(2)As a Member State whose currency is the euro and in view of the close interlinkages between the economies in the economic and monetary union, Ireland should ensure the full and timely implementation of the recommendation on the economic policy for the euro area, as reflected in the recommendations below, in particular (1) and (2).

(1)On 22 November 2017, the Commission adopted the Annual Growth Survey, marking the start of the 2018 European Semester of economic policy coordination. It took due account of the European Pillar of Social Rights, proclaimed by the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on 17 November 2017. The priorities of the Annual Growth Survey were endorsed by the European Council on 22 March 2018. On 22 November 2017, on the basis of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011, the Commission also adopted the Alert Mechanism Report, in which it identified Ireland as one of the Member States for which an in-depth review would be carried out. On the same day, the Commission also adopted a recommendation for a Council recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area, which was endorsed by the European Council on 22 March 2018. On 14 May 2018, the Council adopted the recommendation on the economic policy of the euro area (‘recommendation for the euro area’).

(3)The 2018 country report for Ireland was published on 7 March 2018. It assessed Ireland’s progress in addressing the country-specific recommendations adopted by the Council on 11 July 2017, the follow-up given to the recommendations adopted in previous years and Ireland's progress towards its national Europe 2020 targets. It also included an in-depth review under Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011, the results of which were also published on 7 March 2018. The Commission’s analysis leads it to conclude that Ireland is experiencing macroeconomic imbalances. In particular, large stocks of private and public debt and net external liabilities constitute vulnerabilities. However, the improvements have been substantial. Strong productivity growth in past years led to improved competitiveness and to a positive current account balance entailing a rapid reduction in the high stock of net foreign liabilities. Strong economic growth continues to support private deleveraging. However, the stock of private debt remains high, although the strong influence of the activities of multinational companies needs to be taken into account when evaluating corporate debt, while household debt appears broadly in line with fundamentals. Government debt is projected to remain on a downward trajectory, and the deficit is moving closer to balance. House prices are growing at a rapid pace, albeit from likely undervalued levels, which is also strengthening households’ balance sheets. Banks are well recapitalised and their profitability is improving gradually. The stock of non-performing loans, although remaining high, continues to decrease. Policy action addressing these vulnerabilities has been taken, but some measures will take time to generate the expected effects.

(4)On 18 April 2018, Ireland submitted its 2018 National Reform Programme and on 30 April its 2018 Stability Programme. To take account of their interlinkages, the two programmes have been assessed at the same time.

(5)Relevant country-specific recommendations have been addressed in the programming of the European Structural and Investment Funds for the 2014-2020 period. As foreseen in Article 23 of Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council, where it is necessary to support the implementation of relevant Council recommendations, the Commission may request a Member State to review and propose amendments to its Partnership Agreement and relevant programmes. The Commission has provided further details on how it would make use of that provision in guidelines on the application of the measures linking the effectiveness of the European Structural and Investment Funds to sound economic governance.

(6)Ireland is currently in the preventive arm of the Stability and Growth Pact and subject to the transitional debt rule. In its 2018 Stability Programme, the government expects the headline deficit to decline slightly to 0.2 % of GDP in 2018 and to continue to gradually improve thereafter, turning into a surplus of 0.4 % of GDP in 2021. The medium- term budgetary objective — a structural deficit of 0.5 % of GDP — is expected to be met from 2019 onwards. According to the Stability Programme, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio is expected to fall to 66 % in 2018 and to continue declining to 58.7 % in 2021. The macroeconomic scenario underpinning those budgetary projections is plausible. At the same time, the measures needed to support the planned deficit targets from 2019 onwards have not been sufficiently specified.

(7)On 11 July 2017, the Council recommended Ireland to ensure that the nominal growth rate of net primary government expenditure does not exceed 2.4 % in 2018, corresponding to an annual structural adjustment of 0.6 % of GDP. At the same time, the Council stated that consideration should be given to achieving a fiscal stance that contributes to both strengthening the ongoing recovery and ensuring the sustainability of Ireland's public finances. Based on the Commission 2018 spring forecast, there is a risk of some deviation from the recommended fiscal adjustment in 2018 and over 2017 and 2018 taken together.

(8)In 2019, Ireland should achieve its medium-term budgetary objective. This is consistent with a nominal growth rate of net primary government expenditure which does not exceed 5.3 %, corresponding to an annual structural adjustment of 0.1 % of GDP. Based on the Commission 2018 spring forecast, the structural balance is forecast to reach a deficit of 0.4 % of GDP in 2019, above the medium-term budgetary objective. Ireland is forecast to comply with the transitional debt rule in 2018 and the debt rule in 2019. Overall, the Council is of the opinion that Ireland needs to stand ready to take further measures to ensure compliance in 2018 and is projected to comply with the provisions of the Stability and Growth Pact in 2019. In view of the difference between measurements of GDP and domestic output in Ireland and the associated impact on the debt-to-GDP ratio, Ireland’s current cyclical conditions and the heightened external risks, the use of any windfall gains to further reduce the general government debt ratio would be prudent.

(9)Public finances have further improved on the back of robust output growth, yet risks of revenue volatility remain, and there is scope for making revenue more resilient to economic fluctuations and adverse shocks. Limiting the scope and the number of tax expenditures, and broadening the tax base would improve revenue stability in the face of economic volatility. However, some recent tax measures have focused on cuts and reliefs, and seem to have further increased reliance on highly pro-cyclical sources of revenue. Moreover, Ireland has further potential to improve the way its tax system can support environmental objectives.

(10)As indicated in the 2018 euro area recommendation, the fight against taxpayer's aggressive planning strategies is essential to impede distortions of competition between firms, provide fair treatment of taxpayers and safeguard public finances. Spill-over effects of taxpayers' aggressive planning strategies between Member States call for a coordinated action of national policies to complement EU legislation. The high level of royalty and dividend payments as a percentage of GDP suggests that Ireland’s tax rules are used by companies that engage in aggressive tax planning. Limited application of withholding taxes on outbound (i.e. from EU residents to third country residents) royalty and dividend payments made by companies based in Ireland may lead to those payments escaping tax altogether, if they are also not subject to tax in the recipient jurisdiction. Furthermore, companies may use certain provisions in bilateral tax treaties between Ireland and some other countries to overrule the new tax residence rule put in place in Ireland in 2015. The outcome of the consultation undertaken by Ireland following the Independent Review of the Corporation Tax Code will be relevant for the design of the announced tax reforms. The Commission takes note of recent positive steps announced or adopted (i.e. steps taken to tackle aggressive tax planning domestically; possible defensive measures against listed non cooperative jurisdictions). Based on recent exchanges, the Commission will continue its constructive dialogue to fight against taxpayers aggressive planning strategies.

(11)Long-term fiscal sustainability risks related to the cost of ageing remain. Ireland has introduced some significant efficiency measures such as a cost-saving agreement with the pharmaceutical industry, a financial management system and activity-based funding. Some measures have also been taken to improve the availability of primary health care. However, the Irish healthcare system is costly and faces many challenges, which are compounded by a rapidly ageing population. Moreover, primary and community care services are not yet capable of alleviating the mounting pressure on capacity and costs within hospital care. The planned move towards universal health care needs to be supported by multi-year budgeting and better expenditure control. In addition, it has to be informed by the findings from a comprehensive spending review of the effectiveness and efficiency of the health sector. In addition, strengthening the gatekeeper role of primary care for Ireland’s overburdened hospitals should be considered. Despite a wide range of reforms to contain public pension expenditure, the overall pension system deficit is expected to grow significantly in the long term. A timely implementation of the presented roadmap for pension reform is key to strengthening the fiscal sustainability of the Irish pension system.

(12)Years of low investment following the economic bust are taking their toll on the availability of appropriate infrastructure in the areas of transport, clean energy, water services, housing and telecommunications. Persistent supply shortages, coupled with increasing demand, continue to fuel property price increases. Although prices did not seem overvalued in 2016, affordability is a concern. If not addressed, constraints limiting the supply of housing could contribute to imbalances building up. Combined with spatial planning, improved infrastructure is a critical enabler for an appropriate housing supply response, the enhancement of private investment, productivity growth and a balanced regional economic development. Moreover, infrastructure investment in clean energy, clean and public transport and water as well as intensified efforts in the field of renewable energy and the circular economy will be essential for Ireland to succeed in its transition towards a low-carbon and environmentally resilient economy. The National Development Plan 2018-2027 and the National Planning Framework, which are part of the ‘Ireland 2040 Strategy’, will be strong steps in the right direction once acted upon and implemented in close coordination with stakeholders.

(13)Existing climate change mitigation efforts will not enable Ireland to achieve its Europe 2020 climate goals domestically. Only limited progress has been achieved in decarbonising key parts of the economy, mainly in agriculture, road transport and the residential sector. This will make it necessary for Ireland to use available flexibilities to comply with the Effort Sharing Decision, such as buying allocations from other Member States. National projections highlight the scale of additional efforts needed: emissions under the Effort Sharing Decision (setting binding annual greenhouse gas emission targets for Member States for 2013-2020) are expected to increase up to 2025, before stabilising at a level slightly below 2005 emissions, on the basis of existing policies. Ireland recently adopted a National Mitigation Plan laying out a roadmap towards a low-carbon economy and a coherent framework to tackle persisting challenges in the energy sector. As it stands, however, the plan offers few specific new mitigation measures. The National Planning Framework also has a climate component, in recognition of the fact that adequate spatial planning will be a critical enabler of climate change mitigation given that the population is so widely dispersed and Ireland only has a small number of large urban areas, all of which face serious congestion and public transport issues. Finally, the National Development Plan 2018-2027 and its effective implementation will play a crucial role in decarbonising the economy. The plan will in fact determine the extent to which additional means are mobilised for the decarbonisation of the power sector, the deployment of renewable energy sources and the improvement of public transport and energy efficiency.

(14)Ensuring inclusive growth remains a challenge in Ireland. Unemployment fell to 6.7 % in 2017 but certain groups are still largely detached from the labour market and socially excluded. The social protection and taxation systems are very effective in curtailing poverty and inequality, and Ireland has taken measures to incentivise employment by tapering the withdrawal of benefits and supplementary payments. Ireland’s persistent high at-risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion rate is linked to the high proportion of people living in households with low work intensity (almost twice the EU average and highest in the EU — 18.2 % v 10.5 % in 2016). This is particularly prevalent for single-parent households. Almost three quarters of people not working in Ireland are inactive. Both the overall and child at-risk-of-poverty-or-social-exclusion rates fell slightly in 2016 but remain higher than the EU average. As a result, Ireland needs to complete the implementation of its Action Plan for Jobless Households, including by improving the integrated support to people furthest from the labour market. The supply of social housing requires continued attention to meet ambitious targets and high demand.

(15)Access to affordable, full-time and quality childcare remains a challenge. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, childcare costs in Ireland — relative to wages — were in 2015 the highest in the EU for lone parents and the second highest in the EU for couples. The high costs of childcare can act as a barrier to accessing paid employment, particularly in low-income households, including single parents. This has a negative effect on women's employment rate, which stood in 2016 at 65.4 % close to the EU average. A law on the Single Affordable Childcare Scheme is currently being discussed in Parliament. Implementation is expected in 2018 but delays are already becoming apparent. The quality of childcare provision has also been promoted in particular through initiatives to ensure robust staff qualifications.

(16)The differences between the employment rates of low, medium and highly skilled workers were among the highest in the EU in 2016 and the employment rate of low-skilled labour is 10 pps lower than before the economic crisis. As a consequence and linked to the change in economic activity, skills mismatches and skills shortages are becoming more evident in several areas. This accentuates the need to accelerate upskilling and reskilling policies and measures. Ireland has in particular a low level of participation in life-long learning among low-skilled people in employment, which makes them vulnerable to changes in labour demand. Ireland has overall one of the lowest levels of digital skills in the EU, which is in stark contrast to the high proportion of science, technology, engineering and mathematics graduates leaving the Irish higher education system. Ireland also has one of the lowest employment rates of people with disabilities in the EU.

(17)Productivity growth in Ireland is mainly driven by multinational companies. The productivity performance gap between these firms and Irish indigenous firms —mostly small and medium-sized enterprises — is increasing. The high international mobility of some of the multinationals and current uncertainties may put the sustainability and resilience of the Irish economy at risk in the longer term. Recent research has revealed that Irish-owned firms draw limited spill-overs and benefits in terms of productivity growth, innovation and export performance from the activities of multinationals in Ireland. However, Irish firms that carry out research and development efforts do benefit from spill-overs from multinationals. Public-sector incentives to carry out research and development and increasing the availability of skilled workers to Irish small and medium-sized enterprises would foster the diffusion of new technologies in those firms. In addition and as repeatedly indicated by the Irish National Competitiveness Council, ensuring the competitiveness of Irish firms requires limiting the growth of certain inputs and of legal costs in particular. Barriers in the market for legal services continue to represent a challenge, hampering competition and raising costs for service recipients. These affect mostly small businesses as they increase litigation costs. No implementing regulations are as yet in place for the new Legal Services Regulation Act. Public consultations, which are a pre-requisite to implementing legislation, are experiencing significant delays.

(18)Even if Ireland’s financial sector is on the way to a sustained recovery, legacy issues still create constraints. Although Ireland continued to make progress in reducing non-performing loans, their ratio to total gross loans (11.2 % in September 2017) remains among the highest in the EU. Debt overhang, market concentration and heightened uncertainty in some exporting sectors weigh on the demand for credit by small and medium-sized enterprises which remains subdued. It is crucial to reduce the long-term arrears, of which those overdue for more than 2 years account for around 60 % of total mortgages in arrears in 2017. Reducing long-term arrears could also help address the problem of debt overhang, which reduces the incentives for corporations, and small and medium-sized enterprises in particular, to put credit into more productive uses. Recent research from the Central Bank of Ireland shows that restructuring solutions involving a temporary payment reduction are particularly prone to re-defaults. The viability of repossessions and write-offs could be improved and complemented by a stronger consumer protection framework for secondary market loan sales, while safeguarding the durability of loan restructuring solutions.

(19)In the context of the 2018 European Semester, the Commission has carried out a comprehensive analysis of Ireland’s economic policy and published it in the 2018 country report. It has also assessed the 2018 Stability Programme and the 2018 National Reform Programme and the follow-up given to the recommendations addressed to Ireland in previous years. It has taken into account not only their relevance for sustainable fiscal and socioeconomic policy in Ireland but also their compliance with Union rules and guidance, given the need to strengthen the Union’s overall economic governance by providing Union-level input into future national decisions.

(20)In the light of this assessment, the Council has examined the 2018 Stability Programme and its opinion is reflected in particular in recommendation 1 below.

(21)In the light of the Commission’s in-depth review and this assessment, the Council has examined the National Reform Programme and the Stability Programme. Its recommendations under Article 6 of Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 are reflected in recommendations 1 to 3 below.

HEREBY RECOMMENDS that Ireland take action in 2018 and 2019 to: