COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
COM(94) 468 final 
Brussels, 03.11.1994 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 
on cooperation with European 
non-governmental development 
organizations (NGDOs) in respect of 
developing countries 
(1993 financial year) 
TL 
EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 
1. At its meeting on 28 November 1977, the Council approved the procedure to be 
followed for using appropriations under Item B7-5010 of the Community budget for 
cofinancing operations with the NGDOs.1 
Under this procedure the Commission has to present an annual report to the Council 
on the use of the appropriations allocated during the preceding year. 
Accordingly, the Commission presents this report for 1993. 
2. Although the Council's agreement concerned only appropriations under Item B7-5010, 
this report also covers other major spheres of cooperation with the NGDOs, such as 
food aid, humanitarian aid, special programmes and coordination between NGDOs. 
The various contributions made by the relevant Commission departments provide an 
overview. 
See Council document R/207/78 (GCD) of 26 January 1978. 
IL 
CONTENTS 
Page 
INTRODUCTION 1 
COOPERATION WITH NGDOs IN 1993 2 
1. COFINANCING OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND PUBLIC 4 
INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS 
(Budget Item B7-5010) 
1.1 Overview 4 
1.2 Cofinancing of development projects in developing countries 6 
1.2.1 European NGDOs' growing support for 6 
partners in the South 
1.2.2 Block grants 6 
1.2.3 Recipient groups and areas of activity in 7 
developing countries 
1.2.4 Recipient countries 9 
1.3 Cofinancing of public-awareness campaigns in the Community 11 
1.3.1 Sustained EC support for NGDOs and situation 11 
in 1993 
1.3.2 Types of development education project 11 
1.3.3 Alternative trade: an example of development education 12 
1.4 Cofinancing programme from 1976 to 1993 13 
1.5 Evaluation 14 
1.5.1 Evaluation of savings and loans projects 14 
1.5.2 Evaluation of integrated development projects 15 
1.6 Relations with the NGDO Liaison Committee 15 
1.7 Conclusions and outlook 16 
-c 
II. OTHER AREAS OF COOPERATION WITH NGDOs 17 
2.1 Food aid channelled through NGDOs 17 
(Budget Chapter 72) 
2.2 Cofinancing for the purchase of food products 20 
and seeds 
(B7-5011) 
2.3 Community contribution to storage programmes and 20 
early warning systems 
(B7-2071) 
2.4 European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) 21 
(B7-510, Lomé Convention and 
OCT Decision) 
2.4.1 ECHO : Background and mandate 21 
2.4.2 Operations 22 
2.4.3 Working with Partners 25 
2.4.4 Improved management 26 
2.5 Cooperation with NGDOs to provide aid towards 27 
self-sufficiency for refugees, displaced persons and 
voluntary returnees in Asia and Latin America 
(B7-302) 
2.6 Aid for NGDOs operating in Chile 29 
(B7-5073) 
2.7 Programme of North-South cooperation schemes in the 30 
context of the campaign against drug abuse 
(B7-5080) 
2.8 Cooperation with NGDOs during 1993 in the field of rehabilitation 30 
2.8.1. Special Initiative for Africa 30 
2.8.2. Design, scope, eligibility criteria and 31 
financing of rehabilitation programmes 
2.8.3. Role of NGDOs .'„ 32 
2.8.4. Budget heading B7-5076 33 
-~V~ 
2.9 Special Community aid programme for apartheid victims 34 
(B7-5070) 
2.10 Assistance for rehabilitation programmes in 35 
southern Africa 
(B7-5071 
2.11 Financial assistance to the West Bank and Gaza 37 
territories 
(B7-4083) 
2.12 Programme for NGDOs operating in Vietnam 38 
(B7-5074) 
2.13 Programme for NGDOs operating in Cambodia 38 
(B7-5075) 
2.14 Decentralized cooperation 38 
(B7-5077) 
TABLES 
Page V 
I. Recapitulation of EC-cofmanced development projects 
by recipient country from 1976 to 1993 inclusive 40 
II. Breakdown by Member State of Community funds 
allocated from 1976 to 1993 inclusive 44 
III. Breakdown by Member State of Community funds 
allocated in 1993 45 
-1 
INTRODUCTION 
Since its inception 19 years ago, cooperation between NGDOs and the Community has 
given tangible expression to the Community's participation in the support provided by 
Europe's citizens to the poorest groups in the Third World. It mainly involves the 
cofinancing of development programmes in the developing countries, campaigns to 
heighten public awareness in Europe, food aid and humanitarian aid. In recent years 
cooperation between the Community and the NGDOs has been still further diversified 
with the introduction of new budget headings as indicated in the report and the increase 
in the resources available. 
In 1984 the Commission had only three budget headings for NGOs with a total financing 
of ECU 137 million. Ten years later, in 1993, the three headings had become more than 
thirty, and the modest budget of some ECU 130 million had grown to over 
ECU 700 million. Thus, in less than a decade, NGDOs' involvement in administering 
funds from the Community budget has increased fivefold, making NGDOs the 
institutional category outside the Community institutions with the biggest budget in 
absolute terms. 
This shows that the Community's confidence in these organizations has grown steadily. 
NGDOs help create the basic conditions for self-reliant development and are also an 
effective instrument for dealing with emergency and post-emergency situations. 
NGDOs ' key role as EC partners calls for high standards of internal management and 
organization, and compliance with the rules on management and control laid down by 
the Corrtmission and the Court of Auditors. The Commission, in conjunction with the 
NGOs involved, is also examining how to ensure greater visibility for the Union's 
activities in this field. 
This 1993 annual report devotes a special chapter to operations cofihanced under heading 
B7-5010. Because of the large number of cofinancing operations, no list of projects and 
development education campaigns has been attached to the report with a view to keeping 
it within manageable proportions: lists can be obtained from the Directorate-General for 
Development (VIII/B/2). 
-2 
EC COOPERATION WITH NGDOs IN 1993 
In 1993 the Community contribution to operations carried out by NGDOs amounted to 
ECU 703.3 million, broken down as follows: 
ECU 120.8 million for cofinancing development projects in the developing countries 
(Item B7-5010), an increase of 23.3% on 1992; 
ECU 13.5 million for cofinancing public information campaigns in the Community 
on development issues (Item B7-5010), 18.4% up on 1992; 
ECU 169 million for food aid (Chapter 72), down 33% on 1992; 
ECU 5 million for the purchase of food products by NGDOs (Item B7-5011), up 25 % 
on 1992; . 
ECU 200 million for humanitarian aid (Item B7-510), up 82% on 1992; 
ECU 39.5 million for refugees and displaced persons (Article B7-302), roughly the 
same as in 1992; 
ECU 4.8 million for aid to NGDOs operating in Chile, with a view to strengthening 
the democratic process and contributing to economic cooperation with Chile 
(Item B7-5013), up 7% on 1992; 
ECU 5.7 million for drug abuse control (Item B7-5080), up 36% on 1992; 
ECU 90 million for aid for victims of apartheid (Item B7-5070), up 12.5 % on 1992; 
ECU 16 million for assistance for rehabilitation programmes in Southern Africa 
(Item B7-5071), up 37% on 1992; 
ECU 35 million for aid to NGDOs operating in the West Bank and Gaza territories 
(Article B7-4083), just over double the 1992 figure; 
ECU 2 million for aid to NGDOs operating in Vietnam (Item B7-5074), up 33% on 
1992; 
3 -
ECU 1 million for aid to NGDOs operating in Cambodia (Item B7-5075), double the 
1992 figure. 
ECU 1 million for NGDO projects in the context of decentralized cooperation. 
(Item B7-5077) ( 
This total contribution of ECU 703.3 million in 1993 represents an increase of 11 % over 
1992 (ECU 634 million) and a 46% increase over 1991 (ECU 480 million). 
The wide range of budget headings open to NGDOs reflects their ability to operate in 
many sectors, particularly in fields where official Community aid cannot operate or 
where it is preferable to encourage operations via NGDOs. NGDOs also have an 
important role to play in the follow-up to humanitarian operations financed by the 
European Community in connection with reconstruction and rehabilitation and in 
furthering human rights and democracy. 
Note that the above list covers only the most significant spheres of cooperation with 
NGDOs, and those in which NGDO activities are financed regularly and for sizeable 
amounts. In recent years, there have also been pilot and one-off operations, carried out 
by NGDOs to help developing countries and financed either from other budget headings 
or by the European Development Fund (EDF). Since these operations are administered 
on a decentralized basis by a large number of Commission departments, it was not 
possible to compile a detailed list for the purposes of this report. 
The following chapters contain a more detailed account of the various areas of 
cooperation with NGDOs in 1993. 
1. COFINANCING OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND PUBLIC 
INFORMATION CAMPAIGNS (Item B7-5010 of the budget) 
1.1. Overview 
In 1993 NGDOs again showed themselves to be well able to absorb the financial 
resources made available to them via EC cofinancing. The large number of requests was 
a direct consequence of projects and requests put to European NGDOs by partners in the 
South, and of the NGDOs' drive in mobilizing other financial resources, whether public 
or private. 
ECU 135 million were entered in the 1993 budget as appropriations for commitment 
under Item B7-5010, a large increase compared with previous years. As in previous 
years, practically the whole sum had been committed by the end of the year, as the table 
below shows: 
YEAR AVAILABLE 
APPROPRIATIONS COMMITMENTS 
(ECU m) COMMITMENT 
RATE 
( %) 
1976 
1979 
1982 
1984 
1986 
1987 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
1993 2.5 
12.5 
28.0 
35.0 
46.0 
62.8 
80.0 
80.0 
90.2 
104.6 
110.0 
135.0 2.5 
12.2 
26.9 
34.4 
45.0 
62.8 
79.8 
79.6 
90.2 
104.1 
109.9 
135.0 100 
98 
96 
98 
98 
100 
100 
99.5 
100 
99.5 
100 
100 
In 1993, thé overall figures for cofinanced operations (development projects and 
information campaigns) were as follows:1 
1226 cofinancing applications dealt with by the Commission's departments, 
requesting a total Community contribution of ECU 289.41 million (not including a 
very large number of applications submitted informally for the purpose of verifying 
whether a formal request would be eligible and ruled out following preliminary 
discussions with Commission staff); 
727 operations cofinanced for a total Community contribution of ECU 134.3 million 
(in financial terms, 46% of the total applications handled); 
220 applications, corresponding to requested financing of ECU 47.1 million, which 
were turned down or withdrawn (16%); 
279 applications, representing financing of ECU 108.01 million, still under appraisal 
at the end of 1993 (37.3%). 
The Commission was able to meet more requests in 1993 because the budget had 
increased by ECU 25 million compared with 1992. 
Commission departments continued to handle a large number of requests, in accordance 
with the criteria and rules laid down in the General Conditions for Cofinancing.2 In 
examining each dossier, they considered the professionalism and financial soundness of 
the NGDO; the quality of the project; the Southern partner's operational capacity and the 
quality of the ties between it and the European NGDO; the impact of the project and its 
viability, and the potential multiplier effect for the target groups concerned. 
The rigorous selection procedure which the Commission had to apply necessarily meant 
that some NGDOs which presented worthwhile projects had to be disappointed. As in 
the past, the Commission tried to uphold the basic principles on which cofinancing is 
based with a view to maintaining a high standard for the projects cofinanced, ensuring 
that "small" NGDOs have access to funds and that decision-making is rapid. 
i A full list of development operations in the developing countries and campaigns to 
educate public opinion cofinanced by the Commission in 1993 may be obtained from 
the "Decentralized Cooperation and Cofinancing with NGOs" Unit (VIII/B/2), 200 
rue de la Loi, 1049 Brussels. 
Commission of the European Communities, General Conditions for the Cofinancing 
of Projects undertaken in Developing Countries by Non-Governmental Organizations 
(reference VIII/764/87) and General Conditions for the Cofinancing of Projects to 
Raise Public Awareness of Development Issues Carried Out by Non-Governmental 
Organizations in the European Community (reference VIII/271/87). 
The amount of payment appropriations under Item B7-5010 available in 1993 rose to 
ECU 115 060 000. Payments made in the course of the year amounted to 
ECU 115 059 000, of which ECU 67.6 million to finance commitments made in 
preceding years. 
The increase in the 1994 cofinancing budget (to ECU 145 million) will help in trying 
to satisfy applications but it is only too likely that, as in the past, demand by NGDOs 
will continue to rise in coming years. 
1.2. Cofinancing of development projects in developing countries 
1.2.1. European NGDOs' sustained support for partners in the South 
In 1993, as in previous years, the Commission channelled approximately 90% of the 
appropriations under Item B7-5010 into the cofinancing of operations conducted in the 
developing countries, the balance being earmarked mainly for cofinancing campaigns to 
increase public awareness in the Community. 
For operations in developing countries, the situation regarding requests and commitments 
was as follows: 
1 018 cofinancing applications handled by the Commission for a total Community 
contribution of ECU 268 million (an increase of 25% over 1992 in financial terms); 
192 applications, requiring financing of ECU. 44.2 million, turned down or 
withdrawn; 
244 applications, representing financing of ECU 103 million, were still at the 
appraisal stage at the end of the year; 
582 operations cofinanced with a Community contribution of ECU 120.8 million (an 
increase of 23% over 1992). 
It should be stressed that the Community continues to abide by the principle of giving 
special consideration to applications from new NGDOs. It helps new NGDOs to increase 
their level of professionalism, either directly or with the help of experienced NGDOs. 
There was a modest increase in the financial scale of the projects cofinanced; the average 
Community contribution rose to ECU 207 478 per project in 1993, from ECU 202 417 
in 1992. 
1.2.2. Block grants 
If a European NGDO has worked with the Commission satisfactorily for a number of 
years, the Commission may offer it an extra facility, namely access to the block-grant 
system. 
NGDOs value the system highly because it offers them rapid and flexible financing for 
a wide range of mini-projects (e.g. the purchase of equipment, construction of small 
infrastructure, training, health, etc.) and allows them to meet the needs of the recipient 
groups with a kind of "capillary action". These mini-projects are often identified by 
NGDOs to complement the larger projects that they are supporting or they may serve to 
establish the initial contacts for cooperation with new partners in the South. 
Between 1983 and 1993, the Commission cofinanced 914 block grants relating to 11 409 
mini-projects accounting for a total of ECU 103.1 million. The average Community 
contribution was therefore ECU 9 037. The following table shows how block grants have 
evolved in recent years, with a rise in the amounts committed and the number of 
mini-projects carried out. 
YEAR 
1983 
1984 
1985 
1986 
1987 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
1993 AMOUNT OF BLOCK 
GRANTS 
2,3 
3.1 
3.7 
5.7 
6.8 
8.8 
9.9 
9.7 
13.1 
18.1 
21.9 % OF 
COMMITMENTS 
UNDER ARTICLE 
7 , 
9 
II 
13 
11 
11 
12,4 
10.8 
126 
16.5 
16.2 NO OF 
BLOCK GRANTS 
34 
39 
43 
50 
59 
79 
96 
97 
118 
140 
159 NO OF 
MINI-PROJECTS 
296 
383 
450 
671 
822 
961 
1 082 
1 099 
1 447 
1 935 
2 263 AMOUNT GIVEN BY 
' THE COMMUNITY PER 
MINI-PROJECT 
(ECU) 
7770 
8202 
8 146 
8 507 
X 272 
9 153 
9 105 
8 857 
9061 
9 363 
9666 
1.2.3. Recipient groups and sectors in developing countries 
A wide range of development projects were cofinanced in 1993. We have chosen 
examples to illustrate the recipient groups and the various sectors. 
Among beneficiaries of NGDO projects women have assumed great importance. 
The Commission cofinanced a number of projects that enhance the role of women in 
productive and income-generating activities in both urban and rural areas (projects in 
Argentina, Tunisia and Bolivia, for example), and provide vocational training 
(Mozambique and Lebanon), health education (Gambia) and support for organizations 
promoting women's rights (Morocco and Colombia). 
8-
Street children are another important group of beneficiaries - in recent years they have 
become a particularly vulnerable group in the large cities of the South. In 1993 the 
Commission cofinanced various projects aimed at reinsertion, training and prevention 
(Honduras, Mozambique and Rwanda) and setting-up vocational training centres (Brazil 
and Chile). 
There were also projects aimed at, and involving, indigenous peoples and their 
representative organizations in areas such as protection of fundamental rights, productive 
development, bilingual education and environmental protection. The countries concerned 
included Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Thailand and India. 
Disabled people form another important group of beneficiaries in the developing 
countries (training, reintegration and other projects in Nigeria Uganda and Sudan, for 
example). 
Development projects in developing countries are inserted in different sectors. 
As regards the sectors of activity, priority continued to be given to rural development, 
training and health in 1993. These are sectors that are important both in terms of needs 
and the number of initiatives emanating from people in the South themselves. 
There were a good number of integrated development projects, this being a feature of 
NGDOs' work and one of the best ways of triggering grassroots development.1 
Integrated development projects generally involve various types of groupings (peasant 
associations, small cooperatives, village associations ; women's organizations, etc.) and 
embrace more than one sector, for instance combinations of agriculture, craft trades, 
training, health, environmental protection and the building of infrastructure. 
A wide range of health projects were cofinanced in 1993: training and health education 
(India, Kenya, Iraqi Kurdistan and Nepal), community health and sanitation programmes 
(Bangladesh, Laos, Zimbabwe, Sao Tome & Principe), mother-and-child health (Zaire 
and China) various hospital programmes (Tanzania and Sri Lanka). Family planning and 
mother-and-child protection were a priority in a number of developing countries 
(Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Pakistan). 
Productive projects have assumed a growing importance among the projects cofinanced 
in recent years. This trend was accentuated in 1993 with the cofinancing of projects 
such as: support for micro-enterprises in the informal sector (Paraguay, Peru and the 
Dominican Republic); development of the crafts sector (Lesotho and Guatemala); 
1 An evaluation of integrated evaluation projects is under way and the results will give 
us more detailed information about this type of cofinanced project. 
-9-
livestock production (Mozambique); credit lines for small businesses via intermediary 
banks (Namibia). 
A wide variety of projects furthered the essential objectives of sustainable development: 
food security, environmental protection, desertification control, training, credit, etc. 
(Zimbabwe, Mexico, Namibia and Brazil). 
Training remains important: projects covered vocational training, training of instructors, 
training in appropriate technologies and the like (Indonesia, India, Brazil and Rwanda). 
1.2.4. Recipient groups and countries 
The 582 development projects cofinanced in 1993 were carried out in 106 developing 
countries. 
The geographical breakdown was as follows: 
, 
- Sub-Saharan Africa 
- Latin America 
- Asia 
-Mediterranean 
- Pacific 
-Other 
TOTAL : 1993 
(ECU m) 
46.2 
45.4 
22.4 
4.8 
0.5 
1.5 
120.8 1993 
•<%) 
38.3 
37.6 
18.5 
4.0 
0.4 
1.2 
100.0 1992 
(%) 
363 
43.5 
15.5 
3.8 
0.4 
0.5 
100.0 1991 
(%) 
39.3 
40.0 
13.8 
6.0 
0.9 
100.0 
- 10 
The breakdown between ACP and non-ACP countries was as follows: 
- ACP countries 
- Non-ACP 
countries 
TOTAL: 1993 
(ECU m) 
51.4 
69.4 
120.8 1993 
(%) 
42.5 
57.5 
100.0 1992 
(%) 
38.5 
61.5 
100.0 1991 
(%) 
44 
56 
100.0 
Some comments can be made on these two tables and the projects financed in 1993 and 
previous years. 
In 1993 the downwards trend in financing for sub-Saharan Africa was reversed. There 
was also a marked increased in financing for Asia, while Latin America, which had 
enjoyed a major increase in funding the two previous years, fell back slightly. 
It is difficult to give an exhaustive explanation for these fluctuations because differences 
in geographical breakdown from one year to the next are the result of a multitude of 
factors. Nevertheless, we can pick out some which give an overall picture. In the case 
of Africa, serious economic and social problems, political conflicts, dictatorships and 
civil wares have reduced the possibilities for project implementation by grassroots 
organizations. 
Looking at the trends for individual countries in recent years, we see that some African 
countries, such as Mozambique, Cameroon, Namibia and Zaire (where NGO cofinancing 
is a way of continuing humanitarian aid to a country where official development 
assistance is suspended), have seen an increase in contributions, while those of Burundi, 
Rwanda and Sudan have diminished. 
In Latin America, Brazil, Peru and Bolivia, for example, remain major recipients. 
In Asia, India, traditionally the leading recipient, saw a further increase in cofinanced 
projects. There was also a large increase in Bangladesh. 
-11 
1.3 Cofinancing of public-awareness campaigns in the CninmiiTiity 
1.3.1 Sustained Community support for the NGDOs and the situation in 1993 
From a modest beginning of 17 projects cofinanced at a cost of almost ECU 200 000, 
the budget has increased considerably in recent years. In 1993 145 projects totalling 
ECU 13.5 million were cofinanced, which accounted for some 10% of budget Item 
B7-5010. Between 1979 and 1993 the Commission cofinanced 1 177 awareness 
campaigns totalling ECU 81.7 million in the twelve Member States. 
In 1993, the situation regarding requests and commitments was as follows: • 
- 174 cofinancing applications handled by the Commission (not including multiproject 
programmes) requesting a total Community contribution of ECU 19.97 million; 
- 28 applications, requiring financing of ECU 2.9 million, turned down or withdrawn. 
These applications represented in financial terms 14,5% of the total number of 
applications handled; 
- 35 applications, representing financing of ECU 5.01 million, still under appraisal at 
the end of 1993; 
- Ill projects cofinanced, with a Community contribution of ECU 12.06 million (a 
21.8% increase over 1992). 
In addition, the Community cofinanced 34 multiproject programmes with a Community 
contribution of ECU 1.44 million. 
1.3.2 Types of development education project 
Schools are a key target of development education projects, the main aim of which is to 
produce teaching materials and train teachers to use the material and lead classroom 
discussion. The subjects are very varied, although there is a preference for general 
topics on North-South relations, cultural or daily life, the social and economic situation 
in the developing countries, the environment and so on. Note that school-curriculum 
reforms in some European countries have given the NGDOs an opportunity to get 
development education included in the school system. 
Other target groups of awareness-raising campaigns are policy-makers, NGDOs 
themselves (members and partners), young people, the media, etc. Some of the topics 
covered in projects cofinanced in 1993 include: Europe after 1993 and the developing 
countries; international trade and North-South relations (in connection with GATT); 
democracy and development; environment and development, North-South intercultural 
relations, immigration and development, fair trade, and the like. 
- 12 -
Most projects employed a mix of communication techniques such as: publications, 
audiovisual material, teaching materials, community activities, exhibitions, lobbying, etc. 
1.3.3 Alternative trade: an example of development education 
Various groups, cooperatives, associations, etc. throughout Europe (within and without 
the Community) have been working for years to promote fair trade in a spirit of 
solidarity, and have achieved a good degree of international organization: European Fair 
Trade Association (EFTA), Transfair International, Max Havelaar, Oxfam-UK, 
Cooperazione Terzo Mondo, Magasins du Monde, etc. 
A feature of alternative-trade projects is the slightly higher than normal price which the 
consumer is willing to pay (thanks to the influence of NGDO campaigns) in the interest 
of better earnings for small producers. 
Thus fair trade offers not only a label of quality for consumers in the North but also a 
contribution to development initiatives in the South. These projects make it possible to 
combine better prices for Southern producers that are acceptable to consumers while 
ensuring product quality and market transparency, a basis for the system's success and 
an advantage for consumers. 
The main products sold in this way are: coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate, dried bananas, 
medicinal plants, dried fruits and seeds, jute products, craft products, textiles and 
stationery. 
In 1992 and 1993 the Commission provided specific financing for 11 development 
education projects on fair trade issues in six Member States (the Netherlands, Belgium, 
Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland and Italy). Their main aims were to: 
- raise public awareness about fair trade and relations between the developing world and 
the North; 
- promote the idea of solidarity in connection with consumption in Europe and an 
equitable, sustainable development in the South 
- educate and inform the public at large about the situation of small producers in the 
South and the difficulty of getting their products onto the world market; 
- promote coordination and complementarity between the systems set up by various 
initiatives to promote alternative trade in the Member States. 
13 -
1.4 Cofinancing programme from 1976 to 1993 
The cofinancing programme under Item B7-5010 was launched in 1976 on a trial basis 
with a small amount of commitment appropriations (ECU 2.5 million). In following 
years these appropriations were gradually increased, partly as a result of the active 
support given by Parliament, and in 1993 reached ECU 135 million. The table in 
paragraph 1.1 shows the rise in the appropriations available under Item B7-5010 since 
1976. 
During this period, 6 755 NGDO projects were cofinanced; the total Community 
contribution to these projects was ECU 886.9 million. 
The breakdown of projects in the developing countries and education campaigns was as 
follows: 
1976-1993 
Projects in developing 
countries 
Education projects * 
TOTAL NUMBER OF PROJECTS 
5 579 
1 176 
6 755 EC 
CONTRIBUTION 
(ECU m) 
805.1 
81.8 
886.9 % 
91 
9 
100 
5 579 development projects were carried out by 593 NGDOs in 122 developing 
countries. 
- x ' , , . •. 
The geographical breakdown of Community contributions to these projects is as follows: 
1976-1993 ECU m . % 
Sub-Saharan Africa 328,7 40.8 
Latin America 281.5 35:0 
Asia 147.9 18.4 
Mediterranean 39.8 4.9 
Pacific 4.8 0.6 
Other . 2.4 03 
TOTAL 805.1 100.0 
The ACP countries received 43% and the non-ACP countries 57% of the total Community 
contribution. ' 
Tables I and II in the Annex show respectively the breakdown by recipient developing 
country and by Community Member State. 
- 14 
1 176 education campaigns were implemented by 382 NGDOs in the twelve Member 
States. 
Roughly half of all projects cofinanced and 58% of all commitments took place in the last 
five financial years, from 1988 to 1993. This reflects not only the rapid growth of the 
cofinancing programme over the last few years but also an increase in the average 
financial scale of the projects cofinanced, mainly as a result of inflation and the 
emergence of larger projects conducted by consortia of NGDOs. The average Community 
contribution to projects in the developing countries thus rose from ECU 123 000 in 1985 
to ECU 207 498 in 1993, and the average contribution to education campaigns from 
ECU 82 027 to ECU 93 096. 
1.5 Evaluation 
Since the end of 1991 the Commission has launched four thematic evaluation exercises 
concerning projects cofinanced with the NDGOs in the developing countries. They cover: 
(a) institutional support for grassroots organizations;1 
(b) vocational training;2 
(c) integrated development; 
(d) savings and loans projects. 
The 1992 annual report contained a summary of the main conclusions of the first two 
evaluation exercises; the other two are under way and summary reports will be ready in 
1994. 
1.5.1 Evaluation of savings and loans projects 
The specific objective of this evaluation exercise is to assess the relevance, quality and 
sustainability of operations conducted by the NGDOs and cofinanced by the Commission 
in the field of savings and loans. Savings and loans projects may encompass activities 
aimed at helping to develop and diversify business initiatives, particularly at grassroots 
level, to increase recipients' income and to promote the emergence of new agents of 
development. 
COTA Evaluation of EC-NGO cofinancing for institutional support for 
grassroots organizations. Summary report, Brussels, March 1993. 
SACED Evaluation of NGO vocational training projects cofinanced by the 
EC. Summary report, Paris, February 1994. 
15 
Although the summary report of this thematic evaluation is not quite ready, some 
conclusions can already be drawn. 
In the South we can pick out three types of organization which are developing a different 
approach: (a) NGDOs that specialize in this type of project, i.e. they not only offer credit, 
they themelves constitute a credit system; (b) NGDOs with multiple activities (education, 
health, etc.): if credit is an important part of their work, they will create a special 
structure to handle credit activities; (c) grassroots organizations: credit operations directly 
run by such organizations generally fail to give good results, which is why they often set 
up separate structures to handle credit operations. 
The term "savings and loans" is in fact ambiguous because it embraces two sectors: the 
objectives, methods and organization will differ radically depending on whether the aim 
is to mobilize savings or provide credit. 
Note also that the more the beneficiaries are involved in the system's dçcision-making, 
the greater the need for organization and training of beneficiaries and their representatives, 
plus guidance for running the structures thus created. 
The credit requirements of groups defined as "marginal" are structural and call for a 
structural response, namely permanent organizations offering viable solutions. This 
demands a high level of professionalism and organization on a greater scale than is 
traditional and the creation of special banks. This is where EC cofinancing with NGDOs 
comes in useful. It can, and does, provide a "laboratory" for trying out new structures 
and then providing financing during the start-up phase. It is a good tool that has proved 
its value. 
1.5.2 Evaluation of integrated development projects 
Evaluation of projects on the ground took place in the summer of 1993: of the 23 projects 
selected, 16 were evaluated on the spot (6 in Africa, 6 in Latin America and 4 in Asia) 
and the other seven on the basis of project dossiers. 
1.6 Relations with the NGDO Liaison Committee 
Over a period of 20 years the Commission has built up close relations with the NGDO 
Liaison Committee, which is a democratic umbrella group for more than 700 European 
NGDOs. There is a representative from each Member State, elected by national platform. 
- 16-
Once a year the Committee holds a General Assembly, which is the association's supreme 
body. The 19th Assembly took place on 14-16 April 1993 and had as its theme 
"European Development Policy". There were four workshops where NGDO 
representatives discussed poverty, sustainable development, democracy and development, 
and migration. A number of recommendations were adopted. 
The Commission has regular meetings with the Committee to discuss NGDO-related issues 
such as development policy and financing, development education and the like. 
In 1993 the Committee put forward proposals to the Commission aimed at improving the 
rules on NGDO cofinancing and simplifying the procedures. 
1.7 Conclusions and outlook 
In 1993, as in previous years, the results of cooperation between the European Union and 
NGDOs were fruitful and encouraging, and the amount of Community resources made 
available to the various NGDO schemes rose from ECU 480 million ECU in 1991 to 
ECU 634 million in 1992 and ECU 703 million in 1993. 
Non-governmental development aid will have an increasingly important role to play in 
meeting the challenges generated by a greater commitment. and a greater show of 
solidarity on the part of Europe vis-à-vis the developing world. To assume this role fully, 
they must try to become more professional as regards the nature and formulation of their 
objectives and their financial management, which should be sound and transparent.. 
Inter-organizational coordination also needs to be stepped up in the interests of increasing 
the impact of their projects in the South and the involvement of the general public in the 
North. 
Although the EU's aid is directed to all developing countries,there are some geographical 
areas, such as the Maghreb, where NGDO activities are still thin on the ground. Our 
historical, geographical and cultural links with these countries, and the seriousness of the 
socio-economic problems engendered by large migratory movements into Europe, lead us 
to act together to take practical steps to foster the development of their civil societies, a 
task for which the help of European NGDOs will be needed. 
Lastly, it is important that European NGDOs strengthen their links with NGOs and 
grassroots organizations in the South so that they are more receptive to new initiatives 
from the South. 
- 17 
II. OTHER AREAS OF COOPERATION WITH NGDOs 
2.1 Food aid channelled through NGDOs (Chapter 72 of the budget) 
In 1993 Community food aid channelled through NGDOs totalled ECU 169 421 000. 
This accounts for 27.2% of all EC-financed food aid. 
Food aid allocated under the 1993 programme was up by 7.2% oh the 1991 figure 
(ECU 158 040 000). 
The programme of food aid channelled through NGDOs is run by EuronAid, a service agency 
established and managed by 24 European and international NGDOs which are among the 
principal handlers of Community food aid. The procedures governing the delivery and use of 
aid by NGDOs, and the justifications they have to provide are decided by the Commission in 
consultation with EuronAid. 
The third link in this chain are the Commission's desk officers and, above all, the Commission 
Delegations, which play an active "on-the-spot" role at every stage of the execution of food aid 
operations. > 
The overall total of products made available to the NGDOs under the programme breaks down 
as follows: 
PRODUCT QUANTITY % VARIATION ON 
(tonnes) 1992 , 
Cereals . 367,780 +19.0 
Skimmed milk powder 16,692 +10.5 
Sugar 3,661 +6.5 
Vegetable oil 22,075 +32.8 
Legumes 41,428 +29.5 
Dried fish | 156 | -55.2 
A. Types of operation 
In 1993 NGDOs implemented operations in the following sectors (calculations based on 
tonnage): 
• 1993 1992 
Development projects 47% 17% 
Projects to aid refugees 4% 5% 
Social assistance projects 16% 28% 
Relief operations 32% 50% 
(famines, displaced 
persons, etc.) 
As the table below shows, a relative improvement in the food situation in most of the 
developing world after the famine that called for a special programme in 1991-92 meant that 
programmed food aid could once again be used to finance development projects, which is the 
principal aim. 
Projects so financed fell into the following categories: 
Development 
Food for work 
Training 
School meals 
Nutrition 
Rehabilitation 
Other 
TOTAL 20% 
2% 
2% 
4% 
10% 
9% 
47% 
- 19-
B. Examples of projects 
7. Food for workin Vietnam - OXFAM (B) 
Since 1989 500 000 people in Vietnam have taken part in food for work programmes 
run by OXFAM and financed by the European Commission. 
Under the 1992-93 programme 4 300 tonnes of wheat flour were sold for about 
ECU 750 000, which was used to buy 5 019 tonnes of rice locally. The work 
supplied was used for 10 projects to build dams and dykes and carry out drainage 
and irrigation works in the Nghe An, Ha Tinh and Thanh Hoa regions. The aim is 
to protect the land against salt and rain water and so increase the area under 
cultivation. These projects were made possible by food aid. These particular 
projects directly involved 150 000 people who previously endured food shortages for 
more than three months in the year. 
2. Purchase and distribution of 4 000 tonnes of seed in Peru - Caritas (Peru) 
The first phase of this rehabilitation programme, which was initiated after the great 
drought of 1992, was carried out in 1993. The programme was designed to aid 
farmers in the Sierra region who had lost their crops after the unusually severe 
drought. The Commission financed the purchase of 4 330 tonnes of seed, which 
were distributed to farmers of the "Sierra Central", who were among the worst hit 
by the 1992 drought. A lower than forecast purchase price obtained by the 
programme meant that 8% more than the proposed quantity was bought. 
The programme involved the distribution of seed, the setting-up of revolving stocks 
and seed-growing nurseries. The recipients undertook to return a corresponding 
» amount of seed. They were thus able to return to their traditional eating habits, 
conserve stocks for the next marketing year, "repay" the seed loan from the 
revolving stock and slowly improve their living conditions. 
In 1993 69 500 families that benefitted under the programme were able to cultivate 
4 115 hectares using the seed thus provided. 
3. Soil and water conservation programme in Eritrea - LWF/ECE 
The programme provides for the building of 18 dams in three years (1993-95) and 
is coordinated by the three ministries concerned (Agriculture, Energy and Health). 
Each dam will cost about ECU 140 000 to build. 
-20-
Apart from the LWF project staff, all the work is done by the people concerned in 
return for food aid - on average 1 500 tonnes of cereals and 60 tonnes of vegetable 
oil to some 1500 participants. 
The works carried out should ensure a permanent supply of water for 90 000 to 
100 000 people. The health component of the project aimed at improved hygiene, 
possible thanks to the new water supply. 
2.2 Cofinancing for the purchase of food products and seeds bv international 
organizations and NGOs (B7-5011) 
The entire ECU 5 million budget for 1993 was allocated to NGOs. Some twenty projects 
have already been approved: ECU 3.7 million, 77% of the budget, went to Africa, while 
Latin America got 17% and Asia only 6%. 
A large proportion of the 1993 projects was concerned with rural development - about half 
the projects approved involved provision of seeds and/or tools. Rural development and 
food security do not depend solely on the sowing of seeds, however - much emphasis was 
laid on education and food for work projects. Most food products were bought on local 
markets, giving regional commerce a boost. 
Example: soil conservation in El Salvador - CRS 
This cofinanced operation is part of a much larger soil conservation programme. The 
beneficiaries received food from the WFP and their contribution to the project was put at 
about 25% of the total. 
The Commission cofinanced the purchase and transport of seeds for both food crops and 
plants to conserve the soil. The NGO supplied technical assistance and training for the 
peasant farmers. Soil erosion is a big problem in certain parts of the country and action 
on this front can only improve food security and promote development. 
2.3 Community contribution to storage programmes and early warning systems (B7-2071) 
Both the number of projects and the amount of financing accorded under this heading 
doubled in 1993 following an information campaign mounted by EuronAid in 1992. 
-21 -
The ECU 1 087 450 accorded in 1993 was used as follows: 
ECU 489 600 for building food storage facilities in Nicaragua and Zimbabwe; 
. ECU 166 100 for a risk-mapping system to identify groups at risk in certain 
situations, such as bad harvests, price fluctuations, interruption of trade flows, etc, 
in six African countries: Ethiopia, Mozambique, Mali, Malawi, Sudan and Kenya; 
ECU 291 750 for setting up an early-warning and food-security system in the 
Darfur region of Sudan to deal with famine and lack of food security among 
vulnerable groups (2 500 000 people): 
. ECU 140 000 for a study of the impact of the corn weevil on the cereals market and 
food security in West Africa with the aim of identifying the measures needed to 
control this pest in the region. 
2.4 European Community Humanitarian Office 
2.4.1. ECHO: background and mandate. 
Although ECHO was formally set up in April 1992, 1993 was the first full year of operations 
for the new organisation. 
The Commission mandated ECHO to take fuUresponsibility for a coherent administration of 
the following tasks (outside the borders of the Union) which had previously been carried out 
by several services within the Commission: 
(a) Humanitarian Aid 
(b) Emergency Food Aid 
(c) Prevention and disaster preparedness activities 
•• i • • • • ' 
Priorities were: concentrating and re-organising the Commission's internal resources; achieving 
increased efficiency through better external coordination with ECHO'S partners (NGOs, UN 
agencies and international organisations); establishing closer relations with Member States; 
initiating work on disaster preparedness; engaging in direct actions if other solutions were not 
available or inadequate. 
ECHO has in addition been entrusted with ensuring coherent Commission policy and action in 
favour of refugees in conjunction with other relevant Commission services. 
-22 -
2.4.2. Operations. 
Throughout 1993 ECHO responded to the pressing needs of victims of catastrophes in around 
50 developing countries across the globe involving over 700 contracts of humanitarian aid for 
a total of 605 MECU. From the Union's budget the share amounted to 515 MECU including 
a reserve of 212 MECU; from the Lomé III & IV Conventions a total of 90 MECU. 
Geographically this went to ex-Yugoslavia (63.4 per cent), ACP countries (16.1 per cent), the 
republics of the former Soviet Union (8.2 per cent), Iraq (3.4 per cent), the rest of Asia (3>2 
per cent), Latin America (2.0 per cent) and North Africa (3.6 per cent). 
In all theatres of disaster and conflict it is partners, primarily experienced and competent NGOs, 
who execute, and in many cases initiate, the humanitarian effort funded by the Commission. 
a). Former Yugoslavia: the Union's aid to the 4.5 million victims of the conflict is a 
manifestation of its support and solidarity, with 685 MECU contributed by the 
Commission since the beginning of the conflict. Together with the EU member states' 
contribution of 276 MECU, the combined EU effort is close to 1 billion ECU or 65 per 
cent of the global international aid to the conflict. For 1993 alone, Commission 
humanitarian aid to the former Yugoslavia totalled 395 MECU or 63.4 per cent of all 
humanitarian aid administered by ECHO during 1993. Of this amount about 38.3 per cent 
has been channelled through NGOs. In these operations the European Community Task 
Force (ECTF) in Zagreb has been particularly successful with regard to the logistic 
support provided for implementing agencies such as UNHCR and various NGOs. 
b) ACP countries saw a total of 100.1 MECU directed towards the victims of conflicts, 
droughts and other natural catastrophes. Of this amount around 82.2 MECU was financed 
through Art. 254 of the Lomé IV Convention and 7.8 MECU through the Lomé III 
Convention. Special mention should be made of those ACP countries where populations 
suffer from the effects of different kinds of conflicts, such as in: Angola, Burundi, 
Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Zaire, and Haiti. These countries have 
taken up about 80 % of the resources allocated to ACP countries. 
Burundi: with ethnic violence unleashing a massive exodus of people to 
neighbouring countries, immediate assistance (food, shelter and medical attendance) 
of 6.5 MECU was enlarged subsequently with NGO and UN partners into a global 
plan for 18 MECU. 
-23-
Somalia: 12.3 MECU funded medical and sanitary assistance, water supply projects 
and hygiene facilities to civil war victims. A further 2.4 MECU went mainly in 
support of Somalian refugees in camps in northern Kenya. 
Sudan: 10,4 MECU allocated mainly for the south of the country for air-lifted food 
aid and other relief items as well as medical and support personnel. 
Liberia: 9 MECU for food aid, medical and sanitary assistance as well as shelter to 
the victims of the civil war. 
Angola: ECHO funded operations in this theatre of prolonged civil war for 7 MECU 
mainly for medical and sanitary assistance, food aid, kitchen utensils and shelter. 
Zaire: 7.8 MECU provided in humanitarian aid towards displaced persons in the 
Shaba and Kivu Provinces. The aid has included food aid, medical and sanitary 
assistance, shelter and Utensils. 
Other major ACP recipients of ECHO aid were: Mozambique, Haiti, Ghana, Benin, Fiji and 
Djibouti. 
c). Ex-USSR. Operations totalling received 51.3MECU went to stricken populations in these 
countries during 1993. Action was at first difficult to initiate given the relatively few 
experienced partners, especially NGOs, on the ground. 
Armenia, Azerbaïdjan and Georgia accounted for two thirds of aid to the CIS. 
Almost 2 million refugees and internally displaced people fled from the Nagorno-
Karabakh dispute and the civil war in Georgia. Aid has consisted of shelter, 
medicines and food supplies while in Armenia it also went to rehabilitation of mini-
hydro electric plants (for heating) and seed potatoes. 
Tadjikistan and Kyrgyzstan: funding totalling 9.3 MECU met acute needs for 
heating material, food and medicines in a situation where up to half the population 
in many areas was vulnerable. 
Russian Federation: humanitarian aid of 4.8 MECU included medical assistance 
countrywide and canteens in Moscow. 
24 -
Ukraine: aid of 0.9 MECU covered medicines following severe floods; specific 
assistance to Chernobyl victims (0.5 MECU) comprised assistance to the Ukraine, 
the Russian Federation and Belarus. 
d). Iraq. Humanitarian relief totalling 21.5 MECU for 39 projects was provided during 
1993. ECHO-funded projects mainly covered food aid, mine clearance, rural rehabilitation 
and medical assistance. Close liaison is maintained with actors in the field, notably NGOs 
to keep under review the difficulties in implementation and future needs for the whole 
country. 
e). Asia. Recovery from the conflict progresses in Cambodia and there are hopes that 
recovery will resume in Afghanistan. About 5 MECU went to these 2 countries from 
ECHO in 1993. In Cambodia, resources have been mainly concentrated on mine 
clearance and medical aid for returning refugees; in Afghanistan food aid went to victims 
of earlier fighting in Kabul and to Tadjik refugees forced to remain in the country. 
In Nepal, 1.8 MECU paid for medical assistance and shelter to Buthanese refugees and 
to flood victims. In India, 1 MECU went to victims of the earthquake in Maharashtra 
State. Pakistan received,0.5 MECU to combat locusts. Mongolia was granted 1.8 MECU 
in food aid and medicines for victims of a severe winter. 
f). Palestine/Israel. After the Israel-Palestine peace agreement humanitarian aid was needed 
to assist the return of Palestinians to Jericho and Cisjordania. For the whole of 1993, 
10.4 MECU went towards humanitarian aid in the territory, including medical supplies 
and medicines to hospitals, shelter and basic health care. 
g). Latin America. A total of 12 MECU was allocated in 1993, almost 8 MECU of which 
went to Cuba for victims of a hurricane and of floods and for a neuropathy epidemic. 
Subsequently, ECHO provided family parcels specially designed to improve the nutrional 
status of the population exposed to this disease as well as medicines and sanitary products. 
Tropical storms leading to damage and flooding prompted ECHO to provide humanitarian 
aid (mostly medical assistance and shelter) to Colombia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and 
Honduras. Aid to Colombia went also to victims of earthquakes and to those hit by 
epidemics of cholera in Brasil, Bolivia and Peru. 
25 
2.4.3. Working with partners. 
In ECHO'S relations with its partners, especially with Non-Governmental Organisations, this 
was a year of major innovation, re-organisation and consolidation of relations. NGOs, after all, 
are ECHQ's primary operational partners in the field. In 1993 a total of 200 MECU or 44 per 
cent of all operational funding decided by ECHO was deployed in partnership with NGOs. 
The beginning of the year ushered in a major debate within the NGO community and between 
NGOs and ECHO about the shape and nature of their future relationship. The apex of the 
dialogue was reached in May when ECHO produced a first draft of its proposed Framework 
Partnership Agreement (FPA). ' 
It had become necessary for the Commission to structure and institutionalize its long-term 
relations with these organisations. 
Hence, the Commission adopted on 5 May 1993 the model of the Framework Partnership 
Agreements aimed at speeding up procedures and simplifying decision-making. Implementation 
of humanitarian operations is now considerably simplified as the negotiation of the operational 
conditions on a case-by-case basis for each action is no longer necessary and the operation 
contract has been reduced to the terms specific to each action (amount, location, length etc). 
This new instrument thus meets wishes often expressed by partners and enables ECHO to 
structure and institutionalize its relations with the NGOs and international organizations involved 
in the field of humanitarian aid on the basis of clear and known rules. 
The Framework Partnership Agreements went into operation in September 1993. To date, 
around 80 NGOs and international organisations have concluded the Framework Partnership 
Agreements with the Commission (the full list of partners is shown in Annex 1). The first 360 
operational contracts have been signed using the new Framework Partnership format. 
On 13 December the European Commission and the United Nations High Commissioner for 
Refugees (UNHCR) signed the Framework Partnership Agreement. It is expected that other UN 
organisation! will follow. 
Around 94 per cent of resources administered by ECHO are channelled through its partners of 
which NGOs account for 44 per cent, and UN agencies for 35 per cent, and other organisations 
for 11 per cent. Only around 6 per cent were carried out as "direct actions" by ECHO. It 
should be noted that even "direct actions" in most cases depend on NGOs (often local) who help 
with the distribution of aid in the field. 
26-
One issue much debated between the Commission and NGOs in relation to humanitarian aid was 
that of visibility. In dealing with visibility of EU humanitarian aid, ECHO has been guided by 
two main considerations. Firstly, that visibility should not be an end in itself but the means to 
create public awareness and generate the goodwill necessary to mobilise the material resources 
for humanitarian action. Secondly, that this projection should be done in partnership with the 
NGOs and international organisations that are financed by it in the field. 
The partnership agreements with NGOs have to some extent formalised the arrangement 
whereby their visibility will now be matched by that of the EU in ECHO-financed operations. 
This is now being widely implemented with few problems. 
2.4.4. Improving management. 
Improving assessment, decision-making, speed and efficiency of delivery of aid to victims are 
overriding concerns in the Commission's management of its humanitarian aid. In efforts to 
improve performance under these headings, ECHO seeks to engage its partners in dialogue. 
Consideration is currently being given to the best mandate and working method for a Forum on 
humanitarian matters, the principle of which was set out in the Framework Partnership 
Agreements. 
Programming. ECHO cannot, almost by definition, predict or programme in any meaningful 
way future humanitarian actions. But its aim has been a maximum degree of readiness. 
Improved management tools within ECHO, the Framework Partnership contracts with partners 
and the network of ECHO Coordinators on the spot in important disaster areas will put ECHO 
in a better position to cope with future humanitarian challenges. Improved coordination 
between actors in theatres of operations is a priority. 
Disaster preparedness activities, the Commission recognizes, should be given greater emphasis 
in both development and relief programmes and can help to limit the adverse effects of disasters 
on long term development and reduce the cost and necessity of short-term relief aid. 
In executing its mandate in this field ECHO is seeking to find out what is going on in this field, 
whether carried out by Government agencies, national NGOs or scientific institutions. 
-27 
Military assets have come increasingly review as traditional resources of organisations such as 
the Red Cross and humanitarian NGOs have been increasingly overstretched. Attention has 
focused on the possibility of making more systematic use of the potential of armed forces so as 
to provide well-organised, trained and equipped support to the civil authorities and emergency 
services of a country or region facing a disaster. In an international standing co-ordinating 
group set up to supervise development of guidelines, ECHO was asked to participate, along with 
a number of other organisations, states and NGOs. 
Information Technology. By its very nature, ECHO is exceptionally dependent on a good 
information system. To become more efficient as its mandate stipulates ECHO was obviously 
obliged to adopt modern information technology in all its operations. Its plan emphasizes the 
need to use external databases to the largest extent possible. Consequently, ECHO is actively 
pursuing access to all available databases through international networks and wishes to link up 
with NGO networks in due course. ' 
2.5 Aid towards self-sufficiency for refugees, displaced persons and voluntary returnees 
in Asia and Latin America (B7-302) 
This budget facility was created at the behest of Parliament in 1984 to help refugees, displaced 
persons and returnees become self-sufficient in the period between the initial emergency and 
longer-term development phase. 
The appropriations have increased steadily since 1984. In the period 1984-93 a total of 
ECU 288 173 000 was spent on over 250 projects implemented by many NGOs (European and 
local), international organizations (primarily the UNHCR) and government agencies.1 
In 1993 51 projects were financed under Article B7-302 for a total of ECU 65 000 000: 
ECU 45 000 000 (69.3%) in Asia and ECU 20 000 000 (30.7%) in Latin America. Of these 
projects, 35 were cofinanced with NGOs, of which 19 (ECU 32 280 000) in Asia and 16 
(ECU 7 300 000) in Latin America, for a total amount of ECU 39 580 000, i.e. 53% of the 
total committed in 1993. 
1 A Commission working document, SEC(92) 2426 - "Community aid to refugees, displaced 
persons and returnees in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America" outlines the 
aid granted in 1990-91. " 
28 
The programmes implemented in 1993 for refugees, displaced persons and returnees are broad 
in scope and geographical spread. They remain in line with the action plans adopted at the 
international conferences on refugees in Central America (CIREFCA, Guatemala, 1989) and 
on Indochinese refugee1 (Geneva, 1989). The international institutions also receive aid for their 
care and maintenance (UNHCR) and repatriation (UNOCHA,2UNHCR3) operations. 
In Asia, the NGOs are fostering self-sufficiency through new projects in the areas of mine 
clearance, health and rural rehabilitation in Afghanistan, care and maintenance and health in 
Bangladesh for Rohingya refugees and health in Thailand. 
Eight NGOs, coordinated by three TA consultants, are involved in an ECU 8 million 
rehabilitation programme in Cambodia for returnees. The programme embraces health, 
education, agriculture, infrastructure and mine clearance. Apart from this programme, 19 
projects were implemented in Asia in 1993, 10 of them for Afghan refugees and returnees, three 
of them for Rohingya refugees, two for Vietnamese refugees, two for Lao refugees and one for 
Tadjik refugees. 
In view of the peace process under way in Central America, Community aid since 1990 has 
focused on repatriation and resettlement of returnees or potential returnees. Currently, the focus 
is on the return of Guatemalan refugees. Projects cofinanced and executed in 1993 by European 
and local NGOs in the region involved the promotion of productive activities in agriculture and 
livestock production, vocational training, the development of essential health services, health 
staff training, and improvement of infrastructure. 
Of the 16 projects executed in Latin America, two concerned Guatemalan refugees in Mexico, 
three were for displaced persons and demobilized soldiers in El Salvador, and 11 concerned 
the resettlement of returnees (El Salvador and Guatemala). 
1 Vietnam and Laos. 
2 Afghanistan. 
Cambodia. 
29-
2.6 Aid for NGDOs operating in Chile (B7-5073) 
Budgetary item B7-5073, first included in the Community budget in 1986, was allocated an 
appropriation of ECU 4 850 000 million in 1993, £CU 2 850 000 million of wich for NGOs. 
Its aim is to help the people of Chile through NGO projects and to contribuate to economic 
cooperation with Chile. 
Of the available funds, ECU 2.85 million was used to finance 42 projects,and the remainder 
was used for economic cooperation. As in previous years, all Item B7-5073 resources were 
committed. 
The breakdown of operations cofinanced under Item B7-5073 in 1993 was as follows: 
BREAKDOWN OF OPERATIONS COFINANCED IN 1993 
UNDER ARTICLE B7-5073 OF THE BUDGET 
Democratization 
Human rights 
Promotion of women 
Unions 
Ethnic minorities 
Improving living conditions 
Health 
Education/training 
Economic activities 
- microenterprises 
- campesinos 
Other 
Young people 
TOTAL 
Economic cooperation contract 
TOTAL Number of 
operations 
3. 
4 
2 
4 
7 
5 
6 
3 
5 
1 
2 
42 EC contribution 
ECU % 
186 304 
188 396 
100 000 
123 719 
670 707 
257 135 
554 528 
212 383 
343 131 
50 000 
160 000 
2 846 303 
2 000 000 
4 846 303 6,5 
6,5 
3,5 
4,5 
23,5 
9 
19,5 
7,5 
12 
2 
5,5 
100 
Projects financed in previous year have been, or are being, completed with very encouraging 
results in most cases. Between 1986 and 1993, a total of 334 projects received financial 
support amounting to ECU 29.1 million from the Community. 
-30-
2.7 Programme of North-South cooperation projects in the campaign against drug abuse 
(B7-5080Î 
Of the ECU 12 997 598 total committed in 1993 for 39 projects, ECU 5 690 905 (43.8%) went 
to 25 projects implemented by NGOs. 
The geographical breakdown was as follows: 
Latin America 32.3% 
Asia 30.1% 
Sub-Saharan Africa 2.0% 
Mediterranean 23.7% 
Other 17.9% 
2.8 Cooperation in the field of rehabilitation in 1993 
Developing countries emerging from war or a serious crisis with fragile economies, ruined 
infrastructure and a social fabric in tatters need an interim period of rehabilitation. 
Rehabilitation aid bridges the gap between relief operations and the resumption of programmes 
to promote long-term development. 
Rehabilitation must gradually take over from, and reduce the need for, humanitarian aid, while 
preparing the ground for a revival of the economy and political and social transitional measures. 
2.8.1 Special Initiative for Africa 
On 25 May 1993, under the Danish presidency, the Council allocated ECU 100 million for 
special rehabilitation programmes under the title "Special Initiative for Africa". Five countries 
were singled out as having the most pressing post-emergency rehabilitation requirements: 
Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Mozambique and Angola. 
The Council conclusions highlighted the importance of transforming Community aid to these 
countries into rehabilitation aid, a process to be coordinated with the UN agencies and other 
donors, and with the involvement of NGOs. 
In a communication presented in May 1993 (COM(93)204) the Commission emphasized that 
similar programmes were needed in non-ACP countries (Lebanon, Cambodia, El Salvador, etc.) 
and proposed that a special programme be launched. 
-31 -
The European Parliament adopted a resolution on 16 November 1993 indicating that a special 
programme alone was not sufficient and that a specific heading (B7-5076 "rehabilitation and 
reconstruction measures for developing countries") should be created in the Community budget 
and adequately funded. 
A detailed list of the rehabilitation operations under way in the five countries covered by the 
Special Initiative for Africa was sent to the Council of Development Ministers on 2 December 
and updated on 31 December 1993. It showed that a large amount had already been committed 
since 1991/92 (ECU 373 million) and that ECU 159 million had been paid out. The list also 
showed that ECU 140 million had been committed by new decisions under the Special Initiative 
since 25 May. NGOs have played an important role in all these operations. 
2.8.2 Design, scope, eligibility criteria and financing of rehabilitation programmes 
The nature of rehabilitation aid was defined more precisely by the Council in December 1993 
as programmes that are a transitional stage between humanitarian/emergency aid and the 
resumption of long-term development programmes. Candidates for rehabilitation are countries 
that are emerging from a serious crisis or war or that have economies seriously damaged by 
other factors, such as natural disasters. 
At the end of 1993, the following countries were receiving rehabilitation aid: Somalia, Ethiopia, 
Eritrea, Mozambique, Angola, Liberia, Cambodia, Lebanon, El Salvador, Guatemala and 
Nicaragua. Other countries may be added to the list in the course of 1994. 
Rehabilitation programmes may embrace a wide variety of activities that fall into four broad 
sectors: 
getting productive plant running again; 
repairing essential infrastructure; 
reintegrating groups such as refugees, demobilized soldiers and displaced people back into 
society; 
rebuilding institutional capacity. 
Eligibility criteria have not been formally defined. However, certain crucial elements were 
established by the Council on 2 December. 
request from partners in the country concerned; 
a disaster situation that prevents essential needs being met; 
actual commencement of a transition process in compliance with democratic values and 
fundamental freedoms; 
capacity of the administration and/or partners concerned to implement rehabilitation 
operations. 
-32-
The Commission decides on the need for, and nature of, a rehabilitation programme after 
weighing up these different factors. 
There are various sources of funds for these programmes. 
For ACP countries the main source of financing is the EDF. Resources available under the 
National Indicative Programmes, Stabex or Article 255 can be topped up with funds from 
certain budget headings available for rehabilitation aid. 
As regard rehabilitation actions in the peld of social services and small-scale infrastructure, 
preference is given to NGOs. This is the case of the majority of operations financed under 
Article 255 (aid for refugees, demobilized soldiers and displaced persons), heading B7-5071 
(rehabilitation in southern Africa), heading B7-5011 (purchase of food, seeds and tools) and 
heading B7-5010 (NGO cofinancing operations). 
It should also be noted that NGOs are carrying out a significant proportion of recently decided 
operations under National Indicative Programmes. In non-ACP countries the resources 
obviously come from the EC budget. 
2.8.3 Role of NGOs 
NGOs play a very important role in implementing Community-financed rehabilitation 
programmes - their knowledge of the countries concerned, their capacity to act fast, the 
different approaches they bring to bear and their contacts with local people are all extremely 
useful in a post-emergency situation. 
Since the Council launched its special initiative on 25 May, the role of NGOs has been 
recognised as regards the design of rehabilitation programmes, and close working relations 
have been forged between NGOs and the Commission departments concerned. 
The Liaison Committee has agreed to centralize and classify the proposals emanating from 
individual NGOs and since August 1993 it has been sending the Commission full dossiers. The 
dossiers received concerned five countries (Angola, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and 
Mozambique) and gave a summary of the rehabilitation requirements identified by NGOs plus 
a collection of rehabilitation-project profiles grouped by sector. A total of 320 operations have 
been proposed at a total cost of ECU 173 million, of which ECU 145 million was requested in 
Community financing. Almost all the proposals concerned small-scale projects to do with 
agriculture, social infrastructure and the reintegration of refugees and returnees, fields where 
NGOs have proven experience. 
33 -
Coordination with NGOs initiated in Brussels but has developed above all at a local level. In 
each of the five African countries concerned an NGO volunteered to coordinate the individual 
initiatives. On the basis of dossiers established by the Liaison Committee and additional 
information gathered on the spot, the Commission Delegations and National Authorizing 
Officers have been examining proposals with a view to deciding on the scale and scope of 
complementary rehabilitation programmes. 
The ability of the Commission to finance NGO-proposed operations depends primarily on the 
attitude of the national authorities to European and local NGOs and their willingness to allocate 
a portion of development cooperation funds to decentralized projects. These authorities have 
a legitimate concern that NGO operations conform to sectoral priorities and bring additional 
resources to the country. This is why there is greater NGO participation in rehabilitation 
operations in ALA developing countries than in the ACP States, and why non-programmed aid 
(budget and Article 255) is more likely to be used for this purpose in ACP States that 
programmed NIP aid. The more limited role of NGOs in ACP rehabilitation programmes and 
the lengthy procedures involved are the result of reticence on the part of some national 
authorities towards the possibilities afforded by decentralized cooperation. 
2.8.4 Budget heading B7-5076 
This new heading was included in the 1994 budget for the purpose of financing rehabilitation 
programmes in all developing countries. It thus covers the ALA and MED countries as well 
as the ACP States and is administered jointly by Directorates-General I and VIII. The funds 
are open to NGOs, UN agencies, local government bodies and the private sector. 
The 1994 commitment appropriation is ECU 44.8 million and there is also a payment 
appropriation of ECU 25 million. 
Further details on the precise nature of the operations to be financed and the relevant procedures 
will soon be published by the Commission. 
-34-
2.9 Special aid programme for apartheid victims (B7-5070) 
1. In implementing the Community's special programme under Item B7-5-5070, 
(ECU 10 million under the 1986 budget, ECU 20 million in 1987, ECU 25.5 million in 
1988, ECU 25 million in 1989, ECU 30 million in 1990, ECU 60 million in 1991, 
ECU 80 million in 1992 and ECU 90 million in 1993), the Commission is working within 
the framework of European political cooperation as laid down on 10 September 1985, 
which stipulated that assistance should be channelled through non-violent organizations, 
particularly the churches. 
2. As regards the implementation of the special programme, 134 projects were approved in 
1993, using up all of the budget allocation for the year. The breakdown by type of 
organization is as follows: 
No of 
projects ECU million 
Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference 
South African Council of Churches 
Kagiso Trust 
ICFTU 
Others 
Elections Unit 25 
6 
86 
11 
6 13.5 
1.4 
63.8 
1.5 
2.8 
7.2 
TOTAL 134 90.2 
In 1993 the sectoral breakdown was: 
No of projects Sector ECU million 
58 
12 
8 
17 
11 
28 Education and training 
Health 
Rural development and farming 
Community development 
Trade unions 
Other 
Election unit 36.9 
3.3 
1.9 
18.8 
1.5 
20.6 
7.2 
134 TOTAL 90.2 
35 
The Commission has responded to change in South Africa by making the programme 
more development-oriented through support for a variety of measures in sectors such as 
training, rural development and primary health care. 
In the light of the changing situation in South Africa and the fact that in February 1991 
the Commission opened a programme coordination office in Pretoria, it was agreed that 
the four groups would no longer have exclusive access to resources under the special 
programme. The Commission, in conjunction with its traditional partners, is attempting 
to widen the range of institutions with which it cooperates, so as to flesh out the 
'development' dimension of the programme. The special programme will, however, 
continue to be expanded in line with the criteria and guidelines followed to date. 
The special programme also offers support to initiatives aimed at smoothing South 
Africa's transition to democracy, including conflict resolution and an ECU 5 million 
programme of elector education. 
2.10 Assistance for rehabilitation programmes in southern Africa (B7-5071) 
In 1988, the Community set up Budget Item B7-5071 (ex 9531 - support for front-line States 
and S ADC (Southern Africa Development Community) in order to assist people in the front 
line States and SADC Member States suffering from the effects of the war and South Africa's 
destabilization activities in the region. The beneficiary countries are Angola, Botswana, 
Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. 
Projects financed covered a variety of activities, principally aid for displaced persons, training 
for refugees and rehabilitation in the health and education sectors. Studies and information 
projects as well as scholarships for refugee students were also financed. 
As of 1993, the title of this budget item became "Assistance for rehabilitation programmes in 
southern Africa". This reflects the fact that as a result of the changing situation in the region 
funds were being directed towards rehabilitation operations with a view also to contributing to 
the on-going process of democratization. 
The operations financed fell into the following categories: 
humanitarian - reintegration; 
rehabilitation of essential infrastructure; 
vocational training and education; 
information, studies and documentation. 
36 
In 1993 a new type of project was financed for the first time: a mine clearance operation in 
Mozambique costing ECU 1 540 000. 
Although this project did not fall into any of the four designated categories, mine clearance was 
deemed necessary to ensure the safety of the local population and open the way for the 
distribution of humanitarian aid (food aid and primary health services) by organizations working 
on the spot. 
The 1993 allocation of ECU 16 million was used to finance 30 projects. 
The breakdown among recipient countries was as follows: 
Country No of projects ECU m 
Mozambique 14 7.91 
Angola 11 7.2 
Europe* 3 0.7 
Refugees** 2 0.2 
TOTAL 30 16.0 
Refers to all information and education campaigns concerning southern Africa carried out 
by European organizations in Europe. 
Refers to all aid for Namibian and South African refugees from the war and apartheid. 
Breakdown by nationality of implementing organization: 
Country No of projects ECU m 
Portugal ' 9 3.91 
Italy * 5 2.37 
Spain 2 2.16 
Mozambique 1 1.53 
United Kingdom 4 1.50 
Belgium 3 1.25 
France 2 1.03 
Germany 1 0.64 
Netherlands 1 0.55 
Tanzania 1 0.06 
EC Delegation (MZ) 1 1.00 
TOTAL 30 16.0 
- 37 -
Breakdown by sector 
Sector No of projects ECU m 
Humanitarian/rejntegration* 11 6.89 
Infrastructure 11 6.84 
Voc. training/education 5 1.60 
Inform/studies/documentation 3 0.67 
TOTAL* 30 16.00 
* The mine-clearance project in Mozambique is incuded under humanitarian actions. 
2.11 Financial assistance for the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (B7-4083) 
In response to the conclusions of the Council on 27 October 1986, a new article (Article 966) 
was added to thé Community budget in 1987 to finance development projects in the Israeli-
occupied territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Until then, the Community had been 
carrying out an ad hoc programme of aid to these territories including rural development, study 
or training awards and other projects cofinanced with European NGOs. Between 1981 and 
1986, total finance for this programme stood at approximately ECU 9 million (including 
ECU 4 million for NGO projects cofinanced under Article 941). , 
The Commission was able to finance a wider range of development activities under 
Article B7-4083 (formerly 966 and B7-406) and funded 130 projects in the period 1987-93, with 
a total Community contribution of some ECU 79 million (1987: ECU 2.97 million; 
1988: ECU 3 million; 1989: ECU 5 million; 1990: ECU 6 million; 1991; ECU 10 million; 
1992: ECU 17 million; 1993: ECU 35 million). Health projects accounted for 7.6% of 
available funds in 1993, 56.2% went to education (primarily for universities), 5.1% to 
agriculture, 11.6% to other projects and 19.5% to technical assistance. 
ECU 250 million has been allocated for the period 1994-98, equivalent to ECU 50 million a 
year, under heading B7-4083 (ex B7-406). The priority for financing in the short term is to 
finalize current projects to provide housing, credit and business advice and to build and repair 
schools - all of which generate jobs. In the medium term, the aim is to improve economic and 
social infrastructure in Gaza and the West Bank: telecommunications, road works, electricity, 
industrial parks and the like. Technical assistance will also be needed to develop the technical 
and financial machinery for the proper running of Palestinian governmental institutions. All 
these projects were identified and formulated following direct contact with local organizations 
in order to ensure that they corresponded to local needs and development efforts. 
38 
2.12 Programme for NGOs operating in Vietnam (B7-5014) 
This budget item was instituted in 1991 with the aim of helping the Vietnamese population 
through NGO operations. In 1993 it had an appropriation of ECU 2 million, which financed 
six operations. The three sectors of activity are representative of the specific approach adopted 
under this heading: rural development, social projects in towns and health. This approach will 
continue to be developed in 1994. 
2.13 Programme for NGOs operating in Cambodia (B7-5015) 
This heading was created in 1991 to help the Cambodian population through NGO operations. 
The 1993 appropriation of ECU 1 million financed one agricultural training project and two 
health projects, both of which were implemented according to plan. 
2.14 Decentralized cooperation (B7-5077) 
Decentralized cooperation is a recent innovation in Community development policy. 
Heading B7-5077 was created in 1992 with the aim of promoting this form of cooperation by 
informing, mobilizing and supporting the various bodies concerned (NGDOs, local organizations 
and authorities, economic interests, etc.). It helps prepare the ground for the possibility of 
operations financed from official sources (EDF, ALA funds, Mediterranean protocols, etc.). 
In 1993 15 projects were financed for a total of ECU 1 998 575: 
- five projects aimed at promoting decentralized cooperation and informing NGDOs and local 
authorities (17% of the funds committed); 
- four programmes to aid and strengthen agents of decentralized cooperation in the developing 
countries (focus on professional organizations and local government associations) (33 % of 
the funds committed); 
- six projects carried out by agents of decentralized cooperation in the fields of training in 
local government, economic development and the environment (50% of the funds 
committed). 
-39 -
Of these funds: 
- half went to NGDOs and professional organizations; 
••*-•• half to local authorities.G 
The geographical breakdown was as follows: 
- Africa 65% 
- Central America 20% 
- Asia " 15% 
These projects have considerable impact in that: 
-• agents of decentralized cooperation in Europe and the developing countries are mobilized: 
these efforts should be built on since there is a great demand for information about 
decentralized cooperation and interest in it; 
- they influence official aid programmes, especially EDF programmes. 
TABLE I 
BREAKDOWN BY (ŒCIPIENT COUNTRY OF 
DEVELOPMENT PROOTECTS COFINANCING UY THE COMMISSION 
FROM 1976 TO 1993 INCLUSIVE 40. 
Number of 
projects EC Contribution 
ECU 
AFGHANISTAN 
AFRIQUE SUBSAHARIENNNE 
ALGERIE 
ANGOLA 
ANTIGUA-BARBUDA 
ANTILLES NEERLANDAISES 
ARGENTINA 
BANGLADESH 
BARBADOS 
BELIZE 
BENIN 
BHOUTAN 
BOLIVIA 
BOTSWANA 
BRASIL 
BURKINA FASO 
BURUNDI 
CABO VERDE 
CAMEROUN 
CARAÏBES 
CENTRAFRIQUE 
CHILE 
CHINA 
CHYPRE 
COLOMBIE 
COMORES 
CONGO 
COSTA RICA 
COTE D'IVOIRE 
CUBA 
DJIBOUTI 
DOMINICA 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
ECUADOR 
EGYPT 
EL SALVADOR 
ERITHREE 
ETHIOPIA 
FIJI 
GABON 
GAMBIA 
GHANA 28 
6 
56 
71 
6 
1 
242 
247 
15 
35 
90 
16 
516 
32 
992 
631 
68 
91 
230 
15 
89 
552 
31 
1 
226 
11 
36 
38 
82 
34 
10 
36 
118 
281 
60 
255 
12 
355 
15 
9 
80 
119 1.568.408 
1.270.132 
2.172.557 
2.968.983 
285.189 
59.226 
11.660.239 
14.968.925 
660.496 
1.227-984 
2.992.245 
291.890 
2 8.319.4 82 
2-571.275 
48.512.105 
22.036.921 
425.954 
804.327 
.338.827 
.128.095 
.905.781 
26.193.008 
2.987.822 
43.200 
10.012.227 
600.365 
1.402.544 
1.374.615 
4.233.348 
814.633 
628.658 
1.066.178 
5.148.636 
13.699.882 
4.049.588 
10.588.894 
2.384.647 
26.881.957 
879.970 
483.090 
1.854.065 
5.365.164 
41. 
Nuimber of 
projects EC- Contribution 
ECU 
GRENADA 
GUATEMALA 
GUINEE 
GUINEE-BISSAU 
GUINEE EQUATORIALE 
GUYANA - . 
HAITI 
HONDURAS 
HONG KONG 
ILES COOK 
INDIA 
INDONESIA 
IRAK 
ISRAEL 
JAMAICA 
JORDAN 
KAMPUCHEA 
KENYA 
KIRIBATI 
LAOS 
LESOTHO 
LIBAN 
LIBERIA 
MADAGASCAR 
MALAWI 
MALAYSIA 
MALDIVES 
MALI 
MAROC 
MAURICE 
MAURITANIE >• 
MEXICO 
MONGOLIE 
MOÇAMBIQUE 
MONTSERRAT 
MYANMAR (ex BIRMANIE) 
NAMIBIA 
NEPAL 
NICARAGUA 
NIGER 
NIGERIA 
PAKISTAN 
PANAMA 21 
162 
30 
120 
13 
16 
235 
77 
6 
1 
.548 
128 
8 
9 
51 
20 
143 
394 
2 
68 
68 
185 
20 
128 
96 
13 
2 
344 
20 
32 
56 
156 
1 
285 
2 
5 
88 
62 
650 
78 
59 
119 
25 798. 
7.628. 
4.301. 
7.627. 
1.051. 
649. 
14.345. 
2.512: 
66. 
8. 
53.277. 
5.463. 
213. 
1.413. 
2.133. 
2.580. 
12.133. 
20.111. 
13. 
2.584. 
2.062. 
12.526. 
828. 
7.438. 
4.902. 
337. 
760. 
15.911. 
1.322. 
1.027. 
4.002. 
9.197 
4 
13.326 
21 
224 
6.145 
2.863 
34.133 
4.376 
2.155 
3.648 
1.293 365 
605 
615 
537 
440 
427 
962 
411 
243 
124 
087 
.311 
.558 
.394 
.168 
.798 
.024 
.465 
.279 
.915 
.944 
.989 
.224 
.593 
.759 
.936 
.277 
.370 
.04 8 
.389 
.311 
.023 
.847 
.500 
.438 
.647 
.216 
.9 34 
.375 
.634 
.417 
.095 
.636 
42 
Number of 
Projects EC Contribation 
ECU 
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 
PARAGUAY 
PERU 
PHILIPPINES 
REGION AFRIQUE AUSTRALE 
REGION AFRIQUE DE L'EST 
REGION AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE 
REGION AFRIQUE SAHELIENNE 
REGION AMERIQUE CENTRALE 
REGION AMERIQUE DU SUD 
REGION ASIE 
REGION CORNE DE L'AFRIQUE 
REGION D'AFRIQUE 
REGION PACIFIQUE 
RWANDA 
SAINT VINCENT & GRENADINES 
SAINTE LUCIE 
SAMOA OCCIDENTAL 
SAO TOME 
SENEGAL 
SEYCHELLES 
SIERRA LEONE 
SOLOMON 
SOMALIA 
SOUTH KOREA 
SRI LANKA 
SUDAN 
SURINAM 
SWAZILAND 
SYRIE 
TANZANIE 
TCHAD 
THAILAND 
TOGO 
TONGA 
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO 
TUNISIE 
TUVALU 
UGANDA 
URUGUAY 
VANUATU 
VENEZUELA 
VIETNAM 37 
83 
587 
395 
62 
5 
13 
7 
2 
8 
4 
1 
2 
10 
366 
5 
7 
3 
10 
344 
4 
105 
16 
53 
19 
179 
127 
6 
23 
4 
410 
136 
144 
83 
3 
9 
35 
1 
181 
173 
5 
45 
151 819. 
3.358. 
30.569. 
22.139. 
1.118. 
894. 
1.020. 
912. 
464. 
1.566. 
210. 
15. 
21. 
1.401. 
13.274. 
42. 
225. 
284. 
1.816. 
13.734. 
113. 
3.444. 
912. 
5.424. 
977. 
5.868. 
9.103. 
146. 
1.435. 
241. 
17.076 
6.595 
6.869 
3.279 
128 
394 
1.455 
6 
10.991 
8.259 
383 
2.960 
7.768 837 
885 
354 
649 
562 
068 
380 
477 
425 
347 
457 
000 
031 
411 
525 
838 
548 
.280 
.434 
.615 
.827 
.444 
.476 
.478 
.925. 
.762 
.437 
.085 
.965 
.195 
.924 
.839 
.788 
.707 
.990 
.209 
.000 
.127 
.602 
.640 
.216 
659 
354 
43 
Number of 
projects EC Contribution 
ECU 
WEST BANK & GAZA 
YEMEN 
ZAIRE 
ZAMBIA 
ZIMBABWE 
Several Member States 185 
31 
615 
120 
266 
23 14.262.025 
2.677.381 
21.263.996 
6.399.092 
14.394.599 
2.132.709 
TOTAL 16.489 805.145.436 
TABLE II 
BREAKDOWN BY MEMBER STATE OF COMMUNITY FUNDS ALLOCATED FROM 1976 TO 1993 INCLUSIVE 
Member States 
Belgium 
Danmark 
Spain 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
United Kingdom 
NGO consortium 
from several 
Member States 
Total Developing projects in 
developing countries 
Number 
of NGOs 
70 
23 
26 
82 
133 
5 
12 
97 
14 
19 
4 
103 
64(1) 
593(1) Numb, of 
actions 
866 
102 
215 
821 
914 
20 
266 
734 
172 
348 
27 
1037 
57 
5.579 EC-contribution 
in ECU 
115.436.325 
14.640.413 
41.738.718 
135.228.711 
121.380.059 
3.055.044 
20.656.753 
119.760.723 
10.042.835 
45.500.613 
3.824.072 
135.047.315 
38.833.855 
805.145.436 in % 
14,3 
1,8 
5,2 
16,8 
15,0 
0,4 
2,6 
14,9 
1,2 
5,7 
0,5 
16,8 
4,8 
100 Projects to raise public 
awareness in the Community 
Number| Numb.of 
of NGOs actions 
61 
15 
23 
55 
59 
6 
7 
39 
2 
41 
4 
61 
29(1) 
382 149 
37 
63 
151 
184 
9 
42 
131 
6 
139 
21 
233 
11 
1.176 EC-contribution 
in ECU 
8.874.627 
2.462.206 
3.780.272 
11.252.172 
9.475.581 
1.180.008 
2.170.527 
10.554.456 
192.166 
10.058.838 
1.748.171 
16.334.148 
3.654.187 
81.737.359 in % 
10,9 
3,1 
4,6 
13,8 
11,7 
1/4 
2,7 
12,9 
12,3 
. 2,1 
20,0 
4,5 
100 Total 
Number 
of NGOs 
113 • 
32 
39 
116 
172 
9 
16 
108 
14 
52 
6 
145 
86(1) 
835(2) Numb.of 
actions 
1015 
139 
278 
972 
1095 
29 
308 
865 
178 
487 
48 
1270 
68 
6.755 EC-contribution 
in ECU 
124.310.952 
17.102.619 
45.518.990 
146.480.883 
130.855.640 
4.235.052 
22.827.280 
130.315.179 
10.235.001 
55.559.451 
5.572.243 
151.381.463 
42.488.042 
886.882.795 in % 
14 
1,9 
5,1 
16,5 
14,8 
0,5 
2,6 
14,7 
1,2 
6,3 
0,6 
17,0 
4,8 
100 
(1) Certain NGOs have already previously obtained cofinancing. 
(2) These NGOs are active in the field of development and/or in the field of raising public awareness in Europe. 
TABLE III 
BREAKDOWN BY MEMBER STATE OF COMMUNITY FUNDS ALLOCATED IN 19 92 
———— 
Member states 
Danmark 
.France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
Spain 
United Kingdom 
Belgium 
Germany 
NGO Consortium 
from several 
Member' States 
Total Development projects in 
developing countries 
Number oj 
projects 
8 
90 
6 
12 
92 
22 
. 26 
5 
42 
100 
79 
85 
15 
582 EC-contribution 
in ECU 
1.743.254 
17.502.979 
1.032.064 
2.755.743 
18.287.943 
1.583.029 
3.617.890 
577,621 
10.592.869 
18.382.224 
16.502.495 
18.109.502 
10.076.343 
120.763.956 •' in %> 
1,5 
14,5 
0 f 8 
2,3 
15,2 
1,3 
3,0 
0,4-
8,8 
15,2.. 
13/7. 
15,0 
8,3 
100 Projects to raise public 
awareness in the community 
Number of 
projects 
4 
20 
1 
6 
22 
2 
13 
4 
11 
21 
17 
22 
2 
145 EC-Contribution " 
in Ecu 
481.014 
1.343.381 
240.000 
240.299 
2.026.902 
50.366 
1.432.459 
469.614 
700.989 
2.051.976 
1.414.165 
2.340.750 
707.058 
13.498.973 in % 
3,6 
10,0 
- 1,8, 
- 1,8 
15, 0 
0,3 
10,6 
3,5' 
5,2 
15,2 
10,5 
17,3 
5,2 
•1.00' Total 
Number of 
projects 
12 
110 
7 
IB-
114 
24 
39 
9 
53 
121 
96 
107 
.17 
727 CE-contributioa 
in ECU 
2.224.268 
18.846.360 
1.272.064 
2.9 9 6.042 
20.314.845, 
1.633.395 
- 5.050.349 
1.047.235 
11.293.858 
20.434.200 
17.916.660 
20.450.252 
10.7 83.401 
134.262.929 (*) in I K 
1,7 
-14,0 
•0,9 
2,2 
15, 1 
1,2 
3,8 
"•0,8 
8,4 
15,2 
13,4 
15, 2 
.8,1 
100 
(*) Miscellaneous expenditures of 738.177 ECU.should be added to this figure. 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(94) 468 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 11 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-94-491-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-81461-6 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg