EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 26.8.2020 SWD(2020) 85 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Implementing EU food and nutrition security policy commitments:













Fourth biennial report













{COM(2020) 285 final}



Table of Contents 1. ADDITIONAL FIGURES AND EXAMPLES OF INTERVENTION, BY PRIORITY 1.1 Overview of food and nutrition security assistance compared to total Official Development Assistance (ODA), in EUR million 1.2 Evaluation of the policy priorities over time 1.3 Examples of interventions per priority 1.4 Highlights on the progress made in policy priorities 1.5 EU and Member States’ FNS support to partner countries in 2018 2. CASE STUDIES 2.1 EU Joint Programming (JP) in Bolivia 2.2 EU JP in Madagascar 3. FURTHER DETAILS ON THE THEMATIC FOCUS 3.1 Gender 3.2 Rural employment creation 4. METHODOLOGICAL NOTE Acronyms

ABC Fund Agri-Business Capital Fund ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States AFD Agence Française de Développement AFR100 African Forest Landscape Restoration initiative (AFR100) AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa AATIF African Agriculture Trade and Investment Fund CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CFS Committee on World Food Security COM Communication COP Conference of the Parties CSA Community-Supported Agriculture DeSIRA Development-Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture EbA Ecosystem-based Adaptation EC European Commission ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ERRY Enhancing Rural Resilience in Yemen EU European Union EUD European Union Delegation EUR Euro

EUTF for Africa European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Africa FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FNS Food and Nutrition Security FNS&SA Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture FMO Dutch Development Bank G7 Group of 7 G20 Group of 20 GAIN Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility GFAR Global Forum on Agricultural Research GNAFC Global Network Against Food Crises IDPs Internally Displaced Peoples IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPC Integrated Phase Classification KfW German Credit Institute for Reconstruction MS Member State JES Joint European Strategy JGC Jobs and Growth Compact JP Joint Programming

LIFT Livelihoods and Food Security Fund MCNP Maternal and Child Nutrition Programme MS-NPAN Multi-sectoral National Plan of Action on Nutrition MSMs Micro-, Small-, and Medium-sized Enterprises NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD DAC Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee OM4D Organic Market for Development PATAE Projet d’Appui à la Transition Agroécologique en Afrique de l’Ouest PEM Plan Emergence Madagascar PSNP Producing Safety Nets Programme RESET Resilience Building Programme in Ethiopia SCTP Social Cash Transfer Programme SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SESAMUM Sustainable Economic Development of Agriculture in Magway SPS Social Protection Systems SUN Scaling Up Nutrition Movement SWD Staff Working Document SWEEP Security, Women’s Empowerment and Environmental Protection

TAP Tropical Agricultural Platform TFUE Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund US United States USD United States Dollar VC Value Chain VCA4D Value Chain Analysis for Development WFP World Food Programme This staff working document (SWD) accompanies the fourth biennial report “Implementing EU food and nutrition security policy commitments”. The fourth report highlights the progress which the EU and its Member States (MS) have achieved towards implementing their common policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges. Since its adoption in 2010, the policy framework has guided the EU and its Member States in engaging in international cooperation and development assistance concerning food security. A specific Implementation Plan was adopted in 2013, further detailing commitments in this area. Subsequently, the EU and its Member States have reported every second year on progress made on the 2010 policy framework and the 2013 implementation plan. A first biennial report was issued in 2014, a second in 2016, and a third in 2018. In line with Article 210(2) Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the fourth report is coordinated by the European Commission, with inputs from the following MS: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. The financial reporting of the report and this accompanying SWD covers up to and including 2018 (for methodological/comparability reasons), while experiences captured also include 2019. 1.ADDITIONAL FIGURES AND EXAMPLES OF INTERVENTION, BY PRIORITY 1.1Overview of food and nutrition security assistance compared to total Official Development Assistance (ODA), in EUR million Total ODA in all sectors Food and nutrition security ODA 2012 2014 2016 2018 2012 2014 2016 2018 Austria 421.587 474.754 892.258 402.643 16.652 12.879 24.413 31.772 Belgium 1,148.809 1,029.645 1,331.763 1,144.553 158.787 143.387 158.847 138.751 Finland 589.001 671.372 557.510 374.172 53.087 63.732 46.526 45.761 France 7,319.011 6,260.428 6,715.343 7,931.848 362.426 388.151 456.246 603.158 Germany 7,510.396 10,194.420 19,209.131 18,532.456 613.221 760.658 887.442 1,215.425 Ireland 417.145 395.320 386.142 449.342 94.010 89.501 106.864 82.460 Italy 558.353 1,100.027 2,253.088 1,904.949 90.680 107.288 83.896 193.148 Netherlands 3,083.975 3,150.545 3,017.312 3,247.971 317.626 317.301 438.456 551.691 Spain 814.804 519.810 2,562.570 878.022 - 55.672 43.327 54.160 United Kingdom 6,549.610 8,584.962 10,551.963 10,593.946 656.157 595.964 729.433 662.300 EU institutions 14,001.031 13,832.739 16,653.741 16,463.027 821.743 1,015.119 1,224.773 1,447.908 Member States non-allocated - - - 181.399 109.035 - - Total ODA for EU and Member States 42,413.721 46,214.022 64,130.819 61,922.929 3,365.786 3,658.687 4,200.223 5,026.532 Share of FNS in total ODA, in % 7.508 7.681 6.549 8.117 1.2Evaluation of the policy priorities over time The table shows disbursements, number of programmes and number of countries which received funding per policy priority.

Performance criteria Number of programmes Support received, EUR million Number of countries Year 2012 2014 2016 2018 2012 2014 2016 2018 2012 2014 2016 2018 1. Improve smallholders’ resilience and livelihoods 1,560 1,822 1,863 4,471 2,022 2,137 2,120 2,377 108 103 108 126 2. Support effective governance 410 588 632 1,160 395 535 698 802 84 92 87 97 3. Support regional agriculture and food and nutrition security 98 188 228 333 151 191 226 409 4. Strengthen social protection mechanisms for food and nutrition security 94 102 123 124 209 133 254 238 40 40 44 48 5. Enhance nutrition 278 341 455 935 467 504 638 683 63 64 71 92 6. Enhance coordination of humanitarian and development actors to increase resilience 63 148 161 423 122 159 265 517 18 37 37 70 Total 2,503 3,189 3,462 7,446 3,366 3,659 4,200 5,027 114 130 Of which… Research programmes 149 154 463 1189 (16%) 379 300 493 491 (10%) 69 92 (71%) Gender sensitive programmes 1,879 4,251 (57%) 2,404 3,382 (67%) 97 114 (88%) Principal objective 155 575 (8%) 171 168 (3%) 51 77 (59%) Significant objective 1,724 3,676 (49%) 2,233 3,214 (64%) 97 113 (87%) Climate change adaptation programmes 1344 2,976 (40%) 1,826 2,407 (48%) 95 116 (89%) Principal objective 308 691 (9%) 342 381 (8%) 67 93 (72%) Significant objective 1,036 2,285 (31%) 1,484 2,026 (40%) 91 100 (77%) Climate change mitigation programmes 598 1,315 (18%) 693 946 (19%) 89 108 (83%) Principal objective 82 192 (3%) 75 85 (2%) 40 56 (43%) Significant objective 516 1123 (15%) 618 861 (17%) 86 105 (81%) 1.3Examples of interventions per priority Recipient countries Project Title Policy priority 1: Improve smallholder resilience and rural livelihoods Austria Ethiopia SWEEP - Water for Food Security, Women’s Empowerment and Environmental Protection Belgium Malawi Reducing food and income insecurity among vulnerable households in Malawi through climate services and integrated risk management EU Yemen Enhancing Rural Resilience in Yemen (ERRY) Finland Nepal Rural Village Water Resources Management Project France Cuba Support for the modernisation of the cattle breeding and dairy production sector in Camaguey province Germany Niger Smallholder Irrigation Farming to increase agricultural production Ireland Malawi Implementing the promotion of Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) technologies to improve food and nutrition security Italy Ethiopia Inclusive and sustainable agricultural value chain development. Modernisation of strategic agricultural value chain in the Agro-Commodities Procurement Zones of two Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks Netherlands South of Sahara Organic markets for development (OM4D). Development of organic farming in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Sao Tome and Principe and Togo Spain Ethiopia Food security for agropastoral communities of DoloBay Woreda through the introduction of an innovative fish farming system United Kingdom Tanzania Agribusiness window- support to innovative business ideas in agribusiness, agribusiness value chains, and financial services Austria Georgia Promoting sustainable forest management for climate resilient rural development in Georgia by establishing an enabling environment and effective interagency coordination for improved forest and watershed management, sustainable rural energy solutions, and diversification of rural income opportunities Policy priority 2: Support effective governance Belgium Benin Appui Institutionnel au Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’elevage et de la pêche afin de renforcer les capacités institutionnelles, organisationnelles et individuelles des acteurs impliqués dans le développement agricole EU Developing countries Information for Nutrition Food Security Resilience Decision Making - Worldwide component with FAO. Improve availability of regular, timely and early warning information as well as evidence-based analysis regarding the food security, nutrition and resilience situation for decision-making Finland Mozambique Support to the Institute of Social and Economic Research. Increasing the research capacity in the country, bringing topics into public debate and supporting evidence based decision making, including in food and nutrition security France Senegal Technical and financial support to agricultural cooperatives Germany Philippines Enhancing community resilience and farmers collective capacities to achieve food security and food sovereignty Italy Jordan Institutional strengthening for innovative rural development strategies in Jordan Netherlands Benin Land administration Spain Mali Strengthening the Women’s Cooperative Musow Ka Cesiri through the improvement of the capacities and the commercialisation of its food products United Kingdom Rwanda Support to Rwanda natural resources authority to issue registered title to every landholder, and establish systems for maintenance of those titles Policy priority 3: Support regional agriculture and food and nutrition security policies France West Africa Supporting the resilience of agropastoral systems in West Africa. Contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of agropastoralists and the sustainable economic development of livestock in the sub-region. Germany Africa, regional Enhancing food security and rural development through the African Forest Landscape Restoration initiative (AFR100) Italy South of Sahara Drought mitigation caused by El Nino in Southern Africa Netherlands South of Sahara Trademark East Africa strategy 2 to support increased intraregional trade in the East African Community and its neighbours by reducing barriers to trade and by increasing business competitiveness Spain Mali Agriculture Irrigation Sahel EU West Africa West African Agroecological Transition Support Project (PATAE/Projet d’Appui à la Transition Agroécologique en Afrique de l’Ouest). Implemented together with the French Development Agency (AFD), the project contributes to stimulate the development of innovative practices, which optimise the mobilisation of ecological processes in the field of agricultural production and food security in West Africa and this, mainly in areas affected by issues of land degradation and stressful rain conditions. United Kingdom South of Sahara Delivering sustainable intensification of agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa to generate new evidence to help women and poor African smallholder farmers develop environmentally and financially sustainable enterprises and boost productivity Policy priority 4: Strengthen social protection mechanisms for food and nutrition security, particularly for vulnerable EU Nigeria EU Support to Food Security and Resilience aiming to strengthen the resilient livelihoods and socioeconomic development of the people through social protection/safety nets and strengthening market system EU Eswatini Technical Assistance for development of a Social Protection system in Swaziland. Support to the Department of Social Welfare (social work, welfare) of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security and the University of Swaziland (BA). Finland Developing countries Supporting Sustainable and Inclusive Social Protection Systems (EU/SPS-Programme) to eradicate extreme poverty and to reduce social and gender inequalities and to guarantee the realisation of the human right to adequate livelihoods for all Germany Malawi Social Protection of the Ultra Poor IV Ireland Malawi Scale up of Social Cash Transfer Programme (SCTP), including resilience to climatic and socio-economic stress Italy Sudan Support to the Development of the National Health System of Gedaref, Kassala and Red Sea States and integration with the EU Netherlands Ethiopia Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP FASE 3) United Kingdom Malawi Strengthening social protection systems to strengthen the resilience of poor households in Malawi to withstand current and projected weather and climate-related shocks and stresses Policy priority 5: Enhance nutrition, in particular for mothers, infants and children Austria Kenya Siaya Maternal and Child Nutrition Nawiri project Belgium Burundi Programme FBSA Burundi - Croix Rouge - Amélioration de la situation nutritionnelle des populations des communes de Cendajuru, Kinyinya et Gisuru EU Pakistan Capacity-Building and Systems Development in Support to a Sindh Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Policy, Strategy and Implementation Framework. Finland Cameroon Nutrition Education promotion of gender equality and empowerment of poor girls and women in Cameroon France South of Sahara Pasteur institut, Malinea project : improve the management of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) by acting on intestinal infections and exploring the interactions between malnutrition and changes in the intestinal microbiota. Germany Tajikistan Improvement of nutrition for women and infants in rural areas of Tajikistan Ireland Sierra Leone Improving the Nutritional Status of Children under five Italy Afghanistan Scaling up Community-based Maternal and Child Nutrition Services Netherlands Bangladesh Scaling up of rice fortification Spain Guatemala Improvement of living conditions and reduction of chronic malnutrition in rural families United Kingdom Kenya Maternal and child nutrition programme (MCNP) to improve the capacity of health system to respond effectively to fluctuations in demand for nutrition services resulting from seasonal spikes and recurrent crises Belgium South Africa Climate Change: Promoting Ecosystem Based Adaptation in South Africa. An adaptation strategy providing technical assistance to South African EbA planning, implementation and monitoring EU Sri Lanka Homes not just Houses: Building Sustainable Future Together aiming to bridge the gap between relief, rehabilitation and development for resilient and secure communities in the North and East Germany Haiti Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation. Strengthening emergency preparedness and resilience in Haiti supporting the government in developing national resilience plans Italy West Bank From the water to the market: a great challenge for the small farmers and the women producing milk products in the West Bank Spain Mauritania Supporting women’s leadership in strategies to mitigate climate change and sustainable productive initiatives United Kingdom South Sudan World Food Programme emergency operation for the South Sudan humanitarian assistance and resilience building programme helping approximately three million South Sudanese by providing critical life-saving support and helping people to better cope with shocks from conflict, drought and flooding 1.4Highlights on the progress made in policy priorities This section presents highlights of the progress made in the six policy priorities and reflects how the EU and its Member States have stepped up support to increasingly address them in an integrated manner. “Improve smallholders’ resilience and livelihoods” remains the most significant part of the EU and its Member States’ development cooperation portfolio. This support is increasingly addressing the underlying dynamics of the socio-economic, environmental, and security factors of sustainable, resilient and healthy food systems. The development of such food systems should strenghen sustainable rural development. “Enhancing the resilience of the most vulnerable to food crises” also remains significant in the development cooperation of the EU and its Member States. The EU continues to support the Global Report on Food Crises which 2020 edition showed that, for the third consecutive year, over 100 million people suffer from acute hunger and malnutrition. In order to address the immediate needs and the underlying dynamics of the socio-economic, environmental, and security trends generating food crises, the EU is supporting the transformation of food systems to prevent food crises, mitigate their impact and boost recovery. The Global Network Against Food Crises (GNAFC) plays a critical role in agri-food transformation with a focus on three priorities addressed across the humanitarian-development-peace nexus: the Network generates consensus-based information on food crises; leverage strategic investments to prepare, prevent and respond to food crises; and foster political uptake and coordination across sectors. During a High Level Event held in April 2019 Food & Agriculture in times of crisis: working better together for long-term solutions, the EU, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Italy, and Finland and their partners reiterated their support to the GNAFC action at national, regional, and global level. The EU, France, and Germany reiterated their support to the Committee on World Food Security. The EU and its Member States have significantly increased responsible investments in agriculture and agri-businesses. Blending assistance has increased markedly in 2018 with the AGRIFI Facility set up with the Dutch Development Bank (FMO); a contribution to the African Agriculture Trade and Investment Fund (AATIF) via Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW); the Agri-Business Capital (ABC) Fund managed by IFAD and established with the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the international NGO AGRA; and the HURUMA Fund focussing on micro-loans with the Spanish agency for international cooperation and a Spanish development finance institution (COFIDES). The EU continues to support land governance interventions in about 40 countries and the development of value chains with a particular focus on their economic, social and environmental impact. The EU contributes to the development of fisheries and aquaculture value chains to boost economic returns and social equity, and reduce negative impacts on the marine environment. The FISH4ACP innovative programme develops sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific paying special attention to small-scale fisheries because of their potential to deliver economic and social benefits, particularly for women. The EU and its Member States cooperate in the Development-Smart Innovation through Research in Agriculture (DeSIRA) Initiative. Within this framework, the EU stepped up its support to the overall governance and architecture for agricultural research and innovation (e.g. funding the Tropical Agricultural Platform (TAP), Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR), the CAADP research and extension organisations and the CGIAR). DESIRA has also enhanced country research capacities for innovation within national agriculture knowledge and innovation systems with projects addressing agro-ecology and climate-relevant practices; agroforestry; livestock; or the water–energy–food–forest nexus. A number of interventions are specifically implemented in partnership with EU Member States including Italy (Burkina Faso, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Niger and Sudan), the Netherlands (Mali, Benin, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Kenya), and France (Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar, and ECOWAS), which also provided financial support. To support the implementation of social protection programmes in situations of shocks and protracted crises, the EU produced a Guidance Package including guiding principles, lessons learned and promising practices. EU support to social protection mechanisms remained significant in 2018: EUR 237 million. In Yemen the EU, Germany, UK, and the Netherlands significantly support the Social Fund for Development interventions enhancing livelihoods and empowering smallholders. During the emergency period 2016–18, the Fund directly benefited more than 62,000 thousand people (47% women). In Niger, the EU and its Member States continue to support the capacity of The Dispositif National de Prévention et de Gestion des Crises Alimentaires, progressively integrating social protection schemes to tackle chronic malnutrition and support production and capital reconstitution. The EU, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom support the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement. The fourth progress report on the implementation of the Commission’s Action Plan on Nutrition published in 2019 highlights the need to further escalate nutrition-relevant actions at country level, by mobilising the full potential of sectoral interventions necessary to address the range of causal factors of malnutrition in orderto achieve the global stunting reduction target by 2025. The 2020 resource-tracking exercise confirmed that by 2019, the Commission’s EUR 3.5 billion global pledge for nutrition has already been achieved – one year ahead of schedule. Moreover, the EU is increasing its efforts to analyse how its support is contributing towards changes in stunting. The EU remains committed to strengthen global governance and accountability mechanisms (SUN networks and the 2019 and 2020 Global Nutrition Reports) and support the implementation of country partners’ policies and action plans for nutrition through a Capacity for Nutrition programme implemented in partnership with Germany. The EU partners have increasingly embarked on nutrition JP: in Lao PDR the EU, France, UK, Ireland, Germany, and Switzerland support the Government’s National Nutrition Strategy and Plan of Action. The Mid-Term Review of this programming highlighted the good progress made in terms of division of labour, policy dialogue, and strengthening the Provincial Nutrition Committees with a priority given to the provinces with the worst nutrition indicators. The Review also suggested further efforts to be made to use more effectively the local coordination mechanisms, mainstream nutrition programming across sectors, and expand joint implementation. Through the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF for Africa) in Burkina Faso, the EU was able to support nearly 950,000 beneficiaries by improving access to basic social services (health, nutrition, water and sanitation); strengthening livelihoods (small-scale agriculture and livestock, income generating activities, cash transfers); and improving the capacity of actors at the local level. It sets out a good example of partnering effectively with decentralised government services and civil society to improve local governance accountability and civil society participation. In a context where local authorities are affected by lack of resources to effectively implement decentralisation, positive experiences were demonstrated in terms of better and more responsible water management, public works and resource management. Improving the relationship of trust between local authorities and citizens has made it possible to improve the payment of local taxes (in seven communes, these increased by 20%), making it possible to initiate other local actions. In Myanmar, the Livelihoods and Food Security Fund (LIFT) multi-donor initiative funded by the EU, the UK, Australia, Switzerland, the USA, Canada and Ireland contributed to improve nutrition, income diversification and skills development. The programme supports innovative maternal and child cash transfers (incorporating social and behaviour change communication interventions). These inputs showed significant positive results thereby reinforcing the government’s policy and budgetary commitments. Endorsed in November 2018 a Multi-sectoral National Plan of Action on Nutrition (MS-NPAN) engages key actors and stakeholders to develop sub-national planning with convergence across interventions and services. A transformative approach to enhanced gender equality is also central to LIFT’s strategy, whether via interventions fostering equitable access to and control over land and natural resources or support to vocational training and livelihood opportunities for youth in camps established for internally displaced people (IDPs). In 2018, LIFT had reached 11.6 million people and 2.6 million families while 247 out of 330 townships have benefited from the programme’s support. 1.5EU and Member States’ FNS support to partner countries in 2018 (Disbursements in EUR million)

Countries and regions Austria Belgium EU Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Spain United Kingdom Total Number of donors Average per donor Afghanistan 53.442 13.400 0.306 23.655 0.552 1.419 7.319 4.075 104.169 8 13.021 Africa, regional 1.163 0.409 30.628 0.820 0.019 51.338 3.621 7.009 32.008 127.015 9 14.113 Albania 0.132 0.014 1.093 1.096 2.334 4 0.584 Algeria 2.252 4.466 0.020 0.351 7.088 4 1.772 America, regional 0.072 0.005 0.156 0.496 0.700 1.429 5 0.286 Angola 16.510 0.031 1.710 0.049 0.004 18.303 5 3.661 Argentina 0.013 0.138 0.578 0.042 0.770 4 0.193 Armenia 0.587 2.192 0.007 18.999 0.690 22.475 5 4.495 Asia, regional 1.451 0.761 7.266 1.762 11.240 4 2.810 Azerbaijan 2.565 0.015 2.580 2 1.290 Bangladesh 0.106 21.725 0.141 1.457 8.537 0.220 0.045 18.507 6.190 56.928 9 6.325 Belarus 0.589 0.019 0.608 2 0.304 Belize 4.129 4.129 1 4.129 Benin 9.305 12.804 1.964 8.045 0.304 9.255 0.010 0.329 42.016 8 5.252 Bhutan 0.231 4.411 0.009 4.652 3 1.551 Bilateral, unspecified 254.283 9.073 2.679 134.572 400.608 4 100.152 Bolivia 0.015 4.706 7.305 0.031 0.806 7.898 3.588 3.373 27.723 8 3.465 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.063 0.164 0.141 0.368 3 0.123 Botswana 0.644 0.644 1 0.644 Brazil 0.168 0.463 3.091 2.217 12.803 0.756 0.401 2.394 22.293 8 2.787 Burkina Faso 2.456 4.309 43.300 0.067 10.802 19.026 6.257 0.115 86.334 8 10.792 Burundi 0.001 11.423 21.182 0.161 0.500 8.397 0.703 0.160 18.048 0.525 61.099 10 6.110 Cabo Verde 0.261 0.148 0.409 2 0.204 Cambodia 0.409 8.093 0.046 9.016 10.348 0.024 0.282 28.218 7 4.031 Cameroon 0.966 32.939 0.086 1.949 21.344 0.120 57.405 6 9.567 Caribbean & Central America, regional 5.700 6.931 0.120 0.393 13.144 4 3.286 Central African Republic 2.481 0.001 3.253 5.250 0.532 0.080 0.057 11.653 7 1.665 Central Asia, regional 0.700 0.359 1.099 0.500 2.658 4 0.665 Chad 0.012 0.140 53.474 6.007 23.918 0.655 0.038 0.146 84.390 8 10.549 China (People’s Republic of) 0.315 0.485 0.052 20.153 0.159 6.704 27.868 6 4.645 Colombia 0.062 10.544 1.263 4.935 0.454 0.346 1.885 1.573 21.061 8 2.633 Comoros 0.157 0.959 1.116 2 0.558 Congo, Rep. 1.129 0.213 0.235 0.002 1.579 4 0.395 Costa Rica 1.028 0.463 0.015 0.199 1.706 4 0.426 Côte d’Ivoire 25.678 0.798 4.733 0.175 0.101 31.485 5 6.297 Cuba 0.731 2.054 3.058 0.606 0.703 1.479 8.631 6 1.438 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 4.106 0.321 0.350 0.175 0.210 0.060 5.223 6 0.870 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.028 21.768 16.452 0.004 2.456 33.896 1.110 1.493 0.935 1.430 79.574 10 7.957 Developing countries, unspecified 0.748 6.562 104.331 8.295 261.231 5.920 90.043 269.809 746.940 8 93.368 Djibouti 6.154 0.488 0.125 0.020 6.787 4 1.697 Dominica 2.071 2.071 1 2.071 Dominican Republic 2.818 0.176 0.020 0.052 3.066 4 0.767 Ecuador 2.286 5.481 0.151 1.049 1.392 2.795 13.154 6 2.192 Egypt 8.052 0.216 0.071 24.102 0.059 0.243 32.743 6 5.457 El Salvador 0.173 0.747 0.625 0.153 1.472 0.773 1.436 5.378 7 0.768 Eritrea 1.600 2.243 0.235 4.078 3 1.359 Eswatini 0.090 34.176 0.000 0.541 4.984 1.434 0.135 0.235 8.815 50.411 9 5.601 Ethiopia 5.024 0.719 34.208 7.655 1.781 34.817 18.119 5.623 29.716 3.918 77.702 219.283 11 19.935 Europe, regional 1.618 0.160 1.777 2 0.889 Far East Asia, regional 0.527 0.637 1.164 2 0.582 Fiji 0.035 6.181 0.109 6.326 3 2.109 Gambia 10.258 0.002 0.070 2.000 0.087 12.417 5 2.483 Georgia 2.436 27.162 5.789 0.401 0.019 35.808 5 7.162 Ghana 1.340 15.864 8.000 11.097 0.026 9.730 2.955 49.012 7 7.002 Grenada 0.015 0.015 1 0.015 Guatemala 0.409 0.884 6.046 0.051 4.300 0.209 0.023 6.533 18.456 8 2.307 Guinea 4.400 3.701 0.043 0.699 0.234 0.006 9.084 6 1.514 Guinea-Bissau 11.225 0.242 0.049 0.143 0.413 12.072 5 2.414 Guyana 0.280 0.280 1 0.280 Haiti 0.035 1.607 20.696 0.015 4.913 5.916 0.065 0.225 33.471 8 4.184 Honduras 0.376 19.976 0.084 2.885 0.248 0.025 1.899 25.492 7 3.642 India 0.148 0.975 0.484 0.028 29.968 0.099 1.155 0.309 23.856 57.022 9 6.336 Indonesia 1.052 1.199 1.108 9.760 0.079 0.032 2.243 0.720 16.194 8 2.024 Iran 0.004 0.003 0.062 0.069 3 0.023 Iraq 1.450 9.349 10.799 2 5.400 Jamaica 0.166 15.168 15.335 2 7.667 Jordan 3.536 1.251 18.560 0.584 23.931 4 5.983 Kazakhstan 1.462 1.462 1 1.462 Kenya 0.105 31.794 1.162 6.541 22.223 1.945 5.535 6.100 0.017 27.560 102.982 10 10.298 Kiribati 0.114 0.114 1 0.114 Kosovo 1.431 0.021 0.197 0.048 1.696 4 0.424 Kyrgyzstan 4.959 0.445 2.922 8.327 3 2.776 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 5.708 0.084 2.716 13.099 21.608 4 5.402 Lebanon 6.140 2.375 25.539 9.065 7.264 50.383 5 10.077 Lesotho 3.741 0.264 4.005 2 2.003 Liberia 1.382 0.441 0.569 2.392 3 0.797 Madagascar 0.520 14.384 8.543 9.022 0.096 0.032 32.597 6 5.433 Malawi 5.711 24.362 0.179 0.003 24.548 12.633 0.156 0.014 22.788 90.395 9 10.044 Malaysia 0.264 0.348 0.061 0.673 3 0.224 Maldives 0.594 0.594 1 0.594 Mali 0.028 5.417 22.710 0.094 20.642 49.897 1.433 8.230 2.695 111.146 9 12.350 Mauritania 11.963 1.427 5.685 0.098 2.300 2.582 24.055 6 4.009 Mauritius 1.235 0.003 1.238 2 0.619 Mexico 0.014 0.748 3.127 0.011 0.509 1.362 5.771 6 0.962 Middle East, regional 2.000 3.455 0.285 5.741 3 1.914 Moldova 0.356 5.261 0.008 5.625 3 1.875 Mongolia 2.402 0.012 0.911 0.011 3.336 4 0.834 Morocco 3.613 16.826 12.069 4.436 0.012 0.423 37.380 6 6.230 Mozambique 1.470 4.252 17.031 1.279 9.041 4.891 1.090 11.894 2.841 3.548 7.474 64.810 11 5.892 Myanmar 0.010 18.564 1.001 0.861 6.787 0.527 1.224 1.156 31.420 61.550 9 6.839 Namibia 1.445 0.290 8.908 10.643 3 3.548 Nauru 0.039 0.039 1 0.039 Nepal 0.340 5.388 4.416 6.298 0.026 0.142 0.009 1.305 17.925 8 2.241 Nicaragua 0.215 1.284 2.971 0.071 19.593 4.126 0.440 0.061 1.787 30.547 9 3.394 Niger 0.002 4.468 56.664 7.860 42.997 0.990 2.635 1.056 116.672 8 14.584 Nigeria 31.622 35.506 2.310 0.030 0.034 0.532 39.069 109.102 7 15.586 North Macedonia 0.001 0.001 1 0.001 North of Sahara, regional 1.000 2.420 1.071 1.362 0.944 6.797 5 1.359 Oceania, regional 18.996 18.996 1 18.996 Pakistan 35.899 1.717 0.427 0.029 44.580 82.653 5 16.531 Panama 0.153 0.019 0.172 2 0.086 Papua New Guinea 0.012 10.261 0.461 10.734 3 3.578 Paraguay 0.100 1.244 2.518 0.030 3.891 4 0.973 Peru 0.015 6.594 2.064 0.354 4.600 0.016 0.610 2.945 17.198 8 2.150 Philippines 1.367 1.033 0.160 4.502 0.011 0.395 0.034 0.125 2.425 10.051 9 1.117 Rwanda 0.080 1.470 35.178 0.000 0.286 0.548 1.021 0.512 33.589 0.129 12.766 85.579 11 7.780 Saint Lucia 2.212 2.212 1 2.212 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3.075 3.075 1 3.075 Samoa 3.000 3.000 1 3.000 Sao Tome and Principe 0.805 0.204 0.020 1.029 3 0.343 Senegal 0.544 5.113 2.900 23.899 1.706 1.527 3.000 3.677 42.365 8 5.296 Serbia 0.076 0.005 8.138 0.052 8.271 4 2.068 Sierra Leone 5.808 1.238 4.951 0.159 2.551 14.708 5 2.942 Solomon Islands 0.105 0.105 1 0.105 Somalia 23.590 0.426 21.779 0.190 3.587 19.134 68.707 6 11.451 South & Central Asia, regional 0.349 0.349 1 0.349 South Africa 0.001 0.739 1.171 1.073 2.482 0.042 0.438 5.945 7 0.849 South America, regional 1.784 2.623 0.018 0.363 0.302 5.090 5 1.018 South Asia 1.275 1.275 1 1.275 South Asia, regional 1.580 0.011 2.210 0.009 0.025 1.304 5.139 6 0.857 South of Sahara, regional 1.211 0.761 66.808 0.433 18.138 98.615 0.095 0.126 79.431 1.423 18.443 285.485 11 25.953 South Sudan 0.163 11.558 27.768 1.886 1.789 19.669 28.275 91.108 7 13.015 Sri Lanka 0.001 13.501 0.326 0.958 14.787 4 3.697 States Ex-Yugoslavia unspecified 0.060 0.060 1 0.060 Sudan 11.796 0.436 14.475 1.157 2.055 0.048 11.253 41.220 7 5.889 Suriname 1.612 1.612 1 1.612 Syrian Arab Republic 29.434 0.300 1.035 30.769 3 10.256 Tajikistan 6.739 0.001 7.732 14.472 3 4.824 Tanzania 0.468 6.594 12.877 0.295 0.059 10.147 4.194 1.436 44.727 80.796 9 8.977 Thailand 1.296 0.001 1.630 0.818 1.241 4.986 5 0.997 Timor-Leste 9.636 0.005 0.007 9.648 3 3.216 Togo 0.465 1.551 1.603 4.404 0.108 0.074 8.207 6 1.368 Tunisia 3.783 0.052 6.304 13.847 12.240 36.226 5 7.245 Turkey 52.489 1.644 0.015 10.845 64.993 4 16.248 Turkmenistan 0.747 0.747 1 0.747 Tuvalu 0.017 0.017 1 0.017 Uganda 2.895 2.577 18.979 0.817 0.600 15.948 3.254 1.153 13.889 0.002 16.483 76.596 11 6.963 Ukraine 2.300 3.640 0.104 2.342 0.012 8.398 5 1.680 Uzbekistan 19.647 0.395 20.043 2 10.021 Vanuatu 3.006 0.204 3.210 2 1.605 Venezuela 1.900 0.003 0.023 0.004 0.000 1.930 5 0.386 Viet Nam 10.466 0.143 0.370 2.761 2.550 4.427 0.062 1.533 22.312 8 2.789 Wallis and Futuna 0.405 0.405 1 0.405 West Bank and Gaza Strip 2.116 6.568 0.077 4.184 1.891 3.589 3.900 1.873 24.198 8 3.025 Yemen 38.444 2.300 4.983 0.009 45.737 4 11.434 Zambia 5.461 2.340 5.482 2.754 0.314 8.506 24.857 6 4.143 Total 31.772 138.751 1447.908 45.761 603.158 1215.425 82.460 193.148 551.691 54.160 662.300 5026.532 11 456.957 2.CASE STUDIES 2.1EU Joint Programming (JP) in Bolivia In May 2018, the then European Commissioner for International Cooperation and Development, Neven Mimica, and Bolivia’s Ministers of Planning and of Foreign Affairs launched the 2017-2020 Joint European Strategy (JES) for Bolivia with an indicative funding of EUR 530 million. One of the largest recipients of EU bilateral development assistance in Latin America and the Caribbean, Bolivia has been among the first countries to embark on JP with a JES adopted by the Government, the EU, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Switzerland. The development of the Strategy has built on a roadmap, a joint analysis and a Common European Strategy in place since 2014. The partners used the flexibility allowed in the process to build trust and ownership. They also invited Switzerland to join the process. The JES is aligned with Bolivia’s 2025 Patriotic Agenda and the 2016-2020 Economic and Social Development Plan, which in turn, are aligned with both the SDGs and COP21 objectives. The Strategy has not led to a reduction of the number of donors per sectors or the number of sectors covered per donor: it encompasses eight priority sectors and 5 crosscutting approaches. In the food security and rural development sector, the EU and its Member States (Germany, Denmark, and Italy) fund a programme package worth EUR 66 million to support the 2016-2020 Plan for the Agricultural and Rural Sector with Integral Development . The EU supports the fight against illicit drugs by promoting alternative economic and employment opportunities to coca growers with a Sector Reform Contract worth EUR 27 million, while the Danish cooperation strengthens the institutional capacities of the Ministry of Rural Development and Land (EUR 20 million). Having a limited number of Member States willing to embark on sectoral JP proved to be an enabling factor in a context where collaboration with the government is good and European visibility was (and still is) high. Moreover, those Member States that were in the process of phasing out (Belgium and Sweden) took advantage of the JES exercise to further ensure the sustainability of their programmes with the on-going interventions. JP has created greater awareness around the programmes/projects managed by the EU+ group and in several sectors such as environment and climate change, it has fostered collaboration and coordination. In the food security and rural development sector maintaining the momentum to keep the JP process going proved to be challenging and further efforts should contribute to move from joint strategising to joint implementation. Maintaining regular dialogue and joint activities are key incentives to bring Member States together via a more sustained coordination approach and more guidance regarding joint implementation opportunities and joint reporting expectations. The next programming exercise offers a good opportunity for the EU+ partners for the alignment of bilateral strategies and their linkages to the SDGs and the Paris Agreement objectives. As the European Consensus on Development (2017) makes results frameworks core elements of the joint response to inform policy dialogue and enhance mutual accountability, the next JES should use SDGs indicators as key JP performance indicators (if measurable at country level) and an emphasis should be put on the availability of means of verification - at sector level - when selecting key indicators. 2.2EU JP in Madagascar In 2017, the European Union and the most active EU Member States in the country (Germany and France) embarked on a joint JP process organised around the SDG themes of People, Planet, Prosperity, and Peace. A joint analysis was validated in July 2018 which included three key avenues for cooperation: (i) support to good governance and effective institutions; (ii) the sustainable use of natural resources; and (iii) support to the emerging industrialisation, in particular through the quality and adequacy of education including labour skills. Following the presidential elections -marking the first political alternation of power in the country- the Malagasy Government prepared the 2019-2023 Plan Emergence Madagascar (PEM) which should provide the strategic framework for the next steps of JP planned in 2020. The main challenge in this process relates to the alignment of the EU partners to the government policy framework and more specifically the delayed adoption of the PEM. From a sectoral perspective, the transition has enabled the establishment of a structured policy dialogue that takes place within the framework of coordination platforms and includes the government and the development partners. The EU partners implement rather similar interventions spread across the country, including the support to food and cash crops along value chains, institutional capacity building, the improvement of nutrition, and the sustainable management of natural resources alongside adaptation to climate change. In these areas, a range of joint initiatives translates a culture of collaboration and partnership. France and Germany have been actively involved in the Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture sector for an extended period, and with the EU Delegation, have increasingly jointly implemented programmes and projects across sectors. The wide array of collaborative efforts by the EU partners has improved the synchronisation and complementarity of their interventions – including in terms of support to the civil society. This ‘working better together’ culture has clearly eased the development of JP. JP is facilitated by the presence of a limited number of Member States, geographical complementarity, good communication flows between the EU partners; and since 2019, the establishment of a Dialogue and Cooperation Group boosting multi-sectoral coordination. The challenge now is to consolidate the progress made in a context where there is limited ownership of the national development plan. The EU partners are adopting a pragmatic approach and move a sectoral JP exercise forward around the fight against environmental degradation and climate change, taking into account that agriculture and livestock activities are the most important factors causing deforestation and land degradation in Madagascar. In order to achieve a greater impact, the JP is expected to promote a more integrated, coordinated, and focused approach based on an increased division of labour. The EU partners could seize this opportunity to incorporate the objectives of Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement and the EU Green Deal into this second phase of the JP and enhance policy dialogue, alongside data collection and analysis. In this manner bilateral strategies can be progressively replaced by a joint EU programme. 3.FURTHER DETAILS ON THE THEMATIC FOCUS 3.1Gender The 2nd EU Gender Action Plan (GAPII) underlines the link between gender inequalities and disparities and food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture, and supports transformative change for equal access to land and assets, and control over resources. Reflecting this commitment to a gender transformative approach, the EU interventions incuding gender-responsive activities in FNS have risen from 37% in 2014 to 57% in 2018. EU interventions increase women’s access to productive resources and employment opportunities, stimulate behaviour changes such as strengthened joint decision-making in rural households, and provide women with platforms to voice their rights. In Malawi, the EU strengthens land governance systems for smallholder farmers by training local officials on women’s land rights and developing a Women’s Land Rights Forum whose members have enhanced women’s leadership skills. In Lao PDR, the EU funds the “Sustainable Change Achieved through Linking Nutrition and Governance” programme supporting video clips on national television that examine the role of men during women’s pregnancy and in childcare activities. In Kenya, Mozambique, Malawi and Senegal, the LANDac programme funded by the Netherlands supports successful initiatives promoting and extending women’s access to agricultural land. The programme focuses on women’s voice and vision, actively involving them in data collection and increasing their role in land governance related discussions. Italy has been engaged in gender equality and women empowerment, strenghtening women access to value chains in Mozambique, scaling up Community-based Maternal and Child Nutrition Services in Afghanistan, or enhancing the skills and networking capacity of shepherds and farmers in West Bank vulnerable communities

The EU developed thematic briefs underlining the principles of social change and gender transformation in policy dialogue and programming. The briefs detail how to incorporate a gender-responsive approach in land governance, nutrition, and value chains development. The brief “Closing the gender gap through agri-food value chain development” complements for example the EU’s Value Chain Analysis for Development (VCA4D) methodology, which provides a detailed assessment of a value chains’ operation and its impact on the social dimensions of sustainable development – gender equality being one of the six domains of the social analysis. In Cambodia the VCA4D tool highlighted women participation in aquaculture activities in the semi-intensive and small-cage production systems and their under-representation in decision-making processes in the fisheries policy. Together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP), and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the EU will support the activities of the three agencies to embed gender transformative approaches in policy dialogue, programmes, institutional culture and the working modalities of the Rome-Based Agencies (RBAs), while contributing to deliver on SDG2. The aim is to contribute to the achievement of food security and nutrition and sustainable agricultural development by addressing the root causes of gender inequalities principally in – but not limited to – rural areas and triggering transformative change processes that lead to the empowerment of women in their households, communities, and society for the improved well-being of all persons. The EU has also stepped up its engagement in advocating a transformative gender approach in its policy dialogue. The EU, jointly with Germany and Finland organised for example a side event on women’s land rights and women’s empowerment at the Commission on the Status of Women held in New York in 2018. With the partner countries, the EU has contributed to the drafting of national strategies emphasising gender equality in Nepal and in Kenya, joint gender analysis with EU Member States as a step to forge partnerships across sectors in Madagascar, or stepped up the coordination between EU partners in delivering gender-sensitive messaging on violence against women in Colombia. Funded by the EU Trust Fund and the Netherlands and Austrian Development Cooperation (EUR 48.3 million), the Resilience Building Programme in Ethiopia (RESET II) builds people and community’s resilience in the most vulnerable areas of the country. The programme has contributed to successfully mainstream gender in its strategy, approach and tools. Half of the 1.9 million people reached by the programme were women whose vulnerability has been reduced and capacity strengthened. In the Wolaita cluster, the EU focused on extremely poor women (with 0.125 ha and some labour), members of women’s economic groups. By increasing their skills, connecting them to formal systems such as savings and loans groups, and providing livestock and drought-resistant/nutritious seeds/roots free of charge, the programme contributed to shift women’s status from dependency to self-reliance. 3.2Rural employment creation In September 2018, the Commission published a Communication on a new Africa – Europe Alliance for Sustainable Investment and Jobs , aiming to enhance job creation and sustainable and inclusive development. In this context, Jobs and Growth Compacts (JGC) are being developed, steering joint efforts around value chains with the highest potential for job creation. In July 2019, the EUD Uganda prepared a strategic JGC serving the programming exercise and as a means to foster convergence towards the EU key priorities identified with EU Member States, financial institutions and other actors as well as through structured dialogue with the government and the private sector. In June 2019, under the French Presidency, the G7 adopted a Framework on decent job creation for rural youth in the Sahel. Developed by the G7 Working Group of Food Security, this Framework was jointly welcomed by the G7 and G5-Sahel ministers and by the G7 Summit, as part of the Biarritz Sahel Partnership Action Plan. Acknowledging that the creation of decent jobs for rural youth in the Sahel should help meet the twin challenges of food insecurity and poverty while providing new economic opportunities for young Sahelians. In the framework of the Alliance, the EU supports a range of actions to boost investment and job creation, including through the AgriFI initiative that provides blended finance to increase investment in smallholder agriculture and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). The EU supports the development of agricultural value chains taking advantage of the opportunities offered by local, regional and global markets. This is based on the assessment of the economic, social and environmental aspects of value chains in development, using the VCA4D Facility. In partnership with Agrinatura , the EU applied this tool in value chain programmes to identify if and how growth generated by those value chains’ activities impact job creation. This has, for instance, been the case in Zambia (egg and aquaculture), Honduras (coffee), Sierra Leone (palm oil), Tanzania (coffee), Guinea Bissau (mango and lime), Burundi (banana), and Benin (pineapple). France, Italy and Germany promoted agricultural entrepreneurship for young people in agricultural value chains to increase income and employment prospects in a wide range of countries. For example in Sierra Leone, Germany supports the “Employment Promotion Programme (EPP III)” boosting job creation in cocoa, coffee, rice and vegetables value chains. The programme works with MSMEs and youth to improve skills – with strong mentorship and coaching elements as a means of increasing self- and wage employment. Between 2016 and 2019, the EPP III supported 1,200 businesses and trained 36,000 youth, creating more than 9,000 new jobs and self-employment opportunities. By 2019, the programme positively affected more than 250,000 people. In Somalia, Italy is promoting innovative agricultural technologies for economic growth. The EU significantly contributed to job creation through the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF). In the Sahel and Lake Chad region more than 27,500 jobs were created, 129,000 people developed income-generating activities and more than 50,000 people benefited from professional training and or/skills development between 2018 and 2019. With the aim to increase the economic participation among young people -thereby contributing to the EUTF’s stabilisation efforts in the region- approximately 700,000 youths have been supported by the EUTF through job creation initiatives, support to find a work placement, skills development, and/or professional training. For example, in Cameroon high-intensity labour programmes contributed to create 6,200 jobs, while in Senegal, the programme ‘Développer l’emploi au Sénégal’ supported existing or new MSMEs and provided professional training and/or skills development to 18,700 people. 4.METHODOLOGICAL NOTE This section briefly outlines data sources, definitions and classifications used to produce the figures presented in this report. Purpose The fourth EU report provides a consolidated assessment of EU and Member States’ achievements on the six food and nutrition security policy priorities set out in the Implementation Plan. It provides information on how their collective performance delivered on these policy priorities, and on the level of coherence, complementarity and coordination, based on a quantitative assessment of total food and nutrition security interventions, as well as a qualitative assessment of how well the EU and its Member States are working together at national, regional and global levels. Data In this report, data is limited to EU institutions and ten Member States: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain and United Kingdom. The total ODA flows of these donors amounted to 91.2% of the total ODA flows of the EU Institutions and twenty-eight member states in 2018. The OECD/DAC reported disbursements data is used as a source. FNS disbursements flows in this report concern only development initiatives and disbursements recorded under DAC humanitarian sector codes are not included. Core contributions at multilateral level to a range of UN agencies, funds and programmes were not taken into account, when it was difficult to allocate a proportion of this funding to food and nutrition security. Only those contributions to these agencies that specifically target food and nutrition security as stated below (points A, B and C) are considered. Identification of the food and nutrition security interventions In order to ensure the greatest possible consistency, a common approach is applied by the EU and its Member States. Programmes/projects meeting the following conditions are supposed to contribute to food and nutrition security: A.which have a particular focus on FNS (by being specifically designed to improve FNS, or by having specific FNS objectives or activities), and/or

B.which cearly fall within one or more of the four pillars of food security – food availability, access to food, utilisation of food and stability, and/or C.which clearly fall within the definition of ‘FNS’: “Food and nutrition security exists when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to food, which is consumed in sufficient quantity and quality to meet their dietary needs and food preferences, and is supported by an environment of adequate sanitation, health services and care, allowing for a healthy and active life.” Number of food and nutrition security programmes The diversity of implementation modalities across the EU institutions and EU Member States makes it difficult to use a standard definition of “programme”. The lack of comparable data for it, resulted in taking the number of disbursements recorded in the OECD DAC CRS database as a proxy for the number of programmes. Although, this overestimates the number of programmes in absolute terms in a given time, it is a reliable method to observe an evolution over time, which is the main purpose of the report. In addition, the data for 2018 cover all disbursement amounts in the database, which were limited to disbursements above EUR 100,000 in the previous reports. Classification of the identified food and nutrition security interventions a)Gender and climate sensitiveness and research OECD DAC CRS policy markers are referenced to identify whether a project targets gender equality and environmental objectives. Research related disbursements have been captured by specific DAC sector codes (agricultural research, fishery research etc ), as well as by some implementation partners with a research mission (e.g. CGIAR Fund and member organisations and other). b)Geographical classification The geographical classification is made in two ways. First, by geographical area of recipients adjusted to this exercise but closely aligned to OECD DAC classification. Neighbourhood region includes the EU Neighbourhood policy partner countries and a few other European countries. Another classification refers to the policy intervention level: whether a project is designed with impacts at country, regional or global level. At country level, the OECD DAC list of ODA recipients and country names conventions is used. c)Policy priority classification FNS disbursements are regrouped in the six sub-groups according to one of the six FNS policy priorities set out in the Implementation Plan. A project is classified only under one priority. Due to financial breakdown difficulties and to avoid double-counting, for multi-sectorial projects, only one priority, i.e. the one which seems the most important, is assigned and allocated the full project budget amount. The description of the six policy priorities is provided below, with some examples of typical activities. Policy priority 1: Improve smallholder resilience and rural livelihoods Interventions 1. Support policies and programmes which focus on sustainable agricultural intensification and diversification for smallholder farmers, particularly women, including through enhanced public private partnerships. 2. Support policies and programmes in partner countries which aim to increase access for smallholder farmers, in particular women farmers, to land and water resources, improved farm inputs, credit, and extension services, and which aim to reduce post-harvest losses and improve storage facilities. 3. Assist partner countries in addressing climate change and its effects on food and nutrition insecurity and agricultural development through adaptation, mitigation and resilience-building measures. 4. Support pro-poor, demand-led research for development and technology transfer, extension and innovation, and ensure that this research is accessible to, and used by, smallholder farmers and in particular, women. 5. Support programmes in rural areas which aim to build resilience and generate income and off-farm employment, including by assisting smallholder and women farmers, to add value to their produce and to develop viable agribusinesses, to improve the links between smallholder farmers and markets and to enhance the efficiency of agricultural value chains.

Policy priority 2: Support effective governance Interventions 1. Support the progressive realisation of the right to safe, sufficient and nutritious food for all in partner countries, and the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines to support the progressive realisation of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. 2. Support national, regional and international initiatives for good governance and security of land tenure and use rights, including the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines and responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security, and facilitate responsible agricultural investments and investments in land. 3. Support initiatives to strengthen and enhance the functioning of civil society organisations in partner countries and farmers’ organisations, particularly those which actively target poor smallholder and women farmers as members, contributing to their empowerment to participate in decision-making and implementation and evaluation of programmes. 4. Support programmes which focus on empowering women, strengthening their decision-making role at household level, including in relation to decisions about food production, consumption and the use of household assets, and which seek to ensure that women’s voices are heard and integrated into decision making at national and local levels. 5. Increase support to continental, regional and national CAADP programmes and plans. 6. Strengthen global governance for food and nutrition security and take a strong leadership and advocacy role internationally to ensure that food and nutrition security is prioritised in global and regional development fora. 7. Promote coherence between relevant internal policies and the objectives of external development assistance polices. Policy priority 3: Support regional agriculture and food and nutrition security policies Interventions 1. Support the development and implementation of regional level agricultural policies and strategies to step up integration of regional food markets and disease control programmes, including food safety against foodborne illness. 2. Reinforce regional information systems in support of agriculture and food and nutrition security policies, including those for early warning systems and transparency in markets. Policy priority 4: Strengthen social protection mechanisms for food and nutrition security, particularly for vulnerable population groups Interventions 1. Support countries to develop nationally owned and led comprehensive social protection systems which are flexible, adapted to local contexts, and target both labour and non-labour constrained vulnerable population groups, and funded increasingly from domestic resources. 2. Support existing social protection programmes to expand their coverage and linkages with other sectors and enhance predictability, reliability, sustainability, scalability, resilience and the crisis response capacity of the interventions.