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Vol.1980/0031

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(80)93 final
Brussels /6thMarch 1980
MEMORANDUM
ONTHE IMPLEMENTATION OFANIRON AND STEEL RESEARCH
PROGRAMME /WITH AVIEW TOOBTAINING FINANCIAL AID UNDER
ARTICLE 55 (2)(c)OFTHE ECSC TREATY
i
(presented bytheCommission totheCouncil )
C0M(80 )93final

COMMISSION
OFTHE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
MEMORANDUM
ontheimplementation ofanironandsteel
researchprogramme/withaviewtoobtaining
financialaidunderArticle55(2)(c)of
theECSCTreaty
I-INTRODUCTION
TheECSCironandsteelresearchprogrammefor1980presented
inthismemorandum consistsofprojectsthathavebeenselectedfrom
atotalof150proposalsthatweresubmittedtotheCommission ofthe
EuropeanCommunities requesting aidunderArticle55,2(c)oftheECSC
Treaty.Afterdetailedexamination bytheservicesoftheCommission
incollaboration withtheIronandSteelTechnical ResearchCommittee,
75proposals havebeenselectedasfirstpriority. .
Inexaminingtheaimsoftheproposals andassessingtheir
relevancetoenhancingthecompetitiveness ofthesteelindustry,
particularattention wasgiventorequestsconcernedwithraising
productivity andreductingproduction costs(includingenergyeconomy),
withincreasing thequalityofsteelproductsandwithimprovingthe
performance ofsteelsunderserviceconditions.Withinthesemajor
objectivesforthiscollaborative scientific andtechnicaleffort,
particular emphasishasbeengiventoprojectsaimedatachieving
progressofpracticalsignificance overtheshort-to-mediumterm.
ι
Thetechnicalcontentoftheproposedprogrammecoversvarious
aspectsofironandsteelmaking technology withtheleveloffunding
distributed asfollows:ironores(1.6Z),ironmaking (30.0%),steel­
making(19.3%),rollingmillsandmechanical working(6.8%),
measurements andanalysis(9.3%),properties andserviceperformance
ofsteels(29.8%)andmiscellaneous (3.2X).
Intheproduction andprocessing sectoroftheprogramme,major
collaborative effortisproposedonblastfurnacetechnology andonthe
castingandsolidification ofsteelrespectively .Intheformerarea,
19%ofthetotalbudgetisdirectedatadetailedinvestigation ofthe
reactionsoccuringinthecohesive(softening-melting )zoneoftheblast
furnace;abetterunderstanding oftheflowanddistribution ofreducing
gasesinthisregionshouldpermitimprovements intheproductivity by
raisingthechemicalandthermalefficiencyofexistingblastfurnace
plantaswellasaidinginthedesignofnewequipment. >

-2-
Theunprecedented growthincontinuouscastingpotentialwithinthe
Community,stimulatedbytheresultingenergysavingoverconventional
methods(about50kgoilequivalent/tonnesteel)isnowexpectedtoreach
some75milliontonnesin1982.Thisexpansioniscallingforcontinuous
technological efforttoimproveplantperformance andproductproperties
towhichECSCresearchisalreadymakingasignificantcontribution .
Furthermajorteffort(10%ofbudget)isnowproposedaimedatenhancingthesurfaceandinternalqualityofslabsandbidietsaswellasat
increasingtheflexibility ofcontinuouscastingplant.
Inadditiontotheconsequences thattheabovementionedresearch
willhaveonenergycostsinsteelmaking (nowrepresentsabout25Xof
totalcosts),otherprojectsdealingwithenergyutilisation andeconomy
aretobefoundintheareasofthesinteringofironores,gasutilisa-
.tionandreheatingfurnacesforthe'hotrollingofingots.
Itshouldbenotedalsothatfurtheraidisrequestedtoimprove
theefficiencyandthesafetyofanewminingmethodforLorraineores;
thisresearchhasobviousandimportantsocialimplications .
Technological progressdirectedatimprovingthepropertiesandthus
theperformance andsafetyofsteelcomponents andstructuresisvitalin
attemptingtobroadentherangeofapplication ofsteelinengineering
practice.Furthermore,therequirementformoresophisticated andmore
reliableproductsisessentialtomeetthegrowingcompetition withwhich
Communitysteelproducersarefacedinworldmarkets.Tocontributeto
someofthepressingcommonresearchneedsofthesteelindustrysome
30%ofthisprogrammeisdevotedtostudiesintheproduct-oriented
sector.
Aspectsofparticularinterestrangefromtheweldability ofsteels
andtheresultingpropertiesofweldedjointstostudiesofcorrosion
behaviourandprotectionandthedevelopment andformingofhigh-strength
sheetsteelsfortheautomobileindustry.Thesecondphaseofacollective
projectaimed,atthedevelopment ofmeasuringtechniquesandcollection
ofdataforthetrafficloadingofsteelbridgesisalsoproposed;this
projectshouldpermitsaferandmoreeconomicalstructurestobedesigned
particularly wheresteelandconcreteareinclosecompetition.
Theproposalsintheareaofsteelstructuresincludeanimportant
technico-economic studydesignedtomakeacomparativeevaluation .ofsteel
utilisation inconstruction intheCommunity,inNorthAmericaandin
Japan.Thisanalysisshouldyieldvaluableinformation onthecompetitive
positionoftheCommunitytin thissectorinadditiontoindicatingwhere
researchandtechnological progressareneededtostrengthentheposition
ofEuropeinanareawherethepotentialforgrowthonaworld-widebasis
isconsiderable .
Thefinancialaidforthe75researchproposalspresentedbelow
amounttoatotalof19.550.700 ECU.Tothisisadded510.000ECUfor
ancillarycostsanddissemination ofinformation,givingatotalfinancial
commitment of20.060.800 ECU.

I-3-
II-THERESEARCH PROJECTS
* -
II.1~IRONWINES
Since 1975 theCommission hasgranted aid toseveral projects '
concerning long-wall advancing methods fororewinning .Thetests carried
out,difficulties encountered andexperience gained have ledtothe
definition ofawinning method and types ofcutting machinery and support
systems tobeused .Thetproposed project isanessential complement to
previous research and islikely toproduce anewmethod ofwinning
siliceous andcalcareous ores with amuch higher productivity andgreater
safety than thetraditional method nowused .
-P760 "Optimization offace-cutting machines "
The "long-wall ","short-wall "and "continuous miner "projects already
carried outhave shown that face-cutting istechnically feasible and
economically viable .
There' arestill twomajor problems concerning powered supports and
the continuous miner . '~
Theaim istodesign prototypes ofthis newequipment inthe light
oftheexperience gained andtoresume production tests with these proto­
types . '
Applicant :SAMIFER -Paris '
Amount :533 000 ECU
Duration :11/2years
II.2-ORE REDUCTION
a)Sinter •
,The research aims are :
-toreduce energy consumption forsintering byimproving thepermeability
ofthesinter bed,which canbeinfluenced bytheorder inwhich theraw
materials arestocked intheblending beds .;
-toinclude sinter-bed permeability inthecontrol ofthesintering
process ,thus ensuring more uniform sinter quality and increased
productivity . *

-P824 Reduction ofenergy consumption inasinter plant ,having regard
tosinter quality ,bycontrolling rawmaterial stacking inthe
blending beds andvarying themixing process inacontinuously
adjustable combined mixing andballing drum "
First theadhesiveness ofvarious oremixtures under pressure will
bedetermined inlaboratory tests .The fines ofvarious ores tend toform
minipellets toadegree that depends onthe order inwhich thevarious
fines areadded tothesinter mixture .Iffines areeliminated /the
sinter ismore permeable andthis means that less energy isrequired .
The laboratory results will then beverified intheworks .
Applicant :MANNESMAN HUETTENWERKE -Duisburg
Amount :675 000 ECU
Duration :3years
/
-P872 On-line monitoring ofthepermeability ofthe sinter bed toreduce
sinter variations andenergy consumption "
Theresearch willbe2carned outonanindustrial sinter machinewith agrate area of400M.Thequantitative relations between the
following operating parameters will bedetermined bymathematical and
statistical methods :permeabi lity ,coke content ,ignition conditions ,
sinter quality andproductivity .
Then amathematical model will beconstructed forcontrol purposes .
Applicant :ITALSIDER-Tarento incooperation with CSM-Roma
Amount :432 500 ECU
Duration .:2years
♦b)_Blast Furnace
i
Between early 1978 andmid-1979 theprice index forcoking coal rose
by17points .
Over the same period the index forheavy fuel oil showed anincrease
ofbetween 22and49points ,theamount varying from one country toanother .
These energy costs trends arereflected inthechoice ofthis year 'sresearch
projects .Inseven oftheeight projects energy saving andthereduction
vofenergy costs head the list ofresearch aims .
Inoneproject anattempt will bemade toreplace oil intheblast
furnace bywaste coal ,ballast coal andpowdered lignite .Five projects
concern research inthe cohesive zone ofthe blast furnace .This zone is
ofvital importance fortheuniformity ofgasflow andhence forspecific
coke consumption .Theaims ofthese coordinated projects are :
-tokeep this cohesive zone assmall aspossible ,
-todevise methods ofdetermining theshape andposition ofthis zone ,
-toendeavour tocontrol and influence this zone .
/

Another project isdesigned toimprove energy utilisation inthe
hot-blast stove .This isto.be done byequalizing temperatures atthe
checkerwork ,which will also improve service life .
The last project isdesigned totest newmaterials andnewdesigns
for staves soastoincrease their service life .
-P766 "Optimization ofthe thermal state ofthe tuyere zone inthe blast
furnace
The research will becarried out onablast furnace with ahearth
diameter of9Mand acapacity ofabout 2400tonnes ofhematite pig iron
aday .
Lignite and lean coal inthepowdered form will beinjected inturn .
Foreach type ofcoal ,themaximum amount accepted bytheblast furnace
will bedetermined together with theoptimum degree ofoxygen enrichment
intheblast . - J
Each experimental period will last about twomonths sothat mass and
energy balances canbeprepared .
Applicant :ARBED -Luxembourg
Amount :954 000 ECU
Duration :31/2years
-P780 High-temperature reduction ,softening andmeltdown studies of
burden materials "
Itisfirst planned tocarry outmeltdown tests inanexperimental
furnace (upto1500°C ).Bytheaddition ofMgO tooremixtures sinter and
pellets the softening andmeltdown temperature will beincreased and asa
result higher levels of,indirect reduction will beachieved intheblast
furnace .Theinfluence ofA^O^,MnOandTi(>2 will also beexamined .
Inaddition theinfluence oftramp elements (alkalis ,'zinc and
sulphur )will beinvestigated .
Finally the results will beverified onanindustrial blast furnace .
Itisplanned totake samples from theblast furnace with aprobe .
Applicant :BSC-London (Teesside Laboratories ,Welsh Laboratories )
Amount :509 500 ECU
Duration :4years
-P821 "Influence oftheform andposition ofthesoftening andmeltdown
zone onblast furnace performance "
The research will becarried out onindustrial blast furnaces with
hearth diameters of8.75 and 9.0 M.

-6
Theshape andposition ofthecohesive zone will beexperimentally
determined intheblast furnace by :
(a)indirect measurements such as :
-measurement ofthethermal profile atthethreat
-measurement ofthegasprofile atthethreat andbelow thesurface
ofthe burden
-measurement ofwall temperature
-measurement ofpressure loss over theheight oftheblast furnace .
(b)direct measurements ,such as :
-measurement ofthetemperature profile using descending temperature
probes
-determination ofacorrelation between -temperature profile
measurements intheblast furnace andparallel measurements inthe
laboratory ofthesoftening behaviour ofburdens .
\
Theprogramme ofmeasurements onindustrial blast furnace will be
supplemented byresearch onanexperimental blast furnace .
Finally anattempt will bemade tocontrol the shape andposition
ofthe cohesive zone from the outside onthe basis ofthe research
results . „ , .,
Applicant :CRM -Li&ge
Amount :506 500 ECU
Duration :4years
-P826 "Control ofgasflow inthesolid ,pasty andfluid areas ofthe
1furnace burden
Research will becarried out onfive different blast furnaces with
hearth diameters of9.8 to13.6 minanattempt toachieve better gasflow
(energy saving )and longer service life byoptimum burden distribution .
Aswell asthesteelworks ,two research centres areparticipating inthe
research .Thefollowing research programme isplanned :
-measurements onvarious blast furnaces todetermine gasflow ,
especially inthesoftening zone (forvarious burden materials )
-laboratory tests todetermine thesoftening behaviour ofburden
materials and their mixtures (sinter ,pellets ,lump ores )
-effects ofmaterial properties onthesoftening front
-effect ofburden material distribution onthe softening zone and
ongas flow inthecharge
-influence ofvarious operating parameters onthesoftening ione ,
such asblast speed andtemperature ,ortheaddition ofoilandoxygen
-influence ofblast furnace design ontheshape ofthesoftening zone
depending onburden properties andburden material distribution

-7-
■-investigation oftheinfluence ofmaterial properties ,material
distribution ,design andgasflow onenergy demand ,refractory
wear and service life ofthe blast furnace ,
-evaluation ofthe various experimental results obtained inthe
laboratory and inpractical operation andcomputerized compilation
ofthese data .
Applicant :VDEh-Diisseldorf (thefollowing will cooperate intheresearch :
Hoesch-Hüttenwerke AG,Dortmung ;Mannesmann ,Duisburg-Huckingen ;
Stahlwerke Peine Salzgitter AG,Salzgitter ;Klöcknerwerke ,
Bremen ;Thyssen AG,Duisburg-Schwelgern ;RWTH ,Aachen ;
Studiengesellschaft fürEisenerzaufbereitung ,Liebenburg )
Amount :3557 500 ECU «
Duration :3years *
-P853 "Blast furnace ;consequences ofcharging onburden structure "
Theflow ofmaterial through thefurnace istobeinvestigated for
various charging sequences with aview totheformation ofthemeltdown
zone .
The res&arch will becarried out onfour blast furnaces of8.5 m
to14.0 mhearth diameter .Three ofthese furnaces will becharged with
high-grade ores andonewith lean ores .
The shape andposition ofthemeltdown zone will bedetermined
experimentally during operation .Capsules with radioactive Xewill be
inserted atvarious points intheblast furnace .These areembedded in
materials that melt atgiven temperatures (700°C ,1050°C ,1250°C ).The
radioactive gasreleased ismeasured atthethroat .Isotherms canbe
reconstructed from the space coordinates and thedescent time .
Atthe same time thedescent oftheburden inthevicinity ofthe
furnace wall will bemonitored .This will bedone bymeasuring the
electrical resistance between ring electrodes installed one above the
other inthefurnace wall .Theresistance changes depending onwhether a
"conductor "(coke )ora"non-conductor "(sinter ,pellets ,lump ore)is
between theelectrodes atany given moment .This method will first be
tried out inmodel experiments .
Applicant :IRSID -St.German -en-Laye, incooperation with SOLMER -Fos;
USIN0R -Dunkerque ;S0LLA -Hayange
Amount :1209 000 ECU
Duration :4years ■ i
-p878 "Influence ofthechemical andphysical properties and reduction
conditions onthe softening ,meltdown andpercolation ofsinter
attemperatures upto1600°C "
This project consists oflaboratory tests .First ofallmethods and
equipment will bedeveloped toinvestigate thebehaviour ofsinter atup
to1060°C .
./

-8-
This will enable themeltdown andpercolation behaviour tobe
included inthe assessment ofthe sinter .
■
Inthenext stage theinfluence ofchemical composition onsoftening
andmeltdown behaviour will besystematically investigated .Itisplanned
tocarry outtests onsinter inthebasicity range 1.4to2.0 (CaO/SiC^).
Theinfluence ofthefollowing materials will also beinvestigated :
-FeO inthe range 5.5 to8.5%
-SiO^intherange 5.5to6.5%
-MgO inthe range 0.8to1.5%
-Al-0j intherange 1.5to2.5%
Thethird stage will betoinvestigate theinfluence ofgrain sizing
onlowtemperature disintegration /particle sizes of3to10mmbeing
examined .
Thefinal stage will betheinvestigation oftheinfluence ofreduc­
tion conditions (gascomposition ).
»
Inallabout 25types ofexperimental sinter andfive toeight types
ofindustrial sinter will,be studied .
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Amount :277 000 ECU ,
Duration :4years
-P830 Improvement ofenergy usebyaerodynamic optimization ofhot
blast stoves "
Anattempt will bemade toimprove flow processes ,thus making heat
exchange more uniform andenabling abetter overall degree ofefficiency
tobeobtained .
The work istobecarried out inclose cooperation between the
research institute and theuser .Thefollowing programme isplanned :
-collection andevaluation ofoperating results ,
-analysis ofthe results with aview toheat exchange processes andthe
service life ofrefractory dome andchecker bricks ,
-aerodynamic tests oncold models inthelaboratory ,with simulation
ofthemost significant areas ofthe hotblast stove (combustion v
chamber ,dome ,checkerwork ,etc),
-tests ofmodern heating plant without combustion chamber ,
-construction ofdigital mathematical models andnumeric calculation of
flow velocity andtemperature fields ,
-verification ofthe results andpreparation ofproposals fordesign
andoperation .
Applicant :VDFh /BFI -Dusseldorf
Total amount :666 500 ECU
Duration :3years . '
\1' ' ι
ëf, v
\

-9-
-P829 "Material selection anddesign ofstaves forblast furnaces "
The research will becarried out onablast furnace equipped with
staves .The following programme isplanned :
-removal and examination ofcast-iron staves from a9.8 mblast furnace
after 31/2years inservice , >
-testing ofcast alloy steel "cigar "type coolers invarious areas ofthe
blast furnace ,
-manufacture ofstaves from cast alloy steel with subsequent testing in
the laboratory and inservice under various conditions ,
-manufacture ofspecial cooling plates andinstallation intheblast
furnace , ( ,
-study ofprevious experience with staves taking into consideration on
their design ,cooling system andoperation ,
,-improvement ofshape with dueallowance forthecooling system .
ι
Applicant :HOESCH HUETTENWERKE AG-Dortmund
Amount :963 500 ECU
Duration :3years
II.3-STEELMAKING
:
a)Casting andsolidification
Quality improvement andincreased efficiency areaims common toall
theeight projects described below ,despite their different themes .
Three projects areconcerned with thespecial problems ofcasting
powders forcontinuous casting .Casting powders have several functionsi
1.toprotect themolten steel inthemould against reoxidation ,
2.toprovide thermal insulation ofthemolten steel andprevent
solidification ofthemeniscus , .
3.toabsorb non-metallic inclusions from thesteel ,
4.toprovide lubrication between thesteel shell andthemould .
Consequently thecasting powder resolidifying from themelt onthe
outer surface ofthestrand must meet very specific anti-friction
requirements .Hitherto casting powders have been selected andused
mainly onanempirical b^sis .Inthis programme anattempt will bemade
toestablish acorrelation between chemical composition andthebasic
physical properties ontheonehand andtheempirical data ontheother .
Oneproject isdesigned toimprove thequality oflarge forging
grade ingots (95-105 t),inparticular specific consumption .

Another relates toth»continuous casting oflong freezing range
steels .Structural formatii \during solidification istobeimproved
bymeans ofelectromagnetic stirring .
/
Afurther project iscosigned todetermine thepermissible
deformations inthebending :fthestrand before itisfully solidified
(e.g. asittravels from thevertical tothehorizontal position ). Ifthe
shell issubjected toexcess -vetensile stress during bending ,incipient
cracks often form ;these are i/isible inthefinished product intheform
ofsegregation crazing andcsjse problems during welding inparticular .
Thetensile stress component during bending istobereduced bycompression
ofthe strand inthe longitudinal direction .
I'
Twoprojects concern newdevelopments .Inthe first ,anattempt
istobemade tocarry outmetallurgical after-treatment ofthe steel in
the tundish .Themain aim istoprevent reoxidation ofthe steel andalso
tocontrol the casting temperature more accurately bymeans ofplasma
torch .The second aims todevelop adirect strand reduction method for
steel (billets andnarrow strip ). Apreliminary study has indicated that
direct strand reduction istechnically feasible andeconomically viable .
Itisprofitable for all rolled products that areproduced inlarge batches
t
-P770 Fundamental study ofthebehaviour ofcasting powders "
Thefollowing research istobecarried out inorder tooptimize
theproperties ofcasting powders forcontinuous casting :
-determination ofviscosity ,thermal conductivity andsurface tension ,
-determination oflocal heat transfer ,thickness oftheslag layer ,gap
formation andfrictional forces between the steel shell andthemould ,
-correlation oftheabove-mentioned physical parameters with theproduct
surface quality ,
-production ofamathematic model forthemould onthebasis ofthese
results . 1
:1.IRSID -St.Germam -en-Laye
2.MPI -Dusseldorf
3.NPL -Teddington
:129 000 ECU (IRSID )
121 000 ECU (MPI )
122 500 ECU (NPL )
Duration :2years
-P782 "Behaviour ofmould fluxes during continuous casting "
–^ ––––––––– j
This project will becarried outonanindustrial plant equipped
with aninstrumented mould .Amongst other things ,theresults obtained
inproject P770will betested under industrial conditions .
The first set oftests will assess :
-theeffect ofslag film thickness onfriction ,
-thetendency forslag rimformation . ,Applicant
Amount
Duration

-11-
Theplant performance will beassessed interms of :
-operational factors during use,
-mould heat transfer ,
-product surface quality .
Applicant :BSC-London
Amount :112 500 ECU
Duration :3years .
-P809 "Development ofnewcasting powders forcontinuous casting "
Experiments onindustrial plant and inthe laboratory areplanned
under this project .
*
Thefriction between the strand and anoscillating mould will be
monitored byanelectronic instrument ,theMLTektor (mould lubrication
quality detector ),andthen analysed .The.signal from theMLTektor can
beused foroverall quality assessment ofcasting powders asitgives an
indication ofstrand lubrication .The aim istofind acorrelation between
theelectronic signal from themeasuring head andboth the chemical and
physical properties ofthecasting powder determined inthelaboratory
andproduct surface quality .
Thetests will becarried outmainly onaluminium-killed steels for
deep drawing sheet andsteels forheavy plate .
Applicant :CRM -Li6ge
Amount :256 000 ECU
Duration :3years
-P831 "Development ofinsulating feeder heads toimprove thequality
offorging grade ingots "
Ifthetopofaningot solidifies tooquickly both thesegregation
cone andthepipe will beexcessive andtherefore theyield will bepoor .
Theproject aims tocontrol solidification intheupper region of
the ingot .Thefollowing research isplanned : .
-preparation ofthethermal balance inthevicinity ofthefeeder head ,
-development andtesting ofaninsulating feeder head with cap,
-investigation oftheinfluence oftheinsulating feeder head oningot
quality (10ingots of95-150 tinweight ),
-investigation ofa95tingot bysawing itopen vertically and
horizontally andcomparing itwith aconventional ingot .
Finally economic comparisons will bemade with other methods of
producing large forging grade 'igots such astheMHKW ,ESUtopping ,ESU,
BEST andTREST processes . .

Applicant :THYSSEN-HEINRICHSHUiiTTE
Amount :365500ECU
Duration :3years-Hattmgen
-P784Controlofsolidification ofLongfreezingrangesteelsby
electromagnetic stirringduringcontinuous casting"
Theresearchwillbecarriedoutinapilotplantonhigh-carbon
steels<C^0.6%)andchromiumsteelstypecordandballbearingsteels.
Thestructure andsegregation aretobecontrolled duringsolidification .
Firstanelectromagnetic stirrerwithalinearinductorwillbe
tested.Inthesecondstageaninductorcapableofproducingbothlinear
androtational bathmovementswillbetested.Thecombination ofthetwo
givesahelicalstirringeffect.
Bothin-mouldandbelow-moundstirringwillbetested.
Applicant :BSC*-London
•Amount :312000ECU
Duration :3years
-P860"Bendingandstraightening withliquidcore"
Theprogrammeincludesthe-followingresearchinthelaboratory/on
modelsandinindustrialpractice :
(a)theoretical researchinthemicroplactic rangeofthesteel;
determination ofmaterialcoefficients uptotemperatures immediately
belowthesolidus;
(b)simulationtestsonbendingandstraightening ofstrands1nmodel
testswithplasticine;
(c)industrialtestsonbilletandslabcastingmachines.
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germa+ren-Laye ,incooperation withDILLINGER
HUETTENWERKE -Dillingen,FORGESD'ALLEVARD-Cheylas,
USIN0R-Dunkerque.
Amount :515500ECU<
Duration :3years
-p880"Adaptationofthecontinuouscastingtundishforafter-treatment
ofsteel"
Themethodwillfirstbedevelopedinthelaboratory andthentried
outinindustrialpractice.
(a)Testingoftheafter-treatment techniquesinthelaboratory.
Deoxidation ordesulphurization agentswillbeinjectedintothe
meltthroughalanceoraddedintheformofcoatedwires.Thesteel
willbemeltedina1.5tinductionfurnace.

(b)Thetemperature inthetundish will beregulated bymeans ofa
plasma flame .
(c)Toadapt thetundish toitsnewfunction flow research will be
carried out onacold model . * .
(d)Itisalso planned toconduct tests ontheservice life ofthe
refractory materials ,after which apilot tundish will bebuilt .
(e)Finally industrial tests will becarried outonaslab casting
machine with charges of20to50t.
Applicant :CSM -Roma
Amount :1081 000 ECU
Duration :4years
-p889 "Development ofadirect strand reduction method forsteel
The research will bebased onanearlier preliminary investigation
onamodified Hazelett casting machine .
TheworR programme planned isasfollows :
(a)research onthedesign ofthecasting machine .
« >
(b)design andconstruction ofthecasting system ,
(c)construction oftheexperimental plant (manufacture andassembly ),
(d)casting tests (billets andstrip ), '
(e)evaluation oftheexperimental results and technical andeconomic
assessment .
*
This isafive-year research anddevelopment programme with atotal
expenditure ofDM12.65 million .TheSteel Technical Research Committee
approved theexecution ofthecomplete programme butsuggested that the
total budget bedivided into three parts :forstages (a)and (b)
DM1.25 m;forstage (c)DM7.2m;forphases (d)and (e)DMA.2m.
Theamount given below therefore covers only tothework outlined .
under (a)and (b)which isplanned totake twoyears .
Applicant :KRUPP INDUSTRIE -UNDSTAHLBAU -Essen
Amount :504 500 ECU
Duration :2years

-14-
'b>^_Ox^gen_S teeL^makT^ng
Oneproject isdesigned toobtain greater homogeneity ofthemetal
inthe converter and tointensify themetal-slag reaction .This istobe
done byinjecting agas <orgasmixture )through thebottom ofthe
converter during refining ,thus creating astirring effect .
The second project aims toimprove themaking oftungsten-alloyed
steels intheAOD converter .Thetungsten istobeadded inthe form of
scheelite ,which hasalready proved successful intheelectric arc
furnace . {
■*P787 "Bath stirring inbasic oxygen steelmaking bygasinjection
through basal tuyeres "
The research istobeconducted ona3-tonne experimental converter .
( . .
The following programme isplanned :
-optimization ofgasinjection through theair/nitrogen andtheoxygen /
hydrocarbon tuyeres toimprove themetallurgical process andobtain
short operating cycles ,
-determination ofoptimum oxygen distribution between the lance and
tuyere ,•
-injection ofdesulphurizing anddephosphorizing agents ,
-control oftuyere operation toreduce wear ontheconverter bottom ,
-thermal process optimization inorder toincrease theuseofscrap .
Application :BSC -London
Amount :471 000 ECU
Duration :3years
-P875 "Addition ofalloy elements bymeans ofore inthe AODconverter
The research istobecarried out onanindustrial converter .
Steels containing 1-2.5% Wwill bemelted .Thefollowing will be
recorded for each melt :
-quantity ofscheelite added andaddition method ,
-cooling effect ,
-yield ofalloying elements , '
-consumption ofenergy andcarrier gas,
-refining time ,
-special features .
/

Thefollowinglaboratorytestswillbecarriedoutoneachmelt:
-hotworkingproperties,segregation (macroandmicro),
-mechanical properties,
-heattreatment .
Finallyatechnical andeconomicassessment ofthemethodwillbe
made.
Applicant :CERIMET-Torino
Amount :268500ECU
Duration :2years
c)Refraçtories
Inbottom-blown converters largeconcentrations ofFeOforminthe
vicinityoftheoxygeninletsandtheseareconsideredtobelargely
responsible forlocalwearatthesepoints.
Theprojectaimstogivetheconverterbottomaslongaservice
lifeasthegeneralrefractorylining.Hotandcoldsprayingmethods
torepairconverterbottomsaretobetriedoutwiththisaiminview.
-P858"Repairofconverterbottoms
Thesprayingmethodswillfirstbetestedona6-tonneexperimental
converter andthentransferred toa240tindustrial converter.Two
methodswillbetested:
i
1.theconventional methodofsprayingcoldceramicmixturesontoabase
ofslag,and
(
2.thehotsprayingmethodinwhichthehotceramicmaterialissprayed
onbymeansofaplasmatorch. ^
Thepreliminary basicresearchontheadhesionofthevarious
mixtureswillbecarriedoutinanexperimental furnace.
Applicant :IRSID-St.Gernain-en-Laye
Amount :743000ECU
Duration :3years

-16-
d).__Iheoreti_caJLMerallurgy
Theaimistoinvestigatethephys'calandchemicalpropertiesof
slags: ■
1.Determination ofphasediagramsandthermodynamic activitiesfor
complexsystemofblastfurnaceandsi:eelfurnaceslags(quaternary
andhighersystems)
2.Determination ofthepropertiesoftheinterfacebetweenthemetal
andsolidoxides.
-P857"Thermodynamic andkineticdataonvarioussteelmakingmaterials
(slags,inclusions)". ■
Researchprogramme :
1.Experimental workonphasediagrams:determination ofthetie-lines
inthecrystallization rangeofcalciumsiIico-phosphates (LDACslag)
andmelilith(blast,furnaceslag).
2.Determination oftheactivitiesoftheslagcomponentsinthesystem:
CaO-A^Oj-SiOg-MgOandSi02-P2<),.-Ca0-Mn0-Fe0.
3.Experimental workonthesystemsriron-oxygen,aluminiumoxide,
calciumaluminates,hqrcynite(ironalumina.teorchromite).
4.ExperimentalworkonthesystemsFe-O-S/CaO,MgO,Al^O^,SiO^andmullitewithmolteniron.
Applicant :IRSID-St.Germain-en-Laye
Amount :302500ECU \
Duration:3years
e)'"Energy
Thetwoprojectsrelatingtosteelworksenergysuppliesconcernthe
improvement ofefficiencyandtheextensionoftheusesofgasburnersfor
chargematerials.
-P774"Technicalaspectsofleangasutilization intheironandsteel
industry-Burnerandcombustioncontrolinvestigations "
Theaimistodevelopburnerscapableofburninggasesofdifferent
heatcontents(blastfurnacegases,coke-ovengas,LDgas,naturalgas,
propanegas).Thenecessarycontrolsystemsarealsotobedeveloped.
Firstthelimitsonthemixingofgasesfromtheuserviewpointwill
bedetermined.Thenaseriesofburnerswillbedevelopedthatcanbe1
adaptedtothenecessaryflexibilityofthechargematerials,making
allowanceforthetypeofflame. y•f•
\• - '

-•17- i
Mixtures oflean andrich gases will besystematically investigated ,
with either cold ,pre-heated oroxygen-enriched airbeing used for
combustion . • '
Acombustion furnace will beinstrumented tomeasure heat transfer .
Control systems will bedeveloped forthebest types ofburners .
Adiabatic flame temperature ,fuel quantities ,oxygen quantiti.es ,
wall temperature ,waste gastemperature and,forsafety reasons ,theCO
content inthewaste gaswill betaken into account forcontrol purposes .
Applicant :International Flame Research Foundation -IJmuiden
Amount :469 500 ECU
Duration :3years . • ,
-P832 "Development oflow-pulsation multi-fuel burners for large
combustion chambers with ahigh energy efficiency "
Theaim istostabilize combustion processes inhotblast stoves .
Thefollowing research programme onmulti-fuel burners isplanned :
1.Collection andevaluation ofanalytical and service data . -
2.Verification ofmeasured data onhot and cold models .
3.Investigation ofacoystic behaviour . , '
4.Hot model tests and industrial tests .
5.Constructive improvements tomulti-fuel burners with aview to
increasing efficiency .
Applicant :VDEh /BFI -Dusseldorf
Amount :513 500 ECU
Duration :3years
y
II.4-MECHANICAL WORKING
a)_Reheating_Furnaces
Themain aim inthe twoproject ?described below istocontrol the
reheating furnace tosuiit theproduct ,
-P881 "Operation ofreheating furnaces tominimize energy consumption -
and scale formation with cont nuous recording offurnace
atmosphere composition and tern ;erature bylaser spectroscopy "
/ <
Themeasurement system used toc:ntrol thefurnace isbased onCARS
(Coherent Antistokes Raman Scattering )andthedifferential absorption
technique .

-18-
Thisenablesthecontenl>ofoxygen,CO^,CO,H?D,H?andthecorresponding radicals,togetf?rwithtemperature betweenT100and1800°K
tobemeasure^directly.As"fiedegreeofoxidationcfthegasatmosphere
varieswithtemperature,thisdirectmeasurement'isofgreatimportance.
Firstthespectroscopic systemwillbeconstructedinthelaboratory
andtriedout.Thenpilotexperiments inanexperimental furnaceare
plannedtotesttheavailability ofthesystem.
Finallyanindustrialreheatingfurnacewillbeequippedwiththe
system.
ι
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Amount :410000ECU
Duration :21/2years
-P902Researchontheclosed-circuit controlofacontinuousannealing
linebyprocessingmagneticsignalsfromthesteelstrip"
Theresearchwillbecarriedoutonacontinuousindustriallinefor
theannealingofstripfortinplatemanufacture.
Stripannealingwillbecontrolled bymeansofthesurfacehardness
(theHR30Tvalue).Thehardnesswillbemeasuredindirectlyviamagnetic
variables.Theinitialdataforfeedcontrolwillbethechemicaland
physicaldataonthestripthathavetobeinputandtheinitialmagnetic
value.
Themagneticoutputvaluemeasuredon-linewillserveasafeedback
forstripspeedandtemperature.
Amathematical modelforthecontrolsystemwillbedevelopedand
willoperatefirstasanopencircuitandlaterasaclosed-circuit control
system.
Applicant :ITALSIDER-Genova
,Amount :246500ECU
Duration :3years
°2_tl2i_R2iilD9 :
Theaimsofresearchonhotrollingaretoimprovethecontrolmodels
forvariousapplications /(flatproductsandsections).Thisshouldimprove
theefficiencyoftherollingmillsandreducemateriallosses.These
losses(forheavyplate,forexample)arearound8to15%ofingotweight.
-P793"Three-dimensional modelformetalflowundertriaxialstrain
conditions "
Usingfiniteelementanalysis,athree-dimensional modelistobe
developedforthepredictionofthedeformation,temperature andstress
distributions intheworkpieceduringmetalformingprocessesforthe
rollingofingotsandslabs.

% -19-,-
Inthesecond stage amodel fornumerical solution will be t
constructed .
Themodel will betested onalaboratory rolling mill .The tests will '
becarried out with plasticine . ~
The last stage consists ofapplication toactual hot rolling
processes .
Applicant :BSC -London
Amount :308 500 ECU
Duration :3years
i . . '
-P833 "Research onmaterial flow ingrooved rolls toimprove design
methods and increase theefficiency ofsection rolling "
When grooved rolls areused itisnot yetpossible tocalculate
material flow inadvance ;itisdetermined experimentally bytrial rolling .
Theprinciples forthemathematical description ofmaterial flow in
grooved rolls will beestablished byexperiment and research based onthe
theory ofplasticity .
Thethree-dimensional velocity fields calculated will beverified
experimentally inthemodel .
Inparticular /the influence oflongitudinal forces andvariations
inthem (intandem mills )onthe flow ofmaterial and the cross-sectional
tolerances will also beinvestigated .
Applicant :VDEh /BFI-Oiissleodrf
Amount :536 500 ECU '
Duration 31/2years . ( '
-P862 "Monitoring oftheends intherolling ofthick plates "
Themain aims oftheproject are toimprove material yields and
obtain more accurate dimensions .Arolling programme will bedeveloped
that enables stock input tobereduced ,theoptimum reduction perpass to
bedetermined and anoptimum rolling schedule forheavy plate (rolling
inlongitudinal andtransverse directions )tobeestablished .
1150 kgofstock isused toproduce 1tonne ofheavy plate inEurope ,
butonly 1080 kginJapan .
Itisplanned tocarry out theoretical research that will later be
varified inmodel tests with plasticine .
Applicant :1.IRSID -St.German -en-Laye
2.ECOLE DES MINES -Paris
Amount :347 000 ECU
Duration :3years
I
!i
»
î>;

-20-
#
é£2-532sçe_Llaneous
Tungstencarbiderollsarealreadybeingusedinthefinishing
standsinrodmillsbecauseoftheirgoodwearresistance.Theserolls
arenowtobeusedinintermediate standsforthefirsttime.The
resultscanalsobeextrapolated tobilletmills.
-P767TungstencarbiderollingmiIIrolls"
Theexperiments willbecarriedoutonaMorganmill.360mm
rollswithtungstencarbidearetobeinstalledon4three-lineinter­
mediatestands.Themainproblemisthecoolingoftherolls.Because
ofthelowerrollingspeedintheintermediate standstherollshave
tobeequippedwithaspecialcoolingsystem.
Theexperimental parametersare:
Λ
-testingofvarioustypesofcarbide 1
-testingofvariouspassformsandcoolingsystems
-testingofvarioussteelgradesandrollingtemperatures .
Applicant :ARBED-Luxembourg
Amount :380000ECU
Duration :21/2years
II.5~MEASUREMENTS ANDANALYSES
Themajorpartoftheresearchproposedinthisareaisconcerned
withmethodsofinspecting andassessingthesurfacequalityofsemi­
finishedsteelproducts.Thecontinuingeffortbeingmadeinthisarea
isinresponsetothechangesincustomerrequirements whichhave
obligedsteelmakers toimproveas-rolledsurfacequalityandtoadopta
morequantitative approachtotheassessmentofdefectsinsemi-finished
products.An"importantfeatureofthisproposedworkistheattention
devotedtothedevelopment ofhotinspectiontechniques whichshould
leadtothemorecontinuousprocessingofsteelwhichhasimportant
-implications forenergysaving.
Thesecondmajorthemerelatestotechniquesofmeasurements
coveringflawdetectionandgrowthinengineeringstructures/non­
destructive determination ofinternalstressesincomponents andthe
detailedchemicalanalysisofsteelmicrostructures .
-P773"Classification ofroundbarsurfacequalitydirectlyfroma
millcoolingbank"
Theresearchisdesignedtodevelopnon-destructive testing
techniquesforinternalandsurfacetestingofsteel(withoutcooling)
attemperatures upto500°C.

Anultrasonic inspection unit will beconstructed for in-line
installation .Round bars from 100 to270mm indiameter will ,betested in
theworks anddifficulties caused bytemperature andproduct speed will be
examined .
These tests will befollowed byastudy todevelop the computer
control ofthetest system toensure that thebars arecollected together /
transported andprocessed inthemost efficient manner .
Applicant sROUND OAKSTEELWORKS -Brierley Hill
Amount :595 500 ECU
Duration :4years >
-P786 "Surface inspection ofcontinuously cast billets '
The aim istofind areliable surface inspection method inorder to
establish suitable means ofin-line inspection forcontinuously cast .
billet production .
The initial experiments will beoncold billets but they will be
extended towarm (upto500°C )billets later .
Four methods will betested andthe results obtained compared in
order tomake afinal choice :eddy current /flux leakage /ultrasonic
andoptical /infra-red techniques .
*
Applicant :BSC -London
Amount :384 500 ECU
Duration :3years
I
-P817 Development ofanindustrial gauge for hotdetection ofsurface
defects onbeams "
The research isdesigned todevelop amethod ofhotsurface inspection
forbeams .Itwill make use ofasystem fortheobservation anddetection
ofsurface defects based onthedevelopment ofacamera with photodiode
devices . x
Once themethod hasbeen developed anindustrial prototype will be
produced forcontinuous operation onthedelivery side ofabeam mill .
Thebeam surface temperature range will bebetween 500°C and 1150°C .
Thedefects tobedetected will besurface cracks andflaws ofsmalldimensions (not less than 1cm).
Applicant :CRM -Liège <
Amount :434 500 ECU
Duration :3years 4 ,

-P852 Acoustic emission monitoring ofsteels andstructures "
Theenormous potential ofacoustic emission inspection techniques
forsteels isgradually butvery slowly being utilized .Theproject
aims todefine and implement anacoustic emission method forthe exami­
nation of"calm "Clow-emission )materials .
Thepoints tobeelucidated are :
-which steels areemitters andwhich arecalm ,
-how the .metallurgical structure andproduction operation influence
emission behaviour ,
-howemission behaviour varies with conditions (dimensions orgeometry
ofparts ortest structures ),
-maximum useful detection capacity .
Toallow fortheeffects ofvariations insteel composition and in
theproduction process onemission behaviour ,three groups ofsteels wil
bestudied :carbon manganese ,micro-alloyed andhigh-strength low-alloy
steels .
Applicants :1.DANISH WELDING INSTITUTE -Glostrup
2.RIS NATIONAL LABORATORY -Ris
3.CSM -Roma
Amount :654 000 ECU
Duration :3years
-*P864 Ultrasonic detection ofinclusions insheet "
Theprogramme consists ofresearching anddeveloping aT00Z
contactless in-line inspection technique based onanelectromagnetic -
acoustic probe .The aim istoimprove thequatity ofsheet produced
from ingots ormade bycontinuous casting .
Theproject may bedivided into three separate parts :
1.laboratory studies :characterization ofdefects detected ,identifi­
cation ofthedefects bydestructive testing ;
2.study andconstruction ofanelectromagnetic-acoustic head ,
industrial feasibility ;
3.industrial tests :construction ofaprototype unit andinstallation
onanindustrial site forworks testing .
Applicant rIRSID -St.German -en-Laye
Amount :515 500 ECU
Duration :3years
-P900 "Improvement ofquantitative micro-analysis oflight elements
insteel "
Toimprove themonitoring ofsteelmaking byprocess control and
assessment ,theproject isdesigned todevelop andimprove amicroprobe
forquantitative determination ofinclusions ,precipitates ,segregations
andphase transformations . ./.

-23-
Themethodstudiedwillbebasedonthe"Parobek"and Brown"
quantitative analysismethod,usingthegeneralequationforthedistri­
butionindepthofx-raysourcesasafunctionofcomposition,energyand
absorption o^electrons. >
Determination willrelatemainlytoboron,carbon,nitrogenand
oxygen.
Applicant :TNO-Apeldorn;MANNESMANN WERKEAG-Duisburg
Amount :182500ECU _
Duration :cyears
I
t
-P904"Non-destructive evaluation ofresidualstressesinsteel"
ThisprojectisacomplementtoECSCcontracts (Agreements
No.7210GA120-7210GA810)thatisnecessaryinordertoreach
conclusions thatcanbeusedbyindustry.-
Themethoddevisedanddevelopedusesnon-destructive testingby
twotechniques :ultrasonic (Harwell)andmagnetic(IZFP).
Applicants :AERE-Harwell
Amount :260000ECU •
Duration :3years
' ' -1
II.6-PROPERTIES ANDSERVICEPERFORMANCE
Thecontinuouseffortdevotedtoresearchintotheservice
properties andbehaviourofsteelsmustbeaimedatthetechnical
promptionofsteelproducts,aidedbyareductionincosts.
Topromotesteelitmustbepossibletooffertheuserthemost;
suitablegrade,qualityandtypeoflongorflatproductforhisneeds.
Thiscallsforcontinuous contactsbetweenproducers anduserstofindthe
optimumsolutionineachspecificcase.Thisconceptofoptimization
appliesinallareas-lightweight structures,heavypipelines,pressurized
containersforthepetrochemical industryorgeneratingstationsandeven
turbines;itgainsaddedsignificance withthecurrenttendencytoin­
creasedimensions soastoeconomize bybenefiting fromthescaleeffect.
Inevitablythistendencymustbeaccompanied byanincreaseinthesafety
ofstructures andplant,callinginturnforamorecomprehensive know­
ledgeofthematerialanditsconditionsofuse.
Consequently greatimportance mustbeattachedtothehomogeneity
ofproductsandinvariability oftheirproperties whichfacilitatefabricat­
ingoperations (suchasformingandwelding)andtocomponentreliability
anddurability :theconceptofperformance overtimehascometothefore.
Associatedwiththisconceptisthecost-quality ratio,forwhichthe
bestcompromise mustbesought:
-byincreasingthereliability anc/precision,andhencetheprofitability,
ofproductionplant(automation,plantcontrol)toobtainmorehomogeneou
production andcloserdimensiona tolerances; .

-24-
-byjoiningintheworldwideefforttosaveenergythroughgreater
efficiencyofmachines/processautomation,reductionincomponent
weight,abettersurfacefinish(resistancetoenvironmental
conditions )andalsobydevelopingtechniquesthatallowreduced
consumptionorreplacement ofthemostcostlyalloyingelements;.
-byconstantlyurgingrationalproductuse,i.e.optimization in
combination withothermaterials.Thisisanexcellentmethodof
promotionasitprovidesanopportunity ofdemonstrating theintrinsic
qualitiesofsteelsuchasstrength/weightratio,flexibility ofuse,
maintenance ofmechanicalproperties.
-P758Researchtoobtaingreatereconomyintheweldingofhigh-
strengthsteels"
Inthepresentstateoftheartintheweldingofsteels,therisk
ofcoldcrackingwhenh»igh-strength steelsareweldedcausesproblems
becauseofthedifficultyingivingmanufacturers sufficiently simple
andeconomicfabricatingdirectivestoencouragetheuseofsuchsteels.
Consequentlyitisnecessarytoestablishthelimitstotheuse
ofthecriterionforhigh-strength steelswhenweldingthefirstrun
withoutpre-heating andtoinvestigate theconditionsformulti-run
weldinginvolvingtemperature monitoringbuthavingtheadvantagesof
bothsafetyandeaseofwelding.
Theseinvestigations aretobecarriedoutonsteelsE460toE690
inmediumthicknessesofbetween16and30mm;therestraintintensity
ofstandardconnections andthepropertiesofthefillermetalwillbe
takenintoconsideration .
Theaimistodefine,forhigh-strength steels(typesE460,E550,
E690)ofmediumthickness,theleastrestrictiveweldingconditions
possible,onthebasisofthecriteriaoftheimplantcracktest,
restraintintensityandthicknessoftheconnection.
Abetterknowledgeoftheweldability ofhigh-strength steels
shouldmakeitpossibletorelaxtherequirements onweldingconditions,
inparticularasregardspre-andpostheating.Attechnicallevel,this
willsimplifyoperations,thussavingcosts,andwillimproveworking
conditions andhencequality.Consequently theresultsshouldincrease
thepossibleusesofhigh-strength steelinweldedstructures.
Applicant :INSTITUTDESOUDURE-Paris
Amount :103500ECU
Duration :2years /,• -

-P759"Evaluation ofthestrengthofspot-welded assemblies witha
viewtothedrawing-up ofdesignrules"
'Lightweight structural steelwork (inparticular three-dimensional
frameworks )isapotentialfieldofapplication forspotweldingthat
isnotyetexploited.Itshouldbepossibletousethisassembly
techniquetoproducemorecheaplyintheworkshopstandardprefabricated
elementsforsubsequent assemblyonsitebyothermethods.
Instructural steelwork thethickness usedamounttoseveral
millimetres andtheassumedstressesarequasi-static .
Therearenodesigncodesfordetermination oftheoptimum
configurations ofassemblies .
Suchdesigncodescanonlybeproducedonthebasisofexperimental
dataonthebehaviourofrealorsimulated assemblies .
Itisthereforenecessarytoundertake aseriesofteststo
establish acollection ofresultsprovidingqualitative information on
themechanisms ofmulti-joint assemblies andthevaluesoflimitloads
thatcanbewithstood bysuchassemblies .
Aoolicant :INSTITUT DESOUDURE-Paris
Amount •:103500ECU
Duration :2years
I
-P815"Riskofcoldunder-bead crackingandtheweldingofbranches
ongaspipelines
Thefirstaimistoestablishsufficiently generallawstoallow
theresultsobtainedonimplantsunderstandardconditionstobetrans­
ferredtoothersituations,thusenablingtheresultstobeappliedmore
preciselytoindustrial assemblies .
Thesecondaimistopredicttheriskofcoldcrackinginthecase
ofhottapping,i.e.weldingabranchontoamainpipelinewithout
interrupting theflowofthefluidtransported .
ThesteelsstudiedwillbeofgradesX70andX80;anattemptwill
bemadetoascertain anyrestrictions tobeobservedbysteelmakers in
thedevelopment ofthesegrades.
Applicant :CRM-Liège
Amount :546500ECV '>
Duration :3years

-26-
-P841Fracturebehaviourofthick-walled jointsweldedbyvarious
methods-Influenceofbeadwidthandstress-relieving "
Stress-relieving treatments areusedinanattempttoprevent
stressesinthick-walled weldedstructuresofhigh-strength steel'
grades.Ithasbeenknownforsometimethattheannealingofalloy
steelsmayleadnotonlytoembrittlementcausedbythetemperature and
byprecipitation butalsotoembrittlementandcrackingbyelongation
duetostress-relieving .Itthusappearsthattheembrittlementphenome­
nonisalsoinfluenced,possiblyeventoapredominant extent,bythe.
micro-structure andnotonlybythestressstate.
Thetestsonanordinarymaterial <22NiMoCr37)willbecarried
outontestpiecesofvariousdimensions (250to1000mm)withor
withoutstress-relieving .
Applicant :VDEh/Staatliche Materialprufungsanstalt ,StuttgartUniversity
Amount :565000ECU
Duration :3years
-P866Weldability ofquenchedandtemperedsteelsobtainedbydirect
quenching
Theproduction ofhigh-quality steelbyhigh-temperature thermo­
mechanical treatments,inparticulardirectquenchingfollowedby
annealing,notonlysavesenergy(byanamountequivalent totheheating
ofplateintheconventional process)butalsosavesrawmaterials
(high-quality sheetwithlowalloycontent).
Thelowcontentofthesesteelsmakesthembydefinition
suitableforwelding.Itisimportanttodemonstrate thisandin
particulartoseehowtheoverallbehaviouroftheweldisaffected.
\
Thedevelopment ofthesesteelsisdependent onaknowledgeof
theappropriate conditionsfortheirfabrication .Itisthereforeuseful
tostudytheweldingbehaviourofthesesteelsforthefollowingappli­
cations:
-abrasion-resistant plate ■x.
-plateforweldedtubes
-heavyplate »
Thegradesstudiedwillbe:
-E690inthicknessof8-30mm
-E550inthicknessof12-22mm
-E460inthicknessof30-50mm
Applicant :IRSID-St.German-en-Laye
Amount :344000ECU
Duration :3years
\ι

-27-.
b)_Çorrosion_and_Surf açe_P roteçtion
-P810 "Gas-metal reaction during basic annealing -Influence onsheet
surface cleanness "
i
(Theconcept ofthe surface cleanness ofannealed andskin-passed
sheet isbecoming increasingly important ,particularly inthe car-
making sector .Thecorrosion resistance ofphosphated ,painted sheet
hasbeen shown tobeclosely related totheamount ofresidual carbon
intheouter surface oftheannealed ,skin-passed sheet .
The removal ofresidual hydrocarbons from cold-rolled steel
depends onalarge number ofparameters .
Knowledge oftheway inwhich themajor parameters operate isan
essential precondition foranyimprovement ofproduct quality .
The research isintended todefine the state ofthe "chemical
micro-reactor "represented bythe interstices ofacoil undergoing
annealing ,bymeasuring changes ingascomposition over aperiod
oftime andbydescribing thesurface chemistry ofthe sheet atthe
start and end ofprocess annealing .Since laboratory simulation tests
are notrepresentative ,research must beconducted onactual coils inan
industrial furnace . 1
Applicant :CRM-Liege
Amount :409 500 ECU ,
Duration :3years
-P873 Study ofthephosphate coating andcorrosion behaviour ofcold - .
rolled products ofhigh strength low-alloy steel "
This research forms' part ofthestudy ofsteel surfaces inrelation
totheir susceptibility tophosphating ;andtherefore tothecorrosion
resistance ofthe steels inquestion .
The current tendency touse HSLA steels mainly inresponse to
theproblems ofreducing theweight and increasing thesolidity ofmotor
vehicle bodies ,hasrevealed anumber ofmajor problems relating to
corrosion behaviour beneath paint after phosphating andpainting .
The research isdesigned toestablish arelationship between
thesurface composition ofcertain low-alloy steels ,produced either
experimentally orcommercially ,andsusceptibility tophosphating ,
either bymeans oflaboratory tests orbytheuseofapilotphosphat­
ing line .Theresults obtained will beevaluated using only phosphated
samples orphosphated andpainted samples .
^ > .
Applicant :ITALSIDER -Genova
Amount :173 000 ECU
Duration :2years
/

-28-
-P883 Neutral electrolytic pickling process forordinary and low-alloy
sheet .Process development onapilot line tooptimize the
surface quality characteristics ofproducts forvarious applications "
Earlier research hasmade itpossible todefine themechanisms ofthe
.electrochemical reactions which form thebasis oftheneutral electrolytic
pickling ofsodium sulphate (NEP),toestablish theeffect ontheprocess
ofthevarious operating parameters ,and toclarify themechanisms influenc­
ingthemorphology andnature ofthemill scale .
Future prospects for thedevelopment ofNEP seem favourable inview
ofcurrent improvements ihtheworking environment andthequality of
rolled products .Theadoption ofthis process toreplace thehydrochloric
and sulphuric acid processes would remove all thepollution problems which
typify such pickling systems andwould also entail adrastic reduction in
maintenance costs inrespect ofcorrosion .
Itisproposed toconduct experimental research with thefollowing
objectives :
1.Development ofNEP,particularly the final stages oftheprocess forthe
production ofcold-rolled carbon steel and low-alloy silicon steel ,
which have optimum surfaces asregards rust resistance andsuitability
forthesuccessive operations which make uptheprocess cycle .
2.Study ofelectrolytic treatments processes inaneutral sodium sulphate
solution forthe improvement ofthe surface quality ofcold-rolled
carbon steel from thestandpoint ofsusceptibility tophosphating ,
painting andcorrosion resistance when painted . ■ :
Applicant :CSM-Roma , "
Amount :346 000 ECU
Duration :21/2years
-P"885 "Cladding ofZn-Al Alloys .Development ofthecladding process on
apilotplant
Consideration hasrecently been given tothepossibility ofcoating
steel with Zn-yU alloys having ahigh Alcontent ;depending onthecompo­
sition ofthe coating itwould ,intheory ,bepossible togive such steel
arange ofproperties varying from something fairly close tothose ofthe
zincate tosomething fairly close tothose ofthealuminate .
Thebasic objective ofaninitial research programme was theacquisi­
tion ofscientific information and laboratory-scale technical ,know-how .1
Itisproposed toxheck thetechnical feasibility ofthecoating
process onacontinuous line ,using alloys selected during the initial
research programme ,and toextend study oftheservice properties of
products including field tests .Thepilot plant will make itpossible to
optimize theprocess parameters under dynamic conditions inorder totrans­
fer theprocess tothe industrial scale .
Applicant :CSM -Roma
Amount :311 500 ECU
Duration :3years
*

-29-
-p901 "Research onthe corrosion behaviour ofLow-alloy steels under
atmospheric andoffshore conditions "
The literature contains alarge number ofreports andpublications
concerning thesignificance ofalloying elements inlow-alloy steels
used inoffshore technology and intheatmosphere (different climates ).
The information ismainly based onlaboratory investigations (circuits or
artificial seawater )andtheresults ,which arepromising insome cases ,
must betested inpractice before thesteels areused inoperational
conditions .This istheaimofthepresent project ,which uses suitable
commercially available steels asabasis fortheexamination ofanumber
ofalloys that can beexpected tobecharacterized byadequate resistance
inseawater and/ortheatmosphere ,lowmanufacturing andprocessing costs ,
good mechanical properties and awide range ofapplication .
t
Anadditional important factor isthat some ofthe steels examined
could also beused asevaporator casings formarine desalination plants .
Since the research will beconducted onexisting test rigs ,the
costs incurred will berelatively slight .
«
Applicant :VDEh -Dusasldorf
Amount :103 500 ECU
Duration :3years
c)Forming
-P813 "High strength multiphase steels forvarious types offlat
products " (
Since the sixties ,theneed for increased mechanical strength in
general steels hasgrown considerably inthevarious fields inwhich they
areused .Automobile manufacturers areparticularly interested inthis
since this isone oftheways inwhich they canimprove safety and reduce
theweight ofvehicles .Unfortunately ,ofcourse ,asageneral rule an
increase instrength means aloss inductility and itis,therefore ,
necessary tofind aneconomic compromise between these twoproperties .
Itiswith this inmind that theconcept ofusing abiphase
structure comprising principally granular ferrite andmartensite ,what is
known asdual phase (DP)ormultiphase steel ,came into being .
Itisthen possible toobtain ,after annealing asteel with 0.2% '
yield limit which islowbutwhich ,nevertheless ,improves considerably
following deformation of2to5%asoften occurs inindustrial practice .
This produces ,after forming ,ahigh strength steel . '
Inorder tosolve theproblems raised such astheelongation limit
anddispersion ofproperties over thelength ofthecoil ,adetailed study
onthemechanisms of multiphase microstructure formation and their
behaviour during plastic def mation isessential .
J.

-30-
Applicant :CRM-Liege
Amount :372500ECU
Duration :3years t
-P814"Deep-drawing ofveryhighstrengthsteelsheets"
Inordertomeetcurrentsafetyandeconomicxrequirement?s,usersof
sheetsteel,andautomobilemanufacturers inparticular,areincreasingly
interestedinthepossibilities ofreducingweight.Themotorcarindustry
would,therefore,liketoseethedevelopment ofthefollowingthree
grades:500MPa,650MPa,1030MPa.Abetterknowledgeofthebehaviour
ofthesesteels,especiallyduringdeep-drawing processesisrequired.
Wethereforeproposetostudy,asapriority,thegeneralsuitability of
theseproductsforformingbyconcentrating ontheformingoffoldsand
onthespring-back effect.Specialattentionwillbepaidtotheinfluence
oftoolsonperformance indeep-drawing .Thepropertiesofthefinal
productssuchasstiffness,sounddeadening andimpactstrengthwillbe
studied.
Applicant :CRM-Liege
Amount :449500ECU
Duration 3years
^i-.£2D§î£y£îl2D§' -_§îeeis
-P750,765,771,778,850,903Measurement andinterpretation of
dynamicloadsonbridges"
Thisprogrammeisthesecondphasewhichhadoriginally beenplanned
inastudystartedattheendof1975,thefirstphaseofwhichisnearing
completion .Theaimoftheresearchistobecomemorefamiliarwiththe
serviceconditions ofsteelbridgesinordertoimprovethecomputercodes
and,byusingstandardfatiguecalculations forbridges,tomakethemmore
competitive inanareawhereconcretebridgeshavegainedsupremecy.To
date,11roadbridgesartd3railbridgeshavebeeninstrumented forthe
measurementoftrafficconditions (frequency,composition )andtheresults
havebeenanalysed.
Beforedrawingconclusions,andthencebysimulation,developing
acalculation methodwhichwillenablethevarioustypesofbridgestobe
matchedproperlytothevariousconfigurations anduseconditions,
measurements oftheoperatingconditions ofsuchbridgeshavetobemore
closelydefinedandrefined,i.e.specialeffectsresultingfromcongested
traffic,holidaytraffic.Duringthesimulationexercise,itwasfoundthat
thiswasonlyvalidiftheparameters wereknownforarecordingperiod
whichcorresponded toaminimumnumberofaxlecrossings aswellasthe
distribution ofthecorresponding stresses.:
, i.

Proiect No. Applicant Amount mECU Duration
(years )
750
765
771Liège University
Pise University
Laboratoire des Ponts
etChaussées -Paris53500
65000
915002
2
2
778 Transport Road Research
Laboratory -Crowthorne 700002 '
850 Laboratorium fürBetriebs -
festigkeit ~Darmstadt 1215002
903 Stichting Staalcentrum
Nederland -Amsterdam 109109 500 2
-p868 "Study ofthefatigue behaviour ofwelds -
This proposal deals with theuseofaustenitic stainless welding
metal onbasic lowalloy tsteel materials such asarefrequently encountered
inlarge boiler production .
Thecomplexity anddimensions ofthese products require theassembly
ofmultiple elements which must normally combine resistance tomechanical '
and thermal stresses with corrosion resistance .
Furthermore ,thepossibility ofsubstituting alowalloy for a
stainless steel wherever the use ofthe latter isnot essential would
permit major savings inrawmaterials .
Moreover ,theuse ofhigh elasticity grades inthis type ofweld
could lead tobeneficial solutions which could encourage theuseofthese
grades ofsteel .
Themain aim oftheproposed study istoidentify thefatigue
characteristics ofthemost common heterogeneous welds and hence toobtain
data for abetter definition oftheir service properties .
The types ofweld tobeconsidered are :
-weld using amild steel with anaustenitic stainless steel ;
weld using ahigh elastic limit steel with anaustenitic steel after ;
buttering ofthe lowalloy steel ;
-weld using anaustenitic electrode forelements ofhigh grade steel .
Applicants :IRSID -St.German -en-Laye
CREUS0T-L0IRE -Firminy
Amount :293 000 ECU
Duration :3years

-32-
-P891 "Evaluation ofthefatigue strength ofwelded ,bolted and
riveted connections inhigh strength low-alloy steel "
Inindustry there isastrong tendency tousehigher yield strength
materials .Ingeneral ,itistrue tosaythat theuseofhigh strength
materials means reduced energy consumption andreduced weight (i.e. space
craft ,bridges )and/ormore economic production andgreater efficiency
inservice .Instructural steels this tendency isvery strong .Type FeE240
steel ,which wasformerly very common ,hasbeen extensively replaced by
FeE355 steel ,which allows a50%increase instatic design level .
This steel is,generally speaking ,thehighest grade plain carbon
steel which can beeasily welded .
Because oftechnical difficulties inthewelding process forhigher
steel grades ,other methods areused :
-bolted connections ,notably using pre-tensioned H.T. bolts ,
-riveted connections ,although riveting iscurrently often regarded as
out-of-date.
Thegreatest disadvantage ofconnections inshear bybolts and
rivets isthat ,inorder toachieve afairly even load distribution ,the
tolerance ofthepitch ofthehole hastobevery narrow ./With bolt
connections ,this drawback isovercome bytheuseofhigh-strength ,pre­
tensioned bolts .The shear forces arethen transmitted byfriction between
theplate surfaces . . ■ .
The aimofthe research istoevaluate thefatigue strength (constant
andvariable amplitude )ofdifferent types ofconnection (welds ,bolts ,
rivets )inHSLA steel comparable toFeE560 .
Applicant :STICHTING STAALCENTRUM NEDERLAND -Amsterdam with participation
bythefollowing laboratories :
University ofTechnology -Emdhoven ,
DAFTrucks -Eindhoven ,
Nederlandse Schroefboutenf abriek N.V. -Helmond ,
Hoogovenis -IJmuiden .
Amount :200 000 ECU
Duration :3years
e)Fracture Mechanisms
-P844 "Research into the influence ofsize ontheworking stress of
notched specimens resembling structural members with varying
material toughness "
The effect ofthe size ofnotched structural members istoincrease
thestress due toclamping ,possibly toreduce thedeformation capacity
and toincrease theprobability oftheformation ofweak points .

-33-
Whereasitisrelativelysimpletodeterminetheinitiationof
plasticdeformation withtheaidoftheyieldpointgivenbyamonoaxial
tensiletest,suchaprecisecriteriondoesnotexistfortheultimate
stress(cracktypeandorientation).
Twomaterialswillbetested,onewithhightoughnessproperties and
theotherwithlowtoughnessproperties.Thedeformation beforefracture
willbedetermined and,inrelationwiththisdeformation,theultimate
stresswillbemeasuredwithverylargespecimensandspecimensofdecreasing
sizedowntotrtesizescommonlyusedfordeterminingmaterialproperties.
Applicant :VDEh-Düssledorf (StaatlicheMaterialprüfungsanstalt ,
UniversitätStuttgart) \
Amount :356500ECU
Duration :3years
-P834"Influenceofmicrostructure andgrainboundarysegregation onthe
fracturetoughnessofNi-Cr-Mo-Vsteelsforlowpressurerotors"
Thetrendinthedesignofrotatingmachinesforenergyproduction
isincreasingly tousecriteriathatarenolongersoextensively (or
exclusively )basedonmechanicalstrength,butalso(andespeciallytake'
intoaccountfracturetoughness.Thesecriteriaareobviouslydetermined
inrelationtotherealserviceconditionsofthevariouscomponentsof.
themachine,whichoperateintemperature rangesthatinvolvewidely-
differingfracturemechanisms.'
Theresearchworkwill,broadlyspeaking,involvethefollowing :
fracturetoughnesswillbestudied(inthestaticand/ordynamicmodes)
attemperatures approaching ambienttemperature ingenerators;the
deterioration ofthesepropertiesinlow-pressure rotorsasaresultof
beingmaintainedunderisothermalconditionsat350°Cwillbepredicted;
andtheextentofdamageduetocreepandresistancetolow-cyclefatigue
athightemperature willbeassessedinhigh-pressure rotors.
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Amount ,:313500ECU
Duration :3years '
f)_HiahTempératureStee^s
-P757Effectofperiods'atmaximumandminimumstrainvaluesandof
variousstrainlevelsoncumulativelow-cyclefatiguedamageina
21/4Cr1Moferriticsteelathightemperature "
/Electricity generating,chemicalandpetrochemical plantcomponents
aresubjectedtothermaltransientsduringstartupandshutdownandunder
thesteady-state conditionscorresponding tonormaloperationathigh
temperature .Asaresult,low-cycleplasticfatigue,creepand/orstress
reliefcanbeobservedinthesecomponents.

Theaim ofthis research istoconduct tests that ,taking into account
both thevarious mechanisms governing damage ofthis type andtheproperties
ofthematerial under conditions similar tothose ofactual service ,make it
possible toestablish therelationship between stress relief andlow-cycle
fatigue byanalysing thevarious laws ofcumulative damage .
Applicant :ISTITUTO RICERCHE BREDA -Milano
Amount :190 500 ECU
Duration :2years
-P848 "Research into thetendency towork hardening inheat-resistant
steels atelevated temperatures and its significance inthe
specification ofsafe working stresses for structural components
with local stress concentration "
\
Thescheduled tests areintended todemonstrate that steels which ,
over certain temperature ranges ,have afairly short stress /elongation
proportionality limit followed bysignificant hardening canbeused with
properties based onahigher limit ofelongation instrength calculations .
Both the effect ofprevious work-hardening atalower temperature and the
displacement ofstresses incomponents subjected tomaximum stresses must
betaken into consideration .
Thebehaviour ofthe material atdifferent temperatures has tobe
studied with the usual method (tensile tests and impact tests ).The final
tests will beconducted onsmall (impact test )and large (400 x80mm
cross-section )specimens . J
Applicant :VDEh -Düsseldorf (Staatliche Materialprüfungsanstalt ,.Universi -
Amount :244 500ECU - tatStuttgart )
Duration :3years
-P869 "Influence offorming onheavy plate properties
The aim ofthis proposed research project istosupplement the
incomplete information available onthe cold ,forming ofheavy plates
bystudying theprecise metallurgical consequences offorming deformation
•followed bywalding .
The research will beconducted onafine-grained annealed carbon -
manganese steel and low-alloy chromium-molybdenum andmanganese-molybdenum -
vanadium steels .
The fact that these steels arewidely used forthefabrication of
pressure vessels means that this project will have relatively wide appli­
cations .Inaddition ,itwill bepossible totranspose much oftheinfor­
mation obtained toawide number ofsimilar steel grades .
This study will make itpossible todetermine howproduction methods
canbesimplified byavoiding energy -andtime-consuming treatments while
ensuring that thefinished product offers properties that arecommensurate
with thedesired safety levels .

Applicants :IRSID -St.Germai n-en-Laye
CREUSOT-LOIRE -LeCreusot .
Amount :350 000 ECU
Duration :3years , *
g)Light Structures
-P776 "Study ofconnections between steel structures andhorizontal
orvertical masonry components "
One ofthe main obstacles tothe use ofmetal structures incivil
Vandindustrial engineering isthedifficulty inensuring asatisfactory
connection between the metal structures and the horizontal orvertical
components made from conventional masonry materials .The aim ofthe
proposed study istosupply designers andconstructors with allthe
necessary technical details forsolving their specific problems and,to
bring about agreater penetration ofthevery important building construc­
tion market .Either because designers donot know how tocalculate metal
structures correctly orbecause theengineers andbuilding workers find
difficulty inadopting theassembly techniques onthebuilding site ,pre­
stressed masonry elements areoften selected inorder toavoid theproblem
ofassembling heterogeneous materials . ■
Applicant :CISIA -Milano '
Amount :35000 ECU
Duration :2years < '
-p798 "Relationship between design ofprecoated steel cladding and its
environmental behaviour inservice " ,
This project aims toincrease themarket forpre-coated steel
products bydeveloping data leading totheir more effective utilisation 1
inservice .Thedata derived from this work will also help steelmakers and
coil coaters wishing toimprove theproperties oftheir products .
Theoverall general objective istoobtain abetter understanding
totheeffect ofdesign factors arising incurrent building practice on '■
thebehaviour ofpre-coated steel-based products when exposed outdoors .It
isintended that the results from this work should influence theway in "•
which precoated products areused inthe future soastominimise the
possibility ofpremature failure caused bytheir misuse .
The specific objects are :
a)toinspect steel cladding onbuildings inservice inorder toexamine
phenomenologically themodes ofultimate breakdown actually occuring
inavariety ofoutdoor climates andtheir relationship todesign .

b)Toexposespeciallydesignedprofiledspecimensofaselectionofpre­
coatedproductstoavarietyofclimaticconditionsforapproximately
threeyears,toexaminetheminthelaboratoryforsymptomsofincipient
breakdownofthekindsobservedintheinspectionofbuildings.
.c)Touserelevantaccelerated performance testsincombination with
modification ofthenaturalmicroclimate insuchawayastoexaggerate
itsmoreaggressivecharacteristics and"sotogiveearlyresults.
d)Toconductrelevantlaboratory measurements ,mainlyinordertospecify
theinitialproperties oftheactualsamplesofcoatingsystemsunder
observation,butalsopayinginitialattentiontocausesofbreakdown*
Applicant :BSC-London(ShotwickResearchlaboratory)
Amount :382000ECU
Duration :4years
-P801"Development ofrecommendations forthedesignofweldedjoints
betweensteelstructural hollowsectionsorbetweensteel
structural hollowsections andHsections"
Steelstructural hollowsections (SHS)haveanessentialroleto
playinimprovingtheaesthetics andeconomicsofconstruction ,particu­
larlyinsteel.
TheuseofsteelSHSinconstruction hasincreasedconsiderably in
recentyearsevenagainstageneraldeclineinbuildingactivity.Inmany
casesSHShaveopenedupnewopportunities forsteelthatwouldother­
wisebeinothermaterials suchasconcreteorwood.Anexampleofthis
istheuseofconcretefilledSHScolumnsinbuildingsthatwouldtradi­
tionallybeinreinforced concrete.Thistrendwillencouragetheuse
ofsteelproductsgenerally byleadingthewaytomoresteelintensive
solutions .
LightSHStrussesarealsothemostseriouscompetitor towoodin
applications suchasrooftrussesforhousing.
Thelackofcomprehensive designrecommendations insomeareasof
SHSapplicatipns haveprovedtobeaseverehandicaptothecontinuing
development ofthemarket.Thisisparticularly sointhefieldofwelded
latticegirderconstruction wheretheparticularproperties ofSHScan
beusedtotheirbestadvantage.
Theobjectivesofthestudyaretoprovidecomprehensive recommenda­
tionsforthedesignofweldedjointsinSHSorSHSandHsectionswhich
willformabasisforEuropeanrecommendations andEuronormswhichwill
therebyovercometheneedforspecialtestingtodemonstrate joint
performance whichissooftennecessaryatpresent.

-37-
/
Applicants Amount Duration '
ECU « (years)
■' ''• * "
BSC-London,Tubes 156000 3
DivisionResearchCentre-,
Corby
DALMINE/ITALSIDER-Bergamo 160000
MANNESMANN-Dusseldorf 101000
ESTEL~IJmuiden 141000
C0METUBE-Paris 52000
(. •*
-p887Comparative technical andeconomicstudyofstructural steelworks
intheEuropeanCommunity,inNorthAmericaandinJapan"
TheEuropeanmetalconstruction industrywhichhasbeenatraditional
clientofthesteelindustryisinaseriouscrisisinvolvingincreasingly
frequentplantshutdownswithallthesocialconsequences thatthisentails.
Thissituationisveryworryingnotonlyfortheindustryitselfbut
alsoforitsmainsupplier,theironandsteelindustry,whichistrying
tofindsuitablewaystodeveloptheuseofitsproductsinthisfield.
Byactingingoodtime,itisstillpossibletohaltthisdramatic
turninevents.,TheexampleofNorthAmericaandJapahwherethemetal
construction industryifstillflourishing showsthatthecrisisnow
beingexperienced bythissectorinEuropeislargelyattributable toan.
industrialstructurewhichhasnotadapteditselfsufficiently tothe
increaseinsalarycostsbyacorresponding increaseinproductivity .
Todeterminethefullextentofthisproblem,anobjectivecomparative
studyonthemetalconstruction industryisnecessarywhichwillexamine
thewaythisindustryoperatesintheCommunity ascomparedwithsimilar
industries inNorthAmericaandJapan.'
Thistechnical andeconomicstudyaimstocomparethesituation
regardingthemetalconstruction industryintheEuropeanCommunity,the
UnitedStatesandJapan,toidentifythestrongandweakpointsofthe
Europeanindustryand,onthebasisofthisanalysis,todefinethe
remediestobeappliedandstrategiestoybeadoptedatindustrial,techno­
logical,R&Dandmarketinglevel.
Ultimately,theresultsofthiscomparative studyshouldhelpto
restoreconditionsforencouraging salesofEuropeansteelanddevelopnew
steeluseroutletsintheareaofsteelconstruction .
Applicant :CBLIA-Bruxelles ■ v
Amount :335000ECU
Duration :2years3
3
3
3
./

-38-
h)_ALlo^_and_Sgecia l_SteeIs
-P761"Case-hardening steelswithgrainsizecontrolusinghigh-temperature
thermo-chemi caltreatment" -
Thecurrenttrendinheattreatment bymeansofcementation isto
raisetheprocesstemperature (upto1050°C)withtheaimofconsiderably
reducingthedurationofthetreatment.
/
Oneofthemajormetallurgical problemsconnectedwiththistrend
isthedimensionalstabilityoftheaustenitegrain.
Normally,austenitegrainsizeiscontrolled bymeanso,fcontrolled
additionofaluminium.However,tobeabletodothisathightemperature
theadditionsnecessaryaresuchastoimpairhotductility,especially
inresulphuri zedsteels.
Theelementstraditionally usedasalternative orjointadditives
toaluminiumforgrainrefinement areNb,VandTi,butsofartheir
usehasbeenexaminedmainlyforstructuralsteelsandhardlyatall
forheat-treated steels.
Thisprojectisaimedatdeveloping case-hardening steelswhichcan
guarantee enoughgrainsizestabilityathightemperature withouthaving
anydrawbackseitheratthefabrication stage(hotembrittlement )
orinuse(staticandfatiguestrengthandtoughness).
t
Applicant :BREDASIDERURGICA-Milano
Participating laboratories :BREDASIDERURGICA-
NAZIONALE COGNE-Aosta
CSM-Roma
CRM-Torino
Amount :259500ECU ^
Duration :3years
-P772Studyanddevelopment ofmaterials andfabrication processesto
improvetheperformance ofequipmentforthehotshapingofsteels"
ι
Inadditiontohightemperatures ,equipment usedinthehotshaping
ofmetalsaresubjectedtoparticularly highservicestressesaswellasa
rapidinfluxofintenseheatwhichmustbedissipatedaftereachcycleto
avoidoverheating .
Theheatingandcoolingcyclesproducestresseswhichreducethe
strengthoftheequipment andmayinducedangerouscracking.Forthisreason
theuseofequipmentforthehotshapingofmetalsrequirestheuseofa
giventypeofspecialalloysteelwhichhascertainbasicstrengthproper­
tiesafterspecialheattreatment.Theaimoftheresearchistore-
examineexistingmaterials andtostudyanddevelopnewmaterials,andto
determinewhichheatandsurfacetreatment methodsproducethebestwear
resistanceinequipmentusedforthehotshapingofmetalsinthesteel
industry.
Applicant :DALMINE-Milano
Amount :458500ECU
Duration :3years

-39-
'-P-802"Conservation ofstrategicalloyingelements-Selection andheat
treatmentofalloysteels"
/
Thesupplyofalloyingelementstothesteelindustryhasbeensubject
'tocontinualdisruptions .Thesehavearisenfromnationalorinternational
crisesandalsofromproblemsassociated withtheproduction ofanindivi­
dualelement.Aftereachinterruption ,therehasbeenanadjustment in
thepatternofuseofalloyingadditions andthisisreflectedinvarious
nationalsteelspecifications . »
Althoughtherehavealreadybeenextensivereductionsinalloy
contents,suchthatsteelsintroduced someyearsagoas"economymeasures"
arenowwidelyestablished,thereisroomstillforfurtheroptimization .
Twofactorsaidthisoptimization .Thefirstistheavailabilityofmore
efficientheat'treatmentprocedures andthesecondistheabilityof
modernsteelmaking practicetoprovideaccuratecompositional control.
Theresearchprojecthastwomainobjectives :
1.Toexaminesystematically theproperties obtainable fromindividual
classesofheattreatedsteels,todefinetheregionsofoverlapin
hardenabilityandproperties betweenthecompositional variants.
2.Tostudysystematically theresponseofthemajoralloysteeltypes
tovariations inheattreatment.
Applicant :BSC-London/(SheffieldLaboratories )
Amount :257000ECU
Duration :3years
-p820"Influenceofchemicalcomposition andotherfactorsonthe
forgeability ofcold-heading qualitysteels"
Thisproposalintendstoimprovethequalityandsuitability of
steelrodandwireforcoldforging.The,majorityofthinsteelis
convertedtoindustrial fastenersofalltypes.Highstandardsare
essentialforthistypeofsteelsincetheEuropeanmarketforcold,
forgingqualitysteelsisunderpressurefromoutsidetheECSC(lower
price,higherquality).Anothersourceofpressureistheimportof
finishedfasteners.Asthisflowincreases,anditisalreadyover50%
ofthemarketincertainlocalizedareas,thereisacorresponding loss
ofsteelsupplymarketfortheECSCproducers.
Itisproposedto^tudytheinfluenceoffinestructureandcompo­
sitiononforgeability bycloselymonitoredoff-lineforgingtrialson
experimental coilswithdifferentdistributions ofsulphideinclusions
andnitrides.Thisstudywillinvolveafiniteelementsimulation ofthe
formingofastandardboltcheesehead.Themathematical modelswillbe
validated bylaboratory measurements andtoolloadmeasurements inforging i
trials.
Applicant :GUEST,KEEN&NETTLEF0LD LTD-Wolverhampton
Amount :262500ECU
Duration :3years .
*
4

-40-
-p882"Free-cutting graphitesteels
Steels-tobeworkedathighspeedonautomatic machinesforthemass
production ofbolts,screwsandsmallmetalpartsarecurrentlyproduced
withtheadditionofspecialelementssuchasPb,S,Te,Se,etc.
Thesubstitution oftheseinclusions byspheroidalgraphiteparticles
maygiveconsiderable advantages overconventional free-cutting steels,in
particular :
a)improvedworkability,hotplasticity anddirectionality ;
b)improvedenvironmental conditions whenworkinglead-containing steel.
Theaimoftheresearchis:
-toidentifyclassesofgraphitesteelwithgoodworkability whichcanbe
substituted forcurrentlead-containing types;
-toexplorethevariousaspectsofthefabrication cycleandheattreat­
mentwiththeaimofattainingtheserviceproperties required.
Applicant :CSM-Roma
Amount :389500ECU
Duration :3years
-P894"TheinfluenceoftextureonthefatiguepropertiesofHSLAsteels"
Theever-increasing demandforhigh-srength low-Cplateandstripand
theneedtooptimizetheuseofcurrentproductsmaybemetbysteelswith
properties whichareimprovedbycontrolled hotrollingprocesseswhichcan
givesteelswithhighperformance .
Referencetotheapplications ofHSLAsteelsinthetransportsector
showstheparticular importance ofresistancetodynamicstressesbothin
thenominallyelasticphaseandintheplasticphase(fatiguebehaviour).
Thelackofdataavailableatpresentonthepossiblecorrelation
betweentextureandfatigueinsteelmeansthatthisfieldofresearchhas
veryinteresting prospects. *.
Applicant :CENTRORICERCHEFIAT-Torino
Amount :329000ECU
Duration :3yearsv
/.

-41-
II.7-MISCELLANEOUS
-p754 "Technical steel literature
• i '
I– V ' '■ '
This isanextension ofprevious agreements granting ASELT financial
aid for thetranslation into Community languages ofdocuments ofinterest
tothe steel industry published in"difficult "languages (especially
Japanese and Russian ). , '
•, .!
Applicant :ASELT -Luxembourg
Amount :125 000 ECU
Duration :1year
i
-P851 Research into steelworks slag ,especially itsuse inroad
construction
This coordinated programme isafollow-up tothework done under
Agreements 7210-XA during which itemerged that free lime and free MgO
contents presented amajor problem .
Theaims ofthepresent programme are :
-tostudy theparameters affecting free lime andMgO formation in
the converter and after casting ;
-todevelop amethod ofensuring thestability ofthephysico-chemical
andmechanical properties ofslag ;
' ' • ' A
-tostudy volumetric stability ofslag andexamine conditions for
treatment prior touse ;"
-tostudy themechanical properties ofslag bycomparison with conven­
tional materials toencourage itsuse inroad construction . •
Applicants :FORSCHUNGGEMEINSCHAFT EISENHUETTENSCHLACKE -Duisburg
/ , USINOR -Paris
CRM -Liege
BCS -London
Amount :833 000 ECU ,
Duration :3years (prolongation from 1.7.1980 )
*

Annex
SUMMARY TABLE
[ProjectTitleoftheresearch[– • !
Proposedresearch Financial aid
N°
byDuration
(years)AmountECU
(7.12.79)1
%
iAmountECU
(7.12.79)
IRONMINES
760Optimization offace-cutting machines
..OREREDUCTION
a)SinterSamifer 11/2533.000 60
I319.800
824Reductionofenergyconsumption inasinterplant,having
regardtosinterquality,bycontrolling rawmaterial
stackingintheblendingbedsandvaryingthemixingprocess
inacontinuously adjustable combinedmixingandballing
drumMannesmann 3 675.000 60405.000
872On-linemonitoringofthepermeability ofthesinterbedto
reducesintervariations andenergyconsumption
b)BlastfurnaceItaIsider
(+CSM)2 432.500 60259.500
766Optimization ofthethermalstateofthetuyerezoneinthe
blastfurnaceArbed 31/2954.000 60572.400
780High-temperature reduction,softeningandmeltdownstudies
ofburdenmaterials ~BSC 4 509.500 60305.700
821Influenceoftheformandpositionofthesoftening and
meltdownzoneontheblastfurnaceperformanceCRM 4 506.500 60303.900

-2-
Project
N°Title ofthe research
826
829
830
853
878
770
782
784
809
831
860
880Control ofgasflow inthesolid ,pasty andfluid areas of
the furnace burden
Material selection anddesign ofstaves forblast furnaces
Improvement ofenergy usebyaerodynamic optimization of
hot blast stoves
Blast furnace :consequences ofcharging onburden structure
Influence ofthechemical andphysical properties and
reduction conditions onthe softening ,meltdown and
percolation ofsinter attemperatures upto1600 °C
STEELMAKING
a)Çastinq and_Solidi fication
Fundamental study ofthebehaviour ofcasting powders
Behaviour ofmould fluxes during continuous casting
Control ofsolidification oflong freezing range steels
byelectromagnetic stirring during continuous casting
Development ofnewcasting powders forcontinuous casting
Development ofinsulating feeder heads toimprove the
quality offorging grade ingots
Bending andstraightening with liquid core
1 ν
Adaptation ofthecontinuous casting tundish forafter­
treatment ofsteel
iProposed research Financial aid 1
byDuration
(years )Amount ECU
(7.12.79 )%Amount ECU
(7.12.79 )
ι
VDEh
(etal. )3 3.557.500 60 2.134.500
Hoesch 3 963.500 60 578.100
VDEh /BFI . 3 666.500 60 -399.900
IRSID
(etal. )4 1.209.000 60 735.400
CSM 4 277.000 60 166.200
i
(IRSID
(MPI .
(NPL(
(2
(129.000
121.000
122.50060
60
6077.400
72.600
73.500
BSC 3 .112.500 60 67.500
BSC 3 312.000 60 187.200
CRM 3ι
256.000
I60 153.600
Thyssen 3 365.500
I
i60 219.300
IRSID
(etal. )3 515.500 60 309.300
CSM .4 1.081.000 60 648.600

-3-
Project!' TitleoftheresearchI
Proposedresearch Financialaid
N0
byDuration AmountECU
%AmountECUI
(years)(7.12.79) (7.12.79)
889Developmentofadirectstrandreductionmethodforsteel
b)Oxygen_steeleakingKrupp
]
I2 504.500 60302.700
787Bathstirringinbasicoxygensteelmaking bygasinjection
throughbasaltuyeresBSC 3 471.000 60282.600
875AdditionofalloyelementsbymeansoforeintheA0D
converterCerimet 2 ■268.500 60161.100
858Repairofconverterbottoms
d)Theoretical metallurgyIRSID 3 743.000 60445.800
/
857Thermodynamic andkineticdataonvarioussteelmaking
materials (slags,inclusions )
e)Energy_in_steel industryIRSID 3 302.500 60181.500
774Technicalaspectsofleangasutilization intheiron
andsteelindustry,burnerandcombustioncontrol
investigationsIFRF 3 469.500 60281.700
832*
Developmentoflow-pulsation multi-fuelburnersforlarge
combustion chamberswithahighenergyefficiency
MECHANICAL WORKINGBFI 3 513.500 60
i308.100
767TungstencarbiderollingmillrollsArbed 21/2 .380.000 60228.000
793Three-dimensional modelformetalflowundertriaxial
strainconditionsBSC 3 308.500 60135.100
833ResearchonmaterialflowingroovedrollstoimproveBFI 31/2 .536.500 60321.900
designmethodsandincreasetheefficiencyofsection
ν.rolling

-4-
Project
N°Titleoftheresearch
862Monitoringoftheendsintherollingofthickplates
881Operationofreheatingfurnacestominimizeenergy
consumption andscaleformationwithcontinuousrecording
offurnaceatmosphere composition andtemperature bylaser
spectroscopy
902Researchontheclosed-circuit controlofacontinuous
annealingtinebyprocessing magneticsignalsfromthe
steelstrip
MEASUREMENTS ANDANALYSIS
773Classification ofroundbarsurfacequalitydirectlyfrom
amillcoolingbank.
786Surfaceinspectionofcontinuously castbillets
817Development ofanindustrial gaugeforhotdetectionof
surfacedefectsonbeams
852Acousticemissionmonitoringofsteelsandstructures
864
900
904
758Ultrasonic detectionofinclusions insheet
Improvement ofquantitative micro-analysis oflight
elementsinsteel
Non-destructive evaluation ofresidualstressesinsteel
PROPERTIES ANDSERVICEPERFORMANCE
a)Weldabilit^
Researchtoobtaingreatereconomyintheweldingofhigh-
strengthsteelsProposedresearch - Financial aid
byDuration
(years)AmountECU
(7.12.79)i
iy,AmountECU
(7.12.79)
IRSID
(+Ec.Mines)3 347.000 60,208.200
CSM 21/2410.000 60246.000
Italsider 3 246.500 60147.900
RoundOak 4 595.500 60357.300
BSC 3 384.500 60230.700
CRM 3 434.500 I60
I260.700
(Risd
(CSM
(Dan.Wel.In.) ■I
)3
> . SI•„180.000
294.000
!180.00060
60
60108.000
176.400
108.000
IRSID 3 515.500 60309.300
(TN0
(Mannesmann2109.500 |
73.000 !60
6065.700
43.800
AERE 3 -260.000 60156.000 .
Inst.Soud.2 103.500
i i6062.100

-5-
Project
N°Titleoftheresearch Proposedresearch Financial aid
byDuration
(years)AmountECU
(7.12.79)%AmountECU
(7.12.79)
759Evaluationofthestrengthofspot-welded assemblieswith
aviewtothedrawing-upofdesignrulesInst.Soud.2 103.500 60 "62.100
815Riskofcoldundei–beadcrackingandtheweldingof
branchesongaspipelinesCRM 3 546.500 60327.900
841Fracturebehaviourofthick-walled jointsweldedby
variousmethods-Influenceofbeadwidthandstress-
relievingVDEh
(+Univ.StuttI,3
I565.000 60339.000
866Weldability ofquenchedandtemperedsteelsobtainedby
directquenching
b)Corrosion andsurfaceprotectionIRSID 3 344.000 60206.400
810Gas-metalreactionduringbasicannealing :influence on
sheetsurfacecleannessCRM 3 409.500 60245.700
873Studyofthephosphatecoatingandcorrosionbehaviour
ofcold-rolled productsofhighstrengthlow-alloysteelItalsider 2 173.000 60103.800
883Neutralelectrolytic picklingprocessforordinaryand
low-alloysheet.Processdevelopment ohapilotlineto
optimizethesurfacequalitycharacteristics ofproducts
forvariousapplicationsCSM 21/2346.000 60207.600
885CladdingofZn-Alalloys.Development ofthecladding
processonapilotlineCSM 3 311.500 60186.900
I
901Researchonthecorrosionbehaviouroflow-alloysteels
underatmospheric andoffshoreconditions
c)ForminqVDEh 3 103.500 .6062.100
B13Highstrengthmultiphasesteelsforvarioustypesof.flat
productsCRM 3 372.500 60223.500
1

6-
Project
N°Titleoftheresearch Proposedresearch Financialaid
,byDurâtion
(years)AmountECU
(7.12.79)%AmountECU
(7.12.79)|
ι
814Deep-drawing ofveryhighstrengthsteelsheetsCRM 3 449.530 602C9.700
d)Constructional steels
750Measurement andinterpretation ofdynamicloadsonbridges Univ.Liege 53.5006032.100 i
765 Univ.Pisa 2 65.0006039.000
771. Lab.P.etch.2 91.5006054.900
778MT.R.R.Lab .2 70.0006042.000
850MLab.Bet.f.2 121.500 6072.900
868Studyonthefatiguebehaviourofwelds/ )IRSID 146.500 6087.900
)Creusot-Lé) 146.500 6087.900
891Evaluationofthefatiguestrengthofwelded,boltedandS.S.N. .3 200.000 60120.000
rivetedconnections inhighstrengthlow-alloysteel (etal.)
ρ03Measurement andinterpretation ofdynamicloadsonbridges S.S.N. .2 109.500 .6065.700
e>Fracturejneçhanisms
844,ResearchintotheinfluenceofsizeontheworkingstressofVDEh 3 356.500 60213.900
notchedspecimensresemblingstructural memberswithvarying (+Umv.Stutt.)
materialtoughness
E84Influenceofmicrostructure andgrainboundarysegregation CSM 3 313.500 60188.100
onthefracturetoughnessofNi-Cr-Mo-Vsteelsforlow
!pressurerotors
f)Hi^h_temgerature_steelsi
h7 iEffectofperiodsatmaximumandminimumstrainvalvesandI.R.Breda 2 190.500 60114.300
ofvariousstrainlevelsoncumulative low-cyclefatigue
damageina21/4Cr1Moferriticsteelathightemperature

-7-
fprojectl Titleoftheresearch Proposedresearch Financial aid
Ν0
byDuration AmountECU•/AmountECU
(years)(7.12.79)/«
ι(7.12.79)
848Researchintothetendencytoworkhardeningin,heat-VDEh I3 244.500 60146.700
resistantsteelsatelevatedtemperatures anditsC+Umv.Stutt
ii
significance inthespecification ofsafeworkingstresses
forstructural componentswithlocalstressconcentration
869Influenceoftheformingonheavyplateproperties)IRSID3 .350.000 60210.000
g)Liqht_struçtures)Creusot-L .) ;
776Studyofconnections betweensteelstructuresand
horizontal orverticalmasonrycomponentsCISIA 2 35.0006021.000
798Relationship betweendesignofprecoatedsteelcladding
anditsenvironmental behaviourinserviceBSC 4 382.000 60229.200
801Developmentofrecommendations forthedesignofwelded)BSC 156.000 )
?"93.600
96.000iointsbetweensteelstructural hollowsectionsor)Dalmine 16U.UUU
betweensteelstructuralhollowsectionsandHsections)Mannesmann )3 101.000 )60 6U.6UU
)Estel 141.000Ρ 84.6UU
)Cometube ) 52.000) 31.200
887Comparativetechnicalandeconomicstudyofstructural x
steelworkintheEuropeanCommunity/inNorthAmerica
andinJapan
h)Alloyand_sgecial_steelsCBLIA 2 I335.000 80268.000
761Case-hardening steelswithgrainsizecontrolusing
high-temperature thermo-chemica ItreatmentBredaSid.
(etal.)3 259.500 60155.700
772Studyanddevelopment ofmaterialsandfabrication
processestoimprovetheperformanceofequipmentfor
thehotshapingofsteelsDalmine 3 458.500 60;275.100
802Conservation ofstrategicalloyingelementsselection
andheattreatmentofalloysteelsBSC 3 257.000
I
i ;60
i154.200

-8--
Project Titleoftheresearch ' Proposedresearch Financialaid
N°
."/ byDurâtion
(years)AmountECU
(7.12.79)%AmountECU
(7.12.79)
820Influenceofthechemicalcomposition andotherfactors
onthefofgeability ofcold-heading qualitysteelsGKN 3- 262.500 60157.500
p82Free-cutting graphitesteelsCSM 3 389.500 60233.700
894Theinfluenceoftextureonthefatiguepropertiesof
HSLAsteels \
MISCELLANEOUSFiat 3J329.000 60197.400
754Technicalsteelliterature Aselt 1 125.000100125.000
851Researchintosteelworks slag,especiallyitsuseirtroad
construction(FEhS
(Usinor
(CRM
(BSC)
)
)
)250.000
•250.000 ι
81.000
252.00060
60
60
60
1150.000
150.000
48.600
151.200
Sub-Total 32.389.500 19.550.700
Ancillarycostsanddissemination ofinformation510.100
TOTAL32.389.500 20.060.800 I
V