a European Parliament and Council Decision adopting a programme of 
Community action9). 
10. On the programmes on cancer, AIDS and other communicable diseases, and 
health promotion, agreement was reached in the Conciliation Committee between 
Council and the European Parliament in December 1995 which led to the adoption 
of the relevant decisions in 1996. The Council adopted a Common Position on the 
Community action on drug dependence in December 199510. 
11. In October 1995, the Commission adopted a Communication and Proposal for a 
Community action programme on health monitoring11, which aims at developing 
a framework for the establishment of common health indicators among Member 
States and should establish a comparable basis for collecting and evaluating health 
data in the Community. 
12. In addition to the 1994 report on the integration of health requirements in 
Community policies, the Commission adopted in July 1995 the first Report on the 
State of Health in the European Community12, which gives an overview of health 
status in the Community, including a description of the main demographic trends 
and patterns of mortality and morbidity as well as the major determinants of 
health. The Commission intends to present annual health status reports, focusing 
on specific issues and population groups. At regular intervals, a general health 
status report will be produced. 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 COM (93) 559 fin. of 24.11.1993 
OJ C 139, 21.05.1.994, p. 12, decision 646/96/EC of 29.03.1996, OJ L 95, 16.04.1996, p. 9 
OJ C 333, 29.11.1994, p. 34, decision 647/96/EC of 29.03.1996, OT L 95, 16.4.1996, p. 16 
OJC257, 14.09.1994, p. 4 
OJ C 252, 09.09.1994, p. 3, decision 645/96/EC of 29.03.1996, OJ L 95, 16.4.1996, p. 1 
Common Position (EC) n* 1/96 adopted by the Council on 20.12.1995, OJ C 37, 09.02.1996, p. 1 
COM (95) 449 fin. of 16.10.1995 
COM (95) 357 fin. of 19.07.1995 
13. In the context of its activities in the field of cancer prevention in 1995, the 
Commission supported the European Week against Cancer intended, notably, to 
promote the European Code against Cancer, a set of 10 simple but essential 
cancer prevention recommendations established by Europe's leading cancer 
experts. 
During the week, a campaign aiming at the widest possible dissemination of the 
Code was carried out in all Member States, in close collaboration with 
organisations working in the field. The campaign was based on a common 
European concept and common supporting material (posters, leaflets, video spots, 
advertisements). 6.5 million information leaflets on the Code were distributed, and 
more than 250 million contacts were achieved through articles in the press and TV 
features as well as through (free) advertising space. 
In parallel, a brochure on the Code was prepared geared to the particular 
information requirements of general practitioners, who play a vital role in raising 
their patients' awareness of the possibilities for cancer prevention; this brochure 
was mailed to all of Europe's 325 000 GPs and was widely welcomed. 
Mental health 
14. In 1995, the specific Community action providing exceptional financial support 
for Greece inter alia in the field of mental health from the European Social Funds 
was concluded. This was the first Community involvement in the field of mental 
health. The operations, involving 60 million ecus over eleven years, were designed 
to deal with the need to reform the Greek psychiatric care system through the 
development across the country of new structures and services aimed at the social 
and vocational rehabilitation of mentally ill and mentally handicapped persons and 
the improvement of care conditions for patients in public psychiatric hospitals. 
The impact of the programme has been significant. It led to the development of 
a structure for psychosocial rehabilitation services in Greece as well as a reduction 
in the size of the large psychiatric centres and hospitals and an improvement in 
the conditions found there13. 
13 cf. Final report, COM (95) 668 fin. of 15.12.1995 
4 
3. Integration of health requirements in Community policies 
3.1 Social policy 
15. Social and health policies are linked in many ways. Questions of employment and 
unemployment, labour laws, social protection systems and insurance, policy 
towards specific marginalised or vulnerable groups and regulations on health and 
safety at work all have broad repercussions on health. 
The main orientation document for the Community's social policy is the Medium-
Term Social Action Programme 1995-199714, which defines the creation of jobs 
and the fight against unemployment as the main priority of Community action. 
A number of areas of social policy have a particular health dimension, i.e. the 
future of social protection, questions of solidarity and social exclusion, disability, 
questions of migration and of workers' mobility inside the Community, as well as 
the very concrete concerns on health and safety at work. 
3.1.1 Social protection 
16. In the debate on future orientations of social policy, social protection plays a 
central role. On 31 October 1995, the Commission adopted its Communication 
"The future of social protection - a framework for a European debate"15, which 
identifies social protection as a fundamental component and a distinguishing 
feature of European societies. This is a contribution to the European debate on the 
future of social protection in the light of demographic changes as well as the 
economic and social challenges Europe is facing. An important factor in this 
debate is the future of health care systems, where the Community can help to 
exchange experiences on how to reconcile the objective of providing universal 
access to all necessary health care and prevention facilities with the need to 
contain rising costs. 
Reforms in health care are also a specific topic in the report on social protection 
in Europe16, which reports on the developments in this area in Member States. 
3.1.2 European Social Fund 
17. As outlined in the previous report, the European Social Fund supports projects 
both to encourage active measures in the labour market as well as to improve the 
general conditions for developing the full potential of participants in the labour 
market. Operations under Community Support Frameworks (CSFs) agreed with 
the Commission have started in the Member States. Results from the evaluation 
of these projects will be presented in later reports. 
14 
15 
16 COM (95) 134 fin. of 12.04.1995 
COM (95) 466 fin. of 31.10.1995 
Social protection in Europe, 1995 
18. A first set of projects was selected for the Community Initiative "Employment" 
in December 1995 and will be carried out over the coming years. The 
Employment programme includes initiatives on the integration of people with 
disabilities (HORIZON) and people from excluded backgrounds (INCLUSION) 
into the labour market. In both initiatives, a number of projects selected involve 
a health dimension. 
19. A certain amount of funds was set aside from general Social Fund financing to 
support innovative measures to achieve a more employment-intensive pattern of 
growth, to improve the workings of the labour market and to reinforce the training 
system. This includes specific measures for groups in danger of exclusion from 
the labour market. Of the more than 60 projects selected in 1995, four projects 
were particularly related to health, covering the integration of physically disabled 
people, health informatics and adapted workplaces for people with disabilities. 
3.1.3 Solidarity - social exclusion 
20. Health and social exclusion are inextricably linked. Poor health can be the cause 
of social exclusion (e.g. in the case in chronic sickness or invalidity leading to 
long-term unemployment, or in the case of the stigmatisation of a chronically ill 
or disabled person); it can be the consequence of social exclusion (e.g. depression, 
psychosomatic illness); it can be part of social exclusion (e.g. unhealthy housing, 
lack of running water, of accessible toilets, of a well-balanced diet, -of access to 
quality health services), or it can be a factor preventing reintegration (e.g. 
depression, psychosomatic illness, lack of self-confidence if the person's physical 
health is weakened). Social exclusion may make access to health services more 
difficult. 
21. The scheme of European funding for projects seeking to overcome social 
exclusion (1995) received some 2000 applications, many of which were concerned 
with different aspects of health. The aspects most frequently included were : drug 
and alcohol abuse, mental health and well-being (particularly of immigrants and 
refugees), disability (both mental and physical). Of the 86 projects finally adopted 
in December 1995, 15 concerned health, touching on the following areas: 
drug/alcohol addiction (8 projects), integration of sick and healthy people in 
housing development (2), help for women who have experienced violence (2), 
information about health services in immigrants' own languages (1), integration 
of prostitutes (2), integration of schizophrenics and their carers (1), improvement 
of mental health and well-being (1). 
22. The European Initiative for the Prevention of Urban Delinquency and the Social 
Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (1995) included numerous health-related projects, 
in particular as regards drug abuse. Drug abuse is a health problem needing to be 
tackled among potential delinquents, and/or prisoners or ex-offenders. But it is 
also in many cases a crime itself, and often a major cause of further crime. 
3.1.4 Free movement of workers 
23. On 28 June 1995, the Commission submitted a proposal for a Council Regulation 
amending Regulation (EEC) 1408/7117. In particular, this proposal provides that 
the entitlement to urgently needed health care of a person who is insured in one 
Member State and temporarily resident in another be extended to all persons 
regardless of their nationality. 
3.1.5 People with disabilities 
24. As in health matters, policies concerning disabled people are tending increasingly 
to move away from strictly medical considerations towards the area of social 
welfare. While it is still important to look at how disabilities develop and at ways 
of preventing them, it is now essential to have a better understanding of their 
social effects. In this connection, we are now seeing the emergence of a new 
approach based on the need to take action directed not only at disabled individuals 
but also at the environment in which they live. 
The third Community Action Programme to assist disabled people (HELIOS II)18, 
covering the period January 1993-December 1996, is in line with this approach 
in that it develops exchanges and disseminates information at Community level 
so as to promote equality of opportunity for the disabled. Activities taking place 
under the programme in 1995 mainly concerned the following areas: anti­
discrimination measures, raising public awareness, independent living, the creation 
of suitable jobs, and the role of NGOs. 
3.1.6 Health and safety at work 
25. The Communication from the Commission on a Community programme 
concerning safety, hygiene and health at work (1996-2000) was adopted on 
12 July 199519, and included a proposal for a Council decision adopting a 
programme of non-legislative measures to improve health and safety at work. 
The Commission intends that this programme should provide a sufficiently 
flexible, dynamic and realistic framework to enable the Community to meet the 
challenges posed by the profound economic, technological and social changes that 
are occurring. It includes non-legislative measures, a legislative programme and 
provisions concerning health and safety in other policies. As part of the 
programme the Commission has included SAFE (Safety Action for Europe), 
aimed at improving safety, hygiene and health at work especially in small and 
medium-sized enterprises. 
19 Amended proposal for a Council Regulation of 28.06.1995, OJ C 242 of 19.09.1995 
Council Decision of 25.02.1993 establishing a third Community Action programme to promote 
equal opportunities and the integration of disabled people (HELIOS II), 93/136/EEC, OJ C 56, 
09.03.1993, p. 30 
COM(95) 282 final of 12.07.1995 
The proposed decision of the Commission deals with the development of non-
legislative measures such as guidance notes and information, education and 
training material and the SAFE programme. 
26. In setting Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) for the control of exposure to 
chemical substances the aim is to identify a level of exposure at which, according 
to the most up-to-date knowledge, the exposed worker's health should not be 
affected. 
To further support the work of developing harmonized OELs, the Commission 
Decision on setting up a Scientific Committee for Occupational Exposure Limits 
to Chemical Agents (SCOEL)20 established a formal basis for the scientific 
evaluation of the risk at the workplace related to chemical substances. By giving 
the Committee a formal basis, the European Commission has acknowledged the 
work already performed and significantly advanced its role in the European 
process, contributing to the global aim on the harmonisation of conditions in the 
working environment as specified by Article 118a of the European Community 
Treaty. 
27 In September 1995 the Commission presented a proposal for a Council Directive 
amending for the first time Directive 90/394/EEC on the protection of workers 
from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work.21 The main purpose of 
this proposal is to set limit values for occupational exposure to carcinogens, 
starting with benzene. 
28. On 29 June 199522 the Council adopted a Regulation which amended the 
Regulation establishing a European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 
located in Bilbao. The Agency's main tasks will be to collect and disseminate 
technical, economic and scientific information on health and safety at work and 
to promote and support exchanges of information and experience between Member 
States. 
The Agency became operational in 1995. Two meetings of its Administrative 
Board were held. The recruitment of staff began with the publication of the Call 
for Applications for the post of Director23. 
29. In July 1995, ilie Commission decided to officially set up the Committee of Senior 
Labour Inspectors (SLIC)24, which has existed informally since 1982. In 1995, the 
Committee discussed inter alia issues of free movement of workers, services and 
enterprises engaged in health and safety, and informatics support for labour 
inspectorates. SLIC has agreed on common principles of labour inspection. A 
process of evaluation of national systems was launched on the basis of these 
principles. Observers from Central and Eastern European countries and the Baltic 
States participated in parts of the Committee meetings. 
20 Commission Decision 95/320/EC of 12.07.1995 - O.J. N° L 188, 9.8.1995 
21 O.J. N° C 317, 28.11.1995 
22 
23 
24 Council Regulation N° 1643/95, OJ N° L 156, 07.07.1995, p.l 
OJN° C 338, 16.12.1995 
Commission Decision 95/319/EC of 12.07.1995, OJ L 188/11, 09.08.1995 
Drugs 
1. Actions to combat drug dependence focus on reducing the supply of drugs 
(through measures such as police cooperation and border controls and 
incentives to producers to grow alternative crops) and on addressing the 
problems of drug users (through health and social support measures). Both 
approaches are prominent in the Community actions in the drugs sector, and 
are combined in the Community Action plan to combat drugs (1995-99)25. 
2. The reduction of drug dependence is a priority area for Community activities 
in the field of public health and is specifically mentioned in Article 129 of 
the Treaty. A corresponding Community action programme is currently 
under discussion. This is supplemented by high profile events, such as 
European Weeks against Drug Dependence. 
Social policy actions aimed at marginalised groups in society also reinforce 
preventive and support activities concerning potential and actual drug users. 
These actions are supplemented by other activities, e.g. research, education 
and training activities (particularly aimed at young people). Another 
important area is medicinal products, where issues of dependence are raised. 
3. Drug supply reduction and activities preventing drug trafficking often extend 
beyond the territory of the Community and are therefore conducted in 
cooperation with third countries and international organisations. These issues 
are covered in several programmes of cooperation with third countries, e.g. 
Tacis/ Phare and the Lomé convention. 
Internally, drug supply reduction is a major topic in the area of cooperation 
between Member States in judicial and home affairs, particularly concerning 
police cooperation. Implementation of the first phase of EUROPOL also 
covers this topic. 
The Community is supporting relevant activities by the United Nations, its 
agencies and other international organisations. 
See the relevant sections of this report for further information on 1995 
activities in these areas of policy. 
3.2 Internal market -free movement of persons and goods, taxation 
30. Community activities regarding the creation of the internal market have numerous 
consequences for health. These include the development of common rules and 
regulations concerning the markets for specific products, e.g. pharmaceuticals or 
medical devices, as well as the rules on free movement of goods as such. A 
25 COM (94) 234 fin. 
specific area of activity - under the auspices of consumer protection - is the field 
of cosmetics. Indirect taxation of goods such as tobacco or alcohol can have 
immediate health effects. An important requisite enabling the free movement of 
persons is the recognition of diplomas, e.g. in medical professions. Finally, data 
protection is an area of Community policy where health-related concerns - both 
of the citizen interested in protecting his/her medical and other data and the 
medical researcher - need to be taken into account. 
3.2.1 Medicinal products 
31. Starting with the first directive in 1965, Community legislation on pharmaceuticals 
has usually been designed to promote and protect public health. By 1993 there 
was a harmonised legal framework for marketing authorisations. Under the rules, 
every medicinal product must meet strict quality, safety and efficacy criteria 
before it can be authorised. This legislation covers all industrially-manufactured 
medicinal products: vaccines, blood products, radiopharmaceuticals. The criteria 
are regularly revised to take account of scientific and technical progress. 
1995 saw the introduction of the new European system for authorising and 
monitoring medicinal products in the European Community. Under this new 
system the Commission has already authorised the marketing of three innovative 
products. 
This new system for registering medicinal products in the European Community 
represents a decisive step towards the establishment of the Single Market. It helps 
to promote the free movement of medicines within the European Community 
while ensuring optimum protection for public health. 
32. The main innovation in this area in 1995 was the establishment of the European 
Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) in London, whose aim is to encourage 
cooperation between, and coordinate the resources of, national drug registration 
agencies. 
There are now two licensing procedures for medicinal products: a centralised 
procedure, which is compulsory for high-technology products and optional for 
innovatory new medicines, and a decentralised procedure that is based on the 
principle of mutual recognition of national authorisations. Under the latter 
procedure, the Agency intervenes if there are conflicting scientific evaluations by 
national authorities when application is made for mutual recognition of 
authorisations. 
Once the evaluation process has been completed, the European Commission is 
responsible for making the scientific opinions binding (for human and veterinary 
uses). 
This new system provides all patients in the European Community with more 
rapid, and simultaneous, access to innovatory medicines. When an authorisation 
is issued, health professionals and consumers are provided with clear and reliable 
information in the form of labels and package leaflets. In addition, the monitoring 
of medicinal products after their authorisation is being improved through 
coordination by the Agency of national pharmacovigilance activities. 
10 
By coordinating national resources devoted to drugs registration, this system helps 
to ensure that the quality, safety and efficacy of medicines which are to be 
marketed in the European Community or exported to third countries are of an 
optimum standard. 
Finally, this system coincides with the emergence of the European Community 
onto the international scene. It provides third countries with a public health 
guarantee for evaluations carried out in the Community and strengthens the latter's 
position vis-à-vis these countries. 
33. In 1995, the institutions discussed the Communication from the Commission to 
the Council and the European Parliament on the outlines of an industrial policy 
for the pharmaceutical sector in the European Community26. Although in other 
areas the Commission advocates a global approach to industrial policy, a sectoral 
approach seemed appropriate in this particular area given the public health and 
social policy issues that it raises. In its communication, the Commission proposes 
a set of guidelines reconciling effective control of health care expenditure with 
continuation of the long-term efforts by the European pharmaceutical industry to 
develop therapeutically innovative medicines. However, it is the Council which 
should take the lead here since most of the subjects discussed in the Commission's 
communication lie within the competence of the Member States. 
34. The Commission has launched an information society programme for the 
pharmaceutical sector to encourage transparency and the rapid exchange of 
information. This is particularly important as regards pharmacovigilance. The 
databases to which the network will give access will include scientific and 
economic information on all medicines sold on the Community market. 
3.2.2 Medical devices 
35. Community legislation on medical devices removes technical barriers to trade, 
thus enabling the single market to be brought about in this particular sector. It is 
also designed to ensure a high level of safety and health in the Community and, 
for this purpose, introduces a coherent approach to the establishment and 
implementation of requirements for the design, manufacture and marketing of such 
devices. The gains in terms of protection of public health are real and quite 
considerable. 
36. 1 January 1995 saw the compulsory application - following the end of the 
transition period - of Council Directive 90/385/EEC on active implantable medical 
devices. It also marked the optional application - at the beginning of the transition 
period - of Council Directive 93/42/EEC, which covers all other medical devices 
(except thbse used for in vitro diagnosis). During 1995, the Commission's efforts 
aimed at implementing these two directives bad a positive effect as regards the 
protection of public health. Its activities included: 
consultations with authorities in the Member States which are responsible 
for implementing the two directives; 
26 COM (93) 718 fin. of 02.03.1994 
11 
coordination and monitoring of the activities of the certification bodies 
concerned (notified bodies) to ensure that the latter adopt a uniform, 
consistent approach27 
monitoring performance of the tasks assigned to international 
standardisation organisations (CEN and CENELEC). In this connection, 
the titles and references of important "horizontal" standards have been 
published in the OJ, giving them the status of European harmonised 
standards28 
encouraging and coordinating work to set up a Community monitoring 
system so as to avoid the occurrence and/or recurrence of events with 
negative repercussions on public health; in 1995, the issuing of public 
warnings concerning certain types of devices and the use of the safeguard 
clause by certain Member states, as provided for in the directives, showed 
how valuable and important the concept of Community monitoring is in 
an area as sensitive as that of health. 
37. Finally, mention should be made of the Commission's proposal for a directive on 
in vitro diagnostic medical devices29, which completes the set of directives 
covering all medical devices. This proposal has received a favourable opinion 
from the Economic and Social Committee. It is currently undergoing the initial 
consultation procedure at the Parliament and will be discussed by the Council's 
Working Party on Economic Questions at the beginning of 1996. 
3.2.3 Consumer protection - cosmetics 
38. In July 1995, the Commission adopted the 18th Directive adapting to technical 
progress the annexes of the basic directive on cosmetic products30. These annexes 
contain lists of substances which must not form part of the composition of 
cosmetic products, substances which cosmetic products can contain only subject 
to restrictions or special conditions, and substances which cosmetic products may 
contain (UV-filters, preservatives and colouring agents). Before being added to 
one of these lists, the safety of the substance for human health is assessed by the 
Scientific Committee on Cosmetology, which gives an opinion. The Commission 
takes this opinion into account when preparing its draft proposal, which is 
subsequently submitted to the Committee for Adaptation to Technical Progress. 
In July 1995, the Commission adopted a 6th Directive on methods of analysis for 
checking the composition of cosmetic products31. 
39. The Commission has adopted a directive establishing the criteria and conditions 
under which a manufacturer may, for reasons of trade secrecy, apply not to 
include one or more ingredients in the list of ingredients to be indicated on the 
packaging of cosmetic products32. These criteria take into account the safety of the 
consumer as well as the justified commercial interests of the manufacturer. 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 OJ C 280/12 of 25.10.1995 
OJ C 277/6 of 4.10.1994, C 204/22 of 9.8.1995, C 307/14 of 18.11.1995 
OJC 172/21 of 7.7.1995, p. 21 
Commission Directive 95/34/EC of 10.07.1995, OJ L 167 of 18.07.1995, p. 19 
Directive 95/32/EC of 07.07.1995, OJ L 178, 28.07.1995, p. 20 
Directive 95/17/EC of 19.06.1995, OJ L 140, 23.06.1995, p. 26 
12 
40. The Commission is currently finalising an inventory of ingredients employed in 
cosmetic products and a common nomenclature of these ingredients. These are 
linked with the full labelling of ingredients in cosmetic products required after 
January 1997. The idea is to enable the consumer to identify substances he should 
avoid, e.g. because of personal allergy, when buying a cosmetic product. 
3.2.4 Taxation 
41. Fiscal policy concerning the indirect taxation of goods has an effect on the price 
of goods such as tobacco, alcoholic beverages and petrol. On 13 September 1995, 
the Commission adopted a report on the approximation of excise duties33. In this 
report, the Commission clearly demonstrates how fiscal policy has to take into 
account the general objectives of the Treaty, including health protection 
requirements as well as environmental questions. 
Regarding the consumption of tobacco products, the report underlines that fiscal 
measures represent a means of dissuasion. The revenue generated could contribute 
towards compensation for the "social cost" of smoking, i.e. health care costs and 
costs of scientific research. On alcohol and alcoholic beverages, from a social and 
health policy point of view, taxation could be a means of discouraging excessive 
consumption. It could contribute to reduce the problems associated with the abuse 
of alcohol. 
3.2.5 Jurisdiction on free movement of goods 
42. Protecting public health is one of the legitimate objectives recognised by the 
Treaty as justifying, where necessary and appropriate, measures that do not accord 
with one of the basic principles of the internal market, i.e. the free movement of 
goods. It is, in fact, often invoked by Member States to justify the adoption of 
national regulations laying down technical specifications that affect the free 
movement of goods within the single market. 
43. In 1995, the Court of Justice delivered two judgments regarding the application 
of the rules on free movement in the light of health protection requirements. 
In its judgment of 23.02.199534, the Court ruled that Council Directive 
90/642/EEC of 27 November 1990 on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide 
residues in and on certain products of plant origin does not preclude national 
legislation - in this instance, Italian regulations - from setting maximum 
permissible levels for residues of Chlorpropham and Propham and providing for 
procedures for checking compliance with those levels, on condition that such 
provisions do not contravene Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty. 
In its judgment of 28.03.199535, the Court held that a national practice - in this 
instance, a British one - of prohibiting importation of narcotic drugs (diamorphine, 
in this particular case) is covered by Article 30 of the Treaty. Moreover, an import 
33 
34 
35 COM (95) 285 fin. of 13.09.1995 
Judgment of 23.02.1995, Joined Cases C-54/94 and C-74/94, [1995] ECR I - 391 
Judgment of 28.03.1995, Case C-324/93, [1995] ECR I - 563 
13 
ban would not be admissible under Article 36 if it were based on the need to 
safeguard an undertaking's survival. On the other hand, such a ban may benefit 
from the derogation provided for in Article 36 of the EEC Treaty if protection of 
the health and life of humans is at issue and this objective cannot be achieved as 
effectively by measures less restrictive of intra-Community trade. 
3.2.6 Free movement of persons 
Recognition of diplomas in health professions 
44. Health protection has always been an important consideration when it comes to 
the mutual recognition of diplomas in the health professions (doctors,* nurses, 
midwives, pharmacists, dentists and veterinarians, in particular). The directives 
concerning these diplomas are based on the free-movement articles of the Treaty, 
49, 54 and 63, and aim to facilitate the free movement of professionals trained in 
the Community in accordance with comparable standards of training. These 
standards are being harmonised by drawing up common minimum requirements. 
In addition, advisory committees on the training of these professionals, set up to 
support the directives, help to ensure comparably high skill levels by issuing 
opinions and recommendation on training matters. 
In so doing, they also contribute to the framing of health policies in the 
Community. 
45. Finally, the Committee of Senior Officials on Public Health, consisting of senior 
officials from the Member States with direct responsibilities in the public health 
field, has the task inter alia of gathering any useful information on arrangements 
for providing medical and general care in the Member States and of issuing 
opinions that help to guide the Commission's work as far as doctors, dentists, 
nurses and midwives are concerned. For pharmacists and veterinaries, this task is 
assured by two specific bodies. A proposal for a directive submitted by the 
Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on 16 December 1994 
is designed to enable this committee to assist the Commission by means of a 
special committee procedure with a view to amending the lists of medical 
specialisations and the length of the corresponding training courses set out in 
Directive 93/16/EEC on facilitating the free movement of doctors. The 
Commission has presented a modified proposal of the directive following the 
opinion of Parliament36. 
36 27.11.1995, JOC C 28, 01.02.1996 
14 
3.2.7 Data protection 
46. 1995 saw the final adoption of the European Parliament and Council directive on 
the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on 
the free movement of such data37. The text establishes a framework of general 
principles for the processing of data relating to individuals, and will apply 
generally to all data processing covered by Community law, including that in the 
health sector. 
The needs of public health are recognised specifically in the text in a number of 
places, most notably in a recital which cites public health as an area where an 
exemption to the prohibition on the processing of certain sensitive categories of 
data may be granted on grounds of important public interest. 
The overall effect of the directive, which Member States have 3 years to 
transpose into national law, will be to harmonise data protection legislation so that 
personal data may move freely within the European Community on the basis of 
a shared framework of rules. In the public health field this will facilitate data 
processing which involves bringing together personal data from a number of 
different Member States. Epidemiology and clinical trials are two areas which are 
likely to be particularly affected in this regard. 
3.2.8 Education and training - KAROLUS 
47. The KAROLUS Programme is a scheme for training officials from the Member 
States through the exchange of national officials between Member State 
administrations. Its purpose is to facilitate cooperation, and promote mutual 
confidence, between national administrations, and to ensure a uniform and proper 
application of Community legislation on the internal market. Among the sectors 
covered by the exchange programme are some with a direct or indirect bearing 
on health, such as medicinal products, foodstuffs, product safety, etc. 
3.3 Agricultural and foods policy, fisheries 
48. The links between the quality of food and health are obvious. Therefore, the 
different aspects of agricultural, fisheries and foodstuffs policies are crucial areas 
where health requirements need to be integrated into Community policy. It is 
impossible to give a complete overview of all day-to-day activities of the 
Commission in this field. In this section, major developments in 1995 concerning 
the veterinary sector, pesticides, tobacco, wine and alcohol, foodstuffs, milk, and 
the fisheries sector will be presented. 
37 EP and Council Directive 95/46/CE of 24.10.1995, OJ L 281 of 23.11.1995 
15 
3.3.1 Veterinary sector 
49. A series of decisions were taken during 1995 by the Council and the Commission, 
developing legislation on health and hygiene, concerning animals and products of 
animal origin. 
50. In June, the Council adopted a directive amending Directive 64/433/EEC 
concerning health conditions for the production and marketing of fresh meat38. It 
also adopted a series of decisions concerning tests for salmonella in certain 
animals and animal products destined for Finland and Sweden39. 
The Commission adopted a number of proposals for presentation to the Council 
including in particular a proposal on the marketing of meat products40 and a 
proposal for a Council directive amending Directive 92/117/EEC concerning 
measures for protection against certain zoonoses (diseases transmissible between 
animals and man, such as rabies)41. 
51. The Commission took many decisions to establish common health requirements 
to be applied to the import of animals and products of animal origin from third 
countries. 
In addition, it was necessary to take a number of emergency safeguard measures 
to limit imports of products from certain third countries where the health situation 
was considered unsatisfactory. The import offish from Japan was restricted after 
an inspection revealed serious deficiencies in inspections and controls of products 
to be exported to the European Community42. A Commission decision based on 
a report from the Scientific Veterinary Committee authorised special heat 
treatment to decontaminate bivalve molluscs in southern Spain containing low 
levels of the PSP toxin. This decision applies only to Spain and is limited to a 
particular species. Its purpose is ensure that this type of product is safe for human 
consumption. Following the outbreak of Ebola disease in Zaire, the Commission 
banned the importation of apes originating in or coming from Zaire43. Both these 
decisions form part of the measures to protect human and animal health in the 
Community. 
52. The veterinary and phytosanitary office continued its programme of inspections 
within the Community and in third countries to monitor the application of and 
compliance with Community health rules in the veterinary sector. Apart from the 
fresh meat and meat products sector, checks were also initiated in the poultrymeat 
and fish and fishery products sector. In addition, special visits were also made in 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 Directive 95/23/EC, OJ L 243, 11.10.1995, p.7 
Directives 95/409 to 411/EC, OJ L 243, 11.10.1995, pp. 21, 25, 29 
OJC 269, 16.10.199 
COM (95) 491 fin. of 23.10.1995 
95/119/EC of 07.04.1995 
Decisions 95/171/EC of 18.05.1995, OJL 112 of 19.05.1995, p. 30, and 95/313/EC of 24.07.1995, 
OJL 187, 08.08.1995, p. 23 
16 
Member States and third countries in case of outbreaks of certain diseases to study 
the epidemiology and check the health controls applied. 
53. From 30 November to 1 December 1995, the Commission organised a major 
scientific conference on growth promotion in meat production. The conference 
came to the conclusion that the accumulation of experiences and published data 
on the use of natural and sex hormones and related compounds (Zeranol and 
Trenbolene) has shown no evidence of human health risk arising from their use, 
when used under prescribed conditions. Further scrutiny is required to evaluate 
effects on animal health. Substantial concerns about the potential risk for human 
and animal health remain concerning the possible use of beta-2-antagonists as 
growth promoters. The conference concluded in addition that the illicit use of a 
variety of growth promoters has become a serious problem. It saw therefore a 
need for coordinating national control systems, to target surveillance systems more 
effectively, and to enhance the efficacy of detection systems and methods. 
3.3.2 Pesticide residues 
54. In 1995, as part of the ongoing harmonisation of maximum levels of pesticide 
residues in and on certain products of plant or animal origin, the Council adopted 
three directives harmonising maximum residue levels for nine pesticide active 
substances and amending existing maximum residue levels for some 20 pesticide 
active substances44 
3.3.3 Tobacco 
55. The Community fund for tobacco research and information decided to fund a 
number of projects, to commence in March 1996, both on informing the public 
about the health effects of tobacco and on agricultural research aimed at reducing 
the harm caused by tobacco45. 
44 
45 Coimcil directives 95/38/EC, OJL 197, 22.08.1995, p. 14; 95/39/EC, OJL 197, 22.08.1995, p. 29. 
95/61/EC, OJ L 292, 07.12.1995, p. 27 
cf. call for tenders published in OJ C 179/8 of 01.07.1994 
17 
Tobacco and alcohol 
1. Tobacco and alcohol abuse are among the major determinants for important 
health scourges such as cancer and cardio-vascular diseases. In addition, 
excessive consumption of alcohol is a major factor in accidents, be it on the 
road, in the workplace or at home. Several areas of Community policy 
address tobacco and alcohol issues. 
2. In public health, there is a strong focus on the need to stop smoking and 
moderate alcohol consumption in the context of activities to combat cancer. 
Alcohol and tobacco were two major focuses of European Cancer Week in 
October 1995. 
Specific social policy actions aim at improving the situation of excluded and 
disadvantaged groups in society. This may involve victims of severe alcohol 
abuse. 
3. Community agricultural policy covers tobacco, which is as an important 
agricultural product of southern Member States. It has taken steps to 
encourage the production of less harmful products, e.g. tobacco yielding low 
levels of nicotine. The Community funds for tobacco research and 
information will become operational in 1996 to support research and public 
awareness campaigns in this area. 
The production of alcoholic beverages also involves agricultural products 
(grapes, hops, malt, etc.), and common market regulations exist for hops, 
wine and spirits. 
4. Fiscal policy, particularly concerning indirect taxation, has a major effect on 
the pricing of tobacco and alcohol products and on choices made by 
consumers. While indirect taxation levels have not been harmonised at the 
EC level, there is an awareness that tax revenues from the sale of alcohol 
and tobacco could provide important resources for preventive activities. 
5. Alcohol and driving is a major concern for transport policy in the context of 
road safety campaigns. 
See the relevant sections in this report for more details on policy 
developments in these sectors in 1995. 
18 
3.3.4 Foodstuffs 
56. In the area of foodstuffs legislation, the Commission adopted a directive amending 
Directive 90/128/EEC relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come 
into contact with foodstuffs46. 
57. The Commission also adopted the updated inventory of scientific cooperation 
tasks on questions related to food47. Scientific cooperation provides a mechanism 
allowing the Member States to assist the Commission with the scientific 
examination of questions related to food. Many of the tasks undertaken relate to 
subjects of direct relevance to public health. 
The Scientific Committee for Food delivered a substantial number of opinions 
relating to food safety covering additives, contaminants, materials and articles in 
contact with foods and adverse reactions to food and food ingredients. Their 
opinions and reports will serve as the basis for future legislative initiatives of the 
Commission. 
3.3.5 Milk promotion campaigns 
58. Under the EC's school milk scheme, subsidies are provided so that schoolchildren 
can receive certain milk products at reduced prices. Although the prime objective 
of this programme is to promote the consumption of milk products, its 
contribution to achieving a balanced diet for schoolchildren has proved to be 
equally important. In recent years, Member States have been encouraged to supply 
suitable nutritional information on milk and milk products in schools, in order to 
enhance the efficiency of the school milk scheme. 
The range of milk products eligible for subsidy is sufficiently wide to comply 
with the need for a varied and balanced diet in different circumstances. Within 
this range, there is a clear trend towards those products with a reduced fat content. 
In the school year 1988/89, whole milk products still accounted for some 77% of 
the total quantity distributed ; for the 1994/95 period, this figure was reduced to 
less than 65%. 
3.3.6 Fisheries 
59. There is a general consensus that the consumption of fish contributes to the 
prevention of cardio-vascular diseases. Accordingly, the Commission has 
continued its efforts to promote the consumption of fisheries products and to 
improve the quality of products sold to the public. 
60. After the merging (in late 1993) of all the structural financial tools in a unique 
financial instrument for fisheries guidance (FIFG), the Community action in 
46 
47 Directive 95/3/EC of 14.02.1995, OJ L 41, 23.02.1995, p. 44 
Commission decision amending Decision 94/652/EC establishing the inventory and distribution of 
tasks to be undertaken within the framework of cooperation by Member States in the scientific 
examination of questions related to food (95/492/EC of 15.11.1995) 
19 
supporting these measures is carried out in the framework of the Structural Funds 
reform, i.e. in integrated, coherent structural development plans covering the 
period 1994-99, established in partnership between the Commission and Member 
States, and implemented at local level. The new financial instrument has special 
provisions for the promotion of consumption, including operations associated with 
quality certification, promotion campaigns based on quality, and studies. 
Moreover, all physical investment intended to improve conditions of hygiene or 
human or animal health and to improve quality is eligible for aid in the sectors 
of aquaculture, fish processing and marketing of fisheries products. 
The total FIFG budget allocated to national plans for the period 1994-99 is 2 671 
million ecus. Of this, 84 million is allocated to promotion and 859 million to 
aquaculture, processing and marketing (this sum includes financing for measures 
not directly linked to health requirements). 
The FIFG also finances studies on an annual basis; in the period 1994-95, six 
studies directly relating to quality or health matters were financed, with a 
Community contribution in excess of 530 000 ecus. 
3.4 Research and development 
61. Research and development activities in the European Community take place in the 
context of Framework Programmes for research and technological development 
(RTD). The 4th Framework Programme48, which currently is the basis of RTD 
activities, encompasses a number of specific RTD programmes which are either 
health-related or include projects with a health dimension. 
3.4.1 BIOMED 
62. Health-related research and development activities take place mainly within the 
Biomedicine and Health Programme (1994-1998 - BIOMED 2) within the 4th 
RTD Framework Programme49. With a total budget of 336 million ecus, it covers 
the following eight target areas: 
Area 1: Pharmaceuticals research; 
Area 2: Research on biomedical technology and engineering; 
Area 3: Brain research; 
Area 4: Research on other diseases with a major socio-economic impact; 
Area 5: Human genome research; 
Area 6: Public health research, including health services research; 
Area 7: Research on biomedical ethics; 
Area 8: Ethical, legal and social aspects. 
49 Decision 94/1110/EC of 26.04.1994, OJ L 126, 18.05.1994, p. 1, as amended by Decision 
96/616/EC of 25.03.1996, OJ L 86, 04.04.1996, p. 69 
Council decision 94/913/EC of 15.12.1994 adopting a specific programme of research and 
technological development, including demonstration, in the field of biomedicine and health (1994-
1998), OJ L 361, 31.12.1994, p.40 
20 
63. A first call for proposals was launched in January 1995 with all thematic areas of 
the work programme open to submission of research proposals. After scientific 
and technical evaluation by independent experts, 307 out of 1709 proposals have 
been selected for Community support with a financial contribution totalling 153.7 
million ecus. 
The selected proposals, notably in the fields of AIDS, cancer, occupational health 
research and in particular public health research, are expected to underpin the 
public health initiatives in the context of Article 129 of the Treaty. 
Likewise, the BIOMED 2 programme will be supporting demonstration projects 
in order to prove the techno-economic viability of new medical practices (e.g. ex 
vivo AIDS treatment, restoration of movement of paraplegic patients by electrical 
stimulation) and to disseminate these practices to users, industry, public entities 
and other targeted interest groupings. 
64. Vaccination is widely recognised as one of the most efficient tools of public 
health policy showing evident cost-benefit advantages for all the target populations 
involved. 
With more than 5 million patients in western Europe, hepatitis C is the most 
important chronic viral infection in the region. Development of a vaccine for 
hepatitis C is extremely complicated because of the lack of knowledge regarding 
immunological parameters, and can be accomplished only through a collaborative 
effort of multidisciplinary approaches involving several laboratories. The 
BIOMED 2 programme is currently supporting a project for developing a vaccine 
in which laboratories from five countries are participating. 
It now appears feasible to develop cancer vaccines that induce cancer rejection 
responses and stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against cancer 
cells. The BIOMED 2 programme is supporting a transnational project involving 
seven leading laboratories, the main aim of which is to identify antigens 
recognised by T-lymphocytes on human tumours. 
A number of research teams are devoting their efforts to develop vaccines against 
chronic diseases by the development of highly immunogenic recombinant/peptide 
vaccines and generation of new adjuvants. 
The Task Force on Vaccines and Viral Diseases which has been established aims 
at strengthening the European effort on vaccine development by fostering 
partnership and cooperation in research and transposing the latest scientific 
advances. 
65. Research on the human genome - the genetic material contained in every cell in 
the human body - aims at determining the structure of human DNA and the 
identification and function of all the genes. The rationale for coordinated 
European activities related to human genome research is based on its potential 
contribution to the understanding of the processes underlying human disease, 
hence to improve diagnostics, treatment and eventually disease prevention. This 
objective is met through the improvement of research infrastructure, availability 
21 
of resources and cooperation of leading research groups in Europe in order to put 
Europe on the map of the international human genome programme. 
Particular progress was achieved through EUROGEM, the European Gene 
Mapping Project, which includes 23 laboratories. This network enabled European 
researchers from all Member States, in particular those without national 
programmes, to organise human genome research at a European level and to come 
up with a European Genetic Map based on the CEPH reference families. At the 
international level, the work on chromosomes 11 and 21 has been particularly 
successful. 
Thanks to a European initiative there are the so-called "Single Chromosome 
Workshops" for exchange of information and data and reaching agreement on 
nomenclature with regard to progress in the study of individual chromosomes. The 
EC pays for the European organisers and participants; the U.S. (DOE and NIH) 
eventually agreed to follow the scheme and pay for the U.S. participants or 
organisers. These workshops turned out to be extremely valuable in the 
development of scientific collaboration and the establishment of research policies 
in this field. 
66. From a broader health perspective, a meeting was held in 1995 under the auspices 
of the BIOMED programme in Delft/NL on "Individual responsibility for health -
moral issues regarding lifestyle and a just distribution of medical resources", 
bringing together experts from different Member States in the fields of public 
health, sociology and ethics. 
3.4.2 Telematics 
67. Another area of RTD activities with an important health dimension is telematics. 
The telematics applications programme50 includes specific activities on health care 
telematics as well as for the disabled and the elderly among the 15 sectors in the 
programme. It has an overall budget of 843 million ecus for 1994 to 1998. Health 
care telematics has an indicative budget of 135 million ecus, while the sector 
concerning the disabled and elderly has an indicative budget of 65 million ecus. 
68. Most of the 42 health telematics RTD projects initiated during the 3rd Framework 
Programme came to an end in 1995. Seventy new projects with a total 
Community contribution of 77 million ecus were negotiated in 1995 under the 4th 
framework programme budget. As in other sectors of the telematics application 
programme, stress is now put on actual validation of applications by "user groups" 
in order to have effective up-take and deployment of results once the programme 
has been completed. 
Some of the fields covered by the programme are: development and inter-
operation of regional networks for a better integration and continuity of care, 
cooperation of professionals in areas important for public health such as cancer, 
50 Council Decision 94/801/EC of 23.11.1994, adopting a specific programme of research and 
technological development, including demonstration in the field of telematics applications of 
common interest, OJ L 334 of 22.11.1994, p.l 
22 
cardio-vascular diseases and chronic illnesses. Inter-operability of telematics 
services on a European scale is also covered, for example concerning emergencies. 
In all cases, the objective is to increase the efficiency of the natural circulation of 
information in the health sector, improving access while maintaining security and 
strict confidentiality. Management of feasibility studies in support of national 
policies and of other Community policies is also a significant part of the activities. 
3.4.3 G-7 Global Information Society Initiative 
69. In February 1995, the G7 group of major industrialised nations launched a "Global 
Information Society" initiative in Brussels. Among the 11 projects included in this 
initiative, the project on Global Healthcare Applications consists of six sub-
projects: 
1. Towards a Global Public Health Network 
2. Improving prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment of 
cancer 
3. Improving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular 
diseases 
4. A 24 hour multilingual telemedicine surveillance and emergency 
service around the world 
5. Enabling mechanisms for global health networks 
6. International harmonisation of the use of data cards in health care. 
A global healthcare project meeting in Ottawa/Canada in November 1995 
launched a number of European feasibility studies in preparation for these 
initiatives. 
3.4.4 Targeted socio-economic research 
70. The programme on targeted socio-economic research is divided into three main 
areas: research into science and technology options in Europe, research on 
education and training, and research on social integration and social exclusion in 
Europe51. A number of projects funded under these headings - particularly in the 
third area of action - are related to health. 
3.4.5 Research on agriculture, fisheries and agro-industrial processing 
71. The work programme of the FAIR (food and agro-industrial research) programme 
for 1994-1998, which is the specific RTD programme for agriculture and 
fisheries52, includes a number of references to health issues. The section on 
agricultural environmental interaction also foresees health-related research, such 
as minimising the passage of agrochemicals into the water table and thence to 
51 
52 Council decision 94/915/EC of 15.12.1994 adopting a specific programme of research and 
technological development, including demonstration, in the field of targeted socio-economic 
research (1994-1998), OJ L 361 of 31.12.1994, p.77 
Council Decision 94/805/EC of 23.11.1994 adopting a specific programme of research and 
technological development and demonstration in the field of agriculture and fisheries...(1994-1998), 
OJL 334 of 22.11.1994, p. 73 
23 
human drinking-water supply. A large part of the programme is dedicated to the 
role of food in consumer nutrition and well-being. 
In addition, four research projects in the field of fisheries products upgrading, 
which have connections to human health requirements, have been financed in 
1995. The Community contribution to these projects exceeded two million ecus. 
3.4.6 Transport research 
72. The Specific Programme for research and technological development in the field 
of Transport within the 4th Framework Programme53 continues to address safety 
issues in all modes of transport. From an extensive list of tasks, the following 
safety issues are particularly noteworthy: 'the safety aspects of human 
management' (rail), 'passenger survivability' (air), 'methodology of safety in 
maritime operations', and 'traffic management and vessel traffic system' 
(waterborne) as well as 'improvements in passive vehicle safety' and 'driver 
behaviour' (road). 
3.4.7 Environment and climate 
73. The Environment and climate programme (1994-1998)54 has a total budget of 532 
million ecus and covers four themes: 
1. Research into the natural environment, environmental quality and global 
change, 
2. Environmental technologies, 
3. Space technologies applied to environmental monitoring and research, 
4. Human dimensions of environmental change. 
A first call for proposals was launched for themes 1, 2 and 4 in January 1995 and 
after scientific and technical evaluation by independent experts, 315 out of 1601 
proposals were selected for Community support with a Community financial 
contribution totalling 216 million ecus. 18 of 88 health-related proposals were 
retained with a Community financial support of 12 million ecus. These projects 
complemented the 46 health-related projects financed in the preceding 
ENVIRONMENT Programme which were still running in 1995. 
Health-related research underpins the environmental health policies of the 
Community and is consistent with the conclusions of the Intergovernmental 
Conference on Chemical Safety (Stockholm, April 1994) and the Declaration of 
the Ministers of Health and the Environment (Helsinki, June 1994). 
74. The main research priorities are to assess the impact of environmental factors (e.g. 
ozone depletion, air quality pollutants) on the health status of populations 
53 
54 Council Decision 94/914/EC of 15.12.1994 adopting a specific programme for research and 
technological development, including demonstration in the field of transport (1994 to 1998), OJ 
L 361, 31.12.1994, p. 56 
Council Decision 94/911/EC of 15.12.1994 adopting a specific programme of research and 
technological development in field of environment and climate (1994-1998), OJ L 361 of 
31.12.1994, p. 1 
24 
(neurological, immunological, genotoxic, endocrine-disrupting effects, etc.) and 
to improve risk management of chemical substances by developing more efficent 
testing methods (with an emphasis on reducing the number of animals required 
for testing), by critically appraising the risk assessment process itself, by 
developing new methodologies for hazard identification and exposure assessment 
and by identifying vulnerable or susceptible groups in the population. The 
research is implemented in close cooperation with international organisations in 
the field. More than 200 European laboratories are currently involved. 
3.4.8 Industrial and Material Technologies 
75. Concerning the production technologies area, the Industrial and Material 
Technologies Programme55 deals with the development of clean production 
technologies emphasizing the efficent use of material and energy ressources, and 
reduction or elimination of polluting wastes at their source. Reduction of 
emissions is also a high priority within research related to transport means. 
Specific attention is given to the health of the workforce employed in the 
manufacturing industries by developing safe and reliable production systems and 
paying attention to human and organisational factors. 
76. The research area on Materials and technologies for product innovation contributes 
on a more long term scale to health, as it deals with basic research in materials 
(e.g. surface behaviour, biocompability and strength of materials for implants), 
development of special coatings (e.g. for targeted drug release and dental or 
orthepeadic applications), research on medical devices and instruments for 
diagnosis. The result will produce new applications and new methods (diagnosis 
and treatment) for medicine. 
77. A third area of the programme covers technologies for means of transport, 
including all aspects of design, integration, production, efficency, environment, 
safety and operation of the transport vehicle, be it an aircraft or any form of' 
surface vehicle. The aim of projects selected is to contribute to reduce the 
environmental impact of production systems, products and means of transport and 
to improve the safety of products and vehicles. This includes the reduction of 
noise and pollutant emission from engines as well as primary vehicle safety 
technologies - accident prevention - and secondary safety - the mitigation of 
effects of accidents. Other projects aim to prevent contamination caused by the 
exit of goods being transported in case of an accident. 
3.4.9 Standards, Measurements and Testing 
78. The Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme56 has set up a specific 
management tool - the Dedicated Call - to allow targeted research on some 
55 
56 Council Decision 94/571/CE of 27.07.1994 adopting a specific programme for research and 
technological development, including demonstration, in the field of industrial and materials 
technologies (1994-1998), OJ L 222 of 26.08.1994, p. 19 
Council Decision 94/803/CE of 23.11.1994 adopting a specific programme for research and 
technological development, including demonstration, in the field of standards, measurements and 
testing (1994-1998), OJ L 334, 22.12.1994, p. 47 
25 
specific subjects in support of European policies on standardisation. In 1995, 15 
projects related to health, safety and environmental topics have been selected, 
amounting to some 13 million ecus. 
3.5 Environmental policy, energy 
79. In the framework of the Community Programme on Environment and Sustainable 
Development57, Community policy in the environmental field aims to integrate 
environmental considerations into Community policies. Among the environmental 
challenges and priorities of the programme, the improvement of public health and 
of health and safety (particularly the evaluation of industrial risks, nuclear security 
and radiation protection) are explicitly mentioned. 
The direct and indirect effects of the environment on health are becoming more 
and more evident. A number of interrelated factors have already been identified 
as influencing health: 
climate changes and global warming, 
shrinking of the ozone layer, 
atmospheric pollution (concentration of ozone in the atmosphere, increased 
concentration of sulphur and nitrogen oxides, particulate matter), 
soil pollution and acidification, 
surface and ground water pollution, 
exposure to man-made chemical agents and substances. 
In the majority of cases, legislation in these areas takes health considerations into 
account. 
3.5.1 Air pollution 
80. A proposal for a European Parliament and Council directive was adopted on the 
approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the measures to be 
taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal 
combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery58. In addition, 
a number of proposals were considered by the institutions in 1995: a directive on 
the quality of ambient air59, a revision of the directive on air pollution from motor 
vehicle emissions60 and a directive on diesel motor emissions in heavy vehicles61. 
Apart from legislation, reports on the implementation of the ambient air directives 
and on developments concerning ozone were published. 
57 Fifth Programme - OJ C 138 - 17.05.1993 
58 COM (95) 350 fin. of 06.09.1995 
59 
60 
61 COM (94) 109 fin. of 04.07.1994 
COM (94) 558 fin. of 16.12.1994 
COM (94) 559 fin. of 16.12.1994 
26 
3.5.2 Radiation protection 
81. In the framework of Chapter III (Health and Safety) of the Euratom Treaty the 
revision of two important directives directly related to health protection continued 
in 1995. 
First, a revision of the Basic Safety Standards Directive (80/836/EURATOM) for 
the protection of workers and the public against the dangers arising from ionising 
radiation was made, in order to take into account the latest scientific data. The 
revision reinforces radiation protection, for example by reducing dose limits for 
workers and the public, and by including in the scope of the directive exposure 
to natural sources of radiation at work. The Commission's proposal was accepted 
by the Permanent Representatives on 21 December 1995 and was formally 
adopted at the beginning of 1996. 
82. Secondly, the revision of the Directive on the protection of persons undergoing 
medical examination or treatment involving ionising radiation 
(84/466/EURATOM) continued. A formal opinion of the group of experts set up 
under Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty was obtained on a Commission proposal 
for revision of the directive. This proposal largely extends the existing directive 
in order to take account of new techniques used in medicine and to clarify and 
specify radiation protection aspects in this field. 
83. Chapter III (Health and Safety) of the Euratom Treaty was applied to the nuclear 
tests in French Polynesia: the Commission, in accordance with its responsibilities, 
asked the French authorities for information on the radiation protection measures 
taken to protect both workers at the nuclear site and the public, and visited the 
area. 
The Commission asked the French authorities to continue the monitoring of 
environmental radioactivity in the area on a long-term basis and to communicate 
the results to the Commission. It also asked an independent institute to make an 
evaluation of the worst case scenario as regards geological accidents, which 
confirmed the sound basis of the calculations made by the French authorities. 
84. Besides these regulatory activities, the Commission is participating in research on 
optimisation of radiation protection of the patient in diagnostic radiology. 
Scientifically based guidance is established to fulfil clinical and technical 
requirements for adequate diagnostic information obtained at reasonable dose to 
the patient. The principle of safety culture is thus promoted both in the clinical 
environment and on the manufacturer's side. 
3.5.3 Chemical products 
85. Concerning chemical products, the Commission put forward an amended proposal 
for a Council Directive concerning integrated pollution prevention and control62. 
An amendment was also proposed concerning the draft directive on the marketing 
62 COM (95) 88 fin. of 15.05.1995 
27 
of biocidal products63, which provides for an authorization procedure for each 
biocidal product put on the market, based on an evaluation of risks for human 
health and the environment. 
3.5.4 Civil protection 
86. A process of reflection has been launched in the area of civil protection 
concerning, on the one hand, emergency medicine in cases of disasters 
(organisation at the moment of disaster, psychological follow-up) and, on the other 
hand, the environmental impact of natural and technological disasters with a view 
to reducing, or even avoiding, their serious consequences for human health and 
the environment. 
3.5.5 European Environment Agency 
87. The European Environment Agency based in Copenhagen has recently become 
operational. It has now published a monograph "Environment & Health (1): 
Overview and main European Issues" in the framework of the "Threats to Human 
Health" project. 
3.5.6 Energy policy 
88. The relationship between energy and health is mainly based on the direct effects 
which production and the use of energy have on the environment, since pollution 
directly influences individuals' health. At the end of 1995, the Commission 
presented a White Paper on "An Energy Policy for the European Community"64; 
Among the common objectives outlined, the objective of the protection of the 
environment will have a positive and direct impact on human health. Moreover, 
an integrated energy/environmental framework will contribute to the achievement 
of sustainable development. 
The White Paper states that all problems related to spills, waste, noise, amenity 
damage and atmospheric pollution produced by local emissions or the increased 
emissions of C02 and other greenhouse gases must be dealt with increasingly at 
the Community level, as their direct negative effects on public health are obvious. 
This will particularly be done by making use of new technologies. 
89. The Commission's proposals for two new programmes under discussion in 1995 
- THERMIE II for the promotion and dissemination of new clean technologies65 
and SAVE II concerning a multi-annual programme for the promotion of energy 
efficiency in the Community66 - will, when adopted by the Council, greatly 
contribute to alleviating global environmental problems. 
63 
64 
65 
66 COM (95) 387 fin. of 20.07.1995 
COM (95) 682 fin. of 13.12.1995 
COM (94) 654 fin. of 12.12.1994 
COM (95) 225 fin. of 31.05.1995 
28 
3.6 Transport 
90. The importance of transport safety was reinforced by the Treaty on European 
Union, which amended Article 75 to extend Community activities to "measures 
to improve transport safety". All measures increasing transport safety contribute 
to attaining a high level of health protection in the Community. In July 1995, the 
Commission adopted a Communication on the Common Transport Policy: Action 
Programme 1995-200067. Elaborating on the White Paper on the Future 
Development of the Common Transport Policy68, the Action programme maintains 
safety as an integral component of the Common Transport Policy. 
The Action Programme sets out in detail proposals and actions for the period 
1995-1996 and identifies issues to be addressed in the period 1997-2000 and 
beyond. Safety is prominent in the list of these measures. 
3.6.1 Ships 
91. The loss of the "Estonia" with over 900 lives in the Baltic Sea in September 1994 
highlighted the urgent need to improve the safety of roll-on/roll-off ferries. The 
Commission prepared a proposal for a Council Regulation on the Safety 
Management of Ro-Ro Passenger Vessels, which was adopted by Council on 8 
December 199569. The Regulation seeks mandatory application by 1 July 1996 of 
the International Maritime Organisation's "International Safety Management Code" 
(ISM Code) for regular ro-ro passenger ferry services to and from ports of the 
Community. In addition, it includes a provision for strict verification of 
compliance by Member States. The development of a safety culture by means of 
a Safety Management System under the ISM code can only have positive effects 
on the safety of passengers and seafarers alike. 
92. Although it is recognised that some 80% of accidents at sea can be attributed to 
human factors, it remains the case that vessels and equipment on board vessels 
may also be at fault. Conversely, safe and reliable equipment can often be the 
very factor which prevents tragedy at sea. In June, the Commission adopted a 
proposal for a Council Directive on Marine Equipment70 which aims to submit an 
extensive range of equipment to compliance with existing international testing 
standards, or where these do not exist, with future standards to be agreed within 
the EMO. Compliance would have to be verified by notified bodies fulfilling 
common quality criteria. 
3.6.2 Transport of dangerous goods 
93. During 1995, the European Parliament and Council discussed the Commission's 
proposal for a Council Directive on the approximation of laws of the Member 
States with regard to the transport of dangerous goods by rail. In December 1995, 
67 
68 
69 
70 COM (95) 302 fin. of 12.07.1995 
COM (92) 494 fin. of 02.12.1992 
Council regulation 3051/95/EC of 08.12.1995 - OJ L 320/14 of 30.12.1995 
COM (95) 269 fin. of 21.06.1995 
29 
Council adopted its Common Position on the proposal71. The potential health risks 
associated with the transport of such goods by rail are significant, particularly 
given the fact that these goods are often transported in quantity through urban 
areas. Moreover, the gradual opening of rail transport markets requires the 
development of a framework of safety legislation to cover the transport of 
dangerous goods by rail. 
94. In October 1995, the Council adopted a Common Position on a long-standing 
proposal for a Council Directive on the appointment and vocational qualification 
of a safety advisor for the transport of dangerous goods72. This proposal seeks to 
ensure that undertakings carrying out the transport of dangerous goods and related 
activities appoint advisors to safeguard against risks to public health and safety, 
property and the environment, who would facilitate the carrying-out of the 
undertaking's activities in the safest possible way. 
3.6.3 Road transport 
95. The Commission brought forward a proposal for a Council Directive on the 
approximation of laws of the Member States relating to roadworthiness tests for 
motor vehicles and their trailers73. Its purpose includes the amendment of the basic 
Directive 77/143/EEC74 to include effective and regular testing of speed limitation 
devices on certain heavy goods vehicles and buses, thereby contributing to general 
road safety and to the health of the population. Opportunity was also taken to 
consolidate the texts of this Directive, which guarantees that vehicles concerned 
are sufficiently regulated and maintained to ensure road safety. 
3.7 International cooperation, relations with third countries and international 
organisations 
96. Provisions on cooperation in the areas of health and health and safety at work are 
included in cooperation agreements between the EC and third countries. 
97. The Euro-Mediterranean Conference in Barcelona identified health in its final 
declaration as one of the areas of future cooperation in the region. In the work 
programme adopted in Barcelona, the partners agreed to cooperate, in particular, 
on information and prevention activities, the development of public health 
services, the training of personnel, and medical assistance in the event of natural 
disasters75. 
98. In the trade relations between the European Community and third countries, health 
protection is included in both bilateral and regional programmes, including the 
transatlantic dialogue and activities in the framework of the Community's Specific 
Commitments to the General Agreement on Trade in Services. 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 COM (94) 573 fin. of 09.12.1994 
COM (91) 4 fin. 
COM (95) 415 fin of 08.09.1995 
OJL 47 of 18.02.1977 
Barcelona Declaration, adopted at the Euro-Mediterranean Conference (27/28.11.1995), final 
version, Barcelona, 28.11.1995 
30 
99. In research cooperation with third countries, and international organisations76, 
significant progress has been made on drug, diagnostic and vaccine research 
aimed at providing the tools to combat the predominant disease problems of many 
developing countries. For studies of malaria, the STD-3 programme involved the 
participation of over 80 teams in 33 different countries. Reflecting the importance 
of this disease, malaria research, and in particular malaria vaccine studies, also 
feature within the new INCO-DC programme. Discussions on possible cooperation 
with the United States on malaria vaccine development are underway. 
3.7.1 EC-USA cooperation 
100. In the framework of the joint EC-USA Action Plan adopted at the EC-USA 
summit in Madrid on 9 December 1995, the two parties pledged to establish a 
task force to develop and implement an effective global early warning system and 
response network for communicable diseases. Furthermore, they have undertaken 
to cooperate, bilaterally and within the framework of the WHO and other 
international organisations as appropriate, on programmes on health-related 
matters (AIDS and other communicable diseases, cancer, drug addiction), and to 
identify specific areas for cooperation, especially in the research field. 
101. The two parties have also pledged to explore the scope for an agreement for the 
exchange of information on issues affecting health and safety at work, such as 
occupational safety and health standards, the development of regulations, high-
risk activities, carcinogenic substances at the workplace, toxicology, testing 
programmes, education and information programmes, and the collection of 
statistics and data. In addition, they are expected to explore the establishment of 
improved mechanisms for the timely exchange of information related to the 
general safety of products, including the withdrawal of products from the market. 
102. In the area of the environment - directly related to the protection of health - the 
Community and the USA have pledged to strengthen the exchange of information 
and reporting on global environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity, 
ozone layer depletion, persistent organic pollutants, desertification and erosion, 
water quality and quantity, land-based sources of marine pollution, hazardous 
wastes and contaminated soils, and forests. Furthermore, they have undertaken 
to enhance their bilateral dialogue on regulatory cooperation, including: 
extending cooperation on chemical issues; 
continuing work on biotechnology issues, such as the mutual acceptance 
of data for assessment and the release of genetically modified organisms; 
enhancing work on air pollution. 
76 Council Decision 94/807/CE of 23.11.1994 adopting a specific programme of research and 
technological development, including demonstration in the field of cooperation with third countries 
and international organisations, OJ L 334, 22.12.1994, p. 109 
31 
3.7.2 Cooperation with Central Europe and the Community of Independent States -
PHARE/Tacis 
103. Phare has concentrated its support on key areas of reform along the lines of the 
Health Strategy Paper revised in 1994 (health financing, reorganisation of health 
services with special emphasis on primary health care, pharmaceuticals policy, 
human resources management and training, and preventive measures), areas which 
were already mentioned in the first strategy paper. In programme design and 
adaptation of ongoing programmes, while pursuing the specific objectives of 
health sector reform, Phare has paid special attention to the wider objective of 
integrating countries with association agreements. A total amount of over 130 
million ecus was committed to health sector restructuring in the period 1991-1995. 
During 1995, implementation of the ongoing programmes in all the Phare-eligible 
CEECs, except Slovenia, continued, while new programmes were approved for 
four other CEECs. 
With regard to Tacis, in 1995 a start was made on work under the 4.5 million ecu 
programme for Russia approved in 1994 involving support for health sector 
reform in 4 pilot areas. 
In 1995, new programmes with a health component were developed for Russia 
and Moldova. 
104. a) Ongoing Phare/Tacis activities in 1995 
In Albania, ongoing activities are taking place under two programmes (1993 and 
1994) and concern: i) primary health care development through strategy design 
and re-training of 500 general practitioners and 1800 nurses; ii) reform of the 
hospital system through twinning with EC hospitals and training to streamline 
management practices, the creation of a maintenance service for biomedical 
equipment, improving the diagnostic and follow-up capacity of hospital 
laboratories, and restructuring the emergency services; iii) technical assistance 
with setting up a legal framework for the health sector; iv) restructuring of the 
pharmaceuticals sector involving the creation of an infusion fluid production line 
and assistance in establishing a pharmaceuticals inspectorate; v) preventive 
medicine, with the restructuring of the network of public health laboratories. Most 
of the work under the 1993 programme was completed during 1995. 
In Bulgaria, activities comprise two programmes (1992 and 1993) and concern: 
i) health financing, including assessment of costs for medical procedures, and 
health insurance issues; ii) training in devising a training policy for medical and 
para-medical staff, training of medical personnel and officials involved in the 
decentralisation process, creating a faculty of nursing in the University of Sofia, 
improving training in general medicine (post-graduate and continuing education); 
iii) pharmaceuticals policy involving inter alia harmonisation of national 
legislation and practice with those found in the EC; iv) a framework for private 
practice aimed at the development of a well-balanced mixed public/private health 
care system; vi) health and safety at work with collaboration between the Ministry 
of Health and the Ministry of Labour. Most of the activities under the 1992 
programme were completed in 1995. 
32 
In Hungary, the 1993 programme aims at: i) the development of a modern 
primary health care system covering all aspects (legislation, policy and 
implementation strategy, training, operational research, communication strategy, 
etc.), combined with an innovation fund providing grants for public or private 
PHC initiatives; ii) harmonisation with EC legislation and best EC practices as 
regards health and safety at work and the training of health professionals. Work 
is still continuing. 
In Romania, some work on health financing reform was continued under the 
health component of the social programme. 
In FYROM, assistance in preparing a pharmaceuticals policy was continued as 
part of a humanitarian aid package which initially included the supply of 
pharmaceuticals. 
Existing programmes were completed in the Czech Republic (health care financing 
and health insurance administration, health information system) and Slovakia 
(devising methods for assessing and managing medical equipment, designing a 
strategy for primary health care development and for health care management 
including coverage of the immediate continuing education needs of existing staff) 
as well as in the Baltic States. 
In Russia, the activities initiated in 1995 under the 1994 programme covered the 
development of primary health care (PHC) services in the form of "pilot oblasts", 
the modernisation of hospital practices and management as well as a 
demonstration project on maternal and child health in one pilot area. 
105. b)New Phare/Tacis programmes in 1995 
New Phare programmes were prepared for Slovakia and the three Baltic States, 
partly as a continuation of previous support: 
In Slovakia, the programme focuses on 4 areas: i) health financing reform 
addressing issues such as pricing and payment systems, accountancy and 
information flow between care providers and financing bodies, resource allocation 
criteria and the development of investment strategies for health care infrastructures 
and equipment; ii) preparation of a framework for private practice with a view 
to developing a well-balanced mixed public/private health care system; iii) 
implementation of a PHC strategy; iv) implementation of a health management 
strategy. 
In the Baltic States the focus remains mainly on previous priority areas: health 
care financing reform in all 3 countries; in Latvia and Lithuania support is also 
given to human resources and training, primary health care development and 
pharmaceuticals policy, while in Estonia support is also provided for information 
systems. 
In all these new programmes, it is planned to devise and implement a 
communication strategy on health reform directed at health professionals and the 
general public. 
33 
106. In addition to these national programmes, a 10 million ecu multi-country 
programme initiated by the Commission, named CONSENSUS, was launched in 
1995 to provide policy advice and support for social protection reform in Phare-
eligible countries. Inter-Institutional Reform Committees have been set up in the 
CEECs and a Programme Advisory Board, composed of the 15 EC Members 
States and all the Phare-eligible CEECs, advises on programme policy and 
selection of project proposals. The scope of this programme includes health care 
financing issues and health care delivery. It is being implemented in close 
collaboration with DGV. 
With regard to Tacis, in 1995 new programmes with a health component were 
drawn up for Russia and Moldova: 
Russia: two actions were initiated 
* A 2.6 million ecu programme, aimed at the coherent implementation of social 
and health care reforms, was finalised for the Republic of Karelia. It deals with 
the management of social protection by the Ministry of Social Welfare in 
cooperation with other ministries such as the Ministry of Labour and the Ministry 
of Health, as well as management of the health care systems, which remains under 
the responsibility of the Ministry of Health but is in practice exercised by local 
government agencies. 
* 500 000 ecus were made available for policy advice for the Russian Govern­
ment concerning both the demand and the supply side of pharmaceuticals, with 
a view to improving their distribution and production. 
Moldova: In the framework of the programme "Technical Assistance on Human 
Resource Development" a sum of 500 000 ecus was approved to cover primary 
health care development and health care management. 
107. Furthermore, health considerations played an important role in the ongoing 
contacts and cooperation activities with Central and Eastern European countries, 
aimed in particular at evaluating the situation and specific needs as well as the 
scope for cooperation in the social and health fields, including the possibility of 
opening Community programmes in the field of health to the participation of these 
countries. 
108. The Link Inter-European NGOs (LIEN) programme, initiated in 1994 and 
covering both Phare and Tacis countries, is aimed at stimulating activities of 
NGOs in favour of deprived communities. In the health field, the actions can 
cover: 
assistance to women having limited access to health and social services; 
sustainable health and social support for the most disadvantaged target 
groups, such as the disabled, victims of addiction, people with HIV/AIDS, 
street children, the elderly, etc. 
Health projects for over 1 million ecus have been approved in Bulgaria, Hungary, 
Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia. Among these projects the following deserve 
mention: 
34 
establishment of a centre providing palliative home care in the region of 
Sofia (for persons suffering from incurable illnesses such as cancer and 
AIDS); 
professional training for young people with drug problems and criminal 
records; 
improving women's health in Slovakia through the development of 
sustainable reproductive health care services; 
rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy; 
AIDS centre: assistance, education, information and documentation; 
model for community-based health care for vulnerable older people 
(mental illness and dementia). 
Coordination and coherence is maintained between these activities and the 
European Community programmes in public health such as cancer, AIDS, drug 
dependence and health promotion. 
3.7.3 Cooperation with international organisations 
109. The European Community continued to follow health-related activities in the 
Council of Europe and was represented on several relevant committees and 
groups. In 1995, the major items under consideration related to blood (blood 
safety and self-sufficiency, including the proposed revision of the technical 
protocol to Agreement No. 26), the proposed Bioethics Convention and a number 
of other subjects, including organ transplantation, the organisation of health care 
services for persons in custody, recommendations on nursing research, health 
information in hospitals, health problems of single-parent families, and health, 
dignity and social exclusion. 
110. Cooperation with the World Health Organisation (including the European Region 
and the International Agency for Research on Cancer) has continued at a 
satisfactory level. The WHO Director General, Dr Nakajima, visited the 
Commission in June 1995. 
The Commission participated in the World Health Assembly, the Executive Board 
of WHO and the European Regional Committee meetings. The meeting of the 
Regional Committee in Jerusalem (September 1995) recognised the importance of 
placing statements from the European Commission on its activities in the health 
field high on its agenda. 
3.7.4 Cooperation with ACP countries in the health field 
111. 1995 saw the revision of the Fourth Lomé Convention, which since 1990 has 
governed cooperation between the European Community and African, Caribbean 
and Pacific (ACP) countries. The new agreement, signed on Mauritius on 4 
November 1995, does not represent a new departure but strengthens and partly 
recasts a convention that will remain in force until the year 2000. 
In this connection, a start has been made on work preceding the negotiations 
leading to the adoption of the indicative programmes. In 1995, this work mainly 
involved an examination of cooperation strategies at region and country level. 
35 
In the course of this examination, questions of health and AIDS were given 
greater consideration than in the past. Thus, even though it is of course impossible 
to anticipate the results of the negotiations on the indicative programmes, the 
signs are that funding for the health sector will continue to rise when the 8th 
Lomé financial protocol is implemented. 
112. The work carried out over the past few years in the fields of health and AIDS 
continued in 1995. Apart from the monitoring of the development projects funded 
under the 7th EDF which are now underway and assistance given under the 
structural adjustment facility, several new and important financing decisions were 
taken. Particular mention should be made of those relating to: 
* Mozambique, where 22 million ecus were allocated to a programme for 
improving the health system in rural areas 
* Kenya, for a "family health" programme (drawn up jointly with the ODA 
in the UK) to which the Commission contributed 14.8 million ecus. 
A number of other operations were decided upon, Burkina Faso (support for 
reform of the pharmaceutical sector, 1.6 million ecus) and Central Africa (support 
to improve primary health care, 1.8 million ecus) deserving particular mention. 
113. As regards STDs/HIV/AIDS, the Commission continued to implement its main 
strategies by focusing on prevention, the strengthening of health services, 
consideration of the socio-economic impact of the epidemic, and scientific 
training. 
Major programmes were adopted in 1995, relating in particular to the 
incorporation of the STD/HIV/AIDS strategy into health systems (including a 5 
million ecu project in Mozambique and a 4 million ecu scheme in Tanzania). As 
for operational research, 1995 saw the completion of an important project at 
Mwanza in Tanzania showing how treating STDs reduces HIV transmission. 
Finally, at regional level, a number of HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns aimed at 
the general public were organised via the mass media. These included radio 
campaigns in some Asian countries as well as television campaigns (advertising 
spots during the African Nations Cup). 
114. Meetings of technicians and national experts from ACP countries were organised 
in Brussels to discuss "decentralisation of health systems". 
The first of these, held in November 1995 and dealing with the situation in 
French-speaking countries, brought together over 30 participants from west and 
central Africa. 
Its purpose was to review the situation in these countries and to examine the 
constraints, limits and consequences associated with the decentralisation process, 
which is an important factor in the health system reforms now taking place. 
115. The process of improving coordination with the Member States, the main features 
of which were decided upon by the Council in 1994, continued in 1995. 
36 
Activities in this area included further meetings of the expert groups "health and 
development" and "STD/AIDS" as well as efforts to progressively improve 
operational coordination in the countries themselves. 
Action was also taken to extend joint consultation on policies and strategies and 
to improve operational coordination with, in particular, USAID and the World 
Bank. 
116. 1995 also saw the convening of the second meeting of health ministers of 
countries in the franc area and associated countries on medicines policy, which 
was held in Brussels in April. 
This meeting is part of a process initiated by the Ivory Coast with the support of 
the EC following the devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994, the aim being to 
promote joint discussion and action with regard to policies on medicines. 
The meeting adopted an action plan with the following objectives: 
* setting up an information network on medicines and their prices in Africa; 
* strengthening mechanisms for the quality control of medicines; 
* speeding up the introduction of generic medicines in the private sector; 
* harmonising legislation; 
* improving the way in which medicines are prescribed and dispensed. 
37 
AIDS 
1. HIV/AIDS today poses a major scientific and social challenge. 
Addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS calls for a multi-disciplinary response 
that combines the best of biological and medical research, effective 
interventions to deal with the socio-economic causes and consequences, 
particularly for the most disadvantaged groups and the poorest countries, 
actions to monitor and reduce the spread of HIV infection, notably by 
education and information, and provision of support for those living with 
HIV/AIDS and their families. 
The European Community has played and continues to play a major part in 
the international HIV/AIDS effort. The actions implemented by the European 
Commission range across the whole span of the responsibilities of the 
. Community, but focus mainly on the following three areas of activity: 
research, development assistance, and public health. 
2. HIV/AIDS prevention in Europe : the European Community's priorities 
By 31 December 1995, a cumulative total of 159 343 AIDS cases had been 
reported in the fifteen countries of the European Community since the 
epidemic began. Cases tend to be geographically clustered with a gradient 
of decreasing incidence rates from the south-western to the north-eastern 
countries. Against the background of rapid increase of AIDS cases, a 
consensus has emerged that the Community needs to play a significant role 
in the response to the epidemic. 
Since 1988 the European Community has tackled the issue of AIDS in the 
framework of public health. A "Europe against AIDS" programme was set 
up in June 1991. Under the Treaty on European Union of 1993, the 
European Community was given a new competence in public health, namely 
that Community action should be directed towards "the prevention of 
diseases", in particular the major health scourges. Up to 1995 about 360 
transnational projects involving NGO's have been funded for approximately 
40 million ecus. 
A new draft programme of Community action on the prevention of AIDS 
and certain other communicable diseases for the years 1996-2000 was 
discussed by the institutions in 1995, with a view of adoption in 1996' :77 
This new programme, with a budget of 49.6 million ecus, will have four key 
priorities: 
77 The programme was adopted on 29.03.1996 - Decision 645/96/EC - cf. OJ L 95 of 16.04.1996 
38 
surveillance and control of AIDS and certain other communicable 
diseases, 
combatting transmission of HIV, 
information, education and training, 
support for persons with HIV/AIDS and combatting discrimination. 
The programme is implemented through: 
support for Community wide projects, 
support for innovative projects, 
support for NGOs' activities, including the establishment of inter-
country links, 
setting up of networks. 
This programme is open to the participation of countries in association 
agreements with the European Community and promotes cooperation with 
international organisations active in this field. 
The HIV/AIDS programme for developing countries 
The Commission began its work concerning HIV/AIDS in developing 
countries back in 1987 and has endeavoured from the start to ensure that its 
activities are closely coordinated with the WHO's special programme dating 
from the same year. 
Over the years, the programmes have evolved from preventive measures 
taken in an emergency situation towards strategies and policies which deal 
with HIV/AIDS as a structural problem requiring a long-term strategy and a 
multisectoral response. 
This response must first come from the health and welfare sectors, which in 
many countries are undergoing reforms aimed at greater efficiency in the 
provision of services while at the same time having to cope with a 
significant increase in the demand for HIV/AID S-related care. However, the 
consequences of the epidemic and the responses called for go well beyond 
the health sector, involving as they do respect for human rights, non­
discrimination towards persons with HIV/AIDS, and the social and family 
structures affected by the epidemic. 
39 
It is against this background that the Commission has, in close collaboration 
with the EC Member States, endeavoured to develop an appropriate policy 
and strategy for dealing with the HIV/AIDS problem. If Community support 
and bilateral aid are taken together, the EC is the largest contributor to the 
fight against HIV/AIDS in developing countries. Efforts to improve 
coordination led in 1994 to the submission of a Commission communication 
to the Council and the European Parliament on policies and strategies to deal 
with HIV/AIDS. On the basis of this communication, a Council resolution 
was adopted in 1994 followed by a Parliament resolution in 1995. Four 
action priorities were identified: 
controlling the spread of the epidemic by means of preventive 
measures; 
strengthening the health sector to enable it to cope with the additional 
burden resulting from the epidemic; 
helping countries to pay more attention to the social and economic 
consequences of AIDS; 
developing scientific knowledge and skills. 
Close coordination is taking place both with the Member States and with the 
UN AIDS programme as well as with other international organisations 
working in this field. 
In overall terms, when all countries and all financial resources are included 
(excluding co-funding by NGOs and research), Community spending in this 
area since July 1987 amounts to over 160 million ecus. 
The Biomedical and Health Research Programme 
The European Commission's activities in the area of research in biomedicine 
and health dates back to the launching of the First Medical and Health 
Research Programme in 1978. It has ever since steadily grown both in its 
research ambitions as well as in its budget available for supporting European 
research in areas of high priority. 
Medical research at the EC level aims at: pooling of data, avoiding 
duplication of effort, standardization of methods and reagents, better 
selection of cohorts for clinical trials, bringing together complementary skills 
in multi-faceted projects, improved training possibilities for young 
researchers in specialized fields, better utilisation of results in the public 
health sector, creating better access to research results for all parts of 
Europe, establishment of European shared facilities for animal 
experimentation in order to reduce the overall number of animals used in 
experimentation and increase cost-effectiveness. 
40 
Ever since 1983, only two years after the first case of AIDS was diagnosed, 
the European Commission has taken on an active role in the fight against the 
AIDS epidemic. Funding of research on AIDS began in 1987 under the 
Fourth Medical and Health Research Programme. The ambitions of the 
programme as well as the budget available have been significantly increased 
over the years. At present, the programme is supporting a total of 51 
projects including over 600 research teams with a budget of 32 million ecus 
under the BIOMED 1 and BIOMED 2 research work on AIDS - figures 
which will grow shortly as the Commission has made its selection for 
funding among the recently submitted project proposals. 
The projects are all closely related to the three main priorities of the 
programme: 
development of safe and effective vaccines against HIV infection 
development of therapeutic agents suppressing progression of the 
disease in infected individuals 
research on the epidemiology of the virus in Europe 
The International Scientific Collaboration Programme - Health Research for 
Development 
This programme, concerning research collaboration between European 
groups and scientists in developing countries, contains an important 
component on health research in which some activity on HIV takes place as 
well. 
16 joint research projects have been funded with partners in Africa and Asia 
with a budget over 5 million ecus. 
The programme invests in research on the epidemiology of HIV in 
developing countries, mechanisms of vertical HIV transmission, longitudinal 
studies of HIV infection profiles, biology and epidemiology of HTV7IBC co-
infection, role of other STDs in the epidemiology of HIV, international 
research against STDs and HIV with particular regard to evaluation of 
upgraded STD patient and clinical services. 
See the relevant sections of this report for further information on 1995 
activities in these areas of policy. 
3.7.5 Cooperation with South and South East Asia, Latin America 
117. In Asian countries, a number of important health programmes have been launched. 
They were concentrated, on the one hand on an extensive malaria control 
programme (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, 29 MECU) and on women's health and 
safe motherhood (Philippines, 17 MECU) on the other. Two smaller projects 
concerned primary health care (Bangladesh, 9.95 MECU) and reproductive health 
(Nepal, 0.9 MECU). 
41 
118. Support to the health sector is increasing rapidly with Latin America. In 1995, the 
health sector represented 6 % of the total amount of all the on-going projects from 
this budget line, and there will be a significant increase in the future. Among the 
financial proposals approved in 1995, 30 % constituted support to the health 
sector. This implies that in 1996 the share will raise to 9 % of all projects under 
implementation. In addition, the majority of rural development programmes 
include components related to health, such as water and sanitation and 
construction of health centres, etc. 
In 1995, the total amount disbursed to the health sector was 54,5 MECU, the 
support being mainly concentrated to Central America (27 MECU to health 
projects in El Salvador and 21 MECU to regional projects); Among the regional 
projects it is worth mentioning the Project "Salud materno-infantil" (16,0 MECU), 
which is addressing specific problems related to reproductive health. 
3.7.6 Fight against drugs 
119. The Phare Multi-country Drugs Programme covers all countries of Central and 
Eastern Europe (11 countries) and has been operational since 1993. Health 
education, training and other preventive measures, as well as treatment and 
rehabilitation components represent a significant part of the programme. It is a 
multidisciplinary programme promoting cooperation among the Phare partner 
countries in the fields of drug demand and supply reduction and the development 
of a global approach towards the drugs phenomenon. The programme has helped 
to raise official awareness of the problem of drug use and to initiate the creation 
of structures at national level to coordinate actions and bring together all actors 
in the field. 
Regional training activities have been organised on topics such as schools, the 
family, the community and the media. 
A second regional report on drug demand reduction was prepared in 1995; it 
shows both an increase in drug use and the development of local awareness and 
facilities to deal with the problem. The report was discussed at a joint CEEC-EC 
seminar in Luxembourg in September 1995, thus enhancing the cooperation which 
was established in 1994 between this programme and the drug-related activities 
carried out inside the Community. 
Approximately 2 million ecus have been spent so far on this activity. 
120. In the context of North-South activities, particular emphasis is placed on the fight 
against drugs and drug dependence. A total of 8.7 million ecus was utilised to 
support actions to reduce drug supplies (trafficking controls, alternative 
developments) and demand (prevention, treatment and rehabilitation). 
3.7.7 Humanitarian aid 
121. The European Community Humanitarian Office, ECHO, which has been operating 
since 1992, plans, implements, finances, monitors and evaluates operations and 
decisions concerning humanitarian aid. When health systems are clearly 
42 
inadequate, preventive humanitarian measures may be taken to stop epidemics and 
assist the population. Given the limited resources available to ECHO, this type of 
assistance is only provided in a serious situation. 
122. In 1995, man-made disasters accounted for 96% of ECHO'S work, the remaining 
4% relating to epidemics or natural disasters and their prevention. During the year, 
ECHO followed the same approach as in 1994 in respect of its emergency health 
protection measures: 
supply of medicines and medical equipment (the most important health 
measure taken by the Office); 
vaccination campaigns; 
checking the quality of distributed foodstuffs; 
infrastructure work to improve the general standard of health, and training 
of local medical personnel. 
123. The main emergency operations undertaken by ECHO in 1995 in the health field 
were predominantly directed at the Great Lakes Region (Rwanda, Burundi). But 
they also concerned the vaccination of, and support for, cholera victims in Liberia, 
Guinea, Nicaragua and Peru. In addition, a major contribution (15 million ecu) 
mainly in form of medicines and food, was made to a global campaign launched 
by UNICEF aimed at combatting a renewed outbreak of diphtheria and 
tuberculosis in Russia, the Community of Independent States and the Baltic States. 
3.7.8 Environment and health 
124. The Community plays an important international role also in the area of 
environment and health. It is participating in the activities of the UNCED 
Commission on Sustainable Development and is represented on the European 
Committee for Environment and Health (ECEH), which is responsible for the 
follow-up of the Second European Conference on Environment and Health held 
in Helsinki in 1994. The next meeting is due to take place in London in 1999. 
3.8 Integration of health requirements in other Community policies 
3.8.1 Statistics 
125. A condition for Community action in any field is the existence of reliable, 
accurate and accessible data. Under the Framework programme for priority actions 
in the field of statistical information 1993-199778 and with close involvement of 
the Statistical Programme Committee79, sectoral programmes for social policy 
statistics are being further developed. 
126. In close cooperation with the Member States, Eurostat (the Statistical Office of 
the European Community) is collecting, analysing and disseminating statistical 
information on a wide range of items related to social and economic aspects, such 
78 
79 Council Decision 93/464/EEC, 22.07.1993, OJ L 219, 28.08.1993, p.l 
Established by Council Decision 94/382/EEC, Euratom, OJ L 181, 28.06.1989, p.47 
43 
as demography, environment, poverty and social exclusion, social protection, 
public health, and health and safety at work. A number of publications containing 
inter alia statistical information on health and safety were published in 1995 
(Eurostat Yearbook, Social Portrait of Europe, Women and Men in the EC, 
Disabled persons: Statistical data - second edition). 
127. Data on accidents at work (ESAW: European Statistics on Accidents at Work) are 
collected on a regular basis and a database has been designed. A task force has 
been set up to discuss methodological issues such as coverage and under­
reporting, as well as changes to certain classification systems. A pilot project on 
developing comparable studies on occupational diseases (EODS: European 
Occupational Diseases Statistics) for 31 substances and diseases has been launched 
and a prototype database has been created. A technical sub-committee to develop 
new classification systems for factors on biological, physical and chemical 
exposure has been established. The basic variables for which data are being 
collected will provide the first reliable Community-wide statistics on working 
conditions. 
128. On the collection at Community level of data on home and leisure accidents 
(EHLASS), Eurostat has provided assistance in the preparation of summary 
reports and the revision of methodologies. 
129. In 1995, the second wave of the European Community household panel took 
place. The first wave (1994) data of this multidimensional panel survey, which 
provide information on a wide range of socio-economic issues including health 
and medical consumption, are currently being analyzed. 
130. These health-related activities will be coordinated with the forthcoming 
programme on health monitoring80. In close cooperation with other Commission 
services and with international organisations active in the field of health statistics 
(WHO, OECD), existing projects on 'causes of death statistics', 'health interview 
surveys' and 'health resources' will be further improved in view of this coming 
programme. 
3.8.2 Youth and education 
131. The SOCRATES Community action programme (1995-1999) is designed to 
contribute to the development of quality education and training. 
Chapter I, relating to higher education (ERASMUS), provides for measures to 
promote student and teacher mobility, the setting up of thematic networks, and the 
development of curricula for various subject areas. The latter include medical 
sciences such as medicine, psychiatry, dentistry, public health, pharmacology, 
medical technologies, etc. 
Chapter II, covering school education (COMENIUS), has a section on 
"partnerships between schools" (Action 1) that is aimed at encouraging the 
creation of partnerships between several schools in different Member States which 
80 COM (95) 449 fin. of 16.10.1995 - see above, Public health 
44 
will cooperate on European education projects (EEP). The latter aim to develop 
subjects of European interest (culturage heritage, the environment, science and 
technology, etc.). One such subject could be health promotion in schools. 
132. The Youth for Europe programme gives financial support to projects and 
.exchanges organised by youth initiatives and organisations. Specific actions 
support periods of voluntary service and exchanges outside the European 
Community, including CEECs, the NIS, Latin America and the Mediterranean 
region. 
While health is not a specific programme target, a number of projects receiving 
financial assistance in 1995 had a health dimension, relating for example to drug 
prevention and abuse, alcohol, AIDS prevention and the provision of care and 
support-for people with HIV/AIDS, health education and young people with 
disabilities. One project relates to health in the context of basic youth rights to be 
accorded to all young people81. 
3.8.3 Information activities 
133. The Citizens First campaign, designed to help to bring Europe closer to the 
individual citizen, was adopted by the Commission in October 1995. In the run 
up to the Intergovernmental Conference, the Commission intends this campaign 
to demonstrate the benefits of the internal market to citizens. This general 
objective will be developed in the context of ten specific themes. When the 
information campaign on one of the themes is launched, the Commission will 
publish both a guide and a factsheet. Two of the themes have a particular 
relevance for health: health provisions in the single market, and health and safety 
at the workplace. 
3.8.4 Regional policy 
134. As outlined in the 1994 report, investments in education and health in objective 
I regions are now included in the scope of the European Regional Development 
Fund (ERDF). While it is too early to provide any detailed assessment of the 
effect on health of this expenditure (the Commission does not yet have a complete 
overview of all projects funded according to target area), it is clear that, in 
qualitative terms, significant health benefits are expected from improvements in 
the overall environment and infrastructure of the regions concerned. 
3.8.5 Drugs 
135. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in 
Lisbon became operational in the first half of 1995. As the centre's physical 
infrastructure was not in place before mid-year, activities concentrated on gearing 
up for the tasks assigned to the Centre and on launching work in the main priority 
areas defined by the Centre's 1995-97 work plan. 
!1 cf. Youth for Europe statistics 1995, DG XXII, Doc. YIE-D95-006E 
45 
136. The Centre has concentrated on the following objectives: 1. Definition of a set of 
principles for information collection, 2. Identification of key indicators and core 
data, 3. Identification of mecnanisms for providing appropriately analyzed 
information, 4. Establishment of effective working relationships with competent 
international institutions and bodies, 5. Establishment of working relationships 
with the main research groups and centres in the Member States, and, finally, 6. 
Establishment of recommendations for the Management Board concerning action 
to be taken in these fields. The completion of this work is a precondition for 
preparing the Annual Report on the Drugs Situation in Europe. 
137. Taking into account these objectives, the centre focused its activities in 1995 on 
reviewing the diverse studies and initiatives undertaken by the Community prior 
to its creation. These covered three main areas: demand reduction and 
epidemiology, implementation and coordination of the REITOX network and the 
national focal points, and a restructuring of relations with the Centre's institutional 
and scientific partners. The work of the REITOX network was reviewed in 1995, 
with a view to improving this successful cooperation between Member States 
concerning drugs questions. 
46 
4. Conclusions 
138. This second annual report on the integration of health requirements in Community 
policies shows clearly how almost all main policy areas in the Community have 
repercussions on health and take health considerations into account. 
139. It shows that a number of subjects are being addressed by several different policy 
areas: work on tobacco, for example, takes place in the context of the preventive 
activities of the Europe against cancer programme. In addition, agricultural policy 
deals with the growth of tobacco plants; research is being conducted on less 
harmful tobacco varieties and indirect taxation of tobacco products is being 
considered within the context of taxation policy. A similar situation exists 
concerning drugs, which are a topic for action in public health (with a programme 
proposal being discussed by Council), for cooperation in internal and justice 
affairs, or in North-South work. Drugs-related projects are also funded by 
programmes directed at the fight against social exclusion and by the Youth for 
Europe programme. The specific programmes targeted at Central and Eastern 
Europe all include a health dimension. 
140. Several important health-related issues on the EC level are not being administered 
by the Community institutions themselves, but have become the task of 
independent agencies. In this report, there have been references to the European 
Agency for Safety .and Health at Work (Bilbao), the European Medicines 
Evaluation Agency (EMEA) in London, the European Environment Agency 
(Copenhagen), and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 
(EMCDDA) in Lisbon. In their work, these agencies, while formally independent, 
are still required to respect the provisions of Article 129 of the Treaty. 
141. The emphasis which the first report put on the need for complementarity - public 
health policy needs to be complementary to other policies, and other Community 
policies may need to be complemented by public health measures - remains a 
continual challenge for Community policies82. Particularly in areas where the 
legislative groundwork has been laid, it is important to realise that legislative or 
other measures in that context may also have important public health aspects 
which need to be considered. 
142. All in all, health protection and disease prevention requirements are steadily 
taking on more importance both as a result of the consultation processes installed 
inside the Commission - including the Interservice Group on Health - and because 
of growing public awareness of the health implications of other areas of policy. 
82 Report on the integration of health requirements in Community policies (1994), COM (95) 196 fin. 
of 29.05.1995, p. 40f. 
47 
143. This report is intended to be a contribution to the transparent functioning of the 
Community. This is, however, a two-way process. The Commission would 
therefore hope that the publication of this report will also provide important 
pointers to all those involved and interested in decision-making in various policy 
areas to ways and directions of intervention aiming at ensuring that health 
requirements are properly integrated into the various Community policies. 
Article 129 of the Treaty places the obligation to integrate health requirements in 
Community policies on all the institutions involved in the shaping and 
implementation of Community policies. Some Member States and regions in the 
Community have launched similar initiatives. The Commission hopes that this 
report will stimulate other Member States and regions to follow suit. 
48 
ANNEX 
Proposals for and adoption of major health-related legislation in 1995 
Legislation proposed in 1995 
Public health 
Communication and Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Decision on Health 
Monitoring, COM (95) 449 fin. of 16.10.1995 
Social policy 
Amended proposal for a Regulation amending Council Regulation (EEC) 1408/71, OJ C 
242, 19.09.1995 
Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 90/349/EEC on the protection of 
workers from the risks related to the exposure to carcinogens at work, OJ C 317, 
28.11.1995 
Environment 
Proposal for a European Parliament and Council Directive on the approximation of the 
laws of the Member States relating to the measures to be taken against the emission of 
gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in 
non-road mobile machinery, COM (95) 350 fin. of 06.09.1995 
Amended proposal for a Council Directive concerning integrated pollution prevention and 
control, COM (95) 88 fin. of 15.05.1995 
Amended proposal for a Council Directive on the marketing of biocidal products, COM 
(95) 387 fin. of 20.07.1995 
Agriculture 
Proposal for a Council Directive in relation to the marketing of meat products, OJ C 269 
of 16.10.1995 
Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 92/117/EEC concerning measures 
for protection against certain zoonoses, COM (95) 491 fin. of 23.10.1995 
Transport 
Proposal for a Council Directive on maritime equipment, COM (95) 269 fin. of 
21.06.1995 
Proposal for a Council Directive on the approximation of laws of the Member States 
relating to roadworthiness tests for motor vehicles and their trailers, COM (95) 415 fin. 
of 08.09.1995 
14*3 
Energy 
Proposal for a Council Decision concerning a multi-annual programme for the promotion 
of energy efficiency in the European Union - SAVE II, COM (95) 225 fin. of 31.05.1995 
Legislation adopted in 1995 
Social policy 
Medium-Term Social Action Programme, COM (95) 134 fin. of 12.04.1995 
The Future of Social Protection - a framework for a European debate, COM (95) 466 fin. 
of 31.10.1995 
Commission Communication on a Community programme concerning safety, hygiene and 
health at work (1996-2000), COM (95) 282 fin. of 12.07.1995 
Commission Decision 95/230/EC of 12.07.1995 setting up a Scientific Committee for 
Occupational Exposure Limits to Chemical Agents, OJ L 188, 09.08.1995 
Commission Decision 95/319/EC of 12.07.1995 setting up a Committee of Senior Labour 
Inspectors, OJL 188, 09.08.1995 
Single Market 
18th Directive adapting to technical progress the annexes of the basic Directive on 
cosmetics products, Commission Directive 95/34/EC of 10.07.1995, OJ L 167 of 
18.07.1995 
6th Directive on methods of analysis for checking the composition of cosmetic products, 
Commission Directive 95/32/EC of 07.07.1995, OJL 178, 28.07.1995 
Directive establishing the criteria and conditions under which a manufacturer may apply 
not to include one or more ingredients on the list of ingredients to be indicated on the 
packaging of cosmetic products, Commission Directive 95/17/EC of 19.06.1995, OJ L 
140, 23.06.1995 
Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24.10.1995 on the 
protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free 
movement of such data, OJ L 281, 23.11.1995 
Agriculture 
Council Directive 95/23/EC of 22.06.1995 amending Directive 64/433/EEC on conditions 
for the production and marketing of fresh meat, OJ L 243, 11.10.1995 
Council Directives harmonising maximum residue levels for nine pesticide active 
substances and amending existing maximum residue levels for other pesticide active 
substances, Council Directives 95/38/EC, OJ L 197, 22.08.1995; 95/39/EC, OJ L 197, 
22.08.1995; 95/61/EC, OJ L 292, 07.12.1995 
SO 
Commission Directive 95/3/EC of 14.02.1995 amending Directive 90/128/EEC relating 
to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs, OJ L 41, 
23.02.1995 
Commission Decision 95/492/EC of 15.11.1995 amending Decision 94/652/EC 
establishing the inventory and distribution of tasks to be undertaken within the framework 
of cooperation by Member States in the scientific examination of questions related to 
food, OJL 282, 24.11.1995 
Transport 
Commission Communication on a common transport policy: Action programme 1995-
2000, COM (95) 302 fin. of 12.07.1995 
Council Regulation (EC) No 3051/95 of 08.12.1995 on the safety management of roll-
on/roll-off passenger ferries, OJ L 320, 30.12.1995 
S'l 


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