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COMMISSION OFTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(82)320 final
Brussels -3rd June 1982
COMMUNICATION CONCERNING ASPECIAL PROGRAMME
TO COMBAT HUNGER INTHE WORLD
Communication from the Commission tothe Council )
fr>\»r
Ç A A*•'. .V,' \r:^ °\v v .^ v<» )v.\r ^ ,
C0M(82 )320final

CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
1.EMERGENCY OPERATIONS 3
2.OPERATIONS INSUPPORT OF FOOD POLICIES 4
a)General approach 4
b)Proposed operations 7
3.OPERATIONS WITH ASPECIFIC THEME 8
a)General approach 8
b)Proposed operations 10
-Theme 1-Rational use offuelwood 12
-Theme 2-Desertification control -reafforestation 13
-Theme 3-Village water engineering 15
-Theme 4-Control ofendemic levestock diseases and
development ofanimal production 17
-Theme 5-Basic training 20

1.
INTRODUCTION
The campaign against hunger intheworld must belaunched immediately ,butit
isalong-term undertaking .
Itmust belaunched immediately ,because insome cases thesurvival of
human beings isatstake .Thesolution tothis type ofsituation therefore
hastobedesigned and implemented insuch away astomeet the most pressing
needs ofthose affected .The aid supplied inthese cases takes the form
largely ofemergency financial aid orfood aid.
Thegifts and supplies are intended forspecific categories ofthepopulation
(victims ofconflicts ordisasters orofanacute food shortage ).They are
usually distributed bypublic ornon-governmental specialized agencies ,whether
national orinternational and donot generally gothrough the customary
economic channels .This action admittedly provides some relief ,butitdoes
not initself stimulate the economic development ofthe recipient countries .
There are,however ,other situations where there iswidespread famine and
malnutrition ,not asaresult ofanyparticular oraccidental event ,but
owing tothe endemic poverty oflarge sections ofthe population .The
response tothis type ofsituation ,which isrife among the rural populations
ofthe developing countries and also inthe urban centres ,cannot beconfined
toimmediate supplies ,which would deal only with theeffects ;further -
reaching solutionsshould besought bycreating the economic ,social and
political conditions required for the development oftheagri-foods sector
inthe countries concerned .The action tobetaken inthis case isundoubtedly
more complex and less spectacular than inthe case ofemergency aid butit
istheonly wayofsecuring alasting development effect .Theobjective here
isnotonly tosave lives buttohelp people tolive .
Asisonly right ,the Community isalready taking action onboth fronts at
once .Ithas been doing sofor along time through its emergency operations ,
its food aid anditsfinancial andtechnical cooperation activities .

Recently ittook this further byapproving ,atthe Council ofDevelopment
Ministers meeting on3November 1981,aplan ofaction tocombat hunger in
the world which provided foradditional emergency food aid resources and in
particular the implementation ofasetofdevelopment operations inthe
agri-foods sector which tied indirectly with theguidelines that emerged from
the discussions held inParliament in1980 onhunger inthe world .
The fact that many countries and large numbers ofpeople are now inaneven
worse situation make itthe Community 'sduty tostep upitsefforts event
further inthis direction apoint reiterated byParliament invery urgent
terms inrecent months .
The Commission therefore considered that itshould take the opportunity
afforded bythe 1982 Supplementary and Amending Budget toact upon this .
Itdid so'byallocating most oftheadditional funds requested under the hea­
ding ofitsexternal responsibilities (184million ECU)tospecific measures
tocombat hunger intheworld .^
The purpose ofthis communication istherefore topresent tothe Council and to
Parliament aspecial action programme inthis sphere .Aprogramme ofspecial
action infavour ofCentral America was proposed bythe Commission tothe
Council on19May 1982 (cf.C0MC82 )257/3fin.).
This programme provides for three types ofaction :
-emergency operations ;
-operations insupport offood policies ;
-operations toenable operations with specific themes tobeundertaken .
(1)The sum of
UNRWA (see16million ECU isearmarked for aspecial operation tohelp
the Commission 'sspecific communication onthis point ).

3.
1.EMERGENCY OPERATIONS
The emergencies caused bycurrent internal orexternal conflicts atpresent
(1)directly affect some 4500 000people .This constant flow ofrefugees and
displaced persons isaresult oftheevents inAfghanistan ,South-East Africa ,
Central America ,Southern Africa and the Horn ofAfrica .Inaddition tothese
victims ,there are the people affected bythese same events inthe host
regions .They are among the most destitute people inthe world andtheir
survival (food,health ,clothing ,shelter ,etc..) depends almost entirely on
foreign aid.
This isthe explanation for the approaches made tothe Commission bythe
Secretary-General ofthe United Nations ,theOffice ofthe United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees ,theInternational Committee ofthe Red Cross
and certain non-governmental organizations .
Inthe past,the Community has always been attentive tothe fate ofthese
categories ofth£population ,and has sometimes been thefirst toprovide
large-scale aid.The need forittocarry onproviding humanitarian aid is
upheld bythe Council and Parliament .
The Commission considers that,under this programme ,the Community must
respond tothese new demands ;theoperations tobeimplemented involve in
particular :
-refugees ,displaced persons and those affected bythe events inSouth-East
Asia ;
-Afghan refugees inPakistan ;
-refugees ,displaced persons andthose affected bytheevents inCentral
America ;
-refugees ,displaced persons and those affected inAngola .
ACommission communication onemergency aid isbeing transmitted atthe same
time asthis paper .
./.
(1)Outofatotal ofsome 10million refugees ,notallofwhom require the same
type ofassistance .

Inall.the emergency aid which the Commission intends toallocate tothese
(1)different categories ofpeople amounts to35million ECU .Inorder to
get aclearer picture ofthe scale ofthe aideffort ,itmust beborne in
mind that the EECisalso granting food aid amounting to29million ECUfor
the same people .Through these various types ofaid the Community isthis
year helping toensure thesurvival ofatleast 3200 000 people ,this being
the number ofpeople who have benefited from assistance programmes todate
according tothe humanitarian organizations .The necessary decisions must be
taken assoon aspossible ,for the lives ofcertain groups ofpeople depend
onit.
2.OPERATIONS INSUPPORT OF FOOD POLICIES
a)General approach
The Community ,inadopting itsplan ofaction tocombat hunger inthe world ,
has stressed twofactors that areessential totheagri-food development of
the countries which itwishes tohelp :
-the need toprotect andreap maximum benefit from thenatural conditions of
agricultural production (Chapter 3takes upthis theme );
-theelaboration and implementation offood strategies orpolicies designed
tocreate ,through coordinated operations ,economic andsocial conditions
conducive tosustained agri-food and rural development .
The aimofthese strategies istoidentify andtotake into account all aspects
oftheagri-food problem (from theproducer and theproduction environment
through tofinal consumption )andtointegrate them into acohesive national
development policy .They also constitute aframework inwhich thedeveloping
countries' national policies can bemore effectively dovetailed with the
foreign aidoperations ,which should also becoordinated better and between
which there should beasmuch flexibility aspossible .This isastep towards
better use ?favailable resources byco-ordinating cooperation policies
and programmes .
./.
(1)Theaction under this programme does notinvolve the refugees inthe Horn
ofAfrica .This does not mean that their situation isany the less worrying ,
but funds arestill available forthat propose under the Lome Convention ,
sothat the Community can help where necessary .

5.
However ,incountries with food strategies ,asinother countries ,
immediate problems which threaten their capacity tocover their own
production needs must also befaced .These problems result from theinability
ofthese countries toprovide their producers with thefactors ofproduction
necessary toimprove their productivity and subsequently tointegrate them
inthetrading channels .This inability isoften the result offinancial
difficulties experienced atnational andinternational level bythecountries
concerned .
The Commission feels therefore that thepossibility should beconsidered
ofsupplying these countries with the means ofobtaining for themselves
andfortheir producers (including fishermen and stock-farmers )some ofthe items
which will enable them toimprove production :
-fertilizers ,seeds ,pesticides ,vaccines ,etc...
-agricultural implements ,equipment forfishing vessels >spare parts ;
supply ofmeans for restoring small irrigated areas etc...
-materials and equipment for storage facilities onfarms ,incooperatives
andvillages ;sacks ,scales ,means oftransport etc...
-material forproviding information onmeans ofcombating losses following
harvesting -and ways ofimproving processing and packaging methods .
The result ofthis type ofoperation should beaconsiderable short term
improvement inlocal production and consequently areduction inthe amount
offood aid required .Alink between food aid and development aid would thus
beestablished .
These operations should inthe main beimplemented inthose least-developed
(1)countries which have coherent development policies and/orcountries which
(1)asrecommended intheSubstantial New Programme ofAction forthe 80s
infavour ofthe LLDCs ,adopted attheParis Conference inSeptember 1981 .

would have decided toembark onfood strategies had they not been confronted
inthe short-term with aserious lack ofresources .
Inthe same context ,aprogramme ofspecial action infavour ofCentral
America was proposed bythe Commission tothe Council on19May 1982
(cf.C0M(82 )257/3fin.).
Irrespective ofthe category ofcountry for which this support isintended ,
itshould bedesigned not solely toremove one ortwobottlenecks ,but to
achieve more lasting development effects .Forthis reason the inputs
financed bythis special aid must,wherever possible ,besold onthe spot
(use being made ifnecessary ofasystem ofseasonal loans ).
The counterpart funds will help finance the operations with specific themes
andwill combine with thefinancial resources allocated straight tothese
operations (see Chapter 3.below ).

The advantages ofthis method are twofold :
-itencourages countries receiving this aid inthe short term toundertake
orstep uplonger-term operations ;
-itenables the Community aidmachinery tobeused more flexibly ,since it
means that the budget can beimplemented within the period set and also
that the time allowed for the use ofthe funds can beextended asand when
implementation oftheoperation with specific themes permits .
b)Proposed operations
Under this programme these support operations amount toacost ofaround
100million ECU.Itisproposed that outofthis sum 65million ECUshould
beallocated toCentral American countries .
Ofthe remaining 35million ECU,30million ECU would beearmarked for the
least-developed countries andforthecountries with food strategies
mentioned above inorder togive them thepossibility ofprocuring the
means ofproduction indicated above .
The sum of5million ECU would beearmarked for cofinancing schemes with those
NGOs which have stated that they cansupply some least-developed countries with
inputs (seeds ,fertilizers ,pesticides ,implements ,etc...) intended mainly
for cooperative and small farmers .
This action would bedesigned toencourage
inthose countries ,topromote information
simple agricultural development operationsthe harnessing ofhuman resources
campaigns and toimplement
(e.g. small livestock pruduction ).

3.OPERATIONS WITH ASPECIFIC THEME
a)General approach
Thespecific theme approach asoutlined bythe Commission inits
October 1981 communication oncombating hunger inthe world isdesigned
essentially tosafeguard the developing countries' natural resources andto
improve the way inwhich these resources areutilized .These countries'
agricultural production isindanger ofseriously deter i.orating and conse­
quently thefuture oftheir agri-food sectors could bejeopardized unless
major corrective measures are taken .
The main feature ofaction ofthis kind isthat itcan beenvisaged only
inthefairly long term .Intheagri-food sphere ,more perhaps than inother
development sectors ,the need for immediate action conflicts with the long-term
requirements .The pressure ofimmediate needs hasoften caused theauthorities
togive preference totheexploitation ofresources rather than toconserving
orreplenishing them .Consequently ,huge areas aresuffering adecline in
natural potential (land,water ,etc...) orinvegetation and animal resources .
This istrue inAfrica but also inmost Asian and Latin American countries .
Theobjective which the Community can adopt ist6give theauthorities ofthose
countries under threat the means which would enable them,without giving up
the short-term operations ,toinclude intheir programmes and plans action
designed toprotect and develop their natural resources .
However ,thenature oftheoperations with specific themes should also
beconsidered :theobjective isnot toprompt parti culer operators toact
orreact inagiven socio-economic context but rather toencourage awhole
population tomodify orchange what are insome cases deep-rooted modes of

behaviour ,and make ittake into account the environment inwhich itlives
forthe sake ofits ownsurvival .Ifamore responsible approach were adopted
inthis respect within individual areas ,countries and even continents
the impact could beenormous .Inpractice ,this type ofaction involves ,
inter alia,influencing thepopulation 'smost rudimentary modes of
behaviour ,implementing simple principles ortechniques aimed mainly atthe
rural population ,which isaccountable for the environment inwhich itlives
and produces ,and combining economic incentives and educational schemes .
Ifsuch action istobeeffective ,itmust becarefully worked out but must
atthe same time beadaptable inorder totake into account different social
systems ,habits and even taboos .Ifisittohave alasting effect onbeha­
viour ,theinitial effjrts must beredoubled regularly and assiduously .
What isthe most appropriate decision-making level ?The Commission' first
approach was tostress the regional nature ofthe operations onspecific
themes .The reflection which has taken place since has revealed that it
would bewrong toplace too much emphasis onthis aspect .The implementation
ofthese operations requires measures which come under governments' authori­
tyorrequire governmental authorization .Whether itisamatter ofthe econo­
mic factors tobetaken into account orwhether information ortraining
campaigns have tobeundertaken through official channels ,the school
systems orthe NGOs,oragain whether theadministrative structures required
toback upthis action have tobeset uporstrengthned ,thedecision must be
taken atnational government level .

10.
This does not mean that the regional dimension ofthe problems should
therefore beneglected .Whole groups ofcountries have similar problems .
The operations ,and the psychological andsociological preparations they
call for,must beseen onaregional oreven continental scale :research
ortraining operations canusefully behandled byanumber ofcountries
together ;certain techniques ,such asremote sensing ,can beapplied only
over avast geographical area .The best forum for action should bedeter­
mined onthe basis ofmaximum efficiency .
The reference tothe national decision-making context does not mean that
administration ofthese operations should beallowed tobecome cumbersome
and bureaucratic .Onthe contrary ,maximum benefit should bereaped from
the exceptional contribution which can bemade tothe elaboration and
execution ofthese operations bylocal grass roots organizations (producer
organizations ,local women 'sorganizations ,cooperative ^local authorities ,
traditional structures ,cultural andreligious organizations ,etc..).The NGOs
have avaluable role toplay inhelping toimplement this action .
b)Proposed operations
Inits document ofOctober 1981,the Commission outlined some ofthe themes
which itconsidered came under the heading ofprotecting and making the
most ofthedeveloping countries' natural resources .Onthis basis ,the
Council requested the Commission toput before itmore precise proposals .
This will bedone inthe second half of1982 .

11.
However ,the importance ofthis aspect ofthe Community 'saction ,which
constitutes oneofthemajor components ofacoherent ,long-term policy
tocombat hunger ,must bestressed now,inthis programme .Thedeveloping
countries should get togrips right away with the need totake action
inthese vital spheres andtheir governments should know what support
they can expect from the European Community interms oftechnology and
finance .
Inview ofthehighly experimental nature ofthese initial operations ,
they cannot cover theentire range ofpossible action .
The Commission therefore stresses afew essential themes (more rational use
offuelwood ,measures tocombat desertification ,village water engineering ,
action toeradicate livestock diseases )affecting individual people 'sway
orquality oflife and the natural environment inwhich they conduct their
main economic activity (agriculture ,stock-farming orfisheries ).Since the
objective istocreate the conditions conducive tosubsequent more systematic
development oftheoperations with aspecific theme ,itisobviously necessary
topropose action inthe sphere ofbasic training .
Theinitial operations therefore include certain measures involving inven­
tories ,remote sensing ,information campaigns ,studies and research ;pilot
experiments will provide the basis forfuture action more suited tolocal
requi rements .
Itistooearly atthis stage toinclude atheme asvital asthe development
ofnational research facilities (amatter which will form the subject of
proposals inthe autumn );anumber ofresearch operations directly linked
with the themes onthe programme have however been agreed upon .

Theme 1-Rational use offuelwood
Energy for cooking isanessential factor inthe struggle tocontrol
hunger inthe world .Theprice ofwood ortheeffort required tocollect
andtransport itareconstantly oij^the increase ,thus aggravating the
burden ofpoverty andcontributing /malnutrition .The poorest people
areobliged by sheer necessity todestroy the environment onwhich
they depend fortheir well-being .
InAfrica inparticular fuelwood isbyfar the commonest source ofenergy
and most ofit (both inrural areas and intowns )isneeded for domestic
purposes either asitisorinthe form ofcharcoal .Consumption ,particularly
around theoutskirts oftowns ,isway inexcess ofthenatural capacity ofthe
tree cover toregenerate itself ;this means there isboth ashortage ofwood
and erosion ofthesoil .Similar problems crop upinother parts ofthe
world .
Analyses have revealed ,however ,that between 75 %and 95 %ofthe energy
available iswasted when the wood isused inthetraditional way.They
also show that there are noready alternatives towood for domestic use.
Therefore itisnecessary torun anumber ofparallel schemes tomake
thepopulation -particularly the women -aware ofthe problem ,tomotivate
people andtodisseminate cooking methods using economical ovens .
Thetotal amount which the Community could devote tothese schemes issome
10mECU,ofwhich 500 000 ECU could beprovided inthe form ofcofinancing
with NGOs that have presented projects ofthis nature .Thefuture ofthe
essential action proposed here depends onthe success ofthese initial
schemes .

Theme 2-Desertification control -reafforestation
Efforts tocombat desertification call for asetoffairly diverse measures ,
the most important ofwhich are :
-thedissemination ofimproved methods ofusing fuelwood ,which isbut the
first stage inthebattle ;the aimistoslow over-depletion ;
-todraw upaninventory ,using modern remote-sensing ofsoil use and the
state ofthe ground cover (forest formation ,palureland ,crops );
-toprovide backing ,notably through technical assistance ,fordevising
national and/orregional forestry policies ;
-toproduce plant material for the eventual implementation ofreafforestation
programmes infarming areas -village woodlands ,reconstitution oftree
cover onfarmland ;
-tostep upcertain study and research activites inthis field .
The Commission will present its conclusions onall these themes inthe
autumn .
However ,there isanurgent need toundertake certain schemes now-ones
that can beembarked upon atshort notice and which will pave the wayfor the
implementation ofalonger-term policy .
There are four fields inwhich such schemes should belaunched :
-thecreation ofstocks ofplan material innetworks ofvillages nurseries
and the establishment ofexperimental areas for thereconstitution of
tree cover ;
-thepreparation andcoordination ofintegrated remote sensing operations in
order togain amore thorough knowledge ofthe ground cover (forest ,pasture ,
crops )anddesert creep andtocollect data ontheevolution ofsuch pheno­
mena aswell asassess thecapacity ofthe damaged ecosystems tosustain and
rehabilitate themselves ;

14.
-support fornational research programmes ,forestry policies and deserti­
fication control programmes ;
-retraining atall levels ,from the research stage through toimplementation ,
ofexperts and skilled personnel .
The total amount allocated tothis kind ofscheme could bearound 10mECU .

15.
Theme 3-Village water engineering
Awater supply isalways anecessity for people inrural areas and,in
some cases ,can becrucial tosurvival .Inaddition tothis social dimension
(improvement ofhealth andliving conditions )there isalso aneconomic dimen­
sion (thefight against poverty and development oftherural community ).
Requirements here arefar from being satisfied ;the programmes that are
actually under way inthe great majority ofdeveloping countries fall short
oftheintentions expressed bytheauthorities ofthose countries ,inspite
oftheInternational Drinking Water andSanitation Decade .Moreover ,the
funds allocated tothis sector are badly utilized and disbursed very slowly ;
lastly ,countries asking for help have great difficulty inworking out a
national water policy and implementing itwithin the broader framework
ofrural development policy .
Incollaboration with the ACP States the Commission has determined basic
principles forvillage water engineering .These are toform guidelines for
schemes financed from the resources itadministers .Such schemes are aimed
atusing the establishment ofawater point totouch off amore comprehensive
development process (health ,better utilization ofthe water resources ,
giving thepopulation asense ofresponsibility ,introducing new technology
and,inthe end,helping man adjust his behaviour according tohis basic
needs ).Thedigging ofawell isanevent which ,ifoneiscareful ,can
bring about awhole series ofdevelopments .
Village water engineering schemes areobvisouly inadequate either forsolving
theproblem ofwater supplies forrural communities orfordemonstrating
that programmes can befitted into acomprehensive development framework
which would make better useofthefinancial and human resources available .
Theexceptional schemes suggested here would form thelogical link,inthe
context oftheInternational Drinking Water Decade ,between satisfying basic
needs andstarting upthedevelopment process .They would come ontopofthe
programmes carried outunder theassociation conventions orcooperation

agreements linking theCommunity with thedeveloping countries .
The total cost ofthese schemes under the special programme could beofthe
order of9MECU/ofwhich 2MECU would infact beused for schemes in
conjunction with NGOs .
Theoriginality ofthese schemes does not lie inthetechnology ormeans
used togain access towater resources but inthe fact that byharnessing
the water they cancreate acertain social andeconomic dynamism .

17.
Theme 4-Contrcuof_endemj_c_lj_v£S t£Ck_dj_sea£e£ anc[development ofanimal
£r£d£ctj£n _
The Commission hasoften stressed the importance ofcombating diseases which
are aserious threat toanimal production invast areas ofthe world .At
the same time ithaspointed upthe absolute necessity offollowing up
projects inthis field with measures designed toimprove animal nutrition
and make better useoflivestock for the purposes ofagricultural production .
Thefollowing proposals combine these different types ofscheme .They cover
three areas :
Contrcu £f_rji_nde£pest _an££0£t£gj_o£s_b£vj|_n£ pleuropneumonia
Inspite ofthefact that aneffective vaccine does exist ,these two serious
diseases arestill endemic inmany African countries .The EDF isitself
financing campaigns against them (inNiger ,for example )andnearly all
livestock projects include ananimal health component .
The Commission has financed two regional studies .One covers nineteen countries
inwest and central Africa ;the other covers Ethiopia and Sudan .These two
studies reveal that asum ofbetween 40 MECU and 50 MECUwill beneeded to
start acampaign ,inall the countries concerned .The sumof17700 000 ECU
has been earmarked forthis campaign ,tobedrawn from the regional appro­
priation .France andItaly will probably also take part intheproject .
However ,thetotal funds required arestill notavailable .
The actual vaccination measures are not part ofthe present programme .On
theother hand the Community could take action ontwo problems which have
been negle cted thus far,namely :
-measures tocontrol endemic livestock diseases inand around theproject
impact areas ;
-stepping up,inthose same areas ,theproduction offodder crops andthe
dissemination ofways ofusing agricultural by-products (straw ,molasses )
which areall toofrequently wasted .
Inisproposed that apilot project belaunched inthese twospheres ,tobe
carried outinaregion which isanimportant focus forrinderpest .
./.

18.
^ontJL°_l_£'_dji_sease££aused_by ^t_h£t_sj?t_s£f^ly^_
AtLeastonethirdofAfricaisaffectedbythiskindofdisease.
Theflyandthediseaseitcauses,trypanosomiases ,mustbeattackedfrom
severalanglesatonce,namelyby
-prodjcmgavaccineagainsttrypanosomiasis ;
-controlling thefly;
-treatinginfestedanimals.
Theflyitselfmustbecontrolledinregionswhichareseriouslyinfested
orwhichhavebeenreinfested (inthesecasessleepingsicknessalso
affectsthepopulation).Thismeans,inparticular,Mozambique,Zambia
andZimbabwe,becauseofthewarsthathavebeengoingoninthatregionover
thelastfewyears.
Hence,itisproposedthatachemicaleradication campaignbelaunchedinthese
threecountries,startingwithZimbabwe,sinceitistherethatthesituation
isthemostcritical.
Reasearchactivity
Therearetwoinstitutes inAfrica(TheInternational LivestockCentrefor
Africa-ILCA-andtheInternational LaboratoryforResearchonAnimal
Diseases-ILRAD)whichcarryoutbasicresearchontrypanosomiases andtick-
bornediseases-theyaredevelopinglong-termcontrolstrategies.ILCAalso
doesresearchintocombinations ofstockfarming witharablefarmingandthe
introduction oftheuseofdraughtanimals;thisresearchishighlyimportant
sinceitwillleadtobetterutilization oflivestockinregionsinfestedwith
tsetsefly.
UnderthisspecialprogrammetheCommunitycouldstepuptheresourcesat
thedisposaloftheseinstitutes.BothcomeundertheConsultative Group
onInternational Agricultural Research,whichtheCommunityhasthusfar
beenunabletosupport(unlikeinthecaseoftheinstitutessituatedin

19.
non-associated developing countries )because itwas notpossible to
integrate such support into the EDF'sregional programmes .
Inall,theschemes tocontrol livestock diseases anddevelop animal produc­
tion could involve some 10MECU .

Theme5-Basictraining
Thehumanfactorisofprimeimportanceinanydevelopmenteffort.
Unlessmoreefficientuseismadeofhumanresourcesitisnotpossible
toachievefastereconomicgrowthnormakeanysubstantialprogresstowards
self-sufficiency infood.
Onlybydevelopingbasiceducationinruralareasisitpossibletoensure
thatthepopulationplaysamoreactivepartindevelopment programmes,
becomingboththeirmotivators andtheirbeneficiaries .
Illiteracy,asisemphasizedintheBrandtReportandseveralstudiesby
theWorldBank,UNESCO,theILOandtheCommission,represents anenormous
wasteofhumanresources.Whatismore,itdeprivesthepopulationofthe
justification for,andthemeansof,contributing toitsowndevelopment .
Nohighlyilliteratesocieteisdeveloped-andvice-versa.Therefore,a
literacycampaignisessential,bothonahumanandonacultural
level;itisaprerequisite fordevelopment .TheLLDCsmustgoalloutto
overcomethishandicap.Thereareseveralcountriesthatareworkingalong
theselinesinthattheyhavestartedliteracycampaignsorreformededucation
.(1)inruralareas.
Theyareaspiringtoaneducational systemsuitedtodevelopment requirements
andnotonethatisleftoverfromthecolonialdays.
Thus,theconditionsinwhichcontributions towardseducationandtraining
canhelpachievetheobjectivesofafoodstrategyarebeingcreated,namely:
Vocation£landt£chnj_caltramuigfojL£e^e^oprnent ^
Thisinvolvesprovidingmorewidespreadvocationaltrainingtoequipmenand
womenforrunningprojectsproperly ,financialmanagementofdevelopmentprojects
andprogrammes,promotionandmanagementofcooperatives,andpostsinlocal
government .
./.
(1)Commissioncommunication totheCouncilpriortotheUNConference onthe
leastdevelopedcountries (C0M(81)319final).
RequestpresentedtoCOREPERbyLatinAmericanAmbassadorsGroupatthe
GRULAmeetingof9December1981.

Theideaisessentially totrainmiddle-ranking staffsincetherearenot
sufficientnumbersavailable-noraretheysufficiently qualified-andthis
isoneofthestumblingblocksencountered whenestablishing infrastructure
anddevelopment programmes,andwhentryingtomakeproperuseofthem.
Basicéducationinruralareas
Althoughsucheducationcomesunderthegeneralnationalprogrammes,thereare
caseswhereexternalaidcanhelpfinalizeanexperimentorprovideanoppoi–
tunityforlinkingprimaryeducationtoanadulttrainingscheme.Wemustbe
inapositiontohelpwithsuchexperiments .
JExtensjorivjO£k_and_ba^k^up_t £au\injjf_or_thj?£th_er_op^ratj_ons_wJ_tjispecificthemes
Thehumanfactoriscrucialinthefivefieldsmentionedabove,namely
1.morerationaluseoffuelwood
2.controlofdesertification
3.villagewaterengineering
4.researchintofoodproduction
5.controloflivestockdiseases.
Nostonemustbeleftunturnedinactivatingthatfactor.
Theamountdevotedtothesetrainingschemesshouldbeoftheorderof10MECU,
ofwhich800000ECUwouldqotocofinancing withNGOs.

22.
CONCLUSION
Inproposing this special programme tocombat hunger inthe world ,the
Commission intends first ofall tomeet aneed forsolidarity .
Insodoing ,itanswers the ever increasing anxieties expressed by
European public opinion .
However the scope ofthis document isnot restricted toaseries of
limited operations ofamore orless symbolic character .The operations
proposed are not only necessary individually ,but,above all,they form an
ensemble .Their coherence lies mainly inthe search which they will initiate -
for long term self-development bythe populations forwhich they are intended .
Their success depends ontwo conditions :
-beneficiary countries must behelped inthedifficult task oftaking into
account theglobal and long-term dimensions oftheir ownagri-food development
policies ;
-donors must,fortheir part,endeavour toensure that their aid system
fits into the same logic and beprepared toadapt the terms and modalities of
their interventions totheevolution oftheir partners' policy inthis
field .
The programme inthis document isintended toshow that itispossible to
tread this difficult path .

Financial statement
1.Cost ofthe proposed schemes
Altthe schemes proposed will befinanced from anoverall package of
184 MECU.
Anindicative breakdown bytype ofscheme andcategory ofbeneficiary is
asfollows :(thefigures areonly intended togive arough idea ofthe amount
tobeallocated toeach scheme ).
a)Emergency schemes 35000 000
b)Operations insupport dffood policies 100 000 000
.countries with food strategies 10000 000
.other countries 25000 000
(ofwhich NGOs :4500 000 )
.Central America 65000 000
c)Operations with specific themes 49000 000
.rational use offuelwood 10000 000
ofwhich -NGOs 500 000
-other 9500 000
.desertif ication -reaf forestation 10000 000
.village water -engineering 9000 000
ofwhich -direct action
6800 000
-ONGs 2200 000
.endemic livestock diseases 10000 000
.training 10000 000
ofwhich -ONGs 800 000
-other 9200 000
TOTAL 184 000 000

2.Financing
The resources required tocover these schemes can beincluded inTitle IX
ofthe budget only bymeans ofanamending budget .This special programme
requires not only increasing certain existing budget headings but also
creating anew heading .
The Commission will shortly bepresenting preliminary draft amending budget
1/82toinclude ,inter alia,budget provision forthis programme .
Itwi11consist in :
a)increasing theallocations under three existing budget articles :
Article 930 :Financial and technical cooperation with non-associated
developing countries +65 MECU
Article 941 :Community contribution towards schemes concerning
developing countries carried out bynon
governmental organizations + 8MECU
Article 950 :Aid todisaster victims indeveloping
and other non-member countries +35 MECU
b)creating anew heading :
Artide 958 :Special programme tocombat hunger in
the world +76 mECU
The reasons for choosing thevarious existing articles andforcreating
anew heading toact asaframework fortheappropriations requested will
begiven indetail inpreliminary draft amending budget 1/82.