EN    EN EN 
 
EN 1   EN  COMMISSION OF THE E UROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 17.10.2008 
SEC(2008)2641 final 
  
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
Annexes to the 
 
COMMUNICATION FROM THE CO MMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMI TTEE OF THE REGIONS 
 
The EU, Africa and China: Towards trilateral dialogue and cooperation 
 
 
 
 
{COM(2008)654} 
 
EN 2   EN TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Introduction ................................................................................................................... ............. 3 
Annex 1: Cooperation on peace and security............................................................................. 4 Annex 2: Partnership on infrastructure ...................................................................................... 6 
Annex 3: Partnership on the environment and sustainable management of resources .............. 9 
Annex 4: Partnership on food securi ty and agricultural production ........................................ 12 
Annex 5: List of Acronyms...................................................................................................... 15 
 
EN 3   EN Introduction  
The renewed strong interest of both Europe and China in Africa has given rise to questions 
and expectations regarding the way Europe and China will engage with each other on and in 
Africa. While there is arguably an element of competition, there is also scope for cooperation. 
BOX 1: EU and China in Africa at a glance:  
 EU-Africa China-Africa 
Trade Total 2007: € 232 billion. 
23% of EU imports from Africa are 
manufactured goods and 11% are food and agricultural products. The EU is the biggest 
export market for African products. 
Approximately 85% of Africa’s exports of cotton, fruit and vegetables are imported by 
the EU. 
In 2007 the EU imported oil from Africa with 
a value of € 62.5 billion, out of which € 18.9 
billion are from Sub-Saharan Africa (30%). 
Top partners for EU are: Libya, Algeria and Nigeria .  
African Least Development Countries benefit 
from duty free market access for everything 
but arms.  Total 2007: € 53.6 billion  
71.8% of all imports from Africa are fuels 
and oils .  
In 2007 China imported 32% of its oil from 
Africa with a value of € 19 billion, out of which € 17 billion are from Sub-Saharan 
Africa (90%). Top partners for China are: 
Angola, Sudan, Congo.
 
China abolished tariffs on 450 types of goods 
from 29 Least Development Countries in 
Africa. 
FDI EU Foreign Direct Investments to Africa in 
2005 and 2006 amounted to € 28.124 billion. 
 According to estimates, the accumulated 
investment by Chinese firms doubled from USD 6.27 billion in 2005 to USD 12 billion 
in 2006. 
ODA total In 2006 the EU (Member States and the 
European Commission) collectively gave together 62% of its bilateral, regionally 
allocated aid to Africa and provided more 
than half of the global aid flows to the region.  
EU DAC members' debt relief to Africa in 
2006: € 9.7 billion. China does not publish aid figures. Its aid 
comparable to the DAC definition of ODA is estimated at about USD 1.5 billion p.a. 
 
China has cancelled USD 1.4 billion in debt 
owed by 31 African countries in 2006. 
Peace keeping operations The EU has set up a new instrument to 
finance peacekeeping operations, the African Peace Facility, with an amount of € 300 
million for 2004-07 and a further € 300 
million for 2008-2010. 
The EU, under the European Security and 
Defence Policy, has carried out 8 
peacekeeping operations in Africa at the 
request of the UN, the AU or African 
countries. There are currently over 1,300 Chinese 
troops participating in all the UN peacekeeping missions in Africa. 
 
EN 4   EN Annex 1: Cooperation on peace and security  
Trilateral cooperation could enhance mutual aw areness and understanding of each partner's 
priorities and activities and discuss the effec tiveness of concepts of preventive diplomacy, 
crisis management, post-conflict  reconstruction, human secur ity, climate and food security 
and other security threats as they evolve. 
BOX 2: Peace and security  
What are Africans doing? 
Since 2002, the AU has gradually emerged as a major politi cal and security actor, engaging in concrete actions 
in the area of conflict prevention, management and resolution. 
As a structural, long-term response to peace and secur ity challenges on the continen t, a comprehensive African 
Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) is being devel oped. The APSA consists of several elements and 
structures, namely an AU Peace and Security Counc il (PSC), the central AU decision-making organ, a 
Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) and a Panel of  the Wise, with a mandate for conflict prevention and 
resolution, as well as an African St andby Force (ASF) to be deployed in  operations to support peace. The 
African sub-regional organisations are pillars of the overa ll security architecture of the AU and contribute to the 
AU’s efforts through appropriate structures and initiatives.  
To date, significant progress has been achieved in building the APSA. The AU PSC has become an active 
decision-making body. The ASF and CEWS, though still in their early days, are moving forward, and the Panel 
of the Wise is now in place. African-owned mediati on efforts are on the rise and the AU is becoming 
increasingly active in the area of post-conflict stabilisation. 
In parallel with political initi atives for the prevention and resolution of  conflicts, a number of African-led peace 
support operations have been deployed, often in a very hostile natural environment and sometimes in a very 
sensitive political context (e.g. AMIS, AMISOM). 
What is the EU doing? 
Over the past years, the role of th e EU has increased with the expansion of the EU’s global crisis management 
activities and EU’s ability to draw on a wide range of in struments at all stages of the conflict cycle (CSPF/ESDP, 
APF, Instrument of Stability, humanitarian aid, FED). No wadays, the EU is pursuing a holistic approach to 
security in Africa combining short term military and civilian interventions (crisis management instruments, 
diplomacy) with mid- to long term stabilisation and development measures. The EU has agreed to allocate €300 
million under the 10th EDF for the period 2008-2010 to the African  Peace Facility (established in 2004 and until 
2007 supported with €440 million under the 9th EDF), with a view to financ ing African-led peace support 
operations, including multi-dimensional operations with civilian as well as military components, the APSA 
Capacity, including early warning, planning, conduct and control of operations, notably through training for the 
African Stand-by Forces and the Re gional Brigades. Dialogues and co operation between the AU and EU 
furthermore span a wide range of subjects and are supported through a number of financial instruments: 
conventional disarmament objectives and activities are regularly planned and supp orted. Counter-terrorism 
initiatives are being pursued, with support for the Afri can Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism  
(CAERT), Electoral Observation Missions, transitional ju stice initiatives, mediation, continental and regional 
early warning systems, security–development links and coherence in AU and EU relations with the RECs. The 
EU's operational engagement in Africa under ESDP goes back to 2003 and 8 major ESDP missions have been 
carried out or are ongoing in Africa. 
What is China doing? 
From 1999, China has successively dispatched over 7 000 peacekeepers, compri sing military observers, 
engineering troops and civil police, to take part in 21 peace-keeping missions across the world, more than the 
rest of the UN Security Council’s permanent five member s combined. Currently, China is the thirteenth-largest 
contributor of peacekeeping troops. R ecently, of the 1 666 Chinese peacek eepers, 1 322 were deployed on all 
seven ongoing UN African missions. 
China’s assessment rate for its contribution towards UN peacekeeping has increase d from 0.995 percent for 
2000, 1.540 percent for 2001-2003 and 2.053 percent for 2004-2006 to 2.667 percent for 2007-2009, which 
represents a 168 percent increase in seven years. In 2006 China was the ninth largest financial contributor among 
all 191 UN member states and the largest of all developing member states of the UN. Nevertheless, it still 
contributed less to peacekeeping operations financially  compared to the other P-5 members except for Russia. 
 
EN 5   EN In recent years, as China has gradually gained experi ence as a peacekeeper and a peace keeping trainer, it is no 
longer purely a ‘partic ipant’ in various peace keeping-related in ternational activities, but also an active 
‘organiser.’ 
What could the three partners do together? 
– Enhance dialogue on challenges to peace and security, in  particular through trilateral consultations on issues 
on the agenda of the UNSC and the AU PSC, such as  crisis situations, peace operations, and post-conflict 
stabilisation and reconstruction in Africa. 
– Establish a structured trilateral di alogue on peace-building, post-conflic t resolution, crisis prevention and 
responses, human security, and security implications of the vulnerability of Africa to climate change. This 
structure may entail official or expert  meetings and regular or ad hoc cons ultations of Special Representatives 
as appropriate. 
– Coordinate support provided by the EU and China to various elements of the African Peace and Security 
Architecture, through enhanced coordination of support, capacity building and training.  
– Identify predictable funding for A frican-led peace support operations, fo r instance through (i) enhanced 
coordination of support provided to Africa’s peace-keeping ef forts; (ii) possible cooperation with China 
under the African Peace Facility, ( iii) consultation/coordination with a view to putting in place, under 
Chapter VIII of the UN Char ter, a UN mechanism to provide sustainabl e, flexible and predictable funding for 
peace operations undertaken by the AU or  African sub-region al organisations. 
Modalities: 
Trilateral dialogue can be organised on the basi s of existing modalities (e.g. troikas). Ad hoc 
meetings among the Heads of De legations of the EU, special representatives of the EU 
(EUSR) and China for specific crisis regions, their AU or regional counterparts and, where possible, the UN could be envi saged. Modalities for political dialogue at ministerial level 
might need to be agreed. To this end a trilat eral think-tank dialogue could make a valuable 
contribution, discussing importa nt issues in depth and in a structured way, especially if 
attended by officials from the three sides. Excha nges of officials would al so contribute to this 
objective. This proposal for a more regular and structured trilateral dialogue — notably on 
peace and security matters — will be further developed in a Joint Paper with the General 
Secretariat of the Council. 
 
EN 6   EN Annex 2: Partnership on infrastructure  
Africa's infrastructure needs are huge. The EU-A frica Partnership on Infr astructure based on 
the EU Strategy for Africa and on Africa’s Infrastr ucture Action Plan has defined an approach 
by mapping and identifying the in terconnectivity needs at contin ental, regiona l and country 
level. China also has a compre hensive strategy for investing in Africa and for supporting 
infrastructure development, mainly in hydropow er generation and railways, but also in the 
roads and water sectors. China Development Bank attended the launch of the EU-Africa 
Partnership on Infrastructure in Addis Ababa,  October 2007 and an in itial working session 
with the EC was held. This may lead to clos er institutional cooperati on between the EC and 
CDB.  
1. Trilateral coordination could develop synergies and e nhance implementation 
effectiveness for all partners . Successful outcomes from this dialogue would enhance the 
interconnectivity of Africa , focusing on continental and regi onal networks, including closing 
the missing links within countries and regions. 
BOX 3: Infrastructure — Working together to facilitate Africa’s interconnectivity  
What is Africa doing? 
In 2002, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), in cooperation with the African Development 
Bank, elaborated a comprehensive programme for developi ng Africa’s infrastructure, which consists mainly of a 
Short Term Action Plan (STA P) and a NEPAD Infrastructu re Project Preparation Fac ility (NEPAD-IPPF, 2003). 
The STAP provides the foundation for a coherent and structured approach to develop regional and continental 
infrastructure interconnections. Its main activities comprise capacity building programmes, facilitation and 
investment projects, and studies. Within the STAP, several flagship projects have been identified as top priorities 
for their continental importance and impact. These includ e Inga I & II Rehabilitation, West and Southern Africa 
Power Pools, West Africa Gas Pipeline, West Africa Road  Transport and Transit Prog ramme, East Africa Trade 
and Transport Facilitation Project, Central Africa (CEMAC ) trade and transport facilitation project, Regional 
Communications Infrastructure Programme, and Nile and Senegal River Basin Development. The estimated total 
investment cost of the projects included in the STAP is US $8 billion, half of which is to be financed by the 
private sector. The NEPAD-IPPF helps African countries, Regional Econom ic Communities (RECs) and related 
institutions to prepare high-quality and viable regional  infrastructure projects and programmes; it supports the 
creation of an enabling envir onment for private sector participation in infrastructure. 
What is the EU doing? 
The EU is supporting these African initiatives through th e Africa-EU infrastructure partnership. EC investment 
in infrastructure is a development priority in 35 sub-Saharan Africa countries, and together with the EU-Africa 
Infrastructure Trust Fund is expected to reach €5.6 billion over the period 2008-2013. Apart from the Trust 
Fund, almost all investment is in the road sector, with  a substantial part devoted to the Trans-African Highway 
Corridors. The Trust Fund is currently dominated by investment in the energy sector — generation and 
interconnection. 
What is China doing? 
China is investing in more than 35 African countries, with the biggest recipients being Nigeria, Angola, DRC, 
Sudan and Ethiopia. Hydropower generation and railways are the major investment sectors, amounting to 
approximately US$3.3 billion and US$4 billion, respectively, over 2001 to 2007. The ICT sector has benefited 
from Chinese equipment valued at US$3 billion, while in vestment in the roads and water sectors is lower at 
US$700 million. 
 
EN 7   EN What could the three do together? 
– Integrating China into the continental and regional di alogue pursued by the AUC and the RECs with the EC 
and the EU Member States, as well as cooperating w ith the EU-Africa partners hip on infrastructure. 
– Working with China at regional level to identify prio rity interventions along the multi-modal Trans-African 
Transport Corridors (roads, railways and ports) and the electricity and telecommunication networks. 
– Developing informal joint technical teams for sharing policies, strategies and good practices for enhancing 
the corridor approach along continental and regional corridors and a sectoral approach at country level.  
– Building on ongoing infrastructure cooperation in various countries.  
– considering to establish in the future a proc edural system allowing  cooperation on specific 
programmes/projects (especially on the infrastructure sector) and thus the possibility of parallel and joint 
financing of large infrastructure projects . 
BOX 4: Inga Dam: Securing Africa's energy supply 
Only 7% of the hydropower potential in Africa is exploited. The basin of the Congo River has a hydropower 
potential of almost 40 000 MW, but currently only 1 775 MW of this generating capacity is used (Inga I and II). 
Exploiting this potential is one of the key objectives of the AUC-NEPAD energy agenda for meeting the needs 
of continental interconnections and substantially improving the security of Africa’s energy supply.  
Studies on the further development of Inga show the tech nical viability of Inga III and Grand Inga. Inga III is 
expected to provide enough excess generating capacity fo r a new regional electricity export scheme. Grand Inga 
could become the largest generating facility in Africa, delivering 39 000 MW.  
Within the EU-Africa Infrastructure and Energy Partnerships and the Infrastructure Consortium for Africa, the 
EU is ready to host discussions on steps to realise this mega-project. China and key African partners that 
participated at the launch of the Infrastructure Partnership in Addis Ababa, October 2007, could explore and 
develop tripartite cooperation for implementing the Inga project. 
At country level, trilateral c ooperation would involve worki ng through a targeted dialogue 
with Chinese ministerial bodies and investment banks. It would involve establishing informal 
joint technical teams for sharing policies, st rategies and good practi ces. The dialogue could 
start by identifying common interests and problems and then go on to address the issues that 
underpin the sustainability of investments and the benefits brought about by improved 
infrastructure and services.  
Such an exercise would facilitate  closer trilateral integration w ithin a wider country-led effort 
to coordinate development partne rs in support of the principles of the Pa ris Declaration on 
Aid Effectiveness — ownership, alignment and harmonisation. Overall, developing closer 
working practices between African institutions , the EC, China and other donors will benefit 
African partners by reducing tr ansaction costs and improving th e effective delivery of support 
to infrastructure. 
 
EN 8   EN Modalities 
The EU and China should conduct their dialogue  with Africa within  the Infrastructure 
Consortium for Africa and agree jo int activities through, for instan ce, an exchange of letters 
with one or more interested organisations. Cons ultations should also be  held at country or 
regional level as appropriate. 
Exchanges of officials between headquarters an d workshops with experts of each side could 
increase knowledge of working me thods, approaches and procedures. 
 
EN 9   EN Annex 3: Partnership on the environment and sustainable management of resources  
Ensuring the governance of natural resources is  one of the key challenges faced by African 
countries and the intern ational community in th e 21st century. Demand fo r Africa’s resources 
represents an opportunity for Africa but for mining or other activities to have a positive effect 
on sustainable development the activities themselv es should be carried out in a socially and 
environmentally responsible manner. Revenues to  government from these activities should be 
provided in a transparent manne r and used for long-term development. Sharing experiences 
and best practices between established and new players may raise awareness for these issues 
in the corporate world where most of the problems arise (cf. in this context the work of OHADA: Traité relatif à l' harmonisation du droit des a ffaires en Afrique).  
In the Joint Africa-EU Strategy, Africa and th e EU agreed to enhance cooperation in the 
context of international initiatives to counter illicit trade and to prom ote the transparent and 
equitable management of natural resources, such  as the Kimberley certification process, the 
Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trad e (FLEGT) action plan and the Extractive 
Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI). The EU  recognised the importance of EITI, to which 
16 African countries have applied for validatio n. Extractive and mining industries, a major 
source of pollution need environmental safeguards. 
Therefore, the multilateral initiatives mentioned in the Africa-EU joint strategy, such as the 
Kimberley Process, EITI and FLEGT, could be used as starting points for trilateral dialogue 
and cooperation in those African countr ies that have subscribed to them. 
BOX 5: Sustainable management of natural resources: forestry 
Africa, the EU and China have committed themselves politically to ensuring forest law enforcement and 
governance and combating illegal logging , notably through the Ya oundé Ministerial Declaration on Forest Law 
Enforcement and Governance (FLEG) an d recent EU-China summit statemen ts. In 2007 China hosted an EU-
China conference on FLEG, which in cluded representatives from a number of African countries.  
As the main markets for African timb er, the EU and China can help support African efforts towards sustainable 
forest management and the effective regulation of Africa's forests through demand side measures such as public 
procurement policies as well as through deve lopment and private sector cooperation.  
Possible collaborative actions could include: 
– Support for national processes in African countries to clarify what is legal timber  
– Support for triangular cooperation between private sector  timber producers in Africa,  processors in China and 
retailers in EU. 
– Technical support for government agencies, commun ities and the private sect or to improve forest 
management and reforestation 
– The Congo Basin Forest Partnership, which brings together the major actors in forest conservation and 
management in Central Africa, could have a useful role to play in such collaboration. 
– Assess how Chinese government guidelines and regulati ons, Chinese companies' participation in the UN 
Global Compact and work in the ISO could be supported in partnership with European and African players to 
improve the development impact of corporate actors and help African countries to enforce regulations.  
Sustainable management of energy resources is another important to pic for cooperation at 
international level, notably in the context of climate change. Renewable energies could 
therefore become a focus for trilateral dial ogue and cooperation. As one of the major global 
emitters of greenhouse gases, China is beginning to take a more proactive role in global 
climate change negotiations, for example unde r the UN Framework Convention on Climate 
Change (UNFCCC). Recently, Chinese officials ha ve pointed not only to domestic mitigation 
and adaptation actions, but also to  capacity building that China is supporting in Africa on e.g. 
the Kyoto protocol’s Clean Development M echanism (CDM). The European Commission, 
 
EN 10   EN alongside the EU Member States, is itself active in mitigation and adaptation capacity 
building in Africa, in line with broader de velopment objectives. The Global Climate Change 
Alliance proposal allows for learning lessons three ways on e.g. mainstreaming adaptation 
into aid spending and on adaption practices. Given the importance of building long-term 
national adaptive capacity, particularly in the co untries most vulnerable to climate change, the 
Commission proposes to explore the possibility  of initiating joint wo rk with the AUC and 
China, particularly in Africa, for capacity bu ilding purposes, on climate change and renewable 
energy, possibly including the CDM as it currently stands, and also under a post-2012 global 
climate change agreement. The European Comm ission has recently launched an initiative for 
technology transfer and innovative financing of investment for clean energy in developing 
countries: the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF). The focus 
will be on encouraging small projects generall y ignored by commercial investors, with a 
special emphasis on serving the needs of sub-Sa haran Africa. The possibilities for China to 
contribute to this initia tive should be explored. 
Gas flaring reduction is also an important part of the efforts to reduce greenhouse gases and to 
expand access to a cleaner energy source. The European Commission has recently joined the 
Gas Flaring Initiative of the World Bank, in wh ich many EU companies as well as African 
countries and companies are participating. To th is end, it is important to seek ways of 
involving China in this initiative.  
Another promising area for cooperation could be the fisheries  sector. The EU and China, as 
major global actors in the fisheries sector, have a joint responsibility fo r strengthening control, 
research and stock management capacities in cooperation with the Af rican coastal states 
concerned. Based on the principle of African ow nership, China, African countries and the EU 
could cooperate to enable these countries to ensu re the sustainability of  fish stocks and other 
living aquatic resources in thei r Exclusive Economic Zones and in the waters of relevant 
Regional Fisheries Management Organisation s (RFMOs) to which they are contracting 
parties. Such dialogue and cooperation should  be embedded in relevant international 
conventions and agreements such as the UN Fi sh Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), and partners 
who have not yet ratified and implemented them  should be encouraged to do so. The three 
partners should enhance dialogue  and cooperation to enhance th e sustainability of aquatic 
resources under the UN Fish Stocks Agreemen t and within Regional Fisheries Management 
Organisations. 
Under the Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous 
Waste and their Disposal, Parties including the EU, China and African countries work 
together in the protection of human health and the environmen t against the adverse effects 
resulting from the generation, management, trans-boundary movements and disposal of 
hazardous and other wastes. 
 
EN 11   EN Modalities 
Depending on the sector, there are various Af rican, bi- or multilateral frameworks for a 
general policy dialogue. Existing bilateral dial ogues, such as on FLEGT or Kimberley, should 
be continued and expanded where appropriate. P ilot activities need to be country-led and 
should therefore be discussed between th e three partners at  country level. 
Exchanges of officials between headquarters an d workshops with experts of each side could 
increase knowledge of working met hods, approaches and procedures.  
 
EN 12   EN Annex 4: Partnership on food se curity and agricultural production  
The importance of agriculture , including livestock, in Af rican economies cannot be 
overemphasised — in many countries 70-90 percen t of the population de pends on agriculture 
for their livelihoods. Nearly 40 percent of Af rica’s export earnings co me from agriculture, 
which also provides the source for 75 percent of  manufacturing value ad dition, and creates 60 
percent of employment. Nevertheless, due to  low productivity and dependency on rain-fed 
agriculture, food insecurity and ma lnutrition are highly prevalent in  rural areas, particularly in 
sub-Saharan Africa. Agriculture has a pivotal role in economic growth, and is directly linked 
to social development, food security, and sustainable resource management.  
The recent increase in commodity prices  raises both opportunities a nd challenges for African 
countries: while many commodity-exporting countr ies have witnessed a favourable impact on 
their economies, net food- and oil-importing countries have been negatively affected, 
particularly the poorest househol ds. The effects on the poor in these countries threaten to 
reverse the progress made towards achieving th e Millennium Development Goals. At the 
same time, high food prices cr eate opportunities for African agriculture, which could be 
captured through an improved policy framework, e nhanced investment and additional external 
support and advice. It is in this  area that the Partnership on f ood security and ag riculture could 
play a useful role.  
For Africa to increase its in ternal food trade and access to international markets for 
agricultural and livestock products, complian ce with SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) 
measures will be essential. Nevertheless, ma ny African countries find it difficult to comply 
with SPS measures due to limite d human, technical, institutiona l and financial capacities, 
along with inadequate harmonisation of standards.  
BOX 6: Food security and agricultural production  
What is Africa doing? 
To foster agricultural development, African countrie s, through the AU and NEPAD, have launched the 
Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). Moreover, within this CAADP 
framework, an overall AU vision has emerged on what should be achieved in agriculture by 2015. 
The CAADP initiative takes a continent-wide view, but builds on national and regional plans for the 
development of agriculture. It contains a set of key principles and targets to: (i) guide country strategies and 
investment programmes; (ii) enable regional peer lear ning and review; and (iii) fac ilitate greater alignment and 
harmonisation of development efforts. For development partners, the CAADP offers significant opportunities for 
progress on the Paris Declaration. 
CAADP is developing four thematic ‘pillars’ to se rve as policy frameworks for national and regional 
programmes: (i) land and water management, (ii) infrastru cture and markets, (iii) food security and nutrition, and 
(iv) agricultural research and innovation. CAADP prog rammes at national and regional levels will follow a 
specific ‘round table’ process that will result in country and regional ‘CAADP Compacts’, covering policy 
reforms and guiding public and private investment and intervention. 
What is the EU doing? 
Over the years, the EC has been a strong partner for Africa’s agriculture and has supported numerous projects 
and programmes on agricultural research, production, dise ase control, management of resources, trade assistance 
and food security. Moreover, special programmes exist for sugar and bananas, while other commodities like 
cotton, coffee and cocoa also receive substantial assistance. The EC has al so contributed significantly to the 
eradication of rinderpest on the co ntinent as well as to the strengthening of veterinary control systems.  The main 
support instruments are the  Food Security Thematic Programme (FSTP)  and the European Development Fund 
(EDF). The FSTP (2007-2010) has significant budgets for agricultural research (€230 million, of which a large 
part will benefit Africa), food security information ( €65 million) and a special allocation for Africa (€100 
million) focusing on policy development & institutional strengthening, natural resource management and risk 
management. Agriculture and rural development are making a come-back in the strategies for EDF assistance to 
African countries in the coming years: 23 African countries have selected ag riculture, food security and/or rural 
 
EN 13   EN development as focal sectors in their cooperation for the period 2008-2013. Overall, this is likely to lead to an 
average level of assistance of well above €400 million per year.  
What is China doing? 
New commitments have been made on agricultural and ru ral development, including agricultural cooperation, 
such as agro-infrastructure developm ent, assistance with farming and bree ding, the exchange and transfer of 
applied agricultural technology, technical assistance and sk ills transfer, and assistance with the manufacturing of 
farm machinery and the processing of farm produce. Furthermore, by late 2009, more than 100 senior Chinese 
agricultural experts are to be sent to Africa, 10 agri cultural demonstration sites will be completed on the 
continent, and 100 rural schools are to be constructed across the countries that have diplomatic relations with 
China. Next year’s FOCAC mi nisterial meeting will focus on agricultural production. 
What are China and the EU doing together? 
The EC and China have long been engaged in dialogue on the establishment of a ‘knowledge-based 
bioeconomy’ (KBBE) and on related research addressing ag riculture, forestry, fisheries, aquaculture, food and 
biotechnologies. Moreover, Chinese partners (the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the National 
Centre for Biotechnology Development) have participated  in EU-funded research pr ojects on food quality and 
safety. The signature of a Joint Statement on research fiel ds for the development of joint actions expands on this 
cooperation. Several research fields have been identified, including animal, plant and fish breeding, animal 
diseases and control, and food safety. The EU and China, in coordination with other major global actors and 
regional organisations, have also joined forces and contri buted to building an international partnership to fight 
avian and pandemic influenza. 
What can the three do together? 
– Enhance agricultural research and innovation, streng then institutional cooperation and coordination between 
national agricultural research systems (NARS) and regional and international research programmes and 
promote the use in Africa of the results of joint research activities on e.g.: animal, plant and fish breeding; 
animal diseases and control; animal drugs, vacci nes and vaccination strategies; and food safety. 
– Enhance dialogue and cooperation to support sustainable agriculture and resource use in Africa. 
Trilateral cooperation could e nhance Africa’s agricultural pr oductivity and production levels, 
and contribute to greater food security in a sustainable manner, with due attention to the 
socio-economic, environmental and health  aspects of food production. The Commission 
proposes to explore synergie s that could be obtained fr om trilateral cooperation in: 
agricultural research and innovation, with a special emph asis on food staples (including 
cereals); control of animal diseases; food safe ty with a special emphasis on definition of and 
compliance with SPS standards. Trilateral cooperati on will need to be framed in the context of 
the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), which forms the long-term agenda for Afri ca’s agricultural development. 
 
EN 14   EN Modalities 
Creation of joint research and innovation networ ks integrated with African structures and 
initiatives (e.g. linked with the Forum for Ag ricultural Research in Africa — FARA).  
Involvement of EU and Chinese experts in CAADP Country Round Table processes, while 
recognising African leadership. 
Exchanges of officials between  headquarters and workshops w ith experts from each side 
could increase knowledge of working me thods, approaches and procedures.
 
EN 15   EN Annex 5: List of Acronyms  
AfDB African Development Bank 
AMIS African Union Mission in the Sudan 
AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia 
APF African Peace Facility 
APRM African Peer Review Mechanism  
APSA African Peace and Security Architecture 
ASF African Standby Force 
AU  African Union 
AUC African Union Commission 
CAERT Convention on the Prevention a nd Fight Against Terrorism  
CDM Clean Development Mechanisms 
CEMAC Communauté Economique et Moné taire en Afrique Centrale 
CEWS Continental Early Warning System 
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo 
EC European Commission 
EDF European Development Fund 
EITI Extractive Industries Tr ansparency Initiative 
http://eitranspa rency.org/eiti  
EITI-MDTF EITI Multi Donor Trust Fund 
ESDP European Security and Defence Policy 
EU (MS) European Union (Member States) 
FDI Foreign Direct Investment 
FLEG Forest Law Environment Governance 
FLEGT Forest Law Environment Governance and Trade 
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/forests/flegt.htm  
FOCAC Forum for China Africa Cooperation 
GEEREF Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund 
 
EN 16   EN http://ec.europa.eu/envi ronment/jrec/energy_fund_en.htm  
GFTN Global Forest Trade Network 
http://gftn.panda.org/  
ICA Infrastructure Consortium for Africa 
ICT Information and Communication Technology 
IFI International Finance Institutions 
IMF International Monetary Fund 
ISO International Standards Organisation 
MDG Millennium Development Goals 
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development 
NEPAD-IPPF NEPAD Infrastructure Proj ect Preparation Facility 
NEPAD-iSTAP NEPAD infrastructure Short Term Action Plan 
ODA Official Development Assistance 
OECD-DAC Organisation for Economic C ooperation and Development - 
Development Assistance Committee 
OHADA Organisation pour l'Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en Afrique 
PK Peace Keeping 
PSC AU Peace and Security Council 
REC Regional Economic Communities 
RFMOs Regional Fishery Organisations 
SALW Small arms and light weapons 
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa 
UN United Nations 
UNFCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 
UNFSA UN Fish Stocks Agreement 
UNSC United Nations Security Council 
WB World Bank