EN Official Journal of the European Union CE 172/26

COMMON POSITION (EC) No 24/2005

adopted by the Council on 18 April 2005

with a view to adopting Directive 2005/…/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of … on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (optical radiation) (19th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)

(2005/C 172 E/02)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 137(2) thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1), presented after consultation with the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee (2),

After consulting the Committee of the Regions,

Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty (3),

Whereas:

(1) Under the Treaty the Council may, by means of directives, adopt minimum requirements for encouraging improvements, especially in the working environment, to guarantee a better level of protection of the health and safety of workers. Such directives are to avoid imposing administrative, financial and legal constraints in a way which would hold back the creation and development of small and medium-sized undertakings.

(2) The communication from the Commission concerning its action programme relating to the implementation of the Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers provides for the introduction of minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks caused by physical agents. In September 1990 the European Parliament adopted a Resolution concerning this action programme (4), inviting the Commission in particular to draw up a specific directive on the risks caused by noise, vibration and any other physical agents at the workplace.

(3) As a first step, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2002/44/EC of 25 June 2002 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (vibration) (16th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (5). Next, on 6 February 2003, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2003/10/EC on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise) (17th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (6). Thereafter, on 29 April 2004, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2004/40/EC on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (7).

(4) It is now considered necessary to introduce measures protecting workers from the risks associated with optical radiation, owing to its effects on the health and safety of workers, in particular damage to the eyes and to the skin. These measures are intended not only to ensure the health and safety of each worker on an individual basis, but also to create a minimum basis of protection for all Community workers, in order to avoid possible distortions of competition.

(5) This Directive lays down minimum requirements, thus giving Member States the option of maintaining or adopting more stringent provisions for the protection of workers, in particular the fixing of lower exposure limit values. The implementation of this Directive should not serve to justify any regression in relation to the situation which already prevails in each Member State.

(6) A system of protection against the hazards of optical radiation should limit itself to a definition, free of excessive detail, of the objectives to be attained, the principles to be observed and the fundamental values to be applied, in order to enable Member States to apply the minimum requirements in an equivalent manner.

(7) The level of exposure to optical radiation can be more effectively reduced by incorporating preventive measures into the design of workstations and by selecting work equipment, procedures and methods so as to give priority to reducing the risks at source. Provisions relating to work equipment and methods thus contribute to the protection of the workers involved. In accordance with the general principles of prevention as laid down in Article 6(2) of Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work (8), collective protection measures have priority over individual protection measures.

(8) Employers should make adjustments in the light of technical progress and scientific knowledge regarding risks related to exposure to optical radiation, with a view to improving the safety and health protection of workers.

(9) Since this Directive is an individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC, that Directive applies to the exposure of workers to optical radiation, without prejudice to more stringent and/or specific provisions contained in this Directive.

(10) This Directive constitutes a practical step towards creating the social dimension of the internal market.

(11) A complementary approach that both promotes the principle of better regulation and ensures a high level of protection can be achieved where the products made by the manufacturers of optical radiation sources and associated equipment comply with harmonised standards devised to protect the health and safety of users from the hazards inherent in such products; accordingly, it is not necessary for employers to repeat the measurements or calculations already undertaken by the manufacturer to determine compliance with the essential safety requirements of such equipment as specified in the applicable Community Directives.

(12) The measures necessary for the implementation of this Directive should be adopted in accordance with Council Decision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999 laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission (9).

(13) Adherence to the exposure limit values should provide a high level of protection as regards the health effects that may result from exposure to optical radiation. However, since the application of exposure limit values and engineering controls are not deemed appropriate in the case of exposure to natural sources of optical radiation, preventive measures, including information and training for workers, are critical in the assessment of risk and the reduction of solar exposure risks.

(14) In accordance with paragraph 34 of the Interinstitutional Agreement on better law-making (10), Member States are encouraged to draw up, for themselves and in the interests of the Community, their own tables, which will, as far as possible, illustrate the correlation between this Directive and the transposition measures, and to make them public,

HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

SECTION I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1

Aim and scope

1. This Directive, which is the 19th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(l) of Directive 89/391/EEC, lays down minimum requirements for the protection of workers from risks to their health and safety arising or likely to arise from exposure to optical radiation during their work.

2. This Directive refers to the risk to the health and safety of workers due to adverse effects caused by exposure to optical radiation to the eyes and to the skin.

3. Directive 89/391/EEC shall apply fully to the whole area referred to in paragraph 1, without prejudice to more stringent and/or more specific provisions contained in this Directive.

Article 2

Definitions

For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:

(a) optical radiation: any electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range between 100 nm and 1 mm. The spectrum of optical radiation is divided into ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation and infrared radiation: (i) ultraviolet radiation: optical radiation of wavelength range between 100 nm and 400 nm. The ultraviolet region is divided into UVA (315 to 400 nm), UVB (280 to 315 nm) and UVC (100 to 280 nm); (ii) visible radiation: optical radiation of wavelength range between 380 nm and 780 nm; (iii) infrared radiation: optical radiation of wavelength range between 780 nm and 1 mm. The infrared region is divided into IRA (780 to 1 400 nm), IRB (1 400 to 3 000 nm) and IRC (3 000 nm to 1 mm);

(b) laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation): any device which can be made to produce or amplify electromagnetic radiation in the optical radiation wavelength range primarily by the process of controlled stimulated emission;

(c) laser radiation: optical radiation from a laser;

(d) non-coherent radiation: any optical radiation other than laser radiation;

(e) exposure limit values: limits on exposure to optical radiation which are based directly on established health effects and biological considerations. Compliance with these limits will ensure that workers exposed to artificial sources of optical radiation are protected against all known adverse health effects;

(f) irradiance (E) or power density: the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface expressed in watts per square metre (W m-2);

(g) radiant exposure (H): the time integral of the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre (J m-2);

(h) radiance (L): the radiant flux or power output per unit solid angle per unit area, expressed in watts per square metre per steradian (W m-2 sr-1);

(i) level: the combination of irradiance, radiant exposure and radiance to which a worker is exposed.

Article 3

Exposure limit values

1. The exposure limit values for non-coherent radiation, other than that emitted by natural sources of optical radiation, are as set out in Annex I.

2. The exposure limit values for laser radiation are as set out in Annex II.

SECTION II

OBLIGATIONS OF EMPLOYERS

Article 4

Determination of exposure and assessment of risks

1. In carrying out the obligations laid down in Articles 6(3) and 9(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer, in the case of workers exposed to artificial sources of optical radiation, shall assess and, if necessary, measure and/or calculate the levels of exposure to optical radiation to which workers are likely to be exposed so that the measures needed to restrict exposure to the applicable limits can be identified and put into effect. The methodology applied in assessment, measurement and/or calculations shall follow the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in respect of laser radiation and the recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) in respect of non-coherent radiation. In exposure situations which are not covered by these standards and recommendations, and until appropriate EU standards or recommendations become available, assessment, measurement and/or calculations shall be carried out using available national or international science-based guidelines. In both exposure situations, the assessment may take account of data provided by the manufacturers of the equipment when it is covered by relevant Community Directives.

2. In carrying out the obligations laid down in Articles 6(3) and 9(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer, in the case of workers exposed to natural sources of optical radiation, shall assess the risks to health and safety so that the measures needed to minimise these risks can be identified and put into effect.

3. The assessment, measurement and/or calculations referred to in paragraph 1 and the assessment referred to in paragraph 2 shall be planned and carried out by competent services or persons at suitable intervals, taking particular account of the provisions of Articles 7 and 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC concerning the necessary competent services or persons and the consultation and participation of workers. The data obtained from the assessments, including those obtained from the measurement and/or calculations of the level of exposure referred to in paragraph 1, shall be preserved in a suitable form so as to permit consultation at a later stage.

4. Pursuant to Article 6(3) of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall give particular attention, when carrying out the risk assessment, to the following:

(a) the level, wavelength range and duration of exposure to artificial sources of optical radiation;

(b) the exposure to natural sources of optical radiation;

(c) the exposure limit values referred to in Article 3 of this Directive;

(d) any effects concerning the health and safety of workers belonging to particularly sensitive risk groups;

(e) any possible effects on workers' health and safety resulting from workplace interactions between optical radiation and photosensitising chemical substances;

(f) any indirect effects such as temporary blinding, explosion or fire;

(g) the existence of replacement equipment designed to reduce the levels of exposure to optical radiation;

(h) appropriate information obtained from health surveillance, including published information, as far as possible;

(i) multiple sources of exposure to optical radiation;

(j) a classification applied to a laser as defined in accordance with the relevant IEC standard and, in relation to any artificial source likely to cause damage similar to that of a laser of class 3B or 4, any similar classification;

(k) information provided by the manufacturers of optical radiation sources and associated work equipment in accordance with the relevant Community Directives.

5. The employer shall be in possession of an assessment of the risk in accordance with Article 9(1)(a) of Directive 89/391/EEC and shall identify which measures must be taken in accordance with Articles 5 and 6 of this Directive. The risk assessment shall be recorded on a suitable medium, according to national law and practice; it may include a justification by the employer that the nature and extent of the risks related to optical radiation make a further, detailed risk assessment unnecessary. The risk assessment shall be updated on a regular basis, particularly if there have been significant changes which could render it out of date, or if the results of health surveillance show it to be necessary.

Article 5

Provisions aimed at avoiding or reducing risks

1. Taking account of technical progress and of the availability of measures to control the risk at source, the risks arising from exposure to optical radiation shall be eliminated or reduced to a minimum.

The reduction of risks arising from exposure to optical radiation shall be based on the general principles of prevention set out in Directive 89/391/EEC.

2. Where the risk assessment carried out in accordance with Article 4(1) for workers exposed to artificial sources of optical radiation indicates that the exposure limit values may be exceeded, the employer shall devise and implement an action plan comprising technical and/or organisational measures taking into account in particular:

(a) other working methods that reduce the risk from optical radiation;

(b) the choice of equipment emitting less optical radiation, taking account of the work to be done;

(c) technical measures to reduce the emission of optical radiation including, where necessary, the use of interlocks, shielding or similar health protection mechanisms;

(d) appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment, workplaces and workstation systems;

(e) the design and layout of workplaces and workstations;

(f) limitation of the duration and level of the exposure;

(g) the availability of appropriate personal protective equipment;

(h) the instructions of the manufacturer of the equipment where it is covered by relevant Community Directives.

3. Where the risk assessment carried out in accordance with Article 4(2) indicates a risk for workers exposed to natural sources of optical radiation, the employer shall devise and implement an action plan comprising technical and/or organisational measures in order to reduce the health and safety risks to a minimum.

4. On the basis of the risk assessment carried out in accordance with Article 4, workplaces where workers could be exposed to levels of optical radiation from artificial sources exceeding the exposure limit values shall be indicated by appropriate signs in accordance with Council Directive 92/58/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the minimum requirements for the provision of safety and/or health signs at work (9th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (11). The areas in question shall be identified, and access to them limited where this is technically possible and where there is a risk that the exposure limit values could be exceeded.

5. If, despite the measures taken by the employer to comply with this Directive in respect of artificial sources of optical radiation, the exposure limit values are exceeded, the employer shall take immediate action to reduce exposure below the exposure limit values. The employer shall identify the reasons why the exposure limit values have been exceeded and shall adapt the protection and prevention measures accordingly in order to prevent them being exceeded again. In any event, workers shall not be exposed above the exposure limit values.

6. Pursuant to Article 15 of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall adapt the measures referred to in this Article to the requirements of workers belonging to particularly sensitive risk groups.

Article 6

Worker information and training

Without prejudice to Articles 10 and 12 of Directive 89/391/EEC, the employer shall ensure that workers who are exposed to risks from optical radiation at work and/or their representatives receive any necessary information and training relating to the outcome of the risk assessment provided for in Article 4 of this Directive, concerning in particular:

(a) measures taken to implement this Directive;

(b) the exposure limit values and the associated potential risks;

(c) the results of the assessment, measurement and/or calculations of the levels of exposure to optical radiation carried out in accordance with Article 4 of this Directive together with an explanation of their significance and potential risks;

(d) how to detect adverse health effects of exposure and how to report them;

(e) the circumstances in which workers are entitled to health surveillance;

(f) safe working practices to minimise risks from exposure;

(g) proper use of appropriate personal protective equipment.

Article 7

Consultation and participation of workers

Consultation and participation of workers and/or of their representatives shall take place in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 89/391/EEC on the matters covered by this Directive.

SECTION III

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Article 8

Health surveillance

1. Without prejudice to Article 14 of Directive 89/391/EEC, Member States shall adopt provisions to ensure the appropriate health surveillance of workers where the outcome of the risk assessment provided for in Article 4 of this Directive indicates a significant risk to their health. Those provisions, including the requirements specified for health records and their availability, shall be introduced in accordance with national law and/or practice.

2. Member States shall establish arrangements to ensure that, for each worker who undergoes health surveillance in accordance with paragraph 1, individual health records are made and kept up to date. Health records shall contain a summary of the results of the health surveillance carried out. They shall be kept in a suitable form so as to permit consultation at a later date, taking into account any confidentiality. Copies of the appropriate records shall be supplied to the competent authority on request, taking into account any confidentiality. Individual workers shall, at their request, have access to their own personal health records.

3. Where, as a result of health surveillance, a worker is found to have an identifiable disease or adverse health effect which is considered by a doctor or occupational health-care professional to be the result of exposure to optical radiation at work:

(a) the worker shall be informed by the doctor or other suitably qualified person of the result which relates to him personally. He shall, in particular, receive information and advice regarding any health surveillance which he should undergo following the end of exposure;

(b) the employer shall be informed of any significant findings of the health surveillance, taking into account any medical confidentiality;

(c) the employer shall: — review the risk assessment carried out pursuant to Article 4, — review the measures provided for to eliminate or reduce risks pursuant to Article 5, — take into account the advice of the occupational health-care professional or other suitably qualified person or the competent authority in implementing any measure required to eliminate or reduce risk in accordance with Article 5, including the possibility of assigning the worker to alternative work which carries no risk of exposure exceeding the appropriate exposure limit value, and — arrange continued health surveillance and provide for a review of the health status of any other worker who has been similarly exposed. In such cases, the competent doctor or occupational health care professional or the competent authority may propose that the exposed persons undergo a medical examination.

Article 9

Penalties

Member States shall provide for adequate penalties to be applicable in the event of infringement of the national legislation adopted pursuant to this Directive. These penalties must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

Article 10

Technical amendments

1. Any modification of the exposure limit values set out in the Annexes shall be adopted by the European Parliament and the Council in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 137(2) of the Treaty.

2. Amendments to the Annexes of a strictly technical nature in line with:

(a) the adoption of directives in the field of technical harmonisation and standardisation with regard to the design, building, manufacture or construction of work equipment and/or workplaces;

(b) technical progress, changes in the most relevant harmonised European standards or international specifications, and new scientific findings concerning occupational exposure to optical radiation,

shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 11(2).

Article 11

Committee

1. The Commission shall be assisted by the Committee referred to in Article 17 of Directive 89/391/EEC.

2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Articles 5 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC shall apply, having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof.

The period laid down in Article 5(6) of Decision 1999/468/EC shall be set at three months.

3. The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure.

SECTION IV

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 12

Reports

Every five years Member States shall provide the Commission with a report on the practical implementation of this Directive, indicating the points of view of the social partners.

Every five years the Commission shall inform the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Advisory Committee on Safety and Health at Work of the content of these reports, of its assessment of developments in the field in question and of any action that may be warranted in the light of new scientific knowledge.

Article 13

Transposition

1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by … (12). They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.

When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by Member States.

2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the provisions of national law which they adopt or have already adopted in the field covered by this Directive.

Article 14

Entry into force

This Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

Article 15

Addressees

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Done at … For the European Parliament The President … For the Council The President …

(1) OJ C 77, 18.3.1993, p. 12 and OJ C 230, 19.8.1994, p. 3.

(2) OJ C 249, 13.9.1993, p. 28.

(3) Opinion of the European Parliament of 20 April 1994 (OJ C 128, 9.5.1994, p. 146) confirmed on 16 September 1999 (OJ C 54, 25.2.2000, p. 75), Council Common Position of 18 April 2005 and Position of the European Parliament of … (not yet published in the Official Journal).

(4) OJ C 260, 15.10.1990, p. 167.

(5) OJ L 177, 6.7.2002, p. 13.

(6) OJ L 42, 15.2.2003, p. 38.

(7) OJ L 159, 30.4.2004, p. 1, as corrected in OJ L 184, 24.5.2004, p. 1.

(8) OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p. 1. Directive as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 of the European Parliament and the Council (OJ L 284, 31.10.2003, p. 1).

(9) OJ L 184, 17.7.1999, p. 23.

(10) OJ C 321, 31.12.2003, p. 1.

(11) OJ L 245, 26.8.1992, p. 23.

(12) Four years after the entry into force of this Directive.

ANNEX I NON-COHERENT OPTICAL RADIATION The biophysically relevant exposure values to optical radiation can be determined with the formulae below. The formulae to be used depend on the range of radiation emitted by the source and the results should be compared with the corresponding exposure limit values indicated in table 1.1. More than one exposure value and corresponding exposure limit can be relevant for a given source of optical radiation. Numbering (a) to (o) refers to corresponding rows of table 1.1. (a) (Heff is only relevant in the range 180 to 400 nm) (b) (HUVA is only relevant in the range 315 to 400 nm) (c), (d) (LB is only relevant in the range 300 to 700 nm) (e), (f) (EB is only relevant in the range 300 to 700 nm) (g) to (l) (See table 1.1 for appropriate values of λ1 and λ2) (m), (n) (EIR is only relevant in the range 780 to 3 000 nm) (o) (Hskin is only relevant in the range 380 to 3 000 nm) For the purposes of this Directive, the formulae above can be replaced by the following expressions and the use of discrete values as set out in the following tables: (a) and Heff = Eeff · Δt (b) and HUVA = EUVA · Δt (c), (d) (e), (f) (g) to (l) (See table 1.1 for appropriate values of λ1 and λ2) (m), (n) (o) and Hskin = Eskin·Δt Notes: Eλ (λ,t), Eλ spectral irradiance or spectral power density: the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface, expressed in watts per square metre per nanometre [W m-2 nm-1]; values of Eλ (λ,t) and Eλλ come from measurements or may be provided by the manufacturer of the equipment; Eeff effective irradiance (UV range): calculated irradiance within the UV wavelength range 180 to 400 nm spectrally weighted by S (λ), expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; H radiant exposure, the time integral of the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2]; Heff effective radiant exposure: radiant exposure spectrally weighted by S (λ), expressed in joules per square metre [J m- 2]; EUVA total irradiance (UVA): calculated irradiance within the UVA wavelength range 315 to 400 nm, expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; HUVA radiant exposure, the time and wavelength integral or sum of the irradiance within the UVA wavelength range 315 to 400 nm, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2]; S (λ) spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the health effects of UV radiation on eye and skin, (table 1.2) [dimensionless]; t, Δt time, duration of the exposure, expressed in seconds [s]; λ wavelength, expressed in nanometres [nm]; Δ λ bandwidth, expressed in nanometres [nm], of the calculation or measurement intervals Lλ (λ), Lλ spectral radiance of the source expressed in watts per square metre per steradian per nanometre [W m- 2 sr–1 nm-1]; R (λ) spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the thermal injury caused to the eye by visible and IRA radiation (table 1.3) [dimensionless]; LR effective radiance (thermal injury): calculated radiance spectrally weighted by R (λ) expressed in watts per square metre per steradian [W m- 2 sr –1]; B (λ) spectral weighting taking into account the wavelength dependence of the photochemical injury caused to the eye by blue light radiation (table 1.3) [dimensionless]; LB effective radiance (blue light): calculated radiance spectrally weighted by B (λ), expressed in watts per square metre per steradian [W m- 2 sr –1]; EB effective irradiance (blue light): calculated irradiance spectrally weighted by B (λ) expressed in watts per square metre [W m- 2]; EIR total irradiance (thermal injury): calculated irradiance within the infrared wavelength range 780 nm to 3 000 nm expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; Eskin total irradiance (visible, IRA and IRB): calculated irradiance within the visible and infrared wavelength range 380 nm to 3 000 nm, expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]; Hskin radiant exposure, the time and wavelength integral or sum of the irradiance within the visible and infrared wavelength range 380 to 3 000 nm, expressed in joules per square metre (J m-2); α angular subtense: the angle subtended by an apparent source, as viewed at a point in space, expressed in milliradians (mrad). Apparent source is the real or virtual object that forms the smallest possible retinal image. Table 1.1 Exposure limit values for non-coherent optical radiation Index Wavelength nm Exposure limit value Units Comment Part of the body Hazard a. 180-400 (UVA, UVB and UVC) Heff = 30 Daily value 8 hours [J m-2] eye cornea conjunctiva lensskin photokeratitis conjunctivitis cataractogenesis erythema elastosis skin cancer b. 315-400 (UVA) HUVA = 104 Daily value 8 hours [J m-2] eye lens cataractogenesis c. 300-700 (Blue light) see note 1 LB: [W m-2 sr-1] t: [seconds] for α ≥ 11 mrad eye retina photoretinitis for t ≤ 10 000 s d. 300-700 (Blue light) see note 1 LB = 100 for t > 10 000 s [W m-2 sr-1] e. 300-700 (Blue light) see note 1 EB: [W m-2] t: [seconds] for α < 11 mrad see note 2 for t ≤ 10 000 s f. 300-700 (Blue light) see note 1 EB = 0,01 t >10 000 s [W m-2] g. 380-1 400 (Visible and IRA) [W m-2 sr-1] Cα = 1,7 for α ≤ 1,7 mrad Cα = α for 1,7 ≤ α ≤ 100 mrad Cα = 100 for α > 100 mrad λ1= 380; λ2= 1400 eye retina retinal burn for t >10 s h. 380-1 400 (Visible and IRA) LR: [W m-2 sr-1] t: [seconds] for 10 μs ≤ t ≤ 10 s i. 380-1 400 (Visible and IRA) [W m-2 sr-1] for t <10 μs j. 780-1 400 (IRA) [W m-2 sr-1] Cα = 11 for α ≤ 11 mrad Cα = α for 11≤ α ≤ 100 mrad Cα = 100 for α > 100 mrad (measurement field-of-view: 11 mrad) λ1= 780; λ2= 1 400 eye retina retinal burn for t > 10 s k. 780-1 400 (IRA) LR: [W m-2 sr-1] t: [seconds] for 10 μs ≤ t ≤ 10 s l. 780-1 400 (IRA) [W m-2 sr-1] for t < 10 μs m. 780-3 000 (IRA and IRB) EIR = 18 000 t-0,75 for t ≤ 1 000 s E: [Wm-2] t: [seconds] eye cornea lens corneal burn cataractogenesis n. 780-3 000 (IRA and IRB) EIR = 100 for t > 1 000 s [W m-2] o. 380-3 000 (Visible, IRA and IRB) Hskin = 20 000 t0,25 for t < 10 s H: [J m-2] t: [seconds] skin burn Note 1: The range of 300 to 700 nm covers parts of UVB, all UVA and most of visible radiation; however, the associated hazard is commonly referred to as ‘blue light’ hazard. Blue light strictly speaking covers only the range of approximately 400 to 490 nm. Note 2: For steady fixation of very small sources with an angular subtense < 11mrad, LB can be converted to EB. This normally applies only for ophthalmic instruments or a stabilized eye during anaesthesia. The maximum ‘stare time’ is found by: tmax = 100/EB with EB expressed in W m-2. Due to eye movements during normal visual tasks this does not exceed 100s.

Table 1.2 S (λ) [dimensionless], 180 nm to 400 nm λ in nm S (λ) 180 0,0120 181 0,0126 182 0,0132 183 0,0138 184 0,0144 185 0,0151 186 0,0158 187 0,0166 188 0,0173 189 0,0181 190 0,0190 191 0,0199 192 0,0208 193 0,0218 194 0,0228 195 0,0239 196 0,0250 197 0,0262 198 0,0274 199 0,0287 200 0,0300 201 0,0334 202 0,0371 203 0,0412 204 0,0459 205 0,0510 206 0,0551 207 0,0595 208 0,0643 209 0,0694 210 0,0750 211 0,0786 212 0,0824 213 0,0864 214 0,0906 215 0,0950 216 0,0995 217 0,1043 218 0,1093 219 0,1145 220 0,1200 221 0,1257 222 0,1316 223 0,1378 224 0,1444 225 0,1500 226 0,1583 227 0,1658 228 0,1737 229 0,1819 230 0,1900 231 0,1995 232 0,2089 233 0,2188 234 0,2292 235 0,2400 236 0,2510 237 0,2624 238 0,2744 239 0,2869 240 0,3000 241 0,3111 242 0,3227 243 0,3347 244 0,3471 245 0,3600 246 0,3730 247 0,3865 248 0,4005 249 0,4150 250 0,4300 251 0,4465 252 0,4637 253 0,4815 254 0,5000 255 0,5200 256 0,5437 257 0,5685 258 0,5945 259 0,6216 260 0,6500 261 0,6792 262 0,7098 263 0,7417 264 0,7751 265 0,8100 266 0,8449 267 0,8812 268 0,9192 269 0,9587 270 1,0000 271 0,9919 272 0,9838 273 0,9758 274 0,9679 275 0,9600 276 0,9434 277 0,9272 278 0,9112 279 0,8954 280 0,8800 281 0,8568 282 0,8342 283 0,8122 284 0,7908 285 0,7700 286 0,7420 287 0,7151 288 0,6891 289 0,6641 290 0,6400 291 0,6186 292 0,5980 293 0,5780 294 0,5587 295 0,5400 296 0,4984 297 0,4600 298 0,3989 299 0,3459 300 0,3000 301 0,2210 302 0,1629 303 0,1200 304 0,0849 305 0,0600 306 0,0454 307 0,0344 308 0,0260 309 0,0197 310 0,0150 311 0,0111 312 0,0081 313 0,0060 314 0,0042 315 0,0030 316 0,0024 317 0,0020 318 0,0016 319 0,0012 320 0,0010 321 0,000819 322 0,000670 323 0,000540 324 0,000520 325 0,000500 326 0,000479 327 0,000459 328 0,000440 329 0,000425 330 0,000410 331 0,000396 332 0,000383 333 0,000370 334 0,000355 335 0,000340 336 0,000327 337 0,000315 338 0,000303 339 0,000291 340 0,000280 341 0,000271 342 0,000263 343 0,000255 344 0,000248 345 0,000240 346 0,000231 347 0,000223 348 0,000215 349 0,000207 350 0,000200 351 0,000191 352 0,000183 353 0,000175 354 0,000167 355 0,000160 356 0,000153 357 0,000147 358 0,000141 359 0,000136 360 0,000130 361 0,000126 362 0,000122 363 0,000118 364 0,000114 365 0,000110 366 0,000106 367 0,000103 368 0,000099 369 0,000096 370 0,000093 371 0,000090 372 0,000086 373 0,000083 374 0,000080 375 0,000077 376 0,000074 377 0,000072 378 0,000069 379 0,000066 380 0,000064 381 0,000062 382 0,000059 383 0,000057 384 0,000055 385 0,000053 386 0,000051 387 0,000049 388 0,000047 389 0,000046 390 0,000044 391 0,000042 392 0,000041 393 0,000039 394 0,000037 395 0,000036 396 0,000035 397 0,000033 398 0,000032 399 0,000031 400 0,000030

Table 1.3 B (λ), R (λ) [dimensionless], 380 nm to 1 400 nm λ in nm B(λ) R (λ) 300 ≤ λ < 380 0,01 — 380 0,01 0,1 385 0,013 0,13 390 0,025 0,25 395 0,05 0,5 400 0,1 1 405 0,2 2 410 0,4 4 415 0,8 8 420 0,9 9 425 0,95 9,5 430 0,98 9,8 435 1 10 440 1 10 445 0,97 9,7 450 0,94 9,4 455 0,9 9 460 0,8 8 465 0,7 7 470 0,62 6,2 475 0,55 5,5 480 0,45 4,5 485 0,32 3,2 490 0,22 2,2 495 0,16 1,6 500 0,1 1 500 < λ ≤ 600 100,02·(450 - λ) 1 600 < λ ≤ 700 0,001 1 700 < λ ≤ 1 050 — 100,002·(700 - λ) 1 050 < λ ≤ 1 150 — 0,2 1 150 < λ ≤ 1 200 — 0,2 · 100,02·(1 150 - λ) 1 200 < λ ≤ 1 400 — 0,02

ANNEX II LASER OPTICAL RADIATION The biophysically relevant exposure values to optical radiation can be determined with the formulae below. The formulae to be used depend on the wavelength and duration of radiation emitted by the source and the results should be compared with the corresponding exposure limit values indicated in the tables 2.2 to 2.4. More than one exposure value and corresponding exposure limit can be relevant for a given source of laser optical radiation. Coefficients used as calculation tools within the tables 2.2 to 2.4 are listed in table 2.5 and corrections for repetitive exposure are listed in table 2.6. Notes: dP power expressed in watt [W]; dA surface expressed in square meter [m2]; E (t), E irradiance or power density: the radiant power incident per unit area upon a surface, generally expressed in watts per square metre [W m-2]. Values of E(t), E come from measurements or may be provided by the manufacturer of the equipment; H radiant exposure, the time integral of the irradiance, expressed in joules per square metre [J m-2]; t time, duration of the exposure, expressed in seconds [s]; λ wavelength, expressed in nanometres [nm]; γ limiting cone angle of measurement field-of-view expressed in milliradians [mrad]; γm measurement field of view expressed in milliradians [mrad]; α angular subtense of a source expressed in milliradians [mrad]; limiting aperture: the circular area over which irradiance and radiant exposure are averaged; G integrated radiance: the integral of the radiance over a given exposure time expressed as radiant energy per unit area of a radiating surface per unit solid angle of emission, in joules per square metre per steradian [J m-2 sr -1]. Table 2.1 Radiation hazards Wavelength [nm] λ Radiation range Affected organ Hazard Exposure limit value table 180 to 400 UV eye photochemical damage and thermal damage 2.2, 2.3 180 to 400 UV skin erythema 2.4 400 to 700 visible eye retinal damage 2.2 400 to 600 visible eye photochemical damage 2.3 400 to 700 visible skin thermal damage 2.4 700 to 1 400 IRA eye thermal damage 2.2, 2.3 700 to 1 400 IRA skin thermal damage 2.4 1 400 to 2 600 IRB eye thermal damage 2.2 2 600 to 106 IRC eye thermal damage 2.2 1 400 to 106 IRB, IRC eye thermal damage 2.3 1 400 to 106 IRB, IRC skin thermal damage 2.4

Table 2.2 Exposure limit values for laser exposure to the eye — Short exposure duration < 10 s Wavelength (1) [nm] Aperture Duration [s] 10-13 — 10-11 10-11 — 10-9 10-9 — 10-7 10-7 — 1,8 · 10-5 1,8 · 10-5 — 5 · 10-5 5 · 10-5 — 10-3 10-3 — 101 UVC 180-280 1 mm for t<0,3 s; 1,5 · t0,375 for 0,3<t<10 s E = 3 · 1010 · [W m-2] (3) H = 30 [J m-2] UVB 280-302 303 H = 40 [J m-2] if t < 2,6 · 10-9 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) 304 H = 60 [J m-2] if t < 1,3 · 10-8 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) 305 H = 100 [J m-2] if t < 1,0 · 10-7 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25[J m-2 ] (4) 306 H = 160 [J m-2] if t < 6,7 · 10-7 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25[J m-2 ] (4) 307 H = 250 [J m-2] if t < 4,0 · 10-6 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) 308 H = 400 [J m-2] if t < 2,6 · 10-5 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2] (4) 309 H = 630 [J m-2] if t < 1,6 · 10-4 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25[J m-2 ] (4) 310 H = 103 [J m-2] if t < 1,0 · 10-3 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) 311 H = 1,6·103 [J m-2] if t < 6,7 · 10-3 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) 312 H = 2,5·103 [J m-2] if t < 4,0 · 10-2 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) 313 H = 4,0·103 [J m-2] if t < 2,6 · 10-1 then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) 314 H = 6,3·103 [J m-2] if t < 1,6 · 100then H = 5,6 · 103 t 0,25 [J m-2 ] (4) UVA 315-400 H = 5,6 ·103 t0,25 [J m-2] Visible & IRA 400-700 7 mm H = 1,5·10-4CE [Jm-2] H = 2,7·104 t0,75 CE [Jm-2] H = 5·10-3 CE [Jm-2] H = 18 · t0,75 CE [Jm-2] 700-1 050 H = 1,5·10-4 CA CE [Jm-2] H=2,7·104 t0,75 CA CE [Jm-2] H = 5·10-3 CA CE [Jm-2] H = 18 · t0,75 CA CE [Jm-2] 1 050-1 400 H = 1,5·10-3 CC CE [Jm-2] H =2,7·105 t0,75 CC CE [Jm-2] H = 5·10-2 CC CE [Jm-2] H = 90 · t0,75 CC CE [Jm-2] IRB & IRC 1 400-1 500 (2) E = 1012 [W m-2] (3) H = 103 [Jm-2] H=5,6·103 · t0,25 [Jm-2] 1 500-1 800 E = 1013 [W m-2] (3) H = 104 [Jm-2] 1 800-2 600 E = 1012 [W m-2] (3) H = 103 [Jm-2] H=5,6·103 · t0,25 [Jm-2] 2 600-106 E = 1011 [W m-2] (3) H=100 [Jm-2] H = 5,6·103 · t0,25 [Jm-2]

Table 2.3 Exposure limit values for laser exposure to the eye - Long exposure duration ≥ 10 s Wavelength (5) [nm] Aperture Duration [s] 101 — 102 102 — 104 104 — 3 · 104 UVC 180-280 3,5 mm H = 30 [J m-2] UVB 280-302 303 H = 40 [J m-2] 304 H = 60 [J m-2] 305 H = 100 [J m-2] 306 H = 160 [J m-2] 307 H = 250 [J m-2] 308 H = 400 [J m-2] 309 H = 630 [J m-2] 310 H = 1,0 103 [J m-2] 311 H = 1,6 103 [J m-2] 312 H = 2,5 103 [J m-2] 313 H = 4,0 103 [J m-2] 314 H = 6,3 103 [J m-2] UVA 315-400 H = 104 [J m-2] Visible 400 — 700 400 — 600 Photochemical (6) Retinal damage 7 mm H = 100 CB [Jm-2] (γ = 11 mrad) (8) E = 1CB [Wm-2]; (γ = 1,1 t0,5 mrad) (8) E = 1CB [Wm-2] (γ = 110 mrad) (8) 400 — 700 Thermal (6) Retinal damage if α < 1,5 mrad then E = 10 [W m-2] if α > 1,5 mrad and t ≤ T2 then H = 18 CE t0,75 [J m-2] if α > 1,5 mrad and t > T2 then E = 18 CE T2-0,25 [W m-2] IRA 700-1 400 7 mm if α < 1,5 mrad then E = 10 CA CC [W m-2] if α > 1,5 mrad and t ≤ T2 then H = 18 CA CC CE t0,75 [J m-2] if α > 1,5 mrad and t > T2 then E = 18 CA CC CE T2-0,25 [W m-2] (not to exceed 1 000 W m-2) IRB & IRC 1 400-106 (7) E = 1 000 [Wm-2]

Table 2.4 Exposure limit values for laser exposure of skin Wavelength (9) [nm] Aperture Duration [s] < 10-9 10-9 — 10-7 10-7 — 10-3 10-3 — 101 101 — 103 103 — 3 · 104 UV (A, B, C) 180-400 3,5 mm E = 3 · 1010 [W m-2] Same as Eye Exposure Limits Visible & IRA 400-700 3,5 mm E = 2 · 1011 [W m-2] H = 200 CA [J m-2] H = 1,1 · 104 CA t 0,25 [J m-2] E = 2 · 103 CA [W m-2] 700-1 400 E = 2 · 1011 CA [W m-2] IRB & IRC 1 400-1 500 E = 1012 [W m-2] Same as Eye Exposure Limits 1 500-1 800 E = 1013 [W m-2] 1 800-2 600 E = 1012 [W m-2] 2 600-106 E = 1011 [W m-2]

Table 2.5 Applied correction factors and other calculation parameters Parameter aslisted in ICNIRP Valid spectral range (nm) Value CA λ < 700 CA = 1,0 700-1 050 CA = 100,002(λ — 700) 1 050-1 400 CA = 5,0 CB 400-450 CB = 1,0 450-700 CB = 100,02(λ — 450) CC 700-1 150 CC = 1.0 1 150-1 200 CC = 100,018(λ — 1150) 1 200-1 400 CC = 8,0 T1 λ < 450 T1 = 10 s 450-500 T1 = 10 · [100,02 ( λ — 450)] s λ > 500 T1 = 100 s Parameter as listed in ICNIRP Valid for biological effect Value αmin all thermal effects αmin = 1,5 mrad Parameter as listed in ICNIRP Valid angular range (mrad) Value CE α < αmin CE = 1,0 αmin < α < 100 CE = α/αmin α > 100 CE = α2/(αmin · αmax) mrad with αmax = 100 mrad T2 α < 1,5 T2 = 10 s 1,5 < α < 100 T2 = 10 · [10(α — 1,5)/98,5] s α > 100 T2 = 100 s Parameter as listed in ICNIRP Valid exposure time range (s) Value γ t ≤ 100 γ = 11 [mrad] 100 < t < 104 γ = 1,1 t 0, 5 [mrad] t > 104 γ = 110 [mrad] Table 2.6 Correction for repetitive exposure Each of the following three general rules should be applied to all repetitive exposures as occur from repetitively pulsed or scanning laser systems: 1. The exposure from any single pulse in a train of pulses shall not exceed the exposure limit value for a single pulse of that pulse duration. 2. The exposure from any group of pulses (or sub-group of pulses in a train) delivered in time t shall not exceed the exposure limit value for time t. 3. The exposure from any single pulse within a group of pulses shall not exceed the single-pulse exposure limit value multiplied by a cumulative-thermal correction factor Cp=N-0,25, where N is the number of pulses. This rule applies only to exposure limits to protect against thermal injury, where all pulses delivered in less than Tmin are treated as a single pulse. Parameter Valid spectral range (nm) Value Tmin 315 < λ ≤ 400 Tmin = 10-9 s (= 1 ns) 400 < λ ≤ 1 050 Tmin = 18 · 10-6 s (= 18 μs) 1 050 < λ ≤ 1 400 Tmin = 50 · 10-6 s (= 50 μs) 1 400 < λ ≤ 1 500 Tmin = 10-3 s (= 1 ms) 1 500 < λ ≤ 1 800 Tmin = 10 s 1 800 < λ ≤ 2 600 Tmin = 10-3 s (= 1 ms) 2 600 < λ ≤ 106 Tmin = 10-7 s (= 100 ns) (1) If the wavelength of the laser is covered by two limits, then the more restrictive applies. (2) When 1 400≤λ<105 nm: aperture diameter = 1 mm for t ≤ 0,3 s and 1,5 t0,375 mm for 0,3 s < t < 10 s; when 105≤λ<106 nm: aperture diameter = 11 mm. (3) Due to lack of data at these pulse lengths, ICNIRP recommends the use of the 1 ns irradiance limits. (4) The table states values for single laser pulses. In case of multiple laser pulses, then the laser pulse durations of pulses falling within an interval Tmin (listed in table 2.6) must be added up and the resulting time value must be filled in for t in the formula: 5,6 · 103 t0,25 (5) If the wavelength or another condition of the laser is covered by two limits, then the more restrictive applies. (6) For small sources subtending an angle of 1,5 mrad or less, the visible dual limits E from 400 nm to 600 nm reduce to the thermal limits for 10s≤ t<T1 and to photochemical limits for longer times. For T1 and T2 see Table 2.5. The photochemical retinal hazard limit may also be expressed as a time integrated radiance G = 106 CB [J m-2 sr-1] for t > 10s up to t = 10 000 s and L = 100 CB [W m-2 sr-1] for t > 10 000 s. For the measurement of G and L γm must be used as averaging field of view. The official border between visible and infrared is 780 nm as defined by the CIE. The column with wavelength band names is only meant to provide better overview for the user. (The notation G is used by CEN; the notation Lt is used by CIE; the notation LP is used by IEC and CENELEC.) (7) For wavelength 1 400 — 105 nm: aperture diameter = 3,5 mm; for wavelength 105 — 106 nm: aperture Diameter = 11 mm (8) For measurement of the exposure value the consideration of γ is defined as follows: If α (angular subtense of a source) > γ (limiting cone angle, indicated in brackets in the corresponding column) then the measurement field of view γm should be the given value of γ. (If a larger measurement field of view is used, then the hazard would be overestimated). If α < γ then the measurement field of view γm must be large enough to fully enclose the source but is otherwise not limited and may be larger than γ. (9) If the wavelength or another condition of the laser is covered by two limits, then the more restrictive applies.