1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Lugano Convention

The 2007 Convention on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (“the Lugano Convention”) has been concluded between the European Union, Denmark in its own right and three out of the four members of the European Free Trade Association (Switzerland, Norway and Iceland, referred to as “EFTA States”) .

Within the Union, the area of jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is governed by Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 (Brussels Ia recast Regulation). The Lugano Convention reflects the previous state of Union law in that area (Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001).

The Lugano Convention is a “double convention”, regulating both international jurisdiction (i.e. the question whether a court is competent to hear a cross-border case) and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil and commercial matters.

The Convention is open to future members of the EFTA and to EU Member States in relation to certain of their non-European territories. Pursuant to Articles 70 to 72 of the Lugano Convention the accession to the Convention of any other State requires an application to the Depositary which is transmitted to the Contracting Parties. The Contracting Parties shall endeavour to give their consent at the latest within one year from the invitation by the Depositary . Only if there is unanimous agreement of the Contracting Parties, the Depositary will invite the State to accede to the Lugano Convention. After the instrument of accession has been deposited, there is still a period for Contracting Parties to object. The Convention will enter into force only between the acceding State and those Contracting Parties that did not object before the first day of the third month following the deposit of the instrument of accession.

The external competence to conclude the 2007 Lugano Convention and thus also that to agree to the accession of a new Party and to object to the entry into force of the Convention between the Union and a new Party lies exclusively with the European Union.

1.2 The application of the United Kingdom

The Lugano Convention applied to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the United Kingdom”) until 31 January 2020 via its EU membership. For the duration of the transition period, which ended on 31 December 2020, the other Parties to the Lugano Convention had been notified by the EU that the United Kingdom was to be treated as a Member State for the purposes of international agreements to which the Union was a Party, which covered the Lugano Convention.

On 8 April 2020, the United Kingdom applied to accede to the 2007 Lugano Convention in its own right. This application was submitted to the Depositary of the Lugano Convention. The United Kingdom proposed to extend the application of the Convention to Gibraltar.

By a letter of 14 April 2020, the Depositary officially transmitted the application and the related information to the Lugano Contracting Parties, including the European Union, represented by the European Commission.

2.COMMISSION ANALYSIS

In view of the nature of the Lugano Convention (see below, section 2.1.) and the existing framework of judicial cooperation with third countries (see below, section 2.2.), the Commission considers that the EU should not give its consent to the accession of the United Kingdom to the Lugano Convention.

2.1 Nature of the Lugano Convention

The Lugano Convention mirrors the EU’s rules of international jurisdiction and its quasi-automatic system of recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments vis-à-vis the EFTA States. It thus extends the benefits of the EU framework of recognition and enforcement of judgments to these countries as well as to the EU Member States with regard to those countries. As a consequence, it facilitates greatly the access of EFTA States civil judgments to the EU’s area of justice in civil and commercial matters and vice versa.

The Lugano Convention represents an essential feature of a common area of justice and is a flanking measure for the EU’s economic relations with the EFTA/EEA countries. With Norway and Iceland, these relations are based on the EEA Agreement, which brings together the EU Member States and the EFTA/EEA States in the internal market. Switzerland's economic and trade relations with the EU are governed through a series of bilateral agreements where Switzerland has agreed to take over certain aspects of EU legislation in exchange for accessing part of the EU's single market. The current Contracting Parties all represent this context. These countries participate, at least partly, in the EU’s internal market, comprising the free movement of goods, services, capital and persons.

Thus, the Lugano Convention supports the EU’s relationship with third countries which have a particularly close regulatory integration with the EU, including by aligning with (parts of) the EU acquis. Though the Convention is, in principle, open to accession of “any other State” upon invitation from the Depositary upon unanimous agreement of the Contracting Parties (see above), it is not the appropriate general framework for judicial cooperation with any given third country. It is not aimed to all third countries, as can be seen from the fact that since 1988 (when the first Lugano Convention was agreed), only Poland has joined the Convention as a third country, but it joined the Convention on its path towards the EU accession. There is no third country other than EFTA/EEA countries Party to the Convention. The United Kingdom is, since 1 January 2021, a third country with an “ordinary” Free Trade Agreement facilitating trade but not including any fundamental freedoms and policies of the internal market. The Convention is based on a high level of mutual trust among the Contracting Parties and represents an essential feature of a common area of justice commensurate to the high degree of economic interconnection based on the applicability of the four freedoms.

2.2 International framework for the EU’s civil justice cooperation with third countries