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•KwMS COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
COM(93) 362 final 
Brussels, 28 July 1993 
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TACIS 
(Technical Assistance Programme to the former republics of the Soviet Union) 
ANNUAL REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 
- 1991 and 1992 -
CONTENT : 
PREAMBLE 
1. GENERAL CONTEXT FOR EC ASSISTANCE 1991 AND 1992 
2. THE TACIS PROGRAMME : THE CHALLENGE OF AN 
INNOVATIVE PROGRAMME 
2.1. A Rapidly Changing Environment 
2.2. A MZeroM Point of Departure in the NIS 
2.3. Initial Dependence on TACIS Headquarters 
2.4. Involvement of Beneficiary States in Programming/Discussions 
2.5. Technical Assistance Costs and the Use of External Support from 
Experts and Consultants 
2.6. Geographical Magnitude and Ethnic and Cultural Diversities 
2.7. TACIS Institutional Constraints 
2.8. The Need for Speed versus Rules and Procedures 
3. TACIS 1991 SECTORAL PROGRAMMES 
3.1. Financial Services 
3.2. Training 
3.3. Food Distribution 
3.4. Transport 
*/ 
3.5. Energy 
3.6. Nuclear Safety 
4. TACIS 1992 SECTORAL PROGRAMMES 
4.1. Enterprise Support Services 
4.1.1. Financial Services 
4.1.2. Privatisation 
4.1.3. Small and Medium-Size Enterprises 
4.1.4. Conversion 
4.2. Human Resources Development 
4.3. Food Production and Distribution 
4.4. Networks 
4.4.1. Energy 
4.4.2. Transport 
4.4.3. Telecommunications 
4.5. 1992 Nuclear Safety Programme 
5. MISCELLANEOUS 
5.1. Coordination of Assistance to the NIS 
5.1.1. The Washington/Lisbon/Tokyo Conferences 
5.1.2. Other Coordination Activities 
5.2. National Coordinating Units 
5.3. Transparency 
5.4. TACIS Information Activities 
5.5. Commission Organisation 
5.5.1. Organisation of TACIS Unit until December 1992 
5.6. Perspectives for 1993 
5.6.1. Multi-annual Programming 
5.6.2. Concentration on Sectors 
5.6.3. International Coordination of Assistance to the NIS 
5.6.4. Other Provisions for 1993 
5.7. Council Regulation 
PREAMBLE 
As stipulated in Article 9 of Council Regulation (EEC, EURATOM) No 2157/91 of 
15 July, 1991, the Commission shall draw up a progress report, at the end of each 
financial year, on cooperation activities, to be addressed to the European Parliament, 
the Council and the Economic and Social Committee. 
In accordance with this article, the present report was drafted covering TACIS 1991 
activities as from July 1991, and TACIS 1992 activities. No TACIS annual report was 
produced at the end of 1991, as the main thrust of the TACIS programme commenced 
only in July 1992. This was due to the political events which took place in the Baltic 
Republics and in Moscow in August 1991, which delayed the preparation of the 1991 
programme; the 1991 TACIS financing memoranda were signed with the ex-Soviet 
Union only on 12 December, 1991, shortly before the demise of the Soviet Union. A 
major re-definition of the 1991 sectoral programmes (originally established for the 
Soviet Union) was subsequently required as a result of the dissolution of the former 
Soviet Union. This, in turn, required consultations with the New Independent States. 
In the 1992 financial year, the Commission carried out the work covering both the 
implementation of the 1991 TACIS Programme (presented in Chapter III) and the 
preparation and finalisation of the financing memoranda of the 1992 TACIS 
Programme (presented in Chapter IV). 
1. GENERAL CONTEXT FOR EC ASSISTANCE in 1991 and 1992 
The Technical Assistance Programme to the former republics of the Soviet Union 
(TACIS), the largest TA Programme ever launched, represents the central pillar of the 
EC's overall programme of assistance to the Newly Independent States (NIS : 
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Moldova, Russia, 
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine). Annex I provides basic country 
indicators of each of the twelve NIS. 
At the meeting of the European Council in Rome in December 1990, the European 
Community and its Member States agreed to support the Soviet authorities in their 
ongoing efforts to bring about fundamental economic and social reform in the Soviet 
Union. It was decided that such EC support would be provided through a programme 
of technical assistance in selected priority sectors which could have a particularly 
important impact on the reform agenda, and help create the conditions favourable to a 
market oriented economy, and a democratic society. 
On 15 July, 1991 the Council adopted Regulation (EEC, EURATOM) No. 2157/91, 
providing the legal basis for this programme of technical assistance, which received a 
financial allocation of ECU 400 million (MECU) for the financial year 1991. 
The programme aims at developing the local skills and know-how required for the 
acceleration of the economic reform process in the NIS through the provision of 
advice, know-how and practical experience necessary for the effective functioning 
and management of a market-based economy and related democratic institutional 
structures. This, in turn, will help accelerate the integration of these countries into the 
world economy and contribute to the political stabilisation of the NIS. 
On the basis of a joint assessment of the economic situation and reform process in the 
former USSR, the EC and the authorities of the former USSR decided to concentrate 
the 1991 Technical Assistance Programme on the following five focal sectors: 
- Training in the public and private sectors 
- Energy 
- Transport 
- Financial Services 
- Food Distribution 
Immediately following the adoption of the Council Regulation, the Commission 
services initiated a policy dialogue for each of these sectors with the Soviet 
authorities at Union level. The aim was to provide a strategy for action in each of the 
sectors, identify the priority intervention areas, and select the types of technical 
assistance activities (policy advice, institution building, design of legal and regulatory 
frameworks, training) to be financed in support of that strategy. 
In order to fully utilise the experience gained by the EC economic operators in the 
USSR, the Commission engaged the services of an "Advisory Group", consisting of a 
small number of top level EC businessmen with a proven track record in relations 
with the USSR, as well as eminent specialists in Soviet affairs. The dialogue resulted 
in the drawing up and signing, on 2 August, 1991, of the Indicative Programme 
(Vice-President Andriessen for the Commission, Ambassador Voronin for the Soviet 
Union). 
As soon as the priority areas for cooperation in each sector had been identified, the 
TACIS Programme was publicised, mainly through the EC Delegation in Moscow, 
throughout the Soviet Union. All Soviet economic operators seeking financial 
support for projects within the above mentioned priority areas were invited to submit 
their proposals to the newly established "EC Coordination Unit" in Moscow. This 
Unit, managed by a Russian Executive Director and supported by 4 EC experts, made 
a pre-selection of the project proposals submitted. These pre-selected proposals were 
then sent to the Commission services in Brussels with an official request for funding, 
signed by the Soviet National Coordinator. 
The Commission services subsequently appraised the project proposals, both in 
Brussels and, wherever possible, in the field through dialogues with the applicant (the 
potential final recipient: university, industrial-company, sovkhoze, municipality, etc.). 
When assessing the project proposals, the Commission services gave priority to 
proposals resulting from an already existing partnership between the Soviet operator 
and an EC economic operator. The latter had been informed from the outset that any 
project proposal retained for funding would need to be subject to a restricted tender 
procedure before a contract could be awarded. 
Although the selection process was significantly delayed as a result of the political 
events in the Baltic Republics and in Moscow in August 1991, the project 
identification phase was completed during the last quarter of 1991, culminating in 
five sector programmes. 
On 10 October, 1991, the Member States approved the Commission's first proposal 
for an energy sector programme (115 MECU). Approval was subsequently given on 4 
November, and 28/29 November, 1991, for four additional sector programmes: 
training (103 MECU), food distribution (73 MECU), transport (43 MECU), and 
financial services (37.5 MECU). This was followed by the Commission's financing 
decisions of 11 December, 1991 on all five programmes. The five Financing 
memoranda were signed on 12 December, 1991, by Commission Vice -President, Mr. 
Andriessen, and the Chairman of the Inter State Economic Committee of the USSR, 
Mr. Ivan Silaev, and thus just before the dissolution of the USSR. 
A breakdown of the final 1991 TACIS budget is provided in Annex II. 
Almost immediately following the signing of the sector programmes, the process of 
disintegration of the former Soviet Union accelerated in both pace and geographical 
magnitude. As the Union moved towards the Commonwealth of Independent States, 
it became evident that a totally new scenario was developing, requiring immediate 
adjustment of the existing TACIS Programme, and a different approach for the 
preparatory phase of the 1992 Programme. 
The Commission, therefore, convened a meeting in Moscow in February 1992 
between representatives of the 12 Independent States and the Commission to discuss 
both the implications of these changes for the 1991 Programme and its 
implementation, and for the preparatory activities related to the 1992 Programme. At 
the end of this meeting, a "Protocole d'Accord" was signed by all parties, stipulating 
the basis for future cooperation, as follows: 
• "the 12 Independent States committed themselves to implement the 1991 
Programme as originally prepared; 
• the authorities of each State would appoint a "National Coordinator" as an official 
interlocutor; 
• Coordinating Units would be established in each State as soon as possible; 
• the funds for the 1992 Programme would be distributed between the 12 States 
according to a formula taking into account the countries' respective needs, their 
state of political and economic reforms and their absorption capacity; 
• a 1992 Indicative Programme would be negotiated with each State, focusing on 
each State's priority sectors and building, where possible, on the 1991 
Programme; 
• a part of the 1992 TA Programme would be reserved for projects with an inter-
republican dimension (regional projects)". 
It was only in March 1992, once the sector programmes and the contents of the 
Protocol d'Accord (February 1992) were approved, that the preparation of 1991 
programme implementation could commence (drafting of Terms of Reference, tender 
preparation and evaluation). At the same time, a programming document was 
established by the Commission services to the Management Committee on 5 March, 
1992 to initiate the preparation of the 1992 TACIS Programme. 
1 
1 
The programming document gave an outline of the objectives of technical assistance, 
an explanation of the 1992 programming document to be concluded with each NIS, 
and a summary of the sector priorities. For 1992, technical assistance would, as far as 
possible, take the form of integrated programmes (i.e. as opposed to individual 
projects) combining interlinked actions in various sectors in order to attain a clearly 
identified objective or set of objectives for all sectors implied. The programmes 
would also concentrate on not more than five sectors building, wherever possible, on 
the 1991 priorities. The accelerated development of the private sector would be given 
particular priority. 
On the basis of this document, an agreement was reached with the EC Member States 
in the Management Committee on the following two issues: the new above mentioned 
approach for programming to be adopted under the 1992 Programme, involving the 
establishment of Indicative Programmes for each recipient State (presenting the 
general orientations of technical assistance and sectoral priorities) followed by Action 
Programmes (identifying concrete technical assistance actions and their financial 
allocation); and a wider interpretation of sectoral priorities in response to the evolving 
needs of the beneficiary States. 
Against that background, the concentration areas for cooperation in 1992 would cover 
the following broad areas: 
- Human Resources Development 
The programme could include management and economic training actions in public 
and private sectors. Whenever possible, these actions should dovetail with 
programmes in other sectors. Emphasis should be placed on the building of modern 
(2) 
and efficient public administrations, the provision of advice to design essential social 
and education policies in conditions of severe budgetary stringency. 
- Food Production and Distribution 
The actions to be supported in this sector could be at two levels: on the one hand, 
institutional and policy reforms and, on the other hand, programmes in agricultural 
production, agro-industry, storage, transport and the wholesale and retail sectors. 
- Networks 
Among these networks, the programme could consider measures to improve 
management systems, and the organisational, legal and regulatory framework in the 
following sectors: energy (and particularly nuclear safety), transport and 
telecommunication. Whenever possible, national projects in those areas should 
dovetail with regional initiatives in the same sectors. 
- Support for Enterprise 
The actions to be funded in this sector cover: 
• development of policy, legal and institutional mechanisms supporting the creation 
and the growth of small and medium-scale enterprise; 
• creation and restructuring of financial institutions (commercial banks, financial 
markets and insurance companies); 
• privatisation; 
• advice for the conversion of defence-related industry; 
• development of policies to attract and regulate foreign investment in support of 
economic recovery. 
- Policy Advice to Governments related to any or several of the above issues. 
In addition to the National Programmes, the 1992 TACIS Programme earmarked a 
significant financial allocation to fund a regional (inter-State) programme mainly 
addressing two kinds of issues: 
policy advice to governments, parliaments and other relevant institutions of 
the Independent States within such areas as inter-State economic relations 
(trade, payments, common policies), and matters relating to money, tax 
reform, budgetary procedures and techniques. 
programmes of actions covering several States in fields such as energy, 
transport and telecommunication, and agriculture. 
Funding of these regional actions would be based on a joint request made by three or 
more Independent States within the sectors referred to above. 
In March, 1992 the Commission established a document on the proposed overall 
breakdown and distribution of the 1992 TACIS budget (450 MECU). At the same 
time, a proposal was submitted related to the criteria applied to determine the 
approximate budget allocation per country (e.g. population - 50%, GNP per capita -
20%, country's share of industrial production in the former USSR - 30%, and a 
compensatory factor related to the relatively high share of 1991 programme funds 
received by the Russian Federation). 
A summary of the resultant overall TACIS 1992 budget breakdown is provided in 
Annex IV: a summary of each country allocation (further broken down by sector) in 
Annex VI and Annex VII: and the percentage breakdown of total national 
programmable budget per sector in Annex V. 
Within the above overall framework, programming missions to each of the twelve 
NIS were undertaken. The first group often countries (all NIS Ukraine and Moldova) 
were programmed between March and April 1992, with Ukraine and Moldova 
following during July and September respectively. Each Indicative Programme 
(submitted to the TACIS Management Committee) contained a background summary 
of the country in question, its principal development objectives and priorities, and the 
agreed areas of concentration for the 1992 TACIS Programme, including regional 
(inter-State) initiatives. 
The programming missions were followed by sector identification missions. During 
these missions, which were supported by representatives from the private sector in the 
different areas of concentration, information was collected on the basis of which the 
overall strategies for each sector could be defined and the principal actions to be 
supported identified. The priorities proposed were chosen with the following in 
mind: early and rapid implementation potential and relative simplicity of 
implementation: priority for actions that could have a demonstration or multiplier 
effect; TA to be located as closely as possible to those who can influence or bring 
about change and economic reform; decentralised implementation potential, and high 
visibility. Only such a practical and action oriented approach will ensure an early 
impact of lasting consequence. 
Based on these sector identification missions, an "Action Programme" was drafted for 
each NIS and four for Russia (Moscow Region, St. Petersburg Region, Tyumen and 
Samara). The programme of Tajikistan has been suspended until the political 
stability in the country has been re-established. The remaining 17 Action Programmes 
have been considered favourably by the TACIS Management Committee. 
***** 
Through a more concentrated approach, and by performing all 1992 preparatory tasks 
during the programming and sector identification missions, it is envisaged that the 
launch of the 1992 programmes could start in the first half of 1993, thus gaining 
considerable time over 1991. Accelerated future programme implementation will also 
be possible as a result of the recent appointment in each of the NIS of a National 
Coordinator for EC activities and the establishment of Coordinating Units with 
responsibility for on the spot programme preparation, coordination and 
implementation. This, together with the more concentrated approach of the 1992 
Programme (fewer and larger actions, often integrated with others) and a greater 
emphasis on early and rapid implementation potential, should provide significant 
scope for earlier and higher levels of commitment and disbursement rates compared 
10 
to 1991. Such accelerated programme implementation should also benefit from the 
greatly improved "enabling" framework that has now been established for the TACIS 
Programme both at HQ's and in the NIS through the Coordinating Units. 
Although the principal thrust of the 1992 Programme will, therefore, start during the 
first quarter of 1993, several 1992 contracts were already concluded during 1992 
itself. Contracts with a total value of approximately 40 MECU have already been 
entered into under the 1992 Programme, related in particular to the establishment of 
the Coordinating Units, the EBRD "Bangkok Facility", the Mini)Budget and contracts 
funded under the Multi-Disciplinary Fund to assist with initial 1992 programme 
preparation and implementation. 
II 
2. THE TACIS PROGRAMME : THE CHALLENGE OF A CONTINUOUSLY 
INNOVATIVE PROGRAMME 
The setting for the TACIS Programme was unique in its uncertainty, rapidity of 
evolution and collapsing environment. Obviously, the programme has not remained 
immune to these continuously changing circumstances, all of which coincided with 
the initial launch of programme activities. At the same time, a number of institutional 
problems unrelated to the NIS further complicated the tasks of the TACIS team. 
Some of the more important difficulties encountered are summarised below. 
2.1. A Rapidly Changing Environment 
The 1991 programmes were prepared for and signed with the former Soviet Union. 
Two months later, a "Protocole d'Accord" was signed with 12 Independent States, 
amending the implementation procedures for the 1991 Programme, and establishing 
programme preparation for 1992 on a bilateral basis with each one of these States. 
The collapse of the old Union-wide institutional, legal, social and economic 
frameworks caused voids and confusion which will take time to address. Numerous 
Union institutions, originally destined as recipients and counterparts of the TACIS 
Programme, lost relevance, collapsed or even ceased to exist. It took time for new 
institutions in the NIS to be created or reorganised, and for appropriate staffing 
arrangements and budgetary provisions to be made. The geographical spread of 
numerous projects had to be redefined, others had to be cancelled altogether. Major 
parts of the programme had to be revised, terms of reference redrafted, the new 
Governments' or recipients' approval obtained. All these developments greatly 
retarded and hampered the finalisation of project dossiers and related tender 
documentation. 
The existence of such a rapidly changing environment in the NIS has led to the 
identification, under the TACIS Programme, of TA actions which can be adapted, if 
need be, to new policy settings and structures during the implementation phase. The 
TA Programmes do not define specific actions and are therefore fairly flexible in 
nature. 
2.2. A "Zero" Point of Departure in the NIS 
The Commission in effect played the role of a "pioneer" in terms of carrying out the 
very first Western economic mission in the former USSR. Thus, it was faced with the 
very difficult task of establishing the ground for a completely innovative cooperation 
programme. 
In each of the NIS there has prevailed an initial lack of understanding and familiarity 
not only with the economic and social reform agenda, but also with technical 
assistance in general and the TACIS Programme in particular. It has usually proven 
impossible for the recipient countries to themselves define their reform priorities, 
whilst the institutional fluidity and numerous changes in the NIS has made the 
distribution of responsibility and hence decision making slow and cumbersome. This 
also applies to the distribution of political responsibility between the old Union and 
the new Republics and their local authorities. Such circumstances made programme 
preparation and implementation infinitely more difficult and complex. 
12 
2.3. Complete Initial Dependence on TACIS Headquarters 
The Commission services, therefore, were, in effect, responsible for almost all 
programme preparatory work. At the same time, new systems, guidelines and 
operating procedures had to be developed and instituted for the TACIS Programme, 
and new staff trained. Programme preparatory activities were further hampered by 
the absence of an EC representation in the NIS (except in the Russian Federation), as 
well as by the complete unawareness within the recipient Governments of any stage 
of the project cycle, including project or T.O.R. preparation, tendering procedures 
and project costing. Much technical assistance was thus provided to the recipient 
countries in the preparation of the technical assistance programmes. 
2.4. Involvement of Beneficiary States in Programming/Discussions 
The preparation and identification of projects under the 1991 programme was carried 
out to a large extent by the Commission, with the support of the private sectors in the 
Member States which, together with local partners in the then Soviet Union, 
submitted project proposals to the Commission for approval. It could therefore be 
said that the 1991 programme was established more on a "supply-driven" basis, as 
there was little involvement on behalf of the beneficiary states in the programme 
preparatory work. 
Under the 1992 programme, it was intended that the dialogue between the 
Commission and the beneficiary states would be improved in order to increase the 
latter's involvement in discussions on programme preparation and definition. The 
1992 Indicative Programmes and Action Programmes were established on the basis of 
the dialogue which took place between the Commission, representatives from the 
private sector in the different areas of concentration who supported the Commission 
during the programming phase, and the beneficiary states. However, due to important 
time constraints, difficulties were encountered in reviewing and adapting the 1992 
Action Programmes in consultation with the NIS during the approval stage of the 
1992 programmes. 
The dialogue with the beneficiary states will be further improved under the 1993 
programme, as all National Coordinating Units are now fully staffed and functioning. 
Moreover, the Commission has asked each beneficiary state to prepare a pre-
prograrnming document setting out proposals for selection of focal sectors and 
geographical concentration in areas for the 1993-95 Indicative Programmes. It is 
therefore intended that, whereas in the past there was a heavy dependence on TACIS 
headquarters to carry out almost all programme preparatory work, in future the 
beneficiary states will be regularly consulted and much more actively involved. 
2.5. Technical Assistance Costs and the Use of External Support from Experts 
and Consultants 
The TACIS programme has on occasion been faced with the criticism that there are 
too many experts travelling around the NIS, working under the TACIS programme 
and charging very high consultancy fees. 
13 
The use of experts and consultants from the private and public sectors is vital in the 
framework of the TACIS programme, as their experience in the concentration sectors 
provides excellent support to the NIS in their reform efforts. 
The aim of the TACIS programme is to provide the best available expertise to the 
beneficiary States. For this purpose the Commission calls not only on private 
consultancy firms but also on public administrations and institutions. However, 
sometimes the latter are unable to commit staff, especially for longer term projects, 
due to other calls on their resources, e.g. their own bilateral aid programmes. Private 
consultants are often more readily available to take on the necessary workload. 
It cannot be denied that technical assistance in some fields (privatisation, banking, 
financial services, policy advice, etc.) commands very high prices. High costs are 
influenced by the need to ensure high quality assistance as well as by the limited 
supply of such specialised technical assistance personnel, and the heavy demand from 
a range of agencies (IMF, EBRD, World Bank), not only for the NIS, but also for 
within the PHARE countries and indeed around the globe. 
The price of technical assistance is determined in the market place. The Commission, 
through tendering, ensures that the price is a significant determinant in the selection 
of any technical assistance. The Commission further negotiates with consultants 
before concluding a contract. 
Notwithstanding the above, TACIS continues to seek more cost effective means of 
technical assistance mobilisation including, for example, the use of retired experts, 
and the promotion of twinning. 
2.6. Geographical Magnitude and Ethnic and Cultural Diversities 
The sheer size of the combined area of the NIS, together with the countries' complex 
structures and collapsing infrastructures, has obviously added to the difficulties 
confronting the TACIS Programme. Kazakhstan, on its own, and notwithstanding its 
modest population of about 16.5 million, is larger in area than all of EC Europe! 
Logistical problems related to travel to and inside the NIS, the all but non-existent 
communication systems between the NIS and EC, and problems ranging from 
language to continuously changing local counterparts and political leadership, all 
contribute to a unique and exceedingly difficult set of working conditions. 
2.7. TACIS Institutional Constraints 
The TACIS Programme's own institutional arrangements have been subject to serious 
manpower and related logistical constraints. In December 1991 the TACIS Unit was 
formally established with a niinimum staffing capacity. Although Commission staff 
numbers have grown since that time, the overall staff complement responsible for the 
combined 1991 and 1992 TACIS budget of 845 MECU (870 MECU minus 25 
MECU allocated to the Baltic States) remains limited for the tasks in hand (see also 
point 5.5.1.). 
14 
The Commission organisation covering the TACIS Programme is presented in further 
detail in the present report, under chapter 5 (Miscellaneous), point 5.6. 
2.8. The Need for Speed versus Rules and Procedures 
The TACIS Programme, like any other EC-financed programme, must adhere to 
Commission regulations and procedures. These are complex and cause delays. 
Another important and time-consuming element involves the coordination of TA 
activities with other DGs to ensure that their interests and expertise are appropriately 
reflected in the TACIS activities. 
Due to the overall organisational framework within which TACIS operates, a number 
of basic steps and niinimum associated time frame must be adhered to, as outlined 
below : 
Step 1 Preparation for programming missions (12 countries) 6 
weeks 
Step 2 Programming (12 countries) including submissions to Member States 8 
weeks 
Step 3 Sector/Country programme identification (12 countries) 6 
weeks 
Step 4 Preparation Financing Proposals (17 for 1992) 6 
weeks 
Step 5 Translation Financing Proposals 3 
weeks 
Step 6 Submission to Member States (with time for evaluation) 3 
weeks 
Step 7 Favourable opinion, approval by Commission 3 
weeks 
Step 8 Signing of Financing Memorandum 2 
weeks 
Step 9 Preparation tender document (including draft TOR) 4 
weeks 
Step 10 Approval TOR by recipient 6 
weeks 
Step 11 Processing, dispatch tender documents 2 
weeks 
Step 12 Tendering period 6 
weeks 
Step 13 Tender evaluation 3 
weeks 
Step 14 Contract negotiations, award, signing 2 
weeks 
Step 15 Mobilisation of experts 6 
weeks 
weeks 
months TOTAL 66 
Approx. 16 
15 
Notwithstanding this complex project cycle, the TACIS programme has been able to 
significantly reduce the length of the entire cycle in a considerable number of cases. 
As a result of the envisaged changes in the TACIS Council Regulation (especially the 
proposed three-year rather than annual prograrnniing cycle), certain time-savings can 
also be expected in the future. 
16 
(3) 
3. TACIS 1991 SECTORAL PROGRAMMES 
3.1. Financial Services 
The main objective of technical assistance in this sector is to assist with the creation 
of modern financial services, whose existence is a constitutive component of any 
market economy. Their functioning is therefore a prerequisite for successful 
transformation towards market mechanisms in all other areas of economic activity. 
Given the previous political and economic system in the former Soviet Union, this 
sector is highly underdeveloped in all of the NIS, and requires important levels of 
assistance. In most cases, old structures cannot be maintained. They either need 
complete restructuring or new institutions have to be created in order to provide for 
the infrastructure needed for financial transactions, risk coverage and the evaluation 
of assets and performance of enterprises. Without this infrastructure in place, 
foreign assistance for macro-economic policy and the creation of private enterprises 
will be retarded and foreign investment continue to be deterred. 
The main areas of activity for technical assistance in this sector under the 1991 
Technical Assistance Programme encompass the following fields of action: 
- central banks; 
- commercial banking; 
- financial markets; 
* insurance; 
- accountancy/auditing. 
These areas constitute interconnected elements required to establish the most basic 
financial services for any market economy. They are complemented by projects for 
the strengthening of tax collection services, as most traditional funding mechanisms 
in the recipient states have ceased to exist, in particular the automatic access to 
private savings via savings banks and/or insurance companies. 
In the financial services sector, the Commission has allocated most funds to projects 
in the field of commercial banking, since the provision of enterprise financing 
constitutes the foundation for the introduction of market mechanisms. 
When the Commission designed its 1991 Technical Assistance Programme, no other 
multilateral donor was yet present in the former Soviet Union. Therefore, under the 
1991 programme, a number of projects were launched intended to create the 
appropriate framework conditions for the development of the financial services, 
including general legal assistance, sectoral and feasibility studies. 
Several factors inhibit the accelerated implementation of projects in the financial 
services sector. 
17 
Contrary to the situation in most other sectors, the financial services sector cannot at 
present cooperate with a well-established network of ministries and (financial) 
institutions, comparable to those dealing with the financial services sector in EC 
countries. Many projects must be implemented with newly established partners. 
There is however the advantage that the nascent financial sector is one of the very 
few dynamic sectors in the transition process of the economies of the NIS. 
The Coordination of technical assistance activities with the international financial 
institutions is also complex and time consuming, in particular with the IMF and the 
World Bank. The Commission's involvement in this core field of economic 
transition is appreciated both by final recipients and by the international financial 
institutions since the latter face major TA constraints, either due to their extremely 
limited technical assistance funds or to the fact that they dispose only of credit 
resources (as opposed to EC grant money). 
Another difficulty stems from the fact that the financial sector in EC Member States 
is highly competitive, and firms providing consultancy or training services in this 
field request comparatively high fees. This may lead in some cases to protracted 
contract negotiations. 
Despite the above difficulties, the implementation of several important projects in 
the financial services sector are currently under way or will shortly commence. 
The TACIS funding of an International Finance and Banking School (IFBS) in 
Moscow is the first response of an international institution to the massive training 
needs of the growing financial sector in Russia. Starting in January 1993, this 
project (with a budget of 7.5 MECU from the 1991 TACIS budget and 2.3 MECU 
from the EBRD), will involve a training programme for up to 4,000 Russian 
bankers and instructors in the first year of operation of the IFBS. The training 
courses are provided by a great number of European bank training specialists, and it 
is envisaged that the IFBS will become profitable after a period of 21 months. 
The skills and know-how acquired through this training programme will enable the 
IFBS to develop high standards in banking and finance, and Russian banks will thus 
be able to provide the services required in a market economy, opening up to 
Western investment. 
The technical assistance provided by the EC fits together well with the types of 
assistance that the EBRD can provide, and the working relationship between the two 
donors in this project has been satisfactory. The EC is responsible for the total 
training input to the above project (curricula development, course material, teaching 
by western trainers, related equipment, etc.), whereas the EBRD holds the 
responsibility for the administrative part of the project. The EBRD has also played 
an important role in the build up phase of the project. 
In order to develop a financial services system in Russia which is efficient and able 
to channel foreign and domestic investment into priority sectors, the EC is also 
supporting the creation of the Russian Project Finance Bank (RPFB), through the 
18 
provision of management consultancy, training and legal advice. The objective of 
this new institution is to provide medium and long-term finance and high quality 
investment banking advisory services while, at the same time, setting new standards 
of efficiency and develop good banking practice in Russia. The EC has allocated 7 
MECU to this project, while the EBRD has approved an equity investment of 2.2 
MECU in the RPFB. In addition, Russian financial institutions and corporations are 
providing 49% of the capital. 
Another project in this sector concerns the Russian Central Bank training 
programme, through which the bank staff responsible for enforcing the new 
regulatory framework will be trained in modern banking services. This 1.5 MECU 
project will be realised on a pilot project basis. 
Other projects currently under way in the field of banking include an in-house 
training programme for the Russian Savings Bank and the improvement of Russian 
tax collection services. 
The development of accounting and auditing standards is essential for the transition 
process in order to provide the basic infrastructure for free enterprise activities (e.g. 
for the evaluation of companies in the privatisation process and for fixing tax 
obligations). The TACIS Programme is therefore supporting the work to be carried 
out by the International Advisory Board on Accounting and Auditing developments 
in Russia (IABA). Members of the Board are high level representatives of the 
government, parliament and universities, as well as representatives from six 
international organisations, including the EC, the World Bank and the OECD. The 
Board is therefore a unique forum for the coordination of all Western donor 
activities. Tasks of the Board are the formulation of recommendations on the 
accounting and auditing reform, accounting and auditing training and the 
strengthening of the accounting and auditing profession. 
Other legal assistance projects are being launched in the fields of securities markets 
and insurance. In the case of the latter, assistance will be provided to the Russian 
Supervisory Board for the insurance sector. 
Training programmes will be launched for an overall budget of 4.8 MECU in the 
fields of insurance, financial markets and accounting and auditing, covering Russia 
and the Ukraine. 
In addition, organisational support will be provided through the TACIS Programme 
to the Russian Industrial Investment Fund. 
3.2. Training 
Training is the principle means through which know-how can be transferred to the 
former Soviet Union. While advice about the changes which are needed is 
important, it is through training that the process becomes internalised. This sector is 
19 
based on the assumption that understanding of market mechanisms by enterprise 
managers and public administrators is essential for the success of economic reform. 
Three generations of central planning and systematic mutual self deception have left 
the population of the former Soviet Union psychologically ill-equipped to advance 
in a market economy. Technical skills in the former Soviet Union are in abundance, 
but ways to apply these skills in the marketplace are cruelly absent. 
Economists, statisticians, business school professors and social scientists suffer from 
a long-standing isolation from their Western colleagues. Most of them lack the 
essential concepts and techniques of modern economics and business science. 
Enterprise managers lack the specific skills required for performing their functions 
in a market environment, and also frequently an understanding of essential market 
mechanisms. 
Law-makers and public-decision makers, who face the immediate tasks of 
macroeconomics stabilisation, liberalisation and the redefinition of inter-state 
economic relations, suffer from an isolation from Western economic culture. 
Finally, wage earners and the public at large are disoriented as they witness the 
collapse of all stereotypes without being able to determine their future role in 
society. 
Management training and training in the field of economics figure quite centrally in 
the 1991 TACIS Training Sector Programme. Other fields of cooperation in the 
training sector are statistical training, customs training, information activities and 
training in translation and terminology. 
In the field of management training, all the projects identified under the 1991 
TACIS Training Programme have been tendered. Thus, projects for the 
establishment of M.B.A. and other management training programmes have now 
commenced. The largest training programme under the 1991 TACIS Programme is 
for management training through the Academy of National Economy. This is one of 
several projects where the benefits of training will be spread through the 
dissemination of new skills to a number of other institutions throughout the Russian 
Federation. 
The economics training programme has several elements, from economics training 
to policy advice. As regards the latter, a government policy advice programme has 
been established, with a budget of 9 MECU. The contract for the implementation of 
the programme has been awarded to a consortium of European firms working under 
the name of "European Expertise Service". So far, two offices have been 
established in Moscow and in Kiev for the management of this programme. The 
subjects covered in the framework of this programme include general policy matters 
such as budget processing, anti-monopoly regulation, inter-enterprise debt, 
reorganisation of Government Administration, labour market policy, macro-
economic reform, etc. Special emphasis has been given to interstate economic 
relations and a proposal for the establishment of an interstate bank is being 
20 
prepared. By the end of 1992, 18 missions had been approved for a total of 3.5 
MECU, covering seven NIS countries. 
Much smaller, but similar in approach, is the legal advice programme which has 
been started and operates in close coordination with the government advice 
programme. 1 MECU from the 1991 budget have been allocated to the legal advice 
programme to assist the NIS with the creation of a comprehensive legal 
infrastructure. The aim is to create a legal system that encourages entrepreneurial 
initiative and builds investor confidence. In the framework of this programme, a 
joint Task Force for Law Reform in the Independent States composed of experts 
from Russia, the Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, as well as from Western 
Europe, was created. In addition, Task Force members have visited Armenia, 
Georgia, Kyrgystan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The Task Force produced a 
report on the principal aims of the legal reform programme, which was presented at 
the Kiev Conference on "Cooperation between the EC and CIS countries in forming 
a market economy legal system", held in November 1992. The report recommends 
to develop a strategic EC programme which will assist the Independent States in 
systematising their legislation with a view to homogeneity, drafting key market 
economy legislation, developing training programmes for lawyers, and building or 
improving structures for the implementation of legislation. It is planned that under 
the 1992 TACIS regional programme, activities in the fields of legal advice and 
government advice will be continued, with a total of 2 MECU allocated to legal 
advice and alone. 
Statistical training is also vital to the NIS countries. A total of 8 MECU has been 
allocated from the 1991 budget to this field, one half of which is the subject of 
technical assistance to the National Statistics Office, and the other is for training 
itself. 
The customs sector is one which suffered an important setback in technical 
assistance as the parameters of the situation in this field have been fundamentally 
changed since the programme was devised, prior to the demise of the Soviet Union. 
Where before the issue had been the training of staff to manage a common external 
frontier, now the challenge is to cope with the demands related to the construction 
of internal frontiers. 
In the field of language training, a certain degree of reorientation has also been 
necessary. While the programme had begun at the level of the needs of Moscow for 
relatively sophisticated support such as the development of specialist vocabulary and 
computer translation, it is presently clear that a first priority is at the level of 
functional language training for those civil servants and others who are closely 
involved in the management of the TACIS Programme. Language training 
programmes for NIS nationals have now started in EC Member States as part of the 
TACIS Programme. 
Of particular note is the programme for assistance to the employment services. With 
unemployment threatening to greatly increase, the unemployment services must be 
trained to cope with the problems arising from the collapse of old industries. This 
21 
programme, which has begun under the 1991 TACIS Programme, and expects to be 
continued under the 1992 Programme, aims to tackle some of these problems. 
3.3. Food Distribution 
Under the 1991 TACIS Programme, activities in the food sector are concentrated on 
food distribution. Assistance is provided to both public authorities and the new 
private sector in the NIS to reduce post-harvest losses of perishable foodstuffs, and 
to build an effective food distribution system. 
Serious food losses are common at almost every stage in the food distribution chain 
between the farm-gate and the consumer, due to a lack of physical and management 
infrastructure. The recent collapse of the "command" system contributes to food 
shortages in the cities, as the privatisation and the free market system are still in the 
early development stage. 
The 1991 TACIS Programme aims to tackle problems concerning perishable 
foodstuffs, where losses are significant, and which are critical basic products: fruit 
and vegetables, meat, dairy and bakery products. All points of the supply chain 
need to be covered in order to tackle the bottlenecks. Special attention is given to 
the transition process towards a free market and private enterprise system. Hence, 
the strategy shows two dimensions of the programme: addressing immediate needs, 
whilst simultaneously helping to build an appropriate framework for longer-term 
action. Activities to disseminate the experience gained in pilot projects form part of 
the programme. 
The 1991 programme covers projects spread over a number of states, from Minsk to 
Alma-Ata, and from Murmansk to Tbilisi. However, there is a notable 
concentration on the problems in the large cities, in Moscow and Saint Petersburg in 
particular. 
A total of 69 projects were identified in the food distribution sector under the 1991 
Programme. This was the largest number of projects identified in a single sector. 
Among these projects, 17 are contracted through direct agreement procedures. 
Thus, tenders are to be launched for a total of 52 projects. This comparatively high 
number of projects has rendered the tasks of drafting terms of references and 
tendering very time consuming. 
However, the implementation of projects in this sector is progressing fairly rapidly 
with, to date, 22 projects which have already commenced. Out of a total of 17 
direct agreement contracts, 14 have been signed, of which three projects have been 
completed. Of the 52 restricted tender contracts, 34 contracts have been awarded. 
The implementation of most of these has commenced. 
A project is currently under way for the improvement of the experimental farm and 
establishment of practical training courses in Slavyanskoye, in the Kaliningrad 
22 
region of Russia. The project aims to improve basic agricultural expertise, initially 
concentrating on field training and craft skills, and is budgeted 1 MECU. 
A second project of 1.7 MECU focuses on the meat, milk, fresh produce and 
bakery sectors in Vologda, as the current production and distribution systems do not 
meet consumer demand in this area situated North of Moscow. The key objectives 
are to establish the existing sources of food supply and distribution, identify the key 
problems in the food chain, and try to overcome them, put more efforts in training 
and finally, undertake a review of the sector. 
If one looks at the present state of processing and distribution of food for both 
humans and animals in the Odessa Region, it is clear that some problems are linked 
to the farms. A feasibility study for the privatisation of sovkhozes is being carried 
out in the framework of the TACIS Programme. 
A similar privatisation project is being implemented in Tashkent. It has been 
budgeted at 0.7 MECU, and a key component of it is to investigate the best means 
of privatising the whole production and distribution systems from the sovkhozes via 
the wholesale and retail trades to the final consumers, especially in the dairy and 
fresh produce sectors. 
23 
3.4. Transport 
The transport sector in the NIS is facing both a severe lack of efficient technical 
capability and very important institutional problems. Together, these problems slow 
down the process of transforming the transport sector and the economy of the 
Independent States into a more market-oriented system. The former system was 
very strictly centralised. The co-ordination of activities in the individual sub-sectors 
of the transport sector was reasonably efficient, although not comparable to Western 
European standards. Now, with the transport sector partially decentralised and 
expected to move towards a more market-oriented operation, major weaknesses of 
the centrally planned and supply determined system are very apparent. Without a 
strong centrally planned operation, the co-ordination of the activities is lacking and* 
consequently, the transport system "breaks down". Shipments are thus lost or held 
up during transportation from their points of origin to their final destinations. 
The TACIS Programme aims to enable transport operators in the NIS to make more 
efficient use of the existing transport capacities. Therefore, the content of the 
programme relates primarily to the removal of transport bottlenecks, the promotion 
of multimodal traffic, the restructuring or creation of market-oriented transport 
companies and the improvement of safety standards, including the improvement of 
maintenance facilities. 
In addition, activities which contribute to an assessment of future transport 
infrastructure needs are being supported. 
Priority has been given to actions which are likely to encourage public and private 
sector organisations in the Community to finance subsequent operations. 
Upon request from the local authorities in several of the NIS, several small projects 
which were originally identified in the transport sector under the 1991 Programme 
were replaced by larger projects better suited to the current evolution in the 
Independent States. These are, for example, studies for the development of road 
transportation related to a more integrated transport system and multimodal traffic. 
In addition, projects have been redefined to focus more on air traffic control 
activities and air transport safety (assistance to Aeroflot and to the airports). 
All 1991 technical assistance contracts in the transport sector have now been signed, 
and the implementation of 90% of these has commenced (70% already well under 
way). 
An important training project is currently under way for railway maintenance in the 
NIS. The purpose of this 2.85 MECU project is the transfer of know-how and 
exchange of experience in track maintenance management. 
Another rail project of 0.3 MECU involves the establishment of the future rail 
transport corridor. The main components of the project are a diagnosis of the 
present transport situation, the evolution prospects for all traffic modes, proposals 
24 
(4) 
for rehabilitation and advice concerning the transition between the present situation 
and recommended solutions. 
Major projects are also under way in the Ports of Saint Petersburg and Odessa. It 
involves technical assistance on rationalisation and computerisation of maintenance 
operations in the ports, a feasibility study of oil facilities development and 
rehabilitation, an evaluation of the grain traffic and harbour elevator logistics, as 
well as training. The project costs are respectively 4.3 and 5.4 MECU. These 
projects will be continued under the 1992 and 1993 programmes (see point 4.4.2 
below). 
3.5. Energy 
The former Soviet Union is one of the world's most important producers of energy. 
However, this sector faces a number of very serious problems. Since the Chernobyl 
accident, the safety of Soviet-designed reactors has been questioned, and the future 
role of nuclear power has come under intense scrutiny. About one third of the total 
amount of energy produced in the NIS is wasted. In addition, oil production is 
decreasing, and energy-related environmental problems are increasing. 
The production, transmission and utilisation of energy is carried out most 
inefficiently. This results mainly from the depletion of the most economically 
accessible reserves of fossil fuels and the use of outdated equipment and technology. 
The reform and modernisation .of the energy sector is therefore crucial to the 
process of building up a market economy. The 1991 energy programme focuses on 
the improvement of energy saving and activities in the fields of electricity, oil and 
gas. 
In the field of energy saving, 10 MECU have been allocated for the strengthening 
of four energy centres established under the EC/THERMIE Programme, which 
form the nucleus for the future establishment of a network of such centres operating 
throughout the NIS. These centres will be established in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, 
Minsk and Kiev and their objectives will be to ensure coherent action in the area of 
energy saving, principally by improving the performance of the energy systems in 
the NIS and by facilitating the transfer of European energy technology. 
The tendering procedure is now finished for these four energy centres and work will 
commence "in the field" in March 1993. 
A further 10 MECU will be allocated to energy saving demonstration projects, at 
both the industrial and municipal levels. Energy audits will be undertaken of the 
production processes in selected heavy industry (e.g. steel, cement, aluminium). At 
municipal level, projects will deal with urban heating. Most of the contracts for 
these projects were awarded before the end of 1992. 
25 
Actions in the fields of oil, gas and electricity have been allocated 17 MECU each. 
These include a number of projects aimed at assisting the reorganisation and 
restructuring of organisations and enterprises within a market-oriented framework. 
Other projects aim to improve oil and gas production, including in the Tyumen 
Region, and the utilisation of the gas transmission network. Projects involving the 
modernisation and refurbishment of thermal power stations and the improvement of 
the electricity supply network, including interconnections with the European system, 
are also included in the programme. 
Most of the 1991 energy budget has been allocated to projects for which tendering 
procedures (38 tenders for 40 MECU) must be applied. To date, 36 of these tenders 
have been launched and evaluated, and 33 contracts have been signed. The rest of 
the energy budget has been allocated to projects for which direct agreement 
contracts have been signed. 
3.6. Nuclear Safety 
The largest component of the 1991 Technical Assistance Programme in the energy 
sector is in the field of nuclear safety, to which 54.5 MECU have been allocated for 
the financing of 35 projects. The primary objective of the 1991 nuclear safety 
programme is to analyse Soviet nuclear installations and activities and upgrade 
safety standards to the maximum possible degree. The programme will therefore 
also provide training programmes, and strengthen regulatory authorities. The 
programme was elaborated in close cooperation with the authorities in the NIS. 
Moreover, the work was coordinated with the PHARE nuclear safety programme 
already under way. 
40 MECU have been allocated to a set of key studies which will determine the 
safety characteristics of all of the nuclear reactor types in the NIS, and 14.5 MECU 
to support the institutions in charge of the inspection and licensing of nuclear 
power plants. 
Most of the projects included in the programme are generic. The studies cover 
safety issues which are typical to particular reactor designs and are thus not site 
specific. The choice of a generic approach was based, inter alia, on the fact that the 
reactor park is composed of only a few basic reactor designs : the WWER 
(pressurised water reactor) and the RMBK (light water graphite moderated reactor). 
Reactor specific work would have resulted in an unmanageable workload and 
entailed unacceptably high costs. 
By the end of 1992, 6 projects were nearing completion for a total value of 7 
MECU. This package of projects consists mainly of training actions for the 
personnel of NPPs. 
Two projects consisting of the safety assessment of RBMKs for the Safety 
Authorities (4 MECU) and of the safety assessment of VVER 213 and VVER 1000 
(1 MECU) are presently being carried out. 
26 
One other project consisting of a training action in vessels inspection (0,3 MECU) 
is also being carried out. 
As regards the projects directly aimed at the enhancement of Russian and Ukrainian 
Safety Authorities, considerable delays have been experienced due to the complexity 
of negotiations with the Russian entities, namely on the question of the equipment to 
be provided. Nevertheless, exploratory missions have been carried out in Russia and 
Ukraine in order to start in the near future the project " Transfer of Western 
Methodology to the Safety Authorities of Russia and Ukraine" (1,5 MECU). 
ïn this* package of "non industrial" projects, two other projects remain to be 
contracted for a total value of 5 MECU. One of them is aimed at the enhancement 
of Safety Authorities (3,2 MECU), and the other one is designed to improve the 
supply of information of the public (2,9 MECU). Both are presently being finalised 
and should be contracted by the end of August. 
The tenders for all of the outstanding 23 projects (i.e. the"industrial" part of the 
1991 Nuclear Safety Programme) with a total associated budget of 36.6 MECU will 
soon be launched. The objectives and content of these activities are closely 
interrelated. A decision was therefore made to group the projects according to 
common salient characteristics. One such group includes, for instance, safety 
studies dealing with the primary circuit of the VVER 230 reactor line. The call for 
tender methodology has been adapted appropriately and the actual call for bid will 
thus involve only a limited number of 'batched' projects. Instead of launching 23 
separate calls for tender, fewer than ten such operations are presently foreseen. For 
instance, Commission services will launch one call for all of the related projects 
covering the primary circuit. 
The decision to adopt this approach has resulted in some delays because of the 
necessity to wait for the completion of the terms of reference for all of the 
outstanding projects. However, it is expected that time lost can be recovered 
because this technique will facilitate companies invited to quote to draft coherent 
proposals which cover all the key interfaces of certain safety areas. Moreover, it 
will allow for a streamlining of tender evaluation modalities and procedures. Both 
factors mentioned will accelerate project implementation. 
In parallel to the Commission's purely operational efforts in the area of nuclear 
safety technical assistance, TACIS participated and played a leading role in the 
other international institutional developments. The accident at the Saint Petersburg 
nuclear power plant in early spring of 1992 highlighted the need to coordinate 
international action to resolve the pressing safety issues associated with the 
continued operation of a number of reactor designs considered to be particularly 
unsafe. Increasingly, it was felt that there was poor coordination and a lack of 
information, translated into the duplication of scarce financial and human resources. 
The fact that the subject of nuclear safety in the former Soviet Union was included 
in the agenda of the G7 summit of July in Munich signalled the beginning of a 
collective international effort to launch adequately coordinated remedial action. The 
27 
subsequent G7 communiqué summarised and outlined the main course of action 
designed to achieve a number of immediate and medium-term objectives. 
On the basis of these recommendations, the existing G24 coordinating mechanism 
on nuclear safety was extended to include the relevant new states of the former 
Soviet Union. In late summer of 1992, the Commission thus convened a number of 
follow-up meetings of the G24, and working groups were set up to improve the 
exchange of information about ongoing multilateral and bilateral assistance. The 
G24 Secretariat thus intensified efforts to upgrade an already existing database 
concerning technical assistance programmes with a view to allow donors to report in 
more detail on their initiatives. TACIS provided extensive information to include in 
the G24's evolving database. The International Atomic Energy Agençyf|twas 
requested to assist the G24 as a technical advisor on the database and other nuclear 
safety matters concerning Soviet designed nuclear technology. 
28 
4. TACIS 1992 SECTORAL PROGRAMMES 
4.1. Enterprise Support Services 
4.1.1. Financial Services 
Under the 1992 Technical Assistance Programme, the Commission has concentrated 
its support in this sector to a few practical actions, while extending its support to 
most NIS countries: 
• training activities with lasting effect (major finance training centres in Kiev, 
Minsk, Saint Petersburg and Tyumen, Alma Ata, Tashkent, Yerevan, Baku 
and Tbilisi); 
• restructuring of major, individual financial institutions (including central banks); 
• assistance for (or the creation of) new financial institutions with pilot character. 
The most pressing problems to be addressed in several of the sub-components are: 
• payments and clearing; 
• role of financial services in the process of privatisation and SME promotion; 
• automisation; 
The use of mid to long-term experts, including expatriate management in some 
cases, will be increased. At the same time, the Commission is preparing assistance 
facilities which allow for greater involvement of experienced civil servants of EC 
Member States (in particular on taxation). Organisational support lent by private 
firms will provide the necessary operational flexibility. 
The number of small projects with individual contracts will be significantly reduced 
in favour of bigger "package projects", grouping together several related actions. 
The introduction of flexible instruments for concrete help will have priority. 
4.1.2. Privatisation 
A technical assistance programme will be launched under the 1992 TACIS 
Programme in the field of privatisation and the restructuring of enterprises. This 
programme was established according to the priorities laid down by the authorities 
of the NIS. The programme aims to support the process of privatisation and 
restructuring of enterprises in the recipient countries. About 30 MECU have been 
allocated to this programme, which is the largest privatisation programme being 
carried out in the NIS. The EC is in fact the first institution - in some countries of 
Central Asia and Caucasia, the only institution - to have established a privatisation 
programme in the NIS. 
29 
Under the privatisation programme, technical assistance will be provided essentially 
to two main types of bodies: 
Public institutions (e.g. Ministries, State Property Committees, State 
Property Funds, etc.) in charge of defining and implementing privatisation 
policies will receive support in elaborating privatisation strategies (mass 
privatisation programme, voucher scheme, etc.), setting up an appropriate 
policy structure for the programme (e.g. establishment of a legal framework, 
organising pilot structures, etc.), and identifying pilot sectors (sectoral 
studies, defining selection criteria, etc.). 
Sectors and companies which are being privatised will be informed about the 
privatisation procedures defined by government authorities. In addition, 
assistance will be provided to identify the main problems encountered by 
companies during the privatisation process, and support will be given to 
these companies in their efforts towards privatisation and restructuring 
(elaboration of business plans, identifying foreign business partners, etc.). 
The privatisation programme for the NIS has been established within a double 
framework. On the one hand, it is an action which has been defined under the 
TACIS Programme itself, and, on the other hand, it is a cooperation programme co-
funded by the EC/EBRD Multidisciplinary Fund (Bangkok Facility). 
Actions in the Central Asian and Caucasian States will, concentrate on the 
establishment of privatisation policies. State Property Committees have already been 
established in most of these countries for this purpose. In Russia, the Ukraine and 
Belarus, technical assistance will concentrate more on the economic operators 
through sectoral actions (e.g. the wood industry in Russia, the hotel industry in 
Saint Petersburg, etc.), or support in the negotiation process between NIS and 
foreign partners, as these negotiation play an important role in the privatisation 
process of companies. 
Actions to be funded through the EC/EBRD Multidisciplinary Fund are focused 
exclusively on the Russian Federation and the Ukraine. The aim is to provide 
support to the authorities in charge of privatisation. In Russia, a consortium of 
experts will assist the State Property Committee in the implementation of the "mass 
privatisation programme". A similar programme is being set up in the Ukraine, 
where the Ukrainian Property Fund will be assisted in defining a privatisation 
policy. In both countries, the EC and the EBRD aim to prepare pilot transactions. 
About 10 MECU will be provided for this programme covering both countries. 
4.1.3. Small and Medium-Size Enterprises 
The importance of the development of a strong sector of small and medium-scale 
enterprises (SME) cannot be underestimated, as is also shown by the share of the 
SME in terms of the GNP and employment in Western Europe. Without an 
emerging SME sector, the reform of the economy in the NIS is not conceivable. 
30 
Therefore, a technical assistance programme to support SME development has been 
established under the 1992 TACIS Programme, with a total budget of about 17 
MECU. 
Under the 1992 Programme, seven SME Development Agencies (SMEDA) will be 
established. Their objectives include: the promotion of the SME sector in general, 
advice to new entrepreneurs on how to set up business, training, establishing of a 
database of relevant economic, legal and other information in the city or region, 
etc. 
Furthermore, nine Business Communication Centres (BCC) will be established, 
whose main tasks will include: the establishment of a database of profiles of local 
firms, to be a local point of contact for international SME information networks, 
etc. 
In addition, and sometimes in combination with a SMEDA or a BCC, various 
advisory services will be included, ranging from specific advice to governments to 
the strengthening of training facilities. 
Apart from the various national programmes in the NIS, SME support activities are 
also foreseen under the Regional Programme. These will be closely coordinated 
with the national activities, and be mutually supportive. 
Coordination with programmes in the field of SME promotion of other donor 
organisations, both national and international, will be actively sought and 
stimulated. A practical approach, involving the broad scale of enterprise available in 
Europe, will be a main feature. 
4.1.4. Conversion 
Under the 1992 TACIS Programme, technical assistance will be provided for the 
conversion of defence-related industries in the NIS. The regions which will receive 
this type of assistance are Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Samara, the Ukraine and 
Belarus. 
During the course of the programme identification missions, E.C. experts 
identified, in cooperation with the regional authorities of the recipient countries, the 
actions to be financed in the field of military conversion, based on the following 
criteria: probability of obtaining concrete results, benefit for the country or region, 
motivation of the training staff and pilot character of the project. 
15 projects have been selected in this sector, to which a total of 14.6 MECU has 
been allocated from the 1992 TACIS budget. Some of these projects will be merged 
in order to produce larger projects when tenders are launched. 
31 
Three types of actions are to be financed: 
• advisory actions (advice to local authorities and factories wishing to convert 
their 
activities) 
• better identification of a given market (e.g. agricultural or medical equipment) 
• at factory levels, the creation of specific industrial projects. 
The latter two types of actions have been favoured, being earmarked 2/3 of the 
conversion budget. 
4.2. Human Resources Development 
The 1992 Human Resources Development Programme is a natural extension of the 
work started under the 1991 Programme. However, the programme structure has 
been adapted with special emphasis now given to the training for civil service 
reform. 
Since the demise of the Soviet Union, the need for civil service training has 
obviously increased. Thus, in nearly all the programmes, an effort will be made to 
teach civil servants how to operate in a market economy. In a centrally planned 
economy, one might say that nearly all workers, one way or another, are within the 
public administration. The new situation of a smaller civil service servicing a much 
larger private sector is completely new to many civil servants. 
Under the 1992 TACIS Programme for human resources, small pilot programmes 
are planned for the Moscow region on the emerging non-governmental sector, as 
well as for the training of unions to adapt their new role. 
Another major initiative will be the training of officers of the Russian army, to 
facilitate their integration into paid employment in the private sector. The 
programme aims to establish a network of training centres to train army officers as 
well as management staff of already converted former defence industries on general 
principles of western style management and on "function management". It is 
intended that by the end of this three year programme, some 10 training centres will 
be operating, training some 10,000 ex-military officers. The programme will 
concentrate on the strengthening of the institutional framework of the re-training 
programme, curriculum development and training of teachers and managers from 
already converted defence industries. The cost of this training programme is 
estimated at 14 MECU. 
Although the provision of medical assistance is not included in the general scope of 
activities covered by the TACIS Programme, the accommodation of the health 
system to the market economy is central to the well-being of the population, and 
important to the reform process. Preparation is therefore in hand for an effort to be 
made under the 1992 TACIS Programme with reform of health administration, in 
32 
part through the promotion of partnerships, with advice on the welfare state and the 
management of insurance schemes. 
4.3. Food Production and Distribution 
Actions to be supported in the food production and distribution sector under the 
1992 TACIS Programme will be at two levels. On the one hand, institutional and 
policy reforms and, on the other hand, programmes in agricultural production, 
agro-industry, storage, transport, wholesale market and the retail sector. The 
programme will concentrate on the entire food chain. Building on the 1991 food 
distribution programme, technical assistance will thus be introduced in the following 
sectors: 
- production of animal feeds; 
- rationalisation of the principles of animal feeding; 
- improvement of the cultivation of potatoes; 
- improvement of basic foodstuffs supplies, especially potatoes to the final 
consumer. 
At farm level, the changes will depend on the application of the Privatisation Law. 
Thus, the programme will look at the possibilities of introducing new relationships 
between the enterprises such as contract farming, nucleus estate or outgrower 
schemes. The opportunity to assist the farmers in creating associations will be 
considered. 
In the processing industry, assistance will be offered to improve the quality of food 
products, hygiene conditions, storage facilities and packaging facilities. This will 
look at opportunities of developing canned food, temperature controlled storage 
systems and packaging facilities. 
Assistance will be provided in the wholesale and retail trades of food products. The 
main objective is to improve food distribution in big cities, the approach being to 
encourage initiatives of private operators in order to accelerate the privatisation 
process. The opportunity of introducing leasing of food shops will be considered. 
4.4. Networks 
The TACIS Programme will finance measures to improve management systems, and 
the organisational, legal and regulatory framework in the following sectors: energy, 
transport and telecommunications. Whenever possible, national projects in these 
areas will dovetail with other international initiatives in the same sectors. 
4.4.1. Energy 
Fundamental changes have been made to the orientation and methodology of the 
1992 TACIS energy programme. The transformation of the energy sector, both 
33 
within each state and within the international economic framework, is of crucial 
importance to the whole reform process in the NIS. 
Activities under the 1992 Energy Programme are foreseen at three levels: advice to 
the governments, advice to industry and training. The following tasks will be 
undertaken: 
- advice to key committees, academic institutes and other such organisations; 
- the development of energy strategies; 
- the development of new regulatory frameworks; 
- the introduction of more realistic energy prices and tariffs; 
- the stimulation of increasing energy efficiency; 
- ecological aspects of energy production and the use of transport ; 
- the import and export of energy. 
High level expertise will be provided to help design overall energy policies, with 
particular emphasis on oil and gas production and inter-state transport, including 
measures that will improve the industry's efficiency. The TACIS Programme will 
support energy-related advisory services at governmental level and projects aimed at 
the restructuring and modernisation of major energy consumer industries. Other 
activities will focus on the training of engineers and future managers in the energy 
sector. Pilot projects will be carried out, mainly in the energy efficiency sector, to 
be duplicated and disseminated. 
4.4.2. Transport 
Under the 1992 TACIS Programme, the general approach in the transport sector 
regarding the size of projects has changed. Projects are more compact and bigger in 
size in order to avoid a scattering of funds. Thanks to the experiences gained under 
the 1991 programme, it has been easier to identify where the problems in the 
transport sector are situated. For example, it has been established that the problem 
of port bottlenecks is not caused only by the ports' capacity problems, but rather by 
the bad interface existing between the port and the hinterland. Thus, many projects 
under the 1992 programme in the transport sector concentrate on the development 
of road transportation, which will facilitate the unloading of goods from both boats 
in ports and from trains. 
In accordance with the work carried out under the 1991 programme, the ports of 
Saint Petersburg and Odessa will continue to play an important role under the 1992 
programme. With other Baltic ports now in foreign countries, it is important to 
permit free flow of goods through the ports in and around Saint Petersburg, and 
thus to ensure that they have good connections with the hinterland. The ports of 
Ukraine also have an important role, both as the transit points of Ukraine's foreign 
trade and as the outlet of a sizeable part of Russia* foreign trade. 
In Saint Petersburg, technical assistance is thus focused on the improvement of the 
capacity of and access to the port, as well as the definition of measures to be taken 
34 
for the improvement or construction of port facilities in the region and their 
integration in a wider transport context. 
For the Odessa Port, the objective in 1992 is to continue and complement the 1991 
technical assistance programme to bring this port up to Western standards and thus 
to stimulate East-West shipping traffic (by improving the quality of service, 
designing a security system, training harbour management, etc.). 
In 1993, it is envisaged that technical assistance in this field will concentrate on the 
continuation of the 1991 and 1992 objectives, and will also include a study aimed at 
the improvement of port facilities on the Baltic Sea and the setting up of a regional 
policy in the ports of the Black Sea. 
Technical assistance will also be provided in the transport sector through advice to 
Civil Aviation Authorities, particularly in view of improving airport management 
and training staff involved in air traffic control. The objective of providing 
assistance in this field is to improve the capacity and safety characteristics of both 
international air corridors and regional air space. This objective will be reached 
through the introduction of Western European standards in ground operational 
aspects (e.g. airport management, maintenance policies for air traffic control 
equipment, and changing structures and implementation mechanisms for air traffic 
control services) and by establishing an equipment modernisation programme and 
training programmes benefiting both air traffic control personnel and users. 
4.4.3. Telecommunications 
The telecommunications system in the former Soviet Union is poor to any 
standards. The international telecommunications network is still centralised in 
Moscow. Making international telephone calls is both difficult and time-consuming, 
as the lines are of poor quality and overloaded. 
Moreover, the tariffication for telephone calls is irrational as subscribers pay a fixed 
monthly rate and can make as many calls as they wish, for as long as they wish. 
The waiting period for the allocation of a telephone is in some cases up to 15 years! 
There is therefore a need for a complete restructuring of the Ministries of Post and 
Telecommunications in the NIS. In the framework of the TACIS Programme, an 
emphasis is put on the need to make the former Soviet telecommunications system 
compatible with European norms and standards. The TACIS Programme aims to 
support the development of terrestrial communications in the Russian Federation 
through the provision of technical assistance to the Russian Ministry of Post and 
Telecommunications. Analysis and research will be carried out in the areas of a 
technical review of the existing network and the identification of a short term 
rehabilitation programme, an assessment of the market for telecommunications 
projects, the development of standards in cooperation with European Institutes, and 
assistance on specific projects, such as the Trans-Siberian link project. 
35 
A review and adaptation of the legal and regulatory framework in the 
telecommunications sector will be undertaken. In addition, training in 
telecommunications will be provided to the Moscow Institute of 
Telecommunications, which is the main institute responsible for vocational training 
in this sector in the NIS. 
The Russian Ministry of Defence utilises a number of satellites for communications 
purposes which could be modified to serve the domestic market. Another project to 
be implemented in the telecommunications sector will thus involve the conversion of 
military satellites, through a review of the capabilities of the existing satellites, the 
definition of the technical and commercial services to be developed, a review and 
assessment of the market and an economic feasibility study. 
An integrated assistance programme will also be provided for the Ministry of Post 
and Telecommunications in the Ukraine, comprising the provision of technical 
assistance to the management and staff of this organisation. Similar advice projects 
are to be financed in Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, with the provision 
of experts to the respective Ministries of Post and Telecommunications. 
4.5. 1992 Nuclear Safety Programme 
The 1992 TACIS nuclear safety programme is based on the policy recommendations 
of the G-7 issued after the Munich summit held last July. It builds on activities 
previously financed by the 1991 programme. It is also in line with the activities 
developed by the PHARE nuclear safety programme and forms an important part of 
the overall effort considered necessary in the G-7 context. 
The programme will cover nuclear safety activities in the Russian Federation and 
the Ukraine. The overall objectives of the programme are to improve the safety of 
operating nuclear power plants and other civilian nuclear fuel and waste treatment 
facilities, and to promote regional cooperation on nuclear safety among countries 
operating soviet designed power facilities. Whereas the 1991 nuclear safety 
programme concentrated especially on the carrying out of feasibility studies, the 
1992 programme will focus on concrete actions on several sites. 
More specifically, the programme aims to achieve the above by: 
• contributing to the improvement of plant operation, through better organisation, 
the upgrading of inspection facilities and procedures, improved operational 
procedures, training and quality assurance on an on site basis; 
• assisting design institutes and operators in assessing the most important generic 
and plant specific technical problems to identify and facilitate implementation of 
suitable short and medium term solutions; 
36 
• supporting the development of strong and independent regulatory authorities and 
their technical support organisations charged with ensuring the safety of the 
population and the protection of the environment; 
• encouraging the transfer of western technology whilst simultaneously supporting 
Russian and Ukrainian civilian industrial and technical capacity in the field of 
nuclear safety through, inter alia, the subcontracting of specific tasks to local 
institutes, including the International Science and Technology Centre in 
Moscow. 
• designing a Master Plan that will consist of a set of policy recommendations 
concerning the appropriate measures which need to be taken to improve safety 
of all aspects of the civilian nuclear fuel cycle. This plan would be adjusted on 
annual basis and would provide an opportunity to the international donor 
community to identify areas where urgent action is required. 
Russian and Ukrainian nuclear authorities have in the meantime accepted the broad 
strategic orientations of the programme involving on-site work by Western 
specialists. This indicates an increasing willingness to cooperate more closely with 
the TACIS programme. 
37 
5. MISCELLANEOUS : TACIS-RELATED DEVELOPMENTS 
5.1. Coordination of Assistance to the NIS 
5.1.1. The Washington/Lisbon/Tokyo Process 
On 22/23 January, 1992, Ministers and senior officials of more than sixty countries 
and international organisations met in Washington for the Coordinating Conference 
on Assistance to the NIS. The objective of the Conference was to focus international 
attention on the urgent humanitarian needs of the NIS and to establish mechanisms 
for the coordination of aid to the twelve countries concerned. For this purpose, four 
working groups were set up at the Conference covering food, medicines, energy and 
shelter (housing). A fifth working group to deal with the coordination of technical 
assistance was also established. It was decided at the Conference that a follow-up 
meeting should be hosted by the European Community in the Spring and the Japanese 
offered to hold a third meeting in Tokyo in the Autumn. 
At the subsequent meeting convened by the EC in Lisbon on 23/24 May, Ministers of 
the twelve NIS (who were not present in Washington) had the opportunity to give a 
first hand account to the international donor community of their priorities for 
assistance. The Lisbon Conference also received a report of progress made since the 
Washington meeting in the provision of humanitarian aid and began to shift the focus 
of the international assistance effort towards longer term measures in support of the 
reform and restracturing of the economies of the NIS. In this context, technical 
assistance was identified as having a key role to play. 
The Lisbon meeting also addressed the need to establish new arrangements for the 
future coordination of assistance to the NIS. It was felt that the working groups, 
through meetings with representatives of the NIS and investigations on-the-spot, had 
fulfilled their remit to assess the needs and priorities for assistance of the Independent 
States, and that focus of activity should move on to the implementation phase. 
Recognising that this would be best coordinated on a country-by-country basis, in 
order to ensure that donor strategies and programmes are consistent with, and 
supportive of, individual countries' reform programmes, it was decided that the NIS-
wide working groups should be wound up at the Tokyo meeting and replaced by a 
system of country-specific assistance coordination groups bringing together interested 
donors, international organisations and the government(s) of the country or countries 
concerned. 
This decision was taken a step further at the Summit of the G-7 which took place in 
Munich on 8 July, when it was agreed that country consultative groups (CCGs) 
should be set up, when appropriate, in order to foster close cooperation with 
international institutions and partners and to encourage structural reforms and 
coordinate technical assistance. Following the Summit, each of the NIS was 
informed of the outcome and advised to approach the World Bank about the 
establishment of a country consultative group. 
At the third and final coordinating conference held in Tokyo on 29/30 October, 
participants were informed that, in response to these initial contacts, nine Independent 
States had requested the World Bank to establish country consultative groups. The 
Bank also announced that the first CCG's, for Kazakhstan and Kyrgystan, would take 
38 
place in Paris on 14 and 15 December, with pre-CCG's for Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan 
scheduled for the following day. For the rernaining NIS, full CCG's or pre-CCG's 
were expected to be convened during the first half of 1993. 
In the case of Russia, it was announced that the World Bank would convene, with the 
participation of major donors, a consultative group on technical assistance and other 
matters in support of structural reform, and that Russia was ready to provide, through 
its Agency for International Cooperation and Development, secretariat services for 
the group's activities. 
At the time of the Tokyo Conference, it was estimated that the EC and its Member 
States were together responsible for 73% of the total assistance committed by the 
international donor community to the NIS. Within this total, the Community (EC and 
Member States) was responsible for more than three-quarters (77.9%) of technical 
assistance, 63% of humanitarian grants and 73.6% of credits and credit guarantees. In 
these circumstances, it is obviously essential that the EC be closely involved in the 
CCG process. This will be particularly important in the field of technical assistance, 
in view of the very substantial sums of money which are continuing to be committed 
and disbursed under the TACIS Programme. 
The European Community has gained considerable experience in the provision of 
technical assistance to the former Soviet Union and, through the EC National 
Coordination Units now established in each of the NIS, already disposes of 
considerable human resources in the field. This means that the Community has a 
great deal to contribute to the discussion of technical assistance needs and priorities 
within the CCG framework. The Commission intends to work closely with the World 
Bank in the preparation of the CCG meetings in order to ensure that the strengths and 
capabilities of the EC in this area are fully utilised and that the Community's 
approach to the provision of technical assistance to the NIS is properly reflected in 
the CCG process. 
5.1.2. Other Coordination 
Outside of the Coordinating Conference and future CCG context, the TACIS 
Programme is actively providing effective coordination with other donors. Regular 
contacts with the EC Member States are already maintained, and further 
strengthening of EC coordination and, in particular, information sharing is envisaged. 
In a few cases, bilateral contacts have also resulted in parallel financing of projects 
with Member States. However, it should be mentioned that the Commission has in 
general experienced some difficulty in obtaining information from Member States on 
the bilateral technical assistance actions carried out to date with the NIS, although this 
information should be supplied according to Council Regulation 2157/91, Article 8. 
At the project level, regular operational contacts are maintained with the International 
Financing Institutions (World Bank, IMF and EBRD), and links have been 
established with the OECD related to the establishment of a database. Several 
coordination meetings have already taken place with the IFIs, also hosted by the 
Commission in Brussels. Under the 1991 TACIS Programme, particularly in Russia 
and Ukraine, several projects, including in privatisation, are being implemented under 
parallel co-financing arrangements with the IMF, World Bank and EBRD. 
Under the "Bangkok Agreement", an allocation of 15 MECU has been earmarked to 
the EBRD from the 1992 TACIS budget to fund TA required for pre-investment 
39 
studies and project preparatory activities for potential investment follow-up by the 
EBRD. After a relatively slow start, project commitments accelerated during the 
second half of 1992, and towards the end of the year, projects with a total value of 15 
MECU had been approved or pre-approved. In many of the sectors (e.g. financial 
services, privatisation), cooperation is ensured. It could be said that EC-EBRD 
coordination under the Bangkok Agreement represents only the tip of the iceberg in 
terms of EC-EBRD coordination of technical assistance to the NIS. Outside the 
framework of the Bangkok Agreement, other activities have also been developed 
together with the EBRD (see point 3.1.). 
More generally, the regular sharing of information between TACIS and other donors, 
the TACIS contribution to the OECD database and the continuous contacts between 
representatives of TACIS and other donors will further enhance effective 
coordination 
5.2. National Coordinating Units 
The Technical Assistance Programme was originally negotiated with the all Union 
Government of the Soviet Union. The programme covering all of the States of the 
former Soviet Union was therefore coordinated, on the recipient's side, by the 
Coordinating Unit in Moscow, established for this purpose. 
The demise of the Soviet Union led to an adjustment in the approach of the TACIS 
Programme for 1992. A first important step in this process was the signature, in 
February 1992, of a "protocol of agreement" between the EC and the 12 Newly 
Independent States. The protocol laid down the basic principles for future cooperation 
between the EC and the NIS in the framework of the Technical Assistance 
Programme. Within the protocol, two major decisions were taken: 
• the 12 Independent States committed themselves to implement the 1991 
Programme; 
• the negotiation, definition and implementation of the 1992 Programme would 
generally follow a bilateral approach. 
Thus, it was decided that National Coordinating Units would be set up in each NIS. 
The Commission has provided a total of 15 MECU for this purpose, as well as to 
strengthen the existing Coordinating Unit in Moscow. 
The National Coordinating Units perform the following principle tasks: 
assess the development needs of the country, in particular those which could 
be financed or partly financed by foreign technical assistance; 
help with the identification of priority sectors for assistance; 
prepare clear aims and objectives for such programmes; 
evaluate project proposals and requests for funding 
40 
Each recipient country has appointed a National Coordinator who acts as the official 
interlocutor of the EC for the Technical Assistance Programme at government level. 
In addition, Executive Directors of the Coordinating Units have been appointed to 
manage the coordination of technical assistance activities in each country. 
Accordingly, the Moscow Coordinating Unit has had to adapt to its new role of 
Russian Coordinating Unit for the Technical Assistance Programme. The structure of 
the Moscow Coordinating Unit was therefore modified, and a new Executive Director 
appointed. 
Each Coordinating Unit is set up within the beneficiary country, and working in close 
collaboration with the Commission services. Although in the longer term it is 
intended that the management of the TACIS programme will be decentralised to a 
certain extent, for the time being programme management is still centralised in 
Brussels, in particular as regards the evaluation of tenders, payments, etc. 
The Coordinating Units comprise a number of local professionals, including senior 
representatives from relevant ministries and other institutions, as well as support and 
secretarial staff. In addition, a support team of EC-financed experts have been 
appointed to work in the Coordinating Units. They assist in evaluating projects and 
coordinating implementing mechanisms. Each of the 12 National Coordinating Units 
is now operational, and the TACIS-financed advisory staff have taken up their 
assignments in every State from Minsk to Dushambe, thus assuring a limited but 
visible European presence "on the spot" in each NIS. Office premises have been made 
available for the Coordinating Units in each NIS. 
Finally, the TACIS Unit organised a seminar in Brussels, from 14-18 September 
1992, attended by National Coordinators and Executive Directors of the National 
Coordinating Units. The aim of the seminar was to enable participants to improve 
their understanding of the European Community, its institutions, its role within the 
international community vis-à-vis its Member states and, in particular, of the TACIS 
Programme itself. 
This seminar represented the first meeting in Brussels at ministerial level of 
representatives of all 12 Newly Independent States and brought together, for the first 
time, the TACIS Programme National Coordinators to discuss objectives and 
strategies as the economic and political situation evolves in the NIS. In this context, 
the seminar provided the participants with a summary of past and future TACIS 
Programmes, the "life-cycle" of a programme (from identification and financing of 
projects, to implementation and awarding of contract) and a definition of the role of 
the National Coordinating Units. 
5.3. Transparency 
Aware of the importance of optimal transparency for the TACIS Programme, every 
effort has been made to reach an appropriate level of transparency both within and 
outside of the Commission services. Other Commission services have contributed to 
the preparation of the TACIS Programme, and regular contacts are maintained and 
meetings arranged between the different Commission services and TACIS to discuss 
programme activities, modalities and implementation procedures. Representatives of 
other Directorates General also participate in TACIS tender evaluation committees. 
41 
On numerous occasions, TACIS responds to parliamentary questions related to the 
TACIS Programme, and meetings with Members of Parliament have been arranged 
for briefing purposes. It is envisaged to introduce a more regular briefing forum, thus 
enabling Members of Parliament to become fully familiar with every aspect of the 
Programme. On the occasion of the hearing of the European Parliament on the NIS 
(September 1992), an information note was prepared on EC relations with the NIS, a 
significant part of which was devoted to the TACIS Programme. 
The TACIS Member States' Committee provides an effective forum for exchanges of 
views between the Member States and the relevant Commission services. The 
Committee is also briefed on developments of interest to it through written material -
project fiches, progress reports, statistical documentation, information on 
disbursements, contracts awarded, etc. Efforts will be made to further improve on 
this type of information sharing. 
Upon the request of Member States and their institutions, TACIS staff participate 
regularly in meetings and conferences in different Member States to explain the 
programme's objectives and implementation procedures. Of particular importance in 
that context is participation in meetings convened for EC private operators organised 
by the Member States, their chambers of commerce and industry, or their equivalent. 
To further enhance transparency, an Information team has been established within 
TACIS. Publications have been prepared on every principal aspect of the TACIS 
Programme, including an operational guide and statistical information. An 
appropriate distribution system has been established to ensure that access to the 
information is available by all interested parties (see below). 
5.4. TACIS Information Activities 
An Information Office was established within TACIS Unit around February/March 
1992. The main tasks of the Information Office are to increase general understanding 
of and knowledge about the TACIS Programme, to improve programme transparency 
and to emphasise the important role played by the Commission and the EC in 
supporting the former Soviet Union in its ongoing process of economic reform and 
development. In spite of serious constraints, especially at the very beginning, and 
related to the lack of infrastructure, important progress has since been made. 
The TACIS Information Office has produced a large amount of written information 
material on the TACIS Programme, available to the general public. These include a 
new TACIS Programme Operational Guide which explains the programme in general 
terms. This document has been translated into Russian and into the official EC 
languages. 
A comprehensive mailing list has been established (to date about 4000 entries) for the 
systematic dispatching of TACIS information material. The Information Office mails 
a huge amount of written information material on a daily basis to interested parties 
and deals with a no lesser amount of routine correspondence. Thousands of letters and 
information kits are sent out monthly, and about 200 telephone calls answered daily. 
Members of the TACIS Information Office team also hold regular meetings and in-
depth direct interviews with interested parties, mainly from EC Member States, and 
give lectures on the TACIS Programme to larger audiences, especially to information 
multipliers such as Chambers of Commerce, Euro Info Centres or other qualified 
42 
institutions. To date, members of the Information Office have travelled to most EC 
Member States to give lectures on TACIS activities to various audiences. 
The TACIS Information Office was also responsible for the organisation and 
realisation of the Meeting of the CIS National Coordinators, held from 14 to 18 
September, 1992. 
As regards press coverage, the TACIS Information Office organises meetings 
between TACIS representatives and journalists and much direct mailing of TACIS 
material to interested journalists. Thus, and together with the press releases and press 
kits which have been produced, and appropriate press coverage of the TACIS 
Programme has been achieved. The press is taking an increasingly active interest in 
the TACIS programme. This aspect of the TACIS Information Office's work will be 
further increased in the near future. 
43 
5.5. Commission Organisation 
5.5.1. Organisation of TACIS Unit (as at 31.XII.92) 
By any standards, TACIS has been, and continues to be, crtically understaffed. When 
the programme started in January 1991, the TACIS team comprised 1 "A" official and 
2 national experts. By the end of 1992, this had increased to 24 "A" staff (10 statutory 
and 14 non-statutory posts). 
The table below provides a summary of TACIS' total manpower resources of "A" 
grade (professional) in the three TACIS Operational Units, as well as the average "per 
capita" financial workload of each TACIS professional : 
Total available professional manpower 
TACIS HO operational units fas at 31 .XII.92^ 
Unit E-3 
Horizontal Tasks, Programming, Support for 
Enterprise (Privatisation, Financial Services, 
Defense Conversion, SMEs) Food 
Production and Distribution, Environment 
Total No. of "A" staff available in Unit, 
9 
of which 
Functionnaires 
2 Non-Functionnaires 
7 
Unit's share of TACIS Budget 1991/1992 
350 MECU 
Average TACIS 1991/1992 Budget for 
every single 
"A" staff member 
(financial workload per capita) 
39 MECU Unit E- 4 
Energy / Nuclear Safety, Transport, 
Telecommunications 
Total No. of "A" staff available in Unit, 
9 
of which 
Functionnaires 
5 Non-Functionnaires 
4 
Unit's share of TACIS Budget 1991/1992 
318 MECU 
Average TACIS 1991/1992 Budget for 
every single 
"A" staff member 
(financial workload per capita) 
35.3 MECU Unit E - 5 
Human Resources Development, 
Government Advice, Social Adjustment 
Total No. of "A" staff available in Unit, 
6 
of which 
Functionnaires 
3 Non-Functionnaires 
3 
Unit's share of TACIS Budget 1991/1992 
181 MECU 
Average TACIS 1991/1992 Budget for 
every single 
"A" staff member 
(financial workload per capita) 
30.2 MECU 
As will be noted, each individual TACIS "A" staff member has an average financial 
workload of between 30.2 MECU and 39 MECU (depending on the Operational 
Unit). 
Compared to other organisations, TACIS staff constraints remain critical. Such 
constraints are further highlighted by the relative labour intensity of the "soft" 
technical assistance provided under TACIS compared in particular to such institutions 
as the World Bank and EBRD which concentrate almost exclusively on (large) loan 
44 
financing (the World Bank employs well over 400 professionals on their programmes 
for the NIS, whilst EBRD's staffing now exceeds 650). 
The EC Delegation in Moscow is currently the only existing EC Delegation in the 
NIS. The number of staff working in the technical assistance section of the EC 
Delegation in Moscow is to be increased in early 1993 to eight full-time experts. In 
addition, three other EC Delegations are to be opened in the NIS in the course of 
1993, in Kiev, Tbilisi and Alma-Ata. 
Staff shortages in both TACIS headquarters and the EC Delegation in Moscow cause 
workloads, delays and pipeline problems. It prevents the required in-depth analysis, 
the imperative job specialisation and the essential geographical concentration (there is 
not a single "country desk officer"!). 
5.6. Perspectives for 1993 
5.6.1. Multi-annual Programming 
It is intended that the granting of assistance under the TACIS Programme will move 
away from the present approach requiring a yearly programme cycle, to a more global 
multi-annual approach which will promote the sustainability of the TACIS 
Programme. The possibility to plan a mid-term programme will significantly increase 
the effectiveness of the TACIS assistance and will correspond more adequately to the 
requirements of economic reform, which is a mid term process as well. 
Multi-annual programming will help to build bridges between the former USSR 
States and the EC. The evolution. #£t£he.. economic reform is a complex process in 
which not only economic restracturing is involved, but also legislative framework 
changes, private sector interests and civic society development. Therefore, the 
creation of a strong basis of confidence and mutual understanding is essential. 
In addition, multi-annual prograrnming will alleviate the volume of work which is 
generated by the present annual cooperation programme which, within its annual 
project cycle and across a wide range of sectors, the limited staff in the TACIS Unit 
in its present composition can hardly absorb. 
5.6.2. Concentration on Sectors and geographical areas 
Building on the experience gained under the 1991 and 1992 TACIS Programmes, it is 
intended that technical assistance in 1993 will concentrate on sectors, limiting 
activities in the recipient countries to specific priority areas, thus "deepening" 
activities. 
In 1993 programmes for Russia and Ukraine will, in addition, develop programmes in 
geographic concentration areas. 
45 
5.6.3. International Coordination of Assistance to the NIS 
The coordination effort in 1993 will be strengthened. Coordination with Member 
States will be ensured, and coordination and cooperation with the International 
Financial Institutions, Member States and other donors. 
5.6.4. Other provisions for 1993 
Due to the increasing unforeseen needs of the Independent States, and in order to 
prevent unforeseen circumstances from hampering the process of recovery in the 
beneficiary states, it has also been proposed that the new TACIS Programme should 
provide, when necessary, up to ten percent of the total annual allocation for 
responding to humanitarian needs, as with PHARE. 
It is also envisaged that through a triangular scheme, PHARE countries and Turkey 
will be included into the technical assistance effort whenever appropriate and on a 
case by case basis. The inclusion of this "triangular" element is designed to encourage 
the provision of assistance by countries with specific relevant expertise, based on 
experience in transition to a market economy or on close links with the beneficiaries. 
5.7. Council Regulation 
The granting of assistance under Regulation (EEC, EURATOM) No. 2157/91 of 15 
July, 1991 came to an end on 31 December, 1992. Accordingly, and bearing in mind 
the changes in the former Soviet Union, it has been necessary to propose a new 
Regulation. This new Regulation has been prepared by the Commission and will be 
submitted to the Council General Affairs of 5 April. Discussions are going on in the 
European Parliament, which will hopefully deliver its opinion on the Regulation 
shortly. During discussions carried out in the Council Working Group, some 
modifications have been introduced to the proposal, in particular regarding 
transparency. It is hoped that the new Regulation can become effective in mid 1993. 
46 
1992 ANNUAL REPORT 
ANNEXES 
I. Basic Indicators on the New Independent States 
II. 1991 Programming Document (Breakdown) 
III. List of projects in the framework of the 1991 Programme 
IV. 1992 Overall Breakdown 
V. Breakdown of the 1992 Programme 
VI. 1992 TACIS Allocation per country/region 
VII. 1992 TACIS Allocation per sector ft 
H 
i* 
JLM ^ 
ANNEX n 
1991 EC PROGRAMME OF TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO THE USSR 
* Global Budget 
* Mini Budget 
(supplementary personnel costs) 400 MECU 
3,5 MECU 
396,5 MECU 
* Baltic States 
Multidisciplinary Fund (I) 15 MECU 
10 MECU 
* Balance 
* Energy 
* Training 
* Food Distribution 
* Financial Services 
* Transport 371,5 MECU 
115 MECU 
103 MECU 
73 MECU 
37,5 MECU 
43 MECU 
(1) Indicative allocation of the Multidisciplinary Fund (in MECU): 
Training 2; Food Distribution 2; Transport 2; Financial Services 2; 
Miscellaneous 2. 
ARMENIA 
PROJECTS 
Subtotal 
, •*.*TRANS£ORT«f^:^&&j&<&v 
1. Warehouse it the Zvartnost airport 
Subtotal wmi >_. 
x ,• • •• .'^fOOOpiS.TRIBUTlON^^^^^? FINAL RECIPIENT 
Yerevan airport 
SubMOtal 
• .••yi^lHA^CXA}^^i^jM^<^M 
\. Restructuring o( tha Central Bank çs^w^s^iSth^É^*®'' TOWN I APR. AMOUNT 
•<•<•. 
>•.'.'/ 
YEREVAN 
w?&r*w&. STAGE OF THE PROJECT 
500,000 
600.000 
2. Study of rattructurinQ naads of banking aaetor 
3. Craation of an agricultural eooparativa bank 
Subtotal 
ENEnGY 
1. Energy Saving Stratagy 
Subtotal 
1. Armanla niant Safety Assesment 
Subtotal 
TOTAL*^^»^»»»»»»^ Central Bank of Armenia 
Central Bank of Armenia 
Initiative Group for 
Prlvnta fntornrln YEREVAN 
Ministry of Energy and Fuel. 
Oktemharlan NPP YEREVAN &§&: 
. 200.000 
200.000 R.T. contract signed 
I.C. contract signed 92/12. 
I.C contract signed 92/09 
500.000 R.T. contract signed 92/12. 
900.000 
ftHSBfeft 500.000 
600.000 
300.000 
300^000 
«*»»2:200.000 "l . : 'Al».,.»">frt'lAlJÂ.!»^"X.Vh^5:'., 
Tender; TOR with Europe S.A. 
O.A. contract sinned 92/09 
:*»**f»»**^ttres«ttt^^ 3 
o 
o 
m 
00 
2 
H 
m 
m 
o 
o 
H 
33 
m 
NO 
vo 
> 
O »-* 
00 s 
tn £ 
)> 
!'IARUS 
PROJECTS 
1 .Cooperation In the field of 
managament education and training 
2. C.A.L. training In course material. 
Sub-total 
1. Highway Moscow-Minsk-Brest 
2. Brait bottleneck 
Sub-total 
'*$&* 
1.Study on meet, milk and livestock 
food sectors. Privatisation of Sovkhores 
Sub-total FINAL RECIPIENT 
Academy of Natlonol Economy 
Cons, for Transeuropean Training 
i&£%3$&«$&:*&> %%y,ÏX)ï£'S 'iw tfifif:. <£>":-. 
Road Ministry of Belorussie 
Directorate of Belorus railway 
Kulbicheva Institute plus 3 other Instit TOWN 
iillï 
MINSK APR. AMOUNT 
&S&3& 
MINSK 
MINSK 
MINSK 
1. Study of restructuring needs of banking sector 
Sub-total 
ENERGY 
1. Establishment of Energy Centra V *v. 
2.Tariffs I» Managament Method». 
3.Oil Refinery 
4.Oil Refinery 
S. Seminar/workshop on enrov meterinn & menone 
6. Restructuring & adaptation to market economy 
reform of electricity supply industry in Belarus 
Assostence In the introduction of a new 
techniques end elaboration of new electricity tariff ménager tent 
^ Sub total 
Sub-total 
TOTAL •i-*s<- • '* *"^^«f>»^>K«<>tc<>s^->afc<g)t:aKi^-«siSaf^*f^r^^^-^fe:^ii»;;:?» National Bank 
Minsk 
BELORUSENERGO 
>*.!>-:!W<>WV'yir-•/><,*-:.Y> vyv:•/ >;• ^^ '•" "'.'• > 
MINSK I ' ) 
I ' ) 
300.000 
2.300.000 
2.C00.000 
1,300.000 
1.300.000 
250.000 
250.000 
2.500.000 
MOZYR 
Novopolotsk 
MINSK 400.000 STAGE OF THE PROJECT 
&M*^&SM*&! &&. 
R.T. controct signed 92/12 
R.T. contract to be signed 93/01 
D.A. contract tinned 92/03 
R.T.contract signed 92/05 
: * •..: . .... •...••.•••.•'''*•*.•:*'::•••••• 
R.T. contract signed 92/09 
•."• ' •'•• .v • ^:..w/.;.;V.,V\y1{,^;^*i<->*ï-'-.\*. 
I.C. contract to be awarded In 93/02. 
R.T. contract to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
400.000 
500.000 
250.000 
400,000 
4.050.000 
0.200.000 R.T. deadline 17/11/1992 
R.T. circulating In O.G. I 
R.T. circulating In O.G. I 
O.A. contract signed 93/01 
R.T. contract signed 93/01, 
>A/fc<Y-îv--X'*ysVv\îw?'X "'. 
(') Interrapublican projects Involving: 
1. Belorussie; Kaxakhastan; Ukraine; Russia, (total amount: 7.000.000 Ecu) 
2. Belorussie; UkraIne;Russla.(total amount: 2.000.000 Ecu 1st. phase; total amount 8.425.000Ecu). 14 
^l 
RUSSIA 
PROJECTS 
Business courses in the export sector 
International Business School 
Cooperation betwaan a European Managamont School 
end the Higher Commercial Management School of Mo 
Training end education in the Region of Urals 
Strengthening of the Internationa Management Institut 
of Saint Petersburg 
6. Study (or the esteblishmen of en enterproneurship sch 
for smell business in CIS 
Support for Federel Employment Service. 
Cooperetion in the field of management educetion 
and training 
Computer Aided Leerning :Treining in course 
material preparation. 9. 
To. 
11 .International Faculty Development Programme Management Treining For Cis Managors, Graduates an 
Traînera for the Construction industry Academy of Foreign trade 
IBS 
Higher Commerciel Management 
School 
KAMA2 
I.M.I.S.P. 
International Centre for Oevolop 
of Small Enterprises (ICOSE) 
Federal Employment Services 
Acedemy of National Economy 
Cons, for Trnnsouroponn Trninin 
Institute for Menogomont Trninin 
Sw'tnt Petersburg 
Center for Treining & Retraining of formers' schools, 
instructions, extensions & cooper, loadors. 12. 
13. Higher Economic College (training in Economics) 
1 4. Stall Development & Training for the Institute of 
Economic Policy 
15. An essesment of problems of transformation ol 
economic education 
) 6. Information on Economic and social tronsition: 
a system of indicalors 
1 7. Training of interpreters, en exploratory project 
18. Cooperation in Isnguege training and retraining 
1 9. Integrated project for the economic end business 
development of the Voroneih Region 
20. Voronerh Regionel Administretion Treining 
21. Assistence to the free economy zone in the KEMERO 
Region 
22. Participation CIS economists to an Intern. Conference, ANE. IMISP, IDS, MCMS TOWN 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
Nnhorzyne Chci 
St. Potorsburg 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
St. Potorburg APR. AMOUNT 
1,000,000 
1,500,000 
3.000,000 
4,500,000 
3,000,000 
200,000 
3,300,000 
7.000,000 
2.000.000 
280,000 
MOSCOW 
Agroconsult 
Moscow State Univorsity and 
Institute of Economics MOSCOW 250.000 
3,000.000 
Institute of Economic Policy 
Acodemy of Scienco end Acodo 
National Economy 
VCIOM 
Moscow linguistic University 
Centro for tronsl. of scientific & 
technical literature & documentn( 
Voronoih Authorities 
Voronezh Autoroties 
Kemerovo Authorities MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
VORONEZH 
VORONEHZ STAGE OF THE PROJECT 
R.T contract signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 
RT. contract signed 
R.T. contract signod 
D.A. contract signod. 
R.T. contract signed 92/1 2 
R.T. contrect signed 92/12 I * 
R.T. contract to bo signod 93/01 ( * ) 
D.A. controct signod on 13/3/92 
D.A. contrect signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 92/1 2 
1.050,000 
1,450,000 
180.000 
1,500,000 
10,000 
100.000 
4,000,000 
1,470,000 
KEMEROVO 1.100,000 Offors undor ovaluation 
D.A. controct signed 92/12 
D.A. contract signod 
Tendering end of Decombor 1992 
D.A. contract signed 
D.A. contract to be signed by the end 
of Decomber 1992 
RT. tender contract to ba signed in 92/10 
c ) 
R.T. contrect signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 92/12 
25.000 I D.A. contract signed 92/09 H 
UJ 
v/7 
23. Legal assistance for Privatisation 
24. Training '92 in Moscow, all Russian congress of 
technical essistanco and employee treining 
25. Summer course in Western Economics. 
j 26.Russian Employment Services. 
1.Manual Preperetion 
II.Development & Establishment of Employment Service 
Offices end Networks 
i 27.Textile managers training; programme identification 
( 28.Women end Employment 
29.State Employment Committee Informetion Systems Ad 
Economie Policy 
Sub-total 
1. Pilot project, railway maintenance 
1. 
II. 
III. 
2. Long haul transport of perishable products 
3. St, Petersburg public trensport reorganization 
4. Training & monitoring of Forestry Min. Trensport Netw 
5. Improvement in eir traffio control 
6. Improvement of nucleer material trensport 
7. Multimodel Trensport Training 
8. Reorganisation of St. Petersburg Port 
1. Study tour St. Petersburg Harbour 
II.Incineration Plant for St. Peretsburg Harbour 
III. Data Processing Mastarplen St. Petorsburg Harbour 
IV. English Course St. Petorsburg Harbour 
V. Cereals st. Petersburg Port 
VI. immediate training St. Petersburg Port 
VII. Masterplen St. Petersburg Port 
VIII. Managementtraining St. Petersburg Harbour 
IX. Procurement services St. Petersburg Harbour 
9. Moscow public transport reorganization 
lO.Training for trainers for trensport operetors Russien Fed. Ministry of Empl. 
/isor 
^#!^^^:;•V^^:•;*'i•/*^v:•vv•;^^^r1!^••;.; 
Ministry of roilway (M.P.S.) 
Ministry of railway (M.P.S.) 
City of St. Petersburg 
Ministry of Forest 
Goseeronavigetsin 
Institut 
Authorities of the Port 
City of Moscow MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
^f^.'^-^'V. 
St. Petorsburg 
MOSCOW 
St. Potersburg 
MOSCOW 
ASMAP | inter-states proj 250.000 
1 90.000 
100.000 
290.000 
3,000.000 
20.000 
10.000 
40.000 
44.G15.000 
y: VK^Tïf*:*? 
450.000 
3,700,000 
15,000 
2,900,000 
1,500,000 
300.000 
2.000,000 
2.000.000 
800.000 
3.200.000 
365.000 
100,000 
200.000 
100,000 
250,000 
260,000 
450,000 
560,000 
300,000 
2.000.000 
500.000 
1.400.000 Formel cons, contrect signed 92/09 
D.A. contrect signed 92/09 
D.A. contrect signed 92/09 
I.C. contract signed 92/10 
R.T. contrect signod 92/11 
1 C controct signed 92/10 
D.A. contract signed 92/11 
D.A. contrect signed 92/09 
•0-
*$?!; r A -*%£. •>:#.>; ^jp^:>v^v^ &£: * • iv. "•v ; ' • 
R.T. contract signed 
D.A. contract signod 
D.A. contract signod 
R.T. contract signod. 
RT controct signod 92/09 
D.A. contract signed 92/03 
R.T. contract-signed 92/08 
R.T. contract signed 92/05 
RT contrect signed 
RT contract signed 
Tender leunched through a purchasing age 
D.A. contract signed 92/05 
D.A. contract signed 92/05 
D.A. contrect signod 92/05 
D.A. controct signed 92/05 
R.T controct signed 92/05 
RT contract signed 92/08 
RT contract signed 
D.A. contrect to be signed 92/09 
D.A. contract signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 92/05 
RT contract signed | 
V 
11.Pilot project, public bus transport in St. Petersburg 
12.Modernization plans 
13.Main future reil corridors 
M.Dete on trans-border traffic flows between the USSR 
Eestern Europe and the EC 
15.Airport modernisation needs (Kaliningrad) 
16.Reservation system of Aereoflot (a study) 
17.Food export/import cargo delivery system 
18.Consultancy to Republican Transport Ministry 
19.Case studies on multimodal trnsport SFRSR 
20.Study boosting effectiveness roed trensport 
21.Perestroike for Aereoflot 
22.Compensation schemes amplifying space and coopéra 
23. SHEREMETYEVO Airport market driven Center-Plan 
24.PULHOVO Airport (ST. PETERSB.) Master Plan study. 
25.Re-enotnino llyush'm 70 & 86 Alrcrafts of AEROFLOT. 
Sub-total 
.... FOOD DISTRIBUTION, • . A .v. 
I.Ouckwheath facility 
2.Training programme for warehouse operations 
3.Distribution meat 
[ 4.Integrated Center for food production ond distribution 
5.Improvement to the food retail distribution systom 
in the Vérone} area 
6.£xperimentel station and Agrarian research 
7.Food supply of Yaroslav 
8.Audit for 34 menifactur'mg plants 
9. Feasability study on meat distribution 
10. Organisetion of milk& meat private farms 
11. Collective catering for the 15 principol Moscow Univc 
1 2. Study of tho meat Sector in Arkhangelsk 
13.Soviet British joint vonturo Moscow BREAD 
14.Modernisation of fruit and vogotablos combinat 
15.Improvement of the food supply system 
1 6.T.A. to the Samere Region 
1 7.Food distribution to Kraznogvardeisky 
[ 18.Immediate plan for winter 91/92 
1 9.Restr. of Food Wholesele & Retail Distribution System 
20.Integrated programma for loss reduction AVTODELO Joint Petersburg 
Ministry of Reilwey (MPS) 
ATR 
Airport of the republics 
AEREOFLOT 
MPS 
Ministry of Transport 
Ministry of Transport 
AEREOFLOT 
ion 
AEROFLOT 
Y.t*'..\ ' • . . 
Conti Niki 
Tyumen city Council 
Meat Processing Complex 
Vologodaki oligpolkon 
Agronomic Univorsity of Voronoj 
Vaskhnil Slavenskoio Ros. Stntio 
Executive Committee 
Food Committee of Moscow 
Rostov Soviot 
Coopereztivo of zootochnology 
University of Moscow 
Arkhangelsk cooprntivo for trado 
Moscow Orend 
Comity AGROPROM 
Sèmera Academy Centor 
Oblast Samora 
Government of Moscow 
Lengipromieomolagoprom 
Food Committee of St. Petersbui 
Association Agroprom Utschos Si. Petersburg 
inter-states proj 
intor-Mntos proj 
intor-states prof 
inter-stetos proj 
MOSCOW 
St. Petersburg 
• .:•. 
OREL 
TYUMEN 
UFA 
VOLOGOA 
VORONEJ 
KALININGRAD 
YAROSLAV 
MOSCOW 
ROSTOV 
RIA2AN 
MOSCOW 
ARKHANGELSK 
MOSCOW 
ROSTOV 
iAMARA TOGLI 
SAMARA 
MOSCOW 
St. Petersburg 
St. Petersburg 2.500.000 
500,000 
300.000 
300.000 
300,000 
300,000 
500.000 
200.000 
500.000 
250.000 
300.000 
150.000 
1 20,000 
340.000 
240.000 
30.100.000 
1 70.000 
210.000 
250.000 
1.700.000 
700.000 
1.000.000 
2.000.000 
100.000 
300.000 
260.000 
600.000 
330.000 
700.000 
350.000 
700.000 
2.000.000 
280,000 
300,000 
600.000 
MOSCOW I 960.000 R.T. contrect signed 92/05 
D.A. contract signed 92/03 
R.T. contrect signed 
D.A.controct signed 92/05 
D.A. contrect signed 92/06 
R.T. contrect signed 92/09 
TOR to be drafted: evaluation 
RT contract signed 
D.A. contrect signed 92/09 
D.A. contract signed 92/03 
O.A. contract signed 
D.A. contract signed 92/10 
R.T contrect signed 92/10 
D.A. contract signed 92/06 
.;.. •-.; . :,.r •'."• ;,,., 
0,A. contract signed 
O.A. contract -signod 
D.A. contract signed 
RT contract signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signod 92/10 
RT contract signod 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 92/09 
D.A. contract signod 
D.A. contract signed 
D.A. controct signed 
R.T. contract signod 92/10 
R.T. contract signed Sont. 1992 
Evaluation in process 
Ro- tendor in procoss 
Ro- tondor in process 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 1 
D.A. contract singed on 09/03/92 1 
D.A. contrect signed on-05/03/92 I 
R.T. contract signod 92/10 I 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 1 
^ 
21.Food chaîne organisation 
22.Reorganisation of fruit and vegetables sector 
23.Moat Sector Study & Masterplan St. Petersburg. 
24.Chaîne Balaie detcha fruit & vegetebles 
25. Study ol Milk and Fresh Produce Sectors and Privatis 
of Sovkhozhes and the Retail Trade in KOLPINO 
and Associated Districts in St. PETERSBURG. 
26. Milk Sector Study and Masterplan in St. Petersburg. 
27. University orgenisation of catering menegemont 
28. T.A. to KALUGA region 
29. Puchino pilot privatisation 
30.Privatisation of 11 7 resteurents 
31. Food supply in Sverdtovck 
32.Distribution end legislation 
33. Privatisation of Com. sector in Agrokombinet 
34. T.A. on orgenisetion and storage processing 
35. Council vegetebles and fruit market 
36. T.A. to ROSPOTREBSOYOU2 Consumors' Union 
37. Farmer of Russia/ fild flower 
38. T.A. and training for farmers 
39. Strnnnthnning of insituln 
40. Promotion of private wholesaler 
41. Strategy study for Tomskchleboprodult 
4 2. A study of the meat, milk and fruit & vegotables socio 
in the Kovrov sector 
43. Kupchino Alternative structure of trado 
44. Plan relance agro-industrial 
4 5. Sugar Beet Processing 
46. Treining of staff of a german-russian coop. 
47. Overriding plan for milk and diary supplies 
48. Restructuration of food industries 
49. Transformed food products chaine 
50.Privatisation and development of LETO 
51. Creation of a wholesale market * 
52.Marketing and manegmenl training 
53.NEPTUN RUBIN Food product development 
[ 54. Supply and distribution of food to Oblast of OREL 
S5.Filiere Grain Bude 
56. Internetionel Novossibirsk Fair Attendance and Perticir 
57.Karavai bekery Project 
58.Study of the Fresh Produce Sector in Krasnador Edward Rossol Governor 
Consortium AURORA+ ODISEA 
Myasokombinat 
SPl.Ble ofLubersty and Mossovi 
Lensoviot 
Provision Committee of St. Peter 
Eco/Fin University 
Oblast Keluge 
Puchino Authorities 
Moscoviet 
Sverdlovck Regional Council 
Vilening Agro firm 
Agro kombinat ALTAI BUSK 
Rosprokomplexctroi 
ROSPOTREBSOYOUZ 
Fermor of Russia 
Assosiation of Peasants (ACCOR 
Litngiprominomolngoprom 
Tomskchleboprodult milling prod 
Kovrov district soviot of depulio 
Regional Trade houso «ssocintio 
Exec.Council Committee of Svcr 
Russian coop.of food industry 
/ 
Moscoviet agro-food Committeo 
Moscow Inst. Food Techn./ Oyk 
Kursk Regional Council 
LETO 
Moscoviet 
Coop. Center of Centrosoyouz 
NEPTUN RUBIN 
OREL Oblast 
AGRIS 
at ion 
Vnesh Partner Leningrad EKATERINBURG 
St. Petersburg 
St. Petersburg 
MOSCOW 
St. Petersburg 
St. Petersburg 
St. Petorsburg 
KALUGA 
PUCHINO 
MOSCOW 
Ekatorinbourg 
Krasnodar 
ALTAI 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
St. PntorslMtrg 
Yaroslavl 
Tomsk 
KOVROV 
St. Petorsburg 
Ekaterinburg 
Krasnodar 
K AMENA 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
KURSK 
St. Petersburg 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
St. Petersburg 
OREL 
SARATOV 
St. Peterburg 
Kresnador 2.000.000 
330,000 
970,000 
2,000,000 
1,900,000 
1.000,000 
600.000 
2,000.000 
1.000.000 
220,000 
300.000 
275,000 
285.000 
290,000 
3.000.000 
2,000.000 
2.000.000 
1.000.000 
900.000 
350.000 
210.000 
500.000 
400.000 
270.000 
950.000 
500.000 
990.000 
290.000 
2.000.000 
160.000 
800.000 
000.000 
2.000.000 
200.000 
290.000 
20.000 
700.000 
300.000 Tondor in procoss 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
R.T. contrect signed 92/10 
R.T. controct signod 92/09 
R.T. controct signed 92/10 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
Tender in procoss 
Tender in process 
Contract signod July 1992 
Contrect signed July 1 992 
Tendering by September 1992 
SOE to bo signod. Tendering September 1 
SOE to bo signed 
SOE to be signod 
SOE lo bo signod 
Tondor in process 
TOR rondy; SOE to be still signed 
TOR in proparotton 
Tender in process 
Contrect signed July 1992 
Tendor leunchod 92/11 
Tondor in process 
D.A. contract signed July 1 992 
R.T. contract signed 92/11 
TOR ready. SOE to be signed 
R.T. controct signed 92/10 
TOR to be drafted 
Tender in process 
TOR o.k.. SOE to be signed 
TOR to be drafted 
TOR to be drafted 
Tender in process 
TOR ready: SOE to be still sinned 
TOR ready: SOE to be still signed 
O.A, contract sinned 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
Tender launched 9/11/1992 Ji 
S9.Short & medium term T.A. to improve processing Altai 300.000 Tender launched 10/11/1992 
and distribution In Altai 
Sub-total 47.770.000 
sFtNANCIAUSERVICESJ •.Ï.'S/^AK**^ v >*... 
:^ 
1 .Assistance to the supervising authority Board of State Insurance Super MOSCOW 540.000 R.T. contract to be signed 93/01. 
TOR in preparation . 2.Traininp for insurers end trainers Moscow State Univ. & Min. of Fj MOSCOW 2.400.000 
3.Assistance to the International Advisory Board on Acco 
end Auditing Developments (IABA) Ministry of Finance, Supreme So MOSCOW 660.000 R.T. contract signed 92/11 
4.Assistance to the Chamber of auditors in 
St. Petersburg St. Petersburg 200.000 TOR in preparation 
S.Training of accountants and trainers MOSCOW and 
ST.PSTSRSBURCI 1.000.000 TOR in preparation 
6 .Development Plan for a stock exchange in St. Petersburg St. Petersburg 300.000 TOR in preparation 
7. Establishment of bankeccountinfl standards Bank of Russia MOSCOW 240.000 D.A. contract signed 10-6-1992 
TOR in preparation. 0. Training ot Central Bank's Personnel Bank of Russia MOSCOW 1.500.000 
9. Study of restructuring needs of the Russien banking se Bank of Russia MOSCOW 320.000 RT contract sinned 92/09 
10.Restructuring of Russian Savings Banks 
I. Stratégie business plan 
It. Establishment of a foreign exchange department 
lit. Development of an kvhouaa training achomw Russian Savings Bank MOSCOW 
200,000 
200,000 
1.S00.000 R.T. contract signed 92/04. 
D.A. contract signed on 11/3/92 
RIT contract tinned 31-7-1992 
11. Assistance for restructuring of Mosbusinessbank Mosbusinessbank MOSCOW 930.000 R.T. contract signed 92/11 
1 ^Restructuring of Vneshoconombank Vneshoconombank MOSCOW 400.000 TOR ready; launching depending Russ. par 
13.Creation of the International Finance and Banking Scho 
f. Overall Project Management 
II. Module 1.1 
III. Module 1.2 & part 2 
IV.Module 1.3-1.0 IFBS 
IFBS 
IFBS 
IFBS MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 070,000 
2.030,000 
075,000 
2.930.000 R.T. contract signed 92/09. 
R.T. contract signod 92/11 
R.T. contract signed 92/11 
R.T. contract signed 92/11 
14 .Restructuring of Promstroybank MOSCOW 290.000 RT contract signed 92/00 
15. Restructuring of Autovazbank Autovezbenk TOGLIATTI 280,000 D.A. contrect signed 92/09 
1 Ô.Assistance fund for small and medium size 
and new benks Dialogbank 
Rosbusinessbenk MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 200,000 
300,000 D.A. contract signed 92/09 
I.C. contract to be awarded in 93/02. 
17.Creation of the "Russien Project Finance Bank" 
I. Interim assistance 
II. Expatriate management 
III. Training ans support 
IV. Management Consultancy and lagel advice 
V. Equipment Orgenisationol Committee 
RPFB 
RPFB 
RPFB 
RPFB 
RPFB 
18.Feasibility study on the creetion of a Russian Sviazbank MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 290,000 
2.200,000 
1,910,000 
900,000 
1,700.000 
MOSCOW J 260,000 TOR ready, R.T. tendor launched Sept. 
Contrect signod 92/09 (inform, consultât! 
TOR ready , R.T contract to be awarded 9 
idem 
idem 
idem 
D.A. contract signed on 29-4-1992 
2. Pnmary Circuit VVER 230 (WANO) 
3. Accident Analysis 
4. Probalistic safety enelysis 
5. Modernisation projects of VVER 230 
6. VVER 230 Simulator 
7. Training procedures end Treining meterial VVER 230 
8. Public Informetion Centre 
9. VVER 230 Résiduel lifetime evaluation 
10. Operating procedures VVER 230 
11 .Automatic control System for radiation 
monitoring VVER 230 
1 2.VVER 230 Seismio qualification of instrumentation 
13.Safety related equipment/qualification under accident 
conditions VVER 230 
1 4.Radwaste Treatment 
1 5. Creation of a Nuclear Power Control and Safety Centr 
1 8.Enhancement of personnel treining system 
1 7.Assessment of eccidont localisation syslom 
and E.C.C.S. VVER 230 (Confinement) 
18 .Training for the Eddy current inspection of tubes 
1 9 .Probabilistic Saletv analysis » support data 
2Q.Metrologicel support for question of NPP's 
21 .Quality Assurance Programme Development 
Sub-total 
TOTAL ^(•.••'•*X'>••':<4 '•" ••• MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM 
MINATOM Min.of Atomic Enerrv 
Min.of Atomic Enerr, 
Min.of Atomic Enorr, y 
Min.of Atomic Enerf y 
Min.of Atomio Enerr 
Min.of Atomic Enor( 
Min.of Atomic Ener( y 
Min.of Atomic Enert 
Min.of Atomic Enorf 
Min. of Atomic Ener ]y 
Min. of Atomic Enor \DL 
Min.of Atomic Energy 
Min.of Atomic EnerrJ 
Min.of Atomic Energ 
MINATOM • Gosatomnadzor 
MINATOM • Min.of Atomic Enord 
MINATOM - Min.of Atomic Energl» 
(*) Inter-states projects involving: 
8. Belarus;Kazakhastan;Ukraino;Russia. (Total budgot : 7 
9. 8alarus;Ukraine;Russia. (Total budget : 8.425 Mecu) 1st. phaso 2 Mccu 
(* *) Projects involving Russia and Ukraine : 
project nr. 5 : total budget : 1.000 Mecu 
project nr. 20 / total budget 70.000 Ecu 
(* * *) Project involing Russia, Kazakhastan and Ukraine. Total budget : 295.300 Ecu 2,500,000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
4,000,000 R.T. leunched 27/11/92 
1,000,000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
1.500,000 R.T. launched 18/12/92 
3.000.000 TOR to be drafted 
1,000,000 R.T. lounched 18/12/92 
2,900,000 R.T. contract signed 92/09. 
500,000 R.T. launched 18/12/92 
1,000.000 R.T. leunched 18/12/92 
500,000 R.T. launched 18/12/92 
500,000 R.T. launched 18/12/92 
500.000 R.T. lounched 18/12/92 
500,000 R.T. launched 18/12/92 
500,000 Tendering by mid September 1 992 
6.000.000 R.T. leunched 27/11/92 
1.000.000 R.T. launchod 27/11/92 
240,000 O.A. contrect signod Sept. 1992 
1.500.000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
500,000 R.T. launched 18/12/92 
R.T. leunched 37/11/92 1.500.000 
3G.G40.000 
225.649.000 
H 
22.Study of the Potentiel for Energy Savings in the 
Production of Oxygen. 
23.Energy Audit Programme in the Steel Industry 
24.Energy Audit Progremme in tho Paper Industry. 
25.Improvement of efficiency of Gestronsport. 
26.Reservoir engineering in vieuw of a Gas Injection Proje 
27.E.S. study in Oxygen Production. 
28.Horiz. Well Training in West Sibérie. 
29.E.S. study on Weste Disposal 
30.Energy Saving Study in LUBRTSY 
31 .E.S. in Metalworks in Tscheijebinsk 
32.Conversion of Cement Industry. 
33.E, efficiency in the Alluminium Industry. 
34.Diagnostic Oil & Gas Pipelines. 
35.Power Transmission System in Russie. 
36.Air Pollution in Moscow 
37.Treining & Pilot Project. 
38.Exchange of Experts 
! 39.Management & Training 
41.Oil Refinery. 
42,GAS Control & Production 
43.Pilot Project Pipeline Installation 
44.Oil Well Drilling & Production 
4 5.Power plant oil refinery 
46,Trainino for Energy Manager TSCHEJABINSK 
4 7,Training for Energy Manager TAMAROY 
48.Energy Saving in Tractor Plant 
49.Expertise on athmospherio pollution caused by Moscov 
power plants & study for installing a monitoring & 
control system 
50.Study of tho Power trensmission system in the Federet 
of Russie. 
51.Cooperation in the Establishment & Action of Enorgy 
Centre in MOSCOW 
52.Seminar/workshop on enrgy metering & management 
in Moscow. 
Sub-total 
1. Reactor Vessel Embrittlement VVER 230 (WANO) Gazprom, Soyuzgnzoutomotikn 
Ministry of Fuel & Gas 
Tscherepovets Factory 
Drilling Techn. Rosearch Inst. 
MOSSOVIET 
Exec. Committee of Lubertsy 
Exec. Committoe of Tscheijobins 
Sta, Ass. of Building Mat. Ind. 
Kouzzern Sovnluminity 
GAZPROM, Soynzeregogea 
Mintopenergo & Dispatching Off 
MOSENERGO 
MOSENERGO • TVERENERGO 
MINTOPENERGO 
GAZPROM 
OMSK 
GASPROM 
LENGAS 
Gubkin State Aced. of Oil & Gos 
Ministry of Energy 
on 
^^Mli^^^llllllil&ii^ 
MINATOM • Min. of Atomic Ener -
t 
• 0 
MOSCOW 
ST. Petersburg 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
V 300.000 
300,000 
300.000 
300,000 
150,000 
300.000 
300.000 
300.000 
300,000 
300.000 
300.000 
300.000 
1,650,000 
1,300,000 
530.000 
1.860.000 
1,000,000 
750.000 
1.000.000 
600.000 
400,000 
750,000 
1.500.000 
. 200.000 
200.000 
285,000 
620.000 
950.000 
2.500.000 
250.000 
30,119.000 
5.000.000 D.A. contract to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
D.A. controct to be signed ( 92/1 2 I 
D.A. contract to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
D.A. contrect to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
D.A. Proposal by 07/09/1 992 
D.A. controct to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
O.A. TOR DG VII for 23/10/92 
D.A. contract esk for proposel 4/1 2/1 992 
D.A. controct ask for proposal 4/1 2/1 992 
D.A. contract to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
D.A. contrect to be signod ( 92/1 2 ) 
D.A. contract to bo signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
R.T. deadline 19/11/92. 
R.T. deedline 05/11/92; oval, in procoss. 
R.T. deadline 1 9/11/92; evel. in process. 
R.T. . deedline 25/11/1992 
R.T. givon to propnro invit. 14/1 1/92 
R.T. circulating 
R.T. given to propare invit. 24/09/1992 
R.T. deadline 14/11/1992 
R.T. TOR ready 
Waiting for legal advico 
Waiting for TOR 
D.A. ask for proposal 15/1 2/1992 
D.A. ask for proposal 15/12/1992 
D.A. contract to bo signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
R.T. controct signod 93/01. 
R.T. contract signod 93/01 
R.T. controct signod 93/01. 
D.A. contract signed 93/01. 
R.T. launched 27/11/92 I 
^7 
Post Savings Bank 
1 9. Legal Assistance to the insurance sector 
20. Sectorial Study on the insurence sector Russia 
21. Legislative assistence and consultancy on the esteblis 
ment supervision of stock.security end commodity ex 
22. Development plan for stock and commodities excheng 
I in Moscow 
23.Training of operators and supervisors of stock com­
modity and securities exchanges Russia & Ukraine 
24.Pilot project on Improving Tax Administration and Trair 
Tax Inspectors in Russia 
25.Short term bonking expert. 
Sub-total 
•U^«^;;ENERG^ 
1. Investigation into Oesign Standards and Philosophies f 
Ges *r\d Associated Standards. 
2. Advice on tariff policy «^procedures 
3. Distribution managament 
4. Legal Framework for Electricity Supply. 
S. Naturel resources Legisletion 
I 6. Legislative workshop 
7. Analvtical Service Center for the Petroloum Industry 
8. Tyumen Task Force 
9.Reduction of NOX 
lO.Training in commercial management 
11 ,On line diagnostics for turbo generators 
12.Refurbishment Power Plants. 
13.Establishment of Energy Centre 
14.Establishment of Energy Centre 
15.Evaluation by infra-red techniques. 
16.ELECTR0STAL Metallurgical Works. 
17.Restruct. and adapt, to market economy 
Reform of the ménagement methods for LENENERGO 
1 S.Moscow Thermal Power Plant Nr. 8 
19.Vladimir Tractor Factory. 
[ 20.Priority measures fot trensition to market-economy. 
21.Development of a power station emission and effluent 
monitoring system Boerd of the Stete Insurence Su 
Board of the Stete Insurence Su 
Ministry of Finence 
:hangas MOSCOW 
MOSCOW 
Russian Raw Matériels & Comm MOSCOW 
Exchenges/Russien Stock Excherge 
ing 
TACIS 
Intershotft 
MOSENERGO/TUERENERGO 
Mosonnrgn 
Mintopenergo 
Ministry for Fuel end Energy 
Ministry for Fuel end Energy 
Ministry for Fuel end Energy 
Ministry for Fuel end Energy 
MOSENERGO 
URALENERGO 
MINERGO 
MINERGO 
Moscow 
St. Petersburg 
VNIIE 
GASPROM •'•':•.•/'<•'f•••'••'• ' • 
vIOSCOW/TVER 
MOSCOW 
PERM 
MOSCOW 130,000 
295.000 
295,000 
270,000 
1,300,000 
500,000 
160.000 
29.355.000 
300,000 
294.000 
1.000.000 
600.000 
300.000 
150.000 
300.000 
4,500.000 
595.000 
750.000 
250.000 
450.000 
2.500.000 
2.500.000 
240.000 
290,000 
1.440.000 
285.000 
200.000 
1.000.000 
300,000 D.A. contract signed on 20*04-1992 
R.T. contrect signed 92/11 
I.C. contrect signed 92/11 
D.A. contrect signed on 20-07-1992 
TOR to be dratted 
D.A. controct signed 92/10 
D.A. contrect signed. 
.•« '•: :•:•: •'/•'•• :.'••••::•>*•:«., '•••v..••'..<„• . •../•<:•:<.•• •..•:•' 
D.A. contract to bo aignod ( 92/1 2 ) 
D.A. contract signed 92/11. 
R.T. contract signed 9 2/09 
Tender; deadline 1 2/11/1992 
D.A. cotrect signed 20-4-1992 
D.A. controct signod 92/06. 
D.A. contrect to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
R.T. contract to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
R.T. contract to be Signed ( 92/12 ) 
R.T. contract signed . 
D.A. contract proposal 14/1 2/1992 
R.T. contract to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
R.T. contract to be signed ( 92/1 2 ) 
R.T. contract to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
D.A. contract to bo signed ( 92/12 ) 
D.A. contract signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 92/09 
D.A. contract signed 92/09 
D.A. contrect signod 92/09 
R.T. contract to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
D.A. contract to ba signed ( 92/12 ) 
N •«i 
I 
(****) This Is a project financed by the Multidisciplinary fund 
') Balance by tender early 1991 (6.000.000) Balance by regie's d'avance 
14 
INTER-REGIONAL PROJECTS (Covering all CIS's territory) 
PROJECT FINAL RECIPIENT I APR. AMOUNT STAGE OF THE PROJECT 
#**w*$%i&T R A N S P O R1&M^&$M&M$$>& I *&i$i?^!!^^ '*%^#'$!&&%H $®&$jà%Û%?<&&t& :#*¥&•:*? &H$ •»•:•=•: •&*MW&*$^%X$^#''<^ 
1 .Multimodal transport training Minlsterles of Trenspor 3.500.000 Tender leunched on 11/S/92;deadline: 17/6/92 
2. Consultancy to Republican Transport Ministries Minlsteries of Transpor 1.000.000 TOR reedy; evaluation In progress, to be signed 
3.Establishment of an Affair Aviation System In CIS 300.000 O.A. contract signed 92/10 
4.Assistance In the Framework of TACIS 100.000 O.A. contract signed 92/10 
5.Monitoring of TACIS Transport Sector Programme 270.000 D.A. contract signed 92/07 
Sub-total S.170.000 
/^FINANCIATSER^ICES^^;^»^ •>*/tf v>$y$ •îî*^$V'.*:! $m 
I.E.C. centre! benk edvlsory service (ECBAS ) Central banks. (*) 1.800.000 TOR to be reedy end 93/01, 
2.Financial Serv. '92 Progremme Mission St. Petersb; Moscow 
Samara; Ukraine; Bolorfs 
Moldavie 300,000 D.A. contract signed 92/09 
3.Expertise on Benklng Training. TACIS 60.000 D.A. contract to be signed. 
4.Assistance to TACIS Fin end el Service Sector. 50.000 O.A. contrect signed 
S.Prov. short « term techn. assistante TACIS soct. prbgr 60.000 D,A. contract signed 92/07 
6.Strateglc Workshop 93-95 2^000 OjA. contract signed 92/12 
Sub-total 2.272.000 
•ri*-; TRAlNINO^^j^frfoV^*^ ': >?» wfci'ftV'Ifl.vy '**.• <t ';•* ••' 'V '•'''*? •*.1-Vv 
1.Industrie! Partnership Scheme for C.I.S. 90,000 I.C. contrect signed 92/11 
2.Contact Magazine for Management Schools 100.000 I.C. contract signed 92/10 
3.The 3rd. European East • West Conference & Exhib 
on Advanced Materiel and Processes. ( " ) 150,000 D.A. contract signed 92/10 
4.Development of a Human Resources Policy 
end Training 275.000 D.A. contract signed 92/1 2 
Economy 
Sub-total 015.000 
1. Statistical cooperation Statistics Offices 4,000.000 D.A. contrect signed 92/09 
2. Training for NSO Statistics Offices 4.000.000 O.A. contract signed. 
Sub-total 0.000.000 
1. Policy advice States' Government 9,000.000 
2. Cooperation on Legel Reform States' Government 290.000 R.T. contract to be signed by mid May 
3. VIENNA Institute. 
I. T.A. for Vienna Institute. 60.000 O.A. contract to be signed by mid Mey 
Inf. Cons, contract signed 92/10 
Sub-total 
1. T.A. for the Custom Legislation 
2.Training Assistance to the Customs Services 
of Belarus. Kezakhestan. Russia. Ukraine & Uzbek 
3. Creation of improvement of the customs Investi­
gation départements of Armenia, Azerbaijan, 
Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhastsn, Kyrgystan, 
Motdova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan 
Ukraine, and Uzbekistan 
4. Creation and Improvement of the Costums Labor 
tories of Belarus, Kazakhastsn, Ukraine, 
and Uzbekistan 
5. Computerization 
8.Drafting TOR for T.A. In Customs Sector 
Belarus, Kazakhastsn, Russia, the Ukraine 
end Uzbeklsten 
Sub-iotal 
....... w •••/ ;;>.«.>, • fNfRGY"» ^'-^vv*-^'^*'**^ s*"'; 
1. System for environment control of 
Zsporozhsky powsr system 
2. Vadamecum for foreign Investors 
pipelines situation 
3. Tymen Task Force 
4. Workshop on hydrocarbons legislation 
S. Assess, resld. life of power plant eq. 
6. Geoehemical analytic Sevtee Centre 
7. Restructuration fot electricity sector 
8. Reform of Management method 
9. Maintenance Plennlnn 
10. Orgenisatlon of venue CIS experts to e Nuclear S 
guards Seminar at O.G. XVII 
11. Seconded Experts in Evaluation Committees 
Sub-total 
TOTAL *•• v"> «'iVv*.y^ ?**;,*** Customs Administrate 
idem 
stan 
Idem 
idem 
Idem 
Idem 
-jïlts^M^' >•,*•*>• .•'••••:•>.*.•.•• .* ..*•%• 
Krzbizhanovskl Power 
Engineering 
Ministry of Fuel & Ener 
Ministry of Fuel & Enero 
VTI 
Vernadskv Institute 
Mosanergo, Mlnenergo 
Tverenergo 
Montopenergo 
ife-
• ?» to.***':sfMx&•• ;•••'•<:•• • vs:-W .;. 9.350.000 
170.000 
1,200,000 
1,000,000 
300.000 
2.000.000 
5.000 
4.675.000 
• • • : *"v> '. % » •" <% y.v. . 
250,000 
300.000 
230.000 
150.000 
150.000 
300.000 
800.000 
400.000 
400.000 
9,000 
70,000 
3.059.000 
'*• 33.141.000 D.A. controct to ba signed by IS May 
D.A. contract signod 92/09. 
D.A. contract signed 92/09 
D.A. contract signed 92/09. 
Tender to be leunched by December 1992 
D.A. contrect signed 92/08 
V\,,SV-,i • • y • • ....... ... ........ ^ 
D.A. contract, proposal 4/12/1992 
D.A. contract signed 26-8-1992 
D.A. contract signed 29*4-1992 
D.A, contractslgned 5-6-1992 
D.A. controct to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
D.A, contract to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
R.T. contract signed 92/12 
R.T. contract signod 92/09 
R.T, eontrect to be signed ( 92/12 1 
D.A. contrect signed 92/12 
D.A, contrect signed 92/12 
!/<VJN < ••. • < "&• >•«*/ . .v..A..*s .. . ...• . ,,.j .v .;. •; > ,y:,f . > ,.v . . ;.: •. 
( ' ) Requests exist alreedy from Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhastsn. N 
GEORGIA 
PROJECTS 
Sub-total 
1. Raorganlsetlon of POTI Port 
2. Modernization plans of transport 
Infrastructures 
Sub-total 
. ; ~. ^. :> FOOD; OlSTRIBUTJONi 
1. T.A. In meet, mllk.fresh products and 
animals allmentetlon sectors. FINAL RECIPIENT 
$mmm 
Ministry of Science & Technology 
2. Sovkhozhes Privatisation In the 
Tbllsl Region, Georgia 
Sub-total 
Sub-total 
., *:-•;.. ENERGYWe^Sff^**,* 
1. Management Training 
Sub-tote! 
Sub-total 
TOTAL •' ' ^'•^•«""•••^^^v»'1 TOWN 1 APR. AMOUNT 
POTI 
s¥.â'?V*..>^: 
Ministries of Agriculture and 
Food Industry 
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 
#$*V-;.y'.'..' 
•«^v'-„'Vj, 
Ministry of Energy a'OO.OOO 
450,000 
950.000 
TBILSI 1,950.000 
350.000 STAGE OF THE PROJECT 
RT contract signed 92/09 
R.T. contrect signed 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
S<V.'..>.\I>."> "• 
Y£V&.-5 
TIBILSI 
•.;«;«:/• 
/x<xr»fo*ytt*>;$>a«<•»• y;. ••• \ ••*>"••"• 2.300.000 
^-4&&& 
400.000 
400.000 
ï..»»/v«...,.% r*r../ *!» 
3.050.000 R.T. deadline 19/11/1992 
M 
KAZAKHASTAN 
PROJECTS I FINAL RECIPIENT 
1. Kazakhstan Institute of 
'Management and Economics 
2. Establishing a training centre 
for smaB enterpreneurs 
S.Cooperation In the field of managament 
education and training 
Sub-total 
Sub*totiL Kazakhstan Institute of 
Management end Economics TOWN 
The Union of Managers of 
Kazakhstan 
Academy of National Economy 
^mm? 
1. Short * Medium Term Assistance in the Milk, Mj 
fresh Produce & Animal Feed Sectors. 
Sub-total .^&&%88ms®mim. 
Sub-total 
1. Tariffs and demand management. Assistance t 
KAZAKHSTANENERGO for elaboration of new 
electricity tariff» and Introduction of DSM tochrj. 
2. Refurbishment and modernisation of Ermokovsk 
1 power station. 
Sub-total 
Sub-total 
TOTAL. Ministry of Agriculture ALMA-ATA 
ALMA-ATA 
ALMA-ATA 
3» 
ALMA-ATA APR. AMOUNT 
2,000,000 STAGE OF THE PROJECT 
TOR revised June 1992. Tender in evaluatio 
1,600.000 
O 
3.600.000 
%B&*.r,& 
§$BJj0$U*m^ 
m^ë^smmmms{ 
Ministry of Energy 
Ministry of Energy 
mmmmÊmmm ^<w 
ALMA-ATA 
Ermokovskay 
mm 1,400,000 
1.400.000 
•s*js ;; ;!..;•..;• •;: 
?m. Contract ready for signature. 
R.T. conreact signed 92/12 
^HwssHgasa ;>.*«s*m' 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
•-• *•« •-. •^•^^;.ï;^g^ï^••^•:i^::: 
400.000 
350,000 
750,000 mmm 
5.750.000 r^-^mmmmm' 
R.T. contract signed 93/01, 
R.T. controct signed 93/01, 
mmmmmmmmê 
(') Int«republican projects Involving: 
3. Kezakhastan; Belorussie; Ukraine; Russia, (total amount: 3.300.000 Ecu) 
4. Karakhastan; Belorussie; Ukraine; Russia, (total amount: 7.000.000 Ecu) M 
KYMQlSTAN 
MOLDAVIA 
NUCLEAR SAFETY PROJECTS FOR RUSSIA ANO UKRAINE JOINTLY 
m^mPM^ÇTAiM^^ÊM^^^^ &$&:• FINAL* R ECI PI E NT<^ W-»•&&. ;;£•*• TOWN* APR.-AMOUNT ^*4:STAGE,0F THE PROJECT; 
1. Safely assessment for regulatory authorities (first phase Gosatomnedzor » Ministry of Atomic Energ 4,000.000 Contract signed end July 1992 
2. Salaty assessment (or regulatory euthorltles 
(industrial phase) Gosatomnedzor • Ministry of Atomio Energy] 4,000.000 TOR to be drefted 
3. Translar of Wasetrn methology & practices to the 
Nuclear Safety Authorotles for Russia: Gosotomnodzor; for Ukraine Ste 
Committee on nucleer & radiation safety MOSCOW 
KIEV 1,800,000 R.T. controct to be signed before 9 2 
4. Transfer of Codas Analyses. idem 3,200.000 R.T. controct to be signed before 9 2 
5. Probelistic safety analysis support data MINATOM - UKRAINIAN NPPs 1.500,000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
6. Quality assurance programme development MINATOM • UKRAINIAN NPPs 1.500.000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
7.Metrologlcal support for operation of NPPs 
(Instrumentation and control) MINATOM - UKRAINIAN NPPs 500,000 TOR to be draftod 
8. Oevalopmsnt of residual lifetime diagnostic systems MINATOM - UKRAINIAN NPPs 500,000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
9^ Maintenance MINATOM - UKRAINIAN NPPs 1.500.000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
10.Severe Occidents end accident management technology] MINATOM - UKRAINIAN NPPs 500.000 R.T. launched 27/11/92 
TOTAL .^v.^V^r<'y*/>«>..>«^fc^\>y>*^>^^v>^i^<^^Yi*.fK>^Xv<. »*Jf!v<.+ **j[/»<\K*««itw- >*"» .'.A>''*. • •«•;'•>•;' 19.000.000 *t < '•> t\ ytlv\>/*.•'»• 
M 
TADJIKISTAN TADJIKISTAN 
TURKMENISTAN 
NUCLEAR SAFETY PROJECTS FOR UKRAINE AND BELARUS JOINTLY 
PROJECTS; m^^MWMW^MW$m$<m 
1. Feasability study for the creation of a 
nuclear sarly warning system for Ukraine & Belart 
Sub>toul 
T OT AL,: ''"••": "•'•' <***** ^s***** *** ?M* tf^tf^j^^i^OS^iN i miteFINAU-RECIPIENT^*^ 
State Committee for problem 
J of retultt of the reactor 
•ecldent at Chernobyl 
Ministry of Chernobyl **^.TOWN:y> 
MINSK *APR>AMOUNT 
300,000 
300.000 
<;*!*;• 300.000 *;**STAGE OFNTHEPROJECK&V 
R.T. contract sioned 29/09/92 
>• -.v .'^V*' .;w.;*--jw.v/:<v|h>><-, >>UvV sH^xt*^' 
•JKRAINE 
PROJECTS 
1.1992 Programme for quelity improvement 
of IMI KIEV services FINAL RECIPIENT 
»feW!rfK*xA*»!«xv<.:k ,v ••"• :$& TOWN 
2. Management training for executives 
In Ukraine 
3. Cooperation in the field of menogement 
education and training 
4. Training In Course Materiel Preparation. 
Pedagogic, Renowal Protect 
5. KIEV Conference. 
Sub-total 
TRANSPORT»;•<#;*;;.:•'•<.-;: ~ ••• 
1. Odesse Herbour, procurementservlces 
2. Odessa Harbour. 
3. Airport modernization 
4. Port Informatics 
S. Training for treiners for transport operators 
6. Modernisation of transport Infrastructures 
7. Menegement treining programme for 
Ukrainian Transport Industrie 
Sub-total IMI International Management 
Institute 
Internetlonel Busines School 
Trensbuslness Kiev 
Academy of Netionol Economy 
Consortium for Transouropeon Training 
Autonome Harbour of Odessa 
Autonome Harbour of Odasse 
Kiev Airport 
PEPI • Odessa Harbour 
ASMAP 
Cabinet of Minister KIEV 
KIEV 
Kf'.V APR. AMOUNT STAGE OF THE PROJECT 
2.600,000 
1,430,000 
( ' ) 
KIEV 
KIEV 
OOESSA 
OOESSA 
KIEV 
ODESSA 
. FOOO DISTRIBUTION^^**** ^ 
1. A.T. dans las secteurs:lait, viande.truits 
at legumes.alimentation batoH 
2. Distribution de gros et détail 
3. A.T. dans les sectaurs:lait,viende,fruit et 
legumes at alimentation bétail 
4.Study for privatisation of Sovkhzos 
5. Improvements to Food Wholesale and Retail 
Distribution System in Odessa. 
6. Privetisation of Sovkhzas 
7.Beby-food production 
8. Treining within Food distribution sector 
Sub-total 
1.Study of restructuring needs of banking sector Ministry of Agriculture 
Alexandria alectronicel Works 
Agro-industrial enterprises 
Association 
Executive Committe 
University of Chernovtsy 
Klrovograd Council 
Ukrainian Food Industry Committee 
University of Chernovtsy ( ' ) 
270.000 
4.300.000 
2.30S.OOO 
2.300.000 
295.000 
2.000.000 
500.000 
500.000 
100.000 
KIEV 
KIEV 
OOESSA 
ODESSA 
ODESSA 
KIROVOGRAO 
CHERNOVTSY 
National Bank KIEV 0.000.000 R.T. contract signed 92/12 
R.T. controct signed 92/12 
R.T. contract signed 92/12 
R.T. contrect to be signed 93/01 
O.A. contract signed 92/12 
•j&ï('-i.-v; 
O.A. contract 
R.T. contract be signed 92/09 .tor5 
3p^ 
R.T. contract signed. 
R.T. contract signed 92/05 R.T. contract signed 
Tendering by beginning of Mey 
O.A. contract signed September 1992 
2.000.000 
500.000 
2.000.000 
500.000 
490,000 
400.000 
260.000 
200.000 R.T. contract signed 92/09 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
R.T. contract signed 92/09 
R.T contract signed September 1992 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
R.T. contract signed 92/10 
D.A. contract signed 92/09 
TOR to be drafted 
32S.OOO I R.T. contract to be awarded In 93/02 a 
r 
2. Restrufuring plan for Agrolndustrlal Bank Ukralnj Bank Ukraine 
3. Training In the field of accountancy + auditing 
4. Assistance to ths creation of a supervising authj 
ofy In the Insurance sector 
5. Assistsnes to the drafting of an accountancy 
and auditing legislation. KIEV 270.000 
1.000.000 
200,000 
6.Treining of operators »nd supervisors of stock 
commodity end securities exchanges 
Sub-total 
1. Reform management method 
2. Modernlsetlon and management maintenance 
3. Renovetlon of Burshtyn Power Plant 
4. Establishment of Energy Center 
5. Electricity tarification 
6. Vedemecum for foreign Investors 
7. Energy Audit Programme In the Peper Industry 
8. Energy Audit Programme In the Steel Industry 
9. Improvement Gasnetwork 
Sub-total 
NUCLEAR SAFETYr^O^ix^V.'1"-
. - v:H'.>!-"."'j-'.fvV-:.i'!<\:A<•!•*. x/i" '«i: 
1. Fire protection Technology 
2. Fitt protection on training action for RBMK 
3. Assistsnes in Dsvslopment end Testing of 
radiation-proof facilities for decontamination 
at Chernobyl 
4. Salaty Assessment VVER 213 eV VVER 1000 Kharkovenergo 
Uglagorsk Thermal Power Plont 
Burshtyn GRES 
Kiev 
Ministry of Energy 
OUKGAS 
•%•».*< w.o'. V.'f.* I.•*.. */•• 
Ukeretomenergoprom 
Ukeratomenergonrom 
Scientific «.Industrial Assoc. PRIRODA 
Sclsntlfio &Technieal Department 
of decontamination KHARKOV 
Chernobyl 250.000 
IV) 
2.045.000 R.T. contract signed 92/11 
TOR In preparation 
TOR in preparation 
TOR in preparation 
TOR in preparation 
960.000 
280.000 
475a000 
2,500,000 
450.000 
-LULL 
(""> 
( ,M,1 
7S0.000 
S.415.000 
500.000 
Chornobyi 
Ukrainian State Committee on Nuclear 
•iLftldtat'on «alettf 
Sub-total 
TOTAL *' ".»» •«>>** 'y**?***'''} *&«<<.1\*&.»<ï '4.. • *;•' ws.v-*i••••>•'?'<';• 300.000 
300,000 R.T. contract signed 92/09 
O.A. signed 19-6-1992 
R.T. controct to be eigned (92/12) 
R.T. controct to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
R.T. contract to be signed (92/12) 
Contract signed 28/08/1992 
O.A. contract to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
O.A. contrect to be signed ( 92/12 ) 
R.T. contrect in circulation (92/12) 
R.T. leunched 27/11/9 2 
D.A. contract signed 27/09/92. 
D.A. controct signed 1/10/92 
500,000 
1.000.000 
27.710.000 R.T. eontrael signed 92/09 
('} Inter-States projeetf Involving: 
4. Ukrains; Belorussie; Russia; Kazakastan. (total amount: 7,000.000 Ecu). 
5. Ukraine; Belorussie; Russia .(total amount: 8.425.000 Ecu). 1st. phase 2000.000 Ecu. 
(* * *) Ths project Involves the following States: UkraIne;Russle; Kazakhastsn. The budget Is 295.300 Ecu. 
(V) The projects cover Russia and Ukraine. The budgets are: 
Project n.6 : 1.300.000 Ecu; 
Project n. 7 : 70.000 Ecu. 
(*) The project hes been unified with the correspondent Byetorussatn's one for a total budget of 300.000 Ecu 
w 
UZBEKISTAN 
Sub-total 
v> ' ^^^Av^^^mM 
1. Modernisation of Tashkent airport Toskent Airport ^km&$m%m^mm 
Tashkent 300.000 O.A. contract sinned at mid April 
Sub-total 300.000 
$?.+?&• •••. :•* *»**#• r.&V*' 
1.Immediate technical assistance in the dairy and 
fresh produce ssctors and privatisation of the 
Sovkhozes and wholesale and retail systems 
In Tashkent Businessmen'sUnion of Uzbekista Tashkent 700,000 R.T. contract signed Sept. 1992 
Sub-total 700.000 
I M 
Sub-total 
ENERGY '»»jfc <:>:>»• >Vy.V?:. 
1. Gas Metering. 375.000 R.T. given to prepare Invitations 
Sub-total 375.000 
. .NUCLEAR SAFETY,\<:J;«&;w, •;•;*;.•• . vV 
Sub-totat 
TOTAL i' . •.)•! .' *•• 
1.37S.000 ' t "J '<*»'• * ': *>«• \'î ^ V* 
Ci 
1992 TACIS PROGRAMME 
OVERALL BREAKDOWN zEh 7ï 
ANNEXE TV 
MECU 
Overall amount available | 450.00 
Baltic States 25,00 
EBRO 15,00 
Mini Budget 5.00 
Multi-disciplinary fund 10.00 
Coordinating Units | 15.00 
Sub Total L^O^O 
V. Net amount available 
For Programmes 380,00 
Nuclear safety (tSTC + Regional) 80.00 
National programmes 271,37 
Regional Programme I 28.63 
||Sub Total 1 380.00 
1992 
St.Petersburg. 
Moscow 
Samara 
Tyumen 
Russia 
Ukraine 
Armenia 
Azerbaijan 
'Georgia 
Kazakhstan 
Kyrgistan 
Turkmenistan 
Uzbekistan 
Moldova 
Belarus 3 Oov.Adv. *.Qi\.Food Oil Energy Tramp. TaU com Privât. SMC Cenvarilon FHSarv. Entraarlte Human ftai. J 
1.t«>.4 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 6,10 
6,22 
5,80 
3,50 4,00 
4,80 
0,00 
8,00 7,00 
7,25 
0,00 
0,00 0,00 
• 4,93 
0,00 
0,00 2,10 
3,15 
0,34 
0,00 2,10 
3,60 
0,00 
0,00 4,10 
5,23 
0,96 
0,00 3,60 
3,75 
0,70 
1,00 11,90 
15,73 
2,00 
1,00 2,00 
20,07 
1,70 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
2,85 
4,40 
2,75 
6,40 
5,70 
2,50 
3,00 
1,00 
0,70 20,62 
11,60 
2,00 
2,40 
1,50 
3,00 
2,81 
3,65 
3,00 
2,50 
2,80 16,80 
8,08 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
3,20 
0,00 
1,00 
5,28 
2,00 
1,90 14,25 
7,26 
0,00. 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00. 
0,00 
0,00 
1,68 
0,00 
1,00 4,93 
0,83 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 5,J9 
4,98 
0,97 
1,50 
1,30 
3,15 
0,72 
0,50 
0,79 
1,00 
1,23 5,70 
2,73 
1,33 
0,60 
1,60 
0,75 
0,00 
0,10 
1,52 
0,00 
1,50 10,29 
2,99 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
1,70 9,05 
6,81 
0,90 
0,60 
0,60 
2,70 
0,00 
0,00 
0,00 
0,50 
2,80 30,63 
17,51 
3,20 
2,70 
3,50 
6,60 
0,72 
0,60 
2,31 
1,50 
7,23 23,77 
3,00 
1,50 
3,00 
1,25 
1,40 
0,00 
1,05 
3,51 
2,00 
1,00 TOTAL 
30,00 
59,00 
9,50 
12,50 
111.00 
48.28 
9,55 
12,50 
9.00 
20,60 
9,23 
8.80 
18,78 
9,00 
14,63 
, " mil 
TOTAL il 11,06 
21,74 
3,50 
4,61 
40,90 
17,?9 
3.52 
4/61 
3.32 
7,59 
3,40 
3,24 
6,92 
3,32 
5,39 CTi 
> 
O O 
2 
NOTE: Tadjikistan does not figure in the above table, as the Technical Assistance to this country has been suspended 
until political stability In this country has been restored. 
^ 
v 
1992 
St. Petersburg 
Moscow 
Samara 
iTyumen 
IRussia 
Ukraine 
Armenia 
{Azerbaijan 
[Georgia 
Kazakhstan 
Kyrgistan 
Turkmenistan 
(Uzbekistan 
[Moldova 
iBolarus 
ITOTAL || TOTAL | 
30,00| 
II 59^001 
1 9,50 
I 12,501 
111,00 
I 48.28 
9,S5| 
12,S0| 
9,001 
| 20,60| 
9.23 
8,80 
18,781 
eaBBBaBOBS 
9.001 
J 14.631 
1 271.37 
3/12/92 17:19 
1992 
National 
Regional 
Total Oov.Adv. 
29,30 
7,50 
36,80 Agrtft Feed. 
55,88 
3,80 
59,68 Energy 
118,26 
1,50 
119,76 Trenaeert 
24,19 
9,00 
33,19 Telee. 
5,76 
1,00 
6,76 Entreprise 
76,50 
4,00 
80,50 Human Ree. 
41,48 
0,00 
41,48 Othere 
70,00 
1,83 
71,83 Total 
421,37 
28,63 
450,00 
Human Raa, 
10% Agrl.li Feed. 
13% 
Entreprise (lncl.Fln.Serv.) 
19% Energy (Incl.Nuelear Safety) 
26% 
Transport 
6% VO 
to 
O 
CO 
s 
I 
O 
m 
00 
W 
O 
N 
* 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(93) 362 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 11 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-93-390-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-58159-X 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg