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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(79)155final
i Brussels# 21March1979
FIRSTACTIONS OFCOOPERATION WITHCERTAINDEVELOPING
COUNTRIES INTHEFIELDOFENERGY
(Communication fromtheCommission totheCouncil)
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COM(79)155final

FIRST ACTIONS OPCOOPERATION WITH CERTAIN DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES INTHE FIELD OFENERGY
INTRODUCTION
Atits 141st meeting of30Ootober 1978 inLuxembourg theCouncil invited
theCommission todraw upastudy ofoperations undertaken inthefield
ofenergy cooperation ,"both internationally and "bilaterally (with special
regard toaction "byMember States ),andtoinvestigate whether further
action was required .
The Commission has already described theenergy activities ofseveral important
international organisations and the cooperation programmes ofthose Member
StateB which had forwarded alist oftheir measures inthis sector .
Inthis communication ,theCommission outlines anenergy action programme tobecarried
outwith thedeveloping countries .Atfirst andparallel towhat perhaps might bedone
inConvention following theLom€ Agreement ,this programme would apply tocertain
Latin –Amerioan countries andtheLatin –American Energy Organisation (OLADE ).During
Ilr.Brunner fsrecent visit toVenezuela andEcuador ,these countries andthe
organisation inquestion expressed their interest instepping upcooperation with
theCommunity intheenergy sector .Moreover ,through theintervention ofOLADE ,the
whole ofLatin America could become involved .
This programme isintended for other countries inAfrica and Asia which
make therequest ;itprovides amodel onwhich theCommission would like
theCouncil 'sopinion .Clearly ,thecountries signatories totheLom£
Convention would also belikely todraw particular benefit from Community
cooperation inthis field ,under thenewprovisions concerning energy
which could beincorporated into thenext Convention .*
Gï'INERAL
From thecontacts Community representatives have hadwith thedeveloping
countries ,itisclear that thelatter want tostep upcooperation inenergy
matters with theCommunity .Cooperation ofthis type with countries –some
ofwhich aremembers ofOPEC andmost ofwhich have large andvaried
resources ,could notbutbeadvantageous .Even thecountries with not
insignificant oilresources arealready considering diversifying their
*SeetheCommunication C0M(79)130 final ofthe14th ofMaroh 1979-
ofmining andenergy cooperation with theACPcountries "."Instruments

–2–
sources ofenergy inorder tobeprepared foranyeventuality and to
avoid having their growth impeded "byshortage ofsupplies .They al30
wish toextend therange ofcountries with which they intend todevelop
relations .From "both points ofview ,energy cooperation with theEuropean
Community fits thebill perfectly because inthelong run theinterests
ofboth groups ofcountries coincide .
Inthefirst instance three types ofaction would seem tobeparticularly
beneficial for these countries ,namely
a)assistance intheform ofhighly qualified experts –notso
much specialists aspersons with awide knowledge ofthefield
ofenergy asawhole –whowould becapable ofhelping the countries
concerned todraw uptheir energy balance ,and ,onthebasis ofthe
latter toshape their policy for thenext fewyears ;
b)assistance inestablishing aninventory ofthecountries *resources
particularly bycontributing towards geological surveys andmining
exploration ;and
c)practical measures ,based ontheabove preparatory work ,tomaximise
profits from theexploitation oftheresources involved .
Inallthree fields aidand programmes for training skilled personnel would
naturally gohand inhand .Inthis connection ,provision hasbeen made for
bringing technicians toEurope ,aswell asforsending European experts to
Latin America .TheJoint Research Centre could play anincreasingly important
part intraining the technicians .
Theinterest shown inseminars andconferences organised bytheCommission ,
orinwhich theCommission isparticipating ,should also bementioned e.g.
solar energy inVarese inMarch 1979 »oildrilling inLuxembourg inApril
1979 an(ireactor safety inBerlin inAugust 1979 *
[II.FixSTACTIONS OFENERGY COOPERATION
A. UTITT AMERICA
Acertain number ofactions areforeseen forLatin America .They involve onthe
onehand theOrganisation forEnergy ofLatin America (OLADE )andontheother hand
txocountries ,Ecuador andVenezuela ,with which conversations have already taken
place .Itisofcourse understood that those first actions could befollowed by
others ,with other Latin American countries ,asandwhen contacts would bemade
with them andthat these countries would express their interest incooperation with
theCommunity .Moreover ,initscontacts with these countries ,theCommission will

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take into oonoideration the "bilateral aetionn alroady putinoperation "byth«
Member States ,inorder toavoid anyduplication .
1.LATI :;AMERICAN ehergy ORGANI SATION (OLADB )
Itwould beparticularly desirable fortheCommunity toestablish relations
with OLADE -which represents allLatin American countries -asthis would
provide asingle platform forprojecting theCommunity toallthecountries
inthat part oftheworld inafield inwhich there arevery real prospects
ofcooperation ,namely energy .
Inview ofthefact that formal ties are to "beestablished with Peru ,
thepoint that theheadquarters ofOLADE isinQuito could only
facilitate cooperation between theCommunity andtheLatin American
Energy Organisation .
TheCommission andOLADE together arealready contributing 600000u.a .
towards financing ageothermal project involving Peru ,Ecuador ,the
Dominican Republic andHaiti .The project isalready under way
and istobeexpanded .
Action inthefollowing areas isalso under consideration :
i)thedrawing^up ofregional energy balances covering the
territory ofseveral member states oftheOrganisation ;
ii)astudy ofthepotential ofthevarious sources of
alternative forms ofenergy –particularly solar ,wind and
geothermal energies –andagricultural applications ;the
Organisation isparticularly interested inthelatter ;
iii)amore detailed inventory ofpotential resources incertain sectors ,
particularly uranium .
Therequirements ofLatin American countries looking towards theCommunity to
help them inevaluating their uranium potential arebasically twofold ;
i)inthose countries where very little work has "been carried out,large
regional surveys arerequired toidentify those areas that have some
potential foruranium ;
ii)inthose countries where specific uranium targets have already "been
identified ,detailed local evaluation programmes –including extensive
drilling –isrequired todetermine thereal value oftheuranium occurrences .

-4-
Companies donotgenerally move in "before thisevaluation has "been completed .
Itshould bestressed that thepractical details ofcooperation "between OLADE
andtheCommunity areto "beworked outatthenext visit "bytheSecretary -
General oftheOrganisation .
2.ECUADOR
TheEcuador government hasembarked onthedetermination anddiversification of
thecountry 'ssources ofenergy .ANational Institute ofEnergy ,whose
activities andauthority will extend toallsectors ,hasbeen setup.The
Institute will beasuitable partner fortheCommunity experts .
Three main areas have been singled outfor cooperation :
i)Assistance from experts inenergy savings .
The main aspects covered will be:drawing upanenergy balance for the
country ,determining priorities interms ofeconomic programmes ,the
national use ofenergy –particularly inindustry andtransport –and
thepossibility ofthetotal orpartial replacement ofhydrocarbons by
other fields .
ii)Uranium prospecting .Nuclear –based electricity generation .
This will involve cooperation inprospecting forradioactive minerals and
determining theconditions under which nuclear–based energy might beused ,
including theaspects ofsecurity ,waste reprocessing andenvironmental
protection .
iii)Evaluation ofnatural resources ,particularly energy resources .
Cooperation inthis area will involve aerial surveys (particularly
foruranium ),theuseofmagnetometers andother sensors ,andradar
techniques .
Uranium exploration inEcuador todate hasbeen limited because of
therugged nature oftheterrain and togain anidea oftheuranium
potential ,regional airborne andground spectrometric surveys will be
required .Theairborne surveys carried outbyamission from theUN
in1966/67will provide abasis forthese surveys .Most oftheradiometric
anomalies detected sofarinEcuador axerelated tothegranitic
intrusions ;consequently thesignificance ofthese intrusions specifically
where they arerelated tocontinental sediments ,will beaprimary
exploration target .Following this ,ground follow-up will berequired to
determine thesignificance ofanyuranium occurrences discovered .

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3.VENEZUELA
Faced with thepossibility ofagradual reduction inoilproduction
andthetechnological difficulties connected with exploiting new
deposits onitsterritory ,Venezuela ,oneofthe founders ofOPEC ,
hasforsome time been reconsidering itsenergy policy .Given the
circumstances ,ithastotrytoperfect itstechniques forexploiting
such traditional sources ofenergy asoilandcoal .Inboth fields
theCommunity hasavailable experts andtechniques which could help
Venezuela expand production .Thus theVenezuelans involved inthis
field consider the symposium onnewtechnologies .fortheexploration
andexploitation ofoil andgas resources tobeparticularly pertinent .
Venezuelan participation inthis symposium could bethebeginning of
more intensive cooperation inother fields tobediscussed there .
Venezuela isalso aware ofacertain amount ofwaste inthe use of
itshydrocarbon fuels and intends toimplement apolicy forthe
efficient useofenergy .Here ,too,coordination with theCommunity 's
experts would beareal advantage .
Inaddition todeveloping itstraditional sources ofenergy ,Venezuela
intends todiversify into other sources .Inthis connection itis
particularly interested insolar ,geothermal andnuclear energy ,the
main concern astothe latter being theproblems ofsafety and
environmental protection ,where cooperation could bearranged .
Similarly ,special emphasis isplaced onuranium exploration .Though
radiometric investigations have been undertaken inVenezuela since
1939 ,they have been limited .Previous studies have shown uranium
potential inuranium phospatic shales ,low-grade placer deposits and
indeposits ofcarnotite orcopper uranium-bearing sandstones .Large
scale ground surveys anddetailed local airborne radiometric surveys
will require tobecarried out,totest especially theunconformity
atthebase oftheproterozoic Roraima formation ,asthis isa
favourable setting foruranium deposits .
/.

Cooperation withVenezuelashouldfocusonassistingtheVenezuelans
toevaluatetheuraniumpotentialofthisandotheruraniumtargets
andtrainingofVenezuelanpersonnel.
Inallthreetypesofaction,thetrainingandfurthertrainingof
scientific andtechnicalpersonnelwillleadtotwo-wayexchangeswith
CommunityexpertsgoingtoVenezuelaandVenezuelanexpertsgoingto
Communitycentresfortraining.
Thedetailsofthistypeofcooperationwillbefinalisedinthe
courseof1979withtheaimofimplementation fromtheendofthe
yearandin1980.
OTHERREGIONS
Thetypeofcooperation proposedcouldbeextendedtoothercountries
orgroupingsinotherpartsoftheworld.Iftheenergysectorappears
tobeoneofthefieldsallowingfruitfulcooperation withLatinAmerica
inviewofthetraditionaltieslinkingEuropewiththiscontinent,the
sametypeofargumentcouldbeusedforsimilarcooperation withother
areasoftheworld,inparticularthosecountrieslinkedtotheCommunity
byspecialties.
Actualcooperation programmeswillbedrawnupinlinewiththeprogress
madeinnegotiations andcontactsbetweentheCommunity'srepresentatives
andthesecountriesunderexistingagreements.
Twoexamplessouldbementioned,astheyrelatetotalkswhichhave
alreadybegun.
a)TURKEY
Turkey'senergyimportsareaheavyburdenonitscurrentbalance
ofpayments.Theyareavery*163^burdenonthereservesofa
countrywhichalsorequiresaconsiderable amountofcapitalgoods
andmanufactured products(normally,Turkishexportsscarcelycoverthe
oilbill).
ReductioninenergydependenceisthusamajorproblemforTurkey.

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Foursectorsofcooperation wereproposedduringamissiontoTurkey
byCommission experts:
-cooperation ongeological studiesandexploration withtheInstitute
ofminingstudiesandresearch,Ankara(MTA);
-cooperation withthissameInstituteintheresearchanddevelopment
ofnewenergysources:geothermal energy,biogases,solarenergy.
Fruitfulcooperation couldbeestablished inthesolarenergy
sectorbetweentheTurkishcentreofMarmarisandtheCommunity's
specialized centres;
-Liketheabovementioned LatinAmericancountries,theTurkish
authorities areworriedbythewasteofenergyinsomebranches
oftheTurkisheconomy.Theyareawareoftheneedtoimplement
thelatestenergy-saving techniques assoonaspossible;
-Cooperation inthenuclearsector.Asamodestoilproducer,Turkey
planstoswitchsubstantially tonuclearenergyinthenineties.
TheTurkishelectricity companyplanstobuildtwo600MWeplants
inthenearfuture.Itpossesses someexploitable uraniumresources
inWesternAnatolia;theBlackSearesources havestilltobe
prospected(theMTAhasbeencommissionedto-carryoutthisprospecting).
TheCommunity'scooperation inuraniumprospecting andthe
utilization ofnuclearmaterialisofindisputable interestto
Turkey.
b)NIGERIA
Recentprospecting activities inNigeriahaverevealedthepresence
ofuranium.TheNigerianauthorities haveftiarkedtheirinterest
tocollaborate withtheCommunityinsteppinguptheprospecting of
theirresources.Cooperation inthegeological sectoraswellasin
theestablishment ofanenergyplanislikelytobebeneficialwith
acountryasimportantasNigeria,whichisalsoanOPECmember.

Thenextstepsthatarerequiredtoevaluatetheiruraniumpotential
areasfollows:
Followingthelarge-scale generalsurveyscarriedoutduring
1973-75,specificlow-levelairbornegammaspectrometr icsurveys
shouldbecarriedoutwithclosegridspacingovertheareas
ofinterestthatwererecognised duringtheinitialsurvey.Follo­
wingthis,detailedgroundgeochemical andradiometric surveysshould
becarriedouttoisolatespecificuraniumtargetssothatfurther
reconnaissance canbeorientated towardsspecificuraniumtargets.
Next,aprovision hastobemadeforasignificant amountof
drillingtobecarriedouttotestthepotentialoftheuranium
anomaliesidentified .
AtthesametimetrainingshouldbeprovidedforNigerianuranium
exploration personnelwithinArticle70(oftheEuratomTreaty)
uraniumexploration programmes oftheCommunity.Itisenvisaged
thattheywillbeattachedtothoseuraniumexploration programmes
thatareexaminingsimilargeological environments toth°sethat
aretobefoundinNigeria.ExpertsfromtheCommunityshouldalso
beavailabletoNigeriatoadvisethemontheformulation of
theiruraniumexploration planning.WithinNigeriaitisimagined
thatmostoftheuraniumprogrammeswillberelatedtoporphyry
andvein-typeuraniumtargetswithinthebasementcomplexandto
sedimentary targetsintheoverlyingCretaceous sandstones .
Possibilities offindingpre-Cambrian unconformity-related deposits
shouldalsobetested.
BUDGETARY ASPECTS
Toensureasatisfactory outcometotheseactivities-theneedfor
whichisincreasing daybydayandwhichshouldincludetheconduct
ofpracticalprojectswiththeCommunity'sfinancialaid-the
consequences shouldbedrawninbudgetaryprocedure.Theappropriations
specifically neededinthefinancialyear1980formeasuresofthe

■9-
type described inthis dooument may "beestimated ,inthecurrent state of
evaluation at30million u.a . Asandwhen anagreement with theStates
involved about precise actions would heforeseen ,costed proposals would
"beprepared which would contain detailed financial information .
For 1979 following themeetings which have already been held with those
countries mentioned inthis Communication ,acertain number ofactions
could bestarted inthecoming months :these actions leading toexpenditures
ofasumwhich could beupto10million u.a.,conforming towhat wasannounced
inthecommunication oncooperation with thedeveloping' countries inthe
energy sector .*
CONCLUSION
Bysubmitting this initial programme totheCouncil ,theCommission feels that
itissatisfying thewishes expressed bytheCouncil atitsmeeting of30October
1978 andtheobjectives laid down more recently bytheEuropean Council inParis ,
which stressed theresponsibility oftheimporting countries andtheproducer
countries andstated that thelatter should seek balanced management oftheir
resources toensure thecontinued development oftheworld economy .
Rational andpermanent cooperation could lead toanetwork ofinformation and
contacts between theCommunity andthedeveloping countries ,allowing better
understanding ofenergy problems andthus better management ofresources inthe
years tocome .
TheCommission asks theCouncil toapprove theabove guidelines .
* *#
*COM(78)355 final .