30.11.92 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC313/27
3.1.3.11.IneachMemberStateapplyingtheScheme
apublicorganizationororganizationswouldbesetup
withresponsibility forstudyinganddrawingupthe
insuranceconditions,guaranteesandpremiums,work­
ingoutthestatisticalbasesandsupervisingthesystem
ofsubsidies.4.Preventivemeasures
4.1.Communityfarmimprovement programmes
[Regulation (EEC)No2328/91]wouldincludetheset­
ting-upofindividualorjointschemesforprotection
againstadverseclimaticconditions,especiallypreven­
tivemeasuresagainstfrost,hailandwind,thepurpose
beingtoprotectfarmingactivity.Thesemeasureswould
beeligibleforaid.
DoneatBrussels,23September1992.
TheChairman
oftheEconomicandSocialCommittee
MichaelGEUENICH
OpinionofthemodifiedProposalforaCouncilDirectiveonAdvertisingforTobacco
Products(2)
(92/C313/13)
On1July1991theCouncildecidedtoconsulttheEconomicandSocialCommittee,
underArticle100AoftheTreatyestablishingtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity,onthe
abovementioned proposal.
TheSectionforProtectionoftheEnvironment ,PublicHealthandConsumerAffairs,which
wasresponsibleforpreparingtheCommittee'sworkonthesubject,adopteditsOpinionon
7July1992.TheRapporteurwasMrNoordwal.
Atits299thPlenarySession(meetingof23September1992)theEconomicandSocial
CommitteeadoptedthefollowingOpinionby67votesto48,with11abstentions .
ofcompleteharmonization ,sincepartialharmonization
wouldnotbeconducivetoefficientoperationofthe
InternalMarket.ForthisreasontheCommission
announcedanamendedproposalforcompleteharmon­
izationofadvertisingfortobaccoproductsthrougha
banonsuchadvertising.Theamendedproposalallows
advertisingonlywithinspecializedtobaccosalesout­
lets,providedthatsuchadvertisingisnotvisiblefrom
outside.1.Introduction
1.1.Thisproposalseekstoharmonizecompletely
thenationalprovisionsontheadvertisingoftobacco
productsontheradio,inthepress,onbillsandposters,
infilmsandbyanyotheradvertisingmedia.Television
advertisingisalreadycoveredbyCouncilDirective
89/552/EECof3October1989.
1.2.Afirstproposalfortheharmonization of
nationallegislationonadvertisingfortobaccoproducts
wassubmittedbytheCommissionon7April1989.
Therewasnotaqualifiedmajorityforthisproposalat
theCouncilmeetingof3December1990.Nevertheless,
itemergedindiscussionsintheCouncilofHealth
MinistersthatanumberofMemberStatesareinfavour1.3.LiketheDirectiveonthelabellingoftobacco
products,theamendedproposalisbasedonTreaty
Article100A(3),whichstatesthattheCommission ,in
itsproposalsenvisagedinparagraph1concerning
health,safety,environmental protectionandconsumer
protection,willtakeasabaseahighlevelofprotection.
However,completeharmonization canonlyinvolvea
highlevelofprotectionifauthorizationforadvertising
islimitedtotheinsideoftobaccoproductssaleoutlets. (i)OJNoC167,27.6.1992,p.3.

NoC313/28 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.11.92
Suchadvertisinghasnoeffectontheoperationofthe
InternalMarket.
1.4.WithregardtoindirectadvertisingtheCom­
missionnotesthatstudiesoftheeffectsofadvertising
haveshownthatthegreatmajorityofyoungpeopledo
notdistinguishbetweendirectandindirectadvertising
andthereforesee'brand-stretching 'advertisingofthis
typeasadvertisingfortheassociatedtobaccoproducts.
Toavoidthebanondirectadvertisingbeingcircum­
vented,theproposalenvisagesacompletebanon
indirectadvertising .
1.5.Althoughtobaccoadvertisingisnottheonly
factorcausingpeopletostartsmoking,intheCom­
mission'sviewadvertisingplaysafundamentalrolein
promotingthesaleoftobacco.
2.Generalcomments
2.1.TheCommitteeisawarethatconcernforhealth
inthemajorityoftheMemberStateshasledthemto
regulatetobaccoadvertisingandtoadoptincreasingly
stringentmeasuresorevenbansuchadvertisingout­
right.
TheEuropeantobaccoindustryshouldbegiventhe
opportunitytodrawupviaarbitrationbindingself­
regulatorymeasurescoveringdirectandindirectadver­
tisingby1January1994.TheproposalforaDirective
shouldbesuspendeduntilsuchdate.Itwouldbeadvis­
abletodrawupthesemeasuresinconsultationwith
theadvertisingindustry'sregulatoryandsupervisory
bodies.
2.2.Theseself-regulatory measuresshouldinclude
atleastthefollowingprovisions :
2.2.1.Nodirectorindirectadvertisingtobepermit­
tedwhichisinanywayaimedatyoungpeople.The
self-regulatory measuresshouldincludeageneralban
onadvertising :
—aimedatpersonsunder18
—depictingpersonsunder25
—inpublicationsintendedfor,orreadby,persons
under18
—linkingsmokingandyouth/adulthood—inorinfrontofpremisesorsocietiesmainlypatroni­
zedbypersonsunder18
—inorinfrontofdiscotheques ,dancehallsorpublic
buildingswhereyoungpeoplecongregate
—inorinfrontoftrainingandeducationalestablish­
mentsmainlyusedbypersonsunder18.
2.2.2.Nodirectorindirectadvertisingtobepermit­
tedwhichisaimedatsportslistedintheAnnex,where
aconnectionisimpliedbetweensmokingandtheprac­
ticeofthesport.Notobaccoadvertisements inprinted
matterconnectedwiththerelevantsportsorinconnec­
tionwiththeirsponsoring.Advertisingalsotobeban­
nedinsportsstadia.
2.2.2.1.Inordertopreventdifficultiesindis­
tinguishingbetweensportsandotherformsofgame,
sportswhereadvertisingisprohibitedarelistedinthe
Annex.
2.2.3.Whereadvertisingcontinuestobepermitted,
itshouldbesubjecttostringentconditions.Aggressive
advertisingshouldbebanned,interalia,onpublic
transportandinpublicplaces;forexamplenoimplied
connectionbetweensmokingandadulthoodshouldbe
allowed.
2.2.4.ADirectivebanningtobaccoadvertisingon
televisionprogrammesalreadyexists.TheCommittee
feelsthatthisbanshouldbeextendedtotobaccoadver­
tisingonradio.
3.TheCommitteehopesandtruststhattheEuro­
peantobaccoindustrywilldrawupandacceptself­
regulationarrangementswhichfunctiontoeveryone's
satisfaction .
3.1.Itwillbeuptorecognizedself-regulatory bodies
ofthekindwhichexistincertainMemberStatesto
policeapplicationofthecode.Wherenosuchbodies
exist,thetaskwillfalltotheMemberState'scompetent
authorities .
3.2.AEuropeanreportonapplicationofthecode
intheMemberStatesmustbedrawnupby31December
1995atthelatest.Ifthereportshowsapplicationtobe
ineffectiveorinsufficientlyeffective,theCommission
shouldthenadopt,asamatterofurgency,alllegal
measuresneededtoremedythesituation.

30.11.92 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC313/29
ANNEX
ONSPORTS(2.2.2)
A.Archery K.Karate/martialarts
Athletics M.Mountaineering
B.Badminton Motorcycleracing
Baseball/Softball N.Netball
Basketball R.Rollerskating
Bobsleigh Rowing
Boxing Rugby
C.Canoeing S.Sailing
Carracing/rallying Shooting
Cricket Skating/figure-skating
Cycling Skiing
D.Diving Snooker
F.Fencing Squash
Football Swimming
G.Golf T.Tabletennis
Gymnastics Tennis
H.Handball Tug-of-war
Hiking v.Volleyball
Hockey w.Waterpolo
Horse-riding Waterskiing
I.Icehockey Weightlifting/
bodybuilding
J.Jogging (Wind)surfing
Judo Wrestling
DoneatBrussels,23September1992.
TheChairman
oftheEconomicandSocialCommittee
MichaelGEUENICH
APPENDIX 1
totheOpinionoftheEconomicandSocialCommittee
(NominalvoteontheOpinionasawhole)
Thefollowingmembersvotedinfavour:
Mr/Mrs/Miss:ANDRADE,BAGLIANO ,BEALE,BELL,BELTRAMI ,BENTOGONIALVES,BERNABEI,
BOISSERÉE ,BREDIMA,BRIESCH,CEYRAC,CHEVALIER ,CONNELLAN ,vanDAM,DONCK,DRIL­
LEAUD,DUNKEL,EULEN,FRERICHS,GAFFRON,GARDNER,GERMOZZI ,GHIGONIS,GIACO­
MELLI,GIESECKE,GREEN,GROBEN,GUILLAUME ,KAARIS,KAFKA,LAPPAS,LAUR,LITTLE,
LÖW,LUSTENHOUWER ,MADDOCKS ,MAYAYOBELLO,MERCEJUSTE,MEYER-HORN ,MOBBS,
MORELAND ,MULLERE.,NIERHAUS ,NOORDWAL ,PARDON,PAVLOPOULOS ,PEARSON,PEL­
LETIERCh.,PERRIN-PELLETIER ,PETERSEN,PETROPOULOS ,POMPEN,PRICOLO,PROUMENS ,
QUEVEDOROJO,ROBINSON ,ROMOLI,SCHLEYER,SCHMIDT,SCHMITZ,SCHNIEDERS ,von
SCHWERIN ,SPYROUDIS ,TIEMANN,TUKKER,WHITWORTH ,WICK.
Thefollowingmembersvotedagainst:
Mr/Mrs:AMATO,ASPINALL,ATAIDEFERREIRA,BARROW,BONVICINI ,BOTTAZZI ,VASCOCAL,
CARROLL,CASSINA,CEBALLOHERRERO,CHRISTIE,COLOMBO,DECAILLON ,d'ELIA,vanDIJK,
DOUVIS,ELSTNER,ETTY,FREEMANN ,GREDAL,HAGEN,HILKENS,HOVGAARD JAKOBSEN ,
JASCHICK,JENKINS,KANELLOPOULOS ,deKNEGT,KORFIATIS ,LANDABURU DESILVA,
LIVERANI,LYONS,MORRIS,NIELSENB.,NIELSENP.,PELLARINI ,PELLETIER R.,RANGONI
MACHIAVELLI ,REA,ROSEINGRAVE ,SAITIS,SALA,SANTOS,SEQUEIRA,SILVA,SMITH,STRAUSS,
THEONAS ,TIXIER.

NoC313/30 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.11.92
Thefollowingmembersabstained:
Mr:DELOROZOY ,GOMEZMARTINEZ,MERCIER,MOLINAVALLEJO,MUÑIZGUARDADO ,
RODRIGUEZ deAZEROyDELHOYO,SAUWENS,SCHADE-POULSEN ,STECHERNAVARRA,
VELASCOMANCEBO ,ZUFIAURNARVAIZA .
APPENDIX 2
totheOpinionoftheEconomicandSocialCommittee
RejectedAmendments
InthecourseoftheCommitteediscussionsthefollowingamendments,whichreceivedatleastaquarterof
thevotesofmembersortheirrepresentatives ,weredefeated:
Amendment 2
DeleteparagraphsI.2to3.2inclusiveandsubstitutethefollowingtext:
'2.Generalcomments
2.1.TheCommitteeproposesthatthe'ModifiedProposalforaCouncilDirectiveonAdvertisingfor
TobaccoProducts'bewithdrawn.'
Reasons
1.EachMemberState,inkeepingwithitspracticeandcultureandthestructureofitstobaccoindustry,
hasrulesontobaccoproductadvertising,drawn-upinagreementwiththetobacco—andinparticularthe
cigarette—industry.Somecountrieshavevoluntaryrestrictionsbackedupbyarbitrationtribunals.
2.UnderthesubsidiarityprincipleenshrinedintheMaastrichtTreatytheECisonlytointerveneifa
mattercannotbedealtwithequallywellbytheMemberStates.Thisisthecasewithtobaccoadvertising .
NominalvoteonAmendment2only
ThefollowingmembersvotedinfavouroftheAmendment :
Mr/Mrs:BEALE,BELL,BLACK,BREDIMA,CONNELLAN ,DUNKEL,FLUM,FRERICHS ,GAFFRON ,
GAFOFERNANDEZ ,GARDNER ,GIACOMELLI ,GIESECKE,GOMEZ,GREEN,KAARIS,LITTLE,
LOW,LUSTENHOUWER ,LYONS,MAYAYOBELLO,MERCEJUSTE,MEYER-HORN ,MOBBS,MOLI­
NAVALLEJO,MORELAND ,MULLERE.,PEARSON,PETERSEN,PETROPOULOS ,ROBINSON ,
RODRIGUEZ GARCIA-CARO ,SAUWENS,SCHADE-POULSEN ,SCHNIEDERS ,SPYROUDIS ,
STECHERNAVARRA ,TUKKER,VELASCOMANCEBO ,WHITWORTH ,WICK,ZUFIAURNAR­
VAIZA.
ThefollowingmembersvotedagainsttheAmendment :
Mr/Mrs/Miss:ASPINALL,ATAÍDEFERREIRA ,ATTLEY,BAGLIANO ,BARBAGLI ,BARROW,BELTRA­
MI,BENTOGONÇALVES ,BLESER,BOISSERÉE ,BONVICINI ,VASCOCAL,CARROLL,CASSINA,
CEBALLOHERRERO ,CEYRAC,CHEVALIER ,vanDAM,DECAILLON ,d'ELIA,DELOROZOY ,van
DIJK,DONCK,DOUVIS,DRAIJER,ELSTNER,FRANDI,FREEMAN,GERMOZZI ,GOTTERO ,
GREDAL,GROBEN,GUILLAUME ,HAGEN,HILKENS,HOVGAARD JAKOBSEN,JASCHICK,JEN­
KINS,KANELLOPOULOS ,deKNEGT,KORFIATIS ,LANDABURU DESILVA,LAPPAS,LAUR,LIVE­
RANI,MADDOCKS ,MANTOVANI ,MARGALEF MASIA,MERCIER,MORRIS,MOURGUES ,MUÑIZ
GUARDADO ,NIELSENB.,NIELSENP.,NIERHAUS ,NOORDWAL ,PAVLOPOULOS ,PE,PELLARINI ,
PELLETIERCh.,PELLETIERR.,PERRIN-PELLETIER ,PRICOLO,PROUMENS ,QUEVEDOROJO,
RODRIGUEZ deAZEROyDELHOYO,ROMOLI,ROSEINGRAVE ,SAITIS,SALA,SANTOS,
SCHLEYER ,SCHMIDT,SCHMITZ,vonSCHWERIN ,SCULLY,SEQUEIRA,SILVA,SMITH,SOLARI,
STRAUSS,TESOROOLIVER,THEONAS,TIEMANN,TIXIER,VERBOVEN ,WAGENMANS .
Thefollowingmembersabstained:
Mr:BERNABEI,BRIESCH,KAFKA,McGARRY,PARDON,PASQUALI .

30.11.92 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC313/31
Resultofthevoting
For:42,against:87,abstentions :6.
Amendment 1
1.Introduction
Point1.1:Nochanges.
Point1.2:Nochanges.
Point1.3:Addthefollowingafter'InternalMarket':
nordoesitpreventtheapplicationofnationalprovisions,suchasvoluntaryagreements.'
Point1.4:Nochanges.
Point1.5:Nochanges.
2.Generalcomments
Deletepoints2.1to3.2inclusive,andreplacewiththefollowing:
'2.1.Inviewofitsgreatimportanceforpublichealth,theCommitteeendorsestheCommissionproposal.
However,theCommitteefeelsthattheintroductionofabanontobaccoadvertisingnowwouldprobably
betoodrasticandcouldhaveconsequencesfortheadvertisingindustry,themediaandthetobaccoindustry.
TheCommitteethereforesuggeststhatthebanbepostponedto1January1994,soastogivethoseconcerned
timetoadapttothenewmarketconditions .
2.2.TheCommitteenotesthatvoluntaryagreementscancertainlyplayacomplementary roleandfacilitate,
butnotreplace,thepossibleapplicationoflegislation.
2.3.IntheCommittee'sview,tobaccoadvertisingmightinfluencesmokerstosmokemore,non-smokers
tostartsmoking,andpreventsmokersfromgivingupthehabitordelaytheirdecision.Inthatsense,the
Committeefeelsthattobaccoadvertisingplaysafundamentalroleinthepromotionoftheuseoftobacco,
especiallyforchildren,whostarttobesensitivetoadvertisingataveryearlyage.
2.4.ADirectivebanningtobaccoadvertisingontelevisionprogrammesalreadyexists.TheCommittee
takestheviewthatthisbanshouldbeextendedtotobaccoadvertisingonradio.
2.5.TheCommitteesupportstheviewthatthepresenceoftobaccoadvertisingatpointsofsalecan
providetheconsumerwithinformation .Nonetheless,theCommitteeconsidersthatthedefinitionofsuch
pointsofsaleshouldbeclarifiedandadaptedtoensurethat,allowingforpossibledifferencesinthelocation
ofpointsofsale,nodistortionsofcompetitiondevelopbetweenMemberStates.
2.6.TheCommitteesupportsthebanonindirectadvertising,whetheronthebasisofawell-known
tobaccobrandusedforproductsotherthantobaccoproducts,oronthebasisofwell-knownnon-tobacco
brandsbeingusedfornewtobaccoproducts.
2.7.TheCommitteeisparticularlysensitivetotheCommission'sargumentsonadvertisingdirectedinany
formatyoungpeople.Duringthetransitionperiod,whichwilllastuntil1January1994,theCommittee
thereforesupportsageneralbanonadvertising :
—aimedatpersonsunder18;
—depictingpersonsunder25;
—inpublicationsintendedfor,orreadby,personsunder18;
—linkingsmokingandadulthood;
—inorinfrontofpremisesorclubsmainlypatronizedbypersonsunder18;
—inorinfrontofdiscotheques ,dancehallsorpublicbuildingswhereyoungpeoplecongregate;
—inorinfrontoftrainingandeducationalestablishments mainlyusedbypersonsunder18.

NoC313/32 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities 30.11.92
2.8.TheCommitteetakestheviewthat,duringthetransitionperiod,inthecaseofsportnoadvertising
maytakeplacewhichlinkssmokingtothepracticeofsport.Notobaccoadvertisingmaybeplacedinprinted
matterdealingwithsport.Normayadvertisingtakeplaceifasportissponsored,orinstadiaoronplaying
fields,buildingsorotherareasintendedforthepracticeofsport.
2.9.TheCommitteetakestheviewthat,duringthetransitionperiod,healthwarningsand/ortarand
nicotinecontentfiguresshouldbeindicatedinadvertisements ,postersetc.aslaiddownintheDirectiveon
labellingoftobaccoproducts.
3.SpecificcommentsonindividualArticles
3.1.Article1
3.1.1.TheCommitteeagreeswiththedefinitionsgiveninthisArticle.
3.2.Article2
3.2.1.TheCommitteeagreeswiththisArticle.
3.3.Article3
3.3.1.ThedefinitionrelatingtothisArticleshouldbere-examined .
3.4.Article6
3.4.1.Theimplementation oftheDirectiveshouldbefixedfor1January1994.'
Resultofthevoting
For:45,against:72,abstentions :10.
Amendment 3
'Introduction
1.ThepresentdirectiveemergedfollowingtheCouncilofMinisters'inabilitytoreachaqualifiedmajority
ontheinitialproposal.TheCouncildebaterevealed,however,thatcompleteharmonization ofMember
States'legislationwouldbeeasiertoimplement.
2.TheCommissionhave,therefore,comeforwardwithanewmodifiedproposalaimedatharmonising
advertisingoftobaccoproductsbyimposingatotalbanonadvertising.
Comments
3.TheCommitteesupportstheCommissionproposalsubjecttothefollowingcomments.
3.1.TheCommitteeconsidersthatalladvertisingoftobaccoproductsencouragesconsumptionoftobacco
especiallyamongsttheyoung.
3.2.Clearlythereisnolongeranyneedtoprovethatsmokingisharmfulandthereforewehavea
responsibilitytosetanexampleandpreventtheemergenceofnewsmokers,especiallytheyoung.
3.3.Advertisingplaysaroleinrecruitingnewsmokers,mainlychildren,toreplacethosewhodie.It
indicatesalifestylewhichcanbeattractiveandisoftenmisleading .
3.4.Legislationbymeansofharmonization tocombatthistemptationoftheyoungisrequiredand
thereforeacompletebanonbothdirectandindirecttobaccoadvertisingistheonlywayinwhichthiscan
beachieved.
3.5.Theissueofindirectadvertisingiscomplexbutmustbetakenheadoniftheobjectiveistobe
achievedofensuringthatnewsmokers,especiallytheyoung,arenotencouragedtoenterthesmoking
syndrome.Incountrieswhichhavebanneddirectadvertisingbutnotindirectadvertisingoftobaccoproducts
theindustryhasusedindirectadvertisingtonegatetheban.
3.6.Itisacceptedthatsufficienttimemustbegiventoboththeadvertisingandtobaccoindustriesto
adapt,althoughasfarastheformerisconcerneditisouropinionthatnewareasofproductadvertisement
willopenup.Nevertheless,theCommitteeconsidersthattheimplementation datecouldbeextendedto
1996.
3.7.TheCommitteeconsidersthattheCommission'snewproposalmeetsthecriteriaasasignificantstep
forwardtoprotectanddiscouragewould-besmokers.

30.11.92 OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities NoC313/33
3.8.TheCommitteeacknowledgesthattherightoftheindividualtochoosetosmokeornotisan
individualmattertothemandthemalone,thisfundamentalrightisnotanissue;whatisatissueisthetype
ofadvertisement whichaimstoportraytothepublicandimagethatsmokingisnotharmfulwhenweall
knowthatitis.'
Resultofthevote
For:40,against:67,abstentions :13.
Amendment 4
(Point2.1.acceptedwithmodification )
'2.1.1.TheCommitteefearsthattheCommission'sproposal,whichprovidesfora1993deadline,istoo
draconianadecisionandinconsequencecoulddisruptcertainsectorsoftheeconomy.
2.1.2.TheCommitteethereforerecommendsthattheproposedDirectiveshouldnotcomeintoforceuntil
1January1996.Thiswouldgivetherelevantsectorstimetoadapttothenewrestrictionsbymeansofself­
regulatorymeasures.'
Reasons
Self-explanatory .
Resultofthevote
For:42,against:71,abstentions :12.
APPENDIX 3
totheOpinionoftheEconomicandSocialCommittee
AMINORITY DECLARATION FROMTHECONSUMERS INTERESTS GROUP
FollowingtherecordedvoteontheOpinion,consumerrepresentatives listedbelow,whovotedagainst,
issuedthefollowingdeclaration :
'ThemembersoftheinterestgroupfeelthattheCommissionproposalshouldhavebeenendorsedbythe
Committee,sincedoubtsshouldnotbecastoverhealthprotection,andparticularlythefightagainstcancer,
toservethespecificinterestsofcertainindustrialists ,manufacturers anddealersoradvertisingcirclesand
themedia.ThebanontobaccoadvertisingasproposedbytheCommissionisasuitablewaytocutback
tobaccoconsumption ,ashasbeenurgentlycalledforbythemedicalprofessionandpublichealthbodies;
theproposedmeasuresdonotentailanydangerforfreedomofinformationincommercialinterests.
TheproposalsetoutintheOpinion,touseacodeofconductinsteadofCommunitylegislation,isnot
appropriatesincethemediaisaccessibletoeveryoneirrespectiveofage,evenifthemessageisnotdirected
ateveryone.Forthisreason,restrictionsbasedontargetgroupagewouldbeneitherlogicalnoreffective.A
codeofconductwouldonlybebindingforeconomicagentswhoacceptitandeventhencouldnotbe
enforced,sincepersonssufferingdamagesorimpairmentcausedbypublicitycouldnotrefertothecodeina
courtoflaw.
ThedifferencesinlegislationbetweenMemberStatescanonlybesolvedbyissuingadirective.Theinterest
groupbelievesthatharmonization mustbeimplementedonthebasisofamorepreciseapplicationofArticle
100AoftheECTreaty.Thispositionhasunfortunately beenrejectedbythemajority,thusacceptingthe
continuationofdiscrimination betweenadvertisingcirclesandeconomicagentsinthedifferentMember
States.'
Mr/Mrs:ATAIDEFERREIRA ,BONVICINI ,CEBALLOHERRERO ,ELSTNER,GREDAL,HILKENS,
JASCHICK,LANDABURU DESILVA,RANGONIMACHIAVELLI .