COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMVIUNITIES 
C0M(94) 281 final 
Brussels, 06.07.1994 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME 
ANNUAL REPORT 
1993 
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EDUCATION 
TRAINING 
YOUTH 
ERASMUS 
PROGRAMME 
Annual report 
1993 
June 1994 
EUROPEAN 
COMMISSION 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
SUMMARY 
1. The Annual Report for 1993 describes the general development of the Erasmus Pro­
gramme during the calendar year and the range of inter-university cooperation 
activities supported for 1993/94 - the seventh year of the Programme's operation. 
2. The total number of Inter-university Cooperation Programmes (ICPs) approved by the 
Commission for the award of Community funds amounted to 2 153, of which 469 
were new programmes and 1 684 fell within the three-year multiannual funding ar­
rangements. The growth in the volume of activity within these programmes has been 
dramatic; between 1992/93 and 1993/94 both institutional participations and 
planned numbers of mobile students in approved ICPs increased by 30%. On the 
basis of actual mobility figures for previous years, it is estimated that approximately 
65% of the 103 894 students in approved student flows will actually study abroad. 
The number of teaching staff planning to travel has increased by 56% (to 8 060) over 
1992/93 figures. 
3. For higher education institutions in the countries of the European Free Trade Associa­
tion (EFTA), 1993/94 was the second year of Erasmus participation, on the basis of 
bilateral agreements made with the European Community in 1991. By comparison 
with 1992/93 the EFTA countries have approximately doubled their ICP participa­
tion levels (to 1 220 participations) and now account for 8.5% of participations and 
6.8% of estimated student numbers in approved ICPs. 
4. For the European Community Course Credit Transfer System (ECTS), 1993 was a 
year of consolidation and refinement of procedures in institutions participating in the 
pilot pro|ect. There was also increasing interest in ECTS on the part of an ever-widening 
group within the academic community, and ECTS principles were applied within ins­
titutions and subject areas outside the scope of the current pilot project. 
5. In 1993, the European Commission awarded 40 grants under Action 4 of Erasmus 
(complementary measures to promote mobility). The projects approved involve 400 
separate institutions and organisations, with an even distribution across the European 
Community Member States and the EFTA countries. 
6. Throughout the year, the Commission continued to stimulate interest in inter-university 
cooperation by organising and participating in information actions and by funding 
study visits by the staff of higher education institutions. The Commission's monitoring 
programme and evaluation activities led to the preparation and publication of 
numerous studies on those involved in Erasmus and their experiences. 
7. 1993 was a period of intensive reflection within the Commission on the planning of 
future programmes of Community action in the field of education and professional 
training. These will take into account the European Community's enlarged 
responsibilities in education and training under the terms of the Treaty on European 
Union (and in particular articles 126 and 127 of the Treaty). The experience gained 
from the implementation of Community programmes such as Erasmus and Lingua 
and from various pilot projects will provide the essential basis for the new activities to 
be proposed. On 4 January 1994 the Commission adopted their proposal for a new 
programme of Community action, Socrates, the first chapter of which continues and 
consolidates the inter-university cooperation activities of Erasmus. 
Zi-.£ 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME 
ANNUAL REPORT 
1993 
6 ^ -4 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
I IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ERASMUS PROGRAMME ACTIONS 9 
Action 1 : European University Network: 
Support for Inter-university Cooperation Programmes (ICPs) 
and for Study and Teaching Visits 10 
Action 2: Erasmus student mobility grants 14 
Action 3: Measures to promote mobility through the 
academic recognition of diplomas and periods of study 15 
Action 4: Complementary measures to promote mobility 16 
II INFORMATION ACTIVITIES 18 
III ORGANISATIONAL AND CONSULTATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE 19 
IV MONITORING AND EVALUATION 20 
V EFTA COUNTRIES 21 
VI PLANNING OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR THE 1990'S 22 
VII INTERACTION WITH OTHER EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PROGRAMMES 23 
VIII CONCLUSION 24 
Annexes: Budgetary and statistical information 25 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME —ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
I IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ERASMUS PROGRAMME 
ACTIONS 
The present report reviews the general development of the Erasmus Programme in the 
calendar year 1993, and the various inter-university cooperation activities funded 
for 1993/94 - the seventh year of the Programme's operation. It has been prepared 
in accordance with Article 6 of the Council Decision of 15 June 1987 (87/327/EEC) 
establishing the Erasmus Programme, as amended by the Council Decision of 14 
December 1989 (89/663/EEC). 
Under seven separate Council Decisions of 28 October 1991 (91 /611 /EEC to 91 / 
617/EEC), concluding bilateral agreements between the Community and the countries 
of the the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), institutions of higher education in 
these countries have been able to participate in cooperative activities with Community 
institutions under the Erasmus Programme since the academic year 1992/93. 
The activities funded under the Erasmus Programme are divided into four actions, as 
follows: 
• Action 1 : Inter-university Cooperation Programmes constituting the European 
University Network (ICPs) and Study and Teaching Visits; 
• Action 2: Management of the Erasmus student mobility grant scheme; 
• Action 3: Measures to promote mobility through the academic recognition of 
diplomas and periods of study, including the piloting of the European Community 
Course Credit Transfer System (ECTS); 
• Action 4: Complementary measures to promote inter-university cooperation and 
student mobility. 
The Community funds available for the implementation of the Erasmus Programme in 
1993 amounted to ECU 84.68 million. The contribution made by the EFTA countries 
for their participation in Erasmus activities was ECU 13.16 million. Annex 1 shows 
the breakdown, by Action, of the total budget of ECU 97.84 million. 
In addition to the direct provision of funding to institutions, organisations, teachers 
and students under the Actions listed above, the Commission has continued to sup­
port European academic cooperation by an active information policy, by close liaison 
with the academic community in the eligible states and through monitoring activities 
designed to ensure further improvements. 
The analysis of Inter-university Cooperation Programmes (ICPs) presented in this re­
port relates to the funding of activities for the academic year 1993/94; all statistics 
on ICP activities refer to data held by the Commission in April 1993, at the conclusion 
of the selection period. 
ICP applications submitted for ihe year 1993/94 show a substantial increase in demand 
for institutional participation and for student mobility. The increase has been particularly 
dramatic in the case of the EFTA countries, in this second year of their participation, 
but interest in the Programme also continues to grow within the Community itself. It is 
clear that the budget - which only increased by 0.7% for 1993/94 - is considerably 
less than the actual cost of implementing Erasmus cooperation and student mobility. 
Access to complementary funding at national level continues to be an important policy 
issue, with a view not only to relieving immediate financial pressure, but also to 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
securing the future of inter-institutional cooperation by obtaining a more explicit 
commitment from regional, national and institutional funds. 
Action 1 
European University Network: Support for Inter-university Cooperation 
Programmes (ICPs) and for Study and Teaching Visits 
The Inter-university Cooperation Programmes (ICPs) set up under Erasmus by institu­
tions of higher education in the eligible states involve one or more of the following: 
• Student mobility programmes (SM); 
• Teaching staff mobility programmes (TS); 
• Joint development of new curricula (CD); 
• Intensive programmes (IP). 
Student mobility programmes of substantial duration (between three months and 
one academic year) which give full recognition of a period of study abroad (up to 
and including the doctorate or equivalent) are eligible for financial support to contribute 
to: the development of the programme; the preparation of documents and teaching 
material; the linguistic preparation of students prior to departure and after arrival; 
the orientation of students and such other costs directly related to the programme as 
meetings and the monitoring of the activities funded. With the encouragement of the 
Commission, institutions have continued to improve their level of practical commitment 
to student mobility - notably in the areas of language training, information provision 
and accommodation. 
Teaching staff mobility programmes enable higher education teaching staff to make 
a substantial contribution to the regular teaching programme at a partner institution 
for between one week and one year, within the framework of a structured exchange 
scheme involving mobility for a number of individuals. Support is given towards the 
development of the programme, the travel and accommodation expenses of teaching 
staff and (in certain circumstances) the costs of replacing staff absent for three months 
or longer. In 1993/94, the funding of linguistic preparation for teaching staff from 
Erasmus grants was permitted for the first time. 
Teaching staff exchange contributes to making the benefits of European cooperation 
available not only to those students who take part in exchanges but also to the majority 
of the student population, who do not. Experience has shown that teaching staff 
mobility can have interesting spin-off effects in terms of other types of inter-institutional 
cooperation, including joint research projects. 
Grants for the joint development of curricula may be awarded to assist higher 
education institutions in developing curricula for implementation in all partner institu­
tions. Preference is given to projects which clearly contribute to improved academic 
recognition (especially by using modular curricula), which incorporate the European 
Dimension into the content of courses, or which lead to the sharing or transfer of 
expertise (whether through distance teaching methods or otherwise). Support is 
provided towards the cost of joint meetings and the production, translation and circu­
lation of the necessary documents. 
Curriculum development programmes pool the teaching skills of institutions in different 
eligible states and encourage them to create innovative new courses with built-in 
recognition procedures. Many new "European" degrees (degrees which are r 
recognised in several eligible states) have been created as a result of ' 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
development programmes, and some of these may emerge as models for larger-scale 
implementation within the European University Network. 
Intensive programme grants enable networks of higher education institutions to or­
ganise short, intensive, full-time teaching programmes bringing together students and 
teaching staff from several eligible states for periods of between one week and one 
month. Special attention is given to multinational participation, the involvement of 
significant numbers of students (in relation to staff numbers) and the award of academic 
credit to those taking part. In addition, account is taken of whether a proposed pro­
gramme is on a subject not normally available at any one of the participating institu­
tions alone, or contributes to the dissemination of knowledge in a rapidly-evolving 
new area. Support may be used to cover the travel and subsistence costs of teaching 
staff and students who have to go from one eligible state to another to attend a course 
and the expenses incurred by holding preliminary meetings and preparing docu­
ments. 
Intensive programmes are especially effective in academic subjects where long-term 
mobility is difficult to arrange, for mature students and others for whom it is normally 
impossible, or where new subjects or techniques are being taught. 
Visit Grants are available to facilitate the planning of new ICPs (notably in subject 
areas less well-represented among Erasmus ICPs), to extend existing programmes to 
new partners or to enable the staff of institutions to become better informed about the 
higher education systems in other eligible states. Visit grants are also available for 
individual intensive teaching visits of no longer than four weeks' duration, which take 
place outside the framework of ICPs. 
ICP applications for 1993/94 
As will be seen from Annex 11(a), the number of Erasmus ICP applications coordinated 
by Member States of the European Community stabilised in 1993 at around 2 300. 
Although there has been a dramatic increase (46%) in EFTA-coordinated applica­
tions since 1992/93, bringing the 1993/94 total to 171, the scale of involvement in 
the Programme by higher education institutions from the EFTA countries remains small 
by comparison with that of the European Community. In terms of institutional partici­
pation (see Annex 111(a)), both the EC and EFTA show substantial increases, the number 
of participations in ICP applications being 21% greater for 1993/94 than for 1992/ 
93. This continues a well-established trend within the Erasmus Programme, in which 
increased demand manifests itself primarily in the growth of activity proposed within 
networks rather than in increased numbers of applications submitted by coordinators. 
Within the European Community, there were significant increases in institutional par­
ticipations by Greece (+32%) and Portugal (+27%) and in coordinations by Greece 
(+18%). Among EFTA countries, Finland and Norway both more than doubled their 
numbers of participations and coordinated applications. 
Annex IV(a) shows the distribution of ICP applications in 1992/93 and 1993/94 by 
subject area. The position is extremely stable, and this stability is confirmed by the 
distribution statistics by subject area and student months (not shown in annex). 
ICPs selected for 1993/94 
The results of the initial analysis of all applications received were referred to three 
Academic Advisory Groups, which play an important part in the arrangements for 
quality control in the selection process. The Commission took careful account of the 
Groups' views in the selection of the 2 153 ICPs ultimately funded. 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
The academic year 1993/94 was the third year of the multiannual application and 
simplified renewal arrangements for ICPs introduced by the Erasmus Phase II Decision 
(Council Decision of 14 December 1989). Under this procedure, the Commission was 
already committed to most programmes selected in 1991 /92 and 1992/93. Careful 
allocation of the 1993/94 budget has ensured a balance of funding for new applica­
tions and for both new and existing activities within programmes entering their se­
cond or third year of multiannual funding in 1993/94. 
Of the 2 153 ICPs approved (EC + EFTA), 469 were completely new programmes 
and these, together with new activities within existing programmes, were awarded 
slightly above average funding in order to provide a sound financial basis for their 
launching phase. (The approval rate for new programmes was 61%, as against an 
overall rate of 87%.) 
Between 1992/93 and 1993/94 there was an increase of 14% in the number of 
eligible institutions participating in one or more approved ICPs (EC + EFTA). There 
were substantial percentage increases (but from a relatively low base) in the numbers 
of EFTA institutions involved; most of the corresponding figures for individual Member 
States of the Community show modest increases, except for a substantial increase 
(26%) in the case of Belgium. The year-on-year increases since 1988/89 are shown 
in Annex VII. 
On average, successful applicants for ICPs were awarded 28% of the amounts which 
they had requested in their applications (EC + EFTA). There was some variation by 
type of activity: 28% for student mobility programmes; 24% for teaching staff mobility 
programmes; 37% for curriculum development; 32% for intensive programmes. 
Although the average grant per ICP remained stable at ECU 10 915, the grant per 
participating institution decreased by 14% in comparison with the previous year, to 
ECU 1 646 (this being due to an increase in the average number of partners per ICP). 
Annex 11(b) shows the distribution of approved ICPs by country of coordinating insti­
tution. In terms of coordination by Member States of the European Community there 
were significant increases between 1992/93 and 1993/94 in the numbers of approved 
programmes coordinated by Greece (+44%) and the Netherlands (+24%). All the 
remaining countries eligible for Erasmus except Spain, Ireland and Luxembourg also 
coordinated increased numbers of ICPs. Participation levels in approved program­
mes increased for every eligible country except Luxembourg and Liechtenstein (see 
Annex 111(b)) and by 30% for the Programme as a whole. The EFTA countries, taken 
together, approximately doubled both their coordination and their participation levels 
between 1992/93 and 1993/94. 
The 1993/94 distribution of approved ICP programmes by subject area (Annex IV(b)) 
differs very little from that of 1992/93. The Commission continues to promote subject 
balance; this involves the application of above average standards for the selection of 
ICPs in such well-represented fields as Business/Management and special attention 
to applications in Education and Medical Sciences/Psychology, which the Commis­
sion is particularly anxious to encourage. At the level of institutional participation 
within subject areas one observes a significant level of growth since 1992/93 in 
areas with a history of limited involvement in Erasmus - the 50% increase in the case 
of Education being particularly striking. 
The number of programmes approved by type of activity increased-significantly by 
comparison with 1992/93 (by 12% in the case of student mobility and by about one-
third for the other three activities; see Annex V(b)). Approval rates also increased for 
all types of activity (see Annex VI); this should however be seen in the context of a 
reduction in applications for teaching staff mobility, curriculum development and 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
intensive programmes and of the increased proportion of applications covered by the 
system of multiannual applications and simplified renewal. 
Student numbers proposed in approved ICP applications for 1993/94 (EC + EFTA) 
total 103 894 - an increase of 30% over the 1992/93 figure (80 100). The increase 
in student mobility between Member States of the European Community only is 23%. 
The United Kingdom (host country for 22% of all students (EC + EFTA)), France (19%) 
and Germany (14%) remain the most popular destinations for Erasmus students in 
1993/94.27% of students intend to travel between these three countries in 1993/94 
(as against 29% in 1992/93). The traditional "importers" of Erasmus students (France, 
Ireland and the United Kingdom) are now joined, for the first time in 1993/94, by the 
Netherlands. (See Annex X for a complete breakdown of student numbers by home 
and host country.) 
Within the 476 approved ICPs involving teaching staff mobility, 8 060 individuals 
(EC + EFTA) are expected to travel to another eligible state - an increase of 56% by 
comparison with the previous year. However, the average planned duration of the 
period spent abroad has dropped from 3.4 weeks in 1992/93 to 2.9 weeks. All 
eligible states (with the exception of Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and Iceland) plan to 
send increased numbers of teachers abroad - these increases being particularly striking 
in the case of Greece (+106%) and the five larger EFTA countries (+183% taken 
together). 
Visits 
(Details of applications for visit grants and of grants awarded by eligible state and by 
subject area appear in Annex VIII (a) and (b).) 
10. Four selection rounds were held during the calendar year 1993, to allow the submission 
of applications at any time with the expectation of a quick decision. The total number 
of eligible applications received was 1 591, of which 858 (involving over 1 300 
individuals) were accepted. The total funding requested in applications amounted to 
just over 4 million ECU, considerably exceeding the ECU 1 750 000 available. Pressure 
on funds was thus a major factor in the reduction in the acceptance rate from 65% in 
1992 to 54% in 1993. 
The majority of the visit grants were awarded to support the launching or extension of 
ICPs and about a third were for the study of the higher education systems of other 
eligible states. (The proportion of 1993 visit grants awarded for teaching is very 
small, at just over 6%.) 
Within the overall selection process, priority was invariably given to applications 
involving eligible states and subject areas under-represented in ICPs, although it 
remains the Commission's policy that only applications good quality should be 
approved. 34% of all visit grants were awarded to applicants from Greece and the 
United Kingdom. The most popular countries of destination in 1993 were, in descending 
order, the United Kingdom, Germany and France, which together account for 50% of 
all visits. There was increased interest in visit grants from EFTA countries by comparison 
with 1992/93, leading to an increase from 9% to 16% in the percentage of grants 
awarded to EFTA applicants. 
As in 1992, a special effort was made to encourage applications from the non-
university sector by a mass mailing of letters to institutions. About a third of applica­
tions received now come from this source. 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
Action 2 
Erasmus student mobility grants 
11. Of the 2 153 ICPs approved for the academic year 1993/94 (EC + EFTA), 93% 
incorporate student mobility. Provision for grants to individual students within these 
ICPs, to ECTS students and to a small number of "free movers" accounts for 69% of 
the overall budget for the Erasmus Programme. Grants up to a maximum level of ECU 
5 000 per student per year may be awarded (although in practice grants in all eligible 
states are invariably smaller than this). The inclusion of the EFTA countries in the 
Programme from 1992/93 onwards has greatly extended the range of opportunities 
available to European Community students, although the numbers studying in EFTA 
countries are still relatively low. EFTA nationals can only be funded under Erasmus for 
periods of study in Community institutions. 
The total demand for Erasmus student mobility grants, on the basis of student numbers 
proposed in ICP applications for 1993/94, increased by 27% by comparison with 
1992/93. On the basis of the 1 997 approved 1993/94 ICPs involving student mobility 
there was a 30% increase in the number of students eligible for a student mobility 
grant (see also paragraph 9 above). The average proposed duration of Erasmus 
study periods abroad remains stable at seven months. 
Due to the inevitable delay between the implementation of the Programme actions 
and the availability of final figures from reports submitted by ICPs and National 
Grant Awarding Authorities (NGAAs), the student statistics given here and in 
paragraph 9 above reflect the maximum estimated numbers given in approved ap­
plications. On the basis of data available from the NGAAs for previous years, it is 
reasonable to predict that approximately 65% of the approved number of students 
will actually study abroad; this implies a number of students in receipt of Erasmus 
grants of between 60 000 and 70 000 for 1993/94. 
12. The funds available for Action 2 for 1993/94 were divided between the eligible 
states in accordance with the allocation formula specified in the Council Decision of 
14 December 1989. (Annex IX shows the resulting distribution.) 5% of the budget 
was set aside to be assigned at the discretion of the Commission, with a view to 
improving the overall balance of student flows. Each eligible state then received a 
base allocation of ECU 200 000 and the remainder of the Action 2 budget was 
allocated on the basis of the number of young people aged between 18 and 25 in 
each eligible state and the number of students enrolled in institutions of higher 
education, adjusted by factors reflecting travel costs and cost of living differentials. 
(Special provisions apply for Iceland and Liechtenstein.) 
The 5% reserve was distributed by the Commission on the same basis as in 1992/93. 
An overall limit of 150% of the initial allocation was imposed for any country benefiting 
from the use of the 5%. Within this restriction, notional average grants to students in 
Greece and Portugal were increased to ECU 150 per month and a lower limit for all 
other countries was set at ECU 71 per month (except in Ireland, where the notional 
average grant reached the 150% upper limit at ECU 67). The countries benefiting 
from the reserve fund - being (in descending order of the percentage increase in the 
initial allocation) Greece, Ireland and Portugal, followed by Belgium, Denmark, the 
Netherlands and the United Kingdom - have thus all increased the notional average 
grant levels available to their students. Across all eligible countries, the notional average 
grant is estimated at ECU 99 per month. In addition, ECU 65 000 (0.1% of the total 
Action 2 budget) was allocated directly by the Commission to the European University 
Institute in Florence and the Fondation Universitaire Luxembourgeoise in Arlon to cover 
the mobility grants of their students, since these institutions are not covered by the 
network of National Grant Awarding Authorities. 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
Supplementary allocations were made to NGAAs to cover student mobility grants to 
ECTS students, on the basis of ten notional academic year grants per institution (or 
consortium) belonging to the ECTS Inner Circle. 
13. The main change in anticipated Erasmus student flow patterns in 1993/94 arises 
from the increase in student mobility involving the EFTA countries. Students from EFTA 
countries (7 062) account for 6.8% of the total number of Erasmus students in all 
approved student flows (a significant increase over the previous year's figure of 4.2%). 
5.9% of all students in approved student flows (6 174) intend to study in an EFTA 
institution. 
14. The principle of complementarity between Community and Member State funding for 
Erasmus has always been considered essential to the further development of the Pro­
gramme. This is particularly true of student mobility support, given the "top-up" na­
ture of Erasmus student mobility grants (which are intended to cover only the additional 
costs of mobility) and the constantly-increasing shortfall between demand for these 
grants and the available budget. In nine of the twelve Community Member States, 
complementary public funding is available to some or all outgoing Erasmus students 
from national or regional sources. (Such complementary funding may be allocated 
specifically for Erasmus student mobility or for international student mobility more 
generally, or there may be a combination of these arrangements.) Of the three Member 
States in which such complementary funding is not available, Luxembourg is something 
of a special case in that its national grants system is already directed towards study 
abroad, given the absence of a comprehensive higher education system in the Grand 
Duchy itself; in Greece and Ireland no complementary funding is available at present. 
Complementary funding is available in all EFTA countries, with the position of 
Liechtenstein being similar to that of Luxembourg. 
Action 3 
Measures to promote mobility through the academic recognition of 
diplomas and periods of study 
European Community Course Credit Transfer System 
15. Action 3.1 of Erasmus provides for the establishment of an experimental and voluntary 
European Community Course Credit Transfer System (ECTS) to enable students to 
receive credits for periods of study carried out and qualifications obtained at institu­
tions of higher education in other eligible states. The aim of this six-year pilot scheme, 
launched in 1989/90, is to develop a system of credit transfer which will operate as 
an effective instrument for academic recognition. The five subject areas involved are 
Business/Administration, History, Medicine, Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering. 
The initial group of 84 institutions or consortia was extended in 1991 and 1992, and 
currently includes 145 institutions, of which 23 are in EFTA countries. 
For 1993/94, each institution received an allocation within the ECTS framework to 
meet its own operational costs in implementing the scheme, including those involving 
in preparing information packages for the use of other ECTS institutions and their 
students. Mobility grants for students are available via the NGAAs (see paragraph 
12 above). 
In the spring of 1993 all five subject area groups held meetings to discuss reports on 
the third year of operation of ÉCTS ( 1991 /92) and to select students for the academic 
year 1993/94.1 850 students were selected for a study period in an ECTS institution 
(as against 1 700 for 1992/93). Language continues to be a determining factor in 
decisions made by students regarding study abroad, with France and the United 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
Kingdom remaining the most attractive host countries. However, efforts continue to be 
made within the pilot scheme to achieve greater diversity in student flows. The impact 
of EFTA participation can already be observed. 
(Annex XI shows ECTS student numbers by subject and home country for 1992/93 -
the most recent year for which actual student numbers are available.) 
The fourth operational year (1992/93) was one of development and refinement of 
ECTS procedures, with working parties on information packages and credit alloca­
tion producing updated advice and guidance for institutions using the system. A 
revised booklet introducing ECTS will be published in 1994. 
In response to a request from the Council of Ministers of Education, a mid-term external 
evaluation report on ECTS was produced by Coopers and Lybrand. This report (which 
was published in February 1993), concluded that ECTS had "proved to be an effec­
tive means, in the context of the pilot, of facilitating academic recognition between 
institutions in different European countries". 
During 1993 there has been substantial growth in the application of ECTS principles 
and practices by institutions outside the scheme and in subject areas beyond the five 
officially designated for the project. Important developments include the adoption by 
certain institutions of the ECTS system for all student exchange, the increasing number 
of courses of study operating on a credit or modular basis and the growing interest in 
the ECTS grading scale among institutions outside the inner circle. 
NARIC network 
16. Action 3.2 of Erasmus covers the European Community Network of National Academic 
Recognition Information Centres (NARIC network). The aim of this action is to ensure 
optimum cooperation between the NARIC Centres, individual institutions of higher 
education and the national authorities in the European Community Member States 
and the EFTA countries on questions concerning academic recognition - the essential 
basis for inter-university cooperation. 
The NARIC network helps to promote the mobility of students by providing authoritative 
advice and information concerning the academic recognition of diplomas and study 
periods abroad. Erasmus grants totalling ECU 119 230 were awarded to the NARICs 
in 1993 to enable staff members of the centres to undertake study visits to other 
eligible states or to produce publications on academic recognition matters. In 1993 
the NARIC network published a comparative overview of the main higher education 
diplomas in all Member States. 
Meetings of the NARIC network took place in Stockholm on 9 and 11 May and in 
Brussels on 30 November 1993. The Brussels meeting was held jointly with the parallel 
network of "contact points" for the General Directive relating to professional recognition 
of diplomas, since a large number of NARICs also act as contact points for this 
Directive. 
Action 4 
Complementary measures to promote mobility 
1 7. Under Action 4, grants are awarded in support of projects which improve cooperation 
and the flow of information at European level - in particular to associations of higher 
education institutions or to individuals working or studying in the higher education 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME—ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
field. The associations concerned may either be entirely new, or be established groups 
wishing to engage upon a particular project with a European dimension. Publica­
tions which enhance awareness of study and teaching opportunities in the different 
eligible states, or which highlight important developments in higher education 
cooperation are also eligible for financial support. Action 4 funding is awarded to 
long-term projects for an initial launching period. From time to time the Commission 
may, alone or in association with various institutions, launch Special Initiatives to 
reinforce the involvement of particular disciplines or regions in the Erasmus Pro­
gramme or to test new forms of cooperation. 
There were four Action 4 selection rounds in 1993. Of the 83 eligible applications 
received, 44 were related to the funding of student and staff associations and 39 
concerned mobility-related publication projects. 28 grants were awarded -13 for the 
development of association activities and 15 for publications related to cooperation 
in higher education. The total budget allocated in 1993 was ECU 248 770, of which 
ECU 122 300 was awarded for association activities and ECU 126 470 for publica­
tions. Altogether there were 328 separate involvements of institutions and organis­
ations, with an even distribution across EC Member States and EFTA countries. Of the 
total amount awarded for associations and publications, 62% (ECU 154 270) was 
allocated to 20 approved projects in nine specific academic fields, notably in Business 
(6 projects) and Medicine (4 projects). The remaining 38% of the total (ECU 94 500) 
was allocated to projects with a multidisciplinary scope. 
Nine Action 4 grants were awarded to student associations in 1993, including a 
start-up grant to the new Intersectoral Meeting of International Student Organisations 
(IMISO), which groups four subject-specific student bodies within one over-arching 
organisation, and support for the publication of a "Who's who in international student 
associations" by the same organisation. 
Another interesting project supported under Action 4 is a study by the European 
Network of Insurance Faculties (ENIF) on risk and liability issues in relation to study 
abroad. 
As a follow-up project to the Erasmus special initiative in Teacher Training (1991-
1992), the Royal Danish School of Educational Studies was awarded a grant to 
publish a handbook for institutions planning the setting up of intensive mobility cour­
ses for student teachers. This initiative builds on experience gained through involvement 
with the international teacher training network RIF [Réseau des Institutions de Forma­
tion des enseignants), which received Erasmus support in 1992. 
A further example of a specific subject area grant is that made for a forum organised 
by the European Association for Architectural Education (EAAE), which examined 
the position and potential of schools of Architecture in relation to European exchange 
programmes. 
In autumn 1993 the Commission announced in the Erasmus Newsletter that it intended 
to encourage a more subject-based approach than hitherto, and invited groups of 
ICP coordinators and partners in specific disciplines to apply for Action 4 grants to 
fund evaluation meetings on the operation and impact of Erasmus. 
Special initiatives 
18. Following a study carried out for the Commission in 1992 concerning the participa­
tion of the non-university sector in Erasmus, work began in 1993 on the planning of 
an information campaign to promote increased participation by such institutions, 
especially in under-represented regions and subject areas. The information campaign 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
will be a joint initiative of the Commission and the European Association of Institu­
tions in Higher Education (Eurashe). 
II INFORMATION ACTIVITIES 
19. Throughout 1993, information support to the academic community, relevant national 
agencies, the media and the general public was provided. This involved: producing 
and distributing a range of basic information products for potential applicants; 
improving the presentation of the Programme at fairs and conferences; receiving and 
advising visitors and dealing with requests for information from the academic and 
political world and the press. The level of public awareness concerning the Programme 
continues to increase, thanks to sustained press relations (see below) and to the broad 
base on which the Programme now rests. Well over 6 000 written enquiries were 
handled in Brussels during the year, in addition to numerous personal visits and more 
than a thousand telephone requests for information. A significant proportion of infor­
mation requests come from such sources as university international offices, student 
associations or the media, which have a clear "multiplier" function in the dissemination 
of information. 
The programme of publications on Erasmus continues to play a major information 
role. Publications prepared or published in 1993 included: 
• the Erasmus Directory of Programmes 1993/94 (a 1 492-page publication 
containing brief details of all ICPs supported) (published in January 1994); 
• the Erasmus Newsletter (which has hitherto appeared three times a year in English 
and French, but which is to be replaced in 1994 by a single magazine covering 
all Community education and training programmes); 
• Guidelines for Applicants 1994/95 (a document in nine languages containing 
application forms, together with information on procedures and on the types of 
grant available, which is sent to all eligible institutions); 
• an updated edition in nine languages of the Erasmus Guide to Good Practice 
(which explains to potential or current Erasmus partners how to participate 
effectively in the Programme); 
• a new ECTS information booklet in nine languages (to be published in 1994); 
• reprints of the general information brochure, student information leaflets on Erasmus 
and the list of NARIC centres; 
• a wall display of Erasmus participation in the regions of the EC and the EFTA 
countries; 
• a Directory of higher education institutions in the EFTA countries (publication in 
1994); 
• the first two numbers of the newly created Studies series of the Task Force Human 
Resources, namely Quality management and quality assurance in European higher 
education: methods and mechanisms (Number 1 ) and The outlook for higher 
education in the European Community: responses to the Memorandum (Number 
2). 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
Information activities other than publications included: 
• the development of press relations, leading to a substantial increase in the extent 
of press coverage of Erasmus (1 506 articles in the EC regional or national press 
and 841 in the EFTA countries - the equivalent figures for 1992 being 602 and 
454 articles respectively); 
• the participation of ICP coordinators and NGAA representatives in local or natio­
nal events or radio and television programmes; 
• representation of the Programme (either in person or by the provision of docu­
mentation) at 17 international fairs and participation in about half of the other 
events to which the Commission was invited in connection with Erasmus. 
Other methods of disseminating information on Erasmus, including more extensive 
use of electronic communications, are under consideration. 
Ill ORGANISATIONAL AND CONSULTATIVE 
INFRASTRUQURE 
Erasmus Advisory Committee 
20. The Erasmus Advisory Committee (EAC), which assists the Commission in the 
implementation of the Programme, met twice in Brussels during 1993 - on 17 and 18 
March and on 7 and 8 December. 
The first of these meetings was convened primarily to discuss ICP selection policy for 
1993/94, but a number of other important matters were covered, notably the 1992 
evaluation reports on Erasmus by Price Waterhouse and on the ECTS pilot project by 
Coopers and Lybrand. At the December meeting the Commission reported on the draft 
proposal for the new Programme Socrates (see paragraph 28 below), and the Committee 
discussed the options proposed by the Commission for the 1994/95 ICP selection. 
Academic Advisory Groups 
21. In carrying out its selection of ICPs the Commission is assisted by three Academic 
Advisory Groups - each covering a broad range of disciplines and made up of 
representatives of the academic world appointed by the Commission. The three groups 
met in March 1993. 
NGAAs 
22. All states participating in Erasmus have designated a National Grant Awarding 
Authority (NGAA), to be responsible for the award of Erasmus student mobility grants 
to students of higher education institutions in that state wishing to spend a recognised 
period of study abroad, whether within the framework of an ICP or the ECTS pilot 
project or as a "free mover". Although NGAAs may allocate student mobility grants 
directly to grantholders, the most common pattern is for awards to be made via the 
sending institution. With the exception of Denmark, Greece, Italy, Portugal and the 
EFTA countries, eligible states either do not allocate free mover grants or only do so 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
exceptionally. The EFTA countries are allocating significantly fewer free mover grants 
for 1993/94 than for the previous year (their first year of participation in the Erasmus 
Programme), due to the increasing number of EFTA students participating in ICPs. 
Some NGAA representatives participate as observers in EAC meetings, but all NGAAs 
took part in a plenary meeting in Brussels on 4 and 5 April 1993. The agenda 
covered the outcome of the 1993/94 ICP selection, the results of the audit visits carried 
out by the Commission, progress on the NGAA computerisation project, the measures 
taken to harmonise Erasmus and Ungua student mobility grants and the outcome of 
the external evaluations of Erasmus and ECTS. During the year a number of informal 
visits between NGAAs and Brussels took place and staff from the Austrian and Spanish 
NGAAs spent short periods of secondment working in the Erasmus Bureau. 
NGAAs also handle a wide range of enquiries concerning the Erasmus Programme 
at local level and many have been involved, either as organisers or as participants, in 
information meetings - notably national or regional meetings with ICP coordinators, 
with prospective ICP applicants and with students. 
Erasmus Bureau 
23. The Commission continues to be assisted in the operational implementation of the 
Programme by the Erasmus Bureau, a non-profitmaking autonomous body of the 
European Cultural Foundation. This assistance is provided within the framework of a 
contract between the Commission and the Foundation. 
IV MONITORING AND EVALUATION 
24. Qualitative and quantitative monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of the 
Erasmus Programme has been strongly emphasised from the beginning. Monitoring 
is largely carried out as part of the operational management of the Programme, 
while evaluation is carried out by external assessors. 1992 saw the preparation of 
two major evaluation reports - by Price Waterhouse on the Programme as a whole 
and by Coopers and Lybrand on the ECTS pilot project - which were widely discussed 
in 1993. (In addition, Price Waterhouse submitted, during 1993, a complementary 
evaluation report on Action II of Ungua (see paragraph 31 below)). 
25. In its monitoring of the Programme, the Commission is assisted by the Wissen-
schaftliches Zentrum fur Berufs- und Hochschulforschung (Centre for Research on 
Higher Education and Work) at Gesamthochschule Kassel, which undertakes both 
the gathering of statistical data and qualitative analyses based on questionnaire surveys 
of particular categories of Programme participant. 
During 1993 the following documents produced by the Kassel team were published: 
• Experiences of Erasmus students 1990/91 (the biennial survey of ICP students: 
more than 3 200 students who took part in Erasmus ICPs in 1990/91 replied to a 
detailed questionnaire covering all academic, cultural and practical aspects of 
their period of study abroad) (in English and French); 
• Transition to Work: the experiences of Former Erasmus Students (the first "tracer" 
study, to assess the long-term impact of study abroad on individuals (published 
and distributed by Jessica Kingsley, London)). 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
The following reports were submitted in 1993 but have not yet been published: 
• Erasmus Teaching staff mobility: the 1990/91 Teachers' view (a survey of more 
than 400 academics who took part in teaching staff mobility activities within 
Erasmus ICPs); 
• Erasmus student mobility programmes 1991/92 in the view of the local directors 
(a survey of the experiences of staff in ICP partner institutions who were responsible 
for the management of individual ICP programmes in 1991 /92); 
• Experiences of ECTS students 1990/91; 
• Experiences of ECTS students 1991/92. 
At the end of 1993, work was in progress on the following: 
• Student mobility within Erasmus 1991/92: a statistical profile (produced annually); 
• a second "tracer" study - on 1988/89 Erasmus students six years after their study 
period abroad; 
• a survey of arrangements at institutional level for the support of European teaching 
activities (taking account of the full variety of types of higher education institution, 
of their different patterns of involvement in European activities and of their decision­
making procedures in relevant policy areas); 
• a synthesis report relating to the various studies (surveys of the Erasmus experiences 
of students and teachers; statistics on student mobility) assembled in respect of the 
four academic years 1990/94. 
26. At an internal level, the Erasmus Bureau also produced a number of documents needed 
for its monitoring activities: 
• analysis of the annual reports sent in by Erasmus grantholders, leading to the 
Global Report prepared annually for the Commission (with some assistance from 
the Kassel team in respect of ICP reports); 
• preparation of a statistical overview of the participation in Erasmus of each region 
of the European Community and the EFTA countries in 1993/94, accompanied 
by a preliminary analysis of the patterns of participation and of the factors 
influencing it; 
• production of time series statistics 1988/89 to 1993/94; 
• production of detailed ICP statistics 1993/94. 
V EFTA COUNTRIES 
27. The academic year 1993/94 marks the second year of EFTA participation in the 
Erasmus Programme. As has already been noted, the scale of EFTA participation has 
seen a substantial increase by comparison with 1992/93. Special information ac­
tions were carried out in Austria, Finland and Iceland and Erasmus was promoted at 
student fairs in Vienna (March 1993) and Stockholm (November 1993). 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
Meetings of the EC and EFTA joint committees were held in March and December. 
The business and timing of the joint committees has increasingly been integrated with 
that of the Erasmus Advisory Committee. 
The individual contributions of each EFTA country to the Erasmus budget for 1993 
were calculated on the same basis as in 1992. The proportionality factors governing 
the contributions were determined, in each case, by the ratio of the gross domestic 
product of the EFTA country concerned to the sum of the gross domestic products of 
that country and of the Community. ' 
VI PLANNING OF HIGHER EDUCATION FOR THE 1990'S 
28. The comments and reactions received by the Commission on its Memorandum on 
higher education in the European Community (COM(91 )349) were examined in detail 
during the first part of the year. With the assistance of a panel of experts, a synthesis 
report of the results of the discussions which had taken place during 1 992 was 
prepared. This report, The outlook for higher education in the European Community: 
responses to the Memorandum, was published in November 1993 as Number 2 in 
the Studies series of the Task Force Human Resources, Education, Training and Youth. 
Responses to the Memorandum came from a very wide variety of sources - mainly 
academics and students but also representatives of national and regional authorities, 
trade unionists and industrialists. There was a widespread appreciation of the crucial 
role to be played by higher education in the future of Europe. In December 1993 the 
Commission published two further reports based on the material received: one 
summarises the national responses to the Memorandum and the other comments on 
the principal issues raised by the debate. (Responses to the Memorandum on Higher 
Education in the European Community: Summary of National Reports and of Reports 
from European Organisations (in German, English and French) and Responses to the 
Memorandum on Higher Education in the European Community: Theme Reports (in 
English and French). The six themes chosen for the second report are: participation in 
and access to higher education; continuing higher education; open and distance 
education; partnership with economic life; the European dimension; research and 
postgraduate research training. 
Many comments emphasised that differences between national systems were a source 
of cultural richness, and welcomed the new legal basis for education programmes 
contained in the Treaty on European Union (Article 126), seeing the principal of 
subsidiarity as a guarantee of national identity and independence. The importance of 
Community programmes as catalysts of new models of cooperation and the European 
"added value" which they bring were stressed, but there was widespread recognition, 
especially within higher education institutions, that Member States themselves must 
formulate policies to ensure a European dimension in the studies of all students in 
higher education, and that mobility was an important part of such a policy. 
The responses to the Memorandum helped guide the Commission in the preparation 
of its Guidelines for Community Action in the field of education and training 
(COM(93)183) adopted in May 1993. These Guidelines established the principles 
underlying the proposals made by the Commission in December 1993 and January 
1994 for new Community programmes in education and training. (The proposal for 
the vocational training programme Leonardo (under Article 127 of the Treaty on 
European Union) was adopted by the Commission on 21 December 1993 
(COM(93)686) and the Socrates proposal (COM(93)708) (under Articles 126 and 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
127), on 4 January 1994.) The Socrates Programme covers education at all levels, 
Erasmus and Lingua (Action I!) activities being incorporated into the first Chapter. 
29. During the year the Ministers of Education discussed a number of issues raised in the 
Memorandum debate. At their informal session on 8 and 9 February 1993 they 
discussed the importance of ensuring quality in higher education, together with cer­
tain aspects of student mobility and access. These discussions led to the adoption on 
11 June 1993, by the Council and the Ministers of Education meeting within the 
Council, of conclusions on the promotion of an open European space for cooperation 
in higher education. The objective is to ensure that students have the opportunity of 
following all or part of their studies in another Member State, to reinforce cooperation 
between higher education institutions in order to enhance quality and to promote the 
diversification of higher education in order to meet the increasingly varied demands 
of students and the changing needs of society and of the economy. The Ministers 
continued their discussion of the consequences of mobility at their meeting on 8 
November 1993, recognising that the implementation of national policies on higher 
education has consequences for the other Member States and that the establishment 
of a European labour market in turn has implications for the education and training 
carried out in the higher education institutions. The Council asked the Commission to 
submit a study on student flows within the Community and the consequences of this 
mobility in terms of funding. 
VII INTERACTION WITH OTHER EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 
PROGRAMMES 
30. Thé future development of Erasmus must be viewed within the wider framework of 
Community initiatives in the field of education and training aimed at exploiting the 
potential of the Internal Market. With this in mind, steps are taken to ensure proper 
coordination between Erasmus and other Community programmes in relevant areas 
of activity. 
31.1993 was the fourth year of operation of the Lingua Programme, which promotes the 
teaching and learning of the nine official Community languages (plus Irish and 
Letzeburgesch). The administration of Action II of Ungua is carried out in accordance 
with the same procedures as those used for the Erasmus Programme and joint arran­
gements have been adopted for both. Lingua Action II covers visit grants and the 
exchange of higher education students and staff. For the academic year 1993/94 a 
model was developed to harmonise student mobility grant levels under Lingua and 
Erasmus, thus avoiding the substantial arbitrary discrepancies which had been noted 
in previous years. The EFTA countries are still not able to participate in Ungua. 
In March 1993 Price Waterhouse was commissioned to undertake an evaluation of 
Action II of Lingua. The final report was submitted in October 1993 and distributed to 
the Ungua Committee for comments in early December 1993. 
32. The Commission continues to monitor closely the interaction between Tempus and 
Erasmus, with a view to achieving maximum synergy between the two initiatives. 
Tempus forms part of the Phare and Tacis Programmes of assistance to the economies 
and societies of the Central and Eastern Europe and the successor states of the USSR. 
The design of Tempus was strongly influenced by existing Community initiatives in 
education and training, and many applications submitted to Tempus draw on 
experience gained through Erasmus. 
ERASMUS PROGRAMME — ANNUAL REPORT 1993 
33. There is also complementarity with the Comett Programme for cooperation between 
institutions of higher education and industry. A placement in a commercial enterprise 
is the cornerstone of Comett student mobility but is only one of several forms of exchange 
within Erasmus, which also covers a much wider range of subject areas. 
34. The Human Capital and Mobility Programme aims to stimulate the European human 
resource base for research and development, in terms of both quality and quantity. Its 
actions - mainly of interest to young postdoctoral researchers - are complementary to 
the activities supported under Erasmus. 
35. The Jean Monnet Action, through the establishment of European "chairs", "perma­
nent courses" and "modules", also supports the European Dimension within the higher 
education sector. 
VIII CONCLUSION 
36. For the Erasmus Programme, as for other Community programmes in education and 
training, the year 1993 constituted a watershed between the wide-ranging discus­
sions on the 1991 Memorandum on higher education in the European Community 
and the presentation by the Commission of new proposals for future Community 
Programmes in education and training. 
In preparation for the adoption of the new Socrates Programme, in which higher 
education activities will clearly play a major part, the Commission has continued to 
monitor and evaluate existing participation in Erasmus at national and regional level 
and by academic discipline; it has also prepared the way for the wider use of the 
ECTS scheme after the end of the current pilot project. At the same time the European 
University Network has continued to demonstrate its capacity for further consolidation 
and expansion, and institutions from the EFTA countries are now extensively involved 
in cooperative activities with Community institutions. The sustained momentum and 
the wealth of accumulated experience within Erasmus promise to provide a solid 
foundation for the Socrates Programme. 
^ç•-^6 
ANNEXES 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex I 
Funds committed for the academic year 1993/94 (in ECU) 
ACTION 1 
A. Inter-University Cooperation Programmes 
a. Student Mobility 
b. Teaching Staff Mobility 
c. Curriculum Development 
d. Intensive Programmes 
B. Visits 25343510 
17266 OCX) 
3147 510 
1320000 
1860000 23593510 
1750000 
ACTION 2 
A. Student grants 
B. ECTS student grants 65000100 
2880000 67 880100 
ACTION 3 
A. ECTS institutional grants 
B. NARIC network grants 1465000 
119230 1584230 
ACTION 4 
A. Associations and Publications 
B. Programme Information, Administration, Monitoring 
and Evaluation 250000 
2788310 3038310 
TOTAL 97846150 
Note: For technical reasons, slight discrepancies may occur between the totals listed here for individual 
activities and the corresponding totals given in the text in respect of grants awarded to Institutions. 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex II (a) 
Erasmus ICP applications by eligible state 
of co-ordinating institution 
Eligible 
State 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E 
F 
IRL 
1 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
Total EC 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
S 
CH 
FL 
Total ERA 
Total EC+ 
EFTA 1992/93 
No. 
208 
60 
309 
71 
215 
382 
41 
245 
1 
203 
57 
527 
2319 
54 
12 
0 
8 
30 
13 
0 
117 
2 436 % 
8.5 
2.5 
12.7 
2.9 
8.8 
15.7 
/ 1.7 
10.1 
0.0 
8.3 
2.3 
21.6 
95.2 
2.2 
0.5 
0.0 
0.3 
1.2 
0.5 
0.0 
4.8 
100 %EC 
only 
9.0 
2.6 
13.3 
3.1 
9.3 
16.5 
1.8 
10.6 
0.0 
8.8 
2.5 
22.7 
100 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 1993/94 
No. 
209 
59 
305 
84 
197 
380 
45 
227 
0 
214 
55 
524 
2 299 
52 
26 
7 
25 
42 
19 
0 
171 
2 470 % 
8.5 
2.4 
12.3 
3.4 
8.0 
15.4 
1.8 
9.2 
0.0 
8.7 
2.2 
21.2 
93.1 
2.1 
1.1 
0.3 
1.0 
1.7 
0.8 
0.0 
6.9 
100 YoEC 
only 
9.1 
2.6 
13.3 
3.7 
* 8.6 
16.5 
2.0 
9.9 
0.0 
9.3 
2.4 
22.8 
100 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
—' 
— 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex II (b) 
Approved Erasmus ICPs by eligible state of 
co-ordinating institution 
Eligible 
State 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E 
F 
IRL 
1 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
Total EC 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
S 
CH 
FL 
Total EFTA 
Total EC+ 
EFTA Î992/93 
NO, 
176 
48 
241 
49 
166 
312 
36 
180 
1 
153 
44 
439 
1845 
32 
9 
0 
6 
24 
8 
0 
79 
1924 % 
9.1 
2.5 
12.5 
2.5 
8.6 
16.2 
1.9 
9.4 
0.1 
8.0 
2.3 
22.8 
95.9 
1.7 
0.5 
0.0 
0.3 
1.2 
0.4 
0.0 
4.1 
100 %EC 
only 
9.5 
2.6 
13.1 
2.7 
9.0 
16.9 
2.0 
9.8 
0.1 
' 8.3 
2.4 
23.8 
100 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 1993/94 
NO. 
188 
51 
270 
71 
156 
330 
36 
194 
0 
189 
48 
480 
2 013 
49 
21 
4 
14 
36 
16 
0 
140 
2 153 % 
8.7 
2.4 
12.5 
3.3 
7.3 
15.3 
1.7 
9.0 
0.0 
8.8 
2.2 
22.3 
93,5 
2.3 
1.0 
0.2 
0.6 
1.7 
0.7 
0.0 
5.5 
100 onty 
9.3 
2.5 
13.4 
3.5 
7.8 
16.4 
1.8 
9.6 
0.0 
9.4 
2.4 
23.9 
100 
— -
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— ' 
— 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex III (a) 
Erasmus ICP applications by eligible state and 
number of participations 
Eligible 
State 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E 
F 
IRL 
1 • 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
EUR 
Total EC 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
S 
CH 
FL 
Total EFTA 
Total EC + 
ERA 1992/93 
No. 
757 
372 
1 794 
426 
1378 
2 125 
368 
1310 
6 
826 
482 
2 269 
9 
12122 
172 
108 
2 
85 
242 
105 
1 
715 
12 837 % 
5.9 
2.9 
14.0 
3.3 
10.7 
16.6 
2.9 
10.2 
0.0 
6.4 
3.8 
17.7 
0.1 
94.4 
1.3 
0.8 
0.0 
0.7 
1.9 
0.8 
0.0 
5.6 
100 %EC 
only 
6.2 
3.1 
14.8 
3.5 
11.4 
17.5 
3.0 
10.8 
0.0 
6.8 
4.0 
18.7 
0.1 
100 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 1993/94 
No. 
838 
434 
2 132 
561 
1628 
2 422 
441 
1500 
6 
950 
612 
2654 
4 
14182 
267 
263 
17 
210 
385 
208 
1 
1 351 
15 533 % 
5.4 
2.8 
13.7 
3.6 
10.5 
15.6 
2.8 
9.7 
0.0 
6.1 
3.9 
17.1 
0.0 
91.3 
1.7 
1.7 
0.1 
1.4 
2.5 
1.3 
0.0 
8.7 
100 %EC 
only 
5.9 
3.1 
15.0 
4.0 
11.5 
17.1 
3.1 
10.6 
0.0 
6.7 
4.3 
18.7 
0.0 
100 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
—-
— 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex III (b) 
Approved Erasmus ICPs by eligible state and 
number of participations 
Eligible 
State 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E . 
F 
IRL 
1 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
EUR 
Total EC 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
S 
CH 
FL 
Total EFTA 
Total EC + 
EFTA 1992/93 
No. 
642 
321 
1561 
360 
1 180 
1841 
322 
1081 
6 
691 
423 
1950 
6 
10384 
137 
95 
1 
71 
214 
85 
2 
605 
10989 % 
5.8 
2.9 
14.2 
3.3 
10.7 
16.8 
2.9 
9;8 
0.1 
6.3 
3.8 
17.7 
0.1 
94.5 
1.2 
0.9 
0.0 
0.6 
1.9 
0.8 
0.0 
5.5 
100 %EC 
only 
6.2 
3.1 
15.0 
3.5 
11.4 
17.7 
3.1 
10.4 
0.1 
6.7 
4.1 
18.8 
0.. 
100 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
_ 1993/94 
No. 
754 
399 
1974 
513 
1507 
2 242 
406 
1381 
6 
862 
561 
2450 
4 
13 059 
245 
238 
12 
188 
348 
188 
1 
1220 
14 279 % 
5.3 
2.8 
13.9 
3.6 
10.6 
15.7 
2.8 
9.7 
0.0 
6.0 
3.9 
17.2 
0.0 
91.5 
1.7 
1.7 
0.1 
l!3 
2.4 
1.3 
0.0 
8.5 
100 %EC 
only 
5.8 
3.1 
15.1 
3.9 
11.5 
17.2 
3.1 
10.6 
0.0 
6.6 
4.3 
18.8 
0.0 
100 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
*~ 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex IV (a) 
Erasmus ICP applications by subject area 
Subject Area 
Agriculture 
Architecture 
Fine Arts/Music 
Business/Management 
Education 
Engineering 
Geography/Geology 
Humanities 
Languages 
Law 
Mathematics 
Medical Sciences/ 
Psychology 
Natural Sciences 
Social Sciences 
Communication/Information 
Miscellaneous 
Framework Agreements 
Total 1992/93 
No. 
67 
88 
100 
261 
122 
347 
77 
143 
258 
137 
108 
157 
217 
259 
26 
31 
38 
2436 % 
2.8 
3.6 
4.1 
10.7 
5.0 
14.2 
3.2 
5.9 
10.6 
5.6 
4.4 
6.4 
8.9 
10.6 
1.1 
1.3 
1.6 
100 1993/94 
No. 
80 
95 
109 
249 
115 
343 
91 
149 
262 
133 
109 
171 
205 
256 
32 
31 
40 
2 470 % 
3.2 
3.8 
4.4 
10.1 
4.7 
13.9 
3.7 
6.0 
10.6 
5.4 
4.4 
6.9 
8.3 
10.4 
1.3 
1.3 
1.6 
100 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex IV (b) 
Approved Erasmus ICPs by subject area 
Subject Area 
Agriculture 
Architecture 
Fine Arts/Music 
Business/Management 
Education 
Engineering 
Geography/Geology 
Humanities 
Languages 
Law 
Mathematics 
Medical Sciences/ 
Psychology 
Natural Sciences 
Social Sciences 
Communication/Information 
Miscellaneous 
Framework Agreements 
Total 1992/93 
No. 
56 
65 
78 
197 
79 
283 
63 
115 
214 
113 
88 
124 
166 
202 
23 
24 
34 
1924 % 
2.9 
3.4 
4.1 
10.2 
4.1 
14.7 
3.3 
6.0 
11.1 
5.9 
4.6 
6.4 
8.6 
10.5 
1.2 
1.2 
1.8 
too 1993/94 
No. 
68 
80 
93 
208 
97 
313 
76 
127 
231 
123 
97 
148 
183 
219 
28 
26 
36 
2 153 % 
3.2 
3.7 
4.3 
9.7 
4.5 
14.5 
3.5 
5.9 
10.7 
5.7 
4.5 
6.9 
8.5 
10.2 
1.3 
1.2 
1.7 
100 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex V (a) 
ICP applications received 1992/93 and 1993/94 
by type of activity 
Type of Activity 
Student Mobility(SM) 
Staff Mobility (TS) 
Curriculum Development 
(CD) 
Intensive Programmes (IP) 1992/93 
No. 
2 174 
1027 
453 
550 %* 
89 
42 
19 
23 1993/94 
No. 
2 250 
1024 
432 
500 %* 
91 
41 
17 
20 Increase/ 
Decrease 
No. 
+ 76 
-3 
-21 
-50 % 
+ 3.5 
-0.3 
-4.6 
-9.1 
• % of ICP applications incorporating this type of activity. 
Note: Applications frequently refer to more than one type of activity. 
Annex V (b) 
ICP applications approved 1992/93 and 1993/94 
by type of activity 
Type of activity 
Student Mobility (SM) 
Staff Mobility (TS) 
Curriculum Development 
(CD) 
Intensive Programmes (IP) 1992/93 
No. 
1 780 
360 
172 
139 %* 
93 
19 
9 
7 1993/94 
No. 
1997 
476 
232 
188 %* 
93 
22 
11 
9 Increase/ 
Decrease 
No. 
+ 217 
+ 116 
+ 60 
+ 49 % 
+ 12.2 
+ 32.2 
+ 34.9 
+ 35.3 
• % of ICP applications incorporating this type of activity 
Note: Applications frequently refer to more than one type of activity. 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex VI 
Rates of approval for ICPs according to type of activity 
1992/93 and 1993/94 (in %) 
Type of Activity 1992/93 1993/94 
Student Mobility(SM) 82 89 
Staff MobilityCTS) 35 47 
Curriculum Development 00 c. 
(CD) H 38 54 
Intensive Programmmes (IP) 25 38 
All ICPs 79 87 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex VII 
Higher education institutions eligible for Erasmus 
N°; °f Number of insitutions in on© or more 
Eligible •liQibl© .approvedErasmus ICPs 
5,1010 Institutions 
(1993) 1988/89 1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 
B 421 26 49 69 76 100 126 
DK 221 16 32 44 42 56 60 
D 357 83 126 132 176 186 205 
GR 65 12 23 22 24 . 26 30 
E 76 37 42 42 47 55 60 
F 1963 150 247 268 300 369 405 
IRL 67 12 19 20 22 31 31 
I 117 43 59 59 65 72 77 
L 6 2 2 3 2 2 2 
NL * 369 24 51 53 72 88 94 
P 191 15 28 35 41 67 70 
UK 485 106 148 157 172 197 212 
EUR 2 2 2 
TotàiEÇ 4340 526 826 904 1039 1251 1374 
A 57 20 28 
FIN 282 29 51 
IS 13 2 4 
N 154 19 41 
S 73 25 34 
CH 132 14 17 
FL 3 11 
Total EFTA 714 110 176 
TotalEC+ 5Q54 1361 155Q 
EFTA 
Note: Eligibility is determined by individual eligible states. The figures given in the column headed "Number 
of eligible higher education institutions" are correct as at May 1993. 
In consulting this table, it should be borne in mind that in some countries, notably France, a very sub­
stantial proportion of the institutions listed as eligible in fact carry out the bulk of their activities within the 
secondary school sector, and are thus unlikely ever to participate in the Community's higher education 
actions. 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex VIII (a) 
Erasmus visit grant applications in 1993 
by eligible state 
Eligible 
State 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E 
F 
IRL 
1 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
Total EC 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
s 
CH 
FL 
Total EFTA 
Total EC + 
ERA Eligible applications 
No. 
72 
32 
116 
231 
118 
121 
51 
121 
0 
105 
44 
311 
1322 
21 
120 
14 
51 
51 
12 
0 
269 
1S91 % 
5.4 
2.4 
8.8 
17.5 
8.9 
9.2 
3.9 
9.2 
0.0 
7.9 
3.3 
23.5 
100 
7.8 
44.6 
5.2 
18.9 
18.9 
4.6 
0.0 
100 
— Approved applications 
No. 
39 
21 
50 
137 
60 
69 
27 
72 
0 
57 
30 
156 
718 
16 
60 
9 
24 
25 
6 
0 
140 
858 % 
5.4 
2.9 
7.0 
19.1 
8.3 
9.6 
3.7 
10.1 
0.0 
8.0 
4.2 
21.7 
too 
11.4 
43.0 
6.4 
17.1 
17.8 
4.3 
0.0 
100 
— 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex VIII (b) 
Erasmus visit grant applications in 1993 
by subject area 
Subject Area 
Agriculture 
Architecture 
Fine Arts/Music 
Business/Management 
Education 
Engineering 
Geography/Geology 
Humanities 
Languages 
Law 
Mathematics 
Medical Sciences/ 
Psychology 
Natural Sciences 
Social Sciences 
Communication/Information 
Miscellaneous 
Framework Agreements 
Study Visits by Administrators 
Total EC + EFTA Eligible applications 
No. 
43 
69 
119 
168 
175 
185 
32 
65 
140 
29 
73 
117 
60 
158 
41 
16 
28 
73 
1591 % 
2.7 
4.3 
7.5 
10.5 
11.0 
11.7 
2.0 
4.0 
8.8 
1.8 
4.6 
7.3 
3.8 
10.0 
2.6 
1.0 
1.8 
4.6 
100 Approved applications 
No. 
27 
40 
65 
78 
92 
94 
17 
38 
77 
16 
40 
68 
29 
85 <• 
24 
10 
12 
46 
858 % 
3.1 
4.7 
7.6 
9.1 
10.7 
10.9 
2.0 
4.4 
9.0 
1.8 
4.7 
8.0 
3.4 
9.9 
2.8 
1.1 
1.4 
5.4 
100 
ANNUAL REPORT 1993 - ANNEXES 
Annex IX 
Erasmus 1993/94 
Allocation of student grant budget 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E 
F 
IRL 
1 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
EUR 
Total EC 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
S 
CH 
FL 
Total EFTA 
Total EC + 
ERA Erasmus Action 2 
Budget 
(excluding ECTS) 
MECU % 
2 525.5 3.9 
1 274.0 2.0 
12 079.8 18.6 
2 719.0 4.2 
7 089.8 10.9 
9 229.5 14.2 
1237.2 1.9 
8 999.2 13.8 
229.1 0.4 
2 993.0 4.6 
2 286.8 3.5 
8 425.9 13.0 
65.0 0.1 
59 153,9 91.0 
1371.3 2.1 
1 034.1 1.6 
200.0 0.3 
965.1 1.5 
1 292.1 2.0 
973.6 1.5 
10.0 0.0 
5 646.1 9.0 
65 000.0 100 ECTS 
MECU % 
140.0 4.9 
140.0 4.9 
300.0 10.4 
140.0 4.9 
300.0 10.4 
300.0 10.4 
140.0 4.9 
300.0 10.4 
20.0 0.7 
140.0 4.9 
140.0 4.9 
340.0 11.8 
20.0 0.7 
2420.0 84.0 
100.0 3.5 
100.0 3.5 
20.0 0.7 
80.0 2.8 
100.0 3.5 
60.0 2.1 
0.0 0.0 
460.0 16.0 
2 880.0 100 Total Erasmus 
Action 2 Budget 
MECU % 
2 665.5 3.9 
1 414.0 2.1 
12 379.8 18.2 
2 859.0 4.2 
7 389.8 10.9 
9 529.5 14.0 
1 377.2 2.0 
9 299.2 13.7 
249.1 0.4 
3 133.0 4.6 
2 426.8 3.6 
8 765.9 12.9 
85.0 0.1 
61 573.9 907 
1471.3 2.2 
1 134.1 1.7 
220.0 0.3 
1 045.1 1.5 
1 392.1 2.1 
1033.6 1.5 
10.0 0.0 
6 306.1 9.3 
67 880.0 100 
Note: Special arrangements apply to Luxembourg, Iceland and Liechtenstein. The UK National Grant Award­
ing Authority (NGAA) has been allocated an extra ECU 20 000 to cover grants within the ECTS Mechani­
cal Engineering consortium. The allocation to "EUR" covers direct allocations to the EPBS ECTS consor­
tium (based in France) and to the European insitutions in Arlon and Florence. 
Annex X 
Erasmus students 1993/94 : 
planned student numbers by home and host country 
Horn* 
Country ; 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E 
F 
IRL 
1 
I 
NL 
P 
UK 
EUR 
Total CE 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
S 
CH 
FL 
Total EFTA 
Total EC* 
EFTA rtotfcountiy 
B DK 0 GR E F IRL I t NL P UK EUR 
- 113 801 181 627 887 224 480 3 691 187 1079 4 
132 - 414 49 243 329 87 124 0 208 b? 703 0 
725 332 - 346 1565 3679 626 1214 0 1073 2"78 4593 10 
205 56 411 - 157 574 85 249 1 199 69 632 0 
672 234 1313 166 - 2666 328 1367 0 659 358 2647 2 
749 307 3362 409 2726 — 696 1458 0 765 475 6865 7 
191 59 524 65 249 615 145 0 152 55 418 0 
552 148 1227 239 1339 1732 237 - 0 549 225 1 823 2 
00 1 1 060 0-0 02 0 
694 232 1000 163 629 886 194 436 0 - 136 1 850 4 
259 79 296 69 410 616 83 258 0 176 - 583 1 
961 597 3659 446 2194 6262 378 1456 2 1721 391 -8 
20 10 027000 1 0 8 — 
S142 2 157 13018 2 134 10 141 18259 2938 7 187 6 6 194 2241 21203 38 
89 35 211 51 195 280 49 195 0 99 32 344 0 
71 54 287 28 58 82 50 65 0 101 13 274 0 
00 23 0300209050 
87 54 172 22 74 134 33 83 0 116 23 204 0 
136 66 399 58 190 410 76 159 0 339 68 608 0 
77 13 176 15 59 160 13 108 0 67 24 129 0 
003002000000 0 
440 222 1271 174 579 1 DM 221 612 0 731 160 1564 0 
5602 2379 M2B9 2308 10 720 19327 3159 7 799 6 6925 2401 22767 38 Total 
EC 
5 277 
2356 
14441 
2638 
10412 
17819 
2 473 
8 073 
10 
6 224 
2 830 
16075 
30 
90 658 
1580 
1083 
42 
1002 
2 509 
841 
5 
7062 
97 720 A RN B N S CH ft 
70 54 0 68 134 82 0 
34 50 0 40 61 18 0 
214 217 21 158 355 173 3 
62 21 0 19 48 33 0 
183 51 2 68 160 54 0 
245 93 0 100 340 138 2 
34 32 1 25 40 7 0 
197 48 3 64 170 120 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
101 84 6 109 300 73 0 
39 13 0 16 79 33 0 
278 205 2 149 463 112 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
1457 868 35 816 2150 843 5 
-------
-------
1457 868 35 816 2150 843 5 Total 
EFTA 
408 
203 
1 141 
183 
516 
916 
139 
602 
0 
673 
160 
1209 
0 
6 174 
-
-
6174 Total 
EC* 
EFTA 
5685 
2559 
15582 
2821 
10 930 
18 737 
2612 
6 675 
10 
6 897 
3010 
19 284 
30 
96 632 
1580 
1003 
42 
1002 
2509 
841 
5 
7 062 
103 894 
Annex XI 
ECTS student numbers by subject area 1992/93 
1992/93 
Country 
B 
DK 
D 
GR 
E 
F 
IRL 
1 
L 
NL 
P 
UK 
A 
FIN 
IS 
N 
S 
CH 
Total Mechanical 
Engineering 
out In 
12 2 
11 11 
84 39 
6 0 
45 27 
21 47 
1 6 
36 25 
2 0 
10 4 
14 7 
14 105 
7 3 
4 0 
0 0 
4 0 
6 1 
0 0 
277 277 Medldne 
out In 
34 56 
11 15 
158 40 
22 18 
51 47 
19 92 
7 14 
15 25 
0 0 
7 21 
4 5 
22 43 
17 4 
13 0 
0 0 
9 3 
2 10 
13 11 
404 404 Chemistry 
out In 
7 11 
11 1 
38 20 
16 1 
41 26 
39 31 
11 21 
17 10 
0 0 
12 20 
8 2 
25 111 
9 1 
9 0 
0 0 
11 0 
3 2 
1 1 
256 256 History 
out in 
9 2 
9 3 
29 33 
8 2 
30 30 
25 21 
2 16 
11 21 
0 0 
11 5 
3 3 
16 39 
3 0 
11 0 
5 0 
0 0 
5 3 
2 1 
17* 179 Business/ 
Administration 
out In 
22 31 
32 13 
34 37 
24 3 
61 59 
83 84 
7 20 
36 39 
0 0 
21 6 
15 3 
45 97 
2 9 
9 0 
0 0 
10 3 
8 5 
0 0 
409 409 Total 
out % in % 
84 5.5 102 6.7 
74 4.8 43 2.8 
343 22.5 169 11.1 
76 5.0 24 1.6 
228 14.9 189 12.4 
187 12.2 275 18.0 
28 1.8 77 5.0 
115 7.5 120 7.9 
2 0.1 0 0.0 
61 4.0 56 3.7 
44 2.9 20 1.3 
122 8.0 395 25.9 
38 2.5 17 1.1 
46 3.0 0 0.0 
5 0.3 0 0.0 
34 2.2 6 0.4 
24 1.6 21 1.4 
16 1.0 13 0.9 
1527 100 1527 100 i i 
2 
• 
1 
<A 
Note: The above table shows actual (as opposed to planned) student numbers. 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(94) 281 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 
16 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-94-297-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-71300-3 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg