ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(81)281
Vol.1981/0092

Disclaimer
Conformément aurèglement(CEE,Euratom)n°354/83duConseildu1erfévrier1983
concernantl'ouvertureaupublicdesarchiveshistoriquesdelaCommunauté économique
européenne etdelaCommunauté européenne del'énergieatomique(JOL43du15.2.1983,
p.1),telquemodifiéparlerèglement(CE,Euratom)n°1700/2003du22septembre2003
(JOL243du27.9.2003,p.1),cedossierestouvertaupublic.Lecaséchéant,lesdocuments
classifiésprésentsdanscedossierontétédéclassifiés conformément àl'article5dudit
règlement.
Inaccordance withCouncilRegulation(EEC,Euratom)No354/83of1February1983
concerningtheopeningtothepublicofthehistoricalarchivesoftheEuropeanEconomic
Community andtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity (OJL43,15.2.1983,p.1),as
amendedbyRegulation(EC,Euratom)No1700/2003of22September2003(OJL243,
27.9.2003,p.1),thisfileisopentothepublic.Wherenecessary,classifieddocuments inthis
filehavebeendeclassified inconformitywithArticle5oftheaforementioned regulation.
InÜbereinstimmung mitderVerordnung(EWG,Euratom)Nr.354/83desRatesvom1.
Februar1983überdieFreigabederhistorischen ArchivederEuropäischen
Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft undderEuropäischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI.L43vom15.2.1983,
S.1),geändertdurchdieVerordnung (EG,Euratom)Nr.1700/2003vom22.September2003
(ABI.L243vom27.9.2003,S.1),istdieseDateiderÖffentlichkeit zugänglich.Soweit
erforderlich,wurdendieVerschlusssachen indieserDateiinÜbereinstimmung mitArtikel5
dergenanntenVerordnungfreigegeben.

COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(81)281final
Brussels,i^June1981
MULTIANNUAL
R&DPROGRAMME OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
INTHESECTOROFRAWMATERIALS
(1982-1985)
(Communication fromtheCommission totheCouncil)
Proposalfora
COUNCILDECISION
adopting aresearchanddevelopment programme (1982to1985)
intherawmaterials sector
(submittedtotheCouncilbytheCommission
C0M(81)281finalIr.
■
V

CONTENTS
A.INTRODUCTION 1
B.PROGRAMME CONTENTS 7
Subprogramme I:MetalsandMineralSubstances 7
(formerly :Primary RawMaterials )
Subprogramme II:Uranium 13
Subprogramme III:Ceramics 14
Subprogramme IV:Woodasarenewable rawmaterial 19
Subprogramme V:Recycling ofurbanandindustrial waste 27
Subprogramme VI:Recycling ofnon-ferrous metals 28
Subprogramme VII:Substitution 34
C.IMPLEMENTATION ANDMANAGEMENT OFTHESECTORAL PROGRAMME 42
D.WAYSANDMEANS 43
PROPOSAL FORCOUNCIL DECISION 45

-1-
MULTIANNUAL
R&D PROGRAMME OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
INTHESECTOR OFRAWMATERIALS
(1982-1985 )
A.INTRODUCTION
The1973-74 "energycrisis"madegovernment authorities aswellas
thepublicacutelyawarethat,besidesfossilfuels,theCommunity is
alsohighlydependent onoutsidecountries foritssupplyofmostnon-
energetic rawmaterials .
Forexample,theCommunity importsapproximately 69%ofitscopper
requirements (asagainst 95%ofitscopperores),82%ofitsalumi­
niumrequirements (asagainst 75%ofitsbauxite),80-85%ofitstin
andtinorerequirements and98%ofitstitanium requirements (as
against 100%ofitstitanium ores).
Numerous projects havestudiedthisdependence onnon-ECcountries
inrespectofrawmaterials otherthanenergy.Forinstance theOECD
Interfutures project,astudyoftheproblems whichthemember
countries ofthatorganisation willhavetofacebytheyear2000,
focuses ontheveryunevendistribution ofrawmaterial resources
throughout theworld.Generally speaking,40%ofmineralresources
arelocatedintheindustrialized countries (UnitedStates,Canada,
SouthAfrica),30%inthedeveloping countries andtheremainder in
theStateTradingCountries .Morethanthree-quarters oftheproven
andestimated reserves ofmanymaterials (e.g.chromium,titanium,
molybdenum ,vanadium,platinum...)areconcentrated inonlythree
countries,alloutsidetheCommunity .
Theimplications ofthisreliance onoutsidesourcesarewellknown:
-inthecase""t)f anumberofminerals,thereisariskthatconditions
beyondtheCommunity'scontrolinproducer countries mayresult
inshortages ofsupply;

-2-
-thecostoftheseimportsburdenstheexternal tradebalance and
jeopardises thecompetitiveness ofCommunity industry,especially
inexportmarkets;
-thereisanadverseeffectoninternal economyandemployment in
theCommunity .
Anawareness ofthissituation haspromoted inmostMemberStates
actionaimedatensuring steadyanddependable supplies ofessential
rawmaterials .
Thishasincluded :diversification ofsourcesofsupply,guaranteeing
ofmininginvestments abroad,stockpiling ,increasing self-supply
potential,greateruseofsecondary rawmaterials (recycling),develop­
mentofrenewable rawmaterials (e.g.wood),effecting rawmaterial
savings andthesubstitution ofpotentially scarcematerials with
thosemorereadilyavailable .
R&Dactionswillhelptoattainmostoftheobjectives outlined
above.Morespecifically ,theyareaimedat:
-thediscovery ofhitherto unknownnativenon-renewable resources
entailing research intogeology andintomineralprospection methods,
-improvements intheproduction ofnativerenewable resources ,
-theeconomic exploitation ofnativelow-grade resources,both
renewable andnon-renewable ,
-betterutilisation ofresources,
-theimprovement ofrecycling,re-useandsubstitution .
R&DactioninthesefieldswillalsohelpECindustry initsworld­
wideoperations ,produceexportable technologies andleadtosigni­
ficantenergysavings.
Thereareanumberofcogentreasons whyaCommunity R&Dprogramme
inthesectorofrawmaterials isneededinaddition totheactions

-3-
carriedoutbyindividual MemberStates:
-TheMemberStatesoftheEChaveanumberofproblems incommon.For
example,certainmaterials areinshortsupplythroughout theCommu­
nity,indeed,asfarassubstitution isconcerned,itisthesame
materials thatarecritical toalltheMemberStates.Inaddition,
low-grade resources ofthesamekind,suchasmixedsulphide ores,slags
andresidues occurthroughout theECandtheindustry oftheEC
needstoimproveitscompetitiveness ontheworldmarket.
-Certainnaturalconditions ,suchasclimate (e.g.forwoodgrowth)
andbasicgeological structures arecommontoseveralcountries .
-Additional benefits aregainedbyworkdonebyteamsofexpertsfrom
several MemberStatespoolingtheireffortstosolveaparticular
problem.
-Unnecessary duplication ofresearch isavoided,gapsinresearch
coverage areeliminated andequipment,fundsandhumanexpertise
areusedinthemostefficient manner.
-Acatalysing effectisobtained bypromoting thecoordination of
national researchactivities andthecooperation ofscientists ,and
bymoreefficient circulation ofresults.
-Collaboration withThirdCountries andinternational organisations
maybefacilitated .
-Fundsforprojects whichindustry wouldbenaturally reluctant to
supportcanbeprovided,e.g.projects ofalong-term nature.
-Smallerindustries ,universities andresearch laboratories whichdo
nothavecapitalreadilyavailable forR&Dcanbeassisted .
-Suchaprogramme wouldcreatethescientific andtechnical basisfor
theestablishment ofaCommunity policyonrawmaterials supply.
Itwouldalsohelpindeveloping industrial initiatives inregions
oftheECwhichhavevaluable mineralresources.

-4-
Infact,theCouncilofMinisters on20December 1979identified raw
materials asasectorofhighpriority forCommunity research .
Inrecentyears,severalseparate R8Dprogrammes havebeenprepared,
basedontheworkoftheCRESTstanding subcommittee onrawmaterials
R&D,andhavebeeninitiated inthefieldsofprimaryandsecondary
rawmaterials :"primary rawmaterials "C1),"uraniumexploration and
extraction "(2),"recycling ofurbanandindustrial waste"(3),"paper
andboardrecycling "(4).
Theseprogrammes havealreadypromised oryieldedvaluable results.
Theyarefinished orwillbeendinginthenearfutureandthetime
hasnowcomea)toextendthem,takingintoaccounttheevolution of
research needsandb)toinitiate otherR&Dactions innewareasor
inareasthatwereincompletely coveredbefore,namelyinsuchtopics
ofgreatinterest asmaterials substitution ,recycling ofnon-ferrous
metals,andwoodproduction andutilisation .
Thesevariousactionswillbeintegrated intoasingle,sectoral R&D
programme onrawmaterials inaccordance withthepolicyrecommendation
oftheCouncilofMinisters of20December 1979ontheregrouping of
Community research programmes intosectorsofforemostpriority .
Thisregrouping willhelpmakecleartheobjectives ofCommunity R&D
actionforwell-defined sectors andshouldcontribute toastreamlining of
thepreparation ,examination andimplementation oftheprogrammes .
Thesectoral programme issubdivided asindicated intableI.
Depending onwhichresearch areaisconsidered intableI,practical
resultsforusebyECindustry shouldbecomeavailable intheshort,
mediumandlongterm(respectively about5,10,15-20years).
Resultsforuseintheshorttermareexpected intheareasofprospec­
tingmethods,oreprocessing andminingtechnology (subprogrammes Iand
II),recycling ofurbanandindustrial waste(subprogramme V),recycling
ofnon-ferrous metals (subprogramme VI).Subprogramme VIIonsubstitu­
tionandpartofsubprogramme IVonwoodshouldgiveresultsinthe
(1)0JL72,14/03/78
(2)0JL72,14/03/78
(3)0JL293,20/11/79
(4)0JL107,21/04/78

-5-
mediumterm.Geological studies (subprogramme IandII)andwoodpro­
ductionaremostlylongtermobjectives .
Inimplementing thisproposal theCommission intendstomaintain very
closecooperation betweenindustry,universities andotherresearch
organisations andnationalauthorities .
Thevarious subprogrammes arepresented hereafter .Amoredetailed
description isfoundinotherdocuments :
-Subprogramme I:Document XII/1269/80
-Subprogramme II:Document COM(80)382Final
-Subprogramme III:Document COM(79)273andIII/1127/79
-Subprogramme IV:Document XII/1319/80Rev.2
-Subprogramme V:Document COM(78)407final
-Subprogramme VI:Document XII/291/81Rev.2
-Subprogramme VII:Document XII/1270/80

-6-
TABLEI
PRIMARY RAWMATERIALS
Metalsandmineralsubstances Subprogramme I
(formerly:Primaryrawmaterials)
1.Exploration
2.Oreprocessing
3.MiningTechnology
Uranium SubprogrammeII
1.Exploration
2.Extraction
Ceramics SubprogrammeIII
1.Claybasedmaterials
2.Technical ceramics
Wood Subprogramme IV
1.Production
2.Harvesting,storageandtransport
3.Woodasamaterial
4.Processing withoutmodification of
basicstructure
5.Processingintofibreproducts
6.Sourceofchemicalfeed-stock
SECONDARY RAWMATERIALS
Recyclingofurbanandindustrial waste Subprogramme V
1.Sortingofhouseholdwaste
2.Thermaltreatmentofwaste
3.Fermentation andhydrolysis
4.Rubberwasterecovery
Recyclingofnon-ferrous metals Subprogramme VI
1.Collection andcharacterization
ofscrapandresidues
2.Physicalprocessesforthetreatment
ofnon-ferrous metalsscrapandresidues
3.Metallurgical processesforthetreatment
ofnon-ferrous metalsscrapandresidues
SUBSTITUTION Subprogramme VII
1.Electrical andelectronics industry
2.Surfacetreatments andcoating
3.Technologyofcuttingandmachining
4.Stainlesssteelsandalloys
5.Others:Brazingandsolderingtechnologies ,
Leathertanning

B.PROGRAMME CONTENTS
SUBPROGRAMME I:METALS ANDMINERAI.SUBSTANCES
(Formerly :Primary RawMaterials )
Recentdiscoveries inE.C.countries shouldactasastrongincentive to
continued exploration .Theytendtoconfirmthegeneralfeeling among
geologists thatnewdeposits remaintobefoundeveniftheyaredeepor
concealed .Similarly,research onoreprocessing isanecessity because
thehigh-grade deposits and"easy"oresoftheE.C.territory are
practically depleted,whichresultsinaneedtodevelopprocessing
routesforindigenous resources .Miningtechnology shouldalsobepro­
motedforanumberofreasons,inparticular becauseprogress inthis
fieldcanbethedecisive factorthatwillenableapreviously margi­
nallyeconomic minetobedeveloped .
Thefirstprogramme onprimary rawmaterials (18MEUA),initiated in
1978,hasalreadyyielded anumberofvaluable results.Foremost among
these,intheresearch areaofexploration ,arethediscovery ofnew
tungsten occurrences inGreenland ,theuseoffluidinclusions in
ascertaining thepotential ofveinsforconcealed oreintheUK,the
obtention ofcharacteristic spectral signatures ofsomemolybdenum ,copper,
leadandzincmineralisations byprocessing remotesensingdata,andan
aeromagnetic surveyofIreland whichopensupinteresting perspectives
forfutureprospecting .Alsoimportant arevarious improvements of
geochemical ,geophysical anddrilling techniques ,particularly on:
hydrogeochemistry ,soilgasgeochemistry ,thein-situdetermination of
elements byX-Rayfluorescence andageneralized interpretation scheme
ofmulti-method geophysical data.
Intheareaoforeprocessing techniques ,important improvements inthe
general economy andmineralrecovery havebeenobtained oncomplex
lead-zinc oresfromtheMeggenmine(FederalRepublic ofGermany).Good
resultsatlaboratory scalehavebeenachieved intheextraction of
alumina fromnon-bauxitic sourcesaswellasinthepreparation ofAl/Si
alloysfromleucitic rocks.

-8-
Onminingtechnology ,themanagement oftheMasuamine(Sardinia}has
adoptedtherecommendations ofamultinational teamworking onpredictive
modelsformining,stockpiling andoretreatment .Severalpatentshave
beenappliedforintheareasoforeprocessing andminingtechnology .
Thepresentproposal dealswithalargerangeofprimary rawmaterials ,
excluding howeveriron,fossilfuelsandbuilding materials .Incommon
withthefirstprogramme ,itdefinesthreemainareasforR&Dactivities :
exploration ,oreprocessing andminingtechnology .
CONTENTS 0FTHESUBPROGRAMME
RESEARCH AREA 1:EXPLORATION
Objectives
Recentdiscoveries ofdeposits ,someofthemextensive ,clearly showthat
mineral wealthstillexistsintheCommunity ,whichcanhelptoreduceour
external dependence foroursupplies ofprimary rawmaterials andtoimprove
ourbalanceofpayments .Inthisfield,aroleofprimaryimportance mustbe
accorded toimproving geological knowledge andprospecting methods inorder
toprovide Community industry withnewmeansformineralexploration ,both
withintheEuropean Community andoutsideit.
Although thefirstprogramme ,whereexploration wasconcerned ,emphasized
non-ferrous metalsandwasconfined todrylandwithintheCommunity ,it
appearsadvisable toadoptamuchwiderfieldofapplication forthispro­
gramme :
itwillcoverarangeofprimary rawmaterials necessary toCommunity
industry (withtheexception ofiron,energyminerals andbuilding
materials ):forexamplecopper,lead,zinc,aluminium ,chromium,cobalt,
nickel,molybdenum ,titanium,manganese ,vanadium,antimony,tin/tungsten,
magnesium andaseriesofrarermetalsthatcanbefoundinassociation
withsomeofthoselistedabove :platinum-group metals,lithium,niobium,

-9-
tantalum,zirconium,rareearths/finally,mineralsubstances such
asphosphate,magnesite,asbestos,mica...
-itwillincludetheimmediate near-shore areasofthecontinental
sheIf.
research onprospecting methodscanbeextended tothirdcountries,
insofarastheresulting activities canleadtothediscovery of
minerals withintheE.C.orprovidetheE.C.withtechniques per­
mittingthediscovery ofnewandwelldiversified supplies .
Typesofdeposits tobeconsidered
-Volcanogenic deposits :essentially forcoppei–lead-zinc-sulphides
-Stratabound deposits inasedimentary environment :mainlyforlead
andzincoresandforminerals suchassedimentary phosphates .
-Deposits associated withigneousrocks,namely :
Granitic rocks(including quartzveinsingeneral ):forminerals
ofcopper,lead,zinc,molybdenum ,tungsten,tin,lithium,anti­
mony,rareearths.
Basicandultrabasic rocks:forminerals ofchromium,platinum,
nickelandcopper.
Alkaline rocks:forrareearths,phosphates ,niobium-tantalum .
-Residual concentrations :fornickel,chromium,manganese oresand
bauxites .
-Mineralisation onthecontinental shelf :heavyminerals sands
(fortin,titanium,rareearths...),extensions ofon-landmining
districts ontotheshelf.
Research topics
1.1Geologyoforedeposits andoftheirhostrocks
Sinceexploration nowadays mustbedirected towardsthediscovery
ofconcealed orevendeepseateddeposits,thesitessuitable for
in-depth research -which,ofnecessity ,iscostly-willhaveto

-10-
beselected withparticular care.Itistherefore necessary toobtain
themostaccurate information possible onthegeological controlsof
oregenesis andofdeposit distribution .
1.2 Geochemical methods
1.2.1Problemsofsampling,analyses,dataprocessing andinter-
petationofresults (includingapplications togfochemi-
micalmapping )
1.2.2Soilandstream-sediment prospecting
1.2.3 Rockgeochemistry
1.2.4Hydrogeochemistry
1.2.5Soilgasgeochemistry
1.2.6Biogeochemistry (botanicgeochemistry )
1.3 Geophysical methods
1.3.1Airborne methods
1.3.2 Groundmethods
1.3.3Geophysical borehole logging
1.4 Remotesensing
1.5 Drilling techniques
1.6 Statistics andgeostatistics appliedtoexploration data
RESEARCH AREA2:OREPROCESSING
Objectives
Thereasonsforsupporting R&Dinthefieldoforeprocessing are
essentially thesameaswhenthefirstR&DProgramme wasprepared,
withthedifference thatarathermoreunstable worldpolitical
situation makestheexploitation ofindigenous E.C.resources even
moreapriority thanbefore.Thoseindigenous resources forwhich
processing routesshouldbedeveloped ,include lowgradeoredeposits,

-11-
complexores,oxidized ores,somealuminous minerals,andalsolarge
amountsofslagsandresidues frommetallurgical plants.
Research topics
2.1 Complexlead,zincandcopperores
2.1.1 Crushing andgrinding
2.1.2Flotation andotherphysical treatment methods
2.1.2In-situleaching
2.1.4 Improvements inmetalwinningprocesses
2.2 Othercomplex andoxidized ores,particularly thosecontaining
tin,tungsten andtitanium
2.3 Aluminium fromlow-grade sources,suchasleucitic lavasand
tuffs,clays,coalwastes,micaceous kaolinresidues,alunites
andlow-grade bauxites
2.4 Chromium fromlow-grade sources
2.5 Phosphates :beneficiation andtreatment oflow-grade E.C.
phosphate-bearing materials ,aswellasphosphates fromout­
sidesourcesotherthanthetwomainsuppliers (Morocco,
Florida)
2.6 Slagsandresidues frommetallurgical processing ,regarded as
complexlow-grade sourcesofmetalssuchascopper,lead,
zinc,silver,titanium .
(Eventhoughthistopiciscloselyrelatedtotherecycling
ofnon-ferrous metalsitisincluded herebecause ofsimila­
ritiesinprocessing technology )
2.7 Modelling andcontrolinmineraiprocessing
2.8 Improved mineralogicaIanalysis (inordertopredictthe
behaviour ofrocksandminerals inphysical andphysico­
chemical processing andtoanalysetheperformance ofplants
andunitprocesses).
*Thisisalsoapplicable totopics2.2to2.6inclusive

-12--
RESEARCH AREA3:MININGTECHNOLOGY
Objectives
Besidethestrongpolitical andstrategic reasonsthatpushthe
Communitytopromoteamoreexhaustiveexploitation ofknownminesin
theEC,thereisageneralneedtohelptheeconomicsofexploiting
deeperminesandmarginally economicdepositsthroughimprovements in
thevariousminingtechniques used,aswellasthroughreductionof
investments andoperatingcosts.
Researchtopics
3.1Problemsassociated withdepth
3.2Marginally economicdeposits
INDICATIVE DISTRIBUTION OFFUNDSWITHINTHESUBPROGRAMME ONMETALSAND
MINERAL SUBSTANCESInventoryofhighgrade-lowtonnagedeposits
Production ofintegrated mobileplants
Rockmechanics andstability
Improvedminingtoolsandmethods
3.3Geostatisticsandmodellinginmineralexploitation
Research area 135-40%
Research area250-55%*
Research area310%
*Thispercentage takesintoaccountthepossibility offinancing
construction andexploitation ofsomepilotplants.

SUBPROGRAMME II
URANIUM EXPLORATION ANDEXTRACTION
Thissubprogramme provides forafollow-up tothefirstresearch and
development programme inthefieldofuraniumexploration andextraction
1)whichwasadopted bytheCouncil on6March1978.
Thisdecision (78/246/EURATOM )wasmodified bytheCouncil on
2)28April 1981,thenewdecision extending theperiodof
thefirstprogramme tofiveyearsendingon31December 1982.
Theextension isbasedonthecontentoftheproposed subprogramme .
Theprogramme comprises tworesearch areas:
Research AreaI:uraniumexploration
Research AreaII:uraniumextraction andrecovery
Adetailed description ofsubprogramme IIisgivenindocument
COM(80)382fin.
Additional funding mayberequired toextendthesubprogramme beyond
1982.
1)0.J.L72,14.3.1978
2)O.J.

-14-
SUBPROGRAMME III
CERAMICS
Basedessentially uponclayastherawmaterial,ceramics arecharacte­
rizedbyvariousproperties (suchashighresistance toheatandwear,
chemical inertness ,electrical behaviour ,mechanical strength )which
haveledtotheiruseinawholerangeofindustrial products fromdo­
mesticceramics toareasofadvanced technology .
Theceramics industry playsanincreasingly important roleandmany
otherindustrial sectors dependonceramic components fortheirfurther
development andgrowth.Yettheceramics industry isbesetbyproblems
oftechnological development andinnovation whichrequirefortheirso­
lutionawell-planned andcoordinated research effort.Suchresearch
carriedoutatCommunity levelwouldnotonlybenefittheceramics in­
dustryitself,butstrengthen thetechnological baseofCommunity in­
dustryingeneral .
Itisproposed topromoteresearch intwomainareas •
1)-Claybasedmaterials
2)-Technical ceramics .

-15-
CONTENTS OFTHESUBPROGRAMME
RESEARCH AREA1:CLAYBASEDMATERIALS
Motivation andobjectives
Theceramics industrystillfindsitselfconfronted inpractice toa
varietyoftechnical problems,suchasabnormal reactions ofitsbodies,
technically unexplainable lossesindryingandfiring,variations of
properties intheendproducts .Atpresent,thoseproblems aretoalarge
extentdealtwithempirically .Amongotherconsequences ,thishaspreven­
tedthedevelopment ofapplications forlower-grade claysandresulted
intheunnecessary useofhigh-grade claysforcommonproducts .Ithas
alsobroughtabouttheclosingdownofplantsinregionswherehigher
qualitymaterial wasexhausted ,therebycausing employment problems .
Thusamorethorough understanding oftherawmaterial andofitsbeha­
viourduringprocessing isrequired inordertoimprovefabrication con­
trolandfacilitate thedevelopment ofnewproducts andprocesses .
Research inthisareashouldtherefore promote abetterutilization of
clayrawmaterials,including theuseofavarietyofclays.Itshould
alsoleadtoreduction oflossesduetofabrication faults,andresultin
energysaving.
Research topics
1.1.Characterisation ofrawmaterials andoftheirintrinsic properties .
Thistopicincludes research onthechemical andmineralogical com­
position ofselected clays,theirtexture andsorption properties .
Apartfromthevariousclayminerals,itwillbenecessary tostu­
dyotherconstituents ofceramicmaterials suchasfeldspars and
quartz.
Resultsobtained elsewhere inbasicresearch onclaysshouldbe
takenintoaccountherewhenpromoting newresearch.Quantitative
assessments ofsuitable rawmaterials couldbeconsidered under
thisheading.

16-
1.2.Studyofthemanufacturing sequence
Thistopiccoversthefollowing processes :
1.2.1Rheology andshaping
Thefollowing shapingprocesses willbestudied :Plastic
shaping (extrusion ,turning),casting,pressing ,and
research willbedoneonTheological properties :
-clay~watersystems,
-ceramic-watersystems,
-theshapingbehaviour ofceramicbodies.
1.2.2Drying.Studies on:
-thebehaviour ofclayminerals,
-thedryingmechanism ofbodies,
-thedryingbehaviour ofproducts .
1.2.3Firing.Studies on:
-thebehaviour ofclaysduringfiring,
-thebehaviour ofbodiesduringfiring,
-thefiringbehaviour ofproducts .
1.2.4Characterization ofthefinished products
Generally speaking,projects \jnderthisresearch area1shouldbeaimed
at:
-identifying ,analyzing andpossibly curingceramicfabrication faults
whichleadtolossesintheindustry .Thiswouldinvolvestudiesof
therelationship betweenoriginal bodycomposition ,preparation and
firingconditions

-17-
-understanding therelationship ofcomposition tofiredproperties .
Withtheincrease in"dust-pressing "processes andtheuseoforganic
plasticizers ,the"plasticity "ofaclayisbecoming lessimportant ;
lower-grade claysconsisting ofmixed-assemblage clays(i.e.multimi-
neralspecies),willbecomeincreasingly important
-ascertaining theresponse ofclaysofdifferent compositions tofast-
firingtrials.
Refractory materials andfeldspathic clayswillalsobeconsidered .
RESEARCH AREA2:TECHNICAL CERAMICS
Motivation andobjectives
Industrial ceramics areincreasingly usedasstructural elements under
extremeoperating conditions ,aselectrical insulators ,assemi-conduc -
torsinelectronic circuits andinmoremassive forminavarietyofpro
cessequipment components .Sincethisfieldisdeveloping rapidly,techn
calresearch isneededtokeepECindustry competitive .Itsmainobjec­
tivewillbetoobtainabetterqualityofceramics forspecific uses
throughtheimprovement ofgenerictechnologies .
Research topics
2.1.Powderprocessing technology
Research underthisheadingwillbeaimedatoptimising technology
forparticular products orpurposes andatdeveloping andcharac­
terising theoptimised powders.
Itwillcover,asthemostimportant points,thetechnology of
powdersofzirconium oxide,tinoxide,alumina,beta-alumina ,
zincox.ide,magnesium oxideandthepowdersofmixedoxides
(zirconium oxide,siliconoxide,alumina,titanium oxide),and
canbeextended latertootherpowders suchasthoseofsilicon
nitride,siliconcarbide,carbon,titanate,zirconate,niobates
andferrites .

-18-
Foreachpowder,research willcoverthetechnology ofprodu­
cingthepowders,ofusingthepowdersandofproducing materials manu­
factured fromthesepowders.
2.2.Improvement ofthefabrication cycleforvarious .ceramicmaterials
Research herewillbeaimedatimproving suchcharacteristics as
mechanical strength,electrical properties ,insulating properties
andlife-time .Materials tobestudiedincludeoxidesofaluminium,
tinandzirconium,aswellasrefractories .
Subtopics tobestudiedinitially are:
2.2.1Improvement ofthesurfacestateofsemi-finished andfini­
shedceramics inalumina inordertoincrease theirmechani­
calstrength;
2.2.2Development ofthetechnology ofusingzirconium oxide
ceramicproducts byincreasing theirmechanical strength;
2.2.3Development ofthetechnology ofusingceramicmaterials
containing zirconium oxideasaconductor ofelectricity ;
2.2.ADevelopment ofthepossibilities ofusingtheelectrical
properties oftinoxide;
2.2.5Development ofthetechnology offurtherprocessing and
utilisation ofceramicfibresandotherinsulating materials ,
andperfecting oftechnological basesfornewproduction
procedures .
INDICATIVE DISTRIBUTION OFFUNDSWITHIN THESU6PR0GRAMME ONCERAMICS
RESEARCH AREA 1:30-40%
RESEARCH AREA2:60-70%(50%ofthisfigurefortopic2.1,
50%fortopic2.2.)

-19-
SUBPROGRAMME IV
WOODASARENEWABLE RAWMATERIAL
Objectives
Thesub-programme onWoodasaRenewable RawMaterialisinsupport
ofthreemainpolicyobjectives :
1.Toprevent,bythedevelopment ofitsownresources,anundue
increaseintheCommunity'salreadyveryheavydependence on
importsofwoodandwoodproducts;(annualnetimportsinthis
sectoramounttoover11.300MillionECUandcontinuetorise).
2.Toimproveefficiency andeconomicviabilityofwoodlandproperty
andwoodprocessingindustries inaperiodofrapidtechnological
change.
3.Tomakeamodestbutrisingcontribution totheeconomicproduc­
tionandconservation ofenergyintheCommunity.
Inthepursuitoftheseobjectives regardshouldbepaidto:
Conservation andimprovement oftheenvironment ;
Safetyandhealthoftheworkforce;
Regionaldevelopment implications ;
Reductionofenergyconsumption inprocessing .
Inthiscontexttheaimoftheproposedresearchprogrammeis:
1.Toincreasethephysicalandeconomicavailability ofwoodand
woodproducts;
2.Toreducethecostsofgrowing,harvesting,processing andtrans­
formationofwoodbythedevelopment ofnewtechnology;
3.Toupgradethequalityofwoodandwoodproducts;

-20-
Topromoteamorecompleteutilisation ofwoodandwoodresidues,
(alsoorganicfibresotherthanwoodinsofarastheyarerelevant )
soastoreducetheamountofwasteincurredattheproduction and
process ingstages,andtominimiselossesduetodeterioration and
fire.
Motivations
Thesituation ofwoodindustries (including pulpandpaperindustries )
canbesummarised asfollows :
a.AllMemberStatesarenetimporters ofwoodandwoodproducts;the
negativetradebalanceinthissectorisapproximately 11„300million
peryearandisexceeded onlybytheoilsector;
demefdforwoodproductsisrisingbysome2%peryearinvolume,and
thedemandforwoodasasourceofenergyhassuddenlybeguntorise
muchfaster;supplies underexistingnationalforestrypoliciesare
risingbyonly1%peryear.
b.Thesupplyposition ontheworldmarketislikelytogetmorediffi–
cultasdemandrisesespecially inthedeveloping countries,while
thetraditional sourcesofsupplyinNorthAmerica,Scandinavia ,
theSovietUnionandsometropical countries becomelessaccessible
and,insomeinstances ,exhausted .
c.Thepotential forincreasing woodproduction intheCommunity is
great.Preliminary estimates suggestthattheavailability ofwood
andwoodresidues toindustry fromindigenous sourcescouldbein­
creased by25%uilhinthenext10-15yearsandmorethandoubledin
thelongterm,oivenappropriate policyinitiatives andwelldirec­
tedresearch anddevelopment support .
d.Forestry andforestindustries makeasignificant contribution to
severalimportant Community policies .Theyprovideemployment and
usefulsourcesofincomeinsomeofthepoorestruralareasofthe
Conmunity ;theycanhelpinthesolution oftheproblemofsurplus
agricultural production iflandthathasbecomesubmarginal for

-21-
farming,butissuitable forforestry,isusedtogrowtrees.Even
wherewoodproduction isthemainobjective forestscanbemanaged
soastocontribute totheconservation andimprovement ofthe
environment andtoproviderecreational opportunities *
e.Theforestindustries intheCommunity operateunderconditions signi­
ficantlydifferent fromthoseinNorthAmerica,Scandinavia andthe
SovietUnionagainst whoseproducts theyhavetocompete.Theforest
resources intheCommunity arelimitedandwidelyscattered geogra­
phically andfragmented inownership ;itistherefore onlyexcep­
tionally possible toachieveeconomies ofscaleinwoodprocessing
withoutundulyincreasing thedistance fromtheforesttotheplant,
andhencethecost.
CONTENTS OFTHESUB-PROGRAMME
RESEARCH AREAI:WOODPRODUCTION
Theresearch includes thefollowing items:
1.1Selection andimprovement offorestreproductive material
Themainobjectives are:
-increased timberand/orbiomassproduction
-improvedqualityoftimber (orfibre)
-increased resistance againstdisease andabioticcausesof
damage
-improved tolerance ofdifficult siteconditions
Theresearch topicsare:
1.1.1Species andorigin:exploration andtesting
1.1.2Treebreeding andpropagation
1.1.3Generesource conservation
1.2Improvement ofgrowth (silviculture )
1.2.1Treatment ofsiteandstands

-22-
-Thesilviculture ofspeciesorprovenances newlyintro­
ducedintomorethanoneMemberState;
-Theimprovement orreplacement offoreststandswhich
areunproductive butwithagoodgrowthpotential ;
Simplification ofsilviculture inordertoreducecosts;
Methodsofaccelerating growthsuchasfertilisation .
1.2.2Establishment andmanagement offibreplantations
1.2.3Cultivation andmanagement oftreesoutsidetheforest
1.3Prevention oflosses
1.3.1Protection against damagefrombioticagents (suchas
insects andfungi)withemphasis ontheuseofenviron­
mentally safemethods (i.e.avoidance ofchemicals toxic
tomanandwildlife)
1.3.2Theprevention offorestfires
1.3.3Protection against damagefromotherabioticcauses (such
asstorms,frostandairpollution )
1.4Forestinventory
Theresearch willconcentrate onmethods ofassessing biomass and
surplusgrowingstockaswellasonthedevelopment ofagreed
definitions andcriteria tobeused.
RESEARCH AREA2:WOODHARVEST,STORAGE ANDTRANSPORT
Thisresearch areaiscomposed ofthefollowing items :
2.1Harvesting ofBiomass
Theloggingsystemsandmachinery tobeinvestigated willbe

-23-
concerned mainlywithsmallscaleoperations inenvironmentally
sensitive surroundings andwillinclude :
-Wholetreechipping intheforest;
-Wholetreechippingatacentralcollecting pointnearthe
forest;
-Transport ofwholetreesections withbranches towoodpro­
cessingindustry .
2.2Processing andstorageofchipsforindustrial use
2.3Harvesting systemsforon-ground extraction
2.4Harvesting systemsforoff-ground extraction
2.5Safetyandhealthaspects
RESEARCH AREA3:WOODASAMATERIAL
Thisresearch areaissub-divided asfollows :
3.1Studyofwoodproperties
Thisincludes :
-Basicorientated research ontheproperties ofwood;
-Relationship betweentimberproperties andthelivingtrees
(physiological ,biochemical andsiIvicultural aspects,etc...)
3.2Improvement ofperformance andprotection againstdeterioration
Themainlinesofresearch envisaged are:
-methodstoimprove woodstability ;
-basicstudiesonthemechanism ofactionofwoodpreservatives ;
-development ofenvironmentally safepreservatives ;
-improvedmethodsforpreservation ofso-called "refractory "
speciesCwhichareresistant tothepenetration ofliquid
preservatives incommonuse);

-24-
thedevelopment ofimproved fireretardants .
3.3Development ofobjective testingmethodology
3.3.1Improvements tomachinestressgrading methodsforsawntimber
3.3.2Methodsforevaluating newadhesives
3.3.3Non-destructive ,comparable testprocedures forwood-based
panels
3.3.4Criteria foracceptance ofwoodpreservatives
RESEARCH AREA4:WOODPROCESSING WITHOUT MODIFICATION OFITSBASIC
STRUCTURE
Thisresearch areacoverssawmilling ,theproduction ofwood-based
panels (including fibreboard)andconstructional usesofwoodas
wellasadhesives usedinthewoodindustries .
4.1Development ofmanufacturingprocesses andproducts
Thisisconcerned mainlywithsawmilling andthemanufacture of
woodbasedpanels.Themainaimsare:
betteruseofCommunity rawmaterials andespecially the
improvement oftheyieldandefficiency ofsawmills ;
improved productquality;
reduction ofwasteandincreased useofresidues ;
reduction inenergyconsumption ;
development ofnewpanelproducts .
4.2Adhesives andjoints
Theaimsare:
topromotesafetyofstructures ;
toreducehealthhazards (associated withtoxicsubstances in
certainglues);

-25-
-improved technology injointing .
4.3Constructional useofwood
4.3.1Moreefficient useandre-useofwoodintemporary works
4.3.2Greater economyinusethrough improved design
4.3.3Loadduration effects
RESEARCH AREA5:PROCESSING OFWOODANDRELATED ORGANIC MATERIALS
INTOFIBREPRODUCTS
Themainobjective inthispartoftheprogramme isthedevelopment
oftechnology whichwillpermiteconomic andenvironmentally acceptable
workingunderCommunity conditions by:
reduction inenergyconsumption ,pollution andrawmaterial
specifications
-betteruseofrecycled wastepaperandnon-wood fibressuchas
strawaswellasoftheresidues offibreprocessing
-improvement offibreyield
5.1Process andProduct development inthepulpindustry
Theresearch willbeconcerned withchemical andmechanical
pulpingaswellaswithvariouscombinations ofchemical,
mechanical andthermaltreatments andthepossible integration
ofpulpproducing unitsintopapermachines .
5.2Betteruseofrecycled wastepaper,cerealstrawandotherfibres
5.3Improvement ofpaperandboardmanufacturing processes
Theobjectsofthisresearch are:
-improvement ofprocesscontrol;
-increased useofmineralfillers;
-reduction offibrelosses;
-reduction ofweightandthickness ofpaperwithoutlossof
quality;
-reduction inmaterial specifications .

-26-
RESEARCH AREA6:WOODASASOURCE OFCHEMICALS
Thispartoftheprogramme concerns theproduction ofcommercially
valuable chemicals fromwood,strawandothermaterials containing
ligno-ce Ilulosesubstances .Therecovery ofby-products fromresidues
offibreprocessing isalsoincluded inthisresearch area.
Theproduction offuelssuchasmethanol willonlybeconsidered in
sofarasitisnotincluded intheCommunity research programme
"Energyfrombiomass".
Themainobjectives are:
6.1Development ofprocesses toseparate chemically themaincomponents
ofmaterials containing Iigno-ce Ilulosesubstances
6.2Utilisation oflignin,hemiceIlulosesandcellulose
6.3Recovery ofby-products fromchemical fibreprocessing
INDICATIVE DISTRIBUTION OFFUNDSWITHIN THESUB-PROGRAMME ONWOOD
Researcharea1^
Research area2)30-40%
Research area33
)30-40%
Research area4)
Research area5)
525-35%
Research area6)

SUBPROGRAMME V
RECYCLING OFURBAN ANDINDUSTRIAL WASTE
(Secondary RawMaterials )
Thissubprogramme covers4research areas:
1.Sortingofhousehold waste
2.Thermal treatment ofwaste
3.Fermentation andhydrolysis oforganicwaste
4.Recovery ofrubberwaste
Thefirstresearch anddevelopment programme inthefieldofsecondary
rawmaterials wasadopted bytheCouncil on12November 1979(1),and
endson31October 1983.
Itisdescribed indetailindocument COM(78)407fin.
Additional funding mayberequired toextendthesubprogramme beyond
October 1983,following areviewoftheresultsobtained sofarandan
updating ofresearchpriorities .
(1)O.J.NoL293/19of20.11.1979

-28-
SUBPROGR AMMEVI
RECYCLING OFNON-FERROUS METALS
Bysupporting systematic research inrecycling technology theECcould
playanimportant roleinencouraging industrial innovation andcompe­
titiveness andgiveamoreimportant economic impacttoscrapandresi­
duerecycling .
Asfarasenergyconsumption isconcerned ,theproduction ofmetals
fromscrapandresidues generally allows asubstantial savingcompared
withthatofmetalscomingfromprimaryores.
Theproposed R&Dsubprogramme ontherecycling ofnon-ferrous metals
isbasedonthedatagiveninthefollowing table:
Estimated secondary production ofthecommoner
non-ferrous metalsintheECfor1977
(expressed aspercentage ofconsumption )
Metal EUR
(9)D F INL B-LUK IRL DK GR
Aluminium2220 16183942 i28-2217
Copper 3526 453034174245 64 2
Lead 48 51 472646ί
46 j71-1410
Τiη 22 31 941 2«ί14-100-
Zine 36 51 4027-57 ;22-28
I
Inaddition tothesemetals,othermetalssuchaschromium,mckel,
manganese ,tungsten,molybdenum ,cobalt,vanadium,tantalum,titanium,
zirconium ,niobium,silverandplatinum,shouldbetakenintoconsid­
erationforstrategic reasons (e.g.intheelectronics,chemical,aero­
spaceandnuclearindustries ).Infact,ashort-fall insupplies of
thesemetalscouldjeopardize thedevelopment oftheseleadingindus­
trialsectors .

-29-
CONTENTS OFTHESUBPROGRAMME
Theproposed programme hasbeenselected onthebasisofpromoting techno­
logicaldevelopment andindustrial innovation .Itconsiders threemainareas
ofresearch,basedontechnological processes :
1.collection andphysical andchemical characterization
2.physical processes
3.metallurgical processes
Inaddition studiesoftechnico-economical naturefortheevaluation of
thefuturepotential forrecycling ofnon-ferrous metalsofstrategic inter­
estintheECwillbesupported .
RESEARCH AREA1:COLLECTION ANDPHYSICAL ANDCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
NON-FERROUS METALSCRAP ANDRESIDUES (SAMPLING ANDANALYS !
Objectives
Toimprovethemarketability ofrecovered metals
Todecrease theoverallcostofrecycling
Research topics
Development ofimproved methodsforsampling andanalysis (especially for
scrapofaluminium ,titanium,precious metals,superalloys etc.)
RESEARCH AREA2:PHYSICAL PROCESSES FORTHETREATMENT OFNON-FERROUS
METALS SCRAP ANDRESIDUES
2.1Liberation processes byr&echanicalmeans
Objective
Toimproveandadaptcurrently usedtechniques toliberate thevarious
components ofnon-ferrous metalsscrap.

-30-
Researchtopics
~Dsvelopment ofselective grinding ancshreddingtechniques
-Optimisation ofthesetechniques withrespecttoenergyconsumption
2.2Physical séparation processes
nbiectives
-Toimprovephysical separation processes
Toreduceoverallcostofthewholerecycling process
Research topics
-Advanced gravimetric processes usingmagnetic fluids
-Advanced electronic sortingmethods
Advanced eddycurrentseparation
-Advanced drygravimetric processes usingfluidised beds
-Newflotation techniques
Particle sizeseparation byhydrocyc lones
Optimization ofmagnetic separation techniques
RESEARCH AREA3:METALLURGICAL PROCESSES FORTHETREATMENT OFNON-FERROUS
METALS SCRAP ANDRESIDUES
3.1PhysicaIpreparationofchargesforpyro-andhydrometa Ilurgica Itreat-
ment
Obieetives
Toreducehandling andenvironmental problems inretreatment dueto
theheterogeneous character ofmanyscrapsandresidues (extremefine­
nessofdusts,fumes,flyash...andhighwatercontentofslurries).
Topreventhighlossesinnon-ferrous metalsbyrecycling theexisting
amounts offinematerials .
Research topics
Comminution processes leadingtoamorehomogeneous sizedistribution
ofmaterials
Agglomeration processes (coldorwarm)leadingtoimproved handling
andavoidance ofcontamination

-31-
3.2HydrometalLurgical processes
3.2.1Leaching processes
Objective
Toeffectamoreselective chemical attack,leavingtheresidues
inamoresuitable formfordisposal orrecycling .
Research topics
-Studies onadequate leaching conditions
-Development ofnewLeaching methods
3.2.2Purification ofsolutionsand extraction fromsolutions
Objective
Toreach,formetalsextracted fromleachsolutions,thepurity
requirements ofthemarket.
Research topic
Development ofnewprocesses usingselective membranes .
3.2.3Directhydrometa llurgical treatment
Objectives
Todecrease capitalcostsbycombining selective leaching and
extraction inoneoperation .
Toavoidproblems andhighcostsincurred insolid-liquid
separation andclarification steps.
Research topic
Development ofnewelectro-chemical processes .
3.3Pyrometallurqical (hightemperature )processes
3.3.1Hightemperature pretreatments
(3)

-32-
Obiec11ve
Tominimise environmental problems andtoobtainhighermetal
yieldsbyimproving furnacetechnology .
Research topic
Development ofadvanced non-polluting combustion furnace
technology .
(newtypesoffurnaces,studyofmodification ofexisting
furnaces )
3.3.2Smelting processes
Objective
Toobtainhighermetalyields,minimised environmental problems
andlowerenergyconsumption byimproved smelting technology .
Research topics
Advanced smelting furnacetechnology
Advanced studies onmetallurgy ,chemical dynamics,thermo­
dynamics,masstransfer,andrefractories .
3.3.3Hightemperature processes basedongasphaseformation
Objective
Tousegasphaseformation asaselective wayofseparating
somevaluable non-ferrous metals.
Research topic
Development ofhightemperature processes makinguseofselec­
tiveextraction throughformation ofagasphase.
3.ARefining ofsecondary metals
Obiec11ve
Todevelopmethodsforrefining secondary metalsfromalloying ele­
mentsorimpurities .

-33-
Research topic
Development ofadvanced technology suchaselectrolytic refining in
moltensaltsandvacuumdistillation .
TECHNICO-ECONOMI CALSTUDIES FORTHEFUTURE EVALUATION OFTHERECYCLING
POTENTIAL OFNON-FERROUS METALS OFSTRATEGIC INTEREST INTHEEC
Tobeabletohaveabetterinsightintothenon-ferrous metalrecycling
potential oftheCommunity asawholeandtoestablish longtermpriori­
tiesforR&Ditisnecessary tohavereliable quantitative datafrom
eachMemberState.InsomeEuropean countries /theAuthorities feel
thatthistypeofinformation issufficiently available ,whilein
severalotherscomplementary studiesarestilltobedone.
INDICATIVE DISTRIBUTION OFFUNDSWITHIN THESUBPROGRAMME ONRECYCLING
OFNON-FERROUS METALS
Research area1
Research area2
Research area315-20%
20-40%
45-60%
Techmco-economic studies :asmallproportion ofthefunds

-34-
SUBPROGRAMME VII-SUBSTITUTION
SincetheECcountries arehighlydependent onanumberofmaterials which
comefrompolitically sensitive areasoftheworld,itisintended tolaunch
research onsubstitution ofthesematerials inordertodeveloptheuse
ofmorereadilyavailable indigenous orlesscostlymaterials andpromote
amorejudicious useofimported commodities .Thiscouldreducesubstan-r
tiallythevulnerability oftheEC.
Systematic research intosubstitution possibilities isessential ;evenif
itcannotmaketheCommunity independent itcan,inaddition toitspurely
economic effect,playanimportant partinencouraging actionandhavea
usefuldeterrent effectontheproducing countries .Activeresearch is
required toidentify changesinproductdesignthatwillallowtechni­
callyacceptable materials chosenfromthecriterion ofCommunity self-
sufficiency tobeusedintheirmanufacture .Theacquisition ofnew
scientific andtechnical know-how isofvitalimportance inthiscontext.
Research intosubstitution isofcourseonlyoneoftheaspectsofthe
policydesigned tomakeindustry lessvulnerable inrespectofitsraw
materials supplies .
Severaltypesofspin-off aretobeexpected :theprimary aimisstill
toreducetheCommunity 'sdependence onoutsidesourcesofsupplybut
therearealsosuretobefavourable secondary effectsofthefollowing
kinds:
savingofenergy;
improvement ofenvironmental protection bybettermatching of
resources touses(reducing ofwastecontaining heavymetals)
improved competitiveness offirms-inthelongrunthiswillcreate
jobs,especially insmallandmedium-sized firms.
Thispointcallsforexplanation :theproposed programme willhavethe
advantage ofproviding information onsubstitution which,becauseit
formspartofaninevitable development intechnology willreducethe
vulnerability ofECindustries .Moreoveritmayhaveanimpactonimports
andonbalanceofpayments .

-35-
Undertheseconditions itmightappearthatthoseprimarily involved will
bethelargegroupsororganisations havingextensive production facilities
orresearch centres.However,thespin-off fromtheCommunity activities
willalsobenefitsmallandmedium-sized firms,inparticular byproviding
information orknow-how thattheywouldfinddifficult toacquirefor
themselves ;thisisaparticularly markedadvantage inseveralofthe
industrial sectorsselected inwhichsub-contracting operations are
extensive andconsequently thereisalargenumberofsmallandmedium-
sizedfirms.
R&Donsubstitution canhavetwoseparateeffects,bothfavourable to
Community industry,whatever thesizeofthefirmsconcerned :
1.Itwouldprepareforsupplycrises,thelikelihood ofwhichcannot
beruledout.Theexpected resultsshouldmainlyserveto:
a.bringhometomanufacturers usingasensitive substance inthe
Community therisksofacrisisorofpressure ontheinterna­
tionalmarketforthatsubstance (supplydifficulties ,physical
shortage,abruptriseinprices);
b.collect andmakeavailable tomanufacturers information thatcan
beusedintheeventofcrisissothattheycancopewiththe
situation bydiversifying theirsupplies .
2.Itwouldcontribute toincreasing thecompetitiveness offirms
inseveral forms:
a.theefforttoeconomize willhelptomakeindustry morecompeti­
tivebyforcingittoinnovate (newprocesses,newandmore
economic products);
b.anditwillfavourthepossibility ofexporting advanced techno­
logy.
Theanalysis byindustrial sectoroftheimplications ofsubstitution of
thesixmaterials treatedinthepreparatory studies (silver,tin,chromium,
tungsten,cobaltandplatinum),helpedtorevealtheindustrial sectors
mainlyinvolved andinwhichthemanufacturing industry oftheECwould
obtainsomedirectbenefits fromanR&Dprogramme onmaterials substitu­
tion.2.It
in

-36-
Thisexamination hasbeensummarized inTableI,andasaconsequence the
following fivepriority sectors wereselected :
1.Electrical andelectronics industry ;
2.Surfacetreatments andcoatings ;
3Technology ofcutting andmachining ;
4.Stainless steelsandalloys;
5.Otheruses(brazingandsoldering technologies ,leathertanning)
TABLE 1
MAINSECTORS OFINDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
ANDTHEIR USEOFMETALS
CoCrAgSnWOtherMetalsInvolved
1Refinedsteels χχ χΜη,Mo,V,Ni,Fe
(stainless steels )
2Machining tools,tools χ X χ χMo,V,Ti,Ta
3Cars X χ Zn,Pb,Al,Cu
4Consumer electrical χ;Al,Cu,Ni
goods
5Aircraft construction χχ χTi,Mo
6Surface treatments and
coatings xχ Χ XχPb,Cd,Cu,Al,Pt
7Electrical andelectro-x Χ ΧχPb,Cd,Cu,Al,Pt
nies
8Containers'χ Al,Fe
Inadditior>the conclusions andrecommendations ofthesixpreparatory
studies leadtoaninterest inasmallnumberofrathersensitive indus­
trialsectors andinencouraging themtomodifythedesignofproducts by
substitution.
Thechosensectorsareconfirmed bythefollowing example (1977-France).
Thepercentage ofthreeofthefourindustrial sectorsconsuming thefive
metals (Ag,Sn,W,Cr,Co)isasfollows :

TABLEII
Sectors orIndustrial ActivitiesPercentage ofUseofi
CrAg Sn WCo
•Electrical andelectronics industries ~20 10 1613,5
Surfacetreatments andcoatings 636 48.5 =6,5
'
Cuttingandmachining tools 10 = 7528
Itisworthunderlining ,moreover,thatintheCommunity,therearemany
industries ofallsizesaffected andtheproblemofmaterials supplyis
deeplyfeltbythem.
R&Dactivities ineachoftheseareascouldalsoleadtoothersubstitu­
tionofsensitive rawmaterials intheCommunity .
CONTENTS OFTHESUB-PROGRAMME
RESEARCH AREA1:RESEARCH ONTHESUBSTITUTION OFMATERIALS USEDINTHE
ELECTRIC ANDELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
Objective
Tocoordinate research alreadyinprogress basedonpublicfinancing and
initiate newresearch projects onproducts suitable toreplacethefollo­
wingrawmaterials^in particular :silver,tungsten,tin,copperand
possibly cobalt-considering theindustrial interest .
Forsilverandtungsten,prioritywillbegiventotheiruseinelectrical
contacts (20%ofsilveruses)
Forcobalt,magnetic alloyswillbestudied (20-25%ofthetotaluses
ofthismetal).
Forcopper,electric wiresandcableswillbestudied (about40-50%of
theindustrial usesofcopper).

-38-
Research Topics
1.1Electrical contact function
1.2Electrical conductivity function
1.3Themagnetic function
RESEARCH AREA2:RESEARCH INTOTHESUBSTITUTION OFMATERIALS USEDIN
SURFACE TREATMENT ANDCOATINGS
Objective
Surfaces havetobegivenspecific physical orchemical properties inmany
industrial fieldssuchasmechanical engineering (anti-friction coatings,
forexample),photography (silverdeposittoformasensitive surface).
Theneedtotreatorcoatasurface ofteninvolves theuseofrareand
expensive rawmaterials (chromium,tin,cadmiumorsilverforexample).
Priority shouldbegiventoresearch intothepossibility ofusingdiffe­
rentrawmaterials (lesscostlyandifpossible morereadilyavailable ).
Research Topics
2.1Packaging(tinplate )
2.1.1Tin-free steel,chromium type
2.1.2Tin-free steel,non-chromium type
2.1.3Tinplate withreducedtincoatingweight
2.2Wear-resistant andcorrosion-resistant coatings
2.3Sensitive surfaces forphotography
RESEARCH AREA3:RESEARCH ONSUBSTITUTION INCUTTING ANDMACHINING TOOLS
Objective
Forthelast50yearsthemostwidelyusedmaterials formachining have
beenhigh-speed steels,andhardmetalswithcobaltasabinder (crude
metal);thecontinuing useofthesematerials isprobably duetoeconomic

-39-
considerations andpartlytotechnical successes thathaveproveddifficult
toequalwithothermaterials .
Themainaimofresearch istoobtainagreatervarietyofcuttingmaterials
offering thetoolmaker awiderchoice,withsomeoptionscontaining little
orno-tungsten andpossibly cobalt.
Research topics
Hardmetals (tungsten andcobaltbased)
3.1Materials forcuttingapplications
3.2Materials fornon-cutting applications
3.3Materials forwearresistance ,facingandsurfaceprotection purposes .
Materials usedarestellites containing Co,Cr,WandC.
RESEARCH AREA4:STAINLESS STEELS ANDALLOYS
Objective
Itisdeemedusefultointroduce aspecialsectorinwhichtheproblemof
substitution ofcritical materials suchaschromium,tungsten,cobaltand
tinlinkedtothespecialsteelindustry isapriority .Infactchromium
consumption intheECstainless steelindustry is52%oftotaluse
(500,000tonnesfor1977).Tungsten consumption intheEChighspeedsteel
industryis50%oftotaluse(7^870tonsfor1977)andforcobalt,inthe
caseofFrance,totalconsumption inthehighspeedsteelindustryis10%
ofatotalof1^100tonsusedin1978.
Complete replacement ofchromium initsalloysisnotgenerally possible
withoutunacceptable lossofperformance ,butthereisnowscopeforre­
ducingtheamountrequired andrespecting desiredspecifications .
Research Topics
4.1Stainless steelsandalloys
4.2.Improvement ofhighspeedsteels

-40-
RESEARCH AREA5:OTHERUSES
5.1Leathertanning
5.2Soldering andbrazingtechnologies
TECHNICAL ANDECONOMIC STUDIES
Thesixcasestudiescarriedoutin1979-1980 wereparticularly illumi­
natingandsupplied invaluable dataforthepreparation ofthispro­
gramme.However,theyhavenowherenearexhausted thesubject andshould
becomplemented byanumberofsimilarstudies soastoenablethe
research topicstobeup-dated whiletheprogramme isunderway,taking
intoaccountstudiesalreadycarriedoutundertheactivities oftheECSC
(European CoalandSteelCommunity ),,
Thesewillbemainlycasestudiesofatechnical andeconomic nature
relating to:
Substances thatareparticularly critical fortheCommunity
Manganese
Molybdenum
Vanadi um
Platinum (*)
Technologies inwhichprogress couldspeedupsubstitution :
assembly technologies (newbondingtechniques );
powdertechnologies (metals,ceramics,etc...);
useofcomposite materials andmineralfibres;
non-conventional machining methods .
Specialsteels :Thisindustrial branchisthemainoutletfor
metalssuchasnickel,chromium,molybdenum ,tungsten,cobaltand
vanadium.
(*)Onlyforchemical applications .

INDICATIVE DISTRIBUTION OFFUNDSWITHINTHESUBPROGRAMME ONSUBSTITUTION
Researcharea1:20-25 A
Researcharea2:30-35%
Researcharea3:11-18%
Researcharea4:18-23%
Researcharea5:7-9%
Casestudies :2-3/

A?-
C.IMPLEMENTATION ANDMANAGEMENT OFTHESECTORAL PROGRAMME
Therationalization andsimplification ofprocedures whichisthemain
aimofthepresentattemptatgrouping R&Dactions intherawmaterials
sectorshouldalsoallowgreaterflexibility inimplementation andmana­
gementoftheprogramme .
Thusitisforeseen thattheCommission willdecide onthedetailed
implementation oftheprogramme ,withthehelpandactiveparticipation
ofAdvisory Committees onProgramme Management (ACPM)forthevarious
subprogrammes .
Itisintended tohavethefollowing ACPM's;
a.Metalsandmineralsubstances ,recycling ofnon-ferrous metals^
claybasedmaterials
b.Uraniumexploration andextraction
c-Woodasarenewable rawmaterial
d.Recycling ofurbanandindustrial waste
e.Substitution ,research ontechnical ceramics
(Note:ACPM'sa(formetalsandmineralsubstances),bandcfalready
exist).
Theprogramme willbeimplemented asanindirectaction (cost-sharing
contracts )whichwillbesupplemented ,wherever feasible,byacoordina­
tionofresearchcarriedoutonpublicfundsintheMemberStates.
Inordertoavoiddispersion overwhatisaverybroadsubject-matter ,
theresearch proposals submitted forfundingwillbeselected (in
addition totheirmeritsonthebasisofscientific quality,prospects
ofsuccess,cost,etc.),inordertoensurealsoaconcentration ofeffort
onhighprioritytopicssoastoenablecoordination ,avoidunnecessary
duplication aswellasanygaps.

-43-
Itisproposed thatthesliding programme concept beappliedtothe
present programme .Thustheprogramme willbereviewed duringthethird
year.Thereviewmayleadtoanewprogramme proposal basedonresearch
needs.Thenewprogramme wouldthensupersede theon-going programme
attheendofitsthirdyear,inordertoensuregreatercontinuity in
theresearcheffortandpreventanygapinfundingthecontractors .
Scientific cooperation andcoordination amongtheparticipants inthe
programme willbeencouraged andfacilitated bytheproventechniques
ofsteering committees ,contactgroupsandresearch seminars,thelatter
tobesponsored jointly bytheCommission andtherelevantauthorities
inaMemberState.
Provisions aremadeinthedraftprogramme decision toextendthecoope­
rationwithnon-Member States.
D.WAYSANDMEANS
1.Funding
Totalfundingrequired forthe1982-1985 periodisestimated at
MioECU,tentatively distributed asfollows :71
Subprogrammes I (MetalsandMineral
Substances )30
Subprogramme II (Uranium ) (2.4) P•Mla
Subprogramme III (Ceramics )
Subprogramme IV (Wood .asrenewable rawmaterial )5
15
Subprogramme V (Recycling ofurbanand
industrial waste) (9)(O
p.m.
Subprogramme VI
Subprogramme VII(Recycling ofnon-ferrous
metaIs)
(Substitution)11
10
(1)1981-1982
(2)Nov.1979-Oct.1983

-44-
Staff
Staffrequested formanaging theprogramme isestimated at23,i.e.5
additional staff.
Atpresent,staffdistribution isasfollows :
primary rawmaterials 8
uraniumexploration andextraction 3
recycling ofurbanandindustrial waste 5
recycling ofpaperandboard 2
Theadditi)nal staffarerequested inviewofthecompetences necessary
tocopewiththenewresearch topicsproposed .

-45-
Proposal foraCouncilDecision
adopting aresearch anddevelopment programme (1982to1985)
intherawmaterials sector
THECOUNCIL OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
HavingregardtotheTreatyestablishing theEuropean Economic Community
andinparticular Article 235thereof,
HavingregardtotheTreatyestablishing theEuropean AtomicEnergy
Community ,andinparticular Article 7thereof,
Havingregardtotheproposal fromtheCommission ,
HavingregardtotheopinionoftheEuropean Parliament ,
HavingregardtotheopinionoftheEconomic andSocialCommittee ,
WhereasArticle 2oftheEECTreatyassignstotheCommunity thetask
interaliaofpromoting throughout theCommunity aharmonious development
ofeconomicactivities ,acontinuous andbalanced expansion andan
accelerated raisingofthestandard ofliving;
WhereastheCouncilResolution of14January 1974onaninitialoutline
programme oftheEuropean Communities inthefieldofscience and
technology (1)stressed thatthewholerangeofavailable meansofaction
shouldbeusedasappropriate ,including indirectaction;
(1)OJNoC7,29.1.74,p.6

-46-
WhereastheCommunity dependstoagreatextentonnon-member countries for
itssupplyofrawmaterials ,andthusitisintheCommunity'sinterestto
increaseitsself-supply potential andinparticular todevelop new
technologies foritsindigenous resources ;
Whereas aCommunity research actioninthefieldofrawmaterials will
contribute effectively totheachievement oftheabove-mentioned objectives ,
particularly throughthediscovery andeconomicexploitation ofinternal
resources ,theimprovement ofwasterecovery,recycling andre-useandthe
development ofmaterialsubstitution foramoreefficient useofmaterials,
aswellasthroughthedevelopment ofexportable techniques andtechnologies ;
Whereas byDecision 79/968/EEC(1)theCounciladopted amultiannual research
anddevelopment programme fortheEuropean Economic Community inthefieldof
therecycling ofurbanandindustrial waste;
Whereas byDecision 78/264/Euratom (2),asamended byDecision 81/364/Euratom
(3),theCounciladopted,foraperiodoffiveyearswitheffectfrom
1January 1978,aprogramme ofresearch anddevelopment fortheEuropean
AtomicEnergyCommunity onuraniumexploration andextraction ;
Whereas on19April1977theEuropean Parliament adopted aResolution (4)
ontheCommunity'srawmaterials supply;
Whereas initsdeliberations of20December 1979theCouncil invitedthe
Commission toconcentrate Community research programmes onsectorsof
priorityinterest,including energyandrawmaterials,andtorationalize
thestructures forthepreparation ,adoption andimplementation ofthese
programmes ;whereas agrouping ofindirectactionsinthefieldofraw
materials wouldconstitute acontribution towardsmeetingtheseobjectives ;
WhereastheTreatyestablishing theEuropean Economic Community doesnot
providethespecific powersnecessary forthispurpose;
Whereas theScientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST)has
givenitsopinion ontheCommission proposal,
(1)0JNoL293,20.11.1979 ,p.19
(2)OJNoL72,14.3.1978 ,p.12
(3)OJNoL137,23.5.1981 ,p.44
(4)OJNoC

-47-
HAS DECIDED ASFOLLOWS :
Article 1
1.Aprogramme ofresearch anddevelopment fortheEuropean Economic
Community and theEuropean Atomic Energy Community inthesector of
rawmaterials ishereby adopted intheform setoutintheAnnex ,
for afour-year period starting on1January 1982 .
2.Theprogramme will beimplemented bymeans ofindirect actions and
coordination actions .
Article 2
1.The total amount ofresources necessary for theduration ofthe
programme isestimated at71MioECUandthenumber ofstaff requi red
isevaluated at23. TheEuropean Currency Unit isdefined by
thefinancial regulations inforce .
These figures are given merely byway ofindication .The indicative
internal distribution offunds isshown intheAnnex .
2. Inthe light ofexperience gained inthecourse oftheexecution of
this programme and and after having consulted theScientific
andTechnical Research Committee (CREST )and thecompetent
Advisory Committees onProgramme Management ,theCommission shall
beauthorized totransfer funds from one subprogramme toanother
provided that such fund transfers donot result inanincrease ora
reduction ofmore than 10% intheoriginal allocation toeach
subprogramme asdefined intheAnnex .
Article 3
TheCommission shall beresponsible for theimplementation oftheprogramme
andshall beassisted byAdvisory Committees onProgramme Management inthe
following fields ,such Committees being setupforthis purpose andgoverned
bytherules laid down intheCouncil resolution of18July 1977 onadvisory
committees onresearch programme management CI):
(1)0JNoC192 ,11.8.1977 ,p.1

-48-
a.Metals andmineral subtances ,recycling ofnon-ferrous metals ,
clay based materials ;
b.Uranium exploration andextraction ;
c.Wood asarenewable rawmaterial ;
d.Recyc Iingofurban and indust riaIwaste ;
e.Substitution ,technical ceramics .
Arti cle4
The programme shall bereviewed during the third year .This review ,in
accordance with theappropriate procedures ,may lead toaCouncil decision
for anew four year programme which would supersede thecurrent programme
atthe end ofthe third year .Areport onthis review and onthepossible
revision shall bedrawn upfor theEuropean Parliament and the Council .
Article 5
The information resulting from theimplementation oftheindirect action
programme defined intheAnnex^in sofarasitconcerns rawmaterials
covered bytheEECtreaty ,shall bedisseminated inaccordance with Council
Regulation (EEC )N°2380 /74of17September 1974 adopting provisions for
thedissemination ofinformation relating toresearch programmes forthe
theEuropean Economic Community (1).
Article 6
1.Inaccordance with aprocedure tobelaid down bytheCommission after having
consulted thecommittees referred toinArticle 3,theMember States taking part
incoordination activities and theCommi ssion sha 11regularly exchange
all useful information concerning theexecution oftheresearch
covered bysuch activities .TheMember States shall provide the
Commission with all information relevant for coordination purposes .
2.TheCommission shall prepare annual progress reports onthebasis of
theinformation supplied ,and shall forward them totheMember States
and the European Parliament .
(1)0JNoL255 ,20.9.1974 ,p. 1

-49-
3.Attheend ofthecoordination period theCommission ,after having consulte
theCommittees referred toinArticle 3shal Lforward totheMember States and t
European Parliament acomprehensive report ontheexecution and
results ofthe coordination activities .The Commission shall
publish this report sixmonths after ithasbeen sent totheMember
States ,except where aMember State objects .
Inthat case thereport shall beforwarded ,after consultation with the
said committees ,solely totheinstitutions andundertakings which so
request andwhose research orproduction activities justify access
tothe results ofthe research covered bythe coordinated activities .
Article 7
1.Inaccordance with Article 228 ofthe EECTreaty ,theCommunity may
conclude agreements with non-member countries ,inparticular those
involved inEuropean collaboration inthefield ofScientific and
Technical Research (COST )with aview toassociating them wholly or
partly with this programme .
2.TheCommission ishereby authorised tonegotiate theagreements
referred toinparagraph 1.
Done atBrussels ,
For the Council
The President

-50-
ANNEX
RAWMATERIALS RESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Theprogramme comprises thefollowing subprogrammes :
I.METALS ANDMINERAL SUBSTANCES
Anexpenditure of30millionEuropean Currency Unitsisallocated to
thisprogramme .
Itcoversthefollowing research areas:
1,Exploration
1.1.Geology oforedeposits andoftheirhostrocks
1.2.Geochemical methods
1.3.Geophysical methods
1.4.Remotesensing
1.5.Drilling techniques
1.6.Statistics andgeostatistics appliedtoexploration data
2.Oreprocessing
2.1.Complexlead,zincandcopperores
2.2.Othercomplex andoxidized ores
2.3.Aluminium fromlow-grade sources
2.4.Chromium fromlow-grade sources
2.5.Phosphates
2.6.Slagsandresidues
2.7.Modellingandcontrolinmineraiprocessing
2.8.Improved mineralogical analysis

3.Mining technology
3.1 .Problems associated with depth
3.2 .Marginally economic deposits
3.3 .Geostatistics andmodelling inmineral exploitation
II.URANIUM EXPLORATION AND EXTRACTION
Anexpenditure of2,4million European Currency Units wasallocated to
this subprogramme fortheperiod 190M982 .Additional funding ,if
required ,tobetransferred from Subprogramme I„
Itcovers thefollowing research areas :
1.Exploration
1.1 .Discovery ofuranium provinces -uranium geology and
metal logeny
1.2 .Exploration techniques
1.3 .Transportation and deposition ofuranium
1.4 .Bore-hole logging
2.Research and development inuranium extraction and recovery
2.1 .Recovery ofuranium from phosphoric acid liquors
2.2 .Recovery ofuranium from phosphatic rocks
2.3 .Extraction ofuranium from thewaste ofphosphate rock
treatment
2.4 .Recovery ofuranium bydump ,heap ,bacterial orin-situ
leaching
2.5 .High temperature ,high pressure leaching
2.6 .Extraction ofuranium and other values from calcines and
low-grade sources
2.7 .Other technical aspects related totheuranium mining
industry
III.CERAMICS
Anexpenditure of5million European Currency Units isallocated tothis
subprogramme .
Itcovers the following research areas :
1.Clay bàsed materials
1.1Characterization of rawmaterials and oftheir intrinsic proper
ties ^._
1.?Study ofthemanufacturing sequence .
2.Technical ceramics
2.1 Powder processing technoloay
?.2Improvement ofthefabrication cycle forvarious ceramic materials .

-52-
IV.WOOD ASARENEWABLE RAW MATERIAL
Anexpenditure of15million European Currency Units isallocated to
this subprogramme .
Itcovers the following research areas :
1. Wood Production
1.1 .Selection and improvement offorest reproductive material
1.2 .Improvement ofgrowth (silviculture )
1.3 .Prevention oflosses
1.4 .Forest inventory
2.Wood harvesting ,storage and transport
2.1 .Harvesting ofbiomass
2.2 .Processing and storage ofchips forindustrial use
2.3 .Harvesting systems foron-ground extraction
2.4 .Harvesting systems foroff-ground extraction
2.5 .Safety andhealth aspects
3. Wood asmaterial
3.1 .Study ofwood properties
3.2 .Improvement ofperformance andprotection against
deterioration
3.3 .Development ofobjective testing methodology
4.Wood processing without modification ofitsbasic structure
4.1 .Development ofmanufacturing processes and products
4.2 .Adhesives and joints
4.3 .Constructional use ofwood
5.Processing ofwood and related organic materials into fibre
products
5.1 .Process andProduct development inthepulp industry
5.2 .Better use ofrecycled waste paper ,cereal straw andother
fibres
5.3 .Improvement ofpaper and board manufacturing processes

6. Wood asasource ofchemicals
6.1 .Development ofprocesses toseparate chemically themain
components ofmaterials containing ligno-cellulose substances
6.2 .Utilisation oflignin ,hemicelluloses andcellulose
6.3 .Recovery ofby-products from chemical fibre processing
RECYCLING OFURBAN AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Anexpenditure of 9million European Currency Units wasallocated to
this subprogramme fortheperiod November 1979 -October 1983 .Additional
funding ,ifrequired ,tobetransferred from Subprogramme V„ .
Itcovers thefollowing research areas :
1* Sorting ofhousehold waste
1„1BAssessment ofwaste sorting projects
1„2„Methods forsampling andanalysis ofhousehold waste
1„3 „Evaluation ofhealth hazards
1„4 bTechnology forthe sorting ofbulk waste
1b5„Materials recovery
1„6 „Energy recovery
1*7*Newcollection andtransport systems
2„ Thermal treatment ofwaste
2B1BFiring ofwaste derived fuel
2„2 „Pyrolysis andgasei fication
2«3„Recovery ofmetal andglass from residue
3„Fermentation andhydrolysis
3„1„Anaerobic digestion
3„2„Carbohydrate hydrolysis
3„3„Composting
4„Recovery ofrubber waste
4*1 „Retreading
4„2 *Size reduction
4B3„Reclaiming andrecycling ofrubber powder
4*4*Pyrolysis

-54-
VI.RECYCLING OFNON-FERROUS METALS
Anexpenditure of11millionEuropean Currency Unitsisallocated
tothissubprogramme .
Itcoversthefollowing research areas:
1.Collection andphysical andchemical characterisation
ofnon-ferrous metalsscrapandresidues
2.Physical processes forthetreatment ofnon-ferrous scrap
andresidues
2.1.Liberation processes bymechanical means
2.2.Physical separation processes
3.Metallurgical processes forthetreatment ofnon-ferrous
metalsscrapandresidues
3.1.Physical separation ofchargesforpyro-andhydrometallurgical
treatments
3.2.Hydrometallurgical processes
3.3.Pyrometallurgical (hightemperature )processes
3.4.Refining ofsecondary metals
Technico-economical studiesforfutureevaluation oftherecycling
potential ofnon-ferrous metalsofstrategic interest intheE.C.
VII.SUBSTITUTION
Anexpenditure of10millionEuropean Currency Unitsisallocated to
thissubprogramme .
Itcoversthefollowing research areas:
1.Research onthesubstitution ofmaterials usedintheelectric
andelectronics industry
1.1.Electrical contact function
1.2.Electrical conductivity function
1.3.Themagnetic function

-55-
2.Research into thesubstitution ofmaterials used insurface
treatment and coatings
2.1 .Packaging (tinplate )
2.2 .Wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings
2.3 .Sensitive surfaces forphotography
3.Research onsubstitution incutting andmachining tools
3.1 .Materials forcutting applications
3.2 .Materials fornon-cutting applications
3.3 .Materials forwear resistance ,facing andsurface protection
4.Stainless steel and alloys
4.1 .Stainless steels and alloys
4.2 .Improvement ofhigh speed steels
5.Other uses (soldering andbrazing technologies ,leather tanning )
Technical and Economical Studies
INDICATIVE DISTRIBUTION OFFUNDS WITHIN THE SUBPROGRAMMES
Subprogramme I:Metals andmineral substances
Research area 1
Research area 2
Research area 335-40 %
50-55 %
10%
Subprogramme III :Ceramics
Research area 1:30-40 %
Research area 2:60-70 %
Subprogramme IV :Wood asarenewable rawmaterial
Research area 1:)
)30-40%
Research area 2:)
Research area 3:)
)30-40%
Research area 4:)

-56-
Research area5:)
)25-35%Research area6:)
Subprogramme VI:Recycling ofnon-ferrous metals
Research area 1:15-20 %
Research area2:20-40 %
Research area3:45-60 %
Techmco-economi cstudies :asmallproportion of
thefunds
Subprogramme VII:Substitution
Research area 120-25
Research area230-35
Research area311-18
Research area418-23
Research area57-9
Casestudies 2-3

-57-
FINANCIAL DATA
CONCERNING THER&DPROGRAMME
INTHESECTOROFRAWMATERIALS
(IndirectActions)
1982-1985
BUDGETHEADING :RawMaterials Article :735
Item:7359
Titles: Heading MioECU Staff
-Metalsandmineralsubstances 359-0 308
-Uranium(-j) 359-1(2,4)P-m-3
-Ceramics 359-25 -
-Wood 359-315 3
-Recyclingofurbanand(2)359-4(9)P*m· 5industrial waste
-Recyclingofnon-ferrous 359-5 112metaIs
-Substitution 359-610 2
TOTAL 71 23
(1)1981-1982
(2)Nov.1979-0ct .1983
(1)p.m.1983-1985Additionalfundstobetransferred fromheadinq359.0
(2)p.m.1984-1985 "" " "359.5

-58-
FINANCIAL DATA
BUDGET CHAPTER :7359.0
TITLEOFTHEBUDGET HEADING :Sub-programme I:Metalsand
minerals substances
LEGALBASIS :
-Implementation ofArticle 235oftheTreatyestablishing
theEuropean Economic Communities
-Décision of
DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1Description
Continuation ofacoordinated research programme onmetals
andmineralsubstances (formerly called "primary rawmaterials ")
carriedoutessentially bymeansofshared-cost contracts
concluded withresearch bodiesintheMemberStates andrela­
tingto:
a)exploration
b)oreprocessing
c)miningtechnology
4.2Objectives
R&Daimedat:
-increasing theself-supply potential ■-ftheECinmetals
andmineral substances
-ensuring ascientific andtechnicalbasisforaCommunitypolicyonrawmaterials
4.3Justification
Preliminary resultsobtained fromresearch carriedoutunderthe
firstprogramme provedtheusefulness andnecessity ofa
secondprogramme .ActionscarriedoutatCommunity levelopti­
mizetheproductivity ofresearch undertaken intheMemberStates,
byavoiding uselessduplication andfillinggaps.Theyalsomake
itpossible toconcentrate thepotential ofresearch organizations
intheMemberStatesonproblems ofcommoninterest andfacilitate
thedevelopment ofadvanced technologies .

-59-
5.Total financial incidence ofAction inECU
5.0 Incidence onexpenditure
5.0.0 Total cost during theterm envisaged
-onCommunity budget : 30.000.000
*bynational administrations : 1
Γ 27.048.000
-byother sectors atnational level :J
Total : 57.048.000
5.0.1 Multiannual schedule
Commitment
1982 1983 1984 1985 /Total
Staff
Manag .
Contracts462.000
180.000
4.000.000498.000
202.000
14.000.000534.000
236.000
9.048.000573.000
267.000/2.067.000
885.000
27.048.000
TOTAL4.642.000 14.700.000 9.818.000 840.000/30.000.000
Payment
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Total
Staff
Manag .
Contracts462.000
180.000
800.000498.000
202.000
4.300.000534.000
236.000
8.600.000573.000
267.000
9.600.000 3.748.0002.067.000
885.000
27.048.000
TOTAL 1.442.000 5.000.000 9.370.000 10.440.000 3.748.000 30.000.000

5.0.2Evaluation method
(includedmultiannual previsions )
a)Staffexpenditure
Theneedsareestimatedtobesstaffforthisprogramme.
5Category Astaff
1Category Bstaff
2Category Cstaff
Inadditiontostaffnumberestimates,thecalculations
alsotakeaccountoftheratesofsalaryincreasesof
Commissionstaffusedtoestimatetheappropriations en­
teredinthe1982budget;theestimatedoverallincreases
inthegeneralCommunitypriceindexusedindrawingup
thetriennialestimates,i.e.7,7%perannum.
b)Administrative and/ortechnicalexpenditure
Thisexpenditure specifically coversthecostofmissions
andtheorganization ofmeetings .Ithasbeenestimated on
thebasisofaveragerequirements .
c)Expenditure oncontracts
Thisexpenditure coversthefinancialparticipation of
theCommunityinresearchcarriedoutundercost-shared
contracts (studies,researchetc.)tobeconcludedwith
researchinstitutions intheMemberStatesspecialized
inthefield.Sincethespecificnatureofthevarioustopics
andthequalifications ofthecontracting partiesarelikely
tovary,ithasnotbeenpossibletodeviseauniformmethod
ofcalculation .Consequently ,theestimateofrequirements
isahypothetical onebasedonthenumberofcontractstobe
negotiated andonaveragefinancialparticipation bythe
Communityapproximating to507.oftotalcosts.Atallevents,
theAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Managementwillbecon­
sultedovertheallocation oftheappropriations .
FINANCIAL IMPLICATION INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FORSTAFFAND
CURRENTADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(seepoint5above)

-61-
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE :
7.4Therequisiteappropriations tocovertheCommunity's
participation inthisprojectaretobeenteredunder
futurebudgets.
•8.IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFREVENUE:
-Communitytaxesonofficials'salaries
-Officials *contributions tothepensionscheme
9.TYPEOFMONITORING TOBEAPPLIED:
-Administrative checksbytheDGforFinancialControlwith
regardtotheimplementation ofthebudgetandtoensurethat
theexpenditure hasbeenincurredinaregularandproper
mannerpluscheckscarriedoutbytheContractsServiceof
DGXII.
-Scientific checks:ACPM;
Scientific officersfromDGXII

-62-
FINANCIAL DATA
1.BUDGETCHAPTER :7359.1
2.TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING :Sub-programme II:Uranium
3.LEGALBASIS:
-Implementation ofArticle7ofEAECTreaty
-DecisionsoftheCouncilon6March1978and28April1981
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1Description
Programme onuraniumexploration andextraction .
Researchprogrammecarriedoutessentially bymeansofshared-
costcontracts concluded withresearchbodiesintheMember
Statesandrelatingto:
a)researchanddevelopment inuraniumexploration
b)researchanddevelopment inuraniumextraction andrecovery.
4.2Objectives
R&Daimedat:
-increasing theself-supply potentialoftheECinuranium
-developing newtechniques forexploration andexploitation
ofuraniumdeposits
-developing advancedextraction technology andreducingore
processing costs.
4.3Justification
Preliminary resultsobtainedfromresearchrealizedunderthe
firstphaseofthefirstprogrammeprovedtheusefulness and
necessityofextendingtheprogramme .Actionscarriedoutat
Communityleveloptimizetheproductivity ofresearchunder­
takenintheMemberStates,byavoidinguselessduplication
andfillinggaps.Theyalsomakeitpossibletoconcentrate
thepotentialofresearchorganizations intheMemberStates
onproblemsofcommoninterestandfacilitate thedevelopment
ofadvancedtechnologies .

-63-
5.Total financial incidence ofAction inECU
5.0 Incidence onexpenditure
5.0.0 Total cost during theterm envisaged
-onCommunity budget :
-bynational administrations :
-byother sectors atnational level
Total
5.0.1 Multiannual schedule.}1981-1982 1983-1985 (*)
2.400.000 p.m.
1.943.000
4.343.000p«m «
p.m.
Commitment
1981 1982 1983 19841
1985Total
Staff 158.000 172.000 p.m . p.m .*
p.m . 330.400
Manag .58.600 68.000 p.m . p.m . p.m .126.000
Contracts1.324.000 619.000p.m . p.m .- 1.943.000
TOTAL 1.541.000 859.000 p.m . p.m . p.m . . 2.400.000
Payment
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986
Total
Staff158.000 172.000 p.m . p.m . p.m .- 330.000
Manag .58.600 68.000 p.m . p.m . p.m .- 126.000
Contracts150.000 660.000 1.000.000 133.000 p.m . pom * 1.943.000
TOTAL367.000 900.000 1.000.000 133.000 p.m . Ρoff)M 2.400.000
(*)- Additional funding ,ifneeded,to betransfered from heading 359*0
(5)

-64-
5.0.2Evaluation method
(includedmultiannual previsions )
a)Staffexpenditure
Theneedsareestimatedtobe3staffforthisprogramme.
2Category Astaff
1Category Cstaff
Inadditiontostaffnumberestimates,thecalculations
alsotakeaccountoftheratesofsalaryincreasesof
Commissionstaffusedtoestimatetheappropriations en­
teredinthe1982budget;theestimatedoverallincreases
inthegeneralCommunitypriceindexusedindrawingup
thetriennialestimates,i.e.7,7/perannum.
b)Administrative and/ortechnicalexpenditure
Thisexpenditure specifically coversthecostofmissions
andtheorganization ofmeetings .Ithasbeenestimated on
thebasisofaveragerequirements .
c)Expenditure oncontracts
Thisexpenditure coversthefinancialparticipation of
theCommunityinresearchcarriedoutundercost-shared
contracts (studies,researchetc.)tobeconcludedwith
researchinstitutions intheMemberStatesspecialized
inthefield.Sincethespecificnatureofthevarioustopics
andthequalifications ofthecontracting partiesarelikely
tovary,ithasnotbeenpossibletodeviseauniformmethod
ofcalculation .Consequently ,theestimateofrequirements
isahypothetical onebasedonthenumberofcontractstobe
negotiated andonaveragefinancialparticipation bythe
Communityapproximating to507.oftotalcosts.Atallevents,
theAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Managementwillbecon­
sultedovertheallocation oftheappropriations .
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATION INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FORSTAFFAND
CURRENTADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(seepoint5above)

-65-
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE :
7.4Therequisite appropriations tocovertheCommunity's
participation inthisprojectaretobeenteredunder
futurebudgets.
•8.IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFREVENUE :
-Community taxesonofficials' salaries
-Officials 1contributions tothepension scheme
9.TYPEOFMONITORING TOBEAPPLIED :
-Administrative checksbytheDGforFinancial Controlwith
regardtotheimplementation ofthebudgetandtoensurethat
theexpenditure hasbeenincurred inaregularandproper
mannerpluscheckscarriedoutbytheContracts Serviceof
DGXII.
-Scientific checks :ACPM;
Scientific officers frontDGXII
-ChecksbytheCourtsofAuditors inaccordance withtheTreaties

-66-
FINANCIAL DATA
1.BUDGETCHAPTER :7359.2
2.TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING :Sub-programme III:Ceramics
3.LEGALBASIS:
-Implementation ofArticle235oftheTreatyestablishing
theEuropeanEconomicCommunities
-Councildecisionof
4.DESCRIPTION /OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1Pescription
Firstprogramme onceramics .
Researchprogrammecarriedoutbymeansofcost-sharing contracts
(indirectaction)withresearchbodiesandindustryintheMember
Statesandrelatingto:
a)claybasedmaterials
b)technical ceramics
4.2Objectives
R&Daimedat:
-identifying ,analyzing andcuringthecausesofceramicfabrica­
tionfaultswhichleadtolossesintheindustry.Thisinvolves
studiesoftherelationship betweenoriginalbodycomposition ,
preparation andfiringconditions .
-understanding therelationship ofcomposition toproperties
afterfirinr
-ascertaining theresponseofclaysofdifferentcompositions to
fast-firingtrials
-obtaining abetterqualityofceramicsforspecificusesthrough
theimprovement ofgenerictechnologies .
4.3Justification
Byconcentrating thepotentialofresearchorganizations inthe
MemberStatesonaprogrammeofgreatcommoninterestsuchas
ceramics,itispossibletohelpkeepE.C.industrycompetitive
inthefield.
Byoptimizing theproductivity ,thedependency oftheE.C.on
thirdcountrieswithregardtoadvancedceramicstechnologies could
bereduced.
Coordination atCommunity'slevelwillincreasetheefficiency
oftheresearcheffortinthisfield.

-67-
5.TotalfinancialincidenceofActioninECU
5.0Incidence onexpenditure
5.0.0Totalcostduringthetermenvisaged
-onCommunitybudget:
N
-bynationaladministrations :
*byothersectorsatnationalleveli
Total :
5.0.1Multiannual schedule
Commitment
1982 1983 1984 1985Total
Staff :/
Manag.
30.000 32.000 36.000 38.000 136.000
Contracts
1.101.000 3.018.000 745.000- 4.864.000
TOTAL1.131.000 3.050.000 781.000 38.000/
5.000.000
Payment
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986Total
Staff
Manag.
Contracts30.000
200.00032.00C
878.00(36.000
1.614.00038.000
1.632.000 540.000136.000
4.864.000
TOTAL230.000 910.001 1.650.000 1.670.000 540.000 5.000.0005.000.000
4.864.000
9.864.000

5.0.2Evaluation method-68-
(includedmultiannual previsions )
a)Staffexpenditure
Noresearchstaffisrequiredforthisprogramme.
TheestimatedoverallincreasesinthegeneralCommunity
priceindexusedindrawingupthetriennialestimates,i.e.7,7%perannum.
b)Administrative and/ortechnicalexpenditure
Thisexpenditure specifically coversthecostofmissions
andtheorganization ofmeetings.Ithasbeenestimated on
thebasisofaveragerequirements .
c)Expenditure oncontracts
Thisexpenditure coversthefinancialparticipation of
theCommunityinresearchcarriedoutundercost-shared
contracts(studies,researchetc.)tobeconcludedwith
researchinstitutions intheMemberStatesspecialized
inthefield.Sincethespecificnatureofthevarioustopics
andtheQualifications ofthecontracting partiesarelikely
tovary,ithasnotbeenpossibletodeviseauniformmethod
ofcalculation .Consequently ,theestimateofrequirements
isahypothetical onebasedonthenumberofcontractstobe
negotiated andonaveragefinancialparticipationbythe
Communityapproximating to507.oftotalcosts.Atallevents,
theAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Managementwillbecon­
sultedovertheallocation oftheappropriations.
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATION INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FORSTAFFAND
CURRENTADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(seepoint5above)

-69-
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE :
7.4Therequisite appropriations tocover theCommunity 's
participation inthis project are tobeentered under
future budgets .
•8.IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFREVENUE :
-Community taxes onofficials *salaries
-Officials' contributions tothepension scheme
9.TYPE OFMONITORING TOBEAPPLIED :
-Administrative checks bythe DGfor Financial Control with
regard totheimplementation ofthebudget and toensure that
theexpenditure hasbeen incurred inaregular andproper
manner plus checks carried out bythe Contracts Service of
DGXII .
-Scientific checks :ACPM ;
Scientific officers from DGXII
-Checks bytheCourt ofAuditors inaccordance with theTreaties

-70-
FINANCIAL DATA
1.BUDGETCHAPTER :7359.3
2.TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING:Sub-Drogramme IV:Wood
3.LEGALBASIS:
-Implementation ofArticle235oftheTreatyestablishing
theEuropeanEconomicCommunities
-Décisionof
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1Description
Researchprogrammecarriedoutessentially bymeansof
shared-cost contracts concluded withresearchbodiesin
theMemberStatesandrelatingto:
a)woodproduction
b)woodharvest,storageandtransport
c)studyofwoodasamaterial
d)woodprocessing withoutmodification ofitsbasicstructure
e)processing ofwoodandrelatedorganicmaterialsintofibre
products
f)woodasasourceofchemicals .
4.2Objectives
R&Daimedat:
-increasing thephysicalandeconomicavailability ofwood
andwoodproducts
-reducingthecostsofgrowing,harvesting,processing and
transformation ofwoodbythedevelopment ofnewtechnology
-upgrading thequalityofwoodandwoodproducts
-ensuring amorecompleteutilisation ofwoodandwoodresidues
(alsoorganicfibresotherthanwoodinsofarastheyarerele­
vant),soastoreducetheamountofwasteincurredatthe
production andprocessing stages,andtominimiselossesdue
todeterioration andfire.
4.3Justification
TheCommunity dependsonexternalsourcestoprovidemorethan
halfitsneedsofwoodandwoodproducts,andconsumption continues
torisefasterthansuppliesfromindigenous resources .
AcoherentCommunity researchprogramme onwoodasarawmaterial
isnecessarytocomplement theexistingnationalandCommunity research
activities .
-Thesolutionofsomeofthesecommonresearchproblemsrequires
equipmentorexpertise beyondtheresourcesofanyoneMemberState.
-ACommunityapproachtocertainresearchproblemswillfacilitate
collaborationwiththirdcountries andinternationaIorganisations .
Forexample,thedevelopmentofeconomicallyviablesmallscalewood
processing technology wouldbeofverygreatbenefittomanycountries
allovertheworld;few,ifany,ofthesecouldmusterthecombined
scientific resourcesoftheCommunitywhichisthereforeinagood
positiontotakealead.

-71-
5.TotalfinancialincidenceofActioninECU
5.0Incidenceonexpenditure
5.0.0Totalcostduringtheternenvisaged
-onCommunitybudget:
-bynationaladministrations :
-byothersectorsatnationalLevel
Total
5.0.1Multiannual schedule
Commitment
1982 1983 1984 1985Total
Staff
Manag.
Contracts172.000
60.000
2.500.000186.000
64.000
8.179.000200.000
70.000
3.280.000214.000
75.0004/
772.000
269.000
13.959.000
TOTAL2.732.000 8.429.000 3.550.000 289.000/'15.000.000
Payment
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Total
Staff 172.000 186.000 200.000 214.000 - 772.000
Manag. 60.000 64.000 70.000 75.000 - 269.000
Contracts 468.000 2.200.000 5.400.000 4.231.000 1.660.000 13.959.000
TOTAL 700.000 2.450.000 5.670.000 4.520.000 1.660.000 15.000.00015.000.000
13.959.000
28.959.000

-72-
5.0.2Evaluation method
(includedmultiannual previsions )
a)Staffexpenditure
Theneedsareestimatedtobe3staffforthisprogramme.
2Category Astaff
ο
1Category Cstaff
Inadditiontostaffnumberestimates,thecalculations
alsotakeaccountoftheratesofsalaryincreasesof
Commissionstaffusedtoestimatetheappropriations en­
teredinthe1982budget;theestimatedoverallincreases
inthegeneralCommunitypriceindexusedindrawingup
thetriennialestimates,i.e.7,7%perannum.
b)Administrative and/ortechnicalexpenditure
Thisexpenditure specifically coversthecostofmissions
andtheorganization ofmeetings .Ithasbeenestimated on
thebasisofaveragerequirements .
c)Expenditure oncontracts
Thisexpenditure coversthefinancialparticipation of
theCommunityinresearchcarriedoutundercost-shared
contracts (studies,researchetc.)tobeconcludedwith
researchinstitutions intheMemberStatesspecialized
inthefield.Sincethespecificnatureofthevarioustopics
andthequalifications ofthecontracting partiesarelikely
tovary,ithasnotbeenpossibletodeviseauniformmethod
ofcalculation .Consequently ,theestimateofrequirements
isahypothetical onebasedonthenumberofcontractstobe
negotiated andonaveragefinancialparticipation bythe
Communityapproximating to507.oftotalcosts.Atallevents,
theAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Managementwillbecon­
sultedovertheallocation oftheappropriations.
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATION INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FORSTAFFAND
CURRENTADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(seepoint5above)

-73-
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE :
7.4Therequisite appropriations tocover theCommunity 's
participation inthis project aretobeentered under
future budgets .
•8.IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFREVENUE :
-Community taxes onofficials *salaries
-Officials' contributions tothepension scheme
9.TYPE OFMONITORING TOBEAPPLIED :
-Administrative checks bythe DGfor Financial Control with
regard tothe implementation ofthebudget and toensure that
theexpenditure hasbeen incurred inaregular andproper
manner plus checks carried out bythe Contracts Service of
DGXII .
-Scientific checks :ACPM ;
Scientific officers from DGXII
-Checks bytheCourt ofAuditors inaccordance with theTreaties

FINANCIAL DATA
BUDGETCHAPTER:7359.4
TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING:Sub-programme V:Recyclingofurban
andindustrial waste
LEGALBASIS:
-Implementation ofArticle235oftheTreatyestablishing the
EuropeanEconomicCommunities
-CouncilDecisionon12.11.7?O.J.L293
DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1Description
Implementation ofaresearchprogramme onrecyclingofurban
andindustrialwaste(formerlycalled"secondaryrawmaterials")
carriedoutbymeansofshared-cost contractsconcludedwith
researchbodiesintheMemberStatesandrelatingto:
a)separation ofurbanwaste
b)thermaltreatmentofwaste
c)fermentation /hydrolysis (agricultural andinsdutrial waste)
d)recoveryofmaterials fromwasterubber
4.2Objectives
R&Daimedat:
-improvingtechnological knowledgeinthefieldofrecovery
andrecycling
-encouraging savingsofmaterials bysteppinguprecycling.
4.3Justification
Recyclingofurbanandindustrial wastesatCommunitylevelwillhe
toconservescarceresourcesandhelpabetteruseofenergyand
itslinkedeconomicbenefits.
Inadditiontothecoordination ofon-goingresearchinthe
MemberStates,itprovesnecessarytosupplementitbyan
indirectactionbymeansofcost-sharing researchcontracts.

5.Total financial incidence ofAction inECU
5.0Incidence onexpenditure
5.0.0 Total cost during theterm envisaged
-onCommunity budget :
-bynational administrations :
-byother sectors atnational level
Total
5.0.1 Multiannual schedule1979-1983
9.000.000
7.541.000
16.541.0001984-1985 <*)
p.m.
p.m.
p.m.
Commitment
1979-81 1982 1983 19841
1985Total
Staff
245.000 264.000 p.m.1
p.m .
Manag .
- 245.000 264.000 p.m . tP·ID·. .
Contracts
- 1.548.000 658.000 p.m. P«ID· 7.541.000
TOTAL5.776.000 2.038.000 1.186.000 p.m. p.m . 9.000.000
Payment
1979-81 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Total
Staff- 245.000 264.000 p.m . p.m.- -
Manag . - 245.000 264.000 p.ffl· p.m.- -
Contracts- 1.348.000 2.472.000 1.236.000 p.m . p.m. 7.541.000
TOTAL 2.926.000 1.838.000 3.000.000 1.236.000 p.a. p.· . 9.000.000
Additional funding ,ifneeded ,tobetransfered from heading 359.5

-76-
5.0.2Evaluation method
(includedmultiannual previsions )
a)Staffexpenditure
Theneedsareestimatedtobe5staffforthisprogramme.
2Category Astaff
1Category Bstaff
2Category Cstaff
Inadditiontostaffnumberestimates,thecalculations
alsotakeaccountoftheratesofsalaryincreasesof
Commissionstaffusedtoestimatetheappropriations en­
teredinthe1982budget;theestimatedoverallincreases
inthegeneralCommunitypriceindexusedindrawingup
thetriennialestimates,i.e.7,7/perannum.
b)Administrative and/ortechnicalexpenditure
Thisexpenditure specifically coversthecostofmissions
andtheorganization ofmeetings.Ithasbeenestimated on
thebasisofaveragerequirements .
c)Expenditure oncontracts
Thisexpenditure coversthefinancialparticipation of
theCommunityinresearchcarriedoutundercost-shared
contracts (studies,researchetc.)tobeconcludedwith
researchinstitutions intheMemberStatesspecialized
inthefield.Sincethespecificnatureofthevarioustopics
andthequalifications ofthecontracting partiesarelikely
tovary,ithasnotbeenpossibletodeviseauniformmethod
ofcalculation .Consequently ,theestimateofrequirements
isahypothetical onebasedonthenumberofcontractstobe
negotiated andonaveragefinancialparticipation bythe
Communityapproximating to50Zoftotalcosts.Atallevents,
theAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Managementwillbecon­
sultedovertheallocation oftheappropriat ions.
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATION INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FORSTAFFAND
CURRENTADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(seepoint5above)

-77-
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE :
7.4Therequisite appropriations tocover theCommunity 's
participation inthis project aretobeentered under
future budgets .
•8.IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFREVENUE :
-Community taxes onofficials' salaries
-Officials 1contributions tothepension scheme
9.TYPE OFMONITORING TOBEAPPLIED :
-Administrative checks bythe DGfor Financial Control with
regard totheimplementation ofthebudget and toensure that
theexpenditure hasbeen incurred inaregular andproper
manner plus checks carried out bythe Contracts Service of
DGXII .
-Scientific checks :ACPM ;
Scientific officers from DGXII
-Checks bytheCourt ofAuditors inaccordance with theTreaties

-78-
FINANCIAL DATA
1.BUDGETCHAPTER:7359.5
2-TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING:;Subprogramme VI.Recyclingofnon-ferrousmetals
3.LEGALBASIS;
-Implementation ofArticle235oftheTreatyestablishing the
EuropeanEconomicCommunities ;
-Décisionof
4DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1Description
Implementation ofacoordinated researchprogramme onRecycling
ofnon-ferrous metalscarriedoutessentially bymeansof
shared-cost contracts concluded withresearchbodiesandindus­
triesintheMemberStatesandrelatingto:
^Collection andphysicalandchemicalcharacterization of
non-ferrous metalscrapandresidues;
b)Physical processesforthetreatmentofnon-ferrous metal
scrapandresidues;
c)Metallurgical processesforthetreatmentofnon-ferrous
metalscrapandresidues.
Complementary studiesinseveralMemberStatesofTechnico-Eco-
nomicalnatureforthefutureevaluation oftherecyclingpotential
ofnon-ferrous metalsofstrategicinterest.
4.2Objective s
R&Daimedat:
-improvingtechnological knowledgeinthefieldofrecovery
andrecycling
-encouragingsavingsofessentialrawmaterialsthrough
increasedrecycling
-ensurino3long-termsecurityofsupplyforessential
rawmaterials
4.3Justification
AresearchprogrammeatCommunitylevelinthefieldofnon-ferrous
metalsrecyclingcouldcontributetohelpkeepECindustrycompetitive
inthisfield.
Theexecution ofcoordinated researchintheMemberStatespermits
toavoidduplication ofeffortsandtooptimisetheresults.

-79-
5.TotalfinancialincidenceofActioninECU
5.0Incidence onexpenditure
5.0.0Totalcostduringthetermenvisaged
-onCommunitybudget:
-bynationaladministrations :
-byothersectorsatnationallevel:
Total :
5.0.1Multiannual schedule
Commitment
1982 1983 1984 1985 Total
Staff
Manag.
Contracts101.000
60.000
1.000.000108.000
.65.000
3.497.000116.000
70.000
5.783.000125.000
75.000450.000
270.000
10.280.000
TOTAL 1.161.000 3.670.000 5.969.000 200.000 11.000.000
Payment
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986/Total
Staff 101.000 108.000 116.000 125.000-/450.000
Manag.60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 -/ 270.000
Contracts 200.000 927.000 2.814.000 3.100.000 1.600.000/10.280.000
TOTAL361.000 1.100.000 3.000.000 4.300.000 2.239.000/11.000.00011.000.000
10.280.000
21.280.000

-80-
5.0.2Evaluation method
(includedmultiannual previsions )
a)Staffexpenditure
Theneedsareestimatedtobe2staffforthisprogramme.
1Category Astaff
1Category Cstaff
Inadditiontostaffnumberestimates,thecalculations
alsotakeaccountoftheratesofsalaryincreasesof
Commissionstaffusedtoestimatetheappropriations en­
teredinthe1982budget;theestimatedoverallincreases
inthegeneralCommunitypriceindexusedindrawingup
thetriennialestimates,i.e.7,7%perannum.
b)Administrativeand/ortechnicalexpenditure
Thisexpenditure specifically coversthecostofmissions
andtheorganization ofmeetings.Ithasbeenestimated on
thebasisofaveragerequirements .
c)Expenditure oncontracts
Thisexpenditure coversthefinancialparticipationof
tneCommunityinresearchcarriedoutundercost-shared
contracts (studies,researchetc.)tobeconcludedwith
researchinstitutions intheMemberStatesspecialized
inthefield.Sincethespecificnatureofthevarioustopics
andthequalifications ofthecontracting partiesarelikely
tovary,ithasnotbeenpossibletodeviseauniformmethod
ofcaIculation.Consequently ,theestimateofrequirements
isahypothetical onebasedonthenumberofcontractstobe
negotiated andonaveragefinancialparticipation bythe
Communityapproximating to50%oftotalcosts.Atallevents,
theAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Managementwillbecon­
sultedovertheallocation oftheappropriations .
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATION INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FORSTAFFAND
CURRENTADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(seepoint5above)

-81-
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE :
7.4Therequisite appropriations tocover theCommunityTs
participation inthis project are tobeentered under
future budgets .
•8.IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFREVENUE :
-Community taxes onofficials' salaries
-Officials *contributions tothepension scheme
9.TYPE OFMONITORING TOBEAPPLIED :
-Administrative checks bythe DGfor Financial Control with
regard tothe implementation ofthebudget and toensure that
theexpenditure hasbeen incurred inaregular andproper
manner plus checks carried out bythe Contracts Service of
DGXII .
-Scientific checks :ACPM ;
Scientific officers from DGXII
-Checks bytheCourt ofAuditors inaccordance with theTreaties

-82-
FINANCIAL DATA
1.BUDGETCHAPTER :7359.6
2.TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING:Sub-programme VII:Substitution
3.LEGALBASIS:
-Implementation ofArticle235oftheTreatyestablishing
theEuropeanEconomicCommunities
-Décisionof
4.DESCRIPTION -OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1Description
Implementation ofaresearchprogramme onMaterialsSubstitution
tobecarriedoutbymeansofshared-cost contractsconcluded
withresearchbodiesintheMemberStatesandbycoordination of
researchfinancedatnationallevelinthefollowingareas:
a)technologies usedintheelectrical andelectronics industry
b)technology ofsurfacetreatment andcoating
c)technology ofcuttingandmachining
d)stainlesssteelsandalloys
e)otheruses(soldering andbrazingtechnologies ,leather
tanning)
Aseriesofcasestudiesofatechnical andeconomicnatureis
alsoproposed .
4.2Objectives
R&Daimedat:
-improvingtechnological knowledgeinthefieldofmaterials
substitution
-encouraging savingsofmaterials bysteppingupsubstitution
4.3Justification
TheMemberStatesoftheEChaveanumberofproblemsincommon.
Asfara^substitution isconcerned,infact,certainmaterials
areinshortsupplythroughout theCommunity.
Creatingcooperation andsupportingindastrially-oriented research
inthefieldofsubstitution isapriorityfortheEC,andthiscan
beobtainedbydeveloping advancedtechnology andbypreparing
researchcentrestofacerapidly,incaseofnecessity,thediversi­
ficationofmaterials .

-83-
5.TotalfinancialincidenceofActioninECU
5.0Incidenceonexpenditure
5.0.0Totalcostduringthetermenvisaged
-onCommunitybudget: 10.000.000
-bynationaladministrations :)
1 9.147.000-byothersectorsatnationallevel:j
Total : ..19.147.000
5.0.1Multiannual schedule
Commitment
1982 1983 1984 1985 Total
Staff
Manag.
Contracts101.000
90.000
1:246.000108.000
97.000
4.555.000116.000
104.000
3.346.000125.000
112.000450.000
403.000
9.147.000
TOTAL 1.437.000 4.760.000 3.566.000 237.000 10.000.000
Payment
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986/Total
Staff101.000 108.000 116.000 125.000 -/450.000
Manag.90.000 97.000 104.000 112.000 -/ 403.000
Contracts296.000 1.295.000 2.780.000 2.963.000 1.813.000/9.147.000
TOTAL487.000 1.500.000 3.000.000 3.200.000 1.813.000/10.000.000

-84-
5.0.2Evaluation method
(included multiannual previsions )
a)Staff expenditure
Theneeds areestimated tobe2staff forthis programme .
1Category Astaff
_Category Bstaff
1Category Cstaff
Inaddition tostaff number estimates ,the calculations
also take account ofthe rates ofsalary increases of
Commission staff used toestimate the appropriations en­
tered inthe 1982 budget ;theestimated overall increases
inthegeneral Community price index used indrawing up
the triennial estimates ,i.e. 7,7 %per annum .
b)Administrative and /ortechnical expenditure
This expenditure specifically covers the cost ofmissions
and theorganization ofmeetings .Ithas been estimated on
the basis ofaverage requirements .
c)Expenditure oncontracts
This expenditure covers the financial participation of
the Community inresearch carried out under cost-shared
contracts (studies ,research etc.)tobeconcluded with
research institutions inthe Member States specialized
inthe field .Since the specific nature ofthe various topics
and the qua Iifications ofthecontracting parties are likely
tovary ,ithas not been possible todevise auniform method
ofcalculation .Consequently ,the estimate ofrequirements
isahypothetical one based onthenumber ofcontracts tobe
negotiated and onaverage financial participation bythe
Community approximating to507.oftotal costs .Atallevents ,
theAdvisory Committee onProgramme Management will becon­
sulted over the allocation ofthe appropr iations .
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATION INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FOR STAFF AND
CURRENT ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(see point 5above )

-85-
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE :
7.4Therequisite appropriations tocover theCommunity 's
participation inthis project are tobeentered under
future budgets .
•8.IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFREVENUE :
-Community taxes onofficials' salaries
-Officials *contributions tothepension scheme
9.TYPE OFMONITORING TOBEAPPLIED :
-Administrative checks bythe DGfor Financial Control with
regard totheimplementation ofthebudget and toensure that
theexpenditure hasbeen incurred inaregular andproper
manner plus checks carried outbythe Contracts Service of
DGXII .
-Scientific checks :ACPM ;
Scientific officers from DGXII
-Checks bytheCourt ofAuditors inaccordance with theTreaties