ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEE DES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM (75)353
Vol.1975/0142

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COMMISSION OFTUSEUX02EAN GQMMUOTTISS
COM(75)355 final
Brussels ,15July 1975
PROPOSAL FOR AHULK ANNUAL
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
OFTHE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
(INDIRECT ACTION )1976-1980
(PRESENTED BYTHECOMMISSION TOTHECOUNCIL )
COM (75)353final

-1- ΧΙΙ/336/75-Ξ
ENV
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME -INDIRECT ACTION (1976-1980 )
Table ofContents
Page
1.Introduction 2
1.1.Development ofenvironmental research 2
activities oftheEuropean Communities
1.2.Implementation oftheFirst Environmental k
Research Programme (Indirect Action )
2.TheSecond Environmental Research Programme 6
(Indirect Action )
2.1.Motivation -Ways ofimplementation 6
2.1.1 .Motivation 6
2.1.2 .Ways ofimplementation 9
2.2 .Contents ofthe Second Programme 10
2.2.1 .The main research areas 10
2.2.2 .Detailed contents 11
2.2.2 .1.Research area 1(criteria research ) 12
2.2.2 .1.1 .Heavy metals 13
2.2.2 .1.2 .Organic micropollutants IH-
2.2.2 .1.3 .Asbestos and other fibrous l*f
materials
2.2.2 .l.*f ."New"Chemicals lH
2.2.2 .1.5 .Air "Quality " 15
2.2.2 .1.6 .Water "Quality " 16
2.2.2 .1.7 .Waste heat (thermal pollution ) 16
2.2.2 .1.8 .Marina pollution 17
2.2.2 .1.9 »Noise pollution 17
2.2.2 .2.Research area 2(information management ) 18
ECDIN Project
2.2.2 .3»Research area 3(reduction andpre- 18
vention ofpollutions andnuisances )
2«2«2 «3*1 .Water pollution abatement 19
2.2.2 .3.2 .Waste disposai 20
2.2.2 .kmResearch area (improvement ofthe 20
environment )
2.3 »Management 21
2.4 .Ways andMeans -Budget 22
3.Proposal foraCouncil Decision andAnnex 2k
Annex :Research activities oftheEuropean Communities 28
inthe environmental field :brief review of
the situation to–date

-2- XII/356/75-E
ENV
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME -INDIRECT ACTION (1976-1980 )
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 .Development ofenvironmental research activities ofthe European
Communities .
Attempts tocoordinate environmental research atCommunity level
started in1967 *when thePREST (Working Party onScientific and
Technical Research Policy oftheMedium-Term Economic Policy Com­
mittee ),considering that environmental protection wasamost ap­
propriate subject forscientific cooperation intheCommunity ,
established anexpert group onpollution andnuisances which ,later
on,wastaken over bytheCOST (Scientific andTechnical Coopera­
tion )Committee andassigned toitthetask ofpreparing research
projects tobeundertaken jointly .Thefirst concrete res-ttfl5e \
came outon23November 1971 1with thesignature ofthree COST
agreements involving most member states oftheEECaswell asseve­
ralthird countries .These dealt with very specific topics ,towit
thepphysico-chemical behaviour ofsulphur dioxide intheatmosphere
(COST 6la),theanalysis oforganic micropollutants inwater
(COST 6*fb)andsewage sludge processing (COST 68).
Inthemeantime preparations were made for theinclusion ofnon­
nuclear research ,i.a .onenvironmental protection ,intheprogram­
meoftheJoint Research Center .Anarrangement waseventually
concluded in1972 forcarrying outenvironmental research atthe
Ispra establishment under acontract between the6member states
andtheJRCforaperiod ofoneyear .This made itpossible to
establish themain lines ofthedirect action programme inthis
field ,including aneffective involvement inthesubject matter of
twoof"theCOST projects (6laand6^b)» ,
*Itshould benoted ,however ,that research ontheeffects of
ionizing radiation andenvironmental Implications thereof has
been carried outunder theEuretom treaty since 1961 .

-3- '. XII/336/75-E
ENV
During 1972 and thebeginning of1973 negotiations were held in
parallel for theacceptance bythe Council ,onthe onehand ,ofa
Programme ofAction ontheEnvironment and ,onthe other ,ofa
first Multiannual Research Programme inenvironmental protection .
Thelatter wasconsidered from the outset ashaving toinclude
both adirect action tobecarried outattheJRC ,andanindirect
action involving anumber ofspecialized research organizations of
themember states .Indeed ,the input from theJRC ,albeit important
incertain fields ,hadtoberelatively limited inquantity inview
oftheskilled scientific manpower available .Yet itwas felt that
aCommunity programme ,inorder tomake asignificant impact in
solving environmental problems ,must reach aminimum critical size
and form acoherent body ofresearch bearing onavariety of
subjects .Decisions were eventually made bytheCouncil on1^
Mayand18June 1S73 fortheresearch programme and on19July
and 22November 1973 fortheAction Programme .
Thefirst common research programme (direct andindirect actions ) •
wasdesigned specifically toprovide scientific andtechnical sup­
port tothesectoral policy oftheCommunity onenvironment ,es­
sentially with regard toPart II,Title 1"Reduction ofPollution
andNuisances "oftheAction Programme (published intheOfficial
Journal oftheEuropean Communities ,Vol.16n°C112 of20Defiem -
mer1973 ),andparticularly totheactions concerned with cl)the
objective evaluation oftherisks tohuman health and tothe en­
vironment frora pollution ,2)theimprovement ofmeasurements of
pollution ,3)themanagement ofenvironmental information .
Thedirect action includes research work under thefollowing r.& -1
headings :
-analysis andmonitoring ofpollution (including development of
amultidetection unit ,remote sensing ofairpollutants ,anda
pilot data bank onenvironmental chemicals )
-fate and effects ofpollutants
-models andsystem analysis applied totheeutrophi cation ofa
lake and toairpollution
-theoretical studies onthermal pollution andcatalytic oxidation
ofwater pollutants . -

XII/336/75-E
ENV
Theindirect -action ,towhich amaximum amount of6.3 MTJAwasal­
located until 31December 1975 for the conclusion ofshared-cost
research contracts ,comprises thefollowing 6topics
1)epidemiological surveys oftheeffects ofairandwater pollution
2)harmful effects oflead ;
3)effects ofmicropollutants onman ;
*0ecological effects ofwater pollution :
5)renote sensing ofairpollution :
6)data bank onenvironmental chemicals .
1.2 .Implementation ofthe First Environmental Research Programme
(Indirect Action )* ...
Thefirst programme ,decided bytheCouncil on18June 1973 »became
actually operational with thecreation ,on10December 1973 fofthe
Advisory Committee onProgramme Management forEnvironmental
Research which metforthefirst time -on28-29 January 197^»Prior
tothis ,acall forresearch proposals published intheOfficial
Journal oftheEuropean Communities on28July 1973 ,aswell as
contacts with government authorities involved inenvironmental
research management inthemember states ,hadresulted inthesub­
mission ofalarge number of'applications .
TheCommission services and theAdvisory Committee examined these
proposals and selected anumber ofthem onthebasis ofthe fol­
lowing criteria :
a)relevance totheoverall programme jb)scientific value of
proposal ;c)possibility ofcoordination with other -projects in
both the direct and indirect actions aswell aswith national
research programmes ;d)prospect ofsuccess ofplanned work 5
e)cost jf)provisions made forcomplementary financoment ^
Asof31January 1975 »125shared-cost contracts (forwhich the
maximum contribution oftheCommunity was fixed asageneral rule
at50%oftotal cost )were signed orunder preparation ofwhich 10
areunder topic 1,27under topic 2,2kunder topic 3j38under
topic k,16under topic 5i10under topic 6.
Afewresearch contracts will still beconcluded during 1975 *
*Abrief review ofthe environmental research activities -of' "the
E.E.C. to-date isgiven intheannex .

-5- XII/336/75-E
"ENV
Inmost cases ,obviously ,only preliminary results areavailable
atpresent .Foradministrative reasons allcontracts must terminate
on31December 1975 tutanumber ofimportant projects which have
been initiated owill not becompleted then andshould bepursued
during part ofthe second programme .
Thecurrent yearly level ofexpenditure forthis programme isabout
3MUCfortheCommunity budget ,thetotal cost being about 6HUC«
Following isasample ofthecoordinated projects initiated during
the first programme t
a)anepidemiological survey aimed atestablishing correlations
between airpollution andrespiratory diseases inschoolchildren ,
carried outsimultaneously by10institutes following the same
protocol and involving 20.000 subjects ;
b)astudy ofpollution instreams oftheLuxemburg -Saarland *
Lorraine region ,undertaken jointly byBelgian ,French ,German
andLuxemburger laboratories inrelation with the establishment
ofquality objectives forthese water-courses }
c)apilot data bank onenvironmental chemicals (ECDIN project )car­
ried outbytheJRCandseven other organizations ;such adata
bank makes itpossible tocollect ,store andretrieve allrele­
vant information needed ,i.a .,toprepare regulations onenviron­
mental chemicals and todetermine the best counter-measures in
case ofaccidental contamination }
d)aproject forthedevelopment ofmutagenicity testing methods for
environmental pollutants ,involving 9laboratories ,inorder to
improve thetechniques forassessing long-term effects ofpol­
lution onhuman health .
Inorder toassist the Commission Services and theAdvisory Commit­
tee inthemanagement oftheprogramme ,steering committees for
certain closely related projects (e.g. epidemiological surveys )and
"contact groups "invarious fields have been established toensure
theprogressive coordination and complementarity ofthework
sponsored .
There arealso three management committees ,oneforeach ofthe

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ENV
COST projects mentioned before ,which arerunasconcerted actions .
These entail yearly expenditures of1.3 MTJA for themember states
tbwhich are added the corutributiors ofthird eourtries which
participate . - .
2.THE SECOND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME (INDIRECT ACTION ).
2.1 .Motivation -Ways ofimplementation .
2.1.1 .Motivation
2.1.1.1 .The basic motivation ofthe second research programme ,
asoxthefirst ,istoprovide fortheacquisition
ч
, ofthe scientific and technical knowledge necessary
tothe execution oftheProgramme ofAction ofthe
European Communities ontheEnvironment .This
programme ofaction contains 2main parts :"Reduc­
tion ofpollution andnuisances "and "Improvement of
theEnvironment ".The first part has been emphasized
sofar ,butthe second onewill probably begiven
more importance than before during the second phase
oftheaction programme .Theresearch programme
•. should evolve accordingly .
2.1.1.2 .Moreover ,special -"omphasis will have tobegiven to
research projects ontheenvironmental impact of
energy production inview ofthe "Resolution on
energy and environment "adopted bytheCouncil on
7November 197^,andoftheproposals oftheCommis­
sion for aR&DProgramme inthefield ofenergy
. ' (COM^) 2150 ). - .
2.1.1.3 .Itshould also bekept inmind that ,because ofthe
very nature ofresearch work *andofthetime lag
- •'" between theinitiation ofmost research projects in
environmental protection andtheobtention of
results ,theprogramme should include notonly
projects pertaining toto-day 'surgent issues but
defined here astheacquisition ofnewknowledge through the
application ofthescientific method ,incontrast with
"studies "which review existing information .

-7- XII/336/75-E
ENV
also work designed tosolve problems which may bereasonably -
expected toarise inthemedium-term future .
Itisalso necessary tobeable totackle problems that could
not bebroached inthe first programme ,duetolack ofsufficient
means orbecause they were not put with the same acuteness asnow .
Inthis respect ,itshould benoted ,firstly ,that theresearch
activities inboth fields often consist ofindividual projects
oflimited scope but ,ifconsidered asawhole ,they form a
coherent whole that meets thesectorial research needs .Secondly ,
these needs develop intime andnew problems arise continuously
that have tobesolved without delay .
2.1.1.4 .Taking into account theabovementioned considerations ,research
topics andsubtopics proposed forinclusion intheprogramme
have been selected onthe basis ofresearch needs for the
execution ofthe Action Programme .
Theimplementation ofthis programme hasentailed ,i.a .,the
establishment ofcriteria documents ontherelationships of
exposure topollutants and their effects onhealth and onthe
environment ,aswell asthepreparation ofdirectives concerned
with quality objectives forcertain types ofenvironment ,or
with environmental protection standards ofvarious kinds .These
activities have required theCommission Services toassess the
state ofknowledge onaseries ofproblems ,bymeans ofstudy
contracts ,consultations ofnational experts ortheorganiza­
tion ofscientific meetings .Theexistence ofmany gaps in
scientific andtechnical knowledge has thus been revealed or
confirmed ,which makes itdifficult ,ifnotimpossible ,to
prepare effective measures for theprotection oftheenviron­
ment and ofhuman health .Inmany instances ,provisional
measures only canberecommended ,toberevised asknowledge
onthe fate and effects ofpollutants improves .Asillustration
ofthis situation onemaymention theproblems connected with
thetoxicity oflead atlowexposure levels ,orwith the
identification andeffects ofcarcinogens indrinking water .
2.1.1.5 *Those gaps inknowledge which areconcerned with information
needed for theimplementation ofasound environmental policy

-8- ХН/ЗЗь/75-Е
ui:v
should befilled byfurther research .While each member state has
its ownenvironmental research programme ,the joint execution ofpro­
jects atCommunity level presents some definite advantages .Itmakes
itpossible ,forinstance ,
a)toorient research towards themost pressing needs oftheCommu­
nity action programme and toapply directly toittheresults
obtained ;
b)toconcentrate onaparticularly difficult problem the ;joint
efforts ofaseries ofhighly specialized laboratories located
inthevarious member states ,all ofwhich car.not usually be
found inasingle one ofthem ;
c)tocarry outimportant projects throughout theterritory ofthe
Community inorder toobtain results which are statistically
significant through themultiplicity ofobservations ;forexample
epidemiological surveys orfield studies todetermine relation­
ships 'between such orsuch environmental factor and hunan health
orthestatus ofatype ofecosystem need tocover the greatest
available range ofvariation insubjects orbiotopes andintypes
ofenvironment and tobeexecuted according tothesame protocol
applied everywhere inthesame fashion ,inorder toobtain
statistically significant andcomparable results ;
d)tofacilitate scientific cooperation with third countries actively
involved insimilar research ;inthis respect itshould benoted
that permanent relationships have been 1established with theUSA
tocooperate insuch natters asepidemiological surveys and in
toxicity testing ofenvir aimental chemicals ;other countries such
asCanada ,Switzerland ,India ,Japan andNorway have expressed an
interest inbeing associated tocertain research projects ;
e)toincrease theproductivity ofthesumtotal ofresearch car­
ried outinthemember states byeliminating ,through aprogres­
sive coordination ,useless duplications while filling existing
gaps inknowledge .
Thecontent ofthepresent programme hasbeen defined taking the
above considerations into account .Ithas been reviewed and ac­
cepted bytheAdvisory Committee onProgramme Management forEnviron­
mental Research ,with therecommendation that research efforts inany
given area beofsufficient size toyield significant results .

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ENV
2.1.2 . Ways ofimplementation
2.1 .2*1 .Theprogramme istobeimplemented intwoways t
a)common action ,i.e. funded partly orwholly ontheCommunity
budget ;
b)concerted action ,financed essentially from national sources -
except forthecost ofcoordination -butcarried outac­
cording toajointly agreed programme andunder thesuper­
vision ofasteering committee (theprocedure fortheimple­
mentation ofconcerted action isintheprocess ofbeing
defined ).
Thedecision touse one orthe other procedure will bedeter­
mined ,onaadhocbasis ,bysuch considerations asthetype of
work ,,itsapplications jtheinterest ofthevarious member
states inthetopic ,.etc .AstotheCOST projects ,which all
terminate either before orduring thesecond programme ,they
may befollowed upbyconcerted actions and integrated inthe
new programme .
Itisrecognized that the effective management ofconcerted
actions requires both knowledge ofnational research activities
(aninventory ofwhich isunder way )andacertain degree ofco­
ordination ofthem *Agiven concerted action maybecomplemented ,
ifneed be,byasubptfoject financed ontheCommunity budget .
Ineither case (common orconcerted actions )theassociation of
interested third countries toanyproject may beconsidered
according topoint 7c)oftheCouncil Resolution ofl*tJanuary
197^on"Aninitial outline programme oftheEuropean Communi­
ties inthefield ofscience andtechnology ".
2.1.2.2 .Duration
Thesecond programme isproposed fora5-year period (1976-
1980 ) soastoensure adegree ofcontinuity inresearch
work which often requires several years forcompletion ,while
allowing aprogressive adaptation tonewresearch needs through
oneandpossibly more reviews during itscourse .
Asinthepast ,every effort will beexercised tobring
about optimum complementarity with thedirect action ,the
*just asthenewresearch programme inradiobiology -
health protection presented under the Euratora treaty .

-10- XIÏ/336/75-E
Em
newprogrammeofwhichisduetostartm1977«Thistinelagshould
greatlyfacilitatethepreparationoftheJRCprogrammejit"will-"be
possibletodetermineitsenvironmental activitiestomakethemfit,
takingaccountavailableskills,withintheframeworkofComuu-
nityresearchneedsestablishedinpreparingthepr.esentproposal,
2.1#2.3.Duringtheimplementation oftheprogramme,thecontentsofwhich
aredescribedhereafter,iti3plannedtocarryout,whendeemed
necessarygeneralstudies,bearingonagivenenvironmental problem,
theresultsofwhichwouldbeappliedfortheoriental,ionof
future'researchinsupportoftheactionprogrammeofthe
Communities .
Thesestudieswillbemadeinclosecooperationwithotherinterested
%
CommissionServices(inparticulartheEnvironmentandConsumer
ProtectionServiceandtheHealthProtectionDirectorate.)
2«1»2.4«Inordertoorganizerationallytheexecutionoftheprogramme,
thefirstmonthsoftheperiodwillbedevotedtotheexamination
bytheCommissionServicesandtheAdvisoryCommittee,ofallpro­
■posalsreceivedwithintheprescribedtimelimitsforsubmission
andtheirselection onthebasisofthecriteriamentionedbefore
(relevance,scientificvalue,complementarity ,etc.-,.)*
Asimilarproceduremightberepeatedlateron,probablyduring
.1978.
Itisforeseenthattheindividualcontractswillnote;:ceed3years.
2.2.ContentsoftheSecondProgramme
2.2.1.Themainresearchavpn,s
Theprogrammewillcomprise4researchareas.
Researcharea1:Researchaimedattheestablishment ofcri­
teriai.e.exposure-effect relationships forpollutantsand
^environmental chemicals,insupportofPartII,Title1,Chapters1,

-11- XIÏ/336/75-E
ESTV
3,4»5and6oftheActionProgramme *
Thiswork,consistingmostlyoforiented "basicresearch,willtoe
carriedoutmainlyintheformofcommonactions,exceptfor
thepossiblefollow-upofCOSTprojects61aand64b.
Researcharea2:R&Donenvironmental information manage­
ment,essentiallyonenvironmental chemicals(ECDINproject)
insupportofPartII,Title1,Chapters4and11ofAction
Programme,to"becarriedoutmostlyasacommonaction#
Researcharea3sR&Donthereductionandpreventionof
pollutionandnuisancesincludingthroughtheapplicationof
"clean"technologies ,insupportofPartII,Title1,Chapter
5,Section1,andChapter7»Section1,ofActionProgramme,to
becarriedoutmainlyintheformofconcertedactions,
includingthefollow-upofCOSTproject68.
Researcharea4:R&Drelatedtothesecondmainpartofthe
ActionProgramme"ImprovementoftheEnvironment"(PartII,
TitleII,Chapter1:Promotionofthenaturalenvironment )
tobecarriedoutintheformofcommonandconcertedactions.
Inaddition,studiesofamoregeneralnaturewillbecarried
outonanad-hocbasistoreviewparticularenvironmental
problems,inordertoyieldresultsapplicablei,a.forthe
orientationoffutureresearoh(see2.1.2.3»)«
2.2«2»Detailedcontents
Followingarethetopicsandsubtopicsforeachresearcharea
includedintheprogrammeonthebasisoftheseleotion
procedureoutlinedinpoint2.1.1»4»

-12–- XI1/366/75-E
ττν
* .
2.2.2.1.RESEARCH AREA1
Researchaimedattheestablishment ofcriteria(exposure-
effectrelationships )forpollutants andenvironmental
! chemicals
TheActionProgrammelistedthefollowingpollutantsinthe
firstcategoryt
leadandleadcompounds,organo-halogens andorgano­
phosphorous compounds,carcinogenic hydrocarbons ,noise
forairtsulphurcompoundsandsuspendedparticles,
nitrogenoxides,carbonmonoxides,photochemical oxidants,
asbestos,vanadium
forwater:inorganicmicropollutants andtheirmetabolites ,
(Hg,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Sn,Zn,As,Becyanides),phenols,
hydrocarbons . -
Alistofsecondcategorypollutantshasbeendefined
recentlyinaresolutionoftheCouncilof24June1975.
Itincludesforair:vinylchloride,fluorineandits
compounds,cadmium,pesticides ,chlorine,hydrochlorine
acidanditscompounds ;forwater:chlorineandits
compounds,nitratesandnitrites,pesticides ,organic
solvents,phfcaalates,asbestos,ammonia,organo-silicium
compounds,cationic,anionicandnon-ionicsurfactants.
Theestablishment ofcriteriadocumentsrequiresinformation
ona)theidentification andmeasurement ofthepollutants
underconsideration ,b)theirfateandphysico-chemical
transformation intheenvironment ,fromtheeonrcestothe
targetorganisms,c)theirmetabolismandeffectsinthe
targets(man,animals,plants,ecosystemsasawhole).
Itwouldbeunrealistic andunnecessarytoundertake
researchattheCommunitylevelonalltheseaspectsforall

«13- -- Xll/336/7>B
ENV
pollutants .Priorities forCommunity research (which donot
always coincide with priorities fortheaction programme )
have tobeestablished onthe basis ofthemost pressing
needs forscientific knowledge ,byconsidering on-going
national activities ,andbyconcentrating onthetype of
research that isbetter carried outatCommunity ,rather than
atnational level (e.g. epidemiological surveys ).
Topics ofresearch which areconsidered tomeet these require­
ments arepresented hereafter .Foreach pollutant listed ,
only those atspects (i.e. identification andmeasurement ,fate
intheenvironment andeffects )that seem towarrant Community
research have been retained .They would constitute thebulk
oftheeffort incriter?.a research buttheprogramme should
bekept flexible enough toe.(ivorm6da,\e -Rjtyadditional action
that night prove neeessary tocover aspecific need arising
from theexecution oftheAction Programme .
Theorder inwhich pollutants arelisted below gives no
indication ofrelative priority .Unless otherwise indicated ,
thefollowing topics will beinvestigated bymeans ofcommon
actions .
Heavy metals
High priority research topic -,especially with regard to
cadmium ,mercury and topossible synergistic effects .
Substantially less importance will begranted tolead than in
the first programme .
1.methodology ofmonitoring metal contamination inthe
marine environment
2.fate andtransformations intheenvironment ,with emphasis
onphysico-chemical state ,sediment-water distribution and
models ,ordescriptive parameters ,oftransport inwater
3.experimental research ondirect andindirect health effects ,
with emphasis onmetabolism ,late andchronic manifestations
and synergistic effects .

-14~-<i XII/336/75-E
ENV
1.»Ä
4.application ofscreening tests forlate and chronic ef­
fects toaseries ofheavy metals ,,alone andincombina­
tion .. a
ecological effects incontinental andmarine environments ,
' including base-line studies /andmethodological aspects .
2.2.2 .1.2 .Organic mieropollutants
1.detection andmeasurement inair (including automobile
exhausts ,dusts andgrits )water ,soil ,food ,animal feed
etc..(COST 64bandfollow-up )
(concerted action )
11 1■■ 11 ^
2.fate oforgano-chlorine andorgano-fluorine (freons )
.compounds inthe environment
3.experimental research onmetabolism and effects inmammalian
systems inorder toassess risks tohuman health derived from
overall exposure tomicropollutants
k.ecological effects interrestrial ,freshwater andmarine
environments
5.development ofscreening methodology toassess l°.te and
chronic effects (inparticular carcinogenicity ,muta- ,
genicity ?teratogenicity )(seealso 2.2.2 .1.4.)
2.2.2 .1.3 .Asbestos and other fibrous materials
Onthe basis ofa review nowunder pre­
paration ,research maybeundertaken onthefollowing
points :
■-.- i
1.improvement ofdetection inair ,water ,tissues byphysico­
chemical andmicroscopic methods . >
2.epidemiological surveys onhealth effects inthegeneral
population
3*experimental research oneffects with emphasis oninter­
action with other airpollutants .
2.2.2 .1.4 ."New"Chemicals
Following one ofthemain recommendations oftheScientific

-15-K -- ΧΙΙ/33&/75-Ε
Committee oftheParis Symposium (June 197*0 aconcentrated
effort must bedevoted totheproblem ofadequate testing of
newchemicals pjfior totheir introduction intheenvironment ,
considering their potential toxicity (andthat oftheir meta­
bolites and tnansformat ioncompounds )toboth manandthe
environment .
Emphasis will beplaced on .themethodology ofscreening tests
for chronic and 3„ate effects onhuman health and for effects
onthebiosphere cf.also 2.2.2 .1.2.,2.2.2 .1.5«5 «j
2.2.2 ,I.8.J. Sobecarried outbymeans ofcommon and
concerted actions .
Air "qnality "
Pollutants ofmain concern for further research are sulphur
compounds ,suspended particulates ,nitrogen oxides andphoto­
chemical oxidants :nitrogen oxides have been singled outas
rating high priority intheCouncil resolution of7November
197^onenergy andenvironment .
1.application andtesting ofremote jrensing methods developed
inthefirst programme * .
2.physico-chemistry ofairpollutants including formation of
photochemical smog under European conditions ,sorption by
surfaces ,etc..(COST 6laandfollow-up ),concerted action
3.modelling ofairpollution dispersion
k.epidemiological surveys :onthebasis oftheresults from
thecross-sectional study onschoolchildren tobeterminated
in1975 ?possible follow-up with cross-sectional cr
longitudinal surveys cfselected groups }other epidemio­
logical surveys may beundertaken especially with regard
tonitrogen oxides
5-experimental research oneffects ofairpollutants inmam­
malian systems twith emphasis onthe overall response to
various pollutants
6.field andexperimental research oneffects onvegetation ,
especially non-visible damage (growth reduction )

-16– XII/336/75-E
ENV
2.2.2 .1.6 .Wster "quality "
1.improvement of ^characterization ofwater quality inrelation
tothe implementation ofthe Council directive concerning
thequality required ofsurface water intended for the
abstraction ofdrinking water inthemember states ,adopted
on7November 197^(total organic carbon ,chemical oxygen
demand ,total extractible chlorine ,cyanides ,dissolved and
emulsified hydrocarbons ,including solvants ,chLlinesterase
inhibiting compounds ,taste assessment )
2.epidemiological surveys onrelations between water quality
andhealth parameters (e.g. mortality ,cardiovascular
diseases ,etc..) }protocol tobeestablished onthebasis
ofthe conclusions oftheEECSymposium onwater hardness
andpublic health scheduled forMay 1975
3.experimental research onhealth effects and water characteris­
tics ,especially with regard tore-cycled water andtowater
abstracted through natural filtering media ("Uferfiltra -
tion ")
microbiological pollution :quantitative methods for the
detection ofviruses inwater ;fate ofsewage bacteria ,
fungi and viruses released infresh andseawater ?ecological
'conseqTiences ofmicrobiological pollution (cf.also
2.2.2 .3.1.2 .) -
5-assessment ofrisks resulting from newly identified pol­
lutants (cf.2,2.2 .1^2.1 .and2.2.2 .1.4-.)
2.2.2 .1.7 »■Waste heat (thermal pollution )
Topic ofhigh priority intheCouncil resolution onenergy
andenvironment (7November 197*0
1.ecological andmicroclimatic effects ofheat ,releases in
the freshwater and marine environments
2.ecological andmicroclimatic consequences ofheat release
toatmosphere from cooling towers
concerted actxon

-17- • XI1/336/75-E
ENV
2.2.2 .1.8.Marine pollution ' 5 • '•'
Inview ofa)therecommendations' oftheCREST Oceanology
-Group ,b)theinformation required forestablishing criteria
forfish andshellfish breeding c)thepresumed role ofthe
Community intheimplementation oftheParis Convention on
land-based marine pollution and d)theexpected developments
ofCOST Project 43onmeterological andoceanological buoys ,
thefollowing topics areincluded : • •
1.development ofmethodology formonitoring seawater
quality along the coasts and inthe estuaries ofthe
Community ,including
a)modelling ofpollutant transport ,
•»
b)theuse ofremote sensing techniques and
c)thetechnical development ofasystem forthesurveil­
lance ofoilpollution
2.R&Dinchemical andbiological sensors forpollution
monitoring
3.research insitu and under controlled conditions onthe ef­
fects ofpollutants onmarine life including base-line
studies and the identification and use ofbio-indicators
(cf.pollutant lists inOslo ,Lundon ,Paris andStrasbourg
Conventions ).
N.B. Some ofthese subjects have been mentioned above ssee
■'points 2*2 »-2*1«1«1 »y2»2»2»1*1«2 »j2*2*2 «1*1*3 *t
•2.2.2 .:1.2.4..2.2.2 .1.4.,2.2.2 .1.7.1 .
\
Specific projects under these topics will beselected -taking
full account ofon-going international activities inthe field
(such asthose from ICES ,IOC ,NATO ,etc..) ■
2.2.2 .1.9 .Noise pollution
Thesetting ofcriteria fornoise requires additional infor­
mation which could beobtained from thefollowing research :

-18-■ 'ХИ/ЗЗб/75-Е- ENV
1,epidemiological surveysonthelong-termeffectsofnoise-
inducedsleepdisturbances andotherconseqnances ,
includingeocio-psychological effects,inpopulations near
largeairportsorexposedtotransportnoise(roadandrail
traffic)
2,experimental researchon.thephysiological effectsof
infrasounds andvibrations
3,experimental researchontheeffects .ofintermittent or
pulsedaoise.
2.2.2.2.RESEARCH AREA2
'R&Donenvironmental information management
Itisproposedthatworkinthisareabeconcentrated asbefore
ontheproblemsofenvironmental chemicals ?i.e.chemicalsof
potentialsignificance forhealthorenvironmental protection.
TheECDINproject(Environmental ChemicalsDataandInformation
Network)whichinvolvesthedirectandindirectactions ^in
closecooperation ,isnowinapilotphaselimitedtoa!
restricted numberofcompounds.Thisphaseshouldbeextended
foranother1-2yearsbeforereviewingtheprojectanddeciding
onfurtherdevelopments .Someofthecurrentworkunder
•■ . . Lcontractshouldbecontinued.Newcontractsmighthavetobe
negotiatedforsuchitemsasdatavalidation ,studyingthe
•-problemsofnetworking,workonfurthersoftwarerequirements ,
acquiringadditionaldataonthecompoundsselectedforthe
pilotphaseandonthe.exploration ofthepotentialofstructure­
:activityrelationships inpredictingadverseeffectsoforganic
micropollutants .Special --consideration shouldbagiventopos­
siblelinkingECDINwithIRPTC(international Registerof,
Potentially ToxicChemicalsofUNEP).
2.2.2.3.RESEARCHAREA3
R&Donthereductionandprevention ofpollutions and
nuisances (includingcleantechnologies )
Workinthisareawillbeundertakenmainlyintheformof

-19' XI1/336/75-E
ENV
concerted actions .However some basic andapplied R&D may
,betheobject ,ofcommon actions ifitisof -direct interest to
public authorities *
Special consideration should begiven tothevarious proces­
ses for the treatment ofwater inconnection with the Council
directive concerning the quality required ofsurface water
intended fortheabstraction ofdrinking water inthemember
states ,adopted on7November 197^*
Except fortheir ecological andhealth aspects ,waste
disposal ,recycling andrecovery ofvaluable materials are
not considered inthis programme inview oftherecent
creation byCREST ofasubcommittee onR&Dinrawmaterials
which will examine theneeds forCommunity R&D actions in
thearea ofsecondary ,aswell asprimary ,rawmaterials .
Actions eventually suggested bythis subcommittee would bethe
object ofseparate proposals . ,
'Thefollowing topics areproposed 1
2.2.2 .3-1 »Water ■pollution abatoment
1.Advanced biological and physico-chemical treatment of
waste water and other non-pctable waters :technioo -
economic evaluations and oriented basic research on
adsorption ,coagulation ,sedimentation ,flotation ,hyper­
filtration ,ultrafiltration ,membrane fouling ,et«..
Attention should begiven topossible unfavourable effects
oftreatment (e.g.phlorination )andways toprevent them .
Special problems (fluctuating urban andindustrial organic
load )should beconsidered aswell .
Itshould benoted that theproblems oforganic wastes from
intensive livestock breeding are covered intheAgrialtural
Research Programme under preparation .
2.Treatment and utilisation ofsludges from waste water
treatment (follow-up ofCOST Project 68)
Since COST Project 68ran outin197^j this topic will bethe
subject ofaseparate proposal in1975 •according tothe

-20- XI1/336/75-E
ENV
procedure adopted bytheCouncil on25September 197^»
CREST hasasked the Coundil torecognize the Community -
interest intheproject ,tobeimplemented asaconcerted
action with theparticipation ofinterested third countries ,
.p.m .Treatment ofeffluen ^bfrom specific indust rial
branches (including in*-pl t-..ntpretreatment )i
tobedecided onthe basis ofeventual Council decisions
intheAction Programme (concerted actions )
Waste disposal -Environmental implications (cf.COST 68
for gludffes )
.Health andecological consequences ofwaste ,disposal :
soil and water contamination inrelation with typ,e of
wastej soil properties plant cover ,etc.., ;problems
connected with the .use ofwastes inagriculture
(cf.2.2.2 .3.1*2 .).
ι
RESEARCH AREA k '
"Improvement ofthe Environment "
Thepart oftheAction Programme dealing with this subject
(Part II,Title II),includes thefollowing chapters :
1.)protection ofthenatural environment ,2.)environmental
problems .caused by ,thedepletion >ofcertain natural ,resources ,
3.)urban development -andimprovement •ofamenities -,
k.)improvement of ,theworking environment ,5«)creation of
•aEuropean Foundation fortheImprovement ,ofworking and
living conditions ,6.)promotion ofawareness .ofenviron­
ment problems and education .
Asmentioned earlier ,this part very likely will be-given
more importance during thesecond phase of .theAction
•«
Programme .While anumber cfthese topics either would not
S
seem -torequire aresearch effort ,orpertain tosubjects
which areoovered byexisting orplanned activities (e.g.
working environment ,non-renewable natural resources ,
agriculture )research is .needed cnsome specific topics
listed below mostly with regard tochapter 1ontheprotec­
tion ofthenatural environment ,,*r>hecarried ov-tas
common and concerted actions .

-21– XII/336/75-E
ENV
2.2.2 .*f.l.Oriented basic research onthe structure and function ofeco­
systems andonbiogeochemical cycles (nitrogen ,heavy metals )
inview of-predicting the effects ofenvironmental
disturbances caused byhuman activities
-managing semi-natural vegetation (abandoned
agricultural land ,national parks )forconserva­
tion and récréation
2.2.2 .k.2 .reclamation ofderelict land :mine waste tips ,worked-over
bogs ,etc..
2.2.2 . application ofremote sensing techniques forthestudy of
environmental disturbances
2.2.2 .4.*f .ecological consequences ofland useplanning iImpact onthe
environment ofthebuilding ofmotorways ,industrial instal­
lations ,high-density residential areas ,etc. ,
2.2.2 . ecological consequences ofmodern agricultural practices
(incoordination with theAgricultural Research Programme )
i.a .-effects onwater quality
y
-support tooriginal research aimed atthe development
ofspecifications fortheuse ofnarrow-spectrum
chemicals forpest control .
2.3 . Management
Theprocedures evolved during theimplementation ofthefirst
programme will beapplied and further developed for the
execution ofthesecond programme following the guidelines
presented inpoint 2.1.2 .Thus the Commission services and the
Advisory Committee -onProgramme Management forEnvironmental
Research will
-evaluate theresults ofthefirst programme asthey become
available ,inorder toprovide abasis forframing the
details ofthenewprogramme
-define theways andmeans ofcarrying outconcerted actions
inenvironmental research

-22- xiI/3^6/75~i
ENV
-determinetheadvisability ofcarryingoutresearchina
givenareaorsub-areaasacommonoraconcertedaction
-determinethedistribution offundsforcommonactions
amongthefourresearchareasandthegeneralstudies (
-examineandselectproposalsforinclusionintheprogram­
mes^ongtheapplications submittedduringthaprescribedtime
periods,onthebasisofthecriteriaenumeratedin1.2.
-maintainorestablishsteeringcommittees andcontact
groupstoprovidethenecessarycoordination between
relatedprojects .
-monitortheprogressofworkthroughvisitsto
contractinglaboratories andcriticalexamination of
researchreports
-beattentivetorespondtoevolvingresearchneedsofthe
ActionProgrammefortheenvironment oftheCommunity
-promotethecoordination ,ofhationalandCommunity /
researchactivities intheenvironmental field
-organisescientificmeetingstofacilitatethe
exchangeofinformation andtheassessmentofresults
•ofresearch
-encouragetheexchangeofscientistsbetweenparticipating
laboratories .
Z.bmWaysandmeans-Budget
Thefundsrequestedaretobeused •
a)forthefinancing(mostlyonacost-sharingbasis)ofcontracts.

-23- ÏXII/356/75-2
ENV
b)tocoverthecostsofmanagingthecommonprogrammeandof
coordination ofnationalandCommunityenvironmental research
activities.Thiscomprisesexpenditures for
-thepersonnelofthemanagementunit(11personsofwhich
6areprofessionals ),
-meetingsofnationalexperts(AdvisoryCommitteeonProgram­
meManagementforEnvironmental Research,steeringcommit­
tees,contactgroups,consultants )
-theexchangeofpersonnelamongcontractors
-theorganization ofscientificmeetings
-thepublication ofreports.
Theupperlimitforexpenditure commitmentsfortheprogramme
(1976-1980)issetat18.500MUA,including
15.^02.36l 3Aor83.3%forcontractfunding
3.097.639^or16.7%formanagementandcoordination
I8.3OO.OOO UA
Thisamountentailsexpenditures of3«500MtJAfor1976,estima­
tedbytakingintoconsideration thecurrentlevel(1973)of
fundingofresearchcontracts,theadditionofnewtopicstothe
programmeandthecostofcoordination andassessmentactivities.
Thedistribution offundsforthecommonactionamongresearch
aixdetuctyar-->aswillbedecidedbytheCommissionServicesandthe
AdvisoryCommitteefortheManagementofEnvironmental Research
Programmeafterexamination ofalltheapplications received
andtakingintoaccountthepossibilities ofcarryingout
concertedactions.However,asabroadindication ,itmaybe
foreseenthatthebulkofOonnonaotionfundingwouldgo"tore­
searchareas'1and2('about80afew%ofwhichforarea2)«
Itshouldbenotedthattheprogrammewillbesubjecttore­
viewin1978tobeadaptedtoevolvingresearchrequirements .

/ XI1/3^6/75-4
ENV
3« <PROPOSAI FOR a
COUNCIL DECISION OF
adopting aresearch programme for the
European .Economic Community inthe
field ofenvironment (indirect action )
TheCouncil oftheEuropean Communities ,
HAVING REGARD totheTreaty establishing theEuropean Economic Com­
munity !and inparticular Article 2^5thereof ;
HAVING REGARD totheproposal from theCommission ;
HAVING REGARD totheopinion oftheEuropean Parliament }
WHEREAS Article HoftheTreaty establishing theEuropean Economic
Community assigns totheCommunity thetask ofpromoting
throughout the Community aharmonious development ofeconomic
activities ,acontinuous andbalanced ,expansion andanac­
celerated raising ofthestandard ofliving ,andwhereas the
objectives oftheaction performed tothis endbythe Com­
munity are set outinArticle 3ofthe said Treaty ;
WHEREAS research inthe field ofenvironment may contribute tothe
attainment ofthese objectives ;
WHEREAS theresearch forming thesubject ofthis Decision therefore
seems necessary inorder toattain certain Community objectives
within the framework ofthe common market ;
WHEREAS theTreaty establishing theEuropean Economic Community has
notprovided thenecessary powers ;
WHEREAS initsdeclaration of22November 1973 itheCouncil ofthe
European Communities hasapproved theprinciples andobjectives
ofaCommunity environmental policy andthegeneral descrip­
tion oftheprojects tobeundertaken atCommunity level ;
WHEREAS the Scientific and Technical Research Committee hasgiven a
favourable opinion with regard totheproposal from the
Commissi ,on;
HAS DECIDED i

-25- ХЦ/336/75-В
ENV
/irtiele 1
Aprogramme ofresearch fortheEuropean Economic Community in
thefield ofenvironment shall beadopted inthe form set out in
theAnnex tothis Decision for afive-year period from 1January
1976 .TheAnnex forms anintegral part ofthis Decision .
Article 2
The upper limit for expenditure commitments and for staff neces­
sary fortheimplementation ofthis programme shall be18.50
million units ofaccount and 11Community servants for the
duration oftheprogramme .Theunit ofaccount isdefined in
Article 10oftheFinancial Regulation of25April 1973 applicable
tothe budget ofthe European Communities ,
Article 3
will besubmitted toreview ,onthe basis ofa
theCommission ,tobeadapted toevolving research
This review will beprepared in1977 totake
beginning of1978 .
Article 4
TheCommission shall ensure that theprogramme isimplemented .
Itisassisted inthis task bythe Advisory Committee onthe
management ofenvironmental research programmes ,established by
the Council resolution of10December 1973 *
Itsubmits every year areport tothe Council about it.Theprogramme
proposal from
requirements ,
effect atthe

ENV
Article 5
Theinformation resulting from the execution oftheparts of
theprogramme set outinthe Annex shall bedisseminated in
accordance with Council Regulation (EEC)N°2350/7^of17
September 197^t adopting provisions forthedissemination of
information relating toresearch programmes fortheEuropean
Economic Community .*
Done at Date For the Council
The President
*J.O ,N°L255of20September 197^

~.*V~
-27-XII/31/É/73-E
ENV
Annex tothe proposal for Council decision
Envircnnental Research Programme (1976-1980 )
(indirect action )
Atotal amount oflc,50 million units ofaccount and astaff of
11Community servants areallocated tothis programme objective -
Thework will becarried outwith themain purpose ofacquiring
scientific and technical knowledge required for theimplementation
oftheprogramme ofaction oftheEuropean Communities for the
environment .Itwill include four main research areas
1)research aimed attheestablishment ofcriteria ,i.e. exposure -
effect relationships forpollutants andenvironmental -chemic,ale 1
2)R&Donenvironmental information management ,essentially on ,
environmental chemicals (SCDIN project ),
3)R&Donthereduction andprevention ofpollution andnuisances
including theapplication of"clean technologies ",
4)R&Drelated totheprotection andimprovement ofthenatural
environment .
■' • resoarc •
Certain studies ofageneral nature with regard totheaction
programme may also beundertaken .
Research will becarried outbyway ofcontracts .

*"2,о
ENV
ANNEX
Environmental research activities ofthe E.E.C. :
brief review ofthe situation todate .
On18June 1973 theCouncil ofMinisters oftheEuropean Communities
decided toadopt afirst environmental research programme tobecar­
ried outinresearch organizations inthemember states (indirect
action )aswell asintheJoint Research Centre (direct action ). *
This decision wasmade inparallel and inclose relation with the
implementation ,that same year ,ofafirst programme ofaction for
the environment .
The essential objective ofthe environmental research programme isto
provide ascientific and technical support totheprogramme ofaction .
Thelatter hasbeen concerned mostly with actions aimed atreducing
pollution andnuisances .More specifically ,these should bereduced ,
through regulations orbymeasures ofother kinds ,tolevels which –
present nounacceptable risk formanandtheenvironment ,taking
into account social and economic conditions .The establishment of
environmental quality standards requires firstly anobjective evalua­
tion oftherisks resulting from pollution aswell asanadequate
methodology forthequalitative andquantitative determination of
pollutants .Wherever available scientific data isinsufficient ,which
isoften thecase ,provisional measures maybetaken .These .should
bereviewed ,however ,andpossibly amended onthebasis ofnewin­
formation supplied byresearch .
Theresearch needs oftheenvironmental policy arefulfilled more ef­
ficiently andatlower cost ifthespecialized researeh organizations
intheCommunity work inclose cooperation .Inthis way ,major
projects canbecoordinated atCommunity level ,thus avoiding use­
less duplication while leaving nogaps .Epidemiological -type surveys
maybecarried outonlarge populations exposed toagreat variety
ofenvironmental conditions andhighly specialized laboratories
throughout theCommunity maybebrought tobear jointly onparticular­
lycomplex problems .

-29- ΧΙΙ/336/75-Ε
ENV
Itisinthis context that theCommunity Research programme hasbeen
planned and iscarried out .Since theprogramme hasactually been
implemented duriiig 197^tandinview ofthefact that ecological
orbiological research projects cannot usually becompleted before
atleast 2or3years ,itistooearly toexpect important accomplish
ments yet . -
However ,onemaymention afewresults obtained sofaraswell as
some projects under waywhich represent thetype ofresearch coordi­
nation which should bemore developed atCommunity level (with the
possible association ofother European countries ).These examples
are listed hereafter inrandom order i .
-anepidemiological survey isunder way onthe effects ofairpol­
lution onrespiratory diseases ;itinvolves more than 20.000
children intheCommunity and should yield valuable results for
theestablishment ofair quality standards }
-apilot-project foradata bank onenvironmental chemicals (ECDIN
project )hasbeen started ;data aregathered ontheproduction ,
usage ,physico-chemical properties ,toxicity ,fate intheenviron­
ment andecological effects ofseveral thousand synthetio chemicals
thecomputerization ofthis data should make itpossible tofulfill
rapidly andefficiently theinformation needs ofauthorities
responsible for themanagement ofthe environment and ofthe
chemical industry ;
-agroup oflaboratories isworking onthedevelopment ofremote
sensing systems foratmospherical pollution bytheuse oflasers
andother optical methods ;they will participate inafield
campaign inJuly 1975 tocompare theperformances oftheir
equipment ;
-numerous researches onchronic toxicity oflead atlowlevel have
been started ;uptill now ,they have given certain results which
have been exploited fortheestablishment ofadraft directive of
theCouncil onthemonitoring ofthedegree ofcontamination of
thepopulation bylead ;oneproject under wayshould make it
possible todetermine effectively theimportance oflead from
automobile exhausts inthetotal input oflead bypopulations ;

-5©- xii/3?«V75-iS
ÈNV ' v :
-several German ,Belgian ,French andLuxemburg institutes arecol­
laborating with detailed studies onriver pollution inthearea of
Lorraine -rLuxeraburg -Sarre sothat they can .contribute tothedefini­
tion ofthequality objectives jfor these waters ;
aproject onthecharacterization ofsewage sludges from effluent
treatment plants has been completed which should facilitate the
development of -new -techniques fat thetreatment ..andutilization of
these sludges }
-acritical evaluation oftheperformance oftwoplants forthe
joint incineration ofrefuse andsewage sludges hasbeen carried out }
-over 1.000 organic micropollutants have been identified insurface
waters inview ofevaluating thepotential toxicity ofthese waters
and toguide thedevelopment oftreatments fordrinking water ?
-thelong-terra toxicity ofpolluting schemical products isstudied by
theutilization ofawhole series oftests done jointly byagroup
oflaboratories ;this approach should facilitate theevaluation of
genetic andcarcinogenetio risks ofthese substances .
Finally onemaymention that theCommission services have provided the
scientific secretariat and the coordination for the three environ­
mental research projects initiated in1972 intheframework ofCOST
(Scientific andTechnical Cooperation ).These projects ,inwhich
several European non-member countries areinvolved (Austria ,Finland ,
Greece ,Norway ,Portugal ,Spain ,Sweden ,Switzerland ,Turkey and
Yougoslavia )will becontinued with some modifications andintegrated
inthenewprogramme asconcerted actions .