Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision and of vehicles equipped with these devices and amending Directive 70/156/EEC

(presented by the Commission)

EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM

1. Objective of the proposal

The proposal aims to improve the safety of road users by amending the construction requirements of certain components and introducing new technologies in order to increase the field of indirect vision for drivers of motor vehicles of categories M (vehicles for the carriage of passengers) and N (vehicles for the carriage of goods) and reducing the blind spots which occur in the immediate area around the vehicles.

2. Legal basis

The measures are proposed on the basis of Article 95 of the EC Treaty. The measures form part of the European type-approval system and compliance will become mandatory for new approvals to be issued by the national authorities after a defined transition period.

The text is relevant for the EEA Agreement.

3. Background

A number of accidents are caused by vehicle drivers who are not aware that other road users are very close or beside their own vehicle. These accidents are often related to a change of direction at crossings, junctions or roundabouts when drivers fail to detect other road users in the blind spots which exist in the area immediately around their vehicles. When larger vehicles such as trucks or buses are involved, these accidents frequently lead to serious injuries or even fatalities of vulnerable road users like pedestrians, cyclists or drivers of smaller two-wheel motor vehicles.

4. Involvement of Interested Parties

The Commission has discussed with Member States, industry and other interested parties the possibilities to reduce the risk by requiring the installation of rear-view mirrors or alternative systems with specific arrangements to reduce the blind spots around vehicles.

Following general agreement in its Motor Vehicle Working Group the Commission services established an expert ad-hoc group to improve the legal framework with regard to rear-view mirrors. In three meetings in May, July and September 2001 the group prepared a document, which proposes significant improvements to the existing situation taking into account the technical development since the last amendment of Directive 71/127/EEC on rear view mirrors. A majority of the experts are supportive of the proposal.

5. Basis and Content of the Proposal

Although the structure of the original Directive 71/127/EEC has been maintained as much as possible the content of this directive has been altered significantly. Therefore it is proposed to repeal Directive 71/127/EEC and its amendments and replace it by the new directive. This is in line with the "Interinstitutional Agreement on Common Guidelines for the Quality of drafting Community Legislation" which requires obsolete acts and provisions to be repealed.

The following main modifications to Directive 71/127/EEC are foreseen:

- The directive becomes mandatory for all categories of vehicle instead of being voluntary within the type-approval system for light and heavy duty commercial vehicles. This measure seeks to harmonise the requirements within the Community and to avoid divergent national solutions;

- Additional mirrors shall be mounted to certain vehicles (front mirrors on trucks, exterior rear view mirrors on the passenger's side of passenger cars, aspherical mirrors on vehicles of categories M1 and N1) in order to increase the field of indirect vision;

- Certain characteristics of mirrors (e.g. curvature of the surface now 1 200 mm instead of 1 800 mm for main rear view mirrors) are modified according to technical progress in order to increase the field of indirect vision;

- Certain mirrors can be replaced by other systems for indirect vision such as camera/monitor systems.

- The provisions regarding type-approval procedures and conformity of production procedures originally covered by Directive 71/127/EEC are now taken over in Directive 70/156/EEC as last amended and therefore not anymore included in this Directive.

6. Conclusions

This proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council will introduce mandatory harmonised requirements for the type-approval of mirrors and systems for indirect vision for motor vehicles of categories M (vehicles for the carriage of passengers) and N (vehicles for the carriage of goods) within the EU.

2001/0317 (COD)

Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision and of vehicles equipped with these devices and amending Directive 70/156/EEC

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 95 thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission [1],

[1] OJ ...

Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee [2],

[2] OJ ...

Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of the Treaty [3],

[3] OJ ...

Whereas:

(1) Council Directive 71/127/EEC of 1 March 1971 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the rear-view mirrors of motor vehicles [4] was adopted as one of the separate directives of the EC type-approval procedure which has been established by Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers [5]. Consequently, the provisions laid down in Directive 70/156/EEC relating to vehicle systems, components and separate technical units apply to Directive 71/127/EEC.

[4] OJ L°68, 22.3.1971, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Commission Directive 88/321/EEC (OJ L 147, 14.6.1988, p. 77).

[5] OJ L 42, 23.2.1970, p. 1. Directive as last amended by Commission Directive 2001/92/CE/ (OJ L 291, 8.11.2001, p. 24).

(2) Existing provisions, in particular in the case of categories N2 and N3, have proved inadequate as regards the exterior lateral field of vision to the side and rear of the vehicle. In order to remedy this shortcoming, it is necessary to require an extension of the field of vision.

(3) In the case of categories N2 and N3, existing provisions have also proved inadequate as regards the field of vision in front of the vehicle. It is therefore necessary to require the fitting of devices which enable the area in front of the vehicle to be observed.

(4) In the light of the experience gained and the present state of the art, it is now possible to amplify certain requirements of Directive 71/127/EEC with a view to improving road safety and to permit the use of mirrors to be supplemented by other technologies.

(5) Taking into account the nature and the number of changes necessary to the requirements in force today, it is advisable to replace Directive 71/127/EEC by this Directive. Since the type-approval and the conformity of production procedures are now provided for in Directive 70/156/EEC, it is not necessary to repeat them in this Directive.

(6) The Annexes to Council Directive 70/156/EEC should be amended accordingly,

HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Article 1

For the purpose of this Directive "vehicle" means any motor vehicle as defined in Section A of Annex II to Directive 70/156/EEC

Article 2

1. With effect from [18 months after adoption] Member States shall not, on grounds relating to mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision,

- refuse to grant EC type-approval or national type approval of a vehicle, a mirror or a supplementary system for indirect vision,

- prohibit the registration, sale or entry into service of vehicles, mirrors or supplementary systems for indirect vision,

if the vehicles, mirrors or supplementary systems for indirect vision comply with the requirements of this Directive.

2. With effect from [6 months later], Member States shall, on grounds relating to mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision, refuse to grant EC type-approval or national type approval for any new type of vehicle, mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision if the requirements of this Directive are not fulfilled.

3. With effect from [12 months later], the Member States shall, on grounds relating to mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision, prohibit the sale, registration or entry into service of vehicles, mirrors or supplementary systems for indirect vision, if the vehicles, mirrors or supplementary systems for indirect vision do not comply with the requirements of this Directive.

4. Notwithstanding paragraphs 2 and 3, for the purposes of replacement parts, Member States shall continue to grant EC type-approval and to permit the sale and entry into service of components or separate technical units intended for use on vehicle types which have been approved before [24 months after adoption] pursuant to Directive 71/127/EEC and, where applicable, subsequent extensions to those approvals.

Article 3

Within 4 years of the date referred to in Article 2 (3), the Commission shall carry out a detailed study to ascertain whether the amendments introduced by this Directive have a positive effect on road safety, in particular as regards pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users. On the basis of those findings, the Commission shall, if necessary, propose additional legislative measures for further improvement of the field of indirect vision.

Article 4

Directive 70/156/EEC is amended as follows:

(1) In Annex I the following items are added:

9.9.8. Systems for indirect vision

9.9.8.1. type and characteristics (such as a complete description of the system, detection angle (°), detection distance (mm), contrast, luminance range , glare correction, display performance (black and white/colour), image repetition frequency, luminance reach of the monitor);

9.9.8.2. sufficiently detailed drawings to identify the complete system, including installation prescriptions; the position for the EC type-approval mark has to be indicated on the drawings.

(2).- In Annex III the following items are added:

9.9.8. Systems for indirect vision

9.9.8.1. type and characteristics (such as a complete description of the system, detection angle (°), detection distance (mm), contrast, luminance range, glare correction, display performance (black and white/colour), image repetition frequency, luminance reach of the monitor);

9.9.8.2. sufficiently detailed drawings to identify the complete system, including installation prescriptions; the position for the EC type-approval mark has to be indicated on the drawings.

(3) In item 8 of Part I of Annex IV, the term "rear-view mirrors" is replaced by " mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision".

(4) In item 8 of Part II of Annex IV, the term"rear-view mirrors" is replaced by "mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision".

(5) In item 8 of Appendices 1 and 2 to Annex XI, the term "rear-view mirrors" is replaced by "mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision".

Article 5

1. Member States shall adopt and publish, before [9 months after adoption], the provisions necessary to comply with this Directive. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.

2. When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member States shall determine how such reference is to be made.

3. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.

Article 6

Directive 71/127/EECis repealed with effect from [24 months after adoption].

References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Directive and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table in Annex IV.

Article 7

This Directive shall enter into force on the third day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities.

Article 8

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Brussels,

For the European Parliament For the Council

The President The President

ANNEXES

ANNEX I DEFINITIONS

1. Systems for Indirect Vision means devices to observe the traffic area adjacent to the vehicle which cannot be observed by direct vision. This can be conventional mirrors or supplementary systems able to submit information about the indirect field of vision to the driver.

2. Type of system for indirect vision means devices that do not differ on the following essential characteristics:

- design, shape or materials of the system, inclusive the attachment to the bodywork;

- in case of mirrors the dimensions and radius of curvature of the mirror's reflecting surface;

- in case of supplementary systems the detection distance and the range of vision.

3. Mirror type system for indirect vision means a system as defined in item 1, where the field of vision is obtained by means of a mirror as defined in item 6.

4. Camera-monitor type system for indirect vision means a system as defined by item 1, where the field of vision is obtained by means of a camera-monitor combination as defined in items 23 and 24.

5. Alternative system for indirect vision means a system as defined in item 1, where the field of vision is not obtained by means of a Mirror type system for indirect vision or a Camera-monitor type system for indirect vision.

6. Mirror means any device, excluding complex optical systems such as periscopes, intended to give a clear view to the rear and side of the vehicle within the fields of vision defined in item 5 of Annex III.

7. Interior mirror means a device as defined in item 1, which can be fitted in the passenger compartment of a vehicle.

8. Exterior mirror means a device as defined in item 1, which can be mounted on the external surface of a vehicle.

9. Surveillance system means a mirror other than a device of the type defined in item 6 which can be fitted to the inside or outside of the vehicle in order to provide fields of vision other than those specified in item 5 of Annex III.

10. Class of mirror means all devices having one or more common characteristics or functions. They are classified as follows:

- Class I: "Interior rear-view mirror", giving the field of vision defined in item 5.1 of Annex III.

- Class II and III: "Main exterior rear-view mirror", giving the fields of vision defined in items 5.2 and 5.3 of Annex III.

- Class IV: "Wide-angle exterior mirror", giving the field of vision defined in item 5.4 of Annex III.

- Class V: "Close-proximity exterior mirror", giving the field of vision defined in item 5.5 of Annex III.

- Class VI: "Front mirror", giving the field of vision defined in item 5.6 of Annex III.

11. r means the average of the radii of curvature measured over the reflecting surface, in accordance with the method described in item 2 of Appendix 1 to this Annex.

12. The principal radii of curvature at one point on the reflecting surface (ri) means the values obtained with the apparatus defined in Appendix 1, measured on the arc of the reflecting surface passing through the centre of this surface parallel to the segment b, as defined in item 2.2.1 of Annex II and on the arc perpendicular to this segment.

13. The radius of curvature at one point on the reflecting surface (rp) means the arithmetical average of the principal radii of curvature ri and r'i i.e.:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

14. Spherical surface means a surface, which has a constant and equal radius in all directions

15. Aspherical surface means a surface, which has only in one plane a constant radius.

16. Aspherical mirrors means a mirror comprising of a spherical and an aspherical part, in which the transition of the reflecting surface from the spherical to the aspherical part has to be marked. The curvature of the main axis of the mirror is defined in the x/y Co-ordinate system defined by the radius of the spherical primary calotte with:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

R: nominal radius in the spherical part

k: constant for the change of curvature

a: constant for the spherical size of the spherical primary calotte

17. Centre of the reflecting surface means the centre of the visible area of the reflecting surface.

18. The radius of curvature of the constituent parts of the mirror means the radius 'c' of the arc of the circle which most closely approximates to the curved form of the part in question.

19. The driver's ocular points means two points 65 mm apart and 635 mm vertically above point R of the driver's seat as defined in Appendix 2 to this Annex. The straight line joining these points runs perpendicular to the vertical longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. The centre of the segment joining the two ocular points is in a vertical longitudinal plane which must pass through the centre of the dri ver's designated seating position, as specified by the vehicle manufacturer.

20. Ambinocular vision means the total field of vision obtained by the superimposition of the monocular fields of the right eye and the left eye (see figure 1 below).

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

21. Type of vehicle as regards mirrors means motor vehicles, which are identical in respect of the following basic features:

21.1 the bodywork features which reduce the field of vision;

21.2 the co-ordinates of point R;

21.3 the prescribed positions and types of compulsory and (if fitted) optional mirror.

22. Vehicles of categories M1, M2, M3, N1, N2, N3 means those defined in Annex II, Part A to Directive 70/156/EEC.

23. Camera means a device that renders an image of the outside world by means of a lens onto a light-sensitive electronic detector that then converts this image into a standardised video signal.

24. Monitor means a device that converts a standardised video signal into images that are rendered into the visual spectrum.

25. Detection means the ability to distinguish an object from its background/surroundings at certain distance.

26. Contrast means the difference in brightness between an object and its immediate background/surrounding that allows the object to be distinguished from its background/surroundings.

27. Resolution means the smallest detail that can be discerned with a perceptual system, i.e. perceived as separate from the larger whole. The resolution of the human eye is indicated as "visual acuity".

28. Critical object means a circular object with a diameter D0 = 0,8 m [6].

[6] A system for indirect vision is intended to detect relevant road users. The relevancy of a road user is defined by his or her position and (potential) speed. More or less in proportion with the speed of the pedestrian-cyclist- moped driver, the dimensions of these road users increase as well. For detection purposes a moped driver (D = 0,8) at 40 m distance would be equal to a pedestrian (D = 0,5) at a distance of 25 m. Considering the speeds, the moped driver would be selected as the criterion for the detection size; for that reason an object with a size of 0,8 m shall be used for determining the detection performance.

29. Critical perception means the level of perception that the human eye is generally capable of achieving under various conditions. For traffic conditions the limiting value for a critical perception is 8 arc-minutes of visual angle.

30. Field of vision means the section of the tri-dimensional space in which a critical object can be observed and rendered by the system for indirect vision. This is based on the view on ground level offered by a system and might possibly be limited on the basis of the applicable maximum detection distance of the system.

31. Detection distance means the distance measured at ground level from the projection of the viewing reference point to the extreme point at which a critical object just can be perceived (the limiting value for a critical perception just barely achieved).

32. Critical field of vision means the area in which a critical object has to be detected by means of a system for indirect vision and that is defined by an angle and one or more detection distances.

33. Viewing reference point means the point linked to the vehicle to which the prescribed field of vision is related. This point is the intersection of the projection on the ground plane of the line through the centre of vision, across the vehicle and the line in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle 20 cm outside the vehicle.

34. Visual spectrum means light with a wavelength within the range within the perceptual limits of the human eyes: 380-780 nm.

35. Non interpretative rendering means the rendering of an image in the visible spectrum of the field of vision (i.e. a portrayal), without drawing conclusions from the image by a processing system.

Appendix 1 to Annex I PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE 'r' OF THE REFLECTING SURFACE OF A MIRROR

1. MEASUREMENT

1.1. Equipment

A 'spherometer' similar to the one described in Figure 2 having the indicated distances between the tracing pin of the dial gauge and the fixed legs of the bar is used.

1.2. Measuring points

1.2.1. The principal radii of curvature shall be measured at three points situated as close as possible to positions at one-third, one-half and two-thirds of the distance along the arc of the reflecting surface passing through the centre of this surface and parallel to segment b, or of the arc passing through the centre of the reflecting surface which is perpendicular to it if this arc is the longer.

1.2.2. Where, owing to the size of the reflecting surface, it is impossible to obtain measurements in the directions defined in item 12 of this Annex, the technical services responsible for the tests may take measurements at the said point in two perpendicular directions as close as possible to those prescribed above.

2. CALCULATION OF THE RADIUS OF CURVATURE 'r'

'r' expressed in mm is calculated from the formula:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

rp1 = the radius of curvature at the first measuring point,

rp2 = the radius of curvature at the second measuring point,

rp3 = the radius of curvature at the third measuring point.

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

//

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

Figure 2: spherometer

Appendix 2 to Annex I

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE H POINT AND VERIFYING THE RELATIVE POSITIONS OF THE R AND H POINTS

The relevant parts of Annex III to Directive 77/649/EEC are applicable.

ANNEX II DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND TESTS REQUIRED FOR EC COMPONENT TYPE-APPROVAL OF MIRRORS AND SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEMS FOR INDIRECT VISION

A MIRRORS

1. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

1.1. All mirrors must be adjustable.

1.2. The edge of the reflecting surface must be enclosed in a protective housing (holder, etc.) which, on its perimeter, must have a value 'c' greater than or equal to 2,5 mm at all points and in all directions. If the reflecting surface projects beyond the protective housing, the radius of curvature 'c' on the edge of the projecting part must be not less than 2,5 mm and the reflecting surface must return into the protective housing under a force of 50 N applied to the point of greatest projection, relative to the protective housing, in a horizontal direction, approximately parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle.

1.3. When the mirror is mounted on a plane surface, all parts, irrespective of the adjustment position of the device, including those parts remaining attached to the support after the test provided for in 4.2, which are in potential, static contact with a sphere either 165 mm in diameter in the case of an interior mirror or 100 mm in diameter in the case of an exterior mirror, must have a radius of curvature 'c' of not less than 2,5 mm.

1.3.1. Edges of fixing holes or recesses of which the diameter or longest diagonal is less than 12 mm are exempt from the radius requirements of item 1.3 provided that they are blunted.

1.4. The device for the attachment of mirrors to the vehicle must be so designed that a cylinder with a 70 mm radius, having as its axis the axis, or one of the axes, of pivot or rotation which ensures deflection of the mirror in the direction of impact concerned, passes through at least part of the surface to which the device is attached.

1.5. The parts of exterior mirrors referred to in items 1.2 and 1.3 which are made of a material with a Shore A hardness not exceeding 60 are exempt from the relevant provisions.

1.6. In the case of those parts of interior mirrors which are made of a material with a Shore A hardness of less than 50 and which are mounted on a rigid support, the requirements of items 1.2 and 1.3 shall only apply to the support.

2. DIMENSIONS

2.1. Interior rear-view mirrors (Class I)

The dimensions of the reflecting surface must be such that it is possible to inscribe thereon a rectangle one side of which is 40 mm and the other 'a' mm in length, where

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

and r is the radius of curvature.

2.2. Main exterior rear-view mirrors (Classes II and III)

2.2.1. The dimensions of the reflecting surface must be such that it is possible to inscribe therein:

- a rectangle 40 mm high the base length of which, measured in millimetres, has the value 'a';

- a segment which is parallel to the height of the rectangle and the length of which, expressed in millimetres, has the value 'b'.

2.2.2. The minimum values of 'a' and 'b' are given in the table below:

>TABLE POSITION>

2.3. 'Wide-angle' exterior mirrors (Class IV)

The contours of the reflecting surface must be of simple geometric form and its dimensions such that it provides, if necessary in conjunction with a Class II exterior mirror, the field of vision specified in item 5.4 of Annex III.

2.4. 'Close-proximity' exterior mirrors (Class V)

The contours of the reflecting surface must be of simple geometric form and its dimensions such that the mirror provides the field of vision specified in item 5.5 of Annex III.

2.5. Front mirrors (Class VI)

The contours of the reflecting surface must be of simple geometric form and its dimensions such that the mirror provides the field of vision specified in item 5.6 of Annex III.

3. REFLECTING SURFACE AND COEFFICIENTS OF REFLECTION

3.1 The reflecting surface of a mirror must be either flat or spherically convex. Main exterior rear-view mirrors (Classes II and III) of vehicles of categories M1 and N1 must be equipped with an additional aspherical part. For all other categories of vehicles an aspherical part may be added to the main exterior rear-view mirrors.

3.2. Differences between the radii of curvature of mirrors

3.2.1. The difference between ri or r'i, and rp at each reference point must not exceed 0,15 r.

3.2.2. The difference between any of the radii of curvature (rp1, rp2, and rp3) and r must not exceed 0,15 r.

3.2.3. When r is not less than 3 000 mm, the value of 0,15 r quoted in items 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 is replaced by 0,25 r.

3.3. Requirements for aspherical parts of mirrors

3.3.1. Aspherical mirrors shall be of sufficient size and shape to provide useful information to the driver. This would normally mean a minimum width of 30 mm at some point. The maximum width shall not exceed 1/3 of the reflector width.

3.3.2 For vehicle categories other than M1 and N1 aspherical parts are permitted as a supplement, provided that the main exterior rear-view mirror fulfils the requirements of the indirect field of vision.

3.3.3. The field of vision requirements must be met without taking into consideration any aspheric reflecting surface.

3.3.4. The radius of curvature ri of the aspherical part shall not be less than 150 mm.

3.3.5. The items 3.2.1 to 3.2.3 and 3.4.1 to 3.4.3 are valid only for the spherical part of mirrors.

3.4. Value of 'r' must not be less than:

3.4.1. 1 200 mm for interior rear-view mirrors (Class I);

3.4.2. 1 200 mm for Class II and III main exterior rear-view mirrors;

3.4.3. 300 mm for 'wide-angle' exterior mirrors (Class IV) and 'close-proximity' exterior mirrors (Class V);

3.4.4 200 mm for front mirrors (Class VI).

3.5. The value of the normal coefficient of reflection, as determined according to the method described in Appendix 1 to this Annex, must be not less than 40 %.

In the case of reflecting surfaces with a changeable degree of reflection, the 'day' position must allow the colours of the signals used for road traffic to be recognised. The value of the normal coefficient of reflection in the 'night' position must be not less than 4 %.

3.6. The reflecting surface must retain the characteristics laid down in item 3.5 in spite of prolonged exposure to adverse weather conditions in normal use.

4. TESTS

4.1 Mirrors shall be subjected to the tests described in items 4.2.

4.1.1 The test provided for in item 4.2 shall not be required in the case of any exterior mirror of which no part is less than 2 m from the ground, regardless of the adjustment position, when the vehicle is under a load corresponding to its maximum technically permissible weight.

This derogation also applies to the attachments of mirrors (attachment plates, arms, swivel joints, etc.) which are situated less than 2 m from the ground and which do not project beyond the overall width of the vehicle, measured in the transverse plane passing through the lowest mirror attachments or any other point forward of this plane if this configuration produces a greater overall width.

In such cases, a description specifying that the mirror must be mounted so as to conform to the above-mentioned conditions for the positioning of its attachments on the vehicle must be provided.

Where advantage is taken of this derogation, the arm shall be indelibly marked with the symbol

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

and the type-approval certificate shall be endorsed to this effect.

The test according to 4.2 is not to be carried out for systems integrated in the superstructure of the vehicle and providing a frontal deflecting area of an angle not more than 45° measured from the longitudinal center plane of the vehicle, or systems not protrude more than 100 mm measured according to 74/483/EEC beyond the circumscribing superstructure of the vehicle.

4.2. Impact test

4.2.1. Description of the test rig

4.2.1.1. The test rig consists of a pendulum capable of swinging about two horizontal axes at right angles to each other, one of which is perpendicular to the plane containing the 'release' trajectory of the pendulum.

The end of the pendulum comprises a hammer formed by a rigid sphere with a diameter of 165 ± 1 mm having a 5 mm thick rubber covering of Shore A hardness 50.

A device is provided which permits determination of the maximum angle assumed by the arm in the plane of release.

A support firmly fixed to the structure of the pendulum serves to hold the specimens in compliance with the impact requirements specified in item 4.2.2.6.

Figure 3 below gives the dimensions of the test rig and the special design specifications:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

4.2.1.2. The centre of percussion of the pendulum coincides with the centre of the sphere, which forms the hammer. It is at a distance 'l' from the axis of oscillation in the release plane, which is equal to 1 m ± 5 mm. The reduced mass of the pendulum is mo = 6,8 ± 0,05 kilograms (the relationship of 'mo' to the total mass 'm' of the pendulum and to the distance 'd' between the centre of gravity of the pendulum and its axis of rotation is expressed in the equation:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

4.2.2. Description of the test

4.2.2.1. The procedure used to clamp the mirror to the support shall be that recommended by the manufacturer of the device or, where appropriate, by the vehicle manufacturer.

4.2.2.2. Positioning of the mirror for the test

4.2.2.2.1. Mirrors shall be positioned on the pendulum impact rig such that the axes which are horizontal and vertical when the mirror is installed on a vehicle in accordance with the applicant's mounting instructions are in a similar position.

4.2.2.2.2. When a mirror is adjustable with respect to the base, the test position shall be that in which any pivoting device is least likely to operate, within the limits of adjustment provided by the applicant.

4.2.2.2.3. When the mirror has a device for adjusting its distance from the base, the device must be set in the position in which the distance between the housing and the base is shortest.

4.2.2.2.4. When the reflecting surface is mobile in the housing, it shall be so adjusted that the upper corner, which is furthest from the vehicle, is in the position of greatest projection relative to the housing.

4.2.2.3. Except in the case of test 2 for interior mirrors (see item 4.2.2.6.1), when the pendulum is in a vertical position the horizontal and longitudinal vertical planes passing through the centre of the hammer shall pass through the centre of the reflecting surface as defined in item 17 of Annex I. The longitudinal direction of oscillation of the pendulum shall be parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle.

4.2.2.4. When, under the conditions governing adjustment laid down in items 4.2.2.1 and 4.2.2.2 parts of the mirror limit the return of the hammer, the point of impact must be displaced in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation or pivoting in question.

The displacement must be no greater than is strictly necessary for the execution of the test; it must be limited in such a way that:

- either the sphere delimiting the hammer remains at least tangential to the cylinder as defined in paragraph 1.4;

- or the point of contact with the hammer is located at least 10 mm from the periphery of the reflecting surface.

4.2.2.5. The test consists in allowing the hammer to fall from a height corresponding to a pendulum angle of 60° from the vertical so that the hammer strikes the mirror at the moment when the pendulum reaches the vertical position.

4.2.2.6. The mirrors are subjected to impact under the following different conditions:

4.2.2.6.1. Interior mirrors

- Test 1:The points of impact shall be as defined in item 4.2.2.3. The impact must be such that the hammer strikes the mirror on the reflecting surface side.

- Test 2: Point of impact on the edge of the protective housing, such that the impact produced makes an angle of 45° with the plane of the reflecting surface and is situated in the horizontal plane passing through the centre of that surface. The impact must occur on the reflecting surface side.

4.2.2.6.2. Exterior mirrors

- Test 1: The point of impact shall be as defined in item 4.2.2.3 or 4.2.2.4. The impact must be such that the hammer strikes the mirror on the reflecting surface side.

- Test 2: The point of impact shall be as defined in item 4.2.2.3 or 4.2.2.4. The impact must be such that the hammer strikes the mirror on the side opposite to the reflecting surface.

Where Class II or III rear-view mirrors are fixed to the same mounting as Class IV mirrors, the above mentioned tests shall be executed on the lower mirror. Nevertheless, the technical service responsible for testing may repeat one or both of these tests on the upper mirror if this is less than 2 m from the ground.

5. RESULTS OF THE TEST

5.1. In the tests described in item 4.2, the pendulum must continue to swing after impact in such a way that the projection of the position assumed by the arm on the plane of release makes an angle of at least 20° with the vertical. The accuracy of measurement of the angle shall be within ± 1°.

5.1.1. This requirement is not applicable to mirrors stuck to the windscreen, in respect of which the requirement stipulated in item 5.2 shall apply after the test.

5.1.2. The required angle to the vertical is reduced from 20° to 10° for all Class II and Class IV mirrors and for Class III rear-view mirrors which are attached to the same mounting as Class IV mirrors.

5.2. Should the mounting of the mirror break during the tests described in item 4.2. for mirrors stuck to the windscreen, the part remaining must not project beyond the base by more than 10 mm and the configuration remaining after the test must satisfy the conditions laid down in item 1.3.

5.3. The reflecting surface must not break during the tests described in items 4.2. However breakage of the reflecting surface will be allowed if one of the following conditions is fulfilled:

5.3.1. the fragments of glass still adhere to the back of the housing or to a surface firmly attached to the housing; partial separation of the glass from its backing is admissible provided this does not exceed 2,5 mm on either side of the cracks. It is permissible for small splinters to become detached from the surface of the glass at the point of impact;

5.3.2 the reflecting surface is made of safety glass.

B SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEMS FOR INDIRECT VISION

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 If adjustment by the user is needed, the system for indirect vision shall be adjustable without the use of tools.

1.2 If a system for indirect vision can only render the total prescribed field of vision by scanning the field of vision, the total process of scanning, rendering and reset to its initial position together shall not take more than 2 seconds.

2. SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEM FOR INDIRECT VISION INCLUDING MIRRORS

The requirements of part A of this Annex are applicable to a supplementary system including a mirror.

3. CAMERA-MONITOR TYPE SYSTEM FOR INDIRECT VISION

3.1 General requirements

3.1.1 When the camera-monitor type system for indirect vision is mounted on a plane surface, all parts, irrespective of the adjustment position of the system which are in potential, static contact with a sphere either 165 mm in diameter in the case of a monitor or 100 mm in diameter in the case of a camera, must have a radius of curvature 'c' of not less than 2,5 mm.

3.1.2 Edges of fixing holes or recesses of which the diameter or longest diagonal is less than 12 mm are exempt from the radius requirements of item 3.1.1. provided that they are blunted.

3.1.3 For parts of the camera and the monitor which are made of a material with a Shore A hardness of less than 60 and which are mounted on a rigid support, the requirements of item 3.1.1 shall only apply to the support.

3.2 Functional requirements

3.2.1 The camera shall provide a contrast of > 0,33 under the following conditions:

- daylight conditions (intensity of light > 10 lx) and

- low sun condition outside the part of the image where the light source is reproduced (condition as defined in EN 12368; the light source shall have an intensity of 40 000 lx and illuminate the area that has to be observed at an angle of 10°.

3.2.2 The monitor shall render contrast > 0,33 when an intensive light source shines on the screen of the monitor.

3.2.3 It shall be possible to adjust the average luminance of the monitor either manually or automatically to the ambient conditions.

3.2.4 The measurements for the contrast shall be carried out according to Appendix 2 of this Annex.

4. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM FOR INDIRECT VISION

It has to be proved that the system meets the following requirements:

4.1 The system shall perceive the visual spectrum and shall always render this image without the need for interpretation into the visual spectrum.

4.2 The functionality shall be guaranteed under the circumstances of use in which the system shall be put into service. Depending on the technology used in obtaining images and presenting them item 3.2 shall be applicable entirely or partly. In other cases this can be achieved by establishing and demonstrating by means of system sensitivity analogous to item 3.2 that a function is ensured that is comparable to or better than what is required for and by demonstrating that a functionality is guaranteed that is equivalent or better than the one that is required for mirror- or camera-monitor type systems for indirect vision.

Appendix 1 to Annex II TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING REFLECTIVITY

1. DEFINITIONS

1.1. CIE standard illuminate A : Colorimetric illuminate, respecting the full radiator at T68 = 2 855,6 K.

1.2. CIE standard source A : Gas-filled tungsten filament lamp operating at a correlated colour temperature of T68 = 2 855,6 K.

1.3. CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer [7] Receptor of radiation whose colorimetric characteristics correspond to the spectral tristimulus values

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[7] Definitions taken from CIE publication 50 (45), International Electronical Vocabulary, Group 45: Lighting.

(see table).

1.4. CIE spectral tristimulus values : Tristimulus values of the spectral components of an equi-energy spectrum in the CIE (XYZ) system.

1.5. Photopic vision : Vision by the normal eye when it is adapted to levels of luminance of at least several candelas per square metre.

2. APPARATUS

2.1. General

The apparatus shall consist of a light source, a holder for the test sample, a receiver unit with a photodetector and an indicating meter (see Figure 4), and means of eliminating the effects of extraneous light.

The receiver may incorporate a light-integrating sphere to facilitate measuring the reflectance of non-flat (convex) mirrors (see Figure 5).

2.2. Spectral characteristics of light source and receiver

The light source shall consist of a CIE standard source A and associated optics to provide a near-collimated light beam. A voltage stabiliser is recommended in order to maintain a fixed lamp voltage during instrument operation.

The receiver shall have a photodetector with a spectral response proportional to the photopic luminosity function of the CIE (1931) standard colorimetric observer (see table). Any other combination of illuminate-filter-receptor giving the overall equivalent of CIE standard illuminate A and photopic vision may be used. When an integrating sphere is used in the receiver, the interior surface of the sphere shall be coated with a matt (diffusive) spectrally non-selective white coating.

2.3. Geometrical conditions

The angle of the incident beam (

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) should preferably be 0,44 ± 0,09 rad (25 ± 5°) from the perpendicular to the test surface and shall not exceed the upper limit of the tolerance (i.e. 0,53 rad or 30°). The axis of the receptor shall make an angle (

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) with this perpendicular equal to that of the incident beam (see Figure 4). The incident beam upon arrival at the test surface shall have a diameter of not less than 13 mm (0,5 in.). The reflected beam shall not be wider than the sensitive area of the photodetector, shall not cover less than 50 % of such area, and as nearly as possible shall cover the same area segment as used during instrument calibration.

When an integrating sphere is used in the receiver section, the sphere shall have a minimum diameter of 127 mm (5 in.). The sample and incident beam apertures in the sphere wall shall be of such a size as to admit the entire incident and reflected light beams. The photodetector shall be so located as not to receive direct light from either the incident or the reflected beam.

2.4. Electrical characteristics of the photodetector-indicator unit

The photodetector output as read on the indicating meter shall be a linear function of the light intensity of the photosensitive area. Means (electrical and/or optical) shall be provided to facilitate zeroing and calibration adjustments. Such means shall not affect the linearity or the spectral characteristics of the instrument. The accuracy of the receptor-indicator unit shall be within ± 2 % of full scale, or ± 10 % of the magnitude of the reading, whichever is the smaller.

2.5. Sample holder

The mechanism shall be capable of locating the test sample so that the axes of the source arm and receptor intersect at the reflecting surface. The reflecting surface may lie within or at either face of the mirror sample, depending on whether it is a first-surface, second-surface or prismatic 'flip'-type mirror.

3. PROCEDURE

3.1. Direct calibration method

In the direct calibration method, air is used as the reference standard. This method is applicable for those instruments, which are so constructed as to permit calibration at the 100 % point by swinging the receiver to a position directly on the axis of the light source (see Figure 4).

It may be desired in some cases (such as when measuring low-reflectivity surfaces) to use an intermediate calibration point (between 0 and 100 % on the scale) with this method. In these cases, a neutral density filter of known transmittance shall be inserted in the optical path, and the calibration control shall then be adjusted until the meter reads the percentage transmission of the neutral density filter. This filter shall be removed before reflectivity measurements are performed.

3.2. Indirect calibration method

The indirect calibration method is applicable in the case of instruments with fixed source and receiver geometry. A properly calibrated and maintained reflectance standard is required. This reference standard should preferably be a flat mirror with a reflectance value as near as possible to that of the test samples.

3.3. Flat mirror measurement

The reflectance of flat mirror samples can be measured on instruments employing either the direct or the indirect calibration method. The reflectance value is read directly from the indicating meter.

3.4. Non-flat (convex) mirror measurement

Measurement of the reflectance of non-flat (convex) mirrors requires the use of instruments which incorporate an integrating sphere in the receiver unit (see Figure 5). If the instrument-indicating meter indicates ne divisions with a standard mirror of E % reflectance, then, with a mirror of unknown reflectance, nx divisions will correspond to a reflectance of X %, in accordance with the formula:

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Figure 4: Generalised reflectometer showing experimental set-ups for the two calibration methods

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Figure 5: Generalised reflectometer, incorporating an integrating sphere in the receiver

Spectral tristimulus values for the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer [8] This table is taken from CIE publication 50 (45) (1970)

[8] Abridged table. The values of are rounded off to four decimal places.

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Appendix 2 to Annex II Establishing of the minimum and maximum luminance of the monitor

1. The minimum contrast ratio reproduced by the monitor shall be established according to draft ISO standard ISO/DIS 15008, where the contrast has to be determined under the influence of a disturbance source under an angle varying between 0° and 90° with the normal of the monitor.

The luminance L (lx) of the rendered image of a black and a white surface has to be measured. This measurement shall be done with a luminance meter with an accuracy of ± 5 %. The contrast shall be determined with the formula:

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2. The contrast shall not be less than 0,33, even under the influence of the disturbance source with a luminance of 40 000 lx.

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Figure 6: Measuring arrangement

3. For establishing the monitor performance the contrast shall be determined per 15°, so for 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°. The obtained results shall be recorded in a diagram

Appendix 3 to Annex II CONDITIONS GOVERNING THE EC COMPONENT TYPE-APPROVAL AND MARKING OF MIRRORS AND SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEMS FOR INDIRECT VISION

1. APPLICATION FOR EC COMPONENT TYPE-APPROVAL

1.1. Application for EC component type-approval for a type of mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision shall be made by the manufacturer.

1.2. For each type of mirror the application shall be accompanied by:

1.2.1. a technical description, specifying in particular the type(s) of vehicle for which the mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision is intended;

1.2.2. sufficiently detailed drawings for identification of the mirror, together with instructions for mounting: the drawings must show the proposed position of the component type-approval number and the additional symbol in relation to the rectangle which forms part of the EC component type-approval mark;

1.2.3. four mirrors: three for use in the tests and one to be retained by the laboratory for any further examination that might subsequently prove necessary. Additional specimens may be called for at the request of the laboratory.

1.3. For each type of supplementary system for indirect vision the application shall be accompanied by:

1.3.1. a technical description of the system including the detection angle and detection distance;

1.3.2. in case of a camera-monitor type also:

- contrast and range of luminance;

- glare correction;

- display performance;

- image repetition frequency;

- range of luminance of the monitor;

1.3.3. sufficiently detailed drawings for identification of the system, together with instructions for mounting: the drawings must show the proposed position of the component type-approval mark;

1.3.4. four examples in case of a type of supplementary system for indirect vision including one or more mirrors or one example of all parts in case of other systems. Additional specimens may be called for at the request of the laboratory.

2. INSCRIPTIONS

Specimens of a type of mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision submitted for EC component type-approval must bear the applicant's clearly visible and indelible trade mark or name and must allow sufficient space for the inscription of the EC component type-approval mark; this space must be indicated in the diagrams referred to in item 1.2.2. or 1.3.3.

3. EC COMPONENT TYPE-APPROVAL

3.1. EC component type-approval shall be granted and a component type-approval number issued in respect of any mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision submitted in accordance with the provisions of item 1 above which satisfies the requirements of Annex II.

3.2. This number shall not be assigned to any other type of mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision.

4. MARKING

4.1. Any rear-view mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision conforming to a type in respect of which component type-approval has been granted pursuant to this Directive shall bear an EC component type-approval mark.

4.2. The EC component type-approval mark shall consist of a rectangle surrounding the lower case letter 'e' followed by the distinguishing letter(s) or number of the Member State which has granted the component type-approval: 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 9 for Spain, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 16 for Norway, 18 for Denmark, 21 for Portugal, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland. It must also include in the vicinity of the rectangle the EC component type-approval number. This number shall consist of the component type-approval number shown on the certificate completed for the type (see Appendix 3), preceded by two figures indicating the sequence number of the latest amendment to this Directive on the date EC component type-approval was granted. The amendment sequence number and the component type-approval number shown on the certificate shall be separated by an asterisk.

4.3. The EC component type-approval mark shall be completed by the addition of the symbol I or II or III or IV or V or VI, specifying the class to which the type of mirror belongs or the symbol S in case of any supplementary system for indirect vision. The additional symbol shall be placed in any convenient position in the vicinity of the rectangle containing the letter 'e'.

4.4. The EC component type-approval mark and the additional symbol shall be indelibly inscribed on an integral part of the mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision in such a way as to be clearly visible even after the mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision has been mounted on a vehicle.

4.5. Five examples of EC component type-approval marks, completed by the additional symbol are given below.

Examples of EC component type-approval marks and the additional symbol

Example No 1

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The mirror bearing the EC component type-approval mark shown above is a Class I mirror (interior rear-view), which has been approved in France (e2) under the number 00*35

Example No 2

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The mirror bearing the EC component type-approval mark shown above is a Class II mirror (exterior rear-view), which has been approved in the Netherlands (e4) under the number 00*187.

Example No 3

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The mirror bearing the EC component type-approval mark shown above is a Class V mirror (close proximity), which has been approved in Greece (e23) under the number 00*39.

Example No 4

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a>= 6 mm

The mirror bearing the EC component type-approval mark shown above is a Class IV mirror (wide angle), which has been approved in Italy (e3) under the number 00*1248

Example No 5

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Explanation:

The system for indirect vision bearing the EC component type approval mark shown above is a supplementary system for indirect vision (S), which has been approved in the Netherlands (e4) under number 00*30.

Appendix 4 to Annex II MODEL EC COMPONENT TYPE APPROVAL CERTIFICATE FOR A MIRROR OR SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEM FOR INDIRECT VISION

Notification concerning the grant, refusal, withdrawal or extension of EC component type-approval for a type of mirror or supplementary system for indirect vision // Name of Administration

EC component type-approval No

1. Trade name or mark:

2. Class (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, S) [9]

[9] Delete where inapplicable.

3. Name and address of manufacturer:

4. If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's authorised representative:

5. Symbol

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defined in item 4.1.1 of part A of Annex II: yes/no (1)

6. Submitted for type-approval on:

7. Test laboratory:

8. Date and number of laboratory report:

9. Date of grant/refusal/withdrawal/extension of EC component type-approval (1):

10. Place:

11. Date:

12. The following documents, bearing the type-approval number shown above, are annexed to this type-approval certificate:

(Descriptive notes, drawings, diagrams and plans)

These documents must be supplied to the competent authorities of the other Member States at their express request

Remarks, if any, particularly as regards restrictions on use and/or conditions for fitting:

.

(Signature)

ANNEX III REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE FITTING OF MIRRORS AND SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEMS FOR INDIRECT VISION TO VEHICLES

GENERAL

1.1. Mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision must be fitted in such a way that the mirror or supplementary system does not move so as significantly to change the field of vision as measured or vibrate to an extent which would cause the driver to misinterpret the nature of the image perceived.

1.2. The conditions laid down in item 1.1 must be maintained when the vehicle is moving at speeds of up to 80 % of its maximum design speed, but not exceeding 150 km/h.

1.3. The fields of vision defined below shall be established using ambinocular vision, the eyes being at the "driver's ocular points" as defined in Annex I, item 19. The fields of vision shall be determined when the vehicle is in running order as defined in Directive 97/27/EC, Annex I, item 2.5. They shall be established through windows which have a total light transmission factor of at least 70 % measured normal to the surface.

MIRRORS

2. Number

2.1. Minimum number of compulsory mirrors

2.1.1. The fields of vision prescribed in point 5 shall be obtained from the minimum number of mandatory mirrors set out in the following table.

>TABLE POSITION>

2.1.2. In case the described field of vision of a front mirror prescribed in item 5.6. can be obtained by a supplementary system for indirect vision that is approved according to Annex II, part B and that is installed according to this Annex, this system can be used instead of a front mirror.

In case a camera/ monitor system is used the monitor must exclusively show the field of vision prescribed in item 5.6 while the vehicle is moving forward with a speed up to 30 km/h. In case the vehicle is moving with higher speed or moving backwards the monitor can be used to display the field of vision of other cameras mounted to the vehicle.

2.2 The provisions of this Directive do not apply to the surveillance mirrors defined in item 9 of Annex I. Nevertheless, these mirrors must be mounted at least 2 m above the ground when the vehicle is under a load corresponding to its maximum technical permissible mass.

3. Position

3.1 Mirrors must be so placed that the driver, when sitting on the driving seat in a normal driving position, has a clear view of the road to the rear and side(s) of the vehicle.

3.2. Exterior mirrors shall be visible through the side windows or through the portion of the windscreen that is swept by the windscreen wiper. Nevertheless, for design reasons this provision shall not apply to:

- exterior mirrors on the passenger side for existing types of vehicles of categories M2 and M3;

- Class VI mirrors fitted to vehicles of categories N2 and N3.

3.3. In the case of any vehicle, which is in chassis/cab form when the field of vision is measured, the minimum and maximum body widths shall be stated by the manufacturer and, if necessary, simulated by dummy headboards. All vehicles and mirror configurations taken into consideration during the tests shall be shown on the EC type-approval certificate for a vehicle with regard to the installation of mirrors (see Appendix 2 to Annex III).

3.4. The prescribed exterior mirror on the driver's side of the vehicle must be so located that an angle of not more than 55° is formed between the vertical longitudinal median plane of the vehicle and the vertical plane passing through the centre of the mirror and through the centre of the straight line 65 mm long which joins the driver's two ocular points.

3.5. Mirrors must not project beyond the external bodywork of the vehicle substantially more than is necessary to comply with the requirements concerning fields of vision laid down in item 5.

3.6. Where the lower edge of an exterior mirror is less than 2 m above the ground when the vehicle is loaded to its maximum permissible all-up weight, this mirror must not project more than 250 mm beyond the overall width of the vehicle measured without mirrors.

3.7. Class V mirrors shall be mounted on vehicles in such a way that, regardless of their position after adjustment, no part of these mirrors or their holders is less than 2 m from the ground when the vehicle is under a load corresponding to its maximum technical permissible mass.

These mirrors shall not, however, be mounted on vehicles the cab height of which is such as to prevent compliance with this requirement.

3.8. Subject to the requirements of items 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7, mirrors may project beyond the permissible maximum widths of vehicles.

4. Adjustment

4.1 The interior mirror must be capable of being adjusted by the driver from his driving position.

4.2 The exterior mirror situated on the driver's side must be capable of being adjusted from inside the vehicle while the door is closed, although the window may be open. The mirror may, however, be locked in position from the outside.

4.3 The requirements of item 4.2 do not apply to exterior mirrors which, after having been knocked out of alignment, can be returned to their former position without the need for adjustment.

5. Fields of vision

5.1. Interior rear-view mirror (Class I)

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 20-m-wide, flat, horizontal portion of the road centred on the vertical longitudinal median plane of the vehicle and extending from 60 m behind the driver's ocular points (Figure 7) to the horizon.

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Figure 7: Field of Vision of Class I mirror

5.2. Main exterior rear-view mirrors Class II

5.2.1 Exterior rear-view mirror on the driver's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 5-m-wide, flat, horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane which is parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle on the driver's side of the vehicle and extends from 30 m behind the driver's ocular points to the horizon.

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points (see Figure 8).

5.2.2. Exterior rear-view mirror on the passenger's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 5-m-wide, flat, horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded on the passenger's side by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle on the passenger's side and which extends from 30 m behind the driver's ocular points to the horizon.

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points (see Figure 8).

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Figure 8: Field of Vision of Class II mirrors

5.3. Main exterior rear-view mirrors Class III

5.3.1 Exterior rear-view mirror on the driver's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 4 m wide, flat, horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle on the driver's side of the vehicle and extends from 20 m behind the driver's ocular points to the horizon (see Figure 9).

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points.

5.3.2. Exterior rear-view mirror on the passenger's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 4-m-wide flat, horizontal portion of the road which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane passing through the outermost point of the vehicle on the passenger's side and which extends from 20 m behind the driver's ocular points to the horizon (see Figure 9).

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 1 m which is bounded by a plane which is parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 4 m behind the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points.

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Figure 9: Field of Vision of Class III mirrors

5.4. 'Wide-angle' exterior mirror (Class IV)

5.4.1. 'Wide-angle' exterior mirror on the driver's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 15-m-wide, flat, horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle on the driver's side and which extends from at least 10 m to 25 m behind the driver's ocular points.

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 4,5 m, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 1,5 m behind the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points (see Figure 10).

5.4.2. 'Wide-angle' exterior mirror on the passenger's side

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a 15-m-wide, flat, horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle on the passenger's side and which extends from at least 10 m to 25 m behind the driver's ocular points.

In addition, the road must be visible to the driver over a width of 4,5 m, which is bounded by a plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane and passing through the outermost point of the vehicle starting from a point 1,5 m behind the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points (see Figure 10).

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Figure 10: Field of vision of Class IV wide-angle mirrors

5.5. 'Close-proximity' exterior mirror (Class V)

The field of vision must be such that the driver can see a flat horizontal portion of the road along the side of the vehicle, bounded by the following vertical planes (see Figures 11a and 11b):

5.5.1. the plane parallel to the median longitudinal vertical plane of the vehicle which passes through the outermost point of the vehicle cab on the passenger's side;

5.5.2. in the transverse direction, the parallel plane passing at a distance of 2 m in front of the plane mentioned in item 5.5.1;

5.5.3. to the rear, the plane parallel to the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points and situated at a distance of 1,75 m behind that plane;

5.5.4. to the front, the plane parallel to the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points and situated at a distance of 1 m in front of that plane. If the vertical transverse plane passing through the leading edge of the vehicle bumper is less than 1 m in front of the vertical plane passing through the driver's ocular points, the field of vision shall be limited to that plane.

5.5.5. In case the field of vision described in Figure 11 can be perceived through the combination of the field of vision from a Class IV wide-angle mirror and that of a Class VI front mirror, the installation of a class V close proximity mirror is not compulsory.

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Figures 11a and 11b: Field of vision of Class V close-proximity mirror

5.6 Front mirror (Class VI)

5.6.1. The field of vision must be such that the driver can see at least a flat horizontal portion of the road, which is bounded by:

- one traverse vertical plane through the outermost point of the front of the vehicle-cab

- one traverse vertical plane 2 000 mm in front of the vehicle

- one longitudinal vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal vertical median plane going though the outermost side of the vehicle at the driver's side and

- one longitudinal vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal vertical median plane 2 000 mm outside the outermost side of the vehicle opposite to the driver's side.

The front of this field of vision opposite to the driver's side may be rounded off with a radius of 2 000 mm (see Figure 12).

The provisions for front mirrors are compulsory for forward controlled (as defined in Directive 70/156/EEC, Annex I (a), Footnote (Z)) vehicles of categories N2 and N3.

If vehicles of these categories with other construction characteristics regarding the bonnet cannot fulfil the requirements by using a front mirror a camera/monitor system shall be used. If either of these options do not provide the adequate field of vision then any other detection systems shall be used. This system must be able to detect an object of 50 cm height and with a diameter of 30 cm within the field defined in Figure 12.

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Figure 12: Field of vision of Class VI front mirror

5.6.2. However, if the driver can see, taking into account the obstructions by the A-pillars, a straight line 300 mm in front of the vehicle at a height of 1 200 mm above the road surface and which is situated between a longitudinal vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal vertical median plane going through the outermost side of the vehicle at the driver's side and a longitudinal vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal vertical median plane 900 mm outside the outermost side of the vehicle opposite to the driver's side, a front mirror of class VI is not mandatory.

5.7. In the case of mirrors consisting of several reflecting surfaces which are either of different curvature or make an angle with each other, at least one of the reflecting surfaces must provide the field of vision and have the dimensions (see item 2.2.2 of Annex II) specified for the class to which they belong.

5.8. Obstructions

5.8.1. Interior rear-view mirror (Class I)

The field of vision may be reduced by the presence of headrest and devices such as, in particular, sun visors, rear windscreen wipers, heating elements and stop lamp of category S3 or by components of bodywork such as window columns of rear split doors, provided that all these devices together do not obscure more than 15 per cent of the prescribed field of vision when projected onto a vertical plane perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. The degree of obstruction shall be measured with the headrests adjusted to their lowest possible position and with the sun visors folded back.

5.8.2. Exterior mirrors (Classes II, III, IV,V and VI)

In the fields of vision specified above, obstruction due to the bodywork and some of its components, such as other mirrors, door handles, outline marker lights, direction indicators and rear bumpers, as well as reflective-surface cleaning components, shall not be taken into account if they are responsible for a total obstruction of less than 10 % of the specified field of vision.

5.9. Test procedure

The field of vision shall be determined by placing powerful light sources at the ocular points and examining the light reflected on the vertical monitoring screen. Other, equivalent, methods may be used.

SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEMS FOR INDIRECT VISION

6. A system for indirect vision shall give such performances that the critical object can be observed within the described field of vision, taken into account the critical perception.

7. Obstruction of the driver's direct view caused by the installation of a system for indirect vision shall be restricted to a minimum.

8. For the determination in case of a mirror type or camera-monitor type system for indirect vision, the procedure of Appendix 1 of this Annex shall be applied.

9. Installation requirements for the monitor

The viewing direction of the monitor shall roughly be the same direction as the one for the main mirror.

Appendix 1 to Annex III Calculation of the detection distance

1. MIRROR TYPE

The detection distance that can be obtained by a mirror is dependent of the size of the defined critical object, the resolution threshold of the eye under in use circumstances (multiplied by an increasing factor) and the magnification of the system that can be obtained.

1.1. Magnification

1.1.1. The mean perpendicular magnification Vbl of a mirror type system for indirect vision can be defined by the formula:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where

R - radius of curvature measured over the reflecting surface (mm); to be determined according to Appendix 1 of Annex I

w - mirror width (mm); the width of the rectangle with a height of 4 cm that just can be described in the mirror surface

(m - angle of vision through the mirror (°)

Vbl - approached magnification for great distance (m/m)

( - vision angle of observer's eyes (°)

x - distance between the eye position of the observer and the mirror (mm); a drawing showing the installation position as prescribed by the manufacturer has to be supplied to the technical service

1.1.2. Distortion of mirror type systems for indirect vision

1.1.2.1 The angle ( between the line linking the midpoint of the mirror plane with the centre of vision and the normal vector of the mirror to the midpoint of the mirror plane shall be determined from the supplied drawing.

1.1.2.2 The actual magnification of the mirror at its midpoint is described by:

Vw = Vbl.cos(()

where:

Vw actual magnification of large distance (m/m)

Vbl magnification of large distance for perpendicular (m/m)

( angle between the vision direction and the normal of the mirror (°)

1.1.2.3 The minimum magnification of the mirror has to be determined by adding half the opening angle of the mirror (sh to (.

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

(sh half aperture angle of the mirror (°)

w mirror width (mm); the width of the rectangle with a height of 4 cm that just can be described in the mirror surface

R radius of curvature measured over the reflecting surface (mm); to be determined according to Appendix 1 of Annex I

1.1.2.4 The minimum magnification produced by the mirror system has to be determined by:

Vw,min = Vbl.cos((+(sh)

where:

Vw,min actual minimum magnification (m/m)

Vbl magnification of long distance for perpendicular (m/m)

( angle between the vision direction and the normal of the mirror (°)

1.2. Determination of the detection distance

The detection distance of an image on the midpoint of a mirror is defined:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

rdm detection distance from the midpoint of the mirror (m)

Do size of the critical object: 0,8 (m)

Vw actual magnification of large distance (m/m)

(eye resolution threshold of the observer (arc-min).

This involves the magnification obtained at the midpoint of the mirror surface of the system. The magnification is smaller for image points that are further from the driver. The detection distance -in case of convex mirrors at the foremost edge of the field of vision- is defined by substituting Vw by Vw, min:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

rd detection distance (m)

Do size of the critical object: 0,8 (m)

Vw,min actual magnification of large distance (m/m)

(eye resolution threshold of the observer (minutes of arch)

2. CAMERA MONITOR TYPE

2.1. Resolution threshold of a camera

The resolution threshold of a camera is defined by the formula:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

(c - resolution threshold of the camera (arc-min)

(c - angle of vision of the camera (°)

Nc - number of video lines of the camera (

)

The manufacturer shall supply the values for (c and Nc

2.2. Determination of the critical viewing distance of the monitor

For a monitor having certain dimensions and properties, a distance to the monitor can be calculated within which the detection distance is dependent only on the performances of the camera. This critical viewing distance rm,c is defined by:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

rm,c - critical viewing distance (m)

Hm - height of the monitor image (m)

Nm - number of video lines of the monitor (-)(eye - resolution threshold of the observer (minutes of arch)

(eye - resolution threshold of the observer (minutes of arch)

The number 60 is for conversion from minutes of arches to degrees.

The manufacturer shall supply the values for Hm, Nm and Dm.

(eye = 8

2.3. Determination of the detection distance

2.3.1. Maximum detection distance within the critical viewing distance where, due to the installation, the distance eye-monitor is less than the critical viewing distance, the maximum attainable detection distance shall be defined by:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

rd - detection distance [m]

Do - diameter of the object [m]

¢ - threshold increasing factor

(c , (c and Nc according to item 2.1 D0 = 0,8 m ¢ = 8

2.3.2. Detection distance greater than the critical viewing distance. Where, due to the installation, the distance eye-monitor is more than the critical viewing distance, the maximum obtainable detection distance shall be defined:

>REFERENCE TO A GRAPHIC>

where:

rm - viewing distance to the monitor (m)

Dm - diagonal of the monitor screen (inch)

Nm - number of video lines of the monitor (-)

(c and Nc according to item 2.1 Nm and (eye according to item 2.2

3. SECONDARY FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

Based on the installation conditions, a determination shall be made to discover whether the entire system can still satisfy the functional requirements listed in Annex II, especially the glare correction, the maximum and minimum luminance of the monitor. It shall also be determined the degree to which the glare correction will be addressed and the angle at which sunlight can strike a monitor and compared to the corresponding measuring results from the system measurements.

This can be done as based on a CAD-generated model, a determination of the angles of light for the system when mounted on the relevant vehicle, or by carrying out relevant measurements on the relevant vehicle as described in Annex II, part B, item 3.2

Appendix 2 to Annex III Annex to the EC Type-approval certificate for a vehicle with regard to the installation of mirrors AND SUPPLEMENTARY SYSTEMS FOR INDIRECT VISION

Articles 4(2) and 10 of Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers // Name of Administration

EC type-approval No

extension [10]

[10] Where appropriate, state whether the extension of the initial EC type-approval is the first, second, etc.

1. Trade name of mark of vehicle:

2. Type of vehicle:

3. Category of vehicle (M1, M2, M3, N1 <= 2 t, N1, N2, N3) [11]

[11] Delete where inapplicable.

3.1. Type of category N3 vehicle: rigid lorry/trailer/semi-trailer

4. Name and address of vehicle manufacturer:

5. If applicable, name and address of authorised representative:

6. Trade name or mark of mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision and component type-approval number:

7. Class(es) of mirrors and systems for indirect vision (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, S) (2)

8. Extension of EC type-approval of the vehicle to cover the following mirror type and supplementary system for indirect vision

9. Date for identification of the R point of the driver's seating position

10. Maximum and minimum bodywork widths in respect of which the mirror and supplementary system for indirect vision has been granted type-approval (in the case of chassis/cabs referred to in item 3.3 of Annex III):

11. Vehicle submitted for EC type-approval on:

12. Technical department responsible for checking conformity for the purpose of EC type-approval:

13. Date of report issued by that department:

14. Number of report issued by that department:

15. EC type-approval in respect of the installation of mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision has been granted/refused [12]

[12] Delete where inapplicable.

16. An extension of EC type-approval in respect of the installation of mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision has been granted/refused [12]

17. Place:

18. Date:

19. Signature:

20. The following documents, bearing the type-approval number shown above, are annexed to this certificate:

- drawings showing the mountings of the mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision;

- drawings and plans showing the mounting positions and characteristics of the part of the structure where the mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision are mounted;

- general view from the front, the rear and the passenger compartment showing where the mirrors and supplementary systems for indirect vision are fitted.

These documents must be supplied to the competent authorities of the other Member States at their express request.

ANNEX IV

CORRELATION TABLE PROVIDED FOR IN ARTICLE 6

Directive 71/127/EEC

as amended // This Directive

-

-

Article 1

Article 2

Article 3

Article 4

Article 5

Article 6

Article 7

Article 8

-

Article 9

Article 10

-

-

Article 11

Annex I

Appendix 1 to Annex I

Appendix 2 to Annex I

Annex II

- // Article 1

Article 2

-

Article 3

-

Article 4

-

Article 5

Article 6

Article 7

Article 8

Annex I

Appendix 1 to Annex I

Appendix 2 to Annex I

Annex II, A

Annex II, B

Appendix 1 to Annex II

-

Appendix 2 to Annex II

Appendix 3 to Annex II

Annex III

-

Appendix to Annex III

- // Appendix 1 to Annex II

Appendix 2 to Annex II

Appendix 3 to Annex II

Appendix 4 to Annex II

Annex III

Appendix 1 to Annex III

Appendix 2 to Annex III

Annex IV