EN    EN EN 
EN 1   EN  EUROPEAN COMMISSION 
Brussels, 6.8.2010 
SEC(2010) 983 final 
Reply of the Commission to the Special Report  
"Is the design and management of the mobi lity scheme of the Leonardo da Vinci 
programme likely to le ad to effective results ?"
EN 2   EN Reply of the Commission to the Special Report  
"Is the design and management of the mobi lity scheme of the Leonardo da Vinci 
programme likely to lead  to effective results?" 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
I-III. The Commission welcomes the overall conclu sion of the Court of Auditor's report that 
the design and management of the mobility scheme of the Leonardo da Vinci programme could lead to effective results.  
Indeed, the programme shows increasing demand wh ich at present can be only partly covered 
(less than 50 % of applications can be aw arded within the available budget). More than 
80.000 people were financed in 2009 (67 % persons in initia l training, 20 % people on the 
labour market, 13 % teachers/trainers). By far the majority of participants (nearly 90 %) 
expressed themselves as highly satisfied with  the stay abroad in their final reports.  
The positive impact on participants in the previous programme has been confirmed by the 
impact study published in 2007. The mobility experiences improved the skills and competences of young people and positively influen ced their employability, as well as their 
personal development. A study on the impact of the Leonardo mobility of teachers and 
trainers in vocational education (VETPRO) is a bout to be finalised, a nd the initial results 
confirm the positive effects not only on the personal development of participants but also on the Vocational Education and Training school s, training providers and systems.  
The Commission welcomes the Court's acknowle dgement that an appr opriate project life-
cycle management system has been establis hed and that the operational aspects of the 
programme were generally well managed. The Commission underlines the fact that many of 
the management recommendations are valid for the whole Lifelong Learning Programme 
(LLP), because the Leonardo Programme fo rms an integral part of the LLP. 
IV. The Commission stresses that  the audit mainly covered the years 2007-2008, which were 
the first two years of a new integrated pr ogramme. Furthermore, the programming and 
reporting cycle with National Agencies cove rs two years from the National Agency’s 
preparation of the draft work pr ogramme to the finalisation of th e yearly report assessment by 
the Commission. Therefore, improvements made  afterwards, notably in 2010, have not all 
been taken into account by the Court. 
In addition, it has to be noted that results of  actions co-financed in  2007-2008 are often not 
visible immediately after the actions, as mobility  and training normally take several years to 
show their effects.  
IV. first indent For the design of the current Leonardo da Vinci programme, th e Commission launched a 
consultation process with Nationa l Agencies, National Authorities and stakeholders to take 
into account earlier ex periences. The Commission took in to consideration not only the 
findings and suggestions from the mandatory eval uations, but also used other external studies 
as a source of ideas and to provide additional insight.  
EN 3   EN IV. sixth indent 
The Commission is aware that the quality of se condary controls by National Authorities on 
National Agencies varies, as wa s also pointed out by the Court in its Statement of assurance 
for the financial year 2008. Following this  earlier observation from the Court, the 
Commission has taken action and developed deta iled guidelines for National Authorities in 
order to provide both methodologic al support and practical tools for the secondary controls by 
the National Authorities. These guidelines were  issued to the Member States in December 
2009 and were also the main subject of a semi nar for National Authorities held in March 2010 
in order to remedy the weaknesses found. 
IV. seventh indent The Commission accepts that the work on perf ormance indicators has to be finalised.  
It underlines, however, that the work with th e programme committee on the establishment of 
indicators started already in 2007. Furthermore,  based on the impact studies and evaluations 
of the previous Leonardo programme and the av ailable quantitative data and the qualitative 
feedback from participants in the current programme, the Commission is confident that the Leonardo da Vinci mobility programme is producing effective results.  
V. The Commission accepts the recommendati ons made by the Court and has already 
implemented them in full or partially, includ ing: the qualitative feedback to National 
Authorities on the yearly National Agency repor ts, the integration of the yearly activity 
reports into the monitoring visits , the alignment of the annual activ ity report structure with the 
work programmes, the inclusion of results oriented indicators in National Agencies' work programmes and the finalisation of LLPLink. 
The Commission wishes to underline that: – It has already vastly improved the supporting  IT system for the management of the 
programme in 2009 and is further impr oving its reporting facilities in 2010; 
– It already provides qualitative feedback on the yearly work programmes of the National 
Agencies, but for effectiveness reasons it ha s limited its feedback to those cases that 
require revision because they do not corres pond to the expected quality standards; 
– It shares the Court’s view that support in findi ng partners is important and it is exploring 
other options, since the tradit ional partner finding database  did not deliver the quality 
service expected; 
– It has already developed detailed guideline s for assessing project applications. The 
Commission considers that the s upervision of the quality assessm ent of applications is part 
of the remit of the National Authorities’ secondary controls of  National Agencies; 
nevertheless, it is testing whether it can monito r these procedures more closely, taking due 
account of cost-efficiency; 
– It included performance indicators in th e setup for the 2011 Na tional Agency work 
programmes, which were welcomed by the Nati onal Agency directors at their meeting of 
20 May 2010 and will therefore be applied as of the planning and reporting period 2011; 
EN 4   EN – The Commission accepts that the work on performance indicators needs to be finalised. It 
underlines, however, that the work with the programme committee on the establishment of 
indicators started already in 2007. The Commission's proposal was adopted by the 
committee at its meeting of 17 June 2010. On this basis, the relevant data will be matched 
with the now established indicators; the first results of this exercise are expected by mid 2011. Furthermore, based on the impact studies and evaluations of the previous Leonardo 
programme and the available quantitative data and the qualitative feedback from 
participants in the current programme, the Commission is confident that the Leonardo da 
Vinci mobility programme is producing effective results.  
AUDIT SCOPE AND APPROACH 
13. The Commission highlights the fact that 20 07 and 2008 were the first two years of the 
Lifelong Learning Programme which, for the first time, integrated Leonardo da Vinci and the 
former Socrates programme into a single programme. As a consequence, new common procedures had to be put in place. Furtherm ore, the programming and reporting cycle with 
National Agencies covers two years from the preparation of th e work programmes by 
National Agencies to the finalisation of the yearly report assessments. Therefore, 
improvements made afterwards, no tably in 2010, have not all b een taken into account by the 
Court.  
OBSERVATIONS 
16. The Commission underlines the fact that results of actions supported in 2007-2008 are 
often not visible immediately after the actions, as mobility and training normally take several years for their effects to be seen.  
18. The Commission welcomes the Court’s find ing that, in designing the new Leonardo 
programme, the results of  the mid-term and final evaluatio ns of the predecessor programme 
were taken into account by means of structured action plans.  
Starting in 2007, the Commission has been extensively discussing with the programme 
management committee a set of programme impact indicators applicable to the LLP as a 
whole. The committee expressed "no opinion"  on two proposals tabled by the Commission 
and asked for further analysis on cost-effectiveness. The new proposal was adopted by the committee at its meeting of 17 June 2010. On this  basis, the relevant data will be matched 
with the now established indicato rs; the first results of this ex ercise are expected by mid 2011.  
19-20. The Commission maintains that it is not its role to follow up whether the 
recommendations set at national level have been followed up by the National Authorities. 
However, the Commission could invite National Authorities to undertake such follow-up at 
national level.  
The Commission emphasizes that the final nationa l reports that were presented in due time by 
the National Authorities had been submitted to the external contractor for analysis and the results have been validated by the Commission. Cross-cutting issues have been included in 
the final action plan esta blished by the Commission.  
22. The Commission considers that external studies  which are not formal evaluations of the 
programme do not require the dr awing-up of action plans.  
EN 5   EN The content of external studies such as th e Study on obstacles to transnational mobility 
"MoVE-iT" and the Impact Analysis of Leona rdo da Vinci Mobility on young trainees and 
employees, which are quoted by the Court, is us ed as background information and as a source 
of ideas for further development or adaptation of the programme and its rules. They also 
provide a more detailed insight into cer tain aspects of the programme actions. 
Box 1 
First indent 
The Commission agrees that there is still room  for improvement in the implementation of the 
programme in the host countries and in the prepar ation of participants as pointed out in the 
recommendation of the impact study mentioned. However, the study also concludes that the 
fundamental principles and mechanisms of th e programme neither need nor ought to be 
changed. The study concludes that: “the Leonardo da Vinci mobility programme can be described as particularly efficien t, effective and cost-effective.”  
27. The Commission welcomes the Court’s overal l appreciation of the management of the 
project life cycle for the programme. 
As the Court points out, the supporting IT system could be improved. The Commission notes 
that a totally new IT system, covering a multiplicity of sub-programmes and actions had to be put in place for the new LLP, of which Leonardo da  Vinci is only a part. In the meantime, the 
quality of implementation repo rting has increased and is now robust. Furthermore, 8 
electronic application forms we re offered for the 2010 call, two report forms are in production 
and three more are due to be put into pr oduction in 2010. The overwhelming majority of 
Leonardo da Vinci applications are thus being treated electronically in 2010, thereby 
increasing efficiency and reducing the scope for manual input errors. 
28. The Commission reiterates that, w ith regard to IT systems, important developments took 
place in 2009 and continued in 2010. Improvements made after the Court’s audit, notably in 
2010, have not all been taken into account by the Court. 
29. Since the start of the LLP, the Commission c ontinued to gather quantitative data and 
qualitative feedback from participants on Leonardo da Vinci mobility through Rap4Leo
1, 
resulting in an uninterrupted and reli able data series for the programme.  
In addition, the Commission unde rlines that, since the end of 2008, LLPLink has been used 
for the production of uniform a nd standardised financial reports and management statistics. 
The combination of the statistical data fr om Rap4Leo and LLPLink ensure the quality and 
coherence of data for Leonardo da Vinci mobility.  
Starting in 2007, the Commission has been extensively discussing with the programme 
management committee a set of programme impact indicators applicable to the LLP as a whole. The committee expressed "no opinion"  on two proposals tabled by the Commission 
and asked for further analysis on cost-effectiveness. The new proposal was adopted by the committee at its meeting of 17 June 2010. On this  basis, the relevant data will be matched 
with the now established indicato rs; the first results of this exercise are expected by mid 2011. 
                                                
 
1 Rap4Leo is an IT tool that makes it possible, among other things, to collect quantitative data and the 
opinions of participants in Leonardo da Vinci mobility actions.  
EN 6   EN 31. The Commission welcomes the Court’s find ing that arrangements for approving the 
National Agencies’ annual work programmes are appropriate.  
For reasons of cost-effectiveness, the Co mmission has limited its feedback to National 
Agencies on their draft annual work programme to those cases requiring revision, in order to 
ensure that the expected qua lity standards are achieved. 
The Commission underlines, however , that it does provide the National Authorities and 
National Agencies with detailed qualitative  feedback on programme management and 
implementation in its evaluation conclusions of the yearly National Agency report, in which it also indicates expected remedial  action, as needed. The Commissi on also checks that remedial 
actions are included in the following National Agency work programme, to ensure a continuous improvement in programme implementation. 
32. The Commission welcomes the Court’s opinion that the participating countries and the 
Commission publicise and promote the programme satisfactorily. 
33-35. The Commission is aware of difficulties on the part of some applicants’ in finding host 
partners in other countries, a nd notes the suggestion to facilita te this process. The previous 
partner search database whic h existed under the Leonardo da Vinci II programme was closed 
down because it could not ensure a sufficient quali ty of data entries into the system. Other 
solutions have to be explored as suitable  alternatives. A promising example is the 
EuroApprenticeship network and platform, set up by competent bodies including Chambers of 
Crafts or Commerce and Vocational Education and Training providers, which started in 2010 
following a call for proposals, and which may be better suited to addr ess the issue of finding 
quality host enterprises. The Co mmission considers that such al ternatives could be explored 
for the next programme generation. 
36. The Commission is pleased to note that the procedures for assessing applications and 
selecting projects in the partic ipating countries are found to be  transparent, well-organised, 
and in line with the Commission’s instructions. 
It stresses that the rules of procedure in the Guide for National Agencies are designed to give 
sufficient assurance on the quali ty of the selected grants. 
37. As established by the Commission’s upd ated guidelines issued in 2009, a quality 
assurance check on the assessments of grant a pplications should be part of the secondary 
controls on the National Agencies  by the National Authorities. The grant award procedure - of 
which the assessment of grant a pplications is an important el ement - is part of the “key 
controls” on which the National Authorities have to express their opinion in their yearly 
declaration of assurance.  
41. A revised setup for the National Agency work programmes has been designed for 2011, 
including targets and performance indicators  which will further facilitate meaningful 
comparison of results against planned performance. The new approach was welcomed by the 
National Agency directors at th eir meeting of 20 May 2010 and will thus be implemented for 
planning and reporting as of 2011. 
43. In order to address the lack of consistenc y in the National Agenci es’ approach to annual 
activity reporting, the Commission has provided  a single on-line report form for use by all 
National Agencies. In addition, based on the e xperience of previous years, the Commission 
provided detailed instructions for comp letion of the yearly reports in 2009. 
EN 7   EN Box 2 
The Commission underlines that the weaknesses found by the Court in the way in which 
National Agencies presented the results of th e implementation of the 2007 work programmes 
refer to three out of the six Na tional Agencies examined and did not systematically occurr in 
each of the three.  
44. As from the 2008 annual activity reports onwards, the Commissi on has already sent 
extensive evaluation conclusions to the Natio nal Authorities and National Agencies. These 
evaluation conclusions provide  detailed feedback on the quality of the programme 
implementation and management in the country concerned, and aim to guide National Agencies so that they improve their performan ce. Thus, a direct link is established between 
the National Agency work programme and the annual activity report. 
46. National Agencies are indeed required, as  the Court notes, to undertake monitoring 
activities to support progr amme beneficiaries, in addition to checks of beneficiaries which 
focus on ensuring correct use of EU funds. In  a context of limited resources in National 
Agencies, and considering the substantial co ntrol requirements, the Commission did not 
consider it appropriate to set minimum requirements for Na tional Agencies for monitoring 
visits of beneficiaries. This allows Nati onal Agencies to organise the monitoring of 
beneficiaries in the most effective and a ppropriate way, taking national contexts and 
constraints into considerati on, for example replacing monito ring visits to individual 
beneficiaries with monitoring meetings br inging together groups of beneficiaries. 
47. The concept of "Quality and impact mon itoring visits" was newly introduced in 2008 and 
has been gradually improved since then in order to gain firm assurance of the effects of the 
programme on the basis of examples of actual pr ojects. Feedback has been sent to National 
Agencies on a regular basis since August 2008. For the second round of the Leonardo da 
Vinci Quality and Impact Monitoring starting in 2010, visits will have a more regional focus.  
48. The objectives of the Leonardo Programme are sp ecified in the legal ba sis of the Lifelong 
Learning Programme, which has been agreed by the European Parliament and the Council. 
The Commission is working on developing suitable  indicators to these objectives for the LLP 
as a whole. This is a particularly complex exerci se, given the fact that 58 objectives have been 
stipulated in the legal basis. The Commission ac cepts that the overall sy stem for reporting on 
the results, effects and impact based on perf ormance indicators has yet to be finalised. 
However, at its meeting of 17 June 2010, the LLP Committee adopted the approach proposed 
by the Commission.  
The Commission stresses, however, that evidence from the external studi es on the effects of 
Leonardo mobility for young trainees and graduates
2 and the impact of VETPRO mobility on 
individuals and systems3 indicates that Leonardo mobility fulfils the programme objectives to 
a large extent. 
It also points out that a la rge set of quantitative data are available in the Rap4Leo and 
LLPLink databases. Rap4Leo in addition contains qualitative feedback from participants that 
shows a very high degree of satisfact ion with their Leona rdo experiences.  
                                                 
2 http://ec.europa.eu/edu cation/pdf/doc218_en.pdf 
3 Final report will be published soon.  
EN 8   EN 49. In order to improve the quality and cohere nce of annual reporting by National Agencies, 
the Commission has provided them with  extensive guidelines thereon in 2009. 
50. With regard to the devel opment of impact indicators  for the Lifelong Learning 
Programme, the LLP Committee adopted the re vised approach proposed by the Commission 
at its meeting of 17 June 2010 .  
51-52. Since the start of the LLP, the Commission continued to gather quantitative data and 
qualitative feedback from participants on Leonardo da Vinci mobility through Rap4Leo, 
resulting in an uninterrupted and reli able data series for the programme.  
In addition, the Commission unde rlines that, since the end of 2008, LLPLink has been used 
for the production of uniform a nd standardised financial reports and management statistics. 
The combination of the statistical data fr om Rap4Leo and LLPLink ensure the quality and 
coherence of data for Leonardo da Vinci mobility.  
Starting in 2007, the Commission has been extensively discussing with the programme 
management committee a set of programme impact indicators applicable to the LLP as a whole. The committee expressed "no opinion"  on two proposals tabled by the Commission 
and asked for further analysis on cost-effectiveness. The new proposal was adopted by the committee at its meeting of 17 June 2010. On this  basis, the relevant data will be matched 
with the now established indicato rs; the first results of this exercise are expected by mid 2011. 
56. The Commission is aware of the fact that many National Agencies have weaknesses in 
their management of primary checks. This is poi nted out formally to the National Authorities 
and National Agencies in the observations and r ecommendations issued after the analysis of 
the yearly National Agency repor ts, as well as following mon itoring and audit visits on the 
spot. As primary checks are an important element for a reasonable assurance on the use of EU funds, the Commission monitors weaknesses in th is area very closely and sees to it that 
appropriate remedial action is  taken at national level. 
56. first indent.  
The Commission is aware that in one National Agen cy visited by the Cour t in the context of 
this audit the 45-day deadline for assessment and approval of the final reports is not respected. 
The Commission itself has made an observatio n and recommendation on this issue following 
its systems monitoring vis it to the country in 2008. 
56. second indent.  The example found by the Court of final payments to beneficiaries having been made without 
the required feedback from all mobility participants is confined to one National Agency only.  
58. The Commission has provided guidance to Nati onal Authorities on th e required secondary 
controls since 2008. Based on the experience of th e first two years of the programme and the 
Commission’s own supervisory audits, as well as in the follow-up of the Court’s 
recommendation in the context of the DAS 2008, the Commission has complemented these 
guidelines in 2009 with specific procedures for secondary controls. 
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 
EN 9   EN 59. The Commission welcomes the Court’s conclu sion that it established an appropriate 
project lifecycle management system for the Lifelong Learning Programme.  
The Commission took into consid eration not only the findi ngs and suggestions from the 
mandatory evaluations, but also those from exte rnal studies. However, the main purpose of 
external studies and reports is to provide the Commission with background information and 
analysis; nevertheless, their status is substan tially different from the mandatory evaluations 
required by the legal basis. Thus, the Commission is not obliged to follow them up in the same formal way as mandatory evaluations. 
Although the Commission’s IT syst em, LLPLink, was still incomplete at the time of the 
Court’s audit, as its development started in 2008, the system is currently stable and 
functioning properly, and the quality of data has been vastly improved by the introduction of 
electronic forms. At the same time, the paralle l use of a specific tool for Leonardo mobility 
has ensured that no data loss has occurred, an d the Commission has continued to collect all 
necessary data on the acti on without any gaps since the predecessor programme. 
60. The Commission welcomes the Court’s apprecia tion of operational elements such as the 
yearly work programme of th e National Agencies, informati on, publicity and promotion of 
the programme. 
The Commission discontinued its previous partner finding database due to quality assurance 
problems. While alternative solutions to part ner search mechanisms are currently being 
analysed, the Commission has emphasized that the lack of a partner search database, for example, does not prevent successful progra mme implementation as demand far exceeds the 
budget available to support Leonardo mobility projects. 
As established by the Commission’s updated gui delines issued in 2009, a quality assurance 
check on the assessments of grant applications sh ould be part of the secondary controls on the 
National Agencies by the National Authorities. 
Recommendation 1  
(a) The Commission accepts Recommendation 1 (a), which is already being implemented: 
The Commission has provided National Agencies  with qualitative feedback since the 2008 
annual reporting. Furthermore, as the Court recognised, it has also provided feedback on 
annual work programmes for those cases where revision was needed in order to reach the 
expected quality standards. 
(b) The Commission partly accepts Recommenda tion 1 (b). The Commi ssion discontinued its 
previous partner finding data base due to quality assuranc e problems. While alternative 
solutions to partner search mechanisms are currently being analysed, the Commission emphasizes that the lack of a partner search data base, for instance, does not interfere with the 
successful implementation of the programme, as the demand by far exceeds the budget available to support Leonardo mobility projects. 
(c) The Commission considers that National Agen cies should not have a formal role of 
facilitating placements for participants from othe r countries as this would entail a major shift 
in responsibilities and imp lications for the legal relationshi ps between organisations from 
other countries. This will not prevent them  from having an exchange of suitable 
intermediaries on an informal basis. 
EN 10   EN (d) The Commission accepts Recommendation 1(d) . The Commission is working on further 
developing the assessment ha ndbook for evaluators in conn ection with the new on-line 
application and revised assessment form. 
(e) The Commission notes with regard to Recomme ndation 1(e) that it is  currently revising its 
approach to the Quality and Impact monitoring visits, by integrating a small sample check of 
quality assessments of applications by Nationa l Agencies. Subsequently, the Commission will 
analyse the added value of such checks and th eir impact on resources from the point of view 
of the cost-effectiveness of controls  
(f) The Commission accepts Recommendation 1(f).  61. The Commission welcomes the Court’s assessm ent of the control systems in place at 
Commission and national levels. These contro l systems focus on providing assurance on the 
use of EU funds on a yearly basis. 
The Commission is informed of the programme results on a regular basis via the Yearly 
National Agency Reports on programme manageme nt and implementation as well as via its 
Quality and Impact Monitoring visits. 
The Commission stresses that it continued to ga ther quantitative data and qualitative feedback 
from participants on Leonardo da Vinci m obility through Rap4Leo, resulting in an 
uninterrupted and reliable data series on th ese aspects since the start of the programme. 
Pending a decision of the programme committee on th e impact indicators it is not yet clear to 
what extent the data will fulf il the need of these indicators. 
The Commission underlines that impacts, how ever, can only be measured over time. The 
Member States are expected to report on the first part of the programme in their interim 
evaluation due in 2010. This input will be timely for enhancing the performance of Leonardo, 
both in the current programme and for the pr eparation of the new programme generation. 
In addition, the Commission unde rlines that, since the end of 2008, LLPLink has been used 
for the production of uniform a nd standardised financial reports and management statistics. 
The combination of the statistical data fr om Rap4Leo and LLPLink ensure the quality and 
coherence of data for Leonardo da Vinci mobility.  
Starting in 2007, the Commission has been extensively discussing with the programme 
management committee a set of programme impact indicators applicable to the LLP as a whole. The Committee expresse d "no opinion" on two proposal s tabled by the Commission 
and asked for further analysis on cost-effectiveness. The new proposal was adopted by the committee at its meeting of 17 June 2010. On this  basis, the relevant data will be matched 
with the now established indicato rs; the first results of this ex ercise are expected by mid 2011.  
The Commission based on the above elements as well as on the impact studies considers that 
it has sufficient assurance on the effectiveness of the programme. 
Recommendation 2  
(a) The Commission accepts Recommendation 2 (a) and underlines that the evaluation 
conclusions of the annual activity reporting of the National Agencies are duly integrated in 
the Commission’s monitoring vi sits of National Agencies. 
EN 11   EN (b) The Commission accepts Recommendation 2 (b ) and will align the annual activity report 
structure with that of the National Agency wo rk programmes after the revision of the work 
programme structure due in 2011. 
(c) The Commission accepts Recommendation 2(c). The Commission's revised proposal was 
adopted by the LLP Committee at its meeting of 17 June 2010. On this basis, the relevant data 
will be matched with the now established indicat ors; the first results of this exercise are 
expected by mid 2011.  
(d) The Commission accepts Recommendation 2 (d) and will endeavour to establish a system 
for measuring impact of the successo r programme in a timely manner. 
The Commission underlines that impact cannot be  measured from the out set, but only after a 
certain period of programme implementation. Th is is normally done on the basis of studies 
and evaluations. The fact that the present legal basis of the LLP contains 58 objectives was a 
particular factor of complexity and did not faci litate the task of defining suitable indicators.  
62. The Commission welcomes the overall conclusion of the Court of Auditor's report that the 
design and management of the mobility scheme of the Leonardo da Vinci programme is instrumental to achieving effective results.  
It has already started work and made progress on several points highlighted by the Court, such 
as qualitative feedback regarding the annua l programming of work, the assessment of 
applications and the improvement of the IT tool. 
The Commission accepts that the work on perf ormance indicators needs to be finalised. 
It underlines, however, that the work with th e programme committee on the establishment of 
indicators started already in 2007. Furthermore,  based on the impact studies and evaluations 
of the previous Leonardo programme and the av ailable quantitative data and the qualitative 
feedback from participants in the current programme, the Commission is confident that the Leonardo da Vinci mobility programme is producing effective results.