EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 13.12.2021 SWD(2021) 381 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION on the ex post evaluation







of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF)







2014-2020 {COM(2021) 788 final}



Table of contents 1.Introduction Purpose and scope 2.Background to the intervention a. Description of the intervention b. EGF objectives c. Key specifics of the EGF intervention d. Baseline and points of comparison 3.Implementation / state of play 4.Method a. Short description of methodology b. Limitations 5.Analysis and answers to the evaluation questions 5.1.EFFECTIVENESS a. Re-integration rates and other effects of the EGF support b. Availability of support for all eligible beneficiaries c. Use of the EGF by Member States and by beneficiaries d. Monitoring and reporting e. Factors contributing to or hindering the achievement of objectives

f. Involvement of companies and social partners g. Information and communication activities h. Overall impact of the EGF 5.2.EFFICIENCY a. Efficiency at case level b. Efficiency at instrument level 5.3.COHERENCE a. Complementarity with other EU policies and initiatives b. Complementarity with national measures and instruments 5.4.RELEVANCE a. Relevance of the scope of the EGF b. Relevance of the intervention criteria of the EGF c. Relevance of the NEETs clause 5.5.EU ADDED VALUE 6.Conclusions and lessons-learned Conclusions Lessons-learned Annex 1: Procedural information Annex 2: Stakeholder consultation Annex 3: Methods and analytical models

Annex 4: Case profile data by Member State and by sector Annex 5: EGF intervention logic 2014-2020 Annex 6: The evolution of the rules of the EGF between 2007 and 2020 List of figures Figure 1 The timeline of an EGF case from start to finish Figure 2. Large-scale restructuring events in EU-27, 2007–2020 Figure 3. Monthly unemployment rates (% of active population), EU-27, 2007–2020 Figure 4 Number of applications received 2007–2020 (without withdrawn and rejected applications) (based on EGF Database) Figure 5. Case applications per cause (left) and intervention criterion (right) Figure 6. Workers and NEETs targeted (left); men and women targeted (right) Figure 7. Beneficiaries assisted (left); workers and NEETs assisted vs targeted (right) Figure 8. Beneficiaries (workers + NEETs) targeted and assisted per Member State Figure 9. Change in re-integration rates per case (short term vs long term) Figure 10. Average absorption rate per Member State Figure 11. Relationship between total EGF amounts spent and number of beneficiaries helped, per Member State Figure 12. Breakdown of the 39 responses received by Member State Figure 13. NEETs targeted compared to NEETs reached Figure 14. Number of EGF cases per sector (NACE Rev. 2) for all 54 cases in 2014-2020

List of tables Table 1 Number of applications received 2007–2020 Table 2. EGF applications received and amount requested by Member State, 2007–2020 Table 3. Stakeholder consultation strategy: overview Table 4. Evaluation questions and sub-questions Table 5. General overview of the 54 applications received between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2020 Table 6. EGF applications sorted by Member States Table 7. EGF applications sorted by sector Table 8. EGF applications, including the breakdown by gender and age of targeted workers and helped workers Glossary Term or acronym Meaning or definition Beneficiary A person benefiting directly from an EGF measure BRG Better Regulation Guidelines DG EMPL Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion EGF European Globalisation Adjustment Fund ERM European Restructuring Monitor (Eurofound) ESF European Social Fund ESF+ European Social Fund Plus ESIFs European Structural and Investment Funds EU European Union FAQs Frequently asked questions GDPR General Data Protection Regulation ISSG Interservice Steering Group MFF Multiannual financial framework NEET Person not in employment, education or training PC Public consultation PES Public employment services QFR EU Quality Framework for anticipation of change and restructuring SFC System for Fund Management in the European Union SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises SWD Staff working document YEI Youth Employment Initiative 1.Introduction This staff working document (SWD) presents the results of the ex post evaluation of the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF) for 2014–2020. This evaluation was carried out in compliance with Article 20(b) of Regulation (EU) No 1309/2013, to assess whether the EGF reached its objectives during the period 2014–2020. Purpose and scope The findings of this ex post evaluation can provide lessons for the future implementation and design of the Fund. The evaluation assesses the EGF’s effectiveness, efficiency, coherence, relevance and the EU added value. It also examines the extent to which the EGF interventions complement and are coherent with other programmes such as the European Social Fund (ESF), the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI) and national measures. The evaluation covers all EGF cases (i.e. approved applications) whose applications were received between 2014 and 31 December 2020. Applications received in 2020 are included but without analysis as the results will only be available in 2023. More information can be found in the evaluation’s roadmap. This SWD mainly builds on the results of the supporting study provided by external experts (hereinafter ‘Ramboll Management Consulting, SEOR (2020)’). The study includes extensive stakeholder consultations (see Annex 2). It also includes, where appropriate, additional further evidence from previous reports, evaluations and general experience in the management of the EGF, including the Commission internal EGF Database with all the EGF cases from 2007 to 2020. The fieldwork for the supporting study had just started when the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. More information about the limitations caused by the pandemic are presented in Chapter 4 below.

The results of this evaluation will be sent to the European Parliament, the Council, the Court of Auditors, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and to the social partners. 2.Background to the intervention a.Description of the intervention The EGF is a European Union (EU) instrument, which aims to tackle the employment and social dimensions of structural change. The EGF was initially established in 2006, with the aim of showing the EU’s solidarity with workers made redundant as a result of major structural changes in world trade patterns due to globalisation. In response to the global economic and financial crisis, some clauses of the EGF Regulation were amended in 2009. For the 2014–2020 programming period, the EGF covered redundancies caused not only by globalisation and the continuation of the global financial and economic crisis, but also by any new global financial and economic crisis. Due to the high youth unemployment rates in many parts of the EU, Member States were allowed to include, under certain circumstances, the same number of young people ‘not in education, employment, or training’ (NEETs) as workers made redundant in EGF applications. The EGF assistance takes the form of a coordinated package of personalised services. The EGF co-finances active labour market policy measures implemented by Member States with the aim of helping the largest possible number of beneficiaries find sustainable new jobs as soon as possible within 6 months after the end of EGF assistance. The Fund supplements national labour market measures when sudden collective redundancy processes put the public employment services under extraordinary pressure. It can also provide a more personalised approach to the most vulnerable redundant workers, such as disadvantaged beneficiaries, including young and older unemployed people and those at risk of poverty, enabling them to update their knowledge and skills, or benefit from other suitable measures (e.g. mobility allowances). Member States’ applications must comply with one of the intervention criteria (i.e. conditions for EGF support) set out in Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 1309/2013: · at least 500 redundancies over a period of 4 months in an enterprise in a Member State, including workers made redundant in its suppliers or downstream producers; · at least 500 redundancies over a period of 9 months, particularly in small or medium-sized enterprises, operating in the same economic sector and located in one region or two contiguous regions; · in small labour markets or in exceptional circumstances, when duly substantiated by the Member State concerned, an application for a contribution from the EGF may be considered admissible even if the intervention criteria in points (a) or (b) are not entirely met, when redundancies have a serious impact on employment and the local economy. This clause was amended in 2018, adding the possibility to cover collective applications involving SMEs located in one region and operating in different economic sectors, where the applicant Member State demonstrates that SMEs are the main or the only type of business in that region. The possibility for Member States to include, under certain circumstances, NEETs in EGF applications, was introduced in 2014, and extended until 31 December 2020, under different rules. The EGF is an emergency relief instrument, outside the ceilings of the multiannual financial framework (MFF). The EU has provided the EGF with a maximum annual ceiling of up to EUR 150 million (2011 prices). The co-financing of each case must be approved by the European Parliament and the Council. In practice, the annual amount used is dependent on the number and the requested amounts of the applications received. The maximum amount ever used in a given year was EUR 132.1 million (in 2010). On 27 May 2020, in its communication The EU budget powering the recovery plan for Europe, the European Commission declared that the COVID-19 pandemic had resulted in an economic crisis, and set out a recovery plan for the economy. This included the EGF as an emergency tool to assist people who lost their jobs due to a global financial and economic crisis. b.EGF objectives The overall aim of the EGF was defined in line with Europe 2020 strategy, to contribute to smart, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and to promote sustainable employment in the EU. The EGF aims to express solidarity with and provide support to workers made redundant and self-employed persons whose activity ceased due to globalisation or a global financial and economic crisis. In November 2017, the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission jointly proclaimed the European Pillar of Social Rights. Among the pillar’s 20 principles and rights is a principle on how to help people to find and change their employment. The EGF puts this principle into practice in the case of major restructuring events. The EGF’s objective of improving participants’ education/training and labour market situation has two dimensions: solidarity and emergency relief. Solidarity relates to supporting the re-integration of redundant workers into the labour market, with a particular focus on the most vulnerable groups of dismissed workers. The emergency dimension refers to EU’s intention of providing reactive support in cases of unexpected mass redundancies when national administrations would find it extremely difficult to cope with the situation by themselves.

Main objectives of the EGF: ·demonstrate solidarity towards workers made redundant and self-employed persons whose activity has ceased ·offer assistance to workers made redundant so that they can re-integrate into the job market, finding high quality employment as soon as possible within 6 months after the end of EGF assistance. Functioning EGF assistance is provided mainly through active labour market measures, ranging from personalised guidance and training courses to assistance in setting up a business. These measures help beneficiaries return to employment as quickly as possible by enabling them to update their knowledge and skills or benefit from other suitable support. In many cases, the new skills respond to the needs of emerging economic sectors, so that they can help the region to maintain and develop its economic activities. The EGF can be mobilised following a request (‘EGF application’) made by an EU Member State in need of assistance further to an unexpected major restructuring event. Applications are submitted by national EGF authorities to the European Commission. Under Regulation (EU) No 1309/2013, it is up to the Member State to decide on the working arrangements for the implementation of each case. The Member State must include in its application to the Commission information such as: -a detailed explanation of the causal link between the redundancies and globalisation or the global economic and financial crisis (the Member State is expected to provide a reasoned analysis supported by relevant data at the most appropriate geographical and sectoral levels); -a description of the enterprise or enterprises affected; -a detailed categorisation of the targeted redundant workers into several groups by gender and age group); -a description of the redundancies’ expected impact on the local, regional or national economy and employment, including statistical and qualitative information; and -a description of the package of personalised services to be financed, together with its planned budget. The applications are then assessed by the Commission. For those it accepts, it proposes to the budgetary authority (the European Parliament and the Council) that the EGF be mobilised. Once the budgetary authority has adopted the decision to mobilise the Fund, the Commission pays the contribution to the applicant Member State. In principle, cases may be implemented for a maximum period of 24 months from the date the application is submitted. However, Member States can start providing eligible services to the workers before this happens. Once implementation is completed, the Member State must submit, within 6 months, a final report on the execution of the financial contribution, together with a statement justifying the expenditure. The final report must also include extensive qualitative information on the type of measures, main outcomes and lessons learned, as well as the characteristics of targeted beneficiaries and their employment status. A long-term report on the employment status of the beneficiaries is also submitted 18 months after the end of the implementation (see Figure 1 below). Information about all EGF applications can be found on the EGF website. Figure 1 The timeline of an EGF case from start to finish Source: European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (DG EMPL).

The overall intervention logic of the EGF is summarised in Annex 5. c.Key specifics of the EGF intervention Since January 2007, when the first EGF Regulation entered into force, the rules of the Fund have been adapted several times in order to respond to the economic situation in the EU. Initially, in the 2007–2013 programming period, the EGF was operating under an annual maximum ceiling of EUR 500 million, and was targeting large-scale events in which a minimum of 1 000 workers were made redundant. Case implementation took place over a 12-month timeframe. The EGF was co-financing measures at a rate of 50%. Based on the experience of the 2007–2013 period, several changes were introduced in 2014–2020 to improve the EGF’s effectiveness and efficiency and to adapt it to the economic situation within the EU. The changes included: ·the new criterion of any new global financial and economic crisis, besides the trade-related globalisation or the global economic and financial crisis; ·new categories of workers supported i.e. not only those with indefinite employment contracts, but also workers with fixed-term contracts, temporary agency workers, owner-managers of micro enterprises and self-employed workers; ·support to NEETs under certain conditions; ·a lowered threshold of 500 redundancies. An even lower threshold was also acceptable under certain conditions for small labour markets or in exceptional circumstances; ·a longer implementation period from 12 to 24 months; ·shortened procedures to mobilise funding; ·co-financing rate raised to 60% (from 50%). The budget of an EGF application can also include, besides the co-financing of the coordinated package of personalised measures, the costs of the preparatory, management, information and publicity, control and reporting activities . The EGF does not cover passive social protection measures such as pensions. Nor does it cover passive allowances, i.e. allowances that are not conditional on the targeted beneficiaries’ active participation in job-search or training activities. The co-financing cannot replace actions that are the responsibility of enterprises by virtue of national law or collective agreements (e.g. redundancy pay, legal requirements to draw up a social plan – depending on the national law of the Member State concerned). To provide proportional assistance, and in line with the findings of an audit of the 2007–2013 EGF, the co-financing of allowances was capped at 35% of the total package of personalised measures. Such allowances can only be co-financed if they are directly connected to participation in EGF measures. Member States can choose when to start implementing EGF measures: either before submitting the application to the Commission, as early as when the dismissals occurred, or from the date the application is submitted. They can even postpone the start of the implementation by 3 months. This flexibility enables Member States to start helping beneficiaries right after the redundancies occur; these measures are also eligible for EGF co-financing. However, until the decision to mobilise the EGF is approved, Member States implement at their own risk. Member States can also end implementation before the 24 months have elapsed. The 2021–2027 EGF Regulation introduced significant changes, such as: ·extended scope of eligibility (i.e. in what situations the EGF can provide support) to include any unexpected major restructuring; ·decreased threshold of dismissals from 500 to 200; ·aligned co-financing rate with European Social Fund Plus (ESF+) (while keeping the current 60% as a minimum); ·increase of the maximum annual ceiling up to EUR 186 million (2018 prices);

·common indicators and stricter requirements for reporting; ·NEETs no longer supported by the EGF. The evolution of the main rules of the EGF between 2007 and 2020 is presented in Annex 6. d.Baseline and points of comparison Context The core drivers of globalisation used to be trade in goods and capital flows. Today, stimulated by rapid technological change, globalisation is increasingly knowledge-driven. Nowadays, most products are no longer made in one single country and global cooperation is increasingly essential. Global trade openness has boosted EU economic growth and competitiveness, and has created job opportunities, but it can also result in significant job losses through business restructuring, offshoring and company closures. Globalisation and rapid technological advance have increased demand for skilled labour but reduced the number of jobs for low-skilled workers, particularly in the manufacturing industries, the most exposed to offshoring. Workers made redundant within these industries – especially low-skilled and vulnerable workers – have been hit particularly hard and struggle to acquire the necessary (new or more) skills to re-join the labour market. Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) is the most comprehensive source of data that records all announcements of redundancies in a certain year. According to the ERM database, on average about 670 restructuring events (of any size) occurred within the EU-27 on a yearly basis between 2007 and 2020, increasing from 435 in 2019 to 770 in 2020 (+77%). The latter is the highest total number since 2012 and can largely be attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. Large-scale restructuring events (involving 500 or more job losses) have increased since 2018, reaching 172 in 2020 (+68% compared to 2019) (see Figure 2 below). Figure 2. Large-scale restructuring events in EU-27, 2007–2020 Source: Eurofound, European Restructuring Monitor Database Over 2014–2020, manufacturing accounted for the largest share of restructuring events, even though its share fluctuated over the years. Manufacturing is the sector most affected by offshoring, accounting for about 83% of all offshoring cases in the EU-27 in the ERM dataset. During 2014–2020, there were seven EGF cases targeting redundancies in the manufacturing sectors (see details in Table 5). In recent years, the vast majority of larger restructuring cases are no longer triggered by trade-related globalisation, but by technological advances, especially automation, which is continuously increasing both in scope and in rate. Technological advances such as digitisation or automation are a significant source of growth, but can also lead to adverse short-term effects on the labour market. Thus, investment in digital skills will be extremely important for industrial competitiveness. According to the OECD, recent data show that about 14% of jobs are at high risk of automation. By sector, the risk of automation is higher for manufacturing and agriculture, although jobs in a number of service sectors such as postal and courier services, land transport and food services also face a high risk. Going forward, the risk of automation is increasingly falling on low-educated workers. The COVID-19 crisis is likely to accelerate automation as companies reduce reliance on human labour and contact between workers, or re-shore some production. During the last decade, the general trend in employment rates has been positive. In 2019, 73.9% of the EU population aged 20 to 64 were employed, up from 69.2% in 2014. This was the highest rate since 2002. However, large differences in employment rate remained between Member States and between gender and age groups. Since March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to lockdowns around Europe, which brought a wave of job losses. Poverty and inequality have risen, and the low-skilled and vulnerable people are the most affected. It also led to four EGF applications based on the COVID crisis being submitted at the end of 2020. In the first half of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the deepest recession in EU history. Annual GDP fell by 6.4% in the EU in 2020 compared to 2019. Monthly unemployment rates steadily increased starting from March 2020, from an average of 6.6% in March 2020, to 7.3% in December 2020, as shown in Figure 3 below. Source: Eurostat, [ei_lmhr_m]

On youth unemployment, the overall trend has been comparable, i.e. a steady decrease since 2014 and a recent surge (since March 2020) linked to the COVID-19 crisis. However, even before the COVID crisis, the youth unemployment rate was above 20% in some regions across 10 Member States. Baseline Employment policies are a shared competence between the EU and the Member States. The EU aims to contribute to a high level of employment by supporting and, if necessary, complementing Member State action. In line with the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, funding from the EU is granted when objectives cannot be sufficiently achieved by the Member States alone, and where the EU intervention can bring added value. The EU’s main solidarity response consists of the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIFs) and the EGF. The Cohesion Fund aims to support economic and social cohesion within the EU, while the European Social Fund (ESF) is the main instrument in the area of employment. The latter has a long-term anticipative multiannual strategic approach. This is not adapted to react rapidly in case of sudden major redundancies. The EGF was set up to enable the EU to react to such unforeseen large-scale restructuring events. The restructuring challenges presented above are the responsibility of the national public employment services (PES). However, when unexpected large-scale restructuring events occur, with a significant impact on the regional labour market, the PES might have difficulties offering targeted measures with clear exit strategies to a large number of redundancies only through national programmes. At the request of a Member State, the EGF can co-finance active labour market measures aimed at bringing the dismissed workers back into stable employment. The EGF intervention supplements national labour market measures for redundant workers. It also creates European added value by increasing the number, variety and intensity of services offered to redundant workers, and for a longer time than would be possible without EGF funding . Under the first EGF Regulation (2007–2013), a total of 128 applications were received, out of which 15 were withdrawn and one was rejected by the Commission. The successful applications were submitted by 20 Member States and concerned 39 sectors. Assistance worth EUR 478 million was requested to help more than 105 000 workers. The second EGF Regulation, covering 2014–2020, entered into effect on 1 January 2014. Applications submitted under the first Regulation continued to be implemented and were wound up under the rules of the first Regulation. Those cases are not covered by this evaluation. From 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020, 59 applications were submitted by Member States. Of these, 54 applications were approved, 4 were later withdrawn and 1 was rejected by the Council. These 54 approved applications requested EUR 173.4 million to support a total of 58 267 targeted people, of which 4 099 were NEETs. See Annex 4 for the overview of all 2014–2020 EGF applications received (without withdrawn and rejected applications). In a 2019 report by the Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, the RHOMOLO-IO modelling framework was applied to the EGF in order to illustrate how the application of a standard input-output model can generate a variety of results of interest for both researchers and policy makers. The key idea behind this model lies in the representation of sectoral interdependence. The RHOMOLO-IO simulations were performed on 23 EGF cases from 2014–2015. The results suggest that besides the direct effect of re-employment, EGF impacts have positive indirect effects, as each additional job created influences other sectors positively. Trends can be observed from looking at the number of applications received from 2007 and 2020 (Figure 4 and Table 1 below). The crisis criterion was on a downward trend after 2014, when the EU was on a path of economic growth and decreasing unemployment. This lasted until 2020 when the COVID-19 crisis started, resulting in many jobs lost and a new wave of EGF applications under the crisis criterion. The trade-related globalisation criterion went through a similar trend, although it was used to a larger extent as the effects of globalisation are continuously affecting the labour force. Figure 4 Number of applications received 2007–2020 (without withdrawn and rejected applications) (based on EGF Database) Table 1 Number of applications received 2007–2020 (without withdrawn and rejected applications) Source: EGF Database



Table 2. EGF applications received and amount requested by Member State, 2007–2020 (without withdrawn and rejected applications) Member States which have applied for EGF funding Number of applications EGF contribution (EUR) Number of targeted beneficiaries Average amount requested per beneficiary (EUR) Belgium 14 42 940 897 18 615 2 307 Czechia 1 323 820 460 704 Denmark 10 63 680 782 6 234 10 215 Germany 11 56 134 386 15 639 3 589 Estonia 2 5 605 838 5 860 957 Ireland 10 67 720 204 11 209 6 042 Greece 9 43 267 750 8 074 5 359 Spain 24 51 556 535 15 735 3 277 France 9 99 655 342 19 444 5 125 Italy 14 63 885 181 14 396 4 438 Lithuania 5 2 861 619 3 013 950 Malta 1 681 207 675 1 009 Netherlands 19 35 186 039 10 359 3 397 Austria 6 27 998 090 1 952 14 343 Poland 5 2 575 712 1 806 1 426 Portugal 6 13 287 994 5 827 2 280 Romania 2 6 513 830 2 416 2 696 Slovenia 1 2 247 940 2 554 880 Finland 11 38 377 138 13 161 2 916 Sweden 6 27 502 116 5 868 4 687 Total 166 652 002 420 163 297 3 993 Source: EGF Database 3.Implementation / state of play Description of the current situation This section provides an overview of EGF implementation. It includes figures on EGF applications and covers the Fund’s performance by country and by economic sector defined at NACE Revision 2 division level. The profile of people targeted by the EGF (by sex, age and status of dismissed worker or NEET) is also reported. Since the EGF became operational in 2007, the number of applications has been highly cyclical, responding with a delay to economic developments. The supporting study covered all EGF applications submitted between January 2014 and May 2020, of which one was rejected by the Council (still during the timeframe observed). There were also four withdrawn applications (of which one was later re-submitted), not included in the total mentioned above. The background of three of the withdrawn applications had been analysed and the findings have been included in the supporting study’s results. The reasons for the withdrawal of the three cases were: (i) the need to gather more statistical data and references and re-submit the application; and (ii) the fact that a direct link between the redundancies and the global financial and economic crisis could not be demonstrated. The fourth withdrawn application is not covered as it was withdrawn in 2021. The cases for which applications were submitted in 2014 had already been evaluated during the mid-term evaluation of the 2014–2020 EGF. The supporting study for the ex post evaluation also took into consideration the findings from these cases. In what follows, only the 49 approved applications (i.e. EGF cases) are considered, because the withdrawn and rejected applications did not receive any EGF funding. At the end of 2020, six EGF applications were received, of which one was later withdrawn. The five approved applications are partially covered in the overview of 2014–2020 EGF applications (Annex 4), as they had been approved by the budgetary authority when this staff working document was drafted. Breakdown of EGF cases by event type and intervention criterion In the majority of the 49 EGF cases (61%), redundancies were caused by major changes in world trade patterns due to globalisation, while the effects of economic or financial crises were the cause in 39% of cases. Most of the cases concerned redundancies in a single company (and its downstream suppliers) (criterion a), followed by ‘sectoral’ cases involving several companies operating in the same sector (criterion b). Exceptional circumstances or small labour markets (criterion c) constituted the smallest share of EGF cases (see Figure 5 below). Source: Ramboll Management Consulting, SEOR (2020), p. 11 Breakdown of EGF cases per Member State In terms of geographical reach, these 49 EGF cases covered 12 Member States: Belgium (6), Estonia (1), Finland (7), France (5), Germany (3), Greece (8), Ireland (3), Italy (3), the Netherlands (3), Portugal (1), Spain (6) and Sweden (3). These Member States had benefited from the EGF during the 2007–2013 programming period as well, except for Estonia, which applied for the first time during 2014–2020. The total number of people targeted was highest in Belgium (9 925), followed by France (9 620) and Greece (7 432). Only 12 EGF cases (from five Member States – Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal) used the possibility to support NEETs through the EGF, targeting 4 099 NEETs in total. Breakdown of people targeted through EGF cases

Across all 49 cases, 49 562 people (workers and NEETs) were targeted via EGF measures. Of the 45 463 targeted workers, 70% were men and 30% women. The numbers differ significantly across cases, with a high number of female beneficiaries in cases assisting workers dismissed in traditionally ‘female-dominated’ sectors such as retail trade and the wearing apparel sector, and men beneficiaries in traditionally ‘male-dominated’ sectors such as transport and manufacturing (see Figure 6 below). Source: Ramboll Management Consulting, SEOR (2020), p. 12 As for age groups, the 45 463 workers targeted belonged to the following age groups: 15–24 (2.6%), 25–54 (72%), 55–64 (24%), and above 64 years old (1.4%). Breakdown of cases per sector The most common sectors were retail trade (6 cases) and automotive (5 cases). Computer programming and the manufacture of computers, electronic and optical products were each the subject of three EGF cases. The cases in the automotive sector targeted the largest number of beneficiaries, 10 299 people in total. The smallest number of people targeted in a single case was 276 persons in the jewellery sector. Completed EGF cases Of the 49 EGF cases outlined above, 48 had ended by December 2020 and 46 had submitted their final report before the supporting study was sent to the Commission. The analysis of the results will only be based on these 46 final reports. Across these 46 cases, 39 596 people were assisted in total – 37 072 workers and 2 524 NEETs. This means that 82% of targeted workers and 62% of targeted NEETs were helped by the EGF (see Figure 7 below). Source: Ramboll Management Consulting, SEOR (2020), p. 46 As for the distribution across Member States, the largest numbers of beneficiaries assisted were in France, Belgium and Finland, while the smallest numbers were in Estonia and Sweden. The rates of beneficiaries helped ranged from 33% (Sweden) to 101% (Finland), as presented in Figure 8 below. Source: Ramboll Management Consulting, SEOR (2020), p. 16

Across the 46 cases, about EUR 89 million in EGF funds were spent in total, compared to about EUR 151 million allocated. This gave an overall absorption rate of 59%. The average absorption rates for individual Member States ranged from 29% (Estonia) to 90% (Finland). In 2020, 7 applications were submitted by 6 Member States (2 by Spain, and 1 each by Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Germany and the Netherlands). Apart from one application from Spain submitted in May 2020, the remaining 6 applications were not covered by the supporting study because they were submitted in November and December 2020. Six applications have been approved and one was withdrawn. Of the approved applications, 2 were submitted under the trade-related globalisation criterion and 4 under the new economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The total EGF contribution requested for the 6 applications received in 2020 (without the withdrawn one) was almost EUR 18.1 million, targeting 9 205 workers. An overview of all EGF applications submitted between 2014–2020, together with case profile data by Member State and by sector, can be found in Annex 4. During the 2014–2020 period, to promote exchanges of best practice and provide information about the latest EGF developments, the Commission organised twice-yearly EGF contact persons’ meetings and networking seminars (aimed at EGF implementers). Until end-2019, the meetings took place in Member States implementing EGF cases. As of March 2020, meetings took place online because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The EGF meetings and seminars received positive feedback from stakeholders (about 60 participants on average). 4.Method a.Short description of methodology One supporting study was contracted out. The evaluation questions derived from the Better Regulation evaluation criteria were broken down into a number of sub-questions and agreed with the Interservice Steering Group. An appropriate mix of evaluation methods was applied, including different kinds of stakeholder consultations according to a predefined stakeholder consultation strategy. The research methods included: -Desk research: oAnalysis for each EGF case of all the data available in the SFC2014 (System for Fund Management in the European Union) database; oIn-depth analysis of the biennial report, the frequently asked questions, reports from the EGF contact persons meetings and networking seminars, EGF press releases, etc.; oThe Commission internal EGF Database; oData and literature review of existing data and literature was carried out at two levels: EU level and case level. The EU-level review covered legislative documents, previous evaluations of the EGF, studies and the proposal for the EGF 2021–2027. The case-level review was carried out by national experts in the 12 Member States that received EGF co-financing during the 2014–2020 period, and covered all relevant case information ; oThe Commission’s additional desk research. -Consultation activities: oOnline EGF networking seminar was organised by the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion in March 2020, as a first consultation activity. Relevant stakeholders were invited and the planned stakeholder consultations were discussed. oTargeted online surveys: §The 16 Member States that did not apply for EGF co-financing during the 2014–2020 period were interviewed to uncover the reasons why they did not apply and to gather their views on the appropriateness of the application process and the Fund’s overall relevance. §EGF beneficiaries were interviewed to gain a perspective on the experience and impact of the EGF support, and to gather views on how the EGF compares to other forms of support for redundant workers (and NEETs). oPublic consultation: assisting the Commission in developing the questionnaire, and analysing the results of the public consultation. The results of the 12-week public consultation can be found in Annex 2.

oIn-depth interviews conducted at EU level and at case level with desk officers, managing authorities and other stakeholders, in particular for the case studies . oOnline focus groups / (group) interviews with EGF beneficiaries to uncover whether and to what extent the EGF has had a (lasting) impact on individual beneficiaries, from the perspective of those who actually received the support. -Case studies: addressing the research questions, based on desk research, interviews, targeted survey and focus groups. The case studies reports were not published. -Counterfactual impact evaluation (CIE) to analyse how fast a person who receives EGF-funded support finds a new job compared to a person who did not receive EGF support. The Commission based this evaluation mainly on the results of the supporting study, complementing it where appropriate with additional evidence from previous reports, evaluations, general experience in the management of the EGF and other sources such as the Commission’s internal EGF Database. Further details on the methodology are explained in Annex 3. b.Limitations The findings and conclusions are reasonably robust, as they are based on sufficient combination (‘triangulation’) of sources and tools, such as the data reported by the monitoring systems, the stakeholder consultation and case studies. However, the evaluation also faced several limitations. Firstly, the timing of the EGF ex post evaluation did not allow for analysis of EGF cases from 2020. Secondly, there were limited comparators with the 2007–2013 programming period, and sectoral analysis was not possible because of the overall small number of EGF applications. There were also difficulties in reaching EGF beneficiaries and identifying whether survey respondents actually benefited from EGF measures. On top of that, there were limited replies to the public consultation, inconclusive results from the counterfactual impact evaluation, and delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. These limitations were overcome during the study by collecting data from different sources such as surveys, in-depth interviews and a public consultation. These data sources provided opinions and perceptions of various stakeholders, which in some instances may be the only available source of evidence. More details about the limitations are explained in Annex 3. 5.Analysis and answers to the evaluation questions The evaluation questions that guided the evaluation process were set out in the terms of reference for the supporting study (see in Annex 3). 5.1.EFFECTIVENESS The effectiveness criterion assesses the extent to which the EGF objectives have been met at both instrument and case level. It also analyses the impact of the Fund as a whole. This was done in particular by analysing: (a) the extent to which the EGF manages to ensure sustainable re-integration of redundant workers; (b) the availability of support for all eligible beneficiaries; (c) the use of the EGF; (d) monitoring and reporting; (e) factors helping or hindering the achievement of objectives; (f) involvement of companies and social partners; and (g) information and communication activities. It also includes lessons learned from the EGF implementation and the Fund’s overall impact. a.Re-integration rates and other effects of the EGF support Re-integration rates In all EGF cases, the main aim was to bring workers made redundant back into work as quickly as possible. Based on the available case data received by the Commission for 46 final reports (out of 49 cases), the EGF has generally been effective in terms of the re-integration rates achieved, with an average re-integration rate of around 60%. The re-integration rate for worker beneficiaries varied between 33% and 88%. This is higher than in the 2007–2013 programming period, and higher than the target of 50% set in the impact assessment for the 2014–2020 EGF. However, this apparent improvement needs to be viewed with caution as the implementation period for cases was much longer during 2014–2020 (24 months or longer if the implementation started early) than in the previous programming period (12 months). For NEETs beneficiaries, in total 19% of those helped by the EGF were employed, self-employed or returned to education by the time of submission of the final reports. One of the reasons for this result was given by some Member States, which underlined that NEETs were more difficult to engage and activate than dismissed workers. Overall, in the longer term (i.e. 18 months after the end of the implementation period), the total rate of re-integration across all cases was 60%, practically the same as for the short-term results (6 months after the end of the implementation period). However, results improved in most Member States in the long term, with only three countries experiencing a decrease in the re-integration rate compared to the short term (see Figure 9 below). Figure 9. Change in re-integration rates per case (short term vs long term)

Source: Commission internal EGF Database According to the results of the online EGF beneficiary survey carried out by the external evaluators, 42% of beneficiaries indicated that the EGF helped them find a permanent job, and 28% said it helped them find a temporary job, amounting to a total re-integration rate of 70%. Also 42% of beneficiaries replied that it would have been much more difficult to find a job without the EGF. There is a certain degree of bias about the results, as half of the beneficiaries were from higher-educated ICT professionals, mostly from Finnish cases. They are not necessarily representative of the experience of all beneficiaries across all EGF cases and countries. A higher response rate from all Member States with EGF cases and among more vulnerable beneficiary groups would probably have delivered different results. During the public consultation, carried out via the EU’s Have Your Say website, nearly all respondents indicated that the actions supported by the EGF helped redundant workers to find employment. A majority of respondents positively assessed the way the EGF catered to the needs of beneficiaries, through more targeted and personalised measures than via national policy instruments. However, only 15 of the 39 respondents were aware of the EGF. A counterfactual impact evaluation (CIE) was carried out by the external evaluators for two EGF cases in order to measure the EGF’s impact on the re-integration rates of beneficiaries compared to those who did not receive EGF support. The CIE compared the re-integration results of the treatment group (EGF beneficiaries) for two cases against a control group (a sample of similar size, consisting of persons with a similar background in terms of age, gender, educational background). The short-term results for both cases were generally inconclusive. In the long term, however, in one of the two cases, from the Netherlands, among those still without work after 12 months, those receiving EGF support ended up finding jobs 1.8 times faster than those who did not receive this support. This indicated that the EGF has been successful in providing assistance to people experiencing longer-term unemployment, thus to those who need it most, and also that the EGF adds value over and above what can be done at national level alone. It is unclear whether the EGF had significant impacts on beneficiaries compared to what could have been achieved through alternative labour market measures at national or regional level. Although limited quantitative evidence is available, there are many examples in which the EGF results exceed those achieved through mainstream national labour market measures. As mentioned above, a new method used to compare outcomes, the CIE, provided some useful insights about the long-term effects of EGF intervention. Several stakeholders interviewed indicated that comparing re-integration outcomes with suitable comparators proved to be challenging in the absence of baseline indicators such as case-specific targets like quantitative re-employment objectives included in EGF applications. Such a comparison must take into account the skills of the targeted workers and the economic situation in order to make sense. However, in most cases detailed knowledge about participants is available only when people actually register for EGF measures, not when preparing the application. Other effects of the EGF support Further evidence was gathered from the online EGF beneficiary survey, which showed that beyond the re-integration rates, the EGF has broader impacts on beneficiaries’ general employability, such as new skills (77% of respondents), self-confidence gained (62%), increased motivation, reduced stress and new networks of contacts (59%). These less tangible, unexpected results of the EGF support are difficult to measure, considering the lack of medium- to long-term monitoring. The effectiveness of EGF support is measured only through the re-integration rates and there is no requirement for quantitative re-integration objectives in an EGF application. Among the EGF beneficiaries who responded to the survey, the views on EGF benefits were overwhelmingly positive. b.Availability of support for all eligible beneficiaries One of the objectives of the EGF is to concentrate on the most vulnerable groups, especially disadvantaged, older and young unemployed persons by offering measures to stimulate them to remain in or return to the labour market. Examples of good practice were found in German and Finnish EGF cases, with measures tailored to disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. In Germany, these measures included group formats fostering voluntary work and social exchange; young trainees of the dismissing company could continue their apprenticeships in other companies, while in Finland specific coaching was offered to persons with a partial disability to work. In the EGF application, Member States are required to include information about any specific category of measure for vulnerable groups or people with a longstanding health problem or disability, or members of a recognised minority. Such information is usually collected when the redundant workers/NEETs sign up for EGF measures and the information about the profiles or backgrounds becomes known. The EGF applications provide insight only about the targeted beneficiaries’ age group and gender, and whether or not they are EU citizens. Across all 49 cases, the majority of targeted workers are male (70% of all targeted workers) and in the 25–54 age group (74%). This result is explainable because in most EGF cases dismissed workers came from predominantly male-dominated industries (e.g. motor vehicles). In most EGF cases, information about the gender of the dismissed workers is not available. However, where such data are available, there is no discrepancy between the percentage of men and women targeted and those dismissed. The results for NEETs were generally positive. Although targeted only in a small number of EGF cases (12 out of 49), in those cases the young people targeted took up to a large degree the help offered (about 62%), which provided them assistance they would not have received through national mainstream services. However, the key challenge in supporting NEETs was engaging and activating them, as they are more difficult to identify and connect with and because their needs are different from those of redundant workers. Based on the information available, the EGF is flexible enough to provide tailored support to different groups; in some cases, specific support was included for vulnerable groups. However, the lack of data collection at the application stage and adequate points of comparison for measuring achievements makes it difficult to assess and draw firm conclusions about the EGF’s effectiveness in offering support to all eligible beneficiaries. Extent to which support corresponds to needs and profiles of beneficiaries There is widespread agreement across all stakeholder groups that the EGF is adequately tailored to the specific needs of the relevant target groups. EGF assistance also removed barriers to participation in measures by offering various types of allowance such as job search, training, and returning to study allowances (see below Use of EGF by Member States). In the public consultation, the majority of respondents (12 out of 16) positively assessed the way EGF catered to beneficiaries’ needs, highlighting that it altered the type of support normally available for redundant workers by Member States. According to the EGF beneficiaries’ survey, 69% of respondents agreed that the support they received had been tailored to their needs. Only 18% disagreed, while others were unable to provide a response. Findings from the case studies show that different practices are used to match the beneficiaries’ needs and profiles with the support offered. In some cases (Belgium, Finland, Ireland), the needs of beneficiaries are identified by sending a targeted survey to each worker prior to designing the EGF measures. In other cases (e.g. France, Italy, Spain, Germany) a profiling and needs assessment is carried out via individual interviews at the start of the EGF implementation.

Interviews at EU level also pointed to an improvement over time in this respect, stating that EGF measures increasingly took into account the socio-economic context, therefore addressing workers’ needs in a holistic way, for example by providing additional support for childcare and benefits during the retraining process (in Spain). There is substantial variance in the rates of beneficiaries helped and absorption rates across cases, even when taking into account the profiles and needs of beneficiaries (and in most cases also the needs of the labour market and local companies). The EGF Regulation allows for a certain degree of flexibility to reallocate funds between measures based on needs that may emerge during the implementation period, provided that the total EGF budget is not exceeded. Budgetary flexibility is important and Member States used it for minor reallocations (of less than 20% of the planned budget) during the implementation of about 30% of cases. For reallocations above 20% of the planned budget, Member States must inform the Commission. These, however, have occurred only in about 10% of cases. Processes for decision-making and implementation of the EGF In principle, cases may be implemented for a maximum period of 24 months from the date of submission of the application. Findings show that considerable delays in the start of EGF implementation were experienced in 15 out of 46 cases. The time between a Member State’s submission of an EGF application and the budgetary authority’s approval ranged between 20 weeks and 36 weeks during 2014–2020. These delays were to some extent due to the lengthy and complex application procedure at EU level, but also to the legal constraints and to the way the case was managed at national/regional level. In practice, Member States often wait to receive formal approval from the budgetary authority before they start implementing the proposed measures. This is because they lack the financial capacity or the willingness to take the risk of starting implementation before the EGF co-financing is secured. This can lead to significant delays and therefore a shorter implementation period. Reasons for delays in the start of implementation are largely country- and case-specific. Considerable delays were seen for example in Greece (410 days on average) and in Spain (415 days). The EGF was designed as an emergency response instrument. However, its mobilisation is not as quick as it should be, hindering its effectiveness. Despite this, the delays in mobilisation of the EGF do not mean that the EGF fails to target all the people who would in principle need support after losing their job. Targeting all redundant workers is the regular task of the public employment service or other national authorities. As the EGF aims specifically to target those who need it the most, i.e. the most vulnerable groups of workers made redundant, and to offer this help especially in regions that have been hit particularly hard by restructuring events, these situations rather seem to be pre‑requisites for EGF assistance. Member States are responsible for the length of the application period and implementation of the EGF measures. In some cases, when Member States provide sufficient information in the application sent to the Commission, the approval procedures can be sped up. c.Use of the EGF by Member States and by beneficiaries Overall, not all the funding available under the EGF is used. Between 2014 and 2020, 49 applications were approved, with a total EGF contribution granted of EUR 157.3 million, compared to the EUR 150 million annual ceiling (in 2011 prices). Being an emergency relief instrument, the EGF is not expected to fully spend its ceiling. Moreover, it needs a comfortable safety margin in order to be prepared for worst-case scenarios of mass redundancies. During times of stability and economic growth, it is expected that far less than the ceiling is used. As with all emergency relief instruments, it is not possible to accurately estimate the amount of assistance needed in a given year. However, it is important to consider the reasons why some Member States did not apply for the EGF support and whether there could have been more possible cases. Evidence collected in the context of this evaluation confirmed previously identified barriers and identified a few other issues. ·Many Member States did not experience great job losses due to globalisation or the financial and economic crisis, or had limited institutional capacity or limited experience in applying for or implementing EGF cases. This was the case particularly in central and eastern Europe and was largely confirmed by EGF contact persons in Member States that did not apply during 2014-2020. Especially Member States with limited experience applying for EGF support have difficulties in demonstrating the link between redundancies and globalisation or a crisis, or in demonstrating, under the criteria of small labour markets or exceptional circumstances, that the redundancies have a significant impact on the local or regional labour market. ·The other issues identified were a degree of overlap between the EGF and other EU instruments (such as the European Social Fund), or with national measures. Despite design differences between the EGF and the ESF, Member States with a higher ESF co‑financing rate in less developed regions were more reluctant to apply for EGF. The majority of countries that did apply for EGF co-financing had an ESF co-financing rate of 60% or less, thus making EGF support more attractive. ·The timing of the redundancies. Many major redundancies happen over a timeframe longer than what is set out in the EGF Regulation (4 or 9 months) and very often they occur in waves. In order to target most redundancies, Member States might need to submit several applications, depending on the timing of the dismissals. Identifying how many other restructuring events might have been eligible for EGF is challenging because of the limited data sources available. The European Restructuring Monitor remains the most comprehensive source of data for recorded announcements of redundancies. However, the timeframe of the redundancies is not always indicated. The ERM could serve as one indicator, but more comparative data are needed to draw conclusions. A few Member States permanently scan the market for new possible EGF cases, but most do not. Use of EGF by Member States As detailed in Chapter 3, 12 Member States applied for and received EGF support, covering a total of 49 cases. In 46 of those cases, the final report was submitted before the supporting study was sent to the Commission.

The specific labour market measures and allowances offered to both redundant workers and NEETs differ considerably in scope and volume. The measures and allowances most commonly offered and taken up are set out below ·Job search assistance and case management – this is quite broad, as it includes general information services to workers/NEETs, career guidance, advisory services, mentoring and outplacement assistance. These measures were offered in 48 out of 49 cases, targeting in total 68 021 workers and NEETs, for a total budget of EUR 69.3 million. The results from 46 final reports showed that these measures were provided to about 50 917 beneficiaries, for a total amount of about EUR 49.3 million. ·Training and retraining – this was offered in 45 cases and helped 73% of beneficiaries. This measure ranges from vocational training to full university degrees and to language courses, etc. A total of 25 800 workers and NEETs were targeted by this measure, for a total budget of EUR 80.7 million. This measure was provided to 16 595 beneficiaries, for a total amount of about EUR 44 million. ·Promotion of entrepreneurship – this was offered in 35 cases and helped 48% of beneficiaries on average. This measure includes guidance and advice for self-employment through workshops, individual assistance in the creation of companies, tutoring meetings and mentoring activities. In total, 5 235 workers and NEETs were targeted, for a total planned budget of about EUR 32.6 million. This measure was provided to 2 460 beneficiaries, for a total amount spent of about EUR 26.2 million. ·Less commonly used measures are sheltered and supported employment and rehabilitation, and direct job creation. These measures targeted 1 068 workers and NEETs for the first measure, and 200 for the latter, with spending at EUR 5.5 million and EUR 3 million respectively. The first measure was offered in three EGF cases and helped 275 beneficiaries (of 1 068 targeted), for about EUR 1.4 million spent. The direct job creation measure was offered in one case, where it helped 9 beneficiaries (of 200 targeted). In most cases, this relatively low rate was due to people finding a job without support, or a lack of interest to participate due to low willingness for change. ‘Other’ measures included cooperation activities like an enterprise survey and company visits. ·Allowances offered were mainly job search allowances, training allowances, subsistence allowances and mobility allowances. Job search allowances were targeted at 14 691 persons across 25 cases, training allowances at 11 822 persons across 21 cases, mobility allowances at 2 954 persons across 23 cases, and subsistence allowances at 5 306 persons across seven cases. Employers’ recruitment incentives, consisting of pay subsidies to encourage local companies to hire EGF beneficiaries, were used in 12 cases. Other allowances offered (in six cases) include allowances to return to studies, careers allowances and an allowance to access internet in one’s home. As for beneficiaries helped, training allowances had the highest average rate (65%), followed by job search allowances (64%), subsistence allowances (63%) and mobility allowances (33%). The main reason for the low take-up of mobility allowances is the low willingness for mobility among beneficiaries. The EGF is complementing regular measures by increasing the level of aid, as confirmed by the stakeholder consultations. In many cases, EGF assistance removed barriers to participation in regular (or EGF) measures as assistance was offered for travel, accommodation, childcare or course material facilities. This was also confirmed by the evidence collected for the supporting study. Use of the EGF for beneficiaries Case research, including beneficiary surveys, identified considerable differences across EGF cases and Member States in the rate of beneficiaries helped (defined as the ratio of persons assisted over the number of persons targeted). The differences are mostly due to case-specific or country-specific factors. The take-up of EGF measures by beneficiaries is largely dependent on personal and contextual circumstances, although the way in which the measures are designed and implemented also play a role. Among the reasons that led to fewer people participating in the measures offered are: ostrong national/local support systems that reduce the need for additional EGF support; ogenerous compensation and training opportunities offered by the dismissing company; odelays in the start of implementation of EGF measures (so that beneficiaries had already found employment – this also implies, however, that EGF assistance might not have been needed); ofinding a job sooner than expected; highly-skilled people did not require much support; ostrong labour markets enabling quick re-integration without EGF support; opersonal reasons for beneficiaries not wanting to take part (e.g. poor public transportation possibilities, caring for family members, etc.); olack of knowledge that measures actually exist (implying that the national authorities were not able to identify possible beneficiaries, and/or did not put enough effort into guidance measures); and omeasures not being regarded as useful (implying that the package of measures was designed without closely involving the beneficiaries). In total, across the 46 EGF cases analysed, 37 072 workers and 2 524 NEETs have been assisted (i.e. 39 596 beneficiaries in total). The rate of beneficiaries helped ranged from a low of 9% to a high of 113%. As explained above, the results of the beneficiary surveys indicated that the EGF support was perceived as very effective by most respondents and that the support they received was tailored to their needs. Dissatisfaction rates are case-specific, and also vary widely within countries. Most of the reported dissatisfaction stems from the fact that measures offered turned out not to be of the expected quality. However, in a few instances, a mismatch between measures offered and beneficiaries’ needs hindered participation. Little information is available on the specific characteristics of the beneficiaries targeted beyond gender and age group. Out of 49 562 persons targeted (workers and NEETs), 31 797 were men. This had been addressed in a study for the European Parliament’s Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality. As mentioned in the mid-term evaluation of the 2014–2020 EGF, the figures reflect the gender segregation of jobs, and the fact that industries prone to larger restructuring because of globalisation, especially manufacturing, are predominantly male industries. However, this is case-dependent. There are also cases from the retail sector with a far larger number of female workers made redundant than men.

Use of the EGF support for NEETs During 2014–2020, NEETs were targeted in only 12 out of the 49 cases, by 5 countries, accounting for 8.4% of all persons targeted through the EGF (4 099 NEETs out of 49 562 persons targeted). The conditions for supporting NEETs under the EGF were different during 2014–2017 and 2018–2020. In 2018, Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046 revised the NEETs clause and extended it until 31 December 2020. During 2014–2017, 19 Member States could potentially qualify for assistance targeted towards NEETs . To include NEETs in an EGF case, at least some of the redundancies must have happened in a region eligible under the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI). The possibility has been used by Belgium, Greece, Ireland and Spain. However, these countries included NEETs in only a few of their EGF applications. Spain could have included NEETs in all applications, but preferred not to do so, as its co-financing rate under the YEI was far more favourable (at 93%) than the EGF co-financing rate. During 2018–2020, the inclusion of NEETs in an EGF case became possible if at least some of the redundancies happened in a region with at least 20% youth unemployment. Only 2 Member States included NEETs in their applications under the new conditions: 1 application was submitted by Portugal in 2018 and 1 by Belgium in 2019 (which was rejected by the Council). In 2014–2020, the rate of NEETs helped ranged from 39% to 100%. Average rates of NEETs helped were particularly high in Ireland (91%) and Greece (85%), whereas Belgium struggled to engage with this target group (47%). Findings showed that the existence of the YEI alongside the EGF created a degree of ‘competition’ and information retention between operators; this meant that time was required to establish trust and participation so that young people could be adequately targeted and involved in the EGF projects. The limited use of EGF support for NEETs can be partly explained by the perception that the EGF is not the best avenue to target these young people and that other EU instruments (such as the YEI) are better suited for this type of support. However, in those cases where EGF support to NEETs was used, it was considered a key added value of the EGF (this was the case in Ireland). Also, in Belgium, the EGF allowed for experimentation with new types of support for this target group by extending the classic national support system to NEETs. See Annex 4 for figures per case on the NEETs targeted and assisted. d.Monitoring and reporting Under the EGF Regulation, Member States include in the application the number of persons targeted, broken down by gender and age group. Member States send to the Commission a final report 6 months after the end of the personalised measures, indicating the case’s outcome, including the beneficiaries’ employment status. Reporting about the beneficiaries is limited to their number, broken down by gender and age, and to the categories of workers. The Commission implementing decisions also require Member States to deliver data on the employment status of beneficiaries a year after the final report. The effectiveness of the EGF support is measured only through the re-integration rates. There is no requirement for quantitative re-integration objectives in an EGF application, which makes it difficult to measure and monitor the effectiveness of EGF support, because there is no baseline against which results can be compared. This was also pointed out in the mid-term evaluation of the 2014–2020 EGF . According to interviewees at EU level, progress on case-specific objectives is poorly monitored by Member States. The findings from the case studies show that in many cases there are no specific systems to keep track of the results beyond the end date of the EGF measures. Among the reasons for this are privacy concerns (e.g. Sweden) or most often because only the minimum information is collected for the employment status report, as mentioned above. Beyond the challenges related to privacy, there seems to be little burden associated with monitoring the results. Only Germany and France reported a burden in this context, while Belgium suggested that more monitoring should take place, including more qualitative results such as beneficiaries’ satisfaction, improved skills and self-confidence. The 2021–2027 EGF Regulation includes specific common indicators and a beneficiary survey to monitor implementation and measure impact. The final report to be submitted by Member States will include not only re-employment rates, but also some qualitative information, such as the qualifications gained at the end of the operations. This should improve the monitoring of EGF effectiveness in the future. The Commission’s proposal to set case-specific targets and to include reporting by type of employment was not included in the final agreement of Parliament and the Council on the EGF Regulation for the 2021–2027 period. e.Factors contributing to or hindering the achievement of objectives The external experts performed a thorough qualitative analysis of the information available to identify which factors help or hinder the achievement of EGF cases’ objectives. This analysis was primarily based on the case reports and on interviews with case stakeholders. It confirmed the factors already identified in the mid-term evaluation and the Commission’s biennial reports, and added additional factors. The success factors contributing to the effectiveness of the EGF are: ·The Member State’s past experience in EGF implementation and the institutional capacity to adopt a coordinated approach with all relevant stakeholders seems to be an important success factor. The success of EGF cases also benefits from building on existing partnerships and delivery structures for employment and social policies, together with a solid social dialogue. ·Tailored measures to the individual needs of beneficiaries. The EGF allows for intensive, individualised support, usually much more than national or regional measures. Member States can experiment via the EGF with innovative measures and, if proven successful, they integrate them into the regular measures of national or local authorities or of the dismissing enterprise. ·Availability of support services in close proximity to the target group. For example, in Spain and Belgium EGF offices and reconversion units were set up in locations close to the target groups. ·Provision of support by a small group of implementers. In Sweden, the case was managed by a small group of PES staff with a better understanding of the needs of the target group. In Spain, a relationship was established between the case counsellors and the beneficiaries, who established a joint WhatsApp group and remain in contact today. ·Background of workers and willingness to actively participate in EGF measures. Workers with higher levels of education or with more versatile and transferable skills are likely to find new employment faster than the lower skilled.

All these success factors reinforce the idea that personalised, individualised support services are highly beneficial for finding a quality job. However, success factors are largely case-specific, and there are factors that cannot be controlled, such as the economic situation in the country/region, the supply and demand for labour and the unemployment rate. Factors hindering the effectiveness of the EGF are: ·Issues related to the profiles of beneficiaries, e.g. age, low levels of education or limited knowledge of the local language. Age is a commonly reported factor hindering the reach of the EGF. Older people face greater challenges than younger people. Redundant workers close to retirement age tend to be less inclined to participate in EGF measures. This is the case when they are eligible for early retirement or for generous unemployment benefits to bridge the gap until retirement, or when their job loss had a considerable impact on their mental state and their self-confidence in being able to secure a new job. ·Difficulties in reaching and activating redundant workers and NEETs. In many Member States, privacy issues have made it difficult to reach the specific people who are going to be dismissed, as in some cases (mainly sectoral) enterprises do not disclose the information about these workers. Also, NEETs were often difficult to reach and engage with, and they did not always consider the measures made available to them relevant and interesting. ·Workers’ low willingness for mobility and change. Depending on the case specifics, reasons for this included proximity to the work place and home, scepticism about the EGF project, reluctance to switch career paths, and workers’ rigid expectations regarding their potential new job. Member States partially mitigated these challenges with workshops focusing on willingness for change and mobility and also with travel grants. ·Problems and delays with designing and implementing EGF measures. These included delays in the selection of implementing partners and in procurement of training courses; submission of an application long after the reference period for redundancies; long and complicated national procedures; weak institutional capabilities and design of policy instruments; limited cooperation between stakeholders and capacity to implement innovative measures of interest to beneficiaries. f.Involvement of companies and social partners As already identified in the mid-term evaluation of the 2014–2020 EGF, notable success factors for EGF cases included the development of effective partnerships and appropriate delivery mechanisms, strong cooperation between the delivery partners, including social partners, and a coordinated approach . This was largely confirmed by the supporting study through case research. The degree of involvement of social partners and companies in the design and provision of coherent support packages varies across Member States and cases, as it is largely based on their regular support systems. Some examples from case studies showed that either social partners are involved early on in the restructuring negotiations, with the public employment service coming in as a secondary actor, or companies laying off workers are required by law to be involved in implementing active labour market measures, which they contribute to both financially and with personnel. Generally, it is clear that the involvement of former employers boosts the effectiveness of EGF cases. In Finland, it was found that when companies are involved in implementing EGF measures, it helps with the provision of information and measures for guiding beneficiaries back into the labour market as soon as possible. The involvement of social partners is also generally very well received. However, some issues were encountered relating to the involvement of companies and social partners. g.Information and communication activities The EGF Regulation requires Member States to provide information on and publicise the funded actions, highlight the role of the EU, and ensure that the EGF contribution is visible. It also requires the Commission to maintain and regularly update an internet website, provide information on the EGF, and provide guidance on the submission of applications, as well as information on all applications. At Member State level, for successful communication on the EGF cases, all relevant stakeholders at national, regional and/or local level need to be aware of the opportunities available from the EGF. Findings showed, however, that in some Member States there is higher awareness of the EGF if social partners participated in delivering some of the measures. In other Member States, not all relevant stakeholders are aware of the EGF and its potential benefits. The survey of 13 Member States who did not apply during 2014–2020 found that the general level of knowledge about the EGF is low. As reported in the public consultation, workers’ organisations in Germany, Finland, Belgium and Spain were generally aware of the EGF, but workers were not. The same results emerged from the survey to EGF beneficiaries. The main objective of the communication activities is to inform participants about the EU intervention. This is usually done during or after implementation because in the initial stages (i.e. before formal approval from the budgetary authority), the measures are implemented using national funds and there is little visibility of the EGF. The Member States are responsible for providing information about the EGF and choosing the best suited communication actions. However, this is not done to the same degree in all cases. While many of the Member States have created dedicated EGF websites to provide information about every EGF project and the workers are informed about the role of the EU in the support they receive, the findings show that Member States were consistently underspending the budget planned for information and publicity activities. In some cases the information and publicity costs were absorbed by the Member States outside of the EGF framework, or costs were simply lower than expected. The involvement of social partners and companies in the design and implementation of EGF measures was helpful in reaching (potential) beneficiaries, as their contact details are otherwise not known. For example, in Finland an online portal was established by the dismissing company (Microsoft) to communicate information about recruitment events and vacancies. In Sweden, a contact centre was established at the Volvo Trucks plant where the majority of the target group had previously been working. Little feedback was collected from beneficiaries on the usefulness and effectiveness of communication activities, although evidence of the lack of awareness shows that there is room for improvement. At EU level, the EGF website is constantly updated with information about EGF applications, EGF publications (the biennial report, the frequently asked questions, press releases, etc.), events and news. Twice a year, the Commission organises EGF contact persons meetings and EGF networking seminars, to discuss issues of common interest. Views on their usefulness and effectiveness, however, are mixed. The majority of Member States consulted were of the opinion felt that the EGF networking seminars had been useful, as they allowed for knowledge sharing, and cross-fertilisation of new ideas and experiences, but are not used to their full potential. Recently, the Commission also started sharing information via social media (Twitter). Nevertheless, there is always scope to do more in this respect.

h.Overall impact of the EGF Overall, it is difficult to draw robust conclusions about the impact of the EGF, especially at case level where implementation and results depend heavily on the specificities of the labour market and the target group, and because the results are not monitored and reported on in an accurate and comparable way. Nevertheless, evidence indicated a clear positive impact. The results of the CIE also pointed to the EGF having a positive influence on beneficiaries’ likelihood to find a job, especially in the long term (after 12 or more months of unemployment). The EGF has been successful in providing targeted emergency support adapted to the needs of dismissed workers, while ensuring enough flexibility for the support to be integrated into Member States’ national systems, including through highly individualised and tailored support measures. A significant number of beneficiaries have been re-integrated into the labour market, and even those who were not have likely gained new skills, qualifications or social networks. On top of this, the lessons learned from the design and implementation have been used to improve support to workers in the future. The Fund has shown solidarity towards workers and NEETs alike, and supported them in finding sustainable employment. In the Member States, the use of the EGF has improved overall awareness about the Fund among authorities at national, regional and local level (depending on who is involved). In Member States with previous experience and delivery mechanisms, the EGF serves as a tool to test innovative measures, which could later be mainstreamed in employment and social policies. Several lessons have been learned from the implementation. At Member State level, lessons were learned about the application process, design, early start and accessibility of the measures. At EU level, lessons were learned about the design of the Fund, the need for more or different data collection, about how more flexibility is needed in adapting the funded measures and about the need to improve communication activities (see lessons learned in Chapter 6). 5.2.EFFICIENCY The efficiency criterion analyses to what extent the costs associated with the implementation of the Fund were justified considering the results (defined as the rate of re-integration of beneficiaries). It also analyses if there are any inefficiencies or unnecessary burdens at case or instrument level that should be addressed to improve the Fund’s efficiency in the future. The analysis was made at both case and Member State level. a.Efficiency at case level According to the stakeholder consultations, the amounts available for the measures are considered to be sufficient. Most respondents to the public consultation believed that the same results could not have been achieved with less resources or in a shorter period of time. The average absorption rate of the 46 EGF cases was 59%, with the lowest observed rate being approximately 2% and the highest 100%. The absorption rate varies significantly between Member States (see Figure 10 below), sectors, cases and different measures and activities. It is very case-specific and not necessarily indicative of good or bad case implementation. Reasons for discrepancies include: ·an overestimation of budgets by Member States and the inclusion of high safety margins due to insufficient information on the profiles and needs of potential beneficiaries during the planning stages; ·an overestimation of interested beneficiaries or unforeseen changes (e.g. workers finding a new job on their own, especially when there are delays in implementation); and ·more available funding at Member State level than initially expected, resulting in less EGF co-financing being used. The cost-efficiency of the EGF considers the degree to which the costs incurred are proportionate to the results (i.e. the number of beneficiaries helped). No concrete conclusions could be drawn on the degree to which the results per beneficiary were cost-efficient. This is because the resources spent per case, and the number of beneficiaries helped as a result, differed considerably by case, sector and Member State. Comparing results across cases is irrelevant because of the specificities of each case. In the majority of the 46 cases, the actual cost per worker was lower than initially planned. From the comparison of the absorption rate of EGF funds (the percentage of the spending of the assistance granted) and the rate of beneficiaries assisted, it was clear that the large majority of cases were more cost-efficient than initially planned. In other words, in 80% of EGF cases, each euro of EGF funds helped more people than planned in the initial budget. In addition to the current average re-employment rate of 65% there is empirical evidence from the RHOMOLO-IO simulations performed on 23 EGF cases from 2014–2015, which suggests that the Fund has positive indirect effects, as each additional job created influences other sectors positively. The findings were that the dimension of these indirect impacts varies across case studies, ranging from a minimum of 20% up to 50% of the total jobs generated.

At Member State level, after comparing the total EGF amount granted per Member State against the number of beneficiaries assisted, it was found that the general trend is that more beneficiaries were assisted in countries that received more EGF funding. A higher number of beneficiaries requires more financial resources (see Figure 11). Source: EGF Database The analysis of the EGF final reports and the case studies shows that a higher cost per beneficiary is influenced by the cost of the measures and by the number of participants. Variations in cost-efficiency result from a range of factors. These include the scale of the layoffs, the labour market situation, the targeted beneficiaries’ individual circumstances and skills, alternative measures already provided by the Member State, the services’ cost, the number of beneficiaries helped and how easy or difficult it was for them to be re-employed after participation in EGF measures. This was also noted by the Commission in its 2017 and 2019 biennial reports on the EGF. At sectoral level, no analysis is possible. However, average cost per beneficiary at sectoral level varies considerably, with the clear outliers being air transport (an average cost of EUR 4 833 per beneficiary) and call centres (average cost of EUR 571 per beneficiary). Cost-effectiveness looks at the relationship between costs and results, i.e. the number of beneficiaries re-integrated. In some cases, cost savings resulted from networks and processes already established from previous EGF cases. Case research did not reveal any correlation between the level of absorption and the re-employment rate. This re-confirms similar findings from the ex post evaluation of the 2007–2013 EGF. As the mid-term evaluation of the 2014–2020 EGF pointed out, the case studies also showed that many of the implementation costs (i.e. managing and monitoring costs) are fixed, independently of the size of the case. The reporting of such expenditure as a percentage of the total of the overall EGF assistance granted is frequently seen as not giving a fair picture. This is because smaller cases that incur more or less the same costs as larger ones inevitably look ‘inefficient’ as the percentage of implementing costs is a higher part of the total. Evidence suggests that there is room for efficiency gains. The main inefficiencies are related to processes or procedures at national and/or regional level, which lengthen the timeframe. Some examples of inefficiencies are issues with the procurement of training courses or partnerships established with delays. As a general rule, EGF assistance is more costly than regular measures. However, according to the final reports and employment status reports for the EGF cases, EGF assistance leads to higher re-employment rates. An educated judgement as to whether additional costs are justified or not would also require further study of the societal costs of lower re-employment rates. This was also confirmed by the mid-term evaluation of the 2014–2020 EGF. b.Efficiency at instrument level Most stakeholders interviewed and most respondents to the public consultation indicated that the decision-making process is still considered lengthy and complex. Despite this, efficiency improves the more applications a Member State submits, thanks to lessons learned. There is little scope to reduce the length and complexity of the application process, as approval by the budgetary authority is required. The Regulation covering the 2014–2020 period imposed time limits: 20 weeks for the Commission to process the applications and 6 weeks for the budgetary authority to approve. On average, across the 49 EGF cases approved during the 2014–2020 period, the process from the Member State’s application until approval by the budgetary authority took 202 days (29 weeks). The shortest application period was 141 days (20 weeks) and the longest 254 days (36 weeks). Approval by the budgetary authority took an average of 63 days (nine weeks) for the entire process. The six-week deadline was met in only 10 of the 49 cases. This shows that further efforts are needed to shorten the length of procedures. This finding already included in the EGF mid-term evaluation, was incorporated into the 2021-2027 EGF Regulation, with shorter deadlines for the Commission and Member States and without the need for Member States to demonstrate in applications the cause of the redundancies. However, the proposal to simplify the interinstitutional decision-making process on the mobilisation of the EGF was not accepted by the budgetary authority. Based on the Commission’s experience in dealing with EGF applications, the most promising avenue to increase efficiency is to remove the documentation requirements on the analysis of globalisation or crisis criteria. Member States could save significant resources (time and money) when filing an application, and the Commission’s time to analyse an application would also be reduced. This simplification is included in the 2021–2027 EGF Regulation. The publication by the Commission in May 2017 of the EGF frequently asked questions (FAQs) proved useful for Member States. The FAQs contain answers that serve as assistance and guidance during all the stages of an EGF case. 5.3.COHERENCE The coherence criterion looks at how well the EGF intervention works together with other EU policies and initiatives (particularly the ESF) and with national instruments that have similar aims. This is done in particular by analysing complementarity at both instrument and case level, overlaps or duplication, and measures taken to avoid this or to ensure complementarity. a.Complementarity with other EU policies and initiatives

Most stakeholders agree that EGF complements the ESF in the area of employment policies by offering a reactive one-off support following specific restructuring events, in a more tailored, flexible and intensive manner than the ESF. The ESF has been designed to offer a more long-term approach, which also makes it possible to anticipate structural change, in contrast to the short-term one-off support offered by the EGF. The EGF is mobilised on a needs basis, when Member States require financial support to help dismissed workers, thus adding value. However, there is scope to better align the EGF and the ESF, as some Member States choose to fund EGF-type measures using the ESF because of the higher co-financing rate. In the public consultation, nearly all respondents indicated that the EGF was strongly coherent with other support measures available at the EU level. However, in the survey aimed at Member States that did not apply for EGF co-financing during 2014–2020, more than half (8/13) indicated that they did not apply because the ESF was more favourable, easier and faster to mobilise in their country. An extensive study was published in 2018 on the coherence, complementarity and coordination of the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIFs) and between various other instruments such as the EGF. According to this study, the EGF complements the ESF in its objective to improve employment opportunities, strengthen social inclusion and promote education, skills and life-long learning. The conditions to support the NEETs are similar via the EGF and the YEI, indicating a need for greater coherence between the programmes. The EGF does not require a link to be established between the NEETs and the redundancies, beyond at least some of the redundancies being in the same region, thus creating a degree of overlap – almost all NEETs who can be targeted through the EGF can also be targeted through the YEI. Given that the YEI specifically targets NEETs, and the limited use of the EGF for this purpose during 2014–2020, the YEI is the most appropriate tool for this type of support. The Finnish authorities pointed out some synergies with EURES (the European job mobility portal, part of the EU Programme for Employment and Social Innovation) to improve international labour mobility for EGF cases. In Finland, the unemployment rate of immigrants is much higher also among highly educated professionals, and the work done with the EURES network of PES offices helped laid-off persons of other nationalities avoid social exclusion. The measures included helping some of the redundant workers find a job in other Member States. Measures promoting international labour mobility had been offered to a limited extent in other cases, but they have not been taken up due to limited labour mobility. b.Complementarity with national measures and instruments In general, the EGF is flexible enough to adapt to the national contexts, although there are considerable differences between national support frameworks for the unemployed. Also, the EGF supports, complements and adds to measures or activities funded by national instruments. The EGF is well integrated into existing delivery models or models established for the EGF and operating within the mainstream frameworks. All 16 national authorities that responded to the public consultation and the mid-term evaluation of the 2014-2020 EGF confirmed this conclusion. In Member States with EGF cases during 2014-2020, no inconsistencies were observed. On the contrary, the EGF was widely considered as complementary to national support structures. In many cases, the EGF adds to what can normally be implemented in a Member State (e.g. through more intensive support because more funds are available, or by making it possible for beneficiaries to choose from a tailor-made array of training courses that is broader than those usually offered at national level). In some cases the EGF is coordinated with the recommendations set out in the EU Quality Framework for anticipation of change and restructuring (QFR), which is the EU policy instrument setting a framework of best practice for anticipating and dealing with corporate restructuring. However, this is not indicated in the EGF applications (see lessons learned in Chapter 6). In some cases, the EGF intervention was part of a wider policy framework aimed at minimising the consequences of mass redundancies in a region. The EGF addressed the short-term employment consequences of the restructuring event and was implemented alongside a wider and longer-term economic growth plan for the area or region. This not only ensured coherence between the activities implemented by other regional and local stakeholders, but also amplified the sustainability of the EGF’s results. 5.4.RELEVANCE The evaluation of relevance covers three core aspects: the continued appropriateness and usefulness of the scope of the EGF; its intervention criteria; and the extent to which the inclusion of NEETs in EGF cases met Member States’ needs. a.Relevance of the scope of the EGF The scope of the EGF relates to the causes that trigger redundancy events. By the end of 2020, the EGF could only be mobilised if the redundancies had been caused by either trade-related globalisation or a global financial and economic crisis. During the 2014–May 2020 period, there were 30 EGF cases (61%) relating to globalisation, and 19 (39%) linked to a global financial and economic crisis. The number of EGF applications has always been cyclical and correlated with the general trend in employment and the economic realities in Member States. Between 2018 and 2020, only 11 EGF applications were submitted, as European economies had recovered from the 2008 crisis, there were less large-scale restructuring events, and Member States were better equipped to deal with major restructuring events. Since March 2020, the COVID-19 crisis caused a surge in job losses; this is likely to continue to cause business closures and job losses across Europe in 2021. At the end of 2020, four EGF applications had been received as a result of the COVID-19 crisis. Different stakeholders, at EU level and in the Member States, pointed out that linking the need for EGF funds to the impact of globalisation has proven challenging for several applicant Member States. This has led in many cases to several revisions of the same application, resulting in efficiency losses in terms of time spent and staff involved in the application process. Further evidence is the fact that in 2019 one EGF application (EGF/2019/001 BE/Carrefour) was rejected because the Council perceived the link to major structural changes in trade patterns due to globalisation to be too weak. A few Member States indicated through the public consultation and the online survey that the scope should be expanded to include layoffs resulting from more general restructuring events stemming from automation and digitisation. In the set-up for 2014–2020, the EGF excluded redundancies generated by intra-EU trade and offshoring within the EU, and did not account for job losses driven by digitisation and automation that were not linked to globalisation or a global financial and economic crisis. Globalisation has changed dramatically since the first design of the EGF. While globalisation, automation and offshoring were traditional causes for job losses, in recent years other trends are putting a strain on virtually all economic sectors. This includes demographic ageing, the shift towards a low-carbon economy, a decrease in the need for low-skilled labour and an increasing need for digital skills resulting from a general trend towards digitalisation.

The 2021–2027 EGF Regulation includes such recent trends by extending the scope to any large-scale restructuring event such as intra-EU nearshoring, digitalisation, transition to low-carbon economy, etc., thus striving to leave no one behind. Decisions for EGF co-financing will be based on the expected impact of the redundancies, rather than their cause. This results in more flexibility for Member States to target the needs of dismissed workers. Based on the evidence collected, this would fulfil the needs of stakeholders who raised concerns that the scope of the EGF was no longer fully appropriate and that it should be expanded. b.Relevance of the intervention criteria of the EGF The intervention criteria relate to the number of redundancies that occurred in a single enterprise or an economic sector. In case of redundancies in a particular economic sector, the emphasis is on allowing applications combining redundancies in SMEs operating in the same sector. Among the 49 cases covered by this evaluation, 27 concerned redundancies in a single enterprise, 13 were sectoral applications, and 9 used the derogation clause. The threshold had been lowered from 1 000 redundancies in the 2007–2013 period to 500 in 2014–2020. Among the 49 cases covered by this evaluation, 21 concerned restructuring events involving less than 1 000 redundancies, which means that the lower threshold definitely triggered more applications. As underlined in the mid-term evaluation of the 2014-2020 EGF and re-confirmed by most Member States, the thresholds for redundancies were considered too high and acted as barriers for applying for EGF funding. Among the countries that did apply for EGF in 2014–2020, only Ireland was consistently unable to meet the threshold of 500 dismissals. Nevertheless, even in Germany, a country where large-scale redundancies are most common, authorities suggested that lowering the threshold for redundancies should be considered as it is too limiting. Several M