COMMISSION  OF THE  EUROPEAN  COMMUNITIES 
COM(83)  260 final. 
Brussels,  17 May 1983. 
PROPOSAL  FOR A COUNCIL  DECISION 
ON THE FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME FOR COMMUNITY 
SCIENTIFIC  AND TECHNICAL  ACTIVITIES  1984-1987 
(Communication from  the Commission  to the 
Council and to the  European  Parliament) 
COM(83)  260 final. 

CONTENTS 
- Introduction 
1. Selection  criteria  for the  objectives  of the common 
R,D8D strategy 
2. Participation  of the Member  States in the common  strategy 
3. Implementation  of the  framework  programme 
. Programming  R,D8D  activities 
. Periodic review 
. Gaining  budgetary  approval 
. Financing  the framework  programme 
- Draft Council decision 
- Annexes  : 
. Annex I : Communication  from the Commission  to the  Council 
and the Parliament  entitled  "Proposals  for a 
European  scientific  and technical strategy  : 
Framework  programme  1984-1987" (C0M(82)865  final 
of 21.12.82) 
. Annex II : The  goals and objectives  - Clarifications  and 
adjustments  made by the  Commission  by comparison 
with the initial  proposals  put forward  in 
doc. C0M(82)865  final 

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Introduction 
At its session on 8 February 1983 the  Council  examined and  discussed 
the Commission's Communication  entitled  "Proposals  for a European 
Scientific  and Technical Strategy  : Framework  Programme  1984-1987" 
(C0M(82)865  final). 
At the end of the  session  the Council  particularly  : 
" welcomed  the Commission's  basic objective,  which is to 
encourage the  integration  of the whole range of European  research  and 
development  efforts,  whether at  national  or community  level, in such a 
way as to  achieve  wide ranging  common  objectives  to be identified  by 
mutual agreement  within a strategic  framework." 
" stressed  the importance taken on by  community  research  which 
aims to improve the  competitiveness  of industry  and agriculture  as 
well as increasing  energy independence and  protecting  the 
environment." 
Furthermore  the Council, "whilst declaring  the need for a balanced 
development of  expenditure,  expressed a  large measure  of agreement as 
to the necessity  of increasing  community  research  and development 
expenditure,  and its  relative  importance in the  overall  community 
budget,  subject  to the  provision  of supplementary  clarifications 
relating  to certain effects  on the budget  raised during  the 
discussion." 
Finally,  apart from these  clarifications  relating  to budgetary 
impacts,  the Council  expressed its wish to  receive further  data on : 
1 This is based on the  draft minutes prepared by the  Council 
Secretariat  General  following  the Council  meeting on  8.2.1983. 

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- the criteria  governing the selection of  specific  objectives and of 
research  programmes, 
- the overall  level of resources and the weighting  between  the 
principal  options, 
- improving the structures and  procedures  for preparing, approving and 
implementing  community  R&D activities. 
The object of  this communication  and the  supplementary  material  which 
appears  at Annex 2 is, on the one  hand, to preface the draft decision 
making the Commission's  proposal formal and, on the other  hand, to 
provide the  clarification  requested (except that dealing with 
structures  and procedures  which already  forms the subject of a special 
Commission  communication  ). 
On the basis of the  Commission's  initial  communication  and this 
supplementary  material, the Council should, as envisaged in the 
conclusions to its session of  8.2.83,  "be in a position to  arrive  at 
an agreement,  during the  first half of 1983,  upon the first Framework 
Programme  dealing with  community  research and  development 
activities.". 
With this aim in  view the Commission  requests the Parliament for its 
opinion and  proposes  to the Council that it should  adopt the decision 
which is enclosed as an  Annex. 
1 COM(83)143  final, "Communication  from the Commission  to the Council 
on Structures and  Procedures  for the  Common  Policy  in the Fields of 
Science and  Technology. 

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1. Selection  criteria  for the objectives  of the  common  research,  
development  and demonstration  strategy. 
As a basis for  the political  choices  which must be made at  community 
level - bearing in mind the potential  which is to be  found within 
Member States and the  need to develop  this potential  - the Commission 
suggested  five criteria  which would assist in the  identification  of 
the specific  scientific  and technical objectives  to be selected.  These 
five criteria  generally overlap  or complement  each other, and are not 
by any means  mutually exclusive. 
These criteria  can be  specified  and illustrated  by some  concrete 
examples. 
a) Criteria  related  to the  Community  dimension 
- Scale of human and  financial  resources required 
One should adopt those scientific  and technical objectives  which, 
because of the  level of human,  financial  and technical resources 
required  to implement  them, cannot be carried  out on a  purely 
national  basis. As an example  one could cite controlled 
thermonuclear  fusion  which should,  in the  long term, make possible 
a significant  reduction  in the  Community's  energy dependence 
through the development  of a new  source of energy  using almost 
inexhaustible  and widely available fuels;  the resources required 
to achieve  this objective,  both on the human and the  financial 
levels go well beyond what is possible for  one state on its own; 
thus European,  not to say  international cooperation  is called for 
of necessity. 
- Size of the  potential  market 
At issue  here are those scientific  and technical objectives  for 
which one large or organised  market  is needed. By way of 
illustration  one could cite the development  of new  information 
technology  and the  market problems  that this posed in the  recent 
past and which are even more acutely  posed today. 

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Non-cooperation,  and the  dispersal  of research  activities  carried 
out in the  past by European  firms (colour  TVs for example)  has led 
in many cases to a fragmentation  of the  market, which  has proved 
to be damaging  to all concerned.  Some degree of harmonisation, 
even pre-standardisation,  brought about via  joint research  could 
have produced  obviously  beneficial  spin-offs.  The policies  which 
have been pursued  in Japan and the  United States  deserve mention 
in this respect. 
At the same  time, nowadays,  the development which  this technology 
has undergone  and the  strength  and diversity  of demand  entail 
research  and production  efforts  of considerable  scale within 
scientifically  developed  countries. 
Performance  and reliability  remain, next  to cost, the determining 
factors in maintaining  research  and production centres  within the 
international  mainstream  of innovation  based competition.  The 
investment  which should  be sustained,  and above  all anticipated 
for the future, is of such a scale for the Member  States  that it 
requires  at least the European market  as an  outlet, a frequently 
necessary  staging  post for  tackling  the world market. 
The ESPRIT  programme  goes a long way, in  its conception,  towards 
the application  of this criteria. 
Transnationalism 
The S/T objectives  which should  be adopted  in this category  are 
those which, to be  fulfilled,  call for the development  of 
activities  which are essentially  international.  The protection  of 
the environment  can be  used as a direct  illustration  of this 
selection  criterion  which, in fact, is very much a  part of the 
objective  set out in the  Treaty to improve the living conditions 
of citizens  in the member  States.  In fact there are very many 
specific  objectives  connected  with the environment  and the 

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prevention  of health hazards  which cannot be achieved  without 
community-wide  cooperation.  It is  clear, to take up a research 
issue recently  suggested  by a Member  State, that  complex  phenomena 
such as the  destruction  of forests (acid rain) should  be analysed 
and understood  in the  framework  of European,  even international 
cooperation, if it  is desired to find a solution  to the  problems 
they raise. 
b) Criteria  related  to Community  interest 
- Collective  needs 
In this category  come those objectives  which form a response  to 
identical  or similar  collective  needs within the Member  States. 
In fact  similarity  of certain  scientific  and technological 
problems  frequently  justifies  a common  approach  to finding 
solutions.  It is as much in  avoiding  fruitless  duplication  as in 
promoting  a degree of harmonisation  in the  methods and approaches 
adopted  that systematic cooperation  makes  it possible,  at least 
cost, to resolve many of  these common  problems.  The example  of 
the promotion  of nuclear  fission  energy and especially  of 
improving  safety at power stations  is particularly  striking  in 
this respect. 
- Support  for the Community's  major objectives 
This heading  includes  those S/T objectives  to be adopted  for the 
contribution  they make to  implementing  activities  already  decided 
upon at Community  level or to  defining  new activities,  and whose 
common value has been recognised  by the  Community  Institutions. 

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For example,  they are the sort of  specific  objectives  whose 
implementation  makes a basic contribution either to supporting a 
particular  community  policy -  such as the policy in connection 
with development  aid - or to helping set out and  clarify  the 
bases of a future  community  policy (on raw materials, for 
example). 
Also included in  this category are the  activities  to be developed 
or the expertise to be provided in order to  respond  to the 
requirements  of the Commission  services responsible for carrying 
out the various sectoral  policies,  such as the  social  policy. 
These five criteria,  which have been closely followed in  making  the 
choice of objectives  proposed  in the Framework  Programme  1984-1987' 
all in fact  correspond  to one major preoccupation : how can the 
European  Dimension  be exploited in a suitable and relevant way for 
the benefit of the  Community  ? 
R, D&D calls  for investment  in the long and  medium  term which is 
often considerable. How can the  risks and costs be  shared  ? How can 
the stability  and continuity  which is so necessary  be guaranteed  ? 
How can dangerous  weaknesses  in the research front be avoided ? 
Joint action can often be the  most appropriate  answer  to the 
fundamental  questions. 
1 See summary  table at end of  Annex II "Goals  and Objectives" of  this 
document. 

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2. Participation  of the Member  States in the  Common  Strategy 
The selection  criteria  set out  above may, because  of the  very 
diversity  of national  R, D&D  strategies  and potential,  be differently 
assessed  by Community  Member  States.  Thus, the Commission  proposes 
that alongside  the formal adoption  of the  Framework  Programme,  the 
Council and the  Parliament  should  recognize  : 
a. the possibility  of including,  among the  activities  to be undertaken 
in order to achieve  common  objectives,  activities  not involving 
participation  of all Member  States. 
b. the possibility  of taking part  in national  or international 
activities,  projected  or taking place,  wherever  these correspond  to 
objectives  of common  interest  as adopted  in the  Framework  Programme 
This dual  facility  could usefully  be operated  in the  context of a 
general Framework  Programme  covering  a four year period,  although  it 
would be difficult  if not impossible  to consider  in the  case of 
sectoral  action  programmes. 
A Framework  Programme  of this kind, covering  the whole gamut of 
community  scientific  and technical  activities,  makes  it possible  to 
reconcile  the common  interest  and national  or regional interests  which 
are expressed  in differing  priorities,  themselves  a reflection  of the 
differences there  are between  the policies followed  by each Member 
State , either at the  national  level or by means of  international  scientific 
and technical cooperation  in progress  or under consideration  by Member 
States. 
This new approach,  which  directly  corresponds  to the  Commission's 
desire to make  it possible, within  the Community,  for the most 
relevant choices  to be made  between  national, international  or 
community  levels of activity  would be expressed  : 

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- in the  form of a group of community  actions,  both programmed  and non 
programmed  (stimulation actions),  to be set by the  Framework 
Programme  and combining  activities  in which all ten Member  States 
participated  and activities  where the level of participation  varied; 
- in the  form of participation  by the  Community  - as a  small scale 
participant  - in major national  and/or  international  programmes 
which could range from basic research  to mainly  industrial  research. 
This participation  would only exceptionally involve  Community 
patronage  or responsibility  for managing  the activities,  but they 
would open up the  prospect  of access to the  knowledge  resulting  from 
these programmes  to all Member States. 
A development  of this kind in the common R, D&D  policy  can, however, 
only be undertaken  on a sound and unequivocal basis  to the  extent that 
- the implementation  of the  Framework  Programme  as a whole is the 
subject of a clear commitment  on the  part of the  Council and the 
Parliament, 
- the expenditure required for its implementation  is appropriated  from 
the Community  budget,  (own resources), 
- the dissemination  of knowledge  is carried  out, except  where there is 
very good reason  for the contrary,  on the  basis of Community 
regulations  giving access  to information  and to the  results to all 
Member States, 
1 Both bilateral  and multinational  activities,  under way or  projected, 
ought to be considered  so far as major international  programmes  are 
concerned. 

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- information relating  to national policies  and particularly  to medium 
term forecasts  in the  field of R, D&D  is regularly  imparted  to the 
Community  Institutions (it  would form an important  element  in the 
Community  Institution's  assessment  of activities  which might be 
better carried  out by a  proportion  of the Member  States, and of 
act ivities  in which participation  should be sought).  This information 
should extend to scientific  and technical cooperation  in progress  or 
being considered  by Member  States. 
3. IMPLEMENTING  THE FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME 
a) Programming  R, D&D  activities 
The Framework  Programme  sets out a range of scientific  and technical 
objectives  which have to serve as the basis for the preparation  of 
action programmes  and plans for community  activities  which respond  to  
identified  needs (so far  as the  objectives  are concerned)  and which 
correspond  to the relative  priorities  which have been selected 
'(weighting). 
Thus the Framework  Programme  is not just a scientific  and technical  
programming  guide,  but; also  a financial  guJde adopted  by the 
Community  Institutions  to indicate  to those who are responsible for 
programming  what the relative  volume of expenditure  should  be. This 
financial  reference table set  out by  objectives also  makes it possible 
for the Council  and the  Parliament  to check the extent to which the 
Framework  Programme  objectives are progressively  being achieved 
whenever  new programmes  or action programmes  are put forward. 
Once the Framework  Programme  has been approved  it will be sent for 
implementation  to all services  and sectoral  scientific  and technical 
committees  responsible for preparing  programme  proposals. 

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From that time on each sectoral proposition (action  programme)  put 
forward by the  Commission  would set out in  detail,  over and above the 
scientific  and technical  content  of the  suggested  activities  and the 
extent of human and  financial  resources  considered  necessary  : 
- the goals and objectives  in the  Framework  Programme  to which the 
proposition  under consideration  corresponded, 
- the percentage  of the  expenditure  proposed  relating  to the  different 
objectives  in view, in other words, an indication  in financial  terms 
of the level of commitments  corresponding  to the  various objectives 
of the Framework  Programme. 
This method  recommended  by the  Commission  will offer the triple 
advantage  : 
- of keeping  the concept of scientific  and technical objectives  to the 
forefront  within the programme  preparation  system, 
- of making  it possible,  in the  case of each proposal  to make 
judgements  at the  political  level (Commission,  Council,  Parliament) 
about its impact on the  achievement  of objectives  and priorities 
adopted by the  Community  Institutions, 
- to facilitate  the evaluation  of the  scientific  and technical results 
of programmes  vis-a-vis  the selected objectives. 
b) Periodic  review 
To the extent that the very concept  of the  Framework  Programme 
constitutes  a major change by comparison  with the approaches  which 
have been followed  up to now,  it would be expedient  to evaluate  and 
progressively  to improve  the methods of designing  and reviewing  it. In 
this respect  the first Framework  Programme  1984-1987  should  give rise 
to periodic  examination  during the first years of its implementation. 
This being so, the Commission,  in the  desire to establish  solid and 
stable bases for community  activity  in the  field of science and 
technology,  feels that  Framework  Programmes  on the  subject  should  have 

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a four year timespan. The goals and  major objectives,  the financial 
implications  and the percentage of the  Community  budget  to be devoted to 
scientific  and technical  activities  should therefore be issues  upon which a 
position  is taken by the  Community  institutions  every four years. 
However,  because  of both the  uncertainties  of the socio-economic 
situation  and the  pace of change  in science and technology, it  would 
appear to be desirable  to provide for a reexamination of  Framework 
Programmes  every two years in order to reassess and  where necessary 
adjust priorities  and the  relative  weighting to be accorded to various 
objectives.  When these reexaminations  were carried  out the  Commission 
would put forward its  forecasts  as to objectives  and financing  for two 
further years. 
Consequently, the  Commission  proposes that a review of the  first  
Framework  Programme  1984-1987  take place in the second  half of 1985, 
linked to an examination of  forecasts  relating  to 1988 and 1989. 
The proposal dealing with the second  Framework  Programme  will be put 
to the Council and the Parliament at the end of 1986 with a view to 
its adoption during the  first half of 1987, and  would be a proposal 
covering  the period 1988 to 1991. 
The Commission  is of the opinion  that, at the  revision  which is due 
to take place at the end of 1985, the  forecasts  as to objectives  and 
financing  for 1988 and 1989 should be the subject of a  political 
commitment  on the part of the Council in order to  facilitate  the 
preparation  and adoption of the second  Framework  Programme.  Experience 
gained during 1984 and 1985 should provide all the elements  needed  to 
make a judgement  on this point,  before  putting  this proposal forward 
formally. 

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c) Gaining  budgetary  approval 
Each year, in the  course  of the  budgetary  process  a report  would be 
prepared  for the attention of the Council and the Parliament  upon the 
implementation  of the Framework  Programme.  As was stated  above,  this 
report would set out - in  relation  to the programmes  and action 
programmes  decided and  proposed  - the level of commitment  of the 
Framework  Programme  by objectives and its  implementation  by sector. 
The report  would thus hold out the  possibility  for the  political 
authorities  to make judgements  upon the progressive  implementation  of 
the adopted  strategy and ultimately reorientate,  speed up or partially 
review the  work to be done. 
The report  would also each year specify, and  make proposals on, the 
main priority  lines for intervention so far as the action to 
"Stimulate the efficacy of the  Community's  scientific  and technical 
potential"  was concerned. 
d) Financing the  Framework  Programme 
On the basis of the  profile  of commitments  relating  to actions 
approved  by the Council up to now, of that anticipated for actions 
proposed  by the Commission  and a hypothetical extrapolation forward 
corresponding to actions to be  undertaken,  the profile  of commitment 
appropriations in the  Framework  Programme  can be  built up as follows, 
in MioECUs  at 1982 constant values : 
1982 (for  comparison)  Total 1984-87  1984 1985 1986 1987 
567 3.750  /835/ /905/ /970/  /1040/ 
Bearing in  mind programmes  already  approved,  proposals put forward by 
the Commission,  and on the basis of an  assessment  of the sort of 
Figures to be  clarified  in connection with the preliminary draft 
budget which is shortly to be  adopted  by the Commission. 

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activity  likely  to be proposed  in future as a function of the nature 
of the objectives of the  Framework  Programme,  one comes  to the 
following  overall  breakdown  of estimated resources  : 
Partially  financed  Community  action (shared cost R&D 
action,  demonstration projects) 75 % 
Fully financed  Community  action 
(direct action, stimulation, studies) 23 % 
Concerted  action  (where  finance is provided only 
for coordination)  2% 
It should be stressed that  this breakdown  is only an  indication  of the 
levels which the Commission  envisages. 

Proposal  for a 
COUNCIL DECISION 
RELATING TO FRAMEWORK PROGRAMMES FOR COMMUNITY R, D&D  ACTIVITIES,  AND 
THE FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME  COVERING  THE PERIOD 1984-1987. 

Proposal  for a 
COUNCIL DECISION 
RELATING  TO FRAMEWORK  PROGRAMMES FOR COMMUNITY R, D&D  ACTIVITIES,  AND 
THE FRAMEWORK  PROGRAMME  COVERING  THE PERIOD 1984-1987. 
THE COUNCIL  OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 
HAVING REGARD to the  Treaty establishing  the European Economic 
Community,  and article 235 thereof in particular, 
HAVING REGARD to the  Treaty establishing  the European Atomic Energy 
Community,  and article 7 thereof  in particular, 
HAVING REGARD to the  COMMISSION'S  proposal, 
HAVING REGARD to the  EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT'S  opinion, 
HAVING REGARD to the ECONOMIC AND  SOCIAL COMMITTEE'S  opinion, 
WHEREAS  Article  2 of the  Treaty assigns  to the  Community  the task 
among others,of  promoting  throughout  the Community  a harmonious 
development  of economic  activities,  a continuous  and balanced 
expansion  and an  accelerated  raising  of the  standard  of living : the 
objective  of action undertaken  by the  Community  to this end being set 
out in article 3 of the  Treaty, 
HAVING REGARD to the  wish expressed  by the  Council,  in its resolution 
of 14.1.74  dealing with  the coordination  of national  policies  and the 
definition  of projects  of interest  to the  Community  in the  field of 
science and technology, 

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WHEREAS the development  of a common  scientific  and technical  strategy 
involves the periodic adoption  by the  Community  Institutions  of 
objectives  for this strategy  and of the  resources  needed to achieve 
them, 
HAVING REGARD to the  value - which was reaffirmed  by the  Council at 
its session  of 9 November  1981, 8 march and 30  June 1982,  and 8 
February 1983 - of  clarifying  and setting out the common  strategy  in 
the field of science and technology  in multi-annual  Framework 
Programmes  which present  the whole range  of scientific  and technical 
activities  being carried  out or to be  carried on the  basis of the 
treaties, 
WHEREAS in its communication  to the  Council of 21 December  1982 
(COM(82)865  final) the Commission  estimated that  the percentage  of the 
Community  budget needed  in order to finance  community  R, D&D 
activities  should amount to about 4% per  year of the  Community's 
resources  by the end of the  period covered  by the  Framework  Programme 
1984-1987, 
WHEREAS the Council,  in line with the desire expressed  by the 
Parliament  as to a  realignment  of the  Communities* budget  in favour of 
research,  declared  a high degree of unanimity  on the  need to increase 
community  research  and development  expenditure  and its relative 
proportion  within the Community's  overall  budget. 
WHEREAS the Treaty establishing  the European Economic  Community  did 
not provide  the powers necessary  for these objectives, 
HAVING REGARD to the  opinion  which the Scientific  and Technical 
Research  Committee  has given on the  Commission's  proposal, 
(2) 

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HAS DECIDED  AS FOLLOWS : 
Article 1 
1. The implementation  of a common  strategy  in the  field of science and 
technology  shall take place  under the conditions provided for  in 
this decision; 
2. The common  strategy referred  to in paragraph  1 shall be developed 
in accord with  the Community's  other strategies  and policies. 
Article 2 
The common  strategy  in the  field of science and technology  shall be 
defined  every four years  in a general  Framework  Programme  presenting 
the scientific  and technical objectives  to be achieved  at Community 
level. On this basis the Commission  shall undertake  the programming 
corresponding  to these objectives  in order to ensure the preparation, 
adaptation  or review of scientific activities  carried  out, or to be 
carried out by the  Community  during the period covered  by the 
Framework  Programme. 
Article 3 
The Council  shall',  following  a proposal  to this effect  from the 
Commission  and in the  light of the  opinion of the  European  Parliament: 

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- adopt the Framework  Programme  proposed  by the Commission  every four 
years as well as the indicative  financial  breakdown  needed  for its 
implementation, 
- adopt the priorities  as well as a table indicating the  weightings 
between  the various  goals and objectives set out in the  Framework 
Programme,  taking into  account  the financial  indications given in 
the multi-annual  breakdown  mentioned  above. 
- examine  every two years  and where necessary  revise the  Framework 
Programme. 
- make decisions, on the basis of the  Framework  programme  adopted  and 
according to the  procedures  established by the Treaties,  upon the 
various research  development  and demonstration  programmes  and groups 
of programmes  (sectoral action  programmes)  proposed  by the 
Commission  during the period  covered  by the Framework  Programme. 
Article  4 
Without  in any sense  prejudicing the functions of the  committee 
provided for in  article  4 of the  Treaty  of 8 April,1965 setting up 
one single Council and one single Coianission of the  European  Communities, 
the Higher  Policy  Committee  for Science  and Technology  established by 
Council decision of  shall,  in the  context  of its 
functions, assist the Council in  making  decisions on the  Framework 
Programme  and its periodic revisions. 
Article  5 
For the period  1984-1987  the goals and objectives of the  Framework 
programme  shall be as set out in the  summary  table attached,  which 
forms an integral part of  this decision. 

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On this basis, the Commission  shall undertake the  programming 
corresponding  to these goals and  objectives. 
The financial  estimates  which appear in the attached  annex and which 
relate to the  objectives  to be achieved,  shall be considered as 
suitable  indications  to guide the  programming  of actions. 
Article 6 
As an overall  goal it is agreed  that 4% of the  Communities'  budget be 
set aside for  Community  research,development and demonstration 
activities  by the end of the  period covered by the  Framework  Programme 
adopted in  this decision. 

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TABLE SUMMARISING  THE OBJECTIVES AND THE  AMOUNTS 
CONSIDERED  NECESSARY  TO ACHIEVE  THEM 
1. Promoting  agricultural  competitiveness 
- developing  agricultural  productivity  and 
improving  products  : agriculture 
fisheries 
2. Promoting  industrial  competitiveness 
- removing  and reducing  impediments 
- new techniques  and products  for the  conventional 
industries 
- new technologies 
3. Improving  the management of raw  materials 
4. Improving  the management of  energy resources 
- developing nuclear  fission  energy 
- controlled  thermonuclear  fusion 
- developing renewable energy sources 
- rational  use of  energy 
5. Reinforcing  development  aid 
6. Improving  living and working  conditions 
- improving  safety and protecting  health 
- protecting  the environment 
7. Improving  the efficacy  of the Community's  scientific 
and technical  potential 
- Horizontal  activities MioECUs 
130 
115 
15 
1060 
30 
350 
680 
80 
1770 
460 
480 
310 
520 
150 
385 
190 
195 
85 
90 % 
3,5 
28,2 
2,1 
47,2 
4,0 
10,3 
2,3' 
2,4 
3750 100,0 
1 in ECUs at 1982 constant values 
corresponds  to 5% by the end of the  period.