ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(79)487
Vol.1979/0169

Disclaimer
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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(79 )487 final
Brussels .6thSeptember 1979
''.A
A. ■ -
PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION
ONTHE CONCLUSION OFTHE CONVENTION ONLANG-RANGE
TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION
(submitted totheCouncil bytheCommission )
COM (79)487 final

I
PROPOSAL FORACOUNCILDECISION
ontheconclusion oftheConvention on
long-range transbotindary airpollution
THE COUNCIL OFTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
HAVINGregardtotheTreatyestablishing theEuropeanEconomicCommunity,
andinparticularArticle235thereof,
HAVINGregardtotheproposalfromtheCommission,
HAVINGregardtotheOpinionoftheEuropeanParliament,
HAVINGregardtotheOpinionoftheEconomicandSocialCommittee,
WHEREAStheaimoftheCommunityenvironment policyasstatedinthe
Councildeclaration of22November1973ontheprogrammeofactionofthe
EuropeanCommunities ontheEnvironment -CI),supplemented bytheresolution
oftheCounciloftheEuropeanCommunities andoftherepresentatives
oftheGovernments oftheMemberStatesmeetingwithintheCouncilof
17May1977onthecontinuation andimplementation ofaEuropean Com­
munitypolicyandactionprogrammeontheenvironment (2),istoimprove
thesettingandqualityoflife,andthesurroundings and
livingconditionsofthepeoplesoftheCommunity,by,interalia,preventing,
reducingandasfaraspossible,eliminatingpollutionandnuisancesaswell
asseekingcommonsolutionstoenvironment problemswithstatesoutside
theCommunity,particularly ininternational organisations ;
WHEREASoneoftheprinciplesofthisCommunityenvironmentpolicyisthat,
inaccordancewiththedeclaration oftheUnitedNationsConference onthe
HumanEnvironment adoptedinStockholmin1972,careshouldbetakento
ensurethatactivitiescarriedoutinoneStatedonotcauseanydegradation
oftheenvironment 1nanother ~
<1)OJN°C112,20.12.1973,p.1
(2)ÖJN°C139,13.6.1977,p.1',

2
WHEREAStheCommunityhasthereforeparticipated inthenegotiations
withintheframeworkoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeofaCon­
ventionandResoLution onlong-range transboundary airpollution.
onlong-irange transboundary airpollution andapprovedtheResolution
onlongj-rangetransboundaryairpollutioninwhichthesignatoriesto
theConvention decidedtoinitiatetheprovisional implementation of
theConvention/withintheframeworkoftheECEonaninterimbasis,
andtoundertaketocarryouttheobligations oftheConventionto
themaxjimumextentpossiblependingitsentryintoforce.
r
WHEREASitisnecessaryfortheCommunitytoconcludethisConvention
inordertoachieveoneoftheCommunity'sobjectivesinthefieldof
theprotectionoftheenvironment andofthequalityoflife;and
whereastheTreatyhasnotprovidedthenecessarypowersforthecon­
clusionofthisConvention;
HASDECIDED ASFOLLOWS;
TheConvention onlong-rangetransboundary airpollutionishereby
approvedonbehalfoftheEuropeanEconomic .Community.
ThetextsoftheConvention andoftheResolution onlong-rangetrans-
boundaryairpollutionareannexedtothisDecision.WHEREASthe
onlong-/ranCommunity hason signedtheConvention
Article 1
Article2
ThePresidentoftheCouncilshalldeposittheactasprovidedinArticle
15oftheConvention (1)«
FortheCouncil
ThePresident
<1)ThedateofentryintoforceoftheConventionwillbepublished
In.theOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanCommunities .

•. •.. ••",
I' .I••.'
■•',-î..**'\
...rrjtfTccnvh'ti™;r::lckg-^tc airpcluttck
I*•
•-
* «-. »
. • •
Th»Pgrtlc*tot?.c"rP9eitConvertIon, .'
TVtcrrIn^dtopromoterelationsfinoco-operation Inthefieldof *r
cnviror.-ietkt&l •protection, ''. *'
/./arcofthesignificance oftheactivities *oftheUnitetfIlatlonr;
^–i- «
Jrone.-.iloCcnninnionfrrLuroiifcinstr.n£tr.enin :»ouchr*.lr.tIons-andco-opcrttion ,
• »
particularly inthefieldofairpollution-lncludin3lor.;-rtrars-ortof
elrrollut.'ir.ta ,
/*
H.c^-nlzinctheccntrihution oftheEconomicConnlsaionforAurora
tothomultilateral Inol-rentationofthopertinent ;rovi9ioraofthe
FinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityr.nr*Co-opcrstio.iinTurope,
Ccniofthorefcretc.sint'cchapteronenvironmentofthe
FinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityandCo-operation inEuropecalling
forco-opcraticn tocontrolf.irpollutionenditscffocts,including
lonr-r*rr.Jtransportof"lrpollutants,andtothedrvelopmtnt -thro-jph
lnt-;rnitionr.l co-operation of.?nextensive -proi-rrmncforthar.enitorlng
andevnlurtionoflonj-rJ'nfi.ctrancportofMrpollutonts ,stortingvith
nulphur'lorldcandwitl.possibleextensiontootl'cr %~ollut«:nts,*
'Cmslo.rlrirthepertinentprovlaior.ooftsK»!\.cl.*\rr.tionofthe
UnitedKntlonsConferenceonthoFu.i.-*nKriVironrev-nt ,r.ndinpArticulnr
, ·· -.principle21,whichc:-prc3i.c5thecommonconvictionth-itStateshove,.,
inaccordancewiththeCharteroftheUnitedfictionsandtheprinciples
tflntcrnrtioml law,tliosovwtcif.nri?httoexploittheirownresources
pjrs'j-Tttotheirownenvironmental policic*andthe,resr>onsibllltyto
«nturjth.»tActivitieswithint!.<-irJurindlctlonorcontrolrtonotc-uac
d-vn^p*"*totheenvironment ofother5tntr.«orsf«*.rec8bvy>ndth<limit*
ofnationalJurisdiction , ,
Pccorni2ln».the..x1st..neeofpossibleftdvureeveffects,inth«iehort.^
i-ndlon/jtorm,of«.irpollutionincludingtrnn9boundr.ry Mrpollution,
Crne-rtu.'!th^trris'iir,thelovelofvmissionsofMrpollutant*.•
vithlntliercgi-mnsforvcstmnyliicror.setuchadversecifactsv
m ' • . ■»Pvcc'.'nlthen^cdtosCudytheimplications'cfth«.lcn^-rango
transportofairpollutantsandthoneedtdseeksolutionsfrrthe
problemsidentified,
lpVoes/79/£,(a)
Ci.79-^29GO ...,;tV
t »•
••••\ ..*
l,,•,'•'>r'•I •s%>%'*. r

/.fflrnir ?.their willingness tiralr.forco *icti+z .International
c.-"porrt iontcdevelop #*.nr.ropr late national -policies an«'bymrts cf "
cxc!i".n,^c cfinforn.-.ticn ,consultation ,research '*».nd •mcr.itcrln ?,tn'co»CrAi-.otj ;
n-.tlrr.cl r.ctifn forcctnbttlng cir *?olluti*tn Inclu-ilng lonj -r-ngetrrnsbr.urxary
•Jlrdilution .
li-jve -!>recd esfrtllowst
Dcfinitions '' •!. * '
Article 1•• ■i
«•
Ftthopurposes ofthepresent Convention !.* • ..4 •'
(a)'"airpollution "means thoIntroduction byir.on,'directly orindirectly,' .
ofsuoff.nccs t ?«ncr«;y Into tho rir*resulting Inc'ulittrious effects *-f
such «*nature "stocndr.nv.er hwnan health ,n-.rm living ,r^sourceo end
c^.-oystctne rndb^t«ri«l property r.ndimpair orInterfere t/lthamenities and
••tJ.tr lor .Itlr.».to uses ofthfe cr.vlrr.nn-jnt ,r.rd"nlrpollutants "shnll be
construed '"ccordir.j /ly;
(b)"l-.T-rrn^c tr-i.ibrun'l'ry .'lrpollution "means clrpollution whoso
physfcr.l origin Jssituated wholly orinnart rithln t»i«are ".under the •
national Jurisdiction cfcnc State and v'slch hasAdverse effects inthe ire ".
urw!cr theJurisdiction of /mother State atsuch tidistance that ItIsnot .
• » »• *
generally possible todistinguish thvcontribution ofindividual emission
#iurcis crjroups ofsourcco . . , *,
Fund".-ncntol principles •.
Articlo 2 *' "> . . . .
Th-C~ntr*ctinr .Perties ,f.king \<uc"ccount cfthefacts andproblems
invNlvcd ,Are "ictcrnined toprotect man -andMe cr.vircnnent *»r.Mnr.t air
pollution rnd sh-.ll endeavour toUnit and ,asforaspossible ,gradually
reduce *\ndprevent airpollution including long-ranga transboundnry fir
pollution » •- - ;•
/'rtIclo 3 • • •" '
TheContracting P-vrtios ,within thefran.evorkof ,thepresent Convention#
sh^ll byneons ofexchanges ofInformation ,consultation ,research end .*
monitor ing,develop without undue delay rrliclcs endatratcpl^s which shsll
• %
serve rsameans ofccrobitlnf thedicchargc ufnlrpcllutar.ts ,taking Into
nccour.t efforts already made atnational andInternational levels *

Articîoà '
- • « • •••
TheContractingPartioaeh*.llexchf-n^eInforr.r.tion onrndravtcwtheir
• m -
policies,scientificactivitiesendtechnicalir.cncures.limedatcombating,"
as(cr-ispossible,thet'lacharr.coftlrpollutantsvhlchmryhave.-.dvcrse
effects,therebycontributing tothareductlvn z>fairpollutionlrclunlr.^
lrna-r*r.f,etrr.n&boun'J-.ry Mrpollution *
ArtIci..5
C-.nsultetl^ns ahnllbeheld,uponrequest,rtr.n*arlyatafccbetween,
cnthe?»nchand,'Contracting P".rtleowhicharcrctunllyv.lfcetedbyorexposed
toauignific.intriskoflenft-rrrjjutransb;>undary airroilutlonand,«^n11»*_-
rthcrhr.nd.ContractingPartitawithinwhichandsubjecttovhesoJurisdiction
csignificantcontribution toIr.ng-rargotrr.noboundory air.prllutirnoriginate
crcould^riglnatu,InconnexionwithcctivitU3carriedoncrcontemplated
therein. «
I ■Airpualltymanagement
ArtIcle6 *. •
Tiklnglnt«"»eccountnrtlclcs2to5,theongoingresearch,exchangeof
Information andmonitoring andtheresultsth«.r».of,thecost'-ndeffectiveness
^floc.lnnd^tlcrrctn.-dlceand,In«rJcrt*c*nb-.tairpollution,inp-.rtlcul
Ν
thatorloln*.tin«frrmneworrebuiltin*trll?.tirns ,eachC"ntractlr.£f'.rty
undertakestoVc-Vvlopthubestpclicles .-».ndstrategicsincludingairqu-jllty
rvn/'.f.cr^ntsystemsr.nd,*ap-.rtofthem,centralmeasurescmp.*\tiblcwith
balancedoevclrpmcnt,inpdrticulnrbyuGlngthebc9tavailabletechnology
whichIseconomically feaalblcandlow-rt,'non-w.-.stcttchnclosy.
Rcscrchrr^•V'/oif^.nî .
•»•*
Artlele7 * -';
■ ΜΡ–■– «
• i I
Ti*ContractingParties,"a»appropriatetotheir*needs,'ahnlllnltlntu
andcr-r>pvratcinttt»icnductofrunc^rchinf»nnif-riovolrpmentofi
(a)*.xlstlnsandprvp^sedtechnol *gKsfc.rreducingemissionsofsulphur
crmprund'i«ndothermajcrairp^llufinta,IncInlinetechnicalnndcconrriic *
feasibility,nn.J»-nvlrcnnantrl consequences ; ■
(b).Instrument';ticnandothertechniquesf°rmonitoringandmeasuring
émissionratesAn'1'snblentconcentrâtionsof«irpollutcnts;

i^r-vc:rr^elofcrabetterun'crst.tncUnr ,ofthetrrnemlssion'ofW.«-r.!h?4
<■■..s-.w'nryMrpollutants; '
:»<Vcffocti.cfsulphurcompoundsindotherir.^Jjr;air.follutftnt®cnhunv*
!tthrn.1thetnvlr*w.:cnt#inclu'/ir."tp.ricultur.-.vf.-rcotry,rr-tori-.ls,-rju-.tic
)tWn-.tumlcc-.nyst:nsr'visibility,vitltrviewestablishing
.IAtIIcb..clcf.-r'oG./effoctrv-l-itior.sl.ipni^si-nc.'.tcrrotcctthecrvirentsent
|V>th.ecn'Mc,,oci-.lr.afinvir.-n.,,rt::iust-.e^ntrf/ltcvntIvo ■
(r*.tt•inin-onvlrcnmcnt-1objective,inclu.'in;,ther&rfucticr.rflor.r-rr.rSc
trnnl>vjn'i*ryMr^1tution; '
»
(f)..-^icrtion-»n.'tm.inin.ipryy.rrru^or,;lrtc<ft?theenvironmentalAspects ■
%('^Uuti-nbyculphurcompoundsin*othermnj.'-rnlrpollutants.
*^xch*>n;;cofinformation
i'.rtIcle3 ..'■
L •
Th«G*>ntrnctln-Prrtics,vltMnthofr'jnowcrkofthe'Cxscutivat.'Sy
r.UrK-ie~in.-rtlclo10miMl*tur.ll,-,,1,-11,IntholricrarnIntcrJt.,
«xch-.r»£,crvMl^blc.information «mis ./
(i)'l-.to•nemissionsnt;crloc'*oftinetobeczrocjupon,ofrt,rcc<!
Airr-'llufntH,•t'ltir.j,vlthsulphurc!i*xif'c,c.min:.-frrnrrlJ-ur.itsri
size;or;nthofluxesofa-rc^*.r.irpollutcnts«,of-rtincwit!;uulphcr
tV:;i-_c,rcrrssnnticnilborders,rt^ist^nccoAn>!r.tperil'softir.ictobe-
^rcc*upon; '~
(b)rv-.jorchoresinnntirn-aj^llcico-n'*.in[-tnerMinrtustri-.l
»cvci-»*.iont,An**theirpr.tcntir.linn-net,vhichwouldbelil::lytocfuec
p*;;nific^ntch-nr,csinlcnp-r-.nKwtrmsboun't-.rytir7-ciluti^n; •>
(c)c-rtr.*ltcchr»lop.lcsforr^-'uein^Mrpollutionrflcv-ntto
l'r..;-r'nr^"tr"-Bbrun^Ty ..-irHution; ..'I
C')th«prcjtct<yc.-stftî.e«.uissUncentralcisult:hurc.ivrun'e\"1
i'«*'tl.trw.J-rMr«ellut.-.ntson*n*tî«n?l»c>U:
9 i
m» » » * «(<•)Mcttif.'roloiiic^l rw*phy«lc^-ch*.mic <iV/it".rclftti^gt?thej-roccHScs
«'urln«»tr/>n«.»».laoi«»n; *•
r • '(Oj*hyr.ic:-ch»j.*iic::lm-fbiclorient'VtArelntincttthe*»ff;ctsrf
l't.»-r-n».ctr-.nsbiun^.-ry»*ir•frlluticn -r-tvlthoextent•*£the«!«ti-r.ROW
vl.ichthese-otain'icrtsccnbefttributc!tclr-n$-rp.n.".itrenkb^un.V.ry
rirr^llutim ; • '■
.«« ι
■(")r\nt9subrtçionûlnnc'tcplon^l;,clicicstvAstr<itc.<;lcefor
• _ . •thjcrntrolcfsulphurccwpounrfsnnt'otherwr.jrrAirrcllutonts.*.\'
*
LL'*'•..''ftscntCrnventirn ;1cc«netccut^inftruleon©tnti.-liability ,
r&t«"

Irrr^lervntattonmrlfurthertlwplorcnt oftVeCo-orcrntiv# •
PrQT.rrn'or'„tictvri.itor1:i■•rvi.'.>mlt.iont?"Ior?-
r-nrcrr.-itiv.r.is^i«->p»*■t/.irJ'olli:t<mt\vniurr-c
Article»9
TheContracting'PartiesstrensthenncdforthrsInplcnentotion ofthe
cxintln?"Co-operative ;:ro^rr<r.roforthemonitoringarcevaluationofthe
long-ran",;transmission ofMrpollutantsInEurofc"(hereinafterrc-fcrrcdto
csD-.EP)mr'twithrer.ardtothefurther^vclopncntofthisprogramme,ngrca'
tocache'slzo: , .,
(r)thedeeiraMllty ofContractingPrxtlesJoiningInen*fully
Inolcm'ntlngDJEPwhich,«oafirstotcp,labusedonthotronltorIn?cf
sulphurdioxiderndrelatedsubstances ; . #-
(b)theneedtousecomparableorstandardizedTccedures -frrr.onlterlr.g
»... *
whenever -possible; '..
(c)Tlwdcslrcbllity ofbasingthemonitoringprecrsr.w.onthofr.-r.cwrrV
ofbothnationalandlnternatlon^lprotrrmmes.Thoestvbllshiner.t ofncnltorinp
stationsendthecollection ofdatashnllbecarriedrutunderthenational
jurisdiction ofthecountryInwhichthe-monitoringst'.ticrsarclcc.itcd;
I - *
(d)Thedesirability ofestablishing aframeworkforaco-operr.tive
environmental mcnifringpriQrmmc,b*.sc«ionandtcki:.£Intoaccountpresent .
andfutureP'tlon«:l,subrcp,loral ,rcj5lon"landrthcrInternational nr^gr^nrr.cs;
(e)theneed.tocxchar.godatacncmJeslcwiatporicdsoftimetobe
ap.rcedup^n,cf.-.greedr.lrpellut;.nts,st'rtln?,vlthsulphur^l~xl''.a,ccning
fronp.rid-unlts -?f*rrccdsize;orrnthefluxesrfagreedairrollut-ints,
/stirtln^withculilurdi^xilt',.*cro'.»ntinn.'tlborders,rt«'isl-'-.ncndat
Pkri^^wrftlm;jt*bec^rt-cdup<»n»Thencthod,lr.cludlnp ,-theihcdel,used
to/•-r.trnlr.ethoflur^c;,wellf.sthorvjthcd,IncludingtU'ir.edol,us.«>to
determine -thitransmission ofairp^llutentob-*soi'onthoemissionsper£rldunit
fchallbewadeavrlltbleardperiodic;llyreviewed,Inordertolnprove -the
mctl.'dsandticn~»»cl?>;.
.
•(f)theirwillingnesstocontinuethoexchan$aAndporlcdlcupdating
cfn.-tlon'.lJ-.taont^t^lcnlsslonscfagreednlrp?llut.-.r.ts,startingwith
• I
eulphurdlnxidj;
(p)thor.ocdtopr?vld<smeteorological andthyslco-chctslcr.l data
relatingtoprocessesduringtrnnsnlosion ;'

(1>)theneedtcnscnitrrchtnicnlccr?pc~tntsin^th^r'nidi.*,cuchca•
•.-.• •
w.-»tcr,s.oll.nevcretstion,ro'/«.Ilcsesimll/:rmcnlt'.rln*profcrrn.-»eti
recordeffectscnhenlthr.ndenvironment *t
(l)thedesirabilityafextendingth.»r.atlT.rl~KE?retverkstonafca
thenc-pcrfctlcn^lfcrc^ntrrl«ndservelll^nccpurposes.
•» » /
.'SlxocutIVfcP."r*y t
.'.ri1c1c10 * '.■••'*.''
I––– M» • »
1.T'.-.*representatives /*ftheContractingPtticashell,vithinth«'
fr*<nc«"Tkoft?»cScnirr.'.dvis^rst-LCCCVvsrnncnta «*r.Knvir"r.r.cr.t*.l
I'r'blcr**,constitute'th-.*Executive fc;dyoftheprcnyntConventlc.n,rn»*.,
-' ■■ .• '$.*> a »■..>. ..' • "ch-.llmeetntlonst."nnunliyinthrtcnpicity.
2.TKcExecutive !Jcdysh-.ll:
reviewtheimjic.v.-nt^tion ntthepresentConventions •
(b)establish,rsT'prrpri."te,wcrHn.*;croupstcccr«li***rratters' .
•.relatedtotheimplcner.t.-tl^n rw-development ofthepresent .
• •»
,Convention <ndt«thiscn'!tr.prcpnrw .cppr.rpriitestudiesT.r'
•:ther-VcurKnt^tion <*ndf»oubmltrecrnMcn'.'.'jti t.ctrbecrt:«l:'crt <r
.--bythoEx-cutivciirdy\ ■
(c)'fulfilouchtMcrfunctionsr.st\i\yb<»ftpproprl/'.tcun'l«.rtho
* * *
prvlslrnsoftheprsscntC-nvcntion,
3»-TheExcutivoL'.JyshrlIutili^r>theSteeringft-.'.yfcrthe.KMEPtc
r>l.*sycnlntcprAl;ir.rtIntheoperctl»->nofth«.j.r».«»entConvention,lr.p^rticuW
withrer^rdtodnt.«.cllectl^n -r.dscientificco-'pcrrtlcn .
A.TheExecutive B.-wly,Ind.lsch.irrlnp.Itsfunctions,vhenIt\ccns
'TTr^rri-.tc ,*l9nr.ckausa.*»finformrtlT frrwrth«.r*ilev.-ntlnierr.-.ti*r .1
^rgnnlt.-tl'T.s .
* * •
-SocrctTlit
. t V•".«Article11 ..' .•
,• ' 1 •
l*.wExecutiveSecr^tnryoftheCcrr.n.lt,Crnmlssl«.nfcrcuttc
c.^rryrut,tortheExecutive8s,'y,thefc-llcwlnjjsecretariatfunctlrr.c:.
"(r)'ccnvtn'.-*.n*pr^prroth.jm««.tin^.scfthr..l>ecutivc^lr'!y j•
(b)'tatr^nanitt"th«,-'C»ntfetin^P^rticnrcpr.rt»."w!zt'.*?rfr.f'.rnrti'f
rccclvedinAccorarci .*»ithtJiot.rovlsicns »^fti.c'r^s^ntCrnventl.'f
<c)t'?•'isch'tr'otheiunctl'nscr^ijnadbyth«Cxweutiv*.»rc!y»-,

./.n?r.ir»cntnt'»theOnventl.-n •.> i5
Artlei12'•.
1.AnyContractingPfrtyr.ayproooseancndirentstothepresentConvention.'
?.Thetexto£proposedor-ifJi'lwcntsshallbesvlr.:itte ?.inwritingtothe
ExecutiveSecretoryofth«:EconomicCor.ualcslonfor?\;rorr.,wrcsVallco-nuntcfite
thento»«11Contrtctlnr Forties.TheF.^cutlvaP?''"".S.ul1..*Iscusbrr?r.cu«.tl
incnd-i.r.to*itIt*r«?x»..nnutliicctlr,,' •reviseJthrtsuchprcpcsf.lrh.v.sLin
f
circulatedbyt!cExccutlvjSecretoryoftitevEconomicCor.rtlsoioniorEurope
tothwContracting Partiesatlcrotninetydnyo!•»»r!vsnco.
3.AnmcrVn.nttothet-rc3sr.tConvrntior .i.'aIIb>,>>.ptidbyconcensus
ofthercprcscr.tntlves cftheContractingPnrtlts,endshrll^nt*rIntoforce'
fortheContractingp.-rticsvhichhovo^.ccaptcditonti'.Qninetiethday
afterthedataonwhichtvo-tMrusoftheContractingPrrtleshrvcdeposited
their5.natruncntoofacceptancewiththederosit«ry.Thort»?ftcr,•therncn^ncnt
sl.rllenterintoforceforrnyotherContractingParty#onth*ninetieth
d.-.yafterthed.-.teonwhichtl:r.tContrrctlngPnrtydepositsitsinstrument
ofacceptanceofthe'vnendmcpt./.v N
Settlementofdisputes •
Article13 ;./ '''• ..
IfadisputeArisesbetweentwoormoreContractingPfrtivstothe
presentConventionis-totheinterpretation orApplicationoftheConvention,
theyshnllsc^knsolutionbynegotiationorby*nyoli.ermethodofdispute
settlementrccspt'.bletotv.arnrti'St.1*tl'.aJlsputc.
?("nrture » .
.. ■1 ·
Article14 '•
1.Th«;presentConventionolir.llb*open.'orolj.nnturcr.tt!-eUrltvdNations
fffic."*tCcnev-from13to10l-i/cr.ber1979onthrcce-.cionoftheKijh-levcl
i
•noting\:lthfnthefr.Tmcworkoft'«eI'conomlcComi99lonforEurope-onthe
Protectionoft!i.»i:nvironn «nt,'bytK;n.rib.rft*tenofthe£ccn&r.ic »:<vn(n?:ton
forEur->e»/«ll>aStr.tcshavingconsultit1v.nt.tuswiththeEro'-.^nic
CmnlsslonforEurope,pursuanttopirrgrnpli3c£icononlcrndSocialCouncil
resolution 3G(IV)of28li-rclr1547,?.ndbyrcgirrrl..ccncrnicintc^r*.ticn
orcanlzr.tions ,constitutedby«ovcrcl«jnStnteoncsfcero'£th.Eccr.jr^icCrrv.isslon
fcrEurope,whichhrveecr.-etcnccinrespect:fther.c^ctinti^n,c^rclusim
ondrpollcr.tif'ftc£intf.rn.-ti'-'ncir/rrcumcnttinmatter*coveredbytlscpresent #
t •Convention. <

?.Inmattersvlthlntheireompetvno,euc«".rvf.lTirleconomic.integration
• •crc.rts-.tlcr.7ahrll,ontheirownbfMlf,cxc'rctsctherir'-ts*»ndfulfilthe
rosponslbilitio«whichthepresentC^nv«:ntifr.rttributest.*theirner.b»r"
Stntcs.Insuchcn:stthemenberStatesofthesecrpT.lz.-tir.nssh/llnot
boentitledto.excrciso suchrl^htcfniivic'u .*lly,■ »
»1:le"t!"ncc<orneo,-7rr'v*.1-te^sshr ,
.'rtJrl15 '' ;
1.I'hepresentConventionehr.llborubj:cttcrrtlflc^tltn,.-ece^t.-nccor
"r>prov/»l.'
?.ThepresentConvention »h-llbe"»pcr.foriccesfcl^n>.sfr^n
17H-v<-hor1979bytireSctcs«n'!or#\nlz-.tlrr.urcforrwdt*?innrtlc-lo16,
;,.r'|.r|,rr.1.
: .· ·3.Tho-ir.struj.untsofratification ,rcceptftncc,r.*-rr.velorAccession
y»h*.llbei-.f»sit»-.dvlththoRvcrvt-'jrv-Cc.-nerr.lofth&UnitedNrtlv»ns,fho
will,"«crf-;rmthefunctionscftheiiposlt\ry.''
* Entryint'*i*rce •• ».
•* •.i • •.•.
l'.Tticlc10
1.ThepresentConventionsl-.rllenterir.tofrreoor.thoninetiethdtyr.ftcr
thed.jtc>:fdepositofthe.tv<r.ty-fcurthinstrument ?ofrr.tlfleftir.n,
<xcvpt-.net,rpf-rr-vr.lorrcc--.sSIT. '
?.FcrerchCcntrictinr ,Prrty•hichr-tlfies,Accentsr.ir.rrvvstho
jTvsrntCrnvntl*moraccedestheretoafterthodepositofthotventy-feurth .
Ir.-itruAcr.t >Crrtlfiotlrn,ftcc*.;-tfncc,*j;*r'V-«lor'cc^fisin,tr-iC*r.vfcrti.:n
who11cnt*.rintrf^rcaonthet.lnitKthdry.iftcrthedntw:fCv–csitb~
•rnchC«*ntrr.ctinrPirtyofitsinstrument «*fr\tlficr.tlon,rcceptnncc,••'^prviv.il
•>rtccssi".a «
/.rttrl..17 '-■ ." '•––– . . '
AtonytimenftwTfiveye.'refr***«thyrf-tejiivMehttrcpr*.»-r.t
Ctiv^ntl'-nh"3c«"«cJntrfrreovlthr.e*.«-;cttoi»"CntrrctlngP-rty,
Or.tr*ctlr.«Pirtyr.o.yvlthi'r.nfreetheCcnv'.ntltr.bygivingvrltt«.n
rrt1fleticnthedesaltpry.Anysuch*»ltV!rw.ishnlltr.kcf.ffc-ctnn
tJis;nlr.etls.thd-.yAft<«rthe?>fIt*rcceij.tbytl.c»iepultiry#

/1/
.> ' •
/ ♦'
.-9. .
•, %
»Authentic trxts
•Article 13 ■• .
.Theoriginal ofthe.nrenent Convention ,ofvhiih theEnglish ,-
French endRvs *.Inntexts areequally authentic , bedeposited with'
theSccretory -Cener -1oftl.e United r»tlo»$ »-
'L*l"1TVFSS 'iflLKEOF t'*unt'er al(jne<I ,being duly authorized thereto ,
have aipr.cd thepresent Convention . ■ . "
DOME at*•••••••••••■.•••, this •••••••••.••■••••••••<!«/ <)(;••••••••.
om »thousand vtlnc hundred and •■••••«••••••••••••••••• •
.,- <
• • Inthe name of •'••••••••••••••*
M » . «
k ''' .' '' * •* *' • -
.# .
.V :'... i'r
. i• «• J'"« **V
. \ . •. '» f. ■'■.• «
'*• ■' ' ".l ' 'I '
' i■•' ■*". ' •.*' .•,
* .
. . .* •« • --w A .« •*• "• •«
•" ii •» -é• • .». • . . a' .v*•* ' .•* ••
• •• ••• '" .*, '»* '. » I •
. - •• . .• m '-'* ,'1 • .» .
•·Γ-1
I'V
:.'-I-
v.r . ,v. *
·' " ... ** ■·.«.»·.'♦· «.·. ., »
.. ·' \ '·:-/■ ■■■·' ..·.·.·-ν.·.·* / · -···.·
'# . '-.r....
ι .!·»■ / · ... .·. . ·· · ···.♦· * . ·
' . *• ^ • ... * •** à . i' •*|l • • • .*I '' "•*
1••. "w i. : » ••« 1•« '
•■' • l -"I ■/ . - .•.." "
» . ..... ;" ■V. - , •*' '.
*4• ■ -« •»»
.•••» .,('■ . •.

rRAftsrsoLt'TiT ?rwLO».r-r..vcr T*axs*VM'*siv#.3Y•*i9?0T.»iT:r»*
T.VPHn.-tsrlcs t.'t*)CConventixr.n*-\cnr.-r:nycTrar.rb^UT.1rvV!rPcllvtim
of...r*ovi»r.!#»*r1979,
1.Pcl-'ctN-ttN.ytihr.ll,vitMnth.fr..n»,wo*!(oftheFconc.r.lcOcrr'it.iwn
forEuropeonJtheSeniorAdviserstoVCEGevcrnncnts onEnvironmental Problem
In1^1.it",asnoonus^oosiblc.andon«»nlnt»,rir*hasla,*hr.provisional
implementation ofthoConventiononLonc-ran-'iTror.jhounrJ.-.ryAir?cllution;
tJcyund.rtuketocarryouttheobligationserlsin;;fromth*.Ccrv./.tiontoti:
maximumcxt<.ntpossiblependingitoc'.tryintoforce;
Arr<cthntthenoccsi"*ry «iutb«.»rityr.l:ouldbegiventothviEconomic
CommissionforEuropeanltoitsExecutive *S'.crctrrytoprovidefora
sufficientnccrctari«tand,inthefr/mtwor!'.ofthecxiutlnj,budgetary
* . •structure*,fortheappropriate financialncar.s;.
3.Forthrd.-.clrigtodevelopwithoutrelay'furtherco-oV<.r*tionin-roblorn
nrcaswithin .thescopeoftheConvention.Inpftrticulrr the*yvillsockto
bringclosertogetherth«irpoliciesandatrr:tegltsforccr.brtingnir
pollutionincludinglong-n-ngetrc.ns'uoundiry fir;olluticn;
4.Dvclr.rcthrtsuchstrategies ;irtdpoliciesshr.llbe."iirn^dr.tUniting
»^ndosf-r2?»possiblegraduallyreducingendpreventingr.irpollution,
.includinglong-r-.r.<*etr.inabound.:ryvirpollution.T'.«.-s*sh~llbe.implemented
progressive])r.ndthedesignatedcompetentbovyah.nlI"reviewregularlythe
progressAchievedntnitionnll'-ve-l.Tothiscnuthosign?.trricowill
r.ttrchhighestprioritytothoce-.pletiottofr.decuncntGetting<utthe
strategicsandpoliciesoferchcfthetignntori*.*for,theabatencntcf
nirpollutioncr.uscdbysulphurcompounds, •'».
lg/oc./79/e(b)v­•:«

R?.AFTRRCT,APATTCVcvLOV-/r?>roy-'.v.rTr TECTQLCGY ATD
KF-I'TIl.l'/.iTION"/J"!,»rC'?Cli.\G CI"W.STL.r.
T>cStrtcrsrrtlrln-»inthen.-li-luvcllc".tinontVcPrnt&ctlonof
tfceEr.virrr^kr.t,
D.t«rutmdtopromoterclntIonsmdco-operrticn Inthe*li«ldof
environmental rrotection,
Crnc..:lo'j'.<-,ftheslp.niflc.ncoofthe"CtlvltleooftheUnitedWitions
Economic C^.TIOSl-.nforEuropeIn8trcnrth*.nln [»ouchrcl.~.tl.>nsrndco–^porr.tion,
r-,c*11In"th.icontribution ofECHtothemultllr.ter.-.l implcr.cr.tntion of
thepertinentr-rcvisl'nsrft1*uTln^lActrftheConference onSecurity .».nd
Co-cr.*rftIonin£ur<">pe,
* •
CiT1;v,trftheImportance tr.-«t,Inftccord.-.ncc %'lththeCk-.ptcrcr
EnvironmentrftheFindAct,ccon«"*;iic <Jjvelcpmcnt'ndtcchnplcplcnl prr^ress
rvstbecmp-.tiblewithtlv:protectionoftheenvironment nndthntto
thecnvirrnfTicntisbest{-voidedbypreventivemec.oures,
Pc/rtnpinmlniftheneedfordevelopment c.flew-rndnon-vestc
tcchn^lr.^y rr.«trc-utilIzotlon/"ndrecyclingofvnstco,
R-cl1inRthv.pertinentprovisionscftheDcclnr^tlon ofthe
UnitedKrtlc-nsConference r»nthoHwn«aLnvircnmcnt ,particularly vlthregard
totheneedtoachieve •»mor*rntionr.lmrn^scmentrfre-sources ftndthusto'
improvetheenvironment ,
Cnvlnccdthritrnwnotorial*nndenergyshouldbousedInarntionr.l
- •
nanner. .V
T*klnt».into^ccru'nttheres.ultsofthuECEScn.inc:renI'.in-wnstjTechn^lr^y
endPrrdpctl«n(P.-rls,1976)which,IntTMl-,definedncn-w.-.stcfzchr.clcsy
rjt"theprrcticnlnpollc-.tlon •.fkn^wl^dp.*.,nethods .?.n«Jr.e^.ns,sor.s•vlthin
thonevdsofman-•tc.pr'.vldathem*strntlonftluse»*.fncturniresrurevs^ndr ,
energy,andtoprctcctthoinvlr^imoiit",
lg/oce/79/8(c)

/ •• ••'.*•./ ' .J -2-
f•'. '.*•• •':••••.
/ -, ■. •
·* ·Φ»· , ··.••••;• •
•. • ««
Ν"*·.■·■·fMrVfulth*clew-r.n^nnn-wastcttc!»nol <«tv*ik'ro-utlllzntim rtsl•
1 • *
rtcycllnr.ofv.stesv-uldhelpt.«r-*v«-ntwi-.vlr/'nmcntnlO.n'p.c,rssuch
»
ucfcmlojjyc^uldrcducooreli.T.ln'.tcvnatcfr<»(?uctstfhlchrthvrwlsopollute
thoenvironnant . •
C'->vlrc>dtn«clow---n«jiv^n-vistc .tcchr.ol^py ahc're-utlllz'tlcr .\m"
r.'cyclir^-f'iHtvCwhichrrcvlinfcr•»ncrcr.-tl.-n/sl\si.*£cr.^r-vr*.w
n-t..r:".law;ii]r^renerv...^rtcl^usnrn-r'.nc'-.tl».r.'»->urccsit.Jrrcvcnt~v\.r-
ut!llz/>ti'n:frcncvr.bl^rcorurf»#,
/■fftrrHnp.tlieIr.ortrttcn'cfc-iisldcrin"theentirellfc-cycle"fr..
«
f.fduct,fr-mcxtr-ctioncfr»,vtcrlnls -t".ccr.Bumptlcn '•ndfinaldispoo-».!
i •„
•Tr«'cyc1in/;, •
FvCTlzin?theneedthrtdccislonj~nw.vinst:v^rf#lew-nndr.on-w.stc
tcchnrl'-yyshouldtrkeIntcaccounttheImplicationsofenvironment?!,
cc*n~r.iicAn-'s."»cl".lfnctrranasrci.'.tcdwithsuchimvis,•
tInjthf.tL'CEactivities -r«p.Tt'ofnIr^r.t'crprrr,r*un:nci~r•J'svilcpr.cPt
.-■'fenvirrnj-icnt^llysoundnn«»#.rproi/rlntc.twcl.nclr»|>lwo,underthe\u3plccscf
UILPInc-cncrl^nwith-thcrinternetIrm-il .nlz'.tlr-ns,rndwulibeif
ir.t.rcstrndv.iluct.*«'thcrVvfilnua-fthteVrl',
1.r.icl-r-th.frIntenttr7r^t».ctwenandhis.r.vlr.-nnint .-.ndtruse
rosrurccc .r^tin:llybypr-nvtin,*1*rw-»ndnon-westotechnology?nJ
r*-utilIzrtl-^n'in:*recycling ;IV*gt».3{ . '
2.i*t»tcth.itthecvtrrl-'inj,fbJ..ctlvco »;flew-»n«2Miwsti -tschn^l.",";
»xv!rc-utilli-tI'n*nir^cyclin% '■•fvrstus»»rccr.virtnncntAl pr^tcctl'n .-n:!
r«tt*">n',.luoc'frcs^urc-s;
*
3.C»:»?■1'arthr.tw^yaondmo-naforthe'^ppllcit!•«,"£»uch
*•
tcchn-1'glesc.-ul'!inclu'c,lntcr•11»;
(n)thepr:r>ti.n.fIaw-andn«»n-w^ctctcchiylnuy'•ndrc-utlllz.*tl<*nr.n-J
recycling :rf'wssttsthrruk*h: .
■(l)Tvi^uctlrn*fther*tl;»nofwnatc®rndth*.culsslcnrfp<llut".nt»
.inthovrrl-us-r'N'uctl*nnn;'.c-^nutmptlnncyclesby:
\n)usineiwnrovc' *weeoac»v#orcuttingupncv#~r'* 0
'tr'nefrnlis!-.wxlstin:.unit»*f,r^c.uvtlonj ..
,(b)i^celcnlnuproductsp-.rtlculcrlyfIT\CW*Qrfurr.blllty
%■ . • • »fncllltntc .tcp-lron'1rt-utlllznticn ,wh»r.Wor'pprTrl-.tt {
"••'' .V.'.'-•'•-V-, .. ••

(ll)recovery,r*-uaccr.dvalori2rttenofwz-fites,ir.tiTAll?,by:
(c)recoverInsvnluablosui-it.-.nciaandr.ntcrlalsfrcnindustrial
effluentsondcorrhujtion \;rsesÎ
(b)ra.iklr.j;bottcr *.»seoftl.oenergycontcnto£wAste*end
*
ro3Iduclo;
(ili)ro-utilizrtioncflorgt.rqu^ntiiicaofvtptcs#»s"cccend^ry"
r/nrmaterlolttinotherproductionprcccnacj;
(iv)rationaluboofrnwnrtcrl?lsir.theproductionTPCCSs.*nd'
throughoutt?owhole11f.>-cyc!<•offreductc;.*ndsubstitution
ofrv'.rlilyr.vnll/.bl<r•«.M'.lirtr.I«fort'toicbvccnln ««<VnK*tc«1;
0 ·
(v)rotlonnluseo?vrnvyyrtsourcesincnc-reyproducingnnti
energyutillzln&proccaotccnd9vhsnovtrprr.ctic^.blo,re-yie
ofweste»'.ncr«»y} ••
cvr.lurtionoftheIndustrial "pplicr.tionoflow-enOnon-w.stc "
.technologytooptimizethe-useofry.vr.«itcrir.l««».r.denergy,including
possibilities forrecovery,recycling *.ndeconomiccf*lcior<,cy fwhile
takinginto"ccountcnvironrH.nt .-»ianJ«oci.:lcor.s«<*ucnr.cs ;
/nntionnlendinterniitioncl r.ctior.tosupportthnr.p^llc/itionoflow-
r.ndnon-weststechnology byInter.'.11.".rencarch*nddevelopment ,
education,socio-economic inc.titlv.;-s,cxch".njjoofinform-ition,.«nd'
transferoftechnology }. '
4.•^(conrcnt!the'followingnr.Lionelaction: •
promotionofresearchnnddevelopmentactivitieswithrt£&?d£o.
•irttraUni # ,v
~ »
u\Vvlopmcntofm«.tlr><fnforth.s^•mvosntntofeconomic,locinl.
.'jk!*nviron!r.unt'.1 impretsoflo*»-f.m!ron-v.stctcthrclcpymd
rc-utillzAtiotiAndr^cyclInr.ot* .-j.-plic^blcincountries
vithdifferenteconomicind>oci".lsystems;
<!vvcl^.pr..cntoflew-er.Jr.on-wn*totec^nn!cnc*rc»ufciilinticn
oiidrecyclingcfvr.nt«.sin,lnt«,rr.\1,t.:«ffollowingsyctirs:
pulpr.ndpnp«.r,Irenrrdctt.ii,ch«.niic«*.ls,ninir.&jncn-firrous ,
.nutils,nt'.tnlpl/rtin^«ndsurfacetr«..",tc.«.nt*»£nctftU,f'.rtilizcrs
r.ndfoodprocessing (thisHotofindustrialsectorsisneither
exhaustivenorrwtrictivu);

T.«astudy cfthoso industrial SECtors th.-.t »TCfiercrAtitv *
potentially toxic w^stcc :
9 •m
methods which would bemeat relov.int with regard tocr.crty sev'r .
\ ...
Incentives forlow-or.dnon-weste technology r.ndrc-utillzitlon "nd *
recycling ofwasto*through ,ir.tor *H.i :
- stu\'y ~fvr.yn rn»!nv.na ton"\e public .eplnlcn BT:r.vcr.ofthe'
_c-nc.pt c.f'lrw -nnt *.rK.n-wr.stc .t.-chr.rluity by <,i4«5cr.ir..-.tin«i
,inf^rn.ntlrn ,.*n'ibyprorating ^ttitue'ca Inf.-.vrur ofrrtiorr.l use
01n.vturrl rt*Mtrcc.i ;
- •listing cf .Incentives for ,andconstraints to,tha dcvcl.-fnctit cf
■ 1
1-v-i«:!non-v:.«»te technolrpy nndrc-util irnticnnndfocyClinj ;
■ofwnstes ; - •
•. .collection «»ndrnolyaie ofinfcrr.r.t iononprnctical experiences
th?urvofIncentives fendIn'"verciminp ,rbst^clcs ;
•. *invest !f.fiticn nfthe irl ,crit' •icor.'vwic impr.ct t:fvrieus
•incentives "ndconstraints with th% .*»ld'*fecrncr.iic rr.dels ;
- initlitl^n nf0tuf'i«:son,«ndcxpt rimonte with ,c!lffer_nt typos
t.fincentives b/rscd r.nItr.islntion ,rir.ulftl :ns-nd*t"»nf\~.rd *,
• /-nd «_c<-nrirlc mt ;r.ur»'S t
Inter-industry teehn-*lo?y treni ferandIndustrial Interaction :-
promotion oftrnnofer oftechnology between different' lndustrlr.l
..SeCt'TS : - , " ■•
* ♦ « •
- _industriM intcr.-.ct inn inor''.er t"r<T>timlz.e prr.ducti •>:« ->r>cc3?e »
rjii t'tnsr.int recycling >.m!rc-util izntl'-n c.i••.atcu ;
prmoti-m c»ftheutilization ofwastes .*eSiccndtry r.'.t%.r i**ls
inindustrial processes ;<
• » » '
inclusion »/ftheconcept »■>flrv-ftndnon-wrst jtcchn .-Vr**/ *.ncrc-
utili7-ti~n -.nHrecycling ofw-ntes i:i»Juctlrn *.!prr.f»r-*.r.vn «.ar.t*11
levels ,including inp-'rticulrr thooo concerned vith t^Achlnj ; '
.vxpl.-nAtion «fthe r.le %•fl.*w-.-!n»;nr*n-wr.stc -twchnclrgy in
•r<source ccn3cry.*.tii»n nnd environmental i-rctectlrnj
- enplt.sla ,inte-chnic.il ind industrial cJucctl^n ,>ntr.^gr'wu.a
» . · .
f^rlow-,**rtdncn-w -ate^r^ductien prccv-eoes r.niprr<iuete designed
.torcc'ucc w/j9to«ndrender recycling cffo.ctivcj

5.P.ocon-cndthe"followinginternational cc-o^eretlveactivities
withinthefravevorkofFCE:. •
(0supportforrcsor.rcht.nr*dcvclnTient .".ctlvltlesrtlatci'to:1
Intcrn-.tlcn-lco-operctlvepilotprojectsan*'etherJointresearch
projects; •'
'I
-furtherdevelopmentofr.n-gclnp.\ctlvltleortlitei'tothe^cvclo^nent
cfnuthortalcglco forcon*,prisonandcvi-lu^ti -'nofvcrlcuotechnol??.i v
-elabcratlcnofaunifiedclassification o£urntes(c.r,»*>cpcr,
pl'-.r.tics,tcvtiKs);
% • *
(b)exchange :ofscientific timltechnicalInformation' endco-op«ratlrn at
theinternational levelthrough: ■., '
-"•furthere'ov«slo*mcnt »-.£thecurrentcorspll'.tlcn «cer.jjcndluc .'
* '
cnlew-andnon-wr.stutechnologywithcvl;.wtosottingu-rn
international dr.tabrinkfcrInformation on.lew-~ndnor-w^ste
1 •
technology .»ndr;.–utllIzatlonandrecyclln$.'-fw«stcewhile•
fullyrcs-.octlngtheneadtcprotectfcr^prletr.rylnfrrmtion ;
•arr^ngtnentrfIntcrnotl.-nr.l scnlnarsenvnrleusaspectsrflcv-
one*non-wastetcchn<>l~o,y nnr.re-utllls'.tlcn andrccycllrsofwr.stcs,
Ir.clu"logicnwlcfndccolc^icnlaspects;
'•.enccurager.ont totrensfer<*>ftechnologybytr.e-r.nscfconventional'
«
•»-ccn~nlcncrturis,thr-^u,hexistingcn;\r'i',.lchannels,taking
'Y.Into••sccr.unttheInterestscfECUcountrleothatorec'cvcl'-fin£
fr'-r.irnecon'nicp.*-intofvlow,r.r.klngusecftheInfernalI:n
'containedInthe»V.t'-lirnk,olilcltml,';Sitfe*r.p;r•printv{
•excJ-.-.nfc>flnforn.-tlrn .onnrtl^nalexperienceconcerning
lnc«.nilvonfrrthepromotl'ii-_»flow-on'n*n-wastt -technology
mdre-ut11Izatlon .-.n'trecyclingofwastes;
(c)organization ofactivitles"concerningIntern.;tlonalwasteexchanges s.
•»'c<1lectl'-n"ndanalysisofInf,'rmrtI'-nrntheycc.nomlc,tcchnlcr.l,
envlr'inar.-.ntal «ndsreialInp.-ctcfe-xistinp,waste-cxch-nges;
•<"Invieti'.»,.".tlonof:t»-«nIjbilitiest'*expandthenc-tworkcfrubre;;ional.
w/*stoexchangesan!cc-operationbetweennational ».n'dsu^rc^lon^!
cxch»ng <s;the'«eactivitiesshouldbocomplementary to .
initiativesAlreadytaken,Interall*.,byindustryorass-xlatlons
* * ' f»;.'i
i.ofIndustryorcommerce; ■ .•

U.)rramlzr.ti^n ofinternational fost-T-.du-.tccoursesr>nI'**?-*™-*ncn-vr.ste
tcchnolcfjy ^nf*rc-ut11izr.ticn/.n**.rccycllr.f..<*fwr.atcs,vhlch9hrui'I""ui
•r.sfrr-.rsoiblc,eelf-eur:-rrtin^t£ln*.ncc*'by*:xictin<.'ircch*:nis.T3 ;
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