8501 Electric motors and generators (excluding generating sets) This heading includes rotary electric windscreen-wiper motors, without arms or wiper blades but with appropriate transmission mechanisms (spur gear and oscillating connecting rod) which convert the rotary motion into an oscillating one.

8502 Electric generating sets and rotary converters In addition to the electrical machinery described in the HS Explantory Notes to heading 8502, parts (I) and (II), this heading includes cascade converters, Ward-Leonard sets and rotary dephasers.

8502 39 20 Turbo-generators Turbo-generators are driven directly by gas or steam turbines. They have a solid cylindrical rotor with longitudinal grooves in which the induction windings are mounted. The rotor may be in one piece or consist of a number of solid sections. Turbo-generators are generally air-cooled, but high-capacity types are hydrogen-cooled.

8503 00 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of heading 8501 or 8502 This heading does not include branch circuit plates for electric motors (heading 8536).

8504 Electrical transformers, static converters (for example, rectifiers) and inductors In addition to the products referred to in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8504, this heading includes: 1. adjustable transformers (for example, cursor transformers) and variable ratio transformers; 2. field dispersion transformers for fluorescent tubes; 3. special transformers for communications; 4. compensation coils; 5. output coils; 6. smoothing inductors; 7. moving core coils for modifying inductance; 8. ballasts (chokes) for electrical discharge lamps and tubes; 9. Pupin coils; 10. Godefroy coils; 11. stabilised power packs (rectifier with a regulator). This heading also includes selenium rectifying elements, whether single (selenium plates, in particular) or multiple. However, this heading does not include silicon or germanium single-crystal rectifiers constituting discrete components (for example, rectifier diodes) or rectifiers constituting integrated circuits, especially microcircuits, whether or not equipped with cooling or insulating devices, etc. Note 8 to this chapter assigns such components to heading 8541 or to heading 8542 (see also note 2 to this chapter). Furthermore, this heading does not include: (a) commutators for multiple-point transformers (heading 8536); (b) rectifying lamps, tubes and valves such as phanotrons, thyratrons, ignitrons and high-voltage rectifying tubes for X-ray equipment (subheading 8540 89 00); (c) voltage regulators of heading 9032.

8504 40 30 Of a kind used with telecommunication apparatus, automatic data-processing machines and units thereof This subheading includes static converters for telecommunication apparatus or for automatic data-processing machines and units thereof, which: — generally have stabilising circuits; — have a typical output voltage of, for example, 3,3, 5, 12, 24, 48 or 60 V. Static converters for telecommunication apparatus or for automatic data-processing machines and units thereof serve to convert the alternating current (AC) drawn from the mains supply into the requisite direct current (DC). Used with automatic data-processing machines, a so-called Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) ensures a ‘back-up’ of energy (with a ‘power good’ signal) in the event of a power failure, thus preventing data loss.

8504 90 05 Electronic assemblies of machines of subheading 8504 50 20 For the definition of the expression ‘electronic assemblies’, see the Explanatory Note to subheading 8443 99 10

8504 90 91 Electronic assemblies of machines of subheading 8504 40 30 For the definition of the expression ‘electronic assemblies’, see the Explanatory Note to subheading 8443 99 10

8505 Electromagnets; permanent magnets and articles intended to become permanent magnets after magnetisation; electromagnetic or permanent magnet chucks, clamps and similar holding devices; electromagnetic couplings, clutches and brakes; electromagnetic lifting heads

8505 90 10 Electromagnets This subheading includes electric operating magnets fitted to the doors of private cars and forming part of a central door-locking system. Such systems are connected to the vehicle power supply and are actuated by control signals from an electrical control device belonging to the system. If one of the doors is opened or closed manually, the other vehicle doors will be simultaneously locked or unlocked electromagnetically. However, this subheading does not include solenoid-operated injection valves for spark-ignition or compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines, the valve bodies and valve needles of which are equipped with a magnet winding and magnet keeper respectively (subheading 8409 91 00 or 8409 99 00).

8506 Primary cells and primary batteries

8506 10 11 Cylindrical cells Cylindrical cells have a circular cross-section. Positive and negative poles are at opposite ends. The length of cylindrical cells is greater than their diameter:

8506 10 15 Button cells The height of button cells is less than or equal to the diameter:

8506 10 91 Cylindrical cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 11.

8506 10 95 Button cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 15.

8506 30 10 Cylindrical cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 11.

8506 30 30 Button cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 15.

8506 40 10 Cylindrical cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 11.

8506 40 30 Button cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 15.

8506 50 10 Cylindrical cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 11.

8506 50 30 Button cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 15.

8506 60 10 Cylindrical cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 11.

8506 60 30 Button cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 15.

8506 80 11 Cylindrical cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 11.

8506 80 15 Button cells See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8506 10 15.

8507 Electric accumulators, including separators therefor, whether or not rectangular (including square)

8507 20 41 to 8507 20 98 Other lead-acid accumulators With the exception of accumulators of a kind used for starting piston engines (see subheadings 8507 10 41 to 8507 10 98), these subheadings cover the electric lead-acid accumulators mentioned in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8507, third paragraph, (1). These accumulators are used, for example, for driving electric vehicles and for supplying power to telecommunication installations.

8507 30 20 to 8507 30 89 Nickel-cadmium The accumulators of these subheadings are used particularly in safety lamps for miners and often as replacements for dry batteries in equipment such as portable radios, television sets, electric razors and other electrical equipment.

8507 80 20 to 8507 80 80 Other accumulators These subheadings include silver-zinc and silver-cadmium accumulators.

8507 90 20 to 8507 90 90 Parts These subheadings do not include connecting parts of accumulator elements (subheading 8536 90 85).

8509 Electromechanical domestic appliances, with self-contained electric motor, other than vacuum cleaners of heading 8508

8509 80 00 Other appliances This subheading includes electrical manicure and pedicure sets with self-contained electric motor, connected via a cable to the power-supply unit (mains unit) belonging to the appliance.

8510 Shavers, hair clippers and hair-removing appliances, with self-contained electric motor

8510 10 00 Shavers Shavers incorporating hair clippers fall in this subheading.

8511 Electrical ignition or starting equipment of a kind used for spark-ignition or compression-ignition internal combustion engines (for example, ignition magnetos, magneto-dynamos, ignition coils, sparking plugs and glow plugs, starter motors); generators (for example, dynamos, alternators) and cut-outs of a kind used in conjunction with such engines

8511 40 00 Starter motors and dual purpose starter-generators The equipment of this subheading usually operates on 6, 12 or 24 V and has special devices for attachment to motors. This subheading includes: 1. starter motors with sliding armature, starter motors with sliding feeder, starter motors with a helicoidal motion, and starter motors with a sliding pinion and a helicoidal motion; 2. equipment which is the result of combining in one unit a starter motor and a generator.

8512 Electrical lighting or signalling equipment (excluding articles of heading 8539), windscreen wipers, defrosters and demisters, of a kind used for cycles or motor vehicles

8512 30 10 Burglar alarms of a kind used for motor vehicles See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8512, second paragraph, (11).

8512 90 90 Other This subheading includes frames and reflectors for headlights, and wiper arms, with or without wiper blades, for electric windscreen wipers. However, the subheading does not include lamp holders (subheading 8536 61 10 or 8536 61 90).

8514 Industrial or laboratory electric furnaces and ovens (including those functioning by induction or dielectric loss); other industrial or laboratory equipment for the heat treatment of materials by induction or dielectric loss

8514 20 80 Dielectric furnaces and ovens Microwave ovens of a type designed to be used in restaurants, canteens, etc., differ from domestic appliances of heading 8516 in their power output and oven capacity. Such ovens having a power output of more than 1 000 W or an oven capacity of more than 34 litres are considered to be for industrial use. For microwave ovens combined in a single housing with a grill or another type of oven, the aforementioned power output applies only to the microwave. The classification of such a combination is not influenced by the oven capacity criterion. Microwave ovens having a power output of not more than 1 000 W and an oven capacity of not more than 34 litres are considered to be for domestic use (heading 8516).

8516 Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion heaters; electric space-heating apparatus and soil-heating apparatus; electrothermic hairdressing apparatus (for example, hairdryers, hair curlers, curling tong heaters) and hand dryers; electric smoothing irons; other electrothermic appliances of a kind used for domestic purposes; electric heating resistors, other than those of heading 8545

8516 10 11 to 8516 10 90 Electric instantaneous or storage water heaters and immersion heaters These subheadings include: 1. water heaters operating both as instantaneous water heaters and water storage heaters; 2. electric boilers which produce only hot water, or hot water and low pressure steam simultaneously. These subheadings do not include electrically heated steam boilers and ‘superheated water’ boilers (heading 8402) and electrically heated electric boilers for central heating (heading 8403).

8516 21 00 to 8516 29 99 Electric space-heating apparatus and electric soil-heating apparatus These subheadings include: 1. electric heating equipment for saunas; 2. battery-operated heating devices for warming and defrosting iced-up door locks on motor vehicles by the presence of a heating element in the lock. These small portable devices may incorporate a lamp of the type falling in heading 8513 to illuminate the working area.

8516 50 00 Microwave ovens See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8514 20 80.

8516 60 10 Cookers (incorporating at least an oven and a hob) Cookers consist of at least a hob and an oven (which may also include a microwave unit or grill).

8516 79 70 Other In addition to the appliances described in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8516, part (E), (5) to (20), this subheading includes: 1. saunas with infra-red radiators (individual cubicles); 2. foot-heating plates; 3. electrically heated shoe trees; 4. devices for cleaning contact lenses, consisting of two small electrically heated compartments with screw-on lids to hold the contact lenses and heat up the cleansing fluid.

8516 80 20 and 8516 80 80 Electric heating resistors These subheadings include wire, cables, tapes and the like, which are insulated and provide heat for heating ceilings, walls, pipes, containers, etc. However, these subheadings do not include heating resistors connected to parts of equipment, for example, base plates for smoothing irons and plates for electric cookers (subheading 8516 90 00).

8517 Telephone sets, including telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks; other apparatus for the transmission or reception of voice, images or other data, including apparatus for communication in a wired or wireless network (such as a local or wide area network), other than transmission or reception apparatus of heading 8443, 8525, 8527 or 8528

8517 12 00 Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8517, part (I), (B)

8517 18 00 Other In addition to the telephone sets described in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8517, part (I), (A), this subheading includes push-button, telephone sets incorporating a magnetic card reader, a data display, an electronic circuit-board with microprocessor, several data stores, a clock and a modulator-demodulator (modem). These appliances can be used not only as telephone sets but also (for example, in supermarkets) as data terminals, for example, for verifying magnetic credit cards or cheques or for the transmission of sales data over telephone lines to automatic data-processing machines.

8517 62 00 Machines for the reception, conversion and transmission or regeneration of voice, images or other data, including switching and routing apparatus This subheading covers two groups of machines: 1. machines for the reception, conversion and transmission of voice, images or other data; 2. machines for the regeneration of voice, images or other data. These machines include: 1. network interface cards; 2. modems; 3. repeaters; 4. hubs; 5. bridges (including switches); 6. routers. This subheading includes apparatus consisting of all the elements required for transmission and reception, in one cabinet or housing. Such is the case, for example, with walkie-talkies, which contain the batteries or accumulators required for their operation, or with transmitter-receiver apparatus, the power supply unit of which would be separate and connected to the apparatus by cable only. This subheading also includes units in which the transmitter and receiver elements are located in different furniture units or housings, provided they constitute a functional unit. In order to be regarded as constituting a functional unit, transmitter-receiver apparatus must be installed near each other (for example, in the same building or on the same vehicle) and have certain elements in common, such as the aerial. This subheading also includes so-called ‘wireless headsets’ designed to be used solely or principally with telephones for cellular networks (mobile phones), intended to be hung on the ear to provide a hands-free option. They enable the user to control telephone functions, such as answering, ending and dialling (for example, redialling the last call), within approximately 10 m from the mobile phone and have means for adjusting the earphone sound volume. These headsets incorporate a radio transmitter/receiver to communicate with a mobile phone by means of wireless technology, for example, ‘Bluetooth’

8517 69 10 Videophones See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8517, part (II), (C). This subheading also includes closed-circuit television systems consisting of one camera, a panel with several call buttons, and one or more monitors connected to a communication post, and coaxial cables for linking the different elements, presented in the form of a set put up for retail sale. Products of this subheading may also be combined with an electrical door opener, a signalling device or a light source.

8517 69 39 Other This subheading includes: 1. fixed reception apparatus (including those used mainly in large installations), and special devices such as secrecy devices (for example, spectrum inverters); certain receivers, termed ‘diversity receivers’, employ multiple receiver technique to overcome fading; 2. radiotelephony receivers for motor vehicles, ships, aircraft, trains, etc.; 3. receivers for radiotelegraphic staff location systems; 4. radio receivers for simultaneous interpretation at multilingual conferences; 5. special receivers for distress signals from ships, aircraft, etc.; 6. telemetric signal receivers; 7. ‘facsimile’ radiotelegraphic apparatus for receiving, on sensitised paper, copies of documents, newspapers, plans, messages, etc.

8517 69 90 Other This subheading includes: 1. fixed transmitters. Certain types, used mainly in large installations, include special devices such as secrecy devices (for example spectrum inverters) and multiplex devices (used for sending more than two messages simultaneously); 2. radiotelephony transmitters for motor vehicles, ships, aircraft, trains, etc.; 3. transmitters used in radiotelegraphic staff location systems; 4. radio transmitters for simultaneous interpretation at multilingual conferences; 5. automatic transmitters for distress signals from ships, aircraft, etc.; 6. ‘facsimile’ radiotelegraphic apparatus for transmitting copies of documents, newspapers, plans, messages, etc.; 7. transmitters of telemetric signals.

8518 Microphones and stands therefor; loudspeakers, whether or not mounted in their enclosures; headphones and earphones, whether or not combined with a microphone, and sets consisting of a microphone and one or more loudspeakers; audio-frequency electric amplifiers; electric sound amplifier sets This heading includes separately presented wireless microphones, headphones, earphones and loudspeakers, whether or not combined. This heading does not include: 1. separately presented cordless handsets for line telephone sets (see the HS Explanatory Notes to subheading 8517 62); 2. separately presented wireless headsets (combination of a headphone and a microphone) with dialling capability (see the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8517 62 00).

8518 40 81 With only one channel The amplifiers of this subheading can process only one input signal, which they deliver via one or more outlets (for example, to loudspeakers).

8519 Sound recording or reproducing apparatus

8519 81 15 Pocket-size cassette-players For the determination of the measurements of such apparatus, Subheading Note 1 to Chapter 85 applies, and the dimensions of the cabinet shall be taken into account; protuberances such as control buttons, closing devices and securing clips shall be ignored.

8519 81 35 Other This subheading does not include sound reproducing apparatus, so called ‘MP3 players’, using optical media and incorporating devices which can be subsequently activated for the reception of radio-broadcast signals by means of software (heading 8527).

8519 81 45 Other The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8519 81 35 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8519 81 65 Pocket-size recorders The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8519 81 15 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8519 81 95 Other The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8519 81 35 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8522 Parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8519 to 8521

8522 90 41 and 8522 90 49 Electronic assemblies See the Explanatory Note to subheading 8443 99 10.

8523 Discs, tapes, solid–state non–volatile storage devices, ‘smart cards’ and other media for the recording of sound or of other phenomena, whether or not recorded, including matrices and masters for the production of discs, but excluding products of Chapter 37 If media of this heading are presented together with other articles the following classification principles should be applied: 1. if the media and the other articles make up a set put up for retail sale under General Interpretative Rule 3(b), the set should be classified by application of that rule, or 2. if the media and the other articles do not make up a set put up for retail sale under General Interpretative Rule 3(b), then the media should be classified in the appropriate subheading.

8523 21 00 Cards incorporating a magnetic stripe This subheading also includes printed matter, such as travel tickets and boarding passes, that incorporate one or more magnetic stripes.

8523 29 15 Unrecorded This subheading also covers tapes which have to be cut to size before use.

8523 40 11 Discs for laser reading systems of a recording capacity not exceeding 900 megabytes, other than erasable This subheading covers recordable compact discs (CD-Rs). CD-Rs are usually made of colourless transparent polycarbonate with a thickness of 1,2 mm. The top side is coated with a reflective layer of golden or silver colour and can be printed. The bottom side is covered with a layer of dye and a protective layer. They have a diameter of 8 or 12 cm, or can have the form of a card. Their recording capacity can be checked with reading/writing machines and corresponding recording software. Although recording on such discs can be done in one or several steps, the recorded information cannot be erased.

8523 40 13 Discs for laser reading systems of a recording capacity exceeding 900 megabytes but not exceeding 18 gigabytes, other than erasable This subheading covers recordable digital versatile discs (DVD-/+Rs). In contrast to the CD-Rs of subheading 8523 40 11, DVD-/+Rs consist of two 0,6 mm-thick polycarbonate layers glued together. This physical difference can be identified by examining the outside edge of the disc. They have a diameter of 8 or 12 cm. Their recording capacity can be checked with reading/writing machines and corresponding recording software. Although recording on such discs can be done in one or several steps, the recorded information cannot be erased.

8523 40 19 Other This subheading includes: 1. optical discs on which the recorded information can be erased and new data can be recorded (‘rewritable compact discs’ (CD-RWs) and ‘rewritable digital versatile discs’ (DVD-/+RWs)). They can be identified by the disc recording software of an automatic data-processing machine; 2. rewritable DVD-RAMs and ‘MiniDiscs’ which are both housed in cartridges.

8523 52 10 and 8523 52 90 ‘Smart cards’ See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8523, (C), (2). These subheadings also include electronic proximity cards/tags usually consisting of a coil which is activated by a signal from a reader and produces a voltage to power a microcircuit, a code generator which on receiving a signal from the coil generates data, and a signal transmission antenna.

8525 Transmission apparatus for radio-broadcasting or television, whether or not incorporating reception apparatus or sound recording or reproducing apparatus; television cameras, digital cameras and video camera recorders This heading includes thermal-imaging cameras with infra-red imagers which capture heat-radiation and convert it into images that represent the temperatures of individual surfaces or objects in different shades of grey or in different colours but which cannot measure temperatures or represent the measured values in figures.

8525 60 00 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus This subheading also includes units in which the transmitter and receiver elements are located in different furniture units or housings, provided they constitute a functional unit. In order to be regarded as constituting a functional unit, transmitter-receiver apparatus must be installed near each other (for example, in the same building or on the same vehicle) and have certain elements in common, such as the aerial.

8525 80 11 to 8525 80 99 Television cameras, digital cameras and video camera recorders See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8525, (B). These subheadings do not cover electronic reading devices for the visually handicapped (see the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8543 70 90).

8525 80 30 Digital cameras Digital cameras of this subheading are always capable of still-image recording, whether on an internal storage medium or on interchangeable media. Most cameras of this subheading have the design of a traditional photographic camera and do not have a foldable viewfinder. These cameras may also have video-capture capability to record sequences of video. Cameras remain classified in this subheading unless they are capable, using the maximumstorage capacity, of recording, in a quality of 800 × 600 pixels (or higher) at 23 frames per second (or higher) at least 30 minutes in a single sequence of video. Compared to the video camera recorders of subheadings 8525 80 91 and 8525 80 99, many digital cameras (when functioning as video cameras) do not offer an optical zoom function during video recording. Unaffected by the storage capacity, some cameras automatically terminate the recording of video after a certain period of time.

8525 80 91 and 8525 80 99 Video camera recorders Video camera recorders of these subheadings are always capable of recording sequences of video, whether on an internal storage medium or on interchangeable media. In general, the digital video camera recorders of these subheadings have the design which differs from digital cameras of subheading 8525 80 30. They often have a foldable viewfinder and are frequently presented together with a remote control. They always offer an optical zoom function during video recording. These digital video camera recorders may also have still image recording capability. Digital cameras are excluded from these subheadings if they are not capable, using the maximum storage capacity, of recording, in a quality of 800 × 600 pixels (or higher) at 23 frames per second (or higher) at least 30 minutes in a single sequence of video.

8525 80 99 Other This subheading covers video camera recorders (so-called ‘camcorders’) for the recording not only of sound and images taken by the camera but also of signals from external sources, for example, DVD-players, automatic data-processing machines or television receivers. The images thus recorded can be reproduced by means of an external television receiver or monitor. This subheading also includes ‘camcorders’ in which the video input is obstructed by a plate or in another way, or in which the video interface can be subsequently activated as video input by means of software. The apparatus is nevertheless designed to record television programmes or other externally incoming signals. However, ‘camcorders’ with which only the images taken by the camera can be recorded and reproduced by means of an external television receiver or monitor fall in subheading 8525 80 91.

8527 Reception apparatus for radio-telephony, radio-telegraphy or radio-broadcasting, whether or not combined, in the same housing, with sound recording or reproducing apparatus or a clock For transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus, see the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8525 60 00.

8527 12 10 and 8527 12 90 Pocket-size radio cassette players See the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8519 81 15.

8527 13 10 With laser reading system This subheading includes radio-broadcast receivers, combined with a sound recording or reproducing apparatus with a laser reading system, whether or not combined with other sound recording or reproducing apparatus (for example of the cassette-type) or a clock. This subheading also includes sound reproducing apparatus, so called ‘MP3 players’, using optical media and incorporating devices which can be subsequently activated for the reception of radio-broadcast signals by means of software.

8527 13 99 Other The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8527 13 10 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8527 21 20 With laser reading system The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8527 13 10 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8527 21 70 With laser reading system The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8527 13 10 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8527 91 11 to 8527 91 99 Combined with sound recording or reproducing apparatus Stereo systems (hi-fi systems) containing a radio receiver, put up in sets for retail sale, consisting of modular units in their own separate housings, for example, in combination with a CD player, a cassette recorder, an amplifier with equalizer, always fall in these subheadings as the radio receiver gives them their essential character.

8527 91 11 and 8527 91 19 Within the same housing one or more loudspeakers These subheadings cover apparatus from which the loudspeakers are inseparable. However, these subheadings do not cover apparatus with detachable loudspeakers, even if the loudspeakers can be attached with fastening devices (subheading 8527 91 35, 8527 91 91 or 8527 91 99).

8527 91 35 to 8527 91 99 Other If loudspeakers for stereo systems (hi-fi systems) are specially designed for and packed together with other components of the sets, they are included in these subheadings.

8527 91 35 With laser reading system The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8527 13 10 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8528 Monitors and projectors, not incorporating television reception apparatus; reception apparatus for television, whether or not incorporating radio–broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproducing apparatus According to General Interpretative Rule 3(c) of the Combined Nomenclature, video surveillance systems, consisting of a limited number of television cameras and one monitor, fall within this heading when put up in a set for retail sale. The components of such video surveillance systems are to be classified separately when the system is not put up in a set for retail sale (see the HS General Explanatory Notes to Section XVI, (VII)). This heading does not cover electronic reading devices for the visually handicapped (see the Explanatory Notes to subheading 8543 70 90).

8528 41 00 Of a kind solely or principally used in an automatic data-processing system of heading 8471 Monitors of this subheading work with the cathode ray tube (CRT) display technology. The characteristics of monitors of this subheading generally facilitate prolonged periods of viewing at close proximity. Monitors of this subheading have the following characteristics: 1. they are capable of accepting a signal only from the central processing unit of an automatic data-processing machine of heading 8471; 2. they have generally an aspect ratio of 4:3 or 5:4; 3. they frequently incorporate tilt and swivel adjusting mechanisms and glare-free surfaces; 4. they may incorporate up to two loudspeakers. Monitors of the CRT type have the following specific characteristics: 1. they are fitted with particular connectors such as SUB-D connectors; 2. their dot screen pitch starts at 0,41 mm for medium resolution and gets smaller as the resolution increases. Monitors of this subheading cannot: — be connected to a video source such as a DVD recorder or reproducer, a camera or a video camera recorder, a satellite receiver or a video game machine; — incorporate components (for example, a chroma decoder, a Y/C separator) which enable the monitor to display an image from a composite video baseband signal (CVBS) or composite video signal (whose waveform conforms to a television broadcast standard such as NTSC, SECAM, PAL, D-MAC) or S-Video signal or when they are capable of reproducing an image by accepting signals such as component video (for example, YUV, YCBCR, YPBPR), Serial Digital Interface (SDI), High-Definition-SDI (HD-SDI) and digital video ‘DV’ (for example, MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4); — be equipped with an infrared receiver for the reception of signals from an infrared remote control; — have a programme channel up/down button; — be fitted with interfaces such as DVI-D, DVI-I and High-Definition Multi-media Interface (HDMI) even if these interfaces do not support high-bandwidth digital content protection (HDCP) encryption; — be fitted with interfaces for ‘slot-in’ modules or for other devices which enable a connection to a video source or the reception of television signals; — be used in systems other than automatic data-processing systems (for example, home cinema systems, video editing systems, systems for medical imaging or systems of the printing or graphics industry for pre-press colour proofs). This subheading does not include indicator panels of heading 8531.

8528 49 10 Black and white or other monochrome The Explanatory Notes to subheadings 8528 49 35 to 8528 49 99 apply, mutatis mutandis.

8528 49 35 to 8528 49 99 Colour Monitors fall within these subheadings unless it can be demonstrated that they are of a kind solely or principally used in an automatic data-processing system. The characteristics of monitors of these subheadings generally facilitate prolonged periods of viewing at a distance, for example, at exhibitions and in home cinema systems, television studios and video surveillance systems. Some monitors facilitate viewing at close proximity, for example, for measuring, checking or medical applications, rear view camera surveillance for vehicles or radio navigational aid apparatus. Certain monitors are fitted with connectors or interfaces such as Cinch/RCA, BNC, SCART, Mini DIN 4-pin/Hosiden, DVI-D, DVI-I and High-Definition Multi-media Interface (HDMI). These connectors or interfaces allow for the reception of a signal from a video source such as a DVD recorder or reproducer, a camera or a video camera recorder, a satellite receiver or a video game machine. These monitors may also be fitted with interfaces for automatic data-processing machines of heading 8471. Some monitors may have interfaces that allow for the reception of signals from sources such as a cash register, an automatic teller machine (ATM), a radio navigational aid apparatus, a numerical control panel or a programmable memory controller, apparatus for measuring, checking or medical applications of Chapter 90. They may have separate inputs for red (R), green (G) and blue (B) signals, or they may incorporate components (for example, a chroma decoder, a Y/C separator) which enable the monitor to display an image from a composite video baseband signal (CVBS) or composite video signal (whose waveform conforms to a broadcast standard such as NTSC, SECAM, PAL, D-MAC) or S-Video signal or when they are capable of reproducing an image by accepting signals such as component video (for example, YUV, YCBCR, YPBPR), Serial Digital Interface (SDI), High-Definition-SDI (HD-SDI) and digital video ‘DV’ (for example, MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4). They may be fitted with connectors for the reception of audio signals. These subheadings do not include: (a) videophones (subheading 8517 69 10); (b) indicator panels of heading 8531.

8528 51 00 to 8528 59 90 Other monitors Monitors of these subheadings work on display technologies such as liquid crystal display (LCD), organic light emitting diode (OLED) or plasma. These subheadings include monitors comprising a projector and a screen in the same housing.

8528 51 00 Of a kind solely or principally used in an automatic data-processing system of heading 8471 The Explanatory Notes to subheading 8528 41 00 apply, mutatis mutandis. Monitors falling within this subheading generally have a diagonal measurement of the screen of 48,5 cm (19 inches) or less.

8528 59 10 and 8528 59 90 Other The Explanatory Notes to subheadings 8528 49 35 to 8528 49 99 apply, mutatis mutandis. For the monitors of these subheadings the aspect ratio is often 16:9 or 16:10.

8528 61 00 to 8528 69 99 Projectors These subheadings do not include products comprising a projector and a screen in the same housing (subheadings 8528 51 00 to 8528 59 90 or, when incorporating reception apparatus for television, subheading 8528 72 10).

8528 69 10 Operating by means of flat panel display (for example, a liquid crystal device), capable of displaying digital information generated by an automatic data-processing machine Besides apparatus operating by means of a liquid crystal device (LCD), this subheading also includes apparatus operating by means of digital light processing technology. It works by means of a semiconductor-controlled mechanical micro-mirror device.

8528 71 11 to 8528 71 19 Video tuners These subheadings cover apparatus incorporating a video tuner which converts highfrequency television signals into signals usable by video recording or reproducing apparatus or monitors. These apparatus incorporate selector circuits, which permit tuning to a special channel or carrier frequency, and demodulation circuits. They are generally designed to operate with an individual aerial or a shared aerial (high-frequency cable distribution). The output signal can be used as an input signal for monitors or for recording or reproducing apparatus. It consists of the original camera signal (i.e., not modulated for transmission purposes). Sometimes, the apparatus are also equipped with decoding device (colour) or separator circuitry for synchronization.

8528 71 11 Electronic assemblies for incorporation into automatic data-processing machines For the definition of the expression ‘electronic assemblies’, see the Explanatory Note to subheading 8443 99 10.

8528 72 10 to 8528 72 99 Other, colour These subheadings include apparatus with a liquid crystal screen (LCD screen).

8528 72 10 Television projection equipment This subheading includes projection equipment incorporating reception apparatus for television. Such equipment projects the image via an optical system onto a screen. It may be based on cathode-ray-tube or flat-panel (for example, DMD, LCD, plasma) technology. The projection screen may be either incorporated in the same housing as the television receiver or may be separate.

8528 72 31 to 8528 72 75 With integral tube These subheadings include apparatus combining tuner and monitor functions in the same housing, with possible simultaneous use of certain elements of each. Domestic television receivers generally belong to this category. The diagonal measurement of the screen means the active part of the picture tube measured in a straight line.

8529 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of headings 8525 to 8528 This heading does not include tripods for use with cameras of heading 8525 or Chapter 90 (classification according to their constituent material).

8529 90 20 to 8529 90 97 Other These subheadings include: 1. dials; 2. tuning blocks; 3. diaphragms for television cameras; 4. so-called PAL-Secam adapters. These are decoder boards (printed circuit boards mounted with electrical components) for subsequent incorporation in television receivers designed for the reception of PAL signals, so as to make these sets suitable for the dual reception of PAL/Secam signals. These subheadings do not include waveguides (classification of the tubes according to their constituent material).

8529 90 65 Electronic assemblies See the Explanatory Note to subheadings 8443 99 10.

8531 Electric sound or visual signalling apparatus (for example, bells, sirens, indicator panels, burglar or fire alarms), other than those of heading 8512 or 8530

8531 10 30 and 8531 10 95 Burglar and fire alarms and similar apparatus See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8531, second paragraph, (E). These subheadings do not include burglar alarms of a kind used for motor vehicles (subheading 8512 30 10).

8531 20 20 to 8531 20 95 Indicator panels incorporating liquid crystal devices (LCD) or light-emitting diodes (LED) These subheadings include variable electroluminescent diode readouts used principally as numerical and/or alphanumerical signals or display panels, for example, made-up of cells or various light-emitting diodes. Each sign contains a certain number of light-emitting diodes in the form of components which are either discrete or attached to a single microchip. These devices are mounted on a printed circuit with a driver/decoder. Each digit or assembly of digits is covered by transluscent material which amplifies the intensity of the light points produced by the diodes in order to produce figures or letters as a function of the pulse applied to the circuit by an input signal.

8531 90 85 Other This subheading includes anti-theft tags attached to goods which, when they come within the signal field of a burglar alarm system installed at a shop exit, of a type falling in subheading 8531 10 30, influence the receiving electronics of the system and trigger off an alarm. This subheading does not, however, cover paper tags in the form of a printed circuit (heading 8534 00).

8534 00 Printed circuits This heading includes paper tags in the form of a printed circuit to prevent theft, for example, of library books.

8536 Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, or for making connections to or in electrical circuits (for example, switches, relays, fuses, surge suppressors, plugs, sockets, lamp holders, junction boxes), for a voltage not exceeding 1 000 V; connectors for optical fibres, optical-fibre bundles or cables In addition to the apparatus described in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8536, this heading includes: 1. distribution frames for telephone exchanges; 2. intersection or junction plates for overhead tram cables; 3. junction plates for electric motors; 4. commutators for multiple point transformers; 5. connecting parts for accumulator elements; 6. so-called inductive proximity switches, i.e., electronic switches incorporating a free-radiating induction coil for the contactless actuation (closure) of the switch when a metal object comes within the stray field of the induction coil. Such switches are used, for example, in machine tools, conveyor machinery and weighing balances instead of mechanically operated electrical terminal switches; 7. on-off switches housed alongside an intensity modulation device (dimmer) in a single housing. By means of this equipment, it is possible not only to switch mains-operated lamps on and off, but also to vary their intensity continuously; 8. so-called contact pads for connecting electrical circuits. These consist of two superposed resilient films of plastics in which are embedded, at regular intervals, a large number of electrically conductive contact points of silicone rubber. These contact pads are incorporated, for example, under the keys of telephone sets. Each time a key is pressed the appropriate contact points on the two films touch, and electrical contact is established; 9. electronic switches which operate by contactless means, using semiconductor components (for example, transistors, thyristors, integrated circuits). However, this heading does not include: (a) insulation and sheathing for electric lines (generally, heading 7326); (b) control equipment for railways and other communication routes (heading 8530).

8536 50 11 Push-button switches This subheading does not cover touch-sensitive switches (subheading 8536 50 19).

8536 69 10 to 8536 69 90 Other These subheadings include electro-mechanical plugs and sockets which permit multi-way connection, for instance between appliances, cables and connector boards, simply by plugging the attached plugs into the attached sockets with no assembly work required. The connectors may have a plug or socket on either side or a plug or socket on one side and another contact device on the other (for example, crimp, clamp, soldered or screw-type). These subheadings also include plug-in couplings comprising a plug and socket pair (two pieces). The plug and the socket pieces each have one socket and one other contact device. These subheadings do not include connection or contact elements with which an electrical connection is established by other means (for example, crimp, screw-type, soldered or clamp terminals). These are covered by subheading 8536 90.

8536 69 10 For coaxial cables This subheading covers only plugs and sockets used for coaxial connections where coaxial cables can be permanently attached to the contacts at the other ends (see the examples in figures 1 to 4).

8536 69 30 For printed circuits This subheading covers all plug-and-socket connectors to which printed circuits can be directly connected on one or both sides (direct connectors; see the examples in figures 5 to 9). 1. Plug-and-socket connectors for direct vertical mounting of printed circuits:

2. Single and double-sided plug-and-socket connectors for mounting printed circuits horizontally:

This subheading does not include male and female components of a plug-and-socket connection (for example, pin or socket terminal strips) which are permanently attached to the circuit board and can be plugged into or onto the connector (subheading 8536 69 90).

8536 69 90 Other This subheading covers all other plug-and-socket connectors and connections illustrated below:

8536 70 00 Connectors for optical fibres, optical-fibre bundles or cables See note 6 to this chapter. See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8536, (IV).

8536 90 01 Prefabricated elements for electrical circuits This subheading includes ready-to-mount elements for the transmission of electricity. Such elements provide a degree of spatial flexibility in the power supply for lamps and electrically powered machines and equipment. The contact points across which the current is delivered are of the clamp or sliding variety. Typical applications are shown in the diagrams below:

8536 90 10 Connections and contact elements for wires and cables This subheading covers all terminal devices fitted to the ends of wires or cables for establishing an electrical connection by means other than plugging (for example, crimp, screw-type, soldered or clamp terminals).

8537 Boards, panels, consoles, desks, cabinets and other bases, equipped with two or more apparatus of heading 8535 or 8536, for electric control or the distribution of electricity, including those incorporating instruments or apparatus of Chapter 90, and numerical control apparatus, other than switching apparatus of heading 8517 This heading includes assemblies on a support (for example, panel, box) of identical items of equipment to those of heading 8536 (for example, light switches).

8537 10 91 Programmable memory controllers This subheading includes panel cabinets incorporating application memory for the electrical control of machines. They are fitted not only with equipment of heading 8535 or 8536 (for example, relays) but also, for example, with transistors or triacs of heading 8541 as switching devices and which, in addition to these switching elements, also include microprocessors (for example, for logic processing and the management of inputs and outputs), interfaces and a power supply unit (power pack).

8537 10 99 Other This subheading includes: 1. remote cable control units for video recorders. These are electrical control pads (with push-button switches and other electrical components mounted on a board) which are used to execute, via a connecting cable, all the functions of the linked-up video recorder; 2. electrical control devices for automatic vending machines. These consist of a control pad incorporating, in addition to relays and electrical switches, triacs and integrated circuits. This subheading does not include: (a) electrical control devices known as ‘joysticks’ within the meaning of note 5(C) to Chapter 84 (heading 8471); (b) cordless infra-red devices for the remote control of television receivers, video recorders or other electrical equipment (heading 8543).

8538 Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the apparatus of heading 8535, 8536 or 8537

8538 90 11 Electronic assemblies See the Explanatory Note to subheading 8443 99 10.

8538 90 91 Electronic assemblies See the Explanatory Note to subheading 8443 99 10.

8539 Electric filament or discharge lamps, including sealed-beam lamp units and ultraviolet or infra-red lamps; arc lamps With the exception of certain arc lamps (see the Explanatory Notes to subheadings 8539 41 00 to 8539 49 30) which are specially equipped or mounted, only lamps and tubes as such and parts thereof which are identifiable in accordance with note 2(b) of Section XVI, fall in this heading. Apparatus fitted with such lamps (consisting, for example, of a simple reflector with a support or base) is classified in its appropriate heading, as lighting equipment (heading 9405), heating equipment (heading 7321, for example) or medical equipment (heading 9018), etc.

8539 21 30 to 8539 29 98 Other filament lamps, excluding ultraviolet or infra-red lamps These subheadings do not include: (a) resistance lamps with carbon filaments and variable resistance lamps with iron filaments in hydrogen (heading 8533); (b) electric lamp sets of a specific length comprising a fixed number of fancy lights, mainly used for decorating Christmas trees (heading 9405).

8539 31 10 to 8539 39 00 Discharge lamps, other than ultraviolet lamps These subheadings include: 1. xenon tubes; 2. spectral discharge lamps; 3. glow discharge lamps; 4. alphanumeric tubes.

8539 41 00 to 8539 49 30 Ultraviolet or infra-red lamps; arc lamps These subheadings include: 1. ultraviolet tubes and lamps. In addition to the uses referred to in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8539, part (D), first paragraph, the following may be mentioned: (a) actino-chemical printing; (b) vitaminisation; (c) sterilisation; (d) photo-chemistry; (e) production of ozone. 2. infra-red lamps and tubes. In addition to the uses referred to in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8539, part (D), second paragraph, the following may be mentioned: (a) space heating; (b) equipment for infra-red emitters (for example, in anti-theft apparatus); (c) scientific research (for example, spectral analysis). 3. arc lamps described in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8539, part (E). Carbon-electrode arc lamps are installed, for example, in cinematographic projection equipment of heading 9007 or used in document-reproducing equipment. Subheading 8539 41 00 includes electric arc lamps equipped with special supports as well as guidable light equipment consisting of one or more arc lamps mounted on a mobile support, intended for use particularly in photographic or cinematographic studios. These subheadings do not include: (a) luminescent diodes (heading 8541); (b) electroluminescent devices, generally in strips, plates or panels, and based on electroluminescent substances (for example, zinc sulphide) placed between two layers of conductive material (heading 8543).

8539 90 10 and 8539 90 90 Parts These subheadings include: 1. bases for incandescent and discharge electric lamps and bulbs; 2. tungsten filaments, spiral, cut to length and ready for mounting; 3. metal electrodes for discharge lamps and tubes; 4. glass parts (excluding insulating parts of subheading 8547 90 00) intended for mounting inside lamps or tubes; 5. supporting brackets for filaments.

8540 Thermionic, cold cathode or photocathode valves and tubes (for example, vacuum or vapour or gas filled valves and tubes, mercury arc rectifying valves and tubes, cathode ray tubes, television camera tubes)

8540 11 11 to 8540 11 99 Colour These subheadings cover the cathode ray tubes described in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8540, fourth paragraph, (2), and which comply with the conditions set out below: 1. slit mask; 2. gap between two lines of the same colour at the centre of the screen not less than 0,4 mm. For the diagonal measurement of the screen, see the Explanatory Notes to subheadings 8528 72 31 to 8528 72 75.

8540 60 00 Other cathode ray tubes This subheading covers the cathode ray tubes described in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8540, fourth paragraph, (2), (d), other than those covered by subheadings 8540 11 and 8540 12.

8540 71 00 to 8540 79 00 Microwave tubes (for example, magnetrons, klystrons, travelling wave tubes, carcinotrons), excluding grid-controlled tubes These subheadings cover the tubes described in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8540, fourth paragraph, (4). These subheadings do not include Geiger-Müller counter tubes (subheading 9030 90 85).

8540 81 00 and 8540 89 00 Other valves and tubes In addition to the lamps, tubes and valves for rectifying electric current referred to in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8540, fourth paragraph, (1), these subheadings include phanotrons, thyratrons, ignitrons and high-voltage rectifying tubes for X-ray apparatus.

8541 Diodes, transistors and similar semiconductor devices; photosensitive semiconductor devices, including photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made-up into panels; light-emitting diodes; mounted piezoelectric crystals

8541 40 90 Other This subheading includes photovoltaic cells assembled in modules or made up into panels incorporating bypass diodes (but no blocking diodes). The bypass diodes are not elements which supply the power directly to, for example, a motor (see the HS Explanatory Notes to headings 8501 and 8541).

8541 90 00 Parts In addition to the parts mentioned in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8541, this subheading includes: 1. supports and housings for piezoelectric crystals; 2. housings of metal, steatite, etc., for mounted semiconductors. This subheading does not include: (a) electrical connectors for conducting current between pins (or contacts) and electrodes (heading 8536); (b) graphite parts (subheading 8545 90 90).

8542 Electronic integrated circuits This heading includes interchangeable pre-programmed memory modules in the form of a monolithic integrated circuit for electronic translation devices falling in subheadings 8470 10 00 and 8543 70 10. This heading does not include discs (sometimes referred to as wafers) which, for the purposes of their applications in the field of electronics, consist of doped chemical elements, whether or not polished and whether or not epitaxially coated, provided they have not been selectively doped or diffused to create discrete regions (heading 3818 00).

8542 31 10 and 8542 31 90 Processors and controllers, whether or not combined with memories, converters, logic circuits, amplifiers, clock and timing circuits, or other circuits These subheadings include: 1. microprocessors, also called micro processing units (MPUs), which are integrated circuits that can be defined as devices that perform the primary instruction, execution and system control functions. They consist of the following main parts: — the arithmetic logic unit (ALU); — the instruction decoder and programme counter; — the control unit; — the input/output (I/O) unit, for communications with other devices. A microprocessor can only operate if, apart from the internal memory, an external memory or other device is being used. They may have one or more micro-program-memories (RAM of ROM) for loading or storing micro-instructions, thereby increasing the number of primary instructions in the control unit. The micro-programmed ROM that a microprocessor may contain is dedicated to storing binary basic-instructions and is not to be considered as a real program memory storing the instructions to be executed. These products may contain an instruction cache memory or micro-peripheral functions. Microprocessors entirely processed for a specific application, based on ‘full custom’, ‘gate array’ or ‘standard cell’ designs, are included. The processing capacity of microprocessors means the length of each word which the accumulator of the arithmetic and logic unit can process in a single micro-instruction cycle. 2. microcontrollers and microcomputers which are integrated circuits, consisting of at least the following main parts: — a microprocessor, also called micro processing unit (MPU); — a program memory (for example, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, E2ROM, flash E2PROM) linked to the instruction decoder and containing a program defining an instruction sequence; — a data memory (for example, RAM or E2PROM), not accessible from outside the chip contrary to microprocessors; — an external bus (for data, addresses or instructions). Microcontrollers are programmed or further programmable to perform specific functions and only for certain use (for example, for television receivers, video recording or reproducing apparatus or microwave ovens). Microcomputers are capable of operating independently (stand alone) and for general use (for example, mainframes, minicomputers and personal computers). Microcomputers are freely programmable in accordance with the requirements of the user. Microcontrollers, entirely processed for a specific application, based on ‘full custom’, ‘gate array’ or ‘standard cell’ designs, are included. The processing capacity of microcontrollers or microcomputers means the length of each word which the accumulator of the arithmetic logic unit can process in a single micro-instruction cycle. 3. control circuits which are integrated circuits used to influence a process or the performance of a machine (for example, an automatic data-processing machine). Control circuits (for example, for disk storage units, memories, electric motors or cathode ray tubes) are generally capable of interpreting signals and, in accordance with the interpretation, determining the timing and sequence of certain functions (for example, input, processing, storage and output in an automatic data-processing system).

8542 31 10 Goods specified in note 8(b)(3) to this chapter See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8542, (III).

8542 32 10 Goods specified in note 8(b)(3) to this chapter See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8542, (III).

8542 32 45 Static random-access memories (S-RAMs), including cache random-access memories (cache-RAMs) Cache random-access memories (cache-RAMs) are static random-access memories with an access time faster than the main memory. Cache-RAMs are generally used as temporary buffer memories to accommodate the speed differential between a central processing unit and the main memory.

8542 32 61 to 8542 32 75 Electrically erasable, programmable, read only memories (E2PROMs), including flash E2PROMs E2PROMs are in general byte-erasable memories. Flash E2PROMs are memories also called ‘flash Memories’, ‘flash EPROMs’ or ‘flash EEPROMs’. Flash memories may be based on EPROM or E2PROM-technology and are electrically erasable, either totally (bulk wise) or by sector (page or block wise). Programming, reading and erasure of these memories can be accomplished at a dual power supply or at a single power supply. Flash memories based on EPROM technology have an array structure composed of one transistor cell. Flash memories based on E2PROM technology have an array structure composed of two or more transistor cells or of one transistor cell combined with another transistor per sector (page or block). The latter type further differentiates from EPROM-technology based memories because they contain a number of characteristic E2PROM elements (for example, an E2PROM command-set).

8542 32 90 Other memories This subheading includes content addressable memories (CAMs) and ferroelectric memories. Content addressable memories (CAMs) are content associative storage devices. Storage locations of these devices are identified by their contents or by part of their contents, rather than by their names or positions (addresses). Ferroelectric memories are non-volatile memories obtained by combining ferroelectric and semiconductor material. The ferroelectric material is able to retain electric polarizations in the absence of an applied electric field. These devices are both electrically programmable and erasable.

8542 39 10 and 8542 39 90 Other These subheadings include: 1. full custom logic circuits which are defined by and produced for a single user. The manufacturing process involves routing and placement of cells (logic gates), using fully customized diffusion masks. Full custom logic circuits are designed to perform application-specific functions. They are known as application-specific integrated circuits, so called ASICs; 2. gate arrays which are integrated logic circuits, consisting of a fixed and regular arrangement of uncommitted logic elements (transistor cells of, for example, AND-, NAND-, OR- or NOR- gates). Gate arrays are programmed in accordance with user-specific interconnection of these logic elements by one or more metallization patterns; 3. standard cells which are integrated logic circuits, consisting of a user-specific arrangement of predefined subcircuits and fixed subcircuits. These subcircuits may contain any integrated function (for example, a logic function or a memory function); 4. programmable logic circuits which are integrated circuits, consisting of fixed logic elements. The eventual function of these circuits is determined by the user by blowing fusible links or by electrically programming the interconnections between the logic elements; 5. standard logic circuits which are integrated logic circuits consisting of less than 150 logic gates (for example, AND, NAND, OR, NOR). These devices may integrate several functions or sets of identical and independent functions; 6. interface circuits which are integrated circuits which perform a link function (for example, by code conversion, by conversion between bit-serial and bit-parallel or by synchronization) to interconnect programs, integrated circuits, peripherals or systems with different characteristics; 7. microperipherals which are integrated circuits performing specific functions to complement microprocessors, microcontrollers or microcomputers and improve their external communication, control and interface features. Technical specifications of a microperipheral clearly express its relationship with and dedication to a microprocessor, microcontroller or microcomputer. Communications, control and interface features may consist of bus controllers, memory controllers (DRAM controllers, memory management units (MMUs), direct memory access controllers) or peripheral interface controllers (graphic controllers, local area network controllers, universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter controllers, keyboard controllers, mass storage controllers); 8. smartpower circuits which are integrated analog circuits which combine digital and analog circuitry (power transistors) to control logic output signals and power output signals. These devices are able to provide, for example, internal power dissipation protection, fault management or diagnostic capabilities. These subheadings do not include programmable read only memories (PROMs) (subheading 8542 32 90).

8542 39 10 Goods specified in note 8(b)(3) to this chapter See the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8542, (III).

8543 Electrical machines and apparatus, having individual functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter

8543 70 90 Other This subheading includes: 1. electrostatic devices (for example, for flocking machines); 2. electroluminescent devices, generally in the form of strips, plates or panels; 3. thermo-electric generators consisting of a thermopile comprising a variable number of thermocouples and a heat source (for example, butane gas), producing direct current by the Seebeck effect; 4. static electricity eliminator devices; 5. demagnetising equipment; 6. shock-wave generators; 7. digital flight-data recorders (flight recorders) in the form of a fire-proof, crash-proof electronic apparatus for the continuous in-flight recording of specific flight data; 8. cordless infra-red devices for the remote control of television receivers, video recorders or other electrical equipment; 9. electronic sound-effect devices used as peripherals for electric guitars for the production of various effects (for example, sound duplication, sound distortion, echoing). These devices are not housed in the guitar casing but are wired between the guitar and the power amplifier; 10. electronic reading devices for the visually handicapped. These devices comprise, in a single housing, a camera, which scans the original text (for example, newspaper or book) and a monitor which reproduces the text in magnified form. This subheading also covers small electronic devices not mounted on a base-plate (including so-called ‘minicomputers’), which can be used to form words and sentences which are translated into a chosen foreign language depending on the memory modules used with these devices. They have an alphanumeric keyboard and a rectangular display. However, this subheading does not cover similar devices with calculating functions (heading 8470). This subheading does not include: (a) electrostatic filters and electromagnetic water purifiers (heading 8421); (b) ultraviolet irradiation equipment for treating milk (heading 8434); (c) equipment for cleaning various articles ultrasonically (metal parts, in particular) and ultrasonic generators (heading 8479); (d) ultrasonic welding equipment (heading 8515); (e) ultraviolet irradiation equipment for medical purposes, even if a practitioner is not needed to use them (heading 9018); (f) electric regulators for regulating electric or non-electric variables, falling in heading 9032.

8544 Insulated (including enamelled or anodised) wire, cable (including coaxial cable) and other insulated electric conductors, whether or not fitted with connectors; optical fibre cables, made up of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not assembled with electric conductors or fitted with connectors This heading does not include separately presented connectors and adapters for cables. Connectors and adapters for electric conductors are to be classified in heading 8535 or 8536. Connectors for optical-fibre cables are to be classified in subheading 8536 70 00.

8544 70 00 Optical fibre cables This subheading also includes optical-fibre cables, designed for example for telecommunication use, made up of optical fibres individually coated with a dual layer of acrylate polymer placed in a protective casing. The coating consists of an inner sheath of soft acrylate and an outer sheath of hard acrylate, the latter being coated by a layer of various colours. The coating of the individual optical fibres provides protection and structural integrity, for example by protecting the individual fibres against fracture.

1. Optical fibre core (glass fibre core); 2. Optical fibre cladding (glass); 3. Inner sheath of soft acrylate coating; 4. Colour coding (ColourLock) identification; 5. Outer sheath of hard acrylate coating.

8545 Carbon electrodes, carbon brushes, lamp carbons, battery carbons and other articles of graphite or other carbon, with or without metal, of a kind used for electrical purposes

8545 90 90 Other This subheading includes: 1. carbons for lightning arresters; 2. contacts for electrical control equipment or for rheostats. This subheading does not include compositions of paste for electrodes with a basis of carbonised material (heading 3824).

8547 Insulating fittings for electrical machines, appliances or equipment, being fittings wholly of insulating material apart from any minor components of metal (for example, threaded sockets) incorporated during moulding solely for purposes of assembly, other than insulators of heading 8546; electrical conduit tubing and joints therefor, of base metal lined with insulating material

8547 20 00 Insulating fittings of plastics This subheading includes insulating parts obtained by compressing glass fibres steeped in resin or by superimposing or compressing layers of paper or woven materials previously impregnated with artificial resins, provided the products in question are hard and rigid (see the HS General Explanatory Notes to Chapter 39, ‘Combinations of plastics and materials other than textiles’, (d)).

8547 90 00 Other This subheading includes insulating fittings of paper or paperboard, asbestos cement and mica, as well as the conduit tubing and joints therefor referred to in the HS Explanatory Notes to heading 8547, (B).

8548 Waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators; spent primary cells, spent primary batteries and spent electric accumulators; electrical parts of machinery or apparatus, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter