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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(82)70 final
Brussels ,23February 1982
MEMORANDUM
onthe implementation ofaniron and ,steel
research programme ,with aview toobtaining
financial aid under Article 55 (2)(c)of
theECSC Treaty
A
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VJ i» •*
• :\v
COM (82)70final

MEMORANDUM
ontheimplementation ofanironandsteel
research programme,withaviewtoobtaining
financial aidunderArticle 55(2)(c)of
theECSCTreaty
I.INTRODUCTION
TheECSCprogramme ofresearch anddevelopment onironandsteelfor1982
presented inthismemorandum consists ofprojects thathavebeenselected
fromatotalof200proposals thatweresubmitted totheCommission ofthe
European Communities requesting aidunderArticle 55,2(c)oftheECSC
Treaty.Afterdetailed examination oftherequests bytheservices ofthe
Commission incollaboration withtheIronandSteelTechnical Research
Committee,81proposals havebeenselected asfirstpriority andincluded
inthisprogramme .
Inanefforttoconcentrate theECSCresources onthoseprojectsthat
correspond mostcloselytothecriteriaoutlined inthemedium-term
orientation forsteelresearch (1981-85)priority hasbeengiventoproposals
havingthefollowing overallobjectives :
-toimproveindustrial competitiveness byreducing production costsand
improving theproduct and
-topromotesteelasanengineering andstructural material throughstudies
oftheserviceproperties andutilisation ofsteel.
Thetechnical scopeoftheproposed programme coversvariousaspectsof
process-oriented andproduct-oriented research andtheleveloffundingfor
thedifferent fieldsisasfollows :
ironmaking 9,9%;steelmaking 21,2%;rollingmillsandmechanical working
18,2%;measurements andanalysis 15,8%;properties andserviceperformance
29,5%plantavailability 4,6%andmiscelleneous 0,8%.
Theachievement ofeconomic benefits throughthereduction ofoperating
costs,enhancing productivity andenergysavingaremajorobjectives ofthe
proposals intheproduction andprocessing partsoftheprogramme .
Theresearch inblastfurnaces,forexample,isdirected atimproving and
re":"ingpresentcontrolprocedure toraiseproductivity andlowerfuel
requirements .Inthecasting andsolidification ofsteel,allsixprojects
concentrate onfurtherdevelopment ofthecontinuous castingprocesswith
itsattendant highermetalyield(greaterthan10%)andenergysavingsin
comparison withconventional ingotcasting.Theobjectives ofthiswork
aretoimproveproductquality,broadentheapplicability oftheprocess
Official Journal C99>Vol.24,2May1981

-2-
andobtainfurtherenergyeconomybasedongreatercontinuity betweenthe
steelworks ,castingmachineandhotrollingmill.Progress inthisareais
particularly important fortheCommunity'sindustry sincesome40%ofsteel
production isnowcontinuously castandthiswillincreaseconsiderably in
thefuture.
Otherprojects onproduction includefuturestudiesofchargepreheating
inelectric furnacesteelmaking usingwastegases,thedirectutilisation
ofunfiredrefractories andthedevelopment ofheatexchanges forrolled
productsallofwhichareconcerned withenergysaving.
Inrollingmilltechnology ,research aimedatreducing bothinvestment and
operating costsisproposed bydeveloping arolling andcontinuous
annealing lineinwhichstrippickling iseliminated .Alsothereare
projects dealingwiththeimprovement inthequality andmechanical
properties ofmillproducts .
Amajorpartoftheresearch onmeasurements andanalysis delaswith
qualityassessment andinspection aswellasthedemandforhigherquality
standards particularly withregardtotheshapeandsurfacefinishoflong
andflatproducts .Also,toachievebettercontrolofproduction operations
further workwillbeundertaken toimprovetheaccuracy,speedand
reliability ofchemical analytical methods.
Research anddevelopment inthefieldofserviceproperties andutilisation
hastheimportant taskofpromoting steelintheusersectorandcreating
newmarketopportunities .Asaconsequence ofthewidevarietyanddiversity
ofsteelproducts theprojects inthissectoroftheprogramme coverarange
ofsubjects fromtheweldability andformability ofsteelstoalloyand
specialsteels.Theconcernforenergyisagainevidentintheprojects on
thefracture behaviour ofgastransmission pipelines andthestudyofhigh
temperature steelsusedinpowergeneration plant.Alsostudiesareproposed
onnon-oriented electrotechnical steelstripforelectrical engineering
applications .
Finally,inthefieldofplantavailability attention isdrawntothehigh
utilisation ofcontinuous castingplantandtheheavydemandsplacedon
engineering reliability .Asaconsequence maintenance hasbecomeanitem
ofmajorimportance inplantoperation andresearch willbfeundertaken to
reduceitssignificant cost.
Thefinancial aidforthe81research proposals belowamountatotalof
18.750.000 ECU.Tothisisadded250.000 ECUforancillary costsand
dissemination ofinformation ,givingatotalfinancial commitment of
19.000.000 ECU.
II.THERESEARCH PROJECTS
II.1.OREREDUCTION
II.lil_Si_nter
Thethreeprojects havethefollowing aims:
-increased reducibi Iityofhigh-grade oresinterwithlowdegradabi Iity
whenhot.(P1103)

-3-
-examination offactorsaffecting theformation ofthecohesive zonewith
aviewtooptimizing thesintering process (P1116)
-useofcoal/waterslurries forfiringintheignition hoodofasintering
plant.Whereflyashisnotaproblem,'jsandoilwilllaterbereplaced
bycoal/waterslurryintheentireplant.
P1103:Highreducibility ofsinterwithlowdegradabi lity
Research willbecarriedoutonimproving thereducibility ofthesinter
andreducingitsdegradation .Thefollowing parameters willbeexamined :
-amountofgalidfuelinthemixture
-heightofbedanddensityofthesintermixture
-ignition conditions (duration,temperature ,quantity ofheat).
Theresults willbeassessed inrelation to:
-sinterquality (reducibility ,coldandhotstrength )
-productivity
-Energy-saving
Testswillberunfirstofallonapilotplant(40cmxAOcm£attheCSMandthenonanindustrial plantwithadowndraft areaof400mat
Italsider inTaranto .
Applicant :Italsider^-Genova
Budget:588.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1116:Factorsdetermining thecohesive zoneingratesintering ofhigh-
gradeores
Afluidphase,originating fromthefines,isformedduringsintering and
takestheironoxidesintosolution .Theeffectsofthisfluidphaseon
sinteroperation willbeexamined .Although ahighcontentoffinespromotes
theformation ofthefluidphase,ithasanegative effectonpermeability .
Attempts willbemadetorestrict thewidthofthecohesive zoneandto
bringitintoatemperature rangewhererapiddissolution oftheironoxide
canbeexpected .
Thetestswillbecarriedoutinthesintering panonhigh-grade oreswith
highandlowphosphorus contents .Thefollowing parameters willbevaried:
-particle sizingandtypeoffluxingagents
-additions determining themicropelletization ofthefines.
Applicant :CRM-Liège
Budget:401.000'ECU
Duration :3years
P1265:Flamesofcoal/waterslurry
Theignition hoodofasintering plantwillbeconverted forfiringwith
coal/waterslurry (ratio70:30).Twoproblemareaswillbestudied :

-L-
-thecombustion characteristics oftheslurring (flamelength,shapeand
intensity,typeofcoal,ignitionstability,burneroperation ,wastegas
composition )
-thehandlingofthecoal/waterslurry(drygrinding,wetgrinding,
stability duringpumping,distribution andcontrol).
Studies onthetransport properties oftheslurrywilldetermine whether a
centralgrinding plantshouldbebuiltfortheentiresteelworks .
Applicant :EstelHoogovens -Ymuiden
Budget:322.000 ECU
Duration :3years
IIi1_.2i_Blast_furnace
Projects P1101andP1137aredesigned toimprove andrefineblastfurnace
control .Inthefirstproject thedescentofthechargewillbeincluded
inthecontrol modelandinthesecondthecontrol ofthesilicon content
inthemetal.
InP1115coalcombustion withsuperheated blastinaplasmamediumwill
bestudies onapilotplant.
Thefinalproject P1231isdesigned tostudyanewmethodofmeasuring
theratesofdescentofcokeandorebymeansofelectrical conductivities .
P1101:Correlation betweenprofile andreduction ofenergyconsumption in
modernblastfurnaces withbell-less top
Ablastfurnacecontrol modelwillbedeveloped whichtakesintoaccountthe
horizontal profileoftheburdenandtheradialgasdistribution .Tothis
end,aprobeattached tothesideoftheblastfurnaceintheradialdirection
willbeusedtodetermine thetemperature intheblastfurnece,thegas
composition andthegasthroughput .Temperature andmaterialdistribution
willbedetermined fordifferent charging programmes .Thecorrelation
between aspecific charging programme anddistribution oftheburdenover
timewillthenbeestablished .Finally,charging conditions willbeestablished
whichguarantee agood,uniformflowthroughtheburdenandhenceminimum
energyconsumption .
Applicant :Italsider -Genova
Budget:656.500 ECU
Duration :21/2years
P1137:Modeltopredict thesiliconcontentinthemetalintheblastfurnace
Studieswillbecarriedoutinthreephases:
-Development ofamathematical modeltodescribe thesilicon exchange between
metal,slagandgasphase(SiO).Themodelwilltakeaccountofthecountei–
flowconditions intheblastfurnace .
-Experimental physical andchemical studiesofsilicontransport inthe
blastfurnace .Thethermodynamic andkinetic datawillbedetermined in
melting experiments inthelaboratory (induction andresistance furnaces).
-Incorporation ofthemodelintoanexisting control modelfortheblast
furnace .

-5-
Thiswillbecompleted byaneconomicanalysis,whichwillalsoincludethe
subsequent conversion ofthepigironintosteel.
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:492.000 ECU
Duration :4years
P1115:Coalcombustion withsuperheated blastinaplamamedium.Simulation
ofblastfurnace conditions
Thekinetics ofcoalcombustion willbestudied .Thisincludes the
follwing parameters :
-particle sizing,typeofcoal
-blasttemperature (upto2000°C)and
-oxygencontentoftheblast(upto25%).
Testswillbecarriedoutinapilotfurnaceandconditions intheblast
furnaceatthetuyereswillbesimulated .
Applicant :CRM-Liège
Budget:261.000 ECU
Durâtion:2years
P1231:Methodofdetermining theburdenmaterial inablastfurnaceshaft
measuring electrical conductivity
Ameasuring technique willbedeveloped andtestedinordertomonitor :
(a)thedistribution oforeandcokeneartheblastfurnacewall,and
(b)therateofdescent .
Themeasuring technique isbasedonthedifferent electrical conductivities
ofcokeandore(orreducedore).Theinitialphaseofthisprojectwill
consistsolelyoflaboratory tests(outsidetheblastfurnace),including :-
-measurement oftheelectrical conductivities ofvariousburdenmixtures
-selection ofelectrode materials andconstruction ofelectrodes
-development andconstruction oftheelectronic measuring device
-processing ofthemeasurement resultssothattheycanbeappliedtoan
existingblastfurnace model.
Applicant :Thyssen-Duisburg
Budget:364.000 ECU
Duration :2years
II.2.STEELMAKING
II.2.1i_Çastin2_and_solidi f^cation
Inthenearfuturetheintegration ofsteelplant,continuous castingmachine
androllingmillinasinglelinewithoutreheating willbeoneofthemain
aimsintheeffortstosaveenergyinsteelmaking .Projects P1096andP1118
pursuethisaimfortwodifferent applications .

Inprojects P1140 and 1117 atechnology istobedeveloped forthecontinuous
casting ofextra-mild steel grades .These aregrades which have uptonow
been cast solely asrimming steel iningot form .
Projects P1141and1238 aredesigned toimprove ,thesurface ofacontinuously
cast product .Both will investigate theformation ofreciprocation marks
andthesurface defects they cause .Process modifications andmetallurgical
methods will beused toreduce theincidence ofsuch defects .Above all,
theneed forsubsequent mechanical surface dressing istobeeliminated
foraluminium-killed steels with alowcarbon content and foraustenitic
stainless steels .
P1096 :Development ofdirect strand reduction for steel
This isthe continuation ofthe work described inthe memorandum of26
February 1980 under P889 .
Itwill berecalled that the research work described under P889 was to
befinanced inthree stages .This isthesecond stage (20%of2.852.000 ECU).
Applicant :Krupp -Essen
Budget : 2.880.000 ECU
Duration :3years
/
P1118 :Energy conservation byincorporating steelplant ,continuous
casting and rolling mill inasingle hot line
First ofall amathematical model forthewarm and hot input ofslabs will
bebuilt .
Then practical experiments will becarried out inasteelworks having an
annual production of 1million tonnes (100 %continuous casting ).Atfirst
5%and later upto25%ofthe slabs will beused hot .
The research programme concentrates onthe following :
*■change inenthalpy ofthe slabs between continuous casting and reheating
furnace
-correlation between casting conditions andsurface quality
-operation ofthe reheating furnace .
Applicant :CRM -Liège
Budget : 744.500 ECU
Duration ;4years
P1140 :Improvement ofcontinuous casting forextra-mild steel grades with
alow content ofdeoxidizing elements
The following programme isplanned .
The molten steel will bedeoxidized invacuum with carbon .
After deoxidization ,denitriding with titanium orzircon ,also invacuum ,
will becarried out .The most recent ladle technology will beused forthe
meIts .
Then plant onasemi-industrial scale will beused tocast 105mmsquare

-7-
billets andlaterslabsof200x800mm.
Thecastingwillbedonewithcoveredhotmetal.Anoptimumcovering slag
willbeused.Duringthesolidification processelectromagnetic stirring
willbeusedtoimprovethesolidification structure .
Theexperiments willbecarriedoutonasemi-industrial scale.
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:556.500 ECU
Duration :4years
P1117:Development ofalow-silicon andlow-aluminium gradesteelfor
continuous casting
Heretootheaimistoproduce anextra-mild steel.Thefollowing experiments
areplanned andwillbecoordinated withproject P1140.
Asteelthatisonlyveryslightly over-oxidized willbeproduced bycombined
blowing inanindustrial converter .Therefining processwilltherefore be
stoppedwithahigherfinalcarboncontentthanusual.
Afterrefining,vacuumtreatment willbecarriedoutinwhichtheresidual
carbonwillfirstactasadeoxidant sothatonlyverysmallquantities of
deoxidizing agents (Si,Al,etc.)arenecessary .Theaimistoobtaina
mildsteelsuitable forcontinuous casting.
Atthesametimethereareplansforlaboratory experiments thatwill
serveasaguidefortheindustrial teststhatfollowthem.
Applicant :CRM-Liege
Budget:519.000 ECU
Duration :4years
P1141:Control oftheformation ofreciprocation marksandassociated defects
Thefactorsaffecting theformation ofreciprocation marksaretobe
investigated bothinindustrial operation andonalaboratory scale.
Thefollowing variables willbeinvestigated intheworks:oscillation
frequency andamplitude ,pouringspeed,properties ofthelubricants
(casting powder,oil),steelgrade,overheating andthemovement and
convection ofthehotmetal.
Onapilotscalevarious mouldmaterials willbetestedwithaviewto
varyingtheheattransfer andsurfacetensionbetweenthemouldandthe
hotmetal.Itisplannedtousecopperalloys,mildandstainless steels,
castironandalsoceramicmaterials andgraphite asmouldmaterials .
Applicant :IRSIDTSt.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:407.000 ECU
Duration :4years
P1238:Reduction ofreciprocation marksbyhigh-frequency vibration ofthe
continuous casting mould
Inthisprojectthefollowing technological measures willbetakeninan
efforttoeliminate reciprocation marks:

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-high-frequency (20-100Hz)andLow-amplitude (approximately 1mm)
movement ofthemould
-longitudinal oscillation inthedirection ofwithdrawal ,preferably at
resonant frequency .
Theresearch programme consists ofthreeparts:
1.Designandconstruction ofthevibration equipment
2.Production ofbillets from:
(a)low-carbon aluminium-killed steels
(b)stainless steels
3.Metallurgical examination ofthesurface andgrainstructure ofthe
products .
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:192.000 ECU
Duration :2years
IIi2i2i_Stee^works ^metaL
Theaimofthisprojectistopreventslagfromrunningoutduringtapping
inlargeLDconverters (300t).Tothisend,amethodofmeasuring which
candetectslagresidueneartheconverter mouthwillfirstbedeveloped .
Suitable measures willthenbedeveloped toretaintheslag.
P1239:Development ofimproved slagdetection andretention inBOSvessels
andtheeffectofcertainaspects ofsteelquality
Threeaspectswillbestudiedinthisproject :
1.Atechnique ofrapidslagdetection willbedevelped,and,tothisend,
thesuitability ofelectromagnetic coilsorelectric cellswillbeexamined .
2.Inthesecondstageoftheproject,rapid-action methodsofretaining
theslagwillbedeveloped ,bothmechanical rapid-action systems and
pneumatic methodsbeingstudied.
3.Thethirdpartoftheprojectisdesigned toshowtheimprovement inthe
qualityofthesteelobtained,especially inrespectofthelowlevelof
sulphides andoxidespresent.
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:226.000 ECU
Duration :2years
11.2.3^Stee^worksj _technol.oç|£
Theaimoftheprojectisthepreheating ofscrapintheelectric arc
furnace bymeansofwastegas.Twopreviousprojects backedbytheECSCdealt
withcontinuous preheating processes whereasthisparticular case(P1138)
involves adiscontinuous processinwhichthescrapispreheated upto
about500°Ceitherdirectly inthecageorinaspecially designed
preheating chamber.

-9-
P1138:Preheating ofscrapwithelectric furnacewastegasfromthecombustion
chamber
Theprocess,whichwillbetestedaspartoftheproject,requires the
following components :acombustion chamberconnected totheelectric furnace
withthemainpurposeofregulating thewastegastemperatures ,theactual
preheating device,inwhichthescrap,wherepossible,canbeputinto
charging cages,plusanexhaustsystem andgascleaning .
Theinvestigation willbeinthreestages.
1.Firstofall,theamountsofwastegasandenergywillbedetermined as
afunction oftheoperating methodoftheelectric furnace (withandwithout
additional heatingwithoxy-fuel burners).Inaddition,theoptimumheat
exchange betweenwastegasandscapwillbeestablished .
2.Thiswillbefollowed byexperiments on7tpilotfurnaces,withabout10
experimental melts.
3.Thethirdpartoftheinvestigation willbecarriedoutonanindustrial
arcfurnace.Some40experimental meltsareplanned,duringwhichthe
amountandcomposition ofthewastegases,operating parameters and
dustwillbedetermined .
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:398.500 ECU
Duration :3years
II.2.4.SpécialjDroçesses
Theprojectdescribed below ,involves aspecialapplication ofelectroslag
remelting .Anearlierproject,likewisebasedonelectrodes madefrom
metalpowders,produced bimetallic cylinders,whereasthisprojectisdesigned
toproduce hollowcylinders .
P1165:ESRproduction ofhollowingotsfrommetalpowdersusingtubular
electrodes
Threeinvestigation phasesareplanned :
-Inthefirstphasetheremelting plantwillbedesigned andconstructed .
Mouldandmandrelwilleachbemadeupoftwocomponent parts,thelower
partbeingofyatei–cooledcoppercomponents ,andtheupperpart,containing
themelts,ofrefractory meterial .
-Theelectrodes willthenbeproduced inthesecondphase.Theseconsist
oftwoconcentric thin-section tubeswiththeinterspace filledwith
metalpowdermixtures oftherequired composition .Industrial-size electrodes
willthen,ifnecessary,beheatedupto1.000-1.2000Cinorderto
sinterthepowder,
-Thethirdphaseconsists oftheproduction ofhollowingots.Boththe
operational parameters ofremelting andthequalityofhollowingotsobtained
bythismethodwillbedetermined .
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Budget:469.500 ECU
Duration :3years

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II.2.5.Refractories
Depending onthesteelmaking method,refractory consumption inCommunity
countries isbetween 14and18kgrefractory /tcrudesteel.Bothofthe
following projects aredesigned toreducethecostofrefractories .
Firingisamajorcostfactorintheproduction ofrefractory bricks,thefiringenergybeingbetween 1-3.5x10Kcal/trefractories .Alargepart
ofthisenergywillbesaved(P1080)byusingdried(orannealed )bricks
insteadoffiredbricks,whicharethen"fired"duringoperations .
Project P1242willattempttocombinethetechnical andeconomic advantages
oftheacidlining (lowheatconductivity ,lowweight,lowcosts)withthe
metallurgical advantages ofbasiclining (lowerendogenous steelcontamination
through0^andS).
P1080:Energysavingbyusingunfiredrefractory materials
Thepossibilities andlimitsofenergy-saving withlow-energy brickwill
bedetermined .
Theperformance ofthesebrickswillthenbetestedunderoperating conditions
intorpedo andcastingladles.
Finally,theadvantages anddisadvantages ofthesebrickswillbequantified
incomparison withthebricksformerly used.
Theprojectprovides forlaboratory andindustrial experiments todetermine
thechemical,physical andmineralogical behaviour .Themainaspectinthe
industrial experiments willbeperformance withslagsofdiffereing CaO/SiO^
composition.
Itisplannedtoexaminehighlyaluminiferousmaterials (45-90%Al^O^)
andaluminiferousmaterials withtheadditionofZrSiO^.
Applicant :EstelHoesch-Dortmund
Budget:641.000ECU
Duration :3years
P1242:Application ofthinbasicfacingstosteelladles
Experiments willbecarried outona4ttestladle.Thebasicladle
facingwillbeabout20-30mmthickandappliedbothaftercoldspraying
(aqueoussuspension )andhotspraying (oxy-fuel burner).
Thpmainfactorstobeinvestigated are
-contacttimewithmoltensteelandslag;
-slagcomposition ;
-effectoftemperature cyclesonadhesive strength .
Themeltswillbestirredwithinertgas.Aggressive desulphurizat ionslags
(70-80%CaO+20-30%CaF^)willbeused.Theexperimental conditionswillbebasedonpractice asregardsduration andtemperature .
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:166.000 ECU

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Duration :2years
IIi?i6 i_Theoret iça^metaL Lurgy
Theprojects deal exclusively with theoretical research onslags ,with the
aim of .
-making maximum useofreaction slags ,
-selecting theoptimum slag composition ,
-regenerating slags tothemaximum inorder toreuse components that are
notexhausted ,and
-reducing dumping costs .
P1189 :Thermodynamic research onslags and recirculating materials
Theproject^is divided into twoparts :
1.Optimization ofslag composition forpost-refining desulphurization and
dephosphorization asa.function ofcomposition ,oxygen activity and
reaction temperature .
2.Determination ofthermodynamic data inproblem materials ofiron and steel
production forthesystems Fe-O-X,where X=Cd,K,Na,Pb,Sb,Snand Zn.
Thestudies will becarried out atthe 'Max-Planck -Institut furEisenforschung'
and atthe 'RWTH Aachen' .
Applicant :VDEh -Dusseldorf
Budget : 488.500 ECU
Duration :31/2years
IIi2i7i_Ener2y_in steel industry
The aimofproject P1192 istorecover theenergy stored inrolling stock .
P1192 :Improvement ofenergy utilisation byheat exchangers for cooling or
preheating rolling stock
The following studies areplanned :
-Development andpreheating ofrolling stock
-Flow tests oncold and hotmodels plus tests onthetype ofheat transfer
with regard tothe form oftherolling stock
-Construction and testing ofapilot plant
Applicant :VDEh -Dusseldorf
Budget : 861.000 ECU
Duration :31/2years
II.3.MECHANICAL WORKING
IIi3ili_Reheat2ng_furnaces
Themarket share ofmicroalloyed steels hasbeen steadily increasing in

-12-
recentyears.Iffulladvantage istobetakenofthemechanical properties
ofthesesteels,theymustbeworkedunderprecisely controlled conditions .
TheaimofProject P1166istoadaptfurnacecontroltotherequirements
ofthesesteels.Thecontrol modeltobebuiltwilltakeintoaccount
parameters suchasaustenitic grainsize,thestateoftheprecipitates and
scaling .
Project P1191isintended toimprovecontroltechnology forreheating furnaces
ingeneral.Thecontrolofreheating furnacesistobeimproved byincorporating
microcomputer technology withtheaimofsavingenergy.
P1165:Analysis ofmicrostructura Iandoxidation processes inrolling-mill
reheating furnaces andtheirincorporation inoptimumprocesscontrol
Acontrolmodelforanindustrial slabreheating furnaceistobeproduced .
Thefollowing preliminary workisplanned :
1.Analysis ofthemicrostructural evolution ofC-Mnsteelsandmicroalloyed
(Nb,V,Ti)low-carbon steels.
2.Analysis ofoxidation phenomena,morphology andtechnological properties
ofthescale.
3.Development ofanautomatic controlsystemtakingintoaccount :
-heatexchange patterns underdifferent operating conditions
-automatic adaptation ofthemodeltotheprevailing conditions
-theneedtominimize fuelconsumption
-theneedforon-linetemperature controlinvariousareasofthe
furnace .
4.Testingofthecomplete modelonanindustrial reheating furnacewitha
production of200t/h.
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Italsider -Genova
Budget:598.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1191:Investigation ofenergyconservation potential inreheating and
heat-treatment furnaces withtheuseofmoderncontrolprocedures
Thefollowing research stagesareplanned :
1.Designandconstruction ofanexperimental furnaceanditsinstrumentation
2.Building ofthedynamicfurnacemodelintheformofequations ofstate
3.Connection ofamicrocomputer totheexperimental furnace
4.Programming andimplementation ofthecontrolprinciples andalogorithms
5.Testingofthecompleteinstallation toverifythestructure ofthedynamic
furnace model
6.Experiments toascertain energyconsumption withvariouscontrolalgorithms ,
ifnecessary varyingthequalitycriterion tominimize energyconsumption
7.Evaluation oftheresults .

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Applicant :Wuppertal University -Wuppertal
Budget:299.500 ECU
Duration :31/2years
IIi3i2i_Hot_rolLLs_3_bars_and_sect ions
Theresearch aimsinthissectorareasfollows :
-computer-aided systemforautomatic rollpasscalculation anddesign,
andcalculation ofthematerial flowaccording tothetheoryofplasticity
(P1126)
-thesearchforacorrelation betweenspecific surfacedefects (cracks,
exposed andenclosed pores),rollingparameters (degreeofdeformation ,
passsequence anddesign)andsurfacequality (P1145)
-investigation of^themostsuitable wayofmainghigh-strength cablewires
(0~g=2000N/mm),involving acomparison betweentheproduction cycles
"continuous casting/hotrolling/controlled cooling"and"directwire
drawing"(P1167)
Theaimofproject P1246istoestablish theareasofapplication of
computer-aided manufacture androbotics whichcanbeappliedinexisting
rollingmills.
P1126:Integrated compute !–aidedsystemforrollpassdesign
Thefollowing workisplanned :
-Adaptation ofcomputer-aided designtotheproblems ofgroovedrolls.
Themodelshouldallowthedesigner todisplayhisdraftsothathecan
assessthepassdesignvisually,thusobviating theneedforcostly
rollingtests.Thisshouldreducedesigntimebyathird.
-Development ofasimulation modelonthecomputer fordeformations inroll
passesusinganon-linear programme offiniteelements .
Applicant :Arbed-Luxembourg
Budget:679.000 ECU
Duration :4years
P1145:Changesinsurface defects duringtherollingofbarsandsections
Research intothetransfer ofsurface defectswillbecarried outonthe
finishing standofanindustrial wiremill.Thedefectswillbetaggedwith
radioactive substances atthefirststand.Insomecasestypicaldefects
willbeproducedartificially .
Laboratory researchwillbecarried onatthesametimetoinvestigate the
parameters affecting thechangesindefects bymeansofsimulation testson
plasticine (rolling speed,contactpressure andtension).Therollpass
parameters willalsobestudied (shapeandrounding).
Inaddition tothetestswithplasticine ,alimited numberoftrialrolling
operations onanexperimental rollingmillareplanned .
Toconclude thework,amathematical modelofthematerial flowwillbebuilt
usingthemethodoffiniteelements .

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Applicant :IRSID-St.Germam-en-Laye
Budget:478.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1167:Improvement ofthemechanical properties ofeutectoid wirerodsuitable
fordirectdrawing,madefromcastbillets
Thefollowing research programme isplanned :
-Experimental vacuum-cast ingotsof100kgwillbeprepared soas
toobtainsteelwiththedesiredmechanical properties .Steeloftraditional
composition (C=0.80%andMn=0.80%)willbeusedasastarting point
andthealloying elements Si,Cr,VandBwillbeadded.
-Segregation andundesired structures willbeinvestigated .
-Industrial melts(about90t)ofthetwoorthreebeststeelswillbe
made.Thesewillbefollowed bycontrolled coolinginaStelmorinstallation .
Alimited numberofrodcoilswillbedrawnintofinewireinamodernwire
drawingplant,themainaimbeingtoascertain thedrawability ofthese
steels.
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Budget:574.000 ECU
Duration :21/2years
P1246:Computei–aidedmanufacture androbotics inrollingmills
Theaimsaretoestablish (a)thoseareaswherecomputei–aidedmanufacture
androbotics canbeappliedinexisting rollingmillsand(b)aconceptof
afuturemillwithafullyintegrated system.Theresultsareintended to
provideguidance intheshortandmediumtermforthedefinition ofresearch
projects inthisfield.
Theprojectcoversbarandrodmills,billetmills,narrowstripmills
(hotandcold)andclustermillsoftheSendzimir type.
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:128.000 ECU
Duration :2years
II.3.3.Hotrollinçjrrnlls-flat_groducts
Althoughinitially thehotstripmillservedmainlytoproducemildsteel
coilsforsubsequent coldrolling,ithasrecently beenusedmoreandmore
toproducehigh-strength steelgrades (uptoX70)fordirectfabrication
(e.g.longitudinally andspirally weldedpipe).Thiscallsformuchmore
accurate temperature controlduringtherollingprocess.
Consequently ,P1114isintended tooptimize controloftherollingprocess
withaviewtomicrostructure .
Project P1146hasasimilar aim.Itwillinvestigate thesuitability of
existing coilingsystemsforthermo-mechanical treatment ofthesteels,
takingintoaccountthemechanical ,metallurgical andthermalaspects.
Continuous castingplantsoperatemosteconomically forlongproduction runs

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ofverywideproducts .However,thehotstripmillrequires varyingslab
widths.Tooperate acontinuous hotLineitistherefore essential tofind
waysofobtaining largewidthreductions betweenthecontinuous casting
machineandthehotstripmill.TheistheaimofProject 1200.
P1144:Metallurgical optimization ofrollingconditions inthecontinuous
hotstripmi11
Theresearch programme covershigh-strength structural steelsandhigh-strength
gradesforlongitudinally andspirally weldedpipe.Thefollowing parameters
affecting thequalityofthefinished productwillbequantified :
-reheating temperature oftheslabs(solution ofprecipitates )
-rollingintheroughing stand(distribution ofdeformation work,austenitic
grainsize,temperature oftheindividual passes)
-rollinginthefinished stand
-coolingofthestrip,coilingtemperature andcoolingduringcoiling.
Thesedatawillbeprocessed inanexisting mathematical modelwhichwill
betestedinindustrial conditions .Theresearchwillbecarriedoutpartly
onahottwisting machine,partlyonpilotrollingmillsandcooling
equipment inthelaboratory andpartlyinindustrial operation .
Applicants :IRSID-St.Germam-en-Laye
Usinor-Dunkerque
Budget:478.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1146:Newcoilingprocedures onthewidestripmills
Forthepurposes ofthermomechanical treatment,coilingwillbecarried
outattemperatures of200-8000Cinanindustrial hotstripmill.The
following fourpointswillbeinvestigated :
-mechanical aspectsofcoiling
-metallurgical aspectsatlowtemperatures
-metallurgical aspectsathightemperatures
-thermalaspects.
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Solmer-FossurMer
Budget:541.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1200:Development ofmethodsofobtaining highdraftsintheproduction
ofwidestrip
Forthepurposeofdeveloping newwidthreduction procedures ,thefollowing
methodswillbeinvestigated :
1.Centraledging.Heretheslabswillbelocallydeformed inthevertical
direction butnotattheends.Thebulgesformedwillbelevelled out
againbyasubsequent horizontal pass.Thismethodmightbesuitable
forcasesinwhichtheslabssubsequently havetobecut.

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2.Simultaneous reduction ofwidthandheight.Auniformendconfiguration
canbeobtained bysimultaneous vertical andhorizontal deformation .
Severalpasseswouldbeused.
Applicant :BFI-Dusseldorf
Budget :989.500 ECU
Duration :31/2years
Inproject P1119anattemptwillbemadetoproducecoldstripfromhot
stripwithoutpriorpickling .
P1119:Continuous control-rollingwithoutpriordescaling
Inthisresearchproject,tobecarriedoutinindustrial operation,the
scalewillberemoved fromthehotstripbymechanical methodsalone.The
coilswillimmediately becoldrolledandthencontinuously annealed (in
areducing furnaceatmosphere ).
Inthisprocedure,thefollowing pointswillbeinvestigated moreclosely :
-thesurfacequalityofthecoldstrip
-thethickness tolerances ofthestrip
-rollwear
-removalofscalefromtherollinglubricant
-formation ofdeposits onthefurnacerollers
-monitoring offurnaceatmosphere
Applicant:
Budget:
Durâtion:CRM-Liege
753.500 ECU
4years
II.3.5.Miscellaneous
Starting withexperimental data,project P1245willinvestigate the
theoretical principles forthestraightening offlatproducts andsections .
Theresultsshouldhelptoimproveboththeproduct andthemanufacturing
process .
P1245:Studiesofstraightening andlevelling operations forplate
Theresearch isdividedintoatheoretical andanexperimental section,
(a)Theoretical research
-Calculation ofthetemperature pattern ontheproduct andthe
resultant residual stresses
-Calculation oftheinitialstateonentryintothestraightening and
levelling machine andtheeffectofdifferentiated cooling onthermal
stresses
-Advancecalculation ofthefinalgeometrical state

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(b)Experimental work
-Thetheoretical researchwillbebackedupbyexperiments :
-measurements onthestraightening andlevelling machine (stiffness ,
forces)
-measurements oftemperature distribution
-determination ofmaterial properties
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:156.500 ECU
Duration :2years
II.4.MEASUREMENTS ANDANALYSIS
Inlinewiththeapproach adoptedinrecentyears,themainaimsofthe
selected projects aretoimprovequality andincreaseprofitability .
Inconsidering thequalitycriterion ,adistinction mustbedrawnbetween
theintrinsic qualityoftheproduct andthequalityofassemblies and
structures ;different methodsofassessment arecalledforand,inthe
lattercaseinparticular ,account mustbetakenofthesafetyfactor,
whichhasconsiderable economic implications .
Thecontinuous researcheffortrequired hereismainlyduetochanging
requirements (standards andspecifications )concerning acceptability criteria
butalsotosomeextendtoJapanese domination .Itisnotonlyintechnological
investment thatJapanisoutstripping theCommunity ,butalsointhespeed
withwhichitderivespractical applications fromitsresearch results,
leadingtotheuseofnewmethods andapparatus .
Afurtherfactorofgeneralinterest tothesteelindustry isthatmostof
theresults,whethertheyconcernnon-destructive inspection andtesting,
metrological anddimensional aspectsoranalyses ofallkinds,arealsoan
essential basisfortheautomation ofplant.
P1168:Hotultrasonic inspection Ofslabstooptimise shearing
Theshearing ofaslabinthepartcontaining thestrinkage cavityisat
present anempirical operation involving successive approaches bya
skiIledoperator .
Inordertomaketheoperation moreefficient itisessential tobeable
toascertain theexactposition oftheshrinkage cavity.Thisistheaim
oftheresearch project.The.CSMinRomehasalready developed andconstructed
anultrasonic probeoperating drybyimpulsepressure underanearlier
ECSC-aided research project No.7210-GA/413.
Therewillbeaspecialdetection systemandtheprobewillbeprotected
against heattoallowobservations attemperatures around12000C.

Thethickness inspected willnotbemorethan600mmandtheminimumdefects
observed willbearound 5mm.
Anetworkofprobeswillexamineanarea600mmwideby300mmLong.The
systemwillhaveanelectronic unittointerpret signalsandconsideration
willbegiventoautomation .
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Budget:404.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1208:Development ofultrasonic analysis ofsteelstructure
Thisprojecthastwoobjectives ,oneofwhichistoexamineandanalysethe
microstructure ofsteelsandtheothertodevelop anultrasonic probewith
widecoverage toavoidscanning movements .
Theworkwillbebasedonresultsobtained intwoprevious ECSC-supported
researchprojects consisting ofcomprehensive theoretical andexperimental
studiesinsingle-phase microstructures .Theaimoftheprojectwillbeto
extendthescopetothecharacterization ofmulti-phase structures (pure
perlite,ferrite-perlite ,bainitic-ferrite ,etc.).
Furthermore ,anultrasonic probewillbedesigned andconstructed soas
toobtainreflection curveswithoutmovingtheapparatus .Thiselectromagnetic
ultrasonic transducer willoperatedry,withoutcoupling liquid,whichwill
makeitinsensitive totemperature effects andtothesurfacestateofthe
materials underexamination (seeECSCproject 7210-GA/118).Measuring
frequencies should .reachatleast20MHz.Oncethesetwoobjectives have
beenattained,industrial trialswillbecarriedoutwithaviewofadapting
themethodandequipment totherequirements ofanindustrial site.
Applicant :Institut fürzerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren -Saarbrücken
Budget:337.000 ECU
Duration :21/2years
P1261:Qualitycontrol byautomatic ultrasonic inspection ofplatequality
intheproduction line
Thisprojectisalogicaltechnical follow-up toproject No6210-GA/1/102
whichyieldedexcellent resultsinindustrial operation .
Itisdesigned tomakeuseoftheexperience gainedwiththeprovenultra­
sonicmethodandtheaimsareasfollows :
(a)Togainwiderexperience ofthecomputerized evaluation systemdeveloped
duringtheprevious project :
-long-runtestsunderactualconditions tostudyawiderrangeof
steelgrades;comparison oftheresultsobtained byautomatic inspection
anddata-processing ,manualinspection ,laboratory measurements using
focussensors anddestructive testing.
(b)Toincludeinthesystemandtotestotherspecifications ;
analysis oftheevaluation parameters concerned
formulation ofgeneralevaluation guidelines
conversion intocomputer programmes

-19-
comparative evaluation
Cc)Tooptimize theevaluation systemonthebasisoftheexperience
gained:
evaluation ofresults
speeding upofdataflowforhigherinspection speeds
analysis andcorrection ofinterference signals.
Applicant :Institut fürzerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren -Saarbrücken
Budget:195.000 ECU
Durätion 11/2years
P1150:Continuous measurement oftheshapeofhot-rolled barsandsections
Intherollingofbarsandsections,asindeedinotherfields,theability
tokeeptocloserdimensional tolerances isacompetitive advantage,a
qualityfactorandhelpstosaveenergyandrawmaterials .
Theaimoftheprojectistodevelop across-section measuring methodandto
designapparatus .Itisbasedonrecentsuccesses inshapemonitoring inthe
fieldofrobotics .Alaserbeamdirects aspotoflightontothesurfaceof
theproductandthebeamissweptoveraplanesoastoprovide animageof
partofthecontourtobestudied.
Theprogramme toconstruct agaugeofthiskindwillbebrokendowninto
fourseccessive parts:
1.Construction ofameasuring systemhavingasourceandtworeceivers with
processing oftheassociated signal
2.Testingofthesysteminthelaboratory andthenonabarmilltoassess
itsmetrological performance anditsbehaviour inanindustrial environment
3.Afteranymodifications thatprovenecessary,construction ofamulti­
sensorgaugethatcandescribe afullcross-section
4.Experiments onrollingmillsatvariousstages,roughing,finished products
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:493.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1155:Non-destructive monitoring ofsurfacedecarburization
Amonitoring methodusingsampling,orevenbettercovering 100%ofproduction ,
obviously provides awayofdetecting production hitches andthusavoiding
thefinishing anddispatch tocustomers ofdefective products .Itisalso
awayofimproving production ;although theeconomic aspectisconfined to
thereduction ofcostlydisputes,therearealsoobviouspsychological
advantages .
Twoelectromagnetic methodsofdefining surfacedecarburization willbe
compared :
(a)useoftheBarkhausen effect;
(b)useofeddycurrents .
Inordertorestrict thescopeoftheresearch,theworkwillbefocused on

-20-
products ofLargecross-section .
Afterseveralseriesoftestsandinspections ,theparameter orparameters
representative ofthedepthofsurfacedecarburization willbeidentified
andthecharacteristics ofasensorandelectronic measuring systemcapable
ofcarrying outthismonitoring operation willbedefined.
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:287.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1206:Digital imageprocessing andautomatic imageevaluation inradiation
testing
Aresearch project ontheradiographic inspection ofsteelisalreadyunder
way(ECSCAgreement No7210-GF/301).Theprojectdescribed hereoffersthe
advantage ofcomplementary technical work.
Theaimistoreplacethehumaneyebyanautomated computerized system
fortheexamination andinterpretation ofindustrial radiographs .
Theworkwillcoverfourfields :
1.Optimization ofradiograph processing toimprovecontrast,clearness of
outline andcompensation fordarkening
2.Computerized imageprocessing
3.Establishment ofaclassification ofdefects soastoidentify themby
imageanalysis
4.On-linemonitoring usinghighresolution imageconverters -examination
byTVmonitors andvideotaperecorders .
Thetechnique developed mustbeversatile enoughtobeusedfortheinspection
ofallsteelcastings andweldedassemblies .
Applicant :BFI-Dusseldorf
Budget:537.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1197:Research intotheprinciples ofhigh-pressure hotcuttinginthe
production ofsemis
High-speed grinding hasbothtechnological andeconomic advantages inthe
production ofsemis.Thewiderangeofpossibilities foritsusecallfor
extensive research anddevelopment work.Themainpurposeofthisproject
willbetostudy:
-Fundamental technical interactions inhigh-pressure grinding,inparticular
theeffectofdifferent pressures ,grinding wheelwidth,traverse andcross
feed,wheelhead angle,cuttingrateandtemperature ofthetoolonthe
grindingresult,thestockremovalratio,chipremovalrateandthe
driving powerrequired .
-Technical lawsgoverning cutting byhotgrinding,inparticular theeffect
ofthecuttingrate,cutdistribution ,tooltemperature andtravelspeed
overthesurface .
-Deformation understaticanddynamicloadingofahigh-pressure grinding
wheelandofhotcuttingmaschines depending onthemachining process.

-21-
Theresearch asawholewillmakeitpossible todesignandconstruct a
reliable industrial prototype .
Applicant :VDEh-Dusseldorf
Budget:421.000 ECU
Duration :2years
P1262:Development multi-purpose automatic spraymarker system
Inmoststeelworks ,especially modernrollingmills,markingisstill
carriedoutbyspecialized workers onaruleofthumbbasis.Thepurpose
ofthisprojectistodiscover amethodandtodesignequipment tomake
thisoperation morestraightforward ,easierandlesslaborious forthe
operator .
ThefirmEstelHoogovens hasalreadyacquired substantial experience of
computei–controlled spray-marking systems usedinhotrollingmills.Itnow
wantstoexploitthisexpeience byusingarobotforthispurpose,paying
specialattention toprotection against heatanddust,andtotheeffect
ofhightemperature oncertainmechanical parts.
Theworkprogramme isasfollows :
1.Analysis ofthevarioustasksinvolved inmanipulating aspraymarker
forproductidentification (continuous castslabs).Preliminary evaluation
oftheviability oftheequipment .
2.Development ofsoftware andspecial hardware .
3.Technical evaluation ofthesystemandpossible modifications .
4.Finaldesignforconstruction ofaprototype .
Applicant :EstelHoogovens' -Ijmuiden
Budget:340.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1123:Rapidmethodfordetermining metallic aluminium insteels
Aprecise knowledge ofmetallic aluminium contents isparticularly important
incontinuous casting.Itisessential toavoidinadequate deoxidation as
thiscouldgiverisetosubcutaneous blowholesandevensurfacepitting.
Theresultsofanalyses mustbeobtained veryrapidly sothatcorrections
canbecarried outintime.
Toperform thesecorrections ,thesteelmaker mustknowboththetotal
aluminium content andthemetallic aluminium content .CRMhasdevisedthis
research projectinordertomeettheneedforarapidmethodofdetermining
aluminium duringsteelmaking .
Themethodisbasedonthefollowing principles :
-Takinglocalremelting ofpartofthesample
-Screening ofthetopsurface andspectrum analysis
-Designofasystemforindustrial useoftheprocess
-Testingofthemethodandapparatus required underindustrial inspection
conditions inacontinuous castinginstallation .

-22-
Seriesofindustrial testswillbecarried outon250-300melts.The
rangeofcontents tobeinvestigated willbe:
Metallic aluminium 0.010-0.080 %
Totalaluminium 0.010-0.200 %
Applicant :CRM-Liège
Budget:167.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1202:Optimization ofmethodsofassessing nitrogen contentinsteelstructures
Thenitrogen contentinsteelisextremely important tothemanufacturing ,
fabricating anduserindustries sincetheproperties ofthematerial canbe
considerably modified bynitrogen additions .
Inthisprojectthenitrogen contentwillbedetermined byamethodtobe
developed .Quantitative determination willbecarriedoutnotonlyonlarge
samplesbutalsointhesteelmicrostructure bymicrographic analyses .
Thedetection limitandaccuracy ofthemethodsofanalysis willbestudied
(electron microprobe andAugerelectron spectroscopy )andappliedtothe
determination ofnitrogen inthevariousphasesofthesteelmicrostructure .
Theresearch willalsoinclude :
1.Preparation oftestpiecesforthecalibration ofmeasurement signals
2.Calibration betweennitrogen contentandthemeasurement signalusing
seriesofmeasurements
3.Examination oftestpiecestakenfromordinary production runs
4.Quantitative determination insteelshavingphasescontaining nitrogen
5.Quantitative determination inthesurfacelayersofnitrided steels
6.Comparison ofprocesses .
Applicant :VDEh-Dusseldorf
Budget:338.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1169:Dynamiccontroloftheheatregimeofacoldtandemmill
Thisprojectwillinvolvedeveloping andtesting,ona5-standtandemstrip
mill,anintegrated temperature controlandwork-roll bendingsystem.Theaim
istosetupandmaintain theoptimumtotalrollcrownthroughout theentire
rollingcampaign,inordertomaximizeproductivity whilstcomplying with
shapeandsurfacefinishconstraints .
Theworkprogramme willbeorganized asfollows :
-Installation ofathermalcontrolsystembasedonpredictions aboutthe
hotstripprofile
-Determination oftheoptimumgroundcambersfor;hevariousstands
-Adaptation oftheequipment inthemill
-Development andinstallation ofaself-regulating controlsystem
-On-linetests.

-23-
Subsequently theessential elements willbecombined toobtainaneffective
temperature controlsystemforthemillwithoutdirecthotprofile
measurement .
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Italsider -Genova
Budget:660.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1207:Development andindustrial useofaninspection systemfordetecting
s,urfacedefects
Atpresentfirmsaredeterred fromadopting automated surfaceinspection
systems bythefactthatthereisnoversatile equipment onthemarket,
designed todetectandexaminealltypesofdefect.
Theresearch proposed bytheBetriebsforschungsinstitut ofDusseldorf aims
tomeetthisneed,bymeansofresearch anddevelopment workonamethod
whichshouldleadtothedesignofsuitable equipment .Opto-electroni c
processes willbeusedaswellaslaserprobing.Processing ofsignalswill
becarriedoutwithout acalculator sincehighlyintegrated analogand
digitalcircuits willbedeveloped .Theequipment designed willsubsequently
beconstructed intheformofaprototype ,thecostofwhichwillhaveto
berelatively lowifitistohaveawidemarket.
Applicant :BFI-Dusseldorf
Budget:576.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1124:Internal geometrical surveyoftherefractory liningoftorpedo
ladles
Production ofpigironhasbeenincreasingly concentrated inoptimum
production unitssoastosetupintegrated worksonaregional basis.
Asaresult,pigironhastobetransported intorpedoladlesoverdistrances
ofuptoseveralkilometres .
Thepurposeofthisresearch istocreateatooltomonitortherateof
wearoftherefractory liningoftorpedoladlesinservice,inorderto
definetheoptimuminternal geometrical formfortheliningonthebasis
ofservicelife,safetyofuseandheatlosses.Ameasuring methodbased
onlaserandthermographic techniques willbeusedtoascertain thestate
ofwearofladlelinings,thetestparameters beingthegeometrical form
oftherefractory lining,thequalityofthebricksandthethermal
insulation layer.
Theworkprogramme isplannedinfivesuccessive stages:
(1)Development ofthemeasuring method
(2)Trialsandadjustments intheworks
(3)Trialsonladlesinservice
(4)Finalization oftheenergycalculation model
(5)Industrial operation,severalmonthsoftrials
Applicant :Arbed-Luxembourg
Budget:191.000 ECU
,Duration :2years

II.5.SERVICE PROPERTIES ANDPERFORMANCE
IIi5.il..Weldability
Theresearch proposed onweldability concerns twoproducts andtwodifferent
weldingtechniques thatareequallyimportant fortheimprovement ofthe
quality/costratiointhefinished product.Oneistheweldingofheavy
plateandtheothertheweldingofsteelsheet,especially inthemotor
industry .
Oneofthedifficulties inweldinginheavyplateistoobtainproper
homogeneity ofthedifferent zonesinordertoretainallthemechanical
properties ,suchasrupturestrength,oftheselected steelgrade.Consequently ,
itisimportant inmultipass weldingtomonitor asprecisely aspossible
thegrainstructure inthefusionzoneandintheheat-affected zone.With
electron beamwelding,atechnique nowgainingground,thesedisadvantages
canbeavoided sincetherearefarfewerpassesandtheheateffectis
morelocalized .Thistechnique isboundtohaveagreatfuturewiththe
increase inrobotics andplantautomation ,butweneedtoknowmuchmore
aboutitsperformance andconditions ofuse.
Inthesheetsector,too,manufacturers areanxioustosupplytheircustomers
withaproductsuitedtoitsintended use.Sheetsareassembled together
tomake,forexample,amotorcar,whichwillbesubjected toveryspecific
stressing conditions throughout itslife.Itsfatiguebehaviour isobviously
affected bythechoiceofmaterials ,thedesignofcomponents andalsobythe
strength oftheconnections assembling them.
Allthesesubjects ofconcern arereflected intheproposed research .
P1081:Surveyofthepresentstateofautomation andadvanced technology
fusionwelding intheEuropean Community andJapan
Thedevelopment ofadvanced technologies hasledtothewideruseoffusion
weldingtechniques .Atthesametimethedevelopment ofindustrial robots
isenabling someindustries toimprovetheirproductivity .Weldsinheavy
platecannowberequired inconventional welding.Thisobviously savestime
andenergy,buttheweldqualityisalsomuchhigher.
AsitisinJapanthatthistechnology ismostadvanced atpresent,asurvey
ofthemethods usedtherewillbevaluable .
Applicant :WeldingInstitute -Cambridge
Budget:35.000 ECU
Duration :1/2year
P1105:Metallurgy andmechanical properties ofmultipass submerged-arc
weldmetalincarbon-manganese andlow-alloy constructional steels
Inseveralbranchesofthemetalindustryvarioussteelgrades,evenwithayieldstrength ofover800Newton/mm,areweldedforeconomic reasons by
thesubmerged-arc weldingprocess .
However,practical experience showsthatweldingplateswithincreasing strength
properties and/orthickness inthiswayfrequently givesrisetoconsiderable
problems inmeeting thefracture toughness requirements .Previous research
hasclearlydemonstrated thatthefracture toughness properties ofsubmerged-arc
weldmetalfortwo-pass technique applications canbeimproved byaproper

-25-
selection ofthewire-flux combination inrelation totheparentplate
composition .
Intheproposed investigation attention willbefocused onthefollowing
aspectsofmultipass submerged-arc weldmetal:
(a)Astudyoftheinfluence ofoxygenandnitrogen onthemicrostructure
andfracture toughness behaviour ofmultipass submerged-arc weldmetal
inC/Mnandlow-alloy-steel.
(b)Anevaluation oftheweldingwireimpurity levelandtheroleofcertain
deoxidizing elements suchas:aluminium ,silicon,zirconium andtitanium
onthefracture toughness properties ofweldmetal.
Applicant :Metaalinstitut TNO-Apeldoorn
Budget:312.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1156:High-productivity weldingofheavyplate
Theheavyplatefabricating industries areconstantly endeavouring toimprove
productivity ,especially inwelding.Theconventional methodscallfor
numerous passes.Forexample,130passesareneededtojointwo200mmplates
usingautomatic welding undersolidfluxwithnarrowgrooves.Thisis
equivalent tothreedaysofweldingtomakeastraight Amweld.
Twomethods areofparticular interest astheyallowsingle-pass welding
whatever thethickness .Thesearevertical electro-slag weldingwith
consumable guideandelectron beamwelding.Goingbacktotheaboveexample,
thetimerequired isreducedto5hoursforconsumable guidewelding and
onehourforelectron beamwelding.
Theadvantages oftheconsumable guideprocess are:
lowcapital cost
\abilitytohandleweldsofcomplex geometry
Theadvantages oftheelectron beamprocess are:
particularly highproductivity
verylowdeformation intheweldconnections .
Themainobstacle totheindustrial development oftheseprocesses liesin
theproperties oftheconnections ,asregardsboththeinternal soundness
oftheweldsandtheirservicecharacteristics .
Theaimoftheproposed research istostudyandimprovetheconditions for
theuseoftheseprocesses onstructural steelsforapplications suchas:
weldedstructures (hydraulic engineering ,frameworks ,structural
steelwork ,etc.)
pressure vessels .
Applicant :Creusot'Loire-LeCreusot andFirminy
IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:319.000 ECU
Duration :3years

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P1171;Fatiguebehaviour ofmotorvehiclepartsofspot-welded sheet;
influence onmaterial selection
Indesigning mechanical components whicharesubjected toheavydynamic
loadsduringtheirlifetime,thechoiceofmaterials mustbemadewith
dueregardtofatiguestrength considerations .
Fatigueisalocalphenomenon whichoccurspreferentially inareas
containing discontinuities orweldsandwherever astressconcentration
exists.Tobevalidfromafatiguestandpoint ,therefore ,anycomparison
betweenalternative materials mustbemadeunderstructural conditions
similartothemechnical dutiesimposed onthecomponent inquestion .
Thisisparticularly trueinthecaseofthinsheet-steel components ,
whichareusuallyjoinedtogether byspot-welding andwhoseweakestlink
fromthefatiguestandpoint isingeneraltheweld.
Theobjectoftheproposed research programme isfirsttodefinethe
geometrical parameters thatinfluence thefatiguestrength ofspot-welded
lapjointsandthentodetermine (i)howthefatiguetestmodalities and
thegeometrical characteristics ofsimplelap-joined components canbe
usedforestablishing reliable newcriteria forcomparing thefatigue
behaviour ofdifferent materials andofdifferent typesofweldedjoints;
(ii)if,andhow,thenewcriteria canbeextended tocoverthewealthof
datacollected uptonowonweldedjointsofdifferent geometry (and,there­
fore,notdirectly comparable )and/oronjointsoflimitedpractical
interest .
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Budget :187.500 ECU
Duration :2years
11^.2i_Corrosion_and_sur face_grotect2on
Surfacecondition ,especially ofsteelsheet,isaconstant problemfor
producers .Inthesuccessive operations onthesheet,production techniques
andplants (forexamplerollingmills)leavetraces,oftenintheformof
surfaceinclusions ,whichcausedifficultiresfortheuserinfinishing
operations suchaspainting (byspoiling theappearance ).
Theneedforsurfacecleanliness alsoarisesinanotherapplication which
isboundtodevelop :thebondingofsheet.Thisisatechnique derived
fromtheaircraft industry whichinmanycasescansimplify thedesignof
partswhileensuring thatthewholelosesnothingofitsrobustness .Itis
wellworthstudying thedevelopment potential ofthistechnique whichis
nowbeingappliedtosteelsheet.
P1157:Bondingofgalvanized products
Assembly bybonding wasdeveloped intheaerospace industry foraluminium
materials .Thistechnique isstarting tospreadtootherindustrial sectors
suchastheconstruction ofmotorvehicles,railwayrollingstockandother
transport equipment ,shipbuilding andthemanufacture ofdomestic appliances
andofficeequipment .
Thisassembly technique hasprobably notyetbecomeaswidespread asit
couldforsteelproducts because mostofthemcanbeassembled (muchmore

-27-
easilythanaluminium )byothermethods (welding,seaming,bolting,rivetting).
Itwouldbeapittynottoextendtosteelandgalvanized products the
advanvio 3tnics-iing canoffer,suchastightjoints,elimination of
galvanic cellswhendifferent metalsareplacedincontact andthusreduction
ofcorrosion,maintenance oftheintegrity oftheparts(nodrilling or
heating),goodfatiguestrength,possibility ofjoiningmaterials .Bonding
alsoallowsnewpartstobedesigned bynewtechniques suchasthehoneycomb
systemandthisshouldproduce newusesforsteelbyreducing theweight
ofstructrues .
Theaimoftheproposed projectistoshowthepossibilities ofthebonding
ofgalvanized products andtoidentify thebestconditions .
Fromthetechnological aspect,theaimwillbetoprovideuserswithinformation
onthemostsuitable surfacepreparation andbondingmethodsforgalvanized
products andtoascertain thelimitstotheuseoftheassemblies .
Fromthescientific aspect,theaimistocontribute towardsthestudyof
chemical bondsbetweenmetalsubstrates andorganicpolymers,whichwill
haveaspin-off inotherfieldssuchastheadhesion ofpaintsandvarnishes .
Applicant :IRSID ->St.Germain-en-Laye
Budget:239.000 ECU
Duration :4years
P1247:Effects oncold-rolled andannealed sheetsurfacecleanliness :
particulate andoilresidues
Theobjective oftheproposed research istoevaluate factorsaffecting
surfacecleanliness offinishedcold-rolled andannealedstrip.
Inparticular theparticulate andoilcontaminants inrollingemulsions
whichresultinsurfaceresidues willbestudiedalongwiththesteelbase
chemistry andsurfaceroughness,theannealing conditions andsurface
oilreactions duringannealing resulting inamorphous carbonorgraphite
formation .
Surfacecleanliness ofsteelsheetintended forautobody construction has
asignificant effectontheadhesion ofpaintandthesubsequent corrosion
resistance ofthepaintedproduct.Thecleanliness isinfluenced by:
(a)theamountandnatureofthecontaminants generated bycoldrollingof
thesteel
(b)reactions atstripsurfaces duringannealing wherebyveryadherent
carbonaceous deposits canbeformed.
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:163.500 ECU
Duration :2years
P1273:Improvement ofthecleanliness ofsheetsurfaces
Thisresearch projectisdesigned toimprovethecleanliness ofcold-rolled
sheetbyinvestigating thereactions betweenthesteelsurfaceandrolling
emulsions andannealing gases,andalsotofurtherdevelopmeasuring
systemsforindustrial monitoring .

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Thisshouldmakeitpossible toidentify thecharacteristic factors
affecting stripcleanliness .Thefactorsfoundtobeappropriate willbe
incorporated inindustrial monitoring andqualitycontrol andthenecessary
measuring systemswillbedeveloped .
ResiduaLs frompreceding mechanical workingstagesalwaysremainonthe
surfaceofflatproducts .Theymaystemfromchemical reactions orbe
entirely ofmechnical origin.Thisappliestoanychanges,evenofalocal
nature,inthechemical composition ofthesteelsurface asaresultof
pickling,greasing,rolling,cleaning,annealing ,cooling,storageor
contamination .
Undertheheadingofstripcleanliness ,analytical checkearenormally
carriedoutdepending ontheintended useoftheproduct.
Asfaraspossible
ordertodothis,la
andclassification
processitself.An
physico-chemical st
Onlyafterthatwil
incorporate themin
thataprocess can
compositions determmethodsofon-lineanalysis aretobedeveloped .In
boratory research mustbeaccompanied byidentification
oftheprocess-induced chemical parameters inthe
attemptwillalsobemadetosimulate individual
epsonalaboratory scaleandtointerpret theresults .
Iitbefeasible tosortthrough theresults and
anautomatic processcontrol system.Itisconceivable
thenbecontrolled according totheinitialchemical
ined.
Applicant :EstelHoesch-Dortmund
Budget:707.500 ECU
Duration :3years
IIi5.3._Cold_fornnna
Theconditions underwhichcoldformingoperations arecarriedout,whether
onsteelsheet(forexampleinthemotorindustry )oronbarsandsections
forcoldupsetting (mechanical parts)haveagreatinfluence ontheperformance
ofthefinished product.Thefabricator mustalsoknowtheoptimumcondritions
forcarrying outtheseoperations sothathecanavoidexcessive wearand
tearonhisplant.
Theresearcheffortmadetwoyearsagoforsteelsheetmustbecontinued
sincethemainuser,themotorindustry,isstilloneofthevitalsectors
foroureconomy .Everything relating tothisproduct,andespecially coated
sheet,needstobestudiedinordertodemonstrate thequalitycriteria of
thefinished product .
Theideaofqualityisalsoimportant intheproduction ofpartsbycold
upsetting .Partsmayberejected becauseofsurfacedefectsthatcanwith­
standsurfacecleaning operations ..Inthestudyoftheseeffects,theresearch
conducted musttakeintoaccount theexistence ofsuchdefects soasto
defineanacceptability limit.
P1120:Weldabilityandformability ofcoatedsteelsheet
Becauseoftheneedtosavefuelthemotorindustry hastotackletheproblem
ofreducing theweightofvehicles .Onepossibility istousethinnersheet
orplateforthebodyworkandchassis.Thiscallsforathorough review
ofcorrosion ,andespecially resistance tothesaltusedontheroads,an
economic argument appreciated bycustomers inviewoftheincrease in

-29-
purchase prices.
Theseconditions provide anincentive forthewideruseofcoatedsheet.
Inthenottoofardistant futuretheJapanese motorindustry isplanning
touseabout100kgofcoatedsteelpercar,aroundhalfofwhichwill
behigh-strength steelsheet.European manufacturers arealsoplanning to
useahighproportion ofthistypeofproduct.
Iftheuseofthesesteel-based products,suchassheetthatiselectroplated ,
hot-dipgalvanized orgalvanized andannealed toobtainaniron-zinc alloy
onthesurface andzincrometal Canorganiccoatingzinc)istobepromoted,
itmustbepossible tousethemeconomically .Thisdependspartlyonthe
weldabilit'y oftheproducts andpartlyontheirformabilityandthebehaviour
oftheassemblies .
Theproposed projectwillbelimitedtoatypeofweldingthatisparticularly
important forsteelsheet:resistance welding.
Theproblemsto beexamined concernthequalityoftheweldedspots,in
particular resistance tocorrosion .•
Although dataarealreadyavailable forconventional galvanized steel,there
isverylittleinformation onsteelgalvanized ononeface,alloytypecoatings
(galvanized andannealed),zincrometal orcoatings ofzincwith5%aluminium .
Applicant :CRM-Liege
Budget:287.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1159:Simplification ofthesurfacepreparation ofbarsforcoldforming
Inmostcold-forming applications atpresentsteelbarsareusedafter
scalping.Thisoperation removesalmostallthesurfacedefects (geometrical ,
mechanical orchemical),butitisextremely costlyandcanberiskyifit
isnotwelldone.
Theaimofthisresearch istofindsimpler methodsofsurfacepreparation
thatproducepartswithoutdefects.Itisnecessary tohaveformability
criteria takingintoconsideration boththeintrinsic properties ofthe
metalandthesurfaceproperties .
Theresearch beingdoneatpresent relatesonlytotestsonmachined
testpieces,andtherefore doesnotcoversurfacedefects,despitetheir
vitalimportance .
Theupsetting testusedforcoldupsetting steelsshowsupsurfacedefects
butgivesnoprecise ideaofhowharmfultheyare.
Theaimoftheproposed research istodevelop fromthequantitative aspect
testmethodsforidentifying acceptable surfacestatesondifferent parts
andthusensuring thatthesurfacestateissuitedtoactualrequirements .
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
CreusotLoire-Firminy
Budget:382.500 ECU
Duration :3years

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IIi5i4i_Çonstruçtjona ^steels
Inthisfieldtheresearchrelatesinparticular tothefatiguebehaviour
ofweldedassemblies .Asalreadymentioned earlier,themotorindustry is
animportant economic sectoranditsefforts mustbebackedupbyhelping
ittoputonthemarketcarsthatmeetbothsafetycriteria andservicelife
requirements .Forthispurpose,andinthelightofenergyconsiderations
aswell,newsteelgradesallowing areduction intheweightofvehicles
havebeendeveloped .Theconditions fortheformingandassembly ofthese
steelsarestudiedelsewhere .Itisalsonecessary todetermine their
fatiguebehaviour undertheirspecific conditions ofservice.
P1174:Predicted fatiguelifeanditsimportance inreaffirming the
superiority ofsteelasamaterial forautomotive components
Theneedforlightweight components andforcheapermanufacturing processes
isfeltverystrongly todaybytheautomobile industry whichseizesevery
opportunity tousenewmaterials thathaveamorefavourable cost-to-
performance ratio.
Inthecaseofstructural components ,steelmakers havemetthegrowing
competition ofothermaterials byintroducing high-strength steels.
Thereis,however,asecondpossible lineofdefenceregarding theuses
towhichsteelcanbeput,whichinfact,makesitpossible toredesign
awiderangeofmechanical components onthebasisoffarlowersafety
factorsthanthoserequired bythenewmaterials adoptedintheautomotive
field.
Twofundamental guideline criteria canbefollowed :
-thereduction ofthemassofthecomponent ,
-theselection ofasubstitute steelhavingamorefavourable cost-to"
performance rating.
Beforethesecriteria canbeadopted,however,existing specialized methods
forthecharacterization ofmaterials mustbefurtherdeveloped andimproved
soastorateeachtypeofsteelscheduled forpromotion onthebasisof
thosemechanical properties which,takenasawhole,willprovide abetter
performance intheapplications forwhichthesteelisparticularly well
suited.
Atoperative level,theobjectsare:(i)toobtainandmakeavailable,in
classified form,dataonthebehaviour ofspecific typesofsteelunder
cyclicdynamicloadingconditions ;(ii)tousethedataasbasisfor
calculating thepredicted fatiguelifeofstructural components madeout
ofsuchsteels.
Inaddition,itisintendedtocalculate servicelifeexpectancies fora
certain numberoftypicalstructural conditions .
Theforecasts madewillbecompared withtheresultsgivenbyexperimental
benchtestsandwiththedatareported inactualcasehistories .
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Budget:262.000 ECU
Duration :1year

-31-
11i5i5i_Fracture_mechani_sms
Inordertounderstand brittlefracture phenomena inweldedstructures it
isnecessary bothtoundertake basicresearch andtocarryoutfullscale
tests.Thesetworequirements arereflected intheproposed researchprojects,
whichplantostudytheinfluence ofprecipitates atgrainboundaries and
waysofstrengthening cohesion,andtoinvestigate theeffectsofsusceptibility
tobrittlefracture inactualstructures suchasgaspipelines .Thisapplication
isparticularly important foroureconomy andoperating safetyrequirements
areveryimportant inthisindustrial sector.
P1089:Influence ofresidual elements ontheintergranular stresscorrosion
cracking ofcarbonsteels
Unalloyed carbonsteelsareknowntobesuceptible tointergranular stress
corrosion cracking (I6SCC)invariouselectrolytes ,especially nitrates but
alsocausticsolutions ofcarbonates ,hydrogen carbonates orhydroxides .
TheIGSCCpropensity ofsteelsdepends onthemechanical stress,thetype
andconcentration oftheenvironment andontheelectrode potential .
Intheservicefailureofhighpressure gaspipelines carbonates are,most
probably,theactivecrackinitiating media.However,intheIGSCCofhigh-
temperature blastfurnacestoves,failure wasattributed toacondensate
containing ahighnitrateconcentration .Intergranular fracture hasalso
beenobserved instresscracking ofthehigh-strength steelsusedfor
reinforcing barsinconcrete structures ,theenvironment herebeingacaustic
solutionofCaCOH)^.AlsoIGSCCisaproblemwithboiler-steels andarangeoflow-alloy steels.
Theoverall aimoftheprojectistodetermine theeffectsofimpurity elements
inunalloyed andverylowalloyedcarbonsteelsontheirsusceptibility to
IGSCCindifferent electrolytes .
Thiswillprovide abasisforspecifications forresiduals thatare
sufficient butnotover-restrictive .Thisapproach willleadtoabetter
understanding ofstresscorrosion cracking andhencemakesitpossibles to
establish remedial actionandtoprovide aprognosis ofbehaviour outside
thelimitedtestsproposed inthisproject.
Applicants ;NPL-Teddington
MaxPlanckInstitut -Dusseldorf
Budget:483.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1090:Alleviation ofintergranular failureinstresscorrosion cracking
ofsteelsbyrareearthmetaladditions
Theobjectoftheproposed research istodefinetheeffectsofresiduals
onintergranular stresscorrosion cracking andthroughmeasurements ofthe
segregation andthecracking properties aswellasthroughthermomechani caI
calculations todefinetheacceptable rangeofrareearthadditions in
commercial practice togainacceptable immunity tostresscorrosion cracking
inarchetypal low-alloy steels.
Numerous examples ofintergranular stresscorrosion failures maybecited
and,ofthelow-alloy steelsthatareinvolved,21/4%Cr-Moandlow
Ni-Cr-Mo-Vsteelsformarchetypal catgories .Oneclearroutetoremove

-32-
residual impurities fromthegrainboundaries istouseultra-Low residual
steelmaking processes suchasarebeingdeveloped inJapan.Theseprocesses
arestillsomewayoffinEuropeandmayinvolveinacceptable economic penalties
aswellasinferior properties inspecific instances .Analternative route
whichhasshownpromiseinlaboratory scalemeltsatNPListhatofrare
earthmetaladditions tothesteeltofixtheimpurities inprecipitates .
Thisrouteshowspromiseintermsofbothcostandeffectiveness butmany
questions concerning itstransference intocommercial practice remain
unanswered .
Theproposed research programme consists inthermodynamic calculations to
establish thereactions ofrareearthmetalsinthearchetypal 21/4%Cr-Mo
andlowNi-Cr-Mo-Vsteelstoestablish theproducts formedasafunction
oftherareearthmetalcontent .Thesecalculations willrefertothe
equilibrium situation andmayormaynotreflecttherespective valuesfor
commercial practice .However,theyprovide abaselinescientific framework
fromwhichtocarryouttheexperimental programme .
Applicants :BSC-London
NPL-Teddington
Budget:183.000 ECU
Duration :2years
P1176:Prediction ofductilefracture propagation ofgaspipelinethrough
laboratory tests
Accurate prediction ofthefracture behaviour oflarge-diameter gaspipelines
isaproblem whichhasnotyeatbeencompletely solved,despiteimportant
workcarriedoutinthisfieldbyvariousItalian andforeignresearch establish­
ments.Inaddition,thecaseswhichhaveremained unresolved areprecisely
thoseofgreaterinterest forthedevelopment ofimproved pipelinedesign
andmaterials ,i.e.:thick-walled pipes(approx.25mm)andhigh-strength
steels (gradeAPIX80).
Thecausesdetermining thereducedcapacity toarrestductilefracture
shownbythesematerials duringrecentfull-scale testsarestillfarfrom
clear,butitiscommonly heldthattherearetworeasonsforthese
disappointing results :ontheonehand,forquenched andtempered materials
thereducedplasticity revealed,forexample,bytheirlowstrainhardening
coefficients andontheotherhand,forcontrolled rolledsteelsdifficulties
associated withquantifying theeffectsofseparation .
Themostrecentinitiative oftheEuropean Pipeline Research Group(EPR6)
(roundrobinonembrittled Battelle testspecimens )andanECSCprogramme
carriedoutbytheBSCbothemphasize theneedforin-depthfracture mechanics
studiesforthepurposeofdeveloping anewlaboratory testtoreplacethe
Charpytest.Infact,forobvioustechnical andeconomic reasons,itisnot
possible torelyexclusively onfull-scale testsforstudying anddeveloping
newtypesofmaterials fornatural gaspipelines;suchtestshouldbe
reserved forthefinalinspection ofmaterials atindustrial level.
Themainobjectoftheproposed research programme istoprovideindications
foramoreaccurate prediction oftheductilefracture behaviour ofgas
pipelineby(a)abetterunderstanding ofthestrainandfracture
patterns ofthepipeand(b)amoreeffective testevaluation ofthematerials
throughlaboratory tests.
Applicant :CSM-Roma

-33-
Budget:213.500 ECU
Duration :2years
P1213:Influence ofthestateofstressonthedeformation andfracture of
steelsusingLarge-scale tensiletests
Theaimofmuchresearch onlaboratory testpiecesistoprovidereliable
quantitative dataontheresistance ofbuilding components tofailure.'
Large-scale testsprovide anopportunity ofverifying thetransferability of
laboratory testresultstobuilding components ,asthedimensions involved
areverymuchnearertothesizeofactualcomponents thanarethesmall
testpiecesnormally used.
Intheproposed research projectexperiments willbecarriedoutonlargetest
pieces,incooperation withtheexpertsoftheVDEhcommittee forresearch
onthesusceptibility ofsteeltobrittlefracture .Thesetestpieceswill
havesurface andsidenotchesofvarious depthsandlengths soastoexhibit
different multiaxial statesofstress,ifpossible uptotheplanestrain
condition,evenwithfullyplasticbehaviour .Theaimistoproduceinlarge
testpiecesstatesofstress,evenwithlargeplasticdeformations ,ofthe
kindthatactually occurinbuilding components andtoobtainquantitative
dataontheensuingdeformation andfracture behaviour .
Applicant :Technische Hochschule -Aachen
Budget:665.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1253:Characterization ofcrackarresttoughness ingastransmission
pipelines intermsoftheshearfracture propagation energy
Theproposed research programme isbasedupontwoprincipal objectives .In
thefirstinstanceitisintended thattheeffectsofplasticstrainrate
onshearfracture propagation comparing theperformance ofnormalized ,
controlled rolled,rollerquenched andtempered andquenched andtempered
steelsshould beevaluated inordertodetermine theinfluence ofmicrostructural
characteristics onthefracture parameters .Thisworkisdirectly related
totheobservation recently madethatbainitic steelsexhibit adifferent
strainratedependence compared withtheconventional ferrite-pearlite
steels,andthatthisdifference inbehaviour hasbeenshowntohavea
significant influence ontheperformance ofthesesteelsasassessed by
fullscalebursttests.
Thecurrent EPRGproposal forfurtherfull-scale bursttestsclearlyindicates
theprobable useofhighei–strength materials andthussupports theimportance
oftheproposed laboratory studies.
Thesecondobjective oftheproposed workisbaseduponthedesiretodetermine
accurate valuesfromhighstrainrateconventional impacttestsonmaterials
frompastandfutureECSC-ERPG programmes ,usingtherecommended testpieces
andtesttechniques !
Thefinaloutcome ofthisworkwillbeintheformofrecommended fracture
specification requirements necessary toguarantee pipeline safety,taking
intoaccountpipeline design (diameter,thickness andoperating pressure )
andthecharacteristics ofthesteelsusedinthepipeline manufacture .
Applicant :BSC-London

-34-
Budget:176.500 ECU
Duration :2years
IIi^i6_H22h_temQerature_steel s
Aspecialeffortisbeingmadeheresoastoprovidesteelmakers anddesigners
withallthedatatheyneedtoimprovethemechanical properties ofthese
steelgrades,sincetheyareusedforcomponents subjected inserviceto
extremely severetemperature conditions ,oftencombined withhighpressures .
Especially whenusedinpowerstations,suchcomponents havetowithstand
notonlyhighpressures andtemperatures butalsoloadvariations resulting
fromfluctuations inuserdemand.Operating safetycriteria havetobeadhered
toandtheeconomic aspectofpowerstationoperation alsohastobetaken
intoaccount (maintenance ,replacement ofcomponents beforefailuretoavoid
accidents ).
P1104:Steelandfabrication requirements incoalutilization technolgy
Thisresearch startedin1981(seewrittenprocedure E/121/81of18February
1981-proposal P951).Forbudgetreasons 60%oftheamountwasgranted in
1980andtheremaining 40%wastobeincluded inthe1982budget.Itwill
berecalled thatthemainpointstackledinthisresearch,theresultsof
whichareexpected inthesecondhalfof1982,areasfollows :
-material used,characterization ,definition ofrequirements
-codeofgoodpractice forsteelcomponents
-compatibility ofexisting datawithfabricating criteria
-fabrication possibilities andqualitycontrol (steelmakers anddesigners).
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:90.000 ECU
Duration :1year
P1177:Effectofmicrostructure andimpurities oncrackpropagation increep
Thedurability ofstructural components operating atelevated temperatures is
normally ratedonthebasisoftheresultsgivenbycreepstrengthtests
performed atthedutytemperature ofthecomponent .
Thedesigner,however,canrelyontheinformation supplied bythiskindof
testonlywhenhecansafelyassumethat:(1)theworkingload(andtherefore
thestrain)isdistributed evenlyovertheentirecross-section ofthecomponent,
(ii)thecomponent isfreefrompre-existing defects;(iii)nolocalcracks
ordefectsarelikelytodevelopwithtimeintheloadedcomponenet .
Thevalidity ofthisprocedure hasoftenbeenchallenged duringrecentyears
fortworeasons :
1.Ampleexperimental proofexiststhatstructural components ,especially
thickandverythickcomponents ,areoftendefective priortotheir
installation owingtoundetected internal cracks,suchascanform
forexampleintheheat-affected andfusionzonesofweldedjoints.
2.Creepdamage,together witheventual fatigueconditions ,cansometimes
leadtothenucleation ofcracksataveryearlydatewhenreplacement

-35-
ofthecomponent maybeunnecessary and,inanycase,uneconomical .
Thepurposeoftheproposed research programme istoincrease knowledge by
(i)determining theinfluence of(a)residual elements (typeandconcentration ),
Cb)microstructure ,and(c)grainsizeonthenucleation ,growthand
propagation ofcracksinlow-alloyed ferritic steelssubjected tocreep;
(ii)acquiring further andmoredetailed information ontheselective
segregation phenomena thattakeplaceonthesurfaceofmicro-cracks during
creep.
Twomaterials willbeinvestigated :
1)1Cr-lMo-0.25Vsteelforhigh-pressure rotors,
2)2.25Cr-1Mosteelforsteampipes.
Eachsteelwillbeinvestigated intwocompositions characterized by
different contents ofP,As,Sn,Sb,CuandS.
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Budget:262.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1178:Microstructural properties ofsteelforlargecomponents forthe
energyindustry asafunction ofoperating variables inthermo­
chemical treatment
Asaresultoftheincreasing demandforhigherproductivity levelsinthe
fieldofhotworking,manufacturers arebeingimpelled tostudymeansof
improving operating practices inorderto(a)findcheaper andmorerational
production methods,and(b)reducequalityfluctuations andsavepowerby
suitable standardization oftherelatedmanufacturing procedures .
Theresearch workreported intheliterature ismainlyconcerned with
problems associated withthedimensional changeandinternal soundness of
thecomponent anddealsonlyinaminorwaywithproblems assiciated with
themicrostructural evolution ofthematerial duringthedimensional
change.Theselatterproblems,however,areoffundamental importance in
relation totheeffects onstructural homogeneity ,given(a)thehighly
diversified typesofstrainwhichcanbeproduced duringhotforging,and
(b)thesensitivity ofthematerial tothermomechanical working.
Thereisreasontobelievethataneffective approach totheproblemof
improving hot-forging practices shouldbebasedonthesimultaneous
consideration ofbothaspects,i.e.:
1)dimensional changes andrelatedstresspattern;
2)microstructural evolution consequent ondimensional changeandthe
thermalconditions ofoperation .
Theobjectoftheproposed research programme istostudytheproblems
mentioned above.
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Budget:322.500 ECU
Duration :3years
\

-36-
P1179:Behaviour ofsteelsforuseatelevated temperatures inthermal
electricity generating plantoperating withcyclical loadvariations
Themediumtermmanagement planforpowerstations,inItalyforexample,
consists ofusinganumberofhigh-capacity unitsduringsteady-state operation
andbringing inotherunitsatpeakperiods.
Thedesigncriteria normally usedforsteeltubingarebasedoncreepand
timeyielddataobtained underconstant load.
Theaimoftheresearch istodefinethebehaviour ofahigh-temperature
ferriticsteelundertheserviceconditions applicable totubinginthermo­
electric powerstations thataredesigned fordiscontinuous operation to
copewithanelectricity demandthatfluctuates inadailycycle.
Thesteelchosenis12CrMo910(Euronorm 43-72)whichtodayseemsthemost
promising material fortheconstruction offerritic tubing,sinceitappears
tohavetheoptimumproperties tomeetthecombination offrequently conflicting
requirements concerning strength,reliability ,andeconomy.
Applicant :Dalmine-Milano
Budget :224.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1216:Improvement ofthecreeprupture andtoughness behaviour ofhigh
temperature turbinesteels
High-temperature turbinesteelsarerequired tohaveagoodcreeprupture
strength combined withadequate toughness properties .Hightoughness must
beguaranteed bothinthedeliverystateandafterlongperiodsinservice.
Several ECSC-aided research projects havealready beencarriedoutonthe
improvement oftheserviceproperties ofNiCrMoVsteels.Thesehaveshown
thatthemicrostructure (martensite /bainite ),grainsize,chemical composition
andinparticular thecontentofresiduals andthestrength levelhavea
greatinfluence ontoughness .Themaineffectofthecontentofresiduals is
toincrease grainboundary segregation ofphosphorous andtin,therebyreducing
intergranular cohesion andcausingbrittlefracture .Theresearch indicates
thattheservicerangeoftheNiCrMoVsteelscanbeextended byfurther
reducing thephosphorus content.
Forforgings of1%CrMoVsteel,therehasalsobeenatendency recently
tomakeincreasing useofingotswithalowsiliconcontentmeltedbythe
VCDprocessbecause anysusceptibility totemperembrittlementcanbefurther
reduced inthisway.
Insufficient research hasasyetbeenconducted ontheinfluence ofalower
silicon content inVCDmelts.
Underthisprogramme moreexhaustive research willbecarriedoutonselected
testpiecesfromtheabovementionned ECSCresearchproject;thiswill
include:
-creeprupturetests
-ageing
-fracture toughness andinstrumented notchimpacttests
-microanalysis andmicrostructre .

-37-
Applicant :VDEh-Dusseldorf
Budget:201.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1254:Elevated-temperature cracking ofhightemperature steels
Aconsiderable amountofworkhasbeencarried out(ECSCcontract )onthe
effectsofgrainsizeandstressstateonthenucleation andgrowthof
intergranular cavitation inferritic high-temperature steelswhichleads
tohightemperature cracking .Theresultsofthisworkhaveshownthatthe
rupturelifecanbecalculated fromobserved cavitynucleation fates,but
thereislittleknowledge ofthefactorscontrolling thecavitynucleation
rate.Thecavitynucleation rateisofmajorsignificance incontrolling
thehightemperature cracking ofpipe,headerandboltingsteelssuchas
1%Cr-1/2%Mo,21/4%Cr-1%Mo,and21CrMoV5.7 ,allofwhichsufferintei–
granular cracking tosomedegree,particularly whencoarsegrainsizesare
present.Thistypeofcrackingisparticularly prevalent in1%Cr-1/2%Mo,and2.1/4%Cr-
1%MoweldHAZ's.Itisproposed thatthenatureofthecavitynucleation
sitesshouldbedefined andthefactorscontrolling cavitynucleation rates
beexamined .
Oneoftheobjectives ofthepresent work,therefore,istoestablish the
factorscontrolling cavitynucleation buttheworkwouldalsobeofdirect
application tostudiesofremnantlife,whichisasubjectofconsiderable
importance tooperators ofsteam-generating plant,otherhigh-temperature
pressure vesselsandpower-generating plant.
Theinformation obtained willbeusedtoassesstherupturelifeofthese
materials intermsofcavitynucleation andgrowthasinearlier work,where
itissuggested thattheabilitytopredictcavitynucleation rateswill
providealltheinformation required topredictcreeprupturelivesinthe
regimesofstressandtemperature wherecracking istheoperative failure
mode.Suchamodelwouldalso'provide thenecessary background forthe
prediction ofremnantlifeinhigh-temperature components .
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:265.500 ECU
Duration 3years
II.5.7Offshore technolog ^
Theproposed workconsists ofacontinuation oftheresearchstartedin1981.
Becauseofbudgetrestrictions ,itwasagreedthatthetotalaidgranted
wouldbespreadover1981and1982.
P1082:Servicestrength ofweldedoffshore structures inseawater with
particular reference tocrackpropagation measurements andpost-
weldtreatment toincrease fatiguestrength
Thisworkcovers :
Theeffects ofTIGtreatment oftheweld
Checksontestpieces
Crackinitiation andpropagation
\Influence ofcorrosion

-38-
Influence ofcathodic protection
Influence ofacoating oncorrosion fatigue
Applicants :Fraunhofer Institut fürBetriebsfestigkeit -Darmstadt
Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft -Ottobrunn
Budget:322.000 ECU
Duratiori :2years
structures
Thisisoneofthemostsensitive areasinwhichsteelisused.Although
therehavebeensomesuccessful technical achievements -oftenimpressive
intheiraudacity-steelconstruction ishampered inourcountries by
regulations gearedtotheuseoftraditional building materials ,whichdo
nottakeaccountofthespecific properties ofsteel.Itistherefore
necessary toputconstant pressure ontheauthorities concerned toremedy
thesituation .
P1086:Corrosion ofsteelstructural membersinsidebuildings
Extensive research hasalready beencarriedoutontheprotection ofsteel
structures againstcorrosion ,evenunderthemostextremeconditions ,but
thereisalackofdocumentation ontheminimum requirements tobemet
bysuchprotection forsteelmemberssituated inrelatively safeareas
ofabuilding .Aswidelydiffering climatic zonescanexistwithinthe
samebuilding,avarietyofprotective measures arerequired andmustbe
practicable .Inordertohelptheconstructional steelwork industry to
overcome thisdisadvantage ,thisresearch project aimstodetermine those
measures thatareabsolutely necessary ,depending onoutsideinfluences .
Suggestions fortailoi–madeversions ofcorrosion protection willalsobe
made.
Thepurposeoftheproposed research is:
(a)toobtainthenecessary experimental andtheoretically information for
theformulation ofrational andsimplerecommendations ontheprotection
againstcorrosion ofsteelmembersinsidebuildings ;
(b)toprovide evidence toenableexisting recommendations tobesimplified
andrelaxed wherecorrosion problems areofminorimportance oreven
non-existent ,asisfrequently thecaseinsidebuildings .
Applicant :European Convention forConstructional Steelwork -Rotterdam
Budget:34.500 ECU
Duration :1year
P1129:Computer-assisted analysis ofthefireresistance ofsteeland
combined steel/concrete structures
Thepurposeofthisresearch istodevise acomputer programme toanalyse
theoverallfireresistance ofathree-dimensional steelframework madeup
ofvarioussections,eitherwithoutprotection orprotected byvarioustypes
ofmaterial (suchasplaster,fibreglass insulating material orvermiculite -
basedinsulating material),orusedinacombined steel/concrete structure .
Previous research resultswillbeincorporated intothisdesigncode.Research
willbecarriedoutintwostages,onlythefirstofwhichisincluded in

-39-
thisproposal andinvolves :
-devising thecalculation method;theresultsobtainedwillbecompared
withthoseoftestsonstructures alreadybuiltorunderconstruction .
-adapting thecodeforthepurposes ofcomputei–aideddesignwhichtakes
theformofanon-linear programme ofthree-dimensional staticanalysis
dealingwithtransient fieldsinconnection withtemperatures andconstraints .
-Duringthefirststagetherewillbetestsonbuilding components and
teststostudybeam-column interactions .
Applicant :Arbed-Luxembourg
Budget:291.500 ECU
Duration :2years
P1130:Statistical surveyoftheinfluence ofstructural fireresistance on
lossesduetofireinindustrial buildings
Onthebasisofsurveys onactualbuildingfiresandespecially onfires
thathaveoccurred inone-storey buildings ,theproposed studywillestablish
thepossible correlations between :
-thedegreeoffirestability andthelossesduetofire;
-theinitialcalorific potential ofthebuilding andthelossesdue
tofire.
Themostobjective wayofexpressing "lossesdueto.fire"willbeexamined,
forinstance bycalculating theratiobetweenthedirectcostofthelosses
andtheinitiaLcostofboththebuilding anditscontents .Losseswill
alsoinvolve,asthecasemaybe,thecompensation paidforanyinsurance
againstthelossofexploitation .
»
Analyseswillalsobecarriedout-asfaraspossible todetermine the
influence exerted uponlossesduetofireby:
-various meansofprotection suchassmokepaths,automatic fireextinguishing
systems,partition walls;
-construction ofwallsandroofswithlocation oflighting areas;
-natureofinnerstructures (suspended roofstructures ,suspended
ceilings,thermalinsulation ).
Particular casesamongstthevariousdisasters examinedwillbeselected for
useaseducational material toillustrate theactualfirebehaviour ofthe
structures .
Applicants :CTICM-Puteaux
TNO-Delft
Budget:263.500 ECU
Duration :3years ,
IIi5i9i_AlIo^_and_sgec2a ^steels
Inthissectoranunderstanding ofthephenomena occurring inthemaking
ofthesteelisofvitalimportanceiftheproducer istobeabletoprovide
userswithaproductthatwillmeettheirtechnical andtechnological
requirements andtheirneedtoremaincompetitive .Itistherefore essential

-40-
tocontinue research inanumberoffields;thisappliestothebasicresearch
proposed onquantitative metallurgy ,thebasicandapplication-oriented research
onsuchsubjects asthedevelopment oflow-loss electrical sheetandthe
studyofmachinabilitywhichshouldhelpworkshops toreduceproduction
costs.
P1091:Improvement ofthemagnetic characteristics andserviceproperties
ofnon-oriented .concast steel
Theproduction ,transport anduseofelectricity necessarily involvetheuse
ofmagneticcircuits foroperation oftherelevantelectrical machinery .
Thesecircuits aregenerally obtained fromcoresmadeupofelectrical
sheet,coldrolledintheformofblanks,lessthanonemillimetre thick
anddescribed commercially intermsofloss(expressed inwatts)perunitof
weightwhenmagnetized atapredetermined magnetic induction andfrequency .
Inthecaseofnon-oriented siliconsteelsheets,i.e.thosemorecommonly
usedcommercially ,thesituation variesaccording towhetherthesilicon
contents isaboveorbelowapproximately 1.1%.Withregardtomotorsused
fordomestic purposes andindustrial motorswithacapacity ofonlyafew
kw,therehasbeenatendency inrecentyearstoreplace sheetwithalow
siliconcontentwithcarbonsteelsheetsupplied inthesemi-processed
state,simplybecauseitischeaper anddespitethefactthatthequalityis
poorerfromthepointofviewofenergydissipation .Thisisbecauseusers
ofthistypeofsheettendtocutdownthecostofelectric motorsatthe
expenseoftheirefficiency .
Thistrendcouldbereversedifaguarantee ofquality werealsointroduced
fortheseproducts andifaccount weretakennotonlyoftheinitial cost,
butalsoofcostresulting fromenergydissipation duringoperation ofsuch
machinery .
Itisestimated thatthecostofsteelcanbereduced byaround10%by
usingcontinuous casting.Unfortunately ,themagnetic properties ofnon-
oriented concastsiliconsteelsareinferior tothoseiningotforminthat
theformerhavefinelydistributed oxideinclusions whichhaveanadverse
effectonthevalueofthehysteresis losses.
Theproposed research programme isdividedintotwoparts:
-post-refinement processing ofsiliconsteeltoimprovetheproperties
ofnon-oriented concastelectrical steel.
-insulating coatingfornon-oriented steelwithexcellent characteristics
fromthepointofviewofshearing .
Applicants :Terni-Terni
CSM-Roma
Budget :419.500 ECU
Duration ;21/2years
P1092:Newqualities ofnon-oriented electrical sheetfortheconstruction
ofmagnetic circuits
Theaimistoobtainnewgradesofnon-oriented electrical sheetformagnetic
circuits,andinparticular thestatorsofhigh-powered rotating machines .
Itisplannedtostudytheinteractions betweenresidual impurities and
manufacturing processes consisting ofsuccessive rolling andannealing

-41-
operations ,usingmaterials andconditions givingacubic-type primary
recrystallization texture.Theaimwillbetoanalysethewaysprimary
recrystallization textures areformedandtheirdependence onimpurities in
ordertoregulate manufacturing parameters soastoobtainaproductof
higherqualitythanthebestnon-oriented 3%siliconsheetcurrently on
themarket.
Theresearch willbeconducted onaferritecontaining notmorethan3%
ofalloying elements (siliconand/oraluminium )inordertoretainadequate
saturation .Insuchmaterial,itissufficient toobtainacubic-type texture,
evenitthisisnotperfect,inordertohaveamorefavourable configuration
oftheelementary fieldsthaninconventional non-oriented sheet,andthis
bringsaboutanimprovement inusefulmagnetic properties :specific losses
inthelongitudinal andtransverse directions ,lossesinarotating field
andtheapproach tosaturation .
Applicant :CreusotLoire-St.Chelydapcher
Budget:206.500 ECU
Duration :21/2years
P1094:Characteristics required forthefabrication ofengineering parts
inmicro-alloyed steelsintheformofbarsandsections not
quenched andtempered
Increasing attention islikelytobefocused onthepossibilities ofsaving
energyintheheattreatment ofspecialsteels.Theaddition ofmicroalloy­
ingelements tosteelswhosecarboncontentis(approximately )between0.35%
and0.5%givesthemconsiderable strength properties withtheresult
that,forsomeuses,quenching andtempering canbeeliminated ,andtheweight
ofcomponents madefromthesesteelscanbereducedthroughdesigns which
takeaccountoftheincreased strength .
Theresearch projectisorganized asfollows :
(a)development ofcontinuous castingofmicroalloy steelinbarsand/or
billets andsubsequent rollinginasingleheat,asagainstsimilar
steelsproduced byteeminginingotform;
(b)thorough assessment ofthemechnical characteristics obtained for
barsandbillets bymeansofcontrolled coolingusingtherolling
temperature andwithvaryingdegreesofreduction bycolddrawing;
(c)experimental evaluation ofallthecharacteristics essential tothe
designer anduser,bothafterhotforgingandafterchip-forming machining
ofmechanical components (fromdrawnbars),ascompared withquenched
andtempered steels.
Applicant :Teksid-Torino
Budget:374.500 ECU
Duration :2years
P1122:Quantitative métallography
Intheresearch undertheheadingofquantitative metallography already
conducted withECSCsupport,theproblemofmeasuring grainsizehasonly
beentackledasasubsidiary aspect,inparticular duringthecomparison of
measurements carriedoutinthedifferent institutes takingpartintheresearch .
Itwasthenfoundthatalthough themeandiameter couldbemeasuredfairly
reliable andwithareasonable degreeofreproducibility ,thefrequency

–42–
distribution ofthediameters wasmuchlesseasytodetermine .
Today,usingcomputerprocessing ofdatafromanimageanalyser,itis
possible togoverymuchfartherthanasomewhat approximate estimate of
theaveragegrainsize,andinparticular toplotthegrainsize
frequency distribution curve.
Itwouldseemextremely usefultoundertake acritical reviewofmeasuring
methods andcriteria capableofcharacterizing grainsizedistribution in
steel.
Thisstudywillnotignorethecomplexity ofthemicrostructure ,i.e.an
effortwillalsobemadetosolvetheproblemofmeasuring thesizeof
non-polygonal andnon-isotropicgrains.
Applicant :CRM-Liège
Budget :151.500 ECU
Duration :3years
P1221:Statistical description ofnon-metallic inclusions insteelsfor
evaluation withstandard seriesandfullyautomated machines
Indeveloping newsteelgradesandinqualitycontrolthedegreeof
purityofthesteelsisevaluated onthebasisofstandard series.Itis
theoretically possible touseautomatic imageanalysers butthisproce­
dureisstilltoocostlyformostqualitycontroloperations .Consequently
smallfirmsinparticular willhavetocontinue tousestandard series.
Thestandard imagesareatpresent madeupfromvisualobservation of
themicrostructure .Theconditions ofthemathematical equations
describing themicrostructure areonlyincompletely fulfilled andthe
imagesthemselves aresopoorlydefinedthat,forexample,theycannot
bereproduced byacomputer fromthedatagivenforrepresentation
purposes .Itisnotpossible tousethestandardseriesinorderto
develop amethodforthequantitative description ofnon-metallic
inclusions bymeansofimageanalysers measuring geometrical parameters
thatcanbedirectly correlated withproperties .
Toovercomethisproblem,itisnecessary todevelop astatistical method
ofdescribing non-metallic inclusions bystereologi calparameters .Using
thisdescription ,acomputer mustthendrawimagesreproducing the
measureddistribution .Iftheseimagesareusedasstandardseries,a
description ofthemicrostructure willbeobtainedthatissimilarto
thatgivenbyimageanalysers .Theonlydifference isthattheaccuracy
willbehigherwiththeautomatic imageanalyser thanwiththeuseof
standard series.
Preliminary workhasshownthatitispossible totranslate thestatis­
ticaldataonthearrangement andgrainsizeofinclusions intostandard
imagesdrawnbyacomputer .Consequently ithasbeenestablished that
theproposed methodology isfeasible .
Applicant :MPI-Dusseldorf
Budget:319.000 ECU
Duration :3years
P1226:Influence ofstresses generated byoxidelayersonmagnetic pro­
perties andscaleadhesion ofnon-oriented electrical sheet
Duringthefinalannealing operation oncold-rolled non-oriented electrical

–43–
sheet,oxideLayersappearonthesurfaceofthesheet.Theseare
essentially formedofoxidized inclusions ofthealloying elements
silicon andaluminium .Thewayinwhichtheselayersformandchange
duringannealing,depending onthecomposition ofthealloyandthe
annealing conditions ,hasalreadybeenstudied.
Thisresearch showedthat,duringthehigh-temperature stageinthefinal
annealing operation,thealuminium displaces thesiliconoutsidethe
oxidized bondwhichoccursinthefieldofinternal oxidation,tothe
boundary oftheoxidizer/metalphases-Consequently itisassumed
thatthepooradhesion oftheoxidizerafterashortholdingperiodat
hightemperature (aboutoneminute)isduetothefactthatanaluminium
oxidelayerformsattheboundary oftheoxidizer/metalphases.Thisalso
explains whyextensive changesinmechanical tensionbetweentheoxidizer
andthegroundmassarefound.
Intheproposed research project,asimulation studywillbemadeofthe
usualshortannealing methodinthecontinuous furnaceinorderto
determine anydifferences betweenthelaboratory testsandfull-scale
results bycomparative measurements .
Applicant :Stahlwerke Bochum-Bochum
Budget:382.000 ECU
Duration :21/2years
P1259:Relationship betweencrystallographic textures infully-annealed
silicon-bearing non-oriented electrotechni calsteelsandmagnetic
parameters
Theimportance ofelectrotechnical steelstripasaproductpossessing
specialproperties necessary fortheconstruction ofthemagnetic circuits
oftransformers ,motorsandgenerators isalreadywellrecognized .Itis
proposed thatresearch shouldbeundertaken onthenon-oriented range
ofelectrotechnical steelsbecause :
-non-oriented gradesnowpredominate asthelargestmarketcomponent in
termsoftonnesanditistonnesthroughput whichensurestheviabi-'
lityofasteelstripworks.
-thereisanincreasing requirement thatenergyshouldbeconserved
bymakingelectrical machines moreefficient,especially thelarger
rotating machines wherelocalandoverallpowerlosscanbeveryhigh.
-theEuropean steelproducers mustremainattheforefront ofthe
technology ofelectrotechnical steelproduction ,particularly since
thatclassofmaterialistechnologically strategic .Utilisation of
electric powerinconsumer durables depends onreadilyavailable non-
oriented gradesofsuitable magnetic andphysical quality (controlled
hardness forstampability,etc.)
-thetrendswhichmustbecatered forare:
.animprovedqualityofmachinewithoutincrease incostoralterna­
tively,availability oflessefficient machines atveryreduced
cost.
.areduction inthepricewhichgoodcorematerial cancommandor
availability ofbettercorematerial atexisting marketpricelevels.
Theproposed research programme onnon-oriented electrotechnical steels
isseenasconsisting oftexturestudiesinfully-annealed silicon-
bearingnon-oriented electrotechnical steelsandthedevelopment of

#■1/./.
methodsofmeasurement tocorrelate dataderived fromexperimental
material ;mechanical properties andmagnetic measurement techniques
suitable forrotating machines (rotating fluxandhysteresis lossetc.),
theeffectsofcrystallographic texturegroupsonthevalueofYoung's
Modulus .
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget :179.000 ECU
Duration :21/2years
P1260:Machinabi Iityofengineering steels
Theobjective oftheresearch proposal istooptimise themicrostructure
andmechanical properties ofengineering steelsinordertoachieve
maximummachinabi Iityandtoexaminesystematically theinfluence of
brightdrawing,reeling andgrinding onthemachinabilityofthesesteels.
Manyengineering steelsaresubjected topre-machiningprocesses such
asbrightdrawingorreelinginordertomeettheshapeandsizetolerance
requirements ofmodernmachinetools.However,littlesystematic work
hasbeencarriedoutontheeffectsofthosecold-working operations
onthemachining performance ofthesteels.Inaddition tothe
acquisition ofthesedata,thepotential foroptimizing theprior
microstructure willbeinvestigated .
Inthisproposed research programme samplesofsuitable steeltypeswill
beselected fromproduction caststoreflectthepopularusageofdirect-
hardening andcase-hardening carbonandalloysteelsaswellasausteni­
ticstainless steel.
Theselectedsteelswillbeheattreatedeitherinthelaboratory or
inaproduction furnacetogenerate different microstructure andmecha­
nicalproperties .
Eachofthesteels,inselectedheat-treated conditions ,willbesubjected
tovariousbarsurfacefinishing operations ,suchasbrightdrawing,
grinding,reeling andturningtoreflectthedifferent surfacefinishing
conditions offered bythesteelindustry .
Themechanical properties ofthetestbarswillbeevaluated byhardness
measurements andtensile andimpacttests.Adetailed metallographic
examination willalsobeundertaken tofacilitate correlation ofthe
microstructure withthetechnical properties andmachinability.
Thecostoftheheattreatment processes willbecompared withthe
estimated reductions inthecostofmachining sothatthemostcost-
effective treatments canbeidentified .
Applicant :BSC-London
Budget:172.000 ECU
Duration :2years
P1268:Development ofmorphological algorithms forimageanalysis
Quantitative metallography andautomatic structure analysis havebecome
verywidelyusedinmetallurgical laboratories .However,sometechnical
andscientific problems arestillhampering thedevelopment ofthese
methods.Theseproblems relatedinparticular totheunderstanding and
automatic quantification offairlycomplexmetallographic structures .

~45-*
Toovercome theseproblems,oneapproach istosubjecttheimagesstudied
toiterated morphological transformation programmes havingtheeffectof
identifying thestructural characteristics sought.Theseimageprocessing
operations obviously neednewequipment .
Theproposed research,basedontheuseofanimageanalyser,willtackle
twoofthemostimportant problems inmetallography :thecharacterization
ofgrainboundaries andofinclusions .
Applicant :IRSID~Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Budget:127.500 ECU
Duration :3years
II.6.PLANTAVAILABILITY
Therearetwoproposals inthissectoroftheprogramme concerned with
theproblems ofmaintenance andequipment availability firstlyofsinter
plantsandblastfurnaces andsecondly ofcontinuous castingmachines .
Theultimateobjective ofbothprojectsistoachieve aloweringof
operating costsinthesedifferent stagesofironandsteelproduction .
P1228:Reduction ofwearinthetransport ofabrasive bulkmaterials for
burdenpreparation
Reducedplantavailability aswellasmaintenance andrepairworkarising
fromabrasive wearinironandsteelplantmakeasignificant contribution
tooverallmanufacturing costs.Thusabetterunderstanding ofservice
conditions andofthefactorsgoverning thewearofthematerials used
inplantconstruction provides apotentially important meansofreducing
operating costsintheareasofsintermanufacture andtheblastfurnace.
Inthisresearchitisproposed tomakeasystematic evaluation ofthe
abrasion resistance ofconstructional materials undertheinfluence of
selected testvariables .Theresearch willcommence withadetailed
examination oftheconditions prevailing inpractice andwillbefollowed
bythedevelopment ofappropriate material evaluation procedures .The
overallobjective istogenerate abodyoftestdatathatwillenable
morecost-effective solutions toabrasive wearinsteelplants tobefound.
Applicant :BFI-DusseLdorf
Budget:488.500 ECU
Duration :31/2years
P1229:Reduction inmaintenance costsincontinuous castingmachines
Areduction inthemaintenance ,atpresentrequired oncontinuous casting
machines toachievethenecessary plantavailability ,couldleadtoa
significant lowering oftheoverallproduction costs.Themainobjective
oftheproposed research isthefurtherdevelopment andtestingof
maintenance methods onacontinuous castingplantunderserviceconditions .
Theworkwillbeundertaken infourstagescovering
(1)analysis ofplantmaintenance procedures andtherecognition of
thecauseofdisorders
(2)development ofmodelsforplantreliability anddisorders
(3)application ofthetestedprocedures andthedevelopment ofmodels
forplantmaintenance and

»■»46
(4)examination ofthesuccessoftheseprocedures inrelation withthe
condition oftheplantandthecostofmaintenance .
Applicant :VDEh~Dussledorf
Budget :948.500 ECU
Duration :31/2years
II.7.MISCELLANEOUS
P1097:Technical steelliterature
Thisprojectisacontinuation ofprevious contracts givingASELTfinancial
assistance forthetranslation intotheEuropean Community languages of
testsonironandsteelsubjects published inthe"difficult "languages
(notablyJapanese andRussian).
Applicant :ASELT-Luxembourg
Budget:148.000 ECU
Duration :1year

Not:47/2 OfficialJournaloftheKuroneanCommunities 6.3.HI
Communication fromtheCommission oftheEuropeanCommunities tocompaniesinthe
ECSC
(Article48oftheECSCTreaty)
IntheIdlertotheChairman oftheConsultative Committee oftheIvCSC,the
(oniiimMon askedilwCommitter toundertake theconsultation laiddowninArticleS5>
(2)(c)oftheTreatyconcernipg thedesirability ofallocatingthefollowingsumsfrom
thelevieslaiddowninArticle50oftheTreatyforfinancialaidaimedatfacilitating the
followingtechnicalresearchprojects.
UnderArticle48oftheTreaty,associations ofcompanies intheECSCareentitledto
submittotheCommission theobservations madebytheirmembersconcerning the
undermentioned subjectsofconsultation .
AO/
Anyobservations shouldbereceivedbytheCommission hotlaterthan/March1982.

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«u»e&Highreducibility ofsinterwithlowdegradabillty
Factorsdetermining thecohesive zoneingratesintering of
high-grade ores
Flamesofcoalwaterslurry
Correlation betweenprofile andreduction ofenergycon­
sumption inmodernblastfurnaces withbell-less top
Coolcombustion withsuperheated blastInaplasmamedium.
Simulation atblastfurnace conditions
Modeltopredict thesiliconcontentinthemetalinthe
blastfurnace
Methodofdetermining theburdenmaterial inablast
furnaceshaftbymeasuring electrical conductivities
Development ofadirectstrandreduction methodforstrel
Deviopmrntof'«»low-silicon andlow-aluminium gradesteel
forcontinuons casting.
Energyconservation byincorporating steclplant ,continuous
casting androllingmillinasinglehotline
Improvement ofcontinuous castingforexti3-mild steel
gr;de3withalowcontentofdesoxidizing elements
Controloftheformation ofreciprocation marksand
associated defects (
Reduction ofreciprocation marksbyhigh-frequency
vibration ofthecontinuojjs-cast ingmould
Development ofimproved slagdetection andretention in
BOSvessels andtheeffectofcertainaspectsofsteel
quality ,•-•
Pre-heating ofscrapwithelectric furnacewastegasfrom
thecombustion chamber
ESRproduction ofhollowingotsfrommetalpowdersusing
tubular electrodes
Energysavingbyusinguntiredrefractory materials
Application ofthinbasicfacingstosteelladles
Thermodynamic research onslagsandcirculating materials
Improvement ofenergyutilisation byheate*ehang$ -sfor
coolingorpre-heating rollingstock
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240.600
199.200
393.900
156.600
295.200
218.400
576.000
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'446.700
333.900
244.200
115.200
135.600
239.100
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MiMContinuous control-rolling withoutpriordescaling
Integrated computer-aid^d-systemforrollpassdesign
Metallurgical optimization ofrollingconditions inthe
continuous hotstripmill
Changesinsurfacedefectsduringtherollingofbarsand
sections
Newcoilingprocedures onthewidestripmill
Analyses ofmicrostructural andoxidation processes in
rollingmillreheating furnaces andtheirincorporation
inoptimum processcontrol
Improvement Inthemechanical properties ofeutectoid wire
rodsuitable fordirectdrawing,madefromconcastbillets
Investigation ofenergyconservation potential in
reheating andheat-treatment furnaces withtheuseof
moderncontrol procedures
Development ofmethodsofobtaining highdraftsinthe
production ofwidestrip
Studiesofstraightening andlevelling operations forplate
Computer-aider manufacture androbotics inrollingmills ■
Rapidmethodfordetermining metallic aluminium insteels
Internal geometrical surveyoftherefractory liningof
torpedoladles
Continuous measurement oftheshapeofhot-rolled barsand
Non-destructive monitoriDfl.Pfsurfacedecarburizat ion
Hotultrasonic inspection ofslabstooptimize shearing
Dynamiccontroloftheheatregimeofacoldtandemmill
Research intotheprinciples ofhigh-pressure hotcutting
intheproduction ofsemis
Optimization ofmethodsofassessing nitrogen contentin
steelstructure
Digitalimageprocessing andautomatic imageevaluation in
radiation testing
Development andindustrial useofanInspection systemfor
d'tecting surfacedefects
Development ofultrasonic analysis ofsteelstructure
Qualitycontrolbyautomatic ultrasonic inspection of
heavyplateintheproduction line
Development multi-purpose automaticspraymarker system
Surveyofthepresentstateofautomation andadvanced
technology fusionweldingintheEuropean Community and
Japan
Metallurgy andmechanical properties ofmultipass submerged !
arcweld-metal 1nC/Mnandlow-alloy constructional steels452.100
407.400
286.800
286.800
324.900
359.100
344.400
179.700
593.700
93.900
76.800
100.500
114.600
296.100
172.200
242.400
396.300
252.600
202.800
322.200
345.600
202.200
117.000
204.000
35.000
187.500
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AW963
4eefHigh-productivity weldingofheavyplate
Fatiguebehaviour ofmotorvehiclepartsofspot-welded
•sheet;influence onmateri&lselection
Bondingofgalvanized products
Effectsofcold-rolled andannealed sheetsurfacecleanli­
ness:particulate andoilresidues
Improvement ofthecleanness ofsheetsurface
weldability andformability ofcoatedsteelsheet
Simplification ofthesurfacepreparation ofbarsforcold
forming
Promotion ofsteeluseinmotorvehicles byassessing their
suitability forspecified lifedesign
Influence ofresidual elements ontheintergranular stress
corrosion cracking ofcarbonsteels
Alleviation ofinterqranular failure inthestress
corrosion cracking ofsteelsbyrareearthmetaladdition
Prediction ofductilefracture propagation behaviour in
gaspipelines bymeansoflaboratory tests
Influence ofthestateofstressonthedeformation and
fracture ofsteelsusinglarge-scale tensiletests
Character izationofcrackarr.esttoughness ingastrans­
missionpipelines intermsoftheshearfracture propaga­
tionenergy
Steelandfabrication reauirements incoalutilization
technologies
Effectofmicrostructure andimpurity contentoncrack
propagation increep
Microstructural properties ofsteelforlargecomponents
fortheenergyindustryasafunctionofoperating variable
inthermochemi caltreatment
Behaviour ofsteelsforuseatelevated temperatures in
thermalelectricity generating plantsoperated withcycli*
calloadvjriations
Improvement ofthecreepruptureandtoughness behaviour
ofhightemperature turbinesteels
Elevated temperature crackingofhightemperature steels
Servicestrength ofweldedoffshore structures insea
water'withparticular reference tocrackpropagation ^measurements andpost-weld treatment toincreasefatigue
■trength191.400
112.500
143.400
98.100
424.500
172.500
229.500
157.200
'όΟΟ
SO*].Voo
128.100
1
399.000
105.900
36.000
157.200
193.500
134.700
120.6C0
159.300
193.200

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87Corrosion ofsteelstructural membersinsidebuildings
Computer-assisted analysis ofthefireresistance ofsteel
andcombined steel/concrete structures
Statistical surveyoffifesinindustrial buildings
Improvement ofthemagnetic characteristics andservice
properties ofnon-oriented concaststeel ,
Newqualities ofnon-oriented electrical sheetforthe
construction ofmagnetic circuits
Characteristics required forthefabrication ofengineering
p.irtsinmicro-.illoy steelsintheformofbarsandsectior
notquenched andtempered
Quantitative metallography
Statistical description ofnon-metallic inclusions insteel
forevaluation withstandard seriesandfullyautomated
machines
Influence ofstresses generated byoxidelayersonmagnetii
properties andscaleadhesion ofnon-oriented electrical
sheet
Relationship betweencrystalloar^rhic textures infully
annulled siliconhearingnon-oriented electrotechnic.il
steelsandmagnetic parameters
Machinabil ityofengineering steels
Development ofmorphological algoritf~~sforimageanalysis
Reduction ofwearinthetransport ofabrasive bulk
materials forburdenpreparation
Reduction ofmaintenance costsincontinuous casting
machines
Technical steelliterature20.700
174.900
yfS&■4oo
251.700
123.900
224.700
90.900
191.400
229.200
107.400
103.2^0
76.500
293.100
569.100
148.000
ι

SUMMARY TABLE
Annex
Project
Ν°TitleoftheresearchResearch proposed Financial aid
byDuratior
(yearsBudget (ECU)
(30.11.81 )%Amount ECU
(30.11.81 )
I.OREREDUCTION
1.1¿_Si_nter
1103 HighreducibilityofsinterwithLowdegradabi Lity Italsider 3 588.000 60352.800
1116 Factorsdetermining thecohesive zoneingratesintering of
high-grade oresCRM 3 401.000 60240.600
1265 Flamesofcoalwaterslurry
Ii2i_Blast_furnaceHoogovens 3 332.000 60199.200
1101 Correlation betweenprofile andreduction ofenergycon-
sumption inmodernblastfurnaces withbell-less topItalsider 21/2656.500 60 .393.900
1115 Coalcombustion withsuperheated blastinaplasmamedium.
Simulation ofblastfurnace conditionsCRM 2 261.000 60156.600
1137 Modeltopredictthesiliconcontentinthemetalinthe
blastfurnaceIRSID 4 492.000 60295.200
1231 Methodofdetermining theburdenmaterial inablast
furnaceshaftbymeasuring electrical conductivities
II.STEELMAKING
II.1.Casting andsolidificationThyssen 2 364.000 60218.400
1096 Development ofadirectstrandreduction methodforsteel Krupp 3 2.880.000 20 .576.000
1117 Development ofalow-silicon andlow-aluminium gradesteel
forcontinuous casting.CRM 4 519.000 60 311.400
1118 Energyconservation byincorporating steelplant ,continuous
casting androllingmillinasinglehotlineCRM 4 744.500 60446.700
1140 Improvement ofcontinuous castingforextra-mild steel
gradeswithalowcontentofdeoxidizing elementsIRSID 4 556.500 60333.900

-2-
Project
N°Titleoftheresearch
1141 Controloftheformation ofreciprocation marksand
associated defects
1238 Reduction ofreciprocation marksbyhigh-frequency
vibration ofthecontinuous-casting mould
IIi2i_Steelworks2__metallur2 ^
1239 Development ofimproved slagdetection andretention in
BOSvessels andtheeffectofcertainaspectsofsteel
quality
11i3i_SteeIworks]__technolo^^
1138 Pre-heating ofscrapwithelectric furnace wastegasfrom
thecombustion chamber
II.4i_SgeciaIprocesses
1165 ESRproduction ofhollowingotsfrommetalpowdersusing
tubular electrodes
IIi5i_Refractori_es
1080 Energysavingbyusingunfiredrefractory materials
1242 Application ofthinbasicfacingstosteelladles
Ili^.Iheoretjcal^metal lurgx
1189 Thermodynamic research onslagsandrecirculating materials
LliZiEnerg^_in stËËklQÇ!yst ry
1192 Improvement ofenergyutilisation byheatexchanges for
coolingorpre-heating rollingstockResearch proposed Financial aid
byDuration
(years)Budget (ECU)
(30.11.81)%Amount ECU
(30.11.81)
IRSID 4 407.000 60244.200
BSC 2 192.000 60115.200
BSC 2 226.000 60135.600
IRSID 3 398.500 60239.100
CSM 3 469.500 60 281.700
Hoesch 3 641.000 60384.600
BSC 2 166.000 60 99.600
VDEh 31/2 «88.500 60293.100
VDEh 31/2861.000 60516.600

-3-
Project
N°TitleoftheresearchResearch proposed Financial aid
byDurâtiOf
(yearsBudget (ECU)
(30.11.81 )%Amount ECU
(30.11.81)
III.MECHANICAL WORKING
1119 Continuous control-rolling withoutpriordescaling CRM 4 753.500 60452.100
1126 Integrated computer-aided systemforrollpassdesign Arbed 4 679.000 60407.400
1144 Metallurgical optimization ofrollingconditions inthe
continuous hotstripmillIRSID
Usinor}3}478.000 60286.800
1145 Changesinsurfacedefectsduringtherollingofbarsand
sectionsIRSID 3 478.000 60286.800
1146 Newcoilingprocedures onthewidestripmill IRSID
Solmer J3}541.500 60324.900
1166 ■Analyses ofmicrostructural andoxidation processes in
rollingmillreheating furnaces andtheirincorporation
inoptimumprocesscontrolCSM
11alsider}3}598.500 60359.100
1167 Improvement inthemechanical properties ofeutectoid wire
rodsuitable fordirectdrawing,madefromconcastbilletsCSM 21/2574.000 60344.400
1191 Investigation ofenergyconservation potential in
reheating andheat-treatment furnaces withtheuseof
moderncontrolproceduresUniv.Wupperta l31/2299.500 60179.700
1200 Development ofmethodsofobtaining highdraftsinthe
production ofwidestripΒFI 31/2989.500 60593.700
1245 Studiesofstraightening andlevelling operations forplate BSC 2 156.500 60 93.900
1246 Computer-aider manufacture androbotics inrollingmills·
IV.MEASUREMENTS ANDANALYSIS
■–T''–"BSC 2 128.000 60 76.800
1123 Rapidmethodfordetermining metallic aluminium insteels CRM 3 167.500 60100.500
1124 Internal geometrical surveyoftherefractory liningof Arbed 2 191.000 60114.600
torpedo Ladles

-L-
Project
N°TitleoftheresearchResearch proposed Financial aid
byDurâtio
(yearsιBudget (ECU)
(30.11.81)%Amount ECU
(30.11.81)
1150 Continuous measurement oftheshapeofhot-rolled barsandIRSID 3 493.500 60296.100
1155sections ._.,, , ,Non-destructive monitoring ofsurfacedecarburizat ion IRSID 3 287.000 60172.200
1168 Hotultrasonic inspection ofslabstooptimize shearing CSM 3 404.000 60242.400
1169 Dynamiccontroloftheheatregimeofacoldtandemmill CSM \
Italsider J33660.500 60396.300
1197 Research intotheprinciples ofhigh-pressure hotcutting
intheproduction ofsemisVDEh 2 421.000 60252.600
1202 Optimization ofmethodsofassessing nitrogen contentin
steelstructureVDEh 3 338.000 60202.800
1206Digital imageprocessing andautomatic imageevaluation in
radiation testingBFI 3 537.000 60322.200
1207 Development andindustrial useofaninspection systemfor
detecting surfacedefectsBFI 3 576.000 60345.600
1208 Development ofultrasonic analysis ofsteelstructure IzfP 2Ml337.000 60202.200
1261 Qualitycontrol byautomatic ultrasonic inspection of
heavyplateintheproduction lineIzfP 1Ml195.000 60117.000
1262 Development multi-purpose automatic spraymarker system
V.SERVICE PROPERTIES ANDPERFORMANCE
Vili_WeldabiUt^Hoogovens 3 340.000 60204.000
1081 Surveyofthepresentstateofautomation andadvanced
technology fusionweldingintheEuropean Community and
JapanW.I. 1/2 35.000 100 35.000
1105 Metallurgy andmechanical properties ofmultipass submerged
arcweld-metal inC/Mnandlow-alloy constructional steelsT.N.O. 3 312.500 60187.500

-5-
Project
N°TitleoftheresearchResearch proposed Financial aid
byDurâtior
(yearsBudget (ECU)
(30.11.81 )%Amount ECU
(30.11.81)
1156 High-productivity weldingofheavyplate C.L. \
IRSID >3}319.000 60191.400
1171)
Fatiguebehaviour ofmotorvehiclepartsofspot-welded
sheet;influence onmaterial selection
Vi2i_Corrosi_on_and_surface_grotect2onCSM 2 187.500 60112.500
1157 Bondingofgalvanized products IRSID 4 239.000 60 143.400
1247 Effectsofcold-rolled andannealed sheetsurfacecleanli-
ness:particulate andoilresiduesBSC 2 163.500 60 98.100
1273 Improvement ofthecleanness ofsheetsurface
Vi3i_Co|id_formi_n2Hoesch 3 707.500 60424.500
1120 Weldability andformability ofcoatedsteelsheet CRM 3 287.500 60172.500
1159 Simplification ofthesurfacepreparation ofbarsforcold
forming
V.4.Constructional steelsIRSID \
C.L. i3}382.500 60229.500
1174 Promotion ofsteeluseinmotorvehicles byassessing their
suitability forspecified lifedesign
V.5.Fracture mechanismsCSM 1 262.000 60 157.200
1089 Influence ofresidual elements ontheintergranular stress
corrosion cracking ofcarbonsteelsNPL Î
MPI S3174.000
309.00060
60104.400
185.400
1090 Alleviation ofintergranular failureinthe-stress
corrosion cracking ofsteelsbyrareearthmetaladditionBSC I
NPL ->2}183.000 60109.800
1176 Prediction ofductilefracture propagation behaviour in
gaspipelines bymeansoflaboratory testsCSM 2 213.500 60128.100

-6-
Research proposed Financial aid
Project
N°Titleoftheresearch
byDurâtio
(years)ιBudget (ECU)
(30.11.81)7.Amount ECU
(30.11.81)
1213 Influence ofthestateofstressonthedeformation and
fracture ofsteelsusinglarge-scale tensiletestsRWTHAachen 3 665.000 60399.000
1253 Characterization ofcrackarresttoughness ingastrans­
missionpipelines intermsoftheshearfracture propaga­
tionenergy
\/^6^_Η22!2_ί emgerature_steeL^sBSC 2 176.500 60105.900
1104 Steelandfabrication requirements incoalutilization
technologiesBSC 1 90.000 4036.000
1177 Effectofmicrostructure andimpurity content oncrack
propagation increepCSM 3 262.000 60157.200
1178 Microstructural properties ofsteelforlargecomponents
fortheenergyindustry asafunction ofoperating variable
inthermochemical treatmentCSM
S3 322.500 60193.500
1179 Behaviour ofsteelsforuseatelevated temperatures in
thermalelectricity generating plantsoperated withcycli-
calloadvariationsDaImine 3 224.500 60134.700
1216 Improvement ofthecreepruptureandtoughness behaviour
ofhightemperature turbinesteelsVDEh 3 201.000 60120.600
1254 Elevated temperature cracking ofhightemperature steels BSC 3 265.500 60159.300
1082Vi7i_0ffshore_technolog ^
Servicestrength ofweldedoffshore structures insea
waterwithparticular reference tocrackpropagation
measurements andpost-weld treatment toincrease fatigue
strengthLBF
IABG J2)322.000 60193.200

-7-
Project
N°TitleoftheresearchResearch proposed
by[Durâtic
Cyears)onBudget (ECU)
(30.11.81 )Financial aid
Amount ECU
(30.11.81 )
Vi8i_Li2ht_structures
1086 Corrosion ofsteelstructural membersinsidebuildings
1129 Computei–assisted analysis ofthefireresistance ofsteel
andcombined steel/concrete structures
1130Statistical surveyoffiresinindustrial buildings
V.9.Alloyand sgec^al_stee^s
1091 Improvement ofthemagnetic characteristics andservice
properties ofnon-oriented concaststeel
1092 Newqualities ofnon-oriented electrical sheetforthe
construction ofmagneticcircuits
1094 Characteristics required forthefabrication ofengineering
partsinmicro-alloy steelsintheformofbarsandsectior
notquenched andtempered
1122IQuantitative metallography
1221Statistical description ofnon-metallic inclusions insteel
forevaluation withstandard seriesandfullyautomated
machines
1226 Influence ofstresses generated byoxidelayersonmagnetic
properties andscaleadhesion ofnon-oriented electrical
sheet
1259 Relationship betweencrystallographic textures infully
annealed siliconbearingnon-oriented electrotechnical
steelsandmagnetic parameters
1260 Machinabilityofengineering steels
1268 Development ofmorphological algorithms forimageanalysisCECM
ARBED
CTICM
TN0
Terni
CSM
C.L.
Teksid
s
CRM
sMPI
Stahlw.Bochum
BSC
BSC
IRSID21/2
21/2
3
3
21/2
21/2
2
334.500
291.500
199.000
64.500
419.500
206.500
374.500
151.500
319.000
382.000
179.000
172.000
127.50060
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
6020.700
174.900
119.400
38.700
251.700
123.900
224.700
90.900
191.400
229.200
107.400
103.200
76.500

-8-
Projeet
N°TitleoftheresearchResearch proposed Financial aid
bySuratior
(years]Budget (ECU)
(30.11.81)%Amount ECU
(30.11.81)
VI.PLANTAVAILABILITY
1228 Reduction ofwearinthetransport ofabrasive bulk
materials forburdenpreparationBFI 31/2488.500 60293.100
1229 Reduction ofmaintenance costsincontinuous casting
machines
VII.MISCELLANEOUSVDEh 31/2948.500 60569.100
1097 Technical steelliterature Aselt 1 148.000 100 148.000
Sub-total 33.078.000 18.750.000
Ancillary costsanddissemination ofinformation 250.000
Total 19.000.000