42. Looks forward to the results of the external study commissioned by the Commission on proportion-
ality between ownership and control in EU listed companies, provided that it delivers not only an objective
analysis of the empirical and theoretical evidence regarding the effects of the different ownership models inthe Member States on economic efficiency, owner-control of companies and the possibilities for cross-border transactions, but also a sound analysis of corporate law as regards the wider economic and legalcontext in Member States and different models of corporate governance; stresses that due account should be
taken of the need for transparency in the structure of control rights;
43. Expects that the Commission will, if appropriate make a legislative proposal concerning the principle
‘one share one vote’ only after the outcome of the revision of Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parlia-
ment and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on takeover bids (
1), as provided for in Article 20 of that direc-
tive, and an evaluation of that directive;
44. Asks the Commission to propose measures for greater transparency regarding institutional investors;
recalls that transparency is needed with regard to investment policy, voting policy and share ownership, andthat such transparency must not be confined to the relationship between funds and single investors; recallsthat there should also be certain disclosure obligations incumbent on institutional investors towards thecompanies in which they are engaged, e.g., with regard to their intentions and the proposed duration of
their engagement;
45. Calls on the Commission to inform Parliament about the results of the consultation on the future
priorities for the 2003 Action Plan, launched by the Commission in December 2005, and to explain indetail the decisions taken by it as a result of the outcome of that consultation;
46. Calls on the Commission to analyse the problems relating to the implementation of the existing legis-
lation in order to take the results of that analysis into consideration when considering new legislativeproposals;
47. Calls on the Committee on Legal Affairs and the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs to
follow the work of the Commission;
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48. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and the Commission.
(1) OJ L 142, 30.4.2004, p. 12.
P6_TA(2006)0296
Reducing the climate change impact of aviation
European Parliament resolution on reducing the climate change impact of aviation (2005/2249(INI))
The European Parliament,
—having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the
European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Reducing the ClimateChange Impact of Aviation (COM(2005)0459),
—having regard to its resolution of 16 November 2005 on Winning the Battle against Climate Change (
1),13.12.2006 C 303 E/119 Official Journal of the European Union
Tuesday, 4 July 2006EN
(1)Texts Adopted, P6_TA(2005)0433.
—having regard to Rule 45 of its Rules of Procedure,
—having regard to the report of the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and
the opinion of the Committee on Transport and Tourism (A6-0201/2006),
A. whereas the EU is committed to the objective of tackling climate change and has put forward a global
goal of limiting global temperature increase to + 2 °C compared to pre-industrialised levels,
B. whereas in its abovementioned resolution of 16 November 2005 the European Parliament stated that
strong emission reductions —30 % by 2020 and 60-80 % by 2050 —are to be undertaken by devel-
oped countries,
C. whereas the contribution of aviation to climate change is substantial and growing rapidly,
D. whereas international aviation is subject to no commitment arising from the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol or from any other internationalcommitment in the area of climate change,
E. whereas the EU should show leadership in the fight against climate change and, by taking regional and
early action, lay down an example of how to tackle aviation's impact on the climate,
1. Welcomes the Commission Communication and its recognition that a comprehensive package of
measures including regulatory, economic, technological and operational instruments is needed to address allimpacts of aviation on the climate, applying the ‘polluter pays’ principle and ensuring full cost
internalisation;
2. Stresses that the overall objective of the policy instruments chosen must be to reduce, in a cost-effective
way, the climate change impact of aviation; these policy instruments must be chosen in such a way as toensure that the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is as high as possible while the distortion of competi-tion between Europe based air carriers and carriers from outside the EU is minimised and the unfair compe-tition between the air transport sector and other transport sectors within the EU is reduced;
3. Stresses that in this respect every kind of unnecessary bureaucratic burden should be excluded, espe-
cially in light of the small air carriers that exist on the market;
4. Fully endorses the Commission's intention to pursue the introduction of kerosene taxes, and urges it to
begin immediately by requiring a tax on all domestic and intra-EU flights (with the possibility to exempt all
carriers on routes on which non-EU carriers operate); calls on the Commission to propose arrangements for
their worldwide introduction;
5. Stresses the urgency of achieving results in the ongoing re-negotiations of air service agreements —in
particular the agreement with the US —to unconditionally allow for the taxing of fuel supplied to EU and
non-EU carriers on an equal basis;
6. Underlines that the tax exemptions on air transport and other imbalances lead to very unfair competi-
tion between aviation and other transport sectors;
7. Stresses that this is particularly a burden for the railway sector, because the railway sector is not only
covered by taxes but also by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), which significantly raises the cost for
this environmentally friendly transport system;
8. Underlines that this distortion of competition between transport sectors also leads to distortion of
competition between tourist regions, to the disadvantage of those regions which are reached mainly by car,bus or railway;
9. Underlines that it is necessary to consider a fair solution for the environmental problems caused by
aviation;13.12.2006 C 303 E/120 Official Journal of the European Union
Tuesday, 4 July 2006EN
10. Encourages the introduction of charges as a step towards full cost internalisation, with the extent of
their role, and their magnitude, reflecting the extent to which any emissions trading system falls short of the
requirements outlined below;
11. Asks that special attention be paid to the situation of the most isolated territories which are particu-
larly dependent on air transport services, and especially to insular or outermost regions, where alternative
solutions are limited, or do not exist;
12. Welcomes the speech of the then President-in-Office of the European Council and Austrian Chancellor
Wolfgang Schüssel in the European Parliament on the 18th January 2006 in which he addressed the issue,
and asks the Presidency-in-Office to work on concrete proposals in this area;
13. Stresses that better air traffic management is urgently needed to reduce CO2emissions, contrails and
cirrus clouds and that this would be a cost-efficient measure;
14. Calls for further research efforts in order to enhance our understanding of the full effects of aviation
on climate change; considers that it is particularly important to clarify the effects of aircraft contrails (watervapour) as well as to what extent flying at lower altitudes would reduce overall emissions and hence climaticimpact, and to assess the heating effect of aerosols emitted in the stratosphere;
15. Urges the Commission to promote the introduction of bio-fuels for aviation as a contribution to redu-
cing the impact on climate change;
16. Stresses that, in the Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and
demonstration activities (RTD) too, research and development relating to clean engine technologies and alter-native fuels must be assigned priority; considers that an integrated approach should be pursued, combiningboth emissions trading and the development of clean engines and fuels, in order also to reduce emissions ofsubstances other than CO
2in the aviation sector;
17. Believes it necessary, moreover, to pursue scientific and technical targets for improving the energy effi-
ciency of aircraft and helicopters;
18. Points out that measures under the Seventh RTD Framework Programme to foster technological inno-
vations in the aerospace sector and the improved air traffic management resulting from the Single Sky legis-lation are of decisive importance where emission reduction is concerned;
19. Calls on the Commission to take initiatives without delay for improving air traffic control and air
traffic management within the SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) project and the Single Sky legis-lation, with a view to improving the energy efficiency of flights and reducing or avoiding vapour contrails;
20. Calls on the Commission to ensure that appropriations under the Seventh RTD Framework
Programme are set aside, in the context of collaborative research, with a view to improving the environ-mental and energy efficiency of aircraft and helicopter engines;
On inclusion of aviation into the EU ETS
21. Recognises that emissions trading has the potential to play a role as part of a comprehensive package
of measures to address the climate impact of aviation, provided it is appropriately designed;
22. Stresses that the environmental effectiveness of any emissions trading scheme will depend on it having
sufficiently broad geographical scope; a rigorous cap; full auctioning of initial allocation; the technological
level and early actions taken into account in the allocation; and addressing full climate impact;13.12.2006 C 303 E/121 Official Journal of the European Union
Tuesday, 4 July 2006EN
23. Asks the Commission to present immediately an impact assessment on the specific parameters of its
design proposals, e.g. level of cap for aviation, compliance, choice of participating entity (aircraft operators,
airlines or airports), and to present proposals to ensure that the EU ETS will be applicable to airlines fromoutside the European Union;
24. Proposes the introduction of a separate dedicated scheme for aviation emissions, recognising that, due
to the lack of binding commitments for international aviation emissions under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto
Protocol, the aviation sector would be unable to actually sell into the ETS;
25. Notes that accounting would be substantially simplified by a separate, closed system; considers that, if
there were to be a gateway to allow airlines to buy from the EU ETS, this should be on a carefully limited
basis;
26. Stresses that, if aviation is to be eventually incorporated into the wider ETS, there should at least be a
pilot phase of a separate scheme covering the period 2008-2012;
27. Notes that potential entry of outside credits to a separate scheme (e.g. Clean Development Mechanism
and Joint Implementation (CDM/JI), or credits from regional cap-and-trade schemes in countries which arenot parties to the Kyoto Protocol) must be minimised by capping them at a level which guarantees that thesector contributes to achieving the overall objective of halting climate change, as well as minimising bureau-
cracy and increasing transparency;
28. Proposes that, should aviation be eventually incorporated into a wider ETS, special conditions be
applied to ensure it does not distort the market to the detriment of less protected sectors: a cap on thenumber of emission rights it is permitted to buy from the market, and a requirement to make a proportion
of the necessary emissions reductions without trading, before being allowed to buy permits;
29. Calls on the Commission to put forward other policy instruments to address the non-CO
2impacts of
aviation in parallel to the ETS; where uncertainties exist over any of these impacts, policy should be based
on the precautionary principle; in addition to climate impacts, special attention should be paid to air and
noise pollution during the ascent and descent of aircraft; calls on the Commission to encourage researchprogrammes to improve scientific knowledge on the non-CO
2impacts of aviation and to support ICAO
action in developing standards on NOx;
30. Does not rule out accompanying local measures having to be taken in the future;
On the scope of the aviation scheme
31. Believes that a scheme for aviation should as a first step cover all flights to and from any EU airport
(if possible also intercontinental flights transiting through EU air space), irrespective of the country of origin
of the airline concerned, so as to ensure a level playing field to operators with different route profiles, to
avoid distortion of the market in favour of flights to destinations outside the EU, to ensure environmentaleffectiveness, to prevent cross-subsidisation and to influence aircraft design; stresses that a worldwide emis-sion trading scheme needs to be introduced as soon as possible;
32. Acknowledges that the Commission, after careful assessment, is of the opinion that such a broad
scope is compatible with international agreements, e.g. WTO rules; asks the Commission and the Council todefend this position against possible attacks of third countries in international organisations;
On initial allocation
33. Stresses that the total initial allocation should be defined in line with the Kyoto commitment target
and must therefore not allow for growth in emissions above the base year;13.12.2006 C 303 E/122 Official Journal of the European Union
Tuesday, 4 July 2006EN
34. Believes that the initial allocation amount must be set at EU level, as setting it at Member State level
would risk overly generous initial allocations which would distort the market and undermine the environ-
mental effectiveness of the scheme;
35. Stresses that the allocation method should not directly or indirectly punish those companies having
already introduced efficient airplanes, so that early action has to be recognised under any circumstances and
the main pressure to change put on carriers whose fuel efficiency is poor;
On the allocation method
36. Believes that auctioning is the best option for distribution of allowances, since it reflects the dynamic
nature of the sector, with no prejudice against new entrants or against those regions which have yet todevelop in this sector;
37. Notes that auctioning also meets the requirements of the ‘polluter pays’ principle, with further envir-
onmental benefits if the revenues are appropriately hypothecated; and that it automatically rewards goodperformance by operators in the past and future;
38. Stresses that an eventual partial free allocation of permits, whether through grandfathering or bench-
marking, should not discriminate against operators who enter the scheme after the initial allocation period;therefore, special provision would have to be made to accommodate new entrants;
39. Notes the likelihood that free allocation of permits, whether through grandfathering or benchmarking,
would lead to windfall profits to the sector at the consumer's expense, due to marginal cost pricing basedon market price of allowances despite free allocation; emphasises that this is not the objective of the policy;
40. Considers that free allocation of grandfathered emissions is the worst option as it punishes early
action by airlines, and that free allocation by benchmarking, whilst incentivising more appropriately intheory, risks being overly complicated and bureaucratic, with all calculation methods having difficulties indetermining true best performance;
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41. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and Commission, and the governments
and parliaments of the Member States.13.12.2006 C 303 E/123 Official Journal of the European Union
Tuesday, 4 July 2006EN