COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 13.05.1998 
COM(1998)279 final 
Commission's Recommendation 
for the Broad Guidelines of the Economic Policies 
of the Member States and the Community 
drawn up in conformity with Article 103 (2) of the 
Treaty establishing the European Community 

Table of contents 
1. Main priorities: high employment and a successful EMU 1 
2. Price stability 3 
3. Growth and stability-oriented macroeconomic policy mix. 4 
4. Monetary policy and exchange rates 5 
5. Sound and efficient public finances 6 
5.1. General guidelines 6 
5.2. Country-specific guidelines 9 
6. Wage developments 11 
7. Structural policies for growth and employment 13 
8. Product, service and capital markets 14 
9. Labour markets and investment in knowledge 17 
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Broad Guidelines of the Economic Policies 
of the Member States and the Community 
1. Main priorities: high employment and a successful EMU 
The introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999 marks a new phase in the process of European 
integration and in the conduct of economic policy in the Community. 
The vigorous and credible implementation by the Member States, especially over the last two 
years, of policies aimed at achieving a high degree of sustainable economic convergence in the 
Community has yielded tangible results. 
Firstly, reflecting these remarkable convergence efforts and results, the Council of the European 
Union, meeting in the composition of Heads of States or Government, decided on 2 May 1998 that 
eleven Member States fulfilled the necessary conditions for the adoption of the euro. 
Secondly, these efforts have led to the establishment of a macroeconomic policy mix conducive to 
growth and employment. 
However, until now, insufficient progress has been made in reducing unemployment in the 
Community. 
Since the summer of 1997, when the previous Broad Economic Policy Guidelines were adopted, an 
increasingly robust and more broadly based economic recovery has taken hold in the Community, 
in a context of historically low inflation. With spare capacity available and with prospects for 
healthy growth in investment, especially in equipment, solid growth should be able to take place 
without encountering capacity constraints or generating inflationary tensions, if, as expected, wage 
developments continue to be appropriate. Monetary conditions may thus remain favourable for 
growth and employment for an extended period. In addition, the underlying economic 
fundamentals are sound and improving continuously, demand prospects are brightening and 
confidence is strengthening further. 
The impact on Community growth prospects from the financial and economic events in Asia 
appears limited, provided firstly that the crisis neither deepens nor extends to other countries in the 
region and, secondly, it is properly handled. Although the Asian events will exert a modest 
dampening impact on economic activity in the Community, mainly on export volumes, the easier 
than otherwise warranted monetary conditions and the strengthening of domestic demand will help 
to maintain the growth momentum. 
J h 
Against the background of a further strengthening recovery, employment could increase 
moderately, leading to a slight reduction in the unemployment rate up to 1999 in the EU as a 
whole. This would constitute a first, albeit modest, step in the direction of the objective of a high 
level of employment aimed for in Article 2 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. 
The level of employment in the EU (presently about 60 per cent of the working age population) is 
low. This is the result not only of high unemployment (about 18 million people in 1997) but also 
of poor employment prospects over long periods which have discouraged many people to seek a 
job, many of whom are beneficiaries of other social security provisions. Thus, rising employment 
has to absorb not only the unemployed but also a rising participation rate and still some 
demographic increase in the population of working age. 
In the short run, the present degree of non-employment is undoubtedly a weakness and the source 
of large social, economic and budgetary costs. But the labour reserve associated with it also 
represents a very important growth potential beyond the growth coming from labour productivity 
increases and irrespective of the pace of the latter. The utilisation of this potential over the medium 
and longer term would greatly alleviate the burden on Member States1 public finances and social 
security systems, helping to fight efficiently against poverty and social exclusion and thus 
facilitating the safeguarding and development of common European social values, as well as the 
reduction of tax pressure both on companies and on individuals. Furthermore, the very nature of 
most of the new employment opportunities would also make the transition towards a more 
environmentally friendly production mode significantly easier. 
For economic policy, the tasks are to set the conditions for (i) a further strengthening of the 
recovery and (ii) its transformation into a non-inflationary, self-sustaining, high economic growth 
process over the medium and longer term — a prerequisite for substantially and durably higher 
employment. This will require a strengthened programme of macroeconomic and structural 
policies and a determined implementation of the 1998 Employment Guidelines to address a number 
of key challenges while allowing the EU economies to better adapt to changing circumstances in 
the years ahead. 
The introduction of the euro will not in itself solve the Union's unemployment problem. But in 
fulfilling the above-mentioned tasks, the move towards Stage 3 of economic and monetary union 
(EMU) can make a substantial contribution. This is true not only for the countries adopting the 
euro but also for the other four Member states if ~ as expected ~ they continue their convergence 
efforts. 
The stability framework of EMU will contribute to the maintenance of a policy mix that is 
favourable to growth and employment. 
In the macroeconomic field, governments and social partners should each make all the required 
efforts for avoiding a conflict with the stability objective of the common monetary policy. Under 
such conditions, monetary policy has no reason for being restrictive. 
Simultaneously, structural policies and reforms of the product, service and labour markets are 
required to facilitate a tension-free growth process, to reinforce competitiveness, to increase the 
labour content of growth and to make growth more respectful of the environment. 
Only if this policy strategy is pursued with resolve by all actors and if its implementation is well 
co-ordinated in line with the Luxembourg European Council resolution, will EMU ~ as called for 
in Article 2 of the Treaty ~ reap its full benefits as a mean of achieving the overall objectives of 
the Community, including the promotion of sustained and non-inflationary growth respectful of the 
environment, a high level of employment and rising living standards. 
2. Price stability 
Price stability is an essential requirement for realising sustained medium-term economic growth. 
Following impressive progress in recent years, the Community has achieved price stability in a 
sustainable manner. It is necessary that all policies arc predictable, credible and consistent with 
durable price stability. 
In the prospective euro-area, where the average inflation rate has fallen to below 2 per cent, all 
participating Member States need to conduct their economic pojicies with a view to maintaining 
price stability at the euro-zone level, thereby allowing for monetary conditions conducive to 
growth. They also need to avoid too wide inflation differentials that would create competitiveness 
problems. 
Price stability has also been achieved in Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The task is to 
consolidate this inflation performance over the medium term. In Denmark, it will be essential to 
preserve price stability in the light of several years of growth above trend and a tightening labour 
market. In Sweden and the United Kingdom, inflation in recent years has been low compared to 
the historical experience. These two member states have to continue their efforts in monetary and 
economic policies in order to deliver sustained price stability. In the UK, in particular, the 
government has stated that it will monitor its inflation target in the light of the practices of the 
European Central Bank. 
Greece has made substantial progress towards price stability in recent years. Together with the 
budgetary consolidation efforts implemented over recent years, this allowed the entry of the 
Drachma into the ERM in March 1998. ERM membership will help to improve further its inflation 
performance. Reinforced efforts are needed, however, to contain the inflationary consequences o( 
the marked devaluation of the Drachma and to achieve price stability as soon as possible. 
3. Growth and stability-oriented macroeconomic policy mix 
In the macroeconomic field, it is essential that Member States remain committed to pursuing the 
growth and stability-oriented strategy recommended in the previous Guidelines and which has 
started to bear fruit. This strategy contains three essential ingredients: 
a stability-oriented monetary policy; 
sustained efforts to achieve and maintain sound budgetary positions consistent with the 
Stability and Growth Pact; 
nominal wage trends consistent with the price stability objective; at the same time, real wage 
developments with respect to increases in productivity should take into account the need to 
strengthen the profitability of investment and to raise living standards. 
Indeed, the more the stability task of monetary policy is facilitated by appropriate budgetary 
measures and wage developments, the more monetary conditions, including exchange rates and 
long-term interest rates, will be favourable to growth and employment. 
The overall macroeconomic policy mix at the euro-zone level will result essentially from the 
interaction of the common monetary policy on the one hand with the average budgetary 
developments and wage trends in the participating countries, on the other. This overall policy mix 
will be favourable to growth and employment if all actors and group of actors behave according to 
the guidelines summarised above. In the framework of the Treaty, supplemented by the Stability 
and Growth Pact and the Amsterdam European Council resolution on "Growth and Employment", 
the responsibilities are distributed as follows. 
(i) The single monetary policy in the euro-area will be under the responsibility of the independent 
ECB and ESCB. In conformity with Article 105(1), the primary objective of monetary policy 
will be to maintain price stability and, subject thereto, to support the economic objectives of 
the Union, including, in particular, sustained, non-inflationary, growth and a high level of 
employment, as laid down in Article 2 of the Treaty. 
(ii) Budgetary policies will remain the responsibility of national governments but will be subject 
to the rules of the Treaty (Article 104 to 104c) and the Stability and Growth Pact, which 
emphasises the need to have a budgetary position close to balance or in surplus in normal 
economic conditions and clarifies the key Treaty provisions on budgetary policy. National 
governments will have to co-ordinate their budgetary policies in the framework of the Broad 
Economic Policy Guidelines. 
(iii) Wage setting will remain the responsibility of the social partners at the national, regional, 
sectoral or even at a more decentralised level following their respective traditions. As 
underlined in the Amsterdam Resolution on "Growth and employment", the social partners are 
responsible for reconciling high employment with appropriate wage settlements and for 
setting up a suitable institutional framework for the wage formation process. Since they have 
an important bearing on the overall macroeconomic policy mix, aggregate wage developments 
are of general interest. 
In the framework of the overall macroeconomic policy mix of the euro-zone, the policy mix in each 
participating country will depend also on its specific economic conditions and on its specific 
budgetary and wage developments. In order to ensure an appropriate policy mix both in the whole 
euro area and in each participating Member State, macroeconomic policies will form an integral 
part of the strengthened multilateral surveillance and co-ordination of economic policies as agreed 
at the Luxembourg European Council. 
For the countries that do not initially adopt the single currency, the need for stability-oriented and 
convergent macroeconomic policies will be equally strong, especially if they participate in the 
ERM2, as countries with a derogation are expected to. The strong economic and monetary 
interdependence between the euro-area countries and the Member States not as yet adopting the 
euro and the need to ensure further convergence and a smooth functioning of the single market, 
will require that all Member States are included in the co-ordination of economic policies. 
4. Monetary policy and exchange rates 
A smooth changeover to the euro on I January 1999 is required to ensure that EMU is launched in 
the most favourable circumstances. To this end, monetary policy co-ordination between the 
Member States adopting the euro will need to intensify in the remaining months of 1998. In 
particular, a co-ordination of national monetary policies can be expected so as to ensure that 
official interest rates converge smoothly to a common euro-area rate, which will apply from the 
beginning of EMU, and that market exchange rates converge to the pre-announced bilateral 
conversion rates. This will also ensure continuity between national interest rates and the euro rate 
and will avoid uncertainties concerning euro conversion rates. If interest-rate and exchange-rate 
convergence is to be assured ahead of EMU, it is inevitable that euro-area considerations will 
become more important as determinants of national monetary policies in the participating Member 
States. 
The common euro-area interest rate will depend upon the prevailing economic conditions and 
expectations when EMU is launched but it is certain that the ECB will set this rate so as to maintain 
price stability in the area as a whole. As the euro-area interest rate will be consistent with price 
stability, interest rate convergence among the Member States will not present any problems for the 
euro area as a whole. However, the euro-area interest rate is unlikely to match exactly the initially 
different cyclical conditions in each of the participating Member State economies. Accordingly, 
convergence to the single rate — and to a lesser extent convergence in exchange rates to the pre-
announced bilateral conversion rates — might require an adjustment of the policy mix, notably 
through budgetary policy measures (see Section 5.2). 
The Member States not adopting the single currency from the outset retain competence in their 
national monetary policies but, in accordance with the Treaty, are expected to treat their exchange 
rates as a matter of common interest. The ERM2 will provide a useful framework for monetary 
relations between the pre-ins and the euro area from 1999 onwards and will support their 
convergence efforts ahead of adopting the euro. While participation in the ERM2 will be 
voluntary, the pre-ins would be expected to join. 
5. Sound and efficient public finances 
5. /. General guidelines 
Following a peak of 6.1 per cent of GDP in 1993, the actual government deficit in the Community 
as a whole has fallen steadily, reaching 2.4 per cent of GDP in 1997. In the EC on average, the 
budgetary adjustment was entirely made up by a reduction in government spending in GDP (from 
52.4 per cent in 1993 to 48.7 per cent in 1997). This remarkable outcome is essentially the result 
of determined consolidation efforts in all of the Member States, in particular in 1997, assisted by 
stronger economic growth and falling interest rates. 
On the basis of budget measures decided upon until mid-April 1998, the net borrowing of general 
government in the Community as a whole is likely to be reduced further to just below 2 per cent of 
GDP in 1998 and, on the basis of unchanged policies, to decline further to 1.6 per cent in 1999. 
However, the government budget deficit adjusted for cyclical influences is expected to post only a 
modest decline over the period under review. In the prospective euro area, the government deficit 
stood at 2.5 per cent of GDP in 1997 and could drop, with unchanged policies, to 2 per cent of 
GDP in 1999. A strict implementation of the country-specific budgetary guidelines stipulated in 
Section 5.2 could reduce the budget deficit to below 1.5 per cent of GDP in 1999 in the euro zone 
as a whole. 
Despite the achievement of sustainable public finances in virtually all Member States, additional 
progress is required in most countries in compliance with the Stability and Growth Pact's medium-
term objective of budgetary positions close to balance or in surplus. This requirement holds for all 
Member States but in particular for those adopting the euro as of January 1999 for the following 
reasons. 
(i) Sound budgetary policies, by fostering low and stable inflationary expectations, will facilitate 
the task of the single monetary policy in maintaining price stability. In the present 
conjuncture, a further scaling back of government deficits will contribute to the sustainability 
of the economic recovery because it will allow continued favourable monetary conditions, 
thereby supporting investment and alleviating capacity constraints. 
(ii) In many countries, public finances have not yet regained the necessary room for manoeuvre to 
cope with adverse economic developments. Since after the introduction of a single currency, 
the adjustment to adverse cyclical developments and country-specific disturbances will to an 
important extent rest with budgetary policy, it will be of paramount importance to ensure that 
the automatic stabilisers will be able to fully play their role. Furthermore, sound budgetary 
policies will in all likelihood also increase the effectiveness of the automatic stabilisers. 
Proven budgetary discipline will strengthen the confidence of economic agents that a rising 
deficit during a recession will not permanently disrupt the public finances, thereby avoiding 
any adverse effects emanating from the financial markets. 
(iii) Sound budgetary positions will help to keep long-term interest rates at alow level, thereby 
generating a crowding-in of private investment. Since in such circumstances governments no 
longer absorb private saving, but make a positive contribution to savings in the economy, the 
increase in the investment rate can - other things being equal - take place without pressures on 
the balance of payments and long-term interest rates. 
(iv) Finally, budgets close to balance or in surplus will allow a speedy reduction in the still 
relatively high public debt ratios in many countries and hence to reduce the debt service 
burden. This in turn will facilitate the needed restructuring of government spending towards 
more productive uses and the lowering of taxes and social security contributions, while 
making the taxation system more employment friendly. It will also help to prepare for the 
budgetary consequences of population ageing. 
Against this background, it is essential that Member States provide assurance regarding the 
continuity of budgetary adjustment. To this end, Member States should commit themselves: 
(i) to fully implement their 1998 budgets, thereby avoiding any backsliding; a strengthening of 
economic growth beyond the current expectations should be applied to step up deficit 
reduction; 
(ii) to seize the unique opportunity offered by the present favourable economic conditions, 
especially in terms of output growth and further declines in debt service costs, to target 
ambitious budgetary objectives aimed at achieving as soon as possible positions close to 
balance or in surplus; 
(iii) to advance the submission of their stability and convergence programmes with a view to 
enabling the Commission and the Council to assess all these programmes, including the 
overall budgetary stance and the policy mix in the euro area, at the start of Stage 3 of EMU; 
(iv) to assure, where appropriate, a further steady decline in public debt and an appropriate 
maturity structure with a view to reducing the vulnerability of their public finances to adverse 
developments in interest rates. 
The timing, scale and composition of budgetary adjustments are important in determining whether 
they will be successful in having a durable impact on the government's budgetary position and in 
improving economic dynamism, competitiveness and employment. Although they will need to be 
tailored to country-specific conditions, previous guidelines exercises identified a number of general 
principles. The present guidelines reaffirm and build upon these principles. 
(i) Budget deficit reductions should be achieved through expenditure restraint rather than through 
tax increases. 
(ii) In cases where government deficits and/or government debt-to-GDP ratios are still relatively 
high, priority should be given to a swift reduction of deficits. A continued decline in the share 
of government spending in GDP will accelerate deficit reduction and put it on a more 
sustainable basis. 
(iii) Budgetary consolidation needs to be accomplished in a socially balanced way and without 
impinging on the quality of government services. It must be directed towards increasing the 
effectiveness and the efficiency of government spending. In this respect, measures should 
focus on better controlling or reforming public consumption, public pension provisions, health 
care, passive labour market measures and subsidies. Furthermore, in recent years, there has 
been a tendency for government investment to be reduced relative to GDP, although part of 
this reflects a shift towards the private financing and operation of public infrastructure 
investment. To the extent possible and without threatening the necessary further reduction in 
government deficits, spending on investment in infrastructure as well as on other productive 
activities such as on human capital and active labour market initiatives, should be favoured. 
Such a restructuring is likely to lead to an increase in the employment rate and/or to a 
reduction in the number of people of working age receiving social transfers, thereby helping 
to improve budgetary positions over the medium term. 
(iv) In order to improve economic efficiency and to promote economic dynamism, a reduction in 
the overall tax burden is desirable in most Member States, but it should be contingent upon 
further steady progress towards sound budgetary positions. In conformity with the 1998 
Employment Guidelines, Member States are recommended to reduce the burden of social 
security contributions or the tax wedge as a whole, in order to reverse the trend towards an 
increase in the tax burden borne by employed labour, especially at the lower end of the wage 
scale. It is essential that the timing and modalities of efforts to reduce the tax burden on 
labour are decided upon with a view to maximising their employment effects while fostering 
sound public finances and preserving the sustainability of social protection systems through 
better controlling government spending and/or identifying alternative financing sources. 
5.2. Country-specific guidelines 
(i) Euro-zone Member States 
In Belgium, favourable economic growth conditions have contributed to bringing forward by one 
year the budgetary targets set in its convergence programme. Efforts are still needed, however, to 
ensure that the government's commitment to maintain the primary surplus at 6 per cent of GDP 
over the medium term is realised, thereby securing a fast decline in the debt ratio, which is still at a 
very high level. A tight control needs to be exerted further on transfers to households and 
especially on health care spending. 
Germany needs to reduce its government deficit in the coming years. Subsidies, transfers to 
households and government consumption need to be restrained further. Additional efforts to cut 
spending are also needed if the government's aim of reducing the expenditure ratio by the year 
2000 to its pre-unification level of 46 per cent of GDP is to be realised. Germany needs to step up 
its budgetary adjustment to put its debt ratio firmly on a declining path and to swiftly bring it back 
below the 60 per cent of GDP reference value in the near future. 
In Spain, maintaining the current budgetary stance would allow the deficit to come down in the 
coming years due to the favourable economic growth conditions. Spain would, however, still need 
to undertake an additional effort to improve the budgetary position further to the medium-term 
target of a budget close to balance or in surplus. A further tightening of fiscal policies in Spain is 
also needed to prevent the risk of overheating. Spending needs to be controlled further if the 
government's aim of reducing the expenditure-to-GDP ratio to just below 42 per cent of GDP by 
the year 2000 is to be realised. 
In France, the medium-term budgetary strategy must be made clear. Budgetary adjustment efforts 
should be stepped up to bring the deficit clearly below the 3 per cent of GDP reference value in 
1999 and pursued beyond that year in order to respect the medium-term obligations of the Stability 
and Growth Pact. These consolidation efforts are also needed to stabilise the debt ratio and to put 
it on a downward path in the very near future. When bringing about the deficit reduction, efforts 
must be made to continue the tight control of transfers to households and government consumption. 
In Ireland, the government budget is expected to show increasing surpluses in the coming years 
and the debt ratio is expected to fall below 60 per cent of GDP in 1998 and to continue declining 
thereafter. In view of the present strong growth of the economy and the possibility of overheating, 
any revenues received over and above those anticipated in the 1998 budget should be used to raise 
the budget surplus. Moreover, a tight fiscal stance is required in Ireland to reduce the risk o( 
overheating, namely in 1999, and such a stance should not be jeopardised by any further tax 
reductions. 
After having successfully reduced its government deficit to below the 3 per cent of GDP reference 
value in 1997, Italy needs to step up further its budgetary consolidation efforts. Efforts are needed 
to ensure a rapid decline in the deficit ratio through an appropriately high level of the primary 
surplus over the medium term. Such developments in the overall deficit, reinforced by 
privatisation revenues, should secure a continued decline in the debt ratio. 
Luxembourg is expected to keep a budget surplus in the coming years, while its debt ratio will 
remain at a very low level. 
The Netherlands must not allow its current budgetary position to deteriorate. Given the favourable 
economic growth conditions expected in the coming years, the deficit should be brought down 
further. The budgetary stance should therefore not be relaxed and the government deficit should 
not be allowed to start increasing again. Budgetary adjustment should be maintained to ensure a 
further continuous decline in the debt ratio. 
Austria should continue its consolidation efforts in the coming years in order to achieve the target 
of a budgetary position close to balance or in surplus over the cycle. Austria needs to exert a tight 
control on its budget in order to ensure that ongoing structural reforms in the pension system and 
the adaptation of family taxation to comply with a recent Constitutional Court ruling, do not lead to 
a build-up of pressures on the budget. Further budgetary consolidation is also needed to put the 
debt ratio firmly on a downward path. 
Portugal should seize the opportunity presented by the favourable economic growth conditions in 
the coming years to rapidly bring down its deficit to a position close to balance or in surplus, as 
required by the Stability and Growth Pact. This would also help to reduce the risk of overheating. 
Budgetary adjustment should increasingly focus on the expenditure side, instead of relying 
predominantly on revenue increases and reductions in interest payments. The debt ratio is 
expected to fall to 60 per cent of GDP in 1998 and to continue declining in the coming years. 
In Finland, the government budget is expected to turn into surplus in 1998 and increasing surpluses 
are aimed for in the coming years. Finland plans to introduce an income tax reduction in 1999. 
This measure should be implemented in such a way that the process of further budgetary 
adjustment is continued. 
(ii) Member States not adopting the euro as of January 1999 
Denmark is expected to tighten further its budgetary stance and to increase its budget surpluses in 
the coming years. Tax revenues will remain buoyant, while government investment will be 
reduced further. Given the increasing budget surpluses and the sale of financial assets by the 
government, the debt ratio is expected to fall below 60 per cent of GDP in 1998 and to continue 
declining in the coming years. 
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Greece has made substantial progress in reducing the large imbalances in its public finances over 
recent years but its deficit remained at 4.0 per cent of GDP in 1997 and the high government debt 
ratio has only been reduced during one year so far. Greece should continue its budgetary 
consolidation efforts notably through the rigorous implementation of the measures announced by 
the government when the drachma joined the ERM, in order to secure its smooth and orderly 
participation in the ERM. These measures include a further reduction in primary expenditure, the 
reform of the social security system in the medium term, extended privatisation plans and the 
restructuring of large public enterprises. 
Sweden plans to continue its budgetary adjustment efforts, although at a gradually easing pace, and 
to realise increasing surpluses in the coming years. Sweden is aiming for a budget surplus of 
around 2 per cent of GDP over the cycle. Budgetary adjustment should focus on controlling 
expenditure, especially transfers to households, while the burden of taxation on the economy needs 
to be alleviated. 
In the United Kingdom, the deficit is targeted to be reduced further towards a budgetary position 
close to balance or in surplus by the end of the decade. To achieve this position, the United 
Kingdom should rigorously implement the announced budgetary measures. Government 
expenditure should continue to be controlled tightly. The conduct of budgetary policy in the 
United Kingdom should also take into account the need to bring about the envisaged overall 
stability conditions for the UK economy. 
6. Wage developments 
The evolution of aggregate wages and wage differentials has substantial implications for inflation. 
growth, employment and the employment-content of growth. In EMU, with the single monetary 
regime, the link between wages and employment will become more evident and stringent. On the 
other hand, the credible and stability-oriented macroeconomic framework will foster adequate 
wage behaviour. 
For wage developments to contribute to an employment-friendly policy mix, the social partners 
should continue to pursue a responsible policy course and conclude national and regional wage 
agreements in line with the following general rules. 
(i) In the euro area, aggregate nominal wage increases must be consistent with price stability. 
This implies that wage settlements must embody the inflation objective pursued by the 
European Central Bank. The known and credible price stability objective will facilitate the 
continued respect of this rule. Wage increases in the whole euro area that are incompatible 
with price stability will inevitably lead to a tightening of monetary conditions in the euro zone, 
with adverse effects on growth and employment. Excessive nominal wage increases in a 
country or region will not necessarily exert a significant impact on inflation in the entire 
monetary union but, through their effect on unit labour costs, they will worsen 
competitiveness and employment conditions in this country or region. 
11 
(ii) Real wage increases with respect to labour productivity growth should take into account the 
need to strengthen, and subsequently maintain, the profitability of capacity-enhancing and 
employment-creating investment, whilst supporting the purchasing power of wage earners. 
This implies that in countries where overall labour productivity growth is slowing down, due 
to policies aimed at increasing the employment-content of growth (e.g. a reduction in working 
time and a cut in non-wage labour costs at the low end of the wage scale), the scope for 
macroeconomic real wage increases will be reduced. For improved profitability to result in 
higher investment inside and not outside the Community, it is essential to forge an investment-
supportive environment in terms of demand developments, labour market conditions, taxation 
and the regulatory framework. 
(iii) Wage agreements should better reflect differentials in productivity levels according to 
qualifications and skills, regions and, to some extent, sectors. In this context, the social 
partners should consider the introduction of entry wages for the young, low-skilled or long-
term unemployed, whose effects would be enhanced by measures to promote the 
employability and the adaptability of the labour force. 
(iv) "Wage imitation effects" need to be avoided, implying that labour cost differences between 
Member States should continue to reflect discrepancies in labour productivity. Due to the 
existence of a single currency, differences in wage levels between Member States will become 
more transparent. This may lead to a certain increase in labour mobility but may also give rise 
to wage claims in lower-wage countries to close the gap with higher wage countries. An 
increase in wages faster than warranted by productivity levels in a country would lead to a 
deterioration in competitiveness and investment profitability and therefore to reduced 
attractiveness as a production location. The country's export performance would suffer, 
investment would be deterred and unemployment would increase. 
These requirements for adequate wage behaviour apply in particular to the countries adopting the 
single currency, but also to the other Member States, as they should be equally committed to 
growth and stability-oriented policies. Compliance with these requirements does not imply, 
however, that wage developments should be uniform across the euro-area. There are likely to be 
differences in productivity growth and thus in the available room for real wage developments. 
Moreover, differences in labour market situations and economic conditions need to be taken into 
account. In EMU, wage adjustment will need to play a more important role in the adjustment to 
changing economic circumstances, especially in the case of country-specific disturbances, thereby 
requiring a higher degree of flexibility in the wage formation process. 
Since the social partners are primarily responsible for achieving wage developments compatible 
with the achievement and maintenance of high employment, thereby playing an important role in 
achieving an appropriate macroeconomic policy mix, it is essential to strengthen the social 
dialogue at all the appropriate levels. At the national level, governments may have to take a 
stronger interest in fostering dialogue and in promoting understanding of the policy strategy 
developed in the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines. At the Community level, the Commission 
12 
will continue to develop the social dialogue, notably on macroeconomic policy issues. 
Furthermore, in the framework of the strengthened economic policy co-ordination, there is a need 
to establish credibility and a climate of confidence between the major policy actors which could be 
reinforced by a regular dialogue between the social partners on the one hand and the authorities 
responsible for budgetary and monetary policies on the other. 
7. Structural policies for growth and employment 
Structural policies have a primary role to play in fostering economic growth, restoring 
competitiveness and raising employment levels. Their key role is to help ensure a tension-free 
macroeconomic growth process, to reinforce the EU's competitiveness, to increase the 
employment-content of growth and to make growth more respectful of the environment. However, 
to reach their full effectiveness, they must be coherent with the pursuit of sound macroeconomic 
policies. In this respect, it is essential that the budgetary costs of structural reform are kept under 
control and do not jeopardise the achievement of sound budgetary positions. Their economic 
benefits also emerge only gradually over time and they are clearly more efficient in a context of 
higher economic growth. 
Given insufficient progress in the implementation of structural reforms in product, service and, 
especially, labour markets in most Member States, continued and intensified efforts are required to 
remove often deeply seated structural deficiencies. This need is made all the more pressing by the 
introduction of a single currency. Member States' adjustment to country-specific economic 
disturbances will have to rely to a considerable extent on the flexibility and adaptability of their 
markets for products, services and factors of production. EMU will also intensify competitive 
pressures on enterprises because of increased price transparency and the elimination of possible 
exchange rate changes within the euro zone. 
Failure to make resolute headway in bringing about a greater flexibility of the Member States' 
economies will have serious consequences; economic growth will not be sufficiently bolstered, 
employment levels will not be significantly raised and progress towards greater economic and 
social cohesion among the Member States will be jeopardised. On the other hand, the introduction 
of the euro is itself likely to act as a catalyst for structural reform. The single currency will unleash 
competitive forces that will strengthen the incentives for structural reforms, thereby improving the 
chances for reducing unemployment. Just as the immediacy of the Maastricht exigencies 
galvanised support for macroeconomic adjustment, the commitment to a properly functioning 
EMU and to durably reduce unemployment should now help to mobilise support for a programme 
of mutually reinforcing structural measures in areas such as taxation, social protection systems, and 
product and labour markets, which would aim at enhancing both market efficiency and social 
cohesion. 
13 
8. Product, service and capital markets 
In order to safeguard and promote the EU's competitiveness, employment and living standards in a 
world of free trade and constant technological change, it is essential that Member States and the 
Community intensify their efforts to improve the efficiency of product, service and capital markets. 
These efforts should focus on four major areas. 
(i) Reforms to perfect the Single Market 
Improvement in the functioning of the Single Market is of paramount importance for a 
successful EMU. Despite considerable progress, a number of significant problems remain. 
The legislative framework of the Single Market remains incomplete, mainly due to the lack of 
full implementation of EU directives at national level. Efforts to reduce the degree of non-
implementation of Single Market directives should be pursued particularly in Portugal, 
France, Austria, Italy and Belgium where the implementation deficit ranges between 6 and 7.5 
per cent. Recognising this problem, the Commission and the Member States agreed an Action 
Plan for the Single Market in June 1997 committing the Member States to clear away the most 
serious remaining legislative gaps by 1 January 1999. Among the areas requiring further 
action, public procurement and mutual recognition deserve particular attention. 
Efforts should now focus on ensuring the prompt implementation of the Action Plan and on 
monitoring the progress towards an effective Single Market. To this end, the Single Market 
Scoreboard is being developed for regular six-monthly publication. Furthermore, in its 
conclusions, the Luxembourg European Council stressed both the importance of paying full 
attention to those national economic developments and policies which may hinder the smooth 
functioning of the Single Market and the need for policy co-ordination to aim also at fostering 
tax reform in order to raise efficiency and to discourage harmful tax competition. In this area, 
the treatment of tax incentives should be consistent with Community rules for State aids and 
Member States compliance with principles of fair tax competition should be monitored. This 
is one of the main tasks of the Follow-up Group, which was established on 1 December 1997. 
The Single Market and overall globalisation exert a strong pressure to improve 
competitiveness, but the latter is also linked to national or Community policies in the field o\' 
R&D and, notably, the information society. To this end, it is essential to implement swiftly 
those actions programmed in the Action Plan which promote innovation and a wide diffusion 
of new technologies. The logistic environment of firms needs also a strengthening of efforts 
in TEN and national infrastructure projects both in keeping an adequate share of public 
investment in overall public expenditure and by searching for joint ventures with the private 
sector where appropriate. Efforts should also focus on encouraging an enterprise culture and 
promoting entrepreneurship, a key factor in stimulating growth, employment and 
competitiveness in the Community. 
14 
(iï) Reforms to enhance competition 
In the area of competition policy, the Commission has recognised the need to streamline and 
decentralise anti-trust enforcement in order to enhance its effectiveness and reduce the costs 
imposed on enterprises. Member States should also make an important contribution towards 
achieving the objective of a more efficient enforcement of anti-trust rules by revising their 
laws so that the national competition authorities can apply anti-trust policy effectively and by 
reviewing their competition laws with a view to eliminating any unnecessary burden on 
businesses. 
For state aids, there is a need for the Commission to strictly control them and for the Member 
States to exercise rigorous self-discipline. This discipline should be particularly welcome in 
those Member States where state aids as a percentage of GDP are above the Community 
average (Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, Belgium and Greece) or where ad hoc aid for rescue 
and restructuring is relatively large, resulting in greater distortionary effects (Portugal, France, 
Italy and Spain). These state aids may create artificial cost advantages for low-tech, low-
demand sectors. In the Community, this has contributed to maintaining a specialisation in 
weak-demand sectors, reducing its competitiveness without succeeding in creating or 
maintaining employment. Part of the resources devoted to the financing of these aids could 
therefore be diverted towards other structural policies aimed at promoting innovation, 
accumulating human capital and boosting competitiveness and productivity. This would 
improve the capacity of European economies to meet the challenge of a fast-moving world of 
constant technical change. 
(Hi) Regulatory reforms 
An adequate regulatory framework is a pre-condition for boosting productivity growth and 
raising the competitiveness of European firms. In part reflecting an excessive regulatory 
burden, productivity, relative to the manufacturing sector as a whole, in high-tech sectors, 
such as aerospace, pharmaceuticals, precision instruments, has been growing slower in the 
Community than in the United States. Governments and the Commission therefore have the 
responsibility to continuously review existing regulations to assess their appropriateness and 
to reduce the costs of implementing and monitoring these regulations and to increase their 
transparency and enforceability. This also holds for environmental legislation and regulation, 
which should be incentive-based so as to allow economic agents to achieve well-defined 
environmental objectives in a cost-effective way. As there are still wide disparities in 
regulatory practices between countries, a benchmarking approach to the identification of the 
best regulatory practices could lead to a significant improvement in the regulatory 
environment of enterprises. This initiative could be co-ordinated by the Commission on the 
basis of contributions from the Member States. 
15 
Administrative regulations and cumbersome procedures tend to weigh especially heavy on 
small and medium-sized enterprises, particularly during the start-up phase. The outcome of 
the BEST Task Force highlights priority areas for action in this regard. Therefore, a first area 
where this benchmarking exercise could be launched is the administrative regulations for the 
start-up of business. Similarly, identifying and removing any remaining regulatory barriers to 
the development of venture capital and new financial products, particularly those that may 
assist in the financing of SMEs, should be a priority. 
Special attention needs also to be paid to job creation at local level in the social economy and 
new activities linked to the needs not yet satisfied by the market, which have an important 
spillover effect both in terms of economic activity and social cohesion. To exploit fully the 
opportunities offered in these areas, a more favourable regulatory and fiscal framework need 
to be developed. 
(iv) Financial markets 
EMU will bring important changes to European financial markets. From 1 January 1999, the 
ECB will define and implement its monetary policy in euro. The interbank markets, money 
markets, foreign exchange and capital markets of the Member States in EMU will switch to 
the new currency. All new issues and existing stocks of government debt of the Member 
States adopting the euro will be denominated in euro and an increase is expected in the 
issuance of private-sector debt and equity in euro. Private sector usage of the euro will also be 
encouraged by the facility for cross-border payments through the TARGET system and 
through the harmonisation of market conventions. EMU will result in the emergence of large 
and highly liquid euro financial markets, which should provide an important stimulus to 
economic growth in the euro area. To this end, it is important that the national authorities take 
the necessary measures to remove legal and financial obstacles to market integration. As 
segmentation between Member States' financial markets diminishes in EMU, any inefficiency 
will become more apparent amid intensified competition between euro-area financial 
institutions. Moreover, the new euro financial markets are likely to prove attractive to 
financial institutions from outside Europe. It is essential, therefore, that operators should be 
fully prepared for EMU if the potential of the new euro financial markets is to be fully 
realised. 
For these reforms to be highly effective, they need to be co-ordinated at the Community level and 
be closely monitored through a regular multilateral surveillance, thereby complementing the on­
going macroeconomic multilateral surveillance. To this end and to ensure steady progress with 
economic reform, Member States and the Commission should submit short annual reports setting 
out their policies aimed at making their product, service and capital markets more efficient. These 
reports will provide an input to the Broad Economic Policy Guidelines, starting from next year. 
The Commission will also elaborate an extended scoreboard with indicators of effective market 
integration, including price differentials, and implementation of Single Market measures. 
16 
9. Labour markets and investment in knowledge 
A durable reduction in the presently high levels of unemployment and non-employment in the 
Community is possible. It requires however a vigorous and unremitting use of a broad range of 
mutually reinforcing policies with success often emerging only over the medium to longer term. 
Macroeconomic policies, in interaction with structural policies, should ensure the realisation of a 
protracted period of strong, non-inflationary growth supported by capacity-enhancing investment. 
The required policies in this respect form the essence of the present and previous Broad Economic 
Policy Guidelines. But solving the Community's unemployment and non-employment problem 
will require a simultaneous and comprehensive modernisation of the Community's labour markets 
with a view to increasing the employment-content of growth and ensuring the employability of the 
labour force. This second component of the Community's strategy for high employment was 
developed in the Luxembourg Employment Guidelines. 
The Employment Guidelines -- based on the four pillars of improving employability, developing 
entrepreneurship, encouraging adaptability of businesses and their employees and promoting equal 
opportunities — will be implemented via the National Action Plans (NAPs) for employment. 
Adapted to the specific national circumstances, these plans must integrate the employment 
measures in a strategy of sound macroeconomic policy including budgetary consolidation in 
conformity with the requirements of the Growth and Stability Pact. Furthermore, they must 
provide a vehicle for action aimed at both reducing mismatches in the labour market and at 
enhancing the responsiveness of firms to economic change. In this way, the NAPs will serve as an 
important policy tool directed towards reinforcing the Community's growth and employment 
potential and as such they will undoubtedly form an important ingredient of future Broad 
Economic Policy Guidelines. 
Member States' actions should put the emphasis on a preventive strategy, which focuses on active 
policies to increase the supply of an adequate, educated and trained labour force. Such active 
measures need to be combined with efforts to increase incentives to seek and create jobs via a 
review of tax and benefit systems. 
(i) Active labour market policies 
Over a 5-year period, Member States must tackle youth unemployment and prevent long-term 
unemployment by offering every unemployed young person and adult a new start before they 
reach 6 and 12 months of Unemployment respectively. This requires increased resources for 
the employment services to perform efficient job searching and job matching services. Such 
measures should be combined with accompanying measures like training and in some cases 
wage subsidies and reductions of social charges, especially for the low skilled. Around 15-30 
per cent of all unemployed find a job within one year. It will be important to concentrate the 
scarce resources of the employment services on the other 70 to 85 per cent that need help to 
find a job. 
17 
Long-term unemployment is particularly important in Belgium, Ireland, Italy and Spain, while 
youth unemployment is high in Finland, France, Greece, Italy and Spain. These Member States 
would have to make a special effort to respect the guidelines. 
(ii) Taxation 
For more than 15 years, the structural development of the taxation systems (tax and social 
security contributions) in the Member States has been unfavourable to employment. The 
implicit tax rate on employed labour increased from 35 per cent to over 42 per cent between 
1981 and 1996 in the Community on average, whilst that on other factors of production 
followed a declining trend. As a result, labour taxes have driven an increased wedge between 
what workers receive and what firms pay. High taxes hamper economic efficiency, growth 
and, eventually, job creation. High labour taxes are especially harmful at the low end of the 
wage scale where it leads to the pricing-out of the market for low-skilled, low-pay jobs and an 
increase in "black market" activities. 
In the medium run, the Member States should aim at reducing taxation — in overall terms and, 
especially, on labour. This, however, should not jeopardise budgetary consolidation. In 
Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Austria, Finland and Sweden, the tax wedge is 
higher than thé EU average, demanding a special effort from these Member States. A 
significant and across the board reduction in labour taxes would imply either a strong 
reduction in social benefits or high budgetary costs. In the short run and with a view to 
assisting employment, a reduction in labour taxes, especially employers social security 
contributions, would be most efficient when targeted at specific labour force groups at the low 
end of the wage scale (young workers, long-term or low skilled unemployed) where its 
employment impact might be more substantial, especially when combined with active labour 
market measures in education, apprenticeship schemes, vocational training and re-training. 
To make the taxation system more employment-friendly, the possibility of shifting, in a 
revenue neutral way, part of the tax burden away from labour towards energy and 
environmental pollution needs to be examined and, where appropriate, to be actively pursued. 
(Hi) Welfare reform 
Welfare systems need to be reformed with the aim of increasing incentives and opportunities 
to take up jobs and, more generally, improving the functioning of the labour market. This 
means switching from passive income maintenance to welfare support through work. 
However, in some countries, taking up a job compared to receiving benefits offers little 
advantage, especially for low-income earners experiencing long unemployment spells: 
combined benefits for unemployment, housing and childcare can in some circumstances result 
in net replacement rates of over 80 per cent in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, 
the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. 
18 
Making work pay requires a double strategy. Firstly, acting on the benefit side, by tightening 
eligibility criteria, job search requirements and, in some cases, revising the time profile of 
benefits. Many countries, for example Denmark and the Netherlands, have had positive 
results in this field. However, the interaction between different benefit systems should be 
reviewed to ensure that it would always pay to take up a job compared to receiving benefits. 
Secondly, implementing reforms boosting take home pay, such as in-work benefits, negative 
income tax or low-wage subsidies. The UK's "welfare-to-work" opens an interesting policy 
avenue. More generally, benefit and tax systems should be viewed in relation to labour market 
regulations. Member States, especially those with relatively generous benefit systems and 
high employment protection resulting in a double safety net, should review their labour market 
legislation with a view to reconciling flexibility and security while making their benefit 
systems more efficient. 
(iv) Working time arrangements 
Over the last century, Member States' economies have seen a decline in the number of weekly 
and annual working hours per worker. This has been an important factor in terms of social 
progress and welfare. Most progress in this field was made during periods of fast growth and 
high employment and were part of a "work versus leisure" choice. The trend is, in fact, 
nothing more than a distribution of productivity growth, with lower working times and less 
growth in real wages. A return to this secular trend when growth recovers may therefore be 
expected and would be quite normal and welcome as an improvement in working conditions 
and quality of life. A compulsory and across the board reduction in working time, however, in 
part prompted by the desire to increase the level of employment, may have adverse 
consequences and should therefore be avoided. 
Conversely, where appropriate, employment could be favoured by specific measures of 
working time reduction at the microeconomic level where it is warranted by local conditions, 
involves a de-coupling of capital hours from labour hours, is negotiated by the social partners 
and is either reversible or can be seen as being integrated into the secular trend of reduction in 
working time. In this context, some initiatives suggest that measures combining a reduction of 
working time with job creation and fiscal advantages could entail positive results. Another 
approach for increasing the labour content of growth would be to encourage the maximum use 
of voluntary part-time and new forms of employment. The possibilities in that field are 
obviously very different in Member countries given the very large differences in the 
proportion of part-time workers that one may observe at present. In these areas, the exchange, 
at Community level, of experiences and best practices needs to be encouraged. 
19 

ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(98) 279 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 10 01 08 02 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-98-334-EN-G 
ISBN 92-78-36418-5 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg