COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 25.03.1997 
COM(97) 130 final 
97/0116 (CNS) 
Proposal for a 
COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) 
on Community financial contributions to the 
International Fund for Ireland 
THE INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR IRELAND 
An evaluation report pursuant to the provisions contained in 
Council Regulation (EC) No 2687/94 
(presented by the Commission) 

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 
The International Fund for Ireland was established in 1986 in order to contribute to the work 
envisaged in Article 10(a) of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 15 November 1985 which 
provides that "The two governments shall cooperate to promote the economic and social 
development of those areas of both parts of Ireland which ha\>e suffered most severely from 
the consequences of the instability of recent years, and shall consider the possibility of 
securing international support for this work". 
The objectives of the Fund are to promote economic and social advance and to encourage 
contact, dialogue and reconciliation between nationalists and unionists throughout Ireland. 
The EC, recognizing that the objectives of the Fund were a reflection of those pursued by 
itself, wished to give practical support to the initiative. From 1989 until 1995, this has taken 
the form of an annual contribution of ECU 15 million which was written into the budget and 
implemented by the Commission. 
The Commission has been represented by an observer at Board meetings since the beginning 
of 1989 and has thus been able to monitor the progress of the Fund. 
The Commission has always insisted that the Community's contribution be used as a priority 
for cross-community projects, thereby encouraging dialogue and reconciliation, and that it 
have a genuine additional impact in the areas concerned, i.e. that it should not be used as a 
substitute for other public or private expenditure. 
The Fund is a particular example of successful Anglo-Irish cooperation in promoting 
reconciliation between the two communities and their economic and social progress. 
Since its inception, the Fund has supported some 3 500 projects to the benefit of 
both communities. 
The Joint Declaration by the Taoiseach Mr. Reynolds and Prime Minister Major of 
14 December 1993 has given new impetus to the reconciliation process. It was welcomed by 
the Commission in a statement issued on 16 December 1993 indicating that the achievement 
of peace would bring many social and economic benefits to the region, the Member States 
concerned and the European Union as a whole, and expressing the wish to give practical 
support to the process. 
The Joint Declaration was also welcomed in a statement issued by the General Affairs Council 
on 20 December 1993. 
On 31 October 1994 the Council adopted Regulation (EC) No 2687/94 on Community 
Financial Contributions to the International Fund for Ireland relating to 1995, 1996 and 1997. 
For each of those years ECU 20 million has been provided as part of the annual 
budgetary procedure. 
Pursuant to Article 3 of the above Regulation, an annual survey and list of projects which have 
received aid has been made, as well as an assessment of the nature and impact of the 
interventions, with particular regard to the objectives of the Fund and the criteria set out in the 
first and second paragraphs of Article 2 of the Regulation. 
Pursuant to Article 5 of the Regulation, an evaluation has been drawn up by the Commission 
for the European Parliament and the Council assessing the need for continuing contributions 
beyond 1997. 
On the basis of those evaluations and the Commission's ongoing monitoring of the Fund's 
activities, notwithstanding the major Community structural Fund commitment for the whole of 
the Island of Ireland, and the considerable effort made under the Special Programme for Peace 
and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland, continuation of financial contributions to the 
International Fund is recommended as an effective complement to other Community support 
for the peace process. 
Since the present arrangement for Community contributions expires on 31 December 1997, it 
is proposed that the Council adopt the attached Regulation. 
In view of the funding already provided, and in order to allow for the fact that the still volatile 
situation in the region must improve, it is suggested to limit the term of the support to two 
years. In the Commission's view the annual contribution for each of the years 1998, and 1999 
should be ECU 17 million. A review of the performance of the Fund and the need for further 
support will be made by the Commission before 1 April 1999. 
It is further proposed that the following conditions shall apply in respect of this contribution: 
priority shall be given to projects which have a strong reconciliation and 
cross-community element; 
it shall be ensured that it has a genuine additional impact in the areas concerned and not 
therefore be used as a substitute for other public or private expenditure. 
Proposal for a 
COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) 
on Community financial contributions to the 
International Fund for Ireland 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular 
Article 235 thereof, 
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission1, 
Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament2, 
Whereas the programmes of the International Fund for Ireland (hereinafter "the Fund") 
encourage cross-border and cross-community cooperation and thereby promote dialogue and 
reconciliation between nationalists and unionists; 
Whereas the Fund is an example of successful Anglo-Irish cooperation in promoting 
reconciliation between the two communities and their economic and social progress; 
Whereas ECU 15 million a year has been provided from the Community budget from 1989 
until 1995 to support projects of the Fund which have a genuine additional impact in the 
areas concerned; 
Whereas pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No 2687/94 of 31 October 1994 on 
Community financial contributions to the International Fund for Ireland3, for 1995, 1996 and 
1997, the amount established as part of the budgetary procedure for each of these years has 
been ECU 20 million; 
Whereas the assessments carried out in accordance with Articles 3 and 5 of Regulation (EC) 
No 2687/94 have confirmed that the Community's contribution has been used in accordance 
with the objectives of the Fund and the criteria laid down in the first and second paragraphs of 
Article 2 of the above Regulation; 
Whereas Regulation (EC) No 2687/94 expires on 31 December 1997; 
Whersas the peace process in Northern Ireland requires a continuation of Community support 
beyond that date; 
Whereas the Commission adopted on 28 July 1995 a decision granting Structural Funds 
assistance to the Special Support Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland 
and in the Border Counties of Ireland; 
1 OJ No C 
2 Opinion delivered on 
3 OJNoL286, 5.11.1994, p. 5. 
Whereas the Community contribution should be used by the Fund in priority for projects that 
are consistent with the activities funded by the Special Support Programme for Peace 
and Reconciliation; 
Whereas such support should take the form of financial contributions for a period of two 
more years; 
Whereas an assessment reviewing the Fund's performance and the need for further support 
should be drawn up before 1 April 1999; 
Whereas the amount deemed necessary for the Community contribution to the Fund is 
ECU 17 million for each of the years 1998 and 1999, expressed in current values; 
Whereas this support will contribute to reinforcing the solidarity between the Member States 
and between their peoples; 
Whereas the Treaty provides no powers other than those in Article 235 for the adoption of 
this Regulation, 
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: 
Article 1 
An annual contribution shall be made to the International Fund for Ireland (hereinafter called 
"the Fund") for each of the years 1998 and 1999. The amount of this contribution shall be 
established as part of the annual budgetary procedure. 
Article 2 
The contribution shall be used by the Fund in priority for projects of a cross-border or 
cross-community nature, in partiailar those consistent with the objectives of the 
Special Support Programme for Peace and Reconciliation. 
The contribution shall be used in such a way that it has a genuine additional impact on the 
areas concerned and should not therefore be used as a substitute for other public and 
private expenditure. 
The Commission shall be represented by an observer at the Board meetings of the Fund. 
Article 3 
The Commission shall administer the contributions. The Commission shall submit, not later 
than 1 April 1999, a report to the budgetary authority covering inter alia the 
following matters: 
a survey of the Fund's activities; 
a list of projects which have received aid; 
an assessment of the nature and impact of the interventions, in respect, notably, of the 
objectives of the Fund and the criteria laid down in the first and second paragraphs of 
Article 2; 
an annex containing the results of the verifications and controls carried out by the 
Commission representative or its agents. 
Article 4 
The annual contribution shall be paid in two parts as follows: 
(a) an advance of 80% will be paid after the chairman of the Board of the Fund has signed 
the Commission's standard undertaking relating to grants and has undertaken to use the 
contribution in accordance with Article 2 and after the Commission has received and 
accepted the beneficiary's annual activity report and audited accounts in respect of the 
previous year; 
(b) the remaining 20% will be paid after the Commission has received and accepted the 
beneficiary's annual activity report and audited accounts relating to the year for which 
the Community contribution was made. 
Article 5 
Before 1 April 1999, the Commission shall present an evaluation report to the 
European Parliament and the Council assessing the need for continuing contributions 
beyond 1999. 
Article 6 
This Regulation shall enter into force on 1 January 1998. 
It shall apply until 31 December 1999. 
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. 
Done at Brussels, For the Council 
The President 
FINANCIAL STATEMENT 
1 TITLE OF OPERATION: 
COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR 
IRELAND. 
2. BUDGET HEADING INVOLVED: B2-604 
3. LEGAL BASIS: Draft Proposal for a Council Regulation under Article 235 
4. DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION 
4.1. General objective: to encourage contact, dialogue and reconciliation between 
nationalists and unionists throughout Ireland by promoting the economic and social 
advance of the two communities. 
4.2. Period covered and arrangements for renewal or extension: 
1998, 1999. 
5. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURE OR REVENUE 
5.1. Non-compulsory expenditure 
5.2. Differentiated appropriations 
6. TYPE OF EXPENDITURE 
Subsidy for joint financing with other sources in the public and/or private sector. 
7. FINANCIAL IMPACT 
7.1. Indicative schedule of appropriations 
7.1.1. Schedule for proposed new operation 
ECU million 
(in current prices) 
1998 1999 TOTAL 
Commitment 17 17 34 
appropriations 
Payment 17 17 34 
appropriations 
8. FRAUD PREVENTION MEASURES: the Commission is represented on the Board of the 
Fund and the final annual contribution is only paid over after receipt and acceptance of the 
Fund's annual report and audited accounts. 
9. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE 
9.1. Through economic and social development to promote reconciliation between the 
two communities in both parts of Ireland which have suffered most severely from 
the consequences of the instability of recent years. 
9.2. Grounds for the operation 
The Community, recognizing that the objectives of the Fund are a reflection of those 
pursued by itseh; has given practical backing (ECU 15 million pa. since 1989; 
ECU 20 million for each of the years 1995, 1996, 1997). Continuation of 
this contribution for another two years would provide a clear indication 
of Community support for the peace process in Northern Ireland, which is at a 
highly critical juncture. 
9.3. Monitoring and evaluation of the operation 
The Commission will monitor the Fund's activities through its continuing presence 
on the Board as an observer. It is informed of all the Fund's proposed decisions 
before they are put to the Board. All Fund-supported projects are moreover 
monitored by staff responsible for Structural Fund policy implementation to 
avoid overlap. 
THE INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR IRELAND 
An evaluation report pursuant to the provisions contained in 
Council Regulation (EC) No 2687/94 
Introduction H 
1. Background 12 
2. Assessment of the Work of the International Fund for Ireland 15 
2.1 Leverage of Other Funds 15 
2.2 The Fund's activities in relation to contact, dialogue and reconciliation 15 
2.2.1 Number of Groups and Board Members 15 
2.2.2 Beneficiaries of Programmes 16 
2.3 Independent Evaluations of the Impact of the IFI 17 
2.3.1 The KPMG Report 17 
2.3.2 The British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Body 19 
2.4 Distribution of the Fund's Resources 20 
2.5 The Fund's Employment Impact to September 1995 21 
3. The Commission's Conclusions 21 
Annexes: Fund annual reports for 1995 and 1996 
N.B. All amounts are quoted in Pounds Sterling rather than ECU. This has been done to 
facilitate comparison with figures given in the Fund' annual reports. 
10 
INTRODUCTION 
The International Fund for Ireland is a body established by treaty between the Governments of 
the United Kingdom and of Ireland 
"to promote economic and social advance, and to encourage contact, dialogue and 
reconciliation between nationalists and unionists throughout Ireland". 
The International Fund for Ireland (IFI) was established in 1987. It is supported by 
contributions from the European Union, the United States of America, Canada, New Zealand 
and Australia. EU contributions commenced in 1989 and are now the largest single annual 
contribution to the development budget of the International Fund. 
In the years 1989-1994 the Community contribution amounted to ECU 15 million per annum. 
Council Regulation No 2687/94 on Community Financial Contributions to the International 
Fund for Ireland established a continuing framework for EU contributions to the work of the 
IFI. The annual contribution for 1995, 1996 and 1997 was raised to ECU 20 million. 
The Regulation provided that the Community contribution should be used "in priority for 
projects of a cross border or cross- community nature" and "in a way which has a genuine 
additional impact on the areas concerned and... not... as a substitute for other public and 
private expenditure,A The Regulation also provided that the Commission should make an 
annual report on the International Fund's activities5 and, in addition, should draw up an 
evaluation report for the European Parliament and the Council assessing the need for 
continuing contributions beyond 19976. 
For technical reasons it is deemed more practical to merge the two exercises, particularly since 
the annual reports published by the Fund (and which are examined in detail by the Commission 
before publication) contain exhaustive information on projects and finance - which it would be 
inappropriate to duplicate. The Fund's annual report for 1995 has been published. The 1996 
report will be available shortly. 
The present report provides the Commission's evaluation of the activities of the IFI and its 
assessment of the need for continuing contributions. 
Section 1 gives a general background and appreciation of how the Fund operates and a broad 
assessment of the degree to which its modus operandi is in line with its objectives. 
Section 2 sets out a variety of indicators of the activities undertaken by the IFI and reports the 
findings of independent evaluations of the work of the Fund. 
Section 3 sets out the Commission's conclusions on the work of the fund and on the issue of 
continuing support by the European Union. 
In preparing this Report, the Commission had access to a number of case studies illustrating 
aspects of the work of the IFI and reports of interviews with a number of community workers, 
commentators and public officials in relation to the impact of the IFI and the challenges which 
it faces in the future. The case studies and the interviews were undertaken independently on 
Council Regulation (EC) No 2687/94, Article 2. 
Council Regulation (EC) No 2687/94, Article 3. 
Council Regulation (EC) No 2687/94, Article 5. 
11 
behalf of the Commission to assist in the preparation of this Report. They were influential in 
the conclusions which the Commission has reached on the work of the IFI. 
1. BACKGROUND 
The Fund's twin objectives concern economic and social advance and the promotion of 
dialogue and reconciliation between the communities in Northern Ireland and between 
Northern Ireland and the South. 
It pursues these aims through a clearly defined set of sub-programmes, each of which has its 
own allocation within the IFI budget. 
The table below indicates the actual commitments arising from offers of assistance 
approved by the IFI in relation to approximately 630 projects during the period 
October 1994 to December 1996. 
The information in the table reflects the emphasis which the Fund places on supporting 
community-led initiatives across its various Programmes, particularly in disadvantaged 
areas and also marks the introduction of new initiatives and schemes, such as the 
Communities Initiative. Programmes 1-5 are wholly community led in their nature, 
while Programmes 6 and 7 have significant elements of community led provision. These 
programmes accounted for 84% of the Fund's commitments over the period. 
Programme or Initiative Funds committed 
UKL million 
1. Community Economic Regeneration & Special Projects 10 416 
2. Communities Initiative 4 874 
3. Rural Development 5 401 
4. Wider Horizons 8 720 
5. Flagship Projects 7 260 
6. Business Enterprise 11299 
7. Urban Development 9107 
8. Tourism 8 321 
9. Science & Technology 2 734 
1 TOTAL | 68 132 
In addition, there is a Communities in Action Initiative which addresses the problem of social 
exclusion in the most disadvantaged communities, as well as a number of investment 
companies which have been set up in Northern Ireland and in the Border Counties of 
the South. 
12 
Although the list includes only one programme explicitly identified as 
"Communities Initiative", this does not, in the Commission's view, give a true picture of the 
scope of the Fund's activities and impact in terms of reconciliation; all the Fund's programmes 
clearly seek to pursue the same aim of promoting reconciliation through economic and social 
advance in such a way as to involve representatives from divided communities and enable them 
to help themselves. 
The fundamental principle underlying the Fund's approach can be roughly summarized as 
follows: increased contact between members of opposing communities is essential for the 
removal of prejudice but it is not enough in itself to reconcile or integrate those communities. 
This requires the joint striving towards common goals and shared interests. The cooperation 
this involves leads to confidence-building and the emergence of an equal-status-mentality 
between the representatives of the groups. 
Cross-Border Aspects 
The Commission is satisfied that the Fund does effectively apply the principle whereby 
economic development activities, especially those at local level, are carried through by 
organizations representing both communities. 
The effect is being felt in particular at the level of public agencies and departments North and 
South of the Border. In most cases there had been little previous cooperation on a continuing 
basis between the two public administrations on the island. The Commission's assessment -
based on regular on-the-spot monitoring - is that the Fund has made a major contribution to 
changing this situation by contributing to the development of networks of working 
relationships between officials of public agencies and administrations in both parts of the island 
participating in the management and delivery of Fund-supported projects. The significance of 
this development for the future of the island of Ireland, and for the relations between the two 
Member States, is hard to overestimate. 
Specific examples of innovative cross-border programmes include the following: 
- the joint marketing of Irish products abroad; 
- joint training programmes within the context of the Enterprise and Wider Horizons 
programmes; 
- joint marketing of the island of Ireland as a tourist destination; 
- joint research and development projects involving universities from North and South. 
It must be said, however, that a large proportion of the cross-border projects which the IFI has 
supported have been projects to support cooperation between government agencies or 
professional organizations. The number of community-based cross-border projects that has 
been funded is smaller in relative terms. The problem in finding a satisfactory operational 
approach for cross-border projects - particularly on a longer term basis - has been 
encountered by the Structural Funds also in other parts of Europe. 
13 
Cross-Community Aspects 
Although numbers do not reflect the essence of reconciliation and bridge-building work, one 
indicator is the number of cross-community groups set up as a direct result of the existence of 
the IFI (see table under 2.2.1 below). The Commission is satisfied that the Fund pays 
particular attention to a balanced representation of the communities involved in these groups 
and that it does not provide funding if it feels that this criterion has not been met. 
According to a study carried out by independent consultants, well over 7 600 individuals had 
been involved either directly or indirectly in these activities by the end of 1996. 
While Protestant communities were initially reluctant to apply to the Fund, which was 
perceived as pursuing an explicitly political agenda, this situation had clearly changed by 1995. 
It has indeed been replaced in some areas by a desire on the part of community leaders to 
"catch up" with communities that had gained from Fund programmes. Often this involves 
cooperation with communities perceived as essentially nationalist - an outcome which, in the 
Commission's opinion, clearly demonstrates the extent to which the IFI is succeeding in getting 
the legitimacy of cross-community cooperation accepted in quarters where this would have 
been unthinkable only a few years ago. This must rate as one of the EFI's most significant 
contributions to the reconciliation process: it has succeeded in encouraging the creation of 
bottom-up cross-community structures where official agencies were no longer able to do so. 
Disadvantaged areas 
The Fund operates through Programme Teams which, under the direction of the Board, draw 
upon the expertise and administrative structures necessary for the effective deployment of its 
programmes. Regionally-based development consultants act as an interface between the Fund 
and local groups. They play a particularly significant part in assisting local communities in 
articulating their case for funding and developing and implementing their plans, and have thus 
become an important enhancement of the local development capacity of the most 
disadvantaged communities. 
The "Disadvantaged Areas Initiative" is the largest single sub-programme of the Fund. 
However, it would be accurate to say that all IFI programmes are to varying degrees designed 
to benefit disadvantaged areas. 
Additionally 
It is notoriously difficult to give definitive proof of additionality, or the lack of it. There have 
been cases where the Commission observer on the Board has expressed reservations about 
spending proposals, where the project in question was deemed to be a matter for the national 
governments rather than the Fund. 
By and large, however, it is clear that the IFI has an important pump-primer or leverage 
function which enables recipients of its support to gain access to other funding (see table under 
2.1. below). 
14 
2. ASSESSMENT OF THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR IRELAND 
2.1 Leverage of Other Funds 
The ability of the IFI to lever other funds in support of its activities varies 
between Programmes, reflecting the ability of the recipients of IFI support to 
gain access to other funding. Leverage ratios are lower in community based 
programmes in which there is limited or no incentive for the attraction of 
private finance. 
Programme or Initiative 
Community Economic 
Regeneration & Special Projects 
Communities Initiative 
Rural Development 
Wider Horizons 
Flagship Projects 
Business Enterprise 
Urban Development 
Tourism 
Science & Technology 
TOTAL IFI 
Commitments 
UKL million 
10416 
4 874 
5 401 
8 720 
7 260 
11 299 
9 107 
8 321 
2 734 
68 132 Other 
Funds 
UKL million 
8 866 
3318 
8 629 
8 721 
23 889 
15 895 
25 309 
28 289 
2 876 
125 792 Leverage 
Ratio (l:x) 
0.851 
0.681 
1.598 
1.000 
3.290 
1.407 
2.779 
3.400 
1.052 
1.846 
The table indicates that the average leverage ratio obtained by the Fund for 
its major Programmes and initiatives in the period October 1994 to 
December 1996 was approximately 1.8. The Fund's commitment of 
UKL 68 132 million has produced a total potential investment, much 
concentrated in the designated disadvantaged areas, of UKL 193 920 million. 
2.2. The Fund's activities in relation to contact, dialogue and reconciliation 
This Section provides a quantified analysis of the Fund's contribution to 
contact, dialogue and reconciliation in the period between October 1994 and 
December 1996, and cumulatively. 
2.2.1 Number of Groups 
One indicator of activity is the number of cross-community or cross-border 
groups which have been stimulated. The table below sets out the number of 
cross-community groups formed as a result of the Fund's interventions 
according to the main Programme or Initiative headings. In the case of each 
group the Fund pays particular attention to a balanced representation of the 
communities involved and will not provide funding if it does not believe that this 
criterion has been met. 
15 
Number of Cross-Community or Cross-Border Groups 
October 1994 - December 1996 and Cumulatively 
Programme or Initiative New Groups in Total Number of 
_____ Period Groups 
Community Economic Regeneration & 39 171 
Special Projects 
Wider Horizons 79 301 
Local Enterprise Agencies 15 52 
Other community based development 58 92 
organizations 
Cross-border Science and Technology 7 23 
groups or projects 
Total I 198 1 639 
In excess of 7 600 persons are directly and regularly involved in the Boards or 
Steering Committees of these groups, providing experience of practical working 
together across traditional community divides in Northern Ireland and across the 
border. Of this total some 1600 were directly involved in groups which obtained 
IFI support for the first time between October 1994 and December 1996. 
2.2.2 Beneficiaries of Programmes 
As well as those directly involved in the management and direction of these cross-
community or cross-border activities, a wider group can be identified as the direct 
beneficiaries of the activities stimulated. The table below provides some 
illustrative estimates of the numbers involved according to the main types 
of groups. 
16 
Number of Beneficiaries of Initiatives: 
October 1994 - December 1996 and Cumulatively 
Type of Group Beneficiaries in Total Number of 
New Initiatives Beneficiaries 
first supported in 
the period 
- Local Enterprise Agencies (tenants 456 2 956 
of agencies, etc.) 
- Wider Horizons Programme 2 165 7 555 
(programme participants) 
- Community Economic Regeneration 1 164 2 893 
Scheme (participants in local actions) 
- Science & Technology (researchers, 53 533 
etc.) 
- Businesses participating in cross- 489 1515 
border development and marketing 
schemes (e.g. Acumen, Plato, 
CBI/IBEC etc.) 
4 327 15 452 
Total I J 
The data shows that the Fund continues to focus on disadvantaged areas and 
communities in difficulty and fostering cross-community and cross-border contact 
and dialogue. 
2.3 Independent Evaluations of the Impact of the IFI 
The Board and observers have been concerned to have independent advice and 
evaluation of the IFI's impact. A number of evaluations of particular schemes and 
programmes have been commissioned. The major overall assessment of the impact 
of the Fund was undertaken by the international accounting and consultancy firm 
KPMGin 1994 and 1995. 
2.3.1 The KPMG Report 
The KPMG Report7 examined the work of the IFI from its inception to September 
1994. It undertook a qualitative assessment of the Fund's contribution to contact, 
dialogue and reconciliation and a quantitative assessment of the Fund's 
contribution to employment creation, taking employment creation as a proxy for 
economic and social advance. 
The International Fund for Ireland, Contribution to Contact, Dialogue and Reconciliation and to the 
Creation of Employment, KPMG Belfast, May 1995. 
17 
The report found a strong synergy between the Fund's twin aims - economic and 
social advance and contact, dialogue and reconciliation - especially as the Fund 
has chosen to pursue the latter aim primarily through economic regeneration 
undertaken on a cross-community or cross-border basis. Hence, while the balance 
of the funding provided by the IFI has been provided to what would broadly be 
described as "economic" projects, reconciliation is at the heart of the 
Fund's activities. 
The report identified the following "simple indicators" of the scale of the Fund's 
interventions in the period to September 1994: 
• 16 645 jobs in IFI supported projects in September 1994, together with a 
further 7 142 jobs indirect and construction jobs arising from IFI supported 
projects, giving a total jobs impact of the Fund of 23 787 at September 1994; 
• formation of 37 Local Enterprise Agencies operating from 46 locations in 
Northern Ireland, each under the direction of a cross-community board; 
• 441 organizations had been assisted to promote social and economic 
development, these involved over 5 700 community leaders in their day-to-day 
direction and management; 
• 
• sponsorship of business linkages between the two parts of Ireland which had 
involved over 1 000 businesses; 
participation of over 5 000 people in Wider Horizons Programmes which have 
a particular emphasis on young unemployed people from the most 
disadvantaged Protestant and Catholic Communities in Northern Ireland and 
from disadvantaged communities in the South; 
• allocation of over UKL 263 million of funds since 1987; 
• leverage of over UKL 450 million of other funds, leading to a total investment 
of over UKL 700 million, much targeted on the specially disadvantaged areas 
of the region. 
It was found, in addition, that the IFI had developed a synergistic relationship with 
the Structural Funds, enabling the most disadvantaged communities to participate 
in the benefits of the Structural Funds by contributing to the matching 
funding required and had been instrumental in building day to day networks of 
cooperation between the administrations in Belfast and Dublin. (The Commission 
for its part saw to it that combined IFI/Structural Fund input did not exceed 
EU funding thresholds). 
More than 20 in-depth visits and interviews were undertaken to explore the 
contact, dialogue and reconciliation impacts of a range of Fund assisted 
projects. Several groups pointed to the importance of IFI funds having been 
"the first money on the table " enabling them to approach other funding sources 
with greater confidence. 
18 
The report found that the IFF s approach to contact, dialogue and reconciliation 
emphasised working together at local levels to achieve a common end or goal, and 
that it tends to see such working together both as a pre-condition to support and, 
in itself as an important outcome of the project assisted, developing contact, trust 
and understanding between the communities and acting as a springboard for 
further cooperative cross-community ventures. This model in fact corresponds to 
best practice in establishing trust and development between communities in 
general which, at best, are suspicious of each other. The IFI approach is basically 
an example of what has been called "Track Two Diplomacy" - under which 
economic development provides both an incentive and a higher goal to building 
relationships between two communities which have been estranged. 
The Fund's own estimates of its employment creation impacts have also been 
reviewed. The actual number of jobs found "on the ground" in September 1994 in 
Fund-assisted projects was 16 645. Taking account of multiplier effects and the 
average direct employment in IFI-funded construction projects adds considerably 
to the total number employed directly in Fund assisted projects. When these 
effects are taken into account the total employment associated with the Fund rises 
to 23 787. 
The cost per job associated with the total jobs created by the IFI was calculated at 
UKL 8 700. Adjusted to a cost per job year basis on various assumptions about 
the average duration of IFI-assisted jobs produced estimates of cost per job year 
for the IFI ranging from UKL 1 200 to UKL 2 900. When deadweight and local 
displacement effects are taken into account the average cost per IFI-assisted job 
year was estimated as ranging from UKL 2 700 to UKL 6 200 depending on the 
assumed average job duration. 
The IFI has been a distinctive force in supporting contact, dialogue and 
reconciliation between the communities in Northern Ireland and between 
Northern Ireland and the South and in the creation of employment. It has had a 
distinctive status and role which has enabled it to support a wide variety of 
projects, most having a mixture of community relations and economic objectives. 
The overall assessment of the Fund was, therefore, highly positive. Significant and 
distinctive contributions were found to have been made to contact, dialogue and 
reconciliation, new models of working together had been developed and 
significant numbers of additional jobs had been created at reasonable costs. The 
achievements of the Fund in a period of active inter-community tension and 
cross-border terrorism were regarded as being highly creditable. 
2.3.2 The British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Body 
A Committee of the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Body produced a report on 
the IFI in April 19968. The Committee took written and oral evidence from a wide 
range of individuals and visited a number of IFI-supported projects. The 
Committee's Report was in part concerned with a number of political issues 
British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Body; Report from Committee C on Economic and Social Affairs on 
the International Fund for Ireland; No 42, April 1996. 
19 
reflecting alternative distributions of the IFI resources but the Committee reached 
a number of substantive conclusions in relation to the impact of the Fund. 
The following are some of the main points highlighted by the Committee's Report: 
• the Fund reaches out to and is increasingly availed of by both the Unionist and 
the Nationalist traditions in Northern Ireland and there is a large degree of 
cross-community involvement in, and benefit from the various programmes; 
• North-South business promotion activities sponsored by the IFI have 
demonstrated their practical benefits to the business communities and the 
Committee suggested that there remained further potential for larger scale 
cross-border projects of this type; 
• while the Fund's resources are not very significant in macro-economic terms 
(compared, for example, with the expenditures of the two Governments or 
the EU), it is a significant part of development expenditure and, being 
mainly targeted at disadvantaged areas, its impact in such areas is of 
major significance; 
• based on the evidence presented to it, the Committee considered the 
IFI performance in the area of job creation to have been very satisfactory and 
to have provided a higher level of value for money than might have 
been expected; 
• the Fund's capacity to lever other funding, to pump prime and to provide seed 
funding for initiatives is a major advantage of the IFI, reflecting its flexibility 
and facilitative approach of projects. The Committee called for a even greater 
emphasis on such projects in the future. 
The Committee's general conclusion and recommendation was as follows: 
"The Committee was impressed by the operation and performance of the IFI and 
the unique and distinctive role it has developed for itself in promoting 
reconciliation and regeneration in the region. The Committee would encourage 
the two Governments and the donors to continue their support for the Fund"9. 
2.4 Distribution of the Fund's Resources 
The IFI has clearly been concerned to ensure that priority is given to projects 
located in the most disadvantaged areas. This aim is reflected in the operation of 
the Fund's standard programmes and through a series of special initiatives 
targeted solely on the most disadvantaged areas. Assessments show that, to date, 
some 70% of the Fund's commitments go to these areas. 
Paragraph 7.14. 
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2.5 The Fund's Employment Impact to September 1995 
Using the same assumptions in relation to the ratio of actual to potential 
employment generated by previous research (figures up to September 1996 
will be available in the course of 1997) direct employment generated by the 
405 IFI assisted projects for the year ending September 1995 is estimated at 
1331 jobs. Including indirect employment (based on previous multipliers 
calculated), the total estimated direct and indirect employment generated in 
1994/95 by IFI assisted projects is 1 826 jobs. 
The total cumulative direct employment generated by the Fund from its inception 
to September 1995 is estimated to be 17 976 over a nine-year period. Including 
indirect effects, this increases to 25 584 jobs. 
In total therefore, projects assisted by the IFI since the Fund's inception in 
1986/87 to 1994/95 are estimated to have created 25 584 jobs. 
The Commission will be obtaining a further update of the Fund's employment 
impact in relation to the 1995/96 financial year in due course. The Fund 
has continued to have a high level of activity in this period, for example it 
provided assistance of UKL 33 3 million to 327 projects with a total value of over 
UKL 90 3 million in the period October 1995 to December 1996. It can, 
therefore, be expected that the further update on the Fund's employment impact 
will show significant further employment benefits as a result of the additional 
projects supported in the period. 
3. THE COMMISSION'S CONCLUSIONS 
The Commission's conclusions in relation to the impact of the IFI and the need for continuing 
assistance to the Fund from EU sources are based on: 
• the activity indicators provided by the IFI, which show that the Fund has a substantial 
impact on projects of a cross-border and cross-community nature and on economic 
regeneration in Northern Ireland and in the Border Counties of Ireland; 
• the independent evaluations undertaken of the Fund's activities; 
• the synergistic relationship established between the activities supported by the IFI, and the 
operation of the Structural Funds in Northern Ireland and in the Border Counties of Ireland 
by which the development capacity established by the IFI can target particularly 
disadvantaged or otherwise excluded communities and prepare and resource them for 
participation in Structural Fund supported projects. 
The IFI has a distinctive role to play in cross-community and cross-border development in 
Northern Ireland and in the Border Counties. The Fund has shown an ability to target 
disadvantage and to generate self-sustaining economic activity in the most socially excluded 
parts of Northern Ireland and the Border Counties. The Fund also achieves a substantial 
leverage of public and private money with its funding. If the IFI was not able to contribute to 
projects in these disadvantaged areas, it is likely that they would not be able to draw in private 
and public contributions. The administration of the Fund has required continuing close 
cooperation between the administrations in Belfast and in Dublin. This has created a standing 
21 
network of contacts at a variety of levels which has been of value, for example, in the 
development of the Interreg II Programme for Northern Ireland and Ireland and in (he 
Special Support Programme for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland and in the 
Border Counties of Ireland. The Fund has been effective in piloting innovative ideas which are 
then suitable in many cases for support from mainstream public sources. The Fund has been 
concerned to give priority to the most needy areas and assessments have shown that to date 
some 70% of Fund resources have been committed to the most disadvantaged areas. 
The Commission concludes that the International Fund for Ireland has achieved a 
considerable measure of success in attaining the objectives set out in its own charter and in 
Council Regulation (EC) No 2687/94. 
The model which it has pioneered of improving community relations through specifically 
targeted economic development projects has proved successful in most areas and has inspired 
procedures now being followed by some of the Structural Fund initiatives in the region. 
It occupies a distinctive position in the range of support for the regeneration of an area of the 
Union which has been beset by very particular problems. Last but not least, the work of the IFI 
has played a major role in underpinning the peace process in Northern Ireland. Consequently, 
the Commission recommends continuation of support to the work of the IFI for another two 
years (1998 and 1999). A report similar to this one should then be produced by April 1999, 
evaluating further impact of the IFI and assessing the need for future funding. 
22 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(97) 130 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 11 01 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-97-130-EN-C 
ISBN 92-78-17813-6 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg 
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