ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES 
DE LA COMMISSION
COLLECTION 
DES DOCUMENTS "COM"
Dossier COM(94)40  
Vol. 1994/0022
Disclaimer
C
onformément au règlement (CEE, Euratom) n° 354/83 du Conseil du 1er février 1983
concern ant l'ouverture au public des archives historiques de la Communauté
économique européenne et de la Communauté européenne de l'énergie atomique
(JO L 43 du 15.2.1983, p. 1), modifié en dernier lieu par le règlement (UE) 2015/496 du
Conseil du 17 mars 2015 (JO L79 du 25.3.2015, p. 1), ce dossier est ouvert au public.
Le cas échéant, les documents classifiés présents dans ce dossier ont été
déclassifiés conformément à l'article  5 dudit règlement ou sont considérés
déclassifiés conformément  aux  articles  26(3)  et  59(2)  de  la  décision  (UE,
Euratom)  2015/444  de  la Commission du 13 mars 2015 concernant les règles de
sécurité aux fins de la protection des informations classifiées de I'Union européenne.
In accordance with Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 354/83 of 1 February 1983
concerning  the opening to the public of the historical archives of the European
Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community (OJ L 43,
15.2.1983, p. 1), as last amended by Council Regulation (EU) 2015/496 of 17 March
2015 (OJ  L 79, 27.3.2015, p. 1 ), this file  is open to the public. Where necessary,
classified documents in this file have been declassified in conformity with Article 5
of the aforementioned regulation or are c onsidered declassified in conformity with
Articles (26.3) and 59(2) of the Commission Decision (EU, Euratom) 2015/444 of 13
March 2015 on the security rules for protecting EU classified information.
In Übereinstimmung mit der Verordnung (EWG, Euratom) Nr. 354/83 des Rates vom
1. Februar 1983 über die Freigabe der historischen Archive der Europäischen
Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft und der Europäischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI. L 43 vom
15.2.1983, S. 1), zuletzt geändert durch die Verordnung (EU) Nr. 2015/496 vom 17.
März 2015 (ABI. L 79 vom 25.3.2015, S. 1), ist dieser Akt der Öffentlichkeit
zugänglich. Soweit erforderlich, wurden die Verschlusssachen in diesem Akt in
Übereinstimmung mit Artikel 5 der genannten Verordnung freigegeben;
beziehungsweise werden sie auf Grundlage von Artikel 26(3) und 59(2) der
Entscheidung der Kommission (EU, Euratom ) 2015/444 vom 13. März 2015 über die
Sicherheitsvorschriften für den Schutz von EU-Verschlusssachen als herabgestuft
angesehen.
COI\MISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COI\MUNITIES 
COM(94) 40 final 
Brussels, 16.02.1994 
Humanitarian Aid 
Annual Report 
1993 
(presented by the Commission) 
CONTENTS 
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
2. ECHO's MANDA TE 
2.1 RAISON D'ElRE AND INSTITIJTIONAL FRAME 
2.2 FRAMEWORK PARTNERSHIP CONTRACfS 
3. HUMANITARIAN AID OPERATIONS DURING 1993 
4. 3.1 OVERVIEW 
3.2 EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
3.3 ACP COUNTRIES 
3.4 EX-USSR 
3.5 NORIBERN IRAQ 
3.6 ASIA 
3.7 PALESTINE/ISRAEL 
3.8 LATIN AMERICA 
HORIZONTAL ACTIVITIES 
4.1 INFORMATION AND VISIBILITY 
4.2 COORDINATION AND COOPERATION WITH OTHER 
HUMANITARIAN DONORS 
4.2.1 Member States 
4.2.2 The European Parliament 
4.2.3 NGOs 
4.2.4 Relations with United Nations 
4.2.4.1 
4.2.4.2 Relations with UN Agencies 
United Nations Department for Humanitarian Affai~ 
4.2.5 Relations with USA 
4.2.6 Relations with Russia 
4.3 EVALUATION 
4.4 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 
4.4.1 Disaster Preparedness -General 
4.4.2 Preparedness -Military Assets 
4.5 INFORMATICS 
5. FUTURE PLANS 
LIST OF ANNEXES 
Annex 1: 
Annex 2: 
Annex 3: 
Annex 4:' 
Annex 5: 
Annex 6: 
Annex 7: 
Annex 8: List of Framework Partnership Agreements signed 
Humanitarian Aid Allocated by the Commission (through ECHO) 1990-93 
Overview of Financial Decision for Humanitarian Aid by Source of 
Finance 1992-93. 
Summary of Financial Decisions by Countries Benefitting from Humanitarian 
Aid 1992-93. 
Detailed Breakdown of Financial Decisions by Countries Benefitting from 
Humanitarian Assistance 1992-93. 
EC Contracts For Humanitarian Assistance 1990-93. 
Breakdown of the Community's Aid to the Former Yugoslavia by Republic and 
by Items. 
EC Contracts with UN Agencies For Humanitarian Assistance 1990-1993. 
LIST OF FIGURES 
Figure 1: 
Figure 2: 
Figure 3: 
Figure 4: Humanitarian Aid Allocated by the Commission (through ECHO) by Region, 
1993. 
Overview of Financial Decisions 1992-93 by Source of Finance. 
Total Humanitarian Assistance by Partner 1990-93. 
EC Contracts with UN Agencies For Humanitarian assistance 1990-93 
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 
Although ECHO was formally set up in April 1992, 1993 was the first full year of operations 
for the new organisation. 
During recent years resources made available to the Commission of the European 
Communities for its humanitarian actions have increased in response to the multiplication of 
humanitarian crises which have required assistance as a measure of solidarity from the 
Community. For 1993 alone around 600 MECU has been allocated for humanitarian aid to 
ex-Yugoslavia (63.4 per cent), the rest of Eastern europe (0.1 per cent), ACP countries 
(16. lper cent), the republics of the former Soviet Union (8.2 per cent), Iraq (3.4 per cent), the 
rest of Asia (3.2 per cent), Latin America (2.0 per cent), and North Africa (3.6 per cent). 
As a result of the volume of aid as well as the diversity and complexity of operations, much 
of 1993 has been used to build up solid management systems within ECHO to ensure 
efficiency in its administration of humanitarian aid. This includes current efforts to establish 
new computer-based information systems. 
Due to the close relationship, within the field of humanitarian aid, between the Commission 
and its partners (NGOs, UN agencies and other international organisations) which implement 
93 per cent of ECHO-administered actions in the field, it was necessary to structure and 
institutionalize the long-term relations with these organisations. More than 80 NGO:; and 
international organisations have now signed a new instrument, the Framework Partnership 
Agreemeat which came into force in September 1993 following a decision by the Commission 
on May 23, 1993. 
A similar agreement has been signed by United Nations High Commission for Refugees 
(UNHCR), the European Commission's most important UN partner within the field of 
humanitarian aid. Furthermore, UNHCR and the Commission have agreed to establish a Joint 
High-Level Group in order to coordinate UNHCR and EC actions and strategies. To promote 
a uniform refugee policy on the part of the European Commission, it has furthermore decided 
to create an Inter-Service Group to coordinate refugee policies within the Commission. 
It is part of ECHO's mandate to work toward a better coordination of humanitarian aid with 
the EC Member States. The Development Council of May 25, 1993 instituted quarterly 
meetings with Member State heads of emergency units on both general and specific issues 
concerning humanitarian aid. Three such meetings have been held in 1993 as well as a high­
level meeting with the Directors-General of the Member States responsible for humanitarian 
aid. These meetings have provided a forum for a most useful exchange of information and 
views on essential aspects of humanitarian assistance throughout the world. 
Special efforts have also been made during 1993 to cooperate closely with the UN agencies, 
including the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) in other than immediately 
operational areas. The horizontal areas of cooperation with the various parts of the UN 
system include, exchange of information, consolidated humanitarian appeals, disaster 
1 (_ 
preparedness under the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) as well 
as the use of military assets in humanitarian crises. 
Moreover, the Commission, through ECHO, has worked consistently on strengthening its 
relations with its humanitarian aid counterparts within the US Government, the other major 
donor of this type of aid on the international scene. As a result the two parties now exchange 
information at all levels and jointly organize discussion fora. Initial contacts have been made 
with another potentially important actor on the international scene of disaster relief, the 
Russian Government which has considerable manpower and resources at its disposal which 
are of particular interest in the trouble spots of the ex-Soviet Union. 
Apart from improved efficiency, ECHO's other mandate is to give the Community's 
humanitarian aid a higher profile. It is fully recognised that visibility is not an end in itself 
but rather the means to create public awareness, generate goodwill and mobilise resources. 
It is also part of the Commission's strategy to create such visibility jointly with its regular 
partners, the NGOs and international organisations. A number of publications have been 
produced in 1993 which have clearly attracted a lot of public interest in the work of the 
Commission in the humanitarian field. 
The Commission cannot, almost by definition, predict or program in any meaningful way 
future humanitarian actions. But its aim has been a maximum degree of readiness. Improved 
management tools within ECHO, the Framework Partnership contracts with partners and the 
network of Coordinators on the spot in important disaster areas will put th~ Commission in 
a better position to cope with future humanitarian challenges. 
2. ECHO's MANDA TE 
2.1 RAISON D'E1RE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 
In recent years, the world has faced major crises in humanitarian terms (Kurdistan, 
Bangladesh, famine and civil wars in Africa, Eastern and Southern Europe, including former 
Yugoslavia and Albania) which highlighted a need to improve the response of the 
international community and, in particular, of the European Union to both natural and man­
made disasters. 
Since 1970 the European Community has considered humanitarian aid to developing and other 
third countries as an important part of its responsibilities. It saw that in order to respond 
more efficiently to these crises it must coordinate and concentrate resources. It became 
evident that an effort to provide immediate, appropriate and better coordinated help to 
countries and people who needed it was an imperative. Hence the decision on 6 November 
1991 creating ECHO. The primary aim was to improve efficiency while giving the Union's 
humanitarian aid effort a higher profile. 
The mandate received by ECHO from the Commission was to take full responsibility for a 
coherent administration of the following tasks (outside the borders of the Community) which 
2 
had previously been carried out by several services within the Commission: 
(a) 
(b) 
(c) Humanitarian Aid 
Emergency Food Aid 
Prevention and disaster preparedness activities 
Apart from concentrating and re-organising the Commission's internal resources, increased 
efficiency was to be achieved through better external coordination with the Commission's 
partners (NGOs, UN agencies and international organisations), closer relations with Member 
States, disaster preparedness and readiness to engage in direct actions if other solutions were 
not available or inadequate. 
The Commission formally created ECHO on 1 April 1992, although the organisation did not 
become fully operational until the beginning of 1993 when it received adequate levels of staff. 
In order to carry out the various aspects of its mandate and respond to the numerous crises 
during 1993 with a total allocation level of around 600 MECU. 
2.2 FRAMEWORK PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS 
When. it set up ECHO, the Commission laid down as one of its prime objectives a greater 
degree of efficient humanitarian operations and stressed the need for a framework for relations 
with the NGOs and the international specialized agencies. 
Hence, the Commission adopted on 5 May 1993 the model of the Framework Partnership 
Agreements aimed at speeding up procedures and simplifying decision-making. 
Implementation of humanitarian operations is now considerably simplified as the negotiation 
of the operational conditions on a case-by-case basis for each action is no longer necessary 
and the operation contract has been reduced to the terms specific to each action (amount, 
location, length etc). 
This new instrument thus meets wishes often expressed by traditional partners and enables the 
Commission to structure and institutionalize its relations with the NGOs and international 
organizations involved in the field of humanitarian aid on the basi·s of clear and known rules. 
The Framework Partnership Agreements came into operation in September 1993. To date, 
around 80 NGOs and international organisation have concluded the Framework Partnership 
Agreements with the Commission (the full list of partners is shown in Annex 1). The first 360 
operational contracts have been signed using the new Framework Partnership format. 
On 13 December, the European Commission, and the United Nations High Commission for 
Refugees (UNHCR) signed the Framework Partnership Agreemert further strengthening 
cooperation between these two organizations (see section 4.2.4. l ·below). It is expected that 
other UN organisations will follow. 
3 
3. 
3.1 HUMANITARIAN AID OPERATIONS DURING 
1993 
OVERVIEW 
Throu~hout the y~ar, the Commission responded to the pressing needs of victi~s of man­
made as well as natural disasters in around 50 countries across the globe involving almost 700 
contracts of humanitarian aid for a total of 605 MECU (see Figure 1). The full geographical 
breakdown of operations during 1993 is shown in Annex 2. 
Figure 1 Humanitarian Aid Allocated by the Commission through ECHO by Region In 1993 
(16.1%) (2.0%) 
(36%) 
(32%) 
cd3,tJl 
(82%) f2ZZl EX-'fUGOSLAVIA 
=ACP 
l'!iillo'lllC.I.S 
-EASTERN EUROPE 
C:J IRAK 
-ASIA 
11111111 NORTH AFRICA 
c:::J LATIN /o_lVIERICA 
The Commission's sources of finance in 1993 were the Community's budget amounting to 515 
MECU including a reserve of 212 MECU, the Lome III and IV Conventions which 
contribute 90 MECU (see figure 2 below as well as to the breakdown of decisions by source 
of finance in Annex 3, Annex 4 and Annex 5). 
4 
illlllll 1992 
nm 1993 
Figure 2 600 
400 
200 Overview of Financial Decisions 
1992-93 by Source of Finance 
o L_Jilllllllllllllllllllllllllffl 
LOME Ill 
31 675,000 40,000000 
82 385 000 7 796,000 
Around 94 per cent of resources administered by ECHO are channelled through partners of 
which NGOs account for 44 per cent, UN agencies for 35 per cent and other international 
organisations for 11 per cent. Only around 6 per cent were carried out as "direct actions" by 
the Commission. It should be noted that even "direct actions", in most cases depend on 
NGOs (often local) who help with the distribution of aid in the field. It is important that the 
Commission through ECHO should have the capacity to carry out direct actions; but it must 
also be understood that these actions are only contemplated when the usual partners are not 
in a position to meet the needs of a given situation. 
An overview of the contracts awarded to partners during the period 1990-93 appears in Figure 
3 below (the full table is shown in Annex 6). 
5 
I Total Humanitarian Assistance 1990-1991-1992-1993 I 
250 
200 
Cl) 150 z 
0 
::J 
...J 
~ 
100 
50 
0 
EC DIRECT M.S.GOVTS OTHERGOVTS EC NGOs OTHER NGOs LOCAL NGOs UN OTHER INT ORG 
I 1990 43,222,500 0 1,415,000 29,249,500 7,231,000 1,762,000 11,256,000 14,154,000 
[:J 1991 2,013,855 13,461,500 0 87,685,529 4,778,000 3,652,400 46,524,500 33,244,000 
Bl 1992 11,368,642 21,526,340 25,325,000 111,446,577 1,552,000 1,089,626 122,843,166 36,809,900 
[I 1993 37,994,588 3,546,195 7,900,000 214,441,139 1,988,350 2,495,000 170,266,654 53,195,670 
Figure 3 
3.2 EX-YU GOS LA VIA 
The Community's aid to the 4.5 million victims of the conflict in the former Yugoslavia 
constitutes an unprecedented effort of support and solidarity. 
Since the beginning of the conflict the European Community has contributed the following 
humanitarian aid to the former Yugoslavia: 
1991: 
1992: 
1993: 13 MECU 
277 MECU 
395 MECU 
TOTAL 1991-93 685 MECU 
The breakdown of Community aid to the former Yugoslavia .by Republic and by items are 
shown in Annex 7. 
The EC member states' contribution to the conflict in the former Yugoslavia since 1991 is 
estimated at 276 MECU. This brings the combined European Union effort (Community plus 
Member States) close to 1 billion ECU or 65 per cent of the global international aid to the 
conflict. 
In 1993, Humanitarian Aid to the former Yugoslavia amounted to a total of 395 MECU or 
a total of 63.4 per cent of all humanitarian aid administered by ECHO during 19931. Of this 
amount about 38.3 per cent has been channelled through NGOs, 20.8 per cent through 
UNHCR, 14.7 per cent through WFP, 10.2 per cent through ICRC/IFCR and around 8.3 per 
cent through "direct actions"2
. In this connection it is worth noting that the aid financed by 
the Union makes up some 60 per cent of the UNHCR funding for operations in the former 
Yugoslavia and some 40 per cent of the World Food Programme. 
The European Council decided in Birmingham in December 1992 to create the European 
Community Task Force (ECTF) aiming at coordinating aid not only from the Union but also 
from the Member States and to support UNHCR. ECTF in Zagreb has been particularly 
successful with regard to the logistic support provided for implementing agencies such as 
UNHCR and various NGOs. In addition, coordination between Community action and that 
of Member States, as well as implementing direct Commission action, has become an 
important element in the tasks of ECTF-Zagreb. 
2 This includes the Commission's decision on 13 December to contribute 86 MECU to the 
"Winter Programme" in cooperation with the International Management Group created by 
UNHCR on 30 July 1993. The 86 MECU is financed through an internal transfer within 
the Community budget, according to the so-called "Notenboom procedure". 
"Direct actions" also depend to some extent on local partners, particularly when it comes to 
the final distribution of aid. 
7 
Mention should also be made of the Joint Action decided by the European Union in 
December 1993 for a total of 48.3 MECU, half of which was financed by the Community and 
half by its Member States. This first joint action within the foreign policy and security 
domain was deemed necessary in order to overcome some of the transportation difficulties 
faced in delivering humanitarian aid to Bosnia-Herzegovina. UNHCR, ECTF as well as the 
International Monitoring Group (IMG) are in charge of implementing the Community-financed 
measures. 
3.3 ACP COUNTRIFS 
A total of 100.1 MECU was directed towards the victims of conflicts, droughts and other 
natural catastrophes in ACP countries. Of this amount around 82.2 MECU was financed 
through Art. 254 of the Lome IV Convention and 7.8 MECU through the Lome III 
Convention (including Art. 203 and the National Indicative Programme for Somalia). Special 
mention should be made of those countries in the ACP sphere where the populations suffer 
from the effects of different kinds of conflicts, such as in: Angola, Burundi, Liberia, 
Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Zaire, and Haiti. These countries have taken up 
about 80 % of the resources allocated to ACP countries. 
In Burundi, the coup d'etat on 21 October, the assassination of President Ndadaye and the 
ethnic violence which followed, brought about a massive exodus of thousands of people from 
Burundi to the neighbouring countries. The Commission immediately released 6.5 MECU to 
provide humanitarian assistance (food, shelter and medical attendance) to refugees from 
Burundi, mainly of Hutu origin, who fled to Rwanda, Tanzania and Zaire. 
Following a joint mission to Rwanda in December 1993 by the Commission and UNHCR, 
the need for further urgent assistance was identified. In order to expedite this assistance in an 
orderly fashion, the UNHCR was assigned a leading role in helping draw up and coordinate 
requests to the Commission from interested NGOs on the spot in Rwanda. The idea of a 
coordinated effort with multiple partners was presented to the entire NGO and UN community 
at a meeting in Kigali. Subsequently, a global plan (with an input from UNHCR, WFP, IFRC 
and 9 NGOs) was put together for Burundi refugees Rwanda, Tanzania and Zaire. A total 
amount of 18.3 MECU was approved for this plan from art 254 of the Lome IV Convention. 
Along with UNHCR and the Red Cross, the Commission's local coordinators in Rwanda and 
Tanzania respectively will play an important role in the follow-up of this assistance. 
In addition to the refugee problems Rwanda also suffer from a large number of internally 
displaced persons to whom the Commission has provided a total of 11 MECU by way of a 
wide ranging variety of aid. 
In Somalia, the Commission aid in 1993 amounted to 12.3 MECU which has been directed 
towards providing both medical and sanitary assistance as well as financing several projects 
dealing with water supply and hygiene facilities to victims of the civil war. The former 
consists of opening medical centres to give medical training to local staff and monitor the 
8 
people's nutritional situation. 
A total of 10.4 MECU was allocated toward Sudan, mainly for the Southern part of the 
country where the work of NGOs has been helped by the presence of a Commission 
coordinator based in Northern Kenya. The aid comprises air transport of food aid and other 
relief items as well as medical and support personnel. 
The European Commission allocated a total of 9 MECU to Liberia in 1993 which has suffered 
from the effects of the civil war since 1990. Although an agreement between the factions in 
the conflict was signed in July 1993, the country still needs substantial food aid. In addition 
to food aid the Commission has proviried medical and sanitary assistance as well as shelter 
to the victims of the civil war in Liberia. An humanitarian aid Coordinator based in Sierra 
Leone is helping to organize the assistance. 
As a result of the prolonged civil war in Angola, the Commission carried out a number of 
operations in this country amounting to 7 MECU. The actions were mainly concerned with 
medical and sanitary assistance as well as food aid, kitchen utensils and shelter: 
The Commission has participated with 7.8 MECU in humanitarian aid toward displaced 
persons in the Shaba and Kivu Provinces of Zaire. The aid has included food aid, medical 
and sanitary assistance, shelter and utensils. 
Similar assistance has been provided to Kenya which has received 2.4 MECU mainly m 
support of Somalian refugees camps in the North of the country. 
The other major recipients of Commission aid in the ACP countries were: Mozambique, Haiti. 
Ghana, Benin, Fiji and Djibouti. 
3.4 EX-USSR 
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) has received a total of 51.3 MECU during 
1993. One-third of this sum has been directed towards Tadjikistan, the Russian Federation, 
Ukraine and Kyrghystan, the rest being distributed within the Caucasian republics. 
The 9.3 MECU allocated for Tadjikistan and Kyrghystan were based on an acute need for 
heating material, food and medicines in a situation where up to half the population in many 
areas were characterized as being vulnerable while Tadjikistan also has many internally 
displaced following its civil war. 
The humanitarian aid to the Russian Federation amounting to 4.8 MECU included medical 
assistance throughout the Federation as well as canteens in Moscow The aid to Ukraine (0.4 
MECU) covered medicines following severe floods in August whereas the specific assistance 
to Chernobyl victims (0.5 MECU) comprised assistance Ukraine, the Russian Federation and 
Belarus. 
The two-thirds of the aid devoted to the CIS, Armenia, Azerbaidjan and Georgia was because 
9 
of almost 2 million refugees and internally displaced following disputes emanating from 
Nagorno-Karabakh and the civil war in Georgia. The aid has consisted of shelter, medicines 
and food supplies to both the displaced and the most vulnerable groups of the populations 
whereas Armenia also benefitted from rehabilitation of mini-hydro electric plants (aimed at 
providing heating) and seed potatoes. 
3.5 IRAQ 
The Commission has granted 21.5 MECU for 39 projects during 1993. Of this amount 
around 19 MECU has been channelled through the UN's Escrow account (see section 4.2.4.2 
for details on this account). Commission-funded projects mainly cover food aid, mine 
clearance, rural rehabilitation and medical assistance. In November, the Commission (through 
ECHO) organised a meeting with the Member States and the leading members of the UN 
family active in Iraq, Turkey and the United States (as principal third donors) and certain 
NGOs to examine the current situation, the difficulties in implementation and future needs for 
the whole country. The Commission expects to follow a similar path when preparing 
operations for Northern Iraq in the near future. While most of the projects were in the north, 
two NGOs were supported in the south and the humanitarian needs for the centre have largely 
been met by the UN through the Escrow account. 
3.6 ASIA 
At present Asia is recovering from the lengthy conflict that has affected Cambodia and there 
are still hopes that such recovery will resume in Afghanistan. Together: these countries 
account for about 5 MECU funded by the European Commission during 1993. In Cambodia, 
resources have been mainly concentrated on mine clearance and medical aid for returning 
refugees while in Afghanistan provisions were made for food aid to needy victims of the 
earlier fighting in Kabul and Tadjik refugees forced to remain in the country. 
In Nepal, 1.8 MECU has been allocated for medical assistance and shelter to the Buthanese 
refugees and for the victims of floods which occurred near the Indian border. 
In the rest of the region, the Commission has responded to natural disasters. In India, 1 
MECU was allocated to mitigate the suffering of the victims as a result of the earthquake in 
Mahavashtra State. Pakistan received 0.5 MECU in the combat against locusts, whereas 
Mongolia was granted 1.8 MECU in food aid and medicines following the effects of a severe 
winter. 
3.7 PALESTINFJISRAEL 
After the Israel-Palestine peace agreement signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, it 
was evident that humanitarian aid was .needed to assist the return of Palestinians to Jericho 
and Cisjordania. During 1993, 10.4 MECU have been directed towards humanitarian aid in 
the territory, including medical supplies and medicines to ten hospitals, sh~lter and basic 
health care. 
10 
3.8 LA TIN AMERICA 
Out of the total of 12 MECU allocated to Latin America in 1993 almost 8 MECU went to 
Cuba which suffered from two natural disasters (Hurricane in March and floods in November) 
as well as the neuropathy epidemic. Most of the Commission assistance to Cuba was given 
as a result of this disease which started in 1992. The Commission financed a scientific 
mission to Cuba in cooperation with the Pan-American Health Organisation (PAHO) to 
examine the origin of the epidemic and to evaluate the needs. Subsequently, the Commission 
provided family parcels specially designed to improve the nutritional status of the population 
exposed to this disease as well as medicines and sanitary products. 
Latin America is naturally a diaster-prone area. Tropical storms leading to damage and 
flooding prompted the Commission to provide humanitarian aid (mostly medical assistance 
and shelter) to Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Honduras. In addition Colombia was 
affected by earthquakes and there have been epidemics of cholera in Brasil, Bolivia and Peru 
(which caused the Commission to send medicines and shelter). 
4. HORIZONTAL ACTIVITIES 
4.1 INFORMATION AND VISIBILITY 
In dealing with visibility of EC humanitarian aid, the commission has been guided by two 
main considerations. Firstly, that visibility should not be an end in itself but the means to 
create public awareness and generate the goodwill necessary to mobilise the material resources 
for humanitarian action. Secondly, that this projection should be done in partnership with the 
NGOs and international organisations that are financed by it in the field. 
The partnership agreements with NGOs have to some extent formalised the arrangement 
whereby their visibility will now be matched by that of the EC in Commission-financed 
operations. This is now being widely implemented with few problems. 
Some organisations like the Red Cross and Red Barnet have prepared special information 
material about their operations financed by the EC. 
As part of its effort to publicise its efforts as a service of the European Union that administers 
and coordinates humanitarian aid, the Commission has brought out brochures and information 
sheets in certain European languages. Also a publication in Arabic, targeted for Islamic 
countries, focuses on EU aid operations, especially in Bosnia, Somalia, Palestine and the 
Caucasus. 
A quarterly newsletter (ECHO News) reports on the humanitarian operations by the EC and 
the NGOs in the four comers of the world. In addition, regular press releases on humanitarian 
aid decisions (200 this year) targeted to the media in the Member States and through EC 
delegations to other parts of the world, have been an effective means of day-to-day projection 
of this aid. 
11 
Visibility of humanitarian aid however, is not without problems. The multiplicity of crisis 
situations has resulted in some "fatigue" in media reporting. This is why it is all the more 
important to continue to focus on the significant contribution of the European Community in 
this field. 
4. COORDINATION AND COOPERATION WilH OTIIER HUMANITARIAN 
ACTORS AND DONORS 
4.2.1 Member States 
ECHO's mandate, focusing as it does on helping to improve the capacity of response of the 
whole international community to disasters, instructs the organisation to promote· better 
coordination with the Member States of the EC, as well as with other partners. At various 
times in the history of the European Community, the Council has evoked in Resolutions better 
coordination. By coordination the Council clearly meant an effort between the individual 
Member States as well as between them and the Commission. The first such Resolution dates 
back to the Development Council of March 1977. The fact that the Council deemed it 
necessary to issue further Resolutions in this vein in 1991, 1992 and 1993, indicates that such 
coordination was easier said than done. 
In March 1993, at an early stage in its process of consolidation, the Commission invited 
Member State Directors General with responsibility for humanitarian affairs for an informal 
day's meeting covering a wide range of issues related to the execution of their and the Union's 
mandates. The meeting clarified many matters but left others unresolved, particularly what 
consensus there was, if any, about coordination. 
The Development Council of May 25, 1993, in its latest Resolution on coordination, instituted 
new practical machinery. It agreed that "meetings between the heads of national emergency 
units and the Commission should be organised and convened by the Commission at its own 
initiative or upon requests from Member States at least quarterly." "These meetings" said the 
Resolution, " will address both general and specific issues concerning both humanitarian and 
emergency aid." 
The first such meeting was convened promptly in mid-July. In the event it concentrated 
heavily on the worsening situation in the former Yugoslavia and the appeal of the UNHCR 
for new funds. The coincidence was useful in highlighting a useful example of concertation. 
In September the meeting reconvened to dwell in particular depth on a review of country and 
area situations with reports from the Commission on its activities in each theatre and suitable 
inputs from Member States. Work in disaster preparedness and related areas also featured high 
on the agenda. Relations with international organisations and third countries also featured. 
A further meeting in November confirmed the pattern now emerging for such get-togethers 
of practical information exchange in what, hopefully, will become a process of habit-forming 
in favour of closer dialogue between official humanitarian actors of the Union and its member 
States. 
12 
4.2.2 The European Parliament 
The European Parliament, notably within its Development Committee, has increasingly 
focused its attention on the growing humanitarian role of the Community. A particular 
practical result of this interest was the Parliament's welcome support in sustaining the funding 
available to the humanitarian effort of the Community from the Budget. 
On two particular occasions during 1993 the Parliament has devoted time in Committee to a 
review of developments in humanitarian action with close questioning of the Commission. 
In July the Commission gave and in-depth account of the origins, establishment and first 
initiatives of the Commission within the field of humanitarian aid; this was followed in 
December by a substantive progress report by the Humanitarian Office. 
4.2.3 NGOs 
In the Commission's relations with Non-Governmental Organisations this was a year of major 
innovation, re-organisation and consolidation of relations. NGOs, after all, are the 
commission's primary operational partners in the field. In 1993 a total of 200 MECU or 44 
per cent of all operational funding decided by the Commission within the field of 
humanitarian aid was deployed in partnership with NGOs. 
The beginning of the year ushered in a major debate within the NGO community and between 
NGOs and the Commission about the shape and nature of their future relationship. If, 
initially, there were elements of acrimony in this debate, it has since straightened itself out 
into a constructive dialogue. 
The apex of the dialogue was reached in May when the Commission produced a first draft 
of its proposed Framework Partnership Agreement (FPA) (see section 2.2 above). 
Contained within the FPAs was the germ of an idea for a "Forum" to promote dialogue 
between the Commission and partners on relevant issues of policy and practice in the 
humanitarian field. At the year-end ideas were under examination for putting this idea into 
practice early in the new year. 
4.2.4 
4.2.4.1 Relations with United Nations 
Relations with UN Agencies 
The European Commission has traditionally maintained good relations with the UN agencies 
within the field of humanitarian assistance. This relationship has been further cemented after 
the creation of ECHO which, at the end of 1993, was able to sign the first Framework 
Partnership Agreement with UNHCR (see Section 2.2 above). 
Like UNHCR, a number of UN agencies have been involved in the administration, handling 
13 
and distribution of humanitarian assistance financed by the Commission and are as such 
regarded as close partners. As shown in Figure 4 below and in Annex 8 contracts with UN 
agencies have grown fast both in absolute and in relative terms. Whereas contracts with UN 
partners amounted to 10.4 per cent of the total in 1990, this amount increased to 3 5 per cent 
in 1993. Consequently, the UN family as a whole is at the moment Commission's most 
important partner after the NGOs (44 per cent) within the field of humanitarian aid. 
Among the UN partners, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is 
particularly important. In 1993 this agency was allocated 84 MECU, 17 per cent of all 
humanitarian contracts. The bulk of this amount was spent on humanitarian assistance to ex­
Yugoslavia during l 99~. Among other actions carried out by the UNHCR with EC funding 
one should also mention assistance to the conflicts in Mozambique, Somalia, Angola, Ex­
USSR, Afghanistan and Rwanda. 
The Commission maintains an excellent relationship with the UNHCR officials at all levels. 
This special relationship has been institutionalized in that the Commission and UNHCR have 
agreed to establish a Joint high-Level Group in order to coordinate UNHCR and EC actions 
and strategies. To assure, in its dealings with UNHCR, a single position and a single policy 
for aid to refugees outside the European Community, the Commission has also established 
a High-Level Inter-Service Group under the chairmanship of ECHO. The mandate of the 
Inter-Service Group is as follows: 
 
 
 to establish a coherent Community approach including all 
available EU instruments; 
to define a common strategy; and 
to establish common ways and means for working more closely 
with the UNHCR within the field of refugees, repatriates and 
displaced persons. 
The first meetings of both of these groups were held in December 1993 and it is expected that 
the Inter-Service Group will put together concrete proposals for how the Commission can 
work together with the UNHCR in the future. These proposals will be discussed with the 
UNHCR in early 1994. 
The second most important partner within the UN agencies is the World Food Programme 
(WFP). The total amount routed through the WFP came to 5 9 MECU in 1993. This 
corresponds to 12 per cent of the total humanitarian contracts financed by the Commission 
in 1993. Commission operations (through ECHO) with the WFP have been used to finance 
emergency food aid operations, mainly in the former Yugoslavia, but also in Angola, Sudan, 
Nepal and Ghana. 
The World Health Organisation (WHO), the United Nations Children and Education Fund 
(UNICEF) and United Nations Refugee Works Agency (UNRWA) have signed contracts 
worth 9 MECU, 11 MECU and 4 MECU respectively for operations in the former Yugoslavia 
(WHO), Liberia, Mozambique, Angola, Kenya, Sudan (UNICEF) and Palestine (UNWRA). 
A smaller contract has been signed with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United 
Nations (FAO). Please refer to Annex 8. 
14 
Vl 100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
0 "------____J 
1990 
1991 
1992 
1993 
Figure 4 WFP 
2 955 000 
16 853 000 
35,831,586 
59 165 500 EC CONTRACTS WITH U.N. AGENCIES FOR 
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 1990 -1991 -1992 -1993 
FAQ WHO UNDRO UNHCR UNICEF UNDP UNRWA 
0 0 500 000 5 044 000 1687000 300000 770000 
0 0 0 22 640 500 5 547 000 198 000 0 
0 3 809 500 110000 78 232 580 4127 000 470 510 0 
868 000 9 250 000 0 84 010 400 ,, 872 754 0 4 200 000 
AMOUNTS IN ECU SP. UN oo. 
0 
996 000 
0 
900 000 
4.2.4.2 United Nations Department for Humanitarian affairs (DHA) 
The two humanitarian bodies, DHA and ECHO, were created around the same time (spring 
of 1992). Although the European Commission's contractual relationship with UNDRO/DHA 
has been very limited (see attached tables), DHA has become a rather important agency in 
view of its coordinating role within the UN system. This was confirmed at the end of June 
when the Director of ECHO met with Mr. J. Eliasson, Under Secretary-General of the United 
Nations and head of DHA. Both agreed that the value ofDHA and the Commission working 
closely together at the assessment as well as the field implementation stage cannot be 
overemphasized. 
Among the concrete areas of cooperation between the Commission and DHA one may 
mention (1) the Escrow account, (2) exchange of data on humanitarian events and (3) the 
consolidated inter-agency appeals. 
The Escrow account in effect doubles the financial possibilities of donor contributions. The 
US Government has guaranteed to match any contribution toward humanitarian aid to Iraq 
with the equivalent amount drawn from the frozen Iraqi assets in the US in accordance with 
UN Security council Resolution 778. In the case of the European Commission, around 40 
projects for a total of more than 19 MECU have been approved under this scheme and many 
have already been executed in Northern Iraq. Prior to the endorsement of the projects, 
agreement was reached with DHA that the Commission has the right to propose the specific 
projects for which (primary) Commission financing is sought. It was also agreed that payment 
procedures are compatible with the standard European Commission rules and regulations. 
As far as exchange of information is concerned, the European Commission fully supports 
DHA's ambitious programme to establish a sophisticated International Emergency Readiness 
and Response Information System (IERRIS) in collaboration with the International Federation 
of the Red Cross and Red Crescent societies (ICRC) and many other donors, including the 
United States Government. This network would give humanitarian donors and actors 
immediate access to a vast range of information on disasters which would not only improve 
response, efficiency and coordination in crisis situations. The network is estimated by the 
UN to be completed in 1995 but could face delays. 
Although the consolidated inter-agency appeals issued by DHA are most useful in many 
respects, the Commission has requested that their scope be widened to non-UN requirements. 
DHA is positive toward the Commission request and has in fact tried to improve the 
consolidated appeals accordingly. However, at the same time DHA emphasizes the technical 
difficulties in assembling "global" requirements and pledges due to poor reporting by 
"bilaterals" and NGOs. 
The Commission has a strong interest in continued good relations with the UN organisations 
which have successfully executed a very large part of the EC-financed humanitarian projects. 
It is believed that the conclusion of framework contracts with UNHCR and the resulting new 
coordination mechanisms (see section 2.2 above) could indeed provide the basis for a more 
· solid and transparent long-term relationship. However, the Commission is also promoting 
other efforts toward coordination of humanitarian relief within and by the UN family. 
16 
Consequentlr, the Commission fully supports DHA'~ mandate to streamline the UN system 
in this respect and to disseminate information which can improve awarenes!:: and coordination 
among all donors within the field of humanitarian assistance. 
4.2.5 Relations with USA 
Ever since ECHO became fully operational at the beginning of 1993, it has been on the cards 
that the two biggest donors of international humanitarian aid, the European Community and 
the United States Government, could and should work more closely together. 
Both the humanitarian services of both the Commission and the American Government3 have 
made a lot of effort to work out modalities on how to cooperate. Several medium and high­
ranking US officials have paid visits to the Commission. And Commission officials have 
twice been invited to Washington since the beginning of 1993. During the latest visit, the 
ECHO Director met with all his counterparts within the US Administration. Among the most 
immediate results of this European Commission-US dialogue one could mention that 
Commission and US officials are now in regular contact and share information at all levels 
about specific humanitarian actions, that a joint disaster assessment has taken place (in 
Tadjikistan), and that the US Government has trained two senior Commission staff members 
in disaster relief management. Furthermore, the Commission and the relevant services of the 
US Government are in the process of establishing a system of regular meetings to discuss not 
only concrete actions and future plans in given areas but also general policy matters. This 
includes regular telephone conferences between the US humanitarian services, the European 
Commission (ECHO) and relevant UN agencies (e.g. WFP and UNHCR) on major areas of 
joint concern. 
The Commission's relationship with humanitarian services of the United States Administration 
is in many ways complementf..ry to other efforts aimed at strengthening the international 
coordination in humanitarian aid. Thf.-US Government and Commission on several occasions 
initiated discussion fora involving all the relevant UN agencies and other major donors. Both 
the Commission and humanitarian services of US government are keen supporters of setting 
up a powerful disaster information network within the UN, the so-called IERRIS system (see 
section ,4.2.4.2). Until this system is fully developed, the Commission and the Bureau for 
Humanitarian Response within the US Government have decided, with effect from 1994, to 
mutually exchange all data on field operations in order to avoid overlapping and "black holes" 
( where no donor support is forthcoming). 
The Commission is quite confident that more progress will be made in the cooperation with 
the humanitarian services of the US Government in the near future. 
The most important hwnanitarian agency within the US Government is the Office for Foreign 
Disaster Assistance (OFDA) within the Bureau for Humanitarian Response (BHR) under 
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). BHR is ECHO's counterpart 
within the US government in non-refugee matters. Refugees questions are handled within the 
State Department by the Refugee Bureau. 
17 
4.2.6 Relations with Russia 
During the course of 1993 the Commission has developed working contacts with ECHO's 
Russian counterpart EMERCOM (State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil 
Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters). 
EMERCOM has considerable manpower and logistic resources at its disposal, including large 
aircraft, helicopters and truck fleets. It also has useful links with many of the administrations 
in C.I.S. countries. Since these are precisely the countries where western or local NGO 
structures tend to be weak or non-existent, EMERCOM is in many ways a particularly 
valuable working partner for the Commission in respect of humanitarian operations in the 
C.I.S. region. 
Following a meeting with Mr. Vorobiev the Deputy Director of EMERCOM in September, 
the Commission (ECHO) and EMERCOM have been deepening and extending their bilateral 
contacts on the basis of a step-by-step approach involving co-operation at the operational 
level. In December the Commission made a contribution in conjunction with the IDNDR 
Secretariat of the UN to a regional disaster preparedness seminar organised by EMERCOM 
for all C.I.S. states in Kyrghystan. The aim was to help these states organize their disaster 
preparedness committees in order to participate in the Yokohama World Conference on 
natural disaster reduction to be held in May 1994. EMERCOM has also submitted a 
competitive bid for the delivery of Community-funded food parcels to Armenia. On the basis 
of experience gained in such practical operations it is hoped that a mutually beneficial 
working relationship can be developed between the two organisations. 
4.3 EVALUATION 
In the startup phase of ECHO, after it became fully operational in early 1993, the evaluation 
exercise has mainly concentrated on the establishment of a control system, on-site as well as 
ex-post, of operations financed by the Community but implemented by partners. During 1993 
this system was gradually developed through evaluation studies carried out by the 
Commission's main partners within the field of humanitarian aid and through the in•house 
experience obtained by way of Commission-initiated concrete ex-post evaluations (e.g. m 
Rwanda) carried out by the Commission itself. 
The purpose of this exercise is to optimize the use of the funds for humanitarian actions 
administered by the Commission both in terms of cost-effectiveness and the quality of the 
output. It is hoped that the Commission will be in a position in the near future to put together 
a "Control and Evaluation Manual" outlining the methodology to be used in evaluations on 
humanitarian actions carried out in-house. 
18 
4.4 
4.4.1 DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 
Disaster preparedness -General 
Included in the mandate given to ECHO by the Commission is responsibility for the 
development, co-ordination and articulation of Community disaster preparedness and 
prevention policy in relation to situations outside the territory of the EC. In taking this step 
the Commission was recognising and supporting a growing consensus among the international 
aid community to the effect that disaster preparedness activities should be given greater 
emphasis in both development and relief programmes. Effective preparedness can help to 
limit the adverse effects of disasters on long term development and can also reduce the cost 
and necessity of short-term relief aid. The following step-by step approach has been 
followed: 
Firstly, all the relevant Commission Services have been jointly identifying and reviewing the 
many individual activities already carried out in the disaster preparedness field either by or 
on behalf of the Commission. 
Secondly, the Commission is seeking a dialogue with Member States of the EC to find out 
what is going on in this field at the national level, whether carried out by Government 
agencies, national NGOs or scientific institutions. In particular the Commission is using the 
national committees set up in the context of the International Decade for Natural Disaster 
Reduction (IDNDR) as an initial channel for this dialogue. The European Commission was 
pleased to be able to sponsor the first EC-wide meeting of national IDNDR Committees in 
Brussels at the end of September with the aim of allowing these committees to exchange 
information on their programmes and projects and to discuss the basis of a common EC 
regional presentation at the World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction to be held in 
1994 in Yokohama. A project is being discussed between the Commission and the national 
committees which would enable this first exchange of views and information to be repeated 
at regular intervals in order to strengthen the overall EC contribution to the second half of the 
Decade. 
Thirdly, the Commission is seeking to develop a dialogue with established international 
operators who have useful experience in this field, such as the IFRC, PAHO, UNDP, DHA, 
etc., in order to learn from the "best practices" of such organisations and to identify priority 
areas where a useful, cost-effective Community intervention can be made. 
Finally, in the course of 1994 it is hoped that the Commission, on the advice of the services 
concerned, will be able to put forward concrete proposals for a new Community programme 
aimed at contributing in a tangible way to existing international efforts in the field of disaster 
preparedness. Subject to final revision this programme will have·two principal th~mes : 
 
 human resource development with respect to disaster preparedness; 
strengthening of managerial and institutional capacities, in particular by aiding 
the development of preparedness plans in disaster prone regions or countries 
and by supporting the development of standardized emergency information 
systems for the use of the international aid community. 
19 
In addition it is also intended that part of the disaster preparedness budget should be reserved 
for special projects and studies which do not fall within the overall framework but which 
nevertheless merit support. An example might be low cost disaster mitigation projects for 
local communities living in hazard prone areas. 
The Commission believes that the implementation of projects along these lines will represent 
a fitting EC contribution to the efforts of the international community to make serious inroads 
on the impact of natural catastrophes in the second half of the IDNDR. 
4.4.2 Preparedness -military assets 
The number, scale and complexity of international humanitarian aid operations has grown 
greatly in recent years and the traditional resources of organisations such as the Red Cross 
and humanitarian NGOs have been increasingly overstretched. In these circumstances, and 
particularly since the ending of the Cold War, attention has focused on the possibility of 
making more systematic use of the potential of armed forces to provide well-organised, 
trained and equipped support to the civil authorities and emergency services of a country or 
region facing a disaster. 
It was with this objective in view that in 1992 DHA launched a project on the use of Military 
and Civil Defence Assets (MCDA) in international disaster relief. Following an international 
conference in Brussels in December 1992 hosted by NATO, DHA was requested to co­
ordinate the development of practical discretionary guidelines for the use of states wishing to 
use or to offer MCDA in humanitarian operations. In the interests of clar~ty and simplicity, 
the mandate of the project wru. limited to the use of MCDA in natural or technological 
disasters. A standing co-ordinating group was set up to supervise the development of these 
guidelines, and the Commission was asked to participate, along with a numbu of other 
organisations, states and NGOs. 
In December 1993 the results of the project were published in the form of a set of draft 
guidelines which cover not only general principles governing use of military_ assets but also 
standard operating systems and procedures designed to facilitate the use of such assets at the 
practical working level. These results will be presented at an international conference hosted 
by the i-.l'orwegian Government in Oslo in January 1994 and, if approved, will thereafter be 
implemented on an experimental basis by a range of assisting, transit and receiving states. 
The Commission is pleased to have participated closely with DHA and other partners in the 
development of this new instrument of assistance available to the international community in 
the field of disaster preparedness. 
4.5 lnfonnatics 
By its very nature, the Humanitarian Office is exceptionally dependent of a good informatics 
system: large sums of contract money are administered by a relatively small staff who often 
have to base their decisions on information which is not readily available. And. above all the 
Commission must always respond quickly to demands for assistance. To become more 
efficient as it mandate stipulates, the Commission was obviously obliged to adopt modem 
information technology in all its humanitarian operations. 
20 
Consequently, when ECHO became fully operational in the beginning of 1993, it was high 
priority to formulate a global Informatics Plan. The Plan, which was finalized in May with 
the full support of Direction lnfonnatique and with the help of an external consultant, called 
for the creation of a core managemt:nt application linked with the commission's electronic 
accounting systems as well as several minor but interlinked databases. Finally the Plan 
emphasized acquisition of more hardware ( one PC per staff member) and on training of 
ECHO staff. 
5. FUTURE PLANS 
The Commission's operations within the field of humanitarian aid will by nature always be 
governed by events which are beyond its own control. Consequently, it is not possible to 
engage m detailed planning of future activities let alone a programming of humanitarian 
resources. 
Nevertheless, the Commission is watching international events very carefully. Whether in 
1994 peace will come to Bosnia-Herzegovina and the rest of the Balkan region or not, the 
Commission is fully prepared to continue its assistance to this region which will obviously 
be in need of humanitarian assistance for quite a while. In Africa the present "hot spots", 
Somalia, Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Liberia, Angola are likely to require further aid in 1993. 
Present developments in Mozambique, Algeria and Zaire as well as in several other African 
countries could also give rise to concern. 
Likewise, the Commission is standing by to provide additional assistance to the populations 
of Northern and southern Iraq as well as for the victims of conflict in the ex-USSR republics 
(including Armenia, Azerbaidjan, Georgia and Tadjikistan). Meanwhile developments in 
Afghanistan, Burma and other troubled areas in Asia are carefully observed. 
Although the nature and scale of human suffering as a result of man-made disasters4 are hard 
to predict and prepare for, the Commission has tried to build up a local readiness capacity 
when a conflict has reached a certain level in terms of humanitarian assistance. Hence, the 
Commission has appointed humanitarian coordinators in the former Yugoslavia (Croatia, 
Serbia/Montenegro· and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), Somalia, Southern 
Sudan, Liberia, Angola, Mozambique, Rwanda, Burundi, Northern Iraq, Armenia, Azerbaidjan, 
Georgia, and Tadjikistan. The purpose of these coordinators is to keep a watchful local eye 
on the spot which can identify needs and coordinate the Commission's humanitarian efforts 
with those of its partners as well as with other donors. This model has proved successful 
during 1993 and will be pursued during 1994. 
4 93.3 per cent of the Commission's humanitarian assistance go toward man-made disasters 
(mainly civil wars and regional conflicts). 
21 
With regard to natural disasters5 the Commission is now set to earmark part of ECHO's 
budget in 1994 to develop its own preparedness programme (see section 4.4.1 ). The most 
natural disaster-prone countries will be identified and a few preparedness programmes will 
be introduced to help populations prepare for regularly recurring disasters ( e.g. floods and 
effects of tropical storms). · 
In response to increasing public interest in humanitarian aid, the Commission has launched 
together with five recognized European universities a post-graduate degree focused 
specifically on humanitarian affairs including humanitarian law. The diploma will be 
implemented within the ERASMUS network as from September 1994. An enrollment of 
about 100 students is expected in 1994. 
Finally its is expected that the latest joint initiative of the Commission and UNHCR to further 
strengthen cooperation will bear fruit in 1994 (see section 4.2.4.1 ). 165 MECU or a fifth of 
ECHO actions are categorized as directly benefitting refugees, displaced persons or repatriates. 
In addition to this DG I and DG VIII have refugee programmes which total another 175 
MECU. The Inter-Service Group on Refugees (which include ECHO as well as relevant DG 
I and DG VIII services) hopes to be able to present a common refugee strategy within the 
Commission in early 1994 and based on this to identify concrete means for a better 
cooperation with UNHCR in the year to come. 
6.7 per cent of the Commission's humanitarian resources were spent on natural disasters in 
I 993. 
22 
STATISTICAL 
ANNEXES 
• L •) 
ANNEX I 
NGOs AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANISATIONS HAVING SIGNED THE 
FRAMEWORK PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT 
(updated on the 22 December 1993) 
GERMANY 
DEUTSCHES ROTES KREUZ 
DEUTSCHER CARITASVERBAND LIST BY COUNTRTES 
DIAKONISCHES WERK of the Evangelical Churches in Germany 
DEUTSCHE WEL TIIUNGHERHILFE (GERMAN AGROACTION) 
JOHANNITER-UNFALL-HILFE (INTERNATIONAL SERVICES) 
HELP 
MALTESER HILFSDIENST E.V. (M.H.D.) 
AUSTRIA 
CARITAS AUTRICHE 
MALTESER HOSPITAL DIENST-AUSTRIA (M.H.D.A) 
BELGIUM 
CROIX ROUGE DE BELGIQUE 
SECOURS INTERNATIONAL DE CARITAS CATHOLICA BELGICA 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES/ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN 
CARE INTERNATIONAL 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (B) 
OXF AM BELGIQUE 
IEDER VOOR ALLEN 
1 FPA 0001 
FPA 0007 
FPA 0019 
FPA 0042 
FPA 0046 
FPA 0053 
FPA 0065 
FPA 0049 
FPA 0065 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0012 
FPA 0013 
FPA 0014 
FPA 0030 
FPA 0043 
FPA 0056 
'7 ' {., i/ 
DENMARK 
DANSK RODE KORS 
CARITAS DANMARK 
FOLKEKIRKENS N0DHJJELP/DANCHURCHAID 
RED BARNET 
DANISH REFUGEE COUNCIL 
MISSION EAST 
SPAIN 
CRUZ ROJA ESPANOLA 
CARIT AS ESP ,e.NOLA 
:MEDICOS SIN FRONTERAS 
SOLIDARIDAD INTERNACIONAL 
(FUNDACION ESPANOLA PARA LA COOPERACION) 
:MEDICOS DEL MUNDO 
MOVIMIENTO POR LA PAZ, EL DESAR:ME Y LA LIBERTAD 
ASOCIACION NAVARRA "NUEVO FUTURO" 
A.C.S.U.R. ASOCIACION PARA LA COOPERACION 
CON EL SUR LAS SEGOVIAS 
INTERMON 
UNITED ST A TES OF AMERICA 
INTERNATIONAL ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHARITIES· 
FRANCE 
CROIX ROUGE FRANCAISE 
SECOURS CA THOLIQUE 
:MEDECINS SANS FRONT!i:RES 
ACTION INTERNATIONALE CONTRE LA F AIM 
2 FPA 0001 
FPA 0008 
FPA 0020 
FPA 0004 
FPA 0041 
FPA 0060 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0005 
FPA 0013 
FPA 0040 
FPA 0044 
FPA 0050 
FPA 0054 
FPA 0057 
FPA 0063 
FPA 0055 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0006 
FPA 0013 
FPA 0026 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (F) 
ACTION NORD SUD 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
EQUILIBRE 
PREMIERE URGENCE 
PHARMACIENS SANS FRONTIERES 
FRANCE -LIBERTES (FONDATION DANIELLE MITIERRAND) 
OEUVRES HO SPIT ALIERS FRANCAISES DE 
L'ORDRE DE MAL TE (O.H.F.O.M.) 
GREECE 
CROIX ROUGE HELLENIQUE 
IRELAND 
IRISH RED CROSS SOCIETY 
GOAL 
CONCERN IRELAND 
ITALY 
CROCE ROSSA IT ALIANA 
CARIT AS IT ALIANA 
ASSOCIAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE VOLONT ARI LAI CI 
COMIT ATO INTERNAZIONALE PER LO SVILUPPO DEI POPOLI 
CENTRO INTERNAZIONALE DE COOPERAZIONE ALLO SVILUPPO 
CENTRO REGIONALE D'INTERVENTO PER LA COOPERAZIONE 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE 
GRUPPO VOLONTARIATO CIVILE 
LUXEMBOURG 
CROIX ROUGE LUXEMBOURGEOISE 
3 FPA 0029 
FPA 0031 
FPA 0032 
FPA 0033 
FPA 0034 
FPA 0039 
FPA 0058 
FPA 0065 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0024 
FPA 0038 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0010 
FPA 0027 
FPA 0028 
FPA 0036 
FPA 0037 
FPA 0061 
FPA 0062 
FPA 0001 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES 
CARIT AS LUXEMBOURG 
NORWAY 
KIRKENS N0DHJELP 
NETHERLAND 
HET NEDERLANDSE RODE KRUIS 
CARIT AS NEERLANDICA 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES/ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN 
STICHTING OECUMENISCHE HULP (Dutch Interchurch Aid) 
PORTUGAL 
CRUZ VERMELHA PORTUGUESA 
AMI -Funda~ao Assistencia Medica Internacional 
OIKOS Coopera~ao et desenvolvimento 
UNITED KINGDOM 
BRITISH RED CROSS SOCIETY 
SAVE Tiffi CHILDREN FUND 
CATHOLIC FUND FOR OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT 
CARE BRITAIN 
CHRISTIAN AID 
FEED Tiffi CHILDREN 
OXFAM UK 
HELPAGE INTERNATIONAL 
SWEDEN 
DIAKONIA 
4 FPA 0013 
FPA 0048 
FPA 0021 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0011 
FPA 0013 
FPA 0022 
.. 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0016 
FPA 0035 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0003 
FPA 0009 
FPA 0015 
FPA 0017 
FPA 0025 
FPA 0052 
FPA 0059 
FPA 0018 
SWITZERLAND 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES 
LUTIIERAN WORLD FEDERATION 
HEKS (SWISS INTERCHURCH AID) 
CARIT AS SUISSE 
TERRE DES HOMMES 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS 
AND RED CRESCENT SOCIETIES 
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF TiiE RED CROSS 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES 
ORDRE SOUVERAIN ET MILITAIRE DE ST.JEAN DE JERUSALEM, 
RHODES ET DE MAL TE 
5 FPA 0013 
FPA 0023 
FPA 0045 
FPA 0047 
FPA 0051 
FPA 0001 
FPA 0002 
FPA 0064 
FPA 0065 
HUMANITARIAN AID 
ALLOCATED BY the Commission 
(through ECHO) 
1993 II 
COUNTRY/REGION 
EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
ACPTOTAL 
AFRICA DECISION 
ECU 
395,080,195 
100,093,000 
1,000,000 
AFRICA (Burundi Refugees) 18,300,000 
ANGOLA 7,000,000 
BENIN 1,000,000 
BURKINA FASSO 500,000 
BURUNDI 4,000,000 
CENTRAL AFRICA 200,000 
DJIBOUTI 515,000 
ETHIOPIA 350,000 
FIDJI 1,000,000 
GHANA 500,000 
GUINEA BISSAU 300,000 
GUINEA CONAKRY 1,000,000 
HAm 2,000,000 
KENYA 2,400,000 
LIBERIA 8,990,000 
MOZAMBIQUE 3,000,000 
NAMIBIA 180,000 
RWANDA 11,000,000 
SENEGAL 1,000,000 
SIERRA LEONE 1,850,000 
SOMALIA 12,296,000 
SUDAN 10,400,000 
TANZANIA 2,000,000 
TOGO 500,000 
UGANDA 1,000,000 
ZAIRE 7,800,000 
ZIMBABWE 12,000 
C.I.S(1) 51,295,000 
ARMENIA· 11,045,000 
GEORGIA 11,800,000 
AZERBADJAN 12,700,000 
CAUCASUS 500,000 
TADJIKISTAN 8,400,000 
RUSSIA FED. 4,790,000 
UKRAINE 900,000 
KYRGHYSTAN 660,000 
CHERNOBYL VICTIMS 500,000 
EASTERN EUROPE 806,000 
ALBANIA 456,000 
RUMANIA 350,000 
IRAK 21,500,000 
ASIA(2) 22,270,000 
CAMBODIA 1,785,000 
LEBANON 1,800,000 
NEPAL 1,800,000 
IRAN 230,000 
INDIA 920,000 
MONGOLIA 1,820,000 
PAKISTAN 430,000 . 
SRI LANKA 150,000 
AFGHANISTAN 2,750,000 
PALESTINE/lSRAEL 10,400,000 
YEMEN 75,000 
VIETNAM 110,000 
NORTH AFRICA 
ALGERIA 1,225,000 
LATIN AMERICA 12,245,000 
ECUADOR 350,000 
PERU 510,000 
BOLIVIA 445,000 
BRAZIL 470,000 
NICARAGUA 700,000 
VENEZUELA 150,000 
CUBA 7,805,000 
CHILE 500,000 
COLOMBIA 470,009 
GUATEMALA 250,000 
HONDURAS 595,000 
General Studies 500,000 
<lAAN(>;lfQ'tALrii;i,\ .fz.,,:, ·<::-,~--'I05,()f~;'t9$,'. ".. 
FOOTNOTE 
(1) COMMON OF INDEPENDENT STATES 
(2) APART FROM IRAK AND EX-USSR NUMBER OF 
CONTRACTS 
282 
216 
3 
5 
27 
3 
1 
7 
2 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
8 
6 
20 
6 
1 
26 
1 
5 
37 
27 
3 
19 
1 
84 
39 
36 
2 
6 
5 
1 
4 
3 
2 
5 
7 
1 
5 
32 
2 
3 
2 
. 3 
2 
1 
13 
1 
1 
1 
3 
!;', .·. :, , i69dj) ANNEX 2 
. r: 
• Overview of Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid b Source of Finance 1990-93 
1990 1991 
SOU'ce of Finance I DECISIONS DECISIONS 
Budget Line Description <•ECUl <•ECUl 
LOME Ill NATIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRM9,AE (NIP) (1) - -
LOME Ill ART203 41,620,000 42,445,000 
LOME IV ART25<4 (2) -13,500,000 
FEOGA FONDS EUR. D'ORIENTATION ET DE GARANTI AGRI. (3) - -
B7-5000 tf.MANITARIAN & EMERGENCY AID 72,735,000 139,375,000 
B7-510 DISASTER AID DEVELOPING C~IES - -
B7-511 EMERGENCY FOOD AID - -
B7-514 tf.MANITARIAN AID TO C & E EUROPE - -
B7-515 tf.MANITARIAN AID TO EX-USSR - -
B7-516 tf.MANITARIAN ACTION IN 3RD COl.ffi"RIES - -
B7-517 REFUGEES & DISPL PERSONS IN DEV. ~IES - -
B7-6000 PHARE - -
!GRAND TOTAL 114,355,000 195,320,000 
FOOTNOTES: 
(1) NATIONAL INDICATIVE PROGIIM9,AE FOR SOMALIA 
(2) S-YEAR ALLOCATION (11191•95) UNDER LOME JV IS 250,000,00u ECU 
(3) DECIDED ON A CASE-BY-CASE BASIS 
[ Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid 1990-1993 I 
YEAR  1990 
~ 1991  1992 
"11993 ANNEX 3 
1992 1993 
DECISIONS DECISIONS 
<•ECUl (•ECU) 
40,000,000 6,500,000 
-1,296,000 
31,675,000 82,385,000 
72,500,000 -
154,867,297 -
-70,033,195 
-17,425,000 
-385,000,000 
-30,000,000 
-8,713,000 
-3,662,000 
69,000,000 -
368,042,297 605,014,195 
____ ,_,_ 
Summa of Financial Decisions b Countries Benefittin from Hu'manitarian Aid 1992-93 
m,an1mat1 1992 1993 ... ~ ... ..,.., ,, .. .. .. 1992 
DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS 
(lnECU) (lnECU) (inECU) 
AFRICA 1000000 1. SOMALIE 40 000 000 
•"GOLA 7 500 000 6 000 000 
3ENIN 1000000 
3URKINA FASO 500,000 
3URUNDI 4,000,000 
ENTRAL AFRICA (Chad Refugees) 200,000 
JJIBOUTI 515,000 
:THIOPIA 3,600,000 350,000 
FIDJI 1,000,000 
3HANA 500,000 
3UINEE BISSAU 300,000 
3UINEA 1,000,000 
•a•TI 1000000 2 000 000 
KENYA 7 150 000 2 400 000 
IBERIA 1000000 8 990 000 
IAALAWI 400 000 
"AURITANIA 1000000 
'-"'ZAMBIOUE 2,000,000 3,000,000 
'IAMIBIE 180,000 
~WANDA 2,700,000 9,000,000 
SENEGAL 1,000,000 
SIERRA LEONE 1,850,000 
SUDAN 4,000,000 9,300,000 
ANZANIA 2,000,000 
OGO 500,000 
UGANDA 1,000,000 
w.s & •IAl.morNew Caledonia! 325 000 
WESTERN SAMOA 300 000 
7AIRE 6 500 000 
IMBABWE 700 000 
~RICA: 8w\m Reluaees 18 300 000 
Totals: 31,675,000 82,385,000 Totals: 40,000,000 
Grand lolal 1992 : 
Grand lotal 1993 : II ... 
1993 .. w.-w~.,. , . ., ' 
DECISIONS 
(inECU) 
7 796 000 AFGHANISTAN 
ALBANIA 
ALGERIA 
ANGOLA 
LATIN AMERICA 
BANGLADESH 
BOLIVIA 
BRAZIL 
"4MBODIA 
HILE 
OLOMBIA 
UBA 
EGYPT 
EL SALVADOR 
ECUADOR 
EX-USSR 
EX-YOUGOSLAVIA 
K,UATEMALA 
INDONESIA 
~ONDURAS 
INDIA 
IRAK 
IRAN 
LIBAN 
MONGOLIA 
NEPAL 
NICARAGUA 
PAKISTAN 
PALESTINE/ISRAEL 
PARAGUAY 
PERU 
PHILIPPINES 
RUMANIA 
RWANDA 
SOMALIA 
SRI LANKA 
SUDAN 
TURKEY 
URUGUAY-ARGENTINA 
VENEZUELA 
.!IETNAM 
EMEN 
ZAIRE 
IMBABWE 
eneral studies 
7,796,000 
368,042.297 I ECU 
605,014,195 I ECU Totals: .,,,, ANNEX 4 
1992 1993 
DECISIONS DECISIONS 
(inECU) On ECU) 
2 000 000 2 750 000 
2 000 000 456 000 
1225 000 
1,000,000 
500,000 
2,000,000 
445 000 
470,000 
1,785,000 
500,000 
470,000 
250,000 7,805,000 
500 000 
200 000 
350 000 
3 550 000 51 295 000 
277 067 297 395 080 195 
250,000 
250,000 
595,000 
920,000 
5,000,000 21,500,000 
230,000 
1,800,000 
1,820 000 
1,800,000 
500 000 700 000 
250 000 430 000 
50 000 10 400 000 
250 000 
510 000 
500 000 
350,000 
2,000,000 
4,500,000 
150 000 
1,100,000 
500,000 
400 000 
150,000 
110,000 
600,000 75,000 
1 300 000 
12 000 
500 000 
..296,367 ;297 514,833,195 
Ill 
Detailed Breakdown of Financial Oeciaione 
Repanaondpop!Mllon 
thmlllccrAd 
tumalcorAdcltiugtt 
W.,,..,conllct~ 
tum.i conlla ~ 
Wemelcor6ctcto.q1 
ArmedcorAct 
Cada 
Armedconllct 
0.sptac9dP0PIAeilJon 
Bu,n:lrefugMs 
&n.ndlref\,Qa•S 
Bu\n:lr.f'u99H --010794 
Countries Benefittln from Humanitarian Aeals1ance 1992.&3 
290193 1,000,000 
180293 1 000,000 
]OQJgJ I 000 000 
23071ilJ 1,000,000 
141093 I 000,000 
221193 I 000 000 
l.}00,000 6,000,000 
110Hl3 1,000,000 
0e06'.13 3,000.000 
281093 1,000,000 
281093 1,000,000 
2910113 I 000 000 
1011113 I 000 000 
12119l l 000,000 
2.7IIO.OOO t,000,000 
-"· 
1111 
01 07 !M 
Detailed Breakdown of Financial Decisions b Countries Benefittin from Humanitarian Assistance 1992-93 
Source of 
Finance/ .......... 
OMEIV -iMlcle254 
(SUit•) 
TANZANIA 
!TOGO 
UCANOA 
WESTERN SAMOA 
LATtN AMERICA 
ALOl!IIIA · lyp• 
; 
.. 
, , 
OjdonVol 
Cann.et 
CMptaud popuW>on & rafugHI 
Cann.et 
Confkt 
Confkt 
T~r•fugHI __ .. _ 
'tc~-~ 
Flooch 
·'·Ol!Wlblian 
r .... p,.._, ~; ..... 
:-'.:Cu.i~i 
Armed confkt 
Ro"'9o••-....... R•llgon;...,Mymor. R•..,_hal..,.....,·· 
•·.,.:- __ :•· 
Cholen •pidemy 
Choletwi-,,.demy 
Flood• . ·, 
,, 1 •• ' 
DECISIONS (., ECU) . .. 
.,., 
':07,(M,$2 .lAAJ,000 
,:27.10.92 .····· ;·;·;,,:3.IJUU,000 
,;, , ... 
,, ,; , 
. I'-·· 
" 
·, ,,, 
·23.04.121'·· ,, .. ,~,·-
: . JU: 
2901.82 I 300,000 
,· ..... ,.·, 
:;· '.,:' 
; ; ;; . ;.;;,,,,,., 
.. '.·-.;; . ·:-~. :": : :-c·. •• J 
DECISIONS (., ECU) ... 
· :zt.04.13 , ' · 300 000 
.... ;~~::: .: ';':~=~ " .. OU)9.83 flVVI ,;,: 
· .. ·. -:,: 14.12.n "dnmOOO .•, 
1111.93 I 1,000,000 
1S1Ul31 1,000,000 
,·· '23.07 .931 ' ; ,,, _;.,01aJUI.AJI 
::,,• , •·'.'/:''•··, 
22.12831 1,000,000 
,,.1. ; 
325,~,--
300,000 
:,,· 12.112Jas • rooo •••• ·.·.,. ." .. 13.07.113 ,i.1:~~000 
27.08.93 .... ,. • l.uoo.000 
noSl.113 ,1,000.000 
•21.10.8' ·• ,,, .UUI.Lt.JlAJ ; .,.;;,, 
<; .. /:· •. :;,;-,.~::·,;,:: : -:"15.U.83 .:.;~.·-:·· ~uOOO 9,300,000 
2,000,000 
500,000 
1,000,000 
; 
... , · -,,.,~_,._.._. .. _,, ... ··. -.,. .. •.·-.; •15.12.831•·.:<·:,;., .-,.11a,(XX) ·. ,.,1-'--"-~,<-'-----'--"'~,¥~,~ •. '--'-'-----"-"+-=~-~---~"""",.....,""°'=-'--'---~~=oo~.000:::.-1 
04.1Ul2 4000001 
21.1292 300,000 
TOTAL LOMI! IV : 
·.·, .. , .. , , 
TOTAL LOME: 
30.04.92 
05 08 82 
04.09.82 500••·· 
I 000000 
500000 
~~= ·,, ·_.·· >1::.::1• 
.11.12.92 500,uuu 
25.02.Bl I 500,000 
,· I 
-I 
.I 
I 
20.112.121 
OS.0).12 
.1 
I . ,:, ;; .,I· 
I 
t. 
•.·. I 
500, 
500,000 ., ....... . 
,; ,_.,, I 
I ••. I 
I 
700,000 
31,615,0001 
; ".10,0'il,93 , C:, , "•h~•ooo 
·,· , ..•.. ::2s.00.93 ,.,,, ... ,,·.o:;oooo I• 
,'.}<S_; -~;;._!;:!!::! .. ··,: :,;:~:-.~~ ,; . 
. · ·.,,:.·· •-2).11.93 650(J()(] ' 
' .. 40,000,000 Y· /;; • 
40,000,000 I 
01.07.93 
05.09.83 
04.10.83 
01.12.93 
1.12.83 
1.(.12113 
2,000,000 
. ; 
13.12.113 
· • ·-14.12.13 
'2,000.000 . , , 
-~' 
500,000 
.. ,•15.Ge.113 .... 73.08.831 
,l)e.12.93 
,, '14.12.1131 
"'·,,: 
; 
2807.031 
·. I 
• .I 
I 
:Z,000,000 
29.03 83 
20108'1 
1.( 12.83 500000 
500000 
400,000 
500000 
500,000 
350 000 
. ···-:·:' 
106000 
· 350 ... , 
; I 
500.llOlll 
,225 000 I 
3000001 
·200.000 I 
1,000,000 I 
I 
I 
... I 
·; 
270 000 
25,000 
150,000 
1000001 
3700001 
', 82385 000 
,· .... 
,' 
7,796,000 
7 796000 
2,750,000 
456,000 
1,225,000 
1,000,000 
445,000 
470,000 
 
Detailed Breakdown of Financial Dacisione by Countries Benefitting from Humanitarian AHiatance 1992--93 
CO<rty 
lrt..-nelttOl.bles 
Conlllct 
Conlllct 
Conflict 
Conllld 
Chemell poUon in Moolv.(lgro 
Conlllct 
OSP1aoC•<1Pl)OI.Mllon1nCroi!lbe 
Osp1ecea:~onmCrOllb11 , .. 
0207{12 
0110112 
2311112 DECISIONS 1nECU) 
""""' 
OSOIK.cl p(lplJC)on m Bosn•Herzegoy.nal----1----------< 
Conllld 
D,s.piecedP()()I.MtlonmCroi!lbe 
Conlllct 
Conflict 
Conlllct 
Conlllct 
(MIiiet 
0,spiecedp()plJltlonmBosn&-HeruQO:Mnal----1----------J 
e__..yugosta,,,1 MQr'f90eg"O 
Conlllc! 
Conlllc1 
Conl'lct 
Conflict '""' 
2TI,067:Z91 DECISIONS mECUJ 
, .. """"" 
240S93 1,000,000 
0107113 2,0.000 
141293 250,000 
1412113 28',000 
03039) 60,000,000 
290493 500,000 
05 OS Ill ,00.000 
10 06 93 100,000,000 
120793 260 000 
22 07 9) 7,350,000 
no1u ,0,000,000 
0508 93 200,000 
0508\ill 35,000 
1308113 110,000 
210893 H7,I95 
.100993 261,000 
1001193 270,000 
22109]' n.012.11, 
161111] 16,917,lS, 
OG12113 16,000,000 0107!M 
'""' 
395,0I0,IU 
• Detailed Breakdown of Financial Decisions b Countries Benefittin from Humanitarian Assistance 1992-93 
700,000 
PAKISTAN Flood, 
Afghans r•f,,,gHI 
Criquets p•l•rins invasions 
430,000 
PARAGUAY 
BRILAHKA 
1,100,000 
TURKtY 
75,000 
12,000 
O.neral Studl•• 500,000 
500,000 
TOTAL BLIJGET: 296,367,297 ! TOTAL BUOCET : 514 33195 
page 
EC CONTRACTS TOWARD HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 1990-93 
,.., .. 
TYPE OF 1990 1991 
CONTRACT 
ECU IN%0f ECU IN%0F 
TOTAL TOTAL 
EC COMMISSION-DIRECT 
COMMISSION/ECHO 43,222,500 39.9% 1,793,855 0.9% 
COMMISSION/AEC 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 
DELEGATIONS 0 0.0% 220,000 0.1% 
SUBTOTAL 43,222,500 39.9% 2,013,855 1.1% 
MEMBER STA TE GOVNTS 
BELGIUM 00% 1,300,000 0.7% 
FRANCE 0.0% 4,812,000 2.5% 
ITALY 00% 42,500 0.0% 
NETHERLANDS 0.0% 1,822,000 10% 
SPAIN 0.0% 1,233,000 0.6% 
UK 0.0% 4,252,000 2.2% 
SUBTOTAL 0 0.0% 13,461,500 70% 
OTHER GOVERNMENTS 
WESTERN SAMOA 215,000 0.2% 00% 
MOZAMBIQUE 1,000,000 0.9% 0.0% 
GRENADA 100,000 0.1% 0.0% 
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 100,000 0.1% 0.0% 
WALLIS AND FORTUNA 
NEW CALLEDONIA 
FIDJI 
CROATIA/MACEDONIA 0.0% 0.0% 
SUBTOTAL 1,415,000 1.3% 0 0.0% 
ECNGOs(1) 
BELGIUM 10,941,000 10.1% 28,155,900 14.7% 
DENMARK 2,815,000 2.6% 4,630,000 2.4% 
FRANCE 6,671,500 6.2% 27,057,209 14.1% 
GERMANY 1,260,000 1.2% 6,374,000 3.3% 
GREECE 0.0% 0.0% 
IRELAND 380,000 0.4% 4,296,000 2.2% 
ITALY 495,000 05% 4,273,500 22% 
NETHERLANDS 5,575,000 5.1% 5,274,500 2.8% 
PORTUGAL 0.0% 0.0% 
SPAIN 235,000 0.2% 216,100 0.1% 
UK 877 000 0.8% 7 408,320 3.9% 
SUBTOTAL 29,249,500 27.0% 87,685,529 45.8% 
OTHER NGOs (1) 
NORWAY 0.0% 727,000 0.4% 
SWITZERLAND 7,231,000 6.7% 3,761,000 2.0% 
USA 0 0.0% 290 000 0.2% 
SUBTOTAL 7,231,000 6.7% 4,778,000 2.5% 
LOCAL NGOs (1) 
ANGOLA 237,000 0.2% 0.0% 
BANGLADESH 0.0% 338,000 0.2% 
BOLMA 
CHILI 0.0% 130,000 0.1% 
EL SALVADOR 0.0% 0.0% 
ETHIOPIA 1,200,000 1.1% 420,000 0.2% 
GHANA 325,000 0.3% 0.0% 
\RAO -MISC -1990 0 0.0% 0.0% 
OCC TERRITOTY (ISRL) 0.0% 0.0% 
PAKISTAN 0.0% 0.0% 
PHILIPPINES 0.0% 364,400 0.2% 
SUDAN 
TURKEY 0.0% 2,400,000 1.3% 
SUBTOTAL 1,762,000 1.6% 3,652,400 1.9% 
UNTTED NATIONS 
WFP 2,955,000 2.7% 16,853,000 8.8% 
FAO 
WHO 0 00% 0 00% 
UNDRO 500,000 05% 0 0.0% 
UNHCR 5,044,000 4.7% 22,640,500 11.8% 
UNICEF 1,687,000 1.6% 5,547,000 2.9% 
UNDP 300,000 0.3% 198,000 0.1% 
UNRWA 770,000 0.7% 
SPECIAL UN OPERATIONS 0 0.0% 1,286,000 0.7% 
SUBTOTAL 11,256,000 10.4% 46,524,500 24.3% 
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORG. 
ICRC 12,138,000 11.2% 27,593,000 14 4% 
FIRC 2,016,000 1.9% 5,651,000 3.0% 
CARITAS INTERNATIONAL 
SUBTOTAL 14,154,000 13.1% 33,244,000 17.4% 
TOTAL 108 290 000 100.0% 191 359 784 100.0% 
(!) IHCLUDIHO NATIONAL RID CllOSS A!SOC1AlON'S 
(2) THI MAD-/ RIAS ON IWHT IN' 1992 THE COtm.AC'T AMOUNTS ()22 MIC1.J) ARE SU8STANllAU.T LOWD. TliAH TiiE DEctSION' AMOUNTS (161 MICU) ts 
niAT 2) , MI.CU HA3 &EDI DtuC'TL T ADMIHIS'fDt.ID BT 00 VI (n:OOA) IN AI:CORD""CI wmt TltE C0"64SSJ.ON DECISION or 2 JULY 1992 HDfct. 
CONTRACT! HAvt 812H llOta:D BT 00 VI FOR TlfI! AMOUNT AHD tfOTI.OIO THE. R.DUJN1NO DIFFDlDfct.(12 'MECU)CONSl:STS OF ACC'UMUl.Allll 
AHDVNVSll) llSDlVU FJ.OM ALAJl.0[""1MBD.OF ACTIONSIH 1992 WHDf£CH08ECAMinn.J..TOPDAJ'IONALINf..AALT l"J MLUlJlllrWDlE 
[MMll))ATll,T TAXJ:N TO~ lllAT AU. R.£.SD.VES ARE D'THDt tn1UZU) oa DECOMMIT'Tm so TiiATTifEQt.rcrnON OFS\TJU.DIDIHO 
llESEJlV£.S WUL NOT ARm. AOAIN ANNEX & -1992 1993 
ECU IN%0f ECU IN%0F 
TOTAL TOTAL 
8,474,142 26% 30,982,588 63% 
2,524,500 0.8% 5,460,000 1.1% 
370,000 0.1% 1,552,000 0.3% 
11,368,642 34% 37,994,588 7.7% 
20,000,000 60% 25,000 0.0% 
1,526,340 0.5% 0 00% 
0.0% 0 0.0% 
0.0% 0 00% 
00% 0 0.0% 
0.0% 3,521,195 0.7% 
21,526,340 65% 3,546,1.95 07% 
300,000 0.1% 0.0% 
0.0% 0.0% 
0.0% 00% 
0.0% 00% 
75,000 
250,000 
0.0% 400,000 0.1% 
24 700 000 7.4% 7,500 000 15% 
25,325,000 7.6% 7,900,000 1.6% 
20,187,650 61'k 20,871,746 42% 
26,313,000 7.9% 43,024,057 87% 
38,579,700 11.6%. 69,614,252 14.2% 
460,187 0.1% 21,734,700 44% 
1,745,000 05% 536,500 0.1% 
2,105,000 06% 1,026,000 02% 
8,943,500 2.7% 15,052,817 3.1% 
9,314,040 2.8% 12,698,554 2.6% 
244,000 0.1% 687,990 0.1% 
1,160,000 0.3% 13,823,689 2.8% 
2,394,500 07% 15,370 834 31% 
111,446,577 336% 214,441,139 436% 
0.0% 0 00% . 320,000 0.1% 1,150,440 02% 
1 232,000 04% 837 910 0.2% 
1,552,001 0.5% 1,988,350 04% 
0.0% 00% 
300,000 0.1% 0.0% 
25,000 0.0% 
0.0% 0.0% 
70,000 0.0% 0.0% 
58,000 0.0% 0.0% 
0.0% 0.0% 
0.0% 2,120,000 0.4% 
50,000 0.0% 350,000 0.1% 
500,000 02% 0.0% 
41,000 0.0% 0.0% 
0.0% 
70,626 0.0% 0.0% 
1,089,626 03% 2,495,000 0.5% 
35,831,586 10.8% 59,165,500 120% 
868,000 0.2% 
3,809,500 1.1% 9,250,000 1.9% 
110,000 0.0% 00% 
78,232,580 23.6% 84,010,400 171% 
4. 127,000 1.2% 11,872,754 24% 
470,500 0.1% 0.0% 
4,200,000 0.9% 
262,000 01% 900,000 0.2% 
122,843, 166 37.0% 170,266,654 34 6% 
35,073,900 10.6% 35,096,820 71% 
1,666,000 0.5% 18,023,850 37% 
70,000 0.0% 75,000 0.0% 
36,809,900 111% 53,195,670 108% 
331 961 251 100.0% 491 827 596 100.0% 
'; \. 
Annex 7 
Breakdown of Community Aid to the Fonner 
Yugoslavia 1991-93 by Republic 
Bosnia-Herzegovina 50% 
Croatia 21% 
Serbia and Montenegro 16% 
F. Y. R. of Macedonia 4 % 
Slovenia 1% 
UNPAS 0.5% 
All Republics 7 .5% 
Breakdown of Community Aid to the Fonner 
Yugoslavia 1991-93 by Relief Items 
Food Aid 48% 
Sanitation 21 % 
Medical Aid 23% 
Logistics 8% 
6 
EC CONTRACTS WITH UN AGENCIES TOWARD HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 1990-1993 •. * E***J ~ * 
AS PER: 07-JAN- 1994 
UN AGENCY 
WFP 
FAO 
WHO 
UNDRO 
UNHCR 
UNICEF 
UNDP 
UNRWA 
SPECIAL UN OPERATIONS 1 
SUM EC/UN CONTRACTS 
LL EC CONTRACTS 
REMARKS: ECU 
2 955 000 
0 
0 
500 000 
5,044,000 
1687000 
300 000 
770,000 
0 
11,256,000 
108 290 000 1913597 ECU 
35 831 586 
0 
3 809 500 
110 000 
78,232,580 
4127 000 
470 500 
0 
0 
122,581,166 
331 961 251 * •~* --E--C---H--0--
ANNEX 8 
900 00 
170,266,654 
(1) PAHO operations are included as a UN organization since PAHO acts as the regional organization representative for WHO in the Americas. 
Up until 1992 "emergency food aid" was not included in the "EC contracts" {administered by the DG VIII 
Food Aid Division). From 1993 all contracts are included in the amounts shown. If "emergency food aid" 
channelled through the UN agencies in 1992 (15 MECU) is added to the contracts, the total for 1992 would 
be 137 MECU (122 MECU plus 15 MECU) or 43 % of all contracts.