REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

Fourth Report on the implementation by the Republic of Moldova of the Action Plan on Visa Liberalisation

1. Introduction

The EU-Republic of Moldova Visa Dialogue examining the conditions for visa-free travel for citizens of the Republic of Moldova (hereinafter Moldovan citizens) to the EU was launched on 15 June 2010. The Action Plan on Visa Liberalisation (hereinafter VLAP)[1] was presented to the authorities of the Republic of Moldova (hereinafter Moldovan authorities) by the Commission on 24 January 2011. The VLAP sets a series of precise benchmarks for the Republic of Moldova on four so-called 'blocks'[2] of technically relevant issues, with the view of both the adoption of a legislative and policy framework (phase 1) and its effective implementation (phase 2).

The Commission has regularly reported to the European Parliament and to the Council on the implementation of the VLAP. The First Progress Report on the implementation by the Republic of Moldova of the Action Plan on Visa Liberalisation was presented on 16 September 2011[3]. A Senior Officials Meeting took place on 7 October 2011, during which the First Progress Report was presented and the next steps in the process were discussed.

Evaluation missions on Blocks 2, 3 and 4 of the VLAP were organised in the second half of October and at the beginning of November 2011, involving experts from EU Member States accompanied by officials of the Commission and of the European External Action Service (hereinafter EEAS). The purpose of these expert missions was to assess the legislative, policy and institutional framework under the first phase benchmarks of the VLAP and its compliance with European and international standards. The expert reports were finalised in December 2011.

The Second Progress Report on the implementation by the Republic of Moldova of the Action Plan on Visa Liberalisation was issued on 9 February 2012[4]. A Senior Officials Meeting took place on 27 February 2012 during which the Second Progress Report was presented and the next steps in the process were discussed.

The Third Progress Report on the implementation by the Republic of Moldova of the Action Plan on Visa Liberalisation was issued on 22 June 2012[5]. It was the third and final progress report on first phase of the VLAP and it presented a consolidated assessment by the Commission of the progress made by the Republic of Moldova in meeting the first phase benchmarks of the VLAP related to the establishment of the legislative, policy and institutional framework.

The assessment of possible migratory and security impacts of future visa liberalisation for Moldovan citizens travelling to the EU was issued on 3 August 2012[6] by the Commission involving relevant EU agencies and stakeholders.

Building on these reports, the Council adopted Conclusions on 19 November 2012 in which it agreed with the Commission that the Republic of Moldova has fulfilled all the benchmarks under the first phase of the Action Plan on Visa Liberalisation. Subsequently, the assessment of the benchmarks set out under the second phase was launched.

The next steps of the second phase as well as the preparation of the evaluation missions were discussed during a Senior Officials Meeting which took place on 28 January 2013. A new series of evaluation missions on all four Blocks of the VLAP was organised from 18 February to 15 March 2013. The evaluation missions were unparalleled in terms of scope and details of the assessment – four weeks involving 12 experts from EU Member States accompanied by officials of the Commission and of the EEAS.

The missions of the experts had the purpose to assess both the fulfilment status of the second phase benchmarks of the VLAP and the extent of implementation of the legislative, policy and institutional framework, in compliance with European and international standards. Particular attention was paid to areas such as anti-discrimination and integration of minorities and trafficking in human beings, some of them equally mentioned in the Council Conclusions of 19 November 2012.

The expert reports were finalised in May 2013. The Republic of Moldova has committed to address the recommendations contained in these reports through the updated National Action Plan drafted at the end of May 2013.

The Visa liberalisation Action Plan has proven to be an important incentive for reforms and has helped the Republic of Moldova to maintain a sustained pace of structural reforms since 2010. The legislative and policy framework have been put in place as recognised by the conclusion of the first phase of the VLAP in November 2012.

The aim of this report is to present the state of the implementation of the legislative and institutional framework, the functioning of the institutions and the level of inter-agency coordination. The Commission has prepared this progress report on the basis of the comprehensive evaluation missions of February-March 2013, including the reports drafted in that context by Member States experts, as well as additional information received during the EU-Republic of Moldova Joint Sub-Committee n°3[7] and the EU-Republic of Moldova Human Rights Dialogue both held in April 2013. Special attention was paid to the sustainability of the reforms and the results achieved, including through meaningful staffing and funding. The report also includes an assessment on the state of the fulfilment of the recommendations addressed to the Republic of Moldova contained in the Assessment of Impacts report[8] of August 2012.

2. Assessment of implementation of the four blocks of the Visa Liberalisation Action Plan

Block 1: Document security, including biometrics

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· Gradual roll-out of biometric passports in compliance with ICAO standards, including at Moldovan consulates abroad, and phase-out of non-ICAO compliant passports

Since January 2011, the Republic of Moldova is issuing exclusively biometric passports (Ordinary passports, Diplomatic passports, Official passports and passports for stateless persons) with the "one Passport, one Document" principle being implemented.

On 31 December 2012 there were 2 514 335 passports of citizens of the Republic of Moldova in circulation, 487 745 (or 19.3%) of which were biometric passports. The complete phasing out of non-biometric passports is planned for the end of 2020.

As of 1 January 2012, Moldovan citizens living abroad can submit applications to the Republic of Moldova diplomatic missions and consular offices for obtaining a biometric passport. All embassies and consulates of the Republic of Moldova abroad, without exceptions, have been equipped with special equipment for collecting biometric data from applicants. This new biometric passport complies with ICAO standards and contains a number of security features recommended by ICAO[9].

As of 2 January 2013 the Centre for State Information Resources “Registru” (CSIR Registru, hereinafter "Registru") operates with its own root and public key certificates. Moldovan authorities made on 28 September 2012 an application to join ICAO Public Key Directory (hereinafter ICAO PKD). The Ministry of Information Technology and Communications (hereinafter MITC) order on payment by the Registru of the unique registration fee to join the ICAO PKD was drafted at the beginning of 2013. The signing by the Registru of a contract on procurement of booklets with an integrated chip, based on the January 2012 tender results was suspended until February 2013 due to a legal challenge, which was rejected by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Republic of Moldova. The winner of the tender and Registru are expected to sign a contract in the summer of 2013.

· High level of integrity and security of the application, personalisation and distribution process for passports, as well as identity cards and other breeder documents

The ‘Registru’ is in charge of issuing Travel and Identity documents. All offices of the Civil Status Service are computerised and linked via a secured communication channel to an Automated Information System named 'State Register of Population' (hereinafter SRP). The certificates issued relating to birth, marriage, death, divorce and change of name/surname are identically formatted and contain the same security features[10].

Applications for travel documents and national identity cards are made at the 49 territorial and regional offices of the Registru. The checks executed by those offices generally concern the accuracy of the data and completeness of the application, as well as non-electronic checks in relation with the MoI in relation to violations of law, criminal cases and persons who committed crimes.

The potential for someone to use multiple identities appears to be very limited given the existence of the SRP containing a large amount of data relating to each Moldovan citizen. The inclusion of biometrics in passports "freezes" the identity of the holder and prevents that a different identity be used.

The 'Registru' is taking serious steps to reduce as much as possible the possibility of corruption at staff level by way of, inter alia: clear separation of duties and functions of the staff members; random assignment of applicants to officials; review of the applicants' requests by a minimum of 3 different officials and payment of fees by automatic teller machine (ATM). The presence of several checks on applications makes the introduction of fraudulent applications into the system by staff very difficult.

In addition, the Civil Status Service has developed a strategy for preventing and fighting corruption at staff level. Measures include unplanned inspections, limited access to data, video surveillance, and statements on income, property and conflict of interest. In each local application office, notices with information are displayed regarding corruption.

As a consequence of these new measures, seven disciplinary sanctions were inflicted on infringements committed by Civil Status Office employees, after investigations conducted in 2012.

Applicants living in the Transnistrian[11] region can make an application for documents at one of the offices located near the administrative line. Since 17 July 2003, six permanent offices in the Republic of Moldova and one mobile office deal with such requests and the same practical organisation and main procedures as in the rest of the Republic of Moldova are in place. Persons who only possess documents issued by the Transnistrian 'authorities' can register their civil status documents with the Moldovan authorities by having them transcripted by the Civil Status office and included in the SRP. A document will then be issued to the individual by the Civil Status Office to enable them to obtain a Moldovan passport. A special procedure for the recognition of breeder documents issued by Transnistrian 'authorities' is foreseen by the law. Identity may be established by means of previous Republic of Moldova identity or travel documents or on the basis of family records. In many cases, the verification of the identity of the individual will be relatively simple as records up to 1992 are available. For persons born in the Transnistrian region as of 1992 onwards, establishing identity and entitlement to Republic of Moldova citizenship requires investigation of the records of the parents and siblings in order to establish the family relationship. Finally a reasonable level of certainty on the identity can be reached by cross-referencing data relating to family members’ records in the SRP

· Prompt and systematic reporting to Interpol/LASP data base on lost and stolen passports

Processes are in place since October 2011 for the details of all lost and stolen passports to be sent every five minutes from the ‘Registru’ to the Police National Central Bureau (hereinafter NCB) which is the liaison point with Interpol. The NCB sends this information to Interpol also on a daily basis through a real-time electronic system. No distinction is made between lost and stolen passports. The border crossing points are connected to the Interpol database on lost and stolen passports. The numbers of lost passports are very high compared to their production. In 2011, 29 946 passports were declared lost whereas 261 259 were produced. In 2012, 32 343 passports were declared lost whereas 260 393 were produced. Since October 2011, 15 603 lost passports have been declared found and retrieved.

· Regular exchange of passport specimens and cooperation on document security with the EU

EU Member States are updated on a yearly basis on new Republic of Moldova passport specimens through a specific channel of communication. Moreover, since 2009, the Republic of Moldova has joined the Public Register of Authentic Identity and Travel Documents online (hereinafter PRADO) of the Council of the European Union. The last update in the PRADO system was done on 1 July 2011, introducing the new specimens with the Moldovan biometric passports security features. In December 2012, 65 new specimens with the Moldovan diplomatic and service biometric passports security features were sent. In 2012, the Document Expertise Division of the Border Police Department has received through Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (hereinafter MFAEI) specimens of EU Member States travel documents (62 pieces).

(b) Assessment of Impact recommendations

· Establish and apply proportionate, effective and dissuasive sanctions for persons convicted of selling or lending their passports

Art. 361 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Moldova already provides for sanctions for fabrication, possession sale or use of false official documents. Regarding lost or stolen passports, Moldovan authorities are currently examining the possibility to tighten the conditions for issuing passports to persons that admitted such cases.

· Regularly share with the EU authorities data on lost and stolen biometric passports, in particular using Interpol's Lost and Stolen Travel Document database

See VLAP benchmarks point "Prompt and systematic reporting to Interpol/LASP data base on lost and stolen passports", page 5 of this report.

· Strengthen the legal and institutional framework regarding the "Civil Registry" in order to prevent the abuse of change of names or identity for the purpose of obtaining a new passport. Clear rules should be established and applied regarding name changes; the legal and institutional framework should be strengthened and include effective control as well as traceability measures

Any citizen can file an application in order to change his/her name or surname. The decision is taken by the Central Civil Status office following opinion of a special committee. The law does not contain any limitation in the number of times name or surname can be changed. The unique personal identification number (hereinafter IDNP) in the birth certificate can never be changed and in case of change of name or surname all previous travel and identity documents are invalidated. Border controls upon exit are made on the basis of the IDNP, while the border police have the access to the SRP where all the previous names/surnames of Moldovan citizens are contained. The system in place reduces significantly the abuse of name changes.

General assessment Block 1 The organisation and processes in place ensure a good level of integrity and security of documents. Civil status registration and document's issuance processes have significantly improved since 2010. The application and issuing systems in place are secure, well thought and provide a good service to citizens. ICAO compliant biometric passports are being distributed and old passport types are being rapidly phased-out. The Republic of Moldova is also requested to provide further information on the high number of lost passports. The Commission considers that the Republic of Moldova generally meets the second phase benchmarks set under Block 1. Further action is required on: · Introduce the use of a booklet with integrated chip, implementing both the Extended Access Control (EAC) and the Supplemental Access Control (SAC). · Automate as many processes as possible, dismissal of the remaining number of manual procedures that currently exist and creation of an electronic link of ‘Registru’ with the Ministry of Interior.

Block 2: Irregular immigration, including readmission

Block 2 / topic 1 - Border management

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· Effective implementation of legislation on border control through adequate border checks and border surveillance, procedures and operational effectiveness, situational picture at national and local level, including implementation of risk analysis, intelligence and data-flow management as well as direct access and consultation of relevant national and international databases

On July 1, 2012, a Law on the Border Police came into force according to which the Border Guard Service has been restructured into the Border Police Department of the Ministry of Interior (hereinafter MoI) of the Republic of Moldova.

The Border Police has competences and executive powers in the field of integrated border management, as well as in the prevention and combating of cross-border crime. The Law on State Border follows the definitions and framework of the Schengen Borders Code[12] and it takes into account also the European Union legal framework for carriers’ liability, especially the Directive on the obligation of carriers to communicate passenger data (Directive 2004/82/EC). The Border Police are carrying out their activities under similar rules and regulations as border guards in the EU Schengen states. In the area controlled by the Republic of Moldova, 56 border crossing points (hereinafter BCPs) are in place and traffic across the Republic of Moldova borders varies between 13 and 15 million passengers annually. The border checks are broadly carried out in line with best practices of the EU Schengen Catalogue.

Reporting and risk analysis systems are at a very good level, even when compared to the Schengen countries’ systems. The risk analysis system follows the FRONTEX common integrated risk analysis model (CIRAM) and the profiles are well drafted and of high quality. Being part of the FRONTEX Eastern Borders Risk Analysis Network (EB-RAN), the Border Police exchange information with FRONTEX on a monthly basis. Furthermore, with the help of the EU Border Assistance Mission to the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine (hereinafter EUBAM), the Border Police and the Customs, and their Ukrainian counterparts are drafting Common Border Security Assessment Reports.

The border surveillance is planned and conducted according to a risk analysis system. The number of patrols is at reasonably good level. The integrated border management (hereinafter IBM) includes plans to build a comprehensive fixed surveillance system along the borders. By introducing the fixed surveillance system with the complementing portable (non-manned) systems, the Border Police can take the border surveillance system at an adequate level. The Border Police has an adequate number of service dogs (123 in total, 74 of those tracking dogs). In general, devices for border checks at the first line fulfil the European standards. The number of alerts in the databases was over 5 700 in 2012 (5 687 national alerts; 56 Interpol alerts) and the total number has more than quadrupled compared to 2011. The first line officers have an access to the Border Police Integrated Information System (hereinafter BPIIS), legal framework, foreign alerts, risk profiles and internet (e.g. PRADO). All BCPs have online connections with the central databases. Due to the lack of sufficient devices, the level of second line checks is not at an adequate level at all the BCPs.

· Provision of adequate infrastructure, technical equipment, IT systems, financial and human resources in accordance with the IBM Strategy and Action Plan to be adopted, and effective implementation of training programmes and anticorruption measures

The Border Police is upgrading the border surveillance system and will establish a National Coordination Centre (hereinafter NCC). Development of the situational picture is part of an on-going three-phase plan named “Development of fixed and mobile communication system at the state border”. Those phases include the acquisition of equipment and the building of a fixed and mobile telecommunication system for the whole country. Establishment of the NCC will improve the situational awareness, and it will also enable cooperation with the European external border surveillance system[13] (hereinafter EUROSUR). The Border Police have a sufficient number of devices for border surveillance (e.g. thermo vision cameras and night vision goggles, but are currently lacking fixed surveillance systems).

The planned number of staff of the Border Police is 3 543, out of which 83% (2 945) is currently fulfilled. The reason for the lack of staff is that conscripts are no longer employed for border control and all the vacant posts should be filled in by the end of 2013. The National College of Border Police organises two-year training programmes for non-commissioned officers and six months basic training courses for new employees. The two-year program for non-commissioned officers applies the Copenhagen process, and it was drafted with the help of EUBAM and according to the EU Common Core Curriculum (hereinafter CCC) for border guard training. In general, training programs give a solid basis for preparing professional personnel for border management purposes. The Border Police have already implemented most of the recommendations and best practices on the prevention of corruption[14] of the EU Schengen Catalogue on External borders control[15]. The Deontological Code of the Border Police was approved on 13 June 2008 and the Border Police salaries are at a competitive level. Unannounced controls are carried out and Border police personnel have to make public their personal interests and incomes upon entering into service and annually after that. A system of regular rotation of personnel is in place.

· Improvement of inter-agency cooperation (including exchange of data between the Border Guard Service and law enforcement agencies) international cooperation, including cooperation with neighbouring countries and implementation of working arrangement with FRONTEX to a high level of effectiveness.

Inter-agency cooperation in border management has reached a satisfactory level. The Border Police have very intensive cooperation with the Police, the Customs, and the Bureau for Migration and Asylum (hereinafter BMA). The cooperation between the Border Police and the General Prosecutor Office (hereinafter GPO) structurally increased after the Border Police received new competences for criminal investigations. The main forms of inter-agency cooperation are the exchange of information, joint investigation teams, joint actions and joint training. At all the BCPs, the Border Police and Customs have implemented one-stop controls. They are using common cargo vehicles registration system and they can use each other's devices e.g. for checking vehicles.

The Border Police has established a comprehensive set of cooperation agreements and protocols with Romania and Ukraine. In 2012, the Border Police continued the cooperation with EUBAM, ensuring efficient implementation of the Annual Phase 9th Action Plan activities[16]. Since 2006, the Border Police has a liaison officer in the Galati joint centre for cross-border cooperation. Cooperation agreements exist with some EU Member States (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Hungary and Poland). Cooperation with other Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter CIS) countries takes place via the Commanding Council of Border Guard Services of the CIS. Finally, there is a cooperation protocol between the GUAM[17] states’ border guards. The Border Police signed a working arrangement with FRONTEX in August 2008 and it has participated in numerous FRONTEX coordinated activities. In December 2012, the National FRONTEX Point of Contact (NFPOC) was created within the Border Police Department, assigned with competences in coordination and implementation of the FRONTEX Cooperation Plan’s provisions.

(b) Assessment of Impact recommendations

· Continue to strengthen border controls, including risk analysis and surveillance measures, as well as preventing and fighting corruption at the border, and continue to enhance cooperation with EUBAM in all areas of border management;

See VLAP benchmarks point page 7 and 8 of this report.

· Enhance cooperation with neighbouring countries. Strengthen bilateral and international cooperation and information exchange on statistical and analytical data and tactical/operational data/intelligence, through measures such as initiating/participating in joint cross-border operations, joint investigation teams, and joint intelligence teams, facilitating the exchange of liaison officers in such operations, offering training for conducting joint border and customs controls

See VLAP benchmarks point page 8, 9 and 10 of this report.

· Improve training and capacity building with regard to international customs and law enforcement cooperation and information exchange.

See VLAP benchmarks point page 8, 9 and 10 of this report.

· Coordinate the control activities at the common border. Share intelligence and enhance common situation assessment at the operational level.

See VLAP benchmarks point page 8, 9 and 10 of this report.

· Enhance cooperation with neighbouring countries, in particular Ukraine

The Republic of Moldova and the Ukrainian authorities have started in 2007 a pilot project on the Jointly Operated Border Crossing Point Rososhany-Briceni (hereinafter JOBCP). The pilot project on the JOBCP was planned and started with the help and support of the EUBAM and the European Commission. Both counterparts have handed over the responsibility of exit checks to each other. The principles of “single window”, “one-stop shop”, “hand-to-hand”, “under one roof” and “shoulder-by-shoulder” have been successfully introduced in the pilot JOBCP.

· Continue to sustain cooperation with EUBAM and implement EUBAM recommendations on improving and intensifying the use of mobile units

The Transnistrian segment of the Republic of Moldova-Ukraine border does not fall the under control of the Republic of Moldova Border Police and Customs. This segment includes 25 official crossing points to Ukraine and internationally recognized border checks and surveillance functions are fulfilled only by the Ukrainian Border Guard. Along the internal administrative line between the Transnistrian region and the Republic of Moldova 14 Internal Customs Control Posts (ICCP) are in place where checks on goods are performed by the Customs of the Republic of Moldova.

In February 2013, the Moldovan authorities started implementing a new strategy in order to prevent irregular immigration and cross-border crime, and to facilitate passengers flow through the Transnistrian region. The strategy includes measures such as: registration of foreign citizens entering and exiting the Republic of Moldova across the administrative line; strengthening capacities of ICCPs by the BMA (at 6 of the ICCPs there will be a 24/7 registration office for foreigners); drafting rules for ICCPs (data protection, exchange of information between authorities and division of tasks); information campaign on new registration rules for foreigners; establishing mobile units[18] throughout the country and reinforcing cooperation with the Ukrainian authorities and the EUBAM. According to this strategy, foreign citizens that enter or leave the territory of the Republic of Moldova through the Transnistrian region, including the ones residing there, can voluntarily register themselves at the ICCPs, BCPs or in defined offices in Chisinau, Balti or Comrat. This mechanism will not affect the movement of foreigners within the internationally recognised borders of the Republic of Moldova. In order to tackle irregular immigration and cross-border crime a mobile unit of 70 officers will carry out risk-analysis-based inland controls throughout the country. These patrols will be conducted more frequently as joint patrols composed of the Customs, Police, Border Police and BMA. The implementation of this policy, including the legal framework, is planned to be accomplished in the first half of 2013. In addition, the Republic of Moldova has the intention on extending the practice of joint controls and patrolling with Ukrainian border guards of the central (Transnistrian) segment of the common border. This practice was initiated in 2012 on the northern segment of the border, in the jointly operated border crossing point of Rososhany-Briceni, and will soon be extended to the border crossing point in Palanca / Mayaki on the southern segment of the border.

Assessment Block 2 / topic 1 - Border management The Republic of Moldova Border Police is organised according to the recommendations of the EU Schengen Catalogue, the border checks and surveillance are carried out mainly in line with the EU standards and the risk analysis system is organised according to the Schengen best practices. Certain technical improvements are still necessary. Further action is required on: · Introduce fixed technical surveillance systems along the land border. Implement best EU practices for the establishment of the NCC and RCCs. · Intensify checks on vehicles for the detection of hidden persons and improve the risk analysis and profiling of Trafficking of Human Beings (THB). Improve training and availability of first line and second line officers for the detection of forged documents. Continued acquisition of equipment for second line checks and vehicle checks. Monitor and record border checks through cameras in every booth. Intensify anti-corruption prevention at the Customs and implement best EU practices. · Further implement a mobile unit concept for the Transnistria region composed of competent law-enforcement authorities trained in tackling irregular immigration and cross-border crime. An automatic exchange of information and personal data should be ensured in real time between all the law-enforcement authorities.

Block 2 / topic 2 - Migration management

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· Continued effective implementation of the EU-Republic of Moldova readmission agreement and measures for the reintegration of Moldovan citizens (returning voluntarily or readmitted)

The Bureau for Migration and Asylum (BMA) Department of the MoI is the competent authority for the implementation of the Republic of Moldova’s readmission agreements. The following readmission agreements of the Republic of Moldova and other states are in place: EU (signed in Brussels on 10 October 2007), Norway (09 August 2006), Swiss Confederation (01 June 2004, 19 May 2010), and Turkey (01 November 2012). Negotiations continue with Albania, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation and Lebanon. During the last meeting of the Republic of Moldova – EU Joint Readmission Committee[19] it was explained that in terms of readmission applications concerning Moldovan nationals from EU countries, numbers have declined from 242 in 2011, to 142 in 2012 and to 57 for the first 5 months of 2013. In 2012, the highest number of applications came from France (54), Germany (34) and Austria (26).

The Ministry of Labour, Social Protection and Family has put in place sustainable measures for the reintegration of Moldovan citizens through the National Employment Agency offices. Regular labour market fairs are organized, a hotline is in place, available information (leaflets, information panels, brochures) on the labour market vacancies and unemployment social benefits are well-displayed in all local branches. The PARE 1+1 programme continues to support the local investments of returned Moldovan citizens with a Government top-up.

· Effective implementation of legal framework for migration management, including provision of administrative structures with adequate human resources with clear and relevant competences for all aspects of migration management, as well as effective cooperation between relevant agencies

Migration management in the Republic of Moldova is framed by the Law no.200/16.07.2010 on foreigners’ regime in Republic of Moldova. The older national laws (i.e. Law no. 275/1994, Law no.180/2008) still apply to legal stays of foreigners and they have not been repealed and integrated into the New Law. Comprehensive procedures for clarifying the time limits and no contravention sanctions in the mechanism of voluntary return are still pending, as well as safeguards for families and children[20].

The Bureau for Migration and Asylum (BMA) within the MoI is the main responsible authority for migration management in the Republic of Moldova. The Commission for coordination of certain activities related to migration issues (established by the Governmental Decision 133/23.02.2010) provides for the implementation of all state policies and strategies in the field of migration, the prevention and combating of irregular migration, as well as the coordination of all competent public authorities’ activities in the field of migration management. In the context of the internal restructuring of the MoI, BMA was equipped with adequate human resources (22 staff) for the coordination of several tasks undertaken in the Migration Strategy. The Immigration Department within BMA has additional competences, such as the registration/cancelation of foreigners domicile or residence, the registration of temporary residence of foreigners posted in the Republic of Moldova up to 90 days[21], as well as the coordination of issuing long term visas and combating irregular stay of foreigners. Continuous training to BMA staff is provided in the framework of different EU-projects, with the support of IOM, ICMPD and UNHCR. Extensive workshops on Visa Information System and study visits to several EU MSs are organised in the framework of ReVis Project.

During the last meeting of the Republic of Moldova – EU Joint Committee on Visa Facilitation[22], it was concluded that the visa refusal rate for Moldovan citizens has significantly decreased from 11.43% in 2010 to 6.53% in 2012. The statistics for 2010 and 2012 show that the uniform Schengen visa refusal rate has decreased at the EU embassies and consulates in Chisinau. For the Czech Republic – decreased from 22.72% to 9.55%; Lithuania – from 15.86% to 2.9%; France – from 14.11% to 9.9%; Poland – from 11.64 % to 6.42%; Italy – from 15.23% to 8.0%;. Hungary (Common Visa Application centre) – from 7.75% to 5.9%; Germany - from 5.33% in 2010 to 2.4% in 2012. The weighted average visa refusal rate in 2010 was 11.43%%, it was 4.8% in 2012. The percentage of multiple-entry Schengen visas issued in the Republic of Moldova also grows steadily (25.2% in 2010 and 26.7% in 2012).

· Migration profile established and regularly updated and effective analysis of data on migration stocks and flows

According to the official statistics (Border Crossing Points) on 1 January 2013 – 899 500 Moldovan citizens are abroad, from which 274 500 stayed abroad less than 3 months, 289 500 more than 3 months, 100 700 up to 1 year, 55 600 up to 3 years and 179 100 more than 3 years. The Extended Migration Profile (EMP) was established by Government Decision no. 634/24.08.2012 on the approval of the list of indicators and EMP template. The first EMP was published in April 2013. The EMP will serve as an instrument to develop more efficient and coherent migration policies in the Republic of Moldova, complementary to the National Migration Strategy and its coordination mechanism. A specialized unit responsible for producing and updating the Extended Migration Profile has been created within the BMA (Unit on information development, data management and risk analysis – 5 people).

· Consistent implementation of an effective methodology on inland detection of irregular migration, risk analysis (including the reporting of relevant agencies and analysis on each administrative level e.g. local, central), and investigation of cases of organised facilitated irregular migration, including effective cooperation between relevant agencies

Detection of irregularly staying foreigners is performed by specific checks and controls of the BMA. Evidence is checked against the BMA Integrated Automated Information System Migration and Asylum (SIIAMA), records of Border Police; the State Population Register (ACCESS), BNC INTERPOL, Computer Evidence of prosecuted persons - "SEARCH“. BMA conducts raids throughout the country in cooperation with the Labour Inspection, the State Tax Inspectorate and the National Centre for Public Health. As a result, 107 foreigners in 2011 and 123 foreigners in 2012 were convicted for violation of staying rules and undeclared work. Additional 34 staff was provided to ensure a regional coverage of the country and setting up three regional services of the BMA Combating irregular stay of foreigners. The BMA has recently established an Information Development, Data Management and Risk Analysis Unit (5 staff) and the Border Police has also set up a specialised Risk Analysis Unit on irregular migration. Dissemination and use of these data in all BCPs is performed through on-line database available in all BCPs. In order to ensure the comprehensive implementation of the Law on foreigners and regulating acts, the BMA cooperates with the following MoI specialised departments: Police department, Penitentiary department, Information and security service, Border Police department, Carabineer troops department. A cooperation agreement between the BMA and the Border Police Department in order to prevent and combat irregular migration of foreigners at the borders and within the territory of the Republic of Moldova was signed on 20 December 2012.

An Action Plan for the implementation of the measures to ensure control of the migration flows through the Transnistria region is implemented. It is intended to have a better registration of foreigners at the Internal Customs Control Posts and a control of migration flows by the MoI on the administrative line. A unit responsible for the management of the activity of the Internal Control Posts for evidence and registration of foreigners was set-up within BMA. Obligation to register will apply to foreigners only, without imposing verification of all travellers who cross the Transnistrian region. Additionally, to the proposed procedure at the Internal Control Posts, the foreigners can register at: (i) any territorial office of evidence and documentation of population of the Ministry of Informational Technology and Communication, (ii) Regional Services any territorial subdivision of the of the BMA (in Chisinau, Balti and Cahul) and (iii) subdivisions of the Border Police Department, maximum 72 hours after the border crossing.

· Provision of adequate infrastructure (including detention centres) and strengthening of responsible bodies to ensure effective expulsion of irregularly residing and/or transiting third country nationals from the territory of the Republic of Moldova

The enforcement of the expulsion measure is performed by the BMA by escorting the foreigner to the state border or to the country of origin. Foreigners taken in public custody are placed in the Centre of Temporary Placement of Foreigners, a subdivision of the BMA, where access to legal assistance, social, cultural and human rights provided by law is guaranteed. In the context of internal restructuring of the BMA/MoI, the Centre was allocated additional human resources, having now 5 services and 40 staff. 360 foreigners were placed into public custody during 2009-2013, out of which: 71 persons in 2009, 80 persons in 2010, 103 persons in 2011, 97 persons in 2012 and (so far) 9 persons in 2013. Out of 115 identification cases initiated by BMA, 85 foreigners placed into public custody without IDs have been identified.

(b) Assessment of Impact recommendations

· Organise continuous, targeted information campaigns aiming to clarify the rights and obligations of visa-free travel, including information on rules regulating access to the EU labour market (including through the EU Immigration Portal) and liability for any abuse of rights under the visa-free regime

Extended meetings of the Visa Task Force have been organized with the EU High Level Advisers, civil society and non-governmental organizations. Public information sessions take place on a regular basis, as part of the EU integration sessions performed by MFAIE in different media/social/university environments. These public sessions also aim to clarify the rights and obligations of visa-free travel, including information on rules regulating access to the EU labour market and liability for any abuse of rights under the visa-free regime. A very active information centre is placed in Balti, in the premises of the National University. Moreover, many activities on communication and information are executed within different projects of the EU-Republic of Moldova Mobility Partnership (ex. Legal in EU, Nexus, etc.). Regarding the exact conditions of travel into EU, EU visa policy, provisions of the EU-Republic of Moldova Visa Facilitation Agreement, are all presented and permanently updated on the MFAEI website (consular information part), as well within the Centre of Appeal of the MFAEI, a free hotline.

Assessment Block 2 / topic 2 - Migration management Operational procedures for applying the Law on foreigners are functional and the BMA has become the coordinating actor in managing the migration flows. The Extended Migration Profile has been established and alongside a Data Assessment Report. Effective implementation of the EU-Republic of Moldova readmission and visa facilitation agreements is being observed. Adequate infrastructure including detention centres is existing. Further action is required on: · Continue to apply the Law no.200/2010 on foreigners’ regime and repeal older national laws. · Reinforce the human resources for regional coverage of the BMA in the field of immigration and combating irregular stay of foreigners. Provide for a reporting and analysis mechanism on each administrative level by reinforcing the Risk Analysis Unit. · Carry on with the opening of BMA registration units at the Transnistria line. Cooperate with other law-enforcement authorities and ensure automatic exchange of data.

Block 2 / topic 3 – Asylum policy

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· Effective implementation of asylum legislation, including provision of adequate infrastructure and strengthening of responsible bodies (staff, funding), in particular in the area of asylum procedures, reception of asylum seekers and protection of their rights, as well as integration of refugees; ensuring that beneficiaries of international protection have access to travel documents foreseen by the legislation

The Republic of Moldova law in the area of refugee protection is largely in line with international and European standards. The law on asylum provides the necessary institutional framework and legal procedures and principles. The law is implemented in a satisfactory manner. The quality of the Refugee Status Determination Procedure is good and improving. Access to the procedure is guaranteed by the law and implemented in practice. UNHCR has full access to persons of concern and has good working relations with the asylum authorities and the border police. The non-refoulement principle is respected in practice. It is believed that RSD is of good quality and is continuously improving. In 2012, refugee status was granted to 19 persons and humanitarian protection to 45 persons. 119 decisions were taken in total, meaning that more than half of the applications resulted in the granting of a form of protection. Other countries in the top 5 of applications resulting in the granting of a form of protection are: Armenia, Afghanistan, Kirgizstan and Russia. These numbers might be an indication that decisions are based on objective and up-to-date country of origin information (COI) and that protection is granted to those persons in need of international protection. However, the COI system needs to be reinforced and more staff hired. In the first instance[23] decision making there is an extremely low turnover rate in appeal: in 2012 all the decisions were maintained in judicial procedure.

Within the Asylum and Integration Department, 5 persons are working within the International Protection and Asylum Procedure Unit. This is considered sufficient at the moment, as the numbers of asylum applications are still relatively low (177 in 2012, 72 in 2011), which guarantees sufficient time for qualitative interviewing and decision making. There is one interview room in the premises of the AID and is well equipped and offer sufficient privacy to the asylum applicant. It is reported that special attention is given to the most vulnerable persons, such as minors, victims of torture, traumatized persons, victims of violence and torture, traumatised persons or persons with psychological disorder. They are generally assisted by a representative of the NGO “Memoria”. A new unit was created within the new structure of the BMA: the stateless and information unit, with a staff consisting of 4 persons. This unit deals with statelessness applications[24], but also with the registration of asylum seekers. A questionnaire, interview template and guidebook were developed, guaranteeing that the legal provisions will be put into practice. Since February 2012, 160 requests were received and 16 persons were granted stateless status.

The “Law on integration of foreigners in the Republic of Moldova” entered into force on 1 July 2012. The methodologies for conducting social-cultural accommodation sessions and state language courses have been developed. The Regulation on the procedure and conditions of rental housing for foreigner beneficiaries of integration programs and foreigners who have obtained a form of and the Regulation of the Accommodation Centre have been approved. The law guarantees full access to the labour market for beneficiaries of a form of protection and asylum applicants, to unemployment assistance and measures to prevent unemployment. Several successful pilot projects have been observed. At the time of this evaluation, it was still not possible for refugees to obtain travel documents allowing them to travel outside the territory of the Republic of Moldova. Due to issues with the tender for the issuing of IDs and biometric passports these documents would be available by September 2013. The Regulation of the Accommodation Centre for Asylum Seekers was approved by the Government on 28 December 2012. The Centre exists since September 2010 and its maintenance and staff are paid from the State budget. On 15 February 2013, 18 asylum seekers, 2 beneficiaries of Humanitarian protection and 1 with Refugee Status were living in the reception centre. Social workers, legal counsellors and UNHCR have access to the centre at all times. The conditions and the quality in the Centre are generally good, despite the understaffing and insufficient funds.

Assessment Block 2 / topic 3 – Asylum policy The Law on Asylum is adequately implemented and the quality of the Refugee Status Determination Procedure is good and improving. The Republic of Moldova has developed a statelessness determination procedure that is exemplary. Considerable progress has been achieved in the field of integration. Further action is required on: · Include the One-Stop-Shops as one of the authorities competent to receive asylum applications in Article 52 of the Law on Asylum. · Provide continuous asylum training for police and border police. Ensure the necessary expertise with asylum cases within the judiciary, for example through creation of specialised courts or specialised judges. · Further develop the methodology for COI-management and secure access to up-to-date COI Subject Related Briefings. · Increase the funding for State sponsored integration measures and develop an ethical code for the personnel of the reception centre(s).

General assessment Block 2 The Commission considers that the Republic of Moldova largely meets the second phase benchmarks set under Block 2. Some recommendations still need to be implemented further, as described above.

Block 3: Public order and security

Block 3 / topic 1 - Preventing and fighting organised crime, terrorism and corruption

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· Implementation of the Strategy and Action Plan on preventing and fighting organised crime including effective coordination between the relevant authorities, as well as conducting effective investigation, prosecution and confiscations of proceeds of crime;

In order to implement the National Strategy on preventing and combating organized crime the several implementing activities have been carried out since 2011. The National Council for coordination of the activities to prevent and combat organized crime was created on 4 May 2012. The Council is an interdepartmental collegial body, created to ensure an efficient cooperation between the authorities of the central public administration, and coordination of their activity in preventing and combating organized crime. A Roadmap on the implementation of the recommendations of the EU evaluation missions from October-November 2011 regarding the special investigative measures and combating organized crime was approved on the 8 June 2012. The National Coordination Council on the activity of preventing and combating organized crime was created by the GPO. During 2012, 70 crimes were committed by 49 criminal groups with 229 active members (out of which 6 criminal groups with criminal activity at international level). An improvement of reporting of civil society on illicit deeds, stricter record keeping and rigid discipline to avoid concealment of crimes and other offenses was observed in practice.

In parallel to the implementation of the Strategy and the Action Plan, a major reform of the Ministry of the Interior (MoI) entered into force on 5 March 2013. The main principles and goals of the reform are the: the de-politicization of the activities of law enforcement agencies; the demilitarization of the Carabinieri Troops department; increasing presence of the law enforcement agencies (LEAs) across the country, through a more coordinated deployment of police units; better harmonization and coordination of different police departments to avoid overlap and duplication of functions; a more efficient response to major and serious crimes by specialising criminal investigation activities and parallel prosecution services. With the reform of the Ministry of the Interior, two new concepts were introduced and are under implementation: specialization of police units tasked with serious and organized criminal files, and an intelligence-led policing approach. The Analysis Unit of the Police Department has been set up and has five intelligence analysts using I2 and the IT analytical tool Letizia. The reform has been universally acknowledged as an excellent means to separate policy making from policy implementation. The new competences of the Minister concerning police activities no longer include their former criminal investigation function, in line with the best EU and international standards. A first positive result of the reform is the appointment of the Chief of Police by the Government after being proposed by the Minister of the Interior. Under the MoI reform, the Carabinieri have been reorganized, demilitarised and positioned in the structure of the General Police Inspectorate.

Activities to strengthen forensic laboratories were also undertaken. By the Order no. 399 from 29 November 2012 an interdepartmental working group was set up to develop the legislative and regulatory framework necessary to create and manage a DNA database and a DNA laboratory. In June 2013, experts from Austria will assist the MoI in drafting a law on DNA. 2 million euro will be allocated for equipment and training of personnel working in the technical and forensic fields.

All relevant international conventions have been adopted, and in general the current legislative framework and institutional system of law-enforcement could be considered in line with the EU’s acquis and the best EU standards, and its implementation at an advanced stage. However, the legislation on confiscation still shows some gaps with respect to international standards and the EU acquis. Such gaps mainly relate to the freezing powers and third party confiscation.

The Republic of Moldova should strengthen the current company registration rules and the corporate criminal liability provisions in order to limit the use of "shell" companies to launder the proceeds of crime and hide criminal assets. Based on the statistics on confiscation, the amounts confiscated are low in comparison with the number of convictions. The Moldovan authorities should make an increased use of their confiscation powers. The Republic of Moldova should establish a centralised asset recovery office in order to strengthen the identification and tracking of the proceeds of crime resulting from both domestic and cross-border criminal activity and expediently exchange information with the asset recovery offices in the Member States.

Assessment Block 3 / topic 1a - Preventing and fighting organised crime and terrorism The implementation of the reform of the MoI has been properly planned and started. Law-enforcement authorities in charge of fighting serious and organized crimes are well coordinated, approach European standards and deliver results. Further adjustments and investment in technical means are needed to make the reform sustainable and fully exploited. Further action is required on: · Further develop a strategic intelligence analysis model for the Police in line with Intelligence-led Policing. Step up efforts in improving the coordination of the patrolling duties of all departments under the National Patrol Inspectorate. Remove the intermediary technical role of the Security and Intelligence Service in the interception of communications as for criminal investigation purposes such activities should be executed exclusively by law enforcement authorities. · Strengthen the legal framework on confiscation, establish an asset recovery office, enhance the transparency of legal entities and systematically use the confiscation powers.

· Implementation of legislation on preventing trafficking in human beings and the respective National Plan, including effective coordination between state agencies and effective protection of victims of trafficking, in particular children;

The Republic of Moldova made significant steps forward in the field of anti-trafficking in the past 2 years in terms of legal and institutional framework modernisation. It is apparent that policies on anti-trafficking are prioritized within the political agenda. The National Action Plan 2010-2011 and the National Action Plan 2012-2013 (with regard to the actions planned for 2012) were 75% fully implemented and 11% partially implemented. Many activities of the plan were implemented also due to the support provided by IOs and NGOs within a number of international programmes. A new 6th THB Action Plan will be developed in the second half of 2013. According to the statistics[25] in 2012 at the borders were detected 18 THB cases with 35 persons, whereas the number in 2010 was 10 (15 persons) and 13 (29 persons) in 2011. More than half of the cases were detected at the Chisinau airport. Victims were typically young girls who were trafficked to the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Northern Cyprus and Saudi Arabia, and very seldom to EU countries.

Laws and regulations on THB are in line with the international and European standards in the field - the Palermo Protocol - UN TOC Convention, 2000, and the Council of Europe Convention on THB, Warsaw 2005, have been all ratified and are being implemented. The structure of the anti-trafficking national system is built upon the multi-agency cooperation among the most relevant institutions, including civil society. It is focused as well on a human rights based approach which is intended to give priority to the needs of the victims. Increasing efforts have been made in the field of international police and judiciary cooperation, including the negotiations of bilateral agreements with some destination countries of trafficked persons. In the framework of the MoI reform, the Centre for Combating Trafficking in Persons (CCTP) has been fully integrated into the General Police Inspectorate and a civilian has been appointed as a Director of the CCTP, with extended experience in anti-trafficking field.

In terms of actual implementation of the anti-trafficking policies, despite considerable efforts the budget allocation (financial and human resources) seems to be still insufficient in the perspective of a thorough government ownership and sustainability of the action in the long run. The government is steadily increasing its efforts in this regard. Currently the State cannot fund NGOs (because of the legal framework currently in force) which somewhat hinders a fully-fledged cooperation with the civil society. However, a draft law on public funding of private social services providers was recently approved. As to data collection, a national statistical database on THB is still in the making. Law enforcement authorities have their own database on investigations and criminal proceedings and the Ministry of Labour and social protection has its database on assisted persons. Recently a pilot project for the harmonization of data collection was launched by the Permanent Secretariat of the National Committee for combating Trafficking in collaboration with the IOM.

The Government is aware and committed to prevention, and the national referral system on THB provides also assistance to potential victims and vulnerable groups. However, it seems that the issue of prevention is to some extent narrowly interpreted and should include work on the root causes of THB. In this respect efforts are being made by the Government, with the support of specialized NGOs, to improve the protection of vulnerable children, with a draft law on the protection of children currently under consideration. Special interview rooms for children have been set up and additionally special interviewing rooms for victims and witnesses will be set up in the regions. Guidelines have been drafted for police, health and social workers to steer them in solving cases of domestic violence. Furthermore, the Ministry of Finance will grant funds for campaigns on awareness-raising among the public for 2013. Campaigns for the public opinion on the dangers and seriousness of crimes committed on internet are on-going until August 2013, followed by a week of campaigns on THB in October 2013, in line with the EU day on THB.

The government seems to be very committed to cope with corruption of civil servants and public officials and their involvement in trafficking cases. During 2012, criminal investigation has been initiated against 11 persons who fall under the category public officials, of which: sent to court – 7 persons; classified – 1 person; On-going criminal investigation – 3 persons.

Assessment Block 3 / topic 1b - Preventing trafficking in human beings Substantial improvements were achieved through the implementation of the National Action Plan. The structure of the anti-trafficking national system is built on multi-agency cooperation, including with civil society. Additional funding and staffing are to be provided to guarantee the Government's ownership of the implementation of the anti-THB policies. Further action is required on: · Consolidate the national database on trafficking fed with data from all law enforcement authorities and from public and private bodies in charge of the assistance to the victims. Allocate sufficient human and financial resources for the implementation of the NAP. · Link the national system for the protection of victims and potential victims of trafficking with the national system for the protection of children. Create a national fund for the assistance, protection and compensation of victims. · Further develop minimum quality standards for the assistance and treatment of victims and potential victims of trafficking and recognise the status of social workers. Implement the law and the regulation on the accreditation of private social services renderers.

· Implementation of legislation on preventing and fighting corruption, ensuring the efficient functioning of the independent anti-corruption agency; development of ethical codes and training on anti-corruption, especially targeting public officials involved in law enforcement and the judiciary;

In the past four years, the Republic of Moldova has made serious steps on the path of fighting corruption with recently several high-level cases of abuse of official position emerging. Recent events in the Republic of Moldova point out that the indirect political dependence of anticorruption institutions poses a threat to professional non-partisan investigations against high-level officials. Investigations should not be misused and transformed into a political weapon. Adequate guarantees must be put in place to secure the independent and efficient functioning of anti-corruption institutions. Top appointments must follow objective and transparent criteria.

The Republic of Moldova has adopted in July 2011 the National Strategy on anticorruption 2011-2015 by a decision of the Parliament - it is a complex and well-developed programmatic document. In February 2012 the Parliament adopted the Action Plan for 2012-2013 for the implementation of the Strategy[26]. Many of the measures have been delayed or not implemented at all and the impact of the implemented measures is still to be seen. There is no indication as to what the estimated deadlines are for the measures that are not yet implemented.

In the area of prevention of corruption, the Republic of Moldova has taken steps to make the public sector more transparent in an attempt to increase public trust in the public institutions, to bring people closer to the governmental decision-making process and to limit vulnerabilities to corruption. Part of this effort regards a wide-scale open data program through which the Moldovan government makes available to the public various data sets of public information in an open data format, including budgetary information. The Republic of Moldova has also introduced in 2008 the obligation of the initiator of a piece of legislation to post it online and allow for public comments to be submitted by the citizens.

The National Anticorruption Centre (hereinafter NAC) holds important competencies in the field of prevention of corruption and Moldovan institutions have started implementing integrity plans based on the evaluation of corruption risks in each institution[27]. NAC also provides upon request of the Government or of the Parliament anticorruption expertise of draft legislation.

In the field of repression of corruption, the competences are split between the NAC and the specialized Anticorruption Prosecutor’s Office (hereinafter AP). Most of the investigative work is done by the NAC employees with the prosecutor from the AP conducting and overseeing the activity, issuing various authorizations or applying for various court orders during the investigative stage. NAC was reorganized in 2012 and shifted from the supervision of the Government to the supervision[28] of the Parliament just to return under the control of the Government in May 2013.

Lifestyle checks[29] and integrity testing are envisaged in the law of the NAC and are potentially being considered by Moldovan authorities for the rest of the public administration. Discrepancies could flag up problems and might result in sanctions being applied, including dismissal. Detailed procedures for lifestyle checks are still being drafted. Currently only the Information and Security Service can technically conduct phone tapping. NAC is allowed to listen to the intercepted conversations in real time and make transcripts and audio recordings for the prosecutors. Financial investigations are a weak point of the law enforcement authorities in the Republic of Moldova. The lack of in-depth specialization of investigators in financial investigations has a serious negative impact considering the complexity of the investigations and on ultimately on the assets recovery from convicted defendants.

The elimination of immunity of judges for criminal investigations on corruption (articles 324 and 326) is a welcome step in the right direction. Similar steps should be considered with regard to all the other remaining categories of officials that enjoy immunity.

In 2011, 314 corruption related decisions were adopted, but few of them high-level ones – 213 convictions, 18 acquittals and 83 abandoned trials. In 2012, 293 decisions were adopted - 197 convictions, 27 acquittals and 69 abandoned trials. In 2012 only in 17 cases a jail sentence was given – the rest of the convictions resulted in fines or on probation jail time, or the interdiction to occupy a position in the public sector. This is not a satisfactory practice as the courts show lenience towards offenders. The NAC has commissioned an analytical study to assess with the help of MIAPAC[30] the level of sentencing in all the corruption cases that reached the courts. It would be also recommendable to organize debates within the Moldovan judiciary about sanctioning practice (sentencing guidelines) that would ensure that deterrent sanctions are applied in the cases of corruption.

The National Integrity Commission (NIC) is an autonomous public authority independent of other governmental agencies, other entities or individuals. Its members are appointed by Parliament for a term of 5 years. NIC is in charge with declarations of assets, of interests and of incompatibilities. The law establishing it entered in effect on 1 March 2012, but the NIC started operating only on 1 March 2013. The NIC has 21 staff positions of which 12 are already employed. NIC oversees all dignitaries, prosecutors, judges, public servants and other managerial functions and in total it covers about 25 000 civil servants. In terms of software and technical capabilities the resources of NIC are scarce. The newly appointed NIC does not have yet a track record on controls of declarations of assets, declarations of interests and incompatibilities.

Recently a law was passed doubling the salaries of NAC employees (EUR 500 for a starting position equalling the salary of a Supreme Court judge or Deputy-Prosecutor General), which however might require providing the same treatment for AC prosecutors in order not to unbalance the system.

The Republic of Moldova was assessed by GRECO and received 17 recommendations, 9 of which in the area of party funding and 8 were concerning incriminations. The GRECO report acknowledges that much effort was done to implement all recommendations. Until now the legislation to address them was not yet adopted but a working group created by the Central Electoral Commission (CEC)[31] has prepared and publicly debated the Draft Law, which now must be adopted. The elimination of immunity of judges for criminal investigations on corruption (articles 324 and 326) is a welcomed step in the right direction. Similar steps should be considered with regard to all the other categories that enjoy immunity.

Assessment Block 3 / topic 1c - Preventing and fighting corruption Affirmative action was taken regarding the strengthening of the NAC and the AP, and the start of the activities of the National Integrity Commission. Solid safeguards, adequate funding and additional capacity building measures are further needed to ensure the full political independence of all anti-corruption authorities. Further action is required on: · Establish a solid system for appointments based solely on professional and objective criteria for key positions in anticorruption institutions, in the prosecution and in the Supreme Court that would guarantee their non-partisan and independent operational activity. Merge the AP with the NAC and restrict its activities to high-level corruption. Improve the salary scheme and boost the number of employees in all anti-corruption institutions (NAC, AP, NIC). · Further develop the legislation and practice on the control of asset declarations/unjustified wealth and conflicts of interests, and develop financial investigations capabilities in the law enforcement authorities. Implement bylaws for NAC lifestyle checks based on European best practices and design a cooperation mechanism on joint-lifestyle checks with the NIC. Review the remaining immunities of officials through the lens of international best practices. Train judges, prosecutors and law-enforcement personnel on the European practices of interception of communications.

· Implementation of the legislation and Strategy for the prevention of money-laundering and financing of terrorism, implementation of relevant legislation on confiscation of assets of criminals (including the provisions addressing cross-border aspects);

The Republic of Moldova’s legal framework on anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) is very comprehensive and complete. Numerous administrative authorities are involved in the Moldovan AML/CFT regime with different roles and functions, and all of them master their competences. The level of institutional coordination and cooperation among the different authorities is good, as required by international standards.

In 2012, the Republic of Moldova approved and implemented several laws (Law on Capital Market, Law on Payment Systems and e-money, Law on Special Investigation Activity), bylaws (Decision regarding regulation on AML/CFT measures for the non-banking financial market) and instructions and recommendations in order to address some of the deficiencies that were identified in the 3rd Mutual Evaluation Report of the Council of Europe’s MONEYVAL Committee. A few minor deficiencies in the criminalization of money laundering and financing of terrorism need to be addressed and, in this regard, Moldovan authorities have prepared legislative changes which are currently under way. However, the current regulation of the crimes is in line with FATF, EU and international conventions. For 2011, out of 151 cases opened by the FIU, indictments were given in 4 cases and convictions were handed out in 2 cases.

All the institutions have been included as active members of the National Strategy 2013-2017 on AML/CFT that is about to be approved by the Moldovan Parliament. Specific tasks, duties and deadlines have been assigned in the Action Plan to each and every one of those institutions, under the Office for Prevention and Fight against Money Laundering[32] (OPFML) coordination and the supervision of a special Commission of the Moldovan Parliament. Supervision and guidance of the financial entities belonging to the Moldovan AML/CFT regime that are carried out by NBM, NCFM and OPFML seem to be appropriate and consistent with international standards. There is a good level of compliance by the financial entities with the preventive measures according to the FATF and EU standards: Customer Due Diligence; enhanced identification measures; on-going business relationships; political exposed persons; beneficial owner; wire transfers; record keeping; training; internal procedures and policies; compliance units; Suspect Transactions Reports (STRs).

The December 2012 report of the Council of Europe's MONEYVAL Committee acknowledged the steady progress of the Republic of Moldova in the areas of customer diligence and reporting. Based on this Report, the Republic of Moldova was placed on simplified regime of monitoring since December 2012.

Assessment Block 3 / topic 1d - Prevention of money-laundering and financing of terrorism The AML/CFT legal framework is comprehensive and properly implemented. The level of institutional coordination and cooperation among the relevant authorities is adequate and meets European and international standards. Further action is required on: · Further strengthen the sanctioning regime for AML/CFT, increase the penalties and improve the confiscation, freezing and seizing regime for AML/CFT funds. Implement supervision measures for Designated Non-Financial Business and Professions. Bring in line cash border operations with current EU legislation and FATF standards. · Continue the systematic and timely implementation of the National Strategy 2013-2017 on AML/CFT and the Recommended Action Plan drawn by Moneyval.

· Implementation of the National Anti-drug strategy and its related action plan, making the information on drug seizures and persons involved accessible at border crossing points; further developing cooperation and information exchange with relevant international bodies in the drug field;

The National Anti-drug Strategy 2011-2018 and the National Anti-drug Action Plan 2011-2013 are implemented in line with the European standards. The new national Anti-drug Action Plan 2014-2018 is currently being drafted, equal importance being paid to tackling both the drug use and trafficking.

As envisaged by the Action Plan, in April 2012, the Republic of Moldova joined the Council of Europe's Pompidou Group. Following the signature of the Memorandum of Understanding with the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in 2012, a good level of cooperation has been established.

The 2011 established National Anti-Drug Commission coordinates interagency cooperation among governmental institutions, and liaises with non-governmental institutions and civil society on all matters relating to drug policy. A very good level of cooperation and coordination between the relevant bodies has been established. It applies a balanced approach between demand reduction and supply reduction services.

Cooperation between the Antidrug Directorate of the General Inspectorate of the Police of the MoI and the institutions in charge of prevention and care is at very good level. Cooperation with NGOs involved in assisting drug users is satisfactory, but it seems to be more developed regarding HIV-related actions, than in prevention of drug use and harm reduction. In 2004 substitutive treatments were introduced, with methadone being distributed in health and care centres.

All drug crimes and other categories of offences are reported and recorded as crimes in Integrated Automatic Information System established by the MoI in order to record offences, criminal cases and persons who have committed offences. Several special drug operations have been conducted successfully. In 2012, 1 457 offences related to drugs were registered and 8 criminal groups involved in illicit drug trafficking were documented. Seizures in 2012 amounted to 304 kg 890 grams of drugs. Basic forensic capability is in place at the district level, but preliminary drug tests on the seized substances cannot be performed. Therefore, the analysis relies on external forensic laboratories, which is time-consuming and inefficient.

The Republic of Moldova is neither a major drug trafficking nor drug producing country, but serves as a transit point for drugs destined for Western Europe. Counternarcotic activities were so far hampered by insufficient specialized police officers and equipment. The Government has taken serious steps to address the situation in the context of on-going police reform efforts, and is increasing staffing and reorganisation of the specialized anti-drug units of the anti-drug Directorate of the MoI.

Combating domestic cultivation of marijuana was one of the most important challenges facing the anti-drug Directorate during the last years. However, synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones emerged as a growing problem in 2012.

Synthetic drugs are reportedly quite widespread (amphetamines, methamphetamines, synthetic cannabinol and some synthetic analgesics such as Tramadol, which are reportedly cheap and relatively easily available). In response to this trend, the MoI has petitioned the government to add many of these synthetics to the official list of banned substances. Multi-drug use (different drugs or drugs along with alcohol and other substances) has been also spreading increasingly.

Assessment Block 3 / topic 1e - Implementation of the Anti-drug policy The National Anti-drugs Strategy Action Plan 2011-2013 and the institutional framework have been well implemented, and inter-agency cooperation is at good level. The National Anti-Drug Commission is functioning well and the Antidrug Directorate of the MoI is well organized and has recently significantly increased its analytical capability at the operational level. Further involvement of NGOs in drug demand reduction and harm reduction activities is necessary. Further action is required on: · Continue to increase efforts to equip police with technical means to identify substances found within their operations. · Ensure further involvement of NGOs engaged in anti-drug activities and treatments.

· Implementation of relevant UN and Council of Europe Conventions, as well as GRECO recommendations in the above mentioned areas.

The Law and the Strategy for prevention and combating organised crime are fully in line with the provisions of the UN Convention against cross-border organized crime and its additional Protocols.

(b) Assessment of Impact recommendations

· Prevent and fight corruption at all levels and in all areas.

Partially implemented – see VLAP benchmarks point. Additionally, with the support of the Project Against Corruption, Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism in the Republic of Moldova (MOLICO), a Practical Guide for the investigation of corruption and corruption related offences was developed. The Guide is intended to anticorruption prosecutors and investigators within the Anticorruption Prosecutor’s Office, The National Anticorruption Centre, MoI and the Security and Intelligence Service.

· Enhance the data collection on criminals and OCGs at national level inter alia by setting up and/or improving the national databases.

See VLAP benchmarks point page 17, 18 and 24 of this report.

· Continue efforts to improve data indicators and crime data collection in all crime fields.

See VLAP benchmarks point page 17, 18 and 24 of this report.

· Implement anti-corruption actions as a matter of priority in all areas, as well as in relation to wider rule of law aspects. The national authorities should have the capacity to fight corruption at all levels - central, regional, local and sector-specific, paying particular attention to the law enforcement and customs authorities.

See VLAP benchmarks point page 19 to 22 of this report.

· Ensure effective protection of witness of THB, and further improve the protection, assistance and support to THB victims.

See VLAP benchmarks point page 18 and 19 of this report.

· Assets confiscation procedures must be agreed with the Moldovan authorities, in order to recover stolen property or the profit thereof, and to reduce the financial power of OCGs, thus facilitating their dismantlement.

See VLAP benchmarks point page 17, 22 and 23 of this report.

Block 3 / topic 2 - Judicial co-operation in criminal matters

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· Implementation of international conventions concerning judicial cooperation in criminal matters (in particular Council of Europe Conventions);

The Republic of Moldova has a comprehensive and updated legal framework for the purposes of international legal co-operation in criminal matters. The law on the ratification of the Second Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters was adopted on 26 December 2012. This framework, composed of several international, regional as well as domestic instruments, enables it to request and offer international co-operation in criminal matters adequately, in line with European standards. The legal framework covers the traditional areas of co-operation such as extradition, rogatory letters, transfer and takeover of criminal proceedings, requests for recognition and enforcement of foreign criminal judgments and request for transfer of sentenced persons. This framework includes some provisions on the use of quite effective means of investigation such as hearings by video-conference, cross-border observations, controlled deliveries, undercover operations and joint investigation teams. As a result, the legal framework is strong enough to face the increasing demand of co-operation in the fight against the most serious crimes as terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings, corruption, cybercrime and money laundering.

Starting from 2012, the representative of the Prosecutor’s Office the Republic of Moldova is attending the plenary meetings of the Committee of Experts on the operation of European Conventions in the field of criminal co-operation (PC-OC) of the Council of Europe.

Incoming and outgoing requests of international co-operation are channelled through the central authorities, the GPO and the Ministry of Justice (hereinafter MJ) according to the rules established by the Criminal Procedural Code according to the stage in the procedure either criminal investigation or conviction following trial.

Both authorities perform their task in coordination with other internal and international bodies and institutions. They are adequately staffed, especially the Courts following several decisions adopted in early 2013 by the High Council of Magistrates to increase the number of investigative judges. Growing attention is paid to providing the necessary training and efforts are on-going to increase the necessary budgetary resources for this purpose.

The available statistical data show that both GPO and MJ services are regularly asked to process a significant number of requests for international legal co-operation. Regarding extradition, taking over cases in criminal proceedings and transfers of cases in criminal proceedings the Republic of Moldova appears to be more a requesting than a requested State. During 2009-2012 GPO was asked to process per year the average number of around 227 outgoing requests for extradition and only 27 incoming requests for extradition. GPO dealt on average with 31 taking over (incoming requests) cases in criminal proceedings and 11 (outgoing requests) of transfers of cases in criminal proceedings. On the contrary, for rogatory letters, the Republic of Moldova appears to be more a requested than a requesting State as during the same period, GPO processed per year the average number 494 incoming requests and 388 outgoing requests.

MJ is also asked permanently to process requests but on a smaller scale than the GPO. During 2012-2013, regarding extradition, MJ processed 71 outgoing requests and 12 incoming requests. MJ dealt with 14 taking over cases in criminal proceedings (incoming requests) and no request of transfers of cases in criminal proceedings (outgoing requests). For rogatory letters, only global figures are available for the MJ, namely 1068 cases of both incoming and outgoing requests in civil and criminal matters, criminal cases being slightly less numerous that the civil ones.

MJ is in addition solely responsible authority for request for recognition and enforcement of criminal sentences and requests for transfer of sentenced persons. During 2012-2013 MJ dealt with 16 incoming and 12 outgoing requests for recognition and enforcement of criminal sentences. MJ processed 390 requests of transfer of sentenced persons to the Republic of Moldova and 21 requests for transfer of sentenced persons to foreign countries.

The statistics on extradition show that GPO processes a more significant number of requests than MJ. This difference simply mirrors the fact that the requests related to cases which are at the investigation stage are much more numerous than those related to the trial stage (see above regarding competence).

Regarding extradition, Both GPO and MJ refused a limited number of incoming requests. GPO during 2009-2012 rejected only 15 requests on legal grounds mostly because the wanted persons held the citizenship of the Republic of Moldova or due to statutory limitations. MJ during 2012-2013, rejected only one request on legal grounds given that the wanted person received asylum. The limited number of refusals can be considered an indication of the open attitude of the Republic of Moldova authorities to co-operate with third countries.

The average timeframe is an important performance indicator to assess the effectiveness of the international legal co-operation. The timeframe for processing by both GPO and MJ[33] appears reasonable and does not exceed the EU average.

· High level of effectiveness of judicial co-operation in criminal matters of judges and prosecutors with the EU Member States.

The majority (roughly 2/3) of the requests referred to above dealt with concerns the CIS and only less than 1/3 EU Member States. The authorities of Republic of Moldova have been ensuring an effective cooperation with the relevant authorities of the EU Member States.

· Conclusion of an operational cooperation agreement with Eurojust

Eurojust finalised the Evaluation Report of the Republic of Moldova on data protection in autumn 2012 and informed the Council in November 2012 about the proposal to launch formal negotiations on 1 February 2013 aimed at the conclusion of an operational cooperation agreement. The first round of negotiations took place on 10 June 2013 and was a very positive one, consequently negotiations are expected to be finalised soon.

(b) Assessment of Impact recommendations

· Strengthen the judiciary system, including judicial cooperation in criminal matters, in particular mutual legal assistance.

The Republic of Moldova is currently implementing a comprehensive reform of its judiciary system on the basis of the 2011-2016 Strategy and Action Plan including important legislative and institutional changes. A department for the implementation of the reform of the GPO was created in September 2012 and the Prosecutor's Offices Strategic Development Program for 2012-2014 was approved in December 2012 by the Superior Council of Prosecutors and is currently implemented.

Assessment Block 3 / topic 2 - Judicial co-operation in criminal matters The Republic of Moldova is a reliable and active partner in international legal co-operation and its track-record demonstrates a very open attitude to co-operate with EU Member States and other countries. Further action is required on: · Continue to improve the training of judges and prosecutors on international matters, including by increasing the necessary funding. · Continue improving the statistics and record them using a commonly defined list of parameters applicable, where relevant, to both the GPO and the MJ.

Block 3 / topic 3 - Law enforcement co-operation

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· High level of operational and special investigative capacity of law enforcement services and its consistent and efficient use to tackle cross-border crime;

Since the reform of the MoI of March 2013, the National Investigation Inspectorate of the Police consists of specialized directorates (serious crimes, organized crime, fraud, drugs, intervention unit) and two centres (human trafficking and IT), which tackle, under the same umbrella, the whole spectrum of serious and organized criminal activities. Three regional subdivisions ensure coverage across the Republic of Moldova. They report to the central directorates and perform investigations independently.

Legally and technically the reform provided for a better cooperation between police services and prosecutors. A specialized unit was created within the GPO – Division on control and investigation of organized crime, which has duties in exercise and management of prosecution in cases of organized crime offenses, in the accusation representation in courts and in the control and coordination of the activities of special subdivisions vested with responsibilities in preventing and combating organized crime. Furthermore, the GPO operates a division on combating trafficking in human beings and a division on combating cyber-crime.

In December 2012, a new law on special investigative activities entered in force and some amendments to the CPC were adopted in April 2012. Both laws harmonise the existing legislation to the new provisions on combating cross-border crime and international joint investigation teams, review of national legislation on interception of telephone conversations and review of relevant legislation in the framework of Police Cooperation Convention for South East Europe.

The current legal framework provides for a more suitable and lawful system to employ special investigative measures, regulated by law and under the control of the prosecutor and judicial authority. The legal provisions are in line with international and EU legal standards and put a wide range of investigative tools at the disposal of investigating services. Various criminal cases have been already solved owing to such measures, and investigators and prosecutors give the impression of having a clear picture and understanding of when it is practically and legally appropriate to use these tools.

The interception and recording of conversations equipment, by telephone or live listening devices are located within the premises of the Security Intelligence Service and under their custody. The SIS is in charge of receiving the signals from the telephone company or from the listening devices and it transfers the signals to the investigating services for their activities. The current system creates a situation whereby actors performing other duties (such as intelligence and counter-intelligence for state security purposes) have at their disposal and control data belonging to a criminal investigation regulated by the CPC.

The absence of control of Transnistria somewhat reduces the Republic of Moldova’s efforts to ensure public order and security. The smuggling of goods is the most frequent illegal activity and its impact has been limited through the presence of the EUBAM. At this stage, there is no formalized police cooperation between Chisinau and Tiraspol.

· High level of effectiveness of law enforcement co-operation among relevant national agencies - especially border guards, police, customs officers -, as well as cooperation with the judicial authorities;

In 2012 the Republic of Moldova introduced a tool for international judicial and police cooperation: the Joint Investigation Teams (JITs). The legal background is Article 19 of the United Nations Convention[34] against Transnational Organized Crime, the Palermo Convention, which entered in force after ratification in the Republic of Moldova on 16 September 2005. The Moldovan law, in line with the EU requirements, establishes the general conditions when such teams can be established. The model used by the Moldovan authorities is bases on the EU Council Framework Decision and by the EU Council Resolution on JITs.

In the relations between police and prosecution no major obstacles or shortfalls in communication have been observed. Cooperation in place is at good level and there is clear division of competences between the police and prosecutor’s office. The cases studied show a thorough and effective knowledge of criminal procedures and investigative techniques on both sides. The newly-established system with the MoI reform will need to be implemented and exploited. Another measure for increasing inter-agency cooperation was the establishment within the GPO in February 2013 of a control[35] and investigation unit specialized in organized crime and consisting of 10 prosecutors with at least 10 years of experience each.

A sensitive issue is the powers of the General Prosecutor. The General Prosecutor, besides directing the main prosecution service and being in charge of the most serious criminal cases, has a strong power of “call-back”, to take over the responsibility for a case from any lower-ranked prosecutor. This power, included in all legislative frameworks for the purpose of coordination and substitution in case of “inactivity”, may strongly limit the independence and autonomy of prosecutors, and should be exercised with great caution and restriction. Some concerns were raised on whether such a power should be somehow limited or better regulated.

Other forms of inter-institutional cooperation between law enforcement bodies, including the in the field of prevention and combating of corruption, are based on informational exchange systems. An Automated Integral Informational System of evidence of the offences, criminal cases and of offenders, and the criminal procedural legislation is shared since July 2008 between the GPO, the MoI, the Customs Service and the National Anticorruption Centre.

· Strengthened bilateral and multilateral operational law enforcement cooperation agreements, including by sharing on time relevant information with competent law enforcement authorities of EU Member States.

As a result of the on-going MoI reform, a new Centre of International Police Cooperation (CIPC) was created in the beginning of 2013. The CIPC brings together three subdivisions of MoI with competences in international police cooperation: NCB Interpol, NVC SELEC/GUAM and NCP Europol. All the offices and units in charge of international police cooperation are now unified within a single structure and are located in the same premises.

Interpol is the centre for international police cooperation within the MoI, and is linked with the MJ, the Customs Service, the Security and Intelligence Service, the GPO, the Border Police, and the National Anticorruption Centre. The Interpol office receives and sends all international requests for information related to Interpol’s databases and it is linked with different databases and registers in the Republic of Moldova. The flow of incoming information is stable and the rate of outgoing information is increasing. The officials and the specialists of the unit are thoroughly aware of their mandate and mission.

Part of the wider system for international police cooperation is the GUAM unit, which ensures a daily exchange of information between Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Moldova. The amount of information which the Republic of Moldova shares with those countries through the unit is remarkable. The Moldovan authorities participate in the work of SELEC (Southeast European Law Enforcement Centre) and have sent two liaison officers to the SELEC centre and besides the exchange of information, many joint operations are planned and implemented with SELEC countries. The Republic of Moldova has posted a liaison officer under Bureau for Coordination of Fight Against Organized Crime within of Community of Independent States (CIS).

The GPO of the Republic of Moldova has signed cooperation agreements with similar institutions from Romania, Ukraine, China, Turkey, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, and South Korea. In 2012 the GPO of the Republic of Moldova has signed agreements and memoranda of cooperation with: DIICOT – Romania; Federal Prosecutor’s Office of the Kingdom of Belgium, General Prosecutor’s Office of Armenia, Ministry of Justice of Georgia. Currently bilateral agreements are being negotiated with Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Belarus, Baltic countries, Bulgaria.

Two successful examples of recent international police cooperation include in particular the arrest of a dangerous Moldovan criminal in Verona (Italy), with the support of the National Central Bureau Interpol Rome and the Carabinieri of Verona; and a sensitive video interview of a victim of trafficking.

The Republic of Moldova Customs Service signed in May 2013 a Memorandum of Mutual Understanding with the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). It envisages the fostering of cooperation, mutual exchange of information, and joint operations against cross-border crimes.

· Conclusion of an operational cooperation agreement with Europol

After signing a strategic agreement with Europol in 2007, a national contact point (NCP) Europol office was established to exchange strategic and technical information with the EU Agency. A Moldovan liaison officer will be delegated to Europol in Hague at the end of July 2013 following the signature of a liaison agreement in early 2013. The preparatory phase for the signature of an Operational Cooperation Agreement with Europol is on-going and the Republic of Moldova is awaiting a Europol study visit to evaluate its data protection regime.

(b) Assessment of Impact recommendations

· Cooperation between the Moldovan and Member States’ authorities should be enhanced, including information sharing with Europol.

See VLAP benchmarks point on page 29 and 30 of this report.

· Cooperation between the Moldovan authorities with their counterparts in EU Member States on protection and assistance should be strengthened, including the identification and referral of THB victims and their safe return.

See VLAP benchmarks point on page 18, 29 and 30 of this report.

· Threat assessments and exchange of information on serious crime should be developed on a regular basis, under the aegis of Europol, and where appropriate with support of Interpol channels. Comparative crime data should be collected according to commonly defined indicators.

See VLAP benchmarks point on page 29 and 30 of this report.

· Exchange of best practice and training of law enforcement services should be strengthened.

See VLAP benchmarks point on page 29 and 30 of this report.

Assessment Block 3 / topic 3 - Law enforcement co-operation The legal provisions, in line with European standards, give a wide range of special investigative tools at the disposal of investigating services. All law-enforcement authorities are equipped and dedicated to enhance international cooperation, and an operational agreement with Europol will greatly increase these prospects. Further action is required on: · Further develop strong links between the fighting regional and transnational organized crime unit of the Police with its counterparts in the EU, in the region and with Europol. · Further implement joint planning of coordinated measures and investigations between the National Patrol Inspectorate and the Border Police, particularly in view of the execution of special investigative measures such as controlled deliveries. · Enhance cooperation with Ukrainian border and law-enforcement authorities, enlisting EUBAM's support. Encourage operational links and exchanges of information between Chisinau and Tiraspol, without prejudice to 5+2 settlement process.

Block 3 / topic 4 - Data protection

(a) VLAP benchmarks

· Implementation of the legislation on the protection of personal data; Ensuring efficient functioning of the independent data protection supervisory authority also through the allocation of the necessary financial and human resources

The Data Protection legislative framework, as revised in April 2012, is in line with European standards, including the EU ac