[pic] | COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES |

Brussels, 20.10.2006

SEC(2006) 1307

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT ACCOMPANYING THE COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

Strategy for Africa: A European Union regional political partnership for peace, security and development in the Horn of Africa {COM(2006) 601 final}

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT

ANNEXES TO: “Strategy for Africa: A European Union regional political partnership for peace, security and development in the Horn of Africa”

This Commission Staff working document includes the following technical annexes referred to in the Communication “Strategy for Africa: A European Union regional political partnership for peace, security and development in the Horn of Africa”:

Annex I: Regional architecture

Annex II: Conflicts and peace processes: Regional perspectives

Annex III: Somalia: Test case for implementation of the regional strategy

Annex IV: Pillars for regional action in the Horn of Africa

Annex V: Table of Key regional indicators

Annex VI: Horn of Africa Population Statistics

Annex I: Regional architecture

The African Union (AU) and sub-regional organisations are important elements and partners in any effort to develop and implement a regional political strategy for the Horn of Africa. They play an important role in promoting and implementing regional cooperation on peace, security and economic integration. All of these relevant regional organisations active throughout the Horn of Africa – the AU, IGAD, EAC, COMESA, as well as the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) –have different mandates, structures, memberships and ambitions. Their effectiveness and potential also vary widely.

The African Union ( AU) has made significant progress in developing its capacity to engage in conflict mediation and peacekeeping in the past few years. Its efforts have attracted substantial support from the international donor community, including through the African Peace Facility (APF), which is one of the most tangible aspects of the EU’s growing cooperation with the AU. The AU-led African operation in Darfur (AMIS) is particularly challenging for an organisation whose peace and security structures are still in their infancy. The EU is committed to strengthening the political authority of the AU and its ability to deliver. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) includes an African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), for which the prevention and reduction of intra- and inter-country conflicts are among the key objectives.

The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), composed of Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda, has become a central part of the political and security architecture of the Horn of Africa and has played a key role in the Sudan and Somalia peace processes. IGAD is the only sub-regional organisation of which Somalia is a member. Most importantly, IGAD provides a forum for regional dialogue in a sub-region of endemic conflicts, and support for IGAD is therefore central to achieving the EU’s objectives in the Horn of Africa.

Although primarily a vehicle for economic integration, the Eastern Africa Community ( EAC), - which includes two IGAD countries: Uganda and Kenya - is rapidly developing important mechanisms for cooperation on border controls, policing and efforts to combat trafficking and proliferation of SALW amongst its members. It could offer an effective framework for supporting action on important cross-border and bilateral issues between Uganda and Kenya, the two countries in the Horn that are members of the EAC. Furthermore, the EAC Customs Union, which came into effect at the beginning of 2005, is already having a significant positive impact on inter-regional trade.

The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) has emerged as a promising vehicle of regional cooperation on resource sharing. It is focused on cooperation and sharing the benefits of sustainable use of the waters of the Nile Basin.

The Common Market for Esatern and Southern Africa (COMESA) includes all the countries of the Horn of Africa region except Somalia. COMESA is important in promoting trade and investment in the region as well as regional integration, and is also engaged with the EU in the context of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) negotiations.

Three countries of the Horn (Djibouti, Somalia and Sudan) are also members of the League of Arab States (LAS), which is increasingly active in the region and is now an observer of the IGAD International Partners Forum.

OVERLAPPING REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS

[pic]

COMPARISON AMONG REGIONAL BLOCS

Regional bloc 1 | Area (km²) | Population | GDP (PPP) ($US) | Member states |

in millions | per capita |

AU | 29,797,500 | 850,000,000 | 1,515,000 | 1,896 | 53 |

LAS | 13,763,193 | 319,473,779 | 1,564,789 | 7,890 | 22 |

COMESA | 12,873,957 | 406,102,471 | 735,599 | 1,811 | 20 |

IGAD | 5,233,604 | 187,969,775 | 225,049 | 1,197 | 7 |

EAC | 1,763,777 | 97,865,428 | 104,239 | 1,065 | 3 |

Reference blocs and countries | Area (km²) | Population | GDP (PPP) ($US) | Member States |

in millions | per capita |

UN | 133,178,011 | 6,411,682,270 | 55,167,630 | 8,604 | 192 |

EU | 3,977,487 | 460,124,266 | 11,723,816 | 25,480 | 25 |

China (PRC) | 9,596,960 | 1,306,847,624 | 8,182,000 | 6,300 |

USA | 9,631,420 | 296,900,571 | 11,190,000 | 39,100 |

Source: CIA World Factbook, IMF WEO (data as of 2004)

Annex II: Conflicts and peace processes: Regional perspectives

Sudan (Khartoum) | 2,505,810 sq km | 35.5 million | Figures for Sudan are unreliable. The population is composed mostly of Arabs (about 40% of the total) in the north and Africans in the south. But many Arabs are of mixed ancestry. Other ethnic groups in the North include Nuba, Fur, Jaaliyin, Kababbish, Baggara, Masalit, Zaghawa, Rashaida, Nubian, and Beja. The main group in the south is the Dinka, other larger groups are the Nuer, Azande and Shilluk. | Crude oil and petroleum products. Rain fed agriculture – cotton, livestock, sugar, gum. Light industry. 5.2% growth (2004) |

Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | 1,127,127 sq km | 70 million | Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% | Subsistence agriculture. Coffee. Light industry. Construction. 12.3% growth (2004) |

Eritrea (Asmara) | 121,320 sq km | 4.2 million | Ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3% | Industries: food processing, beverages, textiles. Subsistence agriculture. 2% growth (2004) Italy is the main trading partner in the EU. |

Somalia (Mogadishu) | 637,657 sq km | 8.0 million | Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% | Agriculture, especially livestock. Fisheries. Informal banking and wireless telecoms. 2.1% growth (est 2003) |

Djibouti (Djibouti) | 23,000 sq km | 779,100 | Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5% | Service activities related to strategic location and free zone status. 3.0% growth (2004) France is the main EU trading partner. |

Uganda (Kampala) | 236,040 sq km | 27.8 million | Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro 3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%, Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8% | Natural resources include fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. Agriculture is the main sector. Coffee accounts for bulk of export revenues. 5.6% growth (2004). UK is the main EU trading partner. |

Kenya (Nairobi) | 582,650 sq km | 33.5 million | Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1% | Tourism. Regional hub for trade, investment, banking, transport, aid. Agriculture, fisheries. Food processing. Light industry. Annual growth 4.3% (2004) |

Source: World Development indicators 2006 (data as of 2004)

Annex VI: Horn of Africa Population Statistics State of World Population Report (2006 Sept) |

[1] This thematic programme should be included within the Development Cooperation Instrument which currently discussed between European Parliament and Council.