COMMISSION OFTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(87 )182 final
Brussels ,16June 1987
TRANSPORT OFDANGEROUS GOODS AND WASTES
FINAL REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION
C0MC87 )182 final

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION
*?»THE TRANSPORT OFDANGEROUS GOODS AND VASTES
I.INTRODUCTION
Inadebate on13September 1984 the European Parliament adopted two
resolutions ontheenvironment and inparticular the accident
involving the Cargo-ship Mont Louis ,requesting the Commission and
the Member States totake certain actions relating tothe transport
ofdangerous and radioactive substances and wastes .
The Commission hasexamined the complicated network oflaws ,
conventions ,regulations ,agreements ,codes and recommendations
controlling thetransport ofdangerous materials ,anddeveloped the
recommendations for action atCommunity level contained inthis
communication .Thedetailed report ofthe Commission 'sworking group
will bemade available separately .
The Commission 'srecommendations are intended tocontribute tothe
rationalisation ofthe regulations governing thetransport of
dangerous goods byconsistent implementation ofthe requirements of
international agreements atCommunity level .Such action will help
toreduce the risks toman andthe environment resulting from the
transport ofdangerous materials andwill assist the aimof
completing the internal Community market by1992 .
2.INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS
Many international conventions andagreements affect thetransport
ofdangerous materials ;there areagreements specifically concerned
with thetransport ofdangerous goods andother ,more general ,
agreements concerned with thesafety oftransport which also affect
vehicles carrying dangerous materials .Ingeneral these agreements
apply only tointernational transport .

U
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UNRecommendations
The United Nations Committee ofExperts ontheTransport of
Dangerous Goods haspublished detailed recommendations which cover ,
amongst other things ,theclassification ofdangerous substances ,a
list oftheprincipal dangerous goods ,general packing requirements ,
testing procedures ,marking ,labelling orplacarding andshipping
documents .These recommendations are relevant toall modes of
transport and they have been incorporated into many ofthe
international agreements onthetransport ofdangerous goods .
Sea transport
Seatransport ,with theexception ofcoastal shipping ,is
international andthere aremany international agreements governing
all aspects ofshipping ,safety andpollution prevention ,usually
agreed under theauspices oftheInternational Maritime Organisation
(IMO).Themost important from the aspect ofthe transport of
dangerous goods are SOLAS 74/78 (Safety ofLife atSea)andMARPOL
73/78 (Prevention ofPollution ).The international agreements onsea
transport areaccompanied bydetailed Codes ofSafe Practice -
including the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code .The IMDG
Code gives detailed guidance onthetransport ofdangerous goods by
sea,butdoes not atpresent cover hazards tothemarine
environment .
Road ,Rail and Inland Waterway
Road transport ofdangerous goods inEurope iscovered bythe ADR
Agreement under the supervision ofthe Inland Transport Committee of
the UNEconomic Commission for Europe (ECE).The international
regulations concerning thecarriage ofdangerous goods byrail (RID)
are included inAnnex 1ofthe International Convention concerning
the international carriage ofgoods byrail (COTIF ),administered by
the Central Office ofInternational Rail Transport (OCTI ).Transport
ofdangerous goods oninland waterways connected tothe Rhine
network iscovered bythe ADNR agreement administered bytheCentral
Rhine Commission .Some other European waterways also apply the ADNR
agreement astheADNagreement administered byECE isnotyet in
force .

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Air transport
Together with other members ofthe International Civil Aviation
Authority (ICAO )ECMember States apply the standards set out in
Annex XVIII ofthe Convention onInternational Civil Aviation (the
Chicago Convention )totransport ofdangerous goods byair .
Waste
Waste materials are not included asaseparate category inmost
international agreements onthe transport ofdangerous goods ,
although large quantities ofwastes aretransported todisposal
sites outside the country oftheir origin .Most wastes can befitted
into one ofthe classes ofdangerous goods ,but there are
difficulties inclassifying wastes ofmixed orvariable composition .
There isaneed for anagreed classification system for wastes .
Radioactive materials
Radioactive materials are aspecial class ofdangerous material and
regulations for their transport have been developed bythe
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA ).All the international
organisations concerned with thetransport ofdangerous goods have
adopted the IAEA regulations and incorporated them into the
appropriate international agreements ,but not all the agreements
have yetbeen revised toconform with the latest edition oftheIAEA
regulations adopted in1985 .TheCommission contributes tothe
continuing development ofthe IAEA regulations andpromotes the
uniform application oftheir requirements throughout the Community .
3.NATIONAL LEGISLATION INHEHBER STATES OFTHE COMHUNITV
International transport
The international agreements described intheprevious section are
implemented bymeans ofnational legislation ineach participating
country .Themajority oftheinternational agreements have been
adopted andimplemented bythe ECMember States with afew
exceptions .Theagreements covering thetransport ofdangerous goods
byroad ,rail andairhave been implemented byalltheMember
States ,except Greece andIreland which have notyet ratified the
ADR agreement .

Inthecase oftransport bysea,themajor conventions affecting the
transport ofdangerous goods (SOLAS andMARPOL )have been ratified
bymost Member States ,buthave notyetbeen fully implemented .
National transport .
National regulations onthe internal transport ofdangerous
materials byroad ,rail andinland waterway vary considerably
between theMember States ofthe Community .Several countries have
regulations which aremodelled ontheinternational agreements and
are largely compatible with them ,butthere aremany small
differences introduced tomeet the requirements ofparticular
countries .Inother countries the regulations for internal transport
are not based onthose for international transport and one Member
State hasnonational legislation for road transport ofdangerous
goods .
4.COMMUNITY POLICY ONTHE TRANSPORT OFDANGEROUS GOOOS
Policy objectives
Accidents involving vehicles carrying dangerous goods canhave
potentially disastrous consequences and,even though thenumber of
major accidents issmall ,there isunderstandable public concern
about the risks involved intransporting dangerous materials .The
aim oftheCommunity policy should betoensure that such goods are
carried safely andeconomically ,and that the risk topeople andthe
environment isminimised .
Within the Community this objective can best beachieved bygreater
harmonisation and more effective enforcement ofthe regulations
applying tonational and international transport ,and bypreventing
barriers tothemovement ofdangerous goods ,subject toagreed
controls .
International transport
The international agreements onthetransport ofdangerous materials
are extremely complex documents which have taken many years to
develop and itwould clearly bepointless fortheCommission to
attempt toduplicate the work ofthe international organisations

5
responsible for them .The role ofthe Commission istoensure that
the international agreements are uniformly applied bythe Member
States ofthe Community .
The Commission will also attempt toachieve amore systematic and
structured coordination ofMember States' positions within the
international organisations and will encourage these organisations
totake further steps towards aunified system ofregulations for
all transport ofdangerous materials .
Anumber ofactions have been taken atCommunity level concerning
sea transport ofdangerous goods ,including theestablishment ofan
information system forthecontrol and reduction ofpollution caused
byspillages ofhydrocarbons and other harmful substances atsea .It
isproposed that amandatory notification system for ships carrying
dangerous goods and areporting system for incidents involving
packaged goods should also beintroduced .
The Commission isalso sponsoring astudy ofanimproved Vessel
Traffic Services (VTS )network toreduce the risks ofcollision at
sea,including the identification ofships carrying dangerous goods
(COST 301).
National transport
There isnocomprehensive Community instrument concerning the
transport ofdangerous goods and Community transport operators may
have tocomply with different regulations fornational and
international journeys .The long-term objective should betoachieve
the freedom toprovide services forthecarriage ofdangerous goods ,
andtheir circulation inthe Community ,subject toharmonized
controls .The Commission takes the view that the rules applying to
the internal transport ofdangerous goods should bebased onthe
same principles astheinternational agreements .^Itwill accordingly
make proposals for this purpose .
Studies ofthetransport ofdangerous goods byroad have found low
levels ofcompliance with existing regulations andpriority in
Community action should therefore begiven toimproved training of
drivers andmanagers ,andbetter enforcement ofexisting rules .

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Wastes
The Community directives concerning wastes contain certain
provisions ontransport andmake reference totheinternational
transport conventions towhich Member States areparty .Itis
therefore important that allMember States should apply the
international conventions inorder toachieve uniformity .
Classification and labelling
There isalarge degree ofharmonization inthe requirements forthe
classification ,packaging and labelling ofdangerous goods for
transport bydifferent modes ,but the Community requirements forthe
classification and labelling ofdangerous substances formarketing
differ significantly from thetransport requirements .This can lead
tomultiple labelling ofthe same product .
5.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ACTIONS BYTHE COMMUNITY
The Commission intends tomake proposals tothe Council onthe
following matters toachieve theobjectives ofgreater harmonization
and more effective enforcement ofthe rules governing the transport
ofdangerous goods inthe Community :
i) aCommunity instrument requiring Member States toimplement the
provisions ofrelevant international agreements onthe
transport ofdangerous goods bysea;
ii)aDirective onamandatory notification system forships
carrying dangerous goods and areporting system for incidents
involving packaged goods ;
iii )aDirective requiring Member States toaccept road vehicles
conforming toADR for international transport ofdangerous
goods orwastes ;
iv)aDirective onthetraining ofdrivers ofroad vehicles
carrying dangerous goods orwastes ;
v) aDirective onthetraining ofroad transport managers
concerned with the transport ofdangerous goods orwastes ;

vi)aDirective onthe enforcement ofrégulations onthe transport
ofdangerous goods andwastes byroad .
Drafts ofthese instruments are inpreparation bythe Commission .
The Commission will also study the following further measures :
vii )The Commission intends tostudy how toharmonise Community
classification and labelting requirements with those ofthè
international transport agreements .
viii )The Commission will continue tosupport the work ofthe
international organisations todevelop anagreed classification
system for wastes .
ix)Astudy isbeing made ofproviding VTS (Vessel Traffic Service )
systems with additional information onvessels carrying
dangerous goods .

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TRANSPORT OFDANGEROUS GOODS AND WASTES
FINAL REPORT OFTHE INTERSERVICE GROUP
1.INTRODUCTION
2.INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS -SEA TRANSPORT
2.1 .Conventions and agreements
2.2 .Codes and recommendations
2.3 .ECinstruments
2.4 .Other instruments
2.5 .Short sea crossings
2.6 .Transport ofwaste materials
3.INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS -INLAND AND AIR TRANSPORT
3.1 .Road transport
3.2 .Rail transport
3.3 .Inland waterway transport
3.4 .Air transport
3.5 .Transport ofwaste materials
4.TRANSPORT OFRADIOACTIVE MATERIALS AND WASTES
4.1 .IAEA regulations for the safe transport ofradioactive
materials
4.2 .Implémentation ofIAEA régulations
5.NATIONAL LEGISLATION ONTHE TRANSPORT OFDANGEROUS GOODS
5.1 .Denmark
5.2 .Belgium
5.3 .France
5.4 .Ireland
5.5 .Luxembourg
5.6 .Netherlands
5.7 .Fédéral Republic ofGermany
5.8 .United Kingdom
5.9 .Greece
5.10.Italy
5.11 .Spain
5.12.Portugal
6.CURRENT REGULATORY PROBLEMS

3
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I6.1 .Seatransport
6.2 .Inland transport
6.3 .Différences inclassification
6.4 .Différences inlabelling andpackaging
6.5 .Différences inhazard action codes
6.6 .Différences inségrégation requirements
6.7 .Spécifie problems forwaste
7.CURRENT INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES
7.1 .Seatransport
7.2 .Inland transport
7.3 .Radioactive materials
7.4 .Hazardous wastes
8.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
8.1 .Seatransport
8.2 .Inland transport
8.3 .Harmonisation ofclassification and labelling
ANNEXES
I. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION ONTHE ENVIRONMENT AND IN
PARTICULAR THE ACCIDENT INVOLVING THE MONT LOUIS
II. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION ONENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF
CURRENT RELEVANCE -TRANSPORT OFRADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ,
DIOXIN RESIDUES INWASTE INCINERATION PLANTS ,FORMALDEHYDE
III . VIEWPOINT OFSPECIAL CEE PERMANENT WORKING PARTY ONTHE
TRANSPORT OFRADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
IV. CONVERSION BETWEEN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
V. DANGER LABELS -DIRECTIVE 67/548/EEC
VI. ADR DANGER LABELS
VII . IMDG DANGER LABELS

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I.INTRODUCTION
TheEuropean Parliament inanemergency debate on13September 1984
adopted tworesolutions ontheenvironment andinparticular the
accident involving theMont Louis .
Theresolutions ,which arepresented inannexes Iand IItothis
report ,request theCommission andtheMember States totake certain
actions relating tothetransport ofdangerous andradioactive
substances and waste .
The Commission consequently convened twogroups entrusted with the
analysis oftheresolutions andwith thedrafting of
recommendations .
AnInterservice Group oftheCommission hasmade aninvestigation
into theexisting regulations atinternational andnational level on
thetransport ofdangerous goods andwastes ,inorder todiscover
thegaps andproblems which could give rise toCommission proposals
asasked forbythe Parliament .
Inaddition ,thespecial CECpermanent working party forthe
transport ofradioactive materials was convened on17October 1984
toexamine thetechnical ,radiological andregulatory aspects of
transporting uranium hexafluoride .
•The inventory inthefollowing four chapters ofthis report shows a
complicated network oflaws ,conventions ,regulations ,agreements ,
codes andrecommendations controlling thetransport ofdangerous
materials inwhich national andinternational organisations
supported byhighly qualified experts areconstantly working on
amendments toimprove safety .
Chapters 6and 7describe current regulatory problems andgaps and
theongoing initiatives intheinternational bodies tosolve these
problems .The last part ofthe report (chapter 8)sets out
conclusions andrecommendations forpossible Community actions .The

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Community actions recommended are intended tocontribute tothe
rationalisation oftheregulations governing thetransport of
dangerous goods bygreater harmonisation ofthe requirements of
international agreements andconsistent implementation ofthese
agreements atCommunity level .Such action will help toreduce the
risks toman and theenvironment resulting from thetransport of
dangerous materials andwill assist theaimofcompleting the
*internal Community market by1992 .
The report isprincipally concerned with theregulatory aspects of
transporting dangerous materials and itdoes notaddress the legal
question ofliability andcompensation fordamage orinjury
resulting from accidents involving dangerous materials .Aspects of
this question hasbeen considered byseveral other organisations
including the IMOLegal Committee which made aproposal for adraft
convention in1984 ,theInternational Institute fortheUnification
ofPrivate Law (UNIDROIT ),andOECD .TheEuropean Foundation forthe
Improvement ofLiving andWorking Conditions hasrecently sponsored
amajor study ofthetransport ofnon-nuclear dangerous goods and
wastes ,including the legal aspects ,which isbeing studied bythe
Commission .
2.INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS -SEA TRANSPORT
There are alarge number ofinternational conventions andagreements
governing thetransport ofgoods byseamade under theauspices of
theUnited Nations (UN),principally bytheInternational Maritime
Organisation (IMO).Theprovisions ,ofthese agreements affecting the
transport ofdangerous goods aresummarised inthis section ofthe
report .Theinformation oncontracting Member States wascorrect at
thetime ofwriting the report .
2.1 .INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS
HS-Convention :Convention ontheHigh Seas ,1958
Entry into force :1962 -number ofcontracting states :56,EC
Member States except France,' Italy ,Ireland ,Greece

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Theconvention deals with therights andduties ofstates onthe
High Seas .Theterm "High Seas "means allparts oftheseathat are
not included inthe Territorial Seaorinthe Internal Waters ofa
state .
There areonly tworégulations ontheprotection ofthemarine
environment :Art .24requires every State todraw uprégulations to
prevent pollution oftheseas bythedischarge ofoilfrom ships ,
pipelines ,etc. ;Art .25requires States totake action toprevent
pollution ofthe seabyradioactive wastes ,orother radioactive or
noxious materials .
Hazards for themarine environment caused bythetransport of
dangerous cargo other than oilarenotdealt with .
TS-Convention :Convention ontheTerritorial Seaand the Contiguous
Zone ,1958 (not inforce )
Though theconvention isnot inforce ,itcodifies thecustom in
international law inrespect oftheright ofinnocent passage .
Subject totheprovisions oftheconvention ,ships ofallstates
shall enjoy the right ofinnocent passage through theterritorial
sea .Passage isinnocent aslong asitisnotprejudicial tothe
peace ,good order orsecurity ofthecoastal state .Foreign ships
exercising the right ofinnocent passage shall comply with the laws
and regulations enacted bythe coastal state ,inconformity ,in
particular ,with international laws and regulations relating to
transport andnavigation .Thecoastal state maytake thenecessary
steps initsterritorial seatoprevent passage which isnot
innocent .Furthermore ,theTS-Convention contains regulations onthe
determination ofthe base-line from which the territorial sea is
established .
LOS-Convention :United Nations Convention ontheLaw ofthe Sea,
1982
Concluded in1982 andsigned atMontego Bay,Jamaica ,April 1983 .
The Convention will corne into force 12months after thedeposit of
the 60th instrument ofratification oraccession .

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The LOS-Convention deals with the entire International Law ofthe
Sea in320articles subdivided in16parts and innine annexes .The
protection andpreservation ofthemarine environment issettled in
great detail inPart XIIArt .192-237 .
Régulations from this part most important forshipping are :
Article 211 (pollution from vessels )
Article 217 (enforcement byflag States )
Article 218 (enforcement byport States )
Article 219 (measures relating toseaworthiness ofvessels toavoid
pollution )
Article 220 (enforcement byCoastal States ).
According toArticle 211 (1),states acting through thecompetent
international organization orgeneral diplomatic conference ,shall
establish international rules andstandards toprevent ,reduce and
control pollution ofthemarine environment from vessels andpromote
theadoption ofrouteing systems designed tominimize thethreat of
accidents which might cause pollution ofthemarine environment .
Coastal states may,fortheir territorial sea,adopt laws and
regulations fortheprevention ,reduction andcontrol ofmarine
pollution from foreign vessels ,including foreign vessels exercising
the right ofinnocent passage .Butaccording toArticle 19 (2)the
passage isnolonger regarded aspeaceful iftheforeign ship
engages inanyactofwillful andserious pollution contrary tothis
convention .Even outside theterritorial sea,thecoastal states ,
forthepurpose ofenforcement ,may inrespect oftheir Exclusive
Economic Zone ,adopt laws andregulations fortheprevention ,
reduction andcontrol ofpollution conforming toandgiving effect
togenerally accepted international rules andstandards .

International Convention fortheSafety ofLife atSea (SOLAS 74/78)
The Convention waselaborated within IMO in1974 and theProtocol in
1978 ;itentered into force in80/81andhasbeen ratified byall
maritime ECMember States .
Chapter VIIdeals exclusively with thecarriage ofdangerous goods .
Regulation 1ofChapter VIIprohibits thecarriage ofdangerous
goods byseaexcept when they arecarried inaccordance with the
provisions oftheSOLAS Convention andrequires each Contracting
Government toissue detailed instructions onsafe packing and
storage ofdangerous goods .Regulation 2divides dangerous goods
into nine classes .Other regulations deal with thepacking ,
identification ,marking ,labelling andplacarding ofdangerous
goods ,thedocuments which aretobeprovided ,storage requirements ,
and thecarriage ofexplosives onboard passengers ships .IMOhas
recommended that Chapter VIIofSOLAS should beimplemented bymeans
ofthe IMDG Code (section 2.2.).
International Convention forthe Prévention ofPollution from Ships
(MARPOL 73/78)
The Convention was elaborated within IMO in1973 and the Protocol in
1978 ;itentered into force in1983 and hasbeen ratified byall
maritime Member States except Ireland .
Annex IofMARPOL deals with pollution byoil .
Annex IItotheConvention contains general requirements relating to
theprevention ofpollution bynoxious liquid substances carried by
sea inbulk and isscheduled toenter into force inApril 1987 .
Optional annex IIIcontains general requirements relating tothe
prevention ofpollution byharmful substances carried bysea in
packaged form orinfreight containers ,portable tanks orroad and
rail tank wagons .
This annex hasbeen ratified byDenmark ,France ,Germany ,Italy ,
Greece andtheUnited Kingdom .Tosupplement thebasic requirements
ofAnnex III,contracting governments arerequired toissue detailed

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requi rements onpacking ,marking ,LabelLing andplacarding ,
documentation ,storage ,quantity Limitations ,exceptions and
notifications bythemaster orowner oftheship orhis
représentative oftheintent toload orunload harmful substances .
Protocol Ideals with provisions concerning reports ofincidents
involving harmful substances .Therevised Protocol asadopted on5
December 1985 should enter into force on6April 1987 .Itstipulates
theduty ofthemaster ofaship involved inanincident which may
cause adischarge ofoilornoxious liquid substances carried in
bulk orofharmful substances inpackaged form ,tomake without
delay areport tothenearest coastal state .Therevised Protocol
will cover thetransport inpackages ofsubstances listed inthe
IMDG Code asmarine pollutants .
Convention onthe International Régulations forpreventing
collisions atsea (COLREG 72)
Elaborated within IMO in1972 andamended in1981 ;entered into
force in1977 (amendments in1983 );ratified byallmaritime EC
Member States .
TheConvention contains sections dealing with steering andsailing ;
lights ,shapes ofnavigation marks andsound and light signals .
There arealso four annexes containing technical information about
lights andmarks andtheir positioning ;sound signal appliances ;and
alist ofrecognised international distress signals .Article 10
deals with thenavigation ofships inIMOapproved traffic
separation schemes .
International Convention onLoad Lines (LL66)
Elaborated within IMO in1966 andamended in1971 ,1975 ,1979 ,1983 .
Entered into force in1968 andhasbeen ratified byallmaritime
Member States .(Theamendments have notyetcome into force ).

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Themain objective oftheConvention isdetermination of
freeboards :limitation onthedraught towhich aship maybe
loaded .Thetechnical annex contains several additional safety
measures concerning doors ,freeing ports ,hatchways andother items .
International Convention relating tointervention onthehigh seas
incase ofoilpollution casualties (Intervention 69)
Elaborated within IMO in1969 ;entered into force in1975 and
ratified byallmaritime Member States except Greece .
This Convention affirms the right ofacoastal State totake such
measures onthehigh seas asmaybenecessary toprevent ,mitigate
oreliminate danger toitscoastline orrelated interests from
pollution byoilorthethreat thereof ,following upon amaritime
casualty .Thecoastal State is,however ,empowered totake only such
action asisnecessary ,andafter dueconsultations with appropriate
interests including ,inparticular ,theflag State orStates ofthe
ship orships involved ,theowners oftheships orcargoes in
question and,where circumstances permit ,independent experts
appointed forthis purpose .
Protocol of1973 :entered into force in1983 and has been ratified
byBelgium ,Denmark ,Italy ,Netherlands ,France ,Germany andthe
United Kingdom .Itextends the regime ofthe 1969 Intervention
Convention tosubstances other than oil .
International Convention onstandards oftraining certification and
watchkeeping forseafarers (STCW /78)
Elaborated within IMO in1978 andentered into force in1984 ,has
been ratified byallmaritime Member States .
Ofimportance are resolutions 11and 13ofthe International
Conférence onTraining andCertification ofSeafarers ,1978 ,which
invite IMOtoconsider provisions concerning thehandling of
hazardous ornoxious dryChemicals inbulk andthetraining of

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officers and ratings ofships carrying dangerous andhazardous
cargoes other than inbulk .AnIMOResolution tothis effect was
adopted in1983 .
Agreement forcoopération indealing with pollution oftheNorth Sea
byoilandother harmful substances (Bonn Agreement )
This agreement wassigned bythecoastal States oftheNorth Seaand
bytheCommunity on13September 1983 .Itstrengthens co-operation
andmutual assistance incombating pollution byoil andother
dangerous substances .
Protocol totheBarcelona Convention concerning cooperation in
combating pollution oftheMediterranean Seabyoil andother
harmful substances incases ofemergency
This Protocol ,signed inBarcelona on16February 1976 ,was
concluded bytheCommunity on12August 1981 ,with France ,Greece
and Italy asContracting Parties .
Itprovides fortheParties tocooperate indrawing upemergency
plans ,promoting methods ofcontrolling marine pollution by
hydrocarbons ,disseminating information ontheorganization of
resources andonnewmethods toprevent andcontrol pollution and
developing relevant research programmes .
Convention ontheprotection ofthemarine environment oftheBaltic
Sea Area (Helsinki Convention )
This Convention wassigned in1974 bythecoastal states ofthe
Baltic Sea .Anattempt wasmade bytheCommunity toadhere tothe
Convention in1977 ,but itwasopposed byanon-member state .
The Convention provides ,inter alia ,fortheContracting Parties to
take measures andco-operate inorder tomaintain acapability to
combat spillages ofoil andother harmful substances onthe sea .

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2.2 .CODES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
United Nations Recommendations
TheUnited Nations Committee ofExperts ontheTransport of
Dangerous Goods haspublished detailed recommendations which cover ,
amongst other things ,theclassification ofdangerous substances ,a
list oftheprincipal dangerous goods ,general packing requirements ,
testing procedures ,marking ,labelling orplacarding andshipping
documents .These recommendations have been incorporated into many of
the international agreements onthetransport ofdangerous goods and
the UNnumber oftheprinciple dangerous goods iswidely used to
identify dangerous substances .TheUNRecommendations arerelevant
toallmodes oftransport andthey aim atpresenting abasic scheme
ofprovisions that will allow national andinternational regulations
governing thevarious modes oftransport todevelop within itina
uniform fashion .
International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG )Code
The IMDG Code hasbeen adopted byailmaritime ECMember States .
The IMDG Code only applies toships covered bythe SOLAS Convention ,
but IMOconsiders ithighly desirable that itsrequirements should
beobserved byall ships .The legal system ofeach country
determines whether the Code becomes mandatory orisapplied asa
recommendation .Application ofthe Code asarecommendation does not
detract inanyway from theobligations imposed bythe SOLAS
Convention ,butprovides agreater flexibility inthemethod of
observance .
The first part ofthe Code consists ofaGeneral Introduction ,
describing required marking ,identification andconsignment
procedures ,labelling andplacarding ,documentation andpacking of
dangerous goods .TheGeneral Introduction includes sections
containing special requirements forfreight containers ,portable
tanks androad tank vehicles ,storage andsegregation ,fire
prevention and fire fighting .The final sections deal with the
carriage ofdangerous goods onroll -on/roll -off ships ,inlimited

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quantities ,inshipborne barges onbarge-carrying ships ,the
Chemical stability ofdangerous substances andrequirements for
transport under controlled températures .
The Code details nine classes ofdangerous goods andAnnex Itothe
General Introduction gives packing recommendations and aglossary of
packaging with illustrations .
The General Index ofthe IMDG Code
Allsubstances andarticles which appear intheIMDG Code are listed
intheGeneral Index which gives theproduct 'sUNnumber ;its
Emergency Schedule number (EmS .No.);Medical First AidGuide Table
number (MFAG Table No.);andthe IMDG Code-Page number ofthe
individual schedule .Bylooking upthesubstance orarticle inthe
General Index itisasimple matter toascertain theappropriate
Emergency Schedules orMedical First AidGuide Table .
Emergency procedures forShips Carrying Dangerous Goods (Emergency
Schedules -EmS ).
IMOhasprepared group emergency schedules forailsubstances and
articles covered bythe IMDG Code .These arecontained inthe IMO '
Emergency Procedures forShips Carrying Dangerous Goods ,a
supplément tothe IMD6 Code .
These procedures were published in1981 andcontain information
designed toprotect the ship aswell asthose onboard .
TheEmergency Schedules divide thevarious substances andarticles
contained ineach IMDG Code class into groups andadvise onany
special emergency equipment which should becarried ;they also
include theemergency procedures which should befollowed andthe
aemergency action tobetaken incase ofspillage orfire .
The Code ofSafe Practice forSolid Bulk Cargoes (BCCode )
The BCCode wasadopted in1965 and hasbeen revised four times
since ;itisapplied byBelgium ,Denmark ,Germany ,Ireland ,
Netherlands andtheUnited Kingdom .

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Theprimary aimoftheCode istopromote safe stowage andshipment
by :
-highlighting thedangers associated with theshipment ofcertain
types ofbulk cargoes ;
-giving guidance ontheprocedures tobeadopted when theshipment
ofsuch bulk iscontemplated ;
-listing typical materials currently shipped inbulk /together with
advice ontheir properties andhandling ;and
-describing test procedures tobeemployed todétermine various
characteristics ofthebulk cargo materials . *
Thepractices contained intheBCCode areintended as
recommendations togovernments /ship operators andmasters /and
include internationally accepted methods ofdealing with thehazards
which maybeencountered when carrying acargo inbulk .
TheBCCode deals with three basic types ofcargo :
-those cargoes which may liquify (Appendix A);
-materials possessing Chemical hazards (Appendix B);and
-other materials notfalling within these twocategories (Appendix
C).
International Code forthe Construction ahd Equipment ofShips
Carrying Dangerous Chemicals inBulk (IBCCode )
This Code will apply tochemical tankers constructed onorafter the
entry into force ofthe 1983 Amendments tothe1974 SOLAS
Convention /which hasbeen setfor .1July 1986 .Chemical tankers
constructed before 1July 1986 should comply with therequirements
ofthe Code fortheConstruction andEquipment ofShips Carrying
Dangerous Chemicals inBulk /resolution A.212(VII )(BCH Code )/as .
appropriate and asamended .
TheBCH Code applies toexisting bulk chemical carriers andwill
become mandatory upon theentry into force ofAnnex IItoMARPOL
73/78/presently scheduled forApril 1987 .This code hasbeen

-15-
incorporated intheBelgian ,Dutch andItalian legislation ,andused
onavoluntary basis byGermany ,Denmark ,theUnited Kingdom and
France .
The IBCCode isacompanion document totheBCH Code -thepurpose
ofeach ofthese Codes istoprovide aninternational standard for
thesafe transport bysea inbulk ofliquid dangerous chemicals by
prescribing thedesign andconstruction standards ofships
regardless oftonnage involved insuch carriage andtheequipment
they should carry soastominimize therisk totheship ,itscrew
and totheenvironment ,having regard tothenature oftheproducts
involved .
TheCodes primarily deal with ship design andequipment .
Other important facets ofthesafe transport oftheproducts ,such
astraining ,operation ,traffic control andhandling inport ,are
being orwill beexamined further byIMO .
International Code for the Construction and Equipment ofShips
Carrying Liquefied Gases inBulk (IGCCode )
This Code will apply togascarriers constructed onorafter the
entry into force ofthe1983 Amendments tothe1974 SOLAS
Convention ,which hasbeen setfor 1July 1986 .Gascarriers
constructed before this should comply with therequirements ofthe
Code fortheConstruction andEquipment ofShips Carrying Liquefied
Gases inBulk ,resolution A.328(IX )ortheCode forExisting Ships
Carrying Liquefied Gases inBulk ,resolution A.329CIX ),as
appropriate and asamended .
The Code hasbeen inforce since 1971 ;Resolution A.328(IX )hasbeen
implemented byBelgium andtheNetherlands ,andused onvoluntary
basis byGermany ,Denmark ,France andtheUnited Kingdom .A.329(IX )
isonly used onavoluntary basis byFrance ,Germany ,Netherlands
and theUnited Kingdom ,,
à

-16-
2.3 .ECINSTRUMENTS
Council Recommendation of26June 1978 onthe ratification of
1conventions onsafety inshipping (78/584/EEC)
Recommends that Member States which have notalready done soshould
sign andratify theinternational conventions concerning thesafety
ofmaritime transport ,inparticular SOLAS ,MARPOL ,ILOConvention
N°147concerning minimum standards inmerchant ships ,andthe
protocols tothese conventions .
Council Directive of21December 1978 concerning minimum
requirements forcertain tankers entering orleaving Community
ports 2(79/116/EEC)
This directive requires Member States totake allnecessary and
appropriate measures toensure that oil,gasandchemical tankers of
1600 grtandover -whether fully orpartly laden -andincluding
those empty butnot yetdegassed orpurged ofhazardous residues ,
entering orleaving theseaports oftheir territory shall be
required tocomply with certain minimum requirements onsafety of
navigation .
Council Directive of21December 1978 concerning pilotage ofvessels
bydeep-sea pilots intheNorth SeaandEnglish Channel ^
(79/115/EEC )
This directive prescribes that vessels wishing tousetheservices
ofpilots intheNorth SeaandtheEnglish Channel can call on
adequately qualified deep-sea pilots andpromotes theemployment of
such pilots invessels flying theflags ofMember States .
0JN°L194of19.7.1978
OJN°L33of8.2.1979
0JN°L33of8.2.1979
<

-17-
Council Decision of13December 1982 ,instituting aresearch
programme know asCOST 3014(82/887/EEC)
Themain objective ofCOST 301 istoconsider theneed forand,if
appropriate ,topropose means toimprove thesafety ofnavigation in
European waters through anintegrated network ofshore-based
centres .Thepurpose ofthese centres ,Cknow asVessel Traffic
Services orVTS)would be,through better organisation and
management oftraffic flow ,toreduce risks ofcollision ,stranding
and ramming ,andtherefore enhance safety atseaandprevent
pollution ofseas andCoastal areas .IntheCommisson's view the
relevant objectives contained inthefinal déclaration ofthe
International Conférence onthe Protection ofthe North Sea (1984 )
should betaken into account inthis context and inparticular the
development andintroduction ofaSystem ofnotification for
spécifie ships categories should beexamined .Finland ,Sweden ,
Norway andSpain joined theproject in1983 bysigning anagreement
ofcooperation .
Theresults and sconclusion oftheproject will bemade available to
national administrations ,international organisations (IMO,IALA ,
EMPA ,etc.)andmaritime users inApril 1987 .
Council Resolution of26June 1978 setting upanaction programme of
the European Communities onthe control and reduction ofpollution
caused byhydrocarbons discharged atsea3
This programme gave amandate tothe Commission toundertake studies
and tomake proposals foraction invarious fields such as :
consultation ,contingency planning ,theimpact ofhydrocarbons on
marine flora andfauna ,etc .
40JN°L378of31.12.1982
50JN°C162of8.7.1978

-18-
Council Decision of6March 1986 establishing aCommunity
Information System forthecontrol andreduction ofpollution caused
bythespiliage ofhydrocarbons andother harmful substances atsea^
(86/85/EEC )
This decision replaces theCouncil decision of3December 1981 ,
which established the "Hydrocarbon "Information System ,andprovides
for itsextension toother harmful substances .
Themain purpose oftheInformation System istomake available to
the competent authorities oftheMember States thedata required for
the control andreduction ofpollution caused bythe spillage of
hydrocarbons andother harmful substances atseainlarge
quantities .
2.4 .OTHER INSTRUMENTS .
Port State Control .AMemorandum ofUnderstanding laying down
certain rules forthe control ofships inEuropean ports was signed
inJanuary 1982 bythemaritime authorities of14European States
(EEC (except Luxembourg ),Norway ,Sweden ,Spain ,Portugal ,Finland )
inorder toeliminate sub-standard ships from European waters .It
came into effect on1July 1982 .
Theauthorities will maintain aneffective system ofPort State
Control with aview toensuring that foreign ships visiting their
ports comply with the standards laid down inthe relevant
international Conventions (such asSOLAS and MARPOL etc.).
Inselecting ships forinspection ,theauthorities will payspécial
attention toships which mayprésent aspécial hazard ,forinstance
oiltankers and gas and Chemical carriers .
6OJN°L77of22.3.1986

19-
2.5 .SHORT-SEA CROSSINGS
Baltic agreement
TheBaltic agreement (Memorandum ofUnderstanding forthetransport
ofdangerous goods inRoll-on Roll-off ferries ontheBaltic )
contains special supplementary rules forroad transport concerning
segregation ofdifferent goods andstowage invehicles .
Vehicles which comply with theADR (paragraph 3.1.)agreement and
theBaltic agreement areexempt from IMOrules during ashort-sea
crossing intheBaltic .
TheMembers oftheBaltic agreement areDenmark /the Federal
Republic ofGermany /Norway /Sweden andFinland .
Sea crossings tothe U.K.
Thedifférences between seaand land régulations for thetransport
ofdangerous goods arecausing difficultés forinternational
transport totheUnited Kingdom .
The joint meeting ofADR/RID (paragraph 3.1 .and3.2 )hastried for
many years tosetupSpecial Appendices forshort-sea crossing on
the same basis astheBaltic Agreement butthe IMOconsiders that
only very short-sea crossing orsheltered areas like theBaltic
deserve tobeexempted from the searegulations .Discussions about
thecontents ofthese Special Appendices toADRand RIDaretaking
place inIMO .
Until agreement hasbeen reached about these Special Appendices /
road transport hastomeet the IMO rules when crossing tothe U.K.
Railway transport totheU.K. isgoverned bymore flexible rules
than those ofIMO .These are setout inanoperational manual .
This isatemporary solution which wasnecessary because ofachange
inthe legal status oftheinternational railway convention inthe
U.K.
Mediterranean Sea
There isnospecific international regulation forshort-sea
crossings intheMediterranean and IMO rules areapplied to
international trade .
f

-20-
2.6 .TRANSPORT OFWASTE MATERIALS
Thedisposal ofwaste (including nuclear waste )atsea isgoverned
byinternational andregional conventions ,including theLondon
Dumping Convention of1972 andtheHelsinki ,Oslo andBarcelona
Regional Conventions .These Conventions arenotspecifically
concerned with transport ofwaste materials ,butthey put
restrictions onthesubstances which maybedisposed ofatsea .
IMOresolution A582concerning guidelines fortheconstruction and
equipment ofships carrying hazardous liquid wastes inbulk forthe
purpose ofdumping atseawasadopted on20November 1985 .
These guidelines cover various fields such as :
-ship arrangements ,
-cargo containment ,
-cargo transfer ,
-personnel protection ,
-opérât ional requi rements .
They aredesigned forusenotonly onnewships ,but,asfaras
reasonable andpracticable ,existing ones aswell .
Member Governments are recommended toputthem into effect assoon
aspossible .
3uINTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS -INLAND AND AIR
TRANSPORT .
Theagreements andconventions governing theinternational transport
ofdangerous goods byroad ,rail ,inland waterway and airtransport
aredescribed inthis section ofthereport .

21-
3.1 .ROAD TRANSPORT
The European Agreement concerning International Carriage of
Dangerous Goods byRoad (ADR )isaninternational agreement
administered through the Inland Transport Committee oftheUnited
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE).
The ADR consists ofthree sections :
1.theagreement andprotocol ofsignature ;
2.Annex A.Alist ofsubstances allowed tobecarried and the
requirements for labelling andpackaging ofthematerials ;
3.Annex B.Operational requirements forcarriage byroad ,
requirements forthetransport vehicles andgeneral
requirements fordrivers andtheir training .
Thepurpose ofthe ADRagreement istoensure that dangerous goods
andwastes travelling through more than onecountry byroad are
carried under suitable conditions .Ifthey meet the regulations and
prescriptions oftheADRthey areexempt from thenational
legislation inforce ofthose countries .According tomarginals 2010
and10602 ofthe ADR,theContracting Parties mayagree directly
among themselves toauthorise bilateral derogations from the
provisions oftheADR inorder toadapt them totechnological and
industrial developments before they areofficially amended .These
derogations have tobenotified tothecompetent U.N. services .
Atthis moment there are about 1400 ofthese bilateral agreements
registered .
There arenospecific provisions inADR forenforcement ,other than
that avehicle notcomplying with therequirements oftheADRhasto
meet thenational requirements andregulations .
Asofthedate ofwriting this report theADRagreement hadnotyet
been adopted bytwoMember States :Ireland andGreece .

-22-
3.2 .RAIL TRANSPORT
Theinternational regulations concerning thecarriage ofdangerous
goods byrail (RID)areincluded inAnnex 1oftheInternational
Convention concerning theCarriage ofGoods byRail (CIM)
established in1890 .Theconvention isadministered bythe Central
Office ofInternational rail Transport (OCTI )inBerne ,Switzerland .
OCTI isnotassociated with the United Nations ,but RIDand ADR
bodies conduct joint meetings frequently ,tomaintain harmony
between theconventions governing road and rail transport of
dangerous goods inEurope .
Asthe RID was infact amodel for the ADR,thestructure and
application arevery similar .RIDtoo,gives prescriptions for
labelling andpackaging ofthedangerous materials which are
classified onthesame way asintheADR .Moreover prescriptions
aregiven forthecontainers ,thetrain units andthemethod of
despatch .RID,asapart ofthe CIM,hasbeen adopted byall
nations ofEurope and several nations outside Europe .
3.3 .INLAND WATERWAY TRANSPORT
Whilst intheory inland waterway transport isregulated byaUN/ECE
agreement referred toasADN,themost important international
agreement existing inpractice forthetransport ofdangerous goods
bythese waterways istheADNR (Accord Europeen relatif aux
transports desmarchandises dangereuses parvoie denavigation sur
leRhin )administered bytheCentral Rhine Commission inStrasbourg .
ADNR consists ofthree parts :
1.theagreement and itsrules ;
2.Annex A.Definitions andclassification ofdangerous goods
allowed tobetransported ;
3.Annex B.Prescription for :
-procedure oftransport
-construction ofvessel
-crew

-23-
-loading andunloading
-spécial traffic rules .
ADNR isapplied byallthestates with waterways connected tothe
Rhine network ,with theexception ofthe Danube .Itisenforced by
adoption innational legislation .
Toobtain anavigation licence fortheRhine ,amaster must meet the
requirements oftheCentral Rhine Commission concerning knowledge of
handling dangerous goods .TheADNR isrevised from time totime in
order toharmonize itsprescriptions with the rules ofother modes
oftransport .
3.4 .AIR TRANSPORT
The part oftransport byair inthetotal transport ofdangerous
products isrelatively limited ,although animportant increase has
taken place inrecent years .
Aset ofstandards forthe safe transport ofdangerous goods byair
has been established inAnnex XVIII tothe Convention on
International Civil Aviation (theChicago Convention ).The
Dangerous Goods Panel (DGP),oneofthesubsidiary bodies ofICAO ,
isresponsible fortheelaboration andupdating ofthese standards .
This Annex issupported byadetailed body of"Technical
Instructions ,forthesafe transport ofDangerous Goods byAir",
which areincorporated byreference into theAnnex andprovide the
necessary details concerning classification ,packaging ,marking ,
labelling andhandling aboard aircraft ofdangerous goods .
Both the Annex and Technical Instructions arebased upon the
recommendations ofthe UNCommittee ofExperts ontheTransport of
Dangerous Goods andtheInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA ),
thereby providing intermodal harmonisation .
The ICAO adopted Annex XVIII andtheTechnical Instructions inJune
1981 andthey arenowimplemented ininternational andnational air
transport asallMember countries ,including the E.C. Member States ,
agreed toincorporate theAnnex into their legislation from 1
January 1984 on.

-24-
Astotheimplémentation byE.C. Hember States ,only four countries
(Belgium ,Italy ,theNetherlands andUnited Kingdom )hâve
communicated some (small )différences between their national
régulations andtheinternational standards andrecommended
practices ofAnnex XVIII .
Asprovided for inthe "Technical Instructions ",paragraph 10.1 of
Annex XVIII requires that dangerous goods training programmes be
established .With this inview ICAO produced aseries ofsixbooks ,
each developed forthetraining ofaparticular category of
personnel involved inthetransport ofdangerous goods byair .The
books are :
1.Shippers andpackers
2.Cargo agents
3.Operators' cargo acceptance staff
A.Load planners and cargo handlers
5.Flight crew
6.Passenger handling staff and flight attendants .
These training programmes ,which areapproved bythenational
authorities ,have been produced tohelp achieve auniform level of
training inallaspects ofhandling andtransporting dangerous goods
byair .
Forthedirect application oftheexisting rules the International
Air Transport Association (IATA )issues precise guidelines inits
"Restricted Articles regulations "which areupdated regularly .
IATA airlines levy anot insignificant surcharge forthetransport
ofdangerous goods .
3.5 .TRANSPORT OFWASTE MATERIALS
Waste isonly partially covered inthe framework ofinternational
conventions andagreements onthetransport ofdangerous goods .The
classification ofmixtures ofwaste materials presents particular
problems .TheUnited Nations classification system fordangerous
goods canbeused for awide variety ofwastes ,butdoes not cover
alltypes .Aclassification system based ongrouping themost

-25-
dangerous components inamixture hasbeen developed byajoint
ADR/RIDexpert group and islikely tobeadopted bythe parent
bodies (ECE and OCTI )inthe near future .
AtCommunity level ,directive 78/319/EEC^ontoxic anddangerous
wastes specifies certain general controls onthetransport of
dangerous wastes andincludes alist oftoxic ordangerous
0
substances requiring priority considération .Directive 84/631/EEC
onthetransf rontier shipment ofhazardous wastes spécifiés that
transport ofhazardous wastes should becontrolled bymeans ofa
uniform consignment note system andallows theMember State of
destination ofthewaste toraise objection totheshipment .The
Directive sets outgeneral rules concerning thepackaging ,labelling
andtransport ofwastes .Appropriate conditions oftransport are
deemed tobemetwhen aMember State applies theprovisions
applicable under theinternational transport conventions towhich it
isaparty ,insofar asthese conventions cover hazardous waste .
9Anamendment toDirective 84/631agreed in1986 (86/279/EEC )
extends therequirement toobtain theagreement ofthedestination
country tonon-Member States .
'OJN°L84/43of31.3.1978
8OJN°L326/31of13.12.1984
9OJN°L181/13of4.7.1986

-26-
4.TRANSPORT OFRADIOACTIVE MATERIALS AND WASTES .
4-1 .THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE
TRANSPORT OFRADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Asearly as1959 ,theUnited Nations Economic andSocial Council
(ECOSOC )adopted aresolution entrusting theInternational Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA )with thetask ofestablishing recommendations
forthesafe transport ofradioactive materials .
This responsibility falls within thepurview oftheAgency 's
statutory functions which ,among other things ,consist ofensuring
the safety ofpeaceful nuclear activities carried outbyMember
States with theAgency 'sassistance .
The IAEA responded tothis resolution byconvening panels gathering
experts from Member States and from theinternational transport
organisations tostudy thetechnical andadministrative aspects of
such international transport .Asaresult ofthis study ,the first
edition ofthe IAEA "Regulations fortheSafe Transport of
Radioactive Materials "(Safety Series n°6)waspublished in1961 as
acomponent ofthe Agency 'sSafety Standards .
These Regulations were revised andupdated in1964 ,1967 ,1973 ,and
comprehensive review was carried out in1985 ,toreflect experience
intheir application ,newtrends inradiation protection and changes
inmethods andtechnology .
The safety régulations arebased ontwomain principles :
-therequired safety levels areachieved byappropriate
package design ,without considération ofthesafety ofthe
transport mode ;
-thepotential hazard defines the required package safety
level .
Safety series n°6contains thefollowing basic requirements :
-packaging andpackage design requirements
-items exempt from specified prescriptions (lowspecific
activity material ,low level solid radioactive material )
-activity limits forpackages
-Controls fortransport andstorage intransit

-27-
-spécifie provisions forfissile materials
-test andinspection procedures forpackaging
-administrative requi rements .
4.2 .IMPLEMENTATION OFIAEA REGULATIONS
TheIAEA Regulations have been adopted bytheUnited Nations asits
recommendations forthe safe transport ofradioactive materials .
They have been incorporated into thenational regulations of
numerous countries where nuclear legislation wasenacted in
conjuction with thedevelopment ofnuclear energy programmes for
peaceful purposes .Allinternational organizations concerned with
thetransport ofdangerous goods have also adopted the IAEA
Regulations forapplication tothetransport ofradioactive
materials ,including radioactive wastes .
Transport byrail -RID .
Thedangerous goods covered byRIDareclassified inaccordance with
theUNSystem andthe IAEA transport régulations hâve been adopted
asthe requi rements forradioactive materials .
Thecurrent RID isinconformity with the1973 revised edition of
the IAEA transport regulations forthesafe transport ofradioactive
materials .
The RIDalso includes atable ofminimum distances bywhich packages
containing radioactive materials must beseparated from packages
containing photographic films .
Transport byroad -ADR
The IAEA transport regulations have been adopted asthe requirements
forthetransport ofradioactive materials .The1978 version ofthe
technical requirements setout inAnnexes Aand Btothe ADRare in
conformity with the1973 revised edition ofthe IAEA transport
regulations .

ч
-28-
Transport byInland Waterways ~ADNR
Within theframework ofthis Convention ,theRhine States have
developed provisions onthetransport ofdangerous goods ,among
which arethose concerning thetransport ofradioactive materials .
Since traffic .inthese goods hashitherto been insignificant ,the
relevant provisions intheADNR arestill based onthe1967 edition
ofthe IAEA regulations .
Itislikely that inthenext fewyears changes will take place that
will necessitate theupdating oftheADNR provisions .
Transport bysea -IMO
Transport bysea isregulated inmost European Countries bythe
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code CIMDG Code ).
Dangerous goods areclassified intheIMDG Code inaccordance with
the UNsystem andtheIAEA transport regulations have been adopted
asthe requirements for radioactive materials .Thecurrent version
ofthe Code isinconformity with the1973 revised edition ofthe
IAEA regulations .
The IMDG Code includes tables specifying theminimum permissble
segregation distances ofpackages ofradioactive materials from
living accommodation orregularly-occupied working areas onships
and from packages containing undeveloped photographic film .
Transport byair-ICAO ,IATA
The current edition ofthe IATA Restricted Articles Regulations
(RAR )includes two sets ofregulations forthetransport of
radioactive materials .The first isinconformity with the1973
revised edition ofthe IAEA transport regulations .Thesecond inin
conformity with the 1967 edition oftheregulations .
Tables areincluded which specify theminimum permissible distances
from thesurfaces ofthepackages tothe inner floors ofpassenger
cabins andflight decks andtothesurfaces ofpackages containing
undeveloped photographic film .

-29-
Transport bypost -UPU
Under theexisting convention ,radioactive materials inwhich the
activity does notexceed 10Xoftheupper limits foritems exempt
from thepackaging ,labelling andstowage requirements oftheIAEA
transport regulations maybetransported internationally bypost
provided certain relatively simple additional procedures are
followed .Inpractice ,allmember countries oftheEuropean
Community ,except theUnited Kingdom and France prohibit postal
shipments .
5.NATIONAL LEGISLATION ONTHE TRANSPORT OFOANGEROUS GOODS
Acomplete description ofallexisting regulations atnational and
regional level intheMember States oftheCommunity would bevery
lengthy andwould rapidly become outofdate .Itwastherefore
decided tomake abroad comparison between theregulations inforce
ineach Member State atthetime ofwriting this report ,andthe
international agreements ,concentrating onthestringency ofthe
regulations anddifferences inclassification ,packaging and
labelling requirements .
International transport byseaandair isentirely governed bythe
international agreements andthis analysis ofnational regulations
hastherefore been restricted totransport byroad ,rail andinland
waterway .
5.1 .DENMARK
Road
Denmark hasbeen aparty totheADRagreement since 1August 1981
and theaim istoissue abody ofnational rules very similar tothe
ADR agreement .

-30
Technical specifications similar tothe ADR have been adopted for
class 2(compressed gases ),class 6.1 .(poisonous substances )and
class 8(corrosive substances ).
Therégulations forclasses 3(inflammable liquids ),5.1 .(oxidizing
substances )and5.2 .(organic peroxides )will beinline with ADR in
1986 .Forclasses 4(inflammable solids )and 6.2 .(répugnant
substances and substances liable tocause infection )there are no
régulations fornational transport inDenmark .Therégulations for
class 1(explosives )arevery oldanddifferent from theADR
régulations .
Labels according toEECdirective 67/548/EEC (paragraph 6.3.)are
permitted fornational transport ofdangerous goods inDenmark .
Rai I
Denmark applies the RIDregulations forthenational transport of
dangerous goods byrail and inaddition prescribes separation of
wagons carrying dangerous goods :anywagon carrying dangerous goods
must bebetween wagons notcarrying dangerous goods .
Inland Waterway
There arenonavigable inland waterways ,buttheBaltic agreement
hasgreat importance inDenmark .
5.2 .BELGIUH
Road
Since 15March 1976 Belgium has hadnational régulations onthe
transport ofdangerous goods .For95%ofthe goods these
régulations arethesame asthe ADRrules .
Fortheother 5%thenational rules arestricter than ADR forgoods
ofclass 3(inflammable liquids ),class 1(explosives )andclass 5.1
(goods which contribute tocombustion ).
Thenational rules are less strict than ADRforgas-oil .
Thespécial driver training according toADRrules iscontrolled by
thegovernment andalso applied fornational transport .

-31
Rai l
The RIDagreement hasbeen extended inBelgium tocover national
transport .
Inland Waterway
TheADNR rules apply to90%ofthenational inland waterway
transport ofdangerous goods .
Since 1948 theother 10% iscovered bynational regulations which
are less severe butapply mainly tosmall harbour tenders .
5.3 .FRANCE
Road
The French legislation concerning thetransport ofdangerous goods
islaid down intheregulation of15April 1945 asamended which is
very extensive .
Asrules ofthis kind have been developed inFrance earlier than in
other nations ,theinternational agreements have not been thebasis
forthis legislation .
The main différences from the ADR are :
-the classes are different from the ADR and have been further
divided into categories andgroups with their own
prescriptions ;
-the labels areslightly different andthey must beapplied to
allvehicles carrying dangerous goods ,including packaged
goods ;
-theform ofthetransport document ismore strictly defined .
Tomeet adecision of30July ,1975 ,vehicles transporting dangerous
goods with aweight above 10tons must have aspeed governor set at
80km/h.There arerouteing prescriptions andprescriptions
concerning days onwhich itisprohibited todrive trucks with
dangerous goods .Thespecial driver training isapplied toamore
extended field than inthe ADRregulations .

-32-
Rai l
RID isapplied tonational transport byrail inFrance .
Inland waterway
Forinland navigation theADNR regulations areapplied oradomestic
setofregulations which are,according totheFrench authorities ,
very similar totheADNR regulations .
5.4 .IRELAND
Road
Ireland has not yet acceded tothe ADRagreement .
Thereason given isthat theinland transport ofdangerous goods is
notofavery great importance andtheentire ADRagreement must be
translated into Irish inorder tobeapproved bythe Irish
Parliament .However Ireland 'sdomestic legislation (Dangerous
Substances Regulations 1980 )isvery similar totheADRagreement
and refers toADR inallthe main points .
Differences with ADR regulations are :
-some general rules concerning therouteing ofdangerous
goods ;
-packaging and labelling inaccordance with theCommunity
Directive 67/548/EEC (paragraph 6.3.)orother international
ornational régulations isdeemed tocomply with theIrish
régulations .
The Irish Régulations contain general rules forthespécial training
ofdrivers .
5.5 .LUXEMBOURG
Road
ADR isapplied tonational transport .

33-
Rai l
TheRIDconvention isapptied tonational transport .
Inland Waterway
The ADNR agreement isapplied totransport ofdangerous goods along
the Moselle .
5.6 .THE NETHERLANDS
Road
National transport ofdangerous goods byroad hastomeet the
régulations oftheV.L.G. (Vervoer Over Land vanGevaarlijke
Stoffen )which isinfact the same asADRplus :
-rules forrouteing ofdangerous goods
-extensive professional training requirements
-spécial conditions forexplosive goods (classD
-more extensive information requirements .
TheNetherlands hasspécial driver training for road tankers which
isstrict andapplies also tonational transport .
Rai l
National transport ofdangerous goods bytrain hastomeet the
regulations oftheVSG (Vervoer perSpoor vanGevaarlijke Stoffen )
which isthe same astheRIDplus special requirements forchlorine
trains .
Inland Waterway
National transport ofdangerous goods byinland navigation is
governed bytheVBG (Vervoer perBinnenvaart van Gevaarlijke
Stoffen )which isthe same asADNR .
TheVLG,VSGandVBGarepart ofageneral lawontransport of
dangerous goods .

-34-
5.7 .FEDERAL REPUBLIC OFGERMANY
Road
Therégulations onthecarriage ofdangerous goods byroad inthe
FRGare laid down intheGefahrgutverordnung Strasse (GGVS ).
These regulations arevery similar totheADR .
Thedifferences mainly concern authorization forother dangerous
goods tobecarried andadditional types ofpackaging .
The FRGhas anofficial driver training scheme forroad tankers
which has resulted inareduction inthenumber ofoffences against
safety rules .
Rai I
The regulations onthecarriage ofdangerous goods byrail inthe
FRGare laid down intheGefahrgutverodnung Eisenbahn (GGVE )which
has the same relation with the RID asthe GGVS with the ADR .
Inland Waterway
ADNR isapplied for thecarriage ofdangerous substances onthe
inland Federal waterways with theexception ofthe Danube .
FortheDanube aseparate setofrégulations exists made under the
auspices ofthe Danube Commission .
5.8 .U.K.
Road
Theexisting UKlegislation concerning thetransport ofdangerous
goods byroad isvery extensive andcomplicated ,consisting ofabout
34sets ofregulations .
Itisintended tointroduce inthe near future five sets of
régulations which will enable abigpart oftheexisting législation
toberevoked .
The proposed régulations are :
a)Classification ,Packaging andLabelling Régulations which will
control thepackaging and the labelling forconveyance byroad of
aildangerous substances .

-35-
b)Dangerous Substances inHarbour Areas Régulations which niII
cover loading ,unloading andstorage ofdangerous substances in
ports .
c)Dangerous Substances (Conveyance byRoad inPackages etc)
Regulations which will cover theremaining operational aspects of
road conveyance ofdangerous substances notcovered bytheRoad
Tanker andTank Container Regulations made in1981 andthe
Classification /Packaging andLabelling Regulations listed above .
d)Explosives (Conveyance byRoad )Régulations which will control
the conveyance ofexplosive byroad .
e)Classification andLabelling ofExplosives Régulations which will
control the labelling ofexplosive articles and substances .
Allthese regulations will bemade under the1974 Health andSafety
atWork Actandwill beconsistent /sofar aspossible /with the
Recommendations oftheUnited Nations Committee ofExperts onthe
Transport ofDangerous Goods .Theprogramme isnowwell advanced .
TheUKuses theHazchem~Hazard code forplacarding .
Rai I
RIDdoes notapply todomestic rail transport intheUK.British
Rail have their owndetailed requirements which arecontained inthe
British Rail list ofDangerous Goods andConditions ofAcceptance .
These safety provisions cover labelling /inspection /container
specifications /marshalling ofwagons andtheactions tobetaken in
theevent ofanaccident .British Rail 'sprovisions areconsistent
with RID,sofar aspossible ,v
Inland Waterway .
Theonly legislative controls fordangerous goods onBritish
Waterways Board waterways arebylaws prepared under thePetroleum
(Consolidation )Act1928 forpetroleum spirit andcarbide ofcalcium
and/under theExplosives Act1985 forexplosives .However /the
Board have recently introduced contractual Terms andConditions for
thetransport ofdangerous goods ontheir waterways .

-36-
5.9 .GREECE
Road
Greece isnot aparty totheinternational ADRagreement .The
reason given isthat theADRagreement isstill under study before
itissubmitted tothe Parliament .There isnonational legislation
onthetransport ofdangerous goods inGreece andthere isno
special training fordrivers ofvehicles transporting dangerous
goods .
Rai I
Greece isparty totheinternational RIDagreement .Information
about the rules fornational rail transport isnot atpresent
available .
Inland navigation
Inland navigation inGreece infact consists ofshort sea-crossings .
Itisvery doubtful ifthetransport ofdangerous goods within Greek
territorial waters meets any rules .
5.10 .ITALY
Road
InItaly asetofrules was laid down inAugust 1980 based onthe
ADRclassification and following 90% theADR regulations .However
some derogations arepossible andregulations fornational transport
are less tough than for international transport .
There isaspecial driving licence forinternational drivers
transporting dangerous goods delivered bythe "Motorizzazione ",but
nospecific driving licence isrequired forinternal transport of
dangerous goods .
Rai I
The RIDrégulations apply both tonational andinternational
transport ofdangerous goods byrailway inItaly .

-37-
Inland Waterways
Transport oninland waterways isgoverned bytherules ofthe
merchant navy andthegeneral rules for road transport ofdangerous
goods .Forshort-sea crossings that take less than twohours itis
possible tomeet less severe rules than inthe IMDG-code .
5.11 .SPAIN
Spain ,asanewMember State oftheCommunity ,isfollowing theADR
and RIDregulations forthe international transport ofdangerous
goods .
Fordomestic transport ,theSpanish régulations arepractically
copies oftheinternational ones with minor amendments .
Asregards road transport ,theT.P.C. (Reglamento Nacional de
Transportes deMercancias Peligrosas porCarretera )isapplied and
T.P.F. (Reglamente Nacional deTransportes deMercancias por
Ferrocarril )for rail transport .
5.12 .PORTUGAL
Portugal as-anewMember State applies the ADRandthe RID
régulations forinternational andnational transport .
6.CURRENT REGULATORY PROBLEMS
The international conventions andagreements listed intheprevious
sections ofthis report cover most aspects ofthetransport of
dangerous goods ,butthey have notyetbeen ratified byall
countries ,including some Member States oftheCommunity ,andthe
provisions oftheagreements arenotalways effectively enforced .A
number ofcurrent problems intheregulation andcontrol ofthe
transport ofdangerous goods andwastes arediscussed inthis
section ofthe report .

6.1 .SEA TRANSPORT
TheEuropean Commission only hasobserver status within IMO,which
isthemajor international body inthis field .TheCommission isnot
afull member ofthe 1982 Memorandum ofUnderstanding onPort State
Control ,but isanon-voting member ofthePort State Control
Committee ,thesupervising body fortheMemorandum ofUnderstanding .
Amore systematic andstructured coordination ofMember States'
positions within these organisations would behelpful .There are
several specific issues onwhich action isneeded :
-Thevarious Codes applicable tothebulk carriage ofdangerous
goods have notyetbeen incorporated into thelegislation ofall
Member States .
-Annex Iand IIofMARPOL 73/78hâve notbeen ratified byIreland
and Annex IIIhasonly been ratified bysixMember States .
-The IMOG Code does notdeal with pollution ofthemarine
environment bydangerous materials -anextension ofthe Code to
include pollution isunder considération within IMO .
Ageneral reduction ofthe risk ofaccidents tovessels atseawould
reduce the risk ofmarine pollution resulting-f romaccidents ,
particularly inbusy areas .Thesupervision oftraffic byVessel
Traffic Management Systems (VTS )seeks this objective ,andfurther
precautionary measures applicable specially toships carrying
dangerous goods could beintroduced (special crew training ,advance
notification andposition reporting ).
When accidents dooccur there issometimes insufficient information
onthe hazard involved andthe action tobetaken .VTS systems
including advance notification andposition reporting would assist
inidentifying and locating apotential hazard ,andwould help the
emergency services tochoose appropriate response measures .

-39-
6.2 .INLAND TRANSPORT
International Transport
The ADRand RIDAgreements areapplied bymost Member States ofthe
Community ,buttheADRAgreement hasnotyetbeen ratified byGreece
andIreland .Although thenecessary regulations exist inmost Member
States ,itisnotcertain that theexisting international agreements
and conventions onthetransport ofdangerous goods are adequately
enforced .ADRrequires drivers ofbulk tankers carrying liquid
dangerous goods with acapacity ofmore than 3.000 litres tohold a
special licence .Butthis requirement does notapply totankers of
less than 3.000 litres ortothetransport ofpackaged goods .
National Transport
Chapter 5ofthis report clearly illustrates themajor differences
between Member States intheregulation ofinternal transport of
dangerous goods .Some Member States have regulations closely based
onADRand RID,butothers have national regulations which differ
from those forinternational transport .These differences cancause
problems forvehicles orloads making journeys with national and
international stages ,and forthepackaging and labelling ofgoods
made forseveral markets .Theobjective ofestablishing theinternal
market by1992 setout inthe revised Treaty ,suggests that attempts
should bemade toresolve these problems toensure the free movement
within theCommunity ofdangerous goods ,subject toagreed controls .
6.3 DIFFERENCES INCLASSIFICATION
Twomain systems are inexistence fortheclassification of
dangerous goods intransport :
a)Theolder Systems used for rail ,road and inland waterway
(ADR,RIDand ADNR )
b)TheSystem used forseaandair (IMDG and ICA0 -TI).
Asisshown onthe conversion list inAnnex IVofthis report the
numbering oftheclasses ofADR/RIDand IMDG /ICA0 isalmost the
same .However there are still differences inthe classification of
substances .

-40-
TheADR/RIOandAONR systems contain restricted andnon-restricted
classes ofdangerous goods .Goods ofarestricted class maybe
accepted forcarriage only ifthey are listed andthen only under
the conditions specified .Goods ofanon-restricted class which are
listed maybeaccepted only under thespecified conditions .
Itisobvious that this system cangive rise todifficulties fornew
goods ,orforwastes which arecomposed ofmore than onesubstance ,
since absence from the list canmean either that carriage is
prohibited ,because thesubstances belongs (orseems tobelong )toa
restricted class ,orthat acceptance iswithout conditions ina
non-restricted class .
Inthe IMDG /ICAO system allgoods orgroup ofgoods arementioned or
have an"entry ".However ,even this list ,based ontheUN
Recommendations ,isnotsufficiently exhaustive astoensure that
anygoods presenting ahazard andfalling inthedefinitions ofa
particular class will beincluded inthat class .
Moreover there are some goods that present more than onehazard ,so
that this system ofclassification canalso give problems .
Harmoni zation
Effective 1May1985 ,the ADRand RIDagreements have been modified
inorder toharmonize with the UNRecommendations which are the base
ofthe IMDG Code and the ICAO Technical Instructions .
Theprincipal changes inADR andRIDareadditional classifications
inClasses 3(inflammable liquids ),6.1 (toxic substances )and 8
(corrosive substances ).
These three classes arenoweach-divided into three groups :very
dangerous ,dangerous and less dangerous according tothe
prescriptions ofpackaging formaritime transport .
Moreover theclassification ofsome goods which present two ormore
kinds ofdanger have been changed according totheUN
Recommendations .
The ADNR Regulations are also being revised tomeet theUN
Recommendations and this work isscheduled tobecompleted in1987 .

-41-
Aremaining différence with the U.N.Recommendations after the
révision arethedifférences inflash points .This raises problems ,
inthe case ofinflammable liquids .
InADR and RIDthese are subdivided according toflash points :
under 21° C
21° Cto55° C
55° Cto100° C,noclassification beyond that range .
The United Nations subdivision isasfollows :
under -18° C
-18° Cto23° C
23° Cto61° C,noclassification beyond that range .
Thechangeover totheUNsystem ofsubdivision would cause problems ,
because inEurope the ranges concerned arealso applied inindustry
and for industrial safety .
Forexample atpresent aliquid with flashpoint between 61°and100°
Cisasubstance ofclass 3inADR/RID/ADNR but not adangerous
substance inthe IMDG Code .
ECClassification ,packaging and labelling Directives
Theclassification system specified inCouncil Directive
67/548/EEC1anditsamendments concerns substances placed onthe
Community market and itdiffers significantly from the system
recommended bythe UNfortransport ofdangerous goods .The
numerical criteria used todefine thetoxicity ofgroups of
substances aredifferent ,andsome oftheclasses intheDirectives ,
such ascarcinogenic ormutagenic ,are notused intransport
labelling .Thesame substance maytherefore beclassified and
labelled differently fortransport andmarketing purposes .
100JN°L196of16.8.1967

-42-
6.4 DIFFERENCES INLABELLING AND PACKAGING
Ifadangerous substance isctassified indifferent ways ,thè
label Ling requi rements will also bedifferent .Moreover three
different Systems ofpictograms areused which aregenerally
similar ,butnot identica !.
The Systems are :
-labels according toEECdirective N°67/548/EEC (with a
number ofamendments )concerning labelling andpackaging of
dangerous goods which areputonthemarket .Illustrated in
Annex V.
-labels according the inland transport agreements (ADR,RID
and ADNR ).Illustrated inAnnex VI.
-labels according totheUNrecommendations (IMDG and
ICAO-IT ).Illustrated inAnnex VII
Inthe case ofsingle layer package (egdrums )itislikely that
both transport andsupply labels will beneeded .
These differences areprobably notsufficient tocause serious
difficulties indealing with accidents ,butthey areofsignificance
for shippers and can cause problems atthe sea-land interface .
Different interpretations oftheUNRecommendations forthetesting
ofpackaging cangive rise todifferent functional tests and,asa
result ,variations inthetypes ofpackaging approved indifferent
countries .This has sometimes resulted innewtypes ofpackaging
being rejected atinternational borders .
6.5 .DIFFERENCES INHAZARD ACTION CODES
There are differences ofview about the value ofacode toassist
the emergency services atincidents andabout which code should be
adopted .For adecade theUnited Kingdom hasused anemergency
action code known as"Hazchem ",whilst the French "Kemler "code has
been adopted inADRandRID .TheHazchem coding system hasbeen
adopted byanumber ofother countries outside Europe .Various

-43-
attempts have been made todecide onone ofthese two codes asthe
only standard or,alternatively ,tofind aninternationally
acceptable compromise .Noagreement hasbeen forthcoming .
TheHazchem code provides specific guidance ontheaction tobe
taken initially bythe fire service :TheKemler code isbasically a
code which gives information onthehazardous properties ;itgives
little useful action guidance totheemergency services except some
advice onwhen toavoid the use ofwater .
However ,the "Kemler "danger numbers andUNsubstance numbers which
must begiven onthedanger labels under the ADRand RIDare-in
contrast tothemore comprehensive details required under the
Hazchem code -legible even from fairly long distances owing to
their type size .This isparticularly important ifrescue teams are
unable togetnear tothevehicle involved intheaccident (e.g.
because offire ).
6.6 DIFFERENCES INSEGREGATION REQUIREMENTS .
Aserious problem arising from thediffering requirements of
rail /road and searegulations isthesegregation ofdangerous goods
within awagon orcontainer .
Thephilosophy behind the segregation requirements ofthe IMDG code
isthat incompatible dangerous goods should not beloaded inthe
same wagon orcontainer .This isintended toavert problems caused
bydangerous reactions between substances iftheir packaging is
damaged .
Inthe ADR/RIDthese requirements were only retained forrelatively
fewsubstances such asexplosives and formore fragile types of
packaging such asglass .
Thus thesegregation requirements for seatransport aremuch more
stringent than for rail /road transport .

-44-
6.7 .SPECIFIC PROBLEMS FOR WASTES
The international conventions andagreements onthetransport of
dangerous goods donotcover alltypes ofwaste andproblems can
arise inclassifying wastes ofmixed orvariable composition .The
classification system developed byADR/RID (paragraph 3.5.)will
help toreduce these difficulties ifitiswidely adopted .
Alist oftoxic anddangerous substances andmaterials requiring
priority consideration isincluded intheAnnex toDirective
78/319/EEContoxic anddangerous waste ,but itisaminimal list
and isnot complete orprecise .Nine Members States have adopted
regulations tocontrol toxic waste ,buttheir national regulations
aresomewhat divergent andarebased onvarying definitions of
waste .Some Member States have adopted classification systems based
onthemajor components ofthewaste ,others use theindustrial
activity generating thewaste ,orinsome cases both .
Aharmonised classification system forwaste materials isneeded to
ensure theeffective implementation ofCommunity Directives on
wastes ,inparticular the Directive onthetransfrontier movement of
dangerous wastes ,andthe Commission isworking onthemore precise
anduniform definition oftoxic anddangerous wastes .
Ingeneral ,national andinternational regulations andagreements on
the transport ofdangerous substances donotmake special provisions
forwastes andwithin theCommunity ,only the Federal Republic of
Germany has set-up specific procedures forthetransport of
hazardous wastes .

-45-
7.CURRENT INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES
7.1 .SEA TRANSPORT
Anumber ofinitiatives arepresently under consideration within the
framework oftheInternational Maritime Organisation (IMO),which
concern both theprevention ofpollution andthesafety of
navigation .Inparticular anextension oftheIMDG Code tocover
pollution ofthemarine environment bypackaged goods isunder
consideration asamean ofimplementing Annex IIIoftheMARPOL
convention .
The Commission within the framework ofthe Memorandum of
Understanding onPort State Control (MOU )hassigned the final
declaration ofthe"Safe Ships onClean Seas "Ministerial Conference
that took place inApril 1986 .
Community initiatives arealso presently under consideration to
extend theexisting means ofcontrolling andreducing pollution
caused byhydrocarbons atsea toinclude other harmful substances .
Thefirst step will consist oftheimplementation ofthe Council
decision of6March 1986 establishing aCommunity information system
forthe control and reduction ofpollution caused bythespillage of
hydrocarbons andother harmful substances .
TheCOST 301research project referred toinSection 2.3 .is
concerned with themanagement andcontrol ofmaritime traffic by
shore-based centres .Thepurpose ofthese centres isthe reduction
ofthe risks ofcollision ,stranding and ramming andenhancement of
safety atsea,andtheprevention ofpollution ofseas and coastal
areas .The results andconclusions ofthe research phase will be
available inApril 1987 .
7.2 .INLAND TRANSPORT
Theinternational bodies governing theADR,RIDandADNR agreements
hold meetings several times ayear todiscuss amendments and
révisions totheagreements .
Important current issues are :
-prescriptions forIntermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs )
-régulations forthetransport ofwaste

-46-
-prescriptions fortank containers
-new substances
-newmaterials forpackaging
-révision ofclass 5.2 .(organic peroxides )
-extending driver training requirements toalldangerous goods
(nowonly fortank vehicles )
-inspection ofvehicles
-several éditorial and technical amendments
-introduction ofanew class 9forsubstances dangerous tothe
environment .
These meetings areattended byexperts from 20to30countries and
several non-governmental organisations .These experts areoften
supported bycomplete divisions intheir national administration .
The Commission ofthe European Communities has anobserver atmany
ofthese meetings .Activities ofthe EECcanonly beuseful when
they fitintheframework ofthese existing agreements ,e.g.
Community Directive 84/631/EEConthetransfrontier shipment of
dangerous wastes refers totheInternational transport agreements .
FortheEuropean road safety year 1986 ,theCommission hasmade a
study ofthepossibilities ofamonitoring system fordangerous
goods andwaste ,andplans tosponsor apilot project .
7.3 .RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Initiatives atworldwide level onthe transport ofradioactive
materials
Arevised version ofthe IAEA Regulations fortheSafe Transport of
Radioactive Materials (Safety Series N°6)wasissued in1985 .
Substantial changes have been made andthis edition supersedes all
theprevious editions oftheregulations .
TheAgency recommends that these regulations should beadopted ina
period of3to5years (not later than 1990 )with theview to
achieving worldwide harmonisation oftheir application .

-47-
Thetarget date foradoption ofthe1985 edition oftheSafety
Series N°6chosen byalttheinternational organisations concerned
with thetransport ofradioactive materials (IMO,UPU,UN,ICAO ,
ADP,RID,ADNR )is1January 1988 andthis date applies tothe
Members States oftheEuropean Community .
Initiatives atCommunity level onthetransport ofradioactive
materials
Inresponse totheResolution oftheEuropean Parliament of22_ .. . . , _ _ _11January 1982 onthetransport ofradioactive materials ,the
Commission setupaspecial permanent working party consisting of
national experts andrepresentatives oftheCommission ;theChairman
andSecretariat areprovided bytheCommission .Among other things ,
this group advises theCommission onthepreparation ofproposals
forCommunity activities andstudies alltheproblems associated
with thetransport ofradioactive materials .
Based ontheassistance oftheexperts mentioned above and inthe
light ofDirectives 80/836/Euratom and 84/467/Euratom laying down
thebasic safety standards forthehealth protection ofthe .general
public andworkers against thedangers ofionizing radiation ,the
Commission concluded in1984 and inits Communication toCouncil on
"TheDevelopment ofCommunity Measures fortheApplication of
Chapter IIIoftheEuratom Treaty 'Health and Safety"' of20August
1986 (C0M(86)434 )that the following actions should beenvisaged at
Community level :
-thedevelopment ofamore uniform standard forthetraining and
provision ofinformation forthepersonnel involved inthe
transport ofradioactive materials ;
-the formulation ofcriteria for technical and medical assistance
intheevent ofabnormal oraccident situations tobeincorporated
into bilateral ormultilateral agreements between Member States ;
0JN°C40/42of15.2.198211

48-
-theexamination ofthefeasibility ofestablishing andmaintaining
aninformation network onemergency provisions fortransport
accidents inborder régions oratsea .
The Commission also convened theexperts oftheSpecial permanent
Working Party on17October 1984 toexamine thetechnical ,
radiological andregulatory aspects oftheMont Louis incident ,and
toconsider theview oftheEuropean Parliament .Theconclusions of
theworking party aresummarised inAnnex III .
7.4 .HAZARDOUS WASTES
Intheframework ofOECD ,aMinistrial Conference oncooperation
concerning tranfrontier movements ofhazardous waste hasissued
recommendations foreffective control ofsuch movements ,including
aninternational notification ,identification and control system ,
and theestablishment ofalegally binding international agreement .
This isintended toimplement theprinciple that member countries
will notapply less strict controls onmovements ofhazardous waste
involving third countries than they would formovements including
only member countries .
Directive 84/631/EEConthesupervision andcontrol within the
European Community ofthetransfrontier shipment ofhazardous waste
has been amended bythe Council Directive 86/279/EECof12June 1986
toextend therequirement forproof ofapproval bythe receiving
country tonon-member states .

-49-
8.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Theearlier chapters ofthis report describe theextensive network
ofinternational agreements covering thetransport ofdangerous
materials bysea,road ,rail ,airandinland waterway .These
agreements aresubject tocontinual revision andupdating by
international groups ofexperts toincrease their effectiveness and
improve harmonisation oftheclassification ,packaging and labelling
ofdangerous materials .
International agreements generally apply only tointernational
transport but some countries have adopted the same requirements for
internal transport ofdangerous goods .However ,several member
states oftheEuropean Community have notyetratified allthe
international agreements ,and not allthestates which have done so
apply them tointernal transport .TheCommission 'sprimary objective
istoensure the full implementation ofall the relevant
international agreements inMember States -the long-term objective
should beasingle ,unified system applicable toboth national and
international transport byallmodes .This will clearly take along
time toachieve ,butthe Commission canplay avaluable role in
coordinating theposition ofMember States ininternational
negotiations ,andencouraging theinternational organisations to
take further steps towards aunified system .AtCommunity level
action isneeded toachieve greater harmonisation ofthe regulations
covering thetransport ofdangerous goods within andbetween Member
States .
Thetransport ofdangerous wastes should beincluded inagreements
and regulations onthetransport ofdangerous goods ingeneral ,but
asafirst step aninternational method forclassifying the hazard
ofwaste materials isneeded .The Commission supports theefforts
ofinternational organisations todevelop anagreed classification
system forwastes andtheCommission 'sownwork ontheuniform
classification ofwastes isacontribution tothis effort .

50
Inthe case ofradioactive materials all the relevant international
conventions incorporate theIAEA Regulations andtherevised 1985
Edition oftheRegulations will beincorporated into theconventions
byJanuary 1988 .Asindicated initscommunication totheCouncil on
thetransport ofradioactive materials within theCommunity
(C0M(84)233 final ),theCommission contributes tothecontinuing
development oftheIAEA regulations andpromotes theuniform
application oftheir requirements throughout theCommunity .
Initscommunication tothe Council ontheconsequences ofthe
Chernobyl accident (C0M(86)327 )andonthedevelopment ofCommunity
measures fortheapplication ofChapter IIIofthe Euratom Treaty
(C0MC86 )434),theCommission hasmade clear itsintention that all
transport ofradioactive materials both within andbetween Member
States should besubject toauniform setofprovisions based onthe
IAEA Recommendations .
Theobjective offull international harmonisation ofthetransport
ofdangerous materials isthe long-term goal ,butthere are anumber
ofspecific actions which theCommission could take immediately -
these arelisted below .
8.1 SEA TRANSPORT
TheCommission should attempt toachieve amore systematic and
structured co-ordination ofMember States' positions within the
framework ofIMO and other relevant international bodies .
Areduction ofaccidents tovessels atsea decreases the risk of
pollution from polluting cargoes .Highly frequented areas need
measures toreduce accidents ,such asthesupervision oftraffic by
Vessel Traffic Services (VTS).Thepossibility ofproviding VTS
systems with additional information onvessels carrying dangerous
cargoes sothat they canbemore closely supervised should be
studied .

51
Aninitiative should betaken toassess whether existing international
agreements onsafety atsea (STCW ,COLREG etc. )adequately cover the
spécifie problems ofthecarriage ofdangerous goods bysea .
Community instruments should beproposed toensure the implementation of
the requirements ofall relevant international agreements byall Member
States .Inparticular instruments should beproposed toensure the proper
implementation ofAnnex II (prevention ofpollution byliquids carried in
bulk )and Annex III (prevention ofpollution byharmful substances carried
inpackages )ofMARPOL 73/78.
The Commission will also submit proposais on:
-the establishment ofamandatory notification system for ships ,
including passenger ships and ferries ,etc.,carrying dangerous goods by
sea inpackages ,tank-wagons ,tank-lorries ,portable tanks orfreight
containers ,and areporting system for insufficiencies orincidents
liable toreduce themaneouvrabi lity ofsuch ships ,for leakages of
dangerous goods within the ship and fordischarges ofdangerous goods at
sea ;
-the improvement ofmeans ofdetecting andprosecuting violations of
safety andpollution regulations .
Adraft Directive onthe first point isintheprocess ofbeing finalized .
8.2 .INLAND TRANSPORT
Inthis area Community action should bedirected tofilling inthegaps in
thenetwork ofinternational agreements ,especially asregards dangerous
wastes ,andensuring their uniform implementation throughout the Community
inrelation toboth national and international transport .
TheCommission should propose aCouncil Directive which obliges allMember
States toapply theprovisions oftheinternational agreement forthe
transport ofdangerous goods byroad (ADR )tointernational transport .For
inland waterways similar provisions could beadopted assoon asthe
relevant agreement (ADNR )hasbeen revised andharmonised with theother
agreements .

52-
The Commission 'sefforts will also bedirected toensuring that
Member States adopt regulations fornational transport based onthe
same principles asthose applied tointernational transport ,and
that national regulations areprogressively brought into line with
theinternational agreements .Theobjective will betoachieve the
free movement ofdangerous goods and afree market fortransporting
them within theCommunity ,subject toagreed controls andhigh
standards ofprotection formanandtheenvironment .Theregulations
should include thetransport ofdangerous wastes ,taking into
account theparticular nature ofwastes .TheCommission will make a
proposal tothis endbytheendof1988 .
Road transport ofdangerous goods
Studies have shown that thevast majority ofroad accidents
involving thetransport ofdangerous goods are "normal "traffic
accidents mainly caused byhuman failure .Moreover checks on
enforcement have shown ahigh proportion ofbreaches ofnational and
international regulations onthetransport ofdangerous goods .
Priority inCommunity action toimprove thesafety oftransporting
dangerous goods byroad should therefore begiven toimprovements of
human performance andtoabetter enforcement ofexisting rules .
TheCommission should consider thefollowing actions :
1.Adirective requiring Member States toaccept ontheir territory
road vehicles transporting dangerous goods orwastes
internationally inconformity with therequirements oftheADR
agreement .
2.Adirective onthetraining ofdrivers ofvehicles carrying
dangerous goods orwastes inpackages .
3.Adirective onthetraining ofroad transport managers concerned
with thetransport ofdangerous goods orwastes .
A.Adirective ontheenforcement ofregulations onthetransport of
dangerous goods andwastes byroad .

53~
8.3 .HARMONISATION OFCLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING
Products placed ontheCommunity market must belabelled according
tothe requirements ofDirective 67/548/EECand itsamendments ;the
square format labels required bytheDirective (illustrated inAnnex
V)were based onthe ADR and RID labels current atthe time .
However ,these transport agreements were later harmonised with the
UNRecommendations which prescribe diamond shaped labels
(illustrated inAnnexes VIand VII).The result isthat the user
labelling required bydirective 67/548/EECdiffers from transport
label ling .
There arealso small differences between the size andwording ofthe
ADR/RIDand IMDG transport labels ,and some labels areavailable in
onesystem andnot inanother .However ,thebasic symbols used by
allthree systems toidentify dangerous substances are identical and
confusion between different labels carrying thesame symbol is
unlikely .Thedifferences sometimes mean that packages have tohave
two labels ,butindustry isreluctant tochange well-established and
recognized labels .
Nevertheless theobjective should beasingle Community system for
allhazard labelling which iscompatible with the labelling
requirements oftheinternational transport agreements ,and isbased
onunified classification criteria forthetoxicity andother
hazardous properties ofdangerous substances .
Theclassification ofdangerous substances isbased onthe results
oftests oftoxicity ,corrosiveness ,irritancy etc.,which use
laboratory animals and,inthis context ,theneed toreduce theuse
ofanimals intesting whenever possible should betaken into
account .
The long-term objective offully unified classification and
labelling requirements forhazardous substances ,including wastes ,
forboth transport andmarketing purposes should bevigourously
pursued .This ,mayrequire modification ofCommunity instruments and

-54-
the Commission will launch astudy ofhowbest toharmonise
Community classification and labelling requirements with those of
the international transport agreements .
\

SS-
ANNEX I
15.10.84 Official Journal ofthcEuropean CommunitiesNo C274/37
Thursday ,13September 1984
RESOLUTION
onthcenvironment andinparticular theaccident involving theMont Louis
The European Parliament ,
A.having regard tothedisastrous effects onhuman lifeandtheenvironment which may
result from accidents such asthat involving theFrench vessel ,theMont Louis ,
B.having regard totheCommunity action programmes ontheenvironment of
22November 1973 and 13July 1977 ,andParliament’s resolutions of22January
1982 (')and6June 19S3 (2),which called ontheCommission toensure theapplication
ofuniform rules intheMember States forthetransport ofhazardous substances and
products ,
C.whereas ,hitherto ,only asingle political agreement (of9June 1984 )hasbeen reached on
improving therules applying tothetransfrontier shipment ofhazardous wastes ,
D.whereas itisclear from thesinking oftheMont Louis that national protective measures
areinadéquate andthat there isnoevidence ofgenuine coopération atinternational or
European level ,
1.Calls ontheCommission tosubmit asamatter ofpriority proposais forCouncil
Régulations toregulate effectivcly thegeneral subject ofthetransportation ofdangerous and
radioactive substances andwastes ;
2.Calls ontheCommission and theMember States oftheEuropean Community ,
bearing inmind theNorth SeaConference that isduetotake place inBremen attheendof
October 1984 ,to
(a)urge that allagreements concerning theprotection oftheNorth Seaandother seas be
ratified forthwith byallthecountries concerned ;
(b)check that aildangerous andradioactive substances arecovered inthese agreements and
topropose addenda thereto where appropriate ;
(c)avoid using ports ofcountries which have notratified these agreements ,with theaimof
reducing theriskofaccidents ;
3.Asks theGovernments oftheMember States tocomply strictly with minimum
conditions forthemovement ofhigh-risk dangerous andradioactive substances andwastes ,
andparticularly :
–tofixspécial transport routes ,
–toprovidc ailthose concemed with advance information ,
–toprovide forplans andeffective safety andprévention measures fortheavoidance of
catastrophes ,andfortheir publication ,
–toguarantee thetraining ofdrivers andaccompanying personnel ,
–toprovide fortheorganization oftreatment facilities forvictims ;
4. Instructs itsFresident toforward thisresolution totheCouncil and Commission and
theGovernment ofthcMember States .
0)OJTHoCVOjliU .Hf2 .
CO 03 »0o ,U.7.W2

NoC274/38 Official Journal oftheEuropean Communities 15.10.84
Thursday ,13September 1984
RESOLUTION
onenvironmental issues ofcurrent relevance
–lhetransport ofradioactive substances
–dioxin residues inwaste incinération plants
–formaldéhyde
TheEuropean Parliament ,
having regard to:
A.therecent collision intheNorth Sea,inwhich acargo vessel carrying dangerous and
radioactive substances was sunk ,
B.thelevels ofdioxin which hâve been measured intheused airfrom waste incinération
plants ,
C.thefact that theCouncil has still notintroduced theDirective onthedetermination of
environmental acceptability ,and
D.theconcentrations offormaldéhyde inenclosed spaces which hâve been recorded inthe
Fédéral Republic ofGermany ,
E.thefactthat thepublic intheEuropean Community isbeing exposed toriskfrom the
continuai succession ofaccidents andincidents involving dangerous substances ,
F.thefrequently inaccurate andscientifically unsound reporting ofsuch incidents incertain
media ,
G.itsresolution of24May 1984 on air pollution inenclosed spaces and
formaldéhyde ('),
H.thedemands putforward inthereport oftheCommittee ofInquiry intothetreatment of
toxic and dangerous substances bytheEuropean Community and itsMember States
(Doc .1-109 /84),
I.itsresolution of22January 1982 onthetransport ofradioactive substances and
waste (2),
1.Calls ontheCommission tosubmit toitareport specifying :
(a)thedangers which arise from theinstances cited above ,
(b)themeasures which theCommission hasinstituted tomeet thedemands that Parliament
made aslong agoas1981 inconnection with thetransport ofradioactive substances and
thepractical results ,ifany,oftheconcerted action project inthefield ofnavigation aid
systems ,instituted bytheEuropean Economic Community in1983 ,andinaddition the
action which ,intheestimation oftheCommission ,may help inthefuture toprevent
ships carrying dangerous substances from becoming involved inaccidents while sailing in
busy stretches ofCommunity territorial waters ,
(c)thelegal rules which govern theinspection ofused airfrom waste incineration plants in
theindividual Member States ,thecountries where traces ofdioxin have been detected in
theused airfrom waste incineration plants ,thethreshold values beyond which adanger
tothepublic must beassumed toexist andthesteps which theCommission proposes to
take inthisarea ,
(d)thelegal rulcs laiddown intheindividual Member States toregulate concentrations of
formaldehyde inenclosed spaces andtheaction which theCommission hasalready taken
orplans totake onthedemands ofParliament ;
2. Instructs itsPresident toforward thisresolution totheCommission ,theCouncil and
.theGovernments oftheMember States .

-sy­
)
ANNEX III
Viewpoints ofthespecial CECPermanent Working Party onthetransport
ofradioactive materials
Brussels ,17October 1984 ,fifth meeting
Thespécial CECpermanent working party forthetransport of
v
radioactive materials was convened on17October 1984 toexamine the
accident involving theship Mont Louis andthereactions ofthe
sEuropean .Parlfament .-Affër ànintensive discussion theSpécial
Permanent Working Party unanimously adopted twoviewpoints concerning
therepercussions oftheMont Louis accident onthe Régulations for the
Safe .Transport ofRadioactive ‘Materials andtherésolution ofthe
European .Parliament of13 .September 1984 (0.J.n°C274 /36,37 o'f15
.rQçtpber 1984 ).„ <•. *
These twoviewpoints arepresented below .
A.Viewpoint oftheSpecial Working Party onthe lessons tobelearnt
from theMont Louis .accident yith regard toresponsibility inthe
transport ofradioactive materials .
TheWorking Party recognizes .the need for arapid exchange „of
information inaccident situations ,relating tothe international
1' ï* .* * v
transport ofradioactive materials ,soas ,toenable govemments to
respond quickly topublic concern inthese matters .
Recommendation
TheMembers of-theSpecial Working P^rty areoftheopinion that the
Mont Louis accident didnot cast doubt ontheadequacy ofthe
existing regulations relating tothesafe transport ofradioactive
materials .
TheWorking Party therefore sees noreason tomake anychanges from
thepoint ofview ofradiation safety inthese régulations .-

B.Viewpoint oftheSpécial Working Party ontheresolution ofthe
European Partiament of13September 1984 ontheaccident involying
the Mont Louis .
TheSpécial Working Party ,which meton17October 1984 ,discussed
indetail the resolution oftheEuropean Parliament andreached the
T
following conclusion with regard tothetransport ofradioactive
materials :
•• \
,–
.1.Inview ofthe fact that theEuropean Parliament hasnot yethad
anopportunity todiscuss thereport bytheSpécial Working Party
r ■« ■.• -■ • Iu JAnJ t 1 II_»• .forwarded toitbythe .Commission on4May1984 ,theWorking
Party recommends that theCommission point outtheexistence of
.that report tothe European Parliament together with the
conclusions that the Commission ,totheextent towhich itis
concerned ,hasdrawn with regard tothemeasures tobetaken
within the Community framework .,- ' •
2.TheWorking Party considers that the European Parliament should
not consider additional measures relating tothe safe transport
ofradioactive materials .
3.-TheWorking Party wishes todraw the attention oftheCommission
totheviewpoint that itadopted unanimously with regard tothe
'lessons tobelearn inthis field from theaccident involving the
Mont Louis ;
COM Ç84).233 final of26April 1984 "The transport ofradioactive
materiais within theEuropean Community ,‘.Transmitted totheEuropean
Parliament andtheCouncil on5May1984 .

ANNEX IV
CONVERSION BETWEEN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Classification Systems .
Description ofthehazard ADNR ADR/RID
.. -_ categories catégories
Explosive substances and
articles !a ,(1a
Articles filled with 1
explosive substances
Igniters ,fireworks andIb 1<1b
similar goods Icl1c
Gases :compressed ,liquefied
ordissolved under pressure Id 2
Substances which give .off
inflammable gases oncontract
..
with water I.e 4.3
Substances liable .to
spontaneous combustion II ' 4.2
Inflammable liquids III a. 3
Inflammable solids Ill b :4.1
Substances which contribute ..· -
tocombustion III c 5.1
Toxic substances IVa 6.1
Radioactive substances . IVb
.7
Corrosive substances V 8
Repugnant substances .Γ VI 6.2
Organic peroxides . VÌI 5.2
Misce-ilaneous .:/:–IMDG
categories
1.1 to1.5
2
4.3
4.2
3.1 to3.3
4.1 .
5.1
6.1
7
8 . •
6.2 .
5.2
9

ANNEX V
H O
Eksplosiv
Explosionsgefàhrlich
Εκρηκτικό
Explosive
Explosif
Esplosivo
OntplofbaarBrandnxrende (oxiderende )
Brandfôrdernd
Οξειδωτικό
Oxidizing
Comburant
Comburente
Oxyderend
Letantzndelig
Leichtentzündlich
Aiav EÜ<pX£KTO
Highly flammable
Facilement inflammable
Facilmente infiammabile
Licht ontvlambaar
Giftig
Giftig
Τοξικό
Toxic
Toxique
Tossico
VergiftigT+Yderst letantzndelig .
Hochentzündlich
E^öyox ;EIXPXEKTO
Extremely flammable
Extrememcnt inflammable
Estremamente infiammabile
Zeer licht ontvlambaar
Meget giftig
Sehr giftig
Aiav TO^IKÔ
Very toxic
Très toxique
Molto rossico
Zeer vergiftig
C
Ætsende
Ätzend
Διαβρωχικό
Corrosive
Corrosif
Corrosivo
Corrosief
Xn Xi
Sundhedsskade lig
Mindergi ftig
(Gesundhei tsschëdl
Επ ιβλάβες
Harmful
Noci f
NOCÍ VO
Schade lijkLokalirriterende
Reizend
Ερεθιστικό
Irritant
Irritant
Irritante
Irriterend
DANGER LABELS -DIRECTIVE 67/548/EEC

ANNEX VI–ôi~
§APPENDICE A.9
OANGER LABELS -
.(Seemjrçinjl 3902 )
Reproduction onrcducad JC»*«
No .1 No.3' No.4.1
No.4.2 No.4.3
No.6.1ANo .5
No.8
No.10 ‘No.11 No.12s
;ADR DANGER LABELS1

ANNEX VII–£L-
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
IMDG CODE -PAGE 0020
Arndt .21-83
IMDG DANGER LABELS