ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(79)316
Vol.1979/0120

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(79)316 final .
Brussels ,14june
ENERGY OBJECTIVES OPTHE COMMUNITY FOR 1990
AND
CONVERGENCE OPPOLICIES OPMEMBER STATES
(Communication from theCommission totheCouncil )
v.
V-'1,
COM(79 )316final .

ENERGYOBJECTIVES OFTHE.COMMUNITY FOR1990
AND
CONVERGENCE OFPOLICIES OFMEMBERSTATES
SUMMARY
Anexamination oftheenergypoliciesof'theMemberStatesshowsthatthere
isquiteextensiveconvergence asregardstheprinciplestobeappliedin
pursuingthe1985objectives whichtheCommunityadoptedin1974andreiterated
inJuly1978andMarch1979.
Asregardstheirpracticalapplication,however,thereareconsiderable
differences,mainlyinthefollowingareas:
-theenergysavingprogrammesdifferinextentandintensiveness ;
-inmanycases,thedegreeofrelianceoncoalandnuclearenergyislikely
tobeinsufficient tobringaboutadropintheamountoffueloilusedfor
generatingelectricity;
-pricingpoliciesdonotalwaysensurethatconsumerpricesreflectlong­
■termsupplycosts.
Furthermore,whentheMemberStates'forecastsfor1990areaddedtogether,
theresultingpicturewouldseemtobeincompatible withthestarknecessity
tolimitoilimports.Inviewofrecenteventsandofthelong-termprospects,
thisisasvitalforthe1990programmeasforthe1985one.Ifimportsin
1990aretobekeptdowntothelevelfixedfor1985(i.e.the1978levelof
470mt),thefollowingprioritiesmustbekept:
-moreintensiveenergysaving;
-moreuseofcoalandnuclearenergysothatthesetwoprimaryenergysources
togethercoveratleast70to75%ofelectricityproduction,which
presupposes :
.therestoration ofthenuclearprogrammes;
•creatingnewcoal-fixedcapacitiesatleastlargeenoughtocoverthe
shortfallinnuclearenergy;
.regainingcoalproductionatthe1973level;
.asubstantirlincreaseincoalimportsfromnon-Community countries;
-increasinghydrocarbonproductiontoashighalevelaspossible;
-intensifying publicinformation onenergyproblems,

- 2-
These are the main objectives ofthedraft resolution the Commission
issubmitting tothe Council .Other actions which should contribute to
asatisfactory energy supply situation are also proposed .
Avigourous effort must bemade without delay ifthethreat ofuncertainty
inour energy supplies between now and 1990 istobeovercome .Theprospect
ofanenlarged Community reinforces this need .
There will beapermanent sustem formonitoring andensuring the
convergence ofthe Member States' policies inrespect ofthese objectives .
The Community could take appropriate steps toback upand supplement
these efforts andtoensure greater coherence .

ENERGY OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMUNITY FOR 1990
AND
•CONVERGENCE OFPOLICIES OF MEMBER STATES
CONTENTS
Pa9e.
INTRODUCTION ' » 1
PART I
CONVERGENCE OF MEMBER STATES 1POLICIES
A.Reduction ofdependence onimported oil 2
B.Energy saving programmes 3
C.Primary energy consumption forelectricity generation 4
D.Development ofdomestic supplies 7
E.Diversification anclsecurity ofexternal' supplies 9
F.Pricing 10
G.Investment ' 11
•» -
PART II
OBJECTIVES FOR 1990 12
Draft Council Resolution' 16
Annexes :
1.Evolution ofoil imports
2.Principal energy saving measures :comparison between the
situations inJanuary 1979 and Juty 1975
3.Public expenditure onenergy saving programmes 1978
4.Sources ofelectricity production ,1978-1990
5.Expenditure onuranium exploration inthe Community
6.National and Community expenditure on R&Dand onenergy-saving
demonstration projects
7.Retail prices ofpetrol and heavy fuel oil
8.Burden onthe economy ofenergy supplies .
9.Energy objectives andthe .enlargement ofthe Community .
« V

ENERGYOBJECTIVES OFTHECOMMUNITY FOR1990
•AND
CONVERGENCE OFPOLICIES OFMEMBERSTATES
•INTRODUCTION
1.Atitsmeetingof21December1978,theCounciltooknoteofaCommission
communication concerningenergyobjectivesfor1990andprogrammesofthe
MemberStates(COM/78/613final)/andtheCommissionexpresseditsintention
ofsubmitting morespecificproposalsontheobjectivesfor1990
(seedoc.4487/79of30January1979,page1).
Inaddition,on12and13March1979,theEuropeanCouncilrestatedthe
objectivetoreduceCommunitydependence onimportedenergyto50%by1985
andfixedaceilingforoilimportsforthesameyearatthe1978levelie.475mt<
Withregardtoproduction,theEuropeanCouncilalsoemphasizedtheneedtoaligr
memberStates'policies andtoadoptcommonobjectivestobringthisabout.
Lastly,atitsmeetingof27March1979,theCouncilaskedtheCommission
tomakeacomparativestudyofnationalpoliciesandtousethisasabasis
forsubmitting newguidelines andproposalstotheCouncil.
2.Inthefirstpartofthisdocument,theCommissionsetsoutfortheCouncil
theconclusionsithasdrawnfromitsstudyontheconvergenceofMember
States'energypolicies.Thestudywasbasedontheprogrammessenttothe
Commissioninmid-1978(seedoc.COM/78/613final)whichwereupdatedin
February1979.
Thesecondpartsetsoutproposalsonthedefinitionofcommonobjectivesfor
1990.ThesearethesubjectofadraftResolution.
Avigorouseffortisurgentlycalledforasamatterofpriorityifthe
Communityistoremovethethreattogrowthandemploymentposedbyuncer­
taintiesoverenergysupply.

- 2-
partj
CONVERGENCE OFMEMBER STATES' POLICIES
3.Now,asin1974,events areshowing just howfragile theCommunity 'senergy
supply really is.Theyserve toconfirm thewisdom oftheguidelines which
theCommunity setitself in1974 on:
-cutting oilimports ; '
-energy -saving andtherational useofenergy ;
-increasing theuseofcoal andnuclear power forelectricity generation ;
-developing itsownconventional energy resources andpromoting new
energy sources ;
-diversifying andensuring thesecurity ofexternal supplies ;
-energy pricing policies ;
-investment . -
4.IntheCommission 'sopinion ,these aretheessential criteria upon which to
base astudy oftheconvergence of-Member States' policies ./
.„. .
TheCommission would point outthat inaddition ithasalready studied the
convergence ofMember States' policies with regard torefining (seedoc.
COM/78/71)andthatitwill besubmitting separate documents onenergy-saving
policies (seedocs .COM/79/312final and COM/79/313final )andoncoal
production ,consumption andimport policy .
.Reducing dependence onimported oil
5.Although allMember States agree withthisprinciple ,there isanobvious
contradiction inthefact that they all,except for Denmark andtheUnited
Kingdom ,expect toincrease their oilimports between now and1990 (see
Annex 1).
I ■
Attempts toreduce dependence areevident however inthefactthat almost
everywhere these imports increases arelower than theincrease ingeneral
energy demand ;theproportion ofnetoilimports ingross consumption is
diminishing (seeAnnex 1).This even applies inthose countries ,likeItaly
andIreland ,whose present energy consumption levels arerelatively lower
•butwhere demand must beexpected toincrease sharply astheir economies
develop , • •

Exceptions tothis' convergence areBelgium (where theproportion ofimported
oil consumed will remain at1977 levels )andtheNetherlands (where itwill
increas from 47.7.in1977 to58 %in1990).
Theefforts tobemade byall Member States between now and 1990 toreduce
dependence onimported oil must notfinish atthat date .
ψ
B.Energy-saving programmes
6.Inthe last three years ,the Member States have adopted basic provisions stuy-
set upinstruments fortheir energy-saving programmes .Annex 2shows how
much progress has been made since 1975 inintroducing anumber ofthe more
important long-term measures .The' Dutch ,Danish ,German ,British and French pro­
grammes are very extensive even though they donot cover allpossible fields .Bel
gium,Luxembourg ,Italy andIreland have not made asmuch progress astheother
Member States since 1975 .Thetable does not include measures already
adopted orbeing prepared inMember States directed atachieving the
Community objective ofsaving 25million tonnes ofoil ►in 1979 .These have
beien studied separately .
Anestimate ofpublic expenditure onenergy-saving in1978 (Annex 3)confirms
the impression that four ofthe Member States have done less tosave energy
than the others .Itshould nevertheless benoted that the financing ofseveral
programmes isstill being discussed ,that some programmes include objectives
other than energy saving andthatitisdifficult toestimate accurately
the financial effects oftax exemptions onsome programmes .
Annexes 2and 3should betreated with some caution asnotallthe measures
planned have infact been implemented andnotalltheappropriations
entered inthebudgets have actually been committed .Nevertheless their
juxtaposition should give some idea oftheefforts made bythepublic
authorities ineach Member State andtheir priorities .
Account should also betaken ofthedifferent levels ofeconomic development ,
growth andpattern ofGDP,which explains cases likethat ofIreland .The
amount ofprivate investment inenergy-saving also makes adifference but
unfortunately there arenocomparative figures available onthesubject .

Inbrief/"itcanbeconcluded that energy-saving programmes inMember States
havesimilar objectives butdiffer considerably astotheir intensity and–
perhaps ,tosome extends morejustifiably -their methods ofimplementation .
Useofprimary energy togenerate electricity
7,There arefairly marked differences between policies onproduction and
consumption ofelectricity .
«
Demand esexpected toincrease particularly sharply inFrance ,Ireland and
Italy .There isarisk,particularly inIreland andItaly where thegrowth
rate ishigher because they started offatalower level than theother
Member States ,that growth will not beaccompanied bycorresponding development
ofcoal-fired power stations andnuclear plants . v
Depending onthe Member State ^policies on.electri city generation are
sometimes for and sometimes against less useofhydrocarbons .
*
8.Thesuccess ofattempts byMember States toincrease the useofsolid fuels
inpower stations can bejudged bythefact that between -1974 and 1978 the
proportion ofthese fuels used inconventional thermal power stations
increased from 46.4 %to53.5 %.Thedegree ofsuccess issomewhat limited
however ifoneconsiders that twocountries ,Germany andtheUnited Kingdom ,
together account for 80 %ofall Community electricity production based onsolid
fuels .
Between nowand1990,afurther increase of25%intheuseofsolid fuels
inpower stations isexpected andtheir useshould increase everywhere
except inFrance andGermany (seeAnnex 4>.Information available on
installation programmes seems toindicate however that there isadanger that
thecapacity ofpower stations burning solid fuels will notincrease
sufficiently toallow thequantities envisaged tobeused andtheuseof
petroleum products forelectricity generation tobesubstantially reduced .

-5-
9.Thedifferentdegreesofcommitmenttonuclearprogrammesinthe
variousMemberStatesisoneareaofdivergenceinthesearchtocut
dependence onimportedoil.
»
ThreeMemberStates(Denmark,Luxembourg andtheNetherlands )haveno'
nuclearpowerstationsontheirprogrammesfor1990.Theextensive
programmesproposedinotherMemberStatesmaywellbeheldup-theyare
alreadylateifwelookaheadto1985-ormayencounterfurtherobstacles.
InBelgium,wheretheproportionofnucleai–generatedelectricityis
ψcurrentlythehighest,apoliticaldebateistobeheldonwhetherornot
tocontinuewiththepresentprogrammebeyond1985.
The140GWetargetfornuclearpowerwhichMemberStatessetlastyear
for1990(seedoc.COM/78/613final)shouldcoversome210m*toeofprimary •
energyrequirements intheelectricitysector.Wehavealreadybeenwarned
toexpectadeficitofatleast17mtoebecausesomeprogrammes havebeen
ιΛ..<**>delayed
Inordertoreachthis140Gwetarget,capacityofbetween60and80GW
willhavetobeinstalledbetween1985and1990.Thisrepresents sometwelve
tofifteennewplantsayear.Inotherwords,atleasttwelvenewnuclear
powerstationswillhavetobeorderedeachyearfrom1979onwards.
10.TheCommunitymaybeabletohelpsolvetheproblemsholdinguptheadoption
orimplementation ofnuclearprogrammes,includingtheextremelyimportant
problemofthefuelcycle.
Onepromisingaspectisthatenrichmentcapacitynowbeinginstalled
shouldbemorethanenoughtocovertherequirements ofallthenuclear
powerstationsoperatingin1990.Allcountrieswithnucleargenerating
programmesareparticipating inthisfield.
(*)Becauseofdifficulties whichhavearisenoverthepossibleconstruction
ofanuclearpowerstation,astudyontheconstructionofacoal-fired
powerstationof600-700MWhasbeendecidedbytheLuxembourg
Government .
(**)Therevisionoftheprogrammescomparedwithhowtheystoodin
mid-1978(208mtoeofnuclearproduction)hadthefollowingeffect:
P:-3.1toeVN:-1.7mtoeCommunity:-16.6mto
F:+2.0mtoe .B:-0.2mtoe
I:-10.2mtoe DK:-3.4mtoe

- 6-
Onthe other hand ,reprocessing plants may constitute abottleneck which
could hold upthefinal storage ofradioactive waste ,aproblem which ,
insome Member States ,must besolved before they can begin tocommit
themselves toaprogramme ofnuclear power stations .
11.According tothe programmes announced byMember States last year,solid fuel
and .nuclear power should together cover between 70 %and 73 %ofelectricity
generation in1990 (52%in1978).Forthereasons given above ,this is
probably anover-estimate .The consumption offuel oil could well exceed.(*)byasubstantial amount the 65/70mtoeenvisaged for 1990 (63mtoe in1978 )
This isparticularly unacceptable given therisk ofsharp rises inoilprices .
Considerably more effort should therefore bemade tocut back the useof
fuel oilinpower stations andattempts toincrease theoverall proportion
ofcoal andnuclear power to70or75 %in1990 should bepursued .
Togive some idea,this would result inthe -following minimum amounts for
the various Member States (although these figures are subject torevision in
thelight ofnew developments ):Germany :72 %;France :73 %;Italy :56
'Netherlands :42%;Belgium :69%^**/United Kingdom 81 Ireland :57%;
Denmark :90 %.
0
Inthose countries which according tocurrent forecasts willstill beheavily
dependent ortoilfor amajor proportion ofallelectricity generation
(particularly the Netherlands ,Ireland andItaly ),priority should begiven
tothe implementation and,ifpossible ,theintensification ofprogrammes
for using coal andnuclear power *
12.Toconclude ,the convergence ofpolicies should beaccertuated chiefly in
the following areas :
-constant scruting ofprogrammes ofinvestment inconventional power
stations inorder toinstall asmuch solid -fuel-fired capacity aspossible ;
strict enforcement ofthe Council directives restricting the useofoil
"inpower stations (***;■ ;
-relaxation oftherules restricting thegeneration ofelectricity by
existing orfuture solid -fuel-fired power stations ;
„ v(*)....Current estimates show that the use offuel oilwill continue to
increase sharply until 1985 (82 mtoe)and should then drop .
Only France and Germany expect touse less oil in1990 than in
1978 . *
(**<d
75/404/EEC and 75/405/ËËC,0.J. L178,9July 1975 .
( Oassummo loweconomic growth ■

7
-creatingconditionswhich"facilitatethetransferofelectricitybetween
MemberStates;*
removingobstaclestothedevelopmentofnuclearprogrammes.
°-Developmentnfinternalresources
ι
3.Inconnectionwiththedevelopmentofinternalresources,convergenceof
nationalactionislimitedaccordingtotheexistenceandnatureofsuch
-resources,whichprovideeachMemberStatewithdifferentpossibilities .
14.MemberStateswhicharecoalproducersplantocontinuewiththeirendeavours
toihaintain,andifpossibleincrease,production.Thisshouldrisefrop^^
210milliontee(14?milliontoe)in1978to240mtee(J
Itisclearthattheseeffortswillinvolve 1heavjt>^^osts-even
afterallowanceismadeforfurtherrisespriceofoiloverthesame
period.Thetablebelowshows,fortheyear1978,thecostsarisingfrom
stepstakenbyMemberStatestoaidthecoalindustry,together-
investedbytheindustry.
't>'F-B'UK'Total
Costofmeasurestoaidthe
coalindustry<mEUA) 1.750510250'2102.700
Investment bythecoal
mdustry(mEUA) 3097024• 943
MemberStateswhicharenotcoalproducersarenotinvolvedinactionof?
thissort. *.
TheCommission'sproposalsforCommunitymeasurestoassisttheproduction
andconsumption ofcoal-whichwouldenhanceconvergence throughsolidarity
betweenproducersandnon-producers -havestillnotbeenapprovedbythe
Council.
15.Thescaleofinvestmentinexploration foroilandnatualgasgives
groundsforbelievingthatfurtherdiscoveries arepossible.Invi^y.
this,presentforecastsofproductionin1990mayseemveryconservative -
perhapseventooconservative .
*..V

-8-
AlthoughtheMemberStates'policiesforoilexploration andexploitation
appeartoagreatextentconvergent,theirincentivestoprivateinitiative
.forexploration anddevelopment ofresourcesmustbemadeeffective.
f
•• ,
•16.Uraniumexplorationexpenditure intheCommunityrosebetween1972and
1977from7to25milliondollarsapproximately .Mostoftheactivityisin
France.MajorprogrammesarealsoinhandinItaly,Germany,.Irelandand
Denmark(Greenland);smallerprogrammesareunderwayintheUnitedKingdom,
BelgiumandtheNetherlands (seeAnnexe5)..
Since1976,CommunitysupportunderArticle70oftheEuratomTreaty,
actingasanincentiveandacomplement,hasledtoasignificantincrease "
inexploration programmesinMemberStatesotherthanFrance.
17.Theshareinthecoverageofrequirements in1990whichpresentforecasts
assignto"newformsofenergy"ispracticallynegligible.InallMember"
Statesresearchanddevelopment,andevenindustrialpromotion,arein
progress,withgreaterorlesserintensity;butonlyin'thelongerterm
willtheyhaveanysignificant impact. .
Thisactivityisunevenlydistributed,owingchieflytothediffering
naturalpotentialofeachcountry,thusFranceandItalyareputtinga
biggereffortthantheotherMemberStatesintogeo.thermal andsolar
energy;theUnitedKingdomandtheNetherlands intowindenergy;the
UnitedKingdomintowaveenergy,etc.
Noaccurateestimateofspendingisavailablebecausesuchdataascan
behadrelatetoexpenditure onresearch,development andthesupport
ofdemonstration projects.ThefiguresinAnnex6-whichshowproportiona­
telygreaterspendinginFrance,Germanyand.theHetherlands ;.,-must
thereforebeinterpretedwithcaution.
/
».
«

9-
ItwillbeobservedthattheshareofCommunityexpenditure inthetotal
rosefromles.sthan16%in1976to21%in1978.Withthenewproposals
fromthfeCommissionthismightriseto30%inthenextfewy'ears.This
demonstrates thecoordinating,incentiveandsupplementing roleplayedby
theCommunityinthisfield.
E.Diversification andsecurityofsuppliesfromoutsidetheCommunity
0
18.Fromthispointofview,asatisfactory evolutionisforecastforall
MemberStates.Theshareofoilinnet.energyimports-willfallappreciably
betweennowand1990andtheshareofsolidfuelsandparticularly of
naturalgaswillincrease.Inthisconnection,itshouldbenotedthat
naturalgasimportsof121milliontoeareforecastfor1990andfirm
contractshavealreadybeensignedforover100milliontoeperannum.
InthecaseofBetgiumandLuxembourg,however,thebreakdownofimports
b.etweenenergysourcesisnotexpectedto^r.angesubstantially,butthese
*countriesalreadyhaveanexternalsupply,structureinwhichoilisless
importantthanelsewhere. ►
TheNetherlandsisanetexporteratpresentbutitspositionwill
deteriorateappreciablyandby1990itsnaturalgasexportswillt\o
longeroffsetoilimport'salmosttwicethoseof1977.Butthiscountry's
domesticgasproductioncapacityprovidesitwithastandbysupplycapable
ofreplacingatleastpartofanyshortfallinoilsupplies.Therisk
arisingfromthegreatestdependenceonimportedoilwiltthusbepartly
offset.
«
TheUnitedKingdommightbecomeanetenergyexporterbefore1985,
dependingonthelevelofitsoilproduction.
Itisclearthatthisnearlygeneralquestforgreaterdiversification of
resourcesandoftheirgeographicalorigin1slikelytoenhancesecurityof
supply.Tobefullyeffective,however,itshouldbecombinedwithan
approachcoordinatedatCommunitylevelandwithacoherentoverallview
oftheCommunity'srelationswiththeenergy-producing countries.
« \
19.Thereremainstherishofoilsuppliesbeinginterruptedwithgreateror
lesserseverity;eventsinIranhaveconfirmedhowessentialarethemeasures
takenbetheCommunityandimplementedconvergentlybytheMemberStatesto

-10
promoteshort-termsecurityofsupply:buildingofstocks,coordination
ofstock,management,harmonizedrestrictions ofconsumption,etc.
20.Greatercoherenceshouldbetheaiminrelationswithenergy-supplying
countries;theCommissionhasalreadyemphasizedtheneedforthis,and
indicated howtoachieveit,inrecentcommunications totheCouncilon
externalmeasuresbytheCommunityintheenergysector(COM/79/23final)
andcooperation withthedevelopingcountriesinthefieldofenergy
(COM/78/355final;COM/79/155final).
F.Pncing
21.Energypricingpolicyfallswithinthewiderframeworkofeconomicand
socialpolicieswherepriorities maysometimesconflictwiththoseofenergy
policyproper.
Yettheoutlookfortheenergymarketmilitatesinfavourofanattemptto
achieveconvergence ofenergypricingpolicies. .
ThespreadofpricesofmostenergyproductsintheCommunityhasconsiderably
widenedsince1973:in1978,forexample,pricesoftheprincipalpiI
productsvariedbetweencountriesbyafactoroftwo(seeAnnex7).
*
Differences intheleveloftaxordutyareimportant'inthisconnection
butdonotentirelyexplainthedisparities.
Anumberofparalleltrendscan
beobserved,however.Generallyspeaking,forexample,therehasbeena
ι
reductionsince1973intheregressivity ofgasandelectricitytariffs.
Sincethisaccordswiththeaimsofenergy-saving policiesitshouldbe
accentuated incountrieswhereregrefsivity isstillrelativelyhigh.
InseveralMemberStatesrealpricestotheconsumerofcertainformsof
energyremainedstable,orfell-evenafter1973.Whilerisesintheprice
offueloilhavebeengeneral,althoughdifferinginamount,thepriceof
petrolin-realtermshasfalleninBelgiumandtheNetherlands,andrisen
veryslightlyinGermanyandtheUnited.Kingdom(seeAnnex7).
/.

- 11-
Greater convergence ofenergy-pricing policies -while recognising the need
forflexibility -therefore seems tobeessential ,solong asthe tendency
forenergy prices torise seems unavoidable .Andrises intheprice ofenergy
would give the consumer anincentive tosave energy ,stimulate investment ,
andencourage thedevelopment ofnew forms ofenergy andenergy substitution .
Any measure which keeps energy prices artificially loworwhich entails
unjustified divergencies would actagainst theobjective ofencouraging the
consumer tosave energy ,ofstimulating investment ,ofbringing onnew
sources and achieving substitution .
Pricing policies must also take into account specific problems such asthat
ofenergy resources used asindustrial rawmaterials ;here the scope for
substitution isextremely small .
'A
Investment .
Energy-related investment byMember States depends markedly onthepotential
ofeach todevelop this orthat natural resource ,onthe present size and
the characteristics ofits'existing plant inthe energy sector ,and onthe
growth ofrequirements .Strictly speaking ,therefore ,itwould beincorrect
totalk of"convergence "inthis connection .
Itmust bepointed out,however ,that disparities inthe burden ofenergy -
related investments onthe economy ,like disparities inthe import burden ,
are afactor ofdivergence between national economies themselves (see Annex 8)
Thecarrying outofenergy saving investments andtheproduction ofsubstitute
fuels isindispensable tothemaintenance ofeconomic growth .Tobeeffective
andnottoaccentuate disequi libria within the Community ,they must bedone
inaco-ordinated way,sothat theburden isfairly shared .The Community
has animportant role toplay inthis respect .
V

-12
PARTII
OBJECTIVES FOR1990
23.As1985drawsnear,onlyLimitedinfluencecanbeecertedonthesituation
inthatyear.Mostofthemajorpolicyorientations andinvestmentdecisions
willnotshowtheireffectsuntilafterabouttenyears.Whatisdecided
noworinthenextyearorsowillthereforedeterminetheCommunity's
energysituationaround1990.Butthesedecisionmustalsoenableusto
startoffinthefollowingperiodonasoundfooting,althoughthiswillbe
moreshroudedindiversuncertainties .
Theseobjectivesfor1990willprovideguidelinesforproducersandconsumers.
Theywillalsopermitcontinuousmonitoringofconvergence oftheMember
States*policies.
Annexe9showsthattheobjectivesproposedbelowarecompatiblewiththe
prospectsfortheenlargedCommunity.Theeconomicandenergysituations
inGreeceandtheothertwocandidatecountriesare,perhapstoagreater
extentthaninthepresentMemberStates,exposedtotheeffectsofan
unfavourable evolutionontheworldoilmarket.Efforttowardsgreater
convergence,helpedbyCommunityaction,willbeequallyindispensable for
thesecountries.
I

.Theforecasts ofthemember States show that theevolution oftheCommunity 's
,energy balance between now and 1990 might beasfollows : ,
1978(estimates )
Million toe
Domestic Net Gross (%)
production imports consumption *)
solid fuels 172.8 25,6 203,2 21
oil64,5 470,0 541,7 55
natural gas135,1 30,8 163,4 17
nuclear energy28,3 28,3 3
others32,7 2,7 35,4 4
Total
%433,4 527,1 972,0 100
46 54 100
<*>Variations instocks explain anydifferences between the sumofthefirst
two columns and thethird .
Y
1990 (forecasts )
Million toe
Domestic Net Gross (%)
production imports consumption
solid fuels 194 ,57 251 18
oil 87/147 i '572/497 659/644 47/46
natural gas 115/130 121 236/251 17/18 !
i
15 I nuclear energy '204:204
others 39: * ' 43I
3
_j
Total639/714 754/679 1393 • 100
X 46/51 54/49 100!
i
i
* ν.
Source :replies bythe member States indocument COM/78/613final ,updated in
mid-February 1979 .They correspond with an-annual average rate of
economic growth of3.9 %. .

-14-
5.Accordingtotheassumptionsforeconomicgrowthunderlyingtheseforecasts,the
"energy/GNP"ratiocouldbeby1985equaltoorlowerthantheobjectiveof0,8
fixedbythe'EuropeanCouncilinJuly1978andcouldmovetowards'0.68inthe
period1986-1990.
•Takingaccountoftheuncertainties surroundingthedevelopment oftheeconomy
'andthesuccessofenergysavingpolicies,aratioofbelow0.7by1990,would
notbeunreasonable .
#
;6.Thereasonsforaceilingonoilimportsin1985arenolessvalidforaceilingin
1990(,c).
Worldoilsupplyprospectsdonotseemtojustifymorethanastabilisation orat
themostaslightincreaseovertheamountof470m.tonnesofnetimportssetas
alimitfor1985bytheEuropeanCouncilinMarch1979.
ThesumofmemberStates'.forecastsdoesnotseemtobecompatiblewiththiscons
traint.Thiswouldbethecaseovenifnuclearprogrammeswereimplemented without
furtherslippageandifdomestichydrocarbonproductionweretoapproachthetop
■oftherangesshown.
•
Sincethesetwoelementsofthebalancearesubjecttogreatuncertainties andthat
furthermorecoalconsumptioncapacityisindangerofbeingbelowtheforecastle­
velofavailablesupplies,itisnecessarytoactmoreonenergydemand,tocounter
theriskofinadequatedomesticenergysupplies.
27.Theachievementoftheobjectiveoflimitingoilimportsto470mtoewhileholding
overalldependenceto50%,willrequiret.iesimultaneous fulfillment ofthefollow­
ingconditions :
-thesettingupbyallmemberstatesofenergysavingprogrammesaimedatbringing
aboutapermanentdissociation betweeneconomicgrowthandgrowthinenergy
consumption,particularly bysupportinginvestmentinenergysaving;
-thepursuitandifpossibletheacceleration ofnuclearpr^jr*ro?nes.Thepublic
concerncausedbytherecentaccidentinapowerstationintheUSAsuggests
thatthereshouldbeabetterorganisation ofactivities
concerningthesafeoperationofplantandthecontinualtraining
of.staff.Suchaction,ofwhichtheCommunitycomponentisevident
byvirtueofthescaleoftheproblem,isaprerequisiteifthosmemberStates
«*
*}c.f.COM/78/613final,para.8et.seg. /

-15-
whichhavenotyetdecidedonorstartedanuclearprogrammearetodoso.
Coalandnucleartogethershouldcoveratleast70-75%ofelectricityproduction .
agreaterincreaseincoal-burning powerstationcapacitythanthatnowforecast;
itshouldinanyeventmakeupforpossibledelaysinnuclearprogrammes.Coal,
consumptioncapacityinindustryasawholeshouldalsobeincreased
-thereversalinthedeclineofcoalproduction(147mtoeor210mtcein1978/;
175mtoeor250mtcein1990)undersdrisfaotoryeconomicconditions
hydrocarbonproductiontowardsthetopoftherangesforecastbymemberStates
for1990(oil:147mtoe;naturalgas:130mtoe)andifpossibleatahigher
level,dependingontheresultsofexploration
•*atleastadoublingofcoalimports,implyingamorp.".crrtive'"co(iimiti Tientonthe
partofconsumers.
28.Theperiodupto1980mustbeexploitedtocreatetheconditionsforsatisfactory
long-termsupplies.Inthisrespect,thereshouldbeanintensification oftechni­
calandscientificresearchatnationalandcommunitylevel"andabetterco-ordi­
nationofnationalpolicies
Newenergysourcesandenergysavingsmakeupthepriorityareaofsuchresearch.
Particularemphasisshouldinadditionbeputonthegasification andliquefaction
ofcoalaswellasoncombustiontechniques.
29.TheCommissionproposesthattheCouncilshouldendorsetheseguidelinesby
adoptingtheattacheddraftresolution. ,
«V

Draft-resolution onenergyobjectivesfor1990
THECOUNCIL
-HavingtakennoteoftheCommunication fromtheCommissionon"CommunityEnergy
Objectivesfor1990andConvergence pfthePoliciesofthememberStates"
-HavingregardtoitsResolutions of17September1974,17December1974and13
February1975<*)
-Havingregardtotheconclusions reachedbytheEuropeanCounrilofJuly1978and
ofMarch1979,fixingfor1985thefollowingobjectives :
.toreduceto0.8theratiobetweentheincreaseinthedemandforenergy
andeconomicgrowth
.tolimitoilimportstothe1978'level,i.e.470milliontonnes
-Whereasadequateandsecureenergysuppliesataslowaspriceaspossibleisa
necessaryconditionforthepursuitoftheCommunity'seconomicandsocialobjec­
tives
-WhereasthegeneralenergypolicyguidelinesoftheCommunityareasfollows:
a)reductionofoilimports
b)energysavingandtherationaluseofenergy
c)increasingtheuseofsolidfuelsandnuclearenergyforelectricity produc­
tion
d)development ofdomesticresourcesofconventional formsofenergyandpromotion
ofnewenergies
e)diversification andsecurityofexternalsupply
f)pricepoliciesaimingatcoveringthecostsofsupplyingenergy,ensuringthe
*equilibriumoftheenergybalanceandencouragingenergy-saving
-Havingregardtothelong-termprospectsforsupplyanddemandtrendsonthe
worldmarketand,inparticular,theriskoffurtherIncreasesinthepriceof
oil •
• *
1. .../.
(*)0JC.153of9July1975,pages1,2and6.

17-
*"•Whereas Community action canhelp tostabilize theworld energy market bymeans
ofcooperation with theenergy-producing countries andwith theconsumer countries ,
inparticular thedeveloping countries
Whereas itisnecessary toprovide guidelines fortheaction ofthemember States /
both producers andconsumers ofenergy bymeans oflong-term quantitative objecti *
vesforthe Community .
Having compared the energy policies ofthe member States and examined their conver -
ψ
genees ;
APPROVES thefollowing Community energy policy objectives for 1990 :
1)Togradually reduce below 0.7theratio between thegrowth ofenergy consumption
and economic growth
2)Tolimit to50%theCommunity 'sdependence onenergy imported .from non-Community
countries and more particularly torestrict to470million tonnes thplew ;of
net imports ofoil (the ,level reached in1978).
AFFIRMS the need,toachieve these aims,for convergent actions bythe member States
andactions bytheCommunity inthefollowing areas : !
1.astepping upofenergy-saving measures
2.anincrease inthe useofsolid fuels andofnuclear energy which ,together ,
should cover 70to75%atleast oftheproduction ofelectricity .This means that
each member State should contribute tothe achievement ofthis overall percentage
forthe Community ,particularly inthefollowing areas s
a)areturn tothe coal output of1973 <250 mtce =175mtoe )under satisfactory
economic conditions
b)asignificant increase intheimports ofcoal from non-Community countries
inrelation tothe 1978 level (31mtce =22mtoe )
c)creation ofgreater solid -fuel-burning capacities inpower stations and,in
certain 'industries
d)restoration ofnuclear energy programmes asfax aspossible infully
satisfactory conditions ofsafety .
3.adaptation ofrefining capacities tothechanged structure oftheworld oil market
4.anincrease intheproduction ofhydrocarbons soastoreach the .
upper level ofthepresent estimates (147mtoe ofbit,130mtoe ofnatural gas);
encouragement ofexploration forthis purpose ;
I
*\ * *

18
5.Encouragement ofthesearchforandtheutilization ofrenewablesourceso.f
energy;
6.Development oftradeinenergyproductsbetweenthememberStates;
7.Orderlyachievement ofthenecessaryinvestments
8.Pursuitofenergypricepoliciesaimedat:
-graduallyensuringthatconsumerpricesreflectthelong-termdevelopment of
supplycosts
-'avoidanceofartificially lowpricesand'reducingtheregressivity oftariffs
-ensuringmarkettransparency -■'.
-graduallysimplifying andharmonizingpriceandconsumertaxpractices.
9*Increasedpublicinformation onallaspectsoftheenerpyproblem
soastomakethepublicawareofurgenciesandpriorities;
RECOMMENDSthatthememberStatesdrawontheaboveobjectivesandguidelinesin
drawinguptheirenergypoliciesandreinforcetheconvergence ofsuchpolicies;
' • •
CONFIRMSitswilltoadopttheCommunitymeasuresneededtocompleteorstrengthen
theactionslaunchedbythememberStatestofurthertheseends
CONFIRMSitswilltocontributetothelong-termstabilityoftheworldenergy
marketbymeansofaconstructive dialoguewiththeproducingcountriesandby
cooperatingwiththeconsumer ,countries,particularly thedevelopingcountries;
CALLSONtheCommissiontoprovideitwithaperiodicreportontheconvergence of
thepoliciesofthememberStatesinrespectoftheseobjectivesandguidelines
and-toproposemeasureslikelytoachievethem.
«V

ANNEX 1
Trend inoïl imports
i i i
Net imports
in1990ofoil
tShare ofnet
gross energy
timports ofoilin
consumption (%)
inmiotoe base
1977=100i 1977
ί
[1990
D 157 i 115! 52Ί 42
124 111 61i 44
123 129 68 51
Ν 63 175 .47 58
B 35 . 130 57 i 58
t 121I
32 27
UK 47/-28 89/- .'25•ii 17/-
IR 11 193 75 I 66
«
DK 10 62 . 83 45
ECl
572/497 .
i■■ t i118/103
I
, I51 ! 41/49
Source ;doc*C0M(78)613 finals jupdated mid-February 1979

Annex 2
Basic Energy-saving Measures :Comparison January 1979 with July 1975
A.THERMAL INSULATION8
75 790
75 79'DK
75'79'F
75 79IT
75 79NL
75 79IRL
75 79UK
75 79.L
75
1)NewBuildings I
Revised building regulations I :ιι . * 1
(compulsory ) residentialχ X X I[χ χX
I * IX X X X
industry χ X XXX
office *«> * χ X X XX.
other χ-
•ιΧ XΧ
Regulations formonitoring andcontrol
•systems ininultioccupied buildings
!•••χ XW
I
•X
2)Existing Buildings
I
"Publicity campaigns χ X X X X X .X x' X X X
Advice centres -grants forexpertise x
••I
•Aids forretrofitting -residential' χ X X.. X X X Χ X ' •X • h
. . -mdustrial •χ X
-other χ
Exemplary public buildings programme X X
B.HEATING SYSTEMS«
*I
i
¥»
Mandatory installation standards x X X X X X
Aids toapproved work toimprove
crreplace heating systems χ[
! x X Xm
X X
iMandatory control ofservicing of
heating systemX X .
I
I .•#
I •X X
CDPublic buildings only
«
••
»»»
*«
i- ■i

TRANSPORT 75
Information campaigns x
Standard mileage tests offuel use :-
Control ofpublicity .
INOUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Information campaigns
Aids foradvice andexpertise for
small and medium-sized businesses
Aids tosupport demonstration
projects andtechnical risks •
Other investment aids " X
DOMESTIC APPLIANCES -/ .
Standard consumption tests :labelling
RATIONAL PRODUCTION ANO USE OF .HEAT •
AND POUER
Measures toencourage co-operation x
between public utilities andauto-
producers
(2)Nomajor initiatives were necessaryv* | h |.IT | NL
75 797579|75 79 7579IRL
75 79»UK
75 - 79 75
χ
χ
(2)(2)χ
Xx X
■XX . .X
X

PU3LICSgCTC*SJ5SET1978:ENERGYSAVINSPROGRAMMES
k
■ ' (MEUA)
Β DI
DK|, I
F !IIRL L NLI
UKTOTAL
EEC
1.General -Information
Campaignsmm4.40.3 j
i2.3mm0.4m*«a
1.54.213.1.
2.Renovationof
existing,buiIdingsI
288 i410.35%
7335437,4
3.Aidstoinvestment
inindustry232934 mm ■*27 8121
14.Démonstrationprojectsj'20(1)
I58 1337
15.Researchanddevelopment (4)433 3I |
I« i.100.2 740139.2
6.Other
•*#ém 530.35
iTOTAL^millionsofEUA4368.478.3!86.710.0.6 114120.2782,7
fEUApercapita 0/4!6,015,41,60,20,2|
t
i8,32,2!3,0
I
I –'
t*%\&i•i"Vl•ncawo\lufjuwer,aisinci I
CZ>Principallyenergysavinginpublicbuildings.
(3)Noestimateprovidedforthevalueoftax
reductions,accelerateddepreciation.
C4)Theseestimatesarenotfinal.* t |Sources:.Questionnaire onMemberStates
"""énergyprogranmesAoril1978.
:RepliestoQuestionnairecirculated
byDGIV25/8/1978.
îWorkofgroupsofexperts.
:Population :EUR0STAT

ANNEX4
Sourcesofelectricity production -1978-1990
inmtoe
*1
Country 1
I1978(1) .'1990(2)
Solid
fùelsîOil NueLear
energyOther ,'Solid
fuels
I(3)Oil
(3):Juclear
energy
(3)Other
D 46.57.07.4,16.852.77.158.225.6
I
F 12,911.96.4.18.76.86.470.017.8
I 1.621.10.9 ί14.96.824.045.016.2
Ν 1.12.30.8 I9.45.87.42.74.6
Β 2.43.92.62.33.7/7.02.6/5.37.92.6
UK 45.313.17.12.258.0.■15.0/17.a20.03.0/1.0
IR 0.71.6 0.12.61.90.80.7
DK 2.9
i2.2
I4.00.73.4 î
i
EEC(3) 113.4
(4)63.125.264.4140/144
<4>(5)65/70
(5)208.0
(5)70/68
<1)Source ;:EUROSTAT(estimates)
(2)Source:doc.COM/78/613final
(3)IncludingLuxembourg
<4)Figureincludes+/-25mtoeligniteandpeat
(5)Therevisedestimatesofnuclearcapacitymadeatthebeginningof1979meant
166mtoelessnuclearenergyproductionin1990thanthe208mtoegivenhere.
Theshortfallbreaksdownasfollows:D-3.1,F+2.0,I-10.2,N-1.7-,B-0.2
andDK-3.4.Thefiguresforconventional thermalelectricitygeneration (chiefly
oilandcoal-based)thereforerepresentaminimumwhichwillprobablybeexceeded
inmostmemberStates.
V

Β.
1978 • 1990
Solid Γοϊι miclear IOtherISol 10 [ou jNuclear 'IOther
fuels energy fuels energy
D 59.8 9.0 9.5 21.7 36,7I 40.5 17.9
F 25.8 23.9 12.8 37.5 6.5 6.1 66.7 20.7
I 4.2 54.8 2.3 38.7 7.4 26.1 48.9 17.6 ·.=■
Ν 8.1 16.9 5.9 69.1 28.3 36.0 13.2
I-22.5 .
Β 21.5 34.8 23.2 20.5 22.0 /30.7 16.8 /23.'34.6 /47.0 13.6 /10.1
UK 66.9 19.3 10.5 3.3 60.4 15.6/17."^20.8 3.2/1.1,
1R 29.2 66.7 4.1 43.3 31.6 13.3 11.8
PK .- 63.4 48.1 49.4 8.6 42.0
EEC 42.6 23.7 9.5 24.2 29.0 13.7/14.;|44/4213.3/14.8
; 1– J – ιi ;f ' II M
(Seetable A.for notes )-

ANNEX5
Totalurnr.i'Jinexploration expenditure -vithintheCorrmnitT
x1,000KJA
Kc.-oer
State1975-77
a1978
(estinate)1979
(estimate)
Β»·'«fV ••t,150 400
D6,400;;-3,000 3.000
DK 160 70 400
F43,360 25,000- 30,000
IRL 500 2,000 3,000
ΙΓ
τβ,οοο 3,500, "6,000
êé
;·Ί* 40 20
UK 240 150 200
Total58,700 • 33,910 43,020
iCommuni-é
ty-sup­
port
(Art.70)6.000,•1
5.000jî
i5.000
!
•» · .·Source:Commission'sestimate~basedonarticle70andpublication ofINEA/1AEA
uraniumresources*,productionanddemand-December1977
iJ ••

ANNEX 6
ExDenditure ofthemember States andthe
Community onResearch andDevelopment andaid
tpdemonstration proiects inthefield ofnew
forms ofenergy and inenergy savings
(A=million EUA;b=EUAperhead of
population
Country1976 1977 l 1978
A Β « Iθ A Β
Belgium tud.i
i8.51 0.87
i -7.8 0.79
Denmark n.d .7 n.d .. n.d ..
Federal Republic o1
German
France55.5 ν
77*6 r0.9
*1.47 -.58.6-
99*OT0.95 |
1.79 I96»4fu
120.2*71.57
.2.-26
Irêland I
I.0.09 , 0.03 0.3Ô • 0.12 0.71 : 0.22
Ital y 27.6 0.49 i
ι35.3 r 0.63 50.7 0.90
Luxembourg I
Netherlands . ■. !12.8 .· 0.93 •18.4 , 1.33 19.3 1.39
United Kingdom 40..7 .0.73 45.1 * 0.81 61.0 - 1.09
Total nember States (215.4).' (26l;15 ) (1.01 )(356.11 ) (1.37 )
»
Community **
(million EUA )
É34.7 ,0.i356.6- 0,«2 76.2 0.29
(%oftotal
member States ) (16,1% ) (21.7%)V
(21.4% )
Total member States +
Community ,I
I
(250)•I
(317.75 ) .(1.23J (432.3 ) .(1.67 )
^ *•> >1 . • *-<*■■■
** Direct and indirect actions .

ANNEX .7
Consumer selling prices forpetrol and heavy fuel oil
I1
CountryRange ofprices in1978
(highest =100) <*)Changes inreal prices 1973-1978
(1978 price expressed asanindex ,
with 1973 =100)
Petrol Fuel-oi I Petrol Fuel-oil '
D 51,5 ^1
.54,7
*104,6 174
65,9 I 51,9 ! 122,1 166
I 100 65,5 146,8 '176,4
N 54,9 52,2 97,2 172,6
Β 55,2 48,9 97,2 127,1
I.
UK 53,8 77,6 107,5 198,5
IR 65,9 100 133,7 203,5
DK 51,5 56
I114,4
I.
t167,2 •
<*>Prices expressed Interms ofacomparable scale ofpurchasing power .

ANNEX .8. . . ...
Burden ofenergy supplies onthe economy
? Co**un . I.» Iί'' IΗΓ~ ιINL I B I«* 1!IRU !
Energy Investments
• GDP1»>7 1,20
*1.42 1.43 1.611,27
*--■■■■ |
0.82 2.77 1.891,03
'Netimports '(i)- >~/ I
GDP JI
3.49
• I
I2.97 3.94 6.79 0.21 5.28 17.59 1.88 7.36 4.25
Energy investment +net impo
GDP i
______________ • |•tS.Oo M7*
_j5,36 3.22 1.826,55 *
18.41 4.65 9.255,23
: :Commurt .IL_» I193
I !il•»1985
!» NU ! B IIt i! UK II«.~ - 'OK
Enèrgy investme nts
GDP1,63
1.« 1.27 2.14 1.481,21
*
•0.53 2.36 N.D.•1.1H
Netimoorts '(l)
GDP3.11 2.82 3.S 6.77 ■1.68 5.2* 16.62 -0.31 8. 2.98
Energy investment s^npt imofl r
■GDP4.3 4.77 .8.91 3.166,^5
*
17.15 2.05N.O.*,39
: __j [Commun ,II•198
l'r I6-1990
Il I!M. f9 I! L !f UK IfIRl PK
Energy investments
GDPN.D. N.D. 1.11 N.D. •1.07 1.07 ■ 0.47 2.45 >1.0.0,91
Netimports (j)
GDP•2.97 2.52 . 3.01«
5.933.15 ]
I5.33 16.02I
0.17 8.73 2.35
Energy investment s+net imnn r
J GDP:s
N.D. N.D. 4.12 N.D. 4.22 6.4 16.49 2.62 N.D.}.26
• Estimates
(1)Imoorts calculared atDecember 1976orices ,i.e. 6"(constant )95pertoe
Source :doc.COM/72/613final,up-dated mid-February 1979

ANNEX9
Energyobjectivesandenlargement
Inadoptingenergyobjectivesfor1990/theCouncilshouldtakeinto
consideration theapproachingenlargementoftheCommunity.
1.TheenergyprospectsofGreecearecharacterised,asformostofthe
presentmemberstates,byaheavydependenceonimportedenergy
<57%in1990)andparticularly onimportedoil.Thenecessarydevelo-
mentoftheGreekeconomywillprobablyleadtoarateofgrowthof
energyconsumptionhigherthantheaveragefortheCommunityofnine.
Overall,theobjectiveswhichtheCommissionproposestoadoptare
equallyvalid,subjecttopossiblerevisionsofthefigures,forthe
enlargedCommunity.
Intheinterim,thevariousaspectsofGreekenergypolicyandtheir
convergence withthepoliciesofthepresentmemberstatesshouldbe
examinedaccordingtotheappropriate procedures.
2.ThelateradherenceofSpainandPortugalwillalsonotsignificantly
modifytheoverallstateoftheCommunityenergybalancein1990
althoughenergyconsumptionisonabiggerscale:122mtoe,against
33mtoeinGreeceand15mtoein.Portugal.LikeGreece,thesecountries
willexperience ahighrateofgrowthofenergyconsumption,andwill
remainheavilydependentonimportedoil.Concerningprimaryfuelsupplies
Spainhasnotinsignificant uraniumresources.Hydrocarbonexploration
inSpainandonitscontinentalshelfhasbeengoingonforsomeyears.
3.EvenmoreperhapsthanforthepresentmembersoftheCommunity,the
combinedweightofenergy.importsandofinvestments inproductionand
energysavingwillrepresentforGreece,SpainandPortugalanoverriding
necessityyetatthesametime'aheavyconstraint ontheeconomy.
4.Statisticalindicationsoftheenergyprospectsfor1990ofthe
Communityenlargedtotenandtotwelveareshownintheattachedtables.
/

TABLE 1
Energy consumption per head
1978 (estimates ) 1990 (forecasts )
EUR-9ι
ί
3,6 4,9
Greece 1,6 3,3
Spain 2,0 3,7
PortugalI1'21,5
TABLE 2
Energy forecasts ofthethree countries for 1990
Production (mtoe )
Greece (1)|Spain (1)
Ita !IPortugal
Solid fuels 9 15 0,1
Oil 1 9
Natural gas 0,2
Nuclear 3
ι23 1,4
Hydro 1 9 1,5
Total 14*2 II 56
Net imports3'°
(mtoe )
Solid fuels 1 3 0,5
Oil 18 52 11
Natural gas 11
Nuclear
Hydro
Total 19 66 11,5
Gross internal
consumpt ion 33,2 122 14,5
Degree ofdependence (%) 57,2 54 79,3

TABLE 3
Energy balance forthe enlarged Community
t I t
mtoe EUR-9 EUR-10<*> EUR-12("}
Production
Solid fuels 193 202 217
Oil 87/147 88/148 97/157
Natural gas 116/131 116/131 116/131 •
Nuclear 208 211 235
Hydro 39 40 51
Total 643/718 657/732 716/791
Net imports
Solid fuels 55 56 60
Oil 580/505 598/523 661/586
Natural gas 122 122 . 133
Nuclear
Hydro A► 4 4
Total 761/686 780/705 858/783
j
EUR-9 EUR *-10 EUR­-12
Total mtoe % mtoe % mtoe %
Solid fuels 248 18 258 18 277 18
Oil < 667/652 48/46 687/672 48/47 758/743 48/47
Natural gas 238/252 16/18 238/232 16/17 249/263 16/17
Nuclear 208 15 211 15 235 15
Hydro 43 3 44 3 55 3
Total 1404 100 !1437 100 1574 100
(*) EUR-9 plus Greece
<**) EUR-9 plus Greece ,Spain andPortugal .