COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 01.10.1997 
COM(97) 427 final 
COMMISSION REPORT 
on cooperation with European 
non-governmental development 
organizations (NGDOs) in those fields 
of importance to developing countries 
(1995 financial year) 

1. At its meeting of 28 November 1977 the Council of Ministers (Development) 
approved the procedure to be followed in using appropriations under item B7-6000 
of the Community budget for cofinancing operations with non-governmental 
development organizations (NGDOs).1 
Under this procedure the Commission is required to present an annual report to the 
Council of Ministers on the use of the appropriations allocated during the preceding 
financial year. 
Accordingly, the Commission is presenting this report for 1995. 
2. Although the Council's agreement concerns only appropriations under item B7-6000, 
the report also covers other major spheres of cooperation with NGDOs such as food 
aid, humanitarian aid, special programmes and coordination between NGDOs. The 
various contributions made by the relevant Commission departments provide an 
overview. 
l See Council document R/207/78 (GCD) of 26 January 1978. 
CONTENTS 
Page 
INTRODUCTION 1 
EC COOPERATION WITH NGDOs IN 1995 2 
I. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHEMES CARRIED 
OUT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CARRIED OUT 
BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 
(item B7-6000 of the Budget) 4 
1.1 Overview 4 
1.2 Cofinancing of development schemes in the developing countries 6 
1.2.1 European NGDOs: sustained support for 
partners in the South 6 
1.2.2 Block grants 6 
1.2.3 Development projects: target groups and sectors 7 
1.2.4 Recipient countries 8 
1.3 Cofinancing of public awareness campaigns in the European Community 9 
1.3.1 Sustained EC support for NGDOs and the situation in 1995 8 
1.3.2 Types of development education project 9 
1.4 Cofinancing programme from 1976 to 1995 10 
1.5 Relations with the NGDO Liaison Committee 11 
1.6 Outlook 11 
Page 
II. OTHER AREAS OF COOPERATION 12 
2.1 Food aid channelled through NGDOs (Title B7-2 of the budget) 12 
2.2 Community contribution to storage and early warning programmes 
(article B7-202 of the budget) 16 
2.3 European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO) 
(chapter B7-21 of the budget, Lomé Convention and 
OCT decision) 16 
2.3.1 Summary 16 
2.3.2 Humanitarian aid operations in 1995 17 
2.3.3 Relations with NGOs 18 
2.4 Cooperation with NGOs on self-sufficiency for refugees, 
displaced persons and returnees in Asia and Latin America 
(article B7-212 of the budget) 18 
2.5 North-South cooperation projects in the campaign 
against drug abuse 
(Item B7-6210 of the budget) 19 
2.6 Rehabilitation and reconstruction projects in developing countries 20 
(article B7-641) 
2.6.1 Design, scope, eligibility criteria and financing 
of rehabilitation programmes 20 
2.6.2 Role of NGOs 21 
2.6.3 Rehabilitation schemes in 1995 21 
2.6.4 Budget article B7-641 21 
•ntz 
Page 
2.7 European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in 
South Africa (EPRD) 
(article B7-320 of the budget) 22 
2.7.1 General objectives of the EPRD 23 
2.7.2 Specific objectives 23 
2.7.3 Conclusions 24 
2.8 Assistance for rehabilitation programmes in southern Africa 
(article B7-321 of the budget) 25 
2.9 Community assistance for NGOs operating in Vietnam 
(item B7-6004 of the budget) 27 
2.10 Community assistance for NGOs operating in Cambodia 
(item B7-6005 of the budget) 27 
2.11 Decentralized cooperation 
(item B7-6430 of the budget) 27 
2.11.1 Aims 27 
2.11.2 Item B7-6430 in 1995 29 
2.11.3 Outlook for 1996 30 
TABLES 
relating to item B7-6000 
Page 
I. Breakdown by recipient country of development projects cofinanced 
by the EC from 1976 to 1995 inclusive 31 
II. Breakdown by Member State of Community funds allocated 
from 1976 to 1995 inclusive 34 
III. Breakdown by Member State of Community funds 
allocated in 1995 35 
-1-
INTRODUCTION 
Since its inception 21 years ago, cooperation between NGDOs and the Community has 
embodied the Community's contribution to the solidarity of the citizens of Europe with the 
most deprived people in the developing countries. It covers in particular the cofinancing of 
development schemes in those countries, information campaigns in Europe, food aid and 
food security, humanitarian aid and many other fields. 
Despite the general criticism of the lack of financial resources for development cooperation 
and the current budgetary restrictions to which the Commission is subject, there has been 
an appreciable increase in recent years in Community financial resources made available to 
NGOs. In 1995, leaving aside emergency aid, more than ECU 500 million was mobilized 
by NGOs through numerous budget headings, an increase of 85% compared with 1990 
(ECU 270 million). The most important items concern the cofinancing of development, 
development education and food aid projects, not to mention numerous smaller, but 
important, budget headings for certain developing countries or certain cooperation sectors. 
In particular the special heading for cofinancing. of development schemes with European 
NGOs continued to increase, rising from ECU 135 million in 1993 to ECU 145 million in 
1994 and ECU 174 million in 1995.1 
This attests to the importance the European Union attaches to NGOs in its development 
cooperation policy and the confidence it shows them. 
NGOs are crucial to our development cooperation policy, which aims to make a real 
contribution to eradicating poverty by substantially improving the lot of the people in 
developing countries. 
But NGOs also seek to enlist and organize the people in furthering their own development 
in keeping with their perception of their priority needs and their methods. In doing so, the 
NGOs play a key role in ensuring the kind of participatory development which is so 
difficult to carry out and yet so crucial to the achievement of lasting results in the aid 
projects. Much more than this, they contribute to building up varied social structures and to 
the creation of the basic democratic fabric needed for genuine, just and stable political 
democracy which will bring about sustainable development, a major objective of the 
European Union. 
NGOs have another priority function: that of mobilizing European public opinion and 
administrative and political leaders in an effort to enhance development and forge 
international relations which assign to the developing countries the importance they merit. 
This annual report devotes special attention to the results of NGDO operations cofinanced 
by the Commission under heading B7-6000. Owing to the large number of such operations, 
and with an eye to keeping the report within manageable proportions, the lists of 
development projects and information campaigns have not been attached to the report. 
These are obtainable from the Directorate-General for Development (DG VIII/B/2). 
16.5 MECU was transfered to the budget lines for rehabilitation, SIDA, 
training and awareness raising for development to finance urgent projects 
carried out by NGOs 
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY COOPERATION WITH NGDOs IN 1995 
The Community contribution to the various schemes run by NGOs amounted to ECU 833 
million broken down as follows: 
- ECU 139.9 million to cofinance development schemes in the developing countries 
(budget item B7-6000), an increase of 9.2% over 1994. 
- ECU 16.0 million to cofinance information campaigns in Europe on development issues 
(item B7-6000): an increase of 10.3% over 1994. 
- ECU 214.0 million for food aid (title B7-2): an increase of 23% over 1994. 
- ECU 328.0 million for humanitarian aid (ECHO): an increase of 2.5% over 1994. 
- ECU 15.7 million for refugees and displaced persons (article B7-212): 51.2% 
down on 1994. 
- ECU 4.0 million for the fight against drugs (item B7-6210): 20% down on 1994. 
- ECU 48.6 million for the programme of measures for South Africa (article B7-320), 
27.1% down on 1994. This involves direct support for NGOs, without counting their 
contribution to programmes whose objectives were set by the government. 
- ECU 13.9 million for assistance for rehabilitation programmes in southern Africa 
(article B7-321): 2.1 % down on 1994. 
- ECU 2.0 million to help NGOs operating in Viemam (item B7-6004): same amount as 
in 1994. 
- ECU 1.0 million to help NGDOs operating in Cambodia (article B7-6005) : same 
amount as in 1994. 
- ECU 44.0 million for rehabilitation and rebuilding schemes in the developing countries 
(article B7-641): an increase of 46.7% over 1994. 
- ECU 2.4 million for decentralized cooperation projects (item B7-6430), plus 1.2 million 
for schemes involving both NGOs and local authorities. 
This overall Community contribution of ECU 833 million in 1995 represents an increase of 
3.7% over 1994 (ECU 803 million) and 18,7% over 1993 (ECU 702 million). 
The range of budget headings on which NGDOs could draw reflects their ability to operate 
in a variety of sectors, and in particular in fields where official Community cooperation 
sometimes cannot operate or where it is preferable to encourage schemes through NGDOs. 
The latter also play an important role in the follow-up to humanitarian schemes financed by 
the European Union in the context of the rebuilding / rehabilitation programmes and in 
promoting human rights and democracy. 
The above account covers only some of the key fields of cooperation with NGDOs, notably 
those involving sizeable funding of projects. In recent years special operations or pilot 
schemes, some of them large-scale, carried out by NGDOs in developing countries have 
been added. These have been financed either from other budget items (ALA, etc) or from 
EDF (European Development Fund) resources. As they were managed in a decentralized 
fashion by a large number of Commission departments it has not been possible to present 
them all in detail in this report.1 
The following chapters map out the various fields of cooperation with NGDOs in 1995. 
A compendium, with accompanying notes, of Community resources for financing 
NGO projects is available from the "Decentralized cooperation and cofinancing with 
NGOs" Unit (DG VIII/B/2), rue de la Loi, 200 - 1049 Brussels. 
<+-
I. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SCHEMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 
CARRIED OUT BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANI­
ZATIONS (NGDOs) 
(budget item B7-6000) 
l.i. Overview 
In 1995 NGDOs again proved well able to absorb the funds made available to them 
through EC cofinancing. The large number of requests was a direct consequence of 
initiatives and requests put to European NGDOs by partners in the South and of the 
former's success in mobilizing other public and private funds, the net result being a 
significant multiplier effect. 
The commitment appropriations entered in the 1995 budget under itemB7-6000 
amounted to ECU 174 million, a marked increase over previous years. More than 90% 
was committed under this item, with the remainder being transferred to other 
rehabilitation headings: 16.5.million.to support projects run by NGOs. 
YEAR APPROPRIATION 
AVAILABLE 
-ECU million-COMMITMENTS 
- ECU million-COMMITMENT 
RATE (%) 
1976 
1984 
1986 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
1993 
1994 
1995 2.5 
35.0 
46.0 
80.0 
80.0 
90.2 
104.6 
110.0 
135.0 
145.0 
[174.0] 157.51 2.5 
34.4 
45.0 
79.8 
79.6 
90.2 
104.1 
109.9 
135.0 
145.0 
157.3 100 
98 
98 
100 
99.5 
100 
99.5 
100 
100 
100 
99.9 
16.5 MECU was transfered to the budget lines for rehabilitation, SIDA, 
training and awareness raising for development to finance urgent projects 
carried out by NGOs 
^5~-
In 1995, the overall figures for cofinanced operations (development projects and 
information campaigns) were as follows:1 
1.392 cofinancing applications dealt with by Commission's departments, requesting a 
total Community contribution of ECU 287.1 million (not including the large number 
of applications submitted informally to see whether a formal request would be eligible 
and ruled out following preliminary discussions with Commission staff); 
776 operations cofinanced for a total Community contribution of ECU 156 million (in 
financial terms, 54.3% of the applications handled); 
302 applications, corresponding to requested funding of ECU 61.2 million, which 
were turned down or withdrawn (22 %); 
314 applications, representing financing of ECU 69.9 million, still under appraisal at 
the end of 1995 (23%). 
Commission departments handle this large number of requests in accordance with the 
criteria and rules laid down in the General Conditions for Cofinancing.2 In examining 
each dossier, they considered the professionalism and financial soundness of the NGDO; 
the quality of the project; the Southern partner's operational capacity and the quality of 
the ties between it and the European NGDO; the impact of the project, its viability and 
the potential multiplier effect for the target groups concerned. 
As in the past, the Commission has sought to abide by the basic principles underlying 
cofinancing so as to maintain a high standard for the schemes cofinanced and ensure that 
"small" NGDOs have access to funds. 
Payment appropriations under item B7-6000 rose to ECU 146.5 million in 1995. 
Payments made over the year amounted to ECU 133.9, of which ECU 66.9 million to 
finance projects started in previous years. 
î A full list of development operations in the developing countries and campaigns to 
inform European public opinion cofinanced in 1995 by the Commission can be 
obtained from the "Decentralized cooperation and cofinancing with NGOs" Unit 
(Vm/B/2). Address: 200, rue de la Loi, 1049 Brussels. 
2 Commission of the European Communities, "General Conditions for the cofinancing of 
projects undertaken in developing countries by Non-governmental Organizations (doc. 
Vm/764/87) and "General Conditions for the cofinancing of projects to raise public 
awareness of development projects carried out by Non-governmental Organizations 
(doc. Vffl/271/87). 
1.2 Cofinancing of development schemes in the developing countries 
1.2.1 European NGDOs: sustained support for partners in the South 
As in previous years, the Commission channelled approximately 90% of the 
appropriations under item B7-6000 into the cofinancing of operations conducted in 
developing countries, the balance being earmarked mainly for cofinancing campaigns to 
heighten public awareness in the European Community. 
For operations in developing countries, the situation regarding requests and commitments 
was as follows: 
1.127 applications handled by the Commission for a total Community contribution of 
ECU 261.9 million; 
601 operations cofinanced, with a Community contribution of ECU 139.9 million; 
254 applications, requiring financing of ECU 55.6 million, turned down or 
withdrawn; 
272 applications, representing financing of ECU 66.4 million, still at the appraisal 
stage at the end of the year. 
The Commission has continued to adhere to the principle of giving special consideration 
to applications from new NGDOs and helps them increase their level of professionalism, 
either directly or with the help of experienced NGDOs. 
There was a modest increase in the average Community contribution to the schemes 
cofinanced: it rose to ECU 232.776 per project in 1995 from ECU 216 368 in 1994. 
1.2.2 Block grants 
If a European NGDO has cooperated satisfactorily with the Commission for a number of 
years, it may be offered an additional facility: access to the block-grant system. 
NGDOs set great store by this system as it offers them rapid and flexible financing for a 
whole host of mini-operations (e.g. purchase of equipment, construction of small-scale 
infrastructure, training assistance and health) and enables them to meet the needs of the 
recipient groups with finely-tuned schemes. Such operations are often identified by 
NGDOs to complement the larger projects they are supporting or they may serve to 
establish the initial contacts for cooperation with new partners in the South. 
Between 1985 and 1995, the Commission cofinanced 1.127 block grants relating to 
15.404 mini-operations accounting for a total of ECU 142.9 million. The average 
Community contribution was ECU 9.277 The table below shows the trend over the 
period in question. 
YEAR 
1985 
1986 
1987 
1988 
1989 
1990 
1991 
1992 
1993 
1994 
1995 AMOUNT OF 
BLOCK 
GRANT 
(ECU million) 
3.7 
5.7 
6.8 
8.8 
9.9 
9.7 
13.1 
18.1 
21.9 
21.5 
23.7 % OF 
COMMITMENTS 
UNDER 
ARTICLE 
11 
13 
11 
11 
12.4 
10.8 
12.6 
16.5 
16.2 
14.8 
13.6 NO OF 
BLOCK 
GRANTS 
43 
50 
59 
79 
96 
97 
118 
140 
159 
134 
152 NO OF 
MINI-
OPERATI 
ONS 
450 
671 
822 
961 
1082 
1.099 
1447 
1935 
2.263 
2 239 
2.435 AMOUNT GIVEN BY 
THE COMMUNITY 
PER 
MINI-OPERATION 
(ECU) 
8 146 
8 507 
8 272 
9 153 
9 105 
8 857 
9 061 
9 363 
9 666 
9 606 
9.726 
1.2.3 Development projects: target groups and sectors 
Implementation of development projects is as far as possible assigned to organizations of the South 
(peasant communities, villages, cooperatives, women's associations, etc), with the European 
NGOs taking care of the necessary technical support and financing. The network of associations 
has developed considerably in the South: local partners deal increasingly not only with 
implementation but also technical support. Experience has shown that the effectiveness of 
development projects depends directly on the participation of the target groups in the choice, 
design and implementation of their own development programmes. 
NGDOs have been attaching considerable importance to projects aimed at women and the 
Commission has cofinanced a number of projects designed to enhance their role in productive and 
income-generating activities in both urban and rural areas. 
Street children are another important group of beneficiaries. They are a particularly vulnerable 
group in the large cities of the South. 
There are also development projects under way for, and involving, indigenous peoples and their 
representative organizations in fields such as protection of fundamental rights, social and 
productive activities, bilingual education and environmental protection. 
Development projects in the developing countries come under various sectors. In 1995, NGOs 
continued to give precedence to certain sectors of activity, with rural development, training and 
health remaining a priority. These are certainly significant fields in terms of the basic needs of the 
people but they include sectors in which initiatives by the people of the South are numerous. But 
NGDOs have also been paying increasing heed for some years now to marginal urban populations. 
-8-
A large number of projects adopt an integrated development approach as this is a speciality of 
NGDOs and one of the best means of starting development at the grassroots. In general, integrated 
development projects seek to support various communities (peasants' associations, small 
cooperatives, village associations, women's organizations, etc) working in several sectors at the 
same time such as agriculture, the craft industry, training, health, environmental protection and the 
building of infrastructure. 
Productive, job-creating and income-generating projects occupy an increasingly significant place in 
all the projects cofinanced in recent years. 
Training retains a high profile: projects covered vocational training, training of instructors, 
training in appropriate technologies and the like. 
1.2.4. Recipient countries 
The 601 development projects cofinanced in 1995 were carried out in 100 developing countries. 
The geographical breakdown of the Community's contributions was as follows: 
- Sub-Saharan Africa 
- Latin America 
- Asia 
- Caribbean 
- Mediterranean 
- Pacific 
- Other 
TOTAL 1995 
ECU million 
43.30 
50.55 
24.40 
8.60 
10.70 
0.05 
0.30 
139.9 % 
32.4 
36.1 
17.5 
6.0 
8.0 
0.0 
0.0 
100.0 1994 
(%) 
33.9 
40.6 
16.0 
3.7 
5.3 
0.1 
0.4 
100.0 1993 
(%) 
38.3 
34.6 
18.5 
3.0 
4.0 
0.4 
1.2 
100.0 
The breakdown between ACP and non-ACP countries was as follows: 
- ACP countries 
- Non-ACP 
TOTAL 1995 
ECU million 
52.0 
87.9 
139.9 % 
37.2 
62.8 
100.0 1994 
(%) 
36.3 
63.7 
100.0 1993 
(%) 
42.5 
57.5 
100.0 
-9 -
1.3 Cofinancing of public awareness campaigns in the European Community 
1.3.1 Sustained EC support for NGDOs and the situation in 1995 
From a modest beginning of 17 projects in 1979 cofinanced at a cost of almost ECU 200 000, 
the budget has increased appreciably in recent years. In 1995, 175 projects totalling ECU 16.7 
million were cofinanced, accounting for 10% of the commitments under item B7-6000. 
In 1995, the situation regarding requests and commitments was as follows: 
221 cofinancing applications handled by the Commission (not including multi-project 
programmes) requesting a total Community contribution of ECU 23.4 million; 
131 projects cofinanced with a Community contribution of ECU 14.3 million . 
48 applications, requiring financing of ECU 5.6 million, turned down or withdrawn. 
42 applications, representing financing of ECU 3.5 million, still at the end of the year. 
In addition, the EC cofinanced 44 multi-project programmes with a Community contribution of 
ECU 1.8 million. 
1.3.2 Types of development education project 
Generally speaking, the aim of these projects is information, awareness-raising and mobilization 
of the European public with regard to development issues in order to support policies and 
schemes which would have a positive impact on the people of the developing countries. 
Among the various types of eligible schemes are awareness-raising of specific sectors of public 
opinion such as farmers, trade unions and local authorities; development education schemes in 
schools; campaigns geared to decision-makers and policies in order to make proposals which 
may lead to concrete and positive changes for the South; support for European networks, etc. 
Most projects employed a mix of techniques such as publications, audiovisual material, teaching 
materials, community activities, exhibitions and lobbying. 
The most important target groups in 1995 were the schools (24 projects) and youth (19). An 
increase from 12 in 1994. The NGOs also have made greater efforts to mobilize special groups 
of the public such as consumers and local authority groups (7 and 9). 
Increased attention has been noted to Africa (10 projects), international trade (15 projects of 
wich 10 on fair trade). There is a diminution of projects on cultural themes (9 in 1994, 4 in 
1995). Other priority themes in 1995 are conflict and human rights (6) and images of the south 
(9). There is considerable diversification of themes and target groups which is a sign of vitality 
of NGOs in Europe but which also requires strategic reflexion. A debate on improvements in 
strategy has been started with NGOs at the first Development Education Forum (November 
1995) and will be continued at the next forum in 1996. 
-lo-
The Commission launched at the end of 1995 the first European-level evaluation of development 
education projects in schools. It will provide an overall assessment of the various strategies to 
integrate development education into schools and evaluate their impact to see to what extent they 
lend themselves to long-term sustainability. The evaluation will also provide an assessment of 
the relevance, quality and results of around twenty cofinanced projects and of the capacity of the 
promoting bodies and the adequacy of the means and procedures put in place by the 
Commission. The results are expected on mid 1997. 
1.4 Cofinancing programme from 1976 to 1995 
The cofinancing programme under item B7-6000 was launched in 1976 on a trial basis with a 
small amount of commitment appropriations (ECU 2.5 million). In following years the 
appropriations were gradually increased, partly as a result of active support from the European 
Parliament, and in 1995 they climbed to ECU 174 million. The table at point 1.1 above shows 
the trend in the appropriations available under item B7-6000 since 1976. 
Over this period, 8.301 NGDO operations were cofinanced; the Community contribution to 
these was ECU 1,184.4 million ecu. 
The breakdown of operations in developing countries and information campaigns was as 
follows: 
1976-1995 
Schemes in developing 
countries 
Information campaigns 
TOTAL Number of schemes 
6.781 
1.520 
8.301 EC contribution 
(ECU million) 
1,076 
112,4 
1,888.4 % 
90.5 
9.5 
100 
6.781 development operations were conducted by 675 NGDOs in 133 developing countries. 
The geographical spread of Community contributions to these operations is as follows: 
1976-1995 ECU million % 
Sub-Saharan Africa 419.4 39.0 
Latin America 357.6 33.2 
Caribbean 40.5 3.8 
Asia 190.2 17.7 
Mediterranean 60.6 5.6 
Pacific 5.0 0.4 
Other 2.9 0.3 
TOTAL 1,076.2 100.0 
ACP countries received 43.2% and non-ACP countries 56.8% of the total Community 
contribution. 
11-
Tables I and II in the Annex give a breakdown by recipient developing country and by EU 
Member State. 
1.520 information campaigns were run by 459 NGDOs in the fifteen Member States. 
Roughly half of all operations cofinanced and 54.4% of all the funds committed took place during 
the last five financial years, from 1997 to 1995. The average Community contribution to 
operations in developing countries grew from ECU 123 000 in 1985 to ECU 233.000 in 1995, and 
the average contribution to information campaigns from ECU 53.000 to ECU 92 000 
1.5 Relations with the NGDO Liaison Committee 
Over a period of 21 years the Commission has built up close relations with the NGDO Liaison 
Committee, which is a democratic umbrella group for more than 800 European NGDOs. There is 
a representative from each EU Member State, elected by national platform. 
The 21st Annual General Meeting of the European development NGOs was held on 27 and 28 
April 1995 in Brussels. Delegates of the fifteen national platforms discussed and approved the 
broad outiine of their programme for the coming years. They undertook to strengthen the 
coordination and consistency of their work in order to consolidate their political action. They also 
agreed to improve the dissemination of information and to continue with awareness-raising work. 
This need for greater internal dialogue between NGOs operating in the development and 
emergency fields is of prime importance and it is no accident that the theme of the conference 
following on from the AGM was "Europe and Africa: defining a new partnership". 
This conference featured three often overlapping topics of discussion and three seminars (the 
promotion of a new Europe-Africa partnership, partnership and civil society, and the integration of 
emergency into a long-term development outlook). A significant conclusion was drawn: while the 
partnership established in Lomé must be continued, it should be recast taking into account not only 
its context but also local and regional differences. New partners will have to be brought in to the 
fold, including of course African civil society. There is a need for closer dialogue between NGOs 
of the North and NGOs of the South and the nature of their partnership should be examined. 
Another priority for effective partnership is without doubt a joint effort to change the image of 
Africa that is still too often a negative one. 
1.6 Outlook 
As in previous years, the results of cooperation ^between the European Union and NGDOs were 
fruitful and encouraging, and the amount of Community resources made available to the various 
NGDO schemes rose appreciably, from ECU 702 million ECU in 1993 to ECU 803 million in 
1994 and ECU 833 million in 1995. 
-12-
Non-governmental development aid should play an increasingly important role in meeting the 
challenges stemming from greater commitment and a greater show of solidarity on the part of 
Europe vis-à-vis the developing world. Community development policy, under the Maastricht 
Treaty, makes the fight against poverty one of the European Union's broad objectives. The 
priority nature of this objective was underscored and spelt out in a resolution adopted by the 
Council at the end of 1993. 
The problems of poverty worsened in many developing countries, with stagnating growth and 
more marked inequalities. Although these problems are a consequence of lagging development 
they are a major obstacle to development and to democratization. While recognizing the 
constraints imposed by the international environment, the Council stressed the basically political 
dimension of the fight against poverty and its links with the process of democratization and 
strengthening the rule of law and participation of the population. 
NGOs have an essential role to play here as the fight against poverty is one of their raisons d'être 
and they have an intimate knowledge of the needs of marginalized people in the countries of the 
South. It is very important that NGDOs should complement the EU's efforts in the official 
cooperation programmes with the developing countries. 
It is also important than NGO action should transcend the traditional social dimension and help 
strengthen productive capacity of the poor sections of the population by promoting activities that 
generate income, create jobs and facilitate greater access to productive resources. Another priority 
is to strengthen genuine partnership between European NGOs and associations or groups from the 
South as in the last resort they are the main players in this partnership. 
H. OTHER AREAS OF COOPERATION 
2.1 Food aid channelled through NGDOs (Title B7-2 of the budget) 
In 1995, Community food aid channelled via NGDOs totalled ECU 214 383 000. 
This accounts for 35.52% of overall food aid financed by the EC and represents an increase of 
14.37% on the 1994 figure (ECU 187 440 million). 
The programme of food aid assigned to NGDOs is often run by EURONAID, a service agency set 
up and managed by 24 European and international NGDOs which are among the principal 
requesters of Community food aid. The procedures governing the delivery and use of aid by 
NGDOs are decided by the Commission in consultation with the NGO Liaison Committee. 
The third link in this chain is provided by the Commission desk officers and above all by its 
Delegations, which play an active on-the-spot role at every stage of the execution of food aid 
operations. 
In 1995 the role of technical assistance was beefed up. Technical assistance maintains a close 
dialogue with NGOs on the ground in order to get their point of view and analyse their requests in 
depth. 
-13-
The products made available to NGDOs under the programme break down as follows: 
PRODUCTS QUANTITY % VARIATION ON 1994 
(tonnes) 
CEREALS 321 000 - 9.5 % 
SKIMMED MILK 7 800 - 45 % 
POWDER 
SUGAR 3 445 - 22% 
VEGETABLE OIL 11 500 - 55.7 % 
LEGUMES 41 164 new 
OTHER PRODUCTS 18 970 000 ECU +11.8% 
TOOLS 1500 000 ECU new 
Share-out of responsibilities with ECHO 
In December 1994 the Commission further clarified the share-out of responsibilities between 
ECHO and DG VIII's Food Security and Food Aid Unit as regards food aid. 
(i) Commission policy 
The European Community is the main partner of international and non-governmental 
bodies working in the food aid field and the second largest international donor overall. 
The Council resolution of 25 November 1994 reaffirmed the major thrust of the 
Commission's policy in this area: 
making food aid a support instrument for long-term food security as part of our 
development policy, 
making emergency food aid one of the elements of food aid policy. 
(ii) Commission Decision of December 1994 
Since it was set up, responsibility for emergency food aid and food aid of a 
humanitarian nature was transferred to the European Community Humanitarian Office 
(ECHO). 
Nonetheless, in keeping with previous undertakings by the Commission vis-à-vis 
international and non-governmental organizations, certain projects had to be managed 
on a provisional basis by the Directorate-General for Development (Food Aid Unit). 
-14-
At the beginning of 1994, the Commission nevertheless felt the time had come to 
complete the transfer of responsibilities to ECHO and following a joint analysis by 
DG VIII and ECHO of the food aid dossiers, the Commission adopted - in 
December 1994 - arrangements for the share-out of responsibilities between DG VIII 
and ECHO in the field of food aid and the transfer to ECHO of those dossiers of a 
clearly humanitarian assistance nature. It also approved the transfer of the relevant 
funds. 
On the basis of coordination and ongoing partnership, the breakdown of responsibilities 
in this field between DG VIII and ECHO is structured along the following lines: 
food aid projects of a clearly humanitarian assistance content will be the 
responsibility of ECHO, 
food aid projects of a development nature, structural aid, support measures for 
food security or other food aid measures with a development component will be 
conducted by the Food Aid and Food Security Unit of DG VIII in agreement with 
the relevant geographical departments. 
in the event of a serious food crisis or humanitarian crisis with a major food aid 
component, all the Community aid instruments will contribute to concerted action, 
with coordination being in the hands of the Food Aid Unit for food crises and in 
the hands of ECHO for humanitarian crises. 
the two departments will be in permanent contact in order to guarantee maximum 
consistency and coordination and a more effective and smooth transition between 
humanitarian schemes and rehabilitation or development projects. 
Since the beginning of the year, therefore, humanitarian food aid operations managed 
provisionally by DG VIII were transferred to ECHO. Measures were taken to ensure the 
follow-up and transfer of responsibilities in the best possible conditions. In 1995, 
funding came from budget headings B7-200, B7-2000, B7-201 and B7-202 and the 
actual transfer of the funds concerned (ECU 51 million) to the humanitarian aid chapter 
was proposed by the Commission in the 1996 preliminary draft budget. 
(iii) Food assistance in the event of a major crisis 
It is in the event of serious large-scale food crises that the coordination machinery 
between DG VIII/B/1 and ECHO has to ensure efficient use of the Community food aid 
instruments available. 
In practice, we distinguish between two types of food crisis: 
Major and/or structural food crises, with large-scale food aid needs. In such cases, 
the Food Security and Food Aid Unit spearheads the operation and close 
coordination with ECHO comes into play immediately. Other departments and 
instruments are also involved. Depending on the nature of the crisis, ECHO and 
the instruments and departments necessary to meet the needs identified are brought 
into action. 
-15 -
Humanitarian crises involving major food aid requirements and immediate 
emergency action. In such cases, ECHO takes the lead as swiftness of the response 
is of prime importance. Nonetheless, as the needs identified need to be met using 
all the available instruments, the same coordination machinery comes into play and 
DG VIII's food security and food aid Unit is involved from the outset. 
In both cases, in order to ensure a seamless transition from one phase to the next 
(emergency, rehabilitation, development) and to avoid a situation where operations 
grind to a halt, it is crucial that the situation on the ground be monitored and analysed 
closely. The appropriate instruments should be deployed at each stage. 
(iv) Food aid via NGOs 
(iv a) General principles 
So as to afford the necessary support to all NGOs operating in the field of food aid, 
the Commission has reallocated management responsibilities between DG VIII/B/1 
and ECHO (see above). The Commission's main concern is to see that budget 
resources are used effectively so that applications are handled by the right 
department. To that end, permanent coordination has been put in place to avoid 
duplication and ensure the appropriate consistency. There must however be a 
certain measure of flexibility in the joint efforts of DG VIII and ECHO so that no 
legitimate request for aid gets overlooked. 
The paragraphs below explain in practical terms how DG VIII/B/1 and ECHO 
apply the various criteria and share out the responsibilities. 
iv b) Share-out of responsibilities between DG VIII/B/1 and ECHO in respect of food 
aid for NGOs. 
DG VIII/B/1: this unit is responsible for the choice of funding a food aid 
request lodged by an NGO and which should be managed overall from a 
development, structural aid and food security point of view. The project, by its 
very nature, should be strongly operational in nature with the aim of reducing 
the food dependency of the people concerned. 
DG VIII/B/1 applies three key criteria in assessing the eligibility of a programme 
submitted by an NGO: 
a careful examination of the food security situation, highlighting in the 
programme those practical aspects that have a bearing on the causes of a food 
shortage; 
the grounds for the project in the sense that it is economically and financial 
viable, socially acceptable and poses no threat to the environment; 
the project must contribute in a sustainable way to reducing the recipients' 
dependency and strengthen the implementing partners' financial and technical 
autonomy in the medium term. 
2.2 Community contribution to storage and early-warning programmes (article B7-202) 
Given the importance of storage and early-warning measures in terms of improving food 
security, a number of such operations were financed by the Community and implemented by 
NGOs or international organizations. Six countries (Nicaragua, Peru, Sudan, Madagascar, 
Ethiopia and Mozambique) received such aid in 1995 via NGOs for an overall amount of 
ECU 1207 919. 
2.3 European Community Humanitarian Office (ECHO^ (chapter B7-21 of the budget, 
Lomé Convention and OCT decision) 
2.3.1 Summary 
Over the last five years, humanitarian schemes implemented by the Commission on behalf of 
the European Union increased sevenfold and the EU is now the world's leading humanitarian 
aid donor. Aid rose from ECU 114 million in 1991 to 764 million in 1994 and getting on for 
692 million in 1995. As in 1994, the main recipients were the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda 
and Burundi but Community humanitarian aid continued to be supplied to some 60 countries 
in crisis around the world, in particular Angola, Sudan, Haiti, the Russian Federation 
(Chechnya), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Iraq, Afghanistan and Cuba. 
Humanitarian operations financed by the Commission have in recent years been carried out in 
increasingly difficult conditions and in vastly different situations. 1995 was no exception to 
that rule. The crises triggered by conflicts, which gave rise to the bulk of humamtarian aid 
action, were both complex and enduring. Such strife is generally rooted in crass socio­
economic imbalances with, on occasion, an ideological or ethnic slant and neither the causes 
nor the effects can be remedied overnight. 
The Commission often played a pivotal role among the donors in these situations. It was the 
biggest single donor not only in former Yugoslavia but also, for example, in Afghanistan, 
southern Sudan, Liberia and Sierra Leone. While stoutly defending the autonomy and 
independence of humanitarian aid, the Commission took advantage of its presence in these 
countries, without having much choice in the matter, to draw attention to the prevention and 
settlement of conflicts both at national level and more generally, even when these issues were 
not really on the national or international political agenda. On other occasions, humanitarian 
aid helped prevent the situation getting even worse, for instance in Haiti, Angola, Liberia and 
parts of Latin America. Even in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict humanitarian aid helped 
encourage the first tentative steps towards peace, reconciliation and reconstruction. 
Throughout the year the Commission kept a watching brief on the debate within the 
international humanitarian aid community on the need to strengthen the links between 
emergency aid and development. It produced its own working paper on the subject, which 
was widely discussed and is due to be fleshed out in 1996. 
Although natural disasters generally result in fewer deaths and suffering, they can however 
have deleterious effects on society in a developing country. An approach based on 
preparedness is often preferable in order to reduce the suffering and alleviate the economic 
consequences of disasters: this was a key and innovative facet of ECHO'S work in this field in 
1995. 
-17-
Even where there has been no fighting or large-scale natural disaster, chronic and 
deteriorating situations such as those in Algeria, Cuba and Iraq have also required 
humanitarian aid to ease the worst suffering of the most vulnerable sections of the population. 
ECHO has been at the forefront of those taking up the challenge of assessment without losing 
sight of the special nature of its own operations. Work continued apace in 1995 in a bid to 
devise methods attuned to ECHO'S needs and manner of operating and to that of its partners, 
all the while increasing the number of evaluations carried out. With the publication of a 
methodology manual containing practical and systematic guidelines for evaluating 
humanitarian aid, the first phase has now been completed. This manual will not only be of 
use to the Commission but also to its partners and indeed to all those working in the field of 
humanitarian aid. 
The Commission continued to evaluate operations funded by it and implemented by NGOs or 
United Nations agencies. It evaluated operations carried out by 46 NGOs and five UN 
agencies. These evaluations covered all types of programme and all areas of the world. 
A particularly important event took place towards the end of the year: a number of 
humanitarian bodies and donors met in Madrid, at the initiative of Emma Bonino, Member of 
the Commission, to examine the problems facing humanitarian aid on the threshold of the 
twenty-first century. The gathering culminated in the adoption of the Madrid Declaration, 
which highlights the remarkable degree of convergence among the participants, NGOs 
included, in their analysis of main challenges. 
2.3.2 Humanitarian aid operations in 1995 
Operations reached a level comparable to that in 1994 with, as pointed out above, a total of 
ECU 692 million for decisions adopted during the year. 
The vast majority of operations carried out by the Commission via ECHO are financed from 
the general budget of the European Union. To a lesser degree, and in 1995 much less than in 
previous years, operations for ACP countries were also financed under the Lomé IV financial 
protocol. 
This show of international solidarity found expression in emergency aid for 60 countries 
around the world located in the African, Caribbean and Pacific area (30.6%), former 
Yugoslavia (33.9%), Central Europe (0.4%), the former Soviet Union (19.9%), the rest of 
Asia - including northern Iraq (9.3%), Latin America (4.0%) and North Africa (0.7%). 
Some 85% of the funds administered by ECHO (ECU 692 million) were channelled through 
partners, of whom NGOs accounted for 55.8% (ECU 328 million), UN agencies (17%) and 
other international organizations (10.6%). Only around 14% of the funds were allocated to 
Commission "direct action", essentially in former Yugoslavia. Even direct action depends 
generally on (often local) NGOs who help distribute aid on the ground. It is important that 
the Commission has the possibility, via ECHO, of carrying out direct action but it should only 
be resorted to where the traditional partners cannot fully respond to the needs of a given 
situation. 
-1?-
2.3.3 Relations with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 
In 1995 around half of the humanitarian funds managed by ECHO went on operations 
conducted by NGOs. They exceeded the amounts of previous years, attesting to the 
Commission's desire to put into practice the principle of partnership in its humanitarian 
operations and to give pride of place to the NGOs given that they were involved in virtually 
all the operations in some 60 countries receiving humanitarian aid. 
Throughout the year ECHO devoted a lot of time to seeking opportunities for dialogue with 
the various groupings of NGO partners in the Member States. This effort turned out to be 
very fruitful as it enabled the parties to keep each other informed of the development of 
humanitarian dossiers, tackle problems, avoid misunderstandings and familiarize themselves 
with the constraints under which the partners were working. 
Aside from enabling joint scrutiny of the principles guiding humanitarian action, these 
organized contacts were particularly useful for the purpose of reviewing the various practical 
aspects of administering operations. It is clear that ever-closer working relations are being 
forged as time goes by between the NGO desk officers and ECHO and between 
correspondents on the ground. 
NGO partners kept a close watch on discussions in the Council and Parliament on the subject 
of a proposal for a Council Regulation on humanitarian aid. They are clearly anxious to 
ensure that their key concerns - flexibility, swiftness of reaction and political impartiality -
are properly acknowledged and receive appropriate backing. The NGOs spared no effort in 
seeing that their interests were duly taken into account in the EU institutions' decision-making 
process. The Council adopted Regulation N° 1257/96 on Humanitarian aid on 20 June 1996 
and it came into force on 5 July 1996. 
The NGO partners played a key role in the deliberations of the enlarged dialogue group set up 
to take stock of the framework partnership agreement and seek possible improvements to it. In 
November 1994 the group tabled a proposal for changes to this agreement which was 
scrutinized by ECHO at the beginning of 1995. Although the proposals framed by the group 
are very useful, the outcome of the discussions under way on the legal basis will definitely be 
important in determining the Commission's role and options for the future. ECHO has 
therefore had to await the outcome of these deliberations before expressing its opinion on 
what changes should be made to the framework partnership agreement. 
2.4 Cooperation with NGOs on self-sufficiency for refugees, displaced persons and 
returnees in Asia mid Latin America (article B7-212) 
This budget heading was created at the initiative of the European Parliament in 1984 to help 
refugees, displaced persons and returnees become self-sufficient in the period between the end 
of the emergency phase and the longer-term development phase. 
Article B7-212 (ex B7-302) appropriations have grown steadily since 1984. In the period 
1984-95 a total of ECU 378 424 000 was spent on over 350 projects implemented by a host of 
NGOs (European and local), international organizations (primarily the UNHCR) and 
government agencies. 
-19-
In 1995, 54 projects were financed under Article B7-212 for a total of ECU 59 831 000, of 
which ECU 39 831 000 (66%) in Asia and ECU 20 000 000 (34%) in Latin America. Of 
these 54 projects, 30 were cofinanced with NGOs, of which 12 (ECU 9 058 000) in Asia and 
18 (ECU 6 680 000) in Latin America., making a total of ECU 15 738 000, i.e. 26.4% of the 
total committed. 
The programmes implemented for refugees, displaced persons and returnees were broad in 
scope and geographical spread. They were in line with the action plans adopted at the 
International Conference on Central American Refugees (CIREFCA, Guatemala, 1989) and 
the International Conference on Indochinese refugees (Geneva, 1989). The international 
institutions also receive support for care and maintenance (UNHCR),1 mine clearance 
(UNOCHA)2 and repatriation and reintegration (UNHCR)3 operations. 
In Asia, operations focused on three key regions: Afghanistan/Pakistan, where the 
Commission supported integrated rural development projects to assist the return of refugees, 
and Bangladesh, where there are still many Rohingya refugees. In addition, there were one-
off schemes in Thailand to help Karen refugees and in Laos to assist returnees. 
In view of the peace process under way in Central America, Community aid in 1995 focused 
on reconstruction and the socio-economic reintegration of displaced people, returnees and 
demobilized soldiers. Projects cofinanced and executed by European and local NGOs in the 
region involved the promotion of agriculture and livestock production, vocational training, the 
development of basic healthcare services, health staff training, improvement of basic 
infrastructure and protection of the environment. 
Of the 18 projects carried out in Latin America, four concerned returnees and demobilized 
soldiers, two concerned support for training programmes, three covered support for basic 
infrastructure, three related to health programmes and six were for the development of 
productive activities. 
2.5. North-South cooperation projects in the campaign against drug abuse (item B7-6210) 
Projects carried out with NGOs were in the majority, accounting for 41.8% of total 
commitments, i.e. ECU 4 011 670 (the total was ECU 9 589 100). 
Cooperation with NGOs was closest in Latin America and Asia, two regions in which the 
projects financed in 1995 under this heading were devoted almost exclusively to prevention, 
reduction in demand and rehabilitation. 
The distribution of the projects financed was as follows: 
Latin America: ECU 2 546 391 (63.5%) 
Asia: ECU 248 348 (31.1%) 
Mediterranean: ECU 164 031 (4.1 %) 
ACP States: ECU 52 900 (1.3 %) 
* Cambodia, Bhutan, Hong Kong, India, Laos, Sri Lanka. 
Afghanistan. 
3 Cambodia. 
-20-
2.6. Rehabilitation and reconstruction projects in developing countries (article B7-641) 
2.6.1. Design, scope, eligibility criteria and financing of rehabilitation programmes 
In developing countries emerging from a war or a serious crisis situation, with their 
economies, infrastructure and social fabric in tatters, there is a need for an intermediate 
rehabilitation phase which is crucial in building a bridge between the provision of 
humanitarian aid and the resumption of programmes to support long-term development. 
Rehabilitation should gradually take over from humanitarian action and reduce the need for it 
while paving the way for economic recovery and political and social transition. 
The notion of rehabilitation aid was spelt out in the Council Regulation (EC) of December 
1993 and implemented during 1994. Rehabilitation programmes form a stepping-stone 
between humanitarian aid (emergency aid) and the resumption of long-term development 
support programmes. They concern countries emerging from a serious crisis or war or whose 
economies have been wrecked by other factors such as natural disasters. 
In 1995, the following countries received rehabilitation aid: Haiti, Zaire, Tanzania, Ethiopia, 
Eritrea, Mozambique, Angola, Liberia, Rwanda, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea, Saint Lucia 
and Dominica (natural disasters). 
Rehabilitation programmes can encompass a wide variety of activities under four broad 
headings: 
getting productive plant up and running again; 
repairing essential infrastructure; 
social reintegration (for refugees, demobilized soldiers and displaced people); 
rebuilding institutions. 
The eligibility criteria have not been formally defined, but certain crucial requirements were 
laid down by the Council on 2 December 1993: 
lodging of a request from partners in the country concerned; 
serious disaster situation preventing essential needs being met; 
setting in train by the authorities of a transition process in which democratic values and 
fundamental freedoms are upheld; 
ability of the administration and/or partners concerned to implement rehabilitation 
operations. 
Having weighed up these different factors, the Commission decides on the need for a 
programme and on its content and then combines various types of resources to finance those 
programmes. 
-21-
Rehabilitation schemes in the field of social services and small-scale infrastructure are usually 
put in the hands of NGOs. 
2.6.2. Role of NGOs 
NGOs play a key role in running Community-funded rehabilitation programmes. Their 
intimate knowledge of the countries concerned, their flexibility, the various approaches they 
bring to bear and their contact with local people are crucial factors in individual situations and 
in dealing with post-emergency needs. 
Since the Council's Decision of 25 May 1993 to finance the special initiative, the NGOs role 
has also been boosted as regards the design of programmes and their representatives have also 
been involved in discussions on the link between emergency, rehabilitation and development. 
2.6.3. Rehabilitation schemes in 1995 
On the basis of the Council's conclusions of 2 December 1993 and subsequent discussions 
within the Council, the Commission continued to implement rehabilitation schemes, in 
particular those forming part of the Special Initiative for Africa. 
A detailed list of the schemes under way in the eight countries covered by the Special 
Initiative for Africa was presented to Member States at the Council meeting of 20 December 
1995. It shows that the overall amount earmarked for rehabilitation schemes has already risen 
appreciably (to ECU 434 million) since the Special Initiative was launched in May 1993, with 
payments totalling ECU 108 million. New decisions taken in 1995 as part of the rehabilitation 
programmes in Africa amounted to ECU 156 million. 
2.6.4. Budget article B7-641 
This new heading was included in the 1994 budget (ex B7-5076) for the purpose of financing 
rehabilitation programmes in all developing countries. It therefore covers ALA and MED 
countries as well as the ACP States and is administered jointly by Directorates-General IB and 
VIII. The allocation entered in the 1995 budget was initially ECU 60 million; it was increased 
to ECU 65 million as part of the supplementary enlargement budget and then finally set at 
ECU 79.3 million as part of transfers of commitment appropriations, with payment 
appropriations standing now at ECU 30.9 million. 
As regards the ACP counties, which received ECU 45.9 million in all under this heading, the 
role of NGOs has been particularly important. In the ACP countries, 33 NGOs from nine EU 
countries received a total of ECU 25.9 million for rehabilitation projects, notably in the 
health, education and agricultural production sectors. On top of this comes ECU 2.8 million 
implemented by seven local NGOs, notably in Haiti. The overall amount going to NGOs 
accounts for 62.5% of the ECU 45.9 million allocated to this budget heading for ACP 
countries, representing a major contribution by these bodies to the design, programming and 
implementation of rehabilitation projects. 
-22-
2.7 European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in South Africa (article 
B7-320) 
2.7.1. General objectives of the EPRD 
The special programme for South Africa (ex budget item B 7-5070) initially proposed by the 
European Parliament in 1985 and confirmed on various occasions by the European Council 
was renamed the "European Programme for Reconstruction and Development in South 
Africa" in 1995 to underscore the support given by the European Union to the Government of 
National Unity and to the transition process. 
From 1986 to 1996, 762 projects were funded for a total of ECU 568 million, of which 
ECU 125 million was allocated in 1995 to 18 programmes. 
The overall objective of the special programme has been to help South Africa in its peaceful 
transition towards a stable, democratic, non-racial and prosperous society. 
In the past, the European Community's policy vis-à-vis South Africa was two-pronged: it 
consisted of positive measures involving a special programme for the victims of apartheid and 
negative measures in the shape of economic sanctions imposed on the former regime. 
The transition is still under way and the new government is framing its political programme. 
In terms of development cooperation between the EU and South Africa assistance for the 
transition process involves: 
PAST PRESENT 
TITLE Special programme European Programme for 
Reconstruction and 
Development 
OBJECTIVE Aid for apartheid victims Participation in the rebuilding 
and development of the country 
PARTNER NGOs Government of National Unity 
IMPLEMENTING AGENT NGOs Government of National Unity, 
NGOs, private sector 
TYPE Various projects Limited number of coherent 
programmes 
FIELDS / SECTORS Education, rural development, Fields / sectors resulting from 
local authorities, health, good discussions with the government 
governance and and listed in the EPRD 
democratization, development declaration of intent for 1995: 
of micro-enterprises - education and training; 
- health; 
- rural development; 
- urban development; 
- economic cooperation, trade 
and investment promotion, 
support for small, and medium-
sized enterprises and micro-
enterprises, good governance 
and democratization. 
23 
Regulation N° 2259/96 on Development cooperation with South Africa was adopted on 
22 November 1996 and entered into force on 1 December 1996. This regulation constitutes 
the legal basis for budget heading B7-5070 (B7-3200 from 1996 on). 
Negotiations currently being conducted by the Commission to conclude a long-term agreement 
between the European Union and South Africa and political developments in the country 
affect the way in which the reconstruction and development programme is and will be 
implemented. EU development cooperation in South Africa continues to be geared to the 
priorities defined by the South African government and negotiated with the Commission. 
2.7.2. Specific objectives 
The 1995 EPRD was drawn up in close cooperation with the South African government. An 
ad hoc project-oriented approach was abandoned in favour of an overall approach with the 
emphasis on programmes, thus making it possible to reduce the number of schemes carried 
out each year and keep a closer eye on their progress. 
Together with the South African government the Commission pinpointed the sectors in which 
funds available for the EPRD would be allocated under the 1995 budget (ECU 125 million). 
The Commission's opposite number was the Minister in charge of the Reconstruction and 
Development Programme, Mr Jay Naidoo, appointed by the government to coordinate the 
EU's aid. In May, Mr Pinheiro, the Commissioner with special responsibility for 
development matters, and Mr Naidoo signed a declaration of intent setting out the main fields 
of aid (see table above). 
Up to the 1994 parliamentary elections the Commission had acted via NGOs, with 
implementation being carried out principally by "traditional" South African partners, namely: 
the South African Council of Churches (SACC) 
the Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference (SACBC) 
the Kagiso Trust 
the trade unions. 
The Commission delegation in South Africa, which was set up in 1994, started working 
increasingly closely with the new government while continuing to channel some of the funds 
via NGOs. Budget article B7-320 (EPRD) committed ECU 48.57 for NGO projects in 1995. 
A total of ECU 15 million was allocated by the EPRD for assistance to NGOs via the 
Transitional National Development Trust (TNDT). This body was created in October 1995 to 
ensure continuation of financial support from the various donors to NGOs until the official 
creation» of the National Development Agency resulting from the merger between the Kagiso 
Trust and the Independent Development Trust. The TNDT is a go-between for NGO projects 
and acts independently of the government although, financially-speaking, the EPRD fund will 
provide it with a government contribution of 50 million rand (around ECU 10 million) on top 
of the ECU 15 million from the EPRD. 
-24-
Although the financing agreements for projects such as the land reform pilot programme 
(95/3), the Eastern Cape water supply development programme (95/4) and the 
micro-enterprise development programme (95/6) were concluded with the South African 
government, key parts of these projects will be implemented by NGOs. 
NGOs will be solely responsible for implementing the human rights programme for which the 
President Mandela and Mr Pinheiro signed a financing agreement. 
Implementation of the EPRD in 1995 saw a reduction in the number of programmes approved 
under article B7-320 (18 as against 90 in 1994). These programmes meshed with schemes 
initiated by the South African government. 
Breakdown by sector of programmes approved in 1995: 
SECTOR Number of projects ECU million 
Education 2 2.96 
Health 4 19.84 
Rural development 4 34.60 
Urban development 1 5.90 
Good governance 2 15.00 
Private sector 1 11.00 
Other (development of 4 33.82 
local authorities, 
micro-projects) 
TOTAL 18 123.12 
2.7.3. Conclusions 
A feature of 1995 was the shift from implementation of budget article B7-320, in the shape 
of numerous NGO projects, to a dialogue on development policy between the Commission 
and the South African government as sole interlocutor; the result was that financing focused 
on a small number of coherent programmes that dovetailed with the government's priorities. 
These are being implemented by the authorities at central, provincial and local level and by 
NGOs and the private sector. 
This approach should be maintained over the next few years (1996-1999). 
Negotiations currently under way between the European Union and South Africa and the 
adoption of the legal basis will align procedures for implementing article B7-320 with those 
adopted in other developing countries, notably the ACP countries. 
25*-
2.8 Assistance for rehabilitation programmes in southern Africa (B7-32n 
In June 1988 the Commission introduced a special budget heading (B7-9531) to support the 
front-line states and Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) member states 
suffering the effects of war and destabilization activities in the region. 
In 1993, with the changing scene in southern Africa, that heading, by then B7-5071, was 
geared towards assistance for rehabilitation programmes in the region. Given the changes that 
have taken place in the region, the focus of the budget heading was switched to rehabilitation 
schemes so as to contribute to the democratization process under way in southern Africa. 
The budgetary authority allocated, for financial year 1995, a commitment appropriation of 
ECU 15 million (payment appropriation of ECU 12 million) to heading B7-5071 (since 1996, 
article B7-321) in order to maintain the Commission's scope for action in the rehabilitation 
programmes being carried out or planned in southern Africa, notably in Angola and in 
Mozambique. Thirty projects received funding to the tune of ECU 15 million in 1995. 
Virtually all the projects approved were wholly financed by the Commission. 
Priority went to rehabilitation and the rebuilding of basic infrastructure (90.4% of the 
appropriations) to allow refugees, displaced persons, and demobilized soldiers to go back to 
their regions of origin and enable the population as a whole to resume normal civilian life. 
Seven social rehabilitation projects, totalling ECU 2 457 640, were aimed at boosting 
assistance for women and children, the most vulnerable groups. 
The spotlight is on four focal sectors: 
- rehabilitation of health infrastructure; 
- rehabilitation of social and education infrastructure; 
- rehabilitation of rural production infrastructure; 
- information and documentation programmes. 
Brekdown of funds by sector 
1. Rehabilitation 
Health infrastructure 
Social rehabilitation 
Education infrastructure 
Agricultural/fisheries infrastructure 
2.Information / documentation 
3. Education in Europe 
4. Micro-rehabilitation projects 
TOTAL Number of projects 
27 
9 
7 
6 
5 
1 
1 
1 
30 ECU 
13 569 000 
5 255 700 
2 457 640 
2 770 710 
3 084 950 
400 000 
31000 
1000 000 
15 000 000 % 
90.4 
35.0 
16.4 
18.5 
20.5 
2.7 
0.2 
6.7 
100 
-26-
As regards the breakdown of appropriations by recipient country, the Commission's financial 
contribution was earmarked, as in previous years, for priority rehabilitation projects in Angola and 
Mozambique, the two countries on which aid is being focused, with more than 78 % of the total 
funds available for 22 projects (73%). The health and social rehabilitation schemes account for the 
lion's share of the projects financed in those two countries where the risk of insecurity or 
instability is ever-present. 
Breakdown by recipient country: 
Country 
Angola 
Mozambique 
Lesotho 
Namibia 
Zimbabwe 
Tanzania 
Education in Europe 
Conferences / seminars 
TOTAL Number of projects 
12 
10 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
30 ECU 
6 844 700 
4 889 290 
474 000 
1 312 300 
328 000 
720 710 
31000 
400000 
15 000 000 % 
45.6 
32.6 
3.2 
8.7 
2.2 
4.8 
0.2 
2.7 
100 
The main agencies to receive financial support for programmes from budget heading B7-5071 in 
1995 were European NGOs with 92.6% of the funds allocated, i.e. ECU 13 900 000 for a total of 
28 projects. 
Breakdown by implementing agency: 
Agency 
European NGOs 
Mozambique delegation 
Local NGOs 
TOTAL Number of projects 
28 
Ka) 
1 
30 ECU 
13 900 000 
1000 000 
100 000 
15 000 000 % 
92.6 
6.7 
0.7 
100 
(*) A programme (QDF-Quick Disbursement Fund) managed direcdy by the EC delegation in 
Mozambique to finance small-scale rehabilitation schemes run by local NGOs. 
27 
Breakdown of agencies by country of origin: 
Country 
Italy 
United Kingdom 
Portugal 
France 
Belgium 
Germany 
Netherlands 
Austria 
Zimbabwe 
Mozambique delegation 
TOTAL Number of projects 
14 
3 
4 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
30 ECU 
6719000 
757 000 
2 313 000 
792 000 
844 000 
1305 000 
400 000 
770 000 
100 000 
1000 000 
15 000 000 % 
44.8 
5.0 
15.4 
5.3 
5.6 
8.7 
2.7 
5.1 
0.7 
6.7 
100 
2.9 Community assistance for NGOs operating in Vietnam (item B7-6004) 
This item was introduced in 1991 with the aim of helping the Viemamese population via NGO 
operations. In 1995 it had an appropriation of ECU 2 million, which financed seven schemes. The 
sectors concerned are representative of the special approach adopted under this heading: rural 
development, urban and rural social projects (primary health care, combating malnutrition, etc.) 
2.10 Community assistance for NGOs operating in Cambodia (item B7-6005) 
This heading was created in 1991 to help the Cambodian population through the work of NGOs. 
The 1995 appropriation of ECU 1 million financed three health projects, which are all running 
according to plan. 
2.11 Decentralized cooperation (item B7-6430) 
2.11.1 Aims 
Decentralized cooperation is increasingly becoming an integral part of Community cooperation 
policy: witness the mid-term review of the fourth Lomé Convention and the new Mediterranean 
dialogue. In Latin America and in Asia, various promising initiatives have recently been taken in 
this direction. 
This approach to development and the Community measures being devised are attracting 
increasing interest on the part of bilateral and multilateral donors and Member States in particular, 
as attested by the importance given to this topic in the partnership set up with USAID following 
the Madrid Summit. 
-28-
Implementation of this policy at EC level requires ongoing vigorous action to foster the dialogue 
with civil society, mobilize people, then diversify, follow up and capitalize on experience gained 
with official funds such as those coming under heading B7-6430. This is reflected in a threefold 
objective: 
- information, awareness-raising and mobilization of the key agents concerned (NGO networks, 
local authorities, professional associations, etc.) but also the authorities of non-member 
countries, geographical departments and Member States; 
- technical and methodological support in identifying and appraising decentralized cooperation 
programmes financed from official funds and from item B7-6430 (management of which is 
wholly in the hands of DG VIII/B/2); 
- monitoring and follow-up/capitalization of the measures of donors and Member States in this 
field. 
In each of these fields, the principal activities in 1995 were: 
- information, mobilization: preparation of seminars and meetings in Europe with the main 
"families" of decentralized agents (seminars in Brussels and Maastricht, IULA congress, 
Europe-Maghreb meetings, etc.); similar events in third countries with national authorizing 
officers and delegations (Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, Haiti and the Caribbean); a video on 
decentralized cooperation; discussions in various forums of the Council report on decentralized 
cooperation; 
- technical and methodological action: in the ACP states, support for eight decentralized 
cooperation programmes as part of the EDF (Madagascar, Zambia, Ghana, Niger, Haiti, 
Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Jamaica); participation in the 8th EDF programming exercise; in 
the Mediterranean, preparation of Med-Associations and decentralized programmes in 
Morocco; 
- putting the finishing touches to a teaching kit on the methodology of decentralized cooperation; 
- monitoring, capitalization: various meetings with opposite numbers in Member States (Italy, 
Spain, France and United Kingdom); joint initiatives with the UNDP (seminar on local 
governance) and USAID. 
The priorities for using item B7-6430 stem from the above guidelines. This item is designed to 
give impetus and mobilize with a view to ensuring the extension and success of decentralized 
cooperation in official programmes. Priority goes to "upstream" measures (mobilization, 
institutional strengthening, capacity building) and to pilot and demonstration projects or 
programmes (depending on the partners involved, the methodology applied and the topic). 
2.11.2 Item B7-643Q in 1995 
Facts and figures: 
Overall results: 24 projects started 
EC commitment: ECU 4 998 786 
Overall amount: ECU 12 750 100 
Cofinancing rate: 39% 
Breakdown by type of partnership: With NGOs and associations from the North: 34% 
With NGOs and associations from the South: 13 % 
With local authorities and NGOs: 24% 
With local authorities: 29% 
Breakdown by type ofproject.Information, promotion, studies: 4% 
Institutional strengthening, capacity building: 41 % 
Pilot programmes and projects: 55% 
Breakdown by region: ACP: 63% 
Mediterranean: 14% 
Latin America: 18% 
Asia: 4% 
All countries: 1% 
Main developments in 1995 
- A marked focus on two regions where decentralized cooperation is a feature of official 
cooperation: the ACP countries, in view of the pride of place given to decentralized 
cooperation in preparing the 8th EDF; the Mediterranean, as part of the groundwork for 
MED A and the dialogue with civil society initiated at the Barcelona Conference. The 
projects supported by item B-5077 in these regions are aimed chiefly at better preparing 
implementation of decentralized cooperation programmes from the relevant official funds. 
- The key role assigned to "upstream " projects aimed at institutional strengthening and the 
development of the action capacity of a whole range of local agents, NGO networks, etc. 
(Egypt), federations and agricultural trade unions (Zimbabwe), associations of local 
authorities (Chile). This is a sine qua non for the framing of genuinely decentralized and 
consistent programmes funded from official sources. 
- Most of the schemes financed from the decentralized cooperation heading (66%) involve 
NGOs from the North or are based on partnerships between NGOs from the North and South 
or northern NGOs and local authorities. One project was concluded directly with an 
association of local Latin American municipalities. 
3o-
Particular stress has been laid on the approach via regional north-south and south-south 
networks, decentralized agents, fostering exchanges, experience transfer and training. These 
networks are also designed to promote dialogue between "families" of agents (local 
authorities, populations, associations and private individuals), for instance in west and central 
Africa (municipal development programme), in east and southern Africa in a regional 
decentralized cooperation programme between municipalities (initially in Botswana, Malawi 
and Uganda), or in Palestine in the guise of the programme to support local democracy. 
Two key issues: the one linked to local authorities, decentralization to local authorities and 
local development agents, notably in urban areas (aside from the networks mentioned earlier, 
these schemes concerned Chile, Brazil, Ecuador and India); the other aimed more at 
grassroots organizations and closer involvement of the population in development schemes 
(e.g. Haiti, Peru, Ecuador, Zambia). 
2.11.3 Outlook for 1996 
1992 to 1995 was a period for accumulating experience, mobilization and wide-ranging 
discussion which should be gradually enriched and integrated into a decentralized cooperation 
policy at Community level. The foundations of this policy were laid down in the Commission's 
report to the Council on the state of play in decentralized cooperation and will be the subject of 
detailed proposals designed to ensure greater consistency and transparency. Efforts in 1996 will 
focus on these objectives. 
3y 
TABLE 1 
BREAKDOWN BY RECIPIENT COUNTRY OF 
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS COFINANCED BY THE EC 
FROM 1976 TO 1995 INCLUSIVE 
Nombre 
d'actions Contribution de la CE en 
ECU 
AFGHANISTAN 
AFRIQUE SUB SAHARIENNE 
ALGÉRIE 
ANGOLA 
ANTIGUA-BARBUDA 
ANTILLES NÉERLANDAISES 
ARGENTINE 
BANGLADESH 
BARBADES 
BELIZE 
BÉNIN 
BHOUTAN 
BOLIVIE 
BOTSWANA 
BRÉSIL 
BURKINA FASO 
BURUNDI 
CAMBODGE (KAMPUCHEA) 
CAMEROUN 
CAP VERT 
CARAÏBES 
CENTRAFRIQUE 
CHILI 
CHINE 
CHYPRE 
COLOMBIE 
COMORES 
CONGO 
COREE DU SUD 
COSTA RICA 
COTE D'IVOIRE 
CUBA 
DJIBOUTI 
DOMINIQUE 
EGYPTE 
EL SALVADOR 
EQUATEUR 
ERTTHREE 
ETHIOPIE 
FIDJI 
GABON 
GAMBIE 
GHANA 36 
15 
79 
97 
8 
1 
334 
320 
17 
44 
136 
16 
718 
37 
1430 
858 
78 
213 
298 
111 
15 
111 
697 
55 
2 
303 
16 
43 
20 
65 
106 
74 
10 
44 
80 
359 
398 
43 
447 
16 
11 
99 
151 2.485.675 
1.847.521 
2.741.574 
3.282.301 
285.189 
59.226 
15.925.906 
18.089.118 
681.358 
1.472.026 
4.218.914 
291.890 
37.321.191 
3.741.853 
76.199.704 
27.965.427 
5.821.052 
18.476.461 
11.781.015 
5.424.744 
1.128.095 
6.956.576 
33.494.590 
3.946.207 
57.584 
14.174.182 
733.574 
1.589.726 
984.521 
2.778.251 
4.826.439 
5.894.073 
628.658 
1.137.372 
4.911.865 
13.166.094 
19.515.563 
4.368.588 
32.232.782 
890.570 
512.930 
2.323.036 
6.843.753 
3*2. 
Nombre 
d'actions Contribution de la CE en 
ECU 
GRENADE 
GUATEMALA 
GUINÉE 
GUINÉE BISSAU 
GUINÉE ÉQUATORIALE 
GUYANE (ETAT) 
HAÏTI 
HONDURAS 
HONG KONG 
ÎLES COOK 
INDE 
INDONÉSIE 
IRAK 
ISRAËL 
JAMAÏQUE 
JORDANIE 
KENYA 
KIRIBATI 
LAOS 
LESOTHO 
LIBAN 
LIBERIA 
MADAGASCAR 
MALAISIE 
MALAWI 
MALDIVES 
MALI 
MAROC 
MAURICE 
MAURITANIE 
MEXIQUE 
MONGOLIE 
MONTSERRAT 
MOZAMBIQUE 
MYANMAR (BIRMANIE) 
NAMIBIE 
NÉPAL 
NICARAGUA 
NIGER 
NIGERIA 
OUGANDA 
PAKISTAN 
PANAMA 
PAPOUASIE NELLE GUINÉE 
PARAGUAY 
PÉROU 
PHILIPPINES 25 
268 
56 
144 
18 
18 
332 
120 
10 
1 
1944 
145 
16 
11 
57 
26 
512 
2 
101 
75 
252 
22 
193 
18 
128 
2 
444 
41 
36 
73 
199 
3 
2 
378 
7 
134 
83 
864 
93 
91 
287 
159 
29 
43 
109 
847 
533 927.505 
11.826.636 
5.269.537 
8.528.324 
1.086.502 
1.070.943 
18.306.995 
3.270.914 
97.737 
8.124 
67.996.992 
5.716.855 
603.104 
1.488.872 
2.614.689 
3.047.757 
26.186.319 
13.279 
4.521.069 
2.247.927 
18.465.122 
848.246 
11.593.211 
398.003 
7.728.015 
760.277 
19.753.027 
2.999.184 
1.066.121 
4.383.289 
11.957.138 
863.160 
21.438 
16.596.458 
249.054 
8.531.717 
4.016.961 
43.670.168 
5.495.533 
3.257.988 
17.061.362 
4.314.158 
1.325.969 
906.965 
5.200.636 
44.914.528 
28.215.549 I 
32 
Nombre 
d'actions Contribution de la CE en 
ECU 
RÉGION AFRIQUE AUSTRALE 
RÉGION AFRIQUE CENTRALE 
RÉGION AFRIQUE DE L'EST 
RÉGION AFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE 
RÉGION AFRIQUE SAHELIENNE 
RÉGION AMÉRIQUE CENTRALE 
RÉGION AMÉRIQUE DU SUD 
RÉGION ASIE 
RÉGION CORNE DE l'AFRIQUE 
RÉGION D'AFRIQUE 
RÉGION MÉDITERRANÉE 
RÉGION PACIFIQUE 
RÉPUBLIQUE DOMINICAINE 
RWANDA 
SAINT VINCENT & GRENADINES 
SAINTE LUCIE 
SALOMON 
SAMOA OCCIDENTAL 
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE 
SÉNÉGAL 
SEYCHELLES 
SIERRA LEONE 
SOMALIE 
SOUDAN 
SRI LANKA 
SURINAME 
SWAZILAND 
SYRIE 
TADJIKISTAN 
TANZANIE 
TCHAD 
THAÏLANDE 
TOGO 
TONGA 
TOUS PAYS 
TRINITÉ & TOBAGO 
TUNISIE 
TUVALU 
URUGUAY 
VANUATU 
VENEZUELA 
VIETNAM 
WEST BANK & GAZA 
YÉMEN NORD & YÉMEN SUD 
ZAÏRE 
ZAMBIE 
ZIMBABWE 
TOTAL 78 
1 
7 
15 
15 
5 
9 
9 
1 
2 
1 
10 
161 
416 
6 
8 
18 
4 
12 
470 
4 
123 
64 
154 
231 
8 
27 
7 
2 
551 
200 
169 
113 
•3 
39 
14 
61 
1 
225 
6 
63 
217 
276 
36 
780 
153 
348 
22.085 1.411.768 
4.000 
918.216 
1.314.376 
1.435.409 
1.027.018 
1.837.147 
512.934 
15.000 
21.031 
396.284 
1.401.411 
8.240.018 
15.798.592 
56.272 
287.716 
937.338 
285.289 
2.281.742 
18.025.472 
113.827 
3.657.088 
5.558.999 
10.096.096 
7.459.197 
170.261 
1.841.364 
387.202 
10.701 
23.855.937 
8.965.265 
10.375.777 
4.824.754 
128.990 
2.849.704 
885.777 
3.199.384 
6.127 
11.989.899 
390.075 
5.117.595 
10.443.042 
19.595.028 
2.727.733 
29.564.955 
7.171.282 
17.824.178 
1076.048.702 
TABLED 
BREAKDOWN BY MEMBER STATE OF COMMUNITY FUNDS ALLOCATED FROM 1976 TO 1995 INCLUSIVE 
NATIONALITÉ 
CONTRACTANT 
Autriche 
Belgique 
Consortium 
Danemark 
Finlande 
France 
Allemagne 
Grèce 
Irlande 
Italie 
Luxembourg 
Pays Bas 
Portugal 
Espagne 
Suède 
Royaume Uni 
TOTAL Actions de développement 
dans les PVD 
Nbre 
d'Acti 
ons 
12 
991 
103 
11.0 
2 
1104 
1031 
27 
289 
922 
221 
410 
35 
284 
0 
1240 
6781 Contribution CE 
en ECU 
1.885.866 
141.003.022 
66.669.243 
16.985.698 
489.925 
159.710.791 
179.774.034 
4.313.623 
25.343.654 
160.529.341 
13.412.204 
58.887.568 
5.633.757 
60.681.216 
0 
180.728.670 
1.076.048.702 en % 
0,18 
13,10 
6,20 
1,58 
0,05 
14,84 
16,71 
0,40 
2,36 
14,92 
1,25 
5,47 
0,52 
5,64 
0,00 
16,80 
100 % Actions de sensibilisation de 
l'opinion publique européenne 
Nbre d' 
Actions 
5, 
191 
15 
48 
0 
222 
198 
16 
56 
191 
9 
172 
28 
91 
1 
277 
1520 Contribution CE 
en ECU 
332.790 
12.313.844 
4.698.214 
3.818.928 
0 
12.647.499 
16.359.180 
1.559.999 
3.274.037 
14.928.936 
299.395 
12.958.242 
2.357.523 
6.340.204 
56.145 
20.478.085 
112.423.021 en % 
0,30 
10,95 
4,18 
3,40 
11,25 
14,55 
1,39 
2,91 
13,28 
0,27 
11,53 
2,10 
5,64 
0,05 
0,05 
18,22 
100 % TOTAL 
Nbre d'^ 
Actions 
17 
1182 
118 
158 
2 
1326 
1229 
43 
345 
1113 
230 
582 
63 
375 
1 
1517 
8301 Contribution CE 
en ECU 
2.218.656 
153.316.866 
71.367.457 
20.804.626 
489.925 
172.358.290 
196.133.214 
5.873.622 
28.617.691 
175.458.277 
13.711.689 
71.845.810 
7.991.280 
67.021.420 
56.145 
201.206.755 
1.188.471.723 en % 
0,19 I 
12,90 
6,00 
1,75 
0,04 
14,50 
16,50 
0,49 
2,41 
14,76 
1,15 
6,05 
0,67 
5,64 
0,00 
16,93 
100 % 
-36-
TABLE III 
BREAKDOWN BY MEMBER STATE OF COMMUNITY FUNDS ALLOCATED IN 1995 
États 
membres 
Autriche 
Belgique 
Consortium 
Danemark 
Finlande 
France 
Allemagne 
Grèce 
Irlande 
Italie 
Luxembourg 
Pays-Bas 
Portugal 
Espagne 
Suède 
Royaume Uni 
TOTAL Actions de développement 
dans les PVD 
Nbre d' 
Actions 
12 
55 
27 
3 
2 
91 
115 
4 
15 
86 
23 
29 
5 
31 
0 
103 
601 Contribution CE 
en ECU 
1.885.866 
11.636.201 
16.878.951 
1.027.486 
489.925 
18.880.856 
23.797.637 
445.593 
3.155.346 
19.618.063 
1.680.633 
6.642.062 
1.048.520 
7.929.794 
0 
24.781.046 
139.897.979 en % 
1,35 
8,32 
12,07 
0,73 
0,35 
13,50 
17,01 
0,32 
2,26 
14,02 
1,20 
4,75 
0,75 
5,67 
0,00 
17,71 
100 % Actions de sensibilisation de 
l'opinion publique européenne 
Nbre d' 
Actions 
5 
22 
1 
5 
0 
15 
27 
3 
8 
31 
1 
17 
3 
14 
1 
22 
175 Contribution CE 
en ECU 
332.790 
1.919.238 
239.608 
564.140 
0 
1.477.307 
2.887.698 
213.342 
673.684 
2.141.201 
74.184 
1.636.639 
336.977 
1.254.213 
56.145 
2.265.423 
16.072.589 en % 
2,07 
11,94 
1,49 
3,51 
0,00 
9,19 
17,97 
1,33 
4,19 
13,32 
0,46 
10,18 
2,10 
7,80 
0,35 
14,09 
100 % TOTAL 
Nbre d' 
Actions 
17 
77 
28 
8 
2 
106 
142 
7 
23 
117 
24 
46 
8 
45 
1 
125 
776 Contribution CE 
en ECU 
2.218.656 
13.555.439 
17.118.559 
1.591.626 
489.925 
20.358.163 
26.685.335 
658.935 
3.829.030 
21.759.264 
1.754.817 
8.278.701 
1.385.497 
9.184.007 
56.145 
27.046.469 
155.970.568 
(*) en % 
1,42 
8,69 
10,98 
1,02 
0,31 
13,05 
17,11 
0,42 
2,45 
13,95 
1,13 
5,31 
0,89 
5,89 
0,04 
17,34 
100 % 

3 6 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(97) 427 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN il 01 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-97-431-EN-C 
ISBN 92-78-23821-X 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg