COMMISSION NOTICE

Guidance Note relating to the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community

Part Two – Citizens’ Rights

(2020/C 173/01)

This Guidance Note is purely informative and does not supplement or complete the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community.

While this Guidance Note has been prepared by staff of the European Commission, the views contained in the Guidance Note should not be interpreted as stating an official position of the European Commission.

The overall objective of Part Two of the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community (the Agreement) is to safeguard citizens’ rights derived from European Union (EU) law exercised by European Union citizens residing or working in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) and by UK nationals residing or working in the EU and their respective family members by the end of the transition period provided for in the Agreement, and to provide for effective, enforceable and non-discriminatory guarantees for this purpose.

1. TITLE I – GENERAL PROVISIONS

Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Agreement jointly determine the personal and territorial scope for the purposes of the application of Title II of Part Two of the Agreement on rights and obligations relating to residence, residence documents, workers and self-employed persons and on professional qualifications (Title III on social security coordination has its own personal scope).

The beneficiaries of Title II of the Agreement consist of EU citizens and UK nationals having exercised the right to reside or work in accordance with Union law before the end of the transition period and continuing to do so after that period as well as their respective family members.

The definitions of an EU citizen and UK national are set out in Article 2(c) and (d) of the Agreement.

References to Union free movement rights or rules in this Guidance Note include rights under: Articles 21, 45 and 49 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU); Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States (Directive 2004/38/EC); and Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union (Regulation (EU) No 492/2011).

1.1. Article 9 – Definitions

1.1.1. Article 9(a): Family members

1.1.1.1. Article 9(a)(i): ‘Cor e’ family members

The ‘core’ family members are defined by reference to Article 2(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC. This provision also applies with respect to family members of employed and self-employed workers, including frontier workers (Joined Cases C-401/15 to C-403/15 Depesme and Kerrou).

As is the case under Union law, family members of EU citizens in principle do not enjoy an independent right to move and reside freely (unless they are EU citizens themselves or have acquired an independent right of residence as result of their relationship with an EU citizen, the source of their free movement rights). In the same vein, family members do not enjoy rights under the Agreement without these rights being derived from the right holder – a person falling under Article 10(1)(a) to (d) of the Agreement.

The only exception are family members falling under Article 10(1)(f) who reside in the host State ‘independently’ at the end of the transition period as their right of residence under Union law at that moment was no longer conditional on continuing to be a family member of an EU citizen currently exercising Treaty rights in the host State.

1.1.1.2. Article 9(a)(ii): Third country national carers of a dependent EU citizen

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has recognised that, in certain situations, other persons should also have a right of residence, in particular where the presence of such persons is actually required in order for EU citizens to be able to enjoy the right of residence under Union law.

The most relevant example is that of a minor mobile EU citizen with a non-EU parent. While the right of residence of the EU citizen is evident under Union law, the parent on whom the EU citizen is dependent does not fall within the scope of Article 2(2)(d) of Directive 2004/38/EC, applying to parents who are dependent on the EU citizen (here it is the other way around). The CJEU ruled in Case C-200/02 Chen that such parent has the right of residence in the host State in order to underpin the right of residence of the minor EU child.

Article 9(a)(ii) goes beyond reference to primary carers used by the CJEU in Chen (where only residence of the child’s mother was at stake) and is drafted in a more open manner also to allow covering persons other than primary carers (for example, also minor siblings who share the primary carer(s) with the minor EU citizen).

1.1.2. Article 9(b): Frontier workers

Frontier workers are persons falling under the CJEU’s definition of ‘workers’ who, at the same time, do not reside under the condition set out in Article 13 of the Agreement, in the State in which they are ‘workers’.

Both frontier workers in employed (Article 45 TFEU) and self-employed (Article 49 TFEU) capacity are covered (see Case C-363/89 Roux and the guidance for Articles 24 and 25).

1.1.2.1. Definition of an employed or a self-employed worker

Neither Union primary nor secondary legislation gives a definition of the term ‘worker’ or ‘self-employed person’.

According to the CJEU’s jurisprudence, the notion of ‘worker’ has, for the purposes of freedom of movement in the Union, a specific meaning (for example, Case C-66/85 Lawrie-Blum) and must be given a broad interpretation (Case C-139/85 Kempf).

It is not possible to apply diverging national definitions (e.g. a definition of worker in domestic labour law) that would be more restrictive.

The CJEU has defined an employed ‘worker’ as ‘a person who undertakes genuine and effective work for which he is paid under the direction of someone else, to the exclusion of activities on such a small scale as to be regarded as purely marginal and ancillary’ (Cases C-138/02 Collins, C-456/02 Trojani or C-46/12 LN).

The essential features of an employment relationship are that:

— for a certain period of time a person performs services (see for example Cases C-139/85 Kempf, C-344/87 Bettray, C-171/88 Rinner-Kühn, C-1/97 Birden, C-102/88 Ruzius-Wilbrink)

— for and under the direction of another person (Cases C-152/73 Sotgiu, C-196/87 Steymann, C-344/87 Bettray, C-151/04 Nadin)

— in return for which he or she receives remuneration (see for example Cases C-196/87 Steymann, C-344/87 Bettray, C-27/91 Hostellerie Le Manoir, C-270/13, Haralambidis).

The condition of a subordination link distinguishes ‘worker s’ from ‘self-employed person s’. Work in a relationship of subordination is characterised by the employer determining the choice of activity, remuneration and working conditions (Case C-268/99 Jany).

1.1.3. Article 9(c): The host State

This provision distinguishes between EU citizens and UK nationals. The host State is defined differently for both groups.

For UK nationals, the host State is the EU Member State as defined in Article 2 (b) of the Agreement in which they are exercising their right of residence under Union free movement rules. The UK cannot become the host State under the Agreement for UK nationals – this means that UK nationals who have resided in the UK before the end of the transition period in accordance with rights under Union law (as beneficiaries of the case law based on judgments of the CJEU in Cases C-34/09, Ruiz Zambrano or C-370/90, Singh) do not become beneficiaries of the Agreement in their personal capacity.

For EU citizens, the host State is the UK as defined in Article 3(1) of the Agreement. EU citizens do not become beneficiaries of the Agreement in their personal capacity in any EU Member State, regardless of whether it is the Member State of their nationality or not.

1.1.3.1. Having ‘exercised there their right of residence in accordance with Union la w’

The exercise of the right of residence means that an EU citizen or a UK national lawfully resides in the host State in accordance with Union free movement law before the end of the transition period.

All possible situations where the right of residence stems from Union free movement rules are covered.

This includes right of residence, irrespective of whether it is a permanent right of residence, irrespective of its duration (e.g. an arrival in the host State one week before the end of the transition period and residing there as a job-seeker under Article 45 TFEU is sufficient) and irrespective of the capacity in which these rights are exercised (as a worker, self-employed person, student, job-seekers, etc.).

It is sufficient that the right of residence was exercised in accordance with the conditions Union law attaches to the right of residence (Case C-162/09 Lassal or Joined Cases C-424 and 425/10 Ziolkowski and Szeja).

Possession of a residence document is not a prerequisite for lawful residence in accordance with Union law because under Union law the right of residence is conferred directly on EU citizens by the Treaty and is not dependent upon their having fulfilled administrative procedures (Recital 11 of Directive 2004/38/EC). On the other hand, the possession of a residence document issued under Union law does not, in itself, make the residence to be in accordance with Union law (Case C-325/09 Dias).

1.1.3.2. ‘Before the end of the transition period and continue to reside there thereafter’

These notions, that should be read together, incorporate a time stamp that requires that residence in accordance with Union law qualifies for the purposes of Part Two of the Agreement only when such residence is ‘continuous’ at the end of the transition period (31 December 2020).

Rules on continuity of residence are further covered in Article 11 of the Agreement.

Historical periods of residence that have lapsed before the end of the transition period (for example, residence between 1980 and 2001) or periods of residence that commence only after the end of the transition period do not qualify.

1.1.4. Article 9(d): State of work

The State of work is only relevant for the purposes of identifying the territorial scope of the rights of frontier workers.

Persons who reside in the State in which they work are not considered as frontier workers.

1.1.5. Article 9(e): Rights of custody

The expression ‘Rights of custody’ is defined by reference to Article 2(9) of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility (the Brussels IIa Regulation).

This provision covers rights of custody acquired by judgment, by operation of law or by an agreement having legal effect.

1.2. Article 10 – Personal scope

1.2.1. EU citizens and UK nationals: Paragraph (1)(a) to (d)

The definition of EU citizens and UK nationals are set out in Article 2 (c) and (d) of the Agreement

Particular guidance has been given by the CJEU in jurisprudence concerning the rights of dual nationals. This jurisprudence is important in order to determine in which cases a dual national is covered by the Agreement, and in which cases dual nationality leads to a purely internal situation.

Dual EU/EU nationals (e.g. a person holding both Czech and Slovak nationality) or EU/non-EU nationals (e.g. a person holding both Czech and Japanese nationality) residing in the UK at the end of the transition period are clearly covered by the personal scope of the Agreement as EU citizens.

Dual EU/UK nationals, whether by birth or by naturalisation, are covered by the Agreement if, by the end of the transition period, they have exercised free movement residence rights in the host State of which they hold nationality (Case C-165/16 Lounes). Dual EU/UK nationals, whether by birth or by naturalisation, are also covered by the Agreement if, by the end of the transition period, they have exercised free movement residence rights in a Member State other than that of which the person holds nationality (this is without prejudice to the rights they have as mobile EU citizens under Union law on free movement of EU citizens).

Dual EU/UK nationals who acquired nationality of the host State even after the end of the transition period are covered by the Agreement by analogy with Case C-165/16 Lounes.

Dual EU/UK nationals who have never exercised their free movement rights under Articles 21, 45 or 49 TFEU (as in the Case C-434/09 McCarthy) are not covered by the Agreement.

1.2.2. Out of scope

1.2.2.1. Posted workers

People relying solely on rights deriving from Article 56 TFEU are not covered by the Agreement (see also the guidance on Article 30(1)(e) of Title III of the Agreement).

The Agreement does not confer any entitlement to posted workers to remain in the host State after the end of the transition period.

1.2.2.2. EU citizenship rights: Case C-34/09 Ruiz Zambrano

EU citizens and UK nationals whose rights in the host State at the end of the transition period are based on the fact that they were citizens of the Union as defined in Article 20 TFEU fall outside the scope of the Agreement.

Consequently, their family members also fall outside the scope of the Agreement and will be subject to rules in force in the host State.

1.2.2.3. Returning EU citizens’ and UK nationals’ right to family reunification: Case C-370/90 Singh

EU citizens and UK nationals covered by this line of case law fall outside the scope of the Agreement. Consequently, their family members also fall outside the scope of the Agreement. The residence status of family members of UK nationals returning to the UK or of EU citizens returning to the Member State of which they are nationals will be regulated by UK or EU law respectively.

1.2.3. Article 10(1)–(4): Family members

Paragraphs 1 to 4 of Article 10 set out which persons fall within the scope of the Agreement by virtue of their family ties with the right holder (a person falling under any provision of Article 10(1)(a) to (d) of the Agreement).

On the basis of Directive 2004/38/EC, the Agreement distinguishes between two categories of ‘family members’ – ‘core’ family members (defined in Article 9(a) of the Agreement and corresponding to Article 2(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC) and ‘extended’ family members (falling under Article 10(2) to (5) of the Agreement and corresponding to Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC).

1.2.3.1. Article 10(1)(e)(i): ‘Core’ family members residing in the host State

This provision covers ‘core’ family members (defined in Article 9(a) of the Agreement) who have resided in the host State at the end of the transition period in their capacity as family members of an EU citizen exercising Union free movement rights in the host State.

1.2.3.2. Article 10(1)(e)(ii): ‘Core’ family members residing outside the host State

The family members covered by point (e)(ii) of Article 10(1) have not moved to the host State before the end of the transition period. They can join the right holder in the host State at any point in time after the end of the transition period.

The family members in question shall be directly related (i.e. falling within the scope of Article 2(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC as a spouse, registered partner, or direct relatives in the ascending line) to the right holder at the end of the transition period. Direct descendants born before the end of the transition period are also covered by point (e)(ii) of Article 10(1) of the Agreement, while direct descendants born after the end of the transition period are covered by point (e)(iii) of Article 10(1) of the Agreement.

Moreover, the family member in question shall comply with the conditions of Article 2(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC at the time they seek residence in the host State under the Agreement.

This means, for example, that someone seeking entry as spouse of a right holder in 2025 will be eligible under the Agreement if he/she was married to the right holder at the end of the transition period and is still married in 2025.

A child of a right holder, who was under 21 years of age at the end of the transition period, will be eligible to join the right holder under the Agreement if he/she continues to be the child of a right holder when seeking to join the right holder in the host State and is still under 21 years of age or dependent on the right holder.

A parent of a right holder will be eligible to join the right holder under the Agreement if he/she is dependent on the right holder when seeking to join the right holder in the host State.

1.2.3.3. Article 10(1)(e)(iii): Future children

Persons who are born to, or adopted by, the right holder after the end of the transition period are protected by point (e)(iii) of Article 10(1) of the Agreement.

In order to be eligible to join the right holder in the host State, those future children will have to meet the conditions of Article 2(2)(c) of Directive 2004/38/EC when seeking to join the right holder in the host State, namely be under the age of 21, or be dependants.

Paragraph (1)(e)(iii) of Article 10(1) of the Agreement applies in any of the following situations:

(a) both parents are right holders: no formal requirement for parents to have sole or joint rights of custody of the child;

(b) one parent is a right holder and the other one is national of the host State (e.g. a Polish-UK couple residing in Poland): no formal requirement for parents to have sole or joint rights of custody of the child (this provision does not require that the non-right holder parent is resident in the host State);

(c) one parent is a right holder (this provision covers all situations in which the child has only one parent which is a right holder, except when the parent has lost the custody of the child. It covers families with two parents, for instance a child born from a right holder married after the end of the transition period with an EU citizen who is not a beneficiary of the agreement, and families with single parents or cases where the non-right holder parent does not reside in the host State or has no right of residence there): requirement for the right holder parent to have sole or joint rights of custody of the child.

Children born before the end of the transition period but recognised as children (for example, when the right holder recognises paternity of the child) only after the end of the transition period are to be treated under Article 10(1)(e)(i) or (ii), depending on the place of residence of children at the end of the transition period.

1.2.3.4. Article 10(1)(f): Family members who have acquired an independent right to reside in the host State

This provision covers ‘core’ family members (defined in Article 9(a) of the Agreement) who:

(a) at some point in time before the end of the transition period, resided in the host State in their capacity of being family members of an EU citizen exercising Union free movement rights there;

(b) later, but still before the end of the transition period, acquired a right of residence under Union free movement law that is no longer dependent on being a family member of an EU citizen exercising Union free movement rights in the host State (for example under Articles 13(2) or 16(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC);

(c) retain that independent right at the end of the transition period.

The specific situation of persons falling under Article 10(1)(f) is the reason why Part Two of the Agreement does not replicate the requirement of Article 3(1) of Directive 2004/38/EC that those family members should ‘accompany or join’ the right holder in the host State.

1.2.3.5. Article 10(2): ‘Extended’ family members already residing in host State

Article 10(2) of the Agreement covers ‘extended’ family members (corresponding to Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC) who have resided in the host State by the end of the transition period by virtue of their relation to an EU citizen exercising Union free movement rights there. The duration of that residence is immaterial.

The Union free movement right of residence in the host State of such persons presupposes that they were issued with a residence document by the host State acting in accordance with its national legislation.

The Union free movement right of residence of such persons in the host State, recognised by the host State acting in accordance with its national legislation, is evidenced by the issuance of a residence document.

1.2.3.6. Article 10(3): ‘Extended’ family members with pending application

‘Extended’ family members (corresponding to Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC) who lodged an application under Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC to join the right holder in the host State before the end of the transition period but whose applications (either for entry visa or residence document) have been outstanding at the end of the transition period are protected the same way as under Union free movement rules.

Their applications should be considered in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC. A positive decision on the application means that such persons should be considered as persons falling under Article 10(2) of the Agreement.

1.2.3.7. Article 10(4): Partners in a durable relationship

Partners in a durable relationship (persons falling within Article 3(2)(b) of Directive 2004/38/EC) of the right holder but who resided outside the host State at the end of the transition period are beneficiaries of the Agreement.

This category covers all other long-term ‘durable’ partnerships, both opposite-sex and same-sex relationships. The requirement of durability of the relationship must be assessed in the light of the objective of the Directive to maintain the unity of the family in a broad sense (see Recital 6 to Directive 2004/38/EC).

Such persons would have to be in a durable relationship at the end of the transition period and still be in a durable relationship at the time they seek residence in the host State under the Agreement.

This provision also covers those persons who were in a durable relationship at the end of the transition period and are married to the right holder at the time they seek residence in the host State under the Agreement.

Their applications should be considered in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC. A positive decision on an application means that such persons should be considered as persons falling under Article 10(2).

1.2.4. Article 10(5): Examination by the host State

The host State should undertake an extensive examination of the personal circumstances when assessing the application for entry or residence by the family member falling under paragraphs (3) and (4) of Article 10 of the Agreement in accordance with its national legislation. Any decision refusing the application should be fully reasoned.

1.3. Article 11 – Continuity of residence

Article 11 ensures that persons who are temporarily absent from the territory of the host State at the moment of the end of the transition period, under the condition of ‘continuity’ are still considered as lawfully residents and consequently protected by the Agreement. This is consistent with Articles 9 and 10 of the Agreement which refer to the ‘right of residence in the host State’ and not to ‘presence in the host State’.

Concretely, it means that a person who already has a permanent right to reside will lose it if absent for more than five years (second paragraph of Article 11, referring to the five-year rule of Article 15(3) of the Agreement). Those who did not yet reside for five years can only be absent for maximum 6 months a year (first paragraph of Article 11, referring to continuity of residence rules under Article 15(2) of the Agreement, which mirrors Article 16(3) of Directive 2004/38/EC).

See further detail in Article 15(2) and (3) of the Agreement on the conditions of continuity.

As an example, EU citizens who acquired the right of permanent residence in the host State in accordance with Directive 2004/38/EC and left the host State four years before the end of the transition period are to be considered as ‘exercising their right of residence in accordance with Union la w’ (even if they do no longer have the right of permanent residence under Directive 2004/38/EC) at the end of the transition period because they have not been absent for a period exceeding five consecutive years. They are eligible for the new permanent residence status in the host State, provided they apply within the deadline set out in the first subparagraph of Article 18(1)(b) of the Agreement.

1.3.1. Past periods of residence

Previous periods of lawful residence in the host State, followed by an absence longer than allowed, are not taken into account.

For example, an EU citizen who has lived for 20 years in the UK between 1990 and 2010 and then left the UK is not considered as residing in the UK for the purposes of the Agreement. Such an EU citizen has voluntarily left the UK and remained outside the UK ever since so there is no existing residence right under the Agreement.

1.3.2. Past periods of residence, followed by a longer absence and then return to the host State before the end of the transition period

A person who has been absent for more than five years in the past, but who returns to the host State before the end of the transition period, starts building up periods of lawful residence from scratch upon return to the host State before the end of the transition period.

1.4. Article 12 – Non-discrimination

Article 12 of the Agreement fully mirrors Article 18 TFEU and ensures that discrimination on grounds of nationality is prohibited, when:

(a) it is within the scope of Part Two of the Agreement – but without prejudice to any special provisions contained in Part Two (such as Article 23(2)); and

(b) it is against the beneficiaries of the Agreement.

This includes, for example, the right of students to the same tuition fees as nationals of the host State.

2. TITLE II – RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

CHAPTER 1 – RIGHTS RELATED TO RESIDENCE, RESIDENCE DOCUMENTS

2.1. Article 13 – Residence rights

2.1.1. Scope

Paragraphs 1 to 3 of Article 13 lay down the main substantive conditions that underpin the right of residence in the host State for EU citizens, UK nationals and their respective family members, irrespective of their nationality.

These conditions to obtain residence rights essentially replicate the conditions Union free movement rules set with respect to residence rights.

EU citizens, UK nationals and their respective family members irrespective of their nationality, who acquired the right of permanent residence before the end of the transition period, should not be subject to pre-permanent residence requirements, such as those in Article 7 of Directive 2004/38/EC.

There is no discretion in the application of relevant rules, unless in favour of the person in question (see also Article 38 of the Agreement).

2.2. Article 14 – Right of exit and of entry

2.2.1. Article 14(1): Entry and exit with a valid national identity card or passport

Under Articles 4(1) and 5(1) of Directive 2004/38/EC, all EU citizens have the right to leave one Member State and enter another Member State irrespective of whether they are nationals of those Member States or their residents.

The right of beneficiaries of the Agreement to be absent as set out in Article 15 of the Agreement and the right to continue working as a frontier worker as set out in Articles 24 and 25 of the Agreement imply the right to leave the host State or, respectively, the State of work and to return there.

As is the case of Directive 2004/38/EC, Article 14(1) of the Agreement requires a valid passport or national identity card for the purpose of exercising entry and exit rights. No other conditions can be attached under domestic law (such as that the travel document must have a certain future validity). Where the right to enter or to leave can be attested by different travel documents, the choice lies with the beneficiary of the Agreement.

As regards the use of national identity cards as travel documents, the second subparagraph of Article 14(1) authorises the host States to decide that, after five years following the end of the transition period, national identity cards can be accepted only if they include a chip compliant with the applicable International Civil Aviation Organisation standards related to biometric identification (as per ICAO standards Doc 9303).

This decision should be duly published in good time, as per Article 37 of the Agreement, to allow beneficiaries of the Agreement to apply for a compliant national identity card or a valid passport.

2.2.2. Article 14(2): Holders of documents issued under the Agreement

EU citizens, UK nationals, their family members and other persons resident in the host State in accordance with the Agreement will have the right to cross the borders of the host State under the conditions set out in Article 14(1) of the Agreement where they provide evidence of being a beneficiary of the Agreement.

Holders of documents issued under Article 18 and 26 of the Agreement will therefore be exempted from any exit or entry visa or equivalent formality (in the sense of Article 4(2) and the second indent of Article 5(1) of Directive 2004/38/EC; e.g. electronic travel authorisation).

2.2.3. Article 14(3): Entry visas and charging for out-of-country residence applications

Article 14(3) of the Agreement replicates the entry visa facilities Directive 2004/38/EC grants to family members of mobile EU citizens in recognition of the fact that the right of EU citizens to move and reside freely should, if it is to be exercised under objective conditions of freedom and dignity, be also granted to their family members, irrespective of nationality (see Recital 5 to Directive 2004/38/EC).

While short-term entry visas covered by Article 14(3) should be issued free of charge, the Agreement does not prevent the host State from offering an additional choice to family members to apply from abroad for a new residence status to be obtained pursuant to Article 18. In this case, the choice between the entry visa and the residence document lies with the beneficiary of the Agreement. In such case, the application can be subject to a charge applicable to issuance of residence documents evidencing the residence status.

2.3. Article 15 – Right of permanent residence

2.3.1. Article 15(1): Eligibility

Article 15 of the Agreement mirrors Article 16 of Directive 2004/38/EC concerning eligibility for the right of permanent residence.

Persons who are not eligible to acquire right of permanent residence under Directive 2004/38/EC are not eligible to acquire permanent residence status under the Agreement. This has the following consequences:

(a) residence that is in accordance with Union free movement rules but not in accordance with the conditions of Directive 2004/38/EC (note that Article 13 of the Agreement refers back to Directive 2004/38/EC) does not count for the purposes of the right of permanent residence (Case C-529/11 Alarape and Tijani);

(b) holding a valid residence document does not make the residence legal for the purposes of acquisition of right of permanent residence (Case C-325/09 Dias);

(c) a period of imprisonment before the right of permanent residence is acquired restarts the clock and a new period of five continuous years of residence has to be accumulated (Case C- 378/12 Onuekwere).

By the same token, persons who are eligible to acquire the right of permanent residence under Directive 2004/38/EC are eligible to acquire permanent residence status under the Agreement. This has the following consequences:

(a) legal residence means residence in accordance with the conditions of Directive 2004/38/EC (Joined Cases C-424 & 425/10 Ziolkowski and Szeja) and its predecessors (Case C-162/09 Lassal);

(b) the qualifying period of residence does not have to be immediately preceding the moment when the right of permanent residence is claimed (Case C-162/09 Lassal);

(c) residence before accession of one’s country to the EU can count under certain circumstances (Joined Cases C-424 & 425/10 Ziolkowski and Szeja).

Reference to periods of work in accordance with Union free movement rules in Articles 15(1) and 16 of the Agreement refers to periods of employment in the sense of Article 17 of Directive 2004/38/EC.

2.3.2. Article 15(2): Residence for less than five years

As regards continuity of non-permanent residence, Article 15(2) of the Agreement refers to continuity of residence being determined in accordance with Article 16(3) and Article 21 of Directive 2004/38/EC.

While Article 16(3) of Directive 2004/38/EC is designed for the purposes of checking the continuity of lawful residence for the purposes of acquiring the right of permanent residence, the same rules apply to residence under the Agreement generally – beneficiaries of the Agreement can be absent for some time without breaking the continuity of their right of residence in the host State.

This means that continuity of residence is not affected by the following temporary absences:

(1) absences (NB: plural) not exceeding a total of six months a year;

(2) absences (NB: plural) of a longer duration for compulsory military service (there is no time limit); or

(3) by one absence (NB: singular) of a maximum of twelve consecutive months for important reasons, such as (NB: the list is not exhaustive): (a) pregnancy and childbirth; (b) serious illness; (c) study or vocational training; or (d) a posting abroad.

As an example, EU citizens who arrived to the host State four years before the end of the transition period, worked there and were posted abroad by their employer eight months before the end of the transition period (point 3(d) above) still retain their right of residence at the end of the transition period under Union law on free movement of EU citizens for the purposes of the Agreement, and are eligible for the new residence status in the host State, provided they return back to the host State before their absence exceeds twelve consecutive months.

This also means that continuity of residence is broken by any expulsion decision lawfully enforced against the person concerned (essentially, that right of residence has been terminated as such by any expulsion decision duly enforced against the person concerned).

A period of imprisonment before the right of permanent residence is acquired restarts the clock and a new period of five years of continuous lawful residence has to be accumulated (Case C- 378/12 Onuekwere).

2.3.3. Article 15(3): Residence for more than five years

Article 15(3) of the Agreement provides that the right of permanent residence should be lost only through absence from the host State for a period exceeding five consecutive years (see guidance on Article 11 with respect to beneficiaries who are absent at the moment of the end of the transition period).

The right of permanent residence under the Agreement can also be lost through an expulsion decision lawfully taken on grounds of Article 20 of the Agreement. A period of imprisonment after the right of permanent residence has been acquired does not affect the right of permanent residence (Case C-145/09 Tsakouridis).

The right of permanent residence acquired before the end of the transition period to which Article 11 of the Agreement refers should be understood as right of permanent residence under Union law (Articles 16(1) or (2) of Directive 2004/38/EC) that determines whether one is eligible to become beneficiary of the Agreement (it should not be understood as referring to the right of permanent residence acquired under the Agreement).

To reflect the specific context of the Agreement (under which it is not possible to simply re-exercise the right to move and reside freely even after the loss of previous right of permanent residence), Article 11 of the Agreement goes beyond the rule on the allowed two-year absence for loss of right of permanent residence under Directive 2004/38/EC (Article 16(4) of Directive 2004/38/EC) by providing for a maximum absence of five consecutive years. This extension of absence periods from two to five years (as compared to the rules under Directive 2004/38/EC) allows the persons concerned to keep their right of permanent residence under the Agreement when returning to the host State after a period of absence of up to five consecutive years.

As an example, EU citizens who acquired the right of permanent residence in the host State under the conditions set out in the Agreement by the end of the transition period and who leave the host State six years after the end of the transition period for a period of four years (e.g. for a professional posting abroad) can still return in the host State and keep their right of permanent residence and all attached rights under the Agreement.

2.4. Article 16 – Accumulation of periods

Article 16 of the Agreement complements Article 15 by covering the situation where the beneficiaries of the Agreement have not yet acquired the right of permanent residence before the end of the transition period. The period of legal residence in accordance with Union free movement rules that a person has before the end of the transition period will be counted for the completion of the period of residence of 5 years necessary to acquire the right of permanent residence. Article 16 confers on such beneficiaries the right to acquire permanent residence status later (after accumulating the sufficient period of legal residence).

2.5. Article 17 – Status and changes

2.5.1. Article 17(1): Changing the status

The first part of Article 17(1) provides that EU citizens and UK nationals who have the right of residence in the host State in accordance with Article 13(1) of the Agreement can change their status and remain beneficiaries of the Agreement.

Their residence right (permanent/non-permanent) under the Agreement is not affected when they change their status (i.e. the provision of Union law on free movement of EU citizens on which their right of residence is based), as long as their residence is in accordance with the conditions of Article 13(1) of the Agreement (and, via it, Union law on free movement of EU citizens). It is also possible to hold multiple statuses (e.g., a student who is simultaneously a worker).

Change of the status does not attract any consequences (such as issuance of a new residence document) and does not have to be reported to national authorities.

The list of ‘statuses’ in Article 17(1) (student, worker, self-employed person and economically inactive person) is illustrative, not exhaustive.

While Article 17(1) also applies to beneficiaries of the Agreement who have acquired permanent residence status under the Agreement, such persons are unlikely to find any effective protection in this provision, given that their residence status is no longer conditional and cannot become conditional again (see the difference between residence based on Article 7 of Directive 2004/38/EC and permanent residence based on Articles 16 or 17 of Directive 2004/38/EC).

2.5.1.1. Specific situation of family members

Family members who have the right of residence in the host State in accordance with Article 13(2) or (3) of the Agreement can also change their status and remain beneficiaries of the Agreement.

However, the second sentence of Article 17(1) expressly prevents them from becoming right holders (i.e., persons referred to in Article 10(1)(a) to (d) of the Agreement). In practice, this means that they have no autonomous right under the Agreement to be joined by their own family members.

This limitation applies only with regard to those persons whose residence status under the Agreement is exclusively derived from their being family members of right holders. EU citizens and UK nationals who reside in the host State at the end of the transition period, both as family members and, at the same time, as right holders (for example, the 20 year-old Austrian son of an Austrian worker who also works in the UK) are not covered by the second part of Article 17(1) and, consequently, they enjoy all the rights right holders enjoy.

2.5.2. Article 17(2): A child who is no longer dependent

As under Union law on free movement of EU citizens, family members of beneficiaries of the Agreement whose residence status is derived from their being dependent on the right holder do not cease to be covered by the Agreement when they cease to be dependent, for example by making use of their rights under Article 22 to take up employment or self-employment in the host State.

Article 17(2) provides that such family members maintain the same rights even when they cease to be dependent, irrespective of the mode of loss of dependency.

By the same token, family members of beneficiaries of the Agreement whose residence status is derived from their being under 21 years of age remain covered by the Agreement when they become 21 years.

2.6. Article 18 – Issuance of residence documents

In a departure from the fundamental principles of Union free movement rules, Article 18 obliges the host State to make a choice – either to operate a constitutive residence scheme (Article 18(1)), or a declaratory residence scheme (Article 18(4)).

In a declaratory residence scheme (as per Directive 2004/38/EC), the residence status is conferred directly on the beneficiaries by operation of the law and is not dependent upon their having fulfilled administrative procedures. In other words, the ‘source’ of the residence status and the entitlements stemming thereof is the fact of meeting the conditions Union law attaches to the right of residence – no decision of national authorities is needed to have the status, although there may be an obligation to apply for a residence document attesting the status.

In a constitutive residence scheme, beneficiaries acquire residence status only if they make an application for the status and the application is granted. In other words, the ‘source’ of the residence status and entitlements stemming thereof is the decision of national authorities granting the status.

2.6.1. First subparagraph of Article 18(1): Constitutive status

Article 18(1) stipulates that the host State has the choice to operate a constitutive residence scheme.

In accordance with the last subparagraph of the introductory phrase of Article 18(1), a person who files an application must comply with the conditions set out in Title II of Part Two of the Agreement, in order to be granted the new residence status.

2.6.1.1. Residence document

Where the applicant complies with the conditions set out in Title II, Article 18(1) requires the host State to issue a residence document evidencing the new residence status. It does not provide for the format of the residence document; but paragraph (1)(q) of Article 18 requires that the residence document includes a statement that it has been issued in accordance with the Agreement (so that their holders can be distinguished as beneficiaries of the Agreement).

2.6.1.2. Digital or paper form

Article 18(1) makes it possible for the host State to issue the residence document in a digital form. This essentially means that the residence status is primarily recorded in a database operated by national authorities and that beneficiaries of the Agreement are given means of accessing and verifying their status and sharing the status with interested parties.

2.6.2. Article 18(1)(a): The purpose of the application

The competent authorities should take a decision as to whether an applicant is entitled to the new residence status under Article 18(1) upon having assessed whether the conditions under Article 18(1) are fulfilled.

2.6.3. Article 18(1)(b): Deadlines for and certificate of application

2.6.3.1. Deadlines

Applications for the new residence status under Article 18(1) should be made at the latest within the deadline set by the host State, which must not be shorter than six months as from the end of the transition period – unless Article 18(1)(c) applies (see below). This deadline will need to apply to all beneficiaries of the Agreement who were lawfully residing in the host State at the time of the end of the transition period, including persons who are temporarily absent at that moment as per Article 15(2) and (3) of the Agreement.

Family members and partners in a durable relationship who wish to join an EU citizen or UK national beneficiary of the Agreement after the end of the transition period should apply for the new residence status within three months of their arrival, or, within six months as from the end of the transition period, whichever is later.

2.6.3.2. Certificate of application

A certificate of application should be issued immediately after the competent authority has received the application. That certificate is to be distinguished from the new residence document, and the national authorities are obliged under the Agreement to help the applicant completing the application in order to receive the certificate of application.

Once a person files an application within the deadlines set out in Article 18(1)(b) (last subparagraph of the introductory phrase of Article 18(1), the competent authority should take the following steps:

(1) the competent authority issues immediately a certificate of application (last subparagraph of Article 18(1)(b));

(2) the competent authority checks that the application is complete. If that is not the case (for example, where the identity has not been proved or, in the event payment of a fee is requested upon making application, the relevant fee has not been paid), the competent authority helps the applicant to avoid any errors or omissions in the application (Article 18(1)(o)), before it takes a decision to refuse the submitted application;

(3) where the application is complete, the competent authority checks that the applicant is entitled to the residence rights set out in Title II;

(4) where the application is well founded, the competent authority issues the new residence document (Article 18(1)(b)).

A decision to refuse an application is subject to judicial and, where appropriate, administrative redress in accordance with Article 18(1)(r).

An applicant is deemed to enjoy the right of residence under the Agreement until the competent authority has taken a final decision as per Article 18(3).

2.6.3.3. Certificate of application

Issuance of the certificate of application confirms that:

(a) the application has been successfully made;

(b) the applicant has complied with the obligation to apply for a new residence status;

(c) the applicant is deemed to have all rights under the Agreement until the final decision on the application is made (Article 18(3)).

Article 18(1)(b) does not harmonise the format of the certificate of application, it merely requires that it should be issued (digital form is acceptable as well).

2.6.3.4. Out-of-country applications

Applications for the new residence status may also be made from abroad, for example by persons who are temporarily absent but considered as lawful residents in the host State (see guidance to Article 15(2) and (3) of the Agreement).

Out-of-country applications can also be made by family members who are not yet residing in the host State (see guidance to Article 10(1)(e)(ii) and (iii), 10(1)(3) and (4) of the Agreement).

2.6.4. Article 18(1)(c): Technical problems and the notification thereof

Article 18(1)(c) concerns the situation where applications for the new residence status are impossible due to technical problems of the application system of the host State.

In such a situation, if the technical problems occur in the UK, it is for the UK authorities to make a notification to the Union in accordance with the applicable rules. If the technical problems occur in an EU Member State, it is for the Union (as a party to the Agreement) to make the notification to the UK in accordance with the applicable rules. The deadline to submit an application for a new residence status will be automatically prolonged by one year when a notification provided for by this paragraph is made.

If the host State makes such notification, it must publish it. The host State must also provide appropriate public information for the persons concerned in good time, because it affects their legal situation in the host State.

The effects of Article 18(1)(c) are not deployed if no notification is made, even if technical problems exist.

In this respect, Article 5 of the Agreement regarding good faith is particularly relevant, for example to assess whether the technical problems are sufficiently serious to trigger the notification procedure or are strictly temporary (for example, a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack on servers running the on-line application procedure, a civil service strike …). In case of strictly temporary problems, it may be more appropriate to prolong the application deadline via domestic law or assure the affected persons that their out-of-time applications will be accepted under Article 18(1)(d).

2.6.5. Article 18(1)(d): Applications beyond deadline

A failure to submit an application for a new residence status within the deadline can have serious consequences in a constitutive residence scheme operated under Article 18(1). It can result in an inability to acquire the new residence status to which the applicant would otherwise be entitled.

Paragraph 1(d) of Article 18 prohibits competent authorities from automatically rejecting applications lodged after the expiry of the deadline and requests them to process such applications where there were ‘reasonable grounds’ for the failure to respect the deadline. Such applications should be processed in accordance with the other provisions of Article 18(1).

The decision by the competent authorities to allow an application submitted (or to be submitted) beyond the deadline should be made upon an assessment of all the circumstances and reasons for not respecting the deadline.

The ‘reasonable grounds’ test establishes a safeguard that ‘softens’ the hard edge of failing to submit an application within the deadline that will ensure that out-of-time applications are treated in a proportionate manner.

2.6.6. Article 18(1)(g): Fees for the issuance of the residence document

Fees may be charged as per Article 25(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC for the issuance of the residence document concerned.

This means that those fees cannot exceed those imposed on the nationals of the host State for the issuing of similar documents.

2.6.7. Article 18(1)(h): Possession of a permanent residence document

Paragraph 1(h) of Article 18 applies only when the applicant holds a valid permanent residence document, not when he or she holds a permanent residence status but no document to that effect. Persons holding the permanent residence status but not the permanent residence document will have to lodge their applications via the standard procedure under Article 18(1).

A permanent residence document includes documents issued under Directive 2004/38/EC and any similar domestic immigration documents, such as the UK Indefinite Leave to Remain.

2.6.8. Article 18(1)(i): National identity cards

EU citizens and UK nationals seeking to establish their nationality and identity can rely on their valid national identity cards even if such identity cards are no longer accepted as travel documents under Article 14(1) of the Agreement.

As is the case for Directive 2004/38/EC, paragraph 1(i) of Article 18 only requires is that the travel document is valid. No other conditions can be attached under domestic law (such as that the travel document must have a certain future validity).

2.6.9. Article 18(1)(j): Supporting documents in copies

Article 18(1)(j) does not preclude national authorities, where objectively justified, from requiring, in specific cases, that certain supporting documents be provided in original form when there is ‘reasonable doubt as to their authenticity’.

2.6.10. Article 18(1)(k) to (m): List of supporting documents

Articles 8(3), (5) and 10(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC provide for an exhaustive list of supporting documents (see also Recital 14 to Directive 2004/38/EC) the host Member State can require EU citizens and their family members to present with their applications for a registration certificate issued under Article 8(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC, or a residence card issued under Article 10(1) of Directive 2004/38/EC.

However, Directive 2004/38/EC does not lay down such an exhaustive list of supporting documents with respect to all possible situations (such as residence documents issued to workers retaining worker status or to family members retaining right of residence under Articles 12 or 13 of Directive 2004/38/EC) or for other residence documents issued under Directive 2004/38/EC (document certifying permanent residence issued under Article 19(1) of Directive 2004/38/EC or permanent residence card issued under Article 20 of Directive 2004/38/EC).

Article 18(1)(k) to (n) of the Agreement replicates Directive 2004/38/EC’s approach to supporting documents. Where Directive 2004/38/EC provides for an exhaustive list of supporting documents, so does the Agreement.

Paragraph 1(k) of Article 18 of the Agreement applies with respect to right holders residing in the host State at the end of the transition period. It is based on Article 8(3) of Directive 2004/38/EC.

With respect to point 1(k)(iii) of Article 18 of the Agreement, ‘establishment accredited or financed by the host State’ corresponds to the first indent of Article 7(1)(c) of Directive 2004/38/EC.

Paragraph 1(l) of Article 18 of the Agreement applies with respect to family members of right holders (including ‘extended’ family members) who have already resided in the host State at the end of the transition period. It is based on Articles 8(5) and 10(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC and it is adjusted to the fact that family members concerned are already resident in the host State and do not enter it from abroad.

Paragraph 1(m) of Article 18 of the Agreement applies with respect to family members of right holders who have not resided in the host State at the end of the transition period. It is based on Articles 8(5) and 10(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC.

Paragraph 1(n) of Article 18 of the Agreement serves as a catch-all provision covering all cases where paragraphs 1(k) to (m) do not apply. It builds on the principle of Directive 2004/38/EC that administrative practices constituting an undue obstacle to the exercise of the right of residence should be avoided. Beneficiaries can only be asked to provide evidence that they meet the conditions, including evidence of residence, but nothing more.

As an example: children born to two right holders after the end of the transition period merely need to show that they are children of the right holders. Consequently, they would need to present the following documents with their applications:

— a valid passport (or identity card, if they are EU citizens) to establish their identity;

— a proof of family ties with their parents (for example a birth certificate) to establish their family ties with ‘the source’ of their rights;

— a proof that their parents are right holders (for example, their residence documents issued under the Agreement) to establish that their ‘source’ of rights are two right holders; and

— [if they are over 21 years of age when they apply] a proof that they are dependent on the right holders.

The choice of which supporting document to present lies with applicants – the host State cannot oblige them to present particular documents and refuse to accept applications supported by other documents.

2.6.11. Article 18(1)(o): Help to applicants

Paragraph 1(o) of Article 18 of the Agreement ensures that the competent authorities help the applicants with the handling of the application and the documents required. Applicants must be given the opportunity to furnish supplementary evidence and to correct any deficiencies, errors or omissions (for example where identity has not been proved or, in the event payment of a fee is requested upon making the application, the relevant fee has not been paid) in their applications. This is an important safeguard in a constitutive residence scheme because otherwise, after the end of the transition period, applicants will not be entitled to apply again under the Agreement.

When applying paragraph 1(o), the host State should pay particular attention to vulnerable citizens (for example elderly, non-digital or persons in care/institutions).

2.6.12. Article 18(1)(p): Criminality checks

Article 18(1)(p) authorises the host State operating a new constitutive scheme to carry out systematic criminal record checks.

Such systematic checks have been accepted in the Agreement, given its unique context.

Applicants may be required to self-declare those past criminal convictions that still appear in their criminal record in accordance with the law of the State of conviction at the time of the application. Spent convictions should not be part of that self-declaration. The State of conviction can be any country in the world.

Making an untruthful declaration does not, in itself, make any rights under the Agreement void and null – it can nevertheless have consequences under public policy or fraud rules. The burden of proof in such cases lies with national authorities. The host State may also lay down provisions on proportionate sanctions applicable to untruthful declarations.

Paragraph 1(p) of Article 18 does not prevent the host State from checking its own criminal record databases, even systematically.

Checks of criminal record databases of other States can be requested, but only if that is considered essential and in accordance with the procedure set out in Article 27(3) of Directive 2004/38/EC that requires that such enquiries are not made as a matter of routine.

Criminality and security checks under paragraph 1(p) of Article 18 correspond to checks on grounds of public policy or public security carried out in accordance with Chapter VI of Directive 2004/38/EC for the purpose of restricting the rights in accordance with Article 20(1) of the Agreement.

Any restrictive measures taken on the grounds of criminality and security checks under paragraph 1(p) of Article 18 must comply with the rules laid down in Article 18(1)(r), and Articles 20 and 21 of the Agreement.

2.6.13. Article 18(1)(q): Statement on the new residence document

The only format requirement under the Agreement is that the new residence document includes a statement showing that the legal basis for the rights of the document holder is the Agreement.

2.6.14. Article 18(1)(r): Redress procedure

Paragraph (1)(r) of Article 18 ensures that any decision taken for the purposes of an application for the new residence status as per Article 18(1)(a) can be contested by the person in question under redress procedures examining both the legality of the decision and the facts and circumstances leading to it.

2.6.15. Article 18(2): Deemed residence rights

Without prejudice to the restrictions set out in Article 20 of the Agreement, no restrictive measures can be applied by the authorities of the host State or any economic or non-economic operator in the host State until the end of the deadline for applications for the new residence status set out in Article 18(1)(b).

2.6.16. Article 18(3): Deemed right to reside until final decision is taken

Without prejudice to the restrictions set out in Article 20 of the Agreement, no restrictive measures can be applied by the authorities of the host State or any economic or non-economic operator in the host State until the final decision on the application is made as per Article 18(1)(a).

This safeguard ensures that the applicant’s status is protected until:

(a) national authorities decide on the application (safeguard against administrative delays);

(b) national courts decide on the appeal (safeguard against wrong decisions and judicial delays).

2.6.17. Article 18(4): Declaratory procedure

Paragraph 4 of Article 18 of the Agreement mirrors Article 25(1) of Directive 2004/38/EC as it allows the host States to continue operating the declaratory scheme, i.e. not making the new residence document a condition for lawful residence in the host State.

If the host State decides to do so, the rules set out in Directive 2004/38/EC, such as deadlines, fees, supporting documents and residence documents to be issued apply.

Those eligible for a new residence status should have the right to receive, upon application, a residence document (which may be in a digital form) that includes a statement that it has been issued in accordance with the Agreement.

2.7. Article 19 – Issuance of residence documents during the transition period

2.7.1. Article 19(1): Applications during the transition period

It follows from Article 127 of the Agreement that the Union free movement rules continue to apply until the end of the transition period.

However, applications for the new constituent of rights residence document under Article 18(1), and for the declaratory residence document under Article 18(4), can be made already during the transition period (Articles 19 and 185 of the Agreement).

The decision to operate such a voluntary application of the scheme for the new residence status under Article 18(1) does not affect the application of Union free movement rules.

An application for the new residence status under Article 18(1) of the Agreement during the transition period will not prevent the applicants from applying simultaneously for a residence document under Directive 2004/38/EC.

Similarly, the decision to operate a voluntary scheme does not absolve the host State from its obligations under Union free movement rules, such as to decide on pending applications or to process new applications.

2.7.1.1. Deferred competence of the CJEU

Pursuant to Article 158(1) of the Agreement, the eight-year period during which UK courts and tribunals can request a preliminary ruling from the CJEU with respect to decisions on applications made pursuant to Articles 18(1) or (4) or 19, commences from the date from which Article 19 applies (i.e. 1.2.2020).

While the administrative application procedure under Article 18 may be ‘moved ahead’ in time and become applicable, other provisions of the Agreement on which the administrative application procedure relies (such as those related to the personal and territorial scope of Article 9 to 11) or which it deploys or triggers (such as all the procedural safeguards against restrictive decisions or conditions for retaining the new residence status) are not yet in force.

This necessitates certain adjustments without which Article 19 would be deprived of any useful effect. These adjustments may require host States opting to operate the voluntary scheme under Article 19 to faithfully replicate all the necessary but not yet applicable provisions of Part Two of the Agreement in domestic legislation to give them effect for the purposes of application of the voluntary scheme.

Article 131 of the Agreement ensures that during the transition period, the Union institutions will retain the powers conferred upon them by Union law in relation to the UK as regards the interpretation and application of Article 19. The CJEU will retain its full jurisdiction, too.

2.7.2. Article 19(2): Effect of granting or refusing the application

Lodging an application under the voluntary constitutive scheme may be desirable for applicants to acquire legal certainty about their status as soon as possible, despite the postponed entry into effect of the decision (since a favourable decision cannot be withdrawn before the end of the transition period as per Article 19(3)).

It follows from paragraph 2 of Article 19 that decisions – both positive and negative – taken under the procedure set out in Article 18(1), the constitutive scheme, will have no effect until after the end of the transition period, i.e. such decisions will be valid but their legal effects will be postponed, given that the applicants will enjoy parallel free movement rights.

Similarly, a refusal of an application made under the procedure set out in Article 18(1) can warn the applicant that certain changes may be needed to qualify for the new residence status – such changes can be effected until the end of the transition period, and the person can re-apply as set out in paragraph 4 of Article 19.

A residence document granted under Article 18(4) becomes immediately valid and applicable (after all, it only has declaratory effects). It does not affect parallel free movement rights of the applicants. Similarly, while refusal of an application under the voluntary declaratory scheme becomes immediately valid, it does not affect parallel Union free movement rights of the applicants.

2.7.3. Article 19(3): No withdrawal of granted residence status during the transition period

Paragraph 3 of Article 19 precludes the host State from withdrawing the residence status that it granted under the voluntary constitutive scheme before the end of the transition period. It can only do so on grounds of public policy, public security or public health or abuse or fraud in accordance with the rules of Directive 2004/38/EC that are applicable in parallel.

This provision serves to assure applicants that there is no risk in applying early during the transition period because the application, once granted, cannot be reviewed on administrative grounds (i.e., those related to the conditions attached to the right of residence).

In the scheme under Article 18(4) (declaratory procedure), it remains open to national authorities to withdraw the issued residence documents or status but this, on its own, does not affect the right of residence of the person concerned.

2.7.4. Article 19(4): Re-applications

Paragraph 4 of Article 19 ensures that applicants refused the new residence status under Article 18(1) before the end of the transition period may reapply within the deadline set out in Article 18(1)(b).

The right to apply again during the transition period is covered by the redress procedures set out in Article 18(1)(r).

2.7.5. Article 19(5): Redress

All applicants enjoy all the redress rights as set out in Chapter VI of Directive 2004/38/EC.

2.8. Article 20 – Restrictions on the right of residence

Article 20 covers all persons exercising their rights under Title II of Part Two – this means it also covers, for example, frontier workers, family members or ‘extended’ family members.

2.8.1. What is conduct?

Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 20 are triggered by the conduct of persons concerned. The notion of conduct under the Agreement is based on Chapter VI of Directive 2004/38/EC (for more details, see the Commission’s guidelines for better transposition and application of Directive 2004/38/EC – COM(2009)313 final, Section 3.2).

2.8.2. Conduct before and conduct after the end of the transition period

Paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 20 set out two different regimes that regulate the way in which conduct representing a genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat to public policy or public security is to be treated, depending on whether the conduct occurred before or after the end of the transition period.

Paragraph 1 of Article 20 establishes a clear obligation (‘shall be considered’) to apply Chapter VI of Directive 2004/38/EC to certain facts, while paragraph 2 of Article 20 authorises the application of national immigration rules to facts occurring after the end of the transition period.

Therefore, paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 20 intend to separate the actions that occurred before and after the end of the transition period. National immigration rules should not be applied, even in part, to actions that are governed by paragraph 1 of Article 20 of the Agreement. However, any decision on restricting the right of residence due to conduct occurring after the end of the transition period has to be taken in accordance with the national legislation.

2.8.3. Continued conduct

Under certain circumstances, persons concerned may be engaged in a continued conduct (i.e., conduct whose individual components are conducted with a single purpose, are connected by the same or similar manner of commission and by a close coincidence of time and object of the attack) that starts before the end of the transition period and continues afterwards.

In the hypothesis of a continued conduct the national authorities called upon to decide, after the end of the transition period, whether restrictive measures can be applied to a person, are likely to be confronted to, inter alia, the following scenarios:

(a) the set of actions on the part of the person concerned which occurred after the end of the transition period, taken alone, is sufficient to adopt a restrictive measure under national immigration rules – in which case measures based on paragraph 2 of Article 20 can be adopted;

(b) the set of actions which occurred after the end of the transition period, taken alone, is not sufficient to take measures under national immigration rules – in which case, measures based on paragraph 2 of Article 20 cannot be adopted;

(c) in the case mentioned in (b), the national authorities can nevertheless examine under paragraph 1 of Article 20, whether the set of actions pre-dating the end of the transition period would justify restrictions on grounds of public policy or public security. This assessment, insofar as it has to establish the threat represented by personal conduct of the person concerned, can take account also of actions occurred after the end of the transition period.

Each restrictive measure must carefully consider the circumstances of the relevant case.

2.8.4. Article 20(3) and (4): Abuse of rights or fraudulent or abusive applications

Paragraphs 3 and 4 of Article 20 authorise the host State to remove from its territory applicants who abused their rights or committed fraud, in order to obtain rights under the Agreement.

While such removal can take place even before a final judgment has been handed down in case of judicial redress sought against rejection of such an application, it must comply with the conditions set out in Article 31 of Directive 2004/38/EC.

This means that persons concerned may not be removed from the host State where they appealed against the removal decision and applied for an interim order to suspend enforcement of the removal decision.

Actual removal may not take place until such time as the decision on the interim order has been taken, except either of the following situations:

(a) where the expulsion decision is based on a previous judicial decision;

(b) where the persons concerned have had previous access to judicial review;

(c) where the expulsion decision is based on imperative grounds of public security under Article 28(3) of Directive 2004/38/EC.

Where domestic rules envisage that enforcement of the removal decision is ex lege suspended by the appeal, there is no need to apply for an interim order to suspend enforcement of the removal decision.

In accordance with Article 31(4) of Directive 2004/38/EC, the host State may exclude the removed persons from its territory pending the appeal procedure, but it may not prevent them from submitting their defence in person, except when his/her appearance may cause serious troubles to public policy or public security.

2.9. Article 21 – Safeguards and right of appeal

This provision covers all situations in which residence rights under the Agreement can be restricted or denied.

It ensures that the procedural safeguards of Chapter VI of Directive 2004/38/EC fully apply in all situations, i.e.:

(a) abuse and fraud (Article 35 of Directive 2004/38/EC);

(b) measures taken on grounds of public policy, public security or public health (Chapter VI of Directive 2004/38/EC) or in accordance with national legislation; and

(c) measures taken on all other grounds (Article 15 of Directive 2004/38/EC) which include situations such as when an application for a residence document is not accepted as made, when an application is refused because the applicant does not meet the conditions attached to the right of residence or decisions taken on the ground that the person concerned does no longer meet the conditions attached to the right of residence (such as when an economically non-active EU citizen becomes an unreasonable burden to the social assistance scheme of the host State).

It also ensures that the material safeguards of Chapter VI of Directive 2004/38/EC fully apply with regard to restriction decisions taken on the basis of conduct that occurred before the end of the transition period.

In line with the CJEU’s established case law on the general principles of EU law, restriction decisions taken in accordance with national legislation must comply also with the principle of proportionality and fundamental rights, such as the right to family life.

2.10. Article 22 – Related rights

This provision protects the right of family members, irrespective of nationality, to take up employment or self-employment in the host State, as per Article 23 of Directive 2004/38/EC.

This means that both family members, who were not workers before the end of the transition period, but who become workers after, and family members who were already workers either in the host State or in the State of work (frontier workers) are protected by the Agreement.

2.11. Article 23 – Equal treatment

This provision mirrors Article 24 of Directive 2004/38/EC that provides for a specific rule on equal treatment as compared to Article 11 of the Agreement.

The same rule is ‘extended’ to family members with a right of (permanent) residence in the host State. They are to be treated as nationals of the host State, not as family members of nationals of the host State.

The same exemptions as in Article 24(2) of Directive 2004/38/EC apply.

CHAPTER 2 – RIGHTS OF WORKERS AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS

2.12. Article 24 – Rights of workers

2.12.1. Article 24(1): Rights

Article 24(1) of the Agreement grants all Union law-based workers’ rights to beneficiaries of the Agreement who are workers, including those who change status to that of worker after the end of the transition period (see also Article 17(1) and Article 22 of the Agreement). Other categories of beneficiaries of the Agreement are not covered by this Article.

2.12.1.1. Limitations

The same limitations on grounds of public policy, public security and public health as set out in Article 45(3) TFEU apply.

The Agreement does not cover employment in the public service as per Article 45(4) TFEU. Consequently, the host State or the State of work may reserve to its own nationals access to posts that involve the exercise of powers of public law and the safeguarding of the general interests of the State where this restriction would be in accordance with Article 45(4) TFEU (Case C-270/13 Haralambidis).

2.12.1.2. Points (a)–(h) of paragraph 1: a non-exhaustive list of rights

Workers enjoy the full panoply of rights stemming from Article 45 TFEU and Regulation (EU) No 492/2011. The rights set out in paragraph 1 of Article 24 of the Agreement have the same scope and meaning as defined in Article 45 TFEU and Regulation (EU) No 492/2011.

The rights of workers enumerated in paragraph 1 of Article 24 of the Agreement are not exhaustive and any development of those rights by future CJEU’s interpretations of Article 45 TFEU would, therefore, be covered (in the case of the United Kingdom, their judicial and administrative authorities would have ‘due regard’ to the relevant case law of the CJEU handed down after the end of the transition period). This means for example, that in addition to the points set out in paragraph 1 of Article 24 of the Agreement, a worker retains the right to change employment and search for a new job in the State of work, as per Article 45 TFEU.

2.12.2. Article 24(2): Right of a child of a worker to complete education

Article 24(2) of the Agreement protects the right of children of workers to complete their education in the host State. Thus, a child whose EU or UK parent used to work in the host State as beneficiary of the Withdrawal Agreement can continue to reside in the host State and complete his or her education there, even after that parent has ceased to reside in the host State lawfully (i.e. has left the host State, has deceased or no longer fulfils the conditions for lawful residence, see for example Case C-310/08 Ibrahim and Case C-480/08 Teixeira). The child in question has also the right to be accompanied by a primary carer as long as the child is minor or, even after the age of majority, if the presence and care of the primary carer is needed to complete his or her education.

2.12.3. Article 24(3): Frontier workers

Frontier workers can continue working in the State of work if they did so by the end of the transition period.

If they stopped working before the end of the transition period, they can retain their status as workers in the State of work, if they fulfil any of the circumstances set out in points (a), (b), (c) or (d) of Article 7(3) of Directive 2004/38/EC, however, without having to change residence to the State of work. This allows them to enjoy the relevant rights set out in Article 24(1)(a)–(h) of the Agreement.

Frontier workers retain the status in the State of work where:

(a) they are temporarily unable to work as the result of an illness or accident;

(b) they are in duly recorded involuntary unemployment after having been employed for more than one year and have registered as a job-seeker with the relevant employment office;

(c) they are in duly recorded involuntary unemployment after completing a fixed-term employment contract of less than a year or after having become involuntarily unemployed during the first 12 months and have registered as a job-seeker with the relevant employment office (in this case, the status of worker is retained for no less than six months); or

(d) they embark on vocational training (for those voluntarily unemployed, the training must be related to the previous employment).

In accordance with case law of the CJEU (Case C-507/12 Saint Prix), the list of circumstances under which the status of worker can be retained is not exhaustive.

2.13. Article 25 – Rights of self-employed persons

2.13.1. Article 25(1): Rights

The rights of paragraph 1 of Article 25 are granted to all beneficiaries of the Agreement who are self-employed persons – not only to those who are self-employed persons at the end of the transition period, but also to persons who change status (see also Article 17(1), which provides for the right to become a self-employed person).

According to the case law of the CJEU (e.g., case 63/86 Commission v Italy), self-employed persons falling under Article 49 TFEU can enjoy the rights under Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 that apply by analogy. This means, for example, that Article 24(1)(d) of the Agreement cannot apply with respect to dismissal, since by definition, a self-employed person is not in a relation of subordination to an employer and cannot be dismissed.

The rights of paragraph 1 of Article 25 of the Agreement are also granted to self-employed frontier persons. There is a difference between the following categories: (i) a person who resides in State A and pursues an activity as self-employed person in State B; and (ii) a person who resides in State A and pursues an activity as self-employed person in State A while also providing services in States B and C – either through the occasional provision of services or through secondary establishment. The first category corresponds to that of a frontier self-employed person while the second category does not.

In this regard, it is noted that setting up an office in a State different from that of residence for the purpose of providing services in that State does not necessarily amount to establishment in the State where those services are provided. The activity in question may still be considered as falling under the rules on freedom to provide services rather than those of establishment. Therefore, a person with an office in the State of work will not always be regarded as a self-employed frontier worker (1).

Article 4(4) of the Agreement ensures that the notion of self-employed person is interpreted in the same way the CJEU has interpreted Article 49 TFEU in relevant case law.

2.13.1.1. Limitations

The rights of paragraph 1 of Article 25 of the Agreement are subject to the same restrictions as set out in Articles 51 and 52 TFEU.

Consequently, these rights can be subject to limitations justified on grounds of public policy, public security or public health (Article 52 TFEU) and the State of work may discriminate against self-employed persons with respect to activities that are connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority (Article 51 TFEU).

2.13.1.2. Article 25(1)(a): The rights to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings

The Agreement protects the rights to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons and to set up and manage undertakings in accordance with Article 49 TFEU, under the conditions laid down by the host State for its own nationals.

However, this Agreement should not be understood as granting UK nationals the possibility to rely on Union law to provide services in other EU Member States or to establish themselves in other EU Member States.

2.13.1.3. Article 25(1)(b): Reference to the non-exhaustive list of rights of Article 24(1)

Self-employed workers enjoy the full panoply of the relevant rights stemming from Article 45 TFEU and Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 in the State of work.

2.13.2. Article 25(2): Right of a child of a self-employed worker to complete his/her education

Article 25(2) protects children whose EU or UK parent was a worker, but who has ceased to reside lawfully in the host State of the child as per Article 24(2) of the Agreement, to the extent provided for by EU law as interpreted by the CJEU (Case C-147/11 Czop & Punakova).

2.13.3. Article 25(3): Self-employed frontier workers’ rights and limitations on those rights

Self-employed frontier workers enjoy the same rights as employed frontier workers pursuant to Article 24(3) of the Agreement, with the same reservations as to relevance as described in the guidance to Article 25(1) (e.g. dismissals).

2.14. Article 26 – Issuance of a document identifying frontier workers’ rights

Article 26 obliges the State of work to issue frontier workers covered by the Agreement with a document certifying their status if those frontier workers so request. At the same time, Article 26 also allows the State of work to require frontier workers covered by the Agreement to apply for such a document.

Unlike the residence document issued under Article 18(1) of the Agreement, this document does not grant a new residence status – it recognises a pre-existing right to pursue an economic activity in the State of work which continues to exist.

Given that frontier workers regularly leave and re-enter the State of work, it is essential that they are issued with the document certifying their status as soon as possible, so that they are not prevented from exercising their rights after the end of the transition period, and can easily demonstrate proof of those rights (notably those related to border crossing under Article 14 of the Agreement).

Frontier workers who are not in employment at the date of application are entitled to be issued with the document provided they retain their status as worker in accordance with Articles 24(3) or 25(3) of the Agreement (those provisions in turn refer to Article 7(3) of Directive 2004/38/EC).

CHAPTER 3 – PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS

Chapter 3 of Title II of Part Two of the Agreement deals with the cases of persons covered by the Agreement who have obtained, or are in the course of obtaining at the end of the transition period, recognition of their professional qualifications in their host State or State of work, as appropriate.

For those persons, the Agreement guarantees the following:

(a) the validity and effectiveness of national decisions recognising their UK or EU professional qualifications (grandfathering of decisions); and

(b) their corresponding right to practice and to continue practicing the relevant profession and activities in their host State or State of work (for frontier workers).

On the contrary, this Chapter does not guarantee or grant to UK nationals covered by the personal scope of the Agreement any internal market right relating to the provision of services to EU Member States other than their host State or State of work, as appropriate.

The Agreement does not guarantee UK nationals covered by the personal scope of the Agreement the right to rely on Union law in order to obtain additional recognitions of their professional qualifications after the end of the transition period, be it in the host State, State of work or in any other EU Member State.

The Agreement does not deal with the treatment of professional qualifications obtained in the UK or in the EU before the end of the transition period but not recognised or not in the course of being recognised on the other side before that date.

2.15. Article 27– Recognised professional qualifications

2.15.1. Overall approach

Article 27 describes the type of recognition decisions that are grandfathered under the Agreement, the States in which these decisions are grandfathered (host State or State of work), the persons benefitting from the grandfathering of the decisions (those persons covered by the Agreement) and the effects of the grandfathering of the decisions in the respective states.

What is grandfathered?

In essence, Article 27 of the Agreement covers recognition decisions which have been adopted in accordance with four specific EU legal instruments, namely the Professional Qualifications Directive (Directive 2005/36/EC), the Lawyers Establishment Directive (Directive 98/5/EC), the Statutory Auditors Directive (Directive 2006/43/EC) and the Toxic Products Directive (Directive 74/556/EEC).

2.15.2. Articles 27(1)(a) and 27(2): Recognitions under the Professional Qualifications Directive

The Agreement covers all three types of recognition for establishment purposes provided for by Title III of Directive 2005/36/EC:

(a) recognitions under the general system (Article 10 and seq. of Directive 2005/36/EC);

(b) recognitions on the basis of professional experience (Article 16 and seq. of Directive 2005/36/EC); and

(c) recognitions on the basis of coordination of minimum training conditions (Article 21 and seq. of Directive 2005/36/EC).

These recognitions include the following:

— Under Article 27(2)(a) of the Agreement: recognitions of third country professional qualifications which are covered by Article 3(3) of Directive 2005/36/EC. These are recognitions by an EU Member State or the UK of third country professional qualifications which have already been previously recognised in another EU Member State or in the UK under Article 2(2) of Directive 2005/36/EC and which have been assimilated to domestic (EU or UK) qualifications because the holder has, subsequently to the first recognition in an EU Member State or in the UK, obtained three years’ professional experience in the profession concerned in the State (EU Member State or the UK) which initially recognised them. The Agreement does not therefore cover the first recognition of third country qualifications in an EU Member State or in the UK, only subsequent ones and to the extent that the conditions provided under Article 3(3) of Directive 2005/36/EC have been fulfilled.

— Under Article 27(2)(b): decisions on partial access under Article 4f of Directive 2005/36/EC.

— Under Article 27(2)(c): recognition decisions for establishment purposes obtained under the electronic procedure of the European Professional Card. The European Professional Card recognition procedures are currently available for nurses responsible for general care, pharmacists, physiotherapists, mountain guides and real estate agents. It is important to note that the Agreement only ensures the continuous validity and effect of the recognition decision itself; it does not ensure continuous access to the underlying electronic network (the IMI European Professional Card module) of the authorities and professionals concerned (see Articles 8 and 29 of the Agreement). Access by professionals to the EPC’s online interface for information purposes will not however be impaired.

A specific effect of the grandfathering offered by the Agreement to recognition decisions covered by Directive 2005/36/EC is that any knowledge of language requirements and/or approval by health insurance funds that might be required by the host State will continue to be considered taking into account the relevant provisions of Directive 2005/36/EC, namely its Articles 53 and 55.

2.15.3. Article 27(1)(b): Recognitions under the Lawyers Establishment Directive

The Agreement grandfathers, for persons covered by its personal scope, decisions under which EU or UK lawyers have gained admission to the profession of a lawyer in a host State or State of work under Article 10(1) and (3) of Directive 98/5/EC (which facilitates practice of the profession of lawyer on a permanent basis in a Member State other than that in which the qualification was obtained).

The grandfathering effect waives, in respect of EU citizens and UK nationals, any local nationality requirement which might limit access to the profession of a lawyer in the host State or State of work.

The grandfathering effect is limited to the host State or State of work.

Therefore, as regards UK lawyers, nationals of the UK, who might have benefitted from these provisions in any EU Member State, the Agreement does not provide for the application of the two relevant Union law Directives, namely Directives 77/246/EEC and 98/5/EC, beyond the host State or State of work concerned.

2.15.4. Article 27(1)(c): Recognitions under the Statutory Auditors Directive

As regards the persons covered by the personal scope of the Agreement, approvals in the host State or State of work of statutory auditors who have initially obtained their approval in the EU or in the UK under Article 14 of Directive 2006/43/EC will continue to produce their effects in the host State or State of work and the beneficiaries will continue to have access to the profession as before.

2.15.5. Article 27(1)(d): Recognitions under the Toxic Products Directive

As regards the persons covered by the personal scope of the Agreement, approvals for the purpose of establishment obtained in the host State or State of work under the relevant provisions of Directive 74/556/EEC will continue to produce their effects under the Agreement.

1.1.6. Overall effects

The grandfathering effects offered by Article 27 entail the assimilation of the established beneficiaries to nationals of their host State or State of work, as appropriate, as regards their access to and their pursuit of the profession and the professional activities concerned in those territories.

Such assimilation does not, however, extend to the granting of any other single market right under Union law to the beneficiaries as regards the provision of services in territories other than those covered by these specific grandfathering effects.

2.16. Article 28 – Ongoing procedures on the recognition of professional qualifications

2.16.1. Scope

Article 28 mirrors Article 27 of the Agreement as regards its personal and material scope and captures all relevant requests for recognition of professional qualifications which have been formally submitted by, and are pending at, the end of the transition period. All such pending procedures will be continued and completed (including any compensation measure that may have been required) in accordance with the rules and procedures provided for by the relevant EU legislation until a final decision is taken by the competent authority.

Two specific aspects need be mentioned:

— Article 28 covers not only pending administrative procedures but also any judicial procedures and appeal which may be launched post-end of the transition period. The provision also captures relevant judicial proceedings pending at the end of the transition period;

— As regards pending requests for recognition of qualifications under the European Professional Card process, Article 28 second subparagraph confirms that they are to be completed under the relevant Union law provisions.

To the extent that continuous access to the relevant underlying electronic network (IMI module) will be necessary after the end of the transition period until completion of the relevant European Professional Card process, a specific enabling provision for limited access to the IMI module is inserted in Article 29(2) of the Agreement.

2.16.2. Effects

The effects of the proceedings to be completed under Article 28 should be identical to the effects of the recognition decisions grandfathered under Article 27 of the Agreement and explained above.

2.17. Article 29 – Administrative cooperation on recognition of professional qualifications

2.17.1. Obligation of cooperation between competent authorities

Article 29(1) ensures that competent authorities of the UK and of the EU Member States should continue to be bound by the general obligation of cooperation during the period of examination of all pending proceedings of recognition covered by Article 28 of the Agreement.

This provision also constitutes a general waiver on any national provision which might impede the exchange of relevant information with foreign authorities on the applicants, their professional qualifications and general and professional conduct, pending recognition of their professional qualifications and their insertion in the profession of their host State or State of work.

Such obligation and waiver are necessary to ensure that public safety concerns are properly managed during the recognition process.

2.17.2. Limited access to IMI after the withdrawal

As already mentioned, Article 29(2) provides a temporary derogation to Article 8 of the Agreement, enabling access of the UK authorities to the IMI module for the European Professional Card for as long as it is necessary to complete the processes for recognition pending at the end of the transition period.

Such use is limited to 9 months from the end of the transition period, by which time all such processes will be completed taking into account the strict deadlines applicable in the processes in question.

3. TITLE III – COORDINATION OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS

In the context of social security coordination, there are three categories of persons:

1. persons to whom the coordination rules in Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 apply and continue to apply, based on Article 30 of the Agreement;

2. persons to whom only part of the coordination rules continue to apply or become applicable in the future due to specific circumstances, based on Article 32 of the Agreement;

3. persons outside the scope of the Agreement, to whom the coordination rules in the relationship between the UK and the Union will not apply.

3.1. Article 30 – Persons covered

3.1.1. General remarks

Article 30 of the Agreement determines the persons to whom the full social security coordination rules will apply:

— the first paragraph lists the different situations covered when persons are in a social security cross-border situation involving the UK and an EU Member State;

— the second paragraph determines the time-limit of the application of Article 30(1) to these persons;

— the third paragraph contains a residual clause by which persons covered by the personal scope of Title II of Part Two of the Agreement are also covered by Title III even if not or no longer under the scope of Article 30(1);

— the fourth paragraph determines the time-limit of the application of Article 30(3) to these persons;

— the fifth paragraph explains that family members and survivors are only covered by Article 30 if they derive rights and obligations in that capacity in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 883/2004.

As mentioned in Article 31(2) of the Agreement, the notions used under this Title are to be understood by reference to the notions used in Regulation (EC) No 883/2004.

Article 30(1) of the Agreement refers to persons who are ‘subject to the legislation of’ an EU Member State or the UK. This situation is to be determined pursuant to the conflict-of-law rules in Title II of Regulation (EC) No 883/2004.

The personal scope of social security coordination is specific to Title III of Part Two of the Agreement and does not necessarily correspond to that of Title II. For instance, there may be circumstances in which persons who do not fall under the scope of Title II do nevertheless fall under the scope of Title III (e.g. those under the scope of Article 32 of the Agreement).

Because the aims of Titles II and III of Part Two of the Agreement are different, terms used in both titles of Part Two of the Agreement (for instance, for the notion of ‘residence’, ‘frontier worker’ or ‘posting’) may have different meanings in accordance with the different personal scopes of the provisions of Union law that they apply and their interpretation by the CJEU.

For instance, the notion of ‘habitual residence’ used in Title III of Part Two of this Agreement is to be understood as defined in Article 1(j) of Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 (the place where the person habitually resides) and as further explained in Article 11 of Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 (hereinafter ‘habitual residence’). More details on the notion of ‘habitual residence’ within the meaning of social security coordination rules may be found in the Practical Guide on the applicable legislation in the European Union, the European Economic Area and in Switzerland, as approved by the Administrative Commission for the Coordination of Social Security Systems. This notion under Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 has a different meaning and should not be confused with the notion of ‘residence’ in Title II of Part Two of this Agreement, which is borrowed from Chapter III of Directive 2004/38/EC.

An example where the two notions of ‘residence’ included in the EU law instruments do not correspond concerns the situation of students. For the purpose of social security coordination rules, students in principle keep their habitual residence in the Member State of origin and are temporarily staying in the Member State where they study. At the same time, students enjoy, under the conditions of Directive 2004/38/EC, a right of residence in the Member State where they study.

Another example to illustrate the relationship between Title II a