COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
COM (89) 472 final 
Brussels, 1 December 1989 
Proposal for a 
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 
on mutual acceptance of personnel licences 
for the exercise of functions in civil aviation 
(presented by the Commission) 
- A -(LwJfVt/ 
PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON MUTUAL ACCEPTANCE OF 
PERSONNEL LICENCES FOR THE EXERCISE OF FUNCTIONS IN CIVIL 
AVIATION 
EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 
1 . The Treaty of Rome stipulates that the action to he taken 
in pursuance of the objectives of the Community should 
include inter alia the abolition of obstacles to freedom of 
movement for persons, services and capital and the adoption 
of a common transport policy. 
2. Air Transport, being an integral part of the Community's 
Transport System, is essential for the unhindered movements 
of persons at intra-Community and international level. Its 
further expansion depends i.a. also on the existence of 
appropriately qualified and licenced personnel in sufficient 
numbers to run present and future services. 
3. However, demand and supply of personnel - especially for 
certain staff categories such as pilots and air traffic 
controllers - are not at present balanced throughout the 
Community. This results in significant and acute shortages of 
staff in some Member States. The need is therefore pressing 
for increased personnel mobility to remedy this situation. 
For the personnel itself this will mean the possibility of 
pursuing their profession in a Member State other than that 
in which they acquired their professional qualifications 
thereby enhancing their job prospects. 
4. Article 8A of the Treaty requires that urgent measures are 
taken in order to realise the free movement of persons within 
the Community before the end of 1992. 
5. At present personnel mobility in aviation is extremely 
limited due mainly to the existence of differences in 
licencing requirements and to the virtual absence of 
acceptance by Member States of licences issued by another 
Member State. 
- 2 -
6. The Commission has for some time been considering this 
issue. In fact the mutual recognition of licences for 
aircrew and ground staff was included in the priority list 
for air transport approved by the Council in June 1978. The 
Commission had a first study carried out already in 1978 
which i.a. examined the situation of the mobility of 
personnel in civil aviation in the Community. The study 
confirmed the existence of differences in licensing 
requirements and the resulting lack of exchange of personnel 
between European companies in this sector. 
7. The Commission has successively underlined in its 2 
Memoranda on civil aviation of 1979 and 1984 the need to find 
a solution to this problem. 
8. Furthermore the adoption of the air transport policy 
package in December 1987 underlines the need for flexibility 
and the establishment of free movement for labour. Action in 
this field is intimately linked to the next step of the air 
transport policy to be undertaken in 1990. 
9. Consultations have been conducted with various 
organisations in order to develop a proposal for a system for 
the mutual acceptance of personnel licences and 
qualifications for the exercice of functions in civil 
aviation. The consultations underlined the? importance of 
moving towards harmonised rules and that in the meantime 
Member States should not be obliged to lower their 
requirements for licences. 
10. The ICAO International minimum standards and recommended 
practices with regard to the licencing of personel in air 
transport are defined in Annex I to the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation. This annex has been 
substantially modified with effect from 16 November 1989. An 
initiative should be therefore taken as quickly as possible 
based on this new international set of rules. 
11. Article 38 of the Convention on International Civil 
Aviation permits states to file a difference between their 
national regulations and practices and the ICAO International 
standards. It is therefore not sufficient to rely on the work 
of ICAO but Community action is necessary as quickly as 
possible to give legal backing to the ICAO rules. 
12. The proposal for a Directive should therefore support the 
implementation of Annex I of the Convention on International 
Civil Aviation with as few differences within the Community 
as possible and lead to a European Licence which at least 
meets the requirements of Annex I. 
- 3 -
13. It is also necessary that there is full correspondence 
with the provisions of Council Directive 89/48/EEC (1) on a 
general system for the recognition of higher-education 
diplomas awarded on completion of professional education and 
training of at least three years' duration. Professional 
training and qualifications in civil aviation fall however 
mostly outside the field of application of this Directive as 
they are not generally obtained on the basis of 
higher-education courses of at least three years' duration. 
14. The proposal also takes into account the case law of the 
Court. In the Choquet Case (2) relating to the mutual 
recognition of licences for car drivers, the Court of Justice 
has ruled that, given the diversity in statutory requirements 
in the Member States in this field, the Member States are 
entitled to demand that persons establishing themselves on 
their territory obtain a national licence even if they 
already possess a licence issued by their State of origin. 
However, the Member States have the obligation to accept 
experience and qualifications acquired in other Member States 
and are therefore not allowed to repeat unnecessarily exams 
that have already taken place in other Member States. 
15. A second ruling followed in 1987 in the Heylens case(3), 
which confirmed that, in absence of a harmonisation of the 
conditions for the access to a profession,.the Member States 
are entitled to establish what knowledge and qualifications 
are necessary for the exercise of that profession and to 
require a diploma proving that these required knowledge and 
qualifications exist. However, if the knowledge and 
qualifications obtained in another Member State are 
equivalent to that required, then the Member State is obliged 
to recognize them. 
16. According to these rulings national legislative 
provisions would be incompatible with the EEC Treaty if their 
application were to cause a hindrance in the free exercise of 
the rights which Articles 48 and 52 of the Treaty guarantee 
in connection with the free movement of persons and freedom 
of establishment. Those hindrances could be e.g. the 
duplication of required experience and tests, linguistic 
difficulties or exorbitant charges. 
./. 
., OJ L 19 of 24.1.1989. 
2) ECR 1978, p. 2293, case 16/78 of 28 November 1978. 
3) ECR 198 , p. , case 222/86 of 15 October 1987. 
_ 4 -
17. The present proposal for a Directive therefore introduces 
procedures which will facilitate the obligation of mutual 
acceptance by Member States of equivalent licences and 
qualifications obtained in other Member States of the 
Community. 
18. Considerable work has already been done at ECAC with a 
view to determine terms of equivalence for pilots licences, 
recommendation in this respect was passed in June 1988. It 
would be useful to give this recommendation legal effect in 
the Community in view of the special situation for pilots 
(see paragraph 3). However, it has been necessary to modify 
the terms slightly in order to bring them in line with the 
above legal requirements of the Community. 
19. The acceptance not only relates to licences but also to 
any aspects of qualifications, experience and training. This 
is important if a Member State cannot directly accept a 
licence issued by another Member State because the latter has 
no equivalent licence or no licence at all. 
20. With a view to implementing the Directive it remains up 
to the Member States to choose the way and methods of 
acceptance of licences. However, to ensure the necessary 
respect of the rules a certain transparency is introduced. 
If a Member State decides not to accept a licence or 
qualifications needed for obtaining a licence it should 
inform in writing the person concerned, the Member State 
which had issued the licence and the Commission. It should 
also indicate the additional requirements and/or tests which 
are necessary for the licence to be accepted. 
21. This is in line with the ruling in the Heylens Case 
(222/86 of 15.10.1987), where the Court of Justice has ruled 
on the obligation of national authorities to disclose the 
reasons which may lead them to decide not to accept the 
equivalence of a professional licence issued by another 
Member State. 
22. All licences accepted in this way by a Member State will 
give right to the same privileges as those enjoyed by the 
holders of national licences issued directly by the Member 
State without discrimination and unnecessary formalities. 
23. The obligation on Member States of mutual acceptance 
should not however apply in respect of licences issued by a 
non-Member State. 
- 5 -
24. Nationals of other Member States shall be admitted 
without discrimination to training establishments and to all 
examinations in a Member State on the same conditions as the 
nationals of that Member State. Under the Treaty these 
obligations already apply to public undertakings but 
discrimination has occured for private undertakings and it is 
therefore necessary to extend this obligation also to private 
undertakings. 
25. In order to realise for civil aviation the objective of 
the Treaty of the free movement of labour it would, because 
of the specific characteristics in this sector be necessary 
to arrive at the full recognition of licences issued by 
Member States. Such recognition can only be achieved if 
requirements and training standards in all Member States are 
at the same high level since otherwise safety might be at 
risk. This will have to be achieved at the latest by 
31.12.1992 to meet the date of the completion of the internal 
market. 
26. Considering the very short time left till that date and 
the obligations the Commission has undertaken in order to 
realise the internal market it is appropriate that the 
necessary powers should be delegated to the Commission so 
that the required results could be achieved on time. 
In view of developing its proposals for measures establishing 
harmonised requirements the Commission should make use of all 
available knowledge in this field. More specifically the 
Commission intends to cooperate with ECAC - which has already 
made substantial progress in the matter - and to call on the 
expertise of Member States in this field." 
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COMMENTS ON THE VARIOUS ARTICLES 
Article 1 
This defines the scope of the Directive. 
Article 2 
This article lays down the definitions of terms used in the 
Directive. 
Article 3 
This article sets out the conditions under which Member 
States have to accept licences issued by other Member 
States. 
It also provides for the automatic recognition of a licence 
respecting Community requirements when they have been 
adopted by virtue of Art. 9. 
Special reference is made to private pilote licences. The 
intent is to enable holders of PPLs to fly aircraft 
registered in any Member State without the need to obtain 
licence validation from the State of registry. 
Consultations with national experts and a recommandation in 
ECAC indicate clearly that the automatic recognition of PPLs 
could be established already now. 
Article 4 
This article lays down the procedures to be followed by a 
Member State when a licence cannot be accepted because it is 
not equivalent. The candidate is provided the possibility 
in the case of non-acceptance to pass any additional tests 
within a reasonable time limit. 
Article 5 
This article lays down the obligations of Member States in 
respect of the validation of licences until Community 
requirements have been adopted and when certain conditions, 
as set out in the annex, are met. 
Article 6 
Besides the acceptance of licences, member States shall 
accept equivalent experience and qualifications obtained in 
other Member States. This provision will contribute to 
increased mobility and job prospects for aviation personnel 
and fulfil the requirements flowing from the Court ruling in 
the Choquet and Heylens cases. 
Article 7 
This article provides that nationals of all Member States 
shall be admitted to the public and private training 
establishments and examinations in a Member State on the same 
basis as its own nationals. 
./. 
- 7 -
Article 8 
This Article stipulates that Member States shall not be 
obliged to accept licences issued by a Member State on the 
basis of a licence issued by a third country. This principle 
is already recognised in the Directive concerning drivers 
licences. 
Article 9 
In order to be able to realize the long term objective of the 
Directive, namely to come to an automatic recognition of 
licences in civil aviation issued by Member States, it is 
necessary that harmonised requirements for licences and 
training programmes should be adopted. This article sets the 
date, 31.12.1992, by which this work must be completed. It 
also provides that in the meantime Member States' licensing 
requirements should at least meet the level of those in the 
8th edition of Annex 1 to the Convention on International 
Civil Aviation. 
Article 10 
The Commission is of the opinion that the aims of Article 9 
can only be achieved in time with the assistance of a 
regulatory Committee. 
This article describes the composition, the tasks and the 
working procedures of such a Committee. 
Articles 11 and 12 
Procedural articles. 
8 
PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL DIRECTIVE ON MUTUAL ACCEPTANCE OF 
PERSONNEL LICENCES FOR THE EXERCISE OF FUNCTIONS IN CIVIL 
AVIATION 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European 
Economic Community, and in particular Article 84 (2) thereof, 
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, 
Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament (1), 
Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social 
Committee (2), 
Whereas the existence in sufficient numbers of appropriately 
qualified and licensed personnel is vital for the smooth and 
safe running of air transport services; 
Whereas air transport is a higly dynamic and rapidly 
developing sector of a particularly international character; 
whereas therefore the balance between supply and demand in 
personnel can be maintained more efficiently at the Community 
rather than the national level; 
./. 
(D 
(2) 
9 
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Whereas therefore it is essential that the Common Transport 
Policy in the field of civil aviation is extended to ensure 
the free movement of personnel within the Community; 
Whereas furthermore the completion of the internal market by 
the end of 1992 requires the existence of an efficient air 
transport system to ensure the unhindered movement of people 
within the Community; 
Whereas the exercise of essential functions in civil aviation 
is in most Member States possible only to persons who possess 
a licence; 
Whereas the requirements for such licences differ between 
Member States to the extent that in many instances it is 
difficult for a national of a Member State to exercice a 
similar function in another Member State; 
Whereas, the qualifications required for licences are not at 
present laid down by the Community; whereas Member States 
therefore retain the option of fixing the level of such 
qualifications with a view to guaranteeing the safety of 
services provided in their territory; whereas they may not, 
without infringing their obligations laid down in the Treaty, 
require a national of a Member State to obtain those 
qualifications, which in general they determine only by 
reference to their own national education and training 
systems, where the person concerned has already acquired all 
or part of those qualifications in another Member State; 
Whereas, therefore any host Member State in which a function 
in civil aviation is regulated, is required to take account 
of qualifications acquired in another Member State and to 
determine whether those qualifications correspond to the 
qualifications which it requires; 
./. 
'to 
- 3 -
Whereas a Community procedure for the acceptance of licences 
and qualifications for the personnel exercising functions in 
civil aviation is appropriate in order to facilitate 
compliance with Treaty obligations and to ensure unhindered 
personnel mobility; whereas the acceptance of licences would 
be further facilitated by the obligation of Member States to 
respect the minimum requirements for licences in conformity 
with the eighth edition - July 1988 of Annex 1 to the 
Convention on International Civil Aviation; 
Whereas regarding private pilots the recognition of their 
licences in all Member States can already be established; 
Whereas in order to be permitted to operate aircraft in a 
Member State other than that where they obtained their 
licence professional pilots are normally subjected to 
additional tests; whereas this practice constitutes an 
obstacle to the free movement of air services and should be 
rectified; whereas urgent action is therefore required for 
professional pilots; 
Whereas the elimination of the present air congestion 
problems necessitates the urgent training of a large number 
of additional air traffic controllers, whose function is 
vital to the smooth and safe running of air transport 
services; 
Whereas training facilities are not always available in 
Member States commensurate with demand; 
./. 
A4 
-4-
Whereas in conformity with Article 7 of the Treaty Member 
States shall admit nationals of other Member States to public 
and private training establishments and professional 
examinations on a non-discriminatory basis; 
Whereas in order to achieve full mutual recognition of 
licences it is essential to specify common requirements for 
licences and training programmes; 
Whereas it is appropriate to delegate the power to specify 
such requirements to the Commission assisted by a 
regulatory committee; 
HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE 
Article 1 
1. This Directive shall apply to licensing procedures and 
requirements of Member States in the field of civil 
aviation with respect to flying crew, and personnel 
employed in aircraft maintenance, air traffic control,, 
flight operations and aeronautical station operations. 
2. The provisions of this Directive shall apply only to 
nationals of a Member State. 
./. 
- 5 -
Article 2 
For the purpose of this directive 
a) licence means any valid document, issued by a Member 
State,authorising personnel to exercise functions in 
civil aviation. This definition also includes ratings 
forming part of the licence; 
b) rating means an authorization entered on or associated 
with a licence, stating special conditions, privileges 
or limitations pertaining to such licence; 
c) acceptance of licences means any act of recognition or 
validation by a Member State of a licence or aspect of a 
licence issued by another Member State. The acceptance 
may be effected through the issue of a licence of its 
own; 
d) recognition means the permission to use in one Member 
State a licence issued in another Member State for the 
purpose specified on the licence; 
e) validation means the express indication by a Member 
State in a licence issued by another Member State that 
this licence can be used as one of its own for the 
purpose specified on the licence. 
./. 
^3 
- 6 -
Article 3 
1. Where a Member State requires personnel to be licensed in 
order to engage in functions in civil aviation, it shall 
accept, without undue delay or additional tests, any 
licence or aspect of a licence issued by another Member 
State and concerning the same functions. 
2. A Member State shall recognise a licence respecting the 
standards as set out in Community requirements adopted 
pursuant to Article 9; 
3. Without prejudice to Article 8, any person holding a 
private pilot licence issued by a Member State shall be 
permitted to fly aircraft registered in another Member 
State. This recognition shall be limited to the exercise 
of the privileges of the holder of a private pilot licence 
and of associated aircraft ratings under Visual Flying 
Rules (VFR) by day only in an aircraft certificated for 
single-pilot operations; 
./• 
- 7 -
Article 4 
1. By derogation from the principles set out in Article 3(1), 
if a licence or any aspect of a licence issued by a Member 
State is based on requirements which are not equivalent to 
those of the Member State to which the licence is 
presented for acceptance the latter shall so inform the 
holder of the licence in writing and indicate the specific 
additional requirements and/or tests which are necessary 
for the licence to be accepted. 
This information shall at the same time be communicated to 
the Member State which has issued the licence and to the 
Commission. 
2. An opportunity to pass any additional test shall on 
request be given to the applicant without delay and in any 
case before 3 months have elapsed from the date of the 
request. 
3. When the applicant can show that he meets the additional 
requirements and/or has passed the required test(s) the 
Member State concerned shall forthwith accept the licence 
or aspect of the licence in question. 
./. 
- 8 -
Article 5 
Notwithstanding Article 4, a Member State shall, until 
Community requirements have been adopted under Article 9 and 
when the special validation requirements as set out in the 
Annex are fulfilled by the holder of the licence : 
(a) validate a licence complying with at least the 
standards as set out in the eighth edition - July 1988 
of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil 
Aviation 
(b) at most, demand an aptitude test as set out in the 
Annex with respect to licences which do not meet the 
minimum requirements established by the eighth edition 
- July 1988 of Annex 1 of the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation. 
Article 6 
Without prejudice to Article 3> each Member State shall, for 
licensing purposes, accept any aspects of the qualifications, 
experience and training in civil aviation obtained in other 
Member States which are equivalent to its own requirements. 
Article 7 
Member States shall ensure that nationals of other Member 
States are admitted to public and private training 
establishments and to examinations and procedures for the 
licensing of civil aviation personnel on the same basis as 
applies to their own nationals. 
./. 
- 9 - Ai 
Article 8 
1. When a Member State issues a licence on the basis of a 
licence or aspect of a licence issued by a third country 
this shall be recorded in the licence. Other Member 
States shall not be obliged to accept any such licence or 
aspect of a licence. 
2. By derogation from paragraph 1 Member States, shall accept 
licences issued by the Federal Republic of Germany on the 
basis of a licence issued by the German Democratic 
Republic. 
Article 9 
1. The Commission shall at the latest by 31 December 1992 and 
in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 10, 
adopt measures establishing harmonised requirements for 
licences and training programmes. In preparing the draft of 
those measures the Commission shall consult with 
representatives of the professions covered by this 
Directive. 
2. Until such requirements for licences are adopted, the 
licensing requirements of the Member States must at least 
meet the level of those requirements laid down in the eighth 
edition - July 1988 of Annex 1 to the Convention on 
International Civil Aviation. 
3. Without prejudice to Article 5» Member States may decide 
that licences issued by them before 1 July 1990 remain 
valid. 
./. 
1* 
- 10 -
Article 1 0 
1. For the purpose of the tasks defined in Article 9 the 
Commission shall be assisted by a committee composed of the 
representatives of the Member States and chaired by the 
representative of the Commission. 
2. The representative of the Commission shall submit to the 
committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee 
shall deliver its opinion on the draft within a time limit 
which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of 
the matter. The opinion shall be delivered by the majority 
laid down in Article 148(2) of the Treaty in the case of 
decisions which the Council is required to adopt on a 
proposal from the Commission. The votes of the 
representatives of the Member States within the committee 
shall be weighted in the manner set out in that Article. The 
chairman shall not vote. 
3. a) The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged if 
they are in accordance with the opinion of the 
committee. 
b) If the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the 
opinion of the committee, or if no opinion is delivered, 
the Commission shall, without delay, submit to the 
Council a proposal relating to the measures to be 
taken. The Council shall act by a qualified majority. 
./. 
-11- n% 
c) If on the expiry of a period of 3 months from the 
date of referral to the Council, the Council has not 
acted, the proposed measures shall be adopted by the 
Commission. 
Article 11 
The Member States shall, after consultation with the 
Commission, take the necessary steps to bring into force 
the laws, regulations and administrative provisions 
necessary to comply with this directive not later than 1 
July 1990. They shall immediately inform the Commission 
thereof. 
The measures adopted pursuant to the first subparagraph 
shall make express reference to this Directive. 
The Member States shall communicate to the Commission all 
subsequent laws, regulations and administrative provisions 
adopted in the field governed by this Directive. 
Article 12 
This Directive is addressed to the Member States 
Done at Brussels, .*.-.» 
For the Council 
The President 
ANNEX 
SPECIAL VALIDATION PROCEDURE *3 
ROLE 
1. Commercial 
air transpor­
tation in 
FAR 25/ 
JAR 25 
aeroplanes 
a) PIC 
b) Co-pilot 
2. Commercial 
air trans­
portation 
in non-
FAR25/ 
JAR 25 
aeroplanes 
a) PIC SPECIAL VAUDATION REQUIREMENTS 
LICENCE 
a) ATPL-A 
b) ATPL-A 
a)CPL-A 
(with IR) MEDICAL 
a) Class 1 
medical 
certificate 
without 
waiver 
b) Class 1 
medical 
certificate 
without 
waiver 
a) Class 1 
medical 
certificate 
without 
waiver AGE EXPERIENCE 
a) 21-60 a) 1 500 hrs as 
PIC on FAR 25/ 
JAR 25 aero­
planes. 
b) 21-60 b) 1500 hrs on 
FAR23UAR25 
aeroplanes. 
* 
a) 21-60 a) 1000 hrs as PIC 
in commercial air 
transportation 
since gaining 
an IR APTITUDE TEST 
FOR VALIDATION 
a) A flight test including IR* test 
in flight or simulator. 
b) A flight test including IR test in 
(light or simulator. 
i 
I 
a) A flight test including IR test in 
flight or simulator. 
IR - Instrument rating. 
; ROLE 
b) Co-pilot 
i 
i » 
i j 
j 
j 
i 
! 3a) Aerial work 
j in aero­
planes 
; (exdu-
| ding flying 
| instruction 
i 
1 
1 3b) Aerial work 
in heli­
copters 
(exclu­
ding flying 
instruction 
and off­
shore 
operations; SPECIAL VALIDATJON REQUIREMENTS 
LICENCE 
b) CPL-A 
(with IR) 
a) CPL-A 
b) CPL-H MEDICAL 
b) Class 1 
medical 
certificate 
without 
waiver 
a) Class 1 
medical 
certificate 
without 
waiver 
b) Class 1 
medical 
certificate 
without 
waiver AGE 
b) 21-60 
a) 21-60 
b) 21-60 EXPERIENCE 
b) 1000 hrs in 
commercial air 
transportation. 
700 hrs as PIC 
on conventional 
aeroplanes inclu­
ding 200 hrs in the 
kind of aerial work 
for which validation 
is sought, including 
50 hrs in the role in 
the last twelve 
months. 
700 hrs as PIC 
on helicopters 
including 200 hrs ? 
in the kind of aerial 
work for which valid­
ation is sought. 
including 50 hrs 
in the role in the 
last twelve months. APTITUDE Ti-JST 
FOR VALIDATION 
b) A flight test including IR test 
flight or simulator. 
a) Flight check in role. 
b) Flight check in role. 
i in 
Conventional aeroplanes shall mean aeroplanes other than those certificated under JAR 22 and ultralights. 
ROLE - 3 -
SPECIAL VALIDATION REQUIREMENTS 21 
LICENCE MEDICAL AGE EXPERIENCE APTITUDE TEST 
FOR VALIDATION 
Commercial 
air transpor­
tation or 
off-shore 
operations 
in heli­
copters 
a) PIC a) ATPL-H a) Class 1 
(with IR. medical 
i IFR certificate 
flights without 
required) waiver a) 21-60 a) 
b) Co-pilot b) CPL-H 
(withlR. 
2IFR 
flights 
required) b) Class 1 
medical 
certificate 
without 
waiver b) 21-60 b) 1 SOOhrsas 
PIC flying related 
to the kind of 
operation for 
which validation 
is being sought 
If IR flight 
required, have 
gained 500 hrs 
flying experience 
since gaining 
an IR 
1 500 hrs 
flying related 
to the kind of 
operation for 
which validation 
is being sought 
If IR flight 
required have 
gained 500 hours 
flying experience 
since gaining 
anR a) A flight test, including IR lest, 
if appropriate, in flight or 
simulator. 
b) A flight test, including IR test, 
if appropriate, in flight or 
simulator.. 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(89) 472 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 07 05 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-89-570-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-55530-0 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg