ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(76)718
Vol.1976/0216

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(76)718 final.
Brussels ,13January 1977*
REPORT FROMTHECOMMISSION TOTHECOUNCIL
ontheeuropean programme ofpilotschemestocombatpoverty,
1976
COM(76)718final.

ACTION AGAINST POVERTYCOK(76)718final
REPORT ONTHEEUROPEAN PROGRAMME OFPILOTSCHEMES TOCOMBAT
POVERTY -1976
PartI.INTRODUCTION
On21stJanuary 1974,theCouncilofMinisters adopted aResolution
concerning aSocialActionProgramme .Amongthepriorityactionslistedbythe
Council was"theimplementation ,inco-operation withtheMemberStates,of
specific measures tocombatpoverty bydrawing uppilotschemes".
Infulfilment ofthismandatetheCommission ,inconsultation
withawiderangeofgovernment andindependent experts,prepared adocument
settingouttheobjectives ofaprogramme,thecriteria fortheselection of
schemes andthetypesoffinancial aidtobegranted bytheCommunity .These
proposals werediscussed bytheEuropean Parliament andtheEconomic andSocial
Committee,bothofwhomexpressed theirstrongsupport,andwereapproved by
theCouncilinitsDecision of22July,1975.ThisDecisionauthorised the
Commission topromoteorassistschemeswithinthelimitsoftherelevant
appropriations intheCommunity budgetsfor1975and1976.Theamountsallocated
were2.5million and2.875millionunitsofaccountrespectively .Underthe
budgetary regulation moniesengagedduringaparticular yearcanbespentover
aperioduptotheendofthefollowing year.Financeisthusavailable under
thisDecision untiltheendof1977.
Onthe27thNovember 1975,theCommission approved alist
of21pilotschemesproposed bythegovernments oftheMemberStatesand
twocrossnationalstudiesproposed bytheCommission andagreedbythe
MemberStatesconcerned .Contracts forthefirstyear'sworkweresignedon
1stDecember .Twoschemessubmitted bythegovernment ofLuxembourg were
withdrawn byletterof11thJune1976.Otherwise alltheschemeshavenow
completed theirfirstyearandfollow-on contracts weresignedon1st
December 1976.Thetwocross-national studies werefundedforonlyone
year.
UndertheDecision of22July1975Community aidisgenerally
available attherateof50%forpilotschemes and100%forcross-national
studies.

TheDecision alsorequires theCommission toconsultwiththe
MemberStatesonallimportant mattersconcerning theprogress oftheprogramme .
Accordingly aninformaladvisory groupwassetupconsisting of9government
experts,7independent expertsandonerepresentative fromeachofthetwo
sidesofindustry .ThegrouphaditsfirstmeetinginMarch1976andhasmet
sixtimesduringtheyear.
Eachcontract requiresthattheprojectleadershallsubmita
generalreporttotheCommission notlaterthan1stOctober.PartIIofthis
Reportsetsoutashortsummaryofeachprojectreport.Thesummaries were
prepared insomecasesbytheprojectleadersandinothercasesbytherelevant
government department intheMemberStateconcerned .

PartII-PROJECT REPORTS
1.Objectives oftheProgramme
Thepurposeoftheprogramme assetoutintheDecisionof22July
1975isto"testanddevelop newmethodsofhelpingthepoorandthosethreatened
withpoverty"and"toimproveunderstanding ofthenature,causes,scopeandmecha
nicsofpovertyintheCommunity".
Personsinpoverty weredefined bytheCouncilas
"individuals orfamilies whoseresources aresosmallastoexclude themfrom
theminimumacceptable wayoflifeoftheMemberStatesinwhichtheylive",
resources beingdefinedas"goods,cashincome,plusservices frompublic
andprivatesources".TheEconomic andSocialCommittee askedforanevenwider
interpretation ofpoverty,stressing thatpolicyshouldbeconcerned notonly
with"economic poverty,strictly defined,butalsowithsocial,cultural and
spiritual poverty andwithdeprivation arisingfrombadenvironment ,housing
deficiencies ,etc."
Clearly asmallprogramme ofpilotschemescannotbyitself
eliminate poverty.Ratherthisshouldbeseenasaresearch anddevellopment
exercise,yielding information whichwillinfluence policyatalllevelsand
makeitmoreeffective ineliminating thedeprivation whichstillpersists
despitetheeconomic progress ofthelastthreedecades.
2.Classification ofProjects
Thereportsinthissectionareclassified bythetypeofaction
theprojectrepresents .Fourcategories areused:-
1.Community Action :suchprojects servetheentirepopulation indefined
geographical areas.Withintheseareastheprojectseekstocultivate a
senseofcommonidentity andpurpose andusethisasabasisforactionsto
improveconditions oflife.

-4-
2.Actionsinfavourofspecialcategories :theseprojects aimatcategories
ofpeopledistinguished bysomespecialcharacteristic inadditiontopoverty
perhaps acommonproblem (e.g.homelessness )ormaybeamoreneutralcharacte­
risticsuchasageorfamilysituation (e.g.motherswithyoungchildren).
3.ActionstoimproveSocialService Systems :thefocusoftheproject hereis
notanareaoracategory ofpeoplebutanorganisation orclusteroforga­
nisations .Theobjectistomakethisorganisation ,usually sometypeofsocial
serviceorincomemaintenance system,moreresponsive totheneedsofthepoor.
Giventhehighlydeveloped levelofsocialprovision intheMemberStatesand
thenatural concerns ofgovernments intheoperation ofgovernment structures
thislastclassification coversabouthalftheprojects .
4.Exploration ofPoverty :finallytherearetwostudieswhichdonotsetout
directly totestnewmethodsofhelpingthepoorbutareconcerned toexplorethe
extent,natureanddynamics ofpoverty asabasisforfurtheraction.
Thesearenotwatertight divisions .Mostprojects haveaspectsofallfourclassi­
fications -e.g.theproject maypioneer aserviceforaspecialcategory of
peopleinaparticular community onthebasisofapreliminary survey.However,
itisusuallypossible to-determine thefocusaroundwhichactivities areorganised
-theservice,thecategory,thecommunity orthesurvey-although aswithallclassi­
fications somearbitrary judgements areinevitable .
Projects arenotgrouped bycountry astheessential element
intheprogramme isthecomparison between schemesnotbetween MemberStates.
Thethreefeatures whichallschemes haveincommonisanimportant
elementofinnovation ,astrongparticipation bythepopulation directly concerned and
apotentially significant contribution tothenationsoftheEuropean Community
inthedevelopment ofsocialpolicy.

00® UNITY ACTION
The essential feature ofaCommunity Action scheme isthat itis
focused ontheentire population inadefined geographical area .Inits
classical form theproject works with thepopulation toachieve goals
determined bythepopulation ;thus there isanessential vagueness of
purpose attheoutset .Itisnot for theproject todefine thegoals and
then use conriiunity action techniques to'convert' thepopulation to
accept orstrive forthem -thesense ofcommunity istobefostered 60
that thepeople candevelop andpursue their ownobjectives .Ontheother
hand themost effective way tocreate asense ofcommon identity isto
organise thecommunity around acommon purpose which must tosome extent
beidentified inadvance .
The Craignillar Festival inScotland isaninteresting experiment in
building asense ofcommunity around acultural event .Arange ofother
endeavours isbuilt upon this experience ofco-operative effort and the
community can develop acollective expression inrelation tooutside
authorities .
IntheMarolles district ofBrussels the 'issue *ismore ready-made
inthat part ofthearea isscheduled • forredevelopment .
Theproject isaninteresting experiment inusing community action inthe
process ofurban renewal .TheReims enterprise al-.o involves building
community action into theprocess oflocal administration sothat thego­
vernment oftheconurbation inall itsaspects becomes responsive to
theneeds oftheresidents of its most deprived districts .Inbhese
instances there isanobvious overlap between community action and
organisational reform .

-6-
TheIrish community action projects areinteresting inthat they
operate inrural environments and
also because they seek anew *dimension insetting up'issue orientated'
groups incontact with their counterparts inother project localities .
This istobethebasis forawidening network which mayeventually
become avehicle forthepoor toexpress themselves onthese issues
atanational level .Theproject takes care not todetermine theissues
inadvance .AsinBreda there isanessential period ofimmersion by
theproject team inthe chosen locality .
ThetwoArea Resource Centre projects intheU.K. (Glasgow and
South Vales )seek todevelop community action inanother direction .Here
the idea istohave aspecialised team atthedisposal oflocal groups
over anarea wider than acommunity action project would normally tackle .
IntheWelsh case the team covers all South Wales ..This multi-disciplinary
team isaresource which isavailable tolocal groups orcanmove into
help setuplocal groups where theconditions seem favourable .The
Glasgow venture also includes anevalution element which will cover
theWelsh project andtwosimilar projects notfunded bytheCommunity
(Newcastle andManchester ).Afurther Area Resource Centre isproposed
inLondon .

BELGIUM Project 1
Project : GENERAL MAROLLES ACTION COMMITTEE
Aims:Operation fordealingwithpovertythroughthecreation or
strengthening oftheexisting bodiesintheiractionforthe
improvement ofhousing,economyandculture,
-TheArticles ofAssociation oftheorganisation specifythisaimasfollows :
"Tocombatthegrowingdehumanization ofthepresenturbanstructure ,coupled
withthepromotion ofaframework withinwhichcollective creativity could
developoItendeavours todevelopparticipation onthepartoftheinhabitants
indecisions relatedtourbandevelopment andparticularly tofosterthesocio-
cultural renovation anddevelopment withinthedistrict".
-Toputitconcretely ,theactivities ofthegroupsworkingundertheaegis
oftheGeneralCommittee concentrate uponthefollowing objectives :
•theeconomic development ofthedistrict ;
•themaintenance anddevelopment ofsocialandculturalactivities
ofgroupsofforeignpopulations ,particularly SpanishandArabic ;
.thepromotion ofgroupactivities centered mainlyaroundtheplanning
ofthesocialareaanduponthesortio-cultural activities liableto
advancetheidentification oftheinhabitant withhisdistrict ;
•toprovidethepopulation witha"lawshop";
•theadjustment oftheeducational systembymeansofcombinedactionwith
thedistrict schoolsandbythesettingupofaneweducational unitintended
forgroupsofadolescents whodon.tqualifyfortheexisting schools.
Methods ofwork
Individual aidisindispensable ,butitisnotsufficient tosolvethe
problemofpoverty :theMarolles GeneralActionCommittee intends "totakeon
thesocialrealityofpovertyand,tothatend,tocreateand/ortostrengthen
thebasicgroupainordertorestructure thehumanweftthroughthedistrict and
toreadaptittopresent-day demandsinthefieldofurbanisation ".
Thevariousprogrammes undertaken aremeant"todevelopasen;3eofself
government amongtheinhabitants ofthedistrict ;tostrengthen theirability
tostandupfortheirrightsandtheirwayoflife;togivee.newdirection to
theirpolitical sense,i.e.thattheiraimistodevelopadynamicsocialoutlook
inthedistrict intended notmerelytobein

-8-
keeping with the symbolic significance of tir.a •.•» .also to
stimulate therights andaspirations ofthedifferent groups '
ofwhom thedistrict ismade up".
Inconcrete terms ,action programmes aredrawn upinresponse tothe
priorities expressed bytheinhabitants ;thebasic groups -institution­
ally linked totheMarolles General Action Committee -areresponsible
for their activities .
Participation bythose concerned
Meetings areheld atdifferent levels -from theGeneral Assembly
ofthe Committee tothose ofsub-districts :"these meetings asawhole
form thestructure ofaparticipation which closely links inhabitants
and basic groups ".
Understanding iiature andcauses ,thepopulation groups concerned and
theextent ofthepoverty
TheCommittee intends totackle theproblem ofpoverty incities
"from theviewpoint ofthedeep estrangement created byurban institutions
among the socially most deprived categories ".
The Committee stresses the existence ofacommon fund of"sometimes
extreme poverty which should becombated ,but this should bedone
without destroying what constitutes the very essence ofthe district 's
life ".
The Committee also points to"the need tofind nev ;ways ofbringing
urban populations together ,gradually tointegrate more and more citizens
into society -and byintegration weunderstand adialectic process
with mutually changing conditions :itisthe'refore innoway aquestion
ofassimilation ".
Relations between those incharge oftheproject andthepublic or
social organisations concerned
TheMarolles General Action Committee isanan profit making
organisation .
The project wassubsidised bytheMinister forBrussels Affairs
fortheperiod from 1December 1975/76.
Onthebasis oftheprogress report bythose incharge ofthe
project ,theMinisterial Committee forBrussels Affairs approved anew
subsidy contract fortheperiod from 1December 1976 to1December 1977 .
Furthermore acertain measure ofcollaboration has come about
with alarge number ofprivate organisations andpublic andprivate
social services ,all ofwhich areactive inthedistrict .

-9_
Relation ::betweenactionandresearch
Acoordination groupconsisting ofthoseinchargeofthedifferent
programmes ,membersoftheboardofadministration ofthenonprofitmaking
organisation andofmembersoftheCentral Teammeetseveryweektocoordinate
theactivities andevaluate theactiontaken.
TheCentral Teamhassecuredthecooperation ofascientific
collaborator recommended byProfesseur Remy,U.C.L.
Research andactionsupplement eachother,particularly fromthe
pointofviewof"checkingthelevelofadequacy betweentheresults
expected andthoseactually obtained ,sothattheactioncanconstantly
beadjusted".

-10- PROJECT 6
FRANCE
PROJECT sOVERALL COMBINED ACTION PROGRAMME TOCCKBAT THE
EXCLUSION OPTHE FOURTH WORLD -REIMS
This report was commissioned feytheMouvement Aide aToute Dltresse
–Soience etService
A-AIMS OFTHE PROJECT
Poverty remains aworld phenomenon ;thelack ofresources isaccompanied
toyinsufficient education ,culture andrelated subjects ,"by .theabsence of
qualifications andprofessional skills ,feydeficiency inhealth ,adequate
housing andastimulating socio –cultural environment .
Onthe feasis ofthese findings ,which aretheoutcome oflong experience
with andforthe "Fourth World ",themovement called Aide &Toute D&tresse has ,
inliaison with theCity ofReims ,drawn upitsproject forOverall Combined
Action *
Thelong term aim istoenable theFourth World torealise itshistory and
position andtoactinorder topromote itsoverall progress *
This aimtakes itsplace within theframework oftheCity ofReims feymeans
ofthree forms ofmedium and short term action *
ACTION HAn–This first action must take itsshape inthemedium term feythe
formation ofamovement which canregroup theFourth World and
itsallies intheshort run feythesetting upofappropriate
structures forjoint meetings andactivities (Maison duQuart
Monde ,Women*s Movement ,definition ofamethodology fora
community development )*
ACTION "B"–The first form ofaction should feecompleted feyaconsiderable
research effort ontheposition andconditions oflife ofthe
Fourth World andonthemechanisms ofpoverty *Intheshort term
itisintended tosetuptwodossiers i0ne ontheFourth World
and accommodation inReims and the other onthe Fourth
World and schooling inReims .
Work onthese twodossiers hasalready begun andwill fee
continued in1977 *
ACTION "CM-This third action recognises theneed toinvolve theinstitutions
oftheCity ofReims asawhole (State ,departmental ,oity and
private services )intheresearch andimplementation ofgiving
theFourth World thefeenefit oftheeffects ofsooi&l polioy and
ofoombating thepermanent risks ofeooial exclusion *
Aprocess ofconsultation andcoordination which ismaking
this aiminto aooncrete reality hasjust feegunduring ameeting
which took place atReims on6October *

B-NEWMETHODS "CliTENDED TOAID'PIESPOOR
Theoriginality oftheAidekTouteDetresseprojectrestaraainlyonthe
factthatitcombines acoherent wholeofmannersofintervention :
–Thecommunity development whichistoprovideatoneandthesametimea
closeassociation oftheFourthWorldtothedefinition ofthemostappropriate
interventions andthetakinginhand "bytheFourthWorlditselfofitsown
solutions ;
–Thecooperation ofthewholeoftheinstitutions concerned atCitylevel
whichshouldenablethemtoanalysetheirpresentpractices andtodefinenew
methodsofintervention ;
–Thepermanent evaluation oftheresults.
C-PARTICIPATI OilBYTHOSECONCERNED WITHTHEDRAWING IFANDCARRYING OUT
OFTIFSPROJECT
Participation bythoseconcerned faswehavejustseen,isthecentralaim
oftheprojectandanecessary condition o.fitsimplementation .
Itisheavilyengagedthrough community development actionandthemany
meetings andencounters whichAideaTout«Detresse hasstimulated eversince
itstarteditsworkintheCityofReims#
D-UNDERSTANDING NATURE ANDCAUSES.THEPOPULATION GROUPS CONCERNED AND
THEEXTENT OFTHEPOVERTY
Thediscussions whichhavebeenstarted ontheproblems ofhousingand
education willmakeitpossibletoshowhowthepresentrulesforthe
functioning ofthedifferent institutions maybringaboutcertainmechanisms
ofexclusion whichaccumulate andthusgainstrength *
E-VrOiaCING RELATIONS BETWEEN THOSEINCHARGE OFTHEPROJECTS ANDTHE
PUBLIC ANDSOCIAL ORGANISATIONS
Themeetingof6October1976»whichwasmentioned underpoint"A",hasled
tothesettingupofadeviceforconsultation at'local,departmental and
national level*
Atthelocalanddepartmental levelsAidehTouteDetressewillbeworking
inmonthstocomewiththerepresentatives ofthedifferent services concerned
inordertodrawupanexactbalanceshr:jtoftheposition *Thisbalancesheet
willbeanalysedduringameetingwhichwillbeheldinKayorJune1977*
Theproposals setforthontheoccasionofthismeetingwhichwouldrequire
decisions tobetakenatnational levelwillbeexamined undertheaegisofthe
different Ministries byaworkingpartywhichwillbesetupatthebehestof
theMinister ofHealth *

-12-
P-RELATIONS BETWEEN ACTION ANDRESEARCH
Acrtionandresearch arecloselylinked;thusthethoughtprocess
startedwithintheframework ofconsultation will "beabletomakeuseof
averythoroughstatistical studyontheconditions oflifeintheFourth
World*

~iiJ~ PROJECT/O
I ' '1 1 ' i
IRELAND
Cc.a.aunity Act' .onr.o?;carch 1-irey.zt i
This project iss/onsorcd and v;ill ueimplemented byt:>eNational
Co.:.iittee onPilot Scheme *:toCombat Poverty ,established toythe
Irish government .
General Outline
This research yrojec ciscam tobeakey project inthe I:*.chprogramme
insoTaras thestrategy developed for itv;i '1clcrrl.:,' 'wo artrong
influence over thewhole program -ie.The project icbased onar.u:.:ber
.that
ofstated hypotheses theprincipal ofwhich are/thecaurrcs ofroverty He
inthestructures oftheeconomic and social system ;t-jat r,iver ;the
opportunity people indeprived communities caninfluence the decision *
malting procedures V;hi.ch concern their area and exercise more control
over their life situation ;nna that bytheir understanding ofthenature
andcaures ofpoverty .ndsubsequent community action derived areas
can successfully tac':le their problems .
Objectives ofthe Project
Toenable people indeprived areas tounderstand thenature and causes
oftheir poverty totackle those issues v;hich face r.iost poor cor.r .unities ,
thus testing tov;hat extent these conaunities through influencing policy­
making •rocesses -economic ,social ,cultui-al and political -can have
acay indecision making conerning their Lives and that :ftheareas in
which they live .This general objective has been spelt out inr'ort ,
medium and long term objectives .Those involve extensive work 'c
community and community groups inchosen areas and theestablishment of
basic data andinformation onthelives ofthecommunities inquestion .
Inthemedium term itisenvisaged that apro^ra i.:^eofaction will be
initiated ineach area through the theinvolvement ofthelocal reoplc ,
their representative groups ,andappropriate voluntary andstatut;ry
agencies .Attention will befocused onimmediate uroblc iswhich are
»
capable ofasolution from within the co.nv.uni^y r/ith avi?w tothepilotin ,
ofnewventures v/ithin theproject location rhich :ight act as /:uidelinon
for tackling such major problems asunemployment .

Methoàs tobeur:ea
Strategy ofco:.:.:unity action research i:*.ocin/:cvelopec .Theactive
participation oflocal j.ooyle iscentral tothic strategy and the
objective ofthe project istotest the or.tent towhich ruich action
canaffect social policy .Contacts :li:.ve boon uide with ali the
relevant development ,hoalth andsocial w^fare agencies both statutory
aidvoluntary atthelocal andnational levels involving thsM in
different ways inthedevelopment oftho *roject .
Pro /rress
Itisplanned that action will beinitiated inthree field locations
during October .1976 .These locations areall inrural settings
althought itisenvicaged that atleast one ui-b.-.nsetting will be
added totheoverall project indue course .A.-reject leader ,a
project worker and aresearch worker will belocated ineach area .
Itisenvisaged that inthe first half of1977 attaa v/i.lbeinvolved
innetting thesituation amiaaalyair® thetype ofconnunlry andthe
nature and extent oftheproblems facing thepeople ofthearea ,
through aeeting groups andindividuals ,listening totheir neeas?and
drawing upwith them aresearch -action design .
TiîIAL
Associated with t.iis project isaspecific venture i.nac;intry town
intheWest ofIreland involving theestablishment onacorair.unity basic
withthe^a^d ofstatutory organisations ,ofatraining school forthetqenage oonooF"travelling oritinerant families .Itinaimed
through this project toprovide basic industrial training and skills
and gradually todevelop this project asatraveller
controlled enterrrise .
c
licss-irch
Hccoarch inthoproject necessarily involves themonitoring
ovalu '.tion ofallproject activities inthelifht of iedju:'i and lon£ ,
te!mgoals .Theresearch strategy forthoproject ecutains tv;obnsie
Objectives -todoresearch orgather information already available
that .thecoawunity wants tofacilitate knowledge ofaction .

.15-
Toic-ol'iao research nereis based onuctlo ^ccthat action rill have
anin:»utinto '.efininc future research o'cjoetives . Thus aninter­
action offect between action andresearch isforeseen ."
otaf fin /:
The staffing foreach project hasbeen outlined above .The v/orlt
oftheindividual project elements pill bebacked upbythecentral
administrative and research staff ofthe liational Connittee on
Pilot Schemes toCombat Poverty .
Finance
Tne budget wnich has been submitted indetail 1'or.i envisages an
expenditure in1977 of£1^1,260 .

-16- SCHEME 16
THE NETHERLANDS
Project îA.T.D. -SCHEME –BREDA
The Breda scheme ofthe A.T.D. Foundation ofthe Netherlands relates to
some 300families who are inprocess ofsocial impoverishment andwho ,intheir
daily lives ,arelargely dependent onsocial services andcontrolling institutions
andauthorities .According totheA.T.D. philosophy ,this group -the so–called
Fourth World –forms aspecial community with itsownhabits ,customs ,l.u\*j^age ,
etc .Thedeterioration ofthe group isexpressed intheir housing ,pari ic.ipaxi on
insocial activities ,employment situation ,health ,education andincome };\rel.
Despite thedeterioration ,however ,A.T.D. holds theopinion that such a ,-ori:unity
retains anineradicable desire tocount andto "berespected ashuman persoi .",
Theworking methods ofA.T.D. take account ofthese facts .Accordingly ,the
social workers "bystimulating contacts with themost exciWed families tryto
establish acommunity ofinterest with thorn andabout them onthebasis of
equality andunconditional solidarity .Theultimate objective ofthescheme is
tobring about forthe families oftheFourth World afull rartici potion inthe
economic ,social ,political ,cultural andspiritual aspects oflife .Itisthere­
fore essential that theprocess ofdeterioration bearrested andthat itsresults
todate beeliminated .The scheme isalso intended tocontribute tothe develop­
ment ofamethodology forthepermanent identification ofserious Bocial
deterioration andexclusion .Inaddition the scheme aims atthe community
development oftheFourth World .
Together with thefamilies concerned ,thefollowing short–' term andmedium -
term objectives have been formulated :
–The creation ofsolid foundations forkcommunity ofinterests amongst themost
seriously affected groups ,toberealised byinter alia thefollowing
activities scontact evenings foradults ;clubs forchildren ;classes for
infants .
–Community thinking anddiscussion oncoramon back^ro'-Jid andhistory :housing of
members oftheteam inthequarter eonceruea ;pujliLOiin~ r>falocal news sheet }
discussion groups with and concerning those In ,heir late teens .
–Broadening thehorizon ;thebreaking oflimited thinking patterns byvisits to
theA.T.D. recreation farm ;meetings with other fajiiliei oftheFourth Ivorlc ;
thedevelopment ofinterest inwhat isoccurring inther parts oftown ;
meetings onspecific themes ;excursions .
–Thedevelopment ofaninterest inbooks bywhat iaknown as"reading hours ".
Inthis working method theaccent is on .achieving eparticipation
ofthemost excluded persons soastoa\oi.i E.proceJ3 oi"crouiiin roffthose at
thetop .Thepopulation concerned must indicate thescope ondthr lirection of
theactivities itwishes toundertake .Asre&ards theevaluation cl"thescheme
A.T.D. isworking within itBowncircle toelucidate the exibwcrs tocertain
questions onobjectives andmeans onthebasis ofdaily reporting fro'.i v.hich
evaluation criteria maybeextracted .A.T.D. isdirantirp itself tovaras the
"measuring "ofthe changes inthefamilies concerned aridthemeane and i.9j?s
applied .Afirst evaluation will bemade attheendof1976 orthebeginning
of1977 .

-η.
UNITED KINGDOMSCHEME18a
PROJECTtjREARESOUHCECENTRE(Calouo'td Gulbenki&n Foundation )
Objectives ' ' ' .
Therearetwoelementstothisproject;theAreaHesource Centreitselfand
thearrangements whichhavebeenmadeformonitoring itsprogressin
conjunction withfourorfiveothersimilarschemesfundedbytheEEC
and/ortheUKVoluntary ServicesUnit.Theshorttermobjective ofthe
Centreistoprovideimmediate adviceandpractical assistance tolocal
groupsworkingtoovercome theeffectsofpoverty ;thelongerterm
objecti"e istoincrease thelikelihood ofsuchgroupsbeinjrformed
becausethechancesofeffective actionaremadegreaterbythe
availability ofback-upservices.Theshort-terra objective ofthe
co-operative monitoring istoenabletheprojectsconcerned tolearnfrom
eachother'sexperiences ;thelongertermobjective istoproducea
reportproviding ananalysis ofthedifferent approaches usedandtheir
effectiveness inthevarioussituations described .
Newmethodstohelppersons inpoverty
Thisisanewmethodtotheextentthatinsteadofofferingdirecthelp
topeopleinpoverty,whatisofferedisthepractical knowledge and
materials theyneedtohelpthemselves .Theideaisthatbyoffering
back-upservices withoutdirectinvolvment ,peoplewillbeencouraged to
cometogether inpursuitofcommonendsandwillthusgradually buildup
coherent communities whicharebetterablethanindividuals tocombatthe
effectsofpoverty.
Participation oftarretpopulation inprenaralion ondimplementation
Thepreparation hasbeendeliberately delayedtoallowforfull
participation atlocallevela.dci;,cj.-.sionshavebeenheldwith
representatives ofthelocalauthor -.ticsandlocalvoluntary organisations
andcommunity groups.Trieimplementation oftheproject,insofarasthe
AreaResource Centreisconcerned ,willbeinthehandsofalocal
management committee whichwillincluderepresentative 'soflocal
authorities ,localvoluntary organisations,andcox-nunity groups,with
thetwolattergroups,whowillhaveelected_representatives ,inthe
majority.

Brief appraisal oftype ,causes ,andextent ofpoverty
amongst the target population - r
■* S
Aspecial study ofdeprivation based oninformation provided bythe
1971 Census ofPopulation shows that Glasgow hasalarge "percentage "
ofpopulation suffering from poor housing (lack ofbasic ?amenities ),
overcrowding ,andunemployment ,than anyother local authority intheUK.
(CSOSocial Trends No.61975 _).» .Thecauses aremainly Jdli6torical and
associated with thedecline ofindustry inthearea .
Workinr relations between project leaders and all relevant \
public and community organisations
Thelocal project leaders have notyetbeen appointed .Relations between
theGulbenkian Foundation andtherelevant bodies areexcellent and
their maintenance isassured byfrequent exchanges ofcorrespondence
I
and discussion .
The relationship between action and research
Theresearch involves thekeepingof careful records ofaction taken
I
and ,asmentioned above ,ensures anexchange ofideas and information
which should enable theCentre todevelop more rapidly andeffectively
than would bepossible without anycross-fertilisation .

--79-
SCHEKS Tob
United .Kingdom
Prolect iSouth Wales Anti-Poverty Action Reaouroa Centre .
(a)Objectives
• Φ
Themain objective istoprovide information ,advice ,andassistance to
existing andpotential groups working onanti-poverty measures atlocal
level .Iherelationships formed inpursuing this objective should enable
theproject staff tofulfil other objectives offeeding relevant
'■information into policy making atsupra-national ,national ,regional ,
andlocal level andofexamining theimplementation anddetailed working
-ofpolicy aswell astheoptimum useofexisting resources .Special
attention will bepaid toproblems inrural areas .
(b)Newmethods tohelp persons inpoverty
Theprovision ofback-up services tolocal self-help groups rather than of
-direct help tothose inpoverty isthemain newmethod here ,asinthe
Strathclyde /Glasgow Area Resource Centre .Thedifference isthat the
South Wales Centre will provide foramuch larger geographical area
andtheemphasis will beonmobile field-workers travelling tohelp
relatively isolated groups rather than onafixed base towhich groups
themselves travel forhelp .
(c)Participation ofta.-tret population inpreparation andimplementation
TheCentre hasbeen planned byrepresentatives ofaconsortium of
local groups ,each ofwhich isinclose contact with thepeiple intheir
ownareas .Themanagement ofthecentre isinthehands of
representatives ofthese groups andallowance ismade forthe
- participation ofadditional groups oradditional representatives oflocal
--authorities orvoluntary organisations . - -
(d)Brief appraisal oftyne ,causes ,andextent ofpoverty
pnonp tarpet population
Main cause ofpoverty isthedecline inthetraditional basic
industries onwhich theeconomy ofSouth Wales depends .Poverty is
reflected inunemployment ,lowincome ,poor housing ,andloweducational
attainment .Thesituation isaggravated bythefact that theabsence of
anylarge urban centre reduces theability ofthepopulation tomake
itsvoice heard .

Working relations between project leaders anc all relevant
public and community organisations
Theproject leaders are ,inthemain ,products ofthecommunity
organisations andworking relations aregood .Thelocal authorities
were initially suspicious butproject leaders aredeveloping closer
working relationships through aseries ofmeetings with local authority
representatives andtheestablishment ofliaison arrangements through
named contacts .Themeetings held sofarhave been very satisfactory .
Local authorities arealso being kept fully informed ofSWAPAC activities
intheir particular areas .Relationships with central government
are good .
The relationship between action and research
Aswith the'Strathclyde /Glasgow Area Resource Centre ,research and
monitoring involves thekeeping ofdetailed records andensures an
exchange ofideas andinformation .Inaddition ,research isanessential
part oftheaction programme ,without which theobjectives ofinforming
policy decisions andexamining theimplementation andworkings of
policy with aview totheoptimum useofresources could notbe
fulfilled .

SÇ^3ÏC4
UNITED KI?;GIX)M
ProjecttCoranunity Development (Craigmillar }
a)Theobjectives oftheprojectinsnort,r.ecHun;,ar.dlongtcva:
Theprojectistr.epoorloekirgattheproblemoftheroor,;herenediesaidthe
'cringesr.eecea.Wer.avearrivedatthe oisociaT~pI auI.Yhg'ar.dactio?"E7TTc"Jgh
"developing avidenetworkofpeople,including professionals ,localpoliticians ,
andothersinoutsideinstitutions ,allofwhoraworkonavoluntary basis.Tue
objectistoworktogetherwiththehighlydeveloped teaaoflocalpeoplec.d
professionals ,officials andpoliticians toinplcp-ntar.r:rehensiv*lcc?lpl-^n
aspartofanoiiroingsocialandphysic.ilpi.jf.nin_r;.nrf1inv>r<-<-r<soire;»<r.er-itio?„,
miiiatthesametinetosttHythekeysn.ipsandhlo.-'*.;;■<?&preventingt*~.atirplt–.cnt-
atinn.TheAnnualConvention ofthefestival Society,or.tr.eeveofreceiving tha
EiX'grant,decidedthepriorityobjectives oftheprojectas:
E.KFLOY^XNT :HOUSING :SOCIAL WELFARE :EDUCAIISN ,withintheoveval!-resitofthy
SocietytoimprovethequalityoflifeinCraigviillar throughcultureanis-.zial
action.
ASmearyofthepriorities withinthesefourheadline follows :forthaii.i^siole,
pleaseseePart2,A,ii,oftheReportproper(pagesV.)
E--lovrrent:Industrial Estates;Research/Infonnation /Surveyo;JobCr«a:i^r kProjectsj
T:a^a*.-.g trc&var-es ;Ccc^unity Industries ;Cocnaunity Shop;Industrial i)e-elops-in ;.
Officer;plusexpansion anddevelopment ofexistingindustries ,-rsdattraction of
newindustry tothearea.
Housing;Supj.oitoftenants/residents associations intheirfighttohaveprcai^tj
rehabilitation a;,dimprovements etc.completed {especially atCraiguillar Castle,
Nevcraighall ,andNiuJrieKains-);investigation andactiononHorsing
Managements ;solarenergypanelsexperiment ;projects forBackgreens ,streetaain-
tenance,etc.;MobilePlanning Workshop .
%
SocialWelfare :Information Office-expansion withFinancial Advicesection ;
supportar.dcareofvariousgroupswithinthepopulation -ElaerlyandDisabled
(cir.ibuswithr*.;:?;DayClub;Sheltered Housing)Children andYoutft(improve
facilities ,ex:cndactivities -playscheries ,playspace,holidays,clubs,etc.);
research andmonitoring ,e.g.ofworkwithAnti-social Tenants.
Education :workonprojectsrelatedto:Children understress;truants;excludes ;
Schoolcatchment areas;parentinvolvement ;SchoolsCouncils ;cocaunity involvenent
ofpupils;corr:unity transport ;playgroups ;artscentre;publicity andi&forioatioa
throughNewspaper .
b)Newr»tho^stohelppersonsinpoverty :
1.Socialpinning andirplementation bythepeopleth*-"is<»lves throughworking
parties,n-.vandexistingorganisations ,andadhocgro'ips.
2.Cosorehensive irprove ;;•.n:oithequalityoflifeintheareainev<ryaspect.
3.Socialactionthroughculture-oftenreferredtoasculturalaction-i.e.,
drawingpeopleir.-occL.cur.ity life,planning andactionthroughtheannual
Festival anc'otherevents.
4.Socialconsultancy ,alliedwithaction-research .
Allthesemethodsdifferirestraditional methods,bothseparately andincciibinatioa .
c)T*ieparticipation ofthetargetpopulation inthepreparation andi^pleraent^'ion
t•.vrr1,w^
Thapeoplethcasrlves pc'-rinister t^*Society,runandorganise theW-,rV*r.gParti*.-,
thsFestival ,t;v»Pl«ysch.?rvs ,Playgroups ,lunchandsocialclu'-.-,gisterfor
theElderly an<5disabled ,tf<eAlarmSy-.t^n,StreetVolunteers ,th»clubi,Artss,Vusic.
Sports,Dras,a,etc.,usir^professional sasadvisers andresonr ;>i~'boji\.
Workersarealllocal-o:le,trailedandgivenorientation ,atcie;r -.^t'idc..
resources ,towor*.»ntf.eirownarea.Theyarealsoactivein1aciv?orr.eipi.•;
variousgroupsandorganisations iatheiric.apdia^e neighbourhood ,_ixuiizany

-11.
specialised projectsinCheCraigoillar 'area.Theprojectasawholeisunderthe
direction ofthepoor(definedasresidents ofanar^asuffering fromasignificant
lackofpersonal,social,physical,environmental ,economicandculturalopiportunicies .)
Theinvolvement ofCraigmillar peopleisensuredbyppenmeetings,attention to
methodsofcommunication (egfreedistribution ofth«tCFSNewspaper toallhouseholds )
andthemagnetism ofcultural events:therehasalsobeenanefforttoengagethou
identified asparticularly atrisk,suchastheunemployed andunderemployed ,the
ill-housed ,individuals andfamilieswithmultiple problems,andtheill-educated .
4
d)Briefappraisal asfaraspracticably oftype,causes,andextent -of"poverty
amongstthetargetpopulation . ---.~– .......
Thetargetpopulation consists ofthe25i,000inhabitants ofthewardofCraigmillar .
Thiswardhasbeenidentified onthebasisofastatistical analysis asthemost
deprived intheLothianRegion.These -statistics apply -topoorandovercrowded
'housingconditions ,largefamilies ,hightake-upof«>eans-tested .benefits ,high
unemployment rates,anunusually largeproportion ofunder15's„pooreducational
attainment *andlowcarownership' withconsequent lackofpersonalmobility .-•CFS
takethe"official"indicators ofpovertyfurther,ar^dincludeintheirappraisal
thelackofcultural andartisticoutlets,socialan<Jrecreational facilities for
•11agegroups,andtheeffectsofamonotonous andunattractive builtenvironment .
«)Theworkingrelations betweenprojectleadersandallrelevantpublicand
icomnunity organisations .
1.Withgovernment andpublicauthorities :theLiaisonCommittee fortheCFSPilot
SchemehasmembersfromLothianRegion,EdinburghdistrictCouncil,.theScottish
Office,andCFS.ThelocalMPandcouncillors chairworkingparties,'andofficials
ofvariouslocalgovernment departments attendseveraloftheworkingparties.
2.TheOrganising Secretary andothersserveonvariousgovernment conraittcees (see
Page5ofReport),andgivefrequenttalkstooutsidebodiesandgroups.
3.Neighbourhood Workersarethepermanentlinkwithtenants *associations ,Youth
Federation ,actiongroups,communityorganisations ,,etc.
4.Allmeetingsareopen,representative 9fromotheriocalgroupsattend,andthe
Societyoftenworksinconjunction withothercommunity groupsonspecificprojects.
5.Everyman,womanandchildinCraigmillar isbyriyhtamemberoftheSociety;the
Newspaper goesintoeveryletterboxinthearea,at»dthereisamonthlynewkheetofmeetings andreports.
OTherelationship betweenactionandresearch .
Theprocessoftheprojectisthatofacontinuous cytple.oflearning-planning-action-
planning-actionetc.inacommunity contextoftheexpression offeelinginvarious
waysthroughout .Itcanbeseenasadeveloping system.Thethreeaspectsoflearning-
planning andactionarehighlyinterdependent .Theresearchisintegral 4:0the
learningaspectorphase.Thisisespecially becausethe'«ction-research'model
employedincludesthecomplementary practices ofsocialconsultancy andconsnunity
workwhichservestointegrate thelearningwiththeplanning andactioniispects
bycontinuously assisting peopletolinktheirpresent :experience withtheirpast
experience andtheexperience ofothersaoastoencourage reformulations ornew
formulations whicharesimultaneously orsubsequently enacted.Thisisobviously a
morecloseknitarrangement thanisusualwithactionandresearch .Formalproducts
ofresearch suchasreportsoreventsarealsoforthesereasonseasiertorelateto
theongoingprogramme .Ideally,allwhoareinvolved wouldbecometosomedegree
learners,planners andresearchers inacommunity selfregenerative systemo?
.movement .

-23-
ACTIONS INFAVOUR OFSPECIAL CATEGORIES
.This type ofaction focuses onspeoial -ftategories ofpeople who
are considered tohave particular needs .
InCopenhagen thespecial category consists mainly of homeless
unattached individuals .Theobject istodevelop newmethods
reaching these people whom thewelfare state
hashitherto been unable tohelp .Theexperiment directed from Tubingen
inGermany isvery similar .
Thefamily centre project inEngland focuses onfamilies with
children andpresents seven contrasting attempts tousegroup experiences
tohelp low income families into themainstream ofsociety .They are
alldirected byvoluntary agencies ,some ofthem very much self help
enterprises .Forinstance theCroydon project isrun entirely bya
group oflone parents toprovide after school andholiday care for
thechildren ofoneparent families .Apart from itsimmediate utility
tothe families concerned and its interest asanexperimental play
centre theproject isvaluable inthat itcreates aself help group with
astrong positive contribution tomake totheself-esteem and social
acceptability ofitsmembers .Theother centres focus onavariety of
family situations ,sometimes focusing onfamilies known tosocial service
agencies and sometimes onparents whomaybelonely andisolated bat
have notpresented problems totheauthorities .TheATDproject is
noteworthy inemphasising that theultimate target group isthenon-poor
-theproject being concerned toenable agroup ofdeprived families to
make their opinions and experiences known tothewider society ..-

-24-
TheATD school projects in3localities inFrance have been Included
asspecial category schemes although they describe themselves ascommunity
action .Certainly itisboth parenttrand children who are thefocus of
theexperiment ,asinmost oftheEnglish family centres ,with theobject
ofinvolving parents from thepoorest strata ofsociety intheir
children 'seducational process .
ThePACT projects have aspecial concern for theelderly asregards
housing .

.
SCHEMS 2
DENMARK
Danish project :POA-project ofKofoeds Skole (POAbeing
anabbreviation ofOutgoing Social Work Project ).
a.The objectives ofthe project inthe short -,medium ,and long -
term .
The idea behind theproject istoestablish asheltered milieu for
persons whohave shown extreme difficulties incoping with social
life ingeneral andwho have not been able toutilize thenormal
Danish social welfare system .Thepersons involved shall bekept in
this sheltered milieu foronly alimited time aftdafterwards efforts
will bemade toreintegrate them into normal society .
Theshort term goal istoestablish ,inthesheltered milieu ,better
living conditions forthepeople involved .These conditions will give
theparticipants better psychological andphysical ressources ,hope­
fully enabling them tocope better with thedemands oftheoutside
world .
Themedium term goal istoutilize theexperiences gained inthefirst
phases^of theproject toestablish models which maybeofvisein
setting upsimilar milieus forother people inextreme poverty .

Thelong term goal istoprove -ifpossible -that themethods used
will have such avalue that projects ofasimilar kind canbemade
aregular feature ofDanish social policy .
b>New methods tohelp people inpoverty .
Themethods tobeused isalready described briefly under *heading a),
above .
c»The participation ofthe target population inthe preparation and
implementation ofthe pilot projects ,'.... .. ,
About 200 interviews have been carried outamong people inconditions
roughly similar tothose that are .tobefound .in .the .target ,group ..The
content ofthese interviews isthemost important basis forthedetailed
elaboration oftheproject .Inside thesheltered milieu itself great
emphasis will beputupon thecollaboration of .the .participants in
setting upthepractical rules forday-to-day -procedures and .inthe .,
solving ofconflicts that may arise .
d.The knowledge concerning the nature.' causes ;-the scope and extent
ofpoverty . -. i .. «,
Asmentioned under heading a)*thetarget group oftheDanish project
consists ,ofpeople who are ,not only poor ,-but .who are -inasense more
orless outside thesociety -i.e ;they' arenot even able tobenefit
frdm thenormal social security benefits -and social services .-While ,it
cannot bedenied that there aregeneral socio-economic -factors inso­
ciety which aresustaining theexistence *ofsuch agroup ,itisenvi­
saged that most ofthemembers will becharacterized byvarious indi­
vidual disturbances ofamore psychological nature .Amore thorough
** ' ' ' * 1" '« *.1 *„β > ->■*- ·–«* *=.»-.■ *'./· Λ'' 4» 'φ.ρ + '· ·- «Τ" ' - Λ**
explanation ofthenature and causes oftheir ,situation-will there-v
fore only bepossible after "the "establishment of"individual contacts -
that isduring thephase where .the .clients are .living inside theshelt­
ered milieu inclose ..contact with ,the social .workers involved . „
'.1 Ι..1 -^-λ ' ***I » '-4.^
Various imprecise statistics and estimates lead totheconclusion that
the target group inDenmark isofanorder ofmagnitude ofabout 10,000
persons ,that isabout 0.2pet .ofthetotal population .

-
eiTheworking relations between project leaders and allrelevant
public and community organizations .
Thesocial workers whohave thepractical responsibility for thepro­
ject aredrawn from thepersonnel atKofoeds Skole ,aprivate social
welfare institution which hasformany years received considerable
support from government andother public bodies .Kofoeds Skole is
also providing most oftheadministrative framework needed forthe
practical operation ofthesheltered milieu .AsKofoeds Skole hashad
experience formany years concerning co-operation with various muni­
cipal andother social welfare agencies ,itseems certain that such
co-operation canalso beachieved inconnection with theoperation of
thepilot project .Such aco-operation isabsolutely necessary ,since
thegeneral aim oftheproject isnot only social rehabilitation in
general ,butalso tomake theclients able tomake useofthevarious
existing forms ofpublic assistance ,ranging from assistance ofamone­
tary nature tomore individualised rehabilitation procedures .,
f.'The relationship between action and research . . -
As>it iswell known ,itisextremely difficult tomake evaluations of
single projects which will have general validity .Theattempts of
evaluation inthis Danish case will beofatwo-fold nature ,with the
»
aijqofsecuring atleast areasonable chance ofsuccess inthis field .
Firstly ,the individual clients participating inthephase taking
pls^ce inside thesheltered milieu will befollowed closely ,andthe
activities they participate in,theinitiatives taken bythem ,orby
the ;social workers inco-operation with them ,aswell asallmore
important conversations will benoted .These ,individual case-stories
will becompared with adescription ofthesituation t>fthesituation
ofthe clients 3to6months after hehas left thesheltered milieu .
Inthis way itwill bepossible toconstruct various models establishing
links between the "treatment "given and thesubsequent rehabilitation .
This method ofevaluation isold and established ,but inmany ways it
is .unsatisfactory because oftheimpossibility ofkeeping outside
factors constant .
Therefore ,theDanish National Institute ofSocial Research ,which is
closely ,following theproject ,issimultaneously using another ,cruder ,
but inprinciple more reliable evaluation-procedure .Atthebeginning

"2.9-
oftheexperiment interviews willbecarriedout,notonlywith
theparticipants ,butwithanothergroupofpeopleinsimilarliving
conditions *3to6monthsafterthecessation ofthe"sheltered
milieuphase"bothgroupswillbere-interviewed ,andbycomparing
thesituations ofthetwogroupsstatistical inference oftheeffect
oftheprojectwillbedrawn.

-29-
GERMANY
'1#Aims oftheproject
a)Short term :Various forms ofrebellion against thesituation ,the "back­
ground conditions andtheconsequences ofnon–residence (attempts at
rehabilitation which usually lead tofailure ,depression among thos?e affected ,
resignation among social workers ).Theresulting limitation ofassistance
totemporary care often leads toperpetuation ofnon–residence .Help is
urgently required here#
b)Medium term snewmeasures tobestarted andexamined .Thesystem oi'
assistance ,which washitherto only based onwelfare ,should becompl-imentei
bydiagnostics ,therapy andprophylaxis ,aswell asbybringing thepresent
rehabilitation arrangements uptodate -allthis tobeworked outin
conjunction with thetarget group# Thus psychological syndrome andinstitu­
tional offers ofassistance will besoundly based#
c)Long term :theovercoming ofthecomplex psycho –andsocio-syndromes
duetothelack ofpermanent accomodation#
2#Listing newmethods with aview tohelping thepoor#
Asystem ofassistance merely based onwelfare isinthelong runbound
toremain inefficient# Anaction model istherefore aimed atwhich takes
account ofthebasic ,complex psychological syndrome ofrion–residenc e•
Part ofthis istheanalysis already being made oftheinteraction between
psycho-social syndrome andinstitutional offers ofassistance (effects of
hospitalisation)#
Theaction model aimed atisbased onexperiences which within theframe­
work ofouraction research aremade bysympathetic observation ,consultant
psychological intervention ,attempts atfinding accomodation andabove all

because thetarget group itself introduces itsneeds into theresearch
process sInaddition }this should lead tosuggestions being worked out
forlegislative andother socio-political measures designed toachieve ^
among others ,that people with special handicaps (special social diff­
iculties )maybeoffered special socially accepted careers#
Three crucial points areatpresent envisaged t
a)setting upasystem ofroving assistance ("open assistance ")*
This should include those showing signs forthefirst time ofpsychic and
social suffering duetoso–called non–residence# Theaimshould beto
achieve stabilisation bywayofimmediate consultation andpsychologically
based intervention sothat admittance towelfare homes maybeavoided
andthesuffering maybeprevented from manifesting itself (creation of
less expensive model accomodation ),
b)innovation ofexisting accomodation (homes ,camps ,mental institu­
tions ),Inthis instance ,account should betaken oftheneed forbetter
differential diagnosis andforworking outappropriate intervention
techniques asabasis formore differentiated ,adequate offers ofassis­
tance :institutional innovations and self-determination ofthose affecte&o
Participation bytheterget group inpreparing andimplementing theproject
Common stimulation ofaims andinterests bythose affected ,confrontation
with thepossibilities ofdecision ,participation with theright tovote
intheplanning ofanddecision onparticular experiments .Extensive
participation bythegroup ofclients ,which isaimed at,isactivated
byindividual discussions inthehome situation ,aswell asby"sympathetic
observation"# Inview oftheneeds andideas raised ,andsubject tothe
obstacles tocommunication andshortcomings inaotion ,action plans for
each particular case aredrawn upincommon (achieving security andoare

-31-
foroneself |representation ofinterests ,rehabilitation ).
4*Definition ofthepopulation group covered bytheproject
Non–residence isaspecific form ofsocialisation ofbetween appr ,50,000
and100,000 male adults (only 5$women ).Among thecharacteristic factors
arethefact that those concerned belong tothelower social strata ,escape ,
expulsion ,economic crises andunemployment (newly unemployed ia1972 :8,500 ,
increased to13,000 in1974 ).This interacts with various specific ,basic
psychological suffering ,such asepilepsy ,impediments ofallkinds ,depression
discouragement ,anxieties andpsychoses ,aswell asshortcomings inthe
assistance arrangements andother conditions applied bythedepartments of
social affairs andofemployment ,thepolice ,night shelter ,andalso with
occasional employment ,assembly work andseasonal employment .Thecontacts
between those without accomodation and the assistance authorities become
increasingly frequent until intheend theapplicant islooked after per­
manently bytheassistance authorities .This brings toanendthesocial -
isation process ofnon-residence ,
5,Working relations between theleader oftheproject andtherelevant public
andprivate organisations
1,Bundesministerium fürJugend ,Familie undGesundheit ,
53Bonn–BadGodesberg 1,Kennedyallee 105-107
2,Ministerium fürArbeit ,Gesundheit undSozialordnung des
Landes Baden-Württemberg ,^Stuttgart 1,Rotebühlplatz 30
3,Diakonisches Werk derEvangelischen Kirche inDeutschland
Hauptgeschäftsstelle 7Stuttgart 1,Stafflenbergstr ,16
4*Evang ,Fachverband fürNichtsesshaftenhilfe e,V,
7Stuttgart 1,Staff lenbergstr ,76
5,Diakonisches Werk derEvang ,Kirche inWürttemberg
7Stuttgart ,Reinsbergstr ,46
6,Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft fürNichtsesshaftenhilfe
4813 Bethel beiBielefeld ,Königsweg 4
7,Stadt Stuttgart ,Sozialamt ,7Stuttgart ,Wilhelmsplatz 9

8*Landeswohlfahrtsverband Württemberg-Hohenzollern ,
7Stuttgart 1W,Lindefcspurstr .39
9.Landesarbeitsamt Baden-Württemberg ,Bundesanstalt fürArbeit
7Stuttgart 1.Holderlinstr .36
10»InstitutfürSozialforschung undGesellschaftspolitik e.V.
5Köln1,Sachsenring 39
11.InstitutfürSosialarbeit undSozialpädagogik
41Duisburg ,Pulverweg 23
12.InstitutfürErziehungswissenschaft derUniv.Tubingen ,
Arbeitsbereich Sozialpädagogik ,74Tubingen ,Münzgasse 22–30
13.MaxPlanck-Institut fiirPsychiatrie
8München40,Kraepelinstr .10
14.InstitutfürInterdisziplinäre Forschung
Bielefeld (BAGProjekt)
15.VereinfürSozialeHeimstätten e.V.
7Stuttgart 1,Falkerstr.29
Forthepurposeofinstitutionalising theworkingrelations aresearchadyisory
councilwassetupforthemodelprojecttowhichinstitutions marked+)areat
presentaffiliated.
Actionandresearcharecloselyintertwined sothatscientific resources maybe
usedadequately indealingwithpractical problems.Theprojected actionmodel
"HelpforthePoor"isbeingdeveloped onthebasisofscientifically coiii;rolJ.ed
experiences resulting fromtheaction,itsfeedback andevaluation .

-33-
UNITED KINGDOMPROJECl(// '
JOINT FAMILY DAY CENTRE PROJECT
a)OBJECTIVES
General
Theproject seeks toexperiment inavariety oflocal areas with different
approaches *tothetask ofhelping thepoorest families tocounter theparticular
deprivations ofextreme poverty -depression ,sense ofhopelessness andsocial
and cultural isolation *
Short-term
Tosetupandmonitor progress oflamily groups inavariety ofinformal settings .
Each group will undertake arange ofactivities specifically designed tomeet the
needs ofthepoorest families inways inwhich they themselves choose .Activities
will include practical work ,forexample home-making ,family budgeting andkeep -
fitetctoacquire skills ,establish social contacts anddevelop confidence (LOSS ,
LPSS ,Camden FSUandCambridge House );participation indiscussion groups and
circulating journal (ATD):help with child rearing andprovision ofday-care to
increase opportunities foreducation andemployment forparents ofdependent
children (Defoe andGingerbread ).During this period ,groups will establish links
with thewider community including theimmediate neighbourhood andlocal social
welfare agencies .Also ,project leaders will clarify research objectives and
establish record-keeping systems etc tocollect information forresearch and
evaluation .
Médium -term
Tosustain anddevelop activities asdescribed above .During this period group
leaders will look foranypreliminary indications ofchange inthecircumstances
offamilies ,forexample ,increased self-confidence ,greater awareness oftheir
environment andimproved material circumstances .Groups will continue toaccept
newclients andwill develop newmethods inthelight ofexperience .
Long -term
Toassess theeffectiveness ofthegroups inhelping deprived families toreduce
their dependence onprofessional social work agencies and toparticipate more
effectively insociety .Some groups ,forexample ,LCSS ,LPSS andCamden FSU ,will
encourage families progressively toreduce their dependence onthegroup asthey
develop social contacts out3ide :others ,forexample Cambridge House ,will encourage
clients toaccept increasing responsibility forrunning thegroup sothat ultimately
itwill bevirtually self-sufficient .Allprojects hope toproduce findings which
/will
•Seven voluntary organisations aretaking part asfollows :
i London Council ofSocial Service (LCSS )
ii Gingerbread (Croydon )
iii Aide aToute Detresse (Frimhurst ,Surney )(ATD )
iv Defoe DayCare Project Committee (Hackney )
<v Cambridge House andTalbot (Southwark )
vii Camden Family Service Unit (FSU )
viii Liverpool Personal Service Society (LPSS )

-34-
will assist inthedevelopment offuture social policies ,particularly indealing
with social deprivation andisolation amongst thepoor andinthepotential for
self help within thecommunity rather than dependence onprofessional support
agencies .
b)NEW METHODS
Theproject seeks toexperiment with awide variety ofmethods which include
social work methods ofindividual casework ,group work andcommunity work )
teaching domestic skills andparentcraft ;self-help activities andthefullest
participation oftheclients themselves andthelocal community .Newmethods
which areofparticular interest include thefollowing :
(i) Intensive non-residential group work which devotes particular
attention tothesocial needs ofthemost deprived families with
dependent children orother dependent relatives .(LOSS ,LPSS ,
Camden FSUandCambridge House );
(ii) Training local mothers ascommunity leaders (LCSS andCambridge
House );
(iii)provision ofchild-care facilities adjacent tofacilities for
adult andfurther education toenable study ofextent towhich
each maybenefit theother (Defoe );
(iv) self-help methods toprovide day-care facilities forone-parent
families (Gingerbread ))
(v) measures topromote dialogue between thepoorest families and
therest ofsociety ,forexample discussion groups ,journal and
resource centre .These will include opportunities fordeprived
families from UKtoshare their experience with families from
other ESCmember states (ATD )
c)PARTICIPATION
This will vary innature andextent from onegroup toanother .IntheGingerbread
play school ,thetarget population (ieoneparent families )will beentirely
responsible fortheproject right from initial planning stages .Inmost othezr
groups ,howevor ,project leaders appointed andpaid bytheorganisation concerned
will bemainly responsible forpreparatory work inconsultation with members of
thetarget population .Astheprojects develop thetarget populations will be
encouraged tobecome more closely involved intheday-to-daymanagement ofthe
groups including participation inplanning programmes ofactivities andreferrals
ofnewclients .Other examples ofparticipation include training people wholive
indeprived neighbourhoods tobecome local community leaders ie'new careerist.?'
(LCSS andCanbridge House )andappointing representatives ofclient families to
theproject steering committee (Defoe andCambridge House ).

-35-
d)TYPE ,CAUSES ANDEXTENT OFPOVERTY
Thegroups will beestablished indeprived urban areas ,characterised byawide
range ofeconomic ,social andcultural deprivations ,including lowwages ;high
rates ofunemployment and jobinstability ;heavy dependence onstatutory welfare
benefits ;poor housing ;poor communications ;mental instability ;high incidence
ofdepression ;apathy ;child behaviour problems and .delinquency .Families who
areeither living inpoverty oratthemargins ofpoverty arespecially
vulnerable toeconomic recession orthebreak-up oftraditional family networks
andcommunity ties .Furthermore ,insome families there isatendency for
multiple economic andsocial problems torecur from onegeneration toanother .
Theflight ,ofthese families maybefurther aggravated where they aresocially
shunned byfamilies wholive insimilar material circumstances .Itisnot
possible togive firm estimates oftheextent ofpoverty intheareas concerned ,
andhence theproportions which maybeassisted bytheprojects .Theprojects
themselves mayhowever assist inidentifying thescale ofpoverty intheir areas .
e)WORKING RELATIONS
Working relations between project leaders andallrelevant public andcommunity
organisations aregood .Project leaders maintain regular contacts with national
andlocal organisations andenlist theco-operation oflocal organisations ,
including theNational Health Service andthestatutory social services andother local
authority departments inreferrals etc .Atanational level ,theproject leaders
keep inclose touch with relevant Government Departments and theNational Council
ofSocial Service .Some ofthefamily groups have attracted considerable interest
inthelocal andnational press .
f)REIATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTION ANDRESEARCH
Themajor research effort will betoprepare adfcscriptive assessment ofhow far
thegroups have achieved their declared objectives .Project leaders will be
responsible forthecollection ofdata derived from ,application forma ,attendance
lists ,descriptions ofactivities etc .Several oftheindividual projects have
appointed asteering group composed ofacademics ,professional social workers and
others ,tosupervise theresearch .Inaddition ,theInstitute ofCommunity
Studies will undertake anoverall assessment oftheproject andwill b«*
toprovide advice andsupport tothegroups .

-3*"
FRANCEPROJECT 7
PilotProjectoftheNational Federation ofCentresfortheActionProgramme
against Slums(P.A.C.T. )
Poorandinadequate housingandhomelessness arethemostvisible
signsofpoverty.
Inmostindustrialised countries andinparticular inFrancethere
areoverallpoliciesforhousingandlivingconditions andsystemsofpub15qsup­
portfortheimprovement oflivingconditions .
Itismoreandmoreevidentthatthesesystemsarenotalways
adequate tomeettheneedsoftheleastprivileged sectorsofthepopulation .
Theobjective ofthepilotexperiment putintooperation bythe
National Federation ofCentresfortheActionProgramme Against Slumsisto
analysetheinadequencies andgapsinthesesystemsofhousingaidandtoex­
periment withnewtypesofaction.
Italsoseekstoshowthathousingpolicies fortheleast
privileged groupsshouldbeworkedoutwithintheframework ofanoverall
policyofsupportforsuchpeople.
Togainthemostusefulresultsfromthisexperiment threegeo­
graphical areashavebeenchosen:aruraldistrict inMorbihan,anindustrial town
inNorthern Franceandamedium-sized townintheSouthEast.
I-GUEMENEE SURSCORFF (Morblihan )
Theprojectundertaken atGu6m6n6e surScorffisfocusedon
maintaining theelderlyinthelifeofsocietyby'means ofalinkedseriesof
actionsoftwomaintypes:theimprovement ofhousingandthedevelopment of
amenities andservices .
Thesignificance oftheprojectliesontheonehandinthe
linkingtogether oftheseactionsandontheotherhandinthemethodof
determining theactionstobecarriedoutwhichconsists inaprocessofjointcon­
sultation betweenthelocalauthorities concerned,theadministrative services
ofthedepartment andtheelderlythemselves andisbasedonastudyindepith
oftheneedsandaspirations oftheelderly.
Theworkcarriedoutin1976hasenabledapreciseinventory tobe
drawnupofthehousingconditions oftheelderlyandforastarttobemadeon
theprocessofcons6ltation onarangeofproposals onbothtypesofactionipthe
project.
AmoredetailedstudybeguninNovemberwillallowtheorderof
priorities fortheseactionstobeestablished .

-37-
Thisstudybearsdirectly onthesocialandinstitutional processes
wherebytheelderlyarebroughttoleavetheirhomesandgointoresidential care;
itwillthuscontribute toanunderstanding ofthenature,causesanddynamicsof
povertyinthisareaofruraldecline.
II-ROUBAIX (Nord)
ThetownofRoubaixisontheedgeofahighlyindustrialised area
whichiscurrently experiencing agreatdealofeconomicdifficulty connected
withtherestructuring ofthetextileindustry .The"C.A.L.-P.A.C.T. "Centrehas
formanyyearsbeenconducting averyimportant adtivity topromotehousing
fortheleastprivileged .Howeveritseemsthatthisaction,centred (essentially
onhousingconditions ,cannotbyitselfresolvetheproblems ofthepoorest
families .
Theprojectundertaken herehasasitsspecificobjective the
supportofagroupoffamiliescurrently accommodated intwotemporary housing
projects,bymeansofanintensive socio-educational programme directedatall
membersofthefamily.
Thissocio-educational actionwaslaunched attheoutsetofthe
project;itconsists ofseveraltypesofactivitycarriedoutbyoutsideteamsin
closeco-operation withthesocialworkersinthetwohousingprojects :
-training in,rlivingtogether insociety"foradults,
-supportprogramme forchildren entering schoolforthefirsttime,
-development ofleisureactivities forchildren andadolescents ,
-introduction totheresponsible useofhousing.
Thisactionissubjecttocontinuous evaluation byateamof
socialscienceresearch workers fromLille.
Thewholeprojectissupervised byaworkinggroupoonsisting
ofrepresentatives oftheDepartmental directorate forHealthandSocialWelfare
fortheNord,theFamilyAllowance Fund,theBoroughofRoubaixandtheMinistry
ofHealth.
III-ORANGE (Vaucluse )
Theobjective oftheprojectundertaken atOrangeistoallowthe
leastprivileged families intheconurbation tobenefit fromthepublicprovision
intendedfortheimprovement oflivingconditions .
Itispartofawideroperation forurbanimprovement inthe
townofOrangeconducted bytheTownCouncilwithcentralgovernment support.

-38-
1976wasdevotedinparttoatechnical andsocialstudyofthe
centreofthetown,andinparttocultivating awareness amongthoseresponsible
forcarrying outtheurbanimprovement programme .
Theworkwasconducted byC.A.L.-P .A.C.T.ofOrangeinclose
co-operation withtheMinistry ofPublicWorksandtheMinistry ofHealth.

-Μ-
ACTIONS FORTHEIMPROVEMENT OFSOCIAL SERVICE SYSTEMS
Thefocushere1sasocialservicesystem.Oftenitisagovernment
organisation whichissetuptomeettheneedsofthepoor,inwhichcasethepro­
jectwouldbeconcerned inmakingitmoreresponsive totheseneeds.Inothercases
thefocuscoversarangeofservices relevanttothelivesofpoor.Notonlyorga­
nisations directedspecifically tothepoormaybetheobjectofthls^typeofpro­
ject/butalsoservicesforsocietyatlarge,suchasurbanplanning.
TheNCABprojectinEnglandisanexampleofasmallhighly
specificenterprise .Itisdesignedtomakethesystemofindependant appealtri­
bunalsusedbytheDepartment ofHealthandSocialSecurity andtheDepartment of
Employment morehelpfultoclaimants byproviding themwithtrainedlayadvocates
(qualified legalaidisscarceandexpensive andaformallegalconsultation i$
perhapsnotappropriate totheclaimants' needs).Attheotherextremethe
experiment atPaduainItalyinvolves reorganising acomplete rangeofservice?,
toprovide thematasinglelocallevelratherthanconducting themfromvarioys
levels,national,provincial andlocal.Thisisthemostexpensive andambitious
projectintheprogramme .
Germany hastwoschemesinthisclassification ,onedirected
towardstherangeofsocialservices provided bytheCityofCologne andthe
othertoimproveservicesforthehomeless intheRuhr.Parishasanexperiment
tocreateaUnifiedChildren'sServiceinaparticular locality-anattempt
atco-ordinating theworkof3separate servicesforchildren andfacilitating
morepreventive work.InIrelandtheimpending changeinthesocialassistance
systemisbeingusedastheoccasionforabefore-and-afterstudyoftheImpact
ofthereformaswellasforexperiments 1nImproving theoperation ofthe
newsystem.AnotherIrishscheme1sparticularly concerned with"welfareright*",
theawareness ofthepooroftheservicesavailable tothem.This

-£o-
problem ofcommunication finds aplace inseveral other projects .The ''
Edinburgh project isessentially anattempt torestructure parts ofthe
local authority management system topromote community involvement
* •while twoschemes inIreland (oneintheNorth andtheother intheRepublic )
aredirected totherSle ofvoluntary organisations insocial welfare .
Inthemain thetechniques ofgroup andcommunity work were developed
incountries where the formal structures ofsocial services and income
maintenance were less developed than intheEuropean Community and
self-help alternatives were often sought atthelocal level .Thesituation
intheEuropean Community ,where formal structures arevery highly
developed byinternational standards ,offers thechance toapply group
andcommunity work techniques totheimprovement ofsuch structure ^
andmaking them more effective ineliminating poverty .

-41- PROJECT 3
GERMANY
Project :Structural analysis ofpovertyandthemeanstodealwithit-
Aninquiryintothedevelopment ofmodelsforsocialmanagement
andsocialworkadaptedtoneed.
1.Aimsoftheprojectseenintheshort,mediumandlongterm
Theoverall aimoftheprojectistheimprovement ofthestructures ofsocial
assistance bydeveloping modelsofsocialmanagement andsocialworkadaptedto
need.
Incloserelation withtheexisting rangeofthevariousaimsoftheproject
threeparticular fieldsofinquiry maybedistinguished :astructural analysis
ofcausesandphenomena ofpovertyintwourbandistricts ofCologne/eachofthem
withtheirowndistrictstructure ;thedevelopment ofselective social-thera -
peuticcare;;andtheanalysis ofthemannerinwhichsocialmanagement isor­
ganisedandcarriedoutatpresent.
Theproject'sahort-term aim,whichconstitutes themaincontentofitsfirst
phase,isthequalitative andquantitative listingoftheneedforsocialas­
sistance amongpoorgroupsofthepopulation ,together withananalysis ofwhat
isavailable andwhatispossibly lackingintheexistingsocialprovisions and
services .Inthesecondphaseoftheproject-whichcorresponds withmedium-
andlong-term policies-anumberofpeoplearegivenselective assistance
bymeansofsocial-therapeutic carewithfreshprospects fortheirfuture
life.Inthethirdphaseoftheprojectcertainmodelsaredeveloped basedon
theresultsoftheempiriclist,onthemoveinitiated byJUStowardssocial-
therapeutic workandontheanalysis ofthemannerinwhichsocialmanagement

-42-
isorganised andcarriedoutatpresent.Thesemodelsareaimedatamore
intensive useofsocialmanagement andsocialworkadaptedtoneed;the
achievement oftheseideasconstitutes thelong-term aimofourprpject.
2.Newmethodstohelppeopleinconditions ofpoverty
Thedevelopment ofnewmethodstodealwithpovertyhasoccurred inparticular
withintheframework ofsocial-therapeutic careconceived asaninquirytobe
followed byaction.AsanadditiontotheSocialServiceoftheCityofCologne
withwhichwecollaborate closely,theInstitute inchargeoftheinquiryhas^et
upitsownadvisoryserviceinwhichasocial-therapeutic teamconsisting ofvarious
disciplines develops newfcindsofsocialworkdesignedtoencourage selfhelp.The
social-therapeutic activities arenaturally relatedtothetraditional socialwork
methods (assistance inindividual cases,groupwork,community work),butaredistin­
guishedinparticular fromtohathadbeenofferedhitherto bythefactthatcare
andadvicearegivenbyamulti-professional teamgathered inonecentre,that
practical activities conceived withintheframework ofaninquiryfollowed
byactionarecloselyrelatedtoscientific research,thatnewformsofcarein
thefieldofsocialworkaredeveloped andtestedandfinallythatformsofpsy­
chological therapyareusedwhichhaduptothat*momentnotbeenappliedtothe
underprivileged .
3.Participation ofthetargetgroupinpreparing andimplementing theproject
Participation oftheunderprivileged ithemselves isanessential feature
oftheproject :theyarenotitsobject,butparticipate themselves actively
initsimplementation .Themannerandextentofthisparticipation vary

-43-
ineachparticular phaseoftheproject,theintensity ofparticipation increases
astheproject'smodelprogresses .Inthefirstphaseofthestructural analysis
ofpovertyparticipation islargelylimitedtothefunctionofinformation ,those
concerned supplying information ontheircondition ofl-»feandtheirneeds,thus
makingarealcontribution tothedevelopment ofthewelfareprogramme .Inthe
courseofthesocial-therapeutic welfare worktheparticipation ofthoseconcernei
alsoextendstothefunctionoforganisation anddecision .Theaimofmobilising
theself-help potential istobeachieved insuchamannerthatconcrete social
assistance willgiverisetotheowninitiative ofthoseconcerned beingaroused
,whichinturnshouldenablethemtoexpresstheirneedsandtotakepartactively
intherealisation oftheproject.Participation thusconstitutes bothanaim
andaprerequisite ofoursocial-therapeutic work.
4.Definition ofthepopulation groupcovered bytheproject
Theresearch project'relatestounderprivileged population groupsintwodistinct
urbanareasofCologne,i.e.anareaoftraditional ,maturesocialstructure
andanewareawhichonlytookshapeinrecentyears.Thosecoveredconsisted of
peoplealreadyinreceiptofsocialassistance ,aswellasthosewhoarenotyet
receiving benefits,eitherbecausetheydonot.claimtheirentitlement or
becausetheirincomeisjustabovethelimitoftherulesgoverning social
assistance .Thenature,causesandextentofthedistress facingthosecon­
cernedisfirstofallascertained bymeansofstandardised interviews within
theframework ofa"socialranksinquiry";theinterviews willbeconcluded by
themiddleofOctober.
5.Workingrelations betweenthosemanaging theproject andallrelevant public
andprivateorganisations
Thecrucialpointsoftheactionresearch programme wereestablished inclose
collaboration withtheSocialAffairsAdministration oftheCityofCologne,
theboardofgovernors ofAssistance toGermanAqedandthestudyGroupof

-44-
Consumers whohavealsotakenpartinfinancing theproject.Atlocallevel
numerous contacts andcooperation agreements inthefieldoftheinquiryexistwith
allinstitutions andpeopleengagedinlocalsocialwork.Responsibility forthe
organisation andimplementation oftheactionresearch programme liesexclusively
withthemanagers oftheproject.
6.Relationship betweenmeasures (action)andresearch intheproject
Actionandresearch arecloselyrelatedinthismodelproject whichwasconceived
asanactionresearch project andthereiscontinuous consultation betweenthe
twofields.From-anorganisational pointofviewthiscloserelationship is
expressed bythefactthatallthosecollaborating intheprojecttakepart
jointlyinresearch andaction.Intheindividual phasesoftheprojectthe
areasofresearch andactionactually havetheirowndistinct importance .Inthe
firstphase,thestructural analysis ofpovertyforwhichtheinterview technique
wasused,researchclearlydominated .Itsresults,however,flowimmediately into
theproject'spractical work.Inthesecondphase,thesocial-therapeutic welfare
programme,actiondominates which,tobesure,alwayshasscience byitssideand
isevalued byscientific methods.

-45- PROJECT 5
GERMANY
Project :agreement for work for the homeless inDuisburg /Essen
1.The short -,medium -and long-term aims oftheproject
a)short-tori »
-tocomplete group accommodation for child and youth lab ur
-toestablish thechildren 'sdegree ofdevelopment
-todraw uptheprogramme for theadvancement ofpre-school children ,schorl
children andyoung persons
-tostaatr(-to continue )theparents' work
-todraw upaquestionnaire with aview tounderstanding the subjective sense
ofdiscrimination ,toassessing theposition ,theaction tobetaken and the
competence inlawofthose concerned (both juveniles andadults being
questioned )
-towork out ideas for the 1977 leisure programme
-tolaydown anddiscuss theprinciples ofsettlement intheforthcoming' ^
seminars for the further education ofthe entire team
-toco-operate indrawing uptheresearch project inDuisburg University with
-the Institute forSocial Work and Social Pedagogics and theWorkers'
Welfare Institute
-todraw upasociological study for thepurpose ofunderstanding the social
infrastructure inrelation tothepopulation structure oftheurban areas .
<>b)medium-term
-tocontinue theprogramme foradvancement with special reference tothe
problems ofurban areas (setting uplabour centres with collaborators of
the institutions concerned )
-tosetupaco-ordinating labour centre for thepurpose ofstudying the
problem ofthehomeless
-toarrange leisure courses lasting from several weeks toonly afewdays
forchildren ,young persons andadults
-toimplement theresearch project ofDuisburg University with ISSandthe
Workers' Welfare Institute

-46-
-tosetupalabour centre (guidance group )consisting ofcollaborators of
various specialist groups ,theliberal professions andtheInstitute for
Social Work andSocial Pedagogics forthepurpose ofdeveloping an
overall plan for thehomeless
-toimplement the questionnaire and the related reactivation ofthose
affected (atsettlement andcity level )
-toencourage theactivities ofthose affected which does notmerely imply
change ,butshould also constitute atraining ground .
c)long-term
-tointegrate theinhabitants ofsettlements into theworking class
(gradual class abolition )
-toimplement themeasures worked outandarrangements suggested inthe
overall plan for thehomeless
-toprovide urban areas with Social Work departments according topolicy
lines laid down
-toattempt ananalysis ofthe social security arrangements intheFederal
Republic ofGermany (extrication oftheweak )inrelation tothegroup
affected
2.Indication ofnew methods tohelp people inconditions ofpoverty
3.Participation bythe target group inpreparing and implementing the projects
The two points were combined ,because wework inaccordance with the
basic principles ofaction research which means that thefollowing
ideas should beadhered to :
-consistent involvement inandparticipation bythose affected inmatters
ofplanning and intheimplementation andevaluation ofthework ,in
particular byquestionnaire action ,advancement programmes and social
work related tourban areas
-co-operation with action groups ofthose affected andwith Duisburg
University forthepurpose ofunderstanding thethreatening problem
ofhomelessness inthenewly built "Hagenshof ".
k.Definition ofthepopulation groups covered bythe pro.ject (nature ,causes
and extent ofthe emergency )
Themodel experiment covers inDuisburg approx .1000 andinEssen approx .
^+00inhabitants ofemergency accommodation .
According toinformation supplied bytheCity ofDuisburg totheData
Processing andStatistical Qffio *oftheState ofNorth Rhine Westphalia
thenumber ofhomeless inDuisburg hasbeen reduced to7»^50 people accord
ingtoaninvestigation carried outon20June 1976 .InEssen there areat

-47-
present 2,8OoandintheFederal Republic asawhole approx .750,000 to1?000?000
homeless ;accurate statistical data are not available .
Inrelation toother wage earners thehomeless areparticularly expo secto
economic vicissitudes (threatening ,temporary ,permanent loss ofwork ).Forthe
rest werefer topages 2ff .ofourreport of1October 1976 totheEECCommission .
5«Working relations between the managers ofthe project and all relevant
public and private organisations
Contacts exist with thefollowing institutions intheCities ofDuisburg
and Essen :
-Health Office (forthepurpose ofestablishing health defects among the
inhabitants ofsettlements andforproviding better medical care )
-District Offices (forco-ordinating administrative procedures forthe
benefit ofthose affected )
-schools ,kindergartens ,children 'sshelters ,youth clubs for thepurpose
ofoo-operation inthe interest ofthe children andyoung persons concerned
-Labour Exchange (forthepurpose ofgetting toknow andutilising the
possibility ofavoiding youth unemployment )
-Youth Office (co-operation with theexperts responsible forspecific
settlements )
-Social Affairs Office (creation ofpossibilities forthepurpose of
implementing themeasures devised and formaking arrangements beyond the
time schedule existing for themodel projects .Setting upaco-ordinating
labour centre )
ASettlement and city .labour community asameans ofexpression for those
concerned
-Associations inthecountry surrounding the settlements which concern them­
selves with theproblem ofhomelessness .(Association forAssistance to
Young Persons ,Falcons ,etc.)
Inaddition ,contacts were established with thePlanning Division and the
Division fortheprovision ofaccommodation oftheSocial Affairs Office ,v/ith
theSchools Department ,theTown Planning Office ,"theTrades Union ,theSocialist
Party ofGermany faction oftheHamborn district ,with local government officers
and voluntary welfare associations .
6.Relations between aetion measures andresearch inithe project
Aseparation between action measures andresearch within theaction research
principle (according towhich ourproject hasbeen setup)isnotpossible ,since
when action accompanying certain procedures isconsidered research will
always come into play simultaneously .Themeasures listed inpoint 1ofthis
report represent action aswell asmatters forresearch .

-4M-
FRANCE
Projectintendedtodealwiththeeffectsofpovertyonunderprivileged children
inthe14tharrondissement inParis
Thisreportwascommissioned bytheSocietyforPromotion ofChildren'sMental
Hygieneinthe14tharrondissement inParis.
.Aimsoftheproject
Manypublications onsocialassistance forchildren haveshownthatthepresent-
daysystemofassistance tofamilies didnotalwaysmakeitpossibletomeetthe
needsofthesefamilies adequately andcouldincertaincasesevenleadtonegative
effects onthedevelopment ofchildren andfamilies .
Thesepublications haveinparticular stressedtheabsenceofcoordination between
thedifferent services concerned withchildren,theunsatisfactory summing up
offamilyneedswhichfrequently marsthefamily-childrelationship ,andthe
sometimes unsuitable methodsusedforplacing achildintothecareoftheautho­
rities.
Theobjectives oftheprojectfollowfromwhathasbeenestablished inthesefindings
-Toensurebettercoordination oftheservices designedtopromotechildren's
welfare;
-Toimprovethequalityoffamilyreportsbeforeachildisplacedintopublic
care;
-Toexperiment withnewformsofintervention .
Intheshortandmediumtermtheseobjectives takethefollowing forms:
.establishment atthelevelofthe14tharrondissement ofaUnifiedChildren's
Service whichcoordinates theseservices asawhole;
.definition ofanaccurate methodtodealwithbudgetary matters;
.establishment endevaluation ofnewformsofintervention .
B.Newmethodsintended toassistthepoor
Coordination ofservicesconstitutes thefirstaspectofthemeasures envisaged .
Inthe14tharrondissement thishastakentheformoftheappointment bythe
GeneralDirectorate ofSanitary andSocialActionofParisofonesingleperson
authorised totakeindividual decisions andtopropose amorerational useof
theavailable means.

-49-
Thesecondaspectistheconsideration givenbythepromotor oftheprcjert,
inliaisonwiththesocialworkers,toarriveatexactcriteria leadingto
moreadequate intervention .
Thethirdaspectisanexperiment withmoreflexible formulaeforplacing a
childintocare:fosterparents,smallhomes,increased financial aidto
families,intervention bysocialworkersspecialising infamilies .
C.Participation bythoseconcerned withthedrawing upandcairyingoutoftheproject
Theaimpursuedhereisthattheassisted familymustbebroughtbacktothelevel
whereitwilltakedecisions inmatterswithwhichitisconcerned byinducingit
tocooperate inthisprocess andtotakestockofitsactualposition .
Furthermore ,considerable effortsarebeingmadeatneighbourhood level,sothat
thecommunity therewillbeinvolved inanyactiontaken.
D.Understanding natureandcauses,thepopulation groupsconcerned andtheextent
ofthepoverty
Theproject,byadetailed analysis ofindividual situations ,mustbringto
lighttheeconomic,socialandpsychological factorswhichhaveledtosocial
maladjustment .
Thismayleadnotonlytoimprovedassistance atthelevelofindividual families,
butalsotomoregeneralactionsofencouragement amongpopulation groups.
E.Workingrelations betweenthoseinchargeoftheproject andthepublicand
socialorganisations concerned
Heretheproject mayberegarded asexemplary,sincethepreparatory phasehas
ledtoawidening oftheproject whichwillnowbeimplemented incloseliaison
withpublicbodies(theParisprefecture -D.6.A.S.S. )andprivateservices
existing inthearrondissement .
Atthisstagethefollowing services cooperate closelywiththepromotor :
SocialAssistance toChildren,MotherandChildProtection ,SchoolHealth,Mental
andChildren'sHygiene.
Furthermore ,theMinister ofHealthtakespartinthecoordination groupwhich
wassetuptoevaluate theresultsoftheoperation .
F.Relations betweenactionandresearch
Ashasjustbeenpointedout,theimplementation oftheprojectisaccompanied
byaveryconsiderable researcheffortwhichontheonehandrelatestothe
definition ofmorerelevantcriteria concerning thenatureofinterventions
mostappropriate totheneedsofeachfamily,ontheotherhandtotheimpactof
theproject ontheposition offamilies andchildren.

Atthisstageanumberofencouraging resultsastothequalityachieved car)be
established wherechildren weretakenintocare.
SincethecreationoftheUnifiedChildren'sServicethenumberofsubsequent
temporary placings intocarehasdecreased veryconsiderably ;thesechildren
areplacednotfarawayfromtheirnaturalfamilies andveryoftenintheirown
district;asubstantial effortismadetoachievethattheywillmaintain close
relations withtheirfamily.
Theseresultsshould,ofcourse,becautiously interpreted anditisparticularly
necessary toensurethattheimprovement inthequalityoftheintervention be
accompanied byatrueimprovement oftheresultsattheleveloffamilies and
chiIdren.

-51- PROJECT9
PRANCE
PROJECT iCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FRCMEARLYCHILDHOOD
(Pre-echool andperi-echolar programme )
Thisreportwascommissioned "bytheAideaTouteDetresse Scienceet
Service Movement
A-SHORT.MEDIUM ANDLONGTERMAIMSOFTHEPROJECT
Theimportance ofpre-school actioninthestruggleagainstpovertyneed
hardly "bediscussed# Yet,therearealltoofewprogrammes affecting themost
underprivileged families *
AideTouteDetresse hasacquired considerable experience inthisfield
inFranceandGreatBritainandhasadoptedasuitable methodology forchildren
andfamilies intheFourthWorld*
Theaimwithintheframework ofthisprojectistotestandimprovethis
methodology inthreetransitcitieswhicharelocatedintheVar,theSeine-
Saint-Denis andtheVald'Oiseareasrespectively ,andtoevaluatethe
conditions underwhichageneralpolicymightbeformulated *
Theimplementation oftheprojectismeanttoimprovethedevelopment of
children fromzerotosixyears,toenablethemtotaketheirnormalplacein
theschoolsystemandtoleadthefamiliesfullytoassumetheirresponsibilities
fortheeducation ofthechildren *
Theworkdoneduringthefirstthreequartersof1976hasmadeitpossible
todrawupadetailed balancesheetoftheposition ofthefamilies andto
makeafirstapproachtothechildren'sdevelopment andschooling problems *
Theyhaveledtothedefinition ofshorttermproblemstherealisation of
whichhasalreadybegun–inliaison,wherenecessary ,withtheservices
concerned *
Theseaimsareconcerned withthedevelopment ofthepre–schoolandperi-
scholaractivities andthechildren'sparticipation inthoseactivities ,as
wellaswithfamilies' participation inthechildren'seducation *
Theyhavetakentheformofthesettingupofpre-echool establishments
thatreceivethethreeyearoldseverydayandapreparatory cultural centre
forchildren fromfourtosixyearsofagewhogotokindergarten school,the
organisation ofoutingsandholiday campsforchildren *Medicalandpara­
medicalstaffalsomaketheircontribution andfamilyaidisavailable within
thefamilies themselves *
Inparallel ,AideaTouteDétresse haspromoted manyparents' meetings *

-52-
B-NEWMETHODS INTENDED TOHELPTHEPOOR
Theinterest fromthispointofviewisthattheapproachisgeneral
andcoherent , "beingaddressed tothechildren,aswellastotheir
familyandtheinstitutions concerned ;inaddition asystemofevaluation
issetupwhichshouldmakeitpossibletofollowthedevelopment ofthe
children andfamilies *
C-PARTICIPATION BYTHOSECONCERNED INDRAWING UPANDCARRYING OUTTHEPROJECT
Atthispointitiswelltostressthatthemethodappliedistheoutcome
oflengthyexperiments inwhichfamiliesinseveraltownshavetakenpart*
Furthermore ,ashasalready "beennoted,thefamiliesarecloselyassociated
intheworkthatis"beingdonewiththechildren *Thedevelopment andthe
increasing depthofthispjirticipation isoneoftheaimspursued "bythosein
chargeofAideaTouteDetresse *Considerable resultshave "beenobtained and
certainfamilies have "beguntotaketheirresponsibilities intheimplementation
oftheproject *
D-UNDERSTANDING NATURE ANDCAUSES.THEPOPULATION GROUPS CONCERNED
ANDTHEEXTENT OFTHEPOVERTY
Theimplementation oftheprojectwillcontribute tobetterknowledge of
theinstitutional mechanisms whichmayleadtophenomena suchasexclusion
fromtheschoolsystem *
E-WORKING RELATIONS BETWEEN THOSEINCHARGE OFTHEPROJECTS ANDTHE
PUBLIC ANDSOCIAL ORGANISATIONS CONCERNED
Ineachofthetransitcitiesandinvaryingdegrees,closecooperation
hasbeenestablished betweenthoseinchargeoftheprojectandtheteachers
ofthekindergarten andprimaryschoolsinwhichthechildrenareplaced*
Thiscooperation takestheformofregularmeetings enabling anevaluation
tobemadeoftheposition ofthechildren *AtToulonintheVardepartment
ithasevenbeensuggested thatamemberofAideaTouteDetressetakepart
incertain schoolactivities .
Similarcontactsaredeveloping withtheservicesfortheprotection of
mothers andbabies *
F-RELATIONS BETWEEN ACTION ANDRESEARCH
Theimplementation oftheprojectisaccompanied byaconsiderable
research effortwhichismeanttoallowt
-adeepening oftheknowledge ofthefamilies
•-anevaluation }bymeansoftests,ofthedevelopment oftheohildren
–anevaluation ofthepedagogics usedbothforthechildren andthe
parents *

-53- :OJÛCT //
IRELAND
Jelfare HirLto Project
This project issponsored andwill ,beimplemented byti;eNational
Co.r.aittee onI-ilot Scheufts toCoab&t Poverty ,established bythe
Irish government .
General Outline
Theproject aims tobrine about necessary chancer ,intnestructure
andoperation ofstatutory services andbenefits ;toorganise croups
ofclaimants and local people towork with existing conunity groups ;
todevelop locally andnationally acritical awareness ofcocial i.'-sues
andinparticular issues related polegal andsocial rights .
?articular attention will bedevoted tov/elfare recipients and ether
people indifficult circumstances .These objectives arebeing spelt
outinshort ,medium andlone-tern detail . Itisproposed initially
toestablish anappropriate presence intheareas chosen ,toinitiate
contact with local residents and all voluntary r.nd statutory -gencies .
Iti3then the intention toonerationalise aninfor.x.tion /advice
service and initiate investigation :*,into local issues requiring action
and/orresearch .From that base itisintended toengage inpublicity
advocacy and active intercession .onbehalf ofclaimants ,toorganise
groups ofclaimants and work closely with existing groups and
organisations tosocle todevelop acritical awareness ofsocial issues
related tolegal and social rights both atnational and local levels .
Inall ofthis work from theinitial infornation gathered the
involvement oflocal ,groups isregarded ascentral totheproject .
Areas
The project will beinitiated inOctober 197u inthrro initial target
areas :theSouth Innar city ofDublin ,Cor T:City r.nd torford City .
S&ch ofthese areas exhibits important characteristics of .:o.Tiv;iticn -
theDublin area isaclassic exaiRrle qf t-lieforis ofmultiple rie^-'rivation
inadeclining innor-city area ;the Cor' .:area isadensely populated
working class community with arange ofproblems andparticularly -ihai
ofhigh unemployment ;and the V/aterford project area cosfc.-iinn arecently
built municipal housing estate which displays all theproMer ?-;r>.fp
new developing community including lack ofanenities .

"54-:
ι
:îCt':iO'.OiO.':'y !
• i
'I
t I
Itispropoccd todevelop aco'r.Tchensive co.s;.;unity v/orltctrat«£y ;
toselect deprived areas accordin ;:torelevant criteria ;toI'ccr :it
I ' ~ '1
pr.rccns with aknowledge of ;>rojoct arcac~.nd toconrult with the
residents inselected area .,-,.-ndvrith a^rncioc and /;roujs operating
Intheareas ontheinitiation offield work prosrniJir.cs .
Pro^rocs toDate
,
The project teans -which will consist ofaproject icitier ,arojc-ct
rorker and aresearch officer -have boenrecruited and tr'tin'.n£ :.r.s
beer ,codeleted .The field staff v:iLl enter the >rcject loeatione
dnrin .:October 1976 andcommence worlc with local proups ,a-;encicr ,
.icdia andpublic representatives . The establishment ofappropriate
^•e.'.lrcs orstructures for thecarryin ;-out ofth^project v;ill follow
i:.i..icd lately .
ttOOvri . Il
I
Monitorinc and assessaont oftheproject inprogress isrecarced
ascrucial toassess the project . •Vron theoutset systematic rieitf
notes would be !ce\>t toMonitor theexperiences cf Id\:or\ -or.-c,
tho tasks undertaken inthe irocesr entailed . Jho ;-ocnons«% «nftha
co.n:.:unity groups and statutory orcanisationG ,thrrrov.th IjcsI
awareness and the dovelo];.aont ofparticipation v;ill also beassessed .
Adetailed research andevaluation design isbein t~completed with the
co-op'.;ration ofthecentral research staff oftheNational Coviit beo
ouPilot Sciie-ies to3or.bat iovcrty .
Objective ïv;o oTthe i'ro ;!cet
Oojociive Two ofthe project isconcerned \.ithevaluation yfthe
offinancial toncfit atnational l:vl and this o'^j rcti v,i tobev.ndor-
taken intwo ways :firs ;,bythoconducting ofseparate stumor at
central level ontheinter-act Ion oftaxation and ■.velf ;rc r.ysts.-w •'■ri 5
other '-roble .vis;and ,second ,by <\cvolo ;;nont ofres '.'arc !:etu'iio*o" io
system ofservices andbenefits onthobasis oftho «>:/c:*i.>ncc and
proole.is ari-tinc fro' ,1,thefield projects .Initi.-l riTotia' ..!.o;r -"i'.i li.f :
research ocencics onthedesign ofthin objective oftho .vo^ect ''■.-it
p'.'Qsent bein /:un-'ortaken . –––

Inconparison vith other acthoJolo^icr .oricting In :or;.'.ati?n .:ervic;:s
•concentrate ^arcC-ly onindividual car.ev.oric anoppoced tocroup an --
car .:unity work .Local participation and claimant involvement rccn
tobeanessential eleuent oftheproject which distir.guinhes it
fron other statutory information services . ,in;;s are bei.:g cct :blir.hed
v/ith the ..clfaro Sights jroject ,-inothor states toprriit the
development ofacomparative perspective v/liich islacking incurrent
lo,-:al and social rights prorraxnes inIreland .
^taffin /î
Inaadition tothe project tea smentioned aoove the 'reject v/i.1recci
the full back-up services ofthead/ii;.ir;trative and research staffs of
theNational Coluittee onPilot Schemes toCombat Poverty .
I
»
Budrct
The detailed budcet for theproject has ueor .cub,:itted ;nditicor.viea
that thetotal expenditure in1977 will amount to~127»^60 .
ccrousn 1976

|KeLAVb
SCHEME 12
Supplementary welfare Allowances Project
The project issponsored ,and will beimplemented bythe
National Committee onPilot Schemes toCombat Poverty ,established
byth«Irish government .
General Outline
The project takes its name from the Supplementary Welfnre Allowance®
Act ,passed bythe Irish Parliament in197?« The intention ofthe
Act istoreform and update the existing Home Assistance service
which was derived directly from the 19th century Poor Law . The
new Act seek *todeal with anumber ofmatters which had been the
subject ofcriticism inrecent years inrcl.it ion tosuch issues
asthe stigmaLi singaspect ofHome Assistance and variations between
regions inIreland inthe application ofHome Assistance .
9
Objectives ofthe Project
The Supplementary Welfare Allowances Project has two objectives
-toassess the new scheme ofSupp 1ementnry Welfare Allowances
and tosuggest ways inwhich this scheme might beimproved .
toascertain byexperimentation ,improved -methods ofproviding
for the needs ofpersons inreceipt ofSupplementary Welfare Allowance
Object One can beseen aslargely aresearch exercise and
objective Two asanaction project concerned with experiments in
ways tomeet theneeds ofporsons inreceipt oftheSupplementary
Wolfaro Allowances *

-*>r-
Thetwomajor objectives have been spelt outindetail xuterins of
short ,medium and long-term objectives .
Tarcet groups ofthe Project
Persons inreceipt oforinneed ofSupplementary Welfare Allowances
andothers insimilar situations .Inrelation toobjective one
itisalso intended toinclude policy makers ,administrators
orthe relevant agencies orgroups assessing thenew Supplementary
Welfare Allowances scheme . Itisintended toinvolve persons in
receipt oftheallowances inthe project wherever this ispossible
both inassessing the service and inidentifying needs arid
developing programmes ofaction tomeet these needs .
Action
The point ofdeparture oftheproject istofocus oilthose ntthr
lowest end ofthe scale scale interms offinancial resources .
While themain emphasis will beonwork with recipients of
Home Assistance orSupplementary Welfare Allowances theproject
maynotfocus exclusively onsuch recipients .Itisenvisaged
that theaction element ofthis project will belinked with two
other projnets tobecarried outbytheCommittee -theWelfare
Rights andCommunity Action Research projects .
Research
Objective Oneofthoproject isalmost entirely nresoarc'i
undertaking .Itisintended that theActbeassessed int-r.-.d
of(1)its ownobjectives and (2)theneeds ofrecipients .Th.iewil
involve acomparison between thesituation before theAct r>•
implemented andthesituation afterwards inorde -t>.. vsi-i
effect ofspecific provisions onwhether theAc.hadachn-vei ?
itsstated objectives isspecific ingeneral terms .It ;H.lisc
hoped tomonitor theadministrative changes which an -.iu .lofake
place with theintroduction ofthenewscheme b>...aim ..r
close contact with thepersonnel snH n .r ana the agencies involved .

Procress todate
Work todate has consisted ofthe following :revi ewofdocumentary
materials ;review ofall existing research relating tothe
Homo Assistance service ;collection and organisation ofbasic
statistical data ;establishment ofcontact with the administrative
personnel involved ;observation work .i.i\intwo Home Assistance
functional districts -one rural and one urban .Inaddition
specific work has been carried out inrelation tothe number
ofapplicants refused Home Assistance and the number ofenquirio *
made about Home Assistance inparticul.ir periods .
Field work has been carried out for asurvey ofall the
administrators primarly responsible for the Home Assistance
service ineach local authority area inIreland .This has involved
semi structured interviews designed tosain detailed .information
onpresent policy and opinions onthe introduction ofthe new
scheme .
Anational survey ofHome Assistance recipients has been curried
out inconjunction with the Irish Economic and Social Research
Institute . This has involved questionnaire interviews with more
than 1,800 recipients throughout thecountry .
Itisenvisaged that the completion ofanalysis onthe two surveys
mentioned above and the compilation ofpreliminary draft reports will
proceed inthe coming months ,during which time adetailed research
plan for the remainder ofthe project will bedrawn upand closely
related tothe time-table oftho introduction and .implementation of
the now Art .
Preliminary planning onthemore specific objectives ofPart Two
ofthe project involving action research inspecific areas iif
under way and itisenvisaged that action will commence some months
after the commencement ofthe new Act inall parts ofthe country .

Staffing
Present staff on'the project consist oftwo research officers
full-time ,apart-time research officer ,and part-time imput
l ■from the senior research officer ofthe National Committee *
■4 t
Budget
The Budget for 1977 which has been submitted indetail amounts to
£32 ,400 .
OCTOBER 1976 .

PROJECT 12» .
IRELAND
The Social Service Council Pro ject
The project issponsored byand will beimplemented bythe
National Committee onPilot Schemes toCombat Poverty established
bythe Irish government .
General Outline
The project relates tothe work ofthe Social Service Council
movement inIreland which over the last ten tofifteen years has
seen the emergence ofbetween one hundred and one hundred a:»d fifty
Social Service Councils established onavoluntary oasis ill
communities throughout the country and providing awide 'range of
personal social services and some community services .Itis
envisaged that the project will provide comprehensive information
.onthe structure and working ofthese Councils and will focus in
particular onthe degree towhich they make acontribution tothe
fight against poverty and onthe necessary changes and strategies
required tostrengthen them ,togive them agreater genuine
community baso and toenable them toplay apositive role in
combating poverty inIreland .
Obiecti ves
The objectives ofthe project have been spelt out inshort ,
medium and long-term statements which concentrate upon such aspects
as:the collection ofgeneral information onSocial Service Council
activities ,determining the extent towhich seleoted Social
Service Councils meet local needs ;the undertaking ofexperimental
action programmes inselected areas dealing with -service
improvement ,initiating new services ,restructuring and extending
the role ofCouncils . Itisforeseen that the project will seek
toevaluate the effectiveness ofthese action programmes inmeeting
the needs ofthe poor .The long term objectives are todetermine
the effectiveness ofthe services inmeeting the needs ofthose
afflicted bypoverty ,toascertain themanner inwhich Social
Service Councils are attempting tomeet their stated objectives ,
and todetermine what policies might bedeveloped bySocial Service
Councils towards meeting the needs ofthe poor toany greater extent .

-
Methodology
Different research methods andtechniques willbeusejvarying
fromparticipant observation andcommunity studies tothemore
traditional survey anddocumentary research .Datawillbe
gathered inrespect ofthefollowing populations :those receiving
theservices ;those administering theservices !those provid.ng
theservices ;agencies providing grant ,fortheservices ;and
other local andregional voluntary bodies .
t \
Participation
During theresearch phase itisintended toactively involve
persons inreceipt ofservices andtheassessment andevaluation
ofSocial Service Councils through group discussions and
methods .Atalater stage itisenvisaged that clients will be
involved indeveloping programmes ofactions tomeet their ownneeds .
Thenumber ofnational andregional agencies will beactively
involved intheplanning andimplementation oftheproject .
Evaluatio n
Evaluation will beundertaken ontheeffectiveness ofresearch
design inrelation tolong term objectives oftheproject andof
theeffectiveness oftheaction schemes inimplementing recommendation
arising from theresearch findings .Comparisons will oemade
between successive schemes inthedifferent project locations .
Hesearch
Kesearch will consist oftwo elements :
anational sample survey ofapproximately twenty five
Social Service Councils chosen onarepresentative basis
across the country
-acomprehensive in-depth study ofall theSocial Service Council
inone ccuittry ,Clare inthemid-West ofIreland .

-6*,-
Inthe national study itisproposed toidentify 'and fnterivew
Social Service Council leaders ,professional staff ,representatives
ofvoluntary groups ,local and statutory officials ,clergy and
clients . Inthe intensive study information will begathered
onthe same general basis asthe national study inaddition to
the study ofsocial needs and the evaluation ofaparticular
services . This will involve anumber ofresearch techniques
varying from the traditional survey and documentary research to
participant observation ofcommunity studies . The county chosen
for intensive study was selected onthe basis that itranked
highly onmeasures ofpoverty while atthe same time exhibiting a
high level ofSocial Service Council activity .
Action
The action component ofthe Social Service Council project will
commence inthe latter half of1977 « Action projects will be
largely contingent onthe findings ofresearch and for thisreason
itisnot possible tooutline the full details ofthe action
programme atthis stage .
Progress toDate
The staff ofthe project have been selected and are undergoing
training . The area for the intensive study has been chosen and
selection ofthe areas for the twenty five Councils tobeincluded
inthe hational sample are atanadvanced stage .Itisenv .-
that research work will commence before the end of
Staffing
The staff will consist oftwo research oj .<c L~ o
workers trained insocial science skills v.o ■
Involveaant cfPopulation
Three separate groups constitute '.'i'?oo;nv ?*
Social Service Council members ,staff crop .'.v. y 'v "id
consumers orrecipients .Thesogroups wi ?.I Vi.ve j.yiuic.lv
intheresearch programme -i.e. through eelf .".v?r-eys and group
discussion toclarify objectives *nva.lv at*s-- ,?.inrvt ifyneeds

-* -
and suggest ways inmeeting these needs . Itisexpected that
involvement inthe research process will stimulate critical
awareness and assessment ofthe functioning effectiveness of
Social Service Council activity .
Financing
This project isnot being financed under the EEC programme but
isbeing included only for purposes ofcomparison and exchange
ofresults .

ITALI1
Pro"e~t IImcrove-rent ofsystem ofwelfare services „ln
raccueV
N022S ON*TH]PPI3H ?A5AIN3 ?POVZHTY PSOJISCT UI^ERTAXZN UITHTTT THE
LOCAL UTFIRS I:TP.OUA .
a)Theaiaoftheproject istodealwiththeproblem ofpoverty
andofdeprivation inaparticular area (themunicipality ofPadua ^
through theprovision ofbasic andspecialized services forthe
whole co=au,oity «This i«anattempt toovercome theconfusion
existing inthepresent system ofwelfare services ,todoaway
ofpopulation
with specialized services forspecific stutimuyxo a.oid thedelays
caused bybureaucratic complexities andthedissipation ofresources
brought about bythedoubling upofthevarious agencies .
Three ^ears ago ,thelocal authorities inPadua setupa
project involving thesubdivision ofthecity into "Local Units' *
representing anintegrated andorganised system ofservices for
the safeguard ofhealth and forthesocialization ofthememoirs
oftheconq ,unity .TheEECfight against poverty project hasbeen
incorporated inthis experiment .
Aninteresting feature isthefact that theproject isan
integral part ofthelocal authorities *programme andacerts in
<U*.*ee ofcontinuity andofintegration has therefore been
guaranteed .Ontheother hand ,thelocal political affairs re­
play anegative part insuch &project (forinstance ,last ye&r ,
thehazard ^ofthelocal Council were reflected ^thesetting
upofthecontrolling bodies fortheproject .)

éS
NOTES ONTK5 PI5HT AGAINST P0V2RTY PROJECT UNDERTAX5N UITHTK .TFTE
LOCAL UNIT3 INPADUA .
a)Theaimoftheproject istodeal With theproblem ofpoverty
andofdeprivation inaparticular area (themunicipality ofPadu*)
through theprovision ofbasic andspecialized services forthe
whole community .This isanattempt toovercome theconfusion
existing inthepresent system ofwelfare services ,todoaway
ofpopulation
with specialized services forspecific sectioasj /toavoid thedelays
caused bybureaucratic complexities andthedissipation ofresources
brought about bythedoubling upofthevarious agencies .
Three years ago ,the local authorities in ,Padua setupa
project involving the subdivision ofthecity into "Local Units "
representing anintegrated and organised system ofservices for
the safegu&rd ofhealth and for thesocialization ofthemembers
ofthecommunity .TheEEC fight against poverty project hasbeen
incorporated inthis experiment .
Aninteresting feature isthefact that theproject isan
integral pwt ofthelocal authorities 1pro /jr&itme and acertain
degree ofcontinuity andofintegration has therefore "been
guaranteed .Ontheother hand ,the local political affairs may
play anegative part insuch aproject (forinstance ,last year ,
thehazard ^ofthelocal Council were reflected inthesetting
upofthecontrolling bodies fortheproject .)

M-
b)Thethreeareasofactionproposed bjftheprojectforafive:
planajpethefollowing :maternity andchildwelfare,pareofth.
agedajidofthehandicapped ,theprotection ofworkers.Thev:oi-
ofthefirstyearwasmainlyconcentrated onthefirstgroup.IT
wascarriedoutbyteamsofworkersrepresenting ,thevarious
professions involvedinpreventive work,diagnosis ,therapyand
rehabilitation forchildren ofallages,withspecialattention *•
casestfithparticular needs.
Forthesecondgroup,homecareservices havebeenincreased
andaprogramme offinancial assistance hasbeensetuptoensure
a"minimumlivingstandard "foreveryone .
Theprecise wayinwhichthethirdpartoftheprogramme ,nar.e'.;
theprotection ofworkers,istobecarriedouthasstilltQbe
finalised . <■
c)Thebasicoutlines oftheprogrammes i^relaiddov/nbylocr.
administration involving thevariouspolitical represrr •'-
elected bythepeople,thesearethenworkedout •'-rv :
bodiesresponsible forthesocialserviceapa .
andcarriedoutinthevariousdistricts(jrLoc<J. 'c?t-
ofworkers andbythoseresponsible forish. hp"*' *•]
training andleisuretimeactivities servic-n -reveled-ythi
municipality .
Withthesettingupofneighbourho'K ?.i^mnittees ,offormand
of60hoolCouncils,itishopedtoacnv:r*\iderr.ndbetter

-6>-
co-ordinated local participation .Inthesame waythere Xsa
regular consultation with thelocal organisations responsible for
working w},th handicapped people .
Uptqinow there hasbeen little evidence ofspontaneous
community participation ,(notengendered bytheorganisations them­
selves ,elected orotherwise )except forthevolunteers involved
inhome cqre .Itwill beinteresting toseewhether alarge
number ofpeople will beinvolved ipthe wo:rk ofsetting upthe
"social register "mentioned below .
</)f)Toreach anunderstanding ofpoverty andofdeprivation has
for along time been the aim ofthe "Research andEvaluation
Committee "responsible for setting upand forcontrolling the
project byevolving thetheoretical andmethodological aspect
ofthe v.orjc with the specific contribution oftwo experts froia
thePadua University and for setting upthenecessary instruments
forthevopt ofstarting a"social register ".•'Inthis way ,it
ishoped tflavoid "once-only anderratic "research projects .A
total census ofallfamilies and oftheir component members isto
becarried out ,and thefindings transmitted tothecomputer of
the Llunicipal Registry Office and tothe terminals inthe individual
Local Unitqj .Onthebasis ofthese findings further specific
information will becollected for "cases "with specific problems .

e)TheHeadquarters where contacts will benade with thevarious
agencies involved intheprojects have been setupinthePadua
Town Hall bythe "Research andEvaluation Committee "which is
directly involved inbacking and incontrolling theexperiment
and bythj?newly-formed "Commission ofControl and ofCo-ordination 14
onwhich ]*heproperly constituted social forces ofthecity are
represented .
There have been contacts with agencies operating inthe city
inthewelfare services toallow forabetter coordination of'their
work .
Inthqifuture itishoped toinvolve thesmaller .-
municipalities towhich ,within theframe-work of r>
legislation ,thework oftheLocal Units will beaxrp -"
18.10.1976

8CHEME 191»
IT!ITS )KINTDOM
Project iSooial andCommunity Developmant Programme (Edinburgh )
a)laareport submitted toandapproved byEdinburgh Corporation
laJune 1974 itvasstated that the'principal objectives' of
ikeProgress *aight bet­
•todefine areas ofmultiple deprivation within the.,
city ,analysing theproblems ofthese areas and
creating andinplesenting policies *oneninter -
departaental basis inorder toeliminate deprivation
toprovide acomprehensive picturo ofproblem areas
inorder todetercics priorities inameaningful way
•to*•*'••«local goverxxent core effective andaccessible
tolocalcoEscunitiea
mtoassist local people indeciding ,planning andtaking
action toeeet their ownneeds vith thehelp ofoutslda
resources
»tohelp local comsunitlea toadapt tothepressure *
ofsocial ,economic andphysical change *
Consistent vith theobjectives suggested in1974 ,butpresented
ina'"re systematic way thebroad objectives oftheProgress *
areasfollovs .Sach oftheobjectives iscont.t'.uing ,rather
thji short ,cediun orloc^-tern .However objectives 1to4
probably represent thecove inecphasis ineach area astic*
goes on.'Objectives 5and6arecontinuous ,andperhaps
represent research rather than action *
1*toclarify local needs andopportunities where this
fcacnotalready been dona
2*toassess extent andImpact oflocel endnational
governsent policies andservices onthearea
3«toprorote Increased knowledge ofeach neighbourhood
(including the osulta of1acd2)b7those involved ,
particularly th»residents
4*todevelop theleval andrichness oflocal networks of
Aloouesion ,debate anddecision-Baking ,vitn the
•mphasis onovercoming artificial divisions of
responsibility
5*toevaluate techniques andspecific projects afains t
thestated criteria ,andtofeed back .results into
th»action process
(*topass oninformation gained under 1to5which li&s
application outside theIrerediate confines ofthe
Projrrjune ,andtomonitor theoutside influences an
thework vithin thePro^rwao .
b)The traditional method ofvr>rking inIocaIg?ve-T=ont h«sbeen
forprofessional der/irtaents toprcice their Fervices i.
Boro orl"3s independent way .This cothod ofw?r!d..*vj Rt~ate
rdrantagss inthat itfostered t*eexpertise arrt co* -»:"5de -ce
roquired fortheefficient prevision ofBST–icrs ,Itsd\sAdvantag »*
rerathat nofo-trJ .procedures existed tobring toiptKr c-'ficlals
ftna different local fCTemrcnt dop^rtrs its (nuch less r?iii^.en 4.")
vorklnff inagoogrsrhiCRl srei to*nabl4 tv.rrj 11shrre their
Jlrforration ard e:r-.rt .
Thetv~ of'iooei corpora ;*e.'^aeecer.t' end
dprelopsor *htre *\re',iiv ^e->ndescribed .Both chcJ.lt :crgthe
traditicc-ti ftho-a ofvorL-n ^inlocal government .Ttcj suggest
*nowco-ordinated approach totnecan/c<S»?I©x or.dIntor-rqlatod

so
a)Inareportsubmitted toandapproved byEdinburgh Corporation
InJune1974itvasstatedthatthe'principal objectives' of
theProgramme mightbet-
todefineareasofmultipledeprivation withinthe.,
city,analysing theproblem oftheseareasand
creating andimplementing policies onaninter­
departmental basisinordertoelimitatedeprivation
».toprovideacomprehensive picturoofproblemareas
inordertodetermine priorities inameaningful way
-tomakelocalgovernment moreeffective andaccessible
tolocalcommunities
-toassistlocalpeopleindeciding ,planning andtaking
actiontomeettheirovnneedswiththehelpofoutsido
resources
-tohelplocalcommunities toadapttothepressures
Ofsocial,economic andphysical change.
Consistent withtheobjectives suggested in1974,butpresented
inav.ryesystematic vaythebroadobjectives oftheProgramme
«r«asfollows.Eachoftheobjectives iscont.'r.uing,rather
thrJishort,mediumorlong-term .Howeverobjectives 1to4
probablyrepresent themoveinecphasisineachareaastime
goeson.'Objectives 5and6arecontinuous ,andperhaps
represent researchratherthanaction.
1*toclarifylocalneedsandopportunities wherethis
h&cnotalreadybeendone
2#toassessextentandImpactoflocalandnational
government policies andservices onthearea
topromoteincreased knowledge ofeachneighbourhood
(inoluding theresultsof1and2)bythoseinvolved,
particularly th»raaident#
4*todevelopthelevelandrichness oflocalnetwork of
diooussion ,debateanddecision-making ,vitnthe
emphasis onovercoming artificial divisions of
responsibility
5»toevaluate techniques andspecificprojectsagainst
thestatedcriteria ,andtofeedback.resultsinto
theaoticnprocess
6«topassenInformation gainedunder1to5whichhas
application outsidetheimmediate confines ofthe
Programme ,andtomonitortheoutsideinfluences on
theworkwithintheProgramme .
b)Thetraditional methodofworkinginlocalgovernment hasbeen
forprofessional departments toprovidetheirservicesinu
moreorlessindependent way.Thismethodofworldnghadits
advantages inthatitfostered theexpertise andconfidence
requiredfortheefficient provision ofservices.Itsdisadvantages
werethatnoformalprocedures existedtobringtogetherofficials
fromdifferentlocalgovernment departments (muchlessresident )
workinginageographical areatoenablethemtosharatheir
information andexpertise .
Thetwothemesof'looalcorporate management' and'community
development' havealreadyb<»ndescribed .Bothchallenge the
traditional cathodeofworkinginlocalgovernment .Theysuggest•nowco-ordinated approachtothemanycomplexandlntor-rqlated

r7
problemsindeprivedareas,withoutsimplyfostering further
dependanceondepartmental services.
C)Explicitintheobjectives oftheProgrammeisthecommitment to
•nooUrageparticipation ,andtoevaluate thetechniques involved
(seotlon3.3).Thesuggestedcriteriaforassessment {section3.4)
aremeasures ofthelevelanddegreeoftheinvolvement achieved
throughtheprogramme.Attempts arebein/jmadetoinvolvepcoplo
latheadministration ofthePrograrme itself,forexampleinthe
choiceofareaco-ordinators .andwilloontinuo.
d)PovertyhasbeendefinedfarthepurposesoftheProgramme tobe
Alad:ofopportunity andchoice.Lowinccaeisonlyone
important factoramongstothers.Fourneighbourhoods ofEdinburgi
vhlchdemonstrate povertyofopportunity andchoicehavebeen
selected forattention .
TheywerechosenusingsocialIndicators derivedfroathe1971
Census,andinformation fromlocalauthority departments ,local
branchesofnationalbodiesandvoluntary agencio3.The
provisional boundaries areahownin?iguro2atth9endofthe
report.Theboundarios verebasedonadministrative divisions,
andnotintonded tobomorethanindications ofthe&reasof
interest.Theapproximate population !ofthefourareasandthat
OftheCityofEdinburgh areasfollows:
6)Theinitialdiscussions andplanningoftheProgramme beganIn
1974astheresponsibility ofEdinbur^iCorporation .InMay*
1975thestructureoflocalgovernment inScotlandvasreorganised ,
andEdinburgh becameoneoffourDistrictswithinLothianRegion.
TheProgramme becamethejointresponsibility ofLothianRegional
CouncilandEdinburghDistrict Council.
Edinburgh lafortunate lathatagreatdealoftalentandexpertise
iscentredinthecity.Edinburgh hastwouniversities and
severalcollatesaswellasbeingthecentreofcommunity and
voluntary associations inScotland.TheProgrammeisdeveloping
anetworkofrutualhelpandadvicewiththeseinstitutions .
Sheexactformofthenetworkhasnotbeenstrictlydefined,and
inmanycaseswillremainrelatively informal.
ItlaexpoctedthatastheworkoftheProgramme extendsIntothe
fouroperational areas,involvement •<r'.Jhgroupswithanimmediate
interest Inthesocialandeconomic hv^lthoftheareaswill
increase.Churches,ChambersofCommerce andtradeunionsmight
beinthiscategory.
f)TheCentralResearchUnit'smethodofclosejointworkingwiththe
aotionteamanddirectinvolvement ofthepopulation ensuresthat
theresearcheffortisanintegral partoftheactionprogp-err.a
endthatthelocalpeoplewillbecommitted to.theiapleiaeatatioa
Oftheproposals theyhelpedtodevelop.CentralLeith
Gorgie-Dalry
Piltoa
VesterHallos
CityofEdincvvgh14,000
16,000
50,000
14,000
470,000

?– :L1L..,__4JJL_4 72J'§&L-
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••^""!"•}. »Jesi/r^i<.,1•*/•«v«.«••«*♦.«/"-f.A^^"-'s?:'r?w *>.riwøV-'f .»'•l.«•■••>. ["JhHI/f'"'"'' ]r~»»"Mi–nr««>Tr 7-**.?•»>•:■■*&:** >■:'
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2Gornle-Dalry
3Piltori
^•νΎΐι/^"^ΜΜ4νν©δίβΓπ3ΐΐβ5'.'*'fJ'•>.«**nwJ4»<I|MNI »».
Umwt <C#"i>*'«»H}A,&
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v\M>>*

-73-
SCHEME 20
UNITED KINGDOM
Project sWelfare Right *(National Association ofCit#sens'Advioe
Bureaux )
l)Ob.lootives ofthoProject
TheKACA3 tribunal representation project stems from anumber ofrecent
rosearch investigations into theoperation ofboth those state agenoies
inBritain responsible forincome maintenance ,and theadministrative
tribunals that adjudicate ondisputes between claimants andthose agencies .
Those investigations reveal that claimants areinneed ofeffective advioe
guidance andrepresentation inconducting their daia applications ,andthis
service isfurther needed when itisnecessary toappeal toatribunal .The
overall long term objective oftheproject istoassess whether theCitizens'
Advice Bureau movement ,oneofthefew lpoal lybased advioe agenoies with *
national notrrork ofadvioe oentres ,canprovide acomprehensive layadvocacy
service inthis *ield .
Theshort term objeotives oftheproject aret-
a)tomake thelayadvocacy service available tothepublio through
the9Citizens' Advice Bureaux intheNorth Test Midlands that
areincluded intheproject area .This involves providing training *
Information andsupport services inwelfare rights tothese bureaux
b)toenoourage awareness amongst thepublio oftheadvooaoy servioe
available .
Themedium term objectives aret~
a)todemonstrate theneed (orlack ofneed )forasystea oflay
egsiataaoe inthefield ofinoome maintenance .
b)topoint topossible improvements inthepresent system from the
point ofview oftheclaimant
o)toassee3thetraining andrelated resources needed forCABto
provide anational soheme oflayadvocaoy .
d)toassess thedegree ofmutual co-operation andassistance needed
between theCA3x andexisting statutory andvoluntary agencies to
make theservice effective asfarasthapoor areconcerned .
B)KewMethods tohelp persons Inpoverty
Theooncopt ofanational layadvocacy service isinitself anearmethod .At
present theexisting legal aidservices donotcover tribunal representation
(although legal aidisavailable foradvice onpreparing tribunal oases ),
Ihere isalso bome evidence tosuggest that claimants prefer atype of
representation that emphasises informal Joint enterprise between claimant
endadvocate *ItIsthis type -ofperspective that theprojeot ishoping to
develop within CAB*

-74-
Participation oftargetpopulation
Thetargetpopulation participate onlyindireotly atpresentinthatthey
havenotbeeninvolvedintheorganisation oftheprojeot,orinthetraining
ofthestaff.However,astheservicecomesintooperation ioJanuary1977
theprojectstaffwillbepayingparticular attention tobuilding up
participation meohanisms through "feed-back "fromclaimants receiving the
service *
Type,causesandextentofpoverty amongst thetargetpopulation
Malfunctions inthewelfarebenefitsfieldhavelongbeenidentified asa
significant faotorinexaoerbating existing povertylevelsinBritain.Thesi
malfunctions operateonanumberoflevels.Inparticular theprojeotis
focussing oiu-
i)theongoingproblemofpotential claimants notapplyingforand
takingupthosebenefits thatareavailable
ii)thelaokofawareness amongstthosewhoareinreoeiptofa
benefitoftheoperation oftheappealsstructure ,andits
potentiality intermsofimproving theclaimant'sfJLnanoial
situation .
Vi'orkin /Trelationships betweenpro.lectleaders andrelevant publicand
comnunlty or/ranisatlons
Theprojeotworkersareaotively involved inliaising withawidevarietyof
statutory ,quasi-statutory andvoluntary agencies tobuildupeffective
referral systemsandpublioity fortheservice.Thoseorganisations
inoludei-
a)alllooalauthority personalsocialservioesdepartments inthe
projeotarea
b)allrrobation Offioersintheprojeotarea
o)allCommunity Relations Counoilsintheprojeotarea
d)allseoretaries oflooalLawSooieties
•)seoretaries ofrelevantpressuregroupsforthepoorinthearea
f)seoretaries oflooalTradesCounoilsintheprojeotarea.
Projeotstaffalsoattaohimportance tobuilding upeffeotive liaisonwith
'l)themajoragenoiesInvolvedIninoomemaintenance i.e.theDepartment
ofHealthandSooialSeourity andtheDepartment ofEmployment
ii)theolerksandmembersoftherelevanttribunals.
Therelationship betweenaotlonandresearch
Formulation oftheresearchtasksoftheprojeotisnowtakingplaoe.Itis
expeoted toinoludei-
Continued ...

-75-
a)Quantitative -Caserate8,ifaoluding apre-projeot oantralperiod.
Datacollection from:-
Cititens' AdviceBureaux
Department ofHealthandSooialSacurity
Department 01anployment
Otherrelevant agencies
Thetribunals oonoerned . \
b)Qualitative -Workers'attitudes andoompetence
Clientattitudes
Typesofassistance
Existingagencies' attitudes andcompetence
o)Training-
d)Resou -'-ces-
•)Other-Methoda,including differentiation oftechniques
Bffeotiveness
Costs
Information
Staffing
Baok-up
Publioity
Rangeoftribunals
Geographical coverage
Publicity
Throughout theprojectperioditisenvisaged theaotionandresearch aspeots
^rillbeoloselyrelated,andthatitwillbepossibletomodifytheaction
objectives asaresultofongoingresearchfindings.Thisisespecially so
Inrelation toanalysis oftraining andresources inputneededtomakethe
serviceeffeotive butwillalsoberelevant inthewidercontextofassesaing
theviability oftheCitizens' AdvioeBureaumovementofferingthisservice
nationally ,andtheformthatsuchaservice wouldtake*

-76
SCHEMK21a
UNITED KINGDOM
project:AreasofSpecialHeedIntheBelfastUrbanArea"
(a)Oblectlvca lshort-tern-tofindwhethersocialneedcanbeobjectively
definedbyaccessible indicators end,if80,
whethertheyprovideabasisforselecting areas
suffering fromsocialneedtoamarkeddegree.
■edium-tero -todetemine thedistribution ofsocialneedin
theBelfastUrbanArea,toexaminethegaps
betweenneedandtheprovision o'fservices
.Intendedtopreventorreduceit,andtoput
forwardfordiscussion suggestions fornew
initiatives tocombatsocialneed.
long-term -tofindsatisfactory indicators tomeasure
socialneed,tomonitorchangesinitslevel
andtobesuitable forextension tothewhole
ofNorthern Ireland .
(b)Newmethodstohelppersonsinpoverty:asaresearchstudyratherthan
actionresearchthisprojectwill'present
suggestions fornewinitiatives tohelpthose
areaswiththegreatest numberofpersonsin
poverty .
(o)Participation : ina1in10randomsurveyofthehouseholds in
twolocalities oftheareasshowinghighlevels
ofneedthepeoplewereaskedaboutaspectsof
socialneedaffecting themandtoexpresstheir
viewsonserviceprovision ,andperceived gaps
betweenthese.Communityassociations ,tenants/
residents groupsandawidevarietyoffield
workersandofficials livingandworkinginthese
areaswereinterviewed .
(d)Type,causesandextentofpoverty;thestudyisconcerned withareas
affected byspecialneedmeasured bysocial
indicators andtomeetwhichsocialpolicies
aredesigned .Povertyinternsofinadequate
incomeancngindividual families wasonlyone
aspectofsocialneedconsidered .Thestudy
focusescngeographical areasratherthanon
individuals orseparate .families.Withinthe
ofhighsocialneedcanybutnotall
families haveaninccxeinadequate fortheir
basicneedswithoutStateSupport,andsomeeven
withit.
Vultlvariate analysis ofstatistical data
accumulated forthewholeBelfast UrbanArea
showssocialneed"'tobedominated byfour
faotors.

-77-
(i)anunemployment (adultrcale,lonjr-term maie,
Juvenile male)-lowandotatesuppltr -?ntecl
income-largefamilies-overcrowded dwellings
factor
•(ii)asubstandard housing-semi-skilled andunskilled
workers-elderlypersons-hl*hbronchitis
mortality -childj-en incare-lowandstate
supplemented income 'Tictor
(ill)apersonal handicapfactor-meniallyhandicapped -
educationally subnormal -bronchitiodeaths-
poorschoolattendance . .
(iv)aneducational disadvantage -retardedreading-
noschoolexaminations -nooccupational qualifi­
cations.
Thegeographical extentoftheareast/.cwipghigh .
levelsonthese4needfactorscoversthepxdsof
threezones.
Factor(i)occursinabeltfromthecitypentre
totnewestofthecity.
Factors(ii)and(iii)overlapinaninnercityzone.
Factor(iv)asaseparatefactorischaracteristic
ofseveralsuburban wardswhichincludenewhousing
estatestowhichfamilies fromth|pinnercityhave
movod.
i
Withinthesewardslive2¥?<>ofthfrurbanpopulation
although noteveryfamilysuffersoneormoreof
theseaspectsofsocialneed.
(•)Theworkingrelations betweenprojectleadersandallrelevantpublicend
community organisations attheresearch stagewasgood,withcloseco-operaticn
fromlocalresidents inspiteofthechargedpolitical atmosphere .Action
projects werenotinvolvedatthisstage.
(f)Asaresultoftheresearchstudyactionprojects maybeinitiated orspecial
policies m&ybedesigned andimplemented withintheseareas.Consideration is
nowbeinggiventotheconclusions andimplications ofthestudy.

-78-
BCHEME 21b
UNITED KINGDOM
Project :TheContribution made byVoluntary Organisations toSocial Welfare
inNorthern Ireland .
(a)Objectives
Theshort-term objective oftheProjeot ietoproduce andpublish aProvince-wide
directory ofVoluntary Organisations forthebenefit ofStatutory andVoluntary
Workers andpotential clients .
Amore medium-term objective istoassist some four toBizorganisations represen­
tative ofthewhole population toengage inare-appraisal oftheir function and
methods ;bymeans ofastudy bytheresearchers oftheir whole structures .
Inthelong-term theReport andFindings should assist theStatutory Social Services
Departments intheir relationships with andsupport ofVoluntary Organisations .They
should also help Voluntary Organisations tounderstand more fully their role
vis-^^vis theStatutory Agencies andother Voluntary bodies .
(b)New ?'ethod3 toK?lp Persons inPoverty
Thepurpose ofthis project istotrytofind outmore about thepart played by
voluntary organisations inthemeeting ofsocial need andtodetermine theextent
andrttrc significance ofthecontribution ofvoluntary agencies tosocial welfare
provision .
(o)Particiiy.tion »
Some 700voluntary organisations ,including community groups ,have already been
contacted bymeans ofaquestionnaire .Interviews have also taken place with
Government Departments ,particular voluntary organisations andvolunteers themselves .
(d)Type .Cau3es ?.ndTîrtent ofPoverty ;
Theproject isconcerned with trying tofind outmore about thepart played by
voluntary organisations inthemeeting ofsocial need andtodetermine theextent
andthesignificance ofthecontribution ofvoluntary agencies tosocial welfare
provision .Theextent towhich theservicrs provided rely upon voluntary effort
hashitherto been amatter ofconjecture only butillsapren:' .seofthis project
that thevalue ofthevoluntary contribution ishigh and ths.t left tothemselves
thestatutory servioes could nothope tomoet thevari jvrdcr.ar.ds ofsocial need .
Theinquiry however must belirdted andinthis case isconfined tovoluntary
organi .vtionswhich appear ,orclaim ,labo ■•oncerned primarily with onefunction .
Tiioinquiry isfurther liioitcdto agencies w.,rM.r.g inJTorthem Ireland (alt' 0".gl »
notexcluding those originating orcontrolled fror .-.vd.-1,ioutNorthern Irel&nd )which
offer aservice tomeet social nood involving scne form c:"client-contact .
Specifically excluded fron theinquiry arevoluntary agencies concerned primarily
with culture ,recreation ,buoiners andpolitics even thcu-.i enoccasion scne of
*thea mayadopt asasecondary function asocial welfare p'-cjranine .
(•)Theworking relations between theproject leaders andalltherelevant public ,
voluntary andcommunity <i3r-ociat.1 or.shav .}been good with close co-operation from
allconcerned .Itisexpected th;.t thin situation will oontinue until theendof
theproject .
(f)Themain value oftheresearch will betoprovide hard data onvoluntary organisations
inNorthern Ireland ,such ashasrotbeen available before andanattempt will be
made toevaluate their contribution interms ofeffort ,performance ,adequacy of
performance ,effioienoy andwcooess .

-79-
THE EXPLORATION OFPOVERTY
There remain twointernational studies tobeconsidered ,proposed
bytheCommission itself andfinanced 100# bytheCommunity .Theobject
istoreinforce theCommission 'spolicy ofputting thestudy ofpoverty
ataCommunity level ,sothat problems are nolonger seen entirely ina
national perspective .These arealso comparatively short term enterprises
whose results will beavailable before the first conclusions can be
drawn from theaction-research ventures and can thus beused tohelp
evaluate theaction-research findings .
The study bytheInstitute ofCommunity Studief comparing the
situation ofhouseholds inlow income districts ofLondon ,Paris and
Cologne and certain rural areas visessentially apilot venture totest
outmethodology .
Theother study was conducted bythe Commission 's
own services with thehelp ofvarious market research organisations to
examine the concept ofpoverty inarepresentative Bample ofEuropeans .
Theresults will beavailable early next year .

-8«-
UNITED JONODOM,FRANCE ANDGERMANT
Study22
PROJECTtAcomparative oress-natienal surveyofpovertyandofsocial
policiestocombatpoverty
Sponsoring organisations tThereBearohisbeingundertaken bythreeinstitutes :
-Institute ofCommunity Studies (UnitedKingdom)
-INFAS(Oermany)
-CREDOC(France)
Generaloutline tThebasicideaofthestudyistobringtogether two
elements tfirst,thefindingsofsamplesurveysinthreecountries and,
secondly,thecomparative examination ofsocialpolicies andinstitutional
arrangements tocombatpovertyinthesanecountries *
Theworkfor1976sofarhasbeentooarryoutlocalpilotsurveys
andtostarttheanalysis *Thetasksfortheremainder oftheyearareto
continuetheanalysis,interpret thefindings andrelatethemtothestudies
ofrelevantpolicies andto'othercharacteristics oftherespective societies *
Approximately 500households weresurveyedineachcountry,divided
asbetweenurbanandruralintheratio4I1«Thefollowing areaswere
selected t
-UnitedKingdom
WalthaaForest,oneof32localauthorities inGreaterLondon*Theareais
4f000hectares andthepopulation in1975wasjustover230,000 *
Fenlandismadeupoftwoadjoining ruralparishesoutsidethesmalltown
ofWisbechabout90milesnorthofLondon*Theareais6,000hectares and
thepopulation in1971justunder3,500*
-Germany
in
Kalkis/theinnerpartofCologneontheeasternbankoftheRhine*Itcovers
nearly3»000hectares anditspopulation in1975was113,000 *
DierdorfisaruralparishinRhinelancUPalatinate ,awine-growing areain
theRhinevalley*Theparishcontainsseveralvillages andhamlets*Thetotal
areais6,500heotaresandthepopulation in1973was8,000*
-France
Montreuil isaninnersuburbofParis,beginning justbeyondtheBoulevard
Pfiriphirique *Themunicipality isnearly900hectaresinarea,withapopu­
lationin197596,000*
Montpazier isacantonintheCordognecontaining ,aswellasthetownitself,

-01-
small villages ,hamlets andseparate farms .Thearea isabout 15,000 hectares
andthepopulation in1975 was12,000 ,ofwhom about half lived inthetown#
Theproportion oftheinitial sample successfully interviewed was
80%ormore inallareas .Thedefinition ofpoverty used forthefirst
round ofanalysis is "based onidentifying thepoorest 20%offamilies in
each country .Theso-called Oxford scale ofweighting wasadopted *
Head ofincome unit : 1.0
Other adult * 0.7
Child s 0.5
Onthis basis ,the"income peradult equivalent "wascalculated and
thepoorest 20fooffamilies identified .Theincome used wasnetofdirect
taxes andofhousing costs .Thefirst series oftabulation's' \.reprovisional
andmerely indicate thekind ofcomparisons that arepossible with thedata .
Caution isnecessary ,however ,both because thenumbers inseveral categories
aresmall andbecause theareas cannot beregarded asfully representative
oftheir respective countries .
Afull report onthepilot phase ofthe study will beavailable
inthebeginning of1977 andwill then beexamined bytheadvisory group
forpilot schemes ,tocombat poverty .
(1)1.Percentage offamilies inurban andrural areas whowere poor (i.e. in
thepoorest 20$within thecombined samples foreach country ).
2.Percentage ofeach family type (Under /over pension age;married /single ;
with/without children )whowere poor .
3.Percentage offamilies whowere poor with heads (a)infull-time employment ,
(b)sick «rdisabled ,(o)unemployed .
4.Percentage of(i)Poor (ii)Other families whowere (a)lacking ersharing
bath orshower ,(b)sharing W.C. (c)lacking hotwater .

-82-
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY STUDYONTHEPERCEPTION OF Studyn*23
POVERTY
Thesurveywasundertaken inMay1976intheninecountries ofthe
Community# The8600whoparticipated inthesurveyconstituted arepre­
sentative sampleofthepopulation aged15®ndabove#Thesurveyconsisted
ofinterviews inthehome,undertaken bytrainedinterviewers#
Organisations contracted toundertake thesampling
Belgium DIMARSO/lNRA
Denmark GALLUP MARKETS ANALY3E
FederalRepublic ofGermany EMNID-INSTITUT
France INSTITUT FRANÇAIS D'OPINION PUBLIQUE (x)
Ireland IRISHMARKETING SURVEYS
Italy ISTITUTO PERLERICHERCHE STATISTICHE E
L'ANALISIDELLWPINIONE PUBBLICA (DOXA)
Luxembourg DIMÀRSO/INRA.
Netherlands NEDERLANDS INSTITUUT VOORDEPUBLIEKE OPINIE
(NIP0)
UnitedKingdom THEGALLUPPOLL(xx)
Thematerial gatheredduringthesurveyconcentrated onthree
research themeswhichanalyses haveenabledtobegroupedtogether s
1.Dataonincome
2*Degreesofsatisfaction ordissatisfaction
3#Theperception ofpoverty
1.DATAONINCOME
a)Monthlyincomes
-familyincomedistribution
-thedispersion ofdifferent levelsofincomedistribution (the
differences whichexistbetweeneachcountry,inthefirstinstance
forthe25$ofthepopulation whichhasthehighestincomesandthen
forthe25%ofthepopulation withthelowestincomes)#
(x)Whoarealsocontracted toco-ordinate internationally andtoanalyse
theresults
(xx)ThesamplinginNorthernIrelandwasundertaken byacollaboration of
IrishMarketing SurveysandGallupPoll#

-B3-
b)Theincome judged necessary oranestimation ofthecoat ,oflife 's
necessities #
c)Norms ofcomparison forminimum income according tothecomposition of
ofthe family :
-tables ofcorrespondence linking income orexpenditure tothenumber
ofmembers inthehousehold (Oxford scale ).
d)Thedefinition ofaEuropean poverty threshold t
-thesetting upofanincome median intheCommunity andestablishing
thenumber ofhouseholds ,ineach country ,whose ir.corce isbelow two-
thirds ofthis European median income#
2#Dissatisfaction
a)Theoverall view ofsatisfaction ordissatisfaction inrelation tothe
life being led :
-asitisatpresent ,
-how ithaschanged during the past five years ,
-how itmaychange during thenext five years ,
-how itmaychange forthenext generation#
b)Thedegree towhich ,onascale numbered from 1-10 ,there issatisfaction
in5specific fields ,which cover thematerial aspects oflife :Housing ,
standard ofliving ,income ,state ofhealth aswell astheorganisation of
one'sownlife :work ,free time ,theuseofleisure ;theenvironment and
theorganisation ofcollective services :place inhabited ,methods of
transport ,social advantages ;one'spersonal place insociety :the
relationship between different generations ,theamount ofconsideration
received ,relationships with other people and ,finally ,thesocio -
political system :howdoes democracy operate ,thetype ofsociety#
c)Thedifference between theoverall view ofsatisfaction asitir-felt
andthe degree ofsatisfaction which itisfelt one has aright to#
3#Theperception ofpoverty ,ofdestitution
a)Positioning -onthePoor/Rich scale
-thoopinions felt bythepeople interviewed ofbeing poor ,leas poor
orrich ;

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b)theperception ofdestitution
-aseriesofquestions wereputrelatingtotheperception ofextreme
poverty,i#e#destitution#
Afewprovisional comments :
1#Theperception ofdestitution ,asisanyperception ofsocial
phenomena ,probably depends ontheculturalcharacteristics of
individuals andgroupsofpeopleratherthanonobjective situations
observed bystatisticians#
2#Theviewsgivenastothecausesofperceived destitution i#e#
thatwhichisimplicitly broughtaboutbytheindividual 's
surroundings ratherthanbyanaccident sustained bytheindivi­
dual,differgreatlybetweencountries#
3#Theconnotations whichdominate destitution aretheclassinto
whichoneisborn,lackofeducation ,ill-health ,oldageand
isolation# Theseconnotations differfromcountrytocountry#
c)Anattemptatatypologyofattitudes towardsdestitution
Analysis wasmadeatthelevelof7groups,whoseattitudes toeach
question andwhosesocio-demographic characteristics areknown#
O
o o
Thedefinitive reportwillbereadyeitherattheendof197°orthe
beginning of1977anditwillformtheobjectofadetailed examination
bythe"Actiontocombatpoverty"workinggroup#

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PartIII.FUTUREACTIVITIES
1•Durition_of_tbe_exi|ting_Bilot_sche5 !!=!0d=!£ydies
Ofthe21projects putintooperation 2arecross-national studies
fundedforonlyoneyear.Theinformation alreadyavailable fromthepilot-survey
ontheconceptofpovertyinthe9MemberStatesoftheEuropean Community appears
veryusefulandcouldwellformthebasisforawiderinvestigation .Theother
studywhichismainlyconcerned tolearnmoreaboutthecircumstances ofdeprived
peopleandabouttherelative effectiveness ofsocialservices andsocialpolicies
ingeneral,wasfundedforoneyeartodevelop andtestitsmethodology .Ifthis
provessound,itwillneedtoseekfurtherfinancein1977.Resultsfromboth
projectswillbepublished in1977.
Alltheschemesproposed bytheMemberStateshaveaplanned
duration ofmorethantwoyears.Themaximumduration oftheexperimental phase
is5years(someprojects maybecomeestablished onapermanent basisbutthey
willnotbeconsidered asexperiments beyond 5years).
It-isinthenatureofaction-research inthesocialservice
field,whichusuallyinvolvessetting uporreorganising aservice andmoni­
toringitsperformance overaperiodoftime,thatresultsarenotavailable
quickly.Ittakestimetogatherthepersonnel andequipment andsetthem
toworkandiftheserviceisreallytobetestedoutitmustusuallyrunforse­
veralyears.Inmanycasestheserviceneedstobuildup"goodwill"amongthe
persons servedtobeeffective andinothersthechangeinattitude amongthe
clientele istheobjective itself.Finally someprovision shouldbemadefor
analysing theresultsaftertheexperimental fieldwork phasewhichmight
involvefollowupworkamongthoseservedtoseeifpermanent improvements
havebeenachieved .

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This indicates that inallpilot sohemes thetesting anddeve­
lopment ofnewmethods cited intheCouncil Decision hasnotyetbeen
achieved and isnotcapable ofachievement within thetwoyear period
allowed .Only limited progress canbereported totheCouncil before
theendof1976 ,since thefinal list ofprojects
could not be approved bytheCommission until November 1975
andcontracts were notsigned until December .
Thepresent report oftheCommission which should ,under Article 6
oftheDecision ,besubmitted totheCouncil before theendofthis year
isnecessarily based ontheinformation available from theprojeots by
October 1976 atlatest .Atthat date theprogress reports ontheprojects
covered atmost 9months ofactivity including theintroduction period
required forplanning ,recruiting staff ,hiring premises ,buying equip­
ment and soon..
2)Reporting ontheprogramme
Regular andsystematic reporting ontheorganisation ,aotivities ,
results andfindings ofthepilot schemes andstudies included inthe
programme isofthegreatest importance .I"tisneoessary toenable the
Commission authorities tokeep intouoh with theprogress being made ,
tofacilitate contact and theexchange ofexperiences and ideas between
thevarious projeots ,andtoreport regularly totheCouncil ofMinisters .
Butabove all itisessential inorder topermit analysis andevaluation
tobemade with aview totheeventual influencing ofpolicy and ,henoe ,
totheimprovement oftheposition ofthepoor .
Itisrecognised that this need forregular andaoourate reporting
should bebalanoed with thenecessity toavoid thecreation ofarigid system
whioh would interfere with thedaytodaywork oftheprojeot workers .Neither
should thereporting system beallowed tobeoome inflexible .Creative and
descriptive reports ,particularly intheoase ofaction projeots ,oanbeof
thegreatest value .

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Article 5.2oftheCouncil Decision provides that the "body respon­
sible forthepilot scheme orstudy should report back totheCommission
atregular intervals .
Thefollowing documents were tobecommunicated totheCo&aission
not later than 1stOctober 1976 :
1.aprogress report covering thesteps taken toinitiate work ,the .
recruitment ofstaff etc .andanyother developments orresults vmich
might beinteresting ;
2.abudgetary statement covering theperiod 1stDecember 1975 (ortho
starting date ofthescheme )to15th September 1976 *
3.6planning report for1977 *
4.abudget oovering xheperiod 1stDecember 1976 to30th November 1977 »
Thecontracts covering thesecond year oftheprojects provide that
anewprogress report will becommunicated tothe Coiniiiission before 1st
Ootober 1977 *
Finally theCommission reserves theright toreceive theinfom.vtijn
andtheresults obtained during thewhole lifespan ofeach project .
3)Collaborate or;oftheMember J5tates_in thefield ofsocial action ,
planning ,andevaluationfcssssasatsssassBssEsaass
Thereports sofaravailable totheservices ofthe Ooniiiisr,ion deaor:-
strate that theCommission hasbeen able tobring together aseries ofprc-
jeots which promise useful results andthat theprojects have allbeen suc­
cessfully launched .Insome cases there have been delays ingetting into
operation butthese have been overcome ,morale ishigh among theproject
staff ,andtheadvisory group issatisfied with theadvancement oftrc :
programme .

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Thesuocessoftheprogramme ofpilotprojeotsistobejudgednot
only "bythesuooessofitsindividual components butalsobyitsoverall
suooessasaEuropeanventure.Evenbeforethefirstprojects hadbeen
launohedtheprogramme hadsuooeeded inbringingtogether arangeofagencies
aotiveinthesooialwelfarefieldfromallovertheCommunity andthis
oontaothasbeenmaintained anddeepened astheagencies haveworkedalong­
sideeachotherinacommonEuropeanenterprise .Anextended meeting
ofprojeotleaderswasheldinJune1976foranexohange ofideasandexper­
iencesanditishopedthatafullseminaroanbeheldnextyear.The
Advisory Oroupalsosustains acontinuous oontaotanddiscussion between
MemberStatesonpovertyissues.Finallythecollective evaluation and
publication ofresultsshouldfirstofallmaketheresultsofnational
projects morereadilyavailable intheCommunity atlargeandseoondly
makeitpossible tosettheresultsinabroaderperspective .
4)Continuation oftheprogramme andthelaunching ofnewpilotschemes·3αΒ0>3Π2Βα3ΒΒαΒ3Β·α3α03αα3α3Β·ΒΒαΒΒ3αΐΒ·Β0333ΒΒα3α32£ΒΠ38·3βα0Β8Ε3==Χ
and^studies
Thejudgement whetherornottooontinuethegreatmajority ofthe
presentprojeots beyondtheinitialtwoyearperiodthusdependsnotonan
assessment ofconcrete resultsbutonwhethertheinitial fewmonths'exper­
ienceindicates thattheinvestment shouldbefollowed upandthattangible
resultsoanreasonably beexpected.
Theexperience todatewouldseemtoindicatethattheCommission shouldinthe
firstinstanoe seektooontinuethemajority ofexistingprojeots so
thattheinitialprogress oanbefollowed throughtoausefulconclusion .
Premature termination ofprojeots andhastyevaluation iswasteful and
likelytogiverisetoill-founded conclusions .
Inthesecondplacetheinitialsuccessoftheprogramme constitutes
goodgroundsforseekingamodestexpansion .Anumberofworthwhile
proposals overthelastyearcouldnotbepromoted duetolimitedfunds
andgiventheinterest whichthepresentprogramme hasarousedthereis
everyreasontoexpectthatfurtherworthwhile projects couldbe
included inanexpanded programme .

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Inthethirdplaceaprovision formonitoring andevaluation
oftheprogramme isessential .Thiswouldenableexperts andmembersofthe
advisory grouptomakesite-visits anddrawupreports.Atthemomentno
provision isavailable forthisvitalaspectoftheprogramme .
TheCommission inits1977budgethasrequested anamountof3.500.000 u.a.
forthecontinuation oftheprogramme,whichisbroadlyequivalent totheamount
requested inthe1975and1976budgets,withaninflation factorandamargin
foramodestexpansion aswellasasmallelementtoprovideforexpensesarising
fromevaluation andmonitoring .ThiswasagreedbetweentheCouncil,theCommission
andtheParliament on23rdNovember 1976.
5.Conclusion
1)AEuropean Commitment toFightagainstPoverty,
Theexistence -oftheprogramme cfpilotprojectsisatangible demon­
stration oftheCommunity 'sconcernthatMemberStatesloarnfromeach
otherhowtosolve commonproblems insocialpolicyandtofight
againstpoverty.ri*heperiodsincetheCouncilfirst£sttheprograms
a3apriority pointinitsResolution onaSocialActionProgramme inJanuary
1974hasbeanatimeofsevereeconomiodifficulties .Nowisthemoment
fortheCommunity toreaffiiraitsconcernbycontinuing theprogramme it
hasalreadyestablished andifpossible allowing amodestexpansion .
2)ACommunity withaHumanPace.
Aparticular featureofthisprogramme isthatitisooncerned with
peopleaspeopleandnotonlyasproducers andconsumers orpotential
producers andconsumer's.Italsoinvolves theCommunity indirectactivity
withindividuals intheirownnei^ibourhoods .Theprogramme hasahij*h
degreeofvisibility (projectsarewidelyreportedinthemediaandat-e
likelytobeincreasingly knownastheiractivityextends)andinrelation
toitsscaleprobably doefemoretopromoteafeelingofpositiveidentification
withtheCommunity thananyotheractiontheCommunity finances .