EN Official Journal of the European Union C 99/3

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION

Guidelines on State aid to airports and airlines

2014/C 99/03

CONTENTS

1. Introduction: State aid policy in the aviation sector

2. Scope and definitions

2.1. Scope

2.2. Definitions

3. Presence of State aid within the meaning of article 107(1) of the Treaty

3.1. Notion of undertaking and economic activity

3.2. Use of State resources and imputability to the State

3.3. Distortion of competition and effect on trade

3.4. Public funding of airports and the application of the Market Economy Operator principle

3.5. Financial relationships between airports and airlines

3.5.1. Comparison with the market price

3.5.2. Ex ante profitability analysis

4. Public funding of Services of General Economic Interest

4.1. Definition of a service of general economic interest in the airport and air transport sectors

4.2. Compatibility of aid in the form of public service compensation

5. Compatibility of aid under Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty

5.1. Aid to airports

5.1.1. Investment aid to airports

5.1.2. Operating aid to airports

5.2. Start-up aid to airlines

6. Aid of a social character under Article 107(2)(a) of the Treaty

7. Cumulation

8. Final provisions

8.1. Annual reporting

8.2. Transparency

8.3. Monitoring

8.4. Evaluation

8.5. Appropriate measures

8.6. Application

8.7. Review

1. INTRODUCTION: STATE AID POLICY IN THE AVIATION SECTOR

1. Linking people and regions, air transport plays a vital role in the integration and the competitiveness of the European Union, as well as its interaction with the world. Air transport contributes significantly to the Union's economy, with more than 15 million annual commercial movements, 822 million passengers transported to and from Union airports in 2011, 150 scheduled airlines, a network of over 460 airports and 60 air navigation service providers (1). The Union benefits from its position as a global aviation hub, with airlines and airports alone contributing more than EUR 140 thousand million to the Union's Gross Domestic Product each year. The aviation sector employs some 2.3 million people in the Union (2).

2. The Europe 2020 Strategy (3) (‘EU 2020’) underlines the importance of transport infrastructure as part of the Union's sustainable growth strategy for the coming decade. In particular, the Commission has emphasised in its White Paper ‘Roadmap to a Single Transport Area’ (4) that the internalisation of externalities, the elimination of unjustified subsidies and free and undistorted competition are an essential part of the effort to align market choices with sustainability needs. The ‘Roadmap to a Single Transport Area’ also emphasises the importance of an efficient use of resources. In practice, transport has to use less and cleaner energy, better exploit a modern infrastructure and reduce its negative impact on the climate and the environment and, in particular, on key natural assets like water, land and ecosystems.

3. The gradual completion of the internal market has led to the removal of all commercial restrictions for airlines flying within the Union, such as restrictions on routes or number of flights and the setting of fares. Since the liberalisation of air transport in 1997 (5), the industry has expanded as never before, and this has contributed to economic growth and job creation. This has also paved the way for the emergence of low-cost carriers, operating a new business model based on quick turn-around times and very efficient fleet use. This development has generated a tremendous increase in traffic, with low-cost carriers' traffic growing at a fast pace since 2005. In 2012, for the first time, low-cost airlines (44,8 %) exceeded the market share of incumbent air carriers (42,4 %), a trend which continued in 2013 (45,94 % for low-cost and 40,42 % for incumbent).

4. While still predominantly publicly owned and managed (6), airports across the Union are currently witnessing growing involvement of private undertakings. New markets have been created in the last decade through partial privatisation of certain airports, as well as through competition for the management of publicly owned airports, including regional airports.

5. Smaller airports display the greatest proportion of public ownership (7) and most often rely on public support to finance their operations. The prices of these airports tend not to be determined with regard to market considerations and in particular sound ex ante profitability prospects, but essentially having regard to local or regional considerations. Under the current market conditions the profitability prospects of commercially run airports also remain highly dependent (8) on the level of throughput, with airports that have fewer than 1 million passengers per annum typically struggling to cover their operating costs. Consequently the vast majority of regional airports are subsidised by public authorities on a regular basis.

6. Certain regions are still hampered by poor accessibility from the rest of the Union, and major hubs are facing increasing levels of congestion (9). At the same time, the density of regional airports in certain regions of the Union has led to substantial overcapacity of airport infrastructure relative to passenger demand and airline needs.

7. The pricing system in most Union airports has traditionally been designed as a published scheme of airport charges based on passenger numbers and aircraft weight (10). However, the evolution of the market and the close cooperation between airports and airlines have gradually paved the way for a wide variety of commercial practices, including long-term contracts with differentiated tariffs and sometimes substantial amounts of incentives and marketing support paid by airports and/or local authorities to airlines. In particular, public funds earmarked for supporting airport operations may be channelled to airlines in order to attract more commercial traffic, thereby distorting air transport markets (11).

8. In its Communication on State Aid Modernisation (SAM) (12), the Commission points out that State aid policy should focus on facilitating well-designed aid targeted at market failures and objectives of common interest of the Union, and avoiding waste of public resources. State aid measures can indeed, under certain conditions, correct market failures, thereby contributing to the efficient functioning of markets and enhancing competitiveness. Furthermore, where markets provide efficient outcomes but these are deemed unsatisfactory from a cohesion policy point of view, State aid may be used to obtain a more desirable, equitable market outcome. However, State aid may have negative effects, such as distorting competition between undertakings and affecting trade between Member States to an extent contrary to the common interests of the Union. State aid control in the airport and air transport sectors should therefore promote sound use of public resources for growth-oriented policies, while limiting competition distortions that would undermine a level playing field in the internal market, in particular by avoiding duplication of unprofitable airports in the same catchment area and creation of overcapacities.

9. The application of State aid rules to the airport and air transport sectors constitutes part of the Commission's efforts aimed at improving the competitiveness and growth potential of the Union airport and airline industries (13). A level-playing field among airlines and airports in the Union is of paramount importance for those objectives, as well as for the entire internal market. At the same time, regional airports can prove important both for local development and for the accessibility of certain regions, in particular against the backdrop of positive traffic forecasts for air transport in the Union.

10. As part of the general plan to create a single airspace of the Union and taking account of market developments, in 2005 the Commission adopted guidelines on financing of airports and start-up aid to airlines departing from regional airports (14) (the ‘2005 Aviation guidelines’). Those guidelines specified the conditions under which certain categories of State aid to airports and airlines could be declared compatible with the internal market. They supplemented the 1994 Aviation guidelines (15), which mainly contained provisions with regard to the restructuring of flag carriers and social aid for the benefit of Union citizens.

11. These guidelines take stock of the new legal and economic situation concerning the public financing of airports and airlines and specify the conditions under which such public financing may constitute State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and, when it does constitute State aid, the conditions under which it can be declared compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty. The Commission's assessment is based on its experience and decision-making practice, as well as on its analysis of current market conditions in the airport and air transport sectors. It is therefore without prejudice to its approach in respect of other infrastructures or sectors. In particular, the Commission considers that the mere fact that an airport operator receives or has received State aid does not automatically imply that its customer airlines are also aid beneficiaries. If the conditions offered to an airline at a given airport would have been offered by a profit-driven airport operator, the airline cannot be deemed to receive an advantage for the purposes of State aid rules.

12. Where public support constitutes State aid, the Commission considers that under certain conditions, certain categories of aid to regional airports and airlines using those airports can be justified, in particular to develop new services and contribute to local accessibility and economic development. Nevertheless, distortions of competition on all markets concerned should be taken into consideration and only State aid which is proportional and necessary to contribute to an objective of common interest can be acceptable.

13. In this context, it should be pointed out that operating aid constitutes, in principle, a very distortive form of aid and can only be authorised under exceptional circumstances. The Commission considers that airports and airlines should normally bear their own operating costs. Nevertheless, the gradual shift to a new market reality, as described in points 3 to 7, explains the fact that regional airports have received widespread operating support from public authorities prior to the adoption of these guidelines. Against this backdrop, for a transitional period, and to enable the aviation industry to adapt to the new market situation, certain categories of operating aid to airports might still be justified under certain conditions. As explained in point 5, under the current market conditions the available data and industry consensus point to a link between an airport's financial situation and its traffic levels, with financing needs normally being proportionately greater for smaller airports. In the light of their contribution to economic development and territorial cohesion in the Union, managers of smaller regional airports should therefore be given time to adjust to the new market environment, for example, by gradually increasing airport charges to airlines, by introducing rationalisation measures, by differentiating their business models or by attracting new airlines and customers to fill their idle capacity.

14. At the end of the transitional period, airports should no longer be granted operating aid and they should finance their operations from their own resources. Whilst the provision of compensation for uncovered operating costs of services of general economic interest should remain possible for small airports or to allow for connectivity of all regions with particular requirements, the market changes stimulated by these guidelines should allow airports to cover their costs as in any other industry.

15. Development of new air traffic should, in principle, be based on a sound business case. However, without appropriate incentives, airlines are not always prepared to run the risk of opening new routes from unknown and untested small airports. Therefore, under certain conditions, airlines may be granted start-up aid during and even after the transitional period, if this provides them with the necessary incentive to create new routes from regional airports, increases the mobility of the citizens of the Union by establishing access points for intra- Union flights and stimulates regional development. As remote regions are penalised by their poor accessibility, start-up aid for routes from those regions is subject to more flexible compatibility criteria.

16. The allocation of airport capacity to airlines should therefore gradually become more efficient (that is to say demand-oriented), and there should be less need for public funding of airports as private investment becomes more widespread. If a genuine transport need and positive externalities for a region can be established, investment aid to airports should nevertheless continue to be accepted after the transitional period, with maximum aid intensities ensuring a level-playing field across the Union.

17. Against this backdrop these guidelines introduce a new approach to the assessment of compatibility of aid to airports: (a) whereas the 2005 Aviation guidelines left open the issue of investment aid, these revised guidelines define maximum permissible aid intensities depending on the size of the airport; (b) however, for large airports with a passenger volume of over 5 million per annum, investment aid should in principle not be declared compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty, except in very exceptional circumstances, such as relocation of an existing airport, where the need for State intervention is characterised by a clear market failure, taking into account the exceptional circumstances, the magnitude of the investment and the limited competition distortions; (c) the maximum permissible aid intensities for investment aid are increased by up to 20 % for airports located in remote regions; (d) for a transitional period of 10 years, operating aid to regional airports can be declared compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty; however, with regard to airports with passenger traffic of less than 700 000 per annum the Commission will, after a period of four years, reassess the profitability prospects of this category of airport in order to evaluate whether special rules should be devised to assess the compatibility with the internal market of operating aid in favour of those airports.

18. In addition, the compatibility conditions for start-up aid to airlines have been streamlined and adapted to recent market developments.

19. The Commission will apply a balanced approach which is neutral vis-à-vis the various business models of airports and airlines, and takes into account the growth prospects of air traffic, the need for regional development and accessibility and the positive contribution of the low-cost carriers' business model to the development of some regional airports. But at the same time, a gradual move towards a market-oriented approach is undoubtedly warranted; except in duly justified and limited cases, airports should be able to cover their operating costs and any public investment should be used to finance the construction of viable airports meeting the demand of airlines and passengers; distortions of competition between airports and between airlines, as well as duplication of unprofitable airports should be avoided. This balanced approach should be transparent, easily understood and straightforward to apply.

20. These guidelines are without prejudice to Member States duty to comply with Union law. In particular, to avoid that the investment would lead to environmental harm, Member States must also ensure compliance with Union environmental legislation, including the need to carry out an environmental impact assessment where appropriate and ensure all relevant permits.

2. SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS

2.1. Scope

21. The principles set out in these guidelines apply to State aid to airports and airlines (16). They will be applied in accordance with the Treaty and secondary legislation adopted pursuant to the Treaty as well as other Union guidelines on State aid (17).

22. Some airports and airlines are specialised in freight transport. The Commission does not yet have sufficient experience in assessing the compatibility of aid to airports and airlines specialised in freight transport to summarise its practice in the form of specific compatibility criteria. For those categories of undertakings, the Commission will apply the common principles of compatibility as set out in section 5 through a case-by-case analysis.

23. The Commission will not apply the principles set out in the Guidelines on national regional aid for 2007–2013 (18) and the Guidelines on regional State aid for 2014‐2020 (19) or any future guidelines on regional aid to State aid granted for airport infrastructure.

24. These guidelines replace the 1994 and 2005 Aviation guidelines.

2.2. Definitions

25. For the purpose of these guidelines: (1) ‘aid’ means any measure fulfilling all the criteria laid down in Article 107(1) of the Treaty; (2) ‘aid intensity’ means the total aid amount expressed as a percentage of eligible costs, both figures expressed in net present value terms at the moment the aid is granted and before any deduction of tax or other charges; (3) ‘airline’ means any airline with a valid operating licence issued by a Member State or a Member of the Common European Aviation Area pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (20); (4) ‘airport charge’ means a price or a levy collected for the benefit of the airport and paid by the airport users for the use of facilities and services which are exclusively provided by the airport and which are related to landing, take-off, lighting and parking of aircraft, and processing of passengers and freight, includingcharges or fees paid for ground handling services and fees for centralised ground handling infrastructure; (5) ‘airport infrastructure’ means infrastructure and equipment for the provision of airport services by the airport to airlines and the various service providers, including runways, terminals, aprons, taxiways, centralised ground handling infrastructure and any other facilities that directly support the airport services, excluding infrastructure and equipment which is primarily necessary for pursuing non-aeronautical activities, such as car parks, shops and restaurants; (6) ‘airport’ means an entity or group of entities performing the economic activity of providing airport services to airlines; (7) ‘airport revenue’ means the revenue from airport charges net of marketing support or any incentives provided by the airport to the airlines, taking into account revenue stemming from non-aeronautical activities (free of any public support), excluding any public support and compensation for tasks falling within public policy remit, or services of general economic interest; (8) ‘airport services’ means services provided to airlines by an airport or any of its subsidiaries, to ensure the handling of aircraft, from landing to take-off, and of passengers and freight, so as to enable airlines to provide air transport services, including the provision of ground handling services and the provision of centralised ground handling infrastructure; (9) ‘average annual passenger traffic’ means a figure determined on the basis of the inbound and outbound passenger traffic during the two financial years preceding that in which the aid is notified or granted in the case of non-notified aid; (10) ‘capital costs’ means the depreciation of the eligible investment costs into airport infrastructure and equipment, including the underlying costs of financing; (11) ‘capital costs funding gap’ means the net present value of the difference between the positive and negative cash flows, including investment costs, over the lifetime of the investment in fixed capital assets; (12) ‘catchment area of an airport’ means a geographic market boundary that is normally set at around 100 kilometres or around 60 minutes travelling time by car, bus, train or high-speed train; however, the catchment area of a given airport may be different and needs to take into account the specificities of each particular airport. The size and shape of the catchment area varies from airport to airport, and depends on various characteristics of the airport, including its business model, location and the destinations it serves; (13) ‘costs of financing’ means the costs related to debt and equity financing of the eligible costs of the investment; in other words, the costs of financing take into account the proportion of total interest and own capital remuneration that corresponds to the financing of eligible costs of the investment, excluding the financing of working capital, investments in non-aeronautical activities or other investment projects; (14) ‘date of grant of the aid’ means the date when the Member State took a legally binding commitment to award the aid that can be invoked before a national court; (15) ‘eligible investment costs’ means the costs relating to investments in airport infrastructure, including planning costs, but excluding investment costs for non-aeronautical activities, investment costs in relation to equipment for ground handling services, ordinary maintenance costs and costs for tasks falling within the public policy remit; (16) ‘ground handling services’ means services provided to airport users at airports as described in the Annex to Directive 96/67/EC, and any subsequent legislation on access to the ground handling market at airports; (17) ‘high-speed train’ means a train capable of reaching speeds of over 200 km/h; (18) ‘investment aid’ means aid to finance fixed capital assets, specifically, to cover the capital costs funding gap; (19) ‘net present value’ means the difference between the positive and negative cash flows over the lifetime of the investment, discounted to their current value using the cost of capital, that is to say, the normal required rate of return applied by the company in other investment projects of a similar kind or, where not available, the cost of capital of the company as a whole, or expected returns commonly observed in the airport sector; (20) ‘non-aeronautical activities’ means commercial services to airlines or other users of the airport, such as ancillary services to passengers, freight forwarders or other service providers, renting out of offices and shops, car parking and hotels; (21) ‘operating aid’ means aid to cover the ‘operating funding gap’, either in the form of an upfront payment or in the form of periodic instalments to cover expected operating costs (periodic lump sum payments); (22) ‘operating costs’ means the underlying costs of an airport in respect of the provision of airport services, including cost categories such as cost of personnel, contracted services, communications, waste, energy, maintenance, rent and administration, but excluding the capital costs, marketing support or any other incentives granted to airlines by the airport, and costs falling within a public policy remit; (23) ‘operating funding gap’ means the operating losses of an airport over the relevant period, discounted to their current value using the cost of capital, that is to say the shortfall (in Net Present Value terms) between airport revenues and operating costs of the airport; (24) ‘outermost regions’ means the regions referred to in Article 349 of the Treaty (21); (25) ‘reasonable profit margin’ means a rate of return on capital, for example, measured as an Internal Rate of Return (IRR), that the undertaking is normally expected to make on investments with a similar degree of risk; (26) ‘regional airport’ means an airport with annual passenger traffic volume of up to 3 million; (27) ‘remote regions’ mean outermost regions, Malta, Cyprus, Ceuta, Mellila, islands which are part of the territory of a Member State, and sparsely populated areas; (28) ‘sparsely populated areas’ mean NUTS 2 regions with less than 8 inhabitants per km2 or NUTS 3 regions with less than 12.5 inhabitants per km2 (based on Eurostat data on population density); (29) ‘start of works’ means either the start of construction works on the investment, or the first firm commitment to order equipment or other commitment that makes the investment irreversible, whichever comes first, and does not include preparatory works, such as obtaining permits and conducting preliminary feasibility studies.

3. PRESENCE OF STATE AID WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 107(1) OF THE TREATY

3.1. Notion of undertaking and economic activity

26. In accordance with Article 107(1) of the Treaty, State aid rules apply only where the recipient is an ‘undertaking’. The Court of Justice of the European Union has consistently defined undertakings as entities engaged in an economic activity, regardless of their legal status or ownership and the way in which they are financed (22). Any activity consisting in offering goods and services on a market is an economic activity (23). The economic nature of an activity as such does not depend on whether the activity generates profits (24).

27. It is now clear that the activity of airlines which consists in providing transport services to passengers or undertakings constitutes an economic activity. The 1994 Aviation guidelines, however, still reflected the view that ‘[t]he construction [or] enlargement of infrastructure projects (such as airports, motorways, bridges, etc.) represents a general measure of economic policy which cannot be controlled by the Commission under the Treaty rules on State aids.’ In ‘Aéroports de Paris’ (25), the Union Courts ruled against this view and held that the operation of an airport consisting in the provision of airport services to airlines and to the various service providers also constitutes an economic activity. In its judgment in the ‘Leipzig-Halle airport’ case (26), the General Court clarified that the operation of an airport is an economic activity, of which the construction of airport infrastructure is an inseparable part.

28. As far as past financing measures are concerned, the gradual development of market forces in the airport sector (27) does not allow for a precise date to be determined, from which the operation of an airport should without doubt be considered as an economic activity. However, the Union Courts have recognised the evolution in the nature of airport activities. In ‘Leipzig/Halle airport’, the General Court held that, from 2000, the application of State aid rules to the financing of airport infrastructure could no longer be excluded (28). Consequently, from the date of the judgment in ‘Aéroports de Paris’ (12 December 2000), the operation and construction of airport infrastructure must be considered as falling within the ambit of State aid control.

29. Conversely, due to the uncertainty that existed prior to the judgment in ‘Aéroports de Paris’, public authorities could legitimately consider that the financing of airport infrastructure did not constitute State aid and, accordingly, that such measures did not need to be notified to the Commission. It follows that the Commission cannot now bring into question, on the basis of State aid rules, financing measures granted (29) before the ‘Aéroports de Paris’ judgment (30).

30. In any event, measures that were granted before any competition developed in the airport sector did not constitute State aid when granted, but could be considered as existing aid pursuant to Article 1 (b) (v) of Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 (31) if the conditions of Article 107(1) of the Treaty are met.

31. The entity or group of entities performing the economic activity of providing airport services to airlines, that is to say, the handling of aircraft, from landing to take-off, and of passengers and freight, so as to enable airlines to provide air transport services (32), will be referred to as the ‘airport’ (33). An airport provides a range of services (‘airport services’) to airlines, in exchange for payment (‘airport charges’). While the exact extent of the services provided by airports, as well as the labelling of charges as ‘fees’ or ‘taxes’ varies across the Union, the provision of airport services to airlines in exchange for airport charges constitutes an economic activity in all Member States.

32. The legal and regulatory framework within which individual airports are owned and operated varies from airport to airport across the Union. In particular, regional airports are often managed in close cooperation with public authorities. In this respect, the Court has ruled that several entities can be deemed to perform an economic activity together, thereby constituting an economic unit, under specific conditions (34). In the field of aviation, the Commission considers that significant involvement in an airport's commercial strategy, such as through the direct conclusion of agreements with airlines or the setting of airport charges, would constitute a strong indication that, alone or jointly, the relevant entity performs the economic activity of operating the airport (35).

33. In addition to airport services, an airport may also provide other commercial services to airlines or other users of the airport, such as ancillary services to passengers, freight forwarders or other service providers (for example, through the rental of premises to shop and restaurant managers, parking operators, etc.). These economic activities will be collectively referred to as ‘non-aeronautical activities’.

34. However, not all the activities of an airport are necessarily of an economic nature (36). Since the classification of an entity as an undertaking is always in relation to a specific activity, it is necessary to distinguish between the activities of a given airport and to establish to what extent those activities are of an economic nature. If an airport carries out both economic and non-economic activities, it is to be regarded as an undertaking only with regard to the former.

35. The Court has held that activities that normally fall under the responsibility of the State in the exercise of its official powers as a public authority are not of an economic nature and in general do not fall within the scope of the rules on State aid (37). At an airport, activities such as air traffic control, police, customs, firefighting, activities necessary to safeguard civil aviation against acts of unlawful interference and the investments relating to the infrastructure and equipment necessary to perform those activities are considered in general to be of a non-economic nature (38).

36. The public funding of such non-economic activities does not constitute State aid, but should be strictly limited to compensating the costs to which they give rise and may not be used to finance other activities (39). Any possible overcompensation by public authorities of costs incurred in relation to non-economic activities may constitute State aid. Moreover, if an airport is engaged in non-economic activities, alongside its economic activities, separated cost accounting is required in order to avoid any transfer of public funds between the non-economic and economic activities.

37. Public financing of non-economic activities must not lead to undue discrimination between airports. Indeed, it is established case law that there is an advantage when public authorities relieve undertakings of the costs inherent to their economic activities (40). Therefore, when it is normal under a given legal order that civil airports have to bear certain costs inherent to their operation, whereas other civil airports do not, the latter might be granted an advantage, regardless of whether or not those costs relate to an activity which in general is considered to be of a non-economic nature.

3.2. Use of State resources and imputability to the State

38. The transfer of State resources may take many forms such as direct grants, tax rebates (41), soft loans or other types of preferential financing conditions. State resources will also be involved if the State provides a benefit in kind or in the form of subsidised services (42), such as airport services. State resources can be used (43) at national, regional or local level. Funding from Union funds will likewise constitute State resources, when those funds are allocated at a Member State's discretion (44).

39. The Court has also ruled that even if the State is in a position to control a public undertaking and to exercise a dominant influence over its operations, actual exercise of that control in a particular case cannot be automatically presumed (45). Therefore, it needs to be assessed whether measures granted by public undertakings are imputable to the State. The Court has indicated that the imputability to the State of a measure granted by a public undertaking may be inferred from a set of indicators arising from the circumstances of the case and the context in which that measure was taken (46).

40. Against this background, the resources of a public airport constitute public resources. Consequently, a public airport may grant aid to an airline using the airport if the decision to grant the measure is imputable to the State and the other conditions of Article 107(1) of the Treaty are met. The Court has also ruled that whether a measure is granted directly by the State or by public or private bodies established or appointed by it to administer the measure is irrelevant to whether it is considered to be State aid (47).

3.3. Distortion of competition and effect on trade

41. According to the case law of the Court, financial support distorts competition in so far as it strengthens the position of an undertaking compared with other undertakings (48).

42. In general, when an advantage granted by a Member State strengthens the position of an undertaking compared with other undertakings competing in a given Union market, trade between Member States must be regarded as being affected by that advantage (49).

43. Competition between airports can be assessed in the light of airlines' criteria of choice, and in particular by comparing factors such as the type of airport services provided and the clients concerned, population or economic activity, congestion, whether there is access by land, and the level of charges and overall commercial conditions for use of airport infrastructure and services. The charge level is a key factor, since public funding granted to an airport could be used to maintain airport charges at an artificially low level in order to attract airlines and may thus significantly distort competition.

44. The Commission further notes that airports are in competition for the management of airport infrastructure, including at local and regional airports. The public funding of an airport may therefore distort competition in the markets for airport infrastructure operation. Moreover, public funding to both airports and airlines can distort competition and have an effect on trade in air transport markets across the Union. Finally, intermodal competition may also be affected by public funding to airports or airlines.

45. The Court held in the Altmark judgment (50) that even public funding granted to an undertaking which provides only local or regional transport services may have an effect on trade between Member States, as the supply of transport services by that undertaking may thereby be maintained or increased with the result that undertakings established in other Member States have less chance of providing their transport services. Even the fact that the amount of aid is small or the relatively small size of the undertaking which receives public funding does not, as such, exclude the possibility that trade between Member States might be affected. Consequently, the public financing of airports or airlines operating services from those airports might affect trade between Member States.

3.4. Public funding of airports and the application of the Market Economy Operator principle

46. Article 345 of the Treaty states that the Treaty in no way prejudices the rules in Member States governing the system of property ownership. Member States can accordingly own and manage undertakings, and can purchase shares or other interests in public or private undertakings.

47. Consequently, these guidelines make no distinction between the different types of beneficiaries in terms of their legal structure or whether they belong to the public or private sector, and all references to airlines and airports or the companies which manage them encompass all types of legal entity.

48. In order to assess whether an undertaking has benefited from an economic advantage, the so-called Market Economy Operator (‘MEO’) test is applied. This test should be based on available information and foreseeable developments at the time when the public funding was granted and it should not rely on any analysis based on a later situation (51).

49. Consequently, when an airport benefits from public funding, the Commission will assess whether such funding constitutes aid by considering whether in similar circumstances a private operator, having regard to the foreseeability of obtaining a return and leaving aside all social, regional-policy and sectoral considerations (52), would have granted the same funding. Public funding granted in circumstances which correspond to normal market conditions is not regarded as State aid (53).

50. The Court has also ruled that the conduct of a public investor may be compared with that of a private investor guided by prospects of profitability in the longer term (54), over the lifetime of the investment. These considerations are particularly pertinent to investment in infrastructure, which often involve large amounts of financial resources and can produce a positive return only after many years. Any assessment of the profitability of an airport must take into account airport revenues.

51. Consequently, as regards public financing to airports, the analysis of conformity with the MEO test should be based on sound ex ante profitability prospects for the entity granting the financing (55). Any traffic forecasts used for that purpose should be realistic and subject to a reasonable sensitivity analysis. The absence of a business plan constitutes an indication that the MEO test may not be met (56). In the absence of a business plan, Member States can provide analysis or internal documents from the public authorities or from the airport concerned showing clearly that an analysis conducted before the granting of the public financing demonstrates that the MEO test is satisfied.

52. Airports can play an important role in fostering local development or accessibility. Nevertheless regional or policy considerations cannot be taken into account for the purposes of the MEO test (57). Such considerations can, however, under certain conditions, be taken into account when assessing the compatibility of aid.

3.5. Financial relationships between airports and airlines

53. Where an airport has public resources at its disposal, aid to an airline using the airport can, in principle, be excluded where the relationship between the airport and that airline satisfies the MEO test. This is normally the case if: (a) the price charged for the airport services corresponds to the market price (see section 3.5.1); or (b) it can be demonstrated through an ex ante analysis that the airport/airline arrangement will lead to a positive incremental profit contribution for the airport (see section 3.5.2).

3.5.1. Comparison with the market price

54. One approach to the assessment of the presence of aid to airlines involves establishing whether the price charged by an airport to a particular airline corresponds to the market price. On the basis of available and relevant market prices, an appropriate benchmark can be identified, taking into account the elements set out in point 60.

55. The identification of a benchmark requires, first, that a sufficient number of comparable airports providing comparable services under normal market conditions can be selected.

56. In this respect the Commission notes that for the moment, a large majority of Union airports benefit from public funding to cover investment and operating costs. Most of those airports can only remain on the market with public support.

57. Publicly owned airports have traditionally been considered by public authorities as infrastructures for facilitating local development and not as undertakings operating in accordance with market rules. Those airports' prices consequently tend not to be determined with regard to market considerations and in particular sound ex ante profitability prospects, but essentially having regard to social or regional considerations.

58. Even if some airports are privately owned or managed without social or regional considerations, the prices charged by those airports can be strongly influenced by the prices charged by the majority of publicly subsidised airports as the latter prices are taken into account by airlines during their negotiations with the privately owned or managed airports.

59. In those circumstances, the Commission has strong doubts that at the present time, an appropriate benchmark can be identified to establish a true market price for services provided by airports. This situation may change or evolve in the future, in particular once the State aid rules apply in full to public financing of airports.

60. In any event, the Commission considers that a benchmarking exercise should be based on a comparison of airport charges, net of any benefits provided to the airline (such as marketing support, discounts or any other incentive), across a sufficient number of suitable ‘comparator airports’, whose managers behave as market economy operators. In particular, the following indicators should be used: (a) traffic volume; (b) type of traffic (business or leisure or outbound destination), the relative importance of freight and the relative importance of revenue stemming from the non-aeronautical activities of the airport; (c) type and level of airport services provided; (d) proximity of the airport to a large city; (e) number of inhabitants in the catchment area of the airport; (f) prosperity of the surrounding area (GDP per capita); (g) different geographical areas from which passengers could be attracted.

3.5.2. Ex ante profitability analysis

61. At present the Commission considers ex ante incremental profitability analysis to be the most relevant criterion for the assessment of arrangements concluded by airports with individual airlines.

62. In this respect, the Commission considers that price differentiation is a standard business practice, as long as it complies with all relevant competition and sectoral legislation (58). Nevertheless, such differentiated pricing policies should be commercially justified to satisfy the MEO test (59).

63. The Commission considers that arrangements concluded between airlines and an airport can be deemed to satisfy the MEO test when they incrementally contribute, from an ex ante standpoint, to the profitability of the airport. The airport should demonstrate that, when setting up an arrangement with an airline (for example, an individual contract or an overall scheme of airport charges), it is capable of covering all costs stemming from the arrangement, over the duration of the arrangement, with a reasonable profit margin (60) on the basis of sound medium-term prospects (61).

64. In order to assess whether an arrangement concluded by an airport with an airline satisfies the MEO test, expected non-aeronautical revenues stemming from the airline's activity should be taken into consideration together with airport charges, net of any rebates, marketing support or incentive schemes (62). Similarly, all expected costs incrementally incurred by the airport in relation to the airline's activity at the airport should be taken into account (63). Such incremental costs could encompass all categories of expenses or investments, such as incremental personnel, equipment and investment costs induced by the presence of the airline at the airport. For instance, if the airport needs to expand or build a new terminal or other facilities mainly to accommodate the needs of a specific airline, such costs should be taken into consideration when calculating the incremental costs. In contrast, costs which the airport would have to incur anyway independently from the arrangement with the airline should not be taken into account in the MEO test.

65. Where an airport operator benefits from compatible aid, the advantage resulting from such aid is not passed on to a specific airline (64) if the following conditions are met: the infrastructure is open to all airlines (65) (this includes infrastructure which is more likely to be used by certain categories, like low cost operators or charters) and not dedicated to a specific airline; and the airlines pay tariffs covering at least the incremental costs as defined in point 64. Furthermore, the Commission considers that under such conditions, even if there would have been State aid to the airlines, such aid would in any event have been compatible with the internal market for the same reasons that justify the compatibility of the aid at the level of the airport. Where an airport operator benefits from incompatible investment aid, the advantage resulting from such aid is not passed on to a specific airline if the following conditions are met: the infrastructure is open to all airlines and not dedicated to a specific airline; and the airlines pay tariffs covering at least the incremental cost as defined in point 64. The Commission considers that under such conditions a sectorial advantage to the airline industry or other users cannot be excluded but should not lead to recovery from specific airlines or other users.

66. When assessing airport/airline arrangements, the Commission will also take into account the extent to which the arrangements under assessment can be considered part of the implementation of an overall strategy of the airport expected to lead to profitability at least in the long term.

4. PUBLIC FUNDING OF SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST

67. In some cases, public authorities may define certain economic activities carried out by airports or airlines as services of general economic interest (‘SGEI’) within the meaning of Article 106(2) of the Treaty and the Altmark case-law (66), and provide compensation for discharging such services.

68. In such cases, the SGEI Communication (67) and Commission Regulation (EU) No 360/2012 (68) provide guidance on the conditions under which the public financing of an SGEI constitutes State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty. Aid in the form of public service compensation will be assessed under Commission Decision 2012/21/EU (69) and the SGEI framework (70). Together those four documents form the ‘SGEI package’, which also applies to compensation granted to airports and airlines. What follows illustrates the application of some of the principles set out in the SGEI package in the light of certain sectoral specificities.

4.1. Definition of a service of general economic interest in the airport and air transport sectors

69. The first Altmark criterion requires a clear definition of the tasks which constitute a service of general economic interest. This requirement coincides with that of Article 106(2) of the Treaty (71). According to case law (72), undertakings entrusted with the operation of an SGEI must have received that task by an act of a public authority. The Commission has also clarified (73) that, for an activity to be considered as an SGEI, it should exhibit special characteristics as compared with ordinary economic activities, and that the general interest objective pursued by public authorities cannot simply be that of the development of certain economic activities or economic areas provided for in Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty (74).

70. As regards air transport services, public service obligations can only be imposed in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 (75). In particular, such obligations can only be imposed with regard to a specific route or group of routes (76), and not with regard to any generic route originating from a given airport, city or region. Moreover, public service obligations can only be imposed with regard to a route to fulfil transport needs which cannot be adequately met by an existing air route or by other means of transport (77).

71. In this respect, it should be stressed that compliance with the substantive and procedural requirements of Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 does not eliminate the need for the Member State(s) concerned to assess compliance with Article 107(1) of the Treaty.

72. As far as airports are concerned, the Commission considers that it is possible for the overall management of an airport, in well-justified cases, to be considered an SGEI. In the light of the principles outlined in point 69, the Commission considers that this can only be the case if part of the area potentially served by the airport would, without the airport, be isolated from the rest of the Union to an extent that would prejudice its social and economic development. Such an assessment should take due account of other modes of transport, and in particular of high-speed rail services or maritime links served by ferries. In such cases, public authorities may impose a public service obligation on an airport to ensure that the airport remains open to commercial traffic. The Commission notes that certain airports have an important role to play in terms of regional connectivity of isolated, remote or peripheral regions of the Union. Such a situation may, in particular, occur in respect of the outermost regions, as well as islands or other areas of the Union. Subject to a case-by-case assessment and depending on the particular characteristics of each airport and the region which it serves, it may be justified to define SGEI obligations in those airports.

73. In the light of the specific requirements attached to public service obligations for air transport services (78), and in view of the complete liberalisation of air transport markets, the Commission considers that the scope of public service obligations imposed on airports should not encompass the development of commercial air transport services.

4.2. Compatibility of aid in the form of public service compensation

74. If one of the cumulative criteria of the Altmark judgment is not fulfilled, public service compensation provides an economic advantage to its beneficiary, and might constitute State aid within the meaning of Article 107(1) of the Treaty. Such State aid may be regarded as compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 106(2) of the Treaty, if all the compatibility criteria developed for the application of that paragraphare met.

75. State aid in the form of public service compensation is exempt from the notification requirement of Article 108(3) of the Treaty if the requirements set out in Decision 2012/21/EU are met. The scope of Decision 2012/21/EU covers public service compensation granted to: (a) airports where the average annual traffic does not exceed 200 000 passengers (79) over the duration of the SGEI entrustment; and (b) airlines, as regards air links to islands where the average annual traffic does not exceed 300 000 passengers (80).

76. State aid not covered by Decision 2012/21/EU can be declared compatible pursuant to Article 106(2) of the Treaty, if the conditions of the SGEI Framework are met. However, it should be noted that for assessment under both Decision 2012/21/EU and the SGEI Framework, the considerations on the definition of public service obligations imposed on airports or airlines in points 69 to 73 of these guidelines will apply.

5. COMPATIBILITY OF AID UNDER ARTICLE 107(3)(C) OF THE TREATY

77. If public funding granted to airports and/or airlines constitutes aid, that aid can be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty provided that it complies with the compatibility criteria for airports in section 5.1 of these guidelines and for airlines in section 5.2. State aid granted to airlines which incrementally decreases the profitability of the airport (see points 63 and 64 of these guidelines) will be deemed incompatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(1) of the Treaty, unless the compatibility conditions for start‐up aid set out in section 5.2 of these guidelines are met.

78. To assess whether a State aid measure can be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty, the Commission generally analyses whether the design of the aid measure ensures that the positive impact towards an objective of common interest exceeds its potential negative effects on trade and competition.

79. The Communication on State Aid Modernisation (SAM) called for the identification and definition of common principles applicable to the assessment of compatibility of all aid measures carried out by the Commission. An aid measure will be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3) of the Treaty provided that the following cumulative conditions are met: (a) contribution to a well-defined objective of common interest: a State aid measure must have an objective of common interest in accordance with Article 107(3) Treaty; (b) need for State intervention: a State aid measure must be targeted towards a situation where aid can bring about a material improvement that the market cannot deliver itself, for example by remedying a market failure or addressing an equity or cohesion concern; (c) appropriateness of the aid measure: the aid measure must be an appropriate policy instrument to address the objective of common interest; (d) incentive effect: the aid must change the behaviour of the undertakings concerned in such a way that they engage in additional activity which they would not carry out without the aid or they would carry out in a restricted or different manner or location; (e) proportionality of the aid (aid limited to the minimum): the aid amount must be limited to the minimum needed to induce the additional investment or activity in the area concerned; (f) avoidance of undue negative effects on competition and trade between Member States: the negative effects of the aid must be sufficiently limited, so that the overall balance of the measure is positive; (g) transparency of aid: Member States, the Commission, economic operators, and the interested public, must have easy access to all relevant acts and to pertinent information about the aid awarded thereunder as outlined in section 8.2.

80. As regards State aid in the aviation sector, the Commission considers that those common principles are respected when State aid granted to airports or airlines meets all the conditions outlined respectively in sections 5.1 and 5.2. Therefore, compliance with those conditions implies compatibility of the aid with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty.

81. However, if an inseparable aspect of a State aid measure and the conditions attached to it (including its financing method when the financing method forms an integral part of the State aid measure) entail a violation of Union law, the aid cannot be declared compatible with the internal market (81).

82. Moreover, in assessing the compatibility of any State aid with the internal market, the Commission will take account of any proceedings concerning infringements of Article 101 or 102 of the Treaty which may concern the beneficiary of the aid and which may be relevant for its assessment under Article 107(3) of the Treaty (82).

5.1. Aid to airports

5.1.1. Investment aid to airports

83. Investment aid granted to airports either as individual aid or under an aid scheme will be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty provided that the cumulative conditions in point 79 are fulfilled as set out in points 84 to 108.

(a) Contribution to a well-defined objective of common interest

84. Investment aid to airports will be considered to contribute to the achievement of an objective of common interest, if it: (a) increases the mobility of Union citizens and the connectivity of the regions by establishing access points for intra-Union flights; or (b) combats air traffic congestion at major Union hub airports; or (c) facilitates regional development.

85. Nevertheless, the duplication of unprofitable airports or the creation of additional unused capacity does not contribute to an objective of common interest. If an investment project is primarily aimed at creating new airport capacity, the new infrastructure must, in the medium-term, meet the forecasted demand of the airlines, passengers and freight forwarders in the catchment area of the airport. Any investment which does not have satisfactory medium-term prospects for use, or diminishes the medium-term prospects for use of existing infrastructure in the catchment area, cannot be considered to serve an objective of common interest.

86. Accordingly, the Commission will have doubts as to the medium-term prospects for use of airport infrastructure at an airport located in the catchment area of an existing airport where the existing airport is not operating at or near full capacity. The medium-term prospects for use must be demonstrated on the basis of sound passenger and freight traffic forecasts incorporated in an ex ante business plan and must identify the likely effect of the investment on the use of existing infrastructure, such as another airport or other modes of transport, in particular high-speed train connections.

(b) Need for State intervention

87. In order to assess whether State aid is effective in achieving an objective of common interest, it is necessary to identify the problem to be addressed. State aid should be targeted towards situations where such aid can bring about a material improvement that the market itself cannot deliver.

88. The conditions that smaller airports face when developing their services and in attracting private financing of their infrastructure investments are often less favourable than those faced by the major airports in the Union. For those reasons, under present market conditions, smaller airports may have difficulties in ensuring the financing of their investments without public funding.

89. The need for public funding to finance infrastructure investments will, due to high fixed costs (83), vary according to the size of an airport and will normally be greater for smaller airports. The Commission considers that, under current market conditions, the following categories of airports (84), and their relative financial viabilities, can be identified: (a) airports with up to 200 000 passengers per annum may not be able to cover their capital costs to a large extent; (b) airports with annual passenger traffic of between 200 000 and 1 million are usually not able to cover their capital costs to a large extent; (c) airports with annual passenger traffic of 1–3 million should, on average, be able to cover their capital costs to a greater extent; (d) airports with annual passenger traffic of above 3 and up to 5 million should, in principle, be able to cover, to a large extent, all their costs (including operating costs and capital costs) but, under certain case-specific circumstances, public support might be necessary to finance some of their capital costs; (e) airports with annual passenger traffic above 5 million are usually profitable and are able to cover all of their costs, except in very exceptional circumstances.

(c) Appropriateness of State aid as a policy instrument

90. The Member States must demonstrate that the aid measure is an appropriate policy instrument to achieve the intended objective or resolve the problems intended to be addressed by the aid. An aid measure will not be considered compatible with the internal market if other less distortive policy instruments or aid instruments allow the same objective to be reached.

91. The Member States can make different choices with regard to the use of different policy instruments and forms of aid. In general, where a Member State has considered other policy options and the use of a selective instrument, such as State aid in the form of a direct grant, has been compared with less distortive forms of aid (such as loans, guarantees or repayable advances), the measures concerned are considered to constitute an appropriate instrument.

92. Wherever possible, Member States are encouraged to design national schemes that reflect the main principles underlying public financing and indicate the most relevant features of the planned public funding of airports. Framework schemes ensure coherence in the use of public funds, reduce the administrative burden on smaller granting authorities and accelerate the implementation of individual aid measures. Further, Member States are encouraged to give clear guidance for the implementation of State aid financing for regional airports.

(d) Existence of incentive effect

93. Works on an individual investment can start only after an application has been submitted to the granting authority. If works start before an application is submitted to the granting authority, any aid awarded in respect of that individual investment will not be considered compatible with the internal market.

94. An investment project at an airport may be economically attractive in its own right. Therefore, it needs to be verified that the investment would not have been undertaken or would not have been undertaken to the same extent without any State aid. If this is confirmed, the Commission will consider that the aid measure has an incentive effect.

95. The incentive effect is identified through counterfactual analysis, comparing the levels of intended activity with aid and without aid.

96. Where no specific counterfactual is known, the incentive effect can be assumed when there is a capital cost funding gap, that is to say, when on the basis of an ex ante business plan, it can be shown that there is a difference between the positive and negative cash flows (including investment costs into fixed capital assets) over the lifetime of the investment in net present value terms (85).

(e) Proportionality of the aid amount (aid limited to the minimum)

97. The maximum permissible amount of State aid is expressed as a percentage of eligible costs (the maximum aid intensity). Eligible costs are the costs relating to the investments in airport infrastructure, including planning costs, ground handling infrastructure (such as baggage belts, etc.) and airport equipment. Investment costs relating to non-aeronautical activities (in particular parking, hotels, restaurants, and offices) are ineligible (86).

98. The investment costs relating to the provision of ground handling services (such as buses, vehicles, etc.) are ineligible, insofar as they are not part of ground handling infrastructure (87).

99. In order to be proportionate, investment aid to airports must be limited to the extra costs (net of extra revenues) which result from undertaking the aided project/activity rather than the alternative project/activity that the beneficiary would have undertaken in the counterfactual scenario, that is to say, if it had not received the aid. Where no specific counterfactual is known, in order to be proportionate, the amount of the aid should not exceed the funding gap of the investment project (so-called ‘capital cost funding gap’), which is determined on the basis of an ex ante business plan as the net present value of the difference between the positive and negative cash flows (including investment costs) over the lifetime of the investment. For investment aid the business plan should cover the period of the economic utilisation of the asset.

100. As the funding gap will vary according to the size of the airport and is normally wider for smaller airports, the Commission will use a range of permissible maximum aid intensities to ensure overall proportionality. The aid intensity must not exceed the maximum permissible investment aid intensity and should, in any case, not go beyond the actual funding gap of the investment project.

101. The following table summarises the maximum permissible aid intensity depending on the size of the airport as measured by the number of passengers per annum (88). Size of airport based on average passenger traffic (passengers per annum) Maximum investment aid intensity >3-5 million up to 25 % 1-3 million up to 50 % <1 million up to 75 %

102. The maximum aid intensities for investment aid to finance airport infrastructure may be increased by up to 20 % for airports located in remote regions irrespective of their size.

103. Airports with average traffic below 1 million passengers per annum should contribute at least 25 % to the financing of the total eligible investment costs. However, investment projects at certain airports with average traffic below 1 million passengers per annum located in peripheral regions of the Union may result in a funding gap which is higher than the maximum permissible aid intensities. Subject to a case-by-case assessment and depending on the particular characteristics of each airport, investment project and the region served, intensity exceeding 75 % may be justified in exceptional circumstances for airports with traffic volume below 1 million passengers per annum.

104. In order to take account of the specific circumstances regarding the relocation of an existing airport and cessation of airport activities at an existing site, the Commission will assess, in particular, the proportionality, the necessity and the maximum aid intensity of the State aid granted on the basis of the funding gap analysis or the counterfactual scenario of each specific case, regardless of the average passenger traffic of that airport.

105. Additionally, under very exceptional circumstances, characterised by a clear market failure and taking into account the magnitude of the investment, the impossibility to finance the investment on capital markets, a very high level of positive externalities and the competition distortions, airports with average traffic over 5 million passengers per annum may receive aid to finance airport infrastructure. However, in such cases, the Commission will always carry out an in-depth assessment, in particular on the proportionality, the necessity and the maximum aid intensity of the State aid granted on the basis of the funding gap analysis and the counterfactual scenario of each specific case, regardless of the average passenger traffic of that airport.

(f) Avoidance of undue negative effects on competition and trade

106. In particular, the duplication of unprofitable airports or the creation of additional unused capacity in the catchment area of existing infrastructure might have distortive effects. Accordingly, the Commission will, in principle, have doubts as to the compatibility of investment into airport infrastructure at an airport located in the catchment area of an existing airport (89) where the existing airport is not operating at or near full capacity.

107. Further, in order to avoid the negative effects of aid that may arise where airports face soft budget constraints (90), investment aid to airports with traffic of up to 5 million passengers can be granted either as an upfront fixed amount to cover eligible investment costs or in annual instalments to compensate for the capital cost funding gap resulting from the business plan of the airport.

108. In order to further limit any distortions, the airport, including any investment for which aid is granted, must be open to all potential users and must not be dedicated to one specific user. In the case of physical limitation of capacity, the allocation should be done on the basis of pertinent, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Notification requirements for aid schemes and individual aid measures:

109. Member States are encouraged to notify State aid schemes for investment aid for airports with average annual traffic below 3 million passengers.

110. When assessing an aid scheme, the conditions relating to the necessity of the aid, the incentive effect and the proportionality of the aid will be considered to be satisfied if the Member State has committed itself to granting individual aid under the approved aid scheme only after it has verified that the cumulative conditions in this section are met.

111. Due to a higher risk of distortion of competition, the following aid measures should always be notified individually: (a) investment aid to airports with average annual traffic above 3 million passengers; (b) investment aid with an aid intensity exceeding 75 % to an airport with average annual traffic below 1 million passengers, with the exception of airports located in remote regions; (c) investment aid granted for the relocation of airports; (d) investment aid financing a mixed passenger/freight airport handling more than 200 000 tonnes of freight during the two financial years preceding that in which the aid is notified; (e) investment aid aimed at the creation of a new passenger airport (including the conversion of an existing airfield into a passenger airport); (f) investment aid aimed at the creation or development of an airport located within 100 kilometres distance or 60 minutes travelling time by car, bus, train or high-speed train from an existing airport.

5.1.2. Operating aid to airports

112. Operating aid granted to airports either as individual aid or under an aid scheme will be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty for a transitional period of 10 years starting from 4 April 2014provided that the cumulative conditions in point 79 are fulfilled as set out in points 113 to 134.

(a) Contribution to a well-defined objective of common interest

113. As stated in point 13, in order to give airports time to adjust to new market realities and to avoid any disruptions in the air traffic and connectivity of the regions, operating aid to airports will be considered to contribute to the achievement of an objective of common interest for a transitional period of 10 years, if it: (a) increases the mobility of Union citizens and the connectivity of the regions by establishing access points for intra- Union flights; or (b) combats air traffic congestion at major Union hub airports; or (c) facilitates regional development.

114. Nevertheless, the duplication of unprofitable airports does not contribute to an objective of common interest. Where an airport is located in the same catchment area as another airport with spare capacity, the business plan, based on sound passenger and freight traffic forecasts, must identify the likely effect on the traffic of the other airport located in that catchment area.

115. Accordingly, the Commission will have doubts as to the prospects for an unprofitable airport to achieve full operating cost coverage at the end of the transitional period, if another airport is located in the same catchment area.

(b) Need for State intervention

116. In order to assess whether State aid is effective in achieving an objective of common interest, it is necessary to identify the problem to be addressed. State aid should be targeted towards situations where such aid can bring about a material improvement that the market itself cannot deliver.

117. The conditions that smaller airports face when developing their services and in attracting private financing are often less favourable than those faced by the major airports in the Union. Therefore, under present market conditions, smaller airports may have difficulties in ensuring the financing of their operation without public funding.

118. Under current market conditions, the need for public funding to finance operating costs will, due to high fixed costs, vary according to the size of an airport and will normally be proportionately greater for smaller airports. The Commission considers that, under current market conditions, the following categories of airports, and their relative financial viabilities, can be identified: (a) airports with up to 200 000 passengers per annum may not be able to cover their operating costs to a large extent; (b) airports with annual passenger traffic between 200 000 and 700 000 passengers may not be able to cover their operating costs to a substantial extent; (c) airports with annual passenger traffic of 700 000 to 1 million should in general be able to cover their operating costs to a greater extent; (d) airports with annual passenger traffic of 1–3 million should, on average, be able to cover the majority of their operating costs; (e) airports with annual passenger traffic above 3 million are usually profitable at operating level and should be able to cover their operating costs.

119. Therefore, the Commission considers that in order to be eligible for operating aid, the annual traffic of the airport must not exceed 3 million passengers (91)

(c) Appropriateness of State aid as a policy instrument

120. The Member States must demonstrate that the aid is appropriate to achieve the intended objective or resolve the problems intended to be addressed by the aid. An aid measure will not be considered compatible with the internal market if other less distortive policy instruments or aid instruments allow the same objective to be reached (92).

121. In order to provide proper incentives for efficient management of an airport, the aid amount is, in principle, to be established ex ante as a fixed sum covering the expected operating funding gap (determined on the basis of an ex ante business plan) during a transitional period of 10 years. For these reasons no ex post increase of the aid amount should, in principle, be considered compatible with the internal market. The Member State may pay the ex-ante fixed amount as an up-front lump sum or in instalments, for instance on an annual basis.

122. In exceptional circumstances, where future costs and revenue developments are surrounded by a particularly high degree of uncertainty and the public authority faces important information asymmetries, the public authority may calculate the maximum amount of compatible operating aid according to a model based on the initial operating funding gap at the beginning of the transitional period. The initial operating funding gap is the average of the operating funding gaps (that is to say the amount of operating costs not covered by revenues) during the five years preceeding the beginning of the transitional period (2009 to 2013).

123. Wherever possible, Member States are encouraged to design national schemes that reflect the main principles underlying public financing and indicate the most relevant features of the planned public funding of airports. Framework schemes ensure coherence in the use of public funds, reduce the administrative burden on smaller granting authorities and accelerate the implementation of individual aid measures. Furthermore, Member States are encouraged to give clear guidance for the implementation of State aid financing for regional airports and airlines using those airports.

(d) Existence of incentive effect

124. Operating aid has an incentive effect if it is likely that, in the absence of the operating aid, and taking into account the possible presence of investment aid and the level of traffic, the level of economic activity of the airport concerned would be significantly reduced.

(e) Proportionality of the aid amount (aid limited to the minimum necessary):

125. In order to be proportionate, operating aid to airports must be limited to the minimum necessary for the aided activity to take place.

126. The business plan of the airport must pave the way towards full operating cost coverage at the end of the transitional period. The key parameters of this business plan form an integral part of the Commission's compatibility assessment.

127. The path towards full operating cost coverage will be different for every airport and will depend on the initial operating funding gap of the airport at the beginning of the transitional period. The transitional period will start from 4 April 2014.

128. In any event, the maximum permissible aid amount during the whole transitional period will be limited to 50 % of the initial funding gap for a period of 10 years (93). For instance, if the annual average funding gap of a given airport over the period 2009 to 2013 is equal to EUR 1 million, the maximum amount of operating aid that the airport could receive as an ex-ante established fixed sum would be EUR 5 million over ten years (50 % x 1 million x 10). No further operating aid will be considered compatible for that airport.

129. By 10 years after the beginning of the transitional period at the latest, all airports must have reached full coverage of their operating costs and no operating aid to airports will be considered compatible with the internal market after that date, with the exception of operating aid granted in accordance with horizontal State aid rules, such as rules applicable to the financing of SGEIs.

130. Under the current market conditions, airports with annual passenger traffic of up to 700 000 may face increased difficulties in achieving the full cost coverage during the 10-year transitional period. For this reason, the maximum permissible aid amount for airports with up to 700 000 passengers per annum will be 80 % of the initial operating funding gap for a period of five years after the beginning of the transitional period. For instance, if the annual average funding gap of a small airport over the period 2009 to 2013 is equal to EUR 1 million, the maximum amount of operating aid that the airport could receive as an ex-ante established fixed sum would be EUR 4 million over five years (80 % x 1 million x 5). The Commission will reassess the need for continued specific treatment and the future prospects for full operating cost coverage for this category of airport, in particular with regard to the change of market conditions and profitability prospects.

(f) Avoidance of undue negative effects on competition and trade

131. When assessing the compatibility of operating aid the Commission will take account of the distortions of competition and the effects on trade. Where an airport is located in the same catchment area as another airport with spare capacity, the business plan, based on sound passenger and freight traffic forecasts, must identify the likely effect on the traffic of the other airports located in that catchment area.

132. Operating aid for an airport located in the same catchment area will be considered compatible with the internal market only when the Member State demonstrates that all airports in the same catchment area will be able to achieve full operating cost coverage at the end of the transitional period.

133. In order to limit further the distortions of competition, the airport must be open to all potential users and not be dedicated to one specific user. In the case of physical limitation of capacity, the allocation should be done on the basis of pertinent, objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria.

134. Further, in order to limit the negative effects on competition and trade, the Commission will approve operating aid to airports for a transitional period of 10 years beginning from 4 April 2014. The Commission will reassess the situation of airports with annual passenger traffic of up to 700 000 four years after the beginning of the transitional period. Notification requirements for aid schemes and individual aid measures

135. Member States are strongly encouraged to notify national schemes for operating aid for the financing of airports, rather than individual aid measures for each airport. This is intended to reduce the administrative burden both for the Member States' authorities and for the Commission.

136. Due to a higher risk of distortion of competition, the following aid measures should always be notified individually: (a) operating aid financing a mixed passenger/freight airport handling more than 200 000 tonnes of freight during the two financial years preceding that in which the aid is notified; (b) operating aid to an airport, if other airports are located within 100 kilometres or 60 minutes travelling time by car, bus, train or high-speed train. Aid granted before the beginning of the transitional period

137. Operating aid granted before the beginning of the transitional period (including aid paid before 4 April 2014) may be declared compatible to the full extent of uncovered operating costs provided that the conditions in section 5.1.2 are met, with the exception of points 115, 119, 121, 122, 123, 126 to 130, 132, 133 and 134. In particular, when assessing the compatibility of operating aid granted before 4 April 2014, the Commission will take account of the distortions of competition.

5.2. Start-up aid to airlines

138. As mentioned in point 15, State aid granted to airlines for launching a new route with the aim of increasing the connectivity of a region will be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(3)(c) of the Treaty, if the cumulative conditions in point 79 are fulfilled as set out in points 139 to 153.

(a) Contribution to a well-defined objective of common interest

139. Start-up aid to airlines will be considered to contribute to the achievement of an objective of common interest, if it: (a) increases the mobility of Union citizens and the connectivity of the regions by opening new routes; or (b) facilitates regional development of remote regions.

140. When a connection which will be operated by the new air route is already operated by a high-speed rail service or from another airport in the same catchment area under comparable conditions, in particular in terms of length of journey, it cannot be considered to contribute to a well-defined objective of common interest.

(b) Need for State intervention

141. The conditions that smaller airports face when developing their services are often less favourable than those faced by the major airports in the Union. Also, airlines are not always prepared to run the risk of opening new routes from unknown and untested airports, and may not have appropriate incentives to do so.

142. On this basis, start-up aid will only be considered compatible for routes linking an airport with less than 3 million passengers per annum (94) to another airport within the Common European Aviation Area (95).

143. Start-up aid for routes linking an airport located in a remote region to another airport (within or outside the Common European Aviation Area) will be compatible irrespective of the size of the airports concerned.

144. Start-up aid for routes linking an airport with more than 3 million passengers per annum (96) and less than 5 million passengers per annum not located in remote regions can be considered compatible with the internal market only in duly substantiated exceptional cases.

145. Start-up aid for routes linking an airport with more than 5 million passengers per annum not located in remote regions cannot be considered compatible with the internal market.

(c) Appropriateness of State aid as policy instrument

146. The Member States must demonstrate that the aid is appropriate to achieve the intended objective or resolve the problems intended to be addressed by the aid. An aid measure will not be considered compatible with the internal market if other less distortive policy instruments or aid instruments allow the same objective to be reached (97).

147. An ex ante business plan prepared by the airline should establish that the route receiving the aid has prospects of becoming profitable for the airline without public funding after 3 years. In the absence of a business plan for a route, the airlines must provide an irrevocable commitment to the airport to operate the route for a period at least equal to the period during which it received start-up aid.

(d) Existence of incentive effect

148. Start-up aid to airlines has an incentive effect if it is likely that, in the absence of the aid, the level of economic activity of the airline at the airport concerned would not be expanded. For example the new route would not have been launched.

149. The new route must start only after the application for aid has been submitted to the granting authority. If the new route begins before the application for aid is submitted to the granting authority, any aid awarded in respect of that individual route will not be considered compatible with the internal market.

(e) Proportionality of the aid amount (aid limited to the minimum necessary)

150. Start-up aid may cover up to 50 % of airport charges in respect of a route for a maximum period of three years. The eligible costs are the airport charges in respect of the route.

(f) Avoidance of undue negative effects on competition and trade

151. In order to avoid undue negative effects on competition and trade, where a connection (for example, city-pair) which will be operated by the new air route is already operated by a high-speed rail service or by another airport in the same catchment area under comparable conditions, notably in terms of length of journey, such air route will not be eligible for start-up aid.

152. Any public body which plans to grant start-up aid to an airline for a new route, whether or not via an airport, must make its plans public in good time and with adequate publicity to enable all interested airlines to offer their services.

153. Start-up aid cannot be combined with any other type of State aid granted for the operation of a route. Notification requirements for aid schemes and individual aid measures:

154. Member States are strongly encouraged to notify national schemes for start-up aid to airlines, rather than individual aid measures for each airport. This is intended to reduce the administrative burden both for the Member States' authorities and for the Commission.

155. Due to the higher risk of distortion of competition, start-up aid to airports not located in remote regions with average annual traffic above 3 million passengers should always be notified individually.

6. AID OF A SOCIAL CHARACTER UNDER ARTICLE 107(2)(A) OF THE TREATY

156. Aid of a social character for air transport services will be considered compatible with the internal market pursuant to Article 107(2)(a) of the Treaty, provided that the following cumulative conditions are met (98): (a) the aid must effectively be for the benefit of final consumers; (b) the aid must have a social character, that is, it must, in principle, only cover certain categories of passengers travelling on a route (for instance passengers with particular needs like children, people with disabilities, people on low incomes, students, elderly people, etc.); however, where the route concerned links remote regions, such as outermost regions, islands, and sparsely populated areas, the aid could cover the entire population of that region; (c) the aid must be granted without discrimination as to the origin of the services, meaning irrespective of the airline which is operating the services.

157. Member States are strongly encouraged to notify national schemes for aid of a social character, rather than individual aid measures.

7. CUMULATION

158. The maximum aid intensities applicable under these guidelines apply regardless of whether the aid is financed entirely from State resources or is partly financed by the Union.

159. Aid authorised under these guidelines may not be combined with other State aid, de minimis aid or other forms of Union financing, if such a combination results in an aid intensity higher than that laid down in these guidelines.

8. FINAL PROVISIONS

8.1. Annual reporting

160. In accordance with Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 794/2004 (99), Member States must submit annual reports to the Commission. The annual reports will be published on the internet site of the Commission.

8.2. Transparency

161. The Commission considers that further measures are necessary to improve the transparency of State aid in the Union. In particular, steps must be taken to ensure that the Member States, economic operators, the interested public and the Commission have easy access to the full text of all applicable aid schemes in the aviation sector and to pertinent information about individual aid measures.

162. Member States should publish the following information on a comprehensive State aid website, at national or regional level: (a) the full text of each approved aid scheme or individual aid granting decision and their implementing provisions; (b) the identity of the granting authority; (c) the identity of the individual beneficiaries, the form and amount of aid granted to each beneficiary, the date of granting, the type of undertaking (SME / large company), the region in which the beneficiary is located (at NUTS level II) and the principal economic sector in which the beneficiary has its activities (at NACE group level); such a requirement can be waived with respect to individual aid grants below EUR 200 000.

163. The information must be published after the decision to grant the aid has been taken, must be kept for at least 10 years and must be available to the interested public without restrictions (100).

8.3. Monitoring

164. Member States must ensure that detailed records are kept regarding all measures involving the granting of State aid in accordance with these guidelines. Such records must contain all information necessary to establish that the compatibility conditions have been observed, in particular, those regarding eligible costs and maximum allowable aid intensity, where applicable. Those records must be maintained for 10 years from the date on which the aid is granted and be provided to the Commission upon request.

165. In order to allow the Commission to monitor the progress of the phasing out of operating aid to airports and its impact on competition, Member States must submit a regular report (on a yearly basis) on the progress in terms of reduction of operating aid for each airport benefiting from such aid. In certain cases, a monitoring trustee may be appointed to ensure compliance with any conditions and obligations underpinning the authorisation of the aid.

8.4. Evaluation

166. To further ensure that distortions of competition and trade are limited, the Commission may require that certain schemes be subject to a limited duration and to an evaluation. Evaluations should, in particular, be carried out for schemes where the potential distortions are particularly high, that is to say schemes that may risk significantly restricting competition if their implementation is not reviewed in due time.

167. Given its objectives and in order not to put a disproportionate burden on Member States and on smaller aid measures, this requirement applies only in respect of aid schemes with large aid budgets, containing novel characteristics or where significant market, technology or regulatory changes are foreseen. The evaluation must be carried out by an expert independent from the aid granting authority on the basis of a common methodology (101) and must be made public.

168. The evaluation must be submitted to the Commission in due time to allow for the assessment of the possible prolongation of the aid scheme and in any case upon expiry of the scheme. The precise scope and methodology of the evaluation that is to be carried out will be defined in the decision approving the aid scheme. Any subsequent aid measure with a similar objective must take into account the results of that evaluation.

8.5. Appropriate measures

169. Member States should, where necessary, amend their existing schemes in order to bring them into line with these guidelines by 12 months at the latest after 4 April 2014.

170. Member States are invited to give their explicit unconditional agreement to these guidelines within two months following 4 April 2014. In the absence of any reply, the Commission will assume that the Member State in question does not agree with the proposed measures.

8.6. Application

171. The principles in these guidelines will be applied from 4 April 2014. These guidelines replace the 1994 Aviation Guidelines and the 2005 Aviation Guidelines from that date.

172. In the light of the development of the aviation sector, and in particular its liberalisation, the Commission considers that the provisions of its notice on the determination of the applicable rules for the assessment of unlawful State Aid (102) should not apply to pending cases of illegal operating aid to airports granted prior to 4 April 2014. Instead, the Commission will apply the principles set out in these guidelines to all cases concerning operating aid (pending notifications and unlawful non-notified aid) to airports even if the aid was granted before 4 April 2014 and the beginning of the transitional period.

173. As regards investment aid to airports, the Commission will apply the principles set out in these guidelines to all notified investment aid measures in respect of which it is called upon to take a decision from 4 April 2014, even where the projects were notified prior to that date. In accordance with the Commission notice on the determination of the applicable rules for the assessment of unlawful State aid, the Commission will apply to unlawful investment aid to airports the rules in force at the time when the aid was granted. Accordingly, it will not apply the principles set out in these guidelines in the case of unlawful investment aid to airports granted before 4 April 2014.

174. As regards start-up aid to airlines, the Commission will apply the principles set out in these guidelines to all notified start-up aid measures in respect of which it is called upon to take a decision from 4 April 2014, even where the measures were notified prior to that date. In accordance with the Commission notice on the determination of the applicable rules for the assessment of unlawful State aid, the Commission will apply to unlawful start-up aid to airlines the rules in force at the time when the aid was granted. Accordingly, it will not apply the principles set out in these guidelines in the case of unlawful start-up aid to airlines granted before 4 April 2014.

8.7. Review

175. The Commission may undertake an evaluation of these guidelines at any time and will do so at the latest six years after 4 April 2014. That evaluation will be based on factual information and the results of wide-ranging consultations conducted by the Commission on the basis of data provided by Member States and stakeholders. The Commission will reassess the situation of airports with annual passenger traffic up to 700 000 in order to determine the need for continued specific compatibility rules on operating aid in favour of this category of airport in the light of the future prospects for full operating cost coverage, in particular with regard to the change of market conditions and profitability prospects.

176. After consulting Member States, the Commission may replace or supplement these guidelines on the basis of important competition policy or transport policy considerations.

(1) Sources: Eurostat, Association of European Airlines, International Air Transport Association.

(2) Study on the effects of the implementation of the EU aviation common market on employment and working conditions in the Air Transport Sector over the period 1997/2010. Steer Davies Gleave for the European Commission, DG MOVE. Final report of August 2012.

(3) Communication from the Commission - Europe 2020 - A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, COM(2010) 2020 final of 3 March 2010.

(4) Roadmap to a Single Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system, COM(2011) 144.

(5) Council Regulation (EEC) No 2407/92 of 23 July 1992 on licensing of air carriers (OJ L 240, 24.8.1992, p. 1), Council Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 of 23 July 1992 on access for Community air carriers to intra-Community air routes (OJ L 240, 24.8.1992, p. 8), and Council Regulation (EEC) No 2409/92 of 23 July 1992 on fares and rates for air services (OJ L 240, 24.8.1992, p. 15).

(6) According to Airport Council International Europe, 77 % of airports were fully publicly owned in 2010, while 9 % were fully privately owned, see Airport Council International Europe: The Ownership of Europe's Airports 2010.

(7) This is exemplified by the fact that, although in 2010 their share of the overall number of airports amounted to 77 %, publicly owned airports accounted for only 52 % of total passenger traffic.

(8) As shown in 2002 by the ‘Study on competition between airports and the application of State aid rules’ - Cranfield University, June 2002 , and subsequently confirmed by industry reports.

(9) 13 airports in the Union are forecasted to be operating at full capacity eight hours a day every day of the year in 2030, compared to 2007 when only 5 airports were operating at or near capacity 100 % of the time (see Communication from the European Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on Airport policy in the European Union - addressing capacity and quality to promote growth, connectivity and sustainable mobility of 1 December 2011, COM(2011) 823) (‘the Communication on Airport policy in the European Union’).

(10) As evidenced by the International Civil Aviation Organization's policies on charges for airports and navigations services (Document 9082), last revised in April 2012.

(11) In particular where aid is determined on the basis of ex post calculations (making good for any deficits as they arise), airports may not have much incentive to contain costs and charge airport charges that are sufficient to cover costs.

(12) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on EU State Aid Modernisation (SAM), COM(2012) 209 final.

(13) See the Communication on Airport policy in the European Union.

(14) Communication from the Commission - Community guidelines on financing of airports and start-up aid to airlines departing from regional airports (OJ C 312, 9.12.2005, p. 1).

(15) Application of Articles 92 and 93 of the EC Treaty and Article 61 of the EEA Agreement to State aids in the aviation sector (OJ C 350, 10.12.1994, p. 5).

(16) The principles set out in these guidelines do not apply to aid for the provision of ground handling services regardless of whether they are provided by the airport itself, by an airline or by a supplie