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Brussels, 19.11.1997 
COM(97) 502 final 
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J11 * TEMPUS 
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Tacis 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Page 
1. INTRODUCTION 9 
1.1. The origins of Tempus 9 
1.2. Tempus I and II 9 
2. MAIN FEATURES OF TEMPUS 11 
2.1. Strategy: bottom-up approach with top-down orientation 11 
2.2. Projects 12 
Tempus Phare... 12 
Tempus Tacis 13 
2.3. Management of the Programme 14 
2.4. Monitoring 14 
2.5. Budget 15 
3. PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENTS IN 1996 17 
General 17 
3.1. Council Decision on Tempus II Bis 17 
3.2. Exploitation of outputs 17 
Tempus PJiare 19 
3.3. New countries in Tempus Phare 19 
3.4. Management of JEPs 19 
Tempus Tacis 19 
3.5. New countries in Tempus Tacis 19 
3.6. Management of projects 19 
0&-5-
3.7. National Priorities 20 
3.8. Compact Projects 20 
3.9. Monitoring visits 20 
4. THE 1996 SELECTION ROUNDS 21 
4.1. Overall Tempus budget 21 
4.2. Tempus Phare budget 22 
4.3. Tempus Phare actions 23 
4.3.1. Joint European Projects 23 
4.3.2. Joint European Networks (JENs) 25 
4.3.3. Compact Measures (CMEs) 25 
4.3.4. Individual Mobility Grants (IMGs) 25 
4.4. Tempus Tacis Budget 26 
4.5. Tempus Tacis selection procedure 28 
4.6. Tempus Tacis actions 28 
4.6.1. Pre-JEPS and JEPs 28 
4.6.2. Compact Projects (CPs) 30 
5. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 31 
ANNEX 1 - THE TEMPUS PROGRAMME: OVERALL STATITICS 33 
ANNEX 2 - FACT SHEETS: TEMPUS PHARE COUNTRIES 37 
ANNEX 3 - FACT SHEETS: TEMPUS TACIS COUNTRIES 51 
- 6 -
GLOSSARY 
of the most commonly used expression and abbreviations, 
and references to their appearance in the text 
CME 
Council Decision 
CP 
(the) Foundation 
IMG 
JEN 
JEP 
Monitoring 
National Priorities 
NCP 
New Independent States 
NTO 
(the) Phare Programme 
Pre-JEP 
RBAP 
Selection 
TIP Compact Measure (Tempus Phare) 
on Tempus I, Tempus II and Tempus II Bis 
Compact Project (Tempus Tacis) 
European Training Foundation in Turin 
(Italy) 
Individual Mobility Grant (Tempus Phare) 
Joint European Network (Tempus Phare) 
Joint European Project (Tempus Phare and 
Tacis) 
National Contact Points (in EU Member 
States) 
National Tempus Office (in Tempus Phare 
partner countries) 
Preparatory Joint European Project 
(Tempus Tacis) 
Revised Budget and Activity Plan 
Tempus Information Point (in Tempus 
Tacis partner countries) See 
2.2, 3.3, 4.3.3 
1.2,3.1 
2.2, 3.8, 4.6.2 
2.3, 2.4, 3.2, 3.9 
2.2, 3.3, 4.3.4 
4.3.2 
2.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 
3.9,4.3.1,4.6.1 
2.4, 3.9 
2.1,3.7 
2.3 
1.2,2.2,3.2,3.7 
2.1, 2.3, 2.4 
1.1, 1.2 
2.2, 2.4, 4.6.1 
2.4 
2.1,4 
2.3, 2.4 
TOP Tempus Output Promotion 3.2 

1. INTRODUCTION 
1.1. The origins of Tempus 
The political events of 1989 and 1990 in Central and Eastern Europe had a dramatic 
impact on the European Community. The Member States individually and 
collectively found themselves facing unprecedented challenges to the established 
philosophy and procedures in external relations. From the outset there was no 
doubt in the urgency of making an appropriately rapid and effective response to 
these challenges. Quick action needed to be taken to strengthen the emerging 
democracies and capitalise on this unexpected opportunity to redirect the future of 
Europe. 
Aiming for an integrated global response, the European Community sought to 
provide a comprehensive framework for the provision of practical assistance and 
expertise to help the countries concerned restructure their economies and political 
systems. An overall programme of assistance was agreed by the Council of 
Ministers in December 1989. Known as Phare1, it provided the framework for 
Community assistance to the economic and social reform processes in Central and 
Eastern Europe. 
The partner countries themselves identified higher education and training as one of 
the priority areas for trans-European cooperation. From an early stage a number of 
assistance programmes in the field of education were embedded within Phare. In 
January 1990 the .Commission submitted to the Council and the European 
Parliament its plans for the creation of a new Phare programme specifically 
designed to meet the higher education needs of Central and Eastern Europe. This 
was the starting signal for Tempus. 
1.2. Tempus I and II 
The Council adopted Tempus on 7 May 1990, for an initial pilot phase of three years 
beginning on 1 July 1990. A later Council Decision extended the pilot phase for one 
year, until the end of June 1994. Initially 3 countries were involved in the scheme: 
Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. This number increased with the years as 
illustrated in Figure 1. During 1996 the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as 
well as Bosnia and Herzegovina entered the Tempus Phare Programme as new 
eligible countries. 
At that time Phare stood for "Pologne, Hongrie: Assistance à la Restiucturation Economique". The 
current full name is "Phare-Community programme for assistance for economic restructuring in 
the countries of Central and Eastern Europe". 
- 9 -
The Council Decision adopting the second phase of the Tempus Programme 
(Tempus II) was taken on 29 April 1993 2. This decision meant the continuation of 
support for the existing partner countries and the geographical extension of the 
Programme's activities to the new republics of the former Soviet Union (the New 
Independent States) and Mongolia. Projects in these countries - with the exception 
of the Baltic States- were funded from the overall Tacis budget, the European 
Union (EU) initiative fostering the development of harmonious and prosperous 
economic and political links between the European Union and the New 
Independent States and Mongolia. Preparatory activities in Belarus, the Russian 
Federation and the Ukraine already commenced in 1993. .Where necessary this 
report will make a distinction between Tempus Phare' and Tempus Tacis'. 
Tempus I 
1990 1991 1992 1993 Tempus II 
1994 1995 1996 
Phare 
Albania 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Bulgaria 
Czech Republic 
Former DDR 
Estonia 
Hungary 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
Poland 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Former Yugoslavia 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 
Tacis 
Armenia 
Azerbaijan 
Belarus 
Georgia 
Kazakhstan 
Kyrgyztan 
Moldova 
Mongolia 
Russian Federation 
Tajikistan 
Turkmenistan 
Ukraine 
Uzbekistan 
Fig. 1: Phare and Tacis country participation in Tempus between 1990 and 1996 
OJ N° L112/34, 6 May 1993. 
-10-
2. MAIN FEATURES OF TEMPUS 
2.1. Strategy: bottom-up approach with top-down 
orientation 
Strategically speaking Tempus mainly follows what is called a bottom-up approach. 
Support concentrates on innovation at the base of the university-pyramid, i.e. in the 
departments and faculties and not at central planning level. The rationale behind 
this approach is the assumption that reform will be less easily accepted when 
imposed through hierarchical structures. Project initiation and management at 
departmental and faculty level also increase the sense of ownership over projects. 
Finally, the Programme as a whole is more likely to correspond to the reform needs 
on the "shop floor". 
In recent years several special actions have added a top-down aspect to the 
Programme in areas where the steering of activities was felt necessary. Current 
examples include the Tempus Phare Compact Measures and the Tempus Tacis 
Compact Projects. 
Another way in which the scope of the programme under Tempus II has been 
controlled in a more top-down manner is the restriction of project activities to 
specific areas: the 'National Priorities'. These annually reviewed listings reflect the 
needs in the current phase of the overall socio-economic development of each 
specific partner country. They are jointly identified by the national authorities and 
the Commission and published in the Guide for Applicants. By using the priorities as 
one of the selection parameters, Tempus has been able to continue to develop 
greater relevance to the specific processes of reform in each partner country while at 
the same time giving applicants guidance in their efforts. In recent years the 
national priorities are less focused on academic subject areas but address more 
structural issues instead. In this way the national priorities have become 
instrumental for gradually reinforcing the top-down element in the Tempus 
Programme. This evolution is demonstrated by: 
• the direct link between Tempus national priorities and the pre-accession 
strategy for those Phare partner countries with which the EU has signed 
Association Agreements ; 
• the fact that the national priorities are directly complementary to legislative 
reform processes in higher education ; 
• the emphasis on institutional development and innovative management 
practices at universities which are listed in the national priorities of all the 
partner countries; 
• the national priorities focus on the structural approach in curriculum 
development, course accreditation and credit transfer issues. 
- 11 -
The top-down orientation was further promoted during 1996 with the organisation 
of 2-day training seminars which took place in several Phare partner countries and 
organised by qualified EU expert organisations in collaboration with the respective 
National Tempus Offices (NTOs). The Academic Cooperation Association (ACA) 
organised 2-day training seminars on 'Academic Accreditation and Credit Transfer' 
in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. The European Centre for Strategic 
Management of Universities (ESMU) held training seminars on 'University 
Management and Autonomy' in Hungary and Romania and on 'University 
Financial Management' in Slovenia. 
2.2. Projects 
Tempus supports cooperation projects between EU Member States and partner 
countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the New Independent States and Mongolia 
in the field of higher education. To this end the Programme regularly calls for 
proposals for a variety of project types. 
Tempus Phare 
In the Phare countries the majority of Tempus activities take place within Joint 
European Projects (JEPs). A JEP is a multi-lateral cooperation project between 
recognised higher education institutions from at least two countries in the EU and 
one of the partner countries. Universities from other G24 countries, Malta and 
Cyprus as well as enterprises from all countries concerned can also participate as 
associated partners. The maximum duration of a JEP is three years. 
A second category of project, and an area of increasing importance, is the Compact 
Measures, or CMEs. Compact Measures replaced Complementary Measures in 
1996. They aim to increase Tempus' impact on the organisational and administrative 
aspects of higher education. CMEs are typically short (one- or two-year) projects. 
The Compact Measures scheme consists of three strands: 
• Strand 1, focusing on institutional restructuring and university management 
development. This category is subdivided into: 
0 la. Preparatory studies. 
0 lb. Implementation of previous findings. 
• Strand 2, focusing on dissemination of Tempus or other project results. 
• Strand 3, focusing on policy development at national authority level. 
i? 
Finally, Tempus awards Individual Mobility Grants (IMGs) in the Phare countries. 
Through these, individual (ad hoc) visits of higher education staff, senior Ministry 
officials and education planners from East to West and vice-versa can be funded. 
Types of activity are organised into three groups, each with a specific time limit: 
• Course and materials development (1 week to 3 months) 
• Staff development (1 week to 3 months) 
• Activities to support the development of higher education (1 week to 1 month). 
Tempus Tacis 
Tempus Tacis supports Joint European Projects (JEPs) similar to those under 
Tempus Phare, apart from the number of project partners which is subject to a 
minimum of two and a maximum of three participating EU institutions and only 
one partner in the Tacis countries per JEP. 
Tempus Tacis JEPs are preceded by pre-JEPs. These are projects intended for 
preparatory contact, mobility, and other activities and are a compulsory first step 
before a proposal for a 'full-size' JEP can be submitted. The fixed duration of a pre-
JEP is one year. The ensuing JEP has to be carried out with the same group of 
partners as featured in the pre-JEP (possibly expanded with a third EU partner). 
Not all pre-JEP consortia are awarded a subsequent JEP grant. 
Compact Projects (CPs), the third type of Tempus Tacis project, were introduced in 
the reporting year. They address precisely defined, short-term needs. Activities 
must focus on university administration, the development of the national higher 
education system or the improvement of external relations (with universities or 
other parties in the international community, the national education system, or in 
the local economic and social field). 
Tempus Tacis features no Individual Mobility Grants. 
The Tempus Tacis project structure is currently being reviewed for implementation 
from 1997 onwards. 
- 13 -
2.3. Management of the Programme 
For the implementation of the scheme, the Commission is assisted by a 
management committee composed of two representatives appointed by each 
Member State and chaired by a Commission representative. The management 
committee is referred to as the Tempus Committee. 
Technical assistance for the implementation of the programme is provided by the 
Tempus Department of the European Training Foundation in Turin following the 
guidelines of the European Commission Directorate-General XXII in Brussels. 
In the Phare countries the Foundation is assisted by the National Tempus Offices 
(NTOs). They are the programme's main links to the national authorities of Central 
and Eastern Europe and perform parts of the day-to-day administration of the 
Programme. 
In the Tacis partner countries a network of Tempus Information Points (TIPs) has 
been established in order to ensure appropriate support on the spot. They assist 
with the implementation of the Tempus Programme by disseminating information 
about the Programme, providing information on the status of higher education in 
the partner countries and giving practical support to project operators. 
In the EU Member States designated National Contact Points (NCPs) assist with 
the dissemination of programme information, project submission guidelines and 
forms, and general support through, amongst others, the organisation of workshops 
and coordinators' meetings. 
2.4. Monitoring 
Following the revision of all Tempus monitoring procedures, an overall monitoring 
policy was adopted in 1995 and implemented during 1996. Three types of 
monitoring at the disposal of the programme management were identified and 
instructions on their usage were defined. 
In the new monitoring policy emphasis is put on the improvement of preventive 
monitoring by increasing transparency of procedures and improving dissemination 
of information. Complementing the traditional means of preventive monitoring 
(e.g. monitoring letters and workshops) a hot-line for project contractors compiling 
Annual Reports and Revised Budget and Activity Plans (RBAPs) opened in 
September 1996 and electronic means of information dissemination were put in 
place. In addition, all Tempus project contractors received a Tempus Management 
Handbook and explanatory leaflets ('the Tempuzzle') in which the contractual and 
administrative terms of Tempus projects are clarified in simple terms and project 
contractors are provided with practical hints for efficient project management. 
- 14 -
Through desk monitoring the performance of projects is assessed in terms of 
progress, organisation and financial management. The RBAPs, Annual and Final 
Reports and regular correspondence are the main tools used for desk monitoring. 
The progress of projects is also followed through field monitoring in the form of 
site visits. Under Tempus Phare a full programme of monitoring visits is agreed 
with all NTOs each year. Visits are carried out by NTO staff together -when 
possible - with staff of the Foundation. Following each visit, recommendations are 
made for follow-up and feedback is given to the project partners. Tempus Tacis 
monitoring visits to JEPs are carried out by the Tacis Monitoring and Evaluation 
Team, based on information supplied by the Foundation Programme Manager. For 
pre-JEPs and Compact Projects the TIPs carry out monitoring visits, again joined by 
Foundation staff whenever possible. 
The monitoring visits provide a valuable opportunity to assess the impact of 
Tempus actions at an institutional level and, if applicable, to judge the 
appropriateness of Tempus policy within the institution concerned. 
2.5. Budget 
Two factors determine the total budget available for Tempus activities: 
• the national Phare and Tacis budgets, which are determined annually by the 
Commission; 
• the proportion of Phare or Tacis funds which each of the national authorities 
allocates for Tempus activities. 
Every year each partner country decides how much of its total Phare or Tacis 
budget it wishes to allocate to Tempus activities. From this amount of money newly 
selected projects are funded for the whole of their duration even if they extend into 
the next year(s). This mechanism is referred to as pluri-annual funding. Thus a 1996 
budget of ECU 600 000 could fund e.g. two new ECU 300 000 projects for three 
years instead of only the first year of six similar projects. This is to safeguard 
continuity in the operation of three-year projects. It also offers contractors more 
flexibility in managing their projects, allowing them to carry over certain 
proportions of the funds available for one year to a subsequent year where 
appropriate. 
-15-
Budget evolution Phare (in MECU) 
Budget evolution of Tempus allocation and percentage of global Phare budget 
1990 
irtHiiW filin 11 
ALB 
Tempus & 
proportion m 1.2 5% m 2.5 8% -m 2.4 6% 88 
3.5 4% lis 
9.6 5% 
BG 
Tempus & 
proportion 75 87.5 90 85 m 420.5 
7% 9% 15 17% 12 14% 12 14% 52 12% 
CZ 
Tempus & 
proportion 22.6 
2.5 11% 66 
6 I 9% 66.6 60 60 110 385 2 
10 15% 13% 5.5 9% 7% 40 10% 
EE 
Tempus & 
proportion 10 22.5 68.5 
1 10% 1.5 13% 1.5 7% 1.5 6% 5.5 8% 
H 
Tempus & 
proportion 89.8 
6.2 \ 7% 119.5 
12 j 10% 98.5 
16 j 16% 100 
16 j 16% 85 92 584.8 
16 19% 16 17% 82.2 14% 
LV 
Tempus & 
proportion 15 18 29.5 32 5 95 
1.5 10% 11% 7% 6% 7.5 
LT 
Tempus & 
proportion 20 25 39 42 126 
1.5 8% 2.5 10% 5% 3.5 9.5 8% 
PL 
Tempus & 
proportion 180.8 197 200 225 209 174 1185 8 
22.4 7% 13.5 7% 26 13% 35 16% 35 17% 30 17% 151.9 13% 
RO 
Tempus & 
proportion 104 
10 ! 10% 126 
13 j 10% 130 
18 \ 14% 100 
12 i 12% 66 
18 \ 27% 526 
71 ! 13% 
SLO 
Tempus & 
proportion 10 24 25 68 
2.3 26% 3.5 35% 2.5 10% 2.6 10% 10.9 16% 
SK 
Tempus & 
proportion 11.3 
1.2 \ 11% 33 
9% 33.3 
5 j 35% 40 
5 i 13% 40 
5 \ 13% 46 
5 \ 11% 203.6 
24.2 \ 12% 
Sub-total 
Total Tempus 3045 
22.3 7% 594.5 
403 8% 690.9 
$&£ 12% 740 
109 j 15% 736 
ms 13% 782.5 
tmt tm> 3 848.4 
4643 %2% 
Regional funds 
Former DDR 
Yugoslavia 
Overhang' funds 
Baltics &ALB 0.9 
-15 
6 12.5 10.25 37.75 
0.9 
6 
9.9 
Total Tempus 23.2 70.5 m 129.15 95.9 102.1 518, E3 
16 -
3. PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENTS IN 1996 
General 
3.1. Council Decision on Tempus II Bis 
Following positive recommendations in a 1995 external evaluation and moreover 
the need to consolidate and complete the restructuring of Phare countries higher 
education systems, the Council of Ministers decided on 21 November 1996 to 
amend Decision 93/246/ EEC (adopting Tempus II) in order to extend the original 
four year period by two years to continue until 30 June 2000 3. No major technical 
changes are foreseen for the period between 1 July 1998 and 30 June 2000 but 
activities complementing those of other European mobility programmes will be 
increasingly emphasised in those Phare countries with which the EU signed 
Association Agreements regarding access to Socrates and Leonardo. 
In the near future the associated Phare countries (10) will start their participation in 
the Socrates Programme. In this perspective, Tempus activities in these associated 
Phare countries will be reoriented within the existing technical and operational 
framework. Academic preferences for Tempus will be exclusively focused on fields 
in direct relation to European integration and EU pre-accession and the Tempus 
national priorities will be directed, besides to the requirements for accession, to the 
structural conditions for successful academic mobility within Socrates. 
3.2. Exploitation of outputs 
In 1995, the Commission together with the Foundation's Tempus Department, 
launched the Tempus Output Promotion (TOP) project in an effort to maximise the 
(added) value of the Tempus Programme through the analysis and dissemination of 
its achievements. The objectives are different for the two identified phases of the 
project. 
The first phase - the largest part of which was in 1996 and concerned mostly 
Tempus Phare - focused on the analysis of Tempus' impact in fields which will be 
of strategic importance in the years to come. Different teams of experts carried out 
five studies in the following fields: 
• University Management 
• University - Enterprise Cooperation 
3 OJ K ' L306/36, 28 November 1996. 
17 -
• Student Opportunities 
• National Higher Education Reform 
• Mutual Benefits ('From assistance to cooperation'). 
The analyses provided too rich a sample of recommendations for future 
developments to discuss in this context. They will be published in eariy 1997. On 
the basis of the research carried out for the studies a start was made with the 
production of a series of handbooks for project participants and the academic 
community in general. 
The second phase of TOP started in late 1996 and will focus on the development of 
mechanisms to disseminate outputs of the Tempus Programme. Already in the 
reporting year a database with the results of all finished Tempus JEPs was 
established. Additionally, the first part of a large set of information sheets, the 
Tempus at Work series, was prepared for printing in late 1996. The series will, 
amongst others, feature: 
• general Tempus, Tempus Phare, and Tempus Tacis sheets; 
• separate sheets on the roles of all countries (EU and partner countries) involved 
in Tempus; 
• separate sheets on all current Tempus Tacis JEPs; 
• • summary sheets of the results of the above mentioned analyses; 
• sheets on Tempus activity in specific subject areas. 
For 1997, a number of handbooks related to issues important to the pre-accession 
phase of the associated Phare partner countries is to be produced. The production of 
these handbooks will build upon the analyses and experiences from the first phase 
of TOP within Tempus Phare (university management, and university enterprise 
cooperation). Additionally, a handbook on dissemination and sustainability of 
Tempus project results is foreseen. These three handbooks will be produced by 
expert teams in close collaboration with the Commission and the Foundation. 
TOP Tacis started in 1996 and has been developed on the basis of the experience of 
TOP Phare and in close cooperation with Tempus Phare. Under Tempus Tacis, TOP 
aims at feeding directly into the current activities of the Tempus Programme in the 
New Independent States and Mongolia. TOP Tacis activities in the start up phase 
included: a database with concrete outputs of all current Tacis JEPs to be formatted 
into an Output Compendium and the Tempus at Work sheets covering Tacis JEPs and 
countries which will be made available as a tool for publicity. 
18 
Tempus Phare 
3.3. New countries in Tempus Phare 
In 1996 both Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Former Yugoslav Republic of 
Macedonia became eligible for support through Tempus. The Commission prepared 
a number of immediate measures for 1996 to quickly integrate them into the Tempus 
Programme. A call for 'Pre-Tempus Compact Measures' in 1996 resulted in 10 project 
proposals for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7 of which were approved during a special 
selection round. 
Two MECU was made available for special 1996 actions in the Former Yugoslav 
Republic of Macedonia. A call was made for East-West IMGs aimed at establishing 
contacts. Thirty-one Individual Mobility Grants were finally awarded. A National 
Tempus Office was successfully established in Skopje. Preparations for a Tempus 
Office for Bosnia and Herzegovina are being made and hopefully the recruitment of 
staff should take place at the beginning of 1997. Full participation of both countries 
will commence in 1997. 
3.4. Management of JEPs 
In 1996 Bulgaria was added to the list of countries whose partner institutions can 
act as JEP contractors. As a result, this construction was applied in 6 out of the 
22 new JEP proposals accepted for funding in 1996. In 1996 Albania and the Baltic 
States were the only Phare countries for which this construction was not yet 
accepted. The Baltic States will become eligible for JEP contractorship in 1997. 
Tempus Tacis 
3.5. New countries in Tempus Tacis 
The central Asian countries of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan became eligible for 
support through the Tempus Tacis Programme in 1996. A call for applications for 
Tempus projects was made in both countries. For Tajikistan applications for 10 pre-
JEPs and 1 Compact Project were submitted. For Turkmenistan 5 Pre-JEP proposals 
were received. Due to the fact that by the end of 1996 a decision had yet to be taken 
on the size of the total budgets available for both countries projects did not 
commence in the reporting year. 
3.6. Management of projects 
In Tempus Tacis JEPs only EU partner universities can take on the role of 
contracting and coordinating institutions. 
-19 
3.7. National Priorities 
Until now one set of priorities for Tacis projects was used for all countries in the 
New Independent States and Mongolia. In 1996 the Commission introduced 
separate priority subject listings for all countries individually. These priorities, 
details of which can be found in the annexes to this report, were published after 
ratification by the national authorities. Only projects complying v/ith these 
priorities were considered for funding in the 1996 selection rounds. 
3.8. Compact Projects 
In 1996 Tempus Tacis introduced Compact Projects as a means to support self-
contained and targeted actions responding to precisely defined, short-term needs. 
Activities must focus on university administration, the development of the national 
higher education system, or the improvement of external relations (with 
universities or other parties in the international community, the national education 
system, or in the local economic and social field). 
Proposals for CPs may be submitted by consortia which include EU institutions with 
relevant experience in the New Independent States and Mongolia and a sound 
knowledge of the local context. The maximum duration of a CP is 18 months. CP 
grants can be awarded up to ECU 80 000 and cannot be followed by a subsequent 
Joint European Project. 
3.9. Monitoring visits 
As from 1996, the Commission has adopted a new approach for the field 
monitoring of current JEPs. Tempus Tacis monitoring visits to Joint European 
Projects are now carried out by the Tacis Monitoring and Evaluation Team. The 
required information is provided by the Foundation. 
The objective of field monitoring is to evaluate the progress of project activities 
towards the achievement of the objective and to provide assistance to the project 
consortium in order to improve project performance from an implementation point 
of view. In addition, the potential sustainability of results is evaluated, especially 
for projects in their final year, and options for better coordination with other 
Tempus or Tacis projects are indicated. 
Each project is visited at least once in its life by the Monitoring and Evaluation 
Teams. A second visit may be carried out if the first indicated serious problems 
which need to be followed up. 
In 1996, twenty-two visits to JEPs which started in 1994 were carried out. 
-20-
4. THE 1996 SELECTION ROUNDS 
4.1. Overall Tempus budget 
The Central and Eastern European national governments allocated a total amount 
of MECU 83.05 to Tempus Phare activities in 1996. For the countries participating in 
Tempus Tacis this figure was MECU 20.5 4. The table below (Figure 2) shows how 
the amounts compare to those of earlier years. 
1996 
1995 
1994 
1993 
1992 
1991 
1990 129,2 
1 r 1 r 1 1 1 
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 H Tacis 
• Phare 
Fig. 2: Tempus allocations between 1990 and 1996 in MECU 
4 This figure only refers to the following Tacis countries: Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, 
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mongolia and Uzbekistan. See 4.4. 
- 21 -
4.2. Tempus Phare budget 
The total amount available in 1996 for Tempus activities in the Phare countries was 
MECU 83.5. Figure 3 shows a breakdown of this figure into the respective national 
allocations for Tempus activities in 1996. The average per year for each country 
since participation is added for comparison. 
Fig. 3: Tempus funds in MECU per Phare partner country in 1996 compared 
with the average per year since inclusion in the scheme. 
Note: The average figures for Slovenia, as well as for the 
Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic are the 
averages since these countries became independent. 
The budgets for Bosnia and Herzegovina and the 
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia cover not 
only 1996 but also 1997. 
- 22 -
4.3. Tempus Phare actions 
4.3.1. Joint European Projects 
JEP applications are,.considered for support through a cooperative decision making 
process which consists of several different stages. This selection process is 
illustrated in Flowchart 1 overleaf. 
Results of the 1996 JEP selection round 
During the second quarter of 1996 the selection of Joint European Projects to start in 
September of that year took place. The results of that selection round are given in 
the table below. The 1995 figures are included for comparison. 
Number of new JEP proposals received 
Number of new JEPs proposed for funding 
Success rate 
Average JEP grant allocated 
Number of JEPs renewed in 1995/96 
Total number of JEPs supported in 1995/96 1995 
916 
229 
25% 
ECU 375 649 
247 
485 1996 
611 
183 
30% 
ECU 348 561 
455 
638 
Out of the 611 applications received, 474 complied with the national priorities and 
of those 183 were proposed for funding. 
Compared with last year there has been a decrease of 30% in the number of 
applications received. The percentage of applications complying with the priorities 
has remained stable at around 77%. The decrease in the number of applications 
varies considerably from countiy to country, ranging from 8% in Romania to 50% in 
the Czech Republic. The narrow priorities defined for each countiy and the 
expectations created by the prospect of access to other EU programmes are possible 
explanations for this decrease. 
In comparison with 1995 the success rate has increased. The 183 applications proposed 
for approval this year represent 30% of the total number of applications received 
and 39% of those complying with the priorities. These figures were of 25% and 30% 
respectively for the 229 applications approved last year. With less applications in 
competition the budget restrictions have had only a limited impact. 
Statistical data on country participation, subject distribution and a breakdown of 
details per country can be found in the annexes to this report. 
23-
Joint selection procedure and technical implementation in 1996 
Priority 
setting 
Technical 
implementation 
First stage: 
priority evaluation 
Second stage: 
quality evaluation 
Final decision 
Notification National authorities, in agreement with the Commission, define 
priorities for action and objectives to be reached by Tempus. These 
are published and dispatched to all interested. 
Identification of applications respecting priorities. 
BiBBiBBBi SBSBB BSBHff 
Technical quality assessment of 
the applications in priority areas. Assessment of academic 
relevance and quality of 
applications in priority areas by 
partner countries' academic 
experts. 
Identification of projects in three different lists: 
1. projects potentially proposed for funding 
2. projects potentially proposed for reserve list, to funded if budget allows 
3. projects for expert meeting where specific experts' advice is sought 
mmimm^é&iM^^mÈ&mm^^mMÉMmmm^m wmmmmmmmmmmEES 
Expert meeting of EU and partner countries' academic experts 
under the chairmanship of the Commission. 
mmeM^Mm*ti&mimw-&mm>Mmïmkm*»M mmmmmmhmum 
Final decision on the proposed projects by the Commission after 
consultation of the partner country authorities. 
Notification of the results to the applicants. 
Flowchart N° 1 
- 24 
4.3.2. Joint European Networks (JENs) 
The Joint European Network action - allowing the most successful completed Joint 
European Projects to maintain their networks over a period of up to two years with 
an emphasis on the dissemination of results - was discontinued in 1996. A part of 
their role has been taken over by the new Compact Measures. However, 46 projects 
approved in 1995 entered their second and last year of operation in 1996. 
4.3.3. Compact Measures (CMEs) 
The selection process for CMEs is split up into two stages. The first stage of the 
assessment process, dealing with the quality assessment of the projects, is carried 
out by the NTOs. The second stage, a review of all NTO assessments, is carried out 
by the Foundation following guidelines agreed with the Commission. 
Results of the 1996 CME selection round 
First selection round (June 1996)* 
Number of applications 
Number of applications supported 
Success rate 
Total budget 
Average size of grant 126 
68 
48% 
ECU 2 552 260 
ECU 37533 
CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
4.3.4. Individual Mobility Grants (IMGs) 
In 1996, the selection of all East-West mobility was carried out by the NTOs. They 
were also responsible for the payment of the corresponding grants. In addition, the 
West-East IMGs to Poland were selected by the NTO in Warsaw. The remaining 
part of the selection process was carried out by the Foundation following guidelines 
agreed with the Commission. National conditions and preferences included in the 
Guide for Applicants formed part of the selection criteria for the Individual Mobility 
Grants. 
- 25 
Results of the 1996 IMG selection round 
There were two selection rounds for IMGs, one in February and one in June. The 
results were as follows: 
First selection round (February 1996) 
Number of applications 
Number of applications supported 
Success rate 
Total budget 
Average size of grant 851 
546 
64% 
ECU 1 411 560 
ECU 2 585 
Second selection round (June 1996) 
Number of applications 
Number of applications supported 
Success rate 
Total budget 
Average size of grant 951 
574 
60% 
ECU 1 363 030 
ECU 2 375 
An additional 31 East-West IMGs were awarded to staff from the Former Yugoslav 
Republic of Macedonia in late 1996. These have not been included in the above 
tables. For statistical details on the 1996 IMGs, please refer to the annexes to this 
report. 
4.4. Tempus Tacis Budget 
In 1996 all Tacis countries apart from the Russian Federation and the Ukraine 
started to receive their Tacis funding for Tempus activities on a biennial basis. As 
funding is released at different points during the two-year budget period, only the 
budgets for the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, 
Georgia, Mongolia and Uzbekistan were approved before the end of the reporting 
year. New projects in Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and 
Tajikistan could not therefore commence before 1997. 
As a direct result of the new two-year financing structure, money has to be set aside 
for the next academic year in order to fund JEPs emanating from pre-JEPs which 
were financed in 1996. In Georgia and Azerbaijan funds were so limited that only 
full scale JEPs could be supported in 1996. 
The budget figures used in this report refer only to the actual allocation to Tempus 
activities in 1996. These figures do not include any carry over to 1997 of funds in 
order to finance JEPs emanating from pre-JEPs which were financed in 1996. 
- 26 
The total Tempus allocation for 1996 was MECU 19.4. Figure 4 shows a breakdown 
of this amount into the respective national allocations for Tempus activities in 1996. 
The Tempus allocation for each country for 1995 is added for comparison. 
Fig. 4: Tempus funds in MECU per Tacis country, 1995 and 1996 figures. 
Note: Due to the biennial funding construction no funds for 
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and the newly 
included partner countries, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan 
have been released yet. They have therefore not been 
included in this chart. 
The availability of Tacis funds differed from country to country in comparison with 
1995. The Russian Federation's Tempus budget dropped from MECU 11.575 to 
MECU 7.8, whereas funds in the Ukraine increased from MECU 3.83 6 in 1995 to 
MECU 4.9 in 1996. 
5 The Tempus budget of the Russian Federation in 1995 consisted of an allocation of MECU 9 from 
the national budget and of MECU 2.57 from the Inter-State budget. 
6 The Tempus budget of Ukraine in 1995 consisted of an allocation of MECU 3 from the national 
budget and of MECU 0.83 from the Inter-State budget. 
- 27 
4.5. Tempus Tacis selection procedure 
For Tempus Tacis projects, a two stage selection cycle was employed (see 
Flowchart 2 overleaf). The first stage, carried out by the Foundation, focused on the 
formal and technical aspects of the applications: number and eligibility of partners, 
compliance with priority areas, project management, financial issues, feasibility of 
project objectives and strategy. During the second stage, the academic relevance of 
shortlisted projects was assessed by senior academic experts from the EU and partner 
countries. Based on the results of the two stages a list of projects proposed for 
funding was drawn up. The final decision was made by the European Commission. 
4.6. Tempus Tacis actions 
4.6.1. Pre-JEPS and JEPs 
A total number of 241 pre-JEP applications was received for the 1996 call for 
applications, 59 of which were selected for support. Forty-five applications 
concerned the 5 countries for which the budget had not yet been approved by the 
end of 1996. Thirty-one applications did not comply with the national priorities 
and, therefore, were not considered for funding. For the remaining 165 applications 
the success rate was 35.7%. Compared with 1995 there was a large drop (45%) in the 
number of pre-JEP applications. 
This is attributed to two main factors: 
1. The priority effect. In 1996, the Commission in agreement with the national 
authorities of the partner countries established country specific priority areas 
for each partner country. This policy has focused the Tempus Tacis Programme 
on a smaller number of priority disciplines. The first consequence of this 
decision has been the reduction in the number of applications and, on the other 
hand, a better imbedding of Tempus in the national Tacis programmes of the 
partner countries. 
2. The Compact project effect. In 1996, a new project type was introduced, the 
Compact Project. As a result, some potential pre-JEP applications became 
Compact project applications. 
Number of pre-JEP proposals received 
Number of pre-JEPs proposed for funding 
Success rate 
Average pre-JEP grant allocated 1995 
435 
87 
20% 
ECU 43,600 1996* 
241 
59 
35.7% 
Please note that the data only refers to projects involving Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, 
Mongolia, Russian Federation, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. 
28 -
General overview of the Tempus Tacis project selection in 1996 
Priority 
setting Partner country ministries and European Commission define 
priority subject areas at national level. These are published and 
dispatched to all interested parties. 
Receipt of project applications by the given deadline. 
Technical 
implementation Control of formal eligibility. 
Tecluiical quality assessment of all formally eligible applications, 
including priority conformity check. 
Academic assessment of all formally eligible applications by EU 
and partner country academic experts. 
Jt,MM«!Mffl 
Meeting between the Foundation, technical assessors 
and academic experts under the European 
Commission's chairmanship. 
Consultation with relevant authorities in the partner countries. I 
mmmmmMBm 
Identification of projects to be distributed in two different lists: 
1. projects potentially proposed for funding 
2. projects potentially proposed for reserve list, to be funded if budget allows 
s3@ 
Final decision 
Notification Final approval by the European Commission on 
projects to be funded. 
ÉitWèiiii'ii^iirfTHiiagtrî 
Notification of the results to the project applicants. 
Flowchart N° 2 
-29-
In response to the 1996 call for JEP applications, 83 out of the 87 consortia carrying 
out a pre-JEP in 1995/96 submitted a proposal for a full-scale project. Of these, 26 
were awarded a JEP grant. Disregarding the 11 applications which focused on 
support to the group of countries for which the budget had not yet been approved, 
this represents a success rate of 36.1%. To allow for comparison, the figures for 
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and - for 1996 -Tajikistan and Turkmenistan 
have not been included in the table below. Hence, the figures refer only to Armenia, 
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Mongolia, Russian Federation, Ukraine and 
Uzbekistan. 
Number of new JEP proposals received 
Number of new JEPs proposed for funding 
Success rate 
Average JEP grant allocated 
Number of JEPs renewed from '94 and '95 
Total number of JEPs running 1995 
95 
31 
32.6% 
ECU 612 200 
26 
51 1996* 
72 
26 
36.1% 
ECU572384 
59 
85 
* Please note that the data refers only to projects involving Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, 
Mongolia, Russian Federation, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. 
In the new pre-JEPs, progress towards a balance in country participation can be 
observed. Seventeen French, 19 British, and 19 German universities are now active 
in pre-JEP consortia. Southern European involvement rose sharply as did the 
involvement of Finland, Sweden and Austria. 
Reflecting the priorities of previous years, university management and European 
languages are the dominating subjects in the current JEPs. In the new pre-JEPs, 
however, law and the environmental sciences are better represented. Economics is a 
popular subject both in JEPs and in pre-JEPs. 
In 1996, 111 higher education institutions in the 8 partner countries for which 
projects were funded were involved in a Tempus Tacis project, out of which 
73 participated in a Joint European Project or a Compact Project. Overall, until 1996, 
131 higher education institutions in the above mentioned eight countries had 
benefited from a Tempus project grant. 
4.6.2. Compact Projects (CPs) 
A total of 65 applications for the new Compact Projects were received, 14 of which 
were targeted at the five countries for which the budget had not yet been approved 
by the end of 1996. For the other countries 22 proposals were awarded a Tempus 
grant. This represents a success rate of 43%. 
30-
For further statistical details, please refer to the annexes to this report. 
1996* 
Number of CP proposals received 
Number of CP proposed for funding 
Success rate 
Average CP grant allocated 51 
22 
43% 
ECU 60,000 
Please note that the data refers only to projects involving Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, 
Mongolia, Russian Federation, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. 
5. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 
Tempus Tacis Projects management handbook, in EN, FR and DE 
Catalogue N°: 
C2-92-95-091-DE-C 
C2-92-95-091-EN-C 
C2-92-95-091-FR-C ISBNN°: 
92-827-5477-4 
92-827-5478-82 
92-827-5479-0 
Tempus Phare Guide for applicants - Academic year 1997/98, in 11 languages 
Catalogue N°: 
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-
C2-95-96-091-ES-C 
DA-C 
DE-C 
GR-C 
•EN-C 
•FR-C 
IT-C 
NL-C 
PT-C 
FI-C 
SV-C ISBNN°: 
92-827-6768-X 
92-827-6769-8 
92-827-6770-1 
92-827-6771-X 
92-827-6772-8 
92-827-6773-6 
92-827-6774-4 
92-827-6775-2 
92-827-6776-0 
92-827-6777-9 
92-827-6778-7 
3. Tempus Phare - Tempus Outputs Promotion, 5 studies in EN, FR and DE: 
1) Impact of Tempus on Institutional Management 
2) Tempus Contribution to University-Enterprise Cooperation 
3) Tempus Student Mobility 
4) The Impact of Tempus on National Reform 
5) Mutual Benefits of Tempus project partnerships 
Catalogue N°: none ISBN N°: none 
-31 -
4. Tempus Phare Compendium - Academic year 1996/97, in EN (introduction in 
DE, EN and FR) 
Catalogue N°: ISBN N°: 
C2-02-96-359-3A-C 92-827-92036-X 
5. Tempus Tacis Compendium - Academic year 1996/97, in EN (introduction in 
DE, EN and FR) 
Catalogue N°\ ISBNN°: 
C2-02-96-424-3A-C 92-9157-045-1 
Tempus Annual report 1994/95, in 11 languages 
Catalogue N°: ISBNN°: 
C2-95-96-487-ES-C 92-827-7035-4 
C2-95-96-487-DA-C 92-827-7036-2 
C2-95-96-487-DE-C 92-827-7037-0 
C2-95-96-487-GR-C 92-827-7038-9 
C2-95-96-487-EN-C 92-827-7039-7 
C2-95-96-487-FR-C 92-827-7040-0 
C2-95-96-487-IT-C 92-827-7041-9 
C2-95-96-487-NL-C 92-827-7042-7 
C2-95-96-487-PT-C 92-827-7043-5 
C2-95-96-487-FI-C 92-827-7044-3 
C2-95-96-487-SV-C 92-827-7045-1 
7. Tempus at Work, in EN 
8. Tempus leaflet, in 11 languages. 
-32-
Annex 1 
The Tempus Programme: Overall statistics 
Tempus Phare 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MEÇU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from partner countries 
Staff to partner countries 
Students from partner countries 
Students to partner countries 
Number of JENs supported 
of which new 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from partner countries 
to partner countries Tempus I 
1990-1993 
320.38 
272.16 
37.75 
10.9 
750 
42,467 
15,762 
9,864 
14,645 
2,196 
138 
6,864 
5,257 
1,607 1994 
95.9 
95.9 
464 
239 
19,550 
7,551 
5,927 
5,061 
1,011 
38 
38 
25 
1,369 
1,207 
162 Tempus II 
1995 
102.1 
102.1 
485 
229 
16,641 
6,718 
5,542 
3,653 
728 
112 
83 
100 
• 1,271 
1,271 
.1 1996 
83.5 
83.5 
638 
183 
21,991 
8,956 
6,523 
5,392 
1,120 
129 
46 
68 
1,120 
1,021 
99 Total 
601.88 
553.66 
37.75 
10.9 
1,401 
100,649 
38,987 
27,856 
28,751 
5,055 
167 
331 
10,624 
8,756 
1,868 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures 
Tempus Tacis 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
Number of partner countries involved 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Staff mobility within Pre-JEPs 
Staff mobility within JEPs 
Students mobility within JEPs 
Number of Compact Projects 
supported 
Number of partner country 
universities involved in JEPs Tempus I 
1990-1993 
3,45 
3 
74 
1,421 1994 
21,944 
7 
76 
28 
1,174 
586 
156 lempus II 
W95 
23,994 
11 
87 
59 
31 
1,304 
916 
95 
51 1996 
20,543 
8 
59 
85 
26 
1,027 
1,198 
91 
22 
64 Total 
69,931 
296 
85 
4,926 
2,700 
342 
22 
Exceptionally, for 1995/96 only requests for East-West grants were supported. 
-33 -
Annex 1 
Tempus Phare JEP distribution by country in 1996/97 
Country involvement 
EU Member States 
Austria 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
Spain 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 
Partner countries 
Albania 
Bulgaria 
Czech Republic 
Estonia 
Hungary 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Poland 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Other G24 
Canada 
Iceland 
Norway 
Switzerland 
USA 36 
45 
22 
34 
72 
77 
26 
15 
45 
51 
23 
37 
30 
107 New JEPs in 1996/97 
Number I % (*) 
19.7 
24.6 
12 
18.6 
39.3 
42.1 
14.2 
8.2 
24.6 
27.9 
12.6 
20.2 
16.4 
58.5 
2.2 
12 
6 
3.3 
15.3 
2-.7 
6 
30.6 
16.4 
7.1 
2.2 
0.5 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 4 
22 
11 
6 
28 
5 
11 
56 
30 
13 
4 81 
183' 
89 
65 
277 
311 
111 
93 
199 
2 
193 
100 
152 
83 
398 All JEPs running in 1996/97 
Number I % (*) 
12.7 
28.7 
13.9 
10.2 
43.4 
48.7 
17.4 
14.6 
31.2 
0.3 
30.3 
15.7 
23.8 
13 
62.4 
2.4 
12.7 
7.1 
2.2 
16.6 
2.2 
3.8 
31.7 
13.9 
6.6 
2.5 
0.5 
0.3 
1.9 
1.6 
1.7 15 
81 
45 
14 
106 
14 
24 
202 
89 
42 
16 
3 
2 
12 
10 
11 
Total 183 100% 638 100% 
(*) The figures in this column indicate the percentage of projects in which the country in question appears. 
-34-
Annex 1 
Tempus Tacis Pre-JEP and JEP distribution 
by country in 1996/97 
Country involvement 
New Pre-JEPs and JEPs 
in 1996/97 All JEPs and Pre-JEPs running 
in 1996/97 
EU Member States 
Austria 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
Spain 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 
Partner countries 
Armenia 
Azerbaijan 
Belarus 
Georgia 
Kazakhstan 
Kyrgyzstan 
Moldova 
Mongolia 
Russian Federation 
Ukraine 
Uzbekistan Number 
7 
18 
6 
13 
30 
39 
13 
6 
18 
1 
23 
7 
14 
12 
41 
6 
2 
H 
3 
4 
48 
25 
8 % (*) 
6.5 
16.8 
5.6 
12.1 
28 
36.4 
12.1 
5.6 
16.8 
0.9 
21.4 
6.5 
13 
11.2 
38.3 
5.6 
1.8 
10.2 
2.8 
3.7 
44.8 
23.3 
7.4 Number 
7 
31 
10 
13 
55 
64 
15 
12 
28 
1 
33 
9 
26 
13 
66 
6 
2 
17 
3 
3 
1 
1 
4 
84 
34 
10 
Other G24 
USA % n 
4.2 
18.7 
6 
7.8 
33.3 
38.7 
9 
7.2 
16.9 
0.6 
20 
5.4 
15.7 
7.8 
40 
3.6 
1.2 
10.3 
1.8 
1.8 
0.6 
0.6 
2.4 
50.9 
20.6 
6 
0.6 
Total 107 100% 166 100% 
-35 -
Annex 1 
Tempus Phare JEP distribution by subject area in 1996/97 
Subiect area 
Humanities 
Social Sciences 
Management and Business 
Natural Sciences and Mathematics 
Applied Sciences and Technologies 
Art and Design 
Languages 
Other 
JEP+ Areas New JEPs 1996/97 
Number 
2 
23 
31 
8 
90 
1 
6 
22 % 
1.1 
12.5 
16.6 
4.3 
47.6 
0.5 
3.3 
14.1 All running JEPs 
Number 
17 
76 
114 
36 
301 
4 
25 
62 
3 /o 
2.7 
11.9 
17.9 
5.6 
47.1 
0.6 
3.9 
9.8 
0.5 
Total 183 100% 638 
The sub-groups under Applied Sciences and Technology are the following: 
Agricultural Sciences 29 
Health Sciences 38 
Environmental Sciences 52 
Information Technology 39 
Engineering and Technology 105 
Architecture and Urban planning 16 
Other 22 100% 
4.5 
5.9 
8.2 
6.1 
16.5 
2.5 
3.5 
Tempus Tacis Pre-JEP and JEP distribution 
by priority area in 1996/97 
Subiect area 
Humanities 
Social Sciences 
Management and Business (not focusing on 
University management) 
University Administration/Management 
Applied Sciences and Technologies 
Languages 
Other .New projects 
Number 
- 8 
32 
6 
28 
21 
5 
7 % 
7.3 
30 
5.5 
26 
19.5 
4.5 
6.5 Running proiects 
Number 
14 
57 
7 
42 
23 
16 
7 % 
8.4 
34.5 
4.2 
25.4 
13.9 
9.6 
4.2 
Total 107 100% 166 100% 
36 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Albania 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Albania 
Staff to Albania 
Students from Albania 
Students to Albania 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Albania 
to Albania Tempus I 
1990-1993 
6.19 
3.7 
0.09 
2.4 
13 
413 
171 
121 
115 
6 
226 
180 
46 1994 
2.4 
2.4 
17 
5 
452 
208 
161 
79 
4 
0 
2 
191 
182 
9 Tempus II 
1995 
3.5 
3.7 
13 
6 
445 
227 
176 
42 
0 
3 
10 
295 
295 1996 
2.5 
2.5 
15 
4 
415 
205 
153 
46 
11 
15 
138 
137 
1 Total 
14.59 
12.3 
0.09 
2.4 
28 
1,725 
811 
611 
282 
21 
3 
18 
850 
794 
56 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round. 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Albania 
In order for Tempus to complement the national 
higher education strategy, each year the national 
authorities meet with the European Commission in 
order to define Tempus priorities for the coming 
academic year. In the framework of the restructuring 
of the system of Higher Education in Albania, the 
national authorities have given priority to proposals 
in the following areas for 1996/97: 
° The further development of health care via the 
restructuring and updating of clinical health 
departments and restructuring the Faculty of 
Veterinary Science of the Agricultural University of 
Tirana. 
D The further development of educational sciences 
via restructuring the departments of elementary, 
primary and secondary school teacher training. 
D The restructuring of curricula in experimental 
physics and chemistry. 
D The development of university management. 
D The development of transport and civil engineering. 
a The restructuring of the Mineral Resources and 
Energy Departments in the Polytechnic University 
of Tirana. 
D Support for Trans-European networks for student 
mobility 0 Humanities and Social Sciences (Law and European 
Studies, Social and Economical Sciences). 
° Life Sciences (Natural, Environmental, Health Care 
and interdisciplinary sciences). 
Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
c 
13% 
A: Humanities 
B: Management and business 
C: Natural Sciences and Mathematics 
D: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
E: Teacher Training 
- 37 
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Bulgaria 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Bulgaria 
Staff to Bulgaria 
Students from Bulgaria 
Students to Bulgaria 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Bulgaria 
to Bulgaria Tempus I 
1991-1993 
30.63 
28 
2.63 
80 
3,093 
1,486 
835 
686 
86 
35 
564 
474 
90 1994 
12 
12 
59 
32 
1,863 
857 
682 
277 
47 
1 
7 
174 
155 
19 Tempus II 
1995 
12 
12 
57 
28 
1,815 
877 
638 
259 
41 
83 
9 
18 
143 
143 1996 
8 
8 
82 
22 
2,304 
1,139 
755 
372 
38 
98 
8 
6 
96 
82 
14 Total 
62.63 
60 
2.63 
162 
9,075 
4,359 
2,910 
1,594 
212 
18 
66 
977 
854 
123 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Bulgaria 
In order for Tempus to complement the national higher 
education strategy, each year the national authorities meet 
with the European Commission in order to define Tempus 
priorities for the coming academic year. In the framework 
of the restructuring of the system of Higher Education in 
Bulgaria, the 1996/97 Tempus priorities cover the 
following areas: 
1. Priorities related to the restructuring of the higher 
education system: 
° Restructuring of curricula and study programmes for 
Bachelor (4 years of study) and/or Master (minimum 
1 year of study) degree courses in accordance with 
the new national law for higher education. 
° Development of integrated education among Bulgarian 
universities based on joint inter-university education 
with joint curricula and study programmes. 
° Trans-European student exchange with attention to 
specific issues such as foreign language teaching and 
recognition arrangements for studies undertaken 
abroad in line with the European Credit Transfer 
System. 
2. Priorities related to strategic areas as identified within 
the Phare Programme: 
D Further development of specialisations at postgraduate 
level in strategic areas identified within the Phare 
Programme: economics and management in banking 
and finance, management in health-care, higher 
education and public services, medicine and strategic 
areas for European integration, especially European 
and comparative law, and European standardisation. CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round. 
The link between the Tempus priorities and the national 
reform process is evident. The new Law (in particular the 
introduction of the Bachelor degree) should produce more 
adaptable, less specialised graduates who will be better 
prepared for a fluctuating labour market. 
Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Humanities 
B; Social sciences 
C: Management and Business 
D: Mathematics 
E: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
F: Modern European Languages 
G: Others 
-38 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 
1. Budget: 
Total Pre-Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Staff to Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Students from Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Students to Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Number of institutions participating in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Bosnia and Herzegovina 
to Bosnia and Herzegovina 1996 
1.0 
1.0 
0 
0 Total 
1.0 
1.0 
0 
0 
CME figures for '96: only on special pre-Tempus selection round for Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
Pre-Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Bosnia and 
Herzegovina 
The Tempus programme will play an important role 
in the re-integration of Bosnian institutions into the 
European university community and thus assist in 
the normalisation of the relations with the rest of 
Europe, and within Bosnia and Herzegovina itself. 
The Phare programme has made 1 MECU available 
in 1996 for emergency measures to support the local 
universities and prepare them for regular participation 
in Tempus Phare in 1997. 
In the framework of a Phare project, part of these 
funds are used to re-equip the language centres and 
international offices of the local universities. The 
balance will be used for initial Tempus activities. The 
following priority areas have been formulated for 
Special Compact Measures. 
1. Training and support of university administrators 
and joint development of: 
D Short term development planning and strategic 
planning 
D Financial management systems for financial 
planning 
0 Human Resources Management 
° External relations and problem/conflict resolution 2. Projects for the Training of International Relations 
Officers in: 
D Project design and project management (in 
general, and also specifically related to Tempus) 
D Creating new international networks 
D Managing Student and Staff Mobility 
3. Training of university administrators (Rectors, 
Deans and International Office Staff) 
° Strengthening Foreign Language Departments 
in order to improve the capacity to prepare 
staff and students in future Tempus activities 
Preference was given to projects involving all unwersities 
of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The eligible universities are 
the University of Banja Luka, the University Centres of 
Mostar, the University of Sarajevo and the University of 
Tuzla. 
- 39 
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Czechoslovakia1 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Czechoslovakia 
Staff to Czechoslovakia 
Students from Czechoslovakia 
Students to Czechoslovakia 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Czechoslovakia 
to Czechoslovakia Tempus I 
1990-1992 
34.96 
27.70 
7.26 
145 
5,052 
1,969 
1,184 
1,634 
265 
53 
1,008 
785 
223 
Complementary Measures 
Covers only the period 1990-1992, before independence of the Czech and Slovak Republics. 
- 40 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Czech Republic2 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from the Czech Republic 
Staff to the Czech Republic 
Students from the Czech Republic 
Students to the Czech Republic 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from the Czech Republic 
to the Czech Republic Tempus I 
1993 
10.94 
8 
2.94 
81 
1,861 
691 
428 
612 
130 
240 
151 
89 1994 
5.5 
5.5 
41 
15 
1,624 
553 
522 
404 
145 
10 
83 
54 
29 Tempus II 
1995 
8 
33 
14 
1,184 
510 
381 
199 
94 
57 
13 
4 
59 
59 1996 
7.5 
7.5 
45 
11 
1,864 
772 
511 
417 
164 
65 
2 
7 
71 
62 
9 Total 
31.94 
.29 
2.94 
121 
6,533 
2,526 
1,842 
1,632 
533 
25 
22 
453 
326 
127 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for the Czech 
Republic 
In view of the Europe Agreement and the future 
participation in EU inter-university cooperation 
programmes, the Tempus priorities 1996/97 as 
negotiated between the national authorities and the 
European Commission, focused on projects which 
could develop a European dimension in Higher 
Education. 
Firstly, the following areas were pointed out: 
D Development of new curricula in EU legislation 
and European Law in some of the following topics 
(legislative processes; environmental law; 
legislation regarding patents and registered 
trademarks; consumer law); 
Q Priorities established within the Phare Programme: 
banking, international finance and insurance 
systems; Social work; Public Administration; 
Bachelor-type curriculum for training of school 
teachers. 
Secondly, the areas of development of internal 
quality evaluation systems and Mobility Projects 
aiming at the introduction of European credit 
Transfer System were earmarked. Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
22% 
A: Humanities 
B: Social sciences 
C: Management and Business 
D: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
E: Others 
2 For 1990-1992 see Fact sheet Czechoslovakia. 
- 41 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Estonia 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported , 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Estonia 
Staff to Estonia 
Students from Estonia 
Students to Estonia 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Estonia 
to Estonia Tempus I 
1992-1993 
4.63 
2.5 
0.03 
2.1 
.17 
330 
124 
98 
99 
9 
156 
126 
30 1994 
1.5 
1.5 
19 
13 
444 
146 
183 
106 
9 
0 
1 
62 
57 
5 Tempus II 
1995 
1.5 
1.5 
12 
4 
251 
114 
105 
31 
1 
12 
0 
2 
66 
66 1996 
1.8 
1.8 
14 
6 
168 
79 
73 
16 
17 
0 
1 
64 
58 
6 Total 
9.43 
7.3 
0.03 
2.1 
40 
1,193 
463 
459 
252 
19 
0 
8 
348 
307 
41 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Estonia 
In order for Tempus to be in compliance with a 
national higher education strategy, each year the 
national authorities meet with the European 
Commission in order to define Tempus priorities for 
the coming academic year. Applications for 1996/97 
had to fall within the following priority areas: 
° Introduce measures to achieve greater compatibility 
with EU universities, e.g. through Quality Assurance 
systems, academic credit transfer systems and/or 
courses taught in foreign languages. 
° Restructure university management systems. 
D Introduce information technology into Higher 
Education to underpin new teaching methods. Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Philosophy 
B: Social Sciences 
C: University Management 
D: Natural Sciences and Mathematics 
E: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
F: Music 
G: Others 
42 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
Staff to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
Students from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
Students to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
Number of institutions participating in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Tempus II 
1996 
2.0 
2.0 
0 
0 
31 
31 
0 Total 
2.0 
2.0 
0 
0 
31 
31 
0 
CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round. 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for the Former 
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 
In order to re-establish existing and establish new 
contacts, a special round for Individual Mobility 
Grants was announced for the end of October '96 for 
academic staff of the universities and for administrators 
and education planners from the Former Yugoslav 
Republic of Macedonia, in order to visit EU 
universities and organisations. 
Compact Measures: The following priorities have 
been identified as being of strategic and immediate 
importance for the development of higher education 
and to establish the framework for the future 
development of Tempus in the Former Yugoslav 
Republic of Macedonia. 
1. Study to assess the current application of information 
technology in higher education and to provide 
recommendations for further development, in 
particular in the areas of: 
D multimedia educational systems 
0 networks. 
The study should result in concrete recommendations 
for further development of these computer and 
communication technologies in higher education. Study to prepare for the restructuring of graduate 
and postgraduate studies in engineering and 
technology. Priority should be given to proposals 
covering: 
D mechanical engineering 
D electrical and electronic engineering 
D biotechnology. 
The study should include a labour market needs 
analysis and involve local industry. 
Study for development of a national strategy for 
financing higher education in the Former 
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. In view of the 
subject, the participation of the relevant national 
authorities is compulsory. 
Study to develop a mechanism for performance 
assessment of academic staff in order to achieve 
quality standards in teaching, research and 
management of the higher education process. In 
view of the subject, the participation of the 
relevant national authorities is compulsory. 
-43 
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Hungary 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Hungary 
Staff to Hungary 
Students from Hungary 
Students to Hungary 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Hungary 
to Hungary Tempus I 
1990-1993 
59.9 
50.2 
9.7 
204 
9,479 
3,005 
1,966 
3,845 
663 
73 
944 
581 
363 1994 
16 
16 
66 
41 
2,707 
1,009 
691 
819 
188 
63 
41 
22 Tempus II 
1995 
16 
16 
83 
38 
2,815 
1,073 
963 
602 
177 
115 
23 
28 
28 1996 
10 
10 
106 
28 
4,361 
1,633 
1,343 
1,071 
314 
148 
3 
2 
43 
25 
18 Total 
101.9 
92.2 
9.7 
311 
19,362 
6,720 
4,963 
6,337 
1,342 
34 
90 
1,078 
675 
403 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Hungary 
The Hungarian priorities for JEPs beginning in 1996/97, 
identified by the national authorities and the European 
Commission, required both compliance with an agreed 
institutional plan and action in certain specified disciplines, 
so as to achieve a comprehensive impact on the Higher 
Education system as a whole. 
Accordingly, the JEP proposal had to demonstrate either a 
significant impact on the development of an institution or, 
in the case of a project involving more than one national 
institution, on the quality of education in the chosen 
discipline; or coherence with Parliament's Decision on 
Higher Education Development. 
In die latter case, the important action areas envisaged by the 
Decision were summarised as being: the precise definition of 
levels of teaching in HE, and development of new teaching 
methods (e.g. shorter cycle courses, new types of post-
secondary education, distance education); increased emphasis 
on mechanisms for student exchange; preparation for the 
integration of the Hungarian "Universitas"; reaction to the 
needs of a changing society (university-enterprise cooperation, 
promoting public education); and teacher (re)training. 
In addition, the proposal had to operate within certain 
sectors which had been identified as priority areas: 
D To introduce European Studies into Higher Education 
(particularly in association with Law and Economics); 
0 To devise new curricula leading to the definition of new 
academic and professional profiles indispensable to the 
restructuring of the economy and the continuing socio­
economic transformations. Target areas for these new 
curricula were: Finance, Humanities and Law; Informatics 
and technology policy; regional planning and management; 
Genetic engineering; Quality management; and teacher CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
(re) training (with particular emphasis on primary and 
secondary education) (15 projects); 
° To establish Ph.D. programmes; 
0 To develop continuing education courses in collaboration 
with enterprises; 
0 To support Trans-European student mobility networks 
(especially ECTS); 
° To complement the work already being done by other 
Phare programmes; 
D To develop advanced teaching materials, in particular 
multimedia technology and distance education tools. 
Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Law 
B: Social Sciences 
C: Management and 
Business 
D: Natural Sciences and 
Mathematics E: Applied Sciences and 
Technologies 
F: Design 
G: Languages 
H: Others 
-44 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Latvia 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Latvia 
Staff to Latvia 
Students from Latvia 
Students to Latvia 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Latvia 
to Latvia Tempus I 
1992-1993 
6.2 
3.5 
2.7 
17 
589 
219 
140 
190 
40 
139 
94 
45 1994 
2 
2 
19 
6 
802 
260 
299 
202 
41 
0 
"2 
75 
71 
4 Tempus II 
1995 
13 
5 
389 
163 
152 
72 
2 
18 
0 
5 
75 
75 1996 
2 
2 
14 
5 
450 
215 
128 
91 
16 
23 
1 
3 
61 
56 
5 Total 
12.2 
9.5 
2.7 
33 
2,230 
857 
719 
555 
99 
1 
12 
350 
296 
54 
Complementary Measures or Compact Measures CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Latvia 
In order for Tempus to complement the national 
higher education strategy, each year the national 
authorities meet with the European Commission in 
order to define Tempus priorities for the coming 
academic year. Applications for 1996/97 had to fall 
within the following priority areas: 
a public health 
D engineering and agriculture 
a interdisciplinary studies in European literature, 
arts, history, philosophy and languages 
° creation of facilities for student exchange. Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Social Sciences 
B: Management and Business 
C: Natural Sciences and Mathematics 
D: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
E: Music 
F: Teacher Training 
45 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Lithuania 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Lithuania 
Staff to Lithuania 
Students from Lithuania 
Students to Lithuania 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Lithuania 
to Lithuania Tempus I 
1992-1993 
6.7 
4 
2.7 
16 
541 
225 
132 
154 
30 
147 
90 
57 1994 
2 
2 
20 
5 
660 
279 
167 
197 
17 
0 
4 
46 
42 
4 Tempus II 
1995 
3.5 
3.5 
18 
10 
602 
221 
214 
162 
5 
21 
2 
39 
39 1996 
3.5 
3.5 
24 
11 
492 
193 
149 
136 
14 
22 
1 
1 
42 
40 
2 Total 
15.7 
13 
2.7 
42 
2,295 
918 
662 
649 
66 
1 
14 
274 
211 
63 
Complementary Measures or Compact Measures CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Lithuania 
In order for Tempus to complement the a national 
higher education strategy, each year the national 
authorities meet with the European Commission in 
order to define Tempus priorities for the coming 
academic year. Applications for 1996/97 had to fall 
within the following priority areas: 
D student mobility and recognition; 
a foreign language training; 
D inter-faculty course cooperation; 
° continuing and post graduate education; 
° new courses in European Studies. 
The link between the Tempus priorities and national 
policies is evident. 
The emphasis on foreign language training, student 
mobility and European Studies point in the direction 
of Lithuania's commitment to entering into closer 
cooperation with the EU and preparing itself for 
future membership. The attention given to credit 
transfer and compatibility is essential for a relatively 
small country, where higher education institutions 
are naturally specialised while the degree of choice 
and efficiency in the education market must be 
ensured Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
F 
29% 
A: Social Sciences 
B: Management and Business 
C: Physics 
D: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
E: Languages 
F: Interdisciplinary and 
Multidisciplinary Studies 
-46-
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Poland 
1. Budget-
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Poland 
Staff to Poland 
Students from Poland 
Students to Poland 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Poland 
to Poland Tempus I 
1990-1993 
97.53 
86.9 
10.63 
248 
12,578 
4,393 
2,942 
4,616 
627 
76 
2,190 
1,739 
451 1994 
35 
35 
175 
91 
7,263 
2,851 
2,122 
1,910 
380 
16 
14 
339 
307 
32 Tempus II 
1995 
30 
30 
156 
65 
5,348 
2,120 
1,667\ 
1,338 
223 
224 
12 
26 
275 
275 1996 
25 
25 
202 
56 
7257 
2937 
1986 
2040 
294 
328 
10 
16 
318 
295 
23 Total 
187.53 
176.90 
10.63 
460 
32,446 
12,301 
8,717 
9,904 
1,524 
38 
132 
3,122 
2,616 
506 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Poland 
In order for Tempus to complement the national 
higher education strategy, each year the national 
authorities meet with the European Commission in 
order to define Tempus priorities for the coming 
academic year. Applications for 1996/97 should have 
fallen within the following priority areas: 
1. Structural Joint European Projects 
° Transformation of uniform five-year Master 
Degree courses into a two-stage system with 
three/ four-year Bachelor Degree course followed 
by a two-year Master degree course or a system 
with common core curriculum (e.g. two to four 
semesters) for Bachelor and Master Degree 
courses, followed by separate strands for each 
Degree course. 
D Development of the European dimension in 
higher education. 
0 Development and introduction of new 
specialisations and professional profiles into 
undergraduate and/or postgraduate studies in 
response to labour market needs. 
D Modernisation of two-subject teacher education 
in Higher Education Schools of pedagogy. CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
2. Mobility Joint European Projects 
Mobility projects which lead to the establishment of 
institutional structures supporting student mobility 
(e.g. student advisory/information services) and the 
introduction of a credit transfer system (based on the 
European Credit Transfer System - ECTS). 
Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Social Sciences 
B: Management and Business 
C: Natural Sciences and Mathematics 
D: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
E: Languages 
F: Others 
-47-
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Romania 
1. , Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Romania 
Staff to Romania 
Students from Romania 
Students to Romania 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Romania 
to Romania Tempus I 
1991-1993 
41.75 
41 
0.75 
94 
6,088 
2,444 
1,437 
1,975 
232 
32 
692 
580 
112 1994 
12 
12 
51 
24 
2,112 
834 
661 
528 
89 
0 
9 
192 
162 
30 Tempus II 
1995 
18 
18 
59 
36 
2,470 
888 
824 
638 
120 
190 
13 
18 
160 
160 1996 
15 
15 
89 
30 
3,054 
1,095 
916 
844 
199 
341 
8 
18 
180 
166 
14 Total 
86.75 
86 
0.75 
184 
13,724 
5,261 
3,838 
3,985 
640 
21 
77 
1,224 
1,068 
156 
* Complementary Measures or Compact Measures 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Romania 
In the framework of the restructuring of the system 
of Higher Education in Romania, the national 
authorities and the European Commission identified 
the following priorities for Tempus actions in 
1996/97: 
D The development of short cycle Higher Education 
courses and in particular their extension into 
continuing education in the areas of engineering 
and technology, agriculture and food processing, 
health care, social assistance, tourism, business 
administration and financial services. Projects 
should be based on cooperation between the 
education institutions and enterprises (including 
public administrative bodies) in order to make the 
degrees better suited to the needs of the economy. 
D The modernisation or restructuring of existing 
(long cycle) courses to cater for the needs of 
European integration via: 
• Upgrading and restructuring of curricula 
related to the integration of Romania's 
economy into European structures in the areas 
of law, quality assurance and management for 
industry and public administration. 
• Development of courses on specific topics 
related to the EU to be introduced into existing 
study programmes in the areas of EU law and 
interdisciplinary studies related to specific EU 
policy sectors. CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
° Preparation for participation in EU inter-university 
cooperation programmes through mobility projects 
featuring the introduction of an academic course 
credit transfer system, or agreements for mutual 
recognition of study periods with a view to 
integration within EU university networks. 
D Restructuring of primary and secondary school­
teacher training through curriculum development 
and the introduction of modern teaching methods. 
Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Humanities 
B: Social Sciences 
C: Management and 
Business 
D: Natural Sciences and 
Mathematics E: Applied Sciences and 
Technologies 
F: Languages 
G: Others 
48 -
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Slovak Republic3 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from the Slovak Republic 
Staff to the Slovak Republic 
Students from the Slovak Republic 
Students to the Slovak Republic 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from the Slovak Republic 
to the Slovak Republic Tempus I 
1993 
6.18 
5 
1.18 
46 
924 
365 
226 
292 
41 
136 
95 
41 1994 
5 
5 
33 
15 
1,001 
320 
236 
391 
54 
2 
4 
73 
64 
9 Tempus II 
1995 
31 
14 
939 
401 
277 
212 
49 
45 
70 
70 1996 
4.5 
4.5 
42 
13 
1,121 
415 
318 
323 
65 
62 
3 
3 
64 
60 
4 Total 
20.68 
.19.5 
1.18 
88 
3,985 
1,501 
1,057 
1,218 
209 
13 
13 
343 
289 
54 
Complementary Measures or Compact Measures CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for the Slovak 
Republic 
In order for Tempus to complement the national 
higher education strategy, each year the national 
authorities meets with the European Commission in 
order to define the Tempus priorities for the coming 
academic year. The Tempus priorities for 1996/97 
relate on the one hand to the country's policy of 
European Union pre-accession and on the other 
hand to themes relevant for the participation in EU 
educational programmes: 
° European Law; 
D Quality management; 
Q Public health and primary health care; 
0 Economics and the financing of health and 
education; 
° Specialised courses of languages for specific 
purposes (LSP) for the training of translators and 
interpreters in the EU languages; 
0 Social work and employment services; 
D Human resource development, management and 
quality assessment of Higher Education Institutions. Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Law 
B: Social Sciences 
C: Management and Business 
D: Chemistry 
E: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
F: Languages 
G: Others 
3 For 1990-1992 see Fact sheet Czechoslovakia. 
49 
Annex 2 - Fact sheets: Phare countries 
Slovenia4 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National indicative programme 
Regional funds 
Other Phare sources 
2. Projects: 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Mobility flows within JEPs 
Staff from Slovenia 
• Staff to Slovenia 
Students from Slovenia 
Students to Slovenia 
Number of institutions participating 
in JEPs 
Number of JENs supported 
Number of CMEs supported* 
Number of IMGs awarded 
from Slovenia 
to Slovenia Tempus I 
1992-1993 
6.57 
4.8 
0.77 
1 
44 
1,108 
481 
268 
304 
55 
217 
187 
30 1994 
2.5 
2.5 
24 
5 
622 
232 
203 
149 
38 
1 
5 
81 
72 
9 Iempus II 
1995 
2.6 
2.6 
12 
7 
335 
123 
146 
50 
16 
14 
5 
2 
61 
61 1996 
1.25 
1.25 
16 
4 
505 
273 
191 
36 
5 
19 
7 
4 
43 
40 
3 Total 
12.92 
11.15 
0.77 
1 
60 
2,570 
1,109 
808 
539 
114 
13 
16 
402 
360 
42 
Complementary Measures or Compact Measures CME figures for '96: only on 1st section round 
Tempus priorities 1996/97 for Slovenia 
In order for Tempus to complement the national 
higher education strategy, each year the national 
authorities meet with the European Commission in 
order to define Tempus priorities for the coming 
academic year. The priorities for Slovenia for the call 
for applications 1996/97 were twofold: 
On the one hand, priorities were designed to help 
the implementation of the new legislation on higher 
education: 
Q the restructuring of university programmes for 
primary and secondary school teachers; 
D the development of short cycle degrees in health 
care and agriculture at professional higher 
education institutions (visoka strokovna sola). 
On the other hand, different priorities were set up to 
support the implementation of the Europe Agreement: 
° the development of European studies; 
° the restructuring of education in the field of urban 
and regional planning, with a view to introducing 
inter-disciplinary cooperation; 
D the restructuring of the teaching of languages of 
the European Union. Subject areas covered by all running JEPs in 
1996/97 
A: Law 
B: Public Administration 
C: Management and Business 
D: Natural Sciences and Mathematics 
E: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
F: Languages 
G: Others 
4 Excluded are details about the projects (IMGs) which were carried out when Slovenia was still part of Yugoslavia, i.e. 
before independence in 1992. Twenty-four of the iiidicated JEPs were originally Yugoslaviaii projects but renewed as 
Slovenian projects in the same year. 
- 50 -
Annexe 3 - Fact sheets: Tacis countries 
Armenia 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Armenian institutions involved in Tempus 1995 
0.247 1996 
0.95 
4 
1 
1 
4 Total 
1.197 
9 . 
1 
1 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
D 
17% 
A: Social Sciences 
B: University Adniinistration/ Management 
C: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
D: Languages 
Azerbaijan 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National allocation 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Azerbaijani institutions involved in Tempus 1995 
0.143 
0 
4 
0 1996 
0.973 
0 
2 
0 
2 Total 
1.116 
4 
2 
0 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
A: European Studies and International Relations 
B: Tourism and Leisure 
51 -
Annexe 3 - Fact sheets: Tacis countries 
Belarus 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Belarussian institutions 
involved in Tempus : 1993 
0.380 
13 
0 1994 
2.1 1995 
1.49 
13 1996 
1.638 
3 
11 Total 
5.608 
24 
8 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
A: Law 
B: Social Sciences 
C: University Administration/ Management 
D: Agricultural and Food Sciences 
E: Languages 
Georgia 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Georgian institutions involved in Tempus 1995 
0.242 1996 
0.943 
0 
3 
0 
3 Total 
1.185 
5 
3 
0 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
A: University Administration/ Management 
B: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
- 52 
Annexe 3 - Fact sheets: Tacis countries 
Kazakhstan 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National allocation 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Number of Kazakh institutions involved in Tempus 1994 
0.370 1995 
1.999 
2 1996 Total 
2.369 
21 
3 
11 
* Information not available at the time of printing 
Kyrgyzstan 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National allocation 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Number of Kyrgyz institutions involved in Tempus 1994 
0.09 1995 
0.754 
0.5 1996 Total 
0.844 
4 
1 
* Information not available at the time of printing 
Moldova 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
National allocation 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Number of Moldovan institutions involved in 
Tempus 1994 
0.23 1995 
1.128 
1 1996 Total 
1.358 
9 
2 
Information not available at the time of printing 
53 -
Annexe 3 - Fact sheets: Tacis countries 
Mongolia 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Mongolian institutions involved in Tempus 1995 
0.221 1996 
0.655 
2 
1 
1 
4 Total 
0.876 
7 
1 
1 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
D 
25% 
B 
25% A: History 
B: University Management and Administration 
C: Medical Sciences 
D: Teacher Training 
Russian Federation 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Russian institutions 
involved in Tempus 1993 
2.54 1994 
15.37 
18 
18 1995 
11.57 
37 
34 
16 
81 1996 
7.652 
29 
43 
9 
10 
58 Total 
37.132 
66 
43 
10 
81 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
A: Humanities 
B: Social Sciences 
C: University Administration/Management 
D: Economics 
E: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
F: Languages 
G: Teacher Training 
-•54 
Annexe 3 - Fact sheets: Tacis countries 
Ukraine 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Ukrainian institutions 
involved in Tempus 1993 
0.5 1994 
3.32 1995 
3.83 
10 
9 
5 
21 1996 
4.826 
15 
15 
6 
4 
22 Total 
12.476 
25 
15 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
Uzbekistan 
1. Budget: 
Total Tempus budget (in MECU) 
2. Projects: 
Number of Pre-JEPs supported 
Number of JEPs supported 
of which new 
Number of CPs supported 
Number of Uzbek institutions involved in Tempus A: Law 
B: Economics 
C: University Administration/Management 
D: Social Sciences 
E: Languages 
1994 
0.25 1995 
1.185 1996 
1.453 Total 
2.885 
13 
4 
Subject areas covered by all running projects in 1996/97 
A: History 
B: Social Sciences 
C: University Administration/Management 
D: Applied Sciences and Technologies 
- 55 


ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(97) 502 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 15 16 11 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-97-506-EN-C 
ISBN 92-78-25176-3 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg 
S'é