28. 5. 77 Official  Journal  of the European  Communities No C 126/7 
4. Specific  comments  on Annexes  IV to VIII 
4.1. The  Committee  endorses  the  proposed 
decisions  set  out  in Annexes  IV  to VIII  of the 
Commission  communication.  These  proposals  have 
to a large  extent  been  necessitated  by: (a) the changes 
which  the  Commission  is proposing  to Regulation 
(EEC)  No  2396/71;  (b)  the  proposed  repeal  of 
Regulation  (EEC)  No  2397/71  (Annex  II of the 
Communication). 
4.2. The  Committee  approves  the  proposal  to 
delete  the  stipulation  that  if schemes  have  not  been 
approved  by the  Commission  by a specified  date, 
they cannot  receive  assistance  under  decisions 
covered  by Annexes  V, VI,  VII  and  VIII.  (Mention 
should,  however,  be  made  of the  fact  that  the 
Committee  had  been  consulted  on  proposals  to extend  the  decisions  in question).  The  Commission 
now proposes  that  in future  these  decisions  should  be 
reviewed  in the  light  of progress  in implementing 
them.  This  progress  will  be recorded  in the  annual 
report  submitted  by the  Commission  to the  Council 
and the  European  Parliament.  The  Committee 
considers  that,  logically  it too  should  receive  the 
Commission's  report. 
5. Specific  comments  on Annex  IX 
5.1. The  four  decisions  state  that  schemes  will  not 
be eligible  for  ESF  aid unless  they  are  approved  by 
the Commission  by specified  dates.  The  Committee 
agrees  that  it is necessary  to prevent  any  interruption 
in Fund  aid  and  therefore  endorses  the  proposed 
extension  of the deadlines  to 31 December  1977. 
Done  at Brussels,  28 April  1977. 
The Chairman 
of the Economic  and  Social  Committee 
Basil  de FERRANTI 
Opinion  on the GATT  multilateral  trade  negotiations 
The Economic  and  Social  Committee  prepared  its opinion  on the  above  matter  in 
accordance  with  the  fourth  paragraph  of Article  20 of its Rules  of Procedure,  at its 
148th  plenary  session,  held  in Brussels  on 27 and  28 April  1977. 
THE  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL  COMMITTEE, 
Having  regard  to the decision  taken  by its Bureau  on 
16 December  1976,  acceding  to the  Section  for 
External  Relations'  request  to be allowed  to make 
known  the  views  of the  economic  and  social  interest 
groups  represented  in the  Committee  on the  GATT 
multilateral  trade  negotiations,  as these  negotiations 
progress,  and  instructing  the  Section  to prepare  the 
work  on this  subject, 
Having  regard  to its Rules  of Procedure  and,  in 
particular,  the fourth  paragraph  of Article  20 thereof, Commission  to the Council  on the development  of an 
overall  approach  to trade  in view  of the  coming 
multilateral  negotiations  in GATT  (*), 
Having  regard  to the  oral  report  made  by  the 
rapporteur,  Mr Claude  Evain, 
Having  regard  to the  opinion  issued  by the  Section 
for External  Relations  at its meeting  on 19 April 
1977, 
Having  regard  to the discussions  at its 148th  Plenary 
session  of 27 and  28 April  1977  (meeting  of 27 April 
1977), 
Having  regard  to its  previous  opinions  on  the 
GATT  negotiations  and,  in particular,  its opinion  of 
24 May  1973  on  the  memorandum  from  the (!) OJ  No C 115,  28. 9. 1974. 
No C 126/8 Official  Journal  of the European  Communities 28. 5. 77 
Whereas  the GATT  trade  negotiations  which  opened 
in Geneva  on 11 February  1975  are  now  entering  a 
decisive  phase, 
HAS  ADOPTED  THE  FOLLOWING  OPINION 
with  one  vote  against: 
I. EEC  DEPENDENCE  AND  DISEQUILIBRIUM  (») 
1.1. The  current  GATT  negotiations  are  taking 
place  in very  different  circumstances  from  those  in 
the sixties,  when  the  Kennedy  Round  agreements 
were  negotiated  and  signed. 
The Community's  dependence  on imports  for its vital 
supplies  has been  significantly  increased  as a result  of 
the jump  in the price  of energy  and  the  less  sudden, 
but doubtless  just  as permanent  rise  in the  prices  of 
many  raw  materials.  This  dependence  will  increase  as 
time  goes  on. 
1.2. The  EEC  is of course  not  alone  in this 
development  — the  other  major  industrial  powers, 
particularly  the USA  and  Japan,  are also  affected  by 
it. But  the  EEC  lacks  the  vast  natural  resources  of 
North  America  and  the organization  and  commercial 
aggressiveness  of the Japanese. 
Tliis  is perhaps  why  a tendency  is already  beginning 
to show  for the Community's  share  in world  trade  to 
decline.  Its  exports  in  the  years  immediately 
following  the energy  crisis  have  not  risen  as quickly 
as its imports.  This  trend  is due  mainly  to a decline 
in the  relative  competitiveness  of  Community 
industries,  a decline  which  is reflected  in the 
Community's  deficit  in its trade  with  Japan  and  the 
USA.  Japanese  expansion  already  poses  serious 
problems  for  the  Community  and  will  certainly 
continue  to do so in years  to come. 
1.3. In  agricultural  trade  the  ease  of access  to the 
EEC  market  is illustrated  by the five-fold  increase  in 
imports  from  the  USA  of  products  subject  to 
common  market  organizations.  (Imports  of other 
products  from  the USA  have  gone  up by a factor  of 
2-6).  The  USA  is the  world's  biggest  exporter  of agricultural  produce,  followed  in second  place  by the 
EEC.  As an importer  of food,  the EEC  beats  the USA. 
1.4. The  facts  summarized  above  should  have  a 
crucial  influence  on the Community's  trade  policy  and 
its approach  in the current  negotiations. 
The Community  must  continue  to play  an active  part 
in the expansion  of world  trade.  It must  negotiate  for 
increasing  reciprocal  liberalization  of trade,  and  help 
to prevent  a relapse  into  protectionism.  But  its 
approach  must  not be a carbon  copy  of that  followed 
in earlier  GATT  negotiations. 
II. NEW  FACTORS  IN THE  WORLD  ECONOMIC 
SITUATION 
2.1. The  following  factors  have  transformed  the 
world  economic  situation: 
(a) growth  has  slackened,  making  attainment  of a 
satisfactory  employment  level  and  a sufficiently 
high  degree  of capacity  utilization  (particularly  in 
high-investment  industries)  increasingly  difficult. 
Reduction  of unemployment  has  become  a new 
priority  for  governments  and  for  all those  with 
positions  of responsibility  in the economy.  It was 
not such  a major  consideration  in the  minds  of 
the founders  of GATT; 
(b) the  economic  geography  of the  world  has  been 
changed  by  the  creation  of new  production 
capacity  in the Third  World  and  in the Socialist 
countries.  These  shifts  will  entail  structural 
adjustments  in the  Community's  economy,  and 
governments  will  have  to monitor  and  control 
the extent  and  pace  of such  adjustments; 
(c) the  need  for  each  country  and  each  economic 
bloc  to attain  a degree  of security  of supply  may 
limit  the  extent  to which  a simple  international 
division  of labour  can  be allowed  to operate.  It 
may be necessary,  for  example,  in the  case  of 
some  particularly  important  sectors  — and  this 
has been  recognized  (2) —  to  fix  levels  of 
Community  production  which  safeguard  jobs 
and economic  activity,  and  to  implement 
appropriate  policies  to this  end. 
0) See  Annexes  for the graphs  relating  to this  chapter. (2) E.g.  in respect  of the  textile  industry,  the iron  and 
steel industry  and  shipbuilding. 
28. 5. 77 Official  Journal  of the European  Communities No C 126/9 
Also,  negotiations  must  increasingly  cover  not 
only freer  access  to markets,  but  also  access 
without  discrimination  to raw  materials  and 
basic  commodities.  However,  here  the  raw 
material  and  commodity  importing  countries 
must  respect  the  rights  and  aspirations  of the 
exporting  countries  (a very  important  move  in 
this direction  would  be to step  up the action  being 
undertaken  under  the  Convention  of Lome  to 
encourage  processing  of their  own  raw  materials 
and commodities  by  the  ACP  countries 
themselves); The monetary  question  thus  cannot  be left  out of the 
trade  negotiations.  The  Tokyo  Declaration  of 14 
September  1973  linked  the  monetary  and  the 
commercial  aspects.  Though  unfortunately  the 
'parallelism'  between  the two  was  left  rather  vague,  it 
can nevertheless  be concluded  that  it is necessary  to 
implement  simultaneously  the agreements  reached  in 
the commercial  negotiations  and  measures  designed 
to re-establish  an equitable  and  lasting  monetary 
order. 
(d) the  increasing  — and  justified  — emphasis  on 
environmental  and  consumer  protection 
considerations  introduce  a new  element  into 
international  competition.  If the  Community 
wishes  to create  a kind  of society  in which  these 
factors  are assigned  their  rightful  place,  then  it 
must  take  them  into  account  in formulating  its 
trade  policy,  particularly  with  a view  to 
preventing  them  leading  to protectionism. 
2.2. A  straightforward  free  trade  approach  may 
not always  be sufficient  in the  light  of these  new 
factors.  Indeed,  in some  cases  it might  produce  the 
opposite  of what  was  intended,  and  lead  through  the 
force  of circumstances  to a return  to protec-
tionism  (1). 
For this  reason,  it is henceforward  essential  to work 
towards  certain  forms  of international  organization 
of trade,  besides  making  efforts  to liberalize  trade. 
III. BROAD  LINES  OF A COMMUNITY  STRATEGY 
3.1. The  first  factor  in the organization  of world 
trade  is establishment  of a monetary  system  assuring 
a minimum  of stability  in exchange  rates.  The 
situation  in this  regard  is radically  different  from  that 
which  obtained  in the  last  decade,  which  was 
characterized  by a remarkable  stability  of exchange 
rates.  Since  then  there  have  been  major  shifts  in the 
relative  strengths  of the various  currencies,  and  these 
shifts  have  had  a much  bigger  effect  on trade  than 
tariffs. The Committee  considers  that  this  issue  is as 
important  as ever  and  urges  the negotiators  and  the 
governments  to bear  it in mind. 
3.2. At  all events,  measures  must  be taken  in the 
agreements  now  being  negotiated  to ensure  that 
changes  in exchange  rates  are not  so frequent  or so 
large  as to adversely  affect  the economic  and  social 
equilibrium  of  the  signatory  countries.  The 
organization  of trade  to be established  must  therefore 
include  safeguard  procedures  and  codes  of conduct, 
and also  machinery  for  settling  any  disputes  which 
may arise  over  the implementation  of these  codes. 
The conciliation  and  arbitration  role  of GATT 
should  also  be strengthened.  But  care  should  be 
taken  not  to assign  too  many  powers  to committees 
composed  of members  acting  in a personal  capacity. 
The role  of the  responsible  government  authorities 
must  be preserved  intact  (Articles  XXII  and  XXIII  of 
the General  Agreement  already  provide  a pragmatic 
framework  for  satisfactory  settlement  of disputes 
between  members  of the organization  in many  cases). 
3.3. The  GATT  trade  negotiations  are  of 
considerable  importance  to the  Community's  future 
relations  with  the USA.  But  they  cannot  be reduced 
to a simple  dialogue  between  the EEC  and  the USA. 
They  are  also  of major  importance  to futuie  EEC 
relations  with  Japan,  but it is crucial  that  they  should 
be truly  multilateral  negotiations  in regard  to all the 
issues. 
H The  latest  figures  published  by the  GATT  Secretariat 
show  that  in 1976  the volume  of world  trade  increased 
twice  as fast  as the volume  of production. Industrialized  countries  such  as Canada  and  Australia 
must  accept  the  same  obligations  as the  main 
No C 126/10  • Official  Journal  of the  European  Communities 28. 5. 77 
Contracting  Parties.  The  position  of  the 
oil-producing  countries  which  are  undergoing 
industrialization  but  which  are  not  signatories  to 
GATT  should  also  receive  attention,  since  they 
represent  a market  of increasing  importance  for the 
Community. 20 years,  would  be changed.  A way  should,  therefore, 
be found  of adapting  GATT  (*) to meet  the 
difficulties  of the  developing  countries,  but  without 
radically  altering  its character.  The  EEC  should  play 
a central  role  in making  sure  that  this  objective  is 
achieved. 
It is therefore  vital  to integrate  such  countries  as 
much  as possible  into  the  system  of international 
trade  and  to ensure  future  access  to these  markets  for 
EEC  products. 
3.4. The  Community  should  also  spell  out  the 
policy  it is to follow  with  regard  to the  developing 
countries  at these  negotiations.  This  policy  should 
involve  not  only  greater  accessibility  of the  EEC 
market  to the developing  countries'  products,  but also 
the enunciation  of principles  which  will  allow  a 
balanced  development  of commercial  relations  with 
such countries. 
— A distinction  should  be made  between  those 
developing  countries  which  need  to be granted 
preferential  treatment  and  those  which  are able  to 
face international  competition  under  normal 
conditions. 
— The  tariff  reductions  granted  to the  developing 
countries  should  remain  unilateral  and  temporary 
(as is currently  the  case  with  Generalized 
Preferences).  This  will  allow  the  EEC  to take 
steps  to safeguard  its market  if need  be and  to 
adapt  the tariff  reductions  to the  actual  position 
of each  particular  beneficiary  country  (on  the 
basis  of the criterion  mentioned  above). 
— Although,  generally  speaking,  developing 
countries  should  be  catered  for  by  special 
arrangements,  they  must  not  be granted  general 
exceptions  to the  rules  by which  the  countries 
taking  part  in the  negotiations  agree  to abide. 
Some  developing  countries  are  pressing  for 
waivers  in all the areas  under  negotiation:  tariffs 
(here  they  are  asking  for  consolidation  of 
Generalized  Preferences);  agriculture  (they  have 
complaints  about  CAP  machinery);  import 
safeguards  (they  are  asking  that  these  not  be 
enforceable  against  them);  the code  on dumping; 
the draft  codes  covering  subsidies  and 
countervailing  duties;  public  purchasing  and 
standards. 3.5. Because  they  are either  members  of GATT  or 
covered  by  a most-favoured-nation  clause,  the 
State-trading  countries  will  all have  extended  to them 
the concessions  agreed  between  Western  countries. 
Owing  to the  economic  and  social  organization  of 
the State-trading  countries,  it is difficult  to decide 
what  reciprocal  concessions  should  be asked  of them. 
It will,  therefore,  be necessary  to give  consideration 
to how  effective  reciprocity  for EEC  exports  can  be 
obtained  from  such  countries. 
The Community  should,  however,  demand  from 
these  countries  greater  facilities  for  exploring  their 
markets.  At the  same  time,  the  Community  should 
keep  its trade  defences  intact  and  demand  from  the 
State-trading  countries  behaviour  more  in keeping 
with  international  standards,  particularly  as regards 
export  prices. 
3.6. The  Committee  would  refer  to the declaration 
made  by the  various  ministers  at their  meeting  in 
Tokyo  on 14 September  1973.  In this  declaration 
improvement  of the standard  of living  and  welfare  of 
the people  of the world  was  listed  as one  of the aims 
of the GATT  negotiations.  The  Committee  considers 
that the  negotiations  should  take  into  account 
questions  of working  conditions  and  industrial  safety. 
At least  as far  as the  industrialized  countries  are 
concerned,  endeavours  should  be made  to achieve  a 
degree  of alignment  of labour  regulations.  The 
GATT  Contracting  Parties  should,  at all events,  meet 
the minimum  requirements  laid  down  by  the 
International  Labour  Organization. 
3.7. On  all these  points,  the  Community  should 
not be content  merely  to react  to stands  taken  by 
other  parties  in the  negotiations  (whether  it be the 
USA  or developing  countries),  but should  defifte  and 
take up a stance  of its own  and  adopt  a deliberate 
strategy  of going  on to the  offensive.  This  strategy 
should  be geared  to achieving  balanced,  realistic 
results. 
If all these  requests  were  accepted,  the  negotiated 
terms  would  be severely  lopsided.  The  very  basis  of 
the GATT,  which  has been  one  of the factors  making 
for the expansion  of international  trade  over  the past (J) A GATT  group,  on the framework  for the conduct  of 
world  trade,  has recently  been  set up at Geneva  with 
this very  aim.  The  work  of this  group  should  be 
followed  attentively. 
28. 5. 77 Official  Journal  of the European  Communities No C 126/11 
IV. MAIN  POINTS  TO BE COVERED  BY THE 
EEC STRATEGY 
4.1. Tariffs 
By comparison  with  the  Common  External  Tariff, 
the tariffs  of some  industrialized  countries  include 
some  very  high  rates  which  often  act as a deterrent  to 
Community  exporters.  The  objective  to work  for is, 
therefore,  a harmonization  of tariffs,  without  the 
low-tariff  countries  having  to make  concessions  in 
return.  In other  words,  a bigger  reduction  needs  to be 
made  in the  higher  tariffs  than  in the lower  tariffs, 
but without  this  having  to be paid  for. 
A duty  of less  than  5 % on imported  manufactured 
goods  is economically  meaningless.  The  Community 
should  therefore  not  oppose  the  setting  of a floor 
below  which  no tariff  reduction  will  be made. 
The Community  should  decide  its own  exceptions  in 
the light  of the economic  and  social  interests  at stake 
in the  Community  and  in the  light  of the  position 
taken  up by its negotiating  partners. 
4.2. Agriculture 
In view  of the  scale  of its food  imports,  and  in 
particular  its mounting  deficit  with  the United  States, 
the Community  should  put  its case  vigorously  in the 
negotiations  on agriculture. 
A firm  stand  should  be taken  on the  principles 
established  by the  Community's  overall  approach, 
viz.: the  special  nature  of agriculture,  reciprocity  in 
this sector,  and  maintenance  of  the  common 
agricultural  policy. 
Should  the EEC  still  meet  with  a refusal  on the part 
of its  negotiating  partners  to  consider  world 
agreements  for  some  products  and  concerted 
arrangements  for the others,  care  should  be taken  not 
to go further  in the  negotiations  in the  agricultural 
sector  than  in other  sectors. 
4.3. Non-tariff  barriers 
The impact  of these  increases  as the protective  effect 
of customs  duties  diminishes.  The  Community  should 
take the offensive  in this  area. 4.3.1.  Customs  matters 
The Community  should  participate  in working  out 
new rules  for  customs  valuation  based  on  the 
accepted  GATT  principles,  in order  to reduce  the 
arbitrariness  of the administrative  decisions  involved. 
The tariff  negotiations  should  be  conducted  in 
parallel  with  the  negotiations  on customs  valuation 
so that  the  decisions  reached  in both  fields  can  be 
implemented  simultaneously.  The  effect  of tariff 
concessions  must  not  be  partly  neutralized  by 
differences  in the methods  of customs  valuation. 
The Community  should  seek  the following: 
— a harmonization  of customs  procedures,  and  in 
particular  the tariff  nomenclatures,  on the basis  of 
the work  being  done  on the  harmonized  system 
by the  Customs  Cooperation  Council,  in which 
the United  States  is involved, 
— maintenance  of 'automatic  licences'  so that  the 
Member  States  are  not  deprived  of a means  of 
monitoring  trade,  which  is especially  necessary  in 
the present  state  of the economy. 
4.3.2.  Technical  barriers  to trade 
The Community  is participating  in Geneva  in work 
on an international  standards  code.  It must  make 
sure that  there  is a balance  between  the commitments 
which  the  various  Contracting  Parties  undertake, 
whatever  institutional  and  constitutional  structures 
the parties  may  have  (Federal  States  pose  a particular 
problem  in this  respect). 
Care  must  be taken  to ensure  that  adoption  of the 
code  does  not  hamper  progress  in the  Community 
towards  the  abolition  of technical  barriers  to trade 
between  Member  States. 
4.3.3.  Subsidies  and  countervailing  duties 
The Community  should  seek  to secure  observance  of 
Articles  VI  and  XVI  of GATT  and  to obtain 
clarification  of the concept  of 'serious  injury'.  Before 
a countervailing  duty  is introduced,  it should  be 
necessary  both  to establish  that  a subsidy  is being 
No C 126/12 Official  Journal  of the European  Communities 28.5.  77 
paid  and,  more  important,  to prove,  through  a study 
of local  production  and  employment,  that  injury  is 
actually  being  inflicted. 
The Community  should  also  firmly  reiterate  its 
position  that  the  non-charging  of VAT  on exports 
does  not  constitute  an export  subsidy,  a position 
borne  out by earlier  work  by GATT  experts. 
Other  countries,  the  USA  in particular,  also  have 
such  rules  with  regard  to indirect  taxes.  Seen  from 
this angle,  the action  now  being  brought  in the USA 
by US Steel  would,  if decided  in the  latter's  favour, 
constitute  a flagrant  violation  of GATT  rules. 
4.3.4.  Anti-dumping  rules 
It is essential  to have  the  assurance  that  the 
signatories  of the  GATT  anti-dumping  code  will 
abide  by the commitments  entered  into  at the close  of 
the Kennedy  Round.  The  Community  should, 
therefore,  insist  that  the  Contracting  Parties  in 
question  bring  their  national  laws  into  line  with  the 
code. 
The Community  should  also  take  a stand  against  the 
marketing  of goods  produced  using  labour  whose 
pay and  working  conditions  fall  short  of 
international  minimum  standards. 
4.3.5.  Anti-trust  laws 
Differences  in anti-trust  laws  can  also  have  a very 
significant  effect  on trade. 
4.3.6.  Safeguard  clause 
The approach  should  be based,  within  the framework 
of Article  XIX  of GATT,  on: 
— application  of selective  measures  directed  solely  at 
imports  from  the  country  or countries  directly 
responsible  for  the  disruption  or  threatened 
disruption  of the  market;  these  measures  would 
be subject  to international  surveillance  and  would 
be immediately  enforceable,  where  appropriate, — exemption  of the  importing  country  which  has 
recourse  to safeguard  measures  from  the need  to 
grant  compensatory  concessions  or to accept 
retaliatory  measures  from  the  exporting  country 
concerned. 
4.4. Sector-by-sector  approach 
This  approach  could  be used  as a back-up  and  could 
be of real  value  for  some  Community  industries 
which  pose  special  problems,  bearing  in mind  social 
aspects  and  employment. 
V. INSTITUTIONAL  IMBALANCE 
5.1. Because  of the  importance  of the  GATT 
negotiations  to future  EEC-USA  relations,  particular 
attention  should  be paid  to ways  of remedying  the 
present  institutional  imbalance  between  the 
authorities  in Brussels  and  their  counterparts  in 
Washington. 
5.2. Under  the  US  Constitution,  the  US 
negotiators,  although  empowered  to take  initiatives, 
have  in most  cases  to submit  the negotiated  terms  to 
Congress  for  approval.  This  rule  covers  the  whole 
non-tariff  field.  For  instance,  after  the  Kennedy 
Round,  the  anti-dumping  rules  were  thrown  out  by 
Congress  and  could  not,  therefore,  be implemented. 
5.3. The  new  US  Trade  Act  of 3 January  1975 
conflicts  in many  respects  with  the international  rules 
which  are  observed  by the  other  parties-  to GATT. 
For instance,  there  is the  question  of countervailing 
duties  (US  law  does  not  have  the concept  of 'injury' 
for the application  of such  duties).  What  is more,  the 
procedure  in the USA  for lodging  complaints  creates 
an atmosphere  of insecurity  which  experience  has 
shown  to be harmful  to EEC  exporters.  This  applies 
even  when  the complaints  are dismissed. 
5.4. The  position  of the EEC  negotiators  must  not 
be weakened  by this  state  of affairs.  There  is no 
doubt  that  it would  be difficult  for the  EEC  as at 
present  constituted  to arm  itself  with  a law  similar  to 
the Trade  Act. 
28.5.  77 Official  Journal  of the European  Communities No C 126/13 
The Committee: 
— considers  that  the  EEC  authorities  should 
therefore  be given  the  means  to take,  where 
necessary,  rapid  and  effective  safeguard  measures 
or even  countermeasures  in response  to moves  by 
trading  partners  against  the EEC's  interests, — urges  that,  before  the terms  negotiated  come  into 
force,  a Community  scrutiny  procedure  be 
implemented  whereby  the  European  Parliament 
would  have  to give  an opinion  and  the Economic 
and Social  Committee  would  have  to  be 
consulted. 
Done  at Brussels,  27 April  1977. 
The Chairman 
of the Economic  and  Social  Committee 
Basil  de FERRANTI 
No C 126/14 Official  Journal  of the  European  Communities 28. 5. 77 
ANNEX  1 — ANNEXE  1 — ANHANG  1 
Evolution  du commerce  exterieur  de la CE 
Trends  in EC external  trade 
Entwicklung  des Aufienhandels  der EG 
Source,  Quelle:  Eurostat 
140 
120 
100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
58 59  60  61  62  63  64  65  66  67  68  69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76 (1000  mio Eur) i 
/ 
/ 
(1000  mio Eur) 
j \v / 
i A 
t / 
1 
1 \ i/ 
1 ; 
1 / 
# / 
#/ 
1/ 
/ 1/ 
f/ 
— — — -
. ^ * ^ • 
— — -
28. 5. 77 Official  Journal  of the  European  Communities No C 126/15 
ANNEX  2 — ANNEXE  2 — ANHANG  2 
Evolution  des parts  dans  le commerce  mondial  (exportations) 
Trends  in world  trade  shares  (exports) 
Entwicklung  der Anteile  im WeltauGenhandel  (Ausfuhren) 
Source,  Quelle:  Eurostat 
No C 126/16 Official  Journal  of the  European  Communities 28. 5. 77 
ANNEX  3 — ANNEXE  3 — ANHANG  3 
Echanges  de la CE avec  les EU et le Japon 
EC trade  with  US and  Japan 
EG-Handel  mit  US und  Japan Source,  Quelle:  Eurostat 
Mio$-/ 
/ f 
us i 
/ f 
t 
/ f p 
II 
E n porta  tions  CE 
IC imports 
!G-Einfuhren 
'xportations  CE 
:C exports 
!G-Ausfuhren i 
i f 
6 
E n porta  tions  CE 
IC imports 
!G-Einfuhren 
'xportations  CE 
:C exports 
!G-Ausfuhren 6 
E n porta  tions  CE 
IC imports 
!G-Einfuhren 
'xportations  CE 
:C exports 
!G-Ausfuhren i 
i 
i n porta  tions  CE 
IC imports 
!G-Einfuhren 
'xportations  CE 
:C exports 
!G-Ausfuhren i 
i 
i 
i 
/ t 
i 
i 
t us 
t 
/ . f t 
4 
i 
i 
t A 
i 1/ 
n 
> 
./ i 
/ 
/ 
Japan 
J 
s p 
Japan 
P 
0^ ' 0^ ' 
\ 20000 
15000 
10000 
5000 
1000 
67 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 (76) 
28. 5. 77 Official  Journal  of the  European  Communities No C 126/17 
ANNEX  4 — ANNEXE  4 — ANHANG  4 
Balances  commercials 
Trade  balances 
Handelsbilanzen 
(1 000 mio  Eur) 
Source,  Quelle:  Eurostat,  American  Embassy,  letro 
80 
60 
40 
20 
0 
-20 
-40 
-60 
-80 Japan 
69 70  71  72  73  74  75  76 100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
0 
-20 
-40 
-60 
-80 US ] 
67 68  69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76 
0 
-20 
-40 
-60 
-80 
-100 
-120 
-140 
-160 
-180 
-200 > X' \ / \ \ / i i i 
\ / \ \ / \ 
\ / \ \ \ 1 \ I I 8 67 68  69  70  71  72  73  74  75  76 
No C 126/18 Official  Journal  of the  European  Communities 28. 5. 77 
ANNEX  5 — ANNEXE  5 — ANHANG  5 
Evolution  du commerce  exterieur  (importations  CE) 
Trends  in foreign  trade  (EC  imports) 
Entwicklung  des Aufienhandels  (EG-Einfuhren) 
Source,  Quelle:  Eurostat 
20 Ligue  Arabe 
EU 
ACP 
75 73 74 
Europe  Orientate 
76 75 74 73 70 72 
28. 5. 77 Official  Journal  of the  European  Communities No C 126/19 
ANNEX  5a — ANNEXE  5a — ANHANG  5a 
Evolution  du commerce  exterieur  (exportation^  CE) 
Trends  in foreign  trade  (EC  exports) 
Entwicklung  des Aufienhandels  (EG-Ausfuhren) 
Source,  Quelle:  Eurostat 
20 
ACP 
74 73 
Ligue  Arabe 
EU 
Europe  Orientale 
72 73 76 70 74 75