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V ol.1978/0134

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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(78)355 final
Brussels ,31July 1978
/
COOPERATION WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INTHE FIELD OPENERGY
(Communication fromtheCommission "totheCouncil )
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COK(78 )355final

A. PURPOSE OF THE COMMUNICATION
1,Economic Context and energy prospects for industrialised and developing
countries
1.1.Economic context
112.Energy prospects
2.Reciprocal advantages ofcooperation inthe energy field
3.Energy cooperation inthe perspective ofworld economic growth
B,AREAS OF COOPERATION
1.Inventori sing requirements and potential
»
2.Exploitation ofresources .
2.1.Contribution ofthe industrialised countries
2.2.Analysis ofvarious renewable resources
2.2.1 .Solar energy anditsderivation
a)Applications
b)Techniques using direct ,exposure tothe sun
c)Production and conversion oforganic matter (biomass )
d)Wind power
2.2.2 .Geothermal energy
2.2.3 .Hydro-electri cpower
3.Personnel training
C. COMMUNITY ACTION ;
1.Framework for Community action
2.Instruments ofCommunity action
2.1.Financial instruments
2.2.Coordination and launching
3. Aphased programme
3.1.Studies andenergy inventories
3.2.Operational phase
Annexe :Possible contribution ofthe Joint Research Centre

COOPERATION WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN
THE FIELD OPENERGY
INTRODUCTION
During themeeting oftheCouncil ofEnergy Ministers inBrussels on
20May1978 Mr.Brunner announced that theCommission wasconsidering
putting forward apaper ontheproblem ofenergy cooperation with the
developing countries *^
Furthermore ,/theEuropean Council atitsmeeting inBremen onthe'
6thand7thJuly 1978 stressed theneed forworld cooperation inthe
energy field ,andparticularly forcooperation "between theindustrialized
andthedeveloping countries *
The ,western economic summit held atBonn onthe16th and17th July 1978
emphasised theneed toimprove andtocoordinate aid todeveloping
countries intheenergy sector .
-V
A. .PURPOSE OFTHE COMMUNICATION
1.Economic context andenergy prospects forIndustrialized anddeveloping
countries
1.1 .Economic context
Various recent estimates indicate that "by1985 thesupply situation
foroil,thenon-renewable energy source that makes upthebulk of
world energy consumption ,particularly imported energy ,will become
increasingly tighter forindustrialized andnon-oil producing deve­
loping countries alike . >
The1973-74 oilprice increases were ,inthis context ,only thepre­
cursor ofamore general upward price movement likely toberesumed
- 'during thecoming decade ,ifnotbefore *These oilprice rises ,to­
gether with other factors ,contributed towards thegeneral economic
,difficulties experienced inthemiddle ofthepresent decade .For
theindustrialized countries these rises contributed towards putting
into question oneoftheelements onwhich their rapid economic growth
hadbeenbased ,namely relatively cheap energy prices .Theyalso

-2-
contributed totheaggravation 01international payments imbalances
andadded afurther element toanalready serious trend ofinflation .
Thesituation waseven more worrying inthecase ofmany non-oil pro­
ducing developing countries whose growth prospects ,already compromi­
sedbytheworld economic crisis ,areblocked byrising energy costs .
1.2 .Energy prospects
The4,000 million inhabitants oftheworld today consume about 6,300
million tonnes ofoilequivalent .According tocertain estimates ,
world energy consumption will rise bythebeginning ofthenext
century to17,000 million tonnes ofoilequivalent forapopulation
oftheorder of6,500 million inhabitants .Ofthese 6,500 million ,
about 4»000million –theequivalent ofthepresent population of
theearth -will -live inthedeveloping countries (andmore ,than
3,000 million ofthem inthenon-oil producing countries ).
Average percapita energy consumption isnow8.2tonnes ofoil
equivalent in ,theUSA ,3*5tonnes intheCommunity ,3»2tonnes in
Japan and0.30 tonnes *inthenon-oil producing developing countries .
Between the first example cited and last theconsumption ratio is
27:1 ,Bytheyear 2000 theenergy consumption oftheoil-importing
developing countries could ,according tothegrowth rate applied ,
reach 0.5to0.7tonnes ofoilequivalent .Even ifthese figures
arestill farremoved from thepresent percapita energy consumption
oftheindustrialized countries ,satisfaction ofthis demand will ,
because ofthedemographic factor ,reach 1,400 to2,000 million tonnes
ofoilequivalent compared with 420million in1972 ,anincrease of
300-400$ .These fewfigures ,which arenotunreasonable estimates ,
underline theimportance that energy problems will hold forall
countries whether industrialized ordeveloping .
These prospects substantially justify anincreased effort ofcoopera­
tion between industrialized anddeveloping countries inthefield of
energy –aneffort towhich theCommunity must contribute with all
themeans atitsdisposal .
*tothis figure oneshould addabout 0.20 tonnes annually percapita of
non–commercialised energy .

-3-
2.Reciprocal advantages ofcooperation inthe energy field
Whereas industrialized countries ,among them theCommunity ,have some pros­
pect ofoffsetting inthemedium term theeconomic constraints posed now "by
higher energy hills ,particularly through deliberate policies ofenergy
conservation andindustrial reconversion ,there remains the fact that ,in
view oftheenergy prospects sketched above ,allnon-oil producing -
countries (both industrialized anddeveloping )risk finding themselves
inincreasingly tougher competition toobtain arare but essential re– '
source .Theconsequences ofsuch asituation could bemany .Among others
onemaynoteiprice increases ,growing payments deficits ,decline indis­
posable income forpurchasers other than forenergy ,increased conflict
between producers andconsumers aswell asbetween consumers .Inorder to
** ■\
avoid this prejudicial situation ,industrialized countries should marshal
assistance for the development andexploitation ofthepotential forproduc - .
ingenergy ,whether renewable ornot ,ofthedeveloping countries .This .
would help thedeveloping countries tofree themselves tosome degree from
theconstraint that energy imports place upon their economic development .
Consequently both industrialized anddeveloping countries have amajor in­
terest inpromoting energy cooperation fortheresearch andexploitation
ofadditional and/oralternative energy sources ,aswell asformore ratio­
nalenergy use ,andtofoster inthelong term better supply conditions in
theworld energy market forboth industrialized countries andfordevelo –
ping countries that produce little energy .
3.Energy cooperation inthe perspective ofworld economic growth
Increasingly industrialized countries arebecoming conscious ofthe fact
that resumption oftheir owneconomic growth canonly bedurable iftheir
efforts aimed atdomestic economic revival arematched bysupport ofex­
ternal demand ,particularly that oftheLDCs which canbeoneofthemost
dynamic factors ofworld economic growth inthecourse ofthenext few
years .
Inthis perspective discussions intheframework oftheOECD have pin­
pointed energy asoneofthepriority sectors forapplication inaresour­
cetransfer programme toLDCs :anyaction initiated onabroad front by .
theindustrialized countries toenhance thegrowth ofdeveloping countries
andtheir demand capacity must contain animportant component geared to
tackle theenergy supply problem ofLDCs ,thereby helping also toalleviate
that ofindustrial ized countries .

-4-
Animportant part ofsuch aninternational operation ofenergy resource
development must bechannelled through international financial institu­
tions ,notably theWorld Bank already engaged inthis area .TheCommu­
nity should also marshal itsowncapacities (research anddevelopment ,
transfer oftechnology ,industrial promotion ,etc...), financial means
anditsworking cooperation arrangements using arange oftechniques .*
with groups ofdeveloping countries .TheCommunity should therefore
exploit these factors toundertake itsownautonomous effort aswell as
participating inwider international operations . ^
AREAS OPCOOPERATION
/
1.Inventorising requirements and potential
Amajor impediment tomobili&ing asystematic programme ofenergy coop­
eration with developing countries isthelack ofadequate knowledge ofthe
evolution ofdeveloping countries *requirements andoftheir present and
potential energyresources .,Apriority task therefore isfortheCommu­
nity tohelp developing ,countries whosowish ,tosetuparrangements 'tocreate
inventories onacontinuing basis ofpresent energy resources and establish
medium-term supply and demand forecasts forenergy .
Theprocess ofinventorising energy resources will need tocover several
aspects .Inthefirst instance there istheneed tocollate andbring up
todate existing information anddata onasystematic basis .Secondly ,it
will benecessary tointensify geological surveys ,prospecting andidenti­
fication ofpotential forfossile fuels ,uranium ,natural gas ,wind and
solar potential ,geothermal sources ,hydro-electric potential (including
small-scale hydro ),andidle land suitable forafforestation biomass
,cultivitation .
Such aninventory should moreover take into consideration theregional
aspect oftheproblem andtheinterest thd ;there canbeinadopting a
"grouped "approach toinventorising ,particularly forhydro –electric
resources .

-5-
2.Exploitation ofpotential resources
2.1.The potential contribution ofthe industrialized countries in
attempting tosatisfy the energy requirements ofthe developing
country partners can include :
–thedevelopment ofconventional energy sources (oil,natural
gas,coal ,hydro-electric power );
–the encouragement ofmore rational use ofenergy inthe indus­
trial ,commercial and technical fields ;
–the application ofclassical technologies with the adaptations
necessary toenable them tobeassimilated ;
–aparticular research effort concentrated onmeans oftransporting
energy (e.g. hydrogen )given theprospects that may stem from linking
upthe industrialisation requirements ofcountries oflow energy
potential and the existence incertain sparsely populated areas
ofthe world ofconsiderable possibilities ofproducing energy
which cannot now betransported over long distances ;
–the application ofnuclear energy inthe most advanced develo­
ping countries whose energy requirements should correspond to
the construction offairly large plants and which possess theinfra­
structures required ;
–the application ofnew orrenewable energy sources .Ifthelatter 's
contribution tothe Community 'senergy requirements isunlikely
toexceed 5$intheyear 2000 ,ithasbeen estimated that the
share will be–and perhaps already is–much higher inthe
developing countries .
Industrialized countries have therefore animportant part to
play inperfecting technologies based ontheO forms ofenergy ^
notably solar ,geothermal ,wind and biomass energy .The degree
oftechnical maturity ,however ,ofthese forms ofenergy isnot
yet atsuch alevel that itcan beimmediately applied ataccep­
table prices allowing easy and widespread insertion into

-6-
developing countries *economies .Adevelopment effort aimxng
atspecific application toLDCs istherefore indispensable . .
This effort should concentrate particularly onsmall andmedium
scale schemes adapted to -theeconomic and social structures
ofthe countries concerned . .
1
TheJoint Research Centre already hascertain facilities which could
"beput atthedisposal ofdeveloping countries aswell asof
member states (SeeAnnex ).
2.2 .Anales is__of variou£ renewable _resour£es
2.2.1 .S°l_ar £n£r£^_a£d_it_s_derivation ;
Solar energy covers processes ofdirect transformation ofthesun's
radiation ,theproducts ofphotosynthesis ,known asbiomasse ,and
wind energy . \
Bydint ofitsnatural distribution ,solar energy isofparticular
relevance torural development insectors where conventional proces­
seshave shown themselves tobeinappropriate ortoo costly .The
interest -ofthis form ofenergy stems from thefact that itlends
i+e?elf tosmall installations spread outover awide area andthat
itrequires only negligeable maintenance andnofuel transport ,both
ofwhich elements aredifficult toimplement incountries with sparse
infrastructures . ,
Sofaronly isolated projects andexperiments have been attempted
with larger scale development still tocome . -
a)Applications
Generally speaking applications ofthese sources ofenergy pre­
sently require higher levels ofinvestment butlower operating
costs incomparison with classical techniques .Solar energy ,
initsdifferent forms ,lends itself particularly tothefollo­
wing applications :
-water supply bypumping anddistillation (village andpasto -
raiwater supply andirrigation );

-7-
–electrification oftowns andvillages ;
–telecommunications andeducation (forexample educational
TV): -
–various heating purposes (water heating ,drying offarm
produce andofmeat andfish ,domestic cookers ,ovens );
–refrigeration (airconditioning ,preservation ofperishables -
such asmilk ,meat andfish –andofpharmaceuticals )*
"b)Techniques using direct exposure tothesun
Thefollowing techniques areforthemost part atarelatively
advanced stage ofdevelopment andhave led tothe creation and
installation ofasmall number ofprototypes indeveloping countries :
–thermal collectors forpurposes ofheating ,drying ,cooking ,
air-conditioning (notably through absorption ordehumidifying )
andfordesalination ; '~
–electricity generators driven bysteam ,gasororganic liquids
associated with thermal collectors ;
–photovoltaic electric generators with solar batteries using
semi-conductor convertors .
c)Production andconversion oforganic matter (biomass )
Experience ofrecent years hasledtogreater awareness ofthe
possibilities offered byenergy-oriented use ofbiomass ,whether
intheform oforganic residue ,intheform ofby-products (e.g.
molasses ),orofsystematic cultivation (sugar-cane ,cassava )and
;which cantake theform ofvegetation cultivated specially forthe
purpose onsoils nototherwise suitable forfood production (for
example ,seaweed farms orrapid cycle forestry ).

Thefollowing areas ofdevelopment deserve particular attention ;
–use ofstraw and lumber waste ;
–conversion processes such aspyrolysis andfermentation ;
–biomass cultivation ,forexample rapid –cycle afforestation
andseaweed farms ,sugar-cane ,cassava .
Theproduction ofenergy through biomass maybelimited through
thescope forcollecting sufficient rawmaterial intheform of
organic residue anditsattendant transport problems .
d)Wind power
This isaform ofenergy which could beapplied innumerous
ways incountries experiencing high andconstant wind levels .
Application ofthis form of ,energy would require adevelopment
effort inthe following areas :
–site prospection ;
–more efficient wind powered turbines :development equipment
andtests inconditions particular todeveloping countries ;
–useofisolated ,wind generators forheat andelectricity
supply ofhomesteads ;
–study ofwind generators combined with other systems such as
photovoltaic batteries andbiomass production installations .-
Geothermal energy
Depending onthetemperature ofthesource ,geothermal energy can
beused forheating (water^heating ,distillation ,drying ,etc...)
orfortheproduction ofelectricity bysteam turbines .Thebest
sites forthis form ofenergy areassociated with unstable geolo­
gical conditions andaretherefore relatively scarce .Aninventory
ofthis potential inLDCs should bethefirst step prior to
promoting theexploitation ofthese sources ofenergy which
could represent asignificant contribution toenergy supply in
certain regions .

2.2.3 .Hydro-el^ct_ri_c_power ,
Exploitation ofhydro-electric sources ,even small ones ,appears
indispensable for some developing countries ifthey aresignificantly
toincrease their production ofelectricity .Even waterfalls ofmo­
dest proportion (5to10metres )andoflimited flow ,canheeconomi­
cally harnessed forlocal production ofelectricity supplying small
.industries andvillages (micro-hydro ).
Inthis context onemust notlose sight oft"hepossibility ofharnes­
sing energy –intensive industries toexceptionally large energy sources .
Itmust bestressed that often these various sources ofenergy are
already used ,onanartisan basis ,inmost developing countries toa
greater orlesser extent .Thetask therefore istoputtheir use on
toamore systematic andcommercial basis andtodevelop small-scale
projects .
y
Personnel traininff •
Scientific andtechnical training ingeneral indeveloping countries isfar
from' satisfactory .Considerable attention must bedevoted tothis aspect in
aaenergy cooperation programme inthat lack ofqualified personnel atall
levels ofskill does andwill prove a.major barrier totheexploitation by
developing countries ofwhatever energy opportunities canbecreated ,parti­
cularly with regard tothe judicious introduction anduse ofequipment .
Inparticular theintensification ofenergy provision will require sufficient
numbers ofsuitable qualified mechanics andelectricians ,particularly inthe
rural areas .This implies improvement intheequipment ofschools andtech­
nical training centres inthedeveloping countries themselves with particular
attention totraining ofinstructors tocarry outthetask oftraining ina
manner adapted tothemilieu where the skills are tobeused andwho are
fully conversant with energy technology .

COT-TTTUTTITY ACTION
1.Franework for Community action
Action "bytheCommunity assuch inthe field ofenergy cooperation with
developing countries canbeconducted invarious frameworks :
–firstly ,that ofthenorth-south dialogue pursued inthevarious fora
oftheUnited Nations .TheCommunity will wish toavail itself of.va­
rious opportunities that arise inthe United Nations tomake construe – ^
tive proposals concerning energy cooperation with developing countries .
Among these opportunities onemaynote theCommittee oftheWhole esta­
blished bythe32nd UNGeneral Assembly ,preparation ofthe33rd General
Assembly ,theSpecial Session .oftheUNGeneral Assembly which will adopt
theinternational development strategy forthe3rdDevelopment Decade ,
andtheConference onnew orrenewable energy sources scheduled tobe-
held in1981 intheframework oftheECOSOC .
Inthese fora theCommunity will seek towork closely with interested
developing countries andwith those with which ithas special rela­
tionships . ,
I
Inthis context theCommission will make proposals particularly forthe
drawing upofCommunity positions forthepreparatory work leading upto
theadoption oftheDevelopment Strategy .
Themost effective action which theCommunity could undertake would be
topropose aconcrete programme ofenergy cooperation with LDCs andparti­
cularly with those with which theCommunity already enjoys close relations
ofdevelopment cooperation .Insodoing theCommunity would prepare .the
ground forre-activating energy cooperation atinternational level through
coordination ofitsviews withi those ofother industrialized countries
undertaking activity inthis direction ;*
–Second ,aCommunity initiative forquick andeffective implementation could
betaken intheframework ofthespecial relationships already established -
between theCommunity andcertain countries ,particularly atthetime of
therenewal oftheLom£ Convention .Such aninitiative could beapplied to
other developing countries totheextent that they should wish itand
where appropriate structures could besetup;(l )
(1)Efforts arealready being deployed intheframework ofEDF
insert a-energy element into them .Several projects andstudies concerning
solar energy andtheuseofmolasses areunderway .

–Third ,there should beanexamination ofhowenergy cooperation could be
introduced intheEuro Arab Dialogue .Such cooperation could also be
established with theOrganization ofArab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC ).
In .due course there may also bescope fortripartite cooperation programmes
intheenergy field ,involving theCommunity ,theArab andthedeveloping
countries aspartners ,asintheanalogous arrangements already used for
co-financing operations inAfrican countries . %
[nsiruments ofCommunity action ,
2.1.Financial instruments
Thedevelopment ofconventional energy sources for commercial purpose -
isessentially amatter forprivate orpublic investors ,,either foreign
orlocal .ItisintheCommunity 'sinterest tofoster thegrowth of
foreign investment ofCommunity origin inthepartner countries by
concluding with them agreements forspecific protection (*)tocover
projects ofmutual interest particularly inmineral prospection and
exploitation andinencouraging thedevelopment ofsuch projects bythe
means offinancial promotion available totheCommunity .
ν-
Theimplementation ofaCommunity programme forenergy cooperation has ,
however ,financial implications going beyond investment support .
TheCommunity already posses financial instruments which canbe,
andinsome respects already are ,employed inenergy –related actions
with developing countries .Onaspect ofthe financial element of
energy cooperation with LDCs will beamore systematic use ofthese
instruments incoordination with those ofthemember states ,with due
account taken ofother priority calls ontheir sources offinance ..
(*)Commission Communication totheCouncil COM(78)23 ofJanuary 26,1978 onthe
need forCommunity action toencourage European investment indeveloping
countries andguidelines forsuch action .

-12-
Itshould berecalled ,however ,atthis juncture that theuseofEDF -
andEIB funds under theLom5 Convention and of "budget resources and
EIBfunds in'thesouthern Mediterranean agreements cannot beunilate­
rally determined bytheCommunity orproportionally reserved byitfor
energy orother sectoral purposes ,butthat itsuseisdecided inpart­
nership with theACPcountries according totheir allocations andpro­
gramme priorities . ,
IftheCommunity ,however ,istomobilise additional resources forLDCs
andtogear part ofthis additional resource transfer toenergy develop­
ment while preserving foritself alarge degree ofautonomy indeter - •
mining theuseofsuch money ,then theCommunity must equip itself with
aspecific provision intheCommunity budget forthepurpose .This
facility will clearly beused inclose coordination with theother
financial instruments oftheCommunity (e.g. EDP ,EIB(*)), with those of
theMember States ,andwith financial instruments engaged inother
international institution activity (e.g. IBRD ).
I
Inorder tobeable torespond torequests that might bepresented – .
following statements after theBremen andBonn summits –bycertain
developing countries ,notably ACP ,theCommunity should have itsown
resources ;forexample ,anallocation of10million u.a .would permit
anearly start tosuch cataloguing ofexisting andpotential resources
andofthenecessary exploratory work .-
.2.Coordination andlaunching .Aseries ofearly opportunities will arise
fortheCommunity ,using largely existing orplanned mechanisms ,toini­
tiate thenecessary coordination arrangements required atCommunity 'level
andtolaunch thepractice ofcooperation intheenergy field with the
developing countries concerned .
Under thefirst heading ofCommunity coordination there are :
-existing structures ofintra=-Community cooperation such ,asCREST (1)which
could beused forenlarging andintensifying scientific andtechnical
(*)Note should betaken ofthepossibility ofEIBfinancing fornatural resource
development outside theCommunity (Article 18oftheBank 'sStatue ).
(1)Committee forScientific andTechnical Research

cooperation with LDCs thereby meeting the need tolaunch amore coor­
dinated approach inmobilising the important research and development
component ofthe energy cooperation programme ;
– -under habitual Council procedures ,Commission and member states should
undertake anassessment ofCommunity and member states *activities and
instruments relevant toenergy cooperation with LDCs asaprelude to
launching anoverall coordination effort inconformity with the Novem­
ber 1976 Council Resolution onthe harmonisation and coordination ofdeve­
lopment policies .
■ , s
Under the heading ofinitiating practice with LDCs :
1
–the negociations for the renewal ofthe Lome Convention .These can
' provide anopportunity toexplore with ACP countries how best toini­
tiate and organise work with them inthe energy field ,and how tore­
late ittoexisting cooperation instruments (e.g. industrial cooperation ).
v Particular emphasis should begiven totheexploitation ofregional
cooperation efforts among the ACP for energy development purposes .
Encouragement inthis sense comes from the recent initiative ofECCWAS
inseeking Community cooperation inthefield ofenergy .
–inearly 1979t "the Community ,together with LDCrepresentatives ,
istohold aseminar onthe scope and application ofsolar energy ;
this will give anopportunity toascertain priority areas for ac­
tivity and toestablish aworking programme .Asimilar operation
could beset uptocover other forms ofrenewable energy .Other
seminars could ,atalater stage ,becontemplated forother forms of
renewable ornon-renewable energy . .
Atihased programme
Inaddition tothe operational aspects discussed above and the early arran­
gements forgetting cooperation underway ,itwould beuseful towork out an
energy cooperation programme which would include two phases ,onebased on
studies and energy inventories ,and the other onoperational aspects .

-14-
3.1.Studies arid£ner^_inventories would include :
-establishment ofenergy balance sheets ,bycountry andregion .
This exercise should also attempt toprovide some ofthepointers for
selecting priorities foraction ;
-establishment ofaninventory ofresources (hydrocarbons ,coal ,
bituminous schists ,hydro –electric ,geothermal ,waste generation and
cultivation potential forbiomass energy ,etc.....);
-establishment ofananalysis ofthetechnical ,economic ,geographical ,
geological andother constraints against themobilisation ofthese
renewable energy resources ;
-identification ofvarious projects drawn upinnational orinter­
national contexts ,beitbyCommunity member states orbyLDCs
themselves ,bythe Community assuch ,bythe IBRD ,orbyregional
banks .
i
3.2.Oporational phaos
While containing ongoing activities outlined inparagraph 3*1 *
(e.g. research anddevelopment ,improvement ofsupply and demand
evaluation ,completion andupdating ofinventories )this iscentered
onthe drawing upofprogrammes including financial provision aspects
for energy cooperation for afirst five-year period .These programmes
would consist essentially of:
•–execution ofpriority projects (onboth large andsmall scales )
within country and regional frameworks producing additional indi­
genous power supply ,ortopromote itsrational use ;
-establishment ofresearch and development programmes tobecarried
out inand with the developing countries concerned ;
–provisions forindustrial cooperation aimed both atproviding ii>- *
dustry toexploit hew energy sources andindustrial capacity in
the developing countries themselves toprovide equipment toharness
energy resources : -

-15-
–resource prospection programmes ;
–technical andmanpower training adapted toenergy development needs .
******
TheCommission intends topresent more detailed proposals onspecific
aspects (including thematter ofmanagement arrangements andpersonnel
requirements )inthelight ofthediscussions which will take place in
the Council and the Parliament .

ANNEX .
POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OFTHEJOINT RESEARCH CENTRE (JRC )
TheJRC isalready able tocontribute totheproposed cooperation in2ways :
-actions relating tospecific subject areas based both oncurrent programmes
andexisting competences j
-general actions ofacross subject nature such astraining ,provision of
expertise ,and consultant services ;
thetype andnature ofthese actions varying according tothecategory of
developing country concerned .
Asforactions onspecific subject areas inthenuclear field these could
only bereadily envisaged incooperation with themost advanced developing
countries orwith certain OPEC countries .
Four areas could beconsidered :reactor safety ,treatment andstorage of
wastes ,handling ofradio-active materials ,radiation protection .These ac­
tivities could beorientated towards cooperation with member states *services
inorder toresolve problems inthis area .
Asforactions inspecific subject areas other than nuclear ,these would con­
cern :
-solar energy ,currently ofparticular interest forcooperation with all
categories ofLDCs ..Awide variety ofactions maybeenvisaged bearing
notably on :exchanges ofmaterial fortesting inthefield and inlabora­
tory conditions aswell asinter-guaging campaigns ;studies ofcomplete -
systems forLDCs ;coordination ofmeasurement ofsunlight received with
theestablishment ofacoherent network forcollecting andtreating data ;
studies onspecific applications (refrigeration ,agricultural needs ,solar
collectors andsystems adapted tolocal conditions ,decentralised power
production );

a.
-hydrogen from thepoint ofview ofitsproduction bysolar energy andits
useforthestorage ofenejgy inareas ofconsiderable production poten -" t
tial butlacking local outlets j
™protection oftheenvironment where there areconsiderable possibilities ■
forLDCs tobenefit from experience acquired intheindustrialised countries f
notably byway ofadvice and 1furnishing ofexpertise ,information campaigns ,
techniques andequipment ;
~remG -esensing scooperation inthefield oftreatment andinterpretation
ofdata -obtained from satellites orfrom aircraft observation .Possibly ,
atalater stage ,incollaboration with theEuropean Space Agency ,thesup­
plyofcomplete services inculding spatial coverage .This would beapplied
inmining prospect ion ,hydrology ,stvrveillance ofthermal pollution ,soil
utilisation f
-data processing through jnaking available modelling programmes (EKJROCOPi )
andaccess totheJRC'sdata processing centre ).
•v  - .. • ,
Inthearea ofgeneral actions ofacross-subject nature onemaynote parti­
cularly :
~training including participation inIspra Courses toberevised toadapt
them toLDCneeds andpossibly therepetition ofsuch courses inLDCs them­
selves ;university andtechnical traineeships forspecialists from LDCs ;
-visits ofshort duration toJRCestablishments jjoint holding ofconferences
technical seminars organised inLDCs with the aidofJRCexperts ;
-consultancy andexpertise through short missions ofJRCexperts onspecific
subjects ,carrying outofconsultancy bureau type tasks forthebenefit of
LDCs ,andthecentralisation attheJRCofvarious technical problems addres­
sed tothe Commission . -
' . -A

3
Awide variety ofpossibilities therefore exists at .theJRC .Inthecontext
ofanewmovement towards energy cooperation with LDCs ,research activities
responding totheneeds ofLDCs could "beenvisaged forthenew1980-1983
pluri-annual programme ofthe JRC ,Inthis waycooperation would nolonger
bebased only onactivities decided inthelight ofstrictly European require­
ments .
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