COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
COM(94) 552 final 
Brussels, 12.12.1994 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ON COMMUNITY FOOD AID AND 
MANAGEMENT IN 1992 
(PRESENTED BY THE COMMISSION PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 12 
OF COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) No 3972/86) 

4-
TOTAL EC FOOD AID BUDGET 
ECU 801 million 
of which ECU 220 million for the 
Special Programme 
TONNAGE ALLOCATED 
2,340,000 
of which 800,0Q0 for the Special Programme 
A a. 
Contents 
TABLE OF ANNEXES 
1. INTRODUCTION 
1.1. Trends in food aid policy in 1992 
1.2. The 1992 food aid programme 
1.2.1. Quantities 
1.2.2. Budget package and take-up of appropriations 
1.3. Programming and mobilization 
1.3.1. Programming 
1.3.2. Recipients 
1.3.3. Mobilization 
1.4. Impact of 1992 special programme 
2. DIRECT FOOD AID 
2.1. Some examples of direct food aid operations in Africa 
2.1.1. Comores 
2.1.2. Mozambique 
2.1.3. Zambia 
2.2. Central and South America 
2.3. Examples of direct food aid operations in Central and South America 
2.3.1. Ecuador: a small, well-run programme 
2.3.2. Peru: approval of three-year food aid plan blocked by Fujimori coup 
3. INDIRECT FOOD AID 
3.1. World Food Programme 
A -6-
3.1.1. Regular Programme 
3.1.2. International Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR) 
3.1.3. Protracted Refugee Operations (PRO) 
3.2. Ongoing support for refugees 
3.3. Food aid via non-governmental organisations 
3.3.1. Types of operation 
3.3.2. Some examples of NGO food aid programmes 
3.4. Food aid via other international organizations 
3.4.1. IFRC - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 
3.4.2. ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross 
3.4.3. UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the 
Near East 
3.4.4. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization 
4. MULTIANNUAL OPERATIONS 
4.1. India - Operation Flood III 
4.2. Bangladesh 
4.3. Burkina Faso 
5. EMERGENCY AID 
5.1. Emergency aid via the IFRC 
5.2. Rwanda 
5.3. Kenya 
6. TRIANGULAR OPERATIONS 
7. COMPLEMENTARYSCHEMES 
7.1. Cofinancing - Item B7-5011 
7.2. Item B7-2071 - Storage and early warning system 
4C 
8. EVALUATIONS 
8.1. Sao Tome and Principe 
8.2. Kenya 
8.3. China 
8.4. Evaluation study of food aid transport costs and options 
9. MONITORING 
Table of Annexes 
Annex 1 Proportion of food aid allocated to emergencies 
Annex 2 Budget situation 
Annex 3 Food aid allocations - final situation at the end of 1992 
Annex 4 Situation of mobilization and breakdown of food aid into standard aid, emergencies, 
substitution, storage and cofmancing 
Annex 5 EC food aid through *he WFP 
Annex 6 EC food aid through the UNHCR 
Annex 7. EC food aid through the NGOs 
Annex 8 EC food aid through the.IFRC 
Annex 9 EC food aid through the ICRC 
Annex 10 EC food aid through UNRWA 
Annex 11 Emergency aid 
Annex 12 Cofmancing operations 
1. INTRODUCTION 
1.1. Trends in food aid policy in 1992 
The main aim of food aid since its inception has been food security, and the integration of 
food aid into development policies generally has always been stressed (Articles 2 & 3 of 
Council Regulation 3972/86 of 22/12/86). Article 2 also lists improving the level of nutrition 
of beneficiary populations, intervention in emergency situations, contributing to the economic 
and social balance of beneficiary nations and assisting these countries' efforts to improve food 
production, as policies to be pursued through food aid. 1992 was the last year that the Food 
Aid unit of the Commission was responsible for the implementation of emergency aid. 
Notwithstanding this, the proportion of aid allocated to emergency situations has been high 
over the last number of years (see Annex 1). The creation therefore of ECHO (created by a 
Commission decision in 1991 which entered into force in March 1992, and commencing its 
activities in the area of food aid from January 1993) enables the Food Aid unit to concentrate 
on the developmental aspects of food aid. This is a trend that has begun in 1992 and will 
become even more evident in the yearj to come. In fact the notion of structural development 
of ACP countries, along with the emphasis on human rights as a prerequisite for assistance, 
are two key areas singled out for attention in the Commission's 1992 work programme. 
The range of products supplied as food aid has increased over recent years and this was 
particulerily so in 1992. Traditional products such as milk powder and butter oil are requested 
less by beneficiaries, and are being replaced by vegetable oil - some of which can be 
purchased locally in the form of palm oil - as well as other sources of protein such as beans 
and pulses. This is in line with recommendations made as a result of ex post evaluations of 
recent food aid allocations (preliminary draft-budget 1991, p.577). More seeds have been 
supplied in 1992 than in previous years. Likewise the proportion of products bought 
triangularity has increased over the year, with the 1992 percentage at 13% so far. This 
extension in the range of products and where they are bought is a conscious desire on the part 
of the Commission to abide by the provisions of the Food Aid regulation (Article 2 § 3). The 
Commission is also fully conscious of its obligations under Article 3 of this regulation and 
although the amount of local purchases is on the increase, clearly the greater part of Food Aid 
is bought on the European market. 
It has been part of policy to put aid on a multiannual footing insofar as possible. Multiannual 
agreements were in operation during 1992 for Bangladesh, Tunisia, India, Cap Vert and 
UNRWA. In value terms, this represents over 16% of the food aid budget and this will 
increase as time goes by and as aid is allocated so as to complement and integrate with other 
forms of development assistance. The most ambitious such agreement yet has been signed with 
the government of Bangladesh in October 1992. 
A further trend which continued throughout 1992, was the increase in indirect aid. This has 
been accompanied by increased transparency in the operations of the-aid organizations, and 
increased participation by Commission officials in the programming of aid allocated in this 
way. An area which might be singled out for improvement over the next few years is that of 
achieving a better coordination between aid that is allocated directly and that which is allocated 
indirectly. Coordination overall is an area to be improved upon, particularity between donors. 
That this could be sucessfully done for the 1992 Special Food Aid Programme is encouraging 
and augurs well for the regular Food Aid programme. 
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1.2. The 1992 food aid programme 
1.2.1. Quantities 
PRODUCT 
Cereals 
Milk powder 
Butteroil 
Vegetable oil 
Sugar 
Other products QUANTITY 1992 
1 385 100 t 
53 000 t 
6, 800 t 
70 000 t 
11 540 t 
ECU m 48 QUANTITY 1991 
1 360 000 t 
83 500 t 
12 000 t 
60 000 t 
15 000t 
ECU m 50 QUANTITY 1990 
1 360 000 t 
94 100 t 
18 000 t 
50 000 t 
15 000 t 
ECU m 40 
1 Under the Food Aid Convention (1986) the Community is obliged to supply 927 700 
tonnes of cereals to developing countries. 
As in previous years the quantities of cereals and vegetable oil were relatively high. These 
products are considered to be the best suited for tackling food deficit situations in the recipient 
countries. 
The quantities of milk powder declined further, this being a consequence of the high price of 
this product and the difficulty of ensuring the correct reconstitution of liquid milk in given 
circumstances on the spot. This is in line with the conclusions of the seminar held in 
Maastricht in November 1990 on EEC food aid policy for the 1990s, which indicated that milk 
should give way to products of greater priority and more in keeping with the basic 
consumption habits of the developing countries. 
In addition, skimmed milk powder is used only in health and social assistance projects, which 
are less numerous than development projects and do not have the same priority. 
The reduction in the budget available for "other products" (following a 25% increase the 
previous year) was primarily due to budgetary factors and the need to remain within the overall 
budgetary envelope available for food aid operations. A switch from very high value products 
such as dried fish to cheaper foods which are also high in protein, such as beans, has enabled 
the nutritional impact of purchases under this heading to be maintained. Seeds have also been 
purchased with these credits, and as the bulk of "other products" are purchased in developing 
countries, the overall developmental, and where possible rehabilitation effect, is increased. 
1.2.2. Budget package and take-up of appropriations 
In Chapter 72 of the 1992 budget the total appropriations comprised ECU 800.7 million in 
commitment appropriations, including ECU 220 million under the special food aid programme 
for 1992, and ECU 752.5 million in payment appropriations. 
The commitment appropriations were fully taken up. Only an uncommitted balance of 
ECU 13 808 from Item B7-2071 (storage operations) remained unused. 
- 3 -
The payment appropriations taken up amounted to ECU 618.2 million, i.e. a take-up rate of 
83%. Of this, ECU 481.7 million was paid under the' standard programme and 
ECU 136.5 million under the 1992 special programme. Implementation rates in relation to the 
appropriations available for the year were 90% in the case of the standard programme and 64% 
in the case of the 1992 special programme. As the pipeline transfer appropriations only became 
available in December, moreover, the payment appropriations were less fully used than 
planned, in the case of the standard programme. 
Two major factors affecting the implementation of food aid in 1992 had an impact on the 
relevant appropriations. 
(1) First, the unprecedented drought which struck southern Africa at the start of 1992, 
together with the consequences of civil war in other parts of the world, led the 
Community to adopt a special food aid plan aimed at assisting the countries and people 
under threat, at a total cost of ECU 220 million. This amount became available in 
Chapter B7-20 from May 1992. 
(2) Secondly, the price of some food aid products (mainly cereals and milk powder) rose 
considerably during the year. The average purchase price for cereals worked out at 
ECU 119/t, compared with the reference price of ECU 96, the corresponding figures for 
milk powder being ECU 1 596/tandECU 1 105/t (see Annex 2). This meant that delivery 
of cereal products and, more especially, of milk had to be halted from the end of 
July 1992 for lack of sufficient commitment appropriations to fund operations. 
These budgetary developments affected the commitment of the quantities provided for under 
the Commission Decision of 21 February 1992 in two ways. The first concerned the schedule. 
of commitments, with commitments under the standard programme being slowed down and 
concentrated substantially towards the end of the year; the other concerned quantities and 
resulted in inability to allocate in full the quantities of butteroil (6 000 t instead of the planned 
6 800 t) and the appropriations for storage operations (ECU 2.7 million instead of 
ECU 6 million) and alternative operations (ECU 1.2 million instead of ECU 3 million). The 
Commission took these decisions in the light of the extreme food shortage in many African 
countries, which called for top priority to be given to the supply of products as food aid in 
preference to operations of any other nature. 
This need to resort to transfers in the course of the year, the second of which was not 
completed until December 1992, hampered the smooth administration of commitments for food 
aid operations. It resulted in commitments being concentrated towards the end of the year in 
a very short space of time. At the same time, inability to give effect to budget commitments 
meant that operations were approved more slowly during the second half of the year and could 
not be implemented at the desired rate; the repercussions of this showed up in the overall level 
of implementation and the level of payments. 
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1.3. Programming and mobilization 
1.3.1. Programming 
Food aid quantities are programmed in two successive stages. 
The first concerns the division into direct food aid and indirect food aid. This is done on the 
basis of requests received and the way in which previous allocations were implemented by the 
organizations through which indirect aid is provided. In the case of direct aid the process is 
based on a number of specific economic and social indicators (GNP per head, balance of 
payments, infantile mortality rate, rate of calorie intake, number of months of import cover, 
and debt servicing). Comparing these factors with the import requirements of the country 
concerned makes it possible to work out a guide figure for each country's allocation. 
The second stage concerns the decision on what products are to be supplied. 
These data are subsequently adjusted at meetings with the geographical departments concerned, 
on the basis of the immediate economic situation in the relevant countries and the management 
of food aid previously supplied. The delegations are also involved and their opinion is factored 
into the assessment of requests for food aid. 
The Commission takes decisions on an indicative basis so that changes can be made if 
necessary in the course of the year. Decisions on most allocations are made in the first half of 
the year, so that implementation and payments can be accommodated within the year. 
The following quantities had been allotted by the end of July: 
Cereals 71.25% (986 974 t) 
Milk powder 63.02% (33 515 t) 
Butteroil 100% (6 000 t) 
Vegetable oil 74.24% (51 973 t) 
Sugar 100% (11 540 t) 
Considering that the decisions on two major allocations, one for Egypt (120 000 t of cereals) 
and the other for Bangladesh (140 000 t of cereals, under a new multiannual programme), were 
taken only in the second half of the year because of the preparatory work necessary, and 
considering also the need to concentrate on completing the 1992 special programme, it can be 
said that overall the conduct of programming in 1992 was satisfactory. 
1.3.2. Recipients 
The distribution of the aid (by value) on the basis of mobilization data was as follows: 
Africa - 46.11% 
Asia 17.45% 
Mediterranean 12.14% 
Central and South America 9.95% 
Caribbean 2.33% 
Indian Ocean and Pacific 1.09% 
Still to be mobilized 10.93% 
5 -
Africa is by far the biggest recipient of Community food aid. Annex 3 shows the final situation 
for 1992. 
1.3.3. Mobilization 
Mobilization is governed by Regulation 2200/87 of 8 July 1987 and represents the phase which 
follows the Commission's adoption of a formal decision to grant food aid to a country, an 
international organization or an NGO. 
The decision is notified to the recipient by means of an "official letter" laying down the 
conditions which must be met when the food aid is accepted. Broadly speaking, mobilization 
is set in train after the recipient has formally accepted the terms set out in the official letter. 
A satisfactory response accepting the aid is followed by a request for mobilization emanating 
from the recipient, which sets the operation in motion. 
Food products are purchased either on the Community market or in a developing country. At 
Commission level the procedure involves invitations to tender. 
Notwithstanding the time required for packaging operations and transport, the delivery dates 
requested by the recipients are generally met. Under Regulation 2200/87 the acceptable level 
of loss is set at 3% for bulk products and 1% for packaged products. On the quality side, 
products mobilized in the Community must meet uniform Community standards. 
Rate of mobilization 
Cereals 
Milk powder 
Butteroil 
Vegetable oil 
Sugar 
Other products 1992 programme 
Quantities allotted 
(tonnes) 
1 385 100 
53 000 
6 000 
70 000 
11 540 
ECU m 47 824 Mobilization Rate/Year 
31.12.92 (%) 
.53.9 
74 
4.9 
55.5 
94.7 
100 30.6.93 (%) 
72.6 
91 
7.4 
89.8 
94.7 
100 1991 programme 
Mobilization Rate/Year 
31.12.91 (%) 
86.69 
75.14 
58.05 
96.57 
100 
100 30.4.92 (%) 
98.1 
75.21 
58.05 
100 
100 
100 
Annex 4 shows how 1992 food aid was divided between normal and emergency aid, and includes 
data on substitution, storage and cofmancing operations, and gives more details on mobilization 
rates. 
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1.4. Impact of 1992 special programme 
In 1992 the continuation and worsening of the disastrous situation in Africa, the threat of 
serious famine in the Horn of Africa countries and in some southern African countries (60, 
million people in all under threat of starvation), together with exceptional needs in other parts 
of the world, caused a second special food aid programme to be drawn up. 
In response to the increased needs, the Community decided in May 1992 to finance this second 
special programme covering 800 000 t of cereal equivalent at a cost of ECU 220 million. 
This represents a doubling of the 1991 special plan, which covered 400 000 t of cereal 
equivalent at a cost of ECU 140 million. 
The addition of this 800 000 t of cereal equivalent to the commitments adopted under the 
standard programme for 1992 meant that the Community was covering some 25% of estimated 
requirements for the most seriously threatened countries and population groups.1 
Close collaboration with international organizations and NGOs helped to ensure that the special 
programme was implemented efficiently and flexibly. Over 80% of the aid was distributed 
through the WFP, the ICRC, the IFRC and the NGOs. 
From the standpoint of performance, it goes without saying that priority in the provision of 
food aid was given to operations to help the recipients under the gravest threat. This is borne 
out by the fact that the appropriations made available in mid-May for the special programme 
had been mobilized to the extent of 95.5% by 31 October. This high-speed implementation of 
the special programme, together with the fact that under the Notenboom procedure the 
necessary transfers were completed only at the end of the year, had an effect on performance 
of the standard programme, under which deliveries (taking all products together) at 31 October 
represented 54.12%) of the quantities approved. 
More especially, EC food aid to the countries of southern Africa in 1992 represented a speedy 
Community response to a major crisis, which made it possible to bridge the gap between the 
1992 harvest, which was down by 60% because of the drought, and the 1993 crop, which 
though uneven was generally better. The effort combined various strands, involving in effect 
the combining of the balance from the 1991 standard programme mobilized in 1992, the 
standard programme for 1992 and the 1992 special programme, the whole being used in the 
best interests of the countries concerned by means of adjustments, switching and swaps. 
Delivering this huge quantity of food products was a real challenge from the standpoint of 
coordination, organization and logistics, further compounded by the fact that most of the 
countries concerned were not regular recipients of food aid and lacked the internal transport 
and other facilities needed for such an exercise. Despite the many difficulties inherent in such 
speeded-up operations, and thanks to unfailing cooperation between local authorities, 
delegations on the spot, international organizations and NGOs, all the deliveries arrived on 
schedule virtually everywhere. 
A very serious threat of famine was thus averted. In fact the operation was really a preventive 
one - thanks to the speed with which it was implemented - and holds a lesson worth 
considering for other parts of the world. 
The current position is that the 1993 harvest has given renewed hope and forward estimates 
for food aid to this part of the world indicate a clear shift towards rehabilitation and 
reconstruction, with a significant component of the programmes covering seeds and tools. 
For a full description of the 1992 special food aid programme see the Commission 
communication to the Council and Parliament, SEC(92) 630/2 final, 2 April 1992. 
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2. DIRECT FOOD AID 
The Commission grants direct food aid to the recipient countries concerned on the basis of 
agreements concluded direct with their governments. 
They are generally low-income countries with a structural or cyclical food deficit. 
Cereals 
Milk powder 
Butteroil 
Sugar 
Vegetable oil 
Other products 1992 PROGRAMME 
Quantities 
(tonnes) 
430 212 t 
21 105 t 
5 000 t 
19 965 t 
ECU m 5.26 % of total 
quantities for 
the product 
concerned 
31.05 % 
39.8% 
83.3% 
0% 
28.52% 
11% 1991 PROGRAMME 
Quantity 
(tonnes) 
562 251 t 
11 980 t 
1 967 t 
400 t 
19 lOOt 
ECU m 13.075 % of total 
quantity for 
the product 
concerned 
41.56% 
19.08% 
28.23% 
2.7% 
31.83% 
26.15% 
In 1992 direct aid accounted for nearly 31% of total food aid. The main recipients of direct 
aid were Bangladesh, Egypt and, to a lesser extent, Peru, Angola and Ethiopia. 
2.1. Some examples of direct food aid operations in Africa 
2.1.1. Comoros 
Aside from the logistical difficulties of delivering to the Comoros, all donors have experienced 
an unacceptable level of losses (in some cases in excess of 10 %) for goods landed at both the 
port Moroni on Grande Comore and Mutsanndu on the smaller island of Anjouan. Problems 
arise because of the lack of security at the ports and in the case of Moroni the fact that goods 
must be transhipped to lighter vessels "Ylang" to access berths. Particularly with conventional 
cargo each additional manipulation gives rise to losses. 
To minimise those losses for the 1992 delivery it was decided to containerise both the 
vegetable oil and milk powder. The cereals, delivered in the form of 3.000 tonnes of rice, were 
delivered conventionally because the handling capability of container terminals at both ports 
was insufficient. Despite the precautions, unacceptably high losses were still encountered, 6.7% 
for the vegetable oil while for the milk powder the loss factor was recorded at 4.4%. Reports 
by the official monitoring agency suggest that losses have occured after the goods have been 
landed but before being taken over by the beneficiary. This again highlights the problem of 
security at this difficult destination. In the past, goods have been delivered at the free at port 
landed stage and delays in moving aid out of the port have contributed to losses. The 
Commission is considering allocating future aid on a free at destination basis. This would 
mean that the supplier would be responsible for the safe delivery of the goods to the final 
warehouse, and while the transport costs would be higher, the Commission could be confident 
that the goods would arrive safely. Any losses would have to be replaced by the supplier and 
his insurance company. 
2.1.2. Mozambique 
With the exception of an emergency allocation of 15,000 tons of cereals in the form of seeds, 
no allocation in favour of the Government of Mozambique was made during 1992. In fact 
mobilisation of the 1991 programme, despite being approved by the Food Aid Committee of 
April 1991, was suspended until March 1992. This suspension of food aid for sale was initiated 
because of problems encountered with accounting procedures for counterpart funds generated 
from previous programmes. Deliveries under the 1991 programme proceded upon confirmation 
that the implementation of the steps agreed to by the Government of Mozambique was in hand. 
2.1.3. Zambia 
This allocation was considered as an initial response to an appeal by the Zambian Government-, 
to the EC for quantities in excess of 200,000 tonnes. During 1992 severe drought exacerbated, 
an already chronic food shortage situation brought about by a poor harvest in 1991 and a 
reduction in maize meal subsidies by the Government. For 1992/1993 the food deficit for 
Zambia was put at 850,000 tonnes, all of which needed to be imported from outside the 
southern african region. The Community's initial prompt response was important, particularly 
from a logistical viewpoint, bearing in mind that the goods were to be delivered free at 
destination to a landlocked country some 2,000 km from the nearest transit port. The problems 
encountered and lessons learned were taken into consideration in programming the delivery of 
a much larger EC allocation under the 1992 Special Programme. 
The maize was delivered to Lusaka via Dar es Salaam by the Tazara/Zambian railways 
network. Discharge was completed within 4 days, following a sea journey of 30 days. No 
problems were encountered with port handling facilities. Inland transport did however pose a 
number of difficulties. Food arrived at final destination between 8 and 33 days after leaving 
Dar Es Salaam. Unilateral diversions of rail wagons by the Zambian railways made 
monitoring difficult and losses more likely. Eventually some 69 tonnes or 1.38% of cargo 
were recorded as non delivered. 
The 2.000 tonnes of oil were purchased towards the end of 1992 when a degree of experience 
had been gained in supplying to Zambia. Because vegetable oil is a high value product the 
consignment was containerised to avoid excessive damage on route and to minimize theft. 
Suppliers were invited to tender on a free at destination basis indicating in the bid a breakdown 
of product price, marine and inland transport costs. However, Regulation 2200/87 allows the 
Commission to award the contract for a different stage of supply from that stated in the notice 
of invitation to tender, and as the product price was attractive, the Commission excercised its 
right to award FOB and to undertake the transport separately. Specialist transport companies 
were then invited to submit a composit marine and inland transport bid. The net effect of 
separating product and transport contracts in this case was a saving of some 74,000 ECUS. 
2.2. Central and South America 
Food aid to Latin American countries amounts to some 11% of all such aid to developing 
countries. 
In addition to aid channelled through international organizations and NGOs, the following 
received direct food aid in 1992: in South America, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador; in Central 
America, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua. 
Integrating this type of aid as an instrument of the development policy of the recipient 
countries is extremely important in Latin America: 
(i) a large part of the products delivered is sold on the local market (Peru, Bolivia, Nicaragua 
and Honduras), and the funds so generated are used to support development projects, 
notably agricultural projects; 
(ii) some products were purchased in 1992 in the recipient country itself (Bolivia: rice, oil, 
milk, vegetables; Peru: rice; Ecuador: vegetables), or in another country in the same 
region (Bolivia, Honduras), in order to support agricultural production in the countries 
concerned; 
(iii) this support for agricultural production also takes the form of grants of seed (Bolivia, 
Peru, Ecuador); 
(iv) food is also distributed free of charge, under school nutrition programmes in some 
cases (in some countries the distribution is exclusively through this means) with the 
aim of encouraging children to attend school and also in order to combat child 
malnutrition. 
-9-
The complexity of food aid programmes in Latin America and the lack of a Commission 
delegation in most countries frequently requires technical assistance to be set up on the spot-
in order to coordinate and monitor programmes. Such was the case in 1992 with Bolivia and, 
Nicaragua (the latter covering whole of Central America), and it is planned to send another 
expert to Peru in 1993. 
2.3. Examples of direct food aid operations in Central and South America 
2.3.1. Ecuador: a small, well-run programme 
The 1992 food aid programme represented a continuation of the programme approved in 1990 
and 1991, which raised significantly the nutritional level of a vulnerable group of 30 000 
schoolchildren in the Chimborazo and Guayas provinces (canton of Santa Elena), thanks to the 
distribution through SENAPS (Ecuadorian Episcopal Commission) of a school meal consisting 
of a complete and balanced food ration (over 900 calories and 30 grams of protein per day, 
i.e. half a child's normal requirements). 
The programme forms part of Ecuador's social policy in the matter of child support, the 
Ecuadorian government having itself set up substantial nutritional support programmes for 
children of pre-school and school age. 
The programme was evaluated in 1992 after it had been running for two years. The evaluation 
team concluded that the programme was achieving its aims in a highly satisfactory manner and 
recommended that its coverage be extended slightly in order to provide a better response to 
important needs that were not being met. The aim of the operation approved for 1992 was to 
help 40 000 schoolchildren in disadvantaged rural areas with a large Indian population. 
2.3.2. Peru: approval of three-year food aid plan blocked by Fujimori coup 
Following the visit by President Fujimori at the end of 1991, the Commission, putting into 
effect the commitments it had entered into, began to draw up a three-year plan for aid to Peru 
covering the 1992-94 period. The plan would have been worth some ECU 145 million, with 
a third of it going to food aid. 
The suspension of democracy brought about by the Fujimori coup of 4 April 1992 entailed the 
suspension of any new financial and technical cooperation agreement with the Peruvian 
government. On the food aid side, only the humanitarian component (distribution free of 
charge to the poorest sections of the population) was maintained in 1992. 
10 -
3. INDIRECT FOOD AID 
Indirect food aid from the Community is distributed either through international bodies or via 
non-governmental organizations. 
In most cases the aid is distributed free of charge. 
PRODUCT 
Cereals 
Milk powder 
Butteroil 
Vegetable oil 
Sugar 
Other products QUANTITY" 
(tonnes) 
954 888 
31 895 
I 000 
50 035 
II 540 
42 564 1992 1991 1990 
% in relation to overall quantities 
68.94% 
60.18% 
16.66% 
71.47% 
100% 
89% 40.1% 
81% 
72% 
50.1% 
97.3% 
66.01% 37.2% 
65.2% 
43.1% 
51.0% 
93.3% 
86% 
This type of aid represented in total, in 1992, 70% by value of EC food aid. 
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3.1. World Food Programme 
It is estimated that some 42 million people world-wide directly benefited from WFP assistance 
in 1992, with some 27.5 million people, including 14.4 million refugees receiving WFP food 
aid in the course of the year. Relief operations took place in 48 countries, with WFP handling 
60% of international relief food in the year. 
As in previous years, the Community contribution to WFP was divided between the regular 
programme (development projects), the International Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR) and the 
Protracted Refugee Operations (PRO). Details of the breakdown of these: contributions by 
product are given in the table below, the total value of which was nearly ECU 175 million. 
Quantity for programme (tonnes) 
Product 
Cereals 
Milk powder 
Butteroil 
Vegetable 
oil 
Sugar 
Other (ECU 
m) Regular 
90 000 
7 500 
1 000 
4 000 
2.00 IEFR 
194 954 
2 400 
9 558 
6.05 PRO 
199 546 
9 000 
5 000 
6.50 Total (t) 
484 500 
9 900 
1 000 
22 558 
5 000 
14.55 Percentage of total indirect food aid by product 
1992 
programme 
% 
50.73 
31.03 
100 
45.08 
43.32 
33.62 1991 
programme % 
41 
49.19 
100 
32.09 
23.98 
11.36 1^90 
programme 
% 
50.9 
43.15 
100 
33 
35.7 
24.9 
Overall, for the pledging biennium 1991-1992, the Community provided approximately 20% 
of the WFP's resources, making it the second largest donor to WFP after the US. If the 
Community contribution is added to that of the Member States, the combined contribution, 
representing over 37% of the total, makes the Community and its Member States the largest 
donor to WFP. 
WFP was the largest individual beneficiary of EC indirect food aid in 1992. In particular, 
quantities allocated to the PRO programme showed a marked rise, resulting from the increased 
need for refugee feeding in 1992 and as a result of the WFP/UNHCR agreement relating to 
refugee food aid which entered into force on 1/1/1992. This agreement makes WFP 
responsible for mobilising all basic food commodities, blended food and sugar whereas 
UNHCR is now responsible for supplying milk powder, tea, fruit and fresh vegetables, eggs 
and fresh meat. As a result, quantities previously allocated to UNHCR, for refugee feeding are 
now allocated to WFP. 
Developments in product allocation in 1992 included a reduction in the quantity of milk 
powder caused by the slow pace of implementation of WFP assisted dairy projects and by 
WFP taking increased care in the way it used milk products. In addition, the butteroil 
allocation was substantially cut, reflecting the desire to restrict the use of this high-value 
product to dairy projects and replace its general use by vegetable oil. 
A country breakdown of the Community contribution to the various WFP programmes is 
shown in the tables reproduced in Annex 5. 
12-
3.1.1. Regular programme 
The allocation in respect of the regular programme was used in 41 countries, and had a total 
value of ECU 58.5 million. The principal beneficiaries were Ethiopia, Cuba and Morocco. 
Cereals were allocated to forestry projects in Ethiopia; milk powder and butteroil were 
allocated to animal production and dairy development projects in Cuba, and vegetable oil was 
allocated to school feeding projects in Morocco. A short description of the dairy development 
project in Cuba follows. 
PROJECT CUBA 4391 Dairy development project in Las Tunas province 
The aim of this project is to make a contribution to the national food plan by boosting local 
dairy production in Las Tunas province. In order to generate 39 million pesos to help dairy 
development, the WFP will supply skimmed milk powder and butteroil. The government will 
be responsible for providing additional funds equivalent to 48.5 million pesos. The funds 
generated by means of the WFP aid will be used mainly to provide investment for dairy 
activities. Some 78.6% of the funds will be allocated to the private cooperative sector and the 
remaining 21.4% will go to finance the public sector side of dairy production. The government 
contribution will cover expenditure on infrastructure, such as the construction of feeder roads, 
accommodation, power lines and communication networks. The aim of the project is to 
increase the production of milk and dairy products in the province, raise the income of dairy 
producers and create jobs through the introduction of activities related to dairy production. 
There is the further aim of encouraging the participation of women by involving the Federation 
of Cuban Women at the various implementation and management stages. Financial rates of 
return on investment in both the private and the public sector are considered to be satisfactory. 
Dairy producers covered by the project should therefore be able to repay loans made under the 
project. 
3.1.2. International Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR) 
The largest beneficiaries of this multilateral contribution were Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique 
and Somalia. The total value of the Community allocation was 53.4 MECU. An example of 
WFP intervention in Mozambique follows. 
MOZAMBIQUE 5054 (IEFR) 
Drought 
Number of beneficiaries : 1 million 
total food : 217,818 tonnes 
Total WFP cost : $87,342,500 
Date of first approval : 18 June 1992 
Duration : 365 days 
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, together with WFP made an 
assessment of the situation in Mozambique and issued an alert on 15/4/1992. This, added to 
the Drought Emergency in Southern Africa (DESA) appeal, launched by the United Nations' 
Department of Humanitarian Affairs and the Southern Africa Development Community, led 
to a response from WFP. Thus, WFP provided basic, supplementary and therapeutic 
emergency food assistance to about one million drought-affected people, including vulnerable 
groups. 
13-
3.1.3. Protracted Refugee Operations (PRO) 
The value of the Community allocation to PRO in 1992 was 61.6 MECU. Among the largest 
beneficiaries were Pakistan (cereals & vegetable oil) for Afghan refugees, and Ethiopia (cereals 
& vegetable oil) for Somali and Sudanese refugees. The Pakistan operation is described below. 
PAKISTAN 4256 (PRO) 
Feeding of Afghan refugees in Pakistan 
Number of beneficiaries: 1,700,000 
Total food: 294,740 tonnes 
Total WFP cost: $83,489,700 
Duration: 1/1/93-31/12/93 
Since January 1980, WFP has provided aid for Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Although the 
political and security situation in Afghanistan remains unsettled, some 1.3 million refugees 
returned to their homeland during 1992, but a further 1.7 million remain in Pakistan. It is 
expected that the number repatriating to Afghanistan in 1993 will be around the same level as 
in 1992. If that occurs, current resources earmarked for refugees in Pakistan will be switched 
to support the repatriation and rehabilitation programmes inside Afghanistan. 
3.2. Ongoing support for refugees 
The Community continues to provide steady support in the form of food aid for refugees (see 
Annex 6). 
Although the entry into force of the WFP/UNHCR agreement involves a reduction in the 
quantities allocated to the UNHCR, it nevertheless remains the chief coordinator of aid to 
refugees and in effect their spokesman; furthermore, considerable changes are under way in 
the make-up of the allocation to the UNHCR. This is because of the widening of the range of 
"other products" supplied, with a view to providing much better coverage of protein, mineral 
and vitamin needs. 
By comparison with 1991, when the range consisted essentially of four products - tea, dried 
fruit, legumes and groundnuts - the 1992 allocation also included baby food, salt, dried 
vegetables, dried fish and cheese. This trend should become more established over the next few 
years because, quite apart from the nutritional aspects, greater attention is being given to 
refugees' dietary habits and to local or regional purchasing, which can represent a useful lever 
for the relevant economies as well as providing, in some cases, a means of lowering transport 
costs. 
3.3. Food aid via non-governmental organizations 
In 1992 the value of Community food aid channelled through the NGOs under the standard 
programme was ECU 158.040 million. 
This means that NGOs accounted for 21.18% of the total amount of food aid financed by the 
EC. This part of the food aid programme is implemented by EURONAID. The Commission 
is in constant contact with this body, for the purpose of coordinating and improving the 
arrangements whereby NGOs channel and make use of the aid. 
The third link in this cooperative chain comprises the Commission delegations, which play an 
active part on the spot at all stages of the implementation of food aid operations. 
•14-
In 1992, the total quantities allocated to NGOs were as follows: 
PRODUCT QUANTITIES (t) % CHANGE over 1991 
Cereals 294 558 + 4.2% 
Milk powder 15 111 - 23.7% 
Sugar 3 000 - 34.3% 
Vegetable oil 15 850 + 53.2% 
1 Other products | (ECU m) 15.706 | - 3.9% 
Annex 7 lists the countries that have received food aid via the NGOs, as well as the NGOs 
through which EC aid has been channelled. 
3.3.1. Types of operation 
In 1992 the NGOs carried out operations in the following sectors (figures are based on 
quantities). 
Development projects 
Projects to assist refugees 
Social assistance projects 
Relief and emergency operations Percentages 
1992 
17 
5 
28 
50 1991 
18.9 
2.6 
21.6 
56.8 1990 
29.1 
1.7 
61.2 
8.0 
In the above table the 1992 special food aid programme is not included under the relief and 
emergency operations heading, in contrast to the 1991 table. 
The continuing critical situation in some developing countries, mainly in Africa (because of 
war, famine, and so on) caused many development projects to be replaced by emergency 
operations. 
It should be noted, however, that a considerable quantity of food aid was used under the relief 
and emergency operations heading for very extensive "food for work" programmes, and also 
for social assistance programmes. 
3.3.2. Some examples of NGO food aid programmes 
CONCERN - South White Nile seed Programme, Sudan 
CONCERN proposed to the Commission a targeted seed distribution programme to 
respond to two consecutive years of extensive crop failure due to drought and pest attack 
in the Kosti province. The plan involved the distribution of selected local varieties of 
sorghum, millet, sesame, cowpea and groundnut. 
- 15-
Beneficiaries were selected well in advance and 12 different seed packages were prepared 
to reflect the varying economic needs and environmental factors found in Kosti' It was 
planned to provide the beneficiaries with between 20 and 60% of their seed needs' 
reaching a population of 60.825 families or approximately 350.000 people. 
The success of the programme was due primarily to two factors rainfall in 1992 in Kosti 
was generally good in terms of quantity and distribution and secondly the programme was 
well-planned - from seed selection and purchase to distribution and planting. 
Inevitably there were some losses - from rats, termites and wind - but overall yields were 
well up to expectations. For sorghum and millet 1 kg of seeds yielded between 50 and 80 
kg and the groundnut represented an important cash crop for the farmers. 
The successful harvesting of the crop enabled the seed-payback element of the plan to be 
implemented. It is hoped that the successful implementation of this element will allow 
the development of longer term solutions to the problem of seed security in Kosti 
province. 
Save the Children fund - Food for school teachers in Somaliland 
The end of hostilities in the self-proclaimed Republic of Somaliland led to the gradual 
reopening of primary schools throughout the country. It was believed that after some time 
the Government would have generated sufficient funds to pay salaries. However, this was 
not the case and the international community was reluctant to pledge money to pay 
salaries of government employees. 
The harvest in Somaliland in 1992 following the "day" rains was exceptionally good and 
farmers had surplus crops that they were anxious to sell in order to obtain cash to 
purchase material goods lost during the war. 
It was against this background that Save the Children Fund asked the EC to sponsor a 
programme to purchase locally produced sorghum (and some rice) which in turn would 
be used as salary for teachers. 
The Food Aid Unit took the view that the potential value of the programme outweighed 
the risks and gave the project its full support. 
The result was that farmers found a market for their surplus production and teachers 
received a 5 month basic family ration. Teachers have been motivated by this programme 
and morale improved. This programme was an important first step in rehabilitating 
primary school education in Somaliland and should act as a stimulus to further 
programmes. 
3.4. Food aid via other international organizations 
As in previous years, four other international organizations, in addition to the NGOs, were 
allocated food aid from the EC. 
They were: 
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross 
16-
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the 
Near East 
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization 
The quantities allocated in 1992 were as follows: 
Cereals 170 830 t 
Milk powder 6 581 t 
Vegetable oil 16 627 t 
Sugar 8 524 t 
Other products ECU 12.308 million 
3.4.1. EFRC - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 
Food aid allocated to the IFRC under the standard programme in 1992 was down slightly on 
the 1991 figure because of the considerable quantities channelled through the IFRC under the 
1992 special programme. The quantities comprised 10 000 t of cereals, 500 tof skimmed-milk 
powder, 1 500 t of vegetable oil and 16 t of sugar, together with ECU 1.0 million for the 
purchase of other products (see Annex 8). 
In the distribution of the cereals, priority was given to two Horn of Africa countries, namely 
Ethiopia and Kenya. 
The aid to Kenya was the result of a combination of exceptional circumstances in Somalia and 
the consequent inflow of Somali refugees into Kenya, plus the drought in the north of Kenya -
itself. 
The aid to Ethiopia fell mainly within the programme for rehabilitating people previously 
displaced as a result of fighting. 
In contrast, the whole of the 500 t of skimmed-milk powder was allocated to nutritional 
supplement programmes for, in particular, orphanages and the so called "drop of milk" 
programmes in five countries in Central and South America. 
3.4.2. ICRC 
Food aid allocated to the ICRC in 1992 was more than double the corresponding figure for 
1991, itself five times greater than the quantities in previous years. In 1992 the aid was 
concentrated on Somalia and Mozambique (see Annex 9). 
In Somalia the ICRC and the WFP set up a coordinated relief operation involving 50 000 t of 
foodstuffs per month, 20 000 t via the ICRC and 30 000 t via the WFP. The ICRC 
concentrated its aid on the areas where the population is most seriously affected, notably the 
Bardera, Baidoa and Belet-Uen areas, together with the urban centres of Kismayo and 
Mogadishu. Over a million hot meals were organized and distributed each day through 900 
communal kitchens, run on a day-to-day basis by groups of women and older people, so as 
to minimize the risk of theft by armed bands. 
In Somalia in 1992 the ICRC distributed over 160 000 t of foodstuffs donated by the European 
Community. 
•17-
In Mozambique the agreement reached in July between the warring parties made 
it possible for the ICRC to bring humanitarian aid on a vast scale to many isolated parts of the' 
country. 
3.4.3 UNRWA 
Under the three-year Convention concluded between the EC and UNRWA, ECU 23 million 
was paid over for the education programme, ECU 3 million for the health programme and 
ECU 2 million for the nutritional supplement programme. 
The products supplied were distributed free of charge to the Palestinian refugees on the books 
of UNRWA and formed part of the standard feeding programmes (distribution free of charge 
to the people most in need, nutritional programme in training centres and nutritional 
supplement programme). Annex 10 summarizes EC food aid via UNRWA in 1992. 
3.4.4. FAO 
In 1989 and 1990 programmes were drawn up allocating cereals, vegetable oil and sugar to 
Haiti. In those two years, however, it was impossible to implement the two decisions concerned 
because of the constant difficulties caused by the Haiti authorities with regard to the type and 
quality of the products to be supplied. 
In 1991, while negotiations were continuing between Brussels and Port-au-Prince on this 
matter, the coup of 30 September which overthrew President Aristide caused direct contact 
between the Community and the Haiti authorities to be broken off and all cooperation activity 
with Haiti to be suspended. 
However, in order not to penalize the population of Haiti, which was bearing the full brunt of 
the events which had occurred and was under threat of famine, the Community decided to 
convert the direct food aid allocations into indirect aid. For the distribution of Community aid 
to the neediest sections of the population it called on the NGOs which were active in Haiti, and 
on the FAO for the distribution of seed to peasant farmers. 
Thus in May and November 1991 the Commission approved the dispatch to Haiti of the 1989 
programme and part of the 1990 programme, then in August 1992 and February 1993 it 
approved the dispatch of the rest of the 1990 programme. 
Furthermore, in the light of the complete success of the two previous operations for the supply 
of seed, the Commission approved in July 1993 the allocation of a third seed programme for 
Haiti, again via the FAO. 
- 18-
4. MULTIANNUAL OPERATIONS 
Leaving aside emergency assistance, the Community's food aid is intended above all to be an. 
instrument of development, and it is apparent that multiannual operations represent one of the 
best ways of integrating food aid into an overall development policy. 
Multiannual projects continued in 1992 in India (Operation Flood) and in Tunisia. 
The year also saw the conclusion of the two-year programme carried out with UNRWA and 
the programme for Cape Verdé, together with the cancellation of the allocation for Burkina 
Faso. 
There was just one new multiannual decision in 1992, concerning the IFADEP programme for 
Bangladesh. 
COUNTRY AND 
DURATION OF 
OPERATION 
INDIA 
1992/93 
TUNISIA 
1991/96 
UNRWA 
1991/92 
CAP VERDE 
1990/91/92 
BANGLADESH 
1992/97 
TOTAL CEREAL 
EQUIVA­
LENT 
6 270 t 
9 000 t* 
140 000 t 
155 270t VEGETABLE 
OIL 
1 921 t 
800 t 
2 721 t MILK 
POWDER 
15 000 t 
3 000 t 
3 927 t SUGAR 
5 000 t 
2 924 t OTHER 
PRODUCTS 
ECU m 5.5 
ECU m 5.5 
3 750 t of rice 
- 19 
4.1. India - Operation Flood III 
Operation Flood III is a project for the consolidation and completion of India's cooperative -
dairy development programme which runs from 1988 to 1994. Under this agreement, the 
Community will contribute 75 000 t of skimmed milk powder and 25 000 t of butteroil. 
Allocations to date have been as follows: 
Year 
1987 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 SMP 
12 000 
18 000 
15 000 
Mid-term review 
15 000 Butteroil 
4 000 
6 000 Substitution 
5 MECU = 3 500 BO 
In 1992, deliveries, which were halted while a mid-term review was completed, recommenced. 
Delivery of SMP was planned for September and October 1992, but a combination of high 
European prices and low availability of milk delayed this delivery period so that the following 
was the actual delivery schedule: 
- 6.000 mt arrival November 1992 (prices from 1580-1629 Ecu/mt) 
- 6.000 mt arrival December 1992 (prices from 1445-1465 Ecu/mt) 
- 3.000 mt arrival April 1993 (price 1465 Ecu/mt). 
Despite political disturbance in India (which included a curfew in the port of Calcutta) no 
major problems were experienced. Deliveries of butteroil have been suspended due to the high 
level of stocks of this product in India. 
4.2. Bangladesh 
During 1992, as part of the overall strategy to move away from ad-hoc food aid allocations 
towards multi-annual development-oriented food aid programmes, the decision was taken by 
the Community to finance an Integrated Food Assisted Development Programme (IFADEP) 
in Bangladesh. 
The total package will make available food aid of over 560.000 tons of cereals and 30 million 
ECU of financial and technical assistance over a period of six years. It is foreseen that the 
level of EC food aid to Bangladesh would gradually decline from the present level of 140.000 
tons to just over 20,000 tons in 1997, as the country moves towards self-sufficiency in cereals. 
This project combines and integrates EC financial and technical assistance with food aid. The 
project aims to improve the standard of living and quality of life of the rural poor in 
Bangladesh, with a view to gradually reducing the overall amount of food aid required, as 
domestic production increases. The Programme, which will be implemented in close 
collaboration with WFP, covers four sub-projects as follows: development of assetless rural 
women, development of small-scale inland fisheries, development of markets and rural 
transport and the strengthening of institutions. 
20-
IFADEP will enhance the development impact of EC food aid resources by promoting and 
demonstrating the combined use of food aid and financial and technical assistance in projects-
which contribute to poverty alleviation and rural development as well as channelling, 
counterpart funds to help the country's core development investments. 
4.3. Burkina Faso 
For 1992 an official letter setting out the terms for the supply of aid was sent to Burkina Faso 
on 8 May. No reply was received despite repeated reminders from the Commission delegation 
in Ouagadougou. Furthermore, Burkina Faso sent the Commission a request for food aid in the 
form of rice, rather than wheat as stipulated in the agreement. 
Not only was such a request inadmissible because of the good rice harvest in Burkina Faso, 
but it called into question the very basis of the structural aid approved in the form of wheat, 
the grant of which was designed to relieve pressure on the balance of payments caused by 
normal imports of that product. 
It was evidently necessary to clarify the situation on the cereal market in Burkina Faso in the 
context of the new policy instituted by the authorities, before any further instalment of food 
aid was released. The Commission therefore decided to cancel the aid of 7 000 t of cereals for 
1992 and to carry out an assessment of the situation in Burkina Faso in order to determine 
whether local conditions warranted continuing with the agreement for 1993. 
21-
5. EMERGENCY AID 
The total quantity of food allocated as emergency aid is shown in Annex 11. Most of this aid 
was implemented by the NGOs and the international organizations and supplemented efforts 
being made under the Special Programme. The following examples of situations requiring 
emergency aid in 1992 show that such aid is needed in many highly different types of situation 
(floods, refugee pressures, war, drought, etc.) and is often the forerunner of a more prolonged 
effort to rehabilitate and redevelop the affected regions. 
5.1. Emergency aid via the IFRC 
The main decisions on emergency aid channelled through the IFRC were adopted for the 
following countries: 
Cambodia: 11 500 t of cereal equivalent in the form of 6 000 t of rice (purchased in 
Vietnam) to assist the people in four provinces in the north-west of the country, who were 
suffering as a result of floods which had destroyed rice plantations. 
Malawi: 13 500 t of cereals, in addition to the quantities already programmed under the 
1992 special programme, to assist some 600 000 people, including refugees from 
Mozambique as well as the local population, following the drought affecting the region. 
5.2. Rwanda 
Food aid to Rwanda reached record levels in 1992 - unfortunately this record has been broken 
in 1993 as the political situation remains difficult, and the aid effort continues. During 1992 
the number of people displaced as a result of conflict in the North of the country more than 
doubled to over 350,000 people. Rwanda is a country in dire need of structural assistance due 
to its dépendance on coffee exports to service its mounting debt, the extreme demographic 
pressure which threatens its food security and its inaccessibility as a landlocked country over 
1,000 km from the coast. However the unstable political situation has not allowed the 
Commission to contemplate a longer term programme of structural aid with the Rwandan 
people; rather all aid to date has focussed on emergency and humanitarian relief. 
The Commission's food aid to Rwanda has not been as effective as one would have hoped. 
The constantly increasing figures for displaced people and the long lead times necessary to 
bring food from Europe meant that too little food arrived too late. Finally food was purchased 
locally or in the region, but even within the region itself, transportation of food is problematic. 
There is little the Commission can do to disentangle the warring parties, and in the short term 
the infrastructure is fixed. Thus if we wish to improve operations of this nature in the future, 
it is essential that there is rapid coordination of donors, both to obtain an accurate picture of 
requirements and to plan the arrival of aid. As most donors employ experts in the field, this 
sort of coordination should not be impossible. Information flows between donors after the 
event are of little use to save lives. 
22 
5.3. Kenya 
Kenya was a major beneficiary of food aid in 1992. Although much of this food came from 
the Special Programme, considerable quantities were also provided under .the normal 
programme. During 1992 the situation in Kenya gave cause for concern with a massive influx 
of refugees from Somalia, Sudan and Ethiopia. This coincided with a period of severe 
drought, and a period in which the Kenyan government was in disfavour with the donor 
community. In fact a review of the 1991/1992 marketing year revealed that production was 
down for the third year in succession. Thus, the need for food aid was once more present, this 
time even more so than previously. Given the difficulties encountered in the past, it was 
considered that management of this aid would be improved by adopting non-governmental 
channels. Aid was therefore allocated to the NGOs and the international relief organizations, 
(mainly the WFP and the IFRC), with the former seeing principally to the needs of drought 
victims and the latter concentrating on the refugee population. It was possible to source some 
produce locally i.e. beans and some cereals, but the remainder had to be imported from 
Europe. Oil was available in Kenya, but at a prohibitive price. 
The Commission's intervention in Kenya during 1992 was very much a response to an 
unanticipated situation. The cooperation between the various implementating agencies on the 
ground, the Government agencies, and the donors was essential to ensure proper management 
of EC food aid. Both the Kenyan authorities and the donor community were unprepared for 
the scale of the disaster in Kenya, and targeting of aid to ensure that those in need were 
identified and actually received aid was difficult to ensure. The political unrest and security 
problems (due to the influx of refugees mentioned above and elections in November 1992) 
further hampered food aid efforts. Aid will also be required in 1993 to cope with the 
persistent problem of refugees. 
- 23 
6. TRIANGULAR OPERATIONS 
The supply of food aid has often been considered by public opinion to be an easy means of 
getting rid of agricultural surpluses by sending no matter what product to needy countries 
without taking account of their real needs. 
Another criticism has been that food aid can disturb local production because the markets are 
flooded with imported products which compete with local products and which do not always 
correspond to consumption habits. 
In 1974 the World Food Council invited donors to start buying food from developing countries 
for aid purposes. This procedure facilitates food aid operations because it gets the right 
products to the beneficiary quickly and in most cases less expensively, promotes trade between 
developing countries and helps those with food surpluses to find a market for their products. 
This type of operation is called TRIANGULAR and the three parties involved are: 
The country supplying the product. 
The country receiving the product. 
The donor financing the operation. 
The very first TRIANGULAR OPERATION carried out by the European Community, took 
place in 1978 when white maize was purchased in Zambia and sent as food aid to Botswana. 
This type of operation has been strongly developed over the years and today between 10 and 
15 % of EC food aid is supplied in this way. 
Even when the product is available on the European Market, its purchase, locally or regionally, 
in a developing country can have a more positive effect on the economy of the receiving 
country allowing the supply of a more acceptable range of products than would otherwise be 
possible. This is the case for example in countries which have an influx of refugees from a 
neighbouring country. In countries recovering from war, local purchase can encourage farmers 
to re-establish themselves and in larger countries, a surplus in pne part of the country can be 
used to offset a deficit in another part. 
Here are some recent examples of how triangular food aid purchases have been able to achieve 
much more, in terms of development, than normal food aid donations: 
After the 1992 harvest in Mozambique there was a real fear that the local producers 
would not be able to sell their surplus crop due to the market being flooded with cheap 
yellow maize and food for free distribution. The EC was able, through its triangular 
operations, to buy 15.000 MT of the surplus for its food aid programme in Mozambique. 
- 24 
The purchase encouraged the producers to plant again for the 1993 harvest and ideal rain 
distribution during the growing season consequently gave a good result in the Central and 
Northern Provinces with a real surplus of 90.000 MT of white maize. It is hoped that, 
once again some of this surplus can be bought up for food aid programmes in 
Mozambique. 
Floods in 1992 in the Beni region of Bolivia destroyed the rice crop in this area and 
emergency food aid was granted by the EC. It was possible to find all the food required, 
cereals, oil and beans, in other parts of Bolivia and this was sent quickly to Beni. Rice 
was sent to replace the rice lost in the floods and in addition rice seeds were sent to the 
farmers to help them replant and get back on their feet again. 
Triangular purchases have been made in the following cases where product was 
unavailable due to seasonal shortages on the European Market. 
156 MT of tinned Moroccan sardines were sent to UNRWA in Jordan. 
125 MT of dates were purchased, in place of raisins, locally for UNHCR in 
Algeria. 
30.000 MT of rice for Mozambique, 8.333 MT of rice for Tanzania and 3.000 MT 
of rice for the Comoros were all bought from Vietnam. 
These are just a few of the many actions carried out by the EC through its triangular operations 
and which show the diversity of these operations and the role they play in the food aid 
programmes. 
TRIANGULAR OPERATIONS - 1992 PROGRAMMES1 
WFP 60 645 t 
UNHCR 726 t 
UNRWA 1 069 t 
EURONAID 139 057 t 
ICRC 69 387 t 
IFRC 7 210 t 
CEC 35 512 t 
CEC ON BEHALF OF 
ORGANIZATIONS 19 343 t 
TOTAL 332 949 t 
The overall value of this tonnage, consisting of 25 different products, was ECU 81 137 235. 
Situation as at 10 April 1993. 
25 
7. COMPLEMENTARY SCHEMES 
7.1. Cofmancing - Item B7-5011 
During 1992, efforts were made to make of the cofmancing facility a more flexible budget line 
than in the past. The regulation was not changed, but the budgetary comments admitted the 
possibility of supplying tools. Thus a budget line which began in a rather limited way has 
evolved over the five years of its existence into a useful and flexible development instrument. 
The greater part of the 1992 budget was granted to NGOs (4 MECU) through a block 
allocation to Euronaid, with indivual projects approved as they were presented. "The same 
system was used with ICRC to whom 1 MECU was allocated. ICRC seemed to have 
experienced some difficulty in absorbing this amount and a project to use the outstanding 
balance was not approved until July 1993. 
As a number of fundamental changes were introduced in 1991, i.e. the practice of making 
advances on the basis of the total official letter instead of by project, and the introduction of 
some leeway in the quantities to be purchased, 1992 was seen as a year in which it would be 
wise to monitor these changes. The experience has been positive, and the way is now clear 
to pursue this approach of increased devolution of the day to day management of the 
cofmancing facility to the beneficiary organizations during 1993 and 1994. 
A high degree of interest was expressed in the cofmancing budget by NGOs active in Asia, 
with 23% of the budget allocated to projects in this region. This was accompanied by a 
reduction in the number of projects presented for the African continent, which used 75% of 
the budget. A further development, and one which shows the future direction of this budget 
line, is that 32% of the budget was allocated to projects which had a seed or tool component. 
In 1990 this figure was only 11%. Annex 12 lists the projects undertaken with funding from 
this buuget line. 
The following two examples give some indication of the type of projects undertaken. 
Action B7-5011/92/007 
Deutsche Welthungerhilfe, through their local partner, Sociedad pro Ayuda del Nino Lisiado, 
provided food to rehabilitation centres for disabled children and adolescents for a period of 12 
months in Chile. 
Action B7-5011/92/005 
Following flooding in Cambodia in autumn 1992, during which farmers suffered heavy crop 
losses and were unable to retain sufficient seed for planting, Trocaire made rice seed available 
for the April/May planting season. 
7.2. Item B7-2071 - Storage and early warning system 
The use to which the appropriations under this heading were put in 1992 was strongly 
influenced by the threat of unprecedented famine, notably in the Horn of Africa and in 
southern Africa: 
- 26 
(i) hence a considerable part of the funds went to improve the storage facilities required for 
the channelling via international organizations (ICRC, WFP, UNHCR) of emergency food" 
* aid for people in need. 
(ii) in addition, some of the funds initially available under this heading haa to be transferred 
to boost the appropriations for the purchase of foodstuffs, which proved insufficient to 
meet the exceptional needs. 
Out of a committed total of ECU 2.7 million, only three operations worth in all ECU 405 500 
were approved in 1992 for implementation via the NGOs: 
* ECU 269 200 for EuronAid, for the purchase and transport of storage covers for 
Eritrea 
* ECU 107 460 for Punto di Fraternita, for the construction of warehouse facilities 
at Quelimane in Mozambique 
* ECU 28 900 for Caritas/SENAPS, Ecuador, for the construction of warehouse 
facilities at Riobamba. 
A list of the projects financed is given in Annex 1.1. 
Although 1992 was clearly not an average year, the relatively modest number of projects put 
forward by the NGOs suggests that the opportunities available under this budget heading are 
not sufficiently known. An information campaign to this effect among European NGOs was 
carried out by EuronAid in 1992, at the Commission's request. 
27 
8. EVALUATION 
Food aid operations have been evaluated in accordance with Article 11 of Council Regulation* 
No 3972/86 of 22 December 1986. Evaluation exercises completed in 1992 were as follows: 
Evaluation of alternative operations replacing EC food aid deliveries, focusing on two 
operations carried out in Mali and Tanzania respectively 
Mid-term evaluation mission of Operation Flood III in India 
Evaluation of EC food aid in Ecuador 
Evaluation of NGOs in Madagascar and their capacity to implement food aid and income-
generating projects within the framework of the social dimensions of adjustment 
Evaluation study of food aid transport costs and options 
Evaluation of the EC multiannual programme of food aid to Kenya 
Annual evaluation mission for the dairy development project in China 
Evaluation of food aid to Sao Tome and Principe. 
A short account of the results of a selection of these evaluations follows. 
8.1. Sao Tome and Principe 
The aim of the evaluation was to consider whether Community food aid to the two island 
communities of Sao Tome and Principe should be continued, given the serious waste that had 
occurred in connection with a delivery of dried beans in 1990; instead of being distributed to 
the population the products supplied had been left for over a year and had eventually to be 
thrown away. 
Main conclusions and recommendations 
1. The incidence of hunger is not at the same level as in other African countries and the 
infantile mortality rate and life expectancy figures for adults indicate a relatively balanced 
level of nutrition. 
2. The mission therefore recommends: 
(i) reducing direct food aid, over a period of three years, to humanitarian aid 
distributed via the WPP and NGOs to the most needy sections of the population, 
(ii) providing technical assistance for the "Ribeira Peixe" project (establishment of an 
oil palm plantation and processing factory) with a view to continuing the project, 
improving its productivity and setting up arrangements for marketing the oil for 
local consumption and for export, 
- 28 -
(iii) contributing to the French "Medio Porte" project for small farmers (privatization 
and resumption of operations in former cocoa plantations, plus parallel development" 
of production of foodstuffs on private plots), 
(iv) introducing an effective system of coordinating aid between donor countries and 
recipient countries. 
Follow-up to the evaluation 
The direct aid was halted in 1993 but indirect aid was continued. In addition, the Community 
purchases vegetable oil locally and passes it on to NGOs active in the country for distribution 
free of charge to the poorest sections of the population. 
8.2. Kenya 
The aim of the evaluation was to examine the grounds for the multiannual programme of food 
aid in the form of wheat agreed between the Community and Kenya, and also its 
implementation and impact, over the three years from 1988 to 1990 inclusive. 
Main conclusions and recommendations 
More than three years after the launch of the multiannual programme, a third of the wheat 
donated had still not been sold and only one fifteenth of the corresponding counterpart funds 
had been used to support the programme for reform of the cereals sector in Kenya. This raised 
doubts as to the effectiveness of government channels for EC food aid, and indeed the need 
for this type of aid. Furthermore, because of large-scale, unchecked private imports, the 
allocations under the 1989 and 1990 programmes merely inflated domestic stocks instead of 
reducing the volume of national commercial imports. 
The mission accordingly recommends: 
(i) that all Community aid to Kenya should normally be given in the form of financial aid, 
(ii) that should it be decided to continue to provide Kenya with aid in form of foodstuffs, 
then this should be done under the annual food aid programme, 
(iii) that no private imports of foodstuffs should be authorized in future apart from those 
expressly approved by the government, and these should be such as not to disturb the 
domestic market, 
(iv) any future food aid to Kenya should be the subject of systematic coordination between 
the Kenyan government and all donors. 
Follow-up to the evaluation 
Direct aid was stopped in 1992 and the multiannual programme was not renewed. However, 
the serious food situation in Kenya described above led to the provision of large-scale 
humanitarian aid through NGOs and the international organizations. 
29 
8.3. China 
This evaluation, which was carried out in October 1991 and concerned the 1988-93-
multiannual food aid programme, was provided for in the financial agreement covering the 
project. 
The mission examined the following: 
(i) the generation and use of the funds resulting from conversion of the aid into cash 
resources, 
(ii) local policies on the price of milk and the impact on the generation of counterpart 
funds, 
(iii) effects of the project on milk production in the localities concerned, 
(iv) the functioning of the National Dairy Board (NDB). 
Main conclusions and recommendations 
By the end of 1991 the project was clearly successful in terms of the upward trend of milk 
production in China and the level of commitment on the part of the Chinese authorities in 
providing financing and human resources. 
Nevertheless, the lack of flexibility in the steering of the project by the NDB resulted in 
certain drawbacks: 
(i) a marked disparity between localities with regard to the production level attained, 
(ii) serious imbalance between major industrial investment which was not always essential 
and investment that was either inadequate or completely lacking in the areas of milk 
production and collection. 
What is needed therefore is to make good the project's weaknesses on the production side by 
means of the following: 
(i) establishment and implementation of a dairy development policy for each locality, 
(ii) redirection upstream of investment (towards training, technical services, equipment to 
improve the quality of the milk produced, and so on), 
(iii) introduction of a system for paying milk producers that incorporates qualitative 
parameters, 
(iv) progressive adjustment of the subsidy system with a view to raising the producer price 
while targeting subsidies on retail prices (target groups). 
Follow-up to the evaluation 
The consideration given since 1992 by the European Community and the Chinese authorities 
to the question of whether to proceed to a second phase of the project has been based 
extensively on the conclusions of the evaluation study, with the central emphasis on giving top 
priority to production. 
- 30 -
8.4. Evaluation study of food aid transport costs and options 
This study analysed transport costs since 1986, summarized the policies and 
procedures of the Commission and other donors in this area and suggested ways 
in which the management of transport could be improved. 
Main conclusions and recommendations 
While concluding that costs paid for transport by the EC for food aid 
transportation compared favourably with those incurred by other donors, 
recommendations were made which would help to improve transport management and 
cost control. 
The Commission suffered from a lack of transport expertise, and would 
benefit from the setting up of a professional transport department. 
An accurate and comprehensive record of past transport expenditure is 
essential to facilitate cost control. 
Consolidation of shipments, ,where possible, should be encouraged. 
Follow-up to the evaluation 
The installation of a database to assist in the management of food aid 
operations will improve the quality of information available on transport. 
- 31 -
9. MONITORING 
The monitoring arrangements are now fully operational. 
The positive impact of the monitoring agencies' involvement can be gauged by the absence 
in-1992 of any justified complaint concerning the quality of the products delivered. 
All operators, observers and supervisory bodies are agreed that mobilization has improved. 
The solution has frequently been found to lie in the contractual provisions agreed between the-
Commission and the aid recipients. 
With this in mind, ways of adjusting some of the terms for allocating food aid, involving 
monitoring, are being studied: 
Sharing of responsibilities between transport operators according to the stage of delivery 
and the transport contracts. 
Acceptance of sound goods only, in order to avoid progressive deterioration of the whole 
consignment through contact or contamination. 
Supervision of storage facilities, provision of information to local officials and training 
of warehouse staff. 
Fumigation with either or both of methyl bromide (destruction of live insects) and 
phosphine (larvae and eggs) or equivalent products. 
At an organizational level, a new invitation to tender is under way to replace four 
monitoring agencies. 
The terms of reference are similar to those for the previous procedure (13 May 1987, OJ 
C 127/87, p. 2), but take extensive account of experience gained. Prequalification 
continues to be the basis for short-listing applicants. 
The essential criterion is the establishment of the monitoring company in the recipient 
countries, to the exclusion of any activity carriecl out simply by means of a local 
correspondent. 
3>k 
Proportion of food aid allocated to emergencies 
Tonnage 
Standard aid 
Year 1992 1 488 702 Annex . 1 
Emergency aid 
198,351 
1991 1 391 474 279,962 
1990 1 529 113 107,784 
2000 / 
1500 
o o p 
SPlOOO c 
o H 
500 
0 
Year 1992 1991 1990 
m Standard aid Emergency aid 
ANNEX 2 BUDGET SITUATION - (ECU million) 
| BUDGET 1992 
| INITIAL ALLOCATION a 
| TRANSFERS b 
| 26/3/92 
j 11/9/92 
| 24/9/92 • 
| 27/11/92 
| 30/11/92 
| TOTAL APPRJDPWAT.LOAS..c=a+b 
| TAKE-UP ..d 
| TYPE OF APPROPRIATION 
| TYPE OF EXPENDITURE 
(AVERAGE PRICE OF COMMITMENT 2000 
ŒR 
88.200 
22.000 
110.200 
110.200 
0.000 
DA 
CE 
119 2005 
ŒR 
43.350 
-4.000 
15.500 
54.850 
54.850 
0.000 
DA 
N-CE 
120 2010 
MILK 
POWDER 
58.600 
4.000 
22.000 
84.600 
84.600 
0.000 
DA 
N-CE 
1596 2015 
BO 
10.600 
-0.629 
1.000 
10.971 
10.969 
0.002 
DA 
N-CE 
1828 2020 
SUGAR 
2.800 
0.629 
3.429 
3.429 
0.000 
DA 
N-CE 
297 | 2030 
VEG. 
OIL 
41.000 
1.890 
42.890 
42.890 
0.000 
DA 
N-CE 
613 2040 
OTHER 
48.000 
0.410 
48.410 
48.410 
0.000 
DA 
N-CE 
1 2050 
TRSPT 
214.000 
214.000 
214.000 
0.000 
DA 
N-CE 2060 | 2070 
MCNTT RESERVE 
5.600 1220.000 
1 
1.800 
7.400 
7.400 
0.000 
NDA 
N-CE 220.000 
220.000 
0.000 
NDA 
N-CE | 
1 
1 2071 | 2090 
STORAGE JSUBST 
6.000 
-3.300 
2.700 
2.686 
0.014 
DA 
N-CE 3.000 
-1.800 
1.200 
1.200 
0.000 
NDA 
N-CE 8726 
MINI 
0.893 
0.893 
0.893 
0.000 
NDA 
N-CE 
1 TOTAL 
742.043 
0.000 
0.000 
0.000 
0.000 
59.500 
801.543 
801.527 
0.016 
1 1 vyo 
U 
Source: SINCOM / VIII/B/l 
& 
programme 1992 situation ± 30-06-1993 ANNEX 3 
REGION 
SAHEL COUNTRY 
ORGANlZ'VTION CEREALS MILK POWDER BUTTEROIL VEGETABLE OIL SUGAR OTHER PRODUCTS' 
WEST 
AFRICA 
CENTRAL 
AFRICA 
EAST 
AFRICA 
HORN OF 
AFRICA 
SOUTHERN 
AFRICA 
JDIAN OCEAN 
PACIFIC 
CARIBBEAN 
MEOITERAf 
LATIN 
AMERICA 
ASIA 800 PLANNED ALLOC PLANNED ALLOC PLANNED ALLOC PLANNEDALLOC. PLANNED ALLOC PLANNED ALLOC 
(tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (tonnes) (ECU III) (ECU-m) 
CAPE VERDE 9.000 9.000 eoo 
BURKINAFASO 
MALI 
MAURITANIA 
NIGER 
SENEGAL 
CHAD 
CAMERC ON 
GHANA 
LIBERIA 
SIERRA LEONE 
SAO TOME 
ZAIRE p.m 
p.m 
BURUNDI 
KENYA 
RWANDA 
TANZANIA 
ZAMBilA 
DJIBOUTI 
ETHIOPI A 
SOMALI A 
SUDAN 
ANGOLA 
BOTSWANA 
LESOTHO 
MALAWI 
MOZAMBIQUE 
ZIMBABWE 5.000 
5.000 
5.000 
25.000 
22.000 
10.000 
5.000 5.000 
5.000 
5.000 
25.000 
22.000 
10.000 
5.000 500 
2.000 500 
2.000 
750 750 1 000 1 000 
COMOROS 
MADAGASCAR 7.200 
10.COO 7.200 
10.000 200 200 100 100 
GUYANA 
GRENADA 
HAITI 
DOM. REP. 
EGYPT 
JORDAN 
LEBANON 
MOROCCO 
TUNISIA 
BOLIVIA 
HONDURAS 
NICARAGUA 
PERU 
ECUADOR 
EL SALVADOR p m 
p m 
120 000 
15.000 
15.000 
19.700 
1.700 120.000 
15.000 3,000 3.000 
600 600 
15.000 1.000 1.000 
19.700 1.125 1.125 
1.700 180 180 
p.m 8.000 
400 
2.500 
2.650 
180 8.000 
400 
2.500 
2.650 
180 1 000 
0500 
2 100 
0 130 1 000 
0500 
2.100 
0 130 
BANGLADESH 
CAMBOCIA 
CHINA 
INDIA 
NEPAL 
PAKISTAN 
SRI LANKA 
YEMEN 140.000 140.000 
15.000 
pm 15.000 5.000 
pm 5.000 
p m 
p m 
INDIRECT 
AID UNHCR 
EURONAID 
ICRC 
WFP -
WFP -
WFP -
IFRC 
UNRWA REGULAR 
IEFR 
PRO 19.560 
256.000 
85.000 
159.546 
90.000 
180.000 
10.000 
6.270 19.560 
256.000 
85.000 
159.546 
90.000 
180.000 
10.000 
6.270 1.417 
15.031 
380 
7.500 
1.500 
500 
3.927 1.417 
15.031 
380 
7.500 
1.500 1.000 1.000 
500 
3.927 •584 
12.200 
6.451 
5.460 
5.500 
9.000 
1.500 
1.921 564 
12.200 
6.451 
5.480 
5.500 
9.000 
1.500 
1.921 3.000 
600 
5.000 
16 
2.924 3.000 
600 
5.000 
16 
2.924 1 348 
13600 
3 355 
2860 
2000 
6.500 
1 000 
5500 1 348 
13600 
3 355 
2860 
2000 
6500 
1 000 
5500 
: TOTAL STANDARD 1.220.976 1.220.976 51.360 51.360 6.000 6.000 60.516 60.516 11.540 11.540 40 893 40 893 
EMERGENCIES 164.124 164.124 1.640 1.640 9.484 9.484 6931 6931 
TOTAL AID 1.385.100 1.385.100 53.000 53.000 6.C00 6.000 70.000 70.000 11.540 11.540 47.824 47824 
PROG. QUANTITY 1.385.100 1.385.100 53.000 53.000 6, 
"BALANCE a ô n n 800 6.800 70.000 70.000 11.540 11.540 
800 800 48.000 
0.176 46 000 
0.176 
programme 1992 situation at 30-06-1993 
BREAKDOWN INTO STANDARD AID, EMERGENCIES, SUBSTITUTION, STORAGE AND COFINANCING 
PRODUCT : CEREALS MILK BUTTEROIl VEG. SUGAR OTHER SUSTITUTION STORAGE CO-FINANCING 
POWDER OIL PRODUCTS 
(TONNES) (TONNES) (TONNES) (TONNES) (TONNES) (ECU m) (ECU m) (ECU m) ECU m) 
ALLOCATIONS 1,385,100 53,000 6,000 70,000 11,540 47.8238 1.200 2.686192 5.000 
OF WHICH 
- STANDARD AID 
- EMERGENCIES 1,220,976- 51,360 6,000 60,516 11,540 40.893 
164,124 1,640 0 9,484 0 6.931 0.000 2.686 
TOTAL 
QUANTITIES 
PROGRAMMED 1,385,100 53,000 6,800 70,000 11,540 48.000 3.000 6.000 5.000 
BALANCE 
% OF PROGRAMME 0 0 800 0 0 0.176 
0.00% 0.00% 11.76% 0.00% 0.00% 0.37% 1.800 3.314 
60.00% 55.23% 0.000 
0.00% 
•z. 
m x 
%e ANNEX 4/2 
PROGRAMME 1992 MOBILIZATION SITUATION AT 30/6/93 
OVERALL SITUATION 
ALLOCATION 
DECIDED MOBILIZATION 
REQUESTED : ACTUAL : DELIVERY TQ TOTAL 
: STAGE : BEING 
: REQUESTED : EXECUTED BALANCE 
CEREALS 
Direct aid : 
Indirect aid: 430,212 : 
954,888 : 87,075 : 
99,931 : 21,774 : 
25,886 : 122,300 : 
648,131 : 
TOTAL 1,385,100 : 187,006 47,660 : 231,149 : 
773,948 : 
770,431 : 1,005,097 : % BEING 
EXECUTED 
199,063 
180,940 
380,003 53.7% 
81.1% 
72.6% 
MILK POWDER 
Direct aid : 
Indirect aid: 
TOTAL : 21,105 : 
31,895 : 
53,000 : 3,180 
2,325 
5,505 200 : 
1,656 : 
1,856 : 15,000 : 
25,880 : 
40,880 : 18,380 : 
29,861 : 
48,241 : 2,725 : 
2,034 : 
4,759 : 87.1% 
93.6% 
91.0% 
BUTTEROIL 
Direct aid : 5,000 : 
Indi rect aid: 1,000 : 
TOTAL 6,000 0 : 
0 : 
0 : 0 : 
0 : 
0 : 0 
444 
444 0 : 
444 : 
444 : 5,000 : 0.0% 
556 : 44.4% 
5.556 : 7.4% 
VEGETABLE OIL 
Direct aid : 
Indirect aid: 
TOTAL : 19,965 
50,035 
70,000 13,605 : 
2.971 : 
16,576 2,850 : 
2,827 : 
5,677 2,800 : 
37,774 : 
40,574 19,255 
43,572 
62,827 710 : 96.4% 
6,463 : 87.1% 
7.173 : 89.8% 
SUGAR 
Direct aid : 0 
Indirect aid: 11,540 
TOTAL : 11,540 0 : 
884 : 
884 : 0 : 
0 : 
0 : 0 : 
10,040 : 
10,040 : 0 
10,924 
10,924 0 : 0.0% 
616 : 94.7% 
616 : 94.7% 
MOB.92 
ST-
ANNCX 5/1 
RECIPIENT COUNTRY 
ALGERIA 
ANGOLA 
BANGLADESH 
BENIN 
BHUTAN 
BOUV1A 
BOTSWANA 
BURKINA FASO 
BURUNDI 
CAMEROON 
COMOPOS 
COTE D'IVOIRE 
CUBA 
EGYPT 
ETHIOPIA 
GAMBIA 
CUINEV-BISSAU 
GUINEA 
EQUATORIAL GUINEA 
HONDURAS 
JORDAN 
KENYA 
LESOTHO 
LEBANON 
MALAWI 
MAROCC0 
MAURITANIA 
MAURITIUS 
MOZAMBIQUE 
NAMIBIA 
NEPAL 
NIGER 
UGANDA 
PAKISTAN 
RWANDA 
SENEGAL 
SUDAN 
TANZANIA 
CHAD 
TUNISIA 
VIETNAM 
YEMEN 
ZAMBIA 
ZIMBABWE 
TOTAL BODY: WFP REGULA^^s:;-
CEREALS MILK POWDER 
14,237 
140 
21.065 
2.68S 
4.350 
2,000 
3.514 
9.700 65 
380 
250 
33 
1.000 
2.142 BUTTFR OIL 
1.211 
176 
170 
263 
290 VEG. OIL' I SUGAR 
130 
65 
250 
40 
35 
674 
74 
32 
83 
293 OTHER -PRODUCTS 
640 
90 
200 
144 
230 
761 
350 
320 
400 
750 
~T78ÔT = Fril 7nh 
^ 
ANNGX 5/2 
RECIPIENT COUNTRY 
ALGERIA 
ANGOLA 
BANGLADESH 
BOTSWANA 
CAMBODIA 
ERITREA 
ETHIOPIA 
GUINEA-BISSAU 
KENYA 
LESOTHO 
MADAGASCAR 
MAURITANIA 
MOZAMBIQUE 
NAMIBIA 
UGANDA 
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. 
RWANDA 
SOMALIA 
SUDAN 
SRI LANKA 
YEMEN 
ZAIRE 
ZIMBABWE 
TOTAL BODY: WFP IEFR ;: 
CEREALS iMILK POWDERtunmsn. 
31.954 
4,000 
38.840 
630 
20,670 
3.000 
5,000 
30.000 
33.976 
3.366 
5,000 
194.954 324 
218 
2.400 VEG. OIL 
135 
216 SUGAR OTHER PRODUCTS 
360 
1.000 
3.5O0 
121 
3.840 
1,733 
350 
2.000 
15.079L-FCII fi.nSml 
yt> 
*NN£> 5/3 
RECIPIENT COUNTRY 
ALGERIA 
ETHIOPIA 
KENYA 
LIBERIA 
MALAWI 
MOZAMBIQUE 
UGANDA 
PAKISTAN 
RWANDA 
SENEGAL 
SOMALIA 
SUDAN 
SWAZILAND 
TANZANIA 
ZAIRE 
ZIMBABWE 
TOTAL BODY: WFP PRO 
CEREALS MILK POWDER! 
24,000 
46.854 
15.000 
4.000 
50,000 
2.692 
2.000 
15.000 BUTTER OIL VEG. OIL 
3.000 
500 
3.000 
2.000 
335 SUGAR 
1.942 
884 
1.800 OTHER PRODUCTS 
4.500 
627 
9.4SO 
260 
361 
328 
18.036 1=1-U) b.i)l4 
ANNEX 6 
RECIPIENT COUNTRY 
ALGERIA 
BANGLADESH 
BOTSWANA 
DJIBOUTI 
GUINEA 
KENYA 
MAURITANIA 
NIGERIA 
RWANDA 
SUDAN 
THAILAND 
YEMEN 
ZIMBABWE 
RESERVE 
TOTAL BODY: UNHCR 
CEREALS 
19,560 
19,560 MILK POWDER 
126 
484 
365 
20 
294 
77 
254 
1,620 VEGETABLE OIL I SUGAR 
170 
400 
584 OTHER PRODUCTS 
443 
100 
72 
75 
150 
25 
164 
ECU 150000 
1,029 (= ECU 1.348 m) 
(//J. 
ANNEX: 7 
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOs) 
List of countries in which aid was distributed by NGOs 
ACP countries Asia 
Angola 
Benin 
Burkina Faso 
Burundi 
Central African Republic 
Chad 
Comoros 
Congo 
Dominica. 
Dominican Republic 
Djibouti 
Ethiopia 
Gambia 
Ghana 
Guinea-Bissau 
Haiti 
Kenya 
Côte d'Ivoire 
Liberia 
Madagascar 
Malawi 
Mali 
Mauretania 
Mozambique 
Niger 
Rwanda 
Sao Tome & Principe 
Senegal 
Sierra Leone 
Somalia 
Sudan 
Tanzania 
Togo 
Uganda 
Zaire 
Zambia 
Zimbabwe Bangladesh 
India 
Pakistan 
Vietnam 
Nepal 
Afghanistan 
Cambodia 
Central America 
El Salvador 
Guatemala 
Nicaragua 
Cuba 
South America 
Bolivia 
Brazil 
Chile 
Ecuador 
Peru 
Mashreq 
Egypt 
Jordan 
Lebanon 
Maghreb 
Algeria 
Tunisia 
qL 
NGOs through which food aid was distributedi 
Caritas Netherlands 
OIKOS 
Ass. Aide au Tiers Monde 
Cinterad 
Caritas Belgium 
SOS Sahel International 
Secours Catholique Français 
SOS Boîte de lait Belgique 
Catholic Relief Services 
Centro Aiuti Mondial! 
Oxfam Belgium 
Prosalus 
Caritas Germany 
Concern 
Lutheran World Federation 
World Vision of Britain 
Caritas Italy 
Protos 
Appel Détresse 
Ass. De Beneficencia Luso 
Hilfe in Not 
Save the Children Fund 
SOS faim 
Eng Breck met Latain Amerika 
Terre des Hommes France 
Secours Populaire Français 
Help Care Germany 
Cath. Agency for Overseas Dev 
Dutch Interchurch Aid 
Goal 
Int. Christian Relief 
Oxfam UK 
OMOS - Comide 
Action Children Aid 
Gem. Ziir Forderung Sozial-Med. 
Somedi 
World Council of Churches 
Christian Aid 
Trocaire 
Caritas Spain 
Caritas Denmark 
Punto di Fraternità 
Société St-Vincent de Paul 
Action Aid 
Funndacio Int. Olof Palme 
Reggio Terzo Mondo 
Care Britain 
Deutsche Welthunger Hilfe 
Diakonisches Werk der EKD 
Madreselva 
Codespa 
Medico 
Fonds voor Ontwikkeling Samenwerking 
Cebemo 
ANNEX 8 
RECIPIENT COUNTRY 
BOLIVIA 
CAMBODGIA 
ETHIOPIA 
GUYANA 
HONDURAS 
KENYA 
MALAWI 
MOZAMBIQUE 
PARAGUAY 
URUGUAY 
STILLTO BE MOBILIZED 
TOTAL BODY: IFRC 
CEREALS 
11,500 
3,250 
6,750 
13,500 
35,000 MILK POWDER 
180 
50 
100 
50 
120 
500 VEGETABLE OIL 
410 
970 
120 
1,500 SUGAR 
16 
16 OTHER PRODUCTS (ECU) 
337,386 
662,614 
•1,000,000 
ANNEX 9 
BODY: ICRC 
RECIPIENT COUNTRY CEREALS MILK POWDER VEGETABLE OIL SUGAR OTHER PRODUCTS 
MALI 330 44 
MOZAMBIQUE 28,620 2,616 4,765 
RWANDA 1,845 1,209 
SOMALIA 79,205 4,366 4,000 
SYRIA 80 
TO BE MOBILIZED 300 
TOTAL 110,000 380 7,026 9,974 (= ECU 3.855 m) 
ANNEX 10 
RECIPIENT COUNTRY 
ISRAEL 
JORDAN 
LEBANON 
S AR 
SYRIA 
TOTAL BODY: UNRWA 
CEREALS 
3,393 
868 
1,387 
283 
340 
6,270 MILK POWDER 
2,296 
.91 r 
581 
278 
218 VEGETABLE OIL SUGAR 
4,284 1,221 
257 
377 
77 
105 1,513 
530 
578 
155 
148 
2,037 2,924 OTHER PRODUCTS 
1,872 
763 
573 
0 
206 
3,414 (= ECU 6.03 m) 
-L 
programme 1992 situation at 30-06-1993 ANNEX 11 
EMERGENCY AID 
C0UNTRY/0RG CEREALS MILK POWDER BUTTEROIL VEG. OIL SUGAR OTHER VALUE 
(TONNES) (TONNES) (TONNES) (TONNES) (TONNES) (ECU m) (ECU m) 
WFP/CAMBODIA 
BOLIVIA 
IFRC/CAMBODIA 
WFP/ETHIOPIA 
NGOA/ARIOUS 
WFPA/ARIOUS 
ICRCMOZ 
IFRC ZIMB ZAM 
UNHCR BURMA 
EL SALVADOR 
ZAMBIA 
WFP/MADAGASCAR 
NG0/WFP__KENYA 
NGO - NIGER 
UNHCR-YEM 
UNRWA-LEB 
MOZAMBIQUE 
ICRC-SOMALI A 
ICRC-MOZ 
IFRC-MALAWI 
TOTAL 13,000 
612 
11,500 
5,000 
36.000 
28,954 
3,000 
11,000 
1,558 
15,000 
10,000 
15,000 
13500 
164,124 45 
900 
126 
135 
77 
357 870 
85 
3,650 
1,708 
575 
480 
1.000 
1.000 
116 0.950 
0.030 
2.035 
1.590 
0.500 
0.075 
0.500 
0.650 
0.071 
0.530 
1,640 9,484 6.931 5.117 
0.263 
3.105 
1.350 
14.752 
12.304 
0.960 
0.459 
0.214 
1.300 
0.800 
1.460 
2.970 
0.721 
0.131 
1.230 
4.050 
2.700 
4.050 
3.645 
61.581 
SUBSTITUTION AID (ECU m) 
MALI STORAGE AID (ECU m) 
1.200 UNHCR - DJIBOUTI 0.105 
ICRC - HORN OF AFRICA 0.076 
UNHCR-SIERRA LEONE 0.051 
UNHCR-GUINEA 0.099 
NGO -MOZAMBIQUE 0.107 
ECUADOR 0.029 
UNHCFV SUDAN 0.019 
WFP/ANGOLA 0.400 
WFP/SOUTHERN AFRICA 0.291 
WFP/LESOTHO 0.179 
FAO/BOLIVIA 0.032 
NGO /ETHIOPIA 0.269 
FAO 0.355 
PERU 0.400 
UNHCPv/KENYA 0.274 
TOTAL 1.200 TOTAL 2.686 
qy 
ANNEX 12 
B7-5011 
COFINANCING FOR THE PURCHASE OF FOOD PRODUCTS OR SEEDS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES OR NON-GOVERNMENIAL;ORGANIZATIONS 
PROGRAMME 1W<T 
SITUATION AT 
DECISION 
H/391/92 
H/2160/92 
50604 
50603 31.10.93 
AMOUNT 
ECU 2 000 000 
ECU 1 500 000 
ECU 1 000 000 
ECU 500 000 DISTRIBUTION 
EURONAID 
EURONAID 
ICRC 
EURONAID 
TOTALS- ECU 5 000 000 BUDGET ECU 5 000 000 
DETAILS OF INDIVIDUAL 
REFERENCE 
00V 
002 
003 
004 
005 
006 
007 
008 
009 
010 
011 
012 
013 
014 
015 
016 
001/ICRC 
017 
018 
019 
020 
021 
002/ICRC AMOUNT 
ECU 305 420 
ECU 101 779 
ECU 749 616 
ECU 332 360 
ECU 58 852 
Cancelled 
ECU 114 993 
ECU 163 580 
ECU 159 028 
ECU 168 956 
ECU 324 657 
ECU 16 441 
ECU 79 254 
ECU 56 892 
ECU 116 744 
ECU 93 504 
ECU 504 788 
ECU 94 517 
ECU 106 681 
ECU 470 558 
ECU 160 084 
ECU 326 084 
ECU 436 006 
ECU 4 940 794 PROJECTS 
COUNTRY 
TANZANIA 
ANGOLA 
ERITREA 
ANGOLA 
CAMBODIA 
ZIMBABUE 
CHILE 
PHILIPPINES 
ERITREA 
ETHIOPIA 
ZAIRE 
INDIA 
INDIA 
PHILIPPINES 
INDIA 
INDIA 
RUANDA 
KENYA 
INDIA 
ERITREA 
INDIA 
INDIA 
MOZAMBIQUE PRODUCT 
WHITE MAIZE 
BEANS 
SEED FOR: 
MAIZE 
BEANS 
LENTILES 
OIL 
SEED FOR: 
MAIZE 
BEANS 
POTATOES 
SEED FOR: 
RICE 
VARIOUS 
FLOUR 
SUGAR 
OIL 
MILK POWDER 
OATS 
UHEAT GROATS 
MILK POWDER 
BJÎÉD FISH TINNED 
PRODUCTS 
SUGAR 
LENTILES 
LENTILES 
MAIZE 
RICE 
MANIOC 
GROUND NUTS 
RICE 
LENTILES 
OIL 
RICE 
RICE 
RICE 
DAL 
RICE 
SEED FOR: 
CEREALS 
BEANS. 
TOOLS 
SEED FOR: 
CEREALS 
BEANS: 
TOOLS 
RICE 
LENTILES 
OIL 
MILK POWDER 
WHEAT 
RÏEEET 
SUGAR 
LENTILES 
OIL 
SEED 
HOES TONNAGE 
1000 
125 
120 
60 
1200 
600 
100 
35 
300 
530 
1670 
65 
30 
18 
60 
2 
2 
8 
164 
27 
55 
11 
750 
750 
1275 
300 
300 
150 
62 
16 
5 
500 
270 
420 
130 
650 
700 
700 
157 
10 
580 
630 
300 
130 
1250 
460 
75 
16 
250 
30 
792 70000 
7920 
18000 
17839 

'"•O ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(94) 552 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN ii 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-94-579-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-83079-4 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg