GREEN PAPER ON SERVICES OF GENERAL INTEREST

(Presented by the Commission)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Background

1.1. Definitions and terminology

1.2. An evolving and crucial role for public authorities

2. The Scope of Community action

2.1. What kind of subsidiarity?

2.2. Sector-specific legislation and general legal framework

2.3. Economic and non-economic services

3. Towards a Community concept of services of general interest?

3.1. A common set of obligations

3.1.1 Universal service

3.1.2 Continuity

3.1.3 Quality of service

3.1.4. Affordability

3.1.5. User and consumer protection

3.2. Further specific obligations

4. Good governance: organisation, financing and evaluation

4.1. Definition of obligations and choice of organisation

4.2. Financing of services of general interest

4.3. Evaluation of services of general interest

5. Services of general interest and the challenge of globalisation

5.1. Trade policy

5.2. Development and co-operation policy

6. Operational Conclusion

Summary table of all questions submitted for discussion

ANNEX

Public service obligations and instruments of Community policy in the area of services of general economic interest

Introduction

1. The European Union is at a turning point in its history. It is preparing itself for an unprecedented wave of enlargement and, at the same time, within the context of the Convention, for a redefinition of its tasks and how its institutions operate under a new constitutional Treaty. It has also launched a development strategy based on the synergy between economic and social reforms with the added dimensions of sustainability and the environment.

2. In this context, services of general interest play an increasing role. They are a part of the values shared by all European societies and form an essential element of the European model of society. Their role is essential for increasing quality of life for all citizens and for overcoming social exclusion and isolation. Given their weight in the economy and their importance for the production of other goods and services, the efficiency and quality of these services is a factor for competitiveness and greater cohesion, in particular in terms of attracting investment in less-favoured regions. The efficient and non-discriminatory provision of services of general interest is also a condition for the smooth functioning of the Single Market and for further economic intergration in the European Union. Furthermore, these services are a pillar of European citizenship, forming some of the rights enjoyed by European citizens and providing an opportunity for dialogue with public authorities within the context of good governance.

3. In the perspective of the accession of the new Member States, the guarantee of efficient and high-quality services of general interest and in particular the development of the network industries and their interconnection are essential to facilitate integration, to increase citizens' well-being and to help individuals to make effective use of their fundamental rights. Also, several new Member States have over the last decade gone through the transition towards a market economy and their citizens must be assured as to the importance the Union attaches to everyone's access to services of general interest.

4. Services of general interest are at the core of the political debate. Indeed, they touch on the central question of the role public authorities play in a market economy, in ensuring, on the one hand, the smooth functioning of the market and compliance with the rules of the game by all actors and, on the other hand, safeguarding the general interest, in particular the satisfaction of citizens' essential needs and the preservation of public goods where the market fails.

5. In the early years of the Communities, the objective of economic integration led to concentrating efforts on the removal of barriers to trade between Member States. In particular, since the second half of the 1980s a number of sectors in which mainly, or at least also, services of general economic interest are provided,have gradually been opened up to competition. This has been the case with telecommunications, postal services, transport and energy. Liberalisation stimulated the modernisation, interconnection and integration of these sectors. It increased the number of competitors and led to price reductions, especially in those sectors and countries that liberalised earlier. Although there is as yet insufficient evidence to assess the long-term impact of the opening to competition of services of general interest, there is, based on the available information, no evidence supporting the thesis that liberalisation has had a negative impact on their overall performance, at least as far as affordability and the provision of universal service are concerned. The Community has always promoted "controlled" liberalisation, i.e. gradual opening-up of the market accompanied by measures to protect the general interest, in particular through the concept of universal service to guarantee access for everyone, whatever the economic, social or geographical situation, to a service of a specified quality at an affordable price. In this context, it has given special attention to ensuring adequate standards for cross-border services that cannot be adequately regulated only at national level.

6. Initial fears that market opening would have a negative impact on employment levels or on the provision of services of general economic interest have so far proved unfounded. Market opening has generally made services more affordable. For consumers in the lowest income brackets, for example, the percentage of personal income needed to buy a standard basket of telephone calls or a standard volume of electricity consumption has fallen in most Member States between 1996 and 2002. The impact of market opening on net employment has also been broadly positive. Job losses, particularly amongst former monopolies, have been more than compensated for by the creation of new jobs thanks to market growth. Overall, the liberalisation of the network industries is estimated to have led to the creation of nearly one million jobs across the European Union [1].

[1] The Internal Market - Ten Years without Frontiers, SEC(2002) 1417, 7.1.2003

7. In spite of these results, certain misapprehensions have been expressed after the first steps towards liberalisation. The Commission has repeatedly tried to clarify the relevant Community policies. In a first horizontal communication of 1996, [2] it explained the interplay for the citizens' benefit between Community measures in the areas of competition and free circulation and public service tasks. This communication also suggests adding the promotion of services of general interest to the objectives of the Treaty. It was updated in 2000 [3] with a view to increasing the legal certainty for operators as regards the application of competition and internal market rules to their activities. In 2001, these two communications were complemented by a Report to the Laeken European Council [4]. This report responds to concerns with regard to the economic viability of operators entrusted with public service tasks. It highlights the guarantees offered by Article 86 (2) of the Treaty, [5] Community action and the responsibility of the Member States, in particular as regards the definition of public service obligations. In addition, the Commission has made efforts to better assess the performance of the industries providing services of general interest by carrying out sectoral and horizontal evaluations.

[2] «Services of general interest in Europe», OJ C 281, 26.9.1996, p.3

[3] «Services of general interest in Europe», OJ C 17, 19.1.2001, p.4

[4] COM(2001) 598 final, 17.10.2001

[5] Article 86 (2) provides: «Undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest ... shall be subject to the rules contained in this Treaty, in particular to the rules on competition, insofar as the application of such rules does not obstruct the performance, in law or in fact, of the particular tasks assigned to them. The development of trade must not be affected to such an extent as would be contrary to the interests of the Community»

8. In the meantime, the debate has evolved and its emphasis has shifted. The Treaty of Amsterdam recognises the place of services of general economic interest among the shared values of the Union [6]. It also assigns the Community and the Member States, «each within their respective powers», responsibility for the smooth functioning of these services. In the "Protocol on the system of public broadcasting" it highlights that public broadcasting in the Member States is directly related to the democratic, social and cultural needs of each society and to the need to preserve media pluralism. In addition, the Union recognises and secures citizens' right of access to services of general economic interest in the Charter of Fundamental Rights [7]. These new provisions are important elements in the development of the process of European integration: from the economic sphere towards broader issues relating to the European model of society, to the concept of European citizenship and to the relations between every individual in the Union and the public authorities. They also raise the question of the means for their effective implementation. The Commission believes that these questions deserve a broader and more structured debate. Naturally, this debate will take into account and be inspired by work in progress - regarding, for example, the Union's values and objectives, the question of competencies or the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality - within the European Convention and in the forthcoming intergovernmental conference.

[6] The Treaty provides in its Article 16 : «Without prejudice to Articles 73, 86 and 87, and given the place occupied by services of general economic interest in the shared values of the Union as well as their role in promoting social and territorial cohesion, the Community and the Member States, each within their respective powers and within the scope of application of this Treaty, shall take care that such services operate on the basis of principles and conditions which enable them to fulfil their missions»

[7] Article 36 of the Charter provides: «The Union recognises and respects access to services of general economic interest as provided for in national law and practices, in accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community, in order to promote the social and territorial cohesion of the Union»

9. The uncertainties and concerns of citizens remain in evidence and require a response. The European Parliament suggested the Commission should present a proposal for a framework directive on services of general interest and the Council also asked the Commission to look into this question [8].

[8] See also the Presidency conclusions of the Barcelona European Council, 15 and 16 March 2002, para. 42 and of the Brussels European Council, 20 and 21 March 2003, para. 26

10. The reality of services of general interest which include services of both general economic and non-economic interest, is complex and constantly evolving. It covers a broad range of different types of activities, from certain activities in the big network industries (energy, postal services, transport, and telecommunications) to health, education and social services, of different dimensions, from European or even global to purely local, and of different natures, market or non-market. The organisation of these services varies according to cultural traditions, the history and geographical conditions of each Member State and the characteristics of the activity concerned, in particular technological development.

11. The European Union respects this diversity and the roles of national, regional and local authorities in ensuring the well-being of their citizens and in guaranteeing democratic choices regarding, among other things, the level of service quality. This diversity explains the various degrees of Community action and the use of different instruments. The Union also has its own role to play as part of its exclusive competencies. Moreover, throughout the European Union services of general interest raise a number of questions and issues that are common to different services and different competent authorities.

12. The debate that this Green Paper intends to launch raises questions with regard to

* the scope of possible Community action that implements the Treaty in full respect of the principle of subsidiarity,

* the principles that could be included in a possible framework directive or another general instrument concerning services of general interest and the added value of such an instrument,

* the definition of good governance in the area of organisation, regulation, financing and evaluation of services of general interest in order to ensure greater competitiveness of the economy and efficient and equitable access of all persons to high-quality services that are satisfying their needs,

* any measures that could contribute to increasing legal certainty and to ensuring a coherent and harmonious link between the objective of maintaining high-quality services of general interest and rigorous application of competition and internal market rules.

13. The Green Paper consists of five main parts plus an introduction and an operational conclusion. The first part outlines the background, the second part discusses the scope of Community action in the area of services of general interest, the third part provides a number of elements for a possible common concept of services of general economic interest, on the basis of existing sector-specific legislation, the fourth part looks at issues related to the way services of general interest are organised, financed and evaluated, and the fifth part addresses the international dimension of services of general interest. The Green Paper is accompanied by an annex which sets out public service obligations in more detail, as derived from existing sector-specific legislation and the policy instruments available to ensure compliance with these obligations.

14. The Green Paper raises a number of questions on which the Commission seeks comments from interested parties. A summary table of all the questions is attached to this document.

1. Background

1.1. Definitions and terminology

15. Terminological differences, semantic confusion and different traditions in the Member States have led to many misunderstandings in the discussion at European level. In the Member States different terms and definitions are used in the context of services of general interest, thus reflecting different historical, economic, cultural and political developments. Community terminology tries to take account of these differences.

16. The term «services of general interest» cannot be found in the Treaty itself. It is derived in Community practice from the term «services of general economic interest», which is used in the Treaty. It is broader than the term «services of general economic interest» and covers both market and non-market services which the public authorities class as being of general interest and subject to specific public service obligations.

17. The term «services of general economic interest» is used in Articles 16 and 86(2) of the Treaty. It is not defined in the Treaty or in secondary legislation. However, in Community practice there is broad agreement that the term refers to services of an economic nature which the Member States or the Community subject to specific public service obligations by virtue of a general interest criterion. The concept of services of general economic interest thus covers in particular certain services provided by the big network industries such as transport, postal services, energy and communications. However, the term also extends to any other economic activity subject to public service obligations.

18. The Green Paper focuses mainly, but not exclusively, on issues related to «services of general economic interest», as the Treaty itself focuses mainly on economic activities. The term «services of general interest» is used in the Green Paper only where the text also refers to non-economic services or where it is not necessary to specify the economic or non-economic nature of the services concerned.

19. The terms «service of general interest» and «service of general economic interest» must not be confused with the term «public service». This term is less precise. It can have different meanings and can therefore lead to confusion. The term sometimes refers to the fact that a service is offered to the general public, it sometimes highlights that a service has been assigned a specific role in the public interest, and it sometimes refers to the ownership or status of the entity providing the service [9] Therefore, this term will not be used in this Green Paper.

[9] There is often confusion between the term «public service» and the term «public sector». The term «public sector» covers all public administrations together with all enterprises controlled by public authorities

20. The term «public service obligations» is used in this Green Paper. It refers to specific requirements that are imposed by public authorities on the provider of the service in order to ensure that certain public interest objectives are met, for instance, in the matter of air, rail and road transport and energy. These obligations can be applied at Community, national or regional level.

21. The term «public undertaking» is normally also used to define the ownership of the service provider. The Treaty provides for strict neutrality. It is irrelevant under Community law whether providers of services of general interest are public or private; they are subject to the same rights and obligations.

1.2. An evolving and crucial role for public authorities

22. The market usually ensures optimum allocation of resources for the benefit of society at large. However, some services of general interest are not fully satisfied by markets alone because their market price is too high for consumers with low purchasing power or because the cost of providing these services could not be covered by market price. Therefore, it has always been the core responsibility of public authorities to ensure that such basic collective and qualitative needs are satisfied and that services of general interest are preserved wherever market forces cannot achieve this. To date, the crucial importance of this responsibility has not changed.

23. However, what has changed is the way in which public authorities fulfil their obligations towards the citizens. Indeed, the role of public authorities in the context of services of general interest is constantly adapting to economic, technological and social developments. In Europe, a number of services of general interest have traditionally been provided by public authorities themselves. Nowadays, public authorities increasingly entrust the provision of such services to public or private undertakings or to public-private partnerships (PPPs) [10] and limit themselves to defining public objectives, monitoring, regulating and, where necessary, financing those services.

[10] The Commission intends to publish a Green Paper on public procurement and Public-Private-Partnerships in the second semester of 2003. In its Communication "Developing the trans-European transport network: innovative funding solutions and interoperability of electronic toll collection systems", COM(2003) 132final, 23.4.2003, the Commission examined PPPs in the light of the need to find funding solutions for the development of the transport network

24. This development should not mean that public authorities renounce their responsibility to ensure that objectives of general interest are implemented. By means of appropriate regulatory instruments public authorities should have the capability to shape national, regional or local policies in the area of services of general interest and to ensure their implementation. However, this development from self-provision towards the provision through separate entities has made the organisation, the cost and financing of these services more transparent. This is reflected in a broader debate and in stronger democratic control of the ways in which services of general interest are provided and financed. This increased transparency also reduces the possibility to use financing mechanisms to limit competition on these markets.

25. In the European Union, the creation of the internal market has accelerated this process. At the same time, the changing role of public authorities regarding the provision of services of general interest has also influenced the development of Community policies.

26. The process of European integration has never called into question the primary responsibility or the capability of public authorities for making the necessary political choices regarding the regulation of market activities. The Commission intends to reaffirm this responsibility by stimulating a European debate on the political choices to be made concerning services of general interest at European level. The results of this debate will form the basis for future Community policies in this field.

2. The Scope of Community action

27. As regards the scope of Community action, three main issues are addressed in this section:

* How, in the light of the principle of subsidiarity, should responsibilities in the area of services of general interest be shared between the Community and the Member States, including regional and local administrations?

* Should Community action be based on an essentially sector-specific approach or should a general framework be created?

* How is the scope of Community action affected by the distinction between economic and non-economic services?

2.1. What kind of subsidiarity?

28. In the area of services of general interest the division of tasks and powers between the Community and the Member States is complex and sometimes leads to misapprehension and frustration on the part of consumers, users and operators.

29. The Treaty does not mention the functioning of services of general interest as a Community objective and does not assign specific positive powers to the Community in the area of services of general interest. To date, except for a sector-specific reference in the title on transport, [11] these services are referred to in two provisions of the Treaty:

[11] See Article 73 of the Treaty

* Article 16 confers responsibility upon the Community and the Member States to ensure, each within their respective sphere of competencies, that their policies enable services of general economic interest to fulfil their missions. It spells out a principle of the Treaty although it does not provide the Community with specific means of action.

* Article 86(2) implicitly recognises the right of the Member States to assign specific public service obligations to economic operators. It sets out a fundamental principle ensuring that services of general economic interest can continue to be provided and developed in the common market. Providers of services of general interest are exempted from application of the Treaty rules only to the extent that this is strictly necessary to allow them to fulfil their general interest mission. Therefore, in the event of conflict, the fulfilment of a public service mission can effectively prevail over the application of Community rules, including internal market and competition rules, subject to the conditions foreseen in Article 86 (2) [12]. Thus, the Treaty protects the effective performance of a general interest task but not necessarily the provider as such.

[12] In its Communcation on Services of general interest in Europe of 2000 the Commission explained the three principles that underlie the application of this provisions, i.e. the principles of neutrality, freedom to define and proportionality

30. Furthermore, according to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the Union recognises and respects access to services of general economic interest, in order to promote the social and territorial cohesion of the Union. [13]

[13] See Article 36 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights

31. It is primarily for the competent national, regional and local authorities to define, organise, finance and monitor services of general interest. The Community for its part has competencies in areas that are also relevant for services of general interest, such as: the internal market, competition and State aid, free movement, social policy, transport, environment, health, consumer policy, trans-European networks, industry, economic and social cohesion, research, trade and development co-operation, and taxation. The competencies and responsibilities conferred by the Treaty provide the Community with a whole range of means of action to ensure that every person in the European Union has access to high-quality services of general interest.

Services of general interest linked to the function of welfare and social protection are clearly a matter of national, regional and local responsibilities. Nevertheless, there is a recognised role for the Community in promoting co-operation and co-ordination in these areas. A particular concern for the Commission is promoting the co-operation by Member States in matters related to the modernisation of social protection systems.

32. Three categories of services of general interest can be distinguished as regards the need and intensity of Community action and the role of the Member States:

(1) Services of general economic interest provided by large network industries

Since the 1980s the Community has pursued the gradual opening of the markets for large network industries such as telecommunications, postal services, electricity, gas and transport in which services of general economic interest can be provided. At the same time, the Community has adopted a comprehensive regulatory framework for these services which specifies public service obligations at European level and includes aspects such as universal service, consumer and user rights and health and safety concerns. These industries have a clear Community-wide dimension and present a strong case for developing a concept of European general interest. This is also recognised in Title XV of the Treaty, which gives the Community specific responsibility for trans-European networks in the areas of transport, telecommunications and energy infrastructure, with the dual objective of improving the smooth functioning of the internal market and strengthening social and economic cohesion.

(2) Other services of general economic interest

Other services of general economic interest, such as waste management, water supply or public service broadcasting, are not subject to a comprehensive regulatory regime at Community level. In general, the provision and organisation of these services are subject to internal market, competition and State aid rules provided that these services can affect trade between Member States. In addition, specific Community rules, such as environmental legislation, may apply to certain aspects of the provision of these services.

For the disposal of waste (e.g. landfill), for example, provisions in Community waste legislation establish the "principle of proximity" [14]. According to this principle, waste should be disposed of as near as possible to the place it was generated.

[14] See in particular Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste, OJ L 194, 25.7.1975, p. 47, and Council Regulation (EEC) 259/93 on shipment of waste, OJ L 30, 6.2.1993, p. 1

As regards television broadcasting, the regulatory regime is co-ordinated at Community level by the "Television without Frontiers Directive", [15] in particular in respect of events of major importance for society, promotion of European works and independent production, advertising and protection of minors. Because of the importance of public service broadcasting for the democratic, social and cultural needs of each society a specific Protocol on the systems of public broadcasting in the Member States has been annexed to the Amsterdam Treaty. In its communication on "Principles and guidelines for the Community's audio-visual policy in the digital age" [16], the Commission sets out regulatory principles concerning public service broadcasting. The Commission has further explained its approach in a Communication of 17 October 2001 on the application of the state aid rules to public service broadcasting [17]. It takes into account in particular the fact that the audio-visual landscape in the European Community is characterised by a dual system comprising public and private broadcasters.

[15] Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 9 October 1989 on the co-ordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities, OJ L 298, 17.10.1989, p.23

[16] COM(1999) 657, 14.12.1999

[17] OJ C 320, 15.11.2001, p. 5. In this Communication, the Commission recognises the particular role of public service broadcasting in the promotion of democratic, social and cultural needs of each society, as acknowledged by the Protocol to the Amsterdam Treaty. Member States are competent for the definition and choice of funding of the public service and are free to define as public service remit a braod programme spectrum that may include, for instance, entertainment and sports events. The Commission retains a duty to check for abusive practices and absence of overcompensation according to the specific criteria laid down in the Communication

(3) Non-economic services and services without effect on trade

Services of general interest of a non-economic nature and services without effect on trade between Member States are not subject to specific Community rules, nor are they covered by the internal market, competition and State aid rules of the Treaty. However, they are covered by those Community rules that also apply to non-economic activities and to activities that have no effect on intra-Community trade, such as the basic principle of non-discrimination.

33. Thus, the Community has developed a policy on services of general interest based on various degrees of action and on the use of different instruments. However, on the one hand, the creation of a sector-specific framework at Community level does not in itself guarantee that every individual has access to efficient and high-quality services throughout the European Union. It is up to the competent authorities in the Member States to specify and complement the Community rules on public service obligations and to monitor their implementation. On the other hand, the Commission can take specific direct measures to enforce Community rules in the areas of competition and State aid. This could give the impression of an imbalance in Community action that could ultimately affect its credibility.

34. Community legislation on network industries has taken account of the importance of public administrations of the Member States in the implementation of legislation in the area of services of general interest by requiring the creation of independent regulatory authorities. Community legislation leaves the detailed institutional arrangements regarding the regulatory authority to the discretion of Member States. It can thus be an existing body or the Ministry responsible for the sector, a solution adopted by a limited number of Member States. This solution has proven to be problematic in terms of the independence of the national regulatory authority in some instances where Member States also retain ownership or control over companies active in the sector concerned. The importance and ongoing, complex and evolving nature of the regulatory tasks involved often requires the expertise and independence of a sector-specific regulatory body [18]. Such a regulator is important to complement the action of competition authorities in terms of objectives, sectoral expertise, and timing and continuity of the intervention. In particular, specific regulatory bodies have a major role to play to ensure the provision of services of general interest, to put in place the conditions for fair competition, to prevent disruptions of service or supply, and to ensure an adequate level of consumer protection. Nearly all Member States have set up such a body for the sectors concerned. However, even where a sector-specific regulatory authority exists, the government - i.e. the competent Ministry - often retains responsibility for certain regulatory decisions.

[18] A definition of a sector-specific regulatory authority is contained in Commission Decision 2002/627/EC of 29 July 2002 establishing the European Regulators Group for Electronic Communications Networks and Services, OJ L 200/38, 30.7.2002: «For the purpose of this Decision: 'relevant national regulatory authority' means the public authority established in each Member State to oversee the day-to-day interpretation and application of the provisions of the Directives relating to electronic communications networks and services as defined in the Framework Directive»

35. Furthermore, Community legislation and practice encourages co-operation and exchanges of best practice among regulatory authorities in the Member States and between them and the Commission. Whilst the creation of national regulatory authorities is to a large extent a reality, the creation of European regulators for services of general interest or the deepening of co-operation between regulators of each Member State (e.g. structured networks) has not yet been widely discussed and could raise questions. Among the objectives are the necessity to obtain a degree of consistency of national regulatory approaches to avoid distortions stemming from different approaches that could have an impact on the good functioning of the internal market as well as the need to improve the operation of these services.

36. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(1) Should the development of high-quality services of general interest be included in the objectives of the Community? Should the Community be given additional legal powers in the area of services of general economic and non-economic interest?

(2) Is there a need for clarifying how responsibilities are shared between the Community level and administrations in the Member States? Is there a need for clarifying the concept of services without effect on trade between Member States? If so, how should this be done?

(3) Are there services (other than the large network industries mentioned in para. 32) for which a Community regulatory framework should be established?

(4) Should the institutional framework be improved? How could this be done? What should be the respective roles of competition and regulatory authorities? Is there a case for a European regulator for each regulated industry or for Europe-wide structured networks of national regulators?

2.2. Sector-specific legislation and general legal framework

37. Up to now, the Community has adopted legislation on services of general interest on a sectoral basis. Thus, a comprehensive body of sector-specific legislation has been developed for different network industries such as electronic communications, postal services, gas and electricity, and transport, in which services of general economic interest can be provided. In the light of the experience gained, the question was raised whether a common European framework should be developed in order to ensure coherent implementation of the principles underlying Article 16 of the Treaty at Community level. In this context, the Commission made a commitment to the Laeken European Council to find the best instrument to ensure the development of high-quality services of general interest in the European Union, in strict coherence with all Community policies.

38. A general instrument could set out, clarify and consolidate the objectives and principles common to all or several types of services of general interest in fields of Community competence. Such an instrument could provide the basis for further sectoral legislation, which could implement the objectives set out in the framework instrument, thus simplifying and consolidating the internal market in this field.

39. Consolidation of the Community "acquis" could be based on common elements of existing sector-specific legislation and would help to ensure overall consistency of approach across different services of general interest sectors. It could also have important symbolic value in that it would clearly demonstrate the Community's approach as well as the existence of a Community concept of services of general interest. Furthermore, consolidation could help the new Member States to develop their regulatory strategies in this area.

40. However, such an approach would also have its limitations in that a framework instrument setting out common objectives and principles would be general in nature, as it would have to be based on the common denominator of different services with very different characteristics. If current levels of protection were to be maintained, it would still have to be complemented by sector-specific legislation laying down more detailed provisions which take into account the specific characteristics of different services of general interest. Moreover, Article 16 does not provide a legal base for the adoption of a specific instrument. Other Treaty provisions could serve as a legal basis, depending on the content of the instrument. For example, Article 95 could be used, but a framework instrument based on this provision would have to be limited to services of general economic interest having an effect on intra-Community trade. This would mean that many important sectors would be excluded from the scope of the instrument because of their non-economic nature or because of their limited effect on trade. If Community legislation such sectors is considered desirable, an amendment of the Treaty might be the best way of providing an appropriate legal basis.

41. As regards its legal form, consolidation of common objectives and principles could be set out in a legislative instrument (i.e. in a directive or in a regulation) or in a non-legislative instrument (recommendation, communication, guidelines, inter-institutional agreement). Apart from their different legal effects, the various instruments also differ from the point of view of the degree of involvement of the different Community institutions in the adoption procedure [19].

[19] In this context it should be noted that the Union's legal instruments are the subject of discussions within the European Convention. Indeed, Articles 24 to 28 of the Preliminary Draft Constitutional Treaty set out the proposed range of legal instruments

42. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(5) Is a general Community framework for services of general interest desirable? What would be its added value compared to existing sectoral legislation? Which sectors and which issues and rights should be covered? Which instrument should be used (e.g. directive, regulation, recommendation, communication, guidelines, inter-institutional agreement)?

(6) What has been the impact of sector-specific regulation so far? Has it led to any incoherence?

2.3. Economic and non-economic services

43. The distinction between services of an economic nature and services of a non-economic nature is important because they are not subject to the same rules of the Treaty. For instance, provisions such as the principle of non-discrimination and the principle of free movement of persons apply with regard to the access to all kind of services. The public procurement rules apply to the goods, services or works acquired by public entities with a view to providing both services of economic and non-economic nature. However, the freedom to provide services, the right of establishment, the competition and State aid rules of the Treaty only apply to economic activities. Also, Article 16 of the Treaty and Article 36 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights refer only to services of general economic interest.

44. As regards the distinction between services of an economic nature and services of a non-economic nature, any activity consisting in offering goods and services on a given market is an economic activity [20]. Thus, economic and non-economic services can co-exist within the same sector and sometimes even be provided by the same organisation. Furthermore, while there may be no market for the provision of particular services to the public, there may nevertheless be an upstream market where undertakings contract with the public authorities to provide these services. The internal market, competition and state aid rules apply to such upstream markets.

[20] Judgment of the Court of Justice in joint cases C-180-184/98 Pavel Pavlov and Others v Stichting Pensioenfonds Medische Specialisten [2000] ECR I-6451

45. The range of services that can be provided on a given market is subject to technological, economic and societal change and has evolved over time. As a consequence, the distinction between economic and non-economic activities has been dynamic and evolving, and in recent decades more and more activities have become of economic relevance. For an increasing number of services, this distinction has become blurred. In its Communication of 2000, the Commission set out a number of examples of non-economic activities [21]. These examples concern in particular matters which are intrinsically prerogatives of the State, services such as national education and compulsory basic social security schemes, and a number of activities conducted by organisations performing largely social functions, which are not meant to engage in industrial or commercial activity. Given that the distinction is not static in time, the Commission stressed in its Report to the Laeken European Council that it would neither be feasible nor desirable to provide a definitive a priori list of all services of general interest that are to be considered «non-economic» [22].

[21] OJ C 17, 19.1.2001, p. 4 (Nos 28-30)

[22] COM(2001)598, 17.10.2001 (No 30)

46. Although the evolving and dynamic character of this distinction has not created problems in Commission practice so far, it has raised concerns, in particular among providers of non-economic services who ask for more legal certainty regarding their regulatory environment.

47. Furthermore, the future of non-economic services of general interest, whether they are related to prerogatives of the State or linked to such sensitive sectors as culture, education, health or social services, raises issues on a European scale, such as the content of the European model of society. The active role of charities, voluntary organisations and humanitarian organisations explains in part the importance that European citizens attach to these issues.

48. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(7) Is it necessary to further specify the criteria used to determine whether a service is of an economic or a non-economic nature? Should the situation of non-for-profit organisations and of organisations performing largely social functions be further clarified?

(8) What should be the Community's role regarding non-economic services of general interest?

3. Towards a Community concept of services of general interest?

49. It is probably neither desirable nor possible to develop a single comprehensive European definition of the content of services of general interest. However, existing Community legislation on services of general economic interest contains a number of common elements that can be drawn on to define a useful Community concept of services of general economic interest. These elements include in particular: universal service, continuity, quality of service, affordability, as well as user and consumer protection. These common elements identify Community values and goals. They have been transposed into obligations in the respective legislations and aim to ensure objectives such as economic efficiency, social or territorial cohesion and safety and security for all citizens. They can also be complemented by more specific obligations depending on the characteristics of the sector concerned. Developed in particular for certain network industries they could also be relevant for social services.

3.1. A common set of obligations

3.1.1 Universal service

50. The concept of universal service refers to a set of general interest requirements ensuring that certain services are made available at a specified quality to all consumers and users throughout the territory of a Member State, independently of geographical location, and, in the light of specific national conditions, at an affordable price [23]. It has been developed specifically for some of the network industries (e.g. telecommunications, electricity, and postal services). The concept establishes the right for every citizen to access certain services considered as essential and imposes obligations on industries to provide a defined service at specified conditions, including complete territorial coverage. In a liberalised market environment, a universal service obligation guarantees that everybody has access to the service at an affordable price and that the service quality is maintained and, where necessary, improved.

[23] Cf. Article 3(1) of Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive), OJ L 108, 24.4.2002, p. 51

51. Universal service is a dynamic concept. It ensures that general interest requirements can take account of political, social, economic and technological developments and it allows these requirements, where necessary, to be regularly adjusted to the citizens' evolving needs.

52. It is also a flexible concept that is fully compatible with the principle of subsidiarity. Where the basic principles of universal service are defined at Community level, the implementation of these principles can be left to the Member States, thus allowing different traditions and specific national or regional circumstances to be taken into account. Furthermore, the concept of universal service can apply to different market structures and can therefore be used to regulate services in different stages of liberalisation and market opening.

53. During the last two decades, the concept of universal service has developed into a major and indispensable pillar of the Community's policy on services of general economic interest. It has allowed public interest requirements to be addressed in various domains, such as economic efficiency, technological progress, environmental protection, transparency and accountability, consumer rights and specific measures regarding disability, age or education. The concept has also contributed to reducing the levels of disparity in living conditions and opportunities in the Member States.

54. Implementation of the principle of universal service is a complex and demanding task for national regulators which in many cases have only been recently created and whose experience is therefore necessarily still limited. At Community level, rights of access to services are defined in different directives, but the Community institutions alone cannot ensure that these rights are fully granted in practice. There is a risk that these rights as set out in Community legislation remain theoretical, even where they are formally transposed in national legislation.

3.1.2 Continuity

55. A number of services of general interest are characterised by a continuity requirement, i.e. the provider of the service is obliged to ensure that the service is provided without interruption. As regards some services, uninterrupted provision may already be in the commercial interest of the provider and it might therefore not be necessary to impose a legal continuity requirement on the operator. At national level, the continuity requirement needs to be reconciled with the employees' right to strike and with the requirement to respect the rule of law.

56. The requirement of ensuring a continuous service is not consistently addressed in sector-specific Community legislation. In some cases, sector-specific Community legislation explicitly sets out a continuity obligation [24]. In other cases, sector-specific regulation does not contain a continuity requirement, but it explicitly authorises Member States to impose such an obligation on service providers [25].

[24] For instance, Article 3(1) of the postal directive (97/67/EC) obliges Member States to "ensure the permanent provision of a postal service." Cf. Directive 97/67/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 1997 on common rules for the development of the internal market of Community postal services and the improvement of quality of service, OJ L 15 , 21.1.1998, p. 14

[25] Article 3(2) of the electricity directive provides that "Member States may impose on undertakings operating in the electricity sector, in the general economic interest, public service obligations which may relate to security, including ... regularity... of supplies... . Such obligations must be clearly defined, transparent, non-discriminatory and verifiable; they, and any revision thereof, shall be published and notified to the Commission by Member States without delay." Cf. Directive 96/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, OJ L 27, 30.1.1997, p. 20

3.1.3 Quality of service

57. The definition, monitoring and enforcement of quality requirements by public authorities have become key elements in the regulation of services of general interest.

58. In the sectors that have been liberalised the Community did not rely on market forces alone to maintain and develop the quality of services. Whilst in general it is for the Member States to define quality levels for services of general interest, in some cases, quality standards are defined in Community legislation. They include, for instance, safety regulations, the correctness and transparency of billing, territorial coverage, and protection against disconnection. In other cases, Member States are authorised or required to set quality standards. Furthermore, in some cases Member States are required to monitor and enforce compliance with quality standards and to ensure publication of information on quality standards and actual performance by operators. The most developed regulation of quality at Community level can be found in the legislation on postal services and on electronic communications services.

59. In addition, the Commission has developed non-regulatory measures to promote quality in services of general economic interest - including financial instruments, voluntary European standards, and exchanges of good practice. For instance, in the electricity and gas sectors, the Community promotes voluntary co-operation between regulators.

3.1.4. Affordability

60. The concept of affordability was developed in the context of the regulation of telecommunications services. Subsequently, it was also introduced into the regulation of postal services. [26] It requires a service of general economic interest to be offered at an affordable price in order to be accessible for everybody. Application of the principle of affordability helps to achieve economic and social cohesion within the Member States.

[26] In the context of the proposed amendment of the electricity and gas directive the broader concept of "reasonable pricing" is being dicussed

61. The sector-specific legislation in place does not specify the criteria for determining affordable prices. These criteria must be defined by the Member States. Relevant criteria could be linked, for example, to the penetration rate or to the price of a basket of basic services related to the disposable income of specific categories of customers. Particular attention should be paid to the needs and capacities of vulnerable and marginalised groups. Finally, once an affordable level has been set, the Member States should ensure that this level is effectively offered, by putting in place a price control mechanism (price cap, geographical averaging) and/or by distributing subsidies to the persons concerned.

3.1.5. User and consumer protection

62. In services of general interest, horizontal consumer protection rules apply as they do in other sectors of the economy. In addition, because of the particular economic and social importance of these services, specific measures have been adopted in sectoral Community legislation to address the specific concerns and needs of consumers and businesses, including their right to have access to high-quality international services [27]. Consumer and user rights are set out in sector-specific legislation on electronic communications, postal services, energy (electricity, gas), transport and broadcasting. The Commission's consumer policy strategy 2002-2006 [28] has identified services of general interest as one of the policy areas where action is needed to ensure a high common level of consumer protection.

[27] For example, in air transport, this includes measures against over-booking and a compensation scheme for denied boarding

[28] COM(2002) 208; OJ C 137, 8.6.2002, p. 2

63. The Commission Communication on services of general interest of September 2000 [29] sets out a number of principles that can help to define consumers' and users' requirements for those services. These principles include good quality of service, high levels of health protection and physical safety of services, transparency (e.g. on tariffs, contracts, choice and financing of providers), choice of service, choice of supplier, effective competition between suppliers, existence of regulatory bodies, availability of redress mechanisms, representation and active participation of consumers and users in the definition and evaluation of services and choice of forms of payment. The Communication highlighted that a guarantee of universal access, continuity, high quality and affordability constitute key elements of a consumer policy in the area of services of general economic interest. It also stressed the need to address citizens' concerns that are of a wider nature, such as a high level of environment protection, specific needs of certain categories of the population, such as the handicapped and those on low incomes and complete territorial coverage of essential services in remote or inaccessible areas.

[29] OJ C 17, 19.1.2001, p. 4

64. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(9) Are there other requirements that should be included in a common concept of services of general interest? How effective are the existing requirements in terms of achieving the objectives of social and territorial cohesion?

(10) Should all or some of these requirements be extended to services to which they currently do not apply?

(11) What aspects of the regulation of these requirements should be dealt with at Community level and which aspects left to the Member States?

(12) Have these requirements been effectively implemented in the areas where they apply?

(13) Should some or all of these requirements also be applied to services of general interest of a non-economic nature?

3.2. Further specific obligations

65. A number of sector-specific related obligations that are in the general interest could add to a common set of public service obligations. These obligations include safety and security, security of supply, network access and interconnectivity, and media pluralism.

66. Safety and Security

In a world that is rapidly and dramatically changing, citizens in the European Union need to feel, and be, safe and secure. This is becoming increasingly important following a number of events. In particular after 11 September 2001, safety and security has even come on stage as a priority for Europe as a whole. Various other events have recently underlined this concern. [30] One of the basics of the European model of society is therefore security and safety.

[30] Sinking of the Petrol vessel "Prestige" and the recent SARS

Safety and security refer to a common set of objectives that exist in almost all Member States. Notably, the idea is to prevent prejudices to or attacks against society. They can take on different forms. Typically, these objectives have been pursued in Europe by means of services of general interest. Traditionally they have been carried out under the umbrella of the State and without always pursuing commercial objectives.

Lately, the Commission is committed to increasing the level of security as well as adopting a more European approach in certain fields, for instance in transport and energy. It is worth mentioning the Commission's Communication on "the repercussions of the terrorist attacks in the United States or the air transport industry" [31], its proposals after the various major maritime accidents along the European coasts [32] or the recent nuclear package towards a Community approach to nuclear safety [33]. These texts underline various objectives to be pursued by Europe as a whole. Major impetus has been given and the levels of safety and security should thus be increased. The reasons for this new approach are widespread and various. For example, problems usually exceed national frontiers, international conventions and rules do not usually have binding force, and Member States are sometimes confronted with the limitations imposed by Community rules.

[31] Dated 10.10.2003

[32] In addition to the most recent proposals following the Prestige accident, see also the proposals put forward by the European Commission after the sinking of the Erika vessel in 1999: COM (2000) 142 and COM (2000) 802

[33] Adopted on the 6 November 2002. See in particular the Communication on nuclear safety (COM 2002) 605 final

67. Security of supply

A high level of service quality implies that a sustainable provision of the services is ensured in the long term. In general, the development of the internal market has generated a considerable increase in the level of security of supply of products and services, to the extent that the markets concerned are functioning competitively. However, in some cases of services of general interest public intervention may be necessary to improve the security of supply, in particular in order address the risk of long-term underinvestment in infrastructure and to guarantee the availability of sufficient capacity.

68. In the energy sector, the issue of supply security has been the subject of a broad public debate at Community level on the basis of a Green Paper the Commission published in 2001 [34]. The Green Paper aims to initiate a debate with a view to defining a long-term strategy for energy supply security that is geared to ensuring the uninterrupted physical availability of energy products on the market, at a price which is affordable for consumers and users, while taking account of both environmental concerns and sustainable development. The Commission reported on the results of the public debate in a communication in June 2002 [35]. On the basis of this consultation, the Commission concluded in its Report that it was necessary to increase the co-ordination of measures ensuring security of supply in the field of energy. As a follow-up, the Commission submitted, in September 2002, two proposals for directives, which will help to improve the security of supply of petroleum products and natural gas in the European Union [36].

[34] Towards a European strategy for the security of Energy supply, Green Paper, COM(2000)769, 29.11.2000

[35] Final Report on the Green Paper "Towards a European strategy for the security of Energy supply", COM(2002)321, 29.6.2002

[36] Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the alignment of measures with regard to security of supply for petroleum products, OJ C 331 E, 31.12.2002, p. 249; and Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning measures to safeguard security of natural gas supply, OJ C 331 E, 31.12.2002, p. 262

69. Some services of general interest outside the energy sector may also give rise to supply security concerns Yet Community secondary legislation generally does not address the issue. It may therefore be useful to consider whether there are other sectors in which the issue of supply security should be raised specifically. However, any assessment should take into account that specific additional measures aimed at increasing the security of supply usually entail an additional economic cost and could reduce competition. Any action proposed to increase security of supply therefore needs to ensure that the ensuing cost is not greater than the expected benefits [37].

[37] Cf. Commission Staff Working Paper, Security of supply, The current situation at European Union level, SEC(2002)243, 28.2.2002

70. Network access and interconnectivity

Where there is effective competition, market mechanisms may ensure the provision of affordable services of an adequate quality, thus greatly reducing the need for regulatory intervention. Where services of general economic interest are provided on the basis of networks with universal coverage, the incumbent undertaking enjoys a substantial competitive advantage, mainly due to substantial sunk costs involved in establishing and maintaining alternative networks. In cases where competitors can only operate as service providers, access to the incumbent network is indispensable for market entry.However, even in sectors where competitors do have the right to deploy their own network infrastructure network access may be necessary for competitors to be able to compete with the incumbent on downstream markets. If third party access to existing networks at fair and non-discriminatory conditions was not possible, de facto monopolies or at least the incentive for the incumbent to discriminate in the access terms, thus distorting competition downstream, would be maintained. Therefore, in order to meet competition policy and internal market objectives, thereby offering customers more choice, higher quality and lower prices, sector-specific Community legislation for the sectors liberalised at Community level harmonises and regulates the access to network infrastructures.

71. The Community has adopted different regulatory strategies for different network industries and services of general interest. This is because these industries are indeed different and at different stages of the liberalisation process. They differ notably in their profitability, their production structure, their capital intensity, their methods of service delivery, and their demand structure. In some sectors, the incumbent operator can remain vertically integrated, but must grant network access to allow market entry by competitors. In telecommunications, public operators have an obligation to negotiate interconnection their networks. In addition, competitors have the right to use the incumbent's infrastructure. This is also the current system in electricity and gas. In the postal sector, new entrants have established networks for the distribution of parcels without requesting access to the incumbent's infrastructure. Where an obligation to grant access exists, the pricing of access has proven to be the crucial regulatory issue.

72. Experience shows that there is probably no single ideal approach to the regulation of network access. Choices must take account of the characteristics of each industry. For this reason, the Community has so far pursued a sector-specific approach in regulating access in the network industries. However, consideration could be given to whether useful lessons could be learned from a cross-sectoral comparison of regulatory strategies and techniques.

73. Media pluralism

Measures to ensure media pluralism typically limit maximum holdings in media companies and prevent cumulative control or participation in several media companies at the same time. Their aim is to protect the freedom of expression and to ensure that the media reflect a spectrum of views and opinions that characterise a democratic society.

74. It should first be noted that the protection of media pluralism is primarily a task for the Member States. At present, secondary Community legislation does not contain any provisions directly aiming to safeguard the pluralism of the media. However, Community law allows the application of national safeguards with regard to media pluralism. The purpose of existing Community law instruments is to ensure a certain economic balance between market operators: these instruments, therefore affect the media sector as an area of economic activity and not - or at least only very indirectly - as a means of delivering information to the citizen. Back in December 1992, the Commission published a Green Paper [38] designed to launch public debate on the need for Community action in this field. The debate did not allow clear operational conclusions to be drawn and no formal initiative was taken by the Commission. Ten years later, given the progressing concentration of the media sector and the proliferation of electronic media, the protection of media pluralism remains an important issue [39]. Views are sought as to whether the Commission should re-examine the need for Community action in this field in more detail.

[38] Pluralism and Media Concentration in the Internal Market, An Assessment of the need for Community action, Commission Green Paper, COM(92)480, 23.12.1992

[39] See also the specific Protocol on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States annexed to the EC Treaty by the Treaty of Amsterdam

75. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(14) Which types of services of general interest could give rise to security of supply concerns? Should the Community take additional measures?

(15) Should additional measures be taken at Community level to improve network access and interconnectivity? In which areas? What measures should be envisaged, in particular with regard to cross-border services?

(16) Which other sector-specific public service obligations should be taken into consideration?

(17) Should the possibility to take concrete measures in order to protect pluralism be re-considered at Community level? What measures could be envisaged?

4. Good governance: organisation, financing and evaluation

76. As regards the intervention of public authorities in the Member States in the provision of services of general interest, three aspects can be highlighted to provide greater clarity:

* definition and enforcement of obligations and choice of organisation,

* financing of services of general interest,

* evaluation of services of general interest.

4.1. Definition of obligations and choice of organisation

77. As stated above, the national, regional and local authorities of each Member State are in principle free to define what they consider to be a service of general interest. This freedom to define also includes the freedom to impose obligations on the providers of such services, provided that these obligations are in conformity with Community rules. In the absence of specific Community legislation, it is therefore in principle for the Member States to define requirements such as universal service obligations, territorial coverage requirements, quality and safety standards, user and consumer rights, and environmental requirements.

78. Only in the case of the big network industries has the Community harmonised provisions on public service obligations and defined common requirements in specific Community legislation. This is the case, for instance, in the electronic communications and postal sectors. However, where such harmonised obligations exist, Member States are also responsible for their specification and implementation in line with the specific characteristics of the sector. In general, sector-specific harmonisation of public service obligations does not prevent Member States from imposing more far-reaching or additional obligations compatible with Community law, unless otherwise provided for in the harmonisation measures [40]. In electronic communications, such additional obligations cannot be financed from within the sector.

[40] For instance, the postal directive obliges Member States to ensure a minimum of five daily deliveries to end users per week. Member States could impose a higher number of deliveries or specify the delivery requirement further

79. Also, as regards the organisation of the provision of a service of general economic interest, Member States are free to decide how the service is operated, provided, however, that Community rules are observed. In any event the degree of market opening and competition in a certain service of general economic interest will be decided by the relevant Community rules on the internal market and on competition. As far as the participation of the state in the provision of services of general interest is concerned, it is for the public authorities to decide whether they provide these services directly through their own administration or whether they entrust the service to a third party (public or private entity) [41].

[41] As regards local inland transport, the Commission has proposed legislation that would require Member States to use public service concessions. Cf. Amended proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on action by Member States concerning public service requirements and the award of public service contracts in passenger transport by rail, road and inland waterway, OJ C 151 E, 25.6.2002, p. 246

80. However, providers of services of general economic interest, including in-house service providers, are undertakings and therefore subject to the competition provisions of the Treaty. Decisions to award special or exclusive rights to in-house service providers, or to favour them in other ways, , can amount to an infringement of the Treaty, despite the partial protection offered by Article 86. Case law shows that this is true, in particular, where the public service requirements to be fulfilled by the service provider are not properly specified; [42] where the service provider is manifestly unable to meet the demand; [43] or where there is an alternative way of fulfilling the requirements that would have a less detrimental effect on competition [44].

[42] See the Court's judgment in Silver Line Reisebüro (C-66/86, judgment of 11.4.89)

[43] See the Court's judgment in Höfner (C-41/90, judgment of 23.4.91)

[44] See the Court's judgment in Vlaamse Televisie Maatschappij (T-266/97, judgment of 8.7.99)

81. Where a public authority of a Member State chooses to entrust the provision of a service of general interest to a third party, selection of the provider must respect certain rules and principles in order to ensure a level playing field for all providers, public or private, that are potentially capable of providing that service. This will ensure that these services are provided under the economically most advantageous conditions available on the market. Within the framework of these rules and principles, public authorities remain free to define the characteristics of the service to be provided, including any conditions regarding the quality of the service, in order to pursue its public policy objectives. Two situations can be distinguished:

* If the act by which public authorities entrust the provision of a service of general economic interest to a third party is a public service or works contract, as defined by the procurement directives or a works concession, as defined by Directive 93/37/EEC, [45] it must comply with the procedural requirements defined by the relevant procurement directive, provided it reaches or exceeds a threshold defined in the relevant directive and is not excluded from its scope.

[45] Independently of the definition used in national law

* If the act by which public authorities entrust a third party with the provision of a service of general economic interest is not covered by the procurement directives, such act must nevertheless comply with the principles that derive directly from the EC Treaty, and in particular the provisions relating to the freedom to provide services and the freedom of establishment. This is the case for instance of public contracts or work concessions falling below the thresholds, of service concessions (i.e. contracts stipulating that the consideration for the service provider consists, at least in part, in the right to exploit the service) or of unilateral acts assigning the right to provide a service of general economic interest. These rules and principles include equal treatment, transparency, proportionality, mutual recognition and the protection of the rights of individuals [46].

[46] Cf. the Commission Interpretative Communication on Concessions under Community Law, OJ C 121, 29.4.2000, p. 2

82. In the area of environmental services, in particular as concerns waste management, public authorities may grant exclusive rights to organisations created by producers for the recycling of certain wastes. Such organisations are subject to the competition rules. They are often created in the context of innovative approaches to ensure prevention and recycling of waste, e.g. the application of «producer responsibility». This involves the attribution of financial responsibility for waste management to the producers of the products at the origin of the waste.

83. Thus, public authorities in each Member State retain considerable freedom to define and enforce public service obligations and to organise the provision of services of general interest. On the one hand, this allows Member States to define policies that take into account specific national, regional or local circumstances. For example, remote or sparsely populated areas may have to be treated differently from central or densely populated areas. On the other hand, the absence of specific legislation can lead to legal uncertainty and and market distortions [47]. At European level, different forms of co-operation between national regulators have developed in an attempt to improve consistency of policies across Member States, but a European regulatory authority does not exist for any service [48]. A broader process of exchange of best practice and experience involving not only regulators but also other interested parties could also be useful. The Commission believes that a broad debate is necessary on these points.

[47] For instance, in the water sector the absence of specific, relevant regulation has led to very different industry structures across Member States. Cf. WRC/Ecologic, Study on the Application of the Competition Rules to the Water Sector in the European Community, December 2002, available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/ publications/studies/water_sector_report.pdf However, while commercial aspects are addressed, the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC, OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1, sets out some transparency rules for water services. Article 9 of the Directive deals with pricing policies and requires Member States in particular to take account of the principle of recovery of costs, including environmental and resource costs, and of the polluter pays principle

[48] See Annex for more detail

84. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(18) Are you aware of any cases in which Community rules have unduly restricted the way services of general interest are organised or public service obligations are defined at national, regional or local level? Are you aware of any cases in which the way services of general interest are organised or public service obligations are defined at national, regional or local level constitutes a disproportionate obstacle to the completion of the internal market?

(19) Should service-specific public service obligations be harmonised in more detail at Community level? For which services?

(20) Should there be an enhanced exchange of best practice and benchmarking on questions concerning the organisation of services of general interest across the Union? Who should be involved and which sectors should be addressed?

4.2. Financing of services of general interest

85. Many services of general interest cannot be viably provided on the basis of market mechanisms alone and specific arrangements are necessary in order to ensure the financial equilibrium of the provider. For instance, universal access or full geographical coverage may not be offered by the market itself. Currently, it is for the Member States to ensure the financing of services of general interest and to calculate the extra cost of the provision of such services. In some cases, the Community may contribute by way of co-financing to the funding of specific projects, e.g. through its structural funds or its TEN programmes.

86. Depending on historical traditions and the specific characteristics of the services concerned, Member States apply different mechanisms in order to ensure the financial equilibrium of providers of services of general interest. The financing mechanisms applied by the Member States include:

* Direct financial support through the State budget (e.g. subsidies or other financial advantages such as tax reductions).

* Special or exclusive rights (e.g. a legal monopoly).

* Contributions by market participants (e.g. a universal service fund).

* Tariff averaging (e.g. a uniform country-wide tariff in spite of considerable differences in the cost of provision of the service).

* Solidarity-based financing (e.g. social security contributions).

87. Whilst different forms of financing continue to co-exist, a clear trend has developed in recent decades: Member States have increasingly withdrawn exclusive rights for the provision of services of general interest and opened markets to new entrants. This has made it necessary to resort to other forms of financial support, such as the creation of specific funds financed by market participants or direct public funding through the budget, the least distorting way of funding [49]. These forms of financing have made the cost of providing services of general interest and the underlying political choices more transparent and fed the political debate on these services.

[49] See Liberalisation of Network Industries, Economic implications and main policy issues, European Economy No. 4, 1999

88. As a general rule, Member States can choose which system they apply to finance their services of general interest. They have only to ensure that the mechanism chosen does not distort unduly the functioning of the internal market. In particular, Member States can grant public service compensations which are necessary for the functioning of the service of general economic interest. State aid rules only prohibit over-compensation. In order to increase legal certainty and transparency in the application of state aid rules to services of general interest the Commission announced in its Report to the Laeken European Council its intention to establish a Community framework for state aid granted for services of general eonomic interest, and then, if and to the extent justified by the experiencegained with the application of this framework, adopt a block exemption regulation in the area of services of general economic interest. Work on guidelines on the application of state aid rules to services of general economic interest is currently underway [50].

[50] Report on the state-of-play in the work on the guidelines for state aid and services of general economic interest, 13.12.2002

89. In some cases, sector-specific legislation lays down specific rules for the financing of the extra cost of public service obligations. For electronic communications, sector-specific regulation requires Member States to withdraw all special or exclusive rights, but it provides for the possibility of creating a fund to cover the extra cost of providing a universal service on the basis of contributions from market participants [51]. As regards the postal service, the postal directive allows a defined postal monopoly to be maintained and a universal service fund to be created for the purposes of financing the postal service [52]. In air transport, Member States can grant a temporary exclusive licence on the basis of an open tender in order to ensure a regular service on certain routes for which the market does not offer an adequate service [53]. In public transport, the Community has laid down rules for the calculation of compensation [54].

[51] Article 13 of Directive 2002/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services (Universal Service Directive), OJ L 108, 24.4.2002, p. 51

[52] Articles 7 and 9(4) of Directive 97/67/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 1997 on common rules for the development of the internal market of Community postal services and the improvement of quality of service, OJ L 15 , 21.1.1998, p.14, as amended by EP and Council Directive 2002/39/EC, OJ L 176, 5.7.2002, p. 21

[53] Article 4 of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2408/92 of 23 July 1992 on access for Community air carriers to intra-Community air routes, OJ L 240, 24.8.1992, p. 8

[54] Council Regulation (EEC) No 1169/69 of 26 June 1969 on action by the Member States concerning the obligations inherent in the concept of a public service in transport by rail, road and inland waterway, OJ L 156, 28.6.1969, p. 1 as last amended by Council Regulation (EEC) 1893/91, OJ L 169, 29.6.1991, p. 1

90. Internal market, competition and State aid rules aim to ensure that any financial support granted to providers of services of general economic interest does not distort competition and the functioning of the internal market. Also, the sector-specific legislation in place seeks only to ensure that the financing mechanisms put in place by the Member States are least distortive of competition and facilitate market entry. As a consequence, Community legislation allows in particular for selective market entry.

91. Other relevant criteria for selecting a financing mechanism, such as its efficiency or its redistributive effects, are currently not taken into account in Community legislation. Neither have the effects of the selected mechanism on the long-term investment of providers of services and infrastructure and on security of supply been specifically considered.

92. At this stage, the Commission considers it appropriate to launch a debate on whether these criteria could lead to the conclusion that specific financing mechanisms should be preferred and whether the Community should take measures in favour of specific financing mechanisms.

93. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(21) Are you aware of any cases in which Community law, and in particular the application of State aid rules, has impeded the financing of services of general interest or led to inefficient choices?

(22) Should a specific way of financing be preferred from the point of view of transparency, accountability, efficiency, redistributive effects or competition? If so, should the Community take appropriate measures?

(23) Are there sectors and/or circumstances in which market entry in the form of «cream-skimming» may be inefficient and contrary to the public interest?

(24) Should the consequences and criteria of solidarity-based financing be clarified at Community level?

4.3. Evaluation of services of general interest

94. The changing regulatory and technological environment as well as the growing impact of Community policies on services of general interest has highlighted the need for a proper evaluation of the performance of these services at Community as well as at national level. The evaluation of these services of general interest is important because of the significance of these services for the economy as a whole and for everyone's quality of life. It is necessary in order to monitor whether the general interest tasks assigned by public authorities to the providers of such services are effectively achieved. A comprehensive evaluation increases transparency and provides the basis for better policy choices and an informed democratic debate. It allows to assess both the economic efficiency of a service and the effective achievement of other public policy objectives pursued by public authorities. At Community level the evaluation of services of general economic interest is essential to ensure that objectives of social and terrotorial cohesion and of environment protection are attained. Performance evaluation can also assist in exchanging best practices across borders and between economic sectors. It is a central element of good European governance [55].

[55] Commission White Paper on European Governance, COM(2001)428, 25.7.2001; Report to the Laeken European Council, COM(2001)598, 17.10.2001

95. In recent years, the Commission has increased its evaluation efforts in the area of services of general interest and developed an evaluation strategy that is based on three strands of assessments: [56]

[56] Report to the Laeken European Council, COM(2001)598, 17.10.2001; Communication from the Commission: A Methodological Note for the Horizontal Evaluation of Services of General Economic Interest, COM(2002)331 final, 18.6.2002

* The Commission conducts regular evaluations of the network industries that have been liberalised at Community level (sectoral evaluation).

* In addition, the Commission started in 2001 to perform an annual cross-sectoral evaluation of the network industries (horizontal evaluation).

* Thirdly, the Commission carries out regular consumer satisfaction surveys in the area of services of general economic interest (e.g. Eurobarometer opinion polls and qualitative surveys).

96. The evaluation of services of general interest is a complex task. A comprehensive evaluation must be multidisciplinary and multidimensional and include political, economic, social and environmental aspects, including externalities. It should also take account of the interests and views of all interested parties. It is important to know what users and consumers (including vulnerable and marginalised groups), social partners and other parties consider a good performance for these services and their expectations for the future. For these reasons, this Green Paper aims at opening a discussion on the criteria that, in the view of interested parties, should be used for evaluation purposes. In the context of its horizontal evaluation, the Commission has submitted a methodology for the evaluation of services of general interest [57]. It has stressed the need to gradually develop and improve its regular horizontal evaluations over the coming years. The huge disparity in data availability and data quality is a main stumbling block for a comprehensive evaluation and ways to improve data quality and availability should be examined [58].

[57] Communication from the Commission: A Methodological Note for the Horizontal Evaluation of Services of General Economic Interest, COM(2002)331 final, 18.6.2002

[58] See Annex for detail

97. At Community level, the Commission produces evaluation reports on the performance of network industries providing services of general economic interest. It submits its results to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and to all interested parties, with a view to informing the widest possible audience. However, the Commission's resources available for evaluation are limited, and the Commission cannot present a consolidated view representing all the, often diverging, views of the different interested parties. It should therefore be discussed how the evaluation should be performed at Community level and how responsibilities should be shared.

98. Furthermore, performance evaluation at Community level is currently limited essentially to the network industries covered by sector-specific Community legislation. Other sectors are not included in the Commission's evaluation strategy. It could be considered whether there is a need to extend Community evaluation beyond its current scope without infringing the principle of subsidiarity.

99. The following questions are submitted for discussion:

(25) How should the evaluation of the performance of services of general interest be organised at Community level? Which institutional arrangements should be chosen?

(26) Which aspects should be covered by Community evaluation processes? What should be the criteria for Community evaluations? Which services of general interest should be included in an evaluation at Community level?

(27) How could citizens be involved in the evaluation? Are there examples of good practice?

(28) How can we improve the quality of data for evaluations? In particular, to what extent should operators be compelled to release data?

5. Services of general interest and the challenge of globalisation

5.1. Trade policy

100. International trade agreements, within the framework of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and often at a bilateral level, include provisions with regard to services that are not provided in the exercise of governmental authority (i.e. that are supplied on a commercial basis or in competition with one or more service suppliers). Such provisions concern the exchange of services and the conditions under which service suppliers can operate in foreign markets. Under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) each member freely determines the service sectors that it is prepared to open to foreign service providers (the so-called "bottom-up-approach") and under what conditions. Furthermore, the GATS explicitly recognises the WTO members' sovereign right to regulate economic and non-economic activities within their terrotory in pursuance of public policy objectives. With regard to the services covered by these agreements, each contracting party maintains the right to determine the specific obligations that can be imposed on the operators. Members fully retain the possibility of excluding from its GATS commitments sectors where it believes an opening to competition could threaten for example the availability, quality and affordability of such services. Thus, members can maintain the service as a (public or private) monopoly. The negotiations in the WTO framework has no direct or indirect influence on the decisions of Member States to privatise certain undertakings.

101. In this context, the European Community has freely decided to undertake binding commitments in respect of certain services of general interest already open to competition within the internal market. Through these commitments, foreign services suppliers are granted market access to the European Community under the same, or sometimes more restrictive, conditions as any European service supplier. Commitments undertaken in the WTO multilateral context (GATS commitments) or in a bilateral context have so far had no impact on the way in which services of general interest are regulated in Community law. They have also had no impact on the way in which they are financed. Indeed, the most far-reaching obligations in this respect have been assumed at bilateral level and are limited to territorial extension of the Community State aid regime.

102. Further negotiations in the areas of liberalisation of trade in services, as well as on disciplines on subsidies related to trade in services, are under way within the context of the Doha Development Agenda. The European Community is also negotiating bilateral trade agreements in the services sector. In this context, as in the past, the European Community approaches services of general interest with a view to ensuring full coherence with the level of liberalisation and with the regulation that applies within the internal market.

103. The following question is submitted for discussion:

(29) Is there any specific development at European Community internal level that deserves particular attention when dealing with services of general interest in international trade negotiations? Please specify.

5.2. Development and co-operation policy

104. The main objective of the European Community's development policy is the reduction of poverty in the developing countries. Ensuring access to a minimum level of services of general interest is an essential prerequisite for achieving this goal, since services of general interest not only satisfy some of the basic human needs, they also provide an indispensable platform for developing the economy of the poorest countries.

105. Private investment in services of general interest can help to improve the provision of essential services in these countries. However, market opening and privatisation in developing countries can also give rise to legitimate concerns about governance and regulation. Therefore, any reform should take account of the need for an adequate regulatory and institutional framework and be based on a comprehensive assessment of its impact on economic growth, employment, service delivery, equitable access, environmental conditions and the national budget.

106. The following question is submitted for discussion:

(30) How can the Community best support and promote investment in the essential services needed in developing countries in the framework of its development co-operation policy?

6. Operational Conclusion

107. The Commission invites all interested parties to comment on the questions set out in this Green Paper. Replies and any additional comments can be sent by mail to the following address: European Commission Green Paper on Services of General Interest Consultation BREY 7/342 B-1049 Brussels or by email to the following address: SGI-Consultation@cec.eu.int Comments should be sent to the Commission by 15 September 2003 at the latest. Replies and comments should mention the number of the questions they are referring to. For the information of interested parties, the Secretariat-General of the Commission will put contributions received electronically, together with the sender's contact data, on the Green Paper website http://europa.eu.int/comm/ secretariat_general/services_general_interest/ provided the senders concerned have explicitly agreed to their publication.

108. Basing itself inter alia on the contributions received, the Commission intends to draw conclusions in the autumn and, where appropriate, submit concrete initiatives as a follow-up.

Summary Table of All Questions submitted for Discussion

What kind of subsidiarity?

(1) Should the development of high-quality services of general interest be included in the objectives of the Community? Should the Community be given additional legal powers in the area of services of general economic and non-economic interest?

(2) Is there a need for clarifying how responsibilities are shared between the Community level and administrations in the Member States? Is there a need for clarifying the concept of services without effect on trade between Member States? If so, how should this be done?

(3) Are there services (other than the large network industries mentioned in para. 32) for which a Community regulatory framework should be established?

(4) Should the institutional framework be improved? How could this be done? What should be the respective roles of competition and regulatory authorities? Is there a case for a European regulator for each regulated industry or for Europe-wide structured networks of national regulators?

Sector-specific legislation and general legal framework

(5) Is a general Community framework for services of general interest desirable? What would be its added value compared to existing sectoral legislation? Which sectors and which issues and rights should be covered? Which instrument should be used (e.g. directive, regulation, recommendation, communication, guidelines, inter-institutional agreement)?

(6) What has been the impact of sector-specific regulation so far? Has it led to any incoherence?

Economic and non-economic services

(7) Is it necessary to further specify the criteria used to determine whether a service is of an economic or a non-economic nature? Should the situation of non-for-profit organisations and of organisations performing largely social functions be further clarified?

(8) What should be the Community's role regarding non-economic services of general interest?

A common set of obligations

(9) Are there other requirements that should be included in a common concept of services of general interest? How effective are the existing requirements effective in terms of achieving the objectives of social and territorial cohesion?

(10) Should all or some of these requirements be extended to services to which they currently do not apply?

(11) What aspects of the regulation of these requirements should be dealt with at Community level and which aspects left to the Member States?

(12) Have these requirements been effectively implemented in the areas where they apply?

(13) Should some or all of these requirements also be applied to services of general interest of a non-economic nature?

Sector-specific Obligations

(14) Which types of services of general interest could give rise to security of supply concerns? Should the Community take additional measures?

(15) Should additional measures be taken at Community level to improve network access and interconnectivity? In which areas? What measures should be envisaged, in particular with regard to cross-border services?

(16) Which other sector-specific public service obligations should be taken into consideration?

(17) Should the possibility to take concrete measures in order to protect pluralism be re-considered at Community level? What measures could be envisaged?

Definition of Obligations and Choice of Organisation

(18) Are you aware of any cases in which Community rules have unduly restricted the way services of general interest are organised or public service obligations are defined at national, regional or local level? Are you aware of any cases in which the way services of general interest are organised or public service obligations are defined at national, regional or local level constitutes a disproportionate obstacle to the completion of the internal market?

(19) Should service-specific public service obligations be harmonised further at Community level? For which services?

(20) Should there be an enhanced exchange of best practice and benchmarking on questions concerning the organisation of services of general interest across the Union? Who should be involved and which sectors should be addressed?

Financing

(21) Are you aware of any cases in which Community law, and in particular the application of State aid rules, has impeded the financing of services of general interest or led to inefficient choices?

(22) Should a specific way of financing be preferred from the point of view of transparency, accountability, efficiency, redistributive