30.12.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC352/11
OpinionontheCommissionCommunication ontheFutureDevelopmentoftheCommon
Transportpolicy(CTP)
(93/C352/05)
On28December1992theCommissiondecidedtoconsulttheEconomicandSocialCommittee
ontheCommissionCommunication ontheFutureDevelopmentoftheCommonTransport
policy(CTP).
TheSectionforTransportandCommunications ,whichwasresponsibleforpreparingthe
Committee'sworkonthissubject,adopteditsOpinionon6October1993.TheRapporteur
wasMrvonderDecken.
TheEconomicandSocialCommitteeadoptedthefollowingOpinionatits309thPlenary
Session(meetingof20October1993)byaunanimousvote.
1.Introduction ments,thetransportrequirementsofaservice-oriented
societyarenotdirectlydependentuponeconomic
growth.Transportrequirementscanthereforebebrok­
endownintothesetwocategories.IntheCommittee's
viewtheWhitePaperdoesnotacknowledgethisdichot­
omytotheextentthatitshould.1.1.Generalobservations
1.2.Ensuringmobilityandprovidinganessentialpub­
licservice
1.2.1.InthiscontexttheCommitteedrawsattention
tothefundamentalquestionsconcerningthedevelop­
mentofacommonmarketintransportwhichhave
notyetbeenfullyanswered;thesequestionsinclude:
subsidies,freeaccesstomarketsandtransportprices.
Wearedealingherebasicallywiththeprinciplesof
freedomandpublicinterest;transportsystemshaveto
contributetowardsmobilityastheyarepartofthe
foundationsonwhicheconomicandsociallifeisbuilt.
IntheCommittee'sview,transportservices,unlike
industrialproducts,fulfilalargelypublicrolesince
bothprivateindividualsandtradeandindustryhavea
righttomobilityandtransport.Thestatemustthere­
foreguaranteeaminimumlevelofmobilityandecon­
omicaltransportservicesthroughtheprovisionofinfra­
structure.Thesearevitaltothedevelopmentofecon­
omicandsociallife,andfreedomofmovementcanonly
beassurediftheprovisionoftransportisdeterminedby
needsandunconstrained demand.
1.2.2.Ultimatelythismeansthestatemustfinance
partofthemobilitywhichhastobeguaranteed .This
appliesabovealltotheprovisionofsociallynecessary
transportservicestosocietyandpopulationgroups
who,forsocialandpersonalreasons,aredependent
uponthestateforessentialpublicservices.1.1.1.TheCommitteeapprovestheCommission's
movetomodernizethecommontransportpolicy(CTP)
andpointittowardsthefutureintheinterestsofthe
EuropeanCommunity .TothisextenttheWhitePaper
constitutesanacceptableglobalapproach.
TheCommitteedoes,however,believethatthefuture
CTPmustlookbeyondthecompletionoftheinternal
market.Whilstthisisofcentralimportance,itcannot
reallyprovideabasisforanewforward-looking con­
cept.
1.1.2.Completionoftheinternalmarketwas
decideduponlongago.Nowthetimehascometo
makeeveryefforttocreateonesingletransportmarket.
ThefutureCTPmustusetheinternalmarketasabasis
fordevelopingreallymoderntransportsystemswhich
satisfythehighdemandssetbytheCommunity .
1.1.3.Theoverallstrategyforamoderntransport
policymustnotshyawayfromarevisionofearlier
objectives.Thegeneralaimistoachieveanenviron­
mentally-andsocially-acceptable sustainablemobility,
andthismeansthatexistingtransportpolicyobjectives
willhavetobesupplemented andprioritiesmayhave
tobereviewed.
1.1.4.TheWhitePaper'soveralloutlookdoes,inthe
Committee'sview,failtotakeaccountofthestructural
changeswhichnationaleconomiesareundergoingand
whichareleadingtotheestablishmentofservice-orient­
edsocieties.Unlikethetertiarysector,agricultureand
industryareaccountingforanever-decreasing percent­
ageofGNP.Transport-policy shouldpaygreateratten­
tiontothisdevelopmentthanithasdonehitherto.
Whilsttheeconomicgrowthgeneratedbytradeand
industryhasalwayscreateditsowntransportrequire­1.3.Competitionandbalancebetweentransport
modes
1.3.1.Whenitcomestothefundamental issuesrelat­
ingtocompetitionintransport,too,theWhitePaper

NoC352/12 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.12.93
providesabasisforfuturediscussionsonlyinpart.It
merelystatesthatthereneedstobeabalancebetween
modesoftransportwithout,however,explainingwhat
itmeansbythis.
TheCommitteenotesthatthereisacontradiction in
theCommission'sstrategicplanforanoverallpolicy.
Ontheonehand,liberalprinciplesaretobeguaranteed
withregardtocompetitionandchoiceoftransport,but
ontheotherhand,itwillalsobenecessarytosetup
intermodaltransportsystemswithinwhichindividual
systemswillreceivesubsidiestocompete.Thiswilllead
topracticalrestrictionsoncompetitionwhichshould
bedefinedintransport-policy soastoobtainclearand
bindinggeneralcriteriaforensuringthatabalanceis
maintainedbetweentransportmodesand,toacertain
extent,betweenregions,too.
1.3.2.TheCommitteefeelsthatthiscontradiction
needstobefullydiscussedinordertoobtainclear
guidelinesanddifferentiated policyinstruments ,par­
ticularlywithregardtointermodaltransportsystems
andfuturetransportintegration .
TheCommitteenotesthattheformofderegulation
practiseduptonow,whichemphasizestheprincipleof
competition,hasnotasyetproducedtheresultsnecess­
arytoguaranteeenvironmentally -andsocially-accept­
ablemobility.Theremustthereforebesomepre­
cautionarycontroloftrafficflowstosafeguardmobility
andensurebalancebetweentransportmodes.fromthecompletionoftheCommunity'sinternalmar­
ketandimplementation oftheMaastrichtTreatyon
EuropeanUnion.Inparticularitwelcomestheincor­
porationofenvironmental protectionobjectivesand
theformulationofablueprintfortheproperoperation
ofCommunitytransportsystems.
2.1.2.TheWhitePaperunderreviewfollowson
fromearlyCommissioninitiatives,e.g.theReporton
Transport2000Plus—TransportinaFast-changing
EuropeandtheGreenPaperontheImpactofTransport
ontheEnvironment .TheCommitteedeliveredOpin­
ionsontheseinDecember1991andSeptember1992
respectively .
2.1.3.TheCommission isnowproposingaglobal
approachandanactiveoverallstrategywhichwilltake
accountofthefuturetransportrequirementsofboth
stateandsocietyandtheneedforimprovedinfrastruc­
ture.
TheCommission isalsoseekingtoimproveuser-safety
andcreatefairerworkingconditionsinthetransport
sector.
2.1.4.Furthermore ,aframeworkistobeestablished
foraneconomically -andsocially-acceptable sustaina­
blemobilitywhichwillalsoimprovetheprotectionof
theenvironment .
2.1.5.Theseobjectivesareambitiousandwillhave
animpactoneachindividualcitizen.Theywillalso
affectaparticularlywidevarietyofpolicies.Future
transportpolicywillthereforenotonlyhavetostrike
achordwiththemaninthestreetbutwillalsohave
totakeaccountofspecifictransportissues,aswellas
thelikelyimpactofitsmodernization .
2.2.Reasonsfortheinitiative
TheCommissionjustifiesitsinitiativesinthemain
bydescribingtheseriousproblemswhichhavetobe
resolved.
2.2.1.Thecarriageofgoodsandpassengersbyroad
currentlyhastocontendallthetimewithinfrastructure
bottlenecks .Theresultantlossesinproductivity ,
mobilityandeconomicefficiencycannolongerbe
justified.
2.2.2.Therail,inlandwaterway,coastalandocean­
goingshippingsectors,ontheotherhand,haveexcess
capacitywhichisnotbeingusedbecauseregional
demandandthetransportcoststructurehavechanged.
2.2.3.Thegeneralincreaseintrafficalsogivesrise
toecologicalpressure(whichresultsin,forexample,
healthrisksandthecreationofinhumanconditions).
Thesedamagingeffectsmustbereduced.
2.2.4.Thereisalsoawholeseriesofunresolved
socialproblemsaffectingtransportworkersandthe
standardoflivingofthosedependentontransport.1.4.Uniform,commondiagnosis
1.4.1.TheCommitteeconsidersthatECtransport­
policyispartandparceloftheCommunity'scohesion,
economicandstructuralpoliciesandshouldbebased
ontheanalysesanddiagnoseswhicharealreadyapplied
tootherpolicyareas.Transportshouldnotbegiven
lessprominenceintheanalysesthanotherareasof
economicandsocialactivity.
1.4.2.Itisimportantfortransport-policy planning
thattheextremelycomplexproblemsfacingtransport
arediagnosed.Eachproblemshouldbedealtwithsep­
aratelyinthisdiagnosis,whichshouldseektoprovide
promisingprospectsforthefuture.
Thediagnosisshouldindicatethemostefficientfeasible
solutionstotheproblems,andshouldseektoprovide
promisingprospectsforthefuture.
2.Generalstandpoint
2.1.TheCommission 'sinitiative
2.1.1.TheCommitteewelcomestheCommission's
initiativewhichseekstomodernizethecommontrans­
port-policyandadaptittothenewchallengesarising

30.12.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC352/13
used.Meaningfulextrapolations andforward-looking
scenariosareconspicuousbytheirabsenceandbecause
ofthefailuretoprovideforecastsitisnotyetpossible
toformulateaconclusive,purposefulblueprintfor
environmentally -,economically -andsocially-accept­
ablemobilityoverthenext10to30years.Theanalyses
mustfirstofallbebroadened .
3.2.2.Ifconclusionsaretobedrawnwithregardto
transport-policy measuresandcoordinationwork,it
willbenecessarytotakeaccountof,forexample,the
specificfeaturesofpassengerandgoodstransport.The
Commissionfailstoaddresseitherthegrowthinpri­
marydemandinthepassenger-transport sector—50%
ofwhichisaccountedforbyleisuretravelinsomestates
—orthegoodsquantitiestransportedlongdistancesby
road.Thesequantitiesareofconsiderableimportance
tothedevelopmentofintegratedtransportsystemsand
trans-European networks.
3.2.3.TheCommissionshouldtakegreateraccount
ofthefactthatstillmoreeffortsareneededtofacilitate
thestructuralchangesintheCommunity'speripheral
areas,dictatedbycompletionoftheInternalMarket
andtheneedforcohesion,andtoimprovethetransport
situationinthetransitstatesattheheartofEurope,
wherepressuresontransportsystemsandtheenviron­
ment,arisingfromthegrowtheffectsoftheInternal
Market,havebeenincreasingdisproportionately .Itis
intheinterestsoftheEC'speripheralareasandthe
transitstatesthattheirparticularsituationistakeninto
account.2.3.Overallassessment
Inthelightofthecomplexproblemsandtasksathand,
theCommitteeacknowledgesthatitwillbeextremely
difficulttomodernizethecommontransport-policy ;it
willbeparticularlydifficulttoformulateanoverall
strategyinthepresentclimateinviewofthefactors
listedbelow.
2.3.1.Itisimpossibletojudgetheconsequences
whichtheMaastrichtTreatywillhaveonEuropean
Union.
2.3.2.Thechangesintransportpatternsinthewake
ofGermanunificationareimpossibletocalculate.
2.3.3.Theopening-upoftheformerCOMECON
StatesofcentralandeasternEuroperepresentsanew
non-quantifiable challenge.
2.3.4.Thepresentworldwideeconomicrecessionis
causingmajoreconomicandsocialproblems.
2.3.5.Finally,itisprovingverydifficulttofinance
themeasureswhichhavetobetakentomeettransport­
policy'sgoals.
ItisagainstthisbackgroundthattheCommitteehas
examinedthevarioussectionsandpointsoftheWhite
Paper.Withoutwishingtoignorethegeneralsubject­
matter,itwouldmakethefollowingindividualcom­
ments:
3.3.Morecomprehensive analyses
3.3.1.TheCommitteeproposesthatthedescription
givenintheWhitePaperofthestateoftransportbe
supplemented byadiagnosisandforecastoffuture
trendswhichtakesspecialaccount—inamorediffer­
entiatedwaythanhitherto—ofthestructuresofthe
varioustransportmodesandthedifferentsituationsin
peripheralandcentralregions,withspecialattention
toislandsandislandregions.Thisshouldcovernot
onlytheabsolute,butalsotherelativedisadvantages
ofperipheralregions.
3.3.2.Analysesshouldbemadeoftheprobable
developmentoftransportflowsbetweenandwithin
regionsandonthemajorroutes.Specialattentionmay
bepaidinthiscontexttorailandinlandwaterway
transport .
3.3.3.Theseanalysesmustalsocoverprobable
trendsintrafficflowsbetweentheECandthestatesof
EasternEurope.3.Criticismoftheanalysisofthecurrentsituation
3.1.Generalissues
3.1.1.TheCommitteenotesfirstlythattheCom­
missionhasbaseditsanalysisonstatisticswhichyield
littleusefulinformationwhencomparedwiththestat­
isticsusedbytheCommission inotherreportsand
initiatives(e.g.theGreenPaper).TheCommitteethere­
forewonderswhytheWhitePaperdoesnotusethese
data.
3.1.2.TheCommitteealsobelievesthatitisnot
enoughtosimplyrefertothedangersthatexist.Action
hastobetakennow.Thecomplexproblemsandthe
paceatwhichtransportisdevelopingcallfordifferen­
tiatedandin-depthdiagnoses.Theseshouldbeascom­
prehensiveaspossiblebecausetheywillcontributein
adecisivewaytogivingfuturetransport-policy aCom­
munityidentity.
3.2.Theapproachtobeadopted
3.2.1.TheCommitteethereforedeploresthefact
thattheanalyticaldatausedbytheCommissionare
veryimpreciseandmerelyrepresentoverallmeanvalu­
es.Onlystatisticsfortheperiodfrom1970to1990are3.4.Determiningprimarymobilityrequirements
3.4.1.TheCommitteeconsidersthattheforecasts
shouldalsotakeaccountofdemographicchangesin
ECMemberStatesaswellasthosespecificfactors

NoC352/14 OfficialjournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.12.93
determiningmobilityrequirementswhicharenotlinked
toeconomicgrowth.
3.4.2.Theseinclude,inparticular,theincreasein
holidayandleisuretravelandthemobilityinherent
inamoderninformation -andcommunications-based
society.meansoftransportandalternativestoroadtransport
whicharemoreattractiveongroundsofpriceand
quality(railandinland-waterwaytransport).Infuture
thesepossibilitiesmustbegivengreaterprominencein
thelistofCommunitytransportpolicyobjectives (see
alsopoint5.3).
4.2.3.TheCommitteealsoconsidersitessentialthat
environmentpolicyobjectivesbeformulatedandrecog­
nizedatEuropeanlevel.Aspartofitscoordinatingrole
theCommissioncouldestablishguidelinesandcriteria
forsolvinglocalandregionalproblems.4.TheprincipleofsubsidiarityandECobjectives
TheCommission'sglobalapproachdoesnot,however,
revealhowtheprincipleofsubsidiarityistobeapplied
inpracticaltermsinfuturetoECtransportpolicy.
TheCommitteeconsidersthispointtobeparticularly
important,however,andwillthereforecomment
specificallyonit.4.3.Importanttasks—Objectives
4.1.Coordinatingandoptimizingroles
4.1.1.Aviableoverallstrategyrequirescoordination
andoptimumimplementation .
TheCommitteefeelsthatcoordination istheresponsi­
bilityoftheCommunity ,butthatthereshouldbesome
finetuningbytheMemberStatestotakeaccountof
nationalpeculiarities .Mosttransportservicesaregen­
eratedandusedintownsandconurbations .Planning
andadministration are,therefore,toagreaterorlesser
extent,mattersforthenationalauthorities,astheyare
bestplacedtoapplythenecessarymeasureson-the-spot
formaximumefficiency.
4.1.2.Withregardtooptimizationwork,theCom­
munityshouldlaydownobjectivesandbenchmarks
foradministrations ,transportenterprisesandusersin
ordertoestablishastabletransportenvironment .Inthelightofsubsidiarity,andworkinggenerallyfrom
the'polluterpays'principle,theCommitteeconsiders
thattheCTPshouldassumethefollowingurgenttasks.
4.3.1.Completionofthecommonmarketintrans­
port,whichwouldincludetheharmonization ofthe
generalconditionsgoverningcompetitionbetween
transportundertakingsandtheabolitionofthebarriers
stillimpedingtheestablishmentofaliberaltransport
market.
Thesemeasureswouldinclude,inparticular,ECtax­
ationarrangementsforheavygoodsvehiclesobjectively
basedontheprincipleof'territoriality',harmonization
ofsocialprovisionsandinspections,andequalappli­
cationthroughouttheCommunityofECcheckson
safetyandsocialprovisions.
4.3.2.EstablishmentofaCommunityframeworkfor
improvingthecoordinationofplanningguidelinesand
lawsrelatingtotransportinfrastructuredevelopment .
4.3.3.Executionandcoordination ofstudiesand
forecastswhichlookatthebottlenecksaffectingindi­
vidualtransportsystemsatCommunitylevel.
4.3.4.SupportforR&Dworkonthemodern
technologiesofoptimal,integratedtransportsystems
andapplicationplanning,withaviewtoachieving
economically-viable ,environmentally -andsocially­
acceptablemobility.TheCommitteeexpresslywel­
comestheinclusionintheFourthFrameworkPro­
gramme(1994to1998)ofaspecificchapterfortrans­
portR&D.
4.3.5.Supportforscienceandresearchaimedat
improvingurbanlivingconditions,providedthatthe
requisiteguidelinesgoverningcommunications ,the
workingenvironment ,environmental protectionand
healtharecoordinatedatCommunitylevel.
4.3.6.Establishment ofaframeworkandsupport
programmefortherestructuringofroadtransport.4.2.PriorityforECobjectives
4.2.1.Thisdivisionofresponsibilityforcoordination
andoptimizationbetweentheECandtheMember
StatesdoesnotprecludedebatingandestablishingatEC
levelthebasicconditionsforensuringenvironmentally­
andsocially-acceptable mobility.
Certainexistingobjectivesmayhavetoberevisedorat
leastreformulatedandothersmayhavetobeexpanded.
Alternativelynewobjectivesmayhavetobeset,too,
fortheCTPstrategy.
4.2.2.Withthisaiminview,theCommitteecon­
sidersthattheWhitePaperdoesnotgiveadequate
attentionto(a)thescopefortransportuserstorestrict
theiruseoftransportand(b)theneedtoofferusers
moreefficientandlessenvironmentally-damaging

30.12.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC352/15
5.Strategyforachievingbalancebetweentransport
interests
5.1.Generalissues5.1.5.Harmonization ofthefiscal,technicaland
socialprovisionsgoverningpassengerandgoodstrans­
portisasinequanonofanyECtransportstrategy.In
principlethismatterwasdecidedasearlyas1965.
HencetheCommitteehasonseveraloccasionsdeplored
thefactthatnorealprogresshasbeenmadesince
thenandsubstantialdiscriminatory differencespersist
betweentheMemberStatesinthisarea.Itwouldthere­
forereiteratethatthereisanurgentneed—forpolitical
andpracticalreasons—toharmonizecompetitionand
socialconditions .5.1.1.Theseriousproblemswhichalreadyexistcan
onlyworseniftheCTPisnotgivennewresources.A
strategythereforeneedstobemappedoutforachieving
along-termbalancebetweentheinterestsofallthe
partiesinvolvedinoraffectedbytransport.
TheCommitteewouldliketooutlineitsthoughtson
thisstrategyanditsprincipalfeatures.
5.1.2.Thereisexpectedtobeasharpriseintraffic
volumeandmobilityneeds.This,togetherwiththe
dramaticincreaseinroadtransport'sshareofthemar­
ket,willposeincreasingtraffic-flowandenvironmental
problems.
Tosetagainstthis,however,theprincipleoffreecom­
petition,basedonradicalderegulationandfreedomof
choicefortheuser,isattheheartoftheinternalmarket.5.1.6.IntheCommittee'sviewtheCTPshould
employthefollowinginstrumentsoftransport-policy
(forthesteering,transferandpreventionoftraffic):
—pricingpolicy,
•allocationofinfrastructure andexternalcosts;
•generaltaxesandlevies;
•specificlevies(e.g.roadpricing);
—grantsandassistancetocertaintransportmodes
andsystemsinordertoimprovetheiravailability,
—transportmanagementusinginformationandcom­
municationstechnology,inter-modaltransportsys­
tems,
—specificinfrastructure measures.
5.1.7.Nosingleoneofthesefactorsisevenremotely
capableofbeingadequate.Onlybycombiningthem
willitpossibletoachievethebalancereferredtoin
point5.1.5.
5.1.8.Theuseofthesevariousoptionswouldalso
leadtoageneralreductionintheexcessivedemandfor
transport .Thiswillleadtotension—andglaringcontradictions
—betweentransport-policy andpractice;damaging,
andmaybedisastrous,consequences willonlybeable
tobeavoidedbystrikingasensiblebalancebetween
transportinterestsonthebasisofawellthought-out
andclearstrategy.Aproperbalancebetweenthediffer­
entmodesoftransport,inparticular,mustbeestab­
lished.
5.1.3.Thestrategymustnotimpedethequestfor
freecompetitionintheinternalmarketthroughexcess­
iveregulationorevendirigisme .Ontheotherhand,
however,full-blownderegulationandunbridledcut­
throatcompetitionmustnotbeallowedtoleadto
afree-for-all,defeatingallattemptsatachievingan
environmentally -,socially-andeconomically-accept ­
ableviabletransportsystem. 5.2.Pricingpolicy
InthisconnectiontheCommitteewouldrefertoArticle
74oftheEECTreatywhichaccordstransportpolicya
specialplaceandstipulatesthatitshouldcoverall
modesoftransport,theiroperatingconditionsand
infrastructure .Accountmustalsobetaken,however,
oftheeconomicandsocialneedformobilitythroughout
thewholeCommunity .5.2.1.Allocation ofinfrastructure and
externalcosts
5.2.1.1.TheCommitteeisgladthattheCommission
isproposing,inaccordancewiththe'polluterpays'
principle,todividethecostsoftransportfairlybetween
thevariousmodesandtomaketransportuserspaythe
fullcostofusinginfrastructureandcausingdamageto
theenvironment (externalcosts),thatistosaythe
indirectcoststotheeconomy,andthecostofpollution
andotherformsofenvironmental damage.Thesocial
benefitsofthevarioustransportsystemsshouldalsobe
takenintoconsideration ,whereappropriate .5.1.4.Effortstoachievemaximumfreedomofcom­
petitionviaderegulationandliberalizationnotwith­
standing,specificandstrategicallywellthought-out
measureswillbenecessarytosteertransportsoasto
ensurethataproperbalanceisachieved.

NoC352/16 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.12.93
ringtraffictoothertransportmodesorbycurbing
transportdemandinaregion.
5.2.3.2.Incomparisonwithtaxesandlevies,specific
chargeshavetheadvantageoftargetingparticularly
congestedblack-spotswithoutinhibitingthenecessary
developmentoftransportinotherareasoftheCom­
munity,e.g.peripheralareas.
Technologypermitting,roadpricingcouldbemore
flexiblethan'vignettes'.
5.2.4.However,thevariouschargesshouldbeinter­
changeableandthereforesetoffagainsteachother.5.2.1.2.TheWhitePapercontainsnospecificpro­
posals,however,astohowthesecostsaretobedeter­
minedandallocatedtothevariousmodes.TheCom­
mitteeurgestheCommissiontodrawupappropriate
plans.TheCommitteeforeseesmajorproblemswiththe
practicalimplementation ofthecostallocationprinciple
andwouldliketohighlightcertaindangers.
5.2.1.3.Althoughthereisnoshortageofdatafor
determiningthecosts,fairdistributionisahighlycom­
plexproblemwhichinturndependsonalargenumber
ofcostcategoryappraisals.How,forexample,should
1kgofC02emissionsbetreatedincomparisonwith
1kgofNOx,thenumberoftrafficdeaths,theuseof
land,ornoisenuisance?
Manyothersimilarproblemsneedtobesolved.
Attemptingtofindadefinitivesolutiontotheseprob­
lemsbasedonthefairestpossiblecostallocationwould
paralysealltransport-policy actionforalongtime.
5.2.1.4.Whatisneededisthereadinesstoadopt
lessthanperfectsolutionsandcompromises ,i.e.the
readinesstotakepoliticaldecisionsontheallocation
ofcoststothevariousmodes,ratherthanwaitingfor
mathematical solutions.5.3.Grantsand,assistancetoparticularmodesof
transport
5.3.1.Becauseoftherapidrelativegrowthofroad
transport,othermodes,whichhavestagnated,havenot
keptpacewithtechnologicalchange.
5.3.2.Thebestwaytotransfertrafficfromtheroads
toothermodesisnotsimplytoraisethecostofroad
transport.Modesoftransportwhichprovideanalter­
nativetoroadtransportorcomplementroadtransport,
togetherwithcollectivepassengertransport,shouldbe
subjecttoregulationswhich—unlikethoseinforceat
present—promotetheprovisionofawiderangeof
serviceswhicharecompetitiveasregardsbothprice
andquality.Thisliberalizationofthemarketshould
beaccompanied bysupportingmeasures(measuresto
revitalizethemarket,grantstargetedatparticular
investments ,socialmeasuresetc.).5.2.2.Taxesandlevies
5.2.2.1.Taxesandleviesinthetransportfieldshould
beaimedat:
—thetechnicaldevelopmentofdrivesystemswith
loweremissions,
—moreefficientuseofinfrastructure andareduction
inthenumberofvehiclesrequiredtosatisfyafixed
volumeoftransport,
—-ashiftofemphasistolessenvironmentally-damag ­
ingformsoftransport.
Allthesefactorsshouldreduceenvironmental damage,
thoughabetterbalancecouldbestruckbetweentrans­
portmodes,too.
5.2.2.2.InthiscontexttheCommitteewouldrefer
toitsOpinionontheC02andenergytax.5.4.Transportmanagement ,useofinformationand
communications technology
5.4.1.Transportmanagementwillbeveryimportant
inthefuture.Theaiminthefinalanalysisistoachieve
anoptimuminteractionbetweenthevariousmodesof
transportandwithintheindividualmodesoftransport.
5.4.2.Itisnotamasterplanforacomprehensive ,
integratedtransportsystemthatisneeded,butrather
thedevelopmentofdecentralized ,regionalsystems
whichembraceallmodesandlendthemselvestomod­
ernmanagementmethods.Theseregionalsystemsmust
interlockonasoundeconomicbasis.
5.4.3.Transportmanagementmustusethemost
modernavailableinformation andcommunications
technologiesandcoverallintermodaltransportinfra­
structuresystems.5.2.3.Specificcharges
5.2.3.1.Specificchargessuchasthe'vignette'orroad
pricingcanbeusedtocontroltrafficroutingandtiming.
Congestioncaninparticularbereducedinconur­
bations,eitherbyreroutingtransportflows,transfer­

30.12.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC352/17
5.5.Specificinfrastructuremeasures
5.5.1.Specificinfrastructuremeasuresmayalsohelp
influence/relievepressureontransport,especiallyin
conurbations .
5.5.2.However,roadbuildinginconurbations
shouldbeapproachedwithcaution.Othercontrol
measuresshouldbegivenhigherpriorityinorderto
avoidcreatingmoretraffic.
5.5.3.Infrastructure measuresforthedevelopment
ofintermodaltransportshouldbeencouraged .Inthis
contextemphaticsupportshouldbegivenaboveallto
thecreationofcompatibletrans-European networks
(theprincipleofinter-operability )inanticipationofthe
entryintoforceoftheTreatyofMaastricht .Inadditiontotheharmonization ofconditionsofcom­
petitionmentionedabove,thefollowingshouldbeput
intoeffectasrapidlyaspossible;
6.1.1.1.Railtransportandopencompetition
—Rulesonmarketaccessinrailtransport,
—Thefinancialrehabilitationofrailwayenterprises,
—Uniformrulesonsubsidies,
—Improvement ofintra-Community cooperation
betweenrailwayenterprises .
6.1.1.2.Inlandwaterwaytransport
—Rulesonmarketaccess,
—Abolitionofthe'tourderole'systemandmanda­
torytariffs.
6.1.1.3.Roadhaulage
—Harmonization oflegislationgoverningroad
haulage,
—Standardization andimplementation ofstandard
weightsandmeasuresforcommercialvehiclesinall
theMemberStates,
—Introductionofastandardoperatinglicencefor
lorries,validinalltheMemberStates,
—Supportandpromotionoftheintroductionoflow­
C02combustionanddrivesystems,
—Harmonization ofthevariousmonitoringpro­
ceduresinrespectofsocialregulationscovering
drivingandrestperiods,
—Standardization ofleasingcontractsandsubjective
admissionconditionsfortheregulationofown­
accounttransport .
6.1.1.4.Generalroadtransport
—Uniformrulesgoverningdriver'slicencesinall
MemberStates.
6.1.1.5.Maritimeandcoastaltransport
—Uniformimplementation oflegalprovisionsgovern­
ingmaritimeandcoastaltransportintheCom­
munity,
—Rulesonmarketaccess,
—Strengthening ofthecompetitiveness ofmaritime
andcoastaltransportenterprises.
6.1.1.6.Airtransport
—Uniformimplementation oflegalprovisionsgovern­
ingairtransportintheCommunity ,
—Rulesonmarketaccess,5.6.Analysisofthepotentialfortransferringtraffic
5.6.1.Awellthought-out ,clearstrategyforasuit­
ablebalancebetweentransportinterestsrequiresdetail­
edanalysisoftherealisticpotentialfortraffictransfer.
Thestudyshouldlookatthepotentialforpiggyback
transportandallotherintermodalcombinations by
landaswellasthepotentialforcoastaltransport.
TheCommitteewould,however,highlighttheimport­
anceofthedistanceprofileinthedemandforgoods
transport(asexpressed,forexample,intonne-km).If
80%ofroadhaulagedemandisfordistancesofless
than150km,thisfactorwillneedtobetakeninto
accountwhenassessingthescopeforswitchingfrom
roadtransporttointer-modaltransport.
5.6.2.Anappropriatestudyisurgentlyneededto
preventthewrongconclusionsbeingdrawnandfalse
hopesraised.
5.6.3.Anotherwayofcurbingtheexcessivedemand
fortransport,atleastatregionallevel,island-useand
structuralpolicy.TheCommitteecallsontheCom­
missiontolookintothepossibilitiesandlimitationsof
suchapolicy.
6.Consolidation oftheInternalMarket
6.1.Commontransportmarket
6.1.1.TheCommitteewelcomestheCommission's
commentsonthereinforcementandproperfunctioning
oftheinternalmarket.
Thecommontransportmarketmustbemadefully
functionalonschedulesoastopreventstructuralerrors.

NoC352/18 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30,12,93
orlocalsubsidiesfor,say,localpublictransport(public
services),donotautomatically distortcompetition
betweentheMemberStates,Theyshouldthereforebe
excludedfromthescopeofEClaw.
7.Themainideaunderlyingtrans-European networks
andinternationaltransportsystems
7.1.Communityguidelines—Supportandpromotionofthecompetitiveness of
airtransportenterprises,
—Harmonization ofpersonalliabilityandinsurance
rulesapplyingtothetransportofgoodsandpersons
byair,
—DrawingupofaCommunity-wide qualitycharter
fortransportservicesparticipating inflightnet­
works.
6.1.1.7.Monitoringofthecommontransportmarket
—IntroductionofaCommunity-wide systemofmar­
ketobservationforalltransportsectors,inparticu­
larfortransportenterprisesandsystemsengagedin
competitionwitheachother
—Establishment ofproperlyfunctioningcrisis-man­
agementproceduresinalltransportsectors.
6.1.2.Indevelopingacommontransportmarketpri­
oritymustaboveallbegiventoastable,market­
economyenvironmentreflectingthepreponderance of
smallandmedium-sized firmsandestablishingprice
competition,thusmakingitpossiblefortheindividual
andoveralleconomiccostsofusingtransportservices
androutestobecovered.
6.1.3.TheCommitteefeelsthatmuchmoreshould
bedonetoensurethatcompetitiondoesnotharm
smalltransportenterprises .Therulesofcompetition
establishedforcooperationbetweenenterprisesmust
beadaptedtoreflectchangesinthetransportmarket
andamplifiedtopreventtheabuseofdominantmarket
positionsonthedemandside.7.1.1.TheCommitteewelcomestheCommunity
guidelinessetoutintheCommission'sWhitePaperfor
thedevelopmentoftrans-European transportnetworks.
Thesewillbeaparticularlyimportantreferencepoint
forMemberStates'workonthesenetworks .
7.1.2.Inthisconnectionthebottleneckanalysesthat
havebeencalledformustpinpointexistingproblems,
operationalshortcomingsandgapsinthenetworksof
individualMemberStates.Notuntilthishasbeendone
willitbepossibletodrawupandimplementproposals
forimprovingandsafeguardingthesenetworks'opera­
bilityandintermodalconnectionsunderthecommon
transport-policy .
Withdueregardtotheforeseeabletransporttrends,
MemberStatesshouldbecloselyinvolvedintheprep­
arationofrecommendations andproposals,which
shouldbeplannedinstagesand,whenthetimecomes
toputthemintoeffect,shouldalsoincludekeytrans­
portlinkswithneighbouring non-Community
countries .
7.2.InclusionofNorthernandEasternEurope
6.2.Principleofnon-discrimination
6.2.1.Withaviewtothepan-European transport
market,theCommitteefeelsthattherearestilllarge
disparitiesinthecompetitiveenvironmentbetweenthe
MemberStates,particularlyintheroadhaulagesector.
Theseareamajorobstacletoeffectivecompetitionand
theCommunity'scompetitiveness .TheCTPshould
thereforeconcentratemoreoneliminatingdiscrimi­
nationwithinandoutsidetheinternalmarket.
Thecasesofdiscrimination arewellknownanddonot
needfurtherelaborationhere.7.2.1.Irrespectiveofthequestionofthedevelopment
ofintegratedtransportsystemsinWesternEurope,the
Committeethinksthatthecommontransport-policy
hasaspecialdutytoincludetheNorthernnon-EC
andEasternEuropeancountriesinthedevelopmentof
intermodaltransportsystems.
7.2.2.Thisisanimmensetaskwhichcannotbe
performedsatisfactorilyunlessthetransportinfrastruc­
tureintheformerCOMECONcountriesiscontinually
extendedandmodernizedasswiftlyaspossible.
Nowthatthesecountrieshaveopenedtheirborders
theyareunderpressuretointroducefreemarketecon­
omies.Thisisboundtoproducearapidincreaseinthe
volumeoftrafficandplaceanadditionalburdenon
Europe'stransportinfrastructure .Itisthereforenecess­
arytopavethewayasquicklyaspossibleforthe
constructionofNorth-SouthandEast-Westtransport
infrastructure andinfrastructure-related facilitieswhich6.3.Subsidymonitoringpolicy
WithregardtotheCommission'spolicyonthemonitor­
ingofsubsidies,theCommitteebelievesthatnational

30.12.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC352/19
willbringthetransportservicesinthecountriesof
NorthernandEasternEuropeuptoWesternstandards.
7.2.3.Thisappliestoalltransport—whetherby
rail,road,sea,airorwaterway—andalsotoboth
seaboardandinlandports.
7.2.4.TheCommitteethereforethinksthatevery
effortmustbemadetogetthecountriesofEastern
Europetobuildnetworkswhichcanlinkupwith
WesternEurope.
Theuseofprivatecapitaltofundthisinfrastructure
shouldbeencouraged .ensurethatsystems'technicalandeconomicaspectsare
optimized .
Itmustalwaysbeensuredthatthedevelopmentand
useoftraffic-management systemsareinkeepingwith
theobjectivesofthecommontransportpolicy.This
appliesinparticulartotheirusefortheoptimization
ofpassengertransportinconurbations .Solutionsfor
theproblemsofindividualpassengertransportmust
notbeadoptedinisolation:properlinkingwithpublic
transportisessential.
Thiswillrequiretheestablishmentofqualitystandards
andafavourablegeneralenvironmentinwhichtooper­
ate.Onlythenisitlikelythattrafficmanagementcan
contributemoretothesafetransportof,forexample,
dangerousgoods.
7.4.4.Theadverseeffectsresultingfromthegrowth
intrafficcanbemitigatedbycontinuallyadjusting
thecapacityofcongestednetworksandbyimproving
traffic-controltechnology,usinganinformationsystem
coveringalluserssimultaneously .
Transportutilizationratescanalsobeoptimizedby
promotingtheapplicationofmoderncommunications
technologies .7.3.Coordinationofplanninglaws
7.3.1.TheCommitteethinksthat,inkeepingwith
theprincipleofsubsidiarity,MemberStates'sover­
eigntyshouldnotbeunderminedbyCommunity-wide
infrastructureplanning.
7.3.2.TheCommitteewouldstress,however,thata
commontransport-policy shouldpayparticularatten­
tiontothestandardization ofMemberStates'planning
lawsastheyaffectinfrastructure projectsofCom­
munityinterest.Thisispartofthegeneraltaskof
coordinationwhichisimportanttoensurethatproject
completiondeadlinesarenotallowedtoslip.
ThereareprecedentsinindividualMemberStates,e.g.
thecoordinatedinvestmentplanningforthedevelop­
mentofroadinfrastructure inGermany.7.5.Problemsoffundingtransportinfrastructure
7.4.Promotionofinformationandcommunications
technologiesfortransport7.5.1.Fundingproblemsoccurinparticularwhen
infrastructure isbuiltorextended.TheCommittee
believesthat,inprinciple,fundingmustbeplanned
andprovidedbytheMemberStatesthemselves .The
CommunityhastheCohesionFundandthecommon
structuralpolicybutotherwiseitcanbecalledononly
occasionallytoco-financepilotprojectsorresearch
studieswhichhaveaEuropeandimension.Individual
projectswithaEuropeandimensionshouldalsobe
specificallyfundedbytheCommunity ,however.
7.5.2.Transport-infrastructure fundingbyother
programmes e.g.thoseoperatedbytheEuropean
InvestmentBank,shouldremainatpresentlevelsor
evenbeincreased .
8.Specificmodalproblems7.4.1.TheCommitteeparticularlywelcomesthe
Commission'spledgetopromoteandmakegreateruse
ofinformationandcommunications technologiesin
intermodaltransportsystems.
7.4.2.ItwouldthereforeencouragetheCommission
toincreaseitseffortstostandardizeandwinacceptance
fortelematicsystemsthroughoutEurope.Thisapplies
firstandforemosttothesesystems'interfacing.Telem­
aticscandomuchtoimprovetheefficiencyofinter­
nationaltransportinfrastructure byfacilitatingtraffic
flowsatcombined-transport terminalsandportsand
bycuttingthecostsoftransportchainsandlogistic
systems.
7.4.3.Inconnectionwiththebetteruseofresources,
theCommitteewouldrecommendthatspecialattention
alsobedevotedtotrafficmanagement ,whichmust8.1.Maritimetransportandportspolicy
8.1.1.TheCommitteenotesthattheWhitePaper
saystoolittleaboutacommontransportpolicyfor
maritime,coastalandwaterwaytransport.Forexam­
ple,asithasalreadybeenstressedinanothercontext,

NoC352/20 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.12.93
—allremainingrestrictionsOnseacabotageshouldbe
lifted,providedthatallconditionsaffectingcompe­
titionhavebeenharmonized .
8.1.7.TheCommitteehaslongbeenconcerned
aboutthecontractionoftheCommunity'smaritime
fleetandthefactthatmoreandmoreoftheCom­
munity'sforeigntradeisbeingcarriedonvesselswhich
arenotregisteredintheCommunityandwhichfre­
quentlydonotmeetthestandardsgoverningtheoper­
ationofvesselsandtheconditionsunderwhichtheir
crewswork.OncemoreitcallsontheCommission to
draftpositivemeasurestoremedythissituation(seethe
OpinionofNovember1989—OJNoC56of7March
1990).
8.1.8.TheCommitteewelcomesthe(brief)reference
intheWhitePapertoCommunitymeasureswithregard
tosafetyatsea.ItshouldbenotedthattheCommittee
ismakingadetailedstudyoftherelevantCommission
proposalsinaparallelOpinion.
8.2.Airtransporttherearenoplansfortheliberalizationofwaterway
transport.
8.1.2.TheCommitteerecommendsthatprioritybe
giventothefollowingmeasuresforimprovingmaritime
transportintheCommunity :
—enforcementanduniformimplementation ofinter­
nationallegalprovisionsgoverningmaritimetrans­
portintheCommunity,
—effectiveapplicationofthe1986packageoffour
shippingregulations (4055/86,4056/86,4057/86,
4058/86)regardingliberalizationofshippingmar­
ketsandcompetitionrulesformaritimetransport,
—emphasisonpromotionofintermodaltransportand
onshortseashippingintheCommunity ,
—adoptionofapackageofpositivemeasuresto
strengthenthecompetitiveness oftheCommunity
fleetinternationally .
8.1.3.Portshaveaparticularlyimportantroleto
playasgatewaystotheworld.
TheCommitteewouldpointoutthatthereisnopoint
inonlyafewportsenjoyingthesupportofthecommon
transportpolicyandothersnotreceivinganyaidto
develop,despitebeingsuitablecandidatesfor'net­
working'becauseoftheirstructureandlocation.The
Committeethereforerecommendsthatacommonports
chapterbeincludedinthecommontransport-policy at
longlast,especiallyinthelightofthedevelopmentof
trans-European networks.
8.1.4.TheCommitteethinksthataconsiderablepor­
tionofthevastquantitiesofgoodswhicharecarried
longdistanceswithintheCommunity (ortheEEA)
couldbeshippedbysea.Thiswouldrelievethemajor
roadstosomeextentandreducetheenvironmental
damagecausedbyroadtraffic.
8.1.5.TheWhitePapermakessomementionofthe
contribution whichcoastalshippingcouldmake
towardsthedevelopmentofacommontransport-pol­
icy.However,nocoherentproposalsareputforward.
8.1.6.Sothatbetterusecanbemadeofmaritime
shippingwithintheCommunity ,thefollowingshould
beincludedinthemeasurestaken:
—detailedstudiesshouldbecompiledtodetermine
howmaritimetransport'scontributioncanbeopti­
mized,
—acoherentintermodalstrategybasedontheuse
ofsearoutesforlong-distance trafficshouldbe
developed,
—specializedportinstallationsshouldbebuiltatstra­
tegicpointstohandlethistraffic,8.2.1.GiventhepaucityofideasintheWhitePaper
onairtransport,theCommitteerefersthereaderto
variouspastCommitteeOpinionsondevelopment
problemsinthissector.
8.2.2.Airportcongestionistouchedononlyinpass­
ingandportrayedasanenvironmental problem.Itis
notseenasimpedingtheexpansionwhichislikelyto
occurinthefutureinthissectorgivenitsEuropean­
widedimension .
TheCommission failstorecognizetheneedfor
additionalairportcapacity,andthefactthatthese
facilitiescouldbeputtogooduseinconnectionwiththe
furtherdevelopmentofintermodaltransportsystems.
8.2.3.Theapproachtotheproblemsofairtraffic
controlandmanagement isequallyone-sided.These
problemsareconsideredtomainlyconcernairsafety
andareregardedmuchlessasanobstaclepreventing
thebenefitsofairtransportfrombeingfullyfelt.
8.2.4.Finally,theCommitteewishestorefertoan
omissionintheWhitePaperwhichreflectsaweakness
initsapproach.TheCommissiondoesnotevenmention
thetrendtowardsairlinemergersandtakeovers,even
thoughthiswillbedecisivefortheglobalizationof
cross-bordercooperationinairtransport.Thisglo­
balizationwillbeofimmensestrategicimportancefor
theCommunityasaworldtradingpartner.

30.12.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC352/21
10.1.2.TheCommitteewouldthereforeplacepar­
ticularemphasisonthefactthatnosociallegislationis
neededintransportifagreementisreachedwithin
theframeworkofthesocialdialogueandcollective
bargainingandthesocialpartnerscontinuetoacknowl­
edgethattheyarejointlyresponsible,asautonomous
parties,forsocialprovisions .
10.1.3.Thelegislatorshouldnothavetostepin
unlessthecollectivebargainingprocessbreaksdown
andthedeadlockhastobebroken.
10.2.Harmonization deficits8.2.5.TheCommunity'srelationswiththerestof
theworldinthefieldofairtransportarereferredto
onlyinpassingbytheCommissionandasaresultno
clearpictureemergesofaCommunityairtransport
policy.
8.2.6.TheCommitteeregretsthattheCommission's
draftforamoderntransportpolicygivesnoindication
ofthestancewhichwillhavetobetakenifairtransport
istoberestructuredforthebenefitoftheCommunity .
8.3.Environment
8.3.1.Incallingforenvironmentally —andsocially
—acceptablemobility,theCommissionisshouldering
amajorresponsibility .TheWhitePapermakespro­
visionforawholehostofmeasuresandareasof
researchwhicharedesignedtoreducetheenvironmen­
taldamagecausedbytransport.
8.3.2.TheCommitteefeels,however,thatthepracti­
calimplementation oftheseproposalsistoalarge
extentamatterfortheMemberStates.Hence,whenthe
Commissionformulatestheenvironmental protection
chapterofitstransportpolicy,allitcandoinitiallyis
tocoordinatetheobjectivesandgeneralframework
withtheMemberStates.
8.3.3.TheCommitteethinksthatCommunityguide­
linesshouldbedrawnupforprotectionoftheenviron­
ment.
Theremustbethebroadestpossibleinternationalagree­
mentontheenvironmental standardsapplicableto
vehiclesiftheyaretohaveanappreciableeffect;any
taxmeasuresmustbeagreedonbytheCommunityas
awholeandapplieduniformlyifcompetitionisnotto
bedistorted .10.2.1.TheCommitteegivesitsbroadagreementto
theCommission'sideasforfurtherprogressinthefield
ofsocialprovisions;harmonization ofworkingcon­
ditionsremainsthemainobjective.
10.2.2.Itcouldbehelpfultodealwiththeindividual
transportsectorsseparatelyandtakeaccountoftheir
specificfeatures.
10.3.Trainingstandards
10.3.1.TheCommitteeagreesthatspecialtraining
standardsmustbelaiddownnotonlyforcommercial
hauliers'crewsbutalsoforeverybodyinvolvedinsafety
—includingloading,passengertransportanddistri­
bution.
10.3.2.Thequalificationsobtainedshouldbemutu­
allyrecognizedbytheMemberStates,justastheattest­
ationsandcertificatesofprofessionalcompetencefor
admissiontotheoccupationoftransportoperatorare
already.
10.3.3.TheCommunity'strainingpolicyshouldalso
encompassairlinesandairportauthoritiesandtheir
personnel.9.Transportsafety
9.1.ExtendingtheCommunity'sworkontransport
safety
9.1.1.TheCommitteeregardstheCommission's
proposalsforimprovingtransportsafetyasafurther
stepforwardinthisparticularlyimportantarea.The
inclusionoftransportsafetyintheTreatyonEuropean
Unionprovidesthebasisforthis.
9.1.2.TheCommitteereferstoitsOpinionsontrans­
portsafety. 10.4.Socialchapterfortransportusers
10.Socialaspects
10.1.Limitontheneedforlegislation
10.1.1.Itiswidelyagreedthatthesocialdialogueis
apermanentpartofthebalancebetweensocialgroups
inbusinessandsocietyingeneral.Thecommontransportpolicy'snewstrategyshould
includeasocialchapterforpublictransportusers.In
ordertofurthergeneralmobilityandtheCitizens'Euro­
peand,inlinewiththeprincipleofsubsidiarity,the
facilitiesprovidedtocaterforthetravelneedsofthe
severelyhandicapped ,thesociallydisadvantaged ,the
sickandothersinneedofcaremustbeappropriate
everywhereinEurope.

NoC352/22 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.12,93
11.Externalrelations:strengtheningtheinternalmar­
ket'sexternaldimension11.2.4.EachMemberStateisfree,withintheframe­
workofECtransportlegislation,todecidehowto
regulateitstransportaffairswithitsneighbours .
11.2.5.IfaCommunityinterestpromptstheECto
concludetransportagreementswithitsEuropeanneigh­
bours,specialallowanceshouldbemadefortheinter­
estsoftheMemberStatesontheCommunity'sexternal
frontiers.11.1.Differentiation ofpowers
12.Actionprogramme11.1.1.TheCommitteerecognizesinprinciplethat
theconjmontransportpolicymustincludecertainpow­
ersforregulatingrelationswithnon-Community
countries.
11.1.2.Whenitcomestotheestablishment ofthe
EuropeanEconomicAreaandtheassociationoffurther
countries,theCommissionshouldhavethesamescope
toact—inagreementwiththeMemberStates—asit
hasintheinternalmarket.
11.1.3.Inthecaseofinternationalbodiesandagree­
ments,theCommissionshouldactasthecoordinator
and/or,byagreementwiththeMemberStates,rep­
resentativeofEurope'sinterests.Thiswillmostly
involveseaandinternationalairtransport.'
However,attentionwillhavetobepaidtotheinter­
nationalbodiesandagreementsalreadyinexistencein
whichMemberStatesalreadyplayanimportantpart.
11.1.4.TheCommunityshouldalsobeawarethat
someMemberStatesarequitecapableofrepresenting
theCommunity'sinterestsininternationalrelationsif
theyaregiven3mandatebytheCommunity .
11.1.5.Ifinternationalruleshavebeenlaiddown,the
Commissionshouldrefrainfromintroducingadditional
Community-wide rulessoasnottocreateathirdlayer
betweeninternational andnationallaw.12.1.Inclusioninthelegislativeprogramme
12.1.1.Ablueprintofvastproportionswhichcovers
severalsectorshasadynamismofitsownwhichmust
beborneinmindfromtheoutset.TheCommittee
wouldthereforerecommendthattheplanfortomor­
row'scommontransportpolicybeincludedintheCom­
munity'slegislativeprogramme ,whichrepresentsa
planningtool,andthatadetailedtimetablebedrawn
up.
12.1.2.Theblueprintshouldnotfocusonapurely
sector-by-sector approach—asitusedto-butrather
oncross-sectormeasures.Thismeansthatmoremust
bedonethaninthepasttocreateastableframework .
Suitablemeasureswillhavetobeadoptedtoachieve
this.
12.1.3.Thecommontransportpolicyshouldnot
countonotherpoliciesachievingitsobjectives.Its
authorsmustendeavourtocreatetherequisitecoher­
enceandensurethatitsmeasuresarecommensurate
withCommunitypolicyingeneral.Inthefinalanalysis,
thismeansthatthecommontransport-policy musthave
abiggerinfluenceoneconomic,financial,socialand
foreignpolicy.TheCommitteewouldreferinthiscon­
texttotheprincipleofsubsidiarity .Thiswillmakeit
necessarytoguaranteetransparencyatalltimeswith
regardtoallCommissioninitiativesanddraftDirec­
tives,RegulationsandDecisions (includingtheirincor­
porationininternationalagreements).
12.1.4.Transportpolicystrategiescanberevised
withintheframeworkofthelegislativeprogrammes .
Asaresult,thestrategyunderlyingpolicymeasuresand
theimplementation ofthesemeasurescanbeadapted
topolitical,legal,economicandsocialchanges.11.2.Transformation ofbilateralagreements
11.2.1.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtothesubsid­
iarityprinciplewhenbilateraltransportagreementsare
transformedintoCommunityagreementsandnew
agreementsareconcludedwithneighbouringcountries.
Here,too,theCommissionshouldexerciserestraint.
11.2.2.However,theCommitteeagreesthatexisting
bilateralagreementsmustbetransformedgradually,
insofarastheyrelatetonationalsituationswhichare
frequentlynotcommensurate withtheCommunity's
provisionsorinterests.
11.2.3.Bilateralagreementsshouldnotbereplaced
byCommunityagreementsunlesstheCommunityben­
efitsappreciably .Ifbilateralagreementsdonotharm
theinterestsofotherMemberStates,theyshould
remaininforce.12.2.Clarificationoffundingavailable
12.2.1.TheCommitteerealizesthatCommunity
powerswithregardtofundingarelimited,based
entirelyonsetrulesandapplyonlytoexistingfieldsof
activity.Thevolumeoffundingavailableisdetermined
bytheCouncil.

30.12.93 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC352/23
12.2.2.Itwouldbeuseful,however,if,whenthetocontemplatethefundingquestionandissueacorn­
Commissionsubmittedproposalsfortransport,itweremunicationonthismatter.
DoneatBrussels,20October1993.
TheChairman
oftheEconomicandSocialCommittee
SusanneTIEMANN
OpinionontheSecondAll-EuropeanTransportConference
(93/C352/06
On26January1993theEconomicandSocialCommitteedecidedtodrawupanOpinion
ontheSecondAll-EuropeanTransportConference .
TheSectionforTransportandCommunications ,whichwasresponsibleforpreparingthe
Committee'sworkonthesubject,adopteditsOpinionon6October1993.TheRapporteur
wasMrBleser.
Atits309thPlenarySession(meetingof20October1993)theEconomicandSocialCommittee
adoptedthefollowingOpinionunanimously .
1.Objectiveandoutcomeofthefirstall-European
transportconference (1991)policy'sobjectivesandeffortstoharmonize,andclose
cooperationshouldbedeveloped .
1.1.Thefirstall-Europeantransportconferencewas
heldinPragueon29/31October1991.TheEuropean
ParliamentandtheCommissionoftheEuropeanCom­
munity,incollaboration withthePresidencyofthe
CouncilofMinistersoftheEuropeanCommunity ,the
UNEconomicCommissionforEurope,theEuropean
ConferenceofTransportMinisters (ECTM)andthe
EuropeanCivilAviationConference (ECAC),werethe
primemoversbehindthisconference .1.3.ThePragueConferencefocusedonintegrated
transportplanning,thepossibilitiesforaEurope-wide
networkplanandquestionsrelatingtoinfrastructure
planningandfinancing.Thepurposewastoshowhow
toadaptthewhollyinadequateinfrastructure tothe
requirementsoftransittrafficandtoeconomicdevelop­
mentandchange.Thesubmissionsalsodealtwith
environmental protection,energyefficiencyandtrans­
portsafety,albeitonlyinpassing.
1.4.Theconferenceclosedwiththeadoptionofa
jointdeclarationontheprinciplesofanall-European
transportpolicy(PragueDeclarationof31October
1991onanall-Europeantransportpolicy).Agreement
wasreachedthereinonthecreationofanintegrated
transportsystemwhichwasbasedontheprinciplesof
themarketeconomyandwascommensurate with
social,environmental andenergyobjectives.Commit­
mentsweremadetocooperateintheplanningofEuro­
peantransportnetworks,encourageintermodaland
combinedtransportandliberalizeairandseatransport.
Furtherstepstowardscooperationintransportpolicy
werealsolaiddown.1.2.Theaimoftheconferencewastogetthe
countriesofCentralandEasternEuropeinvolvedin
thedevelopmentofaglobalEuropeantransportpolicy.
SuchapolicywasbeginningtotakeshapeintheCom­
munityatthattimeand,withtheEuropeanEconomic
Areaintheoffing,alreadypointedbeyondtheCom­
munity'sfrontiers.Itwasfeltthat,asafirststeptowards
establishingatransportpolicywhichcoversthewhole
ofEurope,thecountriesofCentralandEasternEurope
shouldbegivendevelopmentaid.Inadditionthenew
East-Westtraderelationsshouldbesupportedand
secured,inkeepingwiththeintra-Community transport