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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COH(fS) 129 final·
Brussels, 1? March 19— ··
THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMUNITY
Guidelines for a new Community Framework 
Programme of technological research 
and development 
1987-1991
(Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament)
CCK(£6) 129 final.

- I -
The Science and Technology Community :
Guidelines for a new Framework Programme of technological research
and development 1987-1991
SUMMARY
1. A new deal for Europe
Europe accepts the challenge.
In a world characterized by the acceleration of the process of 
innovation, the global application of production techniques, the 
development of services and, lastly, the expansion of defence 
programmes and the importance attached to space in national 
technological development, Europe is beginning to organize. The year 
1985 saw the launching of the Technology Community, the EUREKA 
initiative and the formal confirmation, in the European Single Act, of 
technological R&D activities.
Today, the Commission is presenting its guidelines for a new Framework 
Programme of technological research and development during the period 
1987-91.
2. The contribution of the Community dimension to technological R&D in 
Europe
The success and reputation of such programmes as ESPRIT, RACE and 
BRITE rest on an appreciation of the added value generated by 
Community technological R&D activities.
The Community provides a framework for a synergy of efforts and 
abilities; it thus promotes the attainment of economies of scale and 
critical size and provides the opportunities for diversification 
called for by rapid and expensive scientific and technical 
development.
Community action creates the fertile soil for greater creativity and 
cooperation on the part of the .scientists and industrialists involved 
in strategic programmes and priority and significant projects.
The Community framework links efforts in the field of technology to 
the large European market. In 1992 it will lead to open public-sector 
markets based on common standards and a common industrial property 
policy.
The resources allocated to research are drawn from the Community 
budgetary instruments; a,s a supplementary measure, the coming months 
will see the presentation of new financial instruments specially 
tailored to the particular needs of scientists and industrialists.
The Community context also ensures 
policy which extends and underpins 
indust ri ali st s.a link with a dynamic commercial 
the efforts of research workers and

- II -
Lastly, the Community provides a coherent framework for the 
optimization of the efforts of the Member States, the exploitation of 
their specific potential and avoidance of the duplication of 
activities, all of which benefits both the Community as a whole and 
its individual regions.
3. A new institutional legitimacy for technological research and 
development
The European Single Act provides a new political and legal basis for 
the development of the Community's scientific and technical strategy.
Community activity in the field of technological R&D will be conducted 
in a series of programmes at three levels, namely :
- a unanimously approved multiannual Framework Programme, which will 
provide the basis for the balanced overall development of Community 
actions;
- specific programmes, adopted by a qualified majority, which are 
concerned with particular objectives, designed to promote 
cooperation between all the partners and open to participation by 
non-member countries;
- supplementary programmes in which Member States will participate on 
a voluntary basis.
4. What are the priorities for Community action ?
The outline document proposes the adoption of seven lines of action 
adapted to the new requirements of the 1990s.
These lines of action, which are essentially intended to lead to the 
improvement of Europe's international competitiveness, a better 
quality of life and the creation of a genuine research workers'
Europe, cover the following seven topics :
- management of resources (particularly in agriculture);
- management of energy;
- competitiveness of industry and services (information technology, 
telecommunications, etc.);
- quality of life ("Europe against cancer", the fight against AIDS, 
safety, environmental protection, etc.);
- science and technology for development;
Europe's scientific and technical potential;
general suport for scientific and technical development (innovation, 
scientific networks, machine translation, etc.).

-  I l l  -
The Commission advocates a substantial increase in activities designed 
to increase the competitiveness of industry and its services, not only 
in the light of the changing world scientific and technological 
context but also because of the increasing pressure of the external 
challenge facing our continent.
As regards the management of energy, the Commission hopes to 
consolidate Europe's world lead in thermonuclear fusion which, 
moreover, is one of the areas where efforts are integrated on a fully 
European scale.
A fairly substantial reorganization of activities is recommended with 
regard to other aspects of energy research. Nevertheless the 
Commission is of the opinion that the present, still unpredictable 
fluctuations in the price of petrol should not lead to the abandonment 
of this type of research which remains an important factor for the 
diversification of the Community's sources of supply and the reduction 
of its energy consumption.
The Commission is also examining the possibility of including 
activities on the exploitation of space and the development of 
aeronautics in the list of actions to be conducted in the next 
Framework Programme.
The scale of the challenge and the Community's ability to respond will 
necessitate an appreciable increase in the financial resources, both 
public and private, national and Community, made available for 
research and technology. For its part, the Commission puts the total 
financial commitments required for the implementation of the 1987-1991 
Framework Programme at 10.000 MioECUs. Although this amount 
constitutes an appreciable increase in relation to the budget for the 
preceding Framework Programme, it represents less than 5 /. of total 
research expenditure in the Member States over the same period.
5. New arrangements for implementing Community research
For the future Framework Programme, the Commission is in favour of a 
significant increase in shared-cost actions of the ESPRIT type 
compared with the direct-action projects carried out at the Joint 
Research Centre, the role and tasks of which are to be reevaluated a 
discussed in a forthcoming communication.
Furthermore, in addition to those already established for 
technological R&D in the Community, new implementing arrangements wi 
be prepared, for example through the creation of joint enterprises o 
the initiation of supplementary programmes for which the European 
Single Act provides.
The Commission is prepared to examine the possibility of setting up 
flexible structures of the "agency type" as a means of creating an 
interface between Community priorities and policies on the one hand 
and the specific requirements of operators.

- IV -
Lastly; Community budgetary intervention will be supplemented by a 
number of facilities deriving from new Commission initiatives in 
respect of financial instruments or techniques, particularly in the 
case of technological R8D programmes for industrial-scale application 
which are close to the market, such as the EUREKA projects.
6. An open, confident Technology Community
The Technology Community cannot withdraw behind its geographical and 
institutional frontiers.
By adopting an open stance towards the outside world, it will 
reinforce its international cooperation along the lines already 
established in the field of thermonuclear fusion.
On a strictly European level, the Commission recommends a 
strengthening of relations with the European Space Agency, CERN, the 
European Science Foundation and the Council of Europe.
Bilateral cooperation with the EFTA countries will acquire a new 
dimension with the implementation of framework agreements for 
scientific and technical cooperation which have already been, or are 
about to be, signed.
In the execution of the Framework Programme, considerable importance 
will be attached to the development of cooperation within the 
framework of COST, in which many non-Member countries are involved.
Lastly, the Commission supports the EUREKA initiative. It considers 
that, by virtue of their complementarity, Community programmes and the 
EUREKA projects constitute a single whole orientated towards the 
attainment of the same objective, namely improved international 
industrial competitiveness and greater employment and prosperity in 
Europe.
Consequently, the Community and, in particular the Commission, can 
make a variety of contributions designed to ensure that the potential 
of the EUREKA initiative is fully realized; these include :
- cooperation in EUREKA projects,
- the secondment of qualified staff to the EUREKA secretariat,
- the organization of industrial seminars,
- the provision of access to an information communication system 
developed within the ESPRIT framework,
“ access to the large market,
- suitable, new institutional and financial frameworks.

7. Tomorrow/· the 1987-1991 Framework Programme
Following the forthcoming discussion of these guidelines by the 
Council and Parliament, the Commission will submit its formal proposal 
for a Framework Programme of technological research and development 
1987-1991 in July of this year.
*
* *

-  1 -
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. Aim of the document
III. Current position and prospects: Europe in the international context
IV. The challenge within: achievement of the European Science and Technology 
Community
1. Selection criteria
2. Lines of action
3. Financial balance
V. Implementation of the European Science and Technology Community
1. General framework
2. Preparatory, implementation, financing and evaluation arrangements
A. Existing implementation procedures, role of the JRC
B. New procedures
C. Evaluation of results
3. Accompanying measures
4. An open, confident Technology Community
- EUREKA
- COST
VJ. Conclusions
Annex I :  Summary table of Community actions
Annex II :  Information sheets relating to Community actions

-  2 - ·
The Science and Technology Community
I.  Introduction
The Member States of the European Community are today faced with a task 
of major importance :  the practical realization of a Science and 
Technology Community.
The intention is certainly not to throw away opportunities or fruitful 
possibilities for cooperation with non-Community countries. On the 
contrary, these Commission proposals cover the opening-up of Community 
projects to European countries outside the Community and the improvement 
of opportunities for cooperation - on an equal footing - with the major 
non-European partners.
The Community is in fact in a position to define and adopt a 
technological research and development strategy on a continental scale .
The European dimension is essential in order to meet the considerable and 
increasing costs of technological R&D, to take advantage of economies of 
scale and of the resultant opportunities for diversification, and to 
ensure greater synergy between efforts and capacities in rapidly evolving 
scientific and technical fields.
The Community framework makes it possible, in an overall strategic 
context, to optimize the various measures required to improve, with a 
high degree of complementarity, Europe's economic competitiveness and 
scientific and technological base, namely :
- cooperation between scientific and industrial participants in strategic 
programmes and priority and significant projects, the results of which 
they share at a low cost;
- the creation of a vast precursor internal market through a coherent 
policy on standardization, the opening-up of markets, industrial 
property, competition, etc.;
- the provision of appropriate financial resources through the use of 
existing financial instruments and the new financial management 
machinery;
- co-operation in the planning, creation and use of complex and expensive 
infrastructures (telecommunications, instruments and large-scale 
scientific equipment);
- the establishment of greater cohesion on behalf of the least-favoured 
regions and population groups through the use of structural funds for 
the attainment of the Community's economic and social objectives;
- reliance on the common foreign and trade policy for the purpose of 
adopting common positions in major international discussions;
* ·  - the development of education and training on the basis of close
cooperation at Community level between the universities and industry 
and through the development of new equipment and systems designed to

- 3 -
facilitate adjustment to the forthcoming changes in professional 
qualifications and to make available the high degree of expertise 
required for the mastery of new technologies.
Thus, the creation of a Science and Technology Community, which has been 
regarded as a difficult, if not an impossible task to date, can now be 
guaranteed.
Indeed, the Community has been enlarged to 12 Member States and thus has 
a new political, economic and commercial base.
The European Council meeting in Milan (28 and 29 June 1985) approved and 
adopted the Commission's memorandum "Towards a European Technology 
Community".
The declaration of principle approved in Hannover (November 1985) clearly 
identified EUREKA and the projects that will result from it as an 
extension of Community and multilateral European R,D&D activities, with a 
view to optimizing the industrial potential of these projects.
Furthermore, framework science and technology cooperation agreements 
between the Community and several other European countries (Austria, 
Finland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland) have already been, or will 
shortly be, concluded.
Moreover, the chapters on the "Internal Market" and "Technological 
Research and Development" in the Single Act have opened the way to the 
simultaneous coordinated development of Community scientific, 
technological, industrial and commercial policy.
Finally, these developments, at international economic, scientific and 
technological level (aeronautics, space, major military programmes, 
etc.) confirm the Commission's view that the implementation of an 
ambitious new European scientific and technical strategy now seems to be 
both necessary and possible.
Necessary, because the scientific and technological capacities of the 
great economic powers over the next decade will largely determine their 
ability to secure growth and jobs.
Possible, because of the close cooperation and climate of confidence 
which have been established between Community enterprises and scientific 
organizations in recent years, as well as between the latter and the 
Commission, particularly within the framework of the ESPRIT, RACE and 
BRITE programmes.
Possible also, because the Community provides a favourable organizational 
framework for bringing together and committing the required resources: 
coordinated use of human and financial resources, concerted and planned 
growth of national and Community funds.
See chapter III of this document

II. Aim of the document
In the Council resolution of 25 July 1983 which approved - as regards the 
principles, objectives and criteria for selecting projects - the 
Framework Programme of Community scientific and technological objectives 
1984-87, provision was made for a review of the programme "in 1985 at the 
Latest".
During 1985, research was the subject of much discussion and many 
initiatives at European level: the European Council in Milan, the EUREKA
ministerial conference and the Luxembourg intergovernmental conference.
On this basis the Commission, as it announced in particular in its 
communication "Towards a European Technology Community", feels that this 
review should now be "carried out speedily so as to ensure that a second
Framework Programme for 1987-91 __ is drawn up and adopted without
del
ay".
This document aims to sketch the broad outlines of the Framework 
Programme for 1987-91 and appropriate ways and means of implementing it.
On the basis of this initial document - which does not represent the 
Commissions formal proposal and which is completely without prejudice to 
its final content - the Commission would like to know the opinions and 
attitudes of the Community institutions, especially as regards:
scientific and technical approaches, 
priorities and balances,
- the level of financial resources to be set aside for the period 1987- 
91.
In the light of these discussions and the conclusions reached, the 
Commission will prepare a formal proposal for the Framework Programme 
1987-91 and submit it to the Council and Parliament in July 1986.
Ill. Current position and prospects: Europe in the international
context
In recent years, notwithstanding persistent and disquieting weaknesses 
which will be analysed below, the Member States have shown not only that 
they could cope with a serious crisis, but that they could, through 
joining together and/or cooperating, create an almost unparalleled force 
in the world.
Furthermore, Europe is maintaining its status as a major world trading 
power, since more than a third of international trade passes through the 
Community. 40% of the industrial production of what is the most open 
economy in the world, the European Community, is traded with non- 
member states, i.e. 25% to 30% of its gross domestic product, as compared 
with 10-20% in the case of the United States and Japan.
Europe has, thanks to the EMS, managed to preserve a significant degree 
of monetary stability in the face of the fluctuations in the dollar and 
many other foreign currencies.
2C0M(85)final, 30.9.1985.

- 5 -
Apart from gaining an increasing control over inflation, the Community 
Member States have achieved a slow, but genuine increase in investments 
and in productivity through the improved distribution of added value for 
the benefit of firms; their growth in this respect is greater than that 
of the United States, for example«
On the various world markets, Europe's performance has been comparable to 
that of its formidable trading adversary, Japan (especially in the OPEC 
area). As far as energy is concerned, in ten years Europe's considerable 
efforts have reduced its dependence on oil from 65 to 45%, whereas Japan 
still relies on oil for more than 60% of its requirements.
Lastly, European successes in the field of science and technology 
(Airbus, Ariane, CERN, JET, ESPRIT, BRITE, RACE...) underline the value 
and effectiveness of Europe's R,D&D potential.
This very brief survey of some of the encouraging European figures 
clearly must not conceal the darker aspects of the situation that argue 
even more insistently for an offensive European research and innovation 
strategy specifically aimed at the objective of international 
competitiveness as a means of improving employment opportunities.
Out in the arena with the great industrialized countries, the Community 
Member States are confronted with those whose scientific and technical 
potential and dynamism are not only very considerable, but sometimes 
quite out of proportion to their own. Development of science and 
technology policies by the European nations is still marked to a notable 
extent by the economic conditions that prevailed in the seventies, 
although a certain revival is beginning to make an impression. Because 
most of the European governments were (and still are) greatly concerned 
with solving the unemployment problem, science and technology policy was 
not, for the most part, a major priority and its financing was, 
therefore, subject to severe constraints, in spite of the close links 
between technology, growth and employment.
Fortunately, this trend was reversed towards the end of the decade when 
most of the governments had realized how important strong R&D was for a 
growth economy. There has been, in particular, a tendency to give 
priority to applied research, geared to economic needs; most of the 
European countries now have science and technology policies with 
increasing emphasis on innovation and improving the links between basic 
research and industry.
The scale of the effort required must not, however, be underestimated.
In fact there is no single European country, however big, which is 
capable of facing up to today's technological challenges on its own. To 
appreciate the scale of the effort which is needed, it is worth taking a 
close look at five trends that have been marked in recent years:
the acceleration of the innovation process, that is competition 
through innovation at the international level. It is the force of 
this current which determines the extent to which new technologies, 
products and processes make their appearance, together with the 
support which comes from large-scale research programmes. Thus, 
European countries owe it to themselves to ensure that thebe is 
significant growth in the financial resources devoted to R&D if they 
do not wish to be left behind, once and for all, in today's race to 
innovate;

-  6 -
- the spread in all fields of economic and social activity of new 
technologies which are subject to extremely rapid change (data 
processing, biotechnology, materials);
- the acceleration of the tendency of productive activities to be 
developed on a world-wide scale, a significant factor which can also 
be observed in the world of science and technology and which carries 
the risk of watering down Europe against the will of its Member 
States;
- the rise in the number of "non-material" activities, i.e. the rapid
increase in jobs in the service sector. The wealth of nations is 
founded, and will continue increasingly in the foreseeable future to 
be built, on highly efficient service activities: services to
production, financial services, communication and information 
services, services linked with distribution, training, research, etc;
lastly and perhaps above all, in the short and medium term, the growth 
in defence programmes and their repercussions as regards the world 
system of research, science and technology. Since the traditional 
frontier between civilian and military research is in fact dissolving, 
major defence programmes are beginning to have a dual scientific and 
technological purpose.
The big defence programmes concentrate R&D into a number of key fields, 
such as telecommunications, sophisticated energy sources, large-scale 
computers, advanced materials and space. In many countries, this means 
large contracts for the big industrial groups (whose R&D structure is 
often geared to specialist military applications). At the same time, 
these programmes absorb an increasing proportion of the overall research 
potential in terms of financing and personnel.
It is worth dwelling for a moment, on this point, particularly as 
regards the USA. There the State is assuming an increasingly significant 
role through the R&D budgets of the Department of Defense (DOD). The 
large increase in expenditure on R&D in the United States must be seen in 
direct relation to its military programmes, the most recent and intensive 
acceleration being linked with the strategic defence initiative (SDI).
In only a few years the proportion of the public expenditure budget 
accounted for by military R&D - i.e. 40 000 million dollars out of a 
total of 57 000 million dollars in 1986 - has risen from 50% to 70%.
Apart from the general effect of acceleration that such financial 
injections have on the development of technologies, the programmes in 
question frequently involve areas of research which are entirely new and 
original (serving both civilian and military interests), providing the 
foundations for the production and services of tomorrow. Furthermore, 
such programmes are designed with a view to developing systems and not 
just components or products, a major factor in future competitiveness. 
Again,the resources which are devoted to such programmes are a direct 
subsidy to the industries which implement them.
Finally, the latest efforts made by the United States may be seen as a 
controlled part of the shift towards research on a world scale, given 
that they have the effect of setting up cooperation networks for 
technological research as well as development.

- 7 -
This is the picture that should be taken into account in setting up a 
Community technological R&D system. Unconnected national endeavours are 
likely for a long time to deprive the Community of the resources it needs 
to make significant breakthroughs in fields which are just as important 
to Europeans; this national dispersion is also likely to reduce the role 
of Europeans to that of subcontractors in projects which they will not 
have the means to gear to their own interests.
Extending the comparison between the Member States and the rest of the 
world, even if it is difficult to predict how the industrialized 
countries' science and technology policies will evolve in the medium and 
long term it is possible to discern a number of trends.
An analysis of the trends observed over the past decade with regard to 
public expenditure on R&D shows that the 12 Community Member States 
should be devoting around 230 000 million ECU'5 of public funds to R,D&D 
over the period 1987-1991, whereas the gross domestic expenditure of 
these countries on R&D is estimated at 460 000 million ECU. (As 
indicated on page 13 of this document, this overall estimate embraces the 
very uneven breakdown that exists between the various Member States). 
During the same period, domestic expenditure on R&D should be around 
1 000 000 million ECU in the United States and 330 000 million ECU in 
Japan (according to an estimate based on an extrapolation from OECD 
figures for the past ten years). As far as R&D is concerned then, the 
Community falls between Japan, whose technological performance hardly 
needs reiterating, and the USA.
This position should also be viewed in the light of the comparative 
economic status of each of the three regions. With regard to GDP, 
those of the Community and the USA are more or less identical, whereas 
that of Japan is around 50% less. Assuming that this trend continues 
until 1991, the Community countries' 460 000 million ECU should thus be 
compared with 660 000 million ECU for Japan (therefore at a comparable 
GDP).
Although this is not a flawless argument, it does prove the validity of 
the dynamic strategy adopted by Japan and the United States as regards 
future R&D.
It can also be seen that the Community is not in a particularly strong 
position compared with the other industrialized countries. The total 
USSR expenditure on R&D in 1983 was 26 000 million roubles, i.e.
38 000 million ECU, as compared with the 55 000 million ECU spent by the 
12 Member States. Assuming that these trends continue, the amount 
corresponding to the Member States' 460 000 million ECU for the period 
1987-91 should be around 320 000 million ECU in the USSR; all the same,if 
the documents of the 26th Congress, are anything to go by, it is highly 
likely that this figure will be exceeded. It is also worth noting the 
considerable increase in the number of research workers, which has more 
than tripled since 1965 and is Likely to match the US figure in 1987. 
Significant too is the signing on 18 December 1985 of the "framework 
programme for the scientific and technical progress of the COMECON States 
until the year 2000", a huge, ambitious programme.
^The estimates are all expressed at current rates.
Domestic expenditure on R&D, i.e. public and private expenditure. Around 50% 
of the total funds available for R&D is accounted for by oublic financing in 
the 12 Member States, whereas the corresponding figures are 22% for Japan and 
52% for the USA.

Lastly, a number of other countries are emerging gradually in the 
fields of science and technology - China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Korea, 
etc. - further intensifying "international competition through 
innovation".
Against this general background, Europe must be given power, status and 
competitiveness at international level and be provided with a solid 
base, i.e. a scientific and technological system able to meet challenges 
at home and abroad: this the Commission sees as a fundamental objective.
As far as Community activities are concerned, therefore, the Commission 
considers it vital to give technological research and development 
special priority together with a correspondingly special rate of growth 
in the relevant budget appropriations.

- 9 -
IV. The challenge within: achievement of the European Science 
and Technology Community “  —
Faced with S/T competition from outside, Europe - this heterogeneous 
collection of ageing countries in a rejuvenating world - is likely to 
slide gradually into oblivion, despite the substantial advantages it can 
call on, if it does not make proper use of these advantages and, in 
particular, of the scale and momentum of the Community.
All the analyses carried out by the Commission, the conclusions of which 
are widely shared not only by the European Parliament and the Economic 
and Social Committee but also by those responsible for national R&D 
policies and by the representatives of the scientific and industrial 
world show that the European Community must constitute the basis and the 
heart of any such undertaking.
The Commission believes that it must conduct its activities 
simultaneously on three fronts; this will involve :
a) completion of the internal market which should be effective in 1992. 
^  The establishment of this market should enable the Member States to"
combine, in the advanced technology field, the opening-up of their 
public-sector markets with access to the corresponding scientific 
and technical know-how. An innovative public procurement policy and 
a common R, D&D strategy are thus to be considered jointly;
b) the adoption of new financial mechanisms, which should make it 
possible to ensure synergy between public and private financing;
c) the continuation and development of a technological R&D strategy 
which, in the coming years must involve a fundamental response to 
the following major objectives :
the strenthening of the scientific and technological basis of 
European industry and the development of its international 
competitiveness (Subsection V, Chapter VI of the Single Act);
- the strengthening of the Community's economic and social cohesion, 
v. All the Member States and all the regions of the Community must 
benefit from the results of the Framework Programme and of the 
subsequent specific programmes, and must be involved in the 
development process based on the foundations thus established.
The means to be employed and pooled in the context of this dynamic 
operation will include the ERDF, the IMPs, the coordination of 
other financial instruments (Social Fund, EAG6F guidelines, etc.) 
and the definition of new loan instruments^
'  - a 9?nerfi; improvement in the quality of life within the Community
(this objective, which covers numerous projects concerning health, 
safety and the environment, must both complement and offset the 
goal "technological and industrial competitiveness").
To achieve these objectives it appears essential to increase 
substantially both public and private funding within the Member States 
£ n_ d to ensure a significant growth in Community S/T appropriationTlïhTch 
must accompany increased cooperation between the different participants 
in scientific and technological development (industry, universities.

-  10 -
At national level, expenditure on R, D&D still seems comparatively 
slight, averaging only 2 % of GNP ghereas, for example, the corresponding 
figure is already 2.8 % in the USA and should reach 3 % in Japan by the 
end of the decade.
It should be noted however that there are significant differences between 
Community Member States; the 2 % of GNP which they devote on average-to 
research covers national efforts ranging from 0.35 % to 2.4 %.
It will be up to the individual States to decide what form any increases 
should take, either by stepping up public spending or by encouraging an 
expansion of the industrial research effort.
At Community level expenditure in both absolute value and as a percentage 
of the Community budget is also modest (about 3% of the general budget of 
the Communities and 2.5% of total national public spending on R&D). In 
view of the incentive effect and coordinating force of Community spending 
on R&D, these funds should be substantially increased and at the same 
time the aim should be to achieve optimum use of both Community and 
Member State resources.
Achievement of the major objectives outlined above should help to promote 
within the Community of Twelve a scientific and technological system that 
will allow balanced but selective development. This wish for selectivity 
should not, however, lead to certain fields being excluded which come 
within the responsibility of the Community (teaching and training, 
establishment of a research workers' Europe, agriculture, industry, 
preservation and improvement of the human environment, health, safety, 
etc.).
This development should be based on a set of projects that make maximum 
use of the added value offered by the Community dimension. In concrete 
terms, this Community added value is manifested by the following 
advantages :
- cost sharing,
- the spreading of scientific risks (discussion of objectives and 
methods, greater number of scientific responses),- an increase in the 
range of available skills and expertise
- attainment of critical size as regards financial or human resources
- greater efficiency in R&D activities (more ambitious projects, more 
rapid acquisition of results with corresponding advantages for 
scientific and industrial competitiveness)
- the ability to initiate further measures which are essential to 
success.
In this connection, it should be pointed out that the proposed federal R&D 
budget for 1987 totals 63.000 million dollars compared with 57.000 million 
dollars in 1986 (42.000  million dollars being allocated to the D0D and 
4.800 million dollars for the SDI programme alone).

-  11  -
1. Selection criteria
To ensure that the specific projects and programmes selected do in fact 
offer that Community added value (which distinguishes them from projects 
suitable for implementation at regional or national level or within other 
international or multilateral organizations), the Commission considers 
the choice must be based on a number of precise criteria:
research on a scale such that the individual Member States could 
not, or could only with difficulty, provide the necessary facilities 
on their own;
research which has obvious advantages in the way of greater 
efficiency and lower costs resulting from the sharing of work and 
the mobilization of adequate human and financial resources,
research which, because of the complementary nature of the work 
being done nationally and the scale of the problems involved, 
especially from the geographical viewpoint, enables significant 
results to be obtained for the Community as a whole;
research which provides a favourable environment for international 
exchange and creativity;
research which, either because of the scale of its financial 
allocation or because of its incentive and stimulating effect, 
attains the necessary "critical size" in relation to existing or 
future national or multilateral activities;
research which contributes to the implementation of Community
policies including, in particular, the completion of the large~scale 
market.
These six basic criteria often overlap or complement each other and in 
any case are never mutually exclusive.
2. Lines of action
On the basis of the general considerations outlined above and the 
criteria set out, the Commission proposes that seven basic lines of 
action, within which priorities and programmes will be chosen, be adopted 
for the establishment of the Community's S/T strategy over the period

-  12  -
LIST OF COMMUNITY ACTIONS
1. Management of Resources
1.1 Agricultural and Fisheries Resources
1.2 Raw Materials
2. Management of Energy
2.1 Fusion
2.2 Nuclear Fission
2.3 Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources
and Rational Use of Energy,
3. Competitiveness of Industry and Services
3.1 Information Technologies
3.2 Telecommunications Technologies
3.3 Integration of Information and Telecommunications Technologies 
into New Applications and Services of Common Interest
3.4 Cooperation on Basic Research on Information Technologies
*■
3.5 Technologies for Manufacturing Industry and Special 
Technologies
3.6 Biotechnologies and Agro-Industrial Technologies
3.7 Materials Science and Technology
3.8 Marine Science and Technology
*
3.9 Transport
★
3.10 Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods
4. Quality of life
4.1 Health
4.2 Safety
4.3 Environmental Protection
5. Science and Technology for Development
6. Europe's Scientific and Technical Potential - The Researchers'
Europe
7. General Support for Scientific and Technical Development
7.1 Innovation
7.2 Communication and Information Networks and Scientific Data Bases
7.3 Linguistic Problems
7.4 Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools
7.5 International Cooperation

- 13 -
In the Commission's opinion, priority should be given to activities 
contributing towards:
competitiveness at international level;
improvements in the quality of life,
- the establishment of a research workers' Europe.
An initial outline of the scientific and technical orientation to be 
given to these different actions during the period from 1987 to 1991  and 
of the corresponding resources which it would seem advisable to allocate 
thereto is set out in Annex I in the form of information sheets; this 
orientation will be considered and examined in greater detail throughout 
the entire preparation of the formal proposal for the new Framework 
Programme.
The following summary of the scientific and technical orientation 
described in the information sheets can already be provided:
1st line of action :  Management of resources
In the case of agricultural resources, it will be necessary to reinforce 
the R&D activities conducted to date in the context of the prospects 
opened up by the Commission's "Green Paper". The coordination of 
national activities is of particular importance in this sector. Close 
contacts must be maintained with actions initiated elsewhere (3.6) in the 
fields of biotechnology and agro-industrial technologies.
A long-postponed Community action on fish resources should finally be 
effectively launched in conjunction with new activities to be developed 
in the marine science and technology sector.
The actions proposed in respect of raw materials are essentially based 
on, and selectively reinforce, the action in respect of which the Council 
adopted a common position in December 1985.
2nd line of action :  Management of energy resources
Thermonuclear fusion is one of the fields in which the integration of 
European activities is most advanced; the results of this lengthy and 
exacting research could both determine and guarantee Community energy 
supplies. It therefore calls for sustained and steady efforts funded 
from public resources, since it is imperative that existing successes 
should not be jeopardized by a lack of adequate finance.
In the field of nuclear fission, emphasis will be placed on the safety 
aspects of the introduction of this energy source; the management and 
storage of radioactive waste, the regulatory aspects of reactor safety 
and safeguards for fissile materials are topics in relation to which the 
full value of Community-level activity can be appreciated.
In the case of fossil, new and renewable energy sources and the rational 
use of energy, account must be taken of the development of the relevant 
techniques, with particular reference to the maturity of some, and of the 
fact of enlargement, which will entail a relatively major reorganization 
of activities. The current and still unpredictable trends in the price of

- 14 -
petrol, however, should not lead to the abandonment of this topic, which 
remains an important factor as regards the diversification of our sources 
of supply and reduced energy consumption.
3rd line of action :  Competitiveness of industry and services
Clearly, this must be regarded as a priority objective in view of the 
existing social and economic situation in the Community, international 
developments in science and technology and the increasing pressure of the 
outside challenge. The Community can play a decisive role in this 
context by encouraging, promoting and supporting all forms of cooperation 
between State and industries.
The implementation of ESPRIT has led to a remarkable stimulation of 
information technology within the framework of Community R&D activities. 
The aim must now be to reinforce existing achievements taking account of 
the valuable experience gained during the first programme and of the 
intensive efforts being made in this field in Japan and the USA. Special 
attention will be given to the field of software, which is both one of 
the generic technologies in TIT and a key element in the development of 
applications.
The need for Community action has also been felt with regard to 
telecommunications, in view of the transnational dimension of this sector 
and the scale of the new services offered by the development of advanced 
telecommunications networks and terminals. RACE must provide Europe's 
response to existing opportunities and shortcomings. In addition to 
activities deriving from more specifically technological considerations, 
Europe must turn its attention to the integration of information 
technology and telecommunications with a view to the development' of new 
applications and services in the common interest:  education and transport 
are suitable sectors for such applications in the common interest in 
which, moreover, due account is also taken of social concerns, as 
demonstrated by the IRIS initiative. It will be particularly important 
to ensure a high degree of coordination of national activities in this 
case.
Upstream of technological concerns, it is also proposed to establish 
cooperation in basic research on information technology, in order to 
provide a constant supply of new know-how in a rapidly developing sector.
Particular emphasis has been laid in Europe on the revitalization of 
traditional industries through the exploitation of the new technologies. 
The success of the BRITE programme reveals that the Community initiative 
in this field is a response to a genuine need. On the basis of the 
experience gained, new guidelines are being drawn up for actions relating 
to technologies for the manufacturing industries and special 
technologies■
Biotechnology has also already demonstrated its enormous potential for 
transforming several traditional fields of economic activity, such as the 
chemistry and pharmaceuticals sectors. Recognition of this fact led to 
the Commission's proposal concerning the reinforcement of actions in the 
fiel-d of biotechnology and the initiation of new actions in the field of 
agro-industrial technology, which should be closely coordinated with the 
agricultural R&D programme to enable the latter to benefit from the 
contribution of biotechnology.

- 15 -
To a Large extent, our technological future will depend on our control of 
the materials sector, a field, moreover, in which the challenge 
represented by developments in the USA and Japan is particularly acute. 
The coordinated efforts and creation of Community networks which this 
situation seems to call for have given rise to the proposals for new 
activities under the materials science and technology project.
Marine science and technology are the subject of a wide variety of 
activities in most of the Member States. The Commission is of the 
opinion that Community action in this vast field is justified on the 
following grounds :  use of large-scale, expensive equipment which would 
constitute a drain on the resources of individual countries, optimization 
of the use of existing equipment (oceanographic vessels, underwater 
machinery, etc.), the pooling of existing complementary skills in the 
Member States, the application of research results in the implementation 
of common policies, its potential for aid to developing countries and a 
contribution to the development of the internal market through the 
acceptance of common standards.
The transport sector constitutes the preferred field for transnational 
actions. Although limited as yet to a number of COST projects of 
acknowledged value, Community R&D activities in this sector deserve to be 
strengthened, both by the extension of COST projects and by the 
initiation of original Community activities.
Completion of the internal market represents one of the fundamental goals 
of the Community in the coming years. Among the numerous initiatives 
which must be launched with a view to the attainment of this objective 
particular importance must be attached to the definition and adoption of 
common standards. The preparation of rules and standards is frequently 
based on upstream research activités which, if jointly conducted, 
facilitate the adoption of rules and standards recognized by all parties; 
this fact has given rise to the new proposals for the continuation and 
strengthening of Community action in respect of scientific standards and 
reference materials and methods, particularly within the framework of the
4th line of action :  Quality of life
The importance attached to industrial 
not divert the Community from the aim 
its citizens.competitiveness and services should 
of improving the quality of life of
As stated earlier, the Commission takes the view that special attention 
should be devoted to attaining that objective, in view of its direct 
socio-economic value, its impact on the social acceptability of new 
technology and the effects of research undertaken on citizens' welfare.
Three main lines of action are proposed:
health, with a reinforcement of activities relating to epidemiology 
and the establishment of common standards. Special projects on cancer 
(Europe against Cancer) and AIDS should also be developed;
safety: a number of recent accidents in industrial plants have in 
particular highlighted the importance of improving the safety of 
high-risk plant through more thorough scientific analysis;

- 16 -
" environmental protection :  the transnational nature of problems in 
these areas is self-evident, and Community action is proving 
particularly desirable in this respect along the lines set out in 
particular in the Community's environment policy.
5th line of action :  Science and technology for development
Europe has a duty to remain attentive to the problems of the Third World; 
science and technology are an important aspect of development. Community 
action in the field should be continued and intensified, with due regard 
to the specific circumstances of both the Community and the recipient 
countri es.
In particular, close cooperation should be established between European 
laboratories and institutes in the most advanced developing countries, on 
the basis of which specific or regional schemes should be conducted for 
the benefit of the least developed countries (possibly through the 
reinforcement or creation of local scientific and technical structures).
6th line of action :  The researchers' Europe
The vitality and creativeness of the science and technology community 
depend primarily on the calibre of the individuals and teams that 
organize and carry out technological R&D. The mobility of researchers, 
the strengthening of scientific and technical networks, training, 
retraining and the optimum use of present and future major scientific 
facilities are areas that are now calling for support and action at 
Community level. The new policy lines proposed reflect that need.
7th line of action :  General support for scientific and technical
development
Community technological RD&D can only develop in a favourable climate. 
Recognition of this fact has prompted the Commission to consider 
including in the new framework programme activities aimed at ensuring 
that such a climate is created.
These are:
activities relating to innovation and the utilization of the results 
of Community research:  the Community R&D effort should be able to 
benefit from improved innovation machinery ensuring that the results 
of R&D are used by socio-economic operators;
activities concerning communication and information networks and 
scientific data banks, which constitute the essential infrastructure 
for a research workers' Europe: this should produce synergy between 
geographically dispersed R&D organizations and thus improve the 
quality and effectiveness of R&D and speed up the transfer processes. 
Technological developments now make this possible.

- 17 -
The Commission has examined the desirability of including the utilization 
of space and the development of the aeronautical industry in the list of 
activities to be conducted under the forthcoming Framework Programme.
As regards space, ,  it is necessary to examine the extent to which, while 
acknowledging the areas of responsibility of the national and European 
organizations specializing in space activities, and the European Space 
Agency in particular, the Community could play a greater role on the 
scientific, technological and industrial level.
Such a role could involve utilizing in the socio-economic Sphere the 
technologies that have been developed so successfully at European level. 
In the case of activities relating to telecommunications, the remote- 
sensing of agricultural resources and the development and protection of 
the environment, the technologies developed have already begun to be 
utilized. The Commission is continuing its effort to identify other 
space-related fields in which action at Community level could contribute 
added value.
As regards aeronautics, consideration is still being given to the extent 
to which it is opportune to put forward a specific activity at Community 
level. A preliminary information sheet on this topic was included in 
Annex I under the heading Transport.
Clearly, in selecting the appropriate scientific and technical approach, 
as in the adoption of the financial resources considered necessary for 
its implementation over a five-year period (see below), the Community 
must retain the freedom to make any adjustments dictated by changing 
political, economic, scientific and technological conditions. In 
particular, it must be able to take account of efforts designed to 
accelerate the process of discovery and innovation.
It will therefore be essential to include a review clause providing for 
such adjustments in the text of the decision relating to the 1987-91 
Framework Programme.
3. Financial balance
3.1. For each activity, a range of financial estimates is given in the 
table in Annex I. These ranges correspond to different levels of 
emphasis as regards implementation of the objectives outlined. 
Different combinations of these estimates, according to the relative 
priority attached to the individual activities, add up to the total 
amount that the Commission is contemplating at this stage, namely 
9 000 million ECU at current prices for the five years of the 
Framework Programme. This amount is supplemented by a reserve 
representing some 15% of the above-mentioned figure, thus producing 
a grand total of 10 350 million ECU.
The reserve is intended to cover the financing of activities which, 
in view of developments in the political, scientific and 
technological situation, the Commission might be prompted to propose 
but cannot identify at this stage.
The Commission is aware of the need to increase expenditure on 
technological R&D gradually; this requirement will be taken into 
account in outlining the changes in commitment and payment 
appropriations for the period 1987-91.

- 18 -
3.2. A direct comparison of the major amounts and the financial balance 
thus outlined for 1987-91 with those of the preceding Framework 
Programme is hardly possible given the different approach adopted 
with regard to the very structure of the Programme. Under the 
1984-87 Framework Programme, the financial balance related to the 
objectives to the attainment of which the R, D&D actions 
contributed, in accordance with varying proposals. Thus, the 
programme on non-nuclear forms of energy contributed to the 
attainment of the objectives "Improvement of the management of 
energy resources" (74 %) and "Promotion of industrial 
competitiveness" (16 %) and, to a lesser extent (less than 5 %), of 
other objectives under the first Framework Programme. Under the new 
structure, financial balance is direcly related to actions covering 
one or several R&D programmes. Nevertheless, the following table 
provides a very broad outline of changes in the relative priority of 
the different topics on which the Coimmunity's action is based.
Topics Position 1984-87 Execution of 84-87 1987-91
December 1985 in 1982 Framework Framework Programme Framework
Programme in December 1985 Programme
- Agricultural and
fisheries resources. 3.3% 5.6% 2.6% 2.0%
raw materials
- Energy 65.4 % 47.2% 47.3% 21.0%
- Industrial
competitiveness 16.9% 28.2% 35.7% 60.0%
- Quality of life 9.7% 10.3% 10.5% 7.5%
- S/T for development 0.7% 4.0% 1.7% 1.5%
- Europe's S/T potential 0.0% 2.3% 1.6% 5.0%
- General support for
S/T development 4.0% 2.4% 0.6% 3.0%
100  %  100  %  100  %  100  %

- 19 -
Implementation of the Science and Technology Community 
General framework
The European Single Act provides a new political and legal basis for 
the development of the Community's scientific and technical strategy.
The Single Act fixes the strengthening of the scientific and 
technological bases of European industry and the promotion of the 
development of its international competitiveness as Community 
objectives.
Community activity in the field of technological R&D is to be 
conducted in a series of programmes at three Levels, namely :
~ a unanimously approved multiannual Framework Programme, which will 
provide the basis for the balanced overall development of Community 
actions;
specific programmes adopted by a qualified majority, which are 
concerned with particular objectives, designed to promote 
cooperation between all the partners (enterprises, research centres) 
and open to participation by non-member countries;
supplementary programmes in which only certain Member States will 
participate.
Pending ratification of the Single Act by the Member States, the 
Commission's proposal concerning the 1987-1991 Framework Programme is
based on Article 235 of the EEC Treaty and Article 7 of the Euratom Treaty.
The specific programmes which are the responsibility of the Community 
will be adopted in accordance with the procedures laid down by the 
European Single Act; the Council, acting by a qualified majority, will 
take a decision on a proposal submitted by the Commission in 
association with the Parliament; the specific programmes which are the 
responsibility of Euratom will be adopted in accordance with an 
identical procedure except that, in this case, Parliament will merely 
be consulted.
All research, development and demonstration activities will be 
presented or referred to in the Framework Programme. Nevertheless,
the text of the decision to be adopted unanimously by the Council will not mention :
- specific programmes under the ECSC Treaty, which are covered by a 
Commission decision;
- demonstration projects in the field of energy, since these are 
intended to demonstrate the economic value of products or processes 
developed downstream of technological R&D actions, and thus extend 
the Community's research activity.

-  20  -
Preparatory, implementation, financing and evaluation arrangements
Even in preparing the Framework Programme, and in addition to its basic 
consultation of Parliament, the Economic and Social Committee and 
CREST, the Commission intends to refer repeatedly to the various 
consultative committees attached to it (CST, CODEST, IRDAC, ESPRIT 
Committee, etc.).
These Committees are made up of representatives of scientific and 
technical circles, industry, the trade unions, consumer associations 
and the like; the Commission considers that the involvement of all the 
interested "participants" is essential for the definition of the 
Community science and technology strategy best adapted to the 
requirements and aspirations voiced.
Existing implementation arrangements - Role of the JRC
In order to implement the actions adopted in the Framework Programme, 
the Commission intends not only to use the full range of existing 
arrangements but also to specify a number of new procedures, which the 
European Single Act in particular makes available to it.
As regards procedures currently in use (direct action, shared-cost 
projects, concerted action, demonstration projects), the attached table 
shows the preferred approach to be taken in respect of the procedures 
proposed for each action.
The sharea-cost procedure is obviously the one used in most cases; it 
makes possible an optimal use of the limited resources available to 
Europe by combining the resources of industry or national research 
institutes and those of the Community.
Direct action calls for some comment upon the future role of the JRC. 
For the implementation of the Framework Programme, the Commission will 
call on the JRC to undertake the activities most suited to this 
procedure. The Commission is currently preparing the new JRC programme 
for the period 1987-91 on the basis of the existing general guidelines 
for the Framework Programme; together with this new programme, it will 
submit a document entitled "Guidelines for the Future Development of 
the JRC". These guidelines derive from the overall evaluation recently 
carried out by the JRC Scientific Council.
It is clear that JRC's vocation is found essentially in the 
establishment of norms and standards, that is, the development of the 
scientific knowledge and techniques necessary to permit regulatory 
authorities to fix norms and standards on a solid and neutral basis; 
this being an important element in achieving the internal market. The 
vocation of the JRC is equally tied to research on industrial safety 
and the protection of the environment, fields in which the JRC has a 
special role closely related to acquired competence and to existing 
experimental installations.
Present research carried out in the JRC already comprises a number of 
projects which are a good fit with its vocation but which should be 
further developed in the future programme. As compared to the present 
situation it is planned to enlarge programmes falling within Community 
actions relating to the "competitiveness of industry and of services"

LIST OF COMMUNITY ACTIONS
1. Management of Resources
1.1. Agricultural and Fisheries Resources —  -----: — J____. .
1.2. 
Rau Materials -- . . .  ____________________
2. M
anagement of Energy
2.1. Fusion -  ______ _ _______________
2.2.
 Nuclear Fission ............ ..................
2.3.
 Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources and ------ -
Rat
ional Use of Energy
3. Competitiveness of Industry and Services
3.1. Information Technologies --- —------ --------
3.2
. Telecommunications Technologies ...................
3.3.
 Integration of Information and Telecommunications ___
Tec
hnologies into New Applications and Services
of Common Interest
3.A. Cooperation on Basic Research in Informatiqn Technologies —
*
3.5. Technologies for the Manufacturing Industry and Special
Technologies ________ _ ___________
3.6
. Biotechnologies, Agro-Industrial Technologies __________
3.7
. Materials Science and Technology ___________ ________
3.8
. Marine Science and Technology _. _____a___ ..
*
3.9
. Transport . ....*
3.1
0. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods ______
A. Qu
ality of Life
A.1. Health
A.2. Safety .  ...
A.3
. Environmental Protection ____ ___
5. S
cience and Technology for Development ______________ _
6. Eu
rope's Scientific and Technical;Potential -
the Researcher's Europe ------■ --------- ----
7. G
eneral Support for Scientific and Technical Development
7.1. Innovation
7.2. Communication and Information Network and Scientific
Data Bases -------------
7.3. L
inguistic Problems .... -  —  ----------------------
7.A
. Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools -------  -
7.5. I
nternational Cooperation
This action will be executed x to a liaited extent
xx to a considerable extent 
xxx priaarily 
on the basis of the procedure in questionConcerted
ActionShared-Cost
ActionJoint Research 
CentreSupplementary
ProgranesReearks
xxx -----
x ..
...XX —--
xxx
 __X X  
f i x —(1) see Reoote Sensing 
section
X
XXxxx
xxx _ _ _
xxxX X
XXX ____
XX X
xx
xxx
xxx
X  —........... xxx
X X X X
X X
X X- xxx 
xxx
xxx . .. __ ... - (2) (2) JRC Materials section in 3.10 
to be specified
X X  .  ______ X X
xx
x X X X
xxx .  .
X.....
X X  
-------------XX
x.rx
xxx
xxxxxx
xxx
—  - xxx
X X X X X
XX
X ... __X X
' X
X X  
X X X

-  22  -
and to the "quality of life". In contrast, the JRC effort on "energy 
management" should be reduced. These changes represent a significant 
step forward in comparison with the present programme. The evaluation 
report recently issued by the Scientific Council indicates that the 
JRC is capable of responding to these changes.
To attain the desired end, the JRC must be suitably integrated within 
the framework of Community research. Still basing itself on the 
conclusions of the evaluation report, the Commission has the intention 
on the one hand, of taking measures to ensure better integration 
between various means of research and, on the other, of guaranteeing 
better contact between the JRC, industrial circles and national 
research organizations. It also plans to increase the mobility of JRC 
research staff as well as to make the necessary arrangements to 
increase the number of visiting scientists and research fellows coming
from the Community.
B. New Arrangements
In addition to applying management procedures and financing 
arrangements which already exist, the Commission wishes to make use of 
a set of new methods which are both more flexible and better adapted 
to the new range of proposed actions. New procedures are already 
planned or are under study in the Commission's departments.
In this connection, reference can be made to the new arrangements 
which could be implemented quickly:
1- Joint undertakings: here it is a matter of extending (with or 
without the participation of the Community, of all or some of the 
Member States, and possibly of non-Member States), the system laid 
down in the EAEC and EEC Treaties, after amendment and
si mplifi cati ons.
2- Supplementary programmes:  programmes of this type - such as those 
which have existed or which still exist in the EURATOM framework 
- can from now on be developed on the basis of the EEC Treaty.
These programmes, with or without a contribution from the Community 
budget, would be defined and carried out only by the Member States 
concerned and financed by national funds.
3- Minority participation by the Community in national and 
multinational actions or projects. With this arrangement it would 
be possible to involve the Community in actions or projects of 
Community interest in exchange for a degree of financial support.
4. Community budgetary intervention will be supplemented by a number 
of facilities deriving from new Commission initiatives in respect 
of financial instruments or techniques, particularly in the case of 
technological R&D programmes for industrial-scale application which 
are close to the market, such as the EUREKA projects.
5. Lastly, still with a view to ensuring the same complementarity in 
relation to existing arrangements, the Commission is prepared to 
examine the possibility of creating flexible structures of the 
"agency" type which can provide an interface between Community 
priorities and policies and the special requirements of operators.

- 23 -
Evaluation of results
To complete this set of arrangements, the Commission intends finally 
to reinforce the system for evaluating its research programmes and 
their results in the light of the experience gained over several 
years.
In particular, evaluation by independent experts which has already 
been applied in respect of numerous Community activities (JRC, 
programmes on renewable sources of energy, the ESPRIT mid-term review, 
etc.) will be conducted systematically and periodically for all R&D 
programmes.
Accompanying measures
In order to support the implementation of R, D&D programmes it will, 
moreover, be possible to make use of a range of accompanying measures. 
By way of example, reference can already be made to the following :
- all of the initiatives appropriate to the organization of the large 
market (standards, free movement of goods and capital, tax 
harmonization). In particular, the Commission will endeavour to 
facilitate inter-industrial R&D agreements and the exploitation of 
their results within the framework of its competition policy. In 
applying Community competition rules, the Commission will accord 
favourable treatment to state aid for technological R&D.
- The implementation of specific activities of particular interest to 
those states or regions of the Community whose scientific and 
technical development calls for special efforts.
As pointed out earlier, a balanced development of all the Member 
States and regions of the Community will essentially depend on the 
translation of the Framework Programme into a set of approriate 
specific programmes.
In addition, the use of the ERDF and the IMPs for certain 
infrastructure projects can be considered together with the creation 
of new financial arrangements which could support infrastructure 
projects and at the same time meet the needs of small and medium­
sized firms.
Furthermore, other proposals have already been submitted by the 
Commission, such as the programme relating to the development of 
certain less-favoured regions of the Community for improved access 
to the advanced telecommunications service (STAR Programme, 
COM/85/836 final). In the framework of shared-cost R&D programmes 
the Commission's departments are studying ways and means of 
systematically linking laboratories or firms in less-favoured 
regions to R&D institutions in those Community countries which are 
most advanced in science and technology, in fields in which this 
type of association facilitates valuable cross-fertile cooperation.
- the implementation of measures concerning small and medium-sized 
undertakings with a view to involving them in the progress of the 
Community and allowing them to exploit the Community's large-scale 
market potential to the full.

- 24 -
The Science and Technology Community must take account of the fact 
that the advanced industrial economies are going through a period of 
intense technological change, during which small and medium-sized 
businesses are frequently best suited to the adoption of innovatory 
policies and the maintenance of a high degree of competitiveness 
based on innovation. These businesses can guarantee Europe's place 
in the new international division of labour and the competitive 
dissemination of its technology. Consequently, the Community will 
seek to create a suitable environment for the development of a 
network of healthy, dynamic and innovatory small and medium-sized 
European businesses. The Commission will shortly send the Council a 
communication specifically concerned with this type of action.
- finally, increased support for the training and retraining of
research workers. It should be mentioned here that in the Framework 
Programme of Community scientific and technical activities only 
initiatives favouring postgraduate research workers and scientists 
will be considered. These activities therefore go beyond the scope 
of the COMETT programme (Community Programme for Education and 
Training in Technology), which is essentially concerned with the 
further training of student, teachers, engineers and technicians 
with regard to changes in the new technologies and thus constitutes 
a necessary complement to the actions planned under the 
technological R&D Framework Programme.
4. An open, confident Technology Community
The reinforcement of Community action in the field of technological R&D 
certainly does not represent an isolationist withdrawal behind its 
geographical and institutional frontiers on the scientific and technical 
level. On the contrary, it must be accompanied by increased 
international cooperation, especially in a field such as thermonuclear 
fusion and more particularly at European level.
- The close links established with the European Science Foundation, the 
European Space Agency, CERN and the Council of Europe must be 
maintained and, where appropriate, strengthened, in particular by the 
execution of joint projects.
- Bilateral cooperation with the EFTA countries will acquire a new 
dimension with the implementation of the framework agreements on 
scientific and technical cooperation which have aLready been, or which 
are due to be, signed. These countries, which are already involved in 
a number of Community programmes both under the Euratom (fusion, 
radioactive waste) and EEC (environment, raw materials) Treaties should 
in future cooperate more closely with the Community in several sectors, 
such as telecommunications, information technology, manufacturing 
techniques and materials.
- Lastly, in preparing the new Framework Programme, particular attention 
must be paid to existing links with two multilateral cooperation 
initiatives, namely the extremely new EUREKA programme and the much 
older COST. At the present stage of planning, the following links 
between the Community action and these two initiatives can be outlined.

EUREKA
The EUREKA initiative is the expression of the wish of the Government's 
of eighteen European states and the Commission to implement a policy 
centring on the joint confrontation of the challenges posed by the 
development of new technologies and their incorporation in the industrial 
innovation process.
Twenty-six cooperation projects involving industries from several states 
and, in many cases, the Community have been launched since the 
declaration of principle defining, in particular, the goals and 
implementing conditions of this initiative was adopted by the European 
Ministers of Foreign Affairs and of Research in Hanover on 5- 
6 November 1985, following the launching of the initiative at the 
European Technology meeting in Paris on 17 July 1985 in response to the 
initial discussion at the Milan European Council on 28-29 June 1985.
The declaration points out these "EUREKA projects are not intended to 
replace existing technological cooperation in Europe - such as the 
programmes of the European Communities - nor its subsequent development. 
On the contrary, their purpose is to extend or supplement this 
cooperation".
Whilst the Community will continue to develop scientific and 
technological programmes on the basis of objectives, criteria and 
priorities defined jointly with the Governments and industries of the 
Member States, EUREKA projects will essentially be implemented on the 
initiative of individual enterprises seeking to cooperate. These 
enterprises will be responsible for project management including, in most 
cases, financing. The projects will mainly relate to the joint 
development of advanced techniques close to the market or of 
infrastructures of transnational interest.
The Commission has supported this initiative from the start, considering 
that, if conducted in a consistent and symbiotic manner, the Community 
programmes, together with their resultant projects and the EUREKA 
projects, can, by virtue of their complementarity, constitute a whole 
which will make possible the attainment of the common objectives of these 
two categories of action, namely the increased productivity and 
competitiveness of European national industries and economies on the 
world market and a resultant contribution to greater prosperity, and 
higher levels of employment.
In this connection, it should be emphasized that the general budget of 
the European Communities for 1986 contains a new Chapter 78 on 
Expenditure arising from the participation of the European Communities 
in Scientific and Technological Prospects of Community Interest - EUREKA 
and others".
The Commission believes that the Community must make a variety of 
contributions to EUREKA to enable the full potential of this initiative 
to be realized. These include :
- the immediate and direct involvement of its experts in the preparation 
of the procedures now under discussion concerning the execution of the 
project, and its agreement in principle to second qualified staff to 
the EUREKA secretariat.

-  26  ■ -
It will also be necessary to provide access in conjunction with 
Ireland, to the EUROKOM information communication system developed 
within the framework of ESPRIT.
- participation in the organization of industrial seminars such as that 
on gallium arsenide and biotechnology.
- direct Community participation in certain EUREKA projects of recognized 
Community interest.
- Community cooperation in EUREKA projects representing a direct 
extension of activities conducted within the framework of Community 
projects (e.g. projects on amorphous silicon, software portability, 
membranes, the environment and research networks).
- the Community's contribution to the success of research cooperation 
through the creation of a large internal market which will provide the 
optimum conditions for the economic exploitation both of
Community programmes and of EUREKA projects.
- lastly, the creation in the future of the abovementioned flexible 
institutional and financial frameworks suitable for EUREKA projects 
whose implementation would be in the Community interest.
Links with COST
The Commission has repeatedly stressed the importance that it attaches to 
furthering cooperation within COST. This form of cooperation had its 
beginnings in 1971 and it has enabled a wide range of activities to take 
place in different scientific and technical sectors by combining the 
advantages of a flexible procedure, of variable association between 
States - depending on their specific interests - and of participation by 
non Member States in the scientific and technical activities of a wider 
Europe.
Since COST was created, its background has of course altered profoundly. 
The expansion of the Community from six to twelve States, the 
diversification of the range of Community R&D programmes, the opening of 
those programmes to more and more non-Member countries, the strengthening 
of the bonds between the EFTA and Community countries as a result, in 
particular, of the Luxembourg Declaration of April 1984, and the 
launching in 1985 of the EUREKA initiative are all factors which cannot 
be disregarded when examining the future of COST.
There must be provision in future for a symbiosis between Community 
programmes, COST and EUREKA projects. As one of the avenues of activity 
open to Europe, COST seems particularly suited to:
- highly specific activities which are limited in time and are not well 
adapted to inclusion in the Community's major long-term programmes and 
which, moreover, while adopting the EUREKA "bottom-up" approach, are 
unable by their very nature to share EUREKA's background owing, for 
example, to their distance from the market.
- activities in areas inadequately covered, if at all, by Community 
programmes, such as transport or aquaculture.

- 27 -
The Commission will pursue its dialogue with the Member States and the 
other COST States on the direction in which to steer COST in future. It 
must be accorded considerable importance when the new Framework Programme 
is put into effect.

- 28 -
VI.  Conclusions
The initial responses - whether informal or not - of all of the advisory 
bodies consulted (CREST, CODEST, IRDAC, CGC, ESPRIT Committee, ...) have 
confirmed the Commission's conviction that the creation of a European 
science and technology community is both necessary and feasible.
A great effort by all the participants (public institutions engaged in 
R&D, large-scale enterprises, small and medium-sized businesses and 
national and Community bodies capable of contributing to the attainment 
of this objective) is thus called for.
Among this vast array of activities to be conducted and initiatives to be 
Launched, it will be necessary in the coming months to define the action 
to be taken by the Community, that is that part of the undertaking to be 
conducted jointly.
The vehicle for this undertaking must be the "1987-91 Outline programme 
of Community scientific and technological activities" forming the basis 
of Europe's scientific and technical strategy.
That is why, before preparing a formal proposal for an outline programme, 
the Commission hopes to draw upon this document, which does not 
constitute its formal proposal or prejudge its contents,and its annexes 
in discussing the following with the Community institutions:
- the general S/T lines to be followed,
- the priorities and balances to be respected,
- funding and the gradual "increase in power" to be provided for in 
terms both of commitments and of payments.
The Commission will draw up its formal proposal as regards scientific and 
budgetary aspects, in the light of these discussions and the conclusions 
drawn and will send it to the Council and to Parliament in July 1986.

ANNEX I
SUMMARY LIST OF COMMUNITY ACTIONS
1. Management of Resources
1.1. Agricultural and Fisheries Resources
1.2. Raw Materials
2. Management of Energy
2.1. Fusion
2.2. Nuclear Fission
2.3. Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources and 
Rational Use of Energy
3. Competitiveness of Industry and Services
3.1. Information Technologies
3.2. Telecommunications Technologies
3.3. Integration of Information and Telecommunications 
Technologies into New Applications and Services 
of Common Interest
3.4. Cooperation on Basic Research in Information Technologies
★
3.5. Technologies for Manufacturing Industry and Special 
Technologies
3.6. Biotechnologies, Agro-Industrial Technologies
3.7. Materials Science and Technology
3.8. Marine Science and Technology
*
3.9. Transport
*
3.10. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods
4. Quality of Life
4.1. Health
4.2. Safety
4.3. Environmental Protection
5. Science and Technology for Development
6. Europe's Scientific and Technical Potential -  
the Researchers' Europe
7. General Support for Scientific and Technical Development
7.1. Innovation
7.2. Communication and Information Network and Scientific 
Data Bases
7.3. Linguistic Problems
7.4. Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools
7.5. International Cooperation
Supplementary programmes (outside own resources) 
identified to date :  HFRRange in * 
MioECUs
90- 180 
60- 90
1060-1200 
600- 700
250- 350
2200  
1000
700- 900 
40- 50
600- 900 
350- 460 
200- 300 
pm**
50— 80***
300- 350
140- 160 
230- 280 
285- 320
100 -  200
400- 500
80- 150 
20
80- 100 
30- 35
50- 60
100
* in July 1986, the Commission will submit a formal proposal, as 
regards the scientific and financial aspects, in the light of its 
discussions with the community institutions.
** the sum subsequently decided upon will be taken from the reserve 
*** does not include a possible action in the field of aeronautics which 
would be funded from the reserve

ANNEX II
BACKGROUND MATERIAL ON COMMUNITY ACTIONS 
****************************************

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMMUNITY ACTIONS page
1. Management of Resources 1.1-1
1.1. Agricultural and Fisheries Resources 1.1-1
1.2. Raw Materials 1.2-1
2. Management of Energy 2.1-1
2.1. Fusion 2.1-1
2.2. Nuclear Fission 2.2-1
2.3. Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources
and Rational Use of Energy 2.3-1
3. Competitiveness of Industry and Services 3 - 1
3.1. Information Technologies 3.1-1
3.2. Telecommunications Technologies 3.2-1
3.3. Integration of Information and Telecommunications
Technologies into New Applications and Services
of Common Interest 3.3-1
3.4. Cooperation on Basic Research on Information Technologies 3.4-1 
*
3.5. Technologies for Manufacturing Industry
and Special Technologies 3.5-1
3.6. Biotechnologies and Agro-Industrial Technologies 3.6-1
3.7. Materials Science and Technology 3.7-1
3.8. Marine Science and Technology 3.8-1
*
3.9. Transport 3.9-1
*
3.10. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods 3.10-1
4. Quality of Life 4.1-1
4.1. Health 4.1-1
4.2. Safety 4.2-1
4.3. Environmental Protection 4.3-1
5. Science and Technology for Development 5 - 1
6. Europe's Scientific and Technical Potential
The Researchers' Europe 6 - 1
7. General Support for Scientific and Technical Development 7.1-1
7.1. Innovation 7.1-1
7.2. Communication and Information Networks
and Scientific Data Bases 7.2-1
7.3. Linguistic Problems 7.3-1
7.4. Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools 7.4-1
7.5. International Cooperation * 7.5-1

1.1  -  1
1. MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES
1.1. Agricultural and Fisheries Resources
1.1.1. Agricultural Resources
a. Community- actions in agricultural research have for fundamental 
reasons and in the general interest to aim at increasing the 
effectiveness of the human and financial resources devoted to 
agriculture:
- seeking to avoid, through better coordination, useless duplications 
of effort;
- stimulating the development of an agricultural scientific community 
in Europe;
- orienting research efforts in line with the requirements of the 
common agricultural policy.
This policy faces a series of challenges which will influence its 
future development; excess production of the principal agricultural 
products, consequent pressure on prices, the need for high quality 
food products, the need to find non-food outlets, the need to 
stabilise the rural population in certain regions by revenues of 
non-agri cultural character, the concern caused by the risks to the 
environment posed by certain methods of modern agriculture, etc.
Community agricultural research has to take account of these 
challenges and strive to develop research actions capable of 
anticipating the difficulties which they are inevitably going to 
impose upon agriculture and the common agricultural policy.
b. Community research, development and demonstration activities will be 
based upon four major orientations :
1. Efficiency of production techniques :  in plant (including forestry) 
and livestock productivity, integration with industrial activities 
upstream and downstream (see corresponding references under 
"agro-industrial"), energy utilisation, integrated biological 
control, new technologies in agricultural engineering, and in all 
areas, the application of information technologies;
2. Utilisation of soil and water :  soil degradation and fertility, 
alternative uses, water management, and the development of advanced 
technologies (particularly teledetection and related information 
technologies);
3. Regional balance :  integrated rural development (particularly in 
Mediterranean regions), specific production problems of less 
favoured regions, diversification;
4.Utilisation and quality of agricultural products :  
traditional products, new products and derivatives 
industrial use, improvement of nutritional qualityresearch on 
for food or 
of products.

1.1  -  2
These orientations, which largely reflect the options discussed by 
the SCAR (Standing Committee on Agricultural Research) for the 
coordination of agricultural research in the European Community, 
have to be considered also in close relationship with the actions 
"Biotechnology and agro-industrial technologies" (see § 3.6).
For all these areas, the Community dimension offers particular 
advantages in enabling the costs of pre-competitive and generic 
research to be shared and its benefits diffused; or enables 
research to be undertaken in areas where national efforts are 
inadequate. For areas such as harmonisation of methodologies and 
analytical methods, it is essential for coherent standardisation.
c. The proposed effort incorporates the experience of earlier years, (the 
3rd programme runs from 1984 to 1988, value 30 MioECUs) but reflects 
both the impact of new technological tools, and the evolving new 
policy priorities. Thus, for example, the soil map work has renewed 
relevance with the growing need for new uses for land, and the 
regional needs of Mediterranean agriculture acquire increased 
importance in view of the new Member States.
d. It is envisaged that most of the proposed actions should be shared 
cost, including scientific stimulation. Demonstration projects are 
also indispensable elements to ensure the useful exploitation and 
dissemination of results. In some areas, concerted actions may be 
employed. The JRC will contribute through its teledetection 
activities.
e. To reach the minimum level of efficacy, the funds required are 
estimated between 60 and 150 MioECUs for the period 1987-1991.
Some of these objectives are covered by research under article 41 of 
the Treaty and correspond to an amount of 100 MioECUs.
1.1.2. Fisheries Resources
a. Fish production is an important source of high quality protein for the 
Community but although EEC output is now of the order of 6 million 
tonnes, the Community is in deficit. The aim of EEC Common Fisheries 
Policy (CFP) is therefore to increase production wherever this is 
possible without damage to fish stocks and to make better use of the 
material landed. There is a considerable potential of the application 
of new methods of resources management, of reducing waste and of 
increasing production from certain areas which have so far received 
relatively little attention.
b. Since the elaboration of the CFP fisheries research has been an 
integral component of Community strategy. There is no question of 
separating research from the other elements making up overall policy 
with regard to Community fisheries. Apart from this fact, there is 
every reason why fisheries research should have a high priority within 
the CFP. This has become even more important since the enlargement of 
the Community to Spain and Portugal, where fisheries have a particular 
importance. It is clear that if the Community fishing effort is to be 
applied on a rational basis, research into socio-economic aspects of 
the fishery must be a major consideration.

At the same time there are also a number of areas of research which 
are of very considerable interest to the Community, in particular 
those relating to :
- management of fishing resources :  assessment of stocks by modern 
techniques (including remote sensing), biological models taking 
account to the interaction of species, multidisciplinary approach 
(biological, technical and socio-economic) to the management of 
fishing operations;
- catching techniques :  improvement of fishing gear and methods;
- aquaculture :  growth, survival and feeding of the species cultivated 
(fish, molluscs and crustaceans), diagnosis and treatment of 
diseases, genetic research to develop breeds suitable for rearing;
- processing of produce :  refrigeration, sterilization, storage, 
optimum use of small fish and byproducts, control and improvement of
,  food quality.
The main criteria to be borne in mind in the seltction of research 
topics, as already stated above, are the requirements of the Community 
market and the need to maintain fish-stocks for the future.
So far, the Community has not undertaken any significant action in the 
research field but this situation is about to be remedied with the 
expected implementation of a multiannual research programme, prepared 
by the Commission and now under discussion in the Council. The 
programme will be achieved in two ways. Firstly, the Community will 
fund investigations undertaken by several Member States on a 
collaborative basis and secondly it will aid and co-ordinate an 
exchange of research workers, the publication of data and the 
organisation of symposia and seminars. Moreover cooperation with 
third countries may be envisaged under COST procedures, particularly 
in the field of aquaculture.
These activities imply Community funding of about 30 MioECUs on a five 
year basis.

1.2  -  1
1.2. Raw Materials
.  (*)1.2.1. Non-Fuel Minerals
a. Despite the entry of Spain and Portugal in the Community which 
will bring sizeable mineral reserves, the EEC trade balance 
deficit for primary minerals raw materials (12,000 MioECUs in 
1984) will remain high for a number of strategic and critical 
metals (although decreasing for base metals). This situation makes 
it necessary to promote the exploitation of domestic primary and 
secondary (recycling) resources, and to increase its cost- 
effectiveness. Furthermore, the mining and metallurgical sectors 
must remain competitive in their operations throughout the world. 
Such objectives cannot be met without an adequate research effort.
The market for raw materials is cyclical. To a large extent, 
publicly funded research should be anti-cyclical, particularly as 
experts predict in the long term an upward change from the 
currently depressed situation.
b. Research on primary raw materials will focus on problems of common 
interest in exploration (preparing concepts and methods in view of 
a future revival of exploration activities), mining technology 
(improving the economic viability of existing mines and developing 
advanced technologies for future mines) and ore processing 
(treating complex, lean and refractory ores and ores which contain 
metals for advanced materials technology). An overall objective is 
to reduce investment and operating costs.
Research on those topics can greatly benefit from a coordinated 
multinational approach. Main reasons for believing this are :
- the same types of deposits and of mines occur throughout the 
Community,
- modern exploration concepts will rely more and more on the 
combined processing of data from several disciplines and 
particularly on developments in areas of high technology; this 
may exceed the expertise available in any Member States,
- the modernisation of processing plants and of mines can be 
achieved only through joint research efforts implying adequate 
scale of work and appropriate dissemination of results to 
industry.
Other possible orientations :
- research on sea-bed resources, particularly in the 200 miles- 
EEZ,
excluding steel, which is covered under ECSC activities

2
~ Continental. Lithosphere studies for basic research on processes 
of ore concentration (Links to be set up with nationaL and 
internationaL programmes). The scope for investigations here 
cLearLy exceeds the potentiaL of any one Member State.
In the area of secondary raw materials, the Community dimension of 
research arises :
- from the simiLarity of probLems encountered in aLL Member
States,
- from the need to spread through industry the resuLts of 
research, thus promoting innovation in a rapidLy evoLving fieLd,
- from environmentaL protection considerations.
For exampLe, new materiaLs such as speciaL aLLoys and composites 
wiLL be used more and more in industriaL sectors having high 
technoLogicaL deveLopment, and wiLL have to be recycLed.
Research in the recycLing of urban and industriaL waste (pLastics, 
gLass, paper and organic matter) wiLL concentrate on the economic 
recovery of materiaLs which can compete on the market with primary 
sources.
c. With respect to the current effort, which has yieLded encouraging 
resuLts in the evaLuation report, the foreseeabLe trend for future 
research is as foLLows :
in expLoration :  Less focus on base metaLs, more on mineraLs 
needed for new materiaLs and technoLogies,
- in mining technoLogy :  emphasis on robotics, rock fracturing, 
transportation and underground safety,
in mineraL processing :  emphasis on deveLoping advanced 
techniques and on new fLotation reagents.
d. Most of the EC sponsored research is to be carried out under cost 
sharing contracts in projects invoLving firms and/or research 
organizations in at Least two Member States.
Part of the funding is to be devoted to coordination activities, 
either on topics which are aLready studied in the nationaL 
programme, or to arrive at common methods and standards.
1.2.2. Wood
a. As stated again most recentLy in the SILVA conference (Paris, 
1986), the EC trade baLance deficit for wood and wood products 
comes to 17.000 MioECOs per year, and is second onLy to petroLeum 
products. Yet, the 12 Member States have a Large forest resource, 
at Least 53 MioHa, but it is far from yieLding its reaL potentiaL 
due to a variety of technicaL, sociaL and economic reasons.

1.2 - 3
Forests play other useful roles. Beside wood production, they 
regulate water resources, prevent soil erosion, decrease air 
pollution and provide invaluable amenities to the population, be 
it close to urban centres or in remote areas. Yet, they are 
threatened by man-made enemies (pollution, fire), pests (insects, 
fungi, viruses), meteorological phenomena (droughts, wind), 
encroachment by urbanization.
The afforestation of land which agriculture may relinquish in the 
near future will require careful management to make it profitable 
and avoid considerable financial losses.
Research may help considerably in addressing the multiple problems 
of European forestry.
Wood-using industries must also be encouraged to develop and apply 
the most sophisticated technologies in order to make the best use 
of basic products which are often of relatively low quality and 
compete more successfully with their larger, vertically integrated 
U.S. and Scandinavian counterparts.
b. Community-sponsored research in this field is justified and needed 
for attacking problems of common concern. Similar types of climate 
and soils are found throughout the Member States :  the same tree 
species and ecotypes are found or must be introduced. Pests spread 
freely across national borders, so do pollutants and wind storms 
or droughts. The problems of utilization of forest products are
si mi Lar.
Community coordinated research is also justified in that it may 
provide a sound technical basis for the development of Community 
policies (environmental protection, norms for the internal market, 
regulations on land use, development of less-favoured regions, 
integrated Mediterranean programmes and more specific forestry 
actions, etc..).
To be most effective this research should be integrated for the 
whole "wood chain" from seed production to the final use of wood 
and other forest products, including problems such as genetic 
improvements, tree physiology, protection against pests and 
pollution, wood utilization as a source of fibre and as chemical 
feedstock.
c. EC research carried out since 1982. has made it possible for 
European specialists to cooperate closely and also produce a 
number of patents and industrial applications in such areas as 
sawing, pulp making, paper recycling, etc., (it may be noteworthy 
that Sweden and Switzerland joined this programme). Future 
research will capitalize on the results obtained and place more 
emphasis on joint projects of common interest. Whereas results can

be acquired fairly rapidly in technological developments, they are 
much slower in forest production as such, and here continuity of 
the effort is essential.
Community research in this field is carried out mainly through 
cost sharing contracts with research organizations and industrial 
firms but coordination of national programmes must be greatly 
expanded in relation to what has been done heretofore.
Considering the importance of this action for many Member States, 
in particular the new ones, and in order to achieve a significant 
impact, it is estimated that this action on raw materials should 
be funded at a level of 60 to 90 MioECUs for the period 1987-1991.
This level of effort would represent about 5 to 77. of the funding 
of this field of research in the Member States.

2. MANAGEMENT OF ENERGJT
2.1. fusion
a. The long-term potential of fusion, namely to open a new way of power 
generation, friendly to the environment and using practically 
inexhaustible fuel, remains a valid and strong argument to vigorously 
continue its development. Fusion could contribute in a few decades to 
strongly reduce the economic, ecological and political vulnerability 
of Europe.
The way towards the prototype reactor (DEMO, which should prove the 
economic feasibility of fusion) goes first through the demonstration 
of the scientific feasibility of fusion (hopefully to be made by JET 
and its foreign equivalents in the early nineties), and second through 
the demonstration of the technological feasibility of fusion (to be 
achieved by NET, the Next European Torus, and its equivalents; NET is 
presently in the phase of conceptual design).
Fusion has already today a large high-technology content :  JET, the 
specialized devices in construction or in operation in the associated 
laboratories, and the NET oriented components development, are by 
themselves a demonstration of high technology, with spin-offs (in 
particular in the fields of superconducting magnet technology, 
robotics, and high power microwave systems) to the benefit of other 
branches of science and of European industry. The role of industry is 
expected to grow appreciably when NET will enter the phase of 
engineering design.
b. In conformity with reiterated Council Decisions, "the Community Fusion 
Programme is a long-term cooperative project embracing all the work 
carried out in the Member States in the field of controlled 
thermonuclear fusion. It is designed to lead in due course to the 
joint construction of prototype reactors with a view to their 
industrial production and marketing."
A large scale well integrated programme is made necessary by the 
difficulties and the length of the road towards commercial fusion 
power, together with the high costs and the scientific uncertainties 
involved. In Europe, all activities of the Member States (plus Sweden 
and Switzerland) constitute a single programme supported by the 
Commission. The Community approach makes Europe an appealing partner
for international collaboration (USA, Japan, USSR, Canada __) and has
led,
 not only to added, but also to created values such as JET, the 
setting up of the NET team, and the mobility of Staff.
The main objectives of the 1987-91 fusion activity are :
- to establish the physics and technology basis necessary for the 
detailed design of NET; this implies the full exploitation of JET 
and of several medium-size specialized tokamaks in existence or in 
construction and the strengthening of the technology programme;
- to embark, possibly in 1989/90, on the detailed design of NET;
- to explore the reactor potential of some alternative lines 
(Stallarator and Reversed Field Pinch).

2.1  -  2
c. The scientific and technical achievements of the European programme 
place Europe in the forefront of world-wide magnetic fusion research. 
JET is the leading fusion experiment in the world, which achieved its 
initial objectives for the basic performance phase on time and in 
budget, and hence made formidable progress towards the demonstration 
of the scientific feasibility of fusion. The European medium-size 
machines contribute in a powerful way to the progress of fusion and to 
the future success of JET. Europe is also leading in research on 
stel larators and reversed field pinches, which are alternative 
configurations to the Tokamak. European industry has built all these 
devices (to give an example, more than 98 % in cost of JET contracts 
has been placed within Europe) and has already been entrusted with 
some long-terr advanced development (for instance high frequency, high 
power RF Generators). Its involvement should make a qualitative and 
quantitative jump towards 1989/90, when a decision could be taken on 
the start of the engineering design of NET.
d. The structure of the fusion programme is that it is driven by the 
relevant national institutions coordinated by the Commission within 
the system of Associations. All fusion activities in the Member 
States (plus Sweden and Switzerland) and in the JRC are integrated 
into "the European programme".
The fusion activity is carried out along three modes of action, the 
first two of them corresponding to shared-cost actions :
- JET (a Joint Undertaking);
- the General Programme (Associations, NET and Technology);
- the JRC (technology concentrated on fusion safety, including the 
tritium handling laboratory, on materials and on support to NET).
e. On the basis of an analytical cost estimate of the various elements of 
the activities sketched above, the Community funds required amount to 
approximately 1060 to 1200 MioECUs, which cover the fusion programme 
proper and the fusion activities at JRC. The fusion programme proper 
encompasses the same activities which are covered by the March 1985 
Council Decision.

2.2  -  1
2.2. Nuclear Fission
a. Development of the nuclear fission energy is one of the main ways of 
reducing - through diversification of energy sources - the Community's 
dependence on imported fossil fuels such as oil. In the long term, 
through advanced technologies - notably fast breeder reactors - fission 
energy can virtually be considered as a renewable energy source. 
Therefore, continuation of a resolute effort on nuclear energy remains 
an essential aspect of the European energy policy.
The strategic objective of increasing energy source diversification and 
reducing energy dependence from imports must be compatible with the 
objective of protecting the population and the environment. A two- 
pronged approach is therefore necessary :
- while the safety and the benign environmental impact of the present 
generation of nuclear technologies must be maintained and confirmed,
- further progress and innovation towards more performant systems 
should be assured by conceivable technological improvements.
b. The proposed R, D&D will be carried out according to the following main 
lines :
Reactor safety problems - including those raised by the mature light 
water reactor industry - extend beyond frontiers :  progressive 
harmonization of safety requirements and criteria is necessary to be 
developed and maintained at the Community level in order to provide an 
equivalent and satisfactory degree of protection of the 
population/workers/environment, and to assist development of trade.
The main thrust of the effort will be directed to light water reactor 
safety and reliability (including feedback from aging plants), fast 
breeder reactor accident progression analysis and circuits integrity, 
and codes and standards convergence.
Work related to the radioactive waste management will receive 
particular attention. Problems raised by radioactive waste operations 
involve a combination of issues of social/ legal/ administrative/ 
financial/ technical nature which need to be resolved in one and same 
context. The effort will progressively concentrate on demonstration of 
safe waste disposal options with a view to reach a European concensus 
and to harmonize policies within the Community.
Other more technical oriented problems are those related to 
decommissioning operations. In this field, the effort will concentrate 
on demonstration of relevant technologies with a view to harmonize the 
approach and policies within the Community.
The Commission is a safeguarding authority in its own right 
(Chapter VII of the Euratom Treaty) and has carried out R, D&D in 
support of this institutional task. In the future the transportation 
and handling of nuclear materials are going to increase as reactors and 
other nuclear installations now under construction will become 
operational. Therefore, the Commission will have to further develop 
methodologies and techniques to adequately deal with the increasing 
number and variety of facilities to be monitored.

Finally, Community effort could lend support to the Member States 
engaged in the development of advanced reactors and systems including 
their fuel cycles.
Fission energy R&D, by its nature requires continuity. However, the 
following shifts in emphasis are foreseen :
Nuclear reactor safety R&D will undergo an overall reduction, 
especially in the light water reactor field. The Commission will 
promote the transfer of experience and methodologies acquired in this 
field to other industrial and potentially hazardous activities.
What concerns the radioactive waste management, basic R&D wilt diminish 
but R&D oriented towards the demonstration of safe disposal options 
will strongly increase, leading to an overall increase in effort.
Decommissioning of nuclear installations effort will follow a similar 
trend as the radioactive waste management.
Safeguards R&D will undergo a mild expansion.
Supporting actions on development of reactor systems and their fuel 
cycle is virtually all a new activity essentially focussed on 
demonstration.
The implementation of actions in the fields reactor safety, radioactive 
waste, and safeguards will have recourse both to the JRC activities and 
to the shared cost contracts.
Decommissioning of nuclear installation will be performed exclusively 
by shared cost action.
Supporting actions for the development of reactor systems and their 
fuel cycle will be performed essentially through complementary 
programmes and/or joint enterprises.
For Community action to achieve significant impact, the funding needed 
to support R, D&D in the above areas for the period 1987 to 1991, is 
estimated to amount between 600 and 700 MioECUs. This corresponds to 
5 to 10 % of total Member States effort. However, because the 
Community action is selective (i.e. it is concentrated upon safety 
related issues and not deployed over the whole spectrum of Member 
States activities) the percentages of Community funding in the proposed 
activities will be higher.
Complementary programmes for support to development of reactor systems 
and their fuel cycle would be additional.

2.3 - 1
2.3. Fossil, New and Renewable Energy Sources and Rational Use of Energy
a. The importance of the energy technologies which are the subject of. 
this action, derives directly from the Community energy strategy^ * 
and its objectives, defined so as to contribute to the overall goal :  
increasing security of supply and decreasing energy imports. With 
regard to the technologies in question, these objectives call for an 
increased contribution of solid fuels and of new and renewable sources 
by the end of the century and for a 20 to 25 % energy demand intensity 
reduction by the mid-nineties. The Community should undertake 
adequate efforts to achieve these medium-term objectives and also to 
support its long-term energy strategy - independent from short-term 
energy market developments.
One pre-requisite for the realization of these objectives is the 
development of a wide range of innovative energy technologies to be 
applied in all sectors of our economy. This represents a major 
challenge for science and industry, as the energy technologies of the 
future must be competitive/taking into account not only their direct 
cost but also their inherent environmental consequences, in particular 
as concerns fossil fuel.
The present oil market conditions - although not expected to last very 
long - are likely to lead to a reduction in national and private 
funding for energy research in fields covered by this action. This 
would affect many industrial and other laboratories for which the 
energy aspects are considered as driving forces towards innovation.
The future markets for the technologies involved are of the order of 
many billions of ECUs per year.
b. It is the Commission's opinion that stimulating European research
laboratories and industry to prepare for capturing a significant share 
of these markets - both within the EC, in other industrialized 
countries and in the developing countries - should be continued. This 
implies that the Community further supports the joint funding of 
collaborative projects, the coordination of research and testing as 
well as the development of norms and standards. This concerns not 
only a number of the well known classical energy fields but also, and 
even more, quite a number of "horizontal" fields where a particular 
need is identified. Examples of horizontal fields are :  combustion 
science, sensor techniques, phototronics, energy engineering, etc...
The added value of this Community action will consist primarily of a 
coordinated approach towards realization of the Community energy 
strategy, of promotion of the competitiveness of the European industry 
by optimal use of expertise and of financial resources, and of 
promotion of the creation of a real internal market for energy 
technologies. The recent enlargement of the Community and the 
particular needs for R&D support of some Member Countries have to be 
duly considered.
currently being discussed by the Council

2 .3 . , -  2
•  While the 1987 "photograph" of Community R&D will be determined by the 
current activities, the orientations for Community research in the 
second part of the period 1987-1991 will be along the followinq 
lines :
Continuation (but reoriented, to take account of results and their 
evaluation) of the actions on :
- solar energy (possibly merged with a programme on building 
technologies),
- energy from biomass
- energy conservation,
- solid fuel utilisation,
- hydrocarbon exploitation and use,
- new energy vectors (possibly merged with the hydrocarbons sub- 
programme),
- energy systems analysis.
Depending on the needs of the Member States, current R&D on geothermal 
energy will progressively be terminated while high technology work in 
the field of exploration, instrumentation and hot-dry-rock-technology 
should be carried out in other, new, separate activities. The solar 
energy chapter might concentrate on "passive solar", data collection 
and testing. Wind energy research should be brought to an end. Energy 
conservation might be concentrated on certain very advanced 
technologies (batteries, clean car, fuel cells) and important 
horizontal areas (combustion science, sensor techniques, etc.).
As already pointed out, many of the above actions will be re-shuffled 
T^with the assistance of the CGC) in order to concentrate on very 
specific advanced technology objectives (for example :  clean use of 
coal in the solid fuels area) and horizontal fields. This re­
shuffling might also lead to devote separate chapters to :
photovoltaic technology and systems,
- bioethanol,
advanced building technologies (energy saving, solar architecture).
In addition, a completely new area should be addressed by an 
activity on :
deep gas and deep geology (possibly including hot-dry-rock 
technology).
It must be pointed out that the choice between the different options 
outlined above as well as the more detailed content of each action 
should be determined in consultation with the CGC and in the light of 
the first results of the third non-nuclear energy R&D programme and of 
its corresponding JRC actions, becoming gradually available.
The major part of the work under this action will be carried out 
through contract research; the specific activities on standards and 
testing (solar, buildings, conservation) will be carried out within 
(or under supervision of) the JRC, and certain other activities could 
be carried out via (reinforced) concerted actions.

2.3 - 3
e. Community funding required for research in this action is estimated 
between 250 and 350 MioECUs for the period 1987-1991. This amount 
represents between 7 and 12 % of the total spending of Member States 
in the same areas.
Beyond those activities mention should be made of the energy 
demonstration projects and of the coal research carried out in the frame 
of the ECSC Treaty.

3. COMPETITIVENESS OF INDUSTRY AND SERVICES
Information technologies, telecommunications technologies 
and their applications
(Introduction to items 3.1., 3.2., 3.3. and 3.4.)
1. Because of their enabling character and of their pervasiveness,
information and telecommunications technologies (IT&T) play a key role 
in all scientific, economic and social activities. Performance in 
these domains will heavily influence the socio-economic choices open 
to Europe.
Already 2/3 of the GDP or 55% of the labour force are classified as 
concerned with information activities (acquisition, processing, 
transmission, storage, selling) and thus rely on performance in IT&T. 
The competition between economic regions worldwide will strongly 
depend on their ability to use IT&T in an effective and timely manner 
to meet economic and social objectives
Because the deployment of IT&T enhances skill content, and thus the 
efficiency of all factors of production, these technologies are 
particularly appropriate to Europe which has both to optimise the 
uti lisation of its scarce natural resources and also to compensate for 
the cumulative negative impact of industrial production on the 
environment and to maximales its relatively important scientific 
assets and skills.
IT&T offers a tremendous potential for creation of new products, 
processes and services addressing economic problems but, maybe more 
importantly, offers new ways to address urgent social problems in 
domains such as health care, road safety, adult education and others.
The United States and Japan, but also other countries are steadily 
increasing and concentrating their efforts in IT&T by funding big 
projects such as INS, 5th generation computer, SDI or by creating 
favourable conditions, stimulating cooperative R&D between 
universities and companies.
-■ The Community wide dimension, framework and instruments are
particularly appropriate for the development of R&D activities in the 
field of IT.
Research and technological developments in this sector are 
characterised by :
The importance of R&D expenditures to devote in order to keep the 
pace. European or american semi-conductors industry must spend some 
7 to 10% of their yearly turnover in R&D.

3-2
- The increasing speed of technological evolution (with a shortening 
of the delay between two technological generations to some 2 years).
- The relative scarceness of human resources (limited amont of 
specialists in areas characterised by very fast changes).
- The increasing need of pluridisciplinary approach.
- The fruitfullness of innovations gained through the work performed 
by small groupings such as University scientists, SMEs...
The constraints set out by this situation (difficulty of recouping R&D 
expenditures below a minimum threshold of some 5 to 10% of the world 
market; fierce competition between companies; heavy technological and 
financial risks) may be overcome at Community level by cooperative 
actions allowing :
- The definition of common objectives and strategies.
- The pooling of scarce human and financial resources, and the 
consequent work sharing.
- Economies of scale for instance (european companies in the IT sector 
must devote to R&D twice or three times as much resources, in 
percentage of their turnover, as their American or Japanese 
competitors, with much poorer results).
- The broadening of the research areas and of the technological 
options investigated.
- A concerted and coherent approach in the field of standardization 
and of complementary measures.
- A stimulation of skills and centers of excellence existing all over 
Europe, as demonstrated by the participation of, all Member States 
in ESPRIT.
3. In order to answer this challenge, and to exploit the Community 
advantage it is necessary to pursue and strengthen the actions 
initiated during recent years at the level of technology base as well 
as complement them so as to create synergy and favourable conditions 
for their translation into applications.
This process indicates a set of specific concerted actions, addressing 
a number of key factors or issues which are closely related to each 
other :
- Further strengthening of the technology base.
Improving the use of industrial R&D capacities by cooperation and 
work sharing.

3 - 3
- Contributing to the formation of a Community wide market for IT & T 
products, equipments and applications by reinforcing efforts in 
standardisation, certification and opening up of public procurement.
- Stimulating demand by infrastructure projects, pilot schemes and by 
creating a favourable environment for the wide use and diffusion of 
new applications.
- Diffusion of technology into less privileged regions.
- Improving the level of education and training.
4. Concerning the technology aspects, the content scope and objectives of 
the actions related to IT & T and their applications are established 
according to the following pattern :
- Preliminary analysis of the strategic importance of the envisaged 
action for Europe.
- Definition with the interested partners of key factors and of the 
subsequent action lines to be set up.
- Establishment of a definition phase to precise the detailed 
objectives and the necessary human and financial resources to 
gather.
Permanent evaluation of the actions and yearly review of the 
workplan.
The actions proposed in the 1987-1991 Framework Programme will build 
on previous actions, in particular the :
- Microelectronics Programme,
- Pluriannual Informatics Programme,
- ESPRIT phase I (initiated in 1984), and
- RACE definition phase (launched in 1985).
Based on the evaluations carried out on the above mentioned programmes 
and in consultation with industry, the scientific community and the 
national administrations, the new Framework Programme should include 
the continuation of :
ESPRIT I with ESPRIT II, in accordance with the recommendations of 
the Council, of the mid-term Review (Autumn 1985) and of industry.

3 - A
ESPRIT II will put the emphasis on technology integration and on 
more ambitious and more focused projects, including also increased 
attention to the generic technology requirements of advanced 
applications.
- RACE definition phase with RACE main. The main phase of RACE (to be 
launched in 1987) will establish the technology base, the 
precompetivive developments and the work necessary for common 
specification and standards which are required for progressive 
introduction of integrated broadband communication infrastructure 
and services.
Exploratory academic research in order to strengthen European 
cooperation in basic research related to IT&T.
Moreover, greater emphasis will be put on developing new applications 
in concert with the respective users, drawing on synergy between 
parallel developments.
Complementary actions addressing major objectives of common interest 
(and covering some of the seven areas mentioned in the IRIS 
initiative) include the use of IT&T for supporting :
Learning, teaching and training, which will permit the overcoming of 
some of the distance and access constraints to learning (DELTA).
Road-safety, traffic guidance, and mobile communication, which can 
be addressed by exploiting synergy between parallel technological 
developments and could result in an integral solution offering major 
advantages in terms of costs and infrastructure requirements 
(DRIVE).
Bioinformatics and medical informatics, which can benefit in cost 
performance by a systematic and timely introduction and integration 
of advanced IT&T (BICEPS).
Other areas which may offer opportunities for Community action are 
being actively explored and may result in the next two years in 
proposals for action. These concern :
the domain of laboratory equipment technology (to improve R&D 
productivity) and financial technology which would make financial 
transactions speedier and more secure;
- other domains contributing to social objectives in Europe.
The follow-up of the microelectronics and the informatics programme 
will occur in the framework of ESPRIT.

3-5
The proposed actions will take the form of shared cost programmes and 
will be carried out in close concertation with national and 
intergovernmental activities.
The required resources will be estimated in concertation with the 
respective actors and Member State administrations. At this very 
preliminary stage, and under the assumption that the current 
modalities would be applied, the efforts would be situated 
approximately between 3940 and 4150 MioEcus over 5 years.
This amount corresponds to a few percents of the overall efforts made 
at national level by Member States.
As this Community effort focus on key areas of strategic relevance, 
and on the strengthening of technological cooperation, it will exert a 
multiplier effect and will produce results far beyond the rather 
limited appropriations requested on the EEC budget.

3.1 - 1
3.1 Information Technologies
a. This action covers the ESPRIT programme the objectives of which are to take 
advantage of the Community dimension :
- to enhance the technology base in IT on the precompetitive level, 
enlarging scope and applying economics of scale, in order to meet 
successfully the requirements of the world market in the nineties
- to improve the use of scientific and industrial R&D capabilities by 
cooperative efforts,
- to pave the way to widely accepted international IT standards, and
- to promote the transfer of technology in the IT sector with particular 
emphasis on needs of SME's.
b. The programme has just been reviewed by an independent high level body 
(ESPRIT Review Board). The results of this review, which demonstrate that 
ESPRIT has been successfully established and is well on its way to meeting 
its objectives, has been transmitted to the Council and the Parliament 
(C0M(85)616 final). Moreover, the yearly workprogramme of ESPRIT is a 
unique character!stic, ensuring that the programme is under constant 
assessment.
In accordance with the recommendations of the ESPRIT Review Board, and as a 
result of an extensive conslutation process with industrial experts a 
consensus view on the scope and content of the programme from 1987 onwards 
is emerging along the following axes:
1. Microelectronics and peripheral technologies
- Silicon technology. Silicon technology represents the foundation of 
the IC industry and silicon-based devices are responsible for the 
dramatic reduction in the cost of electronic equipment that has 
occurred in the past years and will continue in the future. Specific 
technological targets would be eg. 4 million transistors on a chip 
using 0.5 micron technologies and 3D-integration.
Compound semiconductors. The use of compound semiconductors for 
high-speed circuits is expected to become increasingly relevant in 
future computer and telecommunication systems as well as in other 
applications. Europe has the potential opportunity to become a 
significant supplier of compound semiconductor devices. To ensure a 
sufficient European capability in this area, a significant increase 
of the current R&D level is required.
Computer aided design (CAD). The availability of CAD for very large 
scale integration for the overall success of the efforts in 
microelectronics continues to be a crucial factor. Future CAD 
projects will take advantage of the results achieved so far in ESPRIT 
and will in particular focus on very high performance systems, 
testing aspects as well as standardisation aspects.

3.1 - 2
~ Peripherals.  Peripherals represent an ever increasing proportion of 
the total cost of IT systems. A major technology push in response to 
future market demands requires, in particular, substantial R&D 
efforts in magnetic, optical and magneto-optical storage, printers, 
sensors and displays.
Information processing systems
“ Systems design and architectures.  The overall aim is to ensure that 
IT industry has the necessary facilities to produce high quality 
systems, quickly and economically. Systems, of similar complexity of 
those being developed in 1985, should within 10 years be developed 
with 'lO /o of the resources required to develop the systems today. 
Furthermore, novel architectures for IT systems will be developed and 
analysed with respect to their reliability and performance.
- Knowledge engineering.  The use of knowledge based systems is expected 
to provide a qualitative jump in future applications of IT. The level 
of cooperative generic research in this area needs to be maintained 
in order to successfully meet the competitive requirements in the 
nineties.
Signal processing.  The ability to process speech and complex images, 
are expected to be important new characteristics of future IT 
systems. Accordingly R&D in this area will be on continuous speech 
recognition with large vocabulary, and advanced image processing 
systems.
Integration of IT into application systems
" IT support systems.  This area is concerned with the basic IT
technologies relevant to the office, production, other professional 
applications and the home sector. It includes eg. R&D on 
workstations, I/O subsystems for broad spectrum applications, man- 
machine interfaces and interfaces with the physical environment. Its 
potential impact on medium-term market requirements is expected to be 
particularly relevant.
~ Factory automation.  IT applications in production environments are of 
utmost importance to European economy. Key target is to establish 
open systems architectures, promote CAD/CAM systems and shop floor 
control systems. The level of R&D in this area needs to be 
considerably increased.
“ Integrated IT systems comprise technology integration projects
building upon different technologies, and oriented towards selected 
applications.
Measures with respect to the dissemination of the results of R&D
projects play an increasing role in the further progress of the action.
A broad-scale participation of SME's to the action is considered to be 
vital in order to maintain and stimulate its innovative character, which 
is a prerequisite to meet its overall objectives.

3.1 - 3
Expected results :
- enable the European information technology industry to successfully meet 
the competitive requirements of the world market in the nineties,
- diffusion of these technologies through different sectors of our economy 
leading to product, process and service innovations.
Motivation for EC action :
- pooling of resources and worksharing is necessary to compete with the 
massive public programmes in the US and Japan,
coordinated approach is also necessary to develop common standards and to 
encourage industrial cooperation in Europe.
Industry representatives currently estimate the overall efforts necessary 
to carry out the above described work to 30000 manyears to be invested 
progressively from 1987 onwards. These estimates need to be consolidated in 
the forthcoming months. These efforts would correspond to approximately 
2200 MioECUs Community contribution.

3.2 - 1
3.2 Telecommunications Technologies
a. For the competitiveness of European economies the price-performance of 
telecommunications services plays a decisive role in the emerging 
global market-place. In order to maintain a strong position and lead in 
the transition towards fully digital operation Europe will need to 
invest in a timely manner in the advanced telecommunication 
technologies and make optimal use of its resources.
The EC telematics industry and Telecommunications Operators Research 
Establishments have, in 1984, established a broad based consensus on 
the objective :
Community-Wide Introduction of Integrated Broadband Communication (IBC) 
by 1995 taking into account the evolving Integrated Services Digital 
Networks (ISDN)
and worked out common requirements for :
R&D in Advanced Communications-technologies in Europe (RACE)
which aims at establishing the technology base for progressive 
introduction of Community IBC infrastructure and services.
RACE distinguishes several phases or stages of commitments which 
correspond to progressively improved definition of the objectives and 
requirements. Specifically:
Definition phase (decided in 1985), to execute initial work as required 
to focus the main programme R&D accurately on future functional 
requirements of the network, the terminal area and future applications, 
and the evaluation of key technology options.
Phase I (1987-1991) will have the objectives:
- the technology base for IBC,
- the precompetitive developments necessary for the provision of 
trial equipments and services for IBC demonstration,
- support for the work of CEPT and CCITT in the formulation of 
common proposals for specifications and standards.
Phase II (1991-1996), depending on the outcome of phase I, would have 
the overall objectives of developing the technology base for enhanced 
IBC equipments and services beyond 1995.

3.2 - 2
b. Scope (Phase I) :
1. Specific system aspects
Part 1  addresses the system engineering aspect of IBC and will 
explore systems architecture, subscriber environments, network 
sub-systems, operations and maintenance related issues. In doing 
so, it will take into account ISDN and alternative carrier concepts 
and mixes.
The work addresses three closely related but distinct aims:
- exploration and identification of IBC systems evolution,
- identification and specification of functional requirements 
serving as objectives for the R&D on the sub-systems and basic 
technology levels, and
- specification of the verification and testing required before 
full scale development is considered i.e. the definition of the 
requirements for demonstration and trials.
2. Research into the requirements of the users and service providers
The understanding of the user and service provider Requirements is 
a key condition for the conception and design of future 
infrastructure and services. Some requirements can be assessed on 
the basis of past experience with sufficient accuracy to serve as 
an orientation for the technical development. However, new services 
and operational concepts for users and service providers require 
careful research. This is in its own right a significant 
multidisciplinary R&D effort.
Past experience with the introduction of new communication services 
clearly demonstrates the risks of separating technical from market, 
application and user oriented research. Accordingly part 2 has been 
designed to address the link between the users and the service 
providers on the one hand, and the developing technology options on 
the other.
3. Enabling and supporting technologies
This part addresses the three main families of technologies 
which the successive generations of IBC implementation will
- electronic components used for communications,
- optics and optoelectronics, and
- design tools for communication systems.on
buiId:

3.2 - 3
The aim of the R&D in these domains will be to advance the 
performance characteristics for their applications in 
telecommunications, i.e.
performance in terms of bandwidth and complexity,
system compatibility, i.e. aptness to standardisation, and
live-cycle costs, including quality, reliability and 
maintenance.
Although the main thrust of part 3 is at the basic technology 
level, some sub-system considerations are implicitly included since 
some components (e.g. microprocessors) represent in terms of 
complexity, sub-systems in themselves.
4. Dedicated communication software
This part addresses the software R&D issues which are particular to 
the application in telecommunications. It is assumed that progress 
in software technology aimed at in national programmes and ESPRIT 
are realised and that the work in RACE can benefit from it.
A considerable effort will be required to develop adequate tools 
that will meet simultaneously the operational and managerial 
specifications of telecommunications. This applies particularly to 
IBC which will require a very large, complex, and functionally 
rich, software implementation.
5. Terminal technologies
Having a powerful and low-cost IBC technology is an essential pre­
requisite for the introduction of broadband services, but 
insufficient unless parallel major progress is made in improving 
the cost-performance of terminal technology.
IBC aims ultimately at serving the public at large, i.e. cannot be 
seen just under the aspect of specialised services for the business 
community which may be prepared to pay comparatively high system 
costs. For IBC to achieve high penetration rates and wide 
acceptance, costs have to be very much reduced.
Terminal equipment with the right characteristics enabling easy and 
friendly use and the right cost-performance will require major 
technological advances and prolonged efforts of a considerable 
scale. This kind of technology cannot be expected to derive 
automatically from business applications.
Part 5 defines the R&D which promises to offer adequate performance 
for the use by the general public at sufficiently low cost levels.

3.2 - 4
c. The thrust of RACE would be to establish on the world market a strong, 
if not leading, position of the Community telecommunications 
manufacturing and service industries in broadband communications and 
accelerate the emergence of a strong and competitive Community market 
for telecommunication equipment and services. The phase I will result 
in a common technology base and contribute to the convergence in 
technical and functional specifications, which is of decisive 
importance for the emergence of a Community-sized market for broadband 
infrastructures, equipments and services.
d. The objective of providing Europe's economies in the 1990s with 
telecommunications services leading in cost-performance can only be 
realised by making full use of Europe's integral assets in technology, 
industrial capacities, human resources, markets and finance. A 
concerted approach offers advantages of scale and scope comparable to 
those available to Europe's main competitors. The investments 
associated with developments are so high that it goes largely beyond 
what operators and industry can invest on the economies national 
markets can offer.
The RACE programme which will be carried out with the participation of 
all Member States, will be instrumental in harnessing Europe's 
considerable technological expertise in areas such as optoelectronics, 
advanced semiconductors and software for multi—service broadband 
telecommunications systems. This will service business needs on a 
community scale for low-cost, reliable and secure data, voice and 
image communication as well as providing a wide variety of 
communications and entertainment services for private users.
e. In 1984 a planning exercise has been carried out by the
telecommnication industry and operators, which identified the pre- 
competitive effort offering significant advantage of Community scale. 
This planning exercise led to an approcimate level of 14.000 man-years 
for five years. The Council of Ministers decided in July 1985 a 
definition phase, which will define the scale and scope of the effort 
to be engaged in the main phase. On this basis and supposing a 50% 
Community financing, this evalution leads to an estimation of 
1000 MioECUs.
The Council of Ministers decided in July 1985 an 18 months definition 
phase, which will further define scale and scope of the efforts to be 
engaged under this action.

3.3 - 1
3.3. Integration of Information and Telecommunications Technologies into 
New Applications and Services of Common”Interest ~
Progress in information technologies and telecommunications (IT&T) is 
rapidly transforming the socio-economic conditions and the basis of the 
world economy. This offers new opportunities to solve present and future 
societal problems in all spheres of life. The benefits of this change 
will depend on mastering these technologies and their conscious 
application and choice governed by societal needs and aspirations. The 
successful exploitation of these new possibilities requires a well 
considered and systematic approach involving the respective main actors 
since in most cases traditional sectors undergo in this context profound 
transformations.
Besides the direct application of IT&T the systems-integration with other 
technologies, leading to new applications and services, opens up a most 
important potential for the future, both in terms of economic 
opportunities and of contribution to societal objectives in Europe.
A. The systems-integration of IT&T with
“ ie_a. r. ni,n9 and teaching permits the realisation of advanced open 
learning concepts which will not only provide the educational 
community with enhanced tools but also remove constraints in access 
to learning (DELTA);
road-safety and mobile communication offers powerful means to reduce 
traffic accidents, improve traffic management and thereby transport 
economics (DRIVE);
bjoinformatics and medical informatics can be developed to 
considerably further improve research, diagnostics and health care 
(BICEPS);
laboratory technology offers major improvement in the productivity 
of research, development and experimentation (PERT);
financial technology offers advances towards the realisation of 
Community-wide financial services, markets and a reduction of crime 
(DIME).
Background and method of elaboration of the actions:
The identification of these actions has resulted from the consultati 
of the respective actors and have been indicated in the C0M(85) 350 
and C0M(85) 530 "Technological Europe" as areas where the Commission 
is developing action proposals. Some of their objectives have been 
confirmed in the framework of IRIS as corresponding also to the 
socio-political perception of Community priorities.

3.3 - 2
The method of elaboration for these actions follows a consistent 
sequence of steps:
1) an initial in-house ana lysis of the importance and the likely 
"value-added" oTTCommuni ty approach resulting in the 
identification of overall objectives and lines of action;
2) exploratory investigation and definition of the detailed 
objectives and The optimal approach to an effective use of the 
overall Community resources with the respective main actors;
3) preparation of proposals for concerted actions embedding the 
Community measures in the context of national and international 
activities;
4) launching of a definition phase serving the systematic 
developmenFof the action by the respective main actors;
5) implementation including periodic reviews and assessments of 
developments which might require adjustment of objectives and 
approach;
6) on-going critical evaluation and adjustment in the light of the 
experiences gathered in the implementation.
The first step is guided by the priorities of the Community and the 
political orientation of Council and Parliament as it translates for 
the domain of IT&T.
During the second step each action is subject of systematic 
investigations drawing on external expertise as well. The best 
qualified organisations are identified in an open bidding procedure in 
the Official Journal.
Step three is referred to as "planning exercise", it consists of a 
systematic involvement of the main actors in developing the action 
proposaIs.
The definition phase represents the last step before the 
implementation of an action. It consists of initial work as may be 
required to verify the objectives, approach and assessment of the 
requirements to realise them.
With the implementation the task of evaluating is taken up which 
^extends both to external changes, i.e. requirements, state-of-the-art, 
etc. as well as progress of the projects making up the action. In 
yearly intervals the workprogramme and resource allocation is 
systematically re-examined.
At a suitable stage of the implementation, an independent review aids 
the Council and Parliament to assess the action in the light of its 
objectives.
For each of the subjects described below it is indicated which stage 
has been reached.

3.3 - 3
B. Other actions aiming more specifically to societal objectives will be 
identified in the coming months according to the orientations given by 
the Research Council of December 1985 in its debate on IRIS. In this 
context, preliminary studies will be launched to explore Community 
initiatives in priority areas dealing with objectives such as :
- better health;
- safer life;
- domestic and home applications;
- improvement of services and facilities for people living in rural 
areas.
★ *
*
The estimates of the resources derive from the detailed workplans; 
therefore it is at this preliminary stage not possible to provide 
reliable figures. Still based on initial assessments one could envisage 
Community contributions situated between 700 and 900 MioECUs.

3.3 - 4
DELTA (developing European Learning through Technical Advance)
a. A skilled population can rightly be considered as the single most
important asset of Europe. With rapid changes in human activities, the 
importance of life-long education and training increases and with it 
the need to extend the formal education for it to become more flexible 
and adaptable to the needs of the learner and teachers. Progress in 
information and telecommunication technologies opens up the 
possibility to overcome distance and access constraints and the 
economic realisation of advanced open learning concepts (i.e. an 
approach to learning under which the barriers relating to formalities, 
location and time are dimished).
Learning technology represents, moreover, a major future world market 
opportunity for the Community equipment and service industry and 
teaching professions.
DELTA is to concert the development by Community industry and academia 
of equipment, systems and tools for advanced open learning.  This 
action will bring together at the Community level the potential users 
and producers of open learning systems and associated equipment, thus 
enabling the Community to achieve economy in scope and scale, which 
are now lacking. DELTA will benefit from synergy with on-going actions 
in the field of information technologies (ESPRIT) and 
telecommunications (RACE).
The programme identifies the technological efforts required to reach 
the following objectives:
1988-90: overcoming of distance and access constraints, via the 
adaptation of existing infrastructures, systems, equipment 
and technology
1990-95: enhanced handling and access of information, based on 
progressive digitisation of IT&T complemented by specific 
learning-oriented features
1995-2000: smart learning aids, based on the features of "5th 
generation" computing and integrated broadband communication 
(IBC).
b. Scope :
1. Interdisciplinary concertation on present and feature learning 
support requirements
By developing in a timely manner an understanding of the requirements 
and opportunities it will be possible to establish synergy, share work 
and cooperate throughout the Community and thereby improve the 
effectiveness of the resources available.

In order to support this process and optimise the use of Community 
resources and focus the research efforts, a systematic analysis and 
systems engineering evaluation of the learning system and its 
functions is required. This will be achieved by means of the 
development of a learning systems reference model.
2. Learning Technology and Systems R&D
»
This entails a systematic development of the features specific to the 
learner and authoring/teaching requirements. The programme will place 
particular emphasis on improving delivery to the learner, 
communication between learners and tutors/teachers, the ease of 
authoring and the economics and management of the overall system.
3. Testing and validation
The importance of the "human factor" in this domain requires the 
thorough testing of learning technology and concepts at all stages of 
the development. The programme foresees the realisation of a 
satellite-based open testing facility accessible from all parts of the 
Community.
4. Developing interoperability
In order to achieve acceptable economies as well as flexibility in 
use, multi-media interoperability will need to be established. This 
requires, over and above the on-going standardisation work in IT&T, 
the application-specific development of standards and conventions 
facilitating progress in this domain.
5. Creating favourable conditions
While learning technology is potentially very attractive and offers 
advantageous solutions, this process wilt be retarded unless specific 
accompanying measures are adopted lowering the "entry-barrier".
DELTA will help to accelerate the emergence of new techniques, 
facilities and tools to support learning, in particular the 
realisation of new Open Learning concepts. It will provide the 
technologies to educationalists and learners to reduce the distance 
and access constraints.
In this emerging new domain, human expert resources are rare and 
sparsely distributed throughout the Community. In addition to re­
inforcing efforts to exploit the opportunities opening up in the use 
of learning technology, it will also be necessary to focus efforts by 
concertation and work-sharing within a defined framework of objectives 
and measures. The opportunities for industry will depend on reasonable 
market sizes as can be offered in a Community framework. DELTA will 
provide a vehicle for better use of resources and attracting 
industrial support.
The resources estimated necessary will be indicated at a later stage.

3.3 - 6
DRIVE (Dedicated Road Safety Systems and Intelligent Vehicles in JEurope)
a. Each year 55.000 people are killed and 1.8 million people injured on 
roads in the Community. The overall societal costs of these accidents 
is very high and it has been estimated that 3.2 billion ECU a year 
could be saved by applying information and telecommunication 
technologies to avoid car collisions.
Moreover, the indirect effects of road safety on the quality of life 
and the economy are numerous and of great importance, e.g. on the 
congestion of roads.
Recent advances in IT&T are progressively opening up new and much more 
cost-effective ways of improving road-safety and transport management 
in general.
b. Scope :
DRIVE will contain application-specific R&D&D&T addressing in 
particular the systems engineering and systems-integration aspects.
1. Accident avoidance system
This area is concerned with the integration of various "safety- 
related" electronic subsystems into an integrated vehicle control and 
management system.
2. Vehicle communication systems
In the coming decade mobile telephony will increasingly become 
standard equipment of vehicles. The infrastructure provided for this 
service can at the same time support safety and traffic management 
functions.
3. Traffic management and control
The use of IT&T as part of an integrated application will permit 
considerable progress to be made in avoiding congestions, navigation 
in towns, re-routing in case of blockages and the clearing of routes 
in emergency situations.
c. The Programme DRIVE is to provide the framework in which industry and 
administrations can Europe-wide develop the technological means to 
achieve
a drastic reduction of serious road incidents, and
economies of scale and scope required for an early 
development and introduction of these techniques.

Improving road-safety is a common objective of all Member States and 
sharing the burden of developing new means of improving road safety 
and communications are clearly to the advantage of both the citizens 
as well as the industries concerned. The way for such a development is 
prepared in R&D&D&T efforts as to be undertaken in the framework of 
DRIVE.
For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme 
foreseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise 
formulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community 
scale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State 
level.
The resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of 
development of this action.

3.3 - 8
BICEPS (Bio-Informatics Collaborative European Programme and Strategy)
a. The continuous growth of medical expenditure has become a major issue. 
In the European Community, the total expenditure for social services 
has in real terms, increased by 27% since 1975 and its accounts now 
for more than one quarter of the GDP. Of the total ECU 720 billion 
expenditure more than 75%, ie ECU 540 billion relate to medical 
services and care for the aged. As life expectancy grows the demand 
for further improvements in the quality and cost-effectiveness is also 
likely to increase.
BICEPS develops IT&T to meet the specific needs of medical services 
and the use in medical and biotechnological R&D&D&T.
b. Scope :
1. Medical informatics
A further improvement of health care and better economics of providing 
it will depend on progress in numerous domains. One of the 
opportunity areas for progress builds on the consequent exploitation 
of the potential of IT&T. Their application in various functions can 
ring very significant improvements in quality, availability and cost- 
effectiveness of medical care.
2. Bio-informatics
A major part of the medical expenses in associated with pharmaceutical 
products and medical research. In this domain there is strong 
dependence of progress in biotechnology and medical research with 
bio-informati cs.
Therefore, BICEPS addresses both the medical-informatics and bio- 
informatics needs.
Links with Community actions ESPRIT, RACE and the BAP exist as well as 
with actions on the level of Member States.
c. The results of BICEPS are expected to provide for a rapid development 
of advanced techniques for both the medical services and 
medi cal/biotechnological R&D&D&T.
d. ESPRIT is resulting in generic information technology on with specific 
efforts in bio-informatics can build. The IT-industry is 
collaborating already on a Community scale. This offers particular 
opportunities to assemble the expertise and industrial capacities to 
support the work in this domain. Furthermore, there are considerable 
advantages in worksharing and cooperating for both the speeding up of 
development and the gathering of experiences which is crucial for 
building up the confidence of the medical profession in new 
techni ques.

3.3 - 9
e. For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme 
foreseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise 
formulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community 
scale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State 
level.
The resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of the 
preparation of this action.

3.3 - 10
PERT (Professional Electronics and Research Technology)
a. The Community's productivity in R&D and here particularly in 
high-technology domains is significantly below that achieved in the 
USA and Japan which have made enormous advances in this respect in
.  recent years based on a consequent use of advanced IT&T.
The objective of PERT is to improve the productivity in Community R&D 
equal to or better than that of its main competitors.
b. Scope :
1. Information resource management in the laboratory environment
The information resource management is one of the central problems in 
laboratory work. Advanced techniques using recent progress in IT&T 
offer the potential of major improvements. However, the laboratory 
conditions and diverse requirements demand a systematic effort in 
developing compatible components and subsystems which can 
interoperate to meet a wide range of conditions. This represents a 
major task in systems-R&D, systems engineering and 
systems-integration.
2. Data capture
Rapid gathering of data and their pre-processing is a key factor in 
speeding up technological analyses. New techniques using progress in 
sensoric and IT&T permit the development of more versatile devices for 
these needs.
3. Information interpretation
Increasingly screening and alternative interpretation of technological 
data, concepts and conditions require sophisticated tools for 
interpretation and simulation. While these tools have been developed 
for engineering purposes their use for designing and interpreting 
experiments is still in its early stages. PERT is to develop 
generalised laboratory/scientific tools for these functions. This 
includes the development of knowledge-based used friendly applications 
for the interpretation of information.
PERT is to result in a significant improvement in the productivity 
technological R&D and the provision of high performance tools for 
accelerating the industrial development processes.of

3.3 - 11
Besides being a problem common to all Member States the investment and 
the specialists in this domain are comparatively limited. A work- 
sharing and cooperative approach not only improves the chances for 
each project but because of the systems interdependencies synergy and 
cross-fertilisation will be important. Within a Community action, 
defined jointly with the main actors, this can be realised.
For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme 
foreseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise 
formulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community 
scale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State 
level.
Resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of the 
preparation of this action.

3.3 - 12
IE (Development of integrated Monetary Electronics)
Already most financial transactions are carried out by electronic 
transmission and also electronic theft outweighs by far armed 
robberies. This and recent developments of using IT&T to implement 
special finance technologies such as the "smart card" (microcomputer 
on a bank card) are signalling the emergence of "electronic cash" and 
major changes of the way citizens receive and spend money.
With a consequent development of the technologies now within reach 
'personalised electronic money' could be developed which could only be 
used by the legitimate owner, i.e. eliminate the risk of unauthorised 
use or stealing. Conventional bank robberies could soon be made a 
thing of the past.
Furthermore the 'smart card' will be able to serve numerous other 
functions in all spheres of human activity requiring authentication.
DIME is to carry out R&D in the use of IT&T for financial services and 
other services with the objective of taking the lead in the 
development of 'personalised electronic money' and the development of 
'smart card technology' suited to serve as a generalised tool for 
crediting and authentication.
Scope :
1. Intelligent credentials
The use of monies depends basically on the ability to provide 
"evidence of having credit". In conventional money this is achieved by 
authorised bank notes. More recently bank or credit cards have been 
introduced which can be considered a first generation of personalised 
money. However, this development is far from having reached its end. 
The heart of 'personalised electronic money* may well be a 
'microcomputer on a card-like device'. This device will use personal 
characteristics of the bearer, e.g. fingerprints, to be protected 
against use by others. The device could store any amount of credit the 
bearer chooses to put on it and in paying the corresponding amount 
would be withdrawn from the card as from an account.
The principles of how this can be realised are comparatively simple, 
but its technical realisation with the degree of reliability required 
for general use requires systematic R&D&D&T of considerable scope.
Much the same technology will also serve numerous authentication 
functions. In order to avoid excessive proliferation of different 
cards systems and operations, research will need to establish the 
optimal approach.

3.3 - 13
2. Falsification counter measures
Bank notes and even credit cards are increasingly exposed to being 
forged. In developing 'new forms of credit' this problem is of utmost 
importance. The potential of a 'microcomputer on a card' is largely 
sufficient, but the implementation of counter measures needs to be 
consistent with the functions of the device and of the numerous 
options possible the most practical has to be identified and 
researched.
DIME is to result in providing a sound technological basis for the 
introduction in Europe of 'personalised money' which reduces the 
possibility of money being stolen or falsified.
Money and the protection of personal property and safety is an 
objective all citizens and their governments throughout the Community 
share. Furthermore, for realising the full benefit of such a new 
financial technology it will be essential that it can be used 
throughout the Community. In view of the required investment for the 
terminal equipment and the objective of good economics, the size of 
the Community market will be a decisive factor.
For 1987 a definition phase is envisaged preparing the main programme 
foreseen to be implemented in 1988. This will permit a precise 
formulation of the work offering the greatest advantage of Community 
scale and being complementary to work carried out on the Member State 
level.
Resource estimates are to be indicated at a later stage of the 
preparation of this action.

3.4 - 1
3-4. Cooperation on Basic Research on Information Technologies
a. This action covers collaborative research and concerted actions with 
the objective to improve the use of scientific capabilities in 
computer science by cooperative efforts.
b. It is expected that universities and research institutes will be 
active in industrial projects, but there remains the necessity that 
present and future efforts in precompetitive research with commercial 
application should be supplemented by promoting research into IT at a 
more fundamental level without immediate direct application. Basic 
research is also an important element for the training of the highly 
qualified manpower, which is strongly needed by IT as well as other 
industry. This type of research is, of course, mainly carried out in 
universities and in public or private research institutes.
One positive way was indicated by the ESPRIT Review Board, which 
recommended that one of the benefits of the programme is the breaking 
of geographical isolation of certain institutions.
The Review Board viewed on to propose that a few selected European 
centres of excellence in IT should be encouraged to become 
international in their orientation.
Such centres would preferably be based on existing activities and 
would also build on efforts developped at European level, notably in 
the framework of COST activities related to computer science.
The Commission could support such research in areas of strategic 
interest, provided that:
the European dimension be guaranteed by an ambitious common work 
programme to be agreed by a High Level Board drawn from leading 
experts,
- the best organisations in that field (a maximum of 4 or 5) who would 
be sufficiently motivated by the task to willingly work to this 
common work programme in a reasonable manner.
There should be strong focus on promising selective research areas, 
which have not yet reached maturity, and where therefore Community 
action could provide some visible impetus. These would include e.g.:
- molecular electronics;
- special sectors of cognitive science and artificial intelligence; 
special sectors of solid state physics applied to IT (amorphous 
silicon, magneto-optical research ...)
c. Expected results
enable European IT science to develop excellency in sectors of 
strategic relevance by critical mass efforts;
- improve the use of scientific R&D capabilities in IT by cooperative 
efforts and concerted actions.
d. Motivation for EEC action :  scarce and scattered -esources need to be 
coordinated and directed towards critical mass efforts.
e. It is estimated that between 40 and 50 MioECUs Community contribution 
would be necessary for a five-year period.

3.5 - 1
3.5. Technologies for Manufacturing Industry and Special Technologies
a. In the recent years, a recovery of European industry has begun to 
become apparent. Technology is a major factor in sustaining this 
recovery. In the 90s, this factor will increase even further in 
importance in facing competition from the USA, Japan and other 
countries of the Pacific. All sectors will need high technology and 
nowhere is this more the case than in sectors like motor vehicles, 
chemicals, textiles, clothing, shipbuilding, construction, furniture, 
which employ over 25 million people - nearly 70 % of the industrial 
workforce of the Community - and in all countries will continue to 
represent the largest contributor to that part of the GDP provided by 
industry.
Increasingly, the dividing line will not be between sectors like 
electronics and the mature industries but, irrespective of sector, 
between those who make full use of the newest technologies and those 
who do not. The potential for change is greatest in sectors which so 
far have been the slowest to absorb new technology and it is therefore 
on those that efforts will need to be concentrated and where the 
encouragement given by Community programmes will bear fruit.
The problem consists not only in the development of appropriate new 
technologies (especially multidisciplinary technologies) at the 
precompetitive stage and their application, but also in the need to 
use research resource more efficiently through co-operation across the 
frontiers.
Among the major priorities supported by the governments in the USA and 
Japan are research projects of an inter-disciplinary character in new 
production technologies and in the engineering aspects of new 
materials. For example, in the USA the university-industry co­
operative research centres in fields such as polymer processing, 
welding, process control and triboloby and, in Japan, the R&D project 
on basic technologies for future industries receive annually several 
hundred million dollars from the central governments. Moreover, as is 
well known, the US Department of Defense and NASA both continue to 
fund research in these fields on a major scale which has a rapid 
impact on industry and there is a constant flood of technical 
information. These programmes are ample evidence of the strategic 
importance which these countries attach to these technologies.
b. BRITE continues to develop in constant and continuing close 
consultation with industry and the fields currently of the highest 
priority but constantly under review together with industry are :
- the improvement of the strength and inherent reliability over long 
periods of time of engineering materials and components,
- the reduction in the deterioration of materials through corrosion, 
wear, biodeterioration, etc...,
- the tribology of mechanical systems,

3.5 - 2
- Laser technology for manufacturing,
- joining techniques :  new and improved welding techniques, and 
adhesive bonding,
- new testing methods including non-destructive testing, on-line 
testing and computer-aided testing,
- advanced design and manufacturing techniques, in particular those 
suitable for SMEs and for specialised industrial purposes,
- membrane science and technology,
- catalysis and particle technology,
- specific applications of advanced materials (see 3.7 for enabling 
R&D on materials),
- applications of new technologies in manufacturing processes with 
special problems, e.g. production processes involving the use of 
flexible materials.
The reaction of manufacturing industry to the first call for proposals 
has confirmed its interest in co-operative precompetitive research 
aimed at :
- improving the co-ordination of work otherwise carried out 
independently in several Member States by industry and other 
organisai i  ons,
- helping cross frontier collaboration between different industry 
sectors and between industry and university.
The conditions for participation (participants from more than one 
Member State with at least one industrial participant, 50 % industrial 
participation in the costs) have ensured the industrial nature of the 
projects proposed and their overall high quality.
559 projects were received nearly all of great interest and of high 
quality (with on average four participants in each project) of which 
only 102 could be accepted because of the budgetary constraints. This 
represents much too high a disappointment rate and could discourage 
firms - in particular SMEs - from participating. Despite intensive 
information campaigns, many firms had not heard of BRITE in time to 
prepare for the first round and the adhesion of Spain and Portugal 
will increase the number of potential participants. It would not be 
surprising if the number of proposals for the second round of BRITE 
was several times that for the first round.
In view of the need to create for manufacturing industry a European 
cross-frontier co-operation infrastructure and to respond to the 
international competition a major increase in the budget is necessary 
for the second call for proposals (IRDAC has advised that for the 
second round this should be at least 300 MioECUs).
c. Ultimately, BRITE-type projects should become self-supporting and co­
operation within a revitalised Community become a naturaL and accepted 
procedure without support from Community funds. There is nevertheless 
likely to be a continuing need fro BRITE well into the 1?90s.
A follow-on activity (BRITE revised) is therefore envisaged to be 
developed in close consultation with industry.

3.5 - 3
The experience of the first and second rounds of BRITE will make it 
possible to deepen and concentrate its strategic approach by tackling 
in depth new areas including
- the problem of bringing new technologies emanating from many sectors 
to the manufacture of a wide range of new or technologically 
improved products including furniture, textiles, paper-based 
products, machine-tools, etc..,
- the use and means of use of new materials by including all aspects 
finally needed for economic performance such as design, handling, 
manufacturing, inspection, standards and training.
This activity is likely to include a range of pilot and demonstration 
projects. IRDAC has already explained the need for cooperative 
projects based on the "pilot demonstration plant" or "demonstration 
factory" approach in order to encourage the wider adoption of the new 
technologies in European industry. Moreover, many BRITE projects will 
within a few years, need follow-on action to demonstrate at larger or 
at full-scale the technological and economic viability of the 
processes developed.
d. The financial amount estimated necessary for these activities for the 
period of the Framework Programme is situated between 600 and 
900 MioECUs.
Research and pilot demonstrations in favour of the steel sector (new 
and improved production processes and improved steel properties and 
fabrication procedures) will continue to be funded from the ECSC 
budget.

3.6 - 1
3.6. Biotechnologies and Agro-Industrial Technologies
3.6.1. Biotechnologies
a. As in the 1984-87 version of the Framework Programme, the 
recognition of biotechnology as a specific action is motivated by 
the major impact that the applications of modern biology to 
agriculture and industry will have on the activities of several 
traditional economic factors. Some 40% of manufacturing output in 
a developed economy is biological in nature of origin and numerous 
advances of fundamental significance (production of new crop 
plants, synthesis of vaccines, drugs and chemicals with high added 
value, development of techniques for processing, transformation, 
extraction, detoxification, ..) are now being made or are expected 
before the end of the present century.
b. The main reasons for current relative weaknesses of the Community 
in modern biotechnology have been identified (C0M(83)672) and can 
be attributed to the fragmentation and dispersion of research 
efforts, a shortage of scientists with advanced training adapted 
to the requirement of Biotechnology R&D and the absence in the 
Community of a supportive context for the rapid development of 
modern biotechnologies. The objectives of the proposed activities 
are to provide, in the most important areas of biotechnology, a 
transnational dimension to the isolated efforts carried out in 
each Member State for :
- encouraging mission-oriented research and the reinforcement of 
R&D contextual infrastructures in those sectors where important 
bottlenecks have clearly been identified which cannot be rapidly 
overcome without the pooling of competences and facilities 
dispersed throughout the Community;
- organizing these dispersed competences and facilities in a 
Community training network of exceptional quality from which 
young scientists in each Member State can fully benefit.
The fields of biotechnology R&D where Community efforts
for transnational research and training should be
conducted in priority, through cost-shared actions and
training contracts, are the following :
- data banks :  modelling of biological structures, 
processes and systems;
- collections of biotic materials;
- enzyme engineering and protein design;
- genetic engineering;
- physiology, genetics and molecular biology of species 
important for agriculture and industry (area, essential 
for long term innovations in biotechnology, not covered 
by the current RAP Biotechnology (1985-89);
- technology of cell and tissue culture in vitro;
- development of in vitro tests for pharmacology and 
toxicology;

3.6 - 2
- evaluation of risks associated with modern 
biotechno logy.
- promoting the concertation of the Member States for the 
effective implementation of the Community action priorities 
which, in addition to research and training, and concertation 
itself, comprise :  raw materials of agricultural origin, 
regularoty regimes, intellectual property, demonstration 
activities.
c. What is proposed above by the Commission is in fact a continuation 
and amplification of the work carried out in the biomolecular 
engineering programme (BEP) (April 82 - March 86) and in the RAP 
Biotechnology (1985-1989). The results obtained in the 
biomolecular engineering programme and the launching in 1985 of 
the RAP Biotechnology have demonstrated the possibility and 
utility of Community research and Community training in 
biotechnology. Transnational networks of laboratories of high 
scientific quality have been constituted throughout Europe which 
undertake joint research for the elimination of important 
bottlenecks to innovative applications and which provide an array 
of services and training facilities adapted to the complex 
requirements of modern biotechnology. It remains, through 
additional efforts during the period 1987-1991, to intensify the 
activities of this large multi-disciplinary, polyvalent "institute 
without walls" distributed throughout the entire territory of the 
Community and, now that the foundations of a transnational network 
are firmly established, to stimulate much more actively than in 
the past, joint partnerships at Community level between 
universities and industries. A very important task, in this 
connexion, wilt be the continuation and amplification of long-term 
Community research leading to the development of new crop plants 
adapted to the industrial requirements of the Community and to the 
promotion of innovative technologies for the exploitation by 
industries of agricultural feedstocks.
As far as concertation is concerned, the work initiated in 1985 
for assessing the strategic significance of new developments in 
biotechnology and for promoting the necessary coherence between 
the various areas of Community policy affecting or affected by 
biotechnology needs to be continued and amplified, together with 
the promotion of the concertation necessary between Member State 
and Community activities in biotechnology.
d. The action includes work to be carried out as cost-shared actions 
(research), training and concerted actions.
/

3.6 - 3
3.6.2. Agro-Industrial technologies
a. The advances of modern biology and biotechnology have increased and 
will continue to increase agricultural productivity; throughout the 
world, developed economies face the prospect of growing surpluses, 
with heavy economic and political problems of disposal, unless they 
can find nex uses for land, new ways of creating real value from the 
products of agriculture. Advances in animal and plant genetics, in 
the applications of science on the farm, and in the conversion and 
addition of value to agricultural outputs, particularly by 
biotechnolgy, enlarge the range of possible source materials and of 
industrial products obtainable from agriculure. The need in Europe is 
particularly urgent because of past successes of productivity; the 
scope for innovation expands as we increase our understanding of plant 
molecular genetics and physiology, of microbial and cellular 
metabolism, and of enzymology and fermentation science. The future of 
agriculture in the EC will depend increasingly on developing sources 
of non-food income.
b. In order to exploit these new possibilities, a "total system" approach 
is needed, and its feasibility needs to be developed and convincingly 
demonstrated by exploratory, pilot and demonstration activities.
The detailed choice of activities will typically be driven by market 
considerations, but the industries concerned must interact in close 
partnership with the research laboratories and with agricultural 
expertise. Research, development and pi lot/demonstration activities 
will be sought in three areas :
- the industrial inputs to agriculture;
- new product and/or production opportunities through agro-industrial 
technologi es;
- quality and production competitiveness in food products.
The influence of the Community on agricultural policy, the importance 
of a "total system" approach within which a favourable (or non­
obstructive) policy context is required at European level, and the 
desirability of pooling experience Europe-wide, all indicate the value 
of setting these initiatives in the context of a Community framework.
c. The biomolecular engineering programme (1982-86) has been focussed on 
agriculture and food industry topics, and has led to important 
advances in plant genes and enzymology; such work is being continued 
in the biotechnology action programme. But these and other 
breakthroughs at a pre-competitive level require innovations at the 
boundary between agriculuture and industry to enable them to 
contribute to socio-economic objectives. Evidence from other areas 
(e.g. energy demonstration projects) demonstrates the value and need 
for propagating innovation in this way. Hitherto no such provision 
has been made in Community biotechnology research programmes; although 
the importance of such systematic promotion is increasingly recognised 
both in Member State national programmes and by our major industrial 
competitors.

It is envisaged that the proposed actions, carried out in close 
correlation with the actions in agricultural research, should be 
shared cost, (up to 50 % of full costs). Industrial co-finance and 
collaboration will be actively solicited.
*  *
•k
The Community contribution necessary to fund these activities should 
be in the range of 350 to 460 MioECUS. This would allow to provide a 
transnational dimension to the main efforts carried out by each Member 
State in the most important areas of biotechnology, as well as 
starting in agro-industrial technologies three projects per year and 
per Member State for each of the last four years of the planned 
period.

3.7-1
3.7. Materials Science and Technology
a. Advanced materials are already, and will remain for the future, 
crucial elements in almost all important manufacturing industries.
The scientific and technical progress linked with materials will have 
a considerable effect on the prosperity of sectors such as motor 
vehicles, aerospace, shipbuilding, railways, electronics, telematics, 
building, energy production, biomedical and many others.
This field includes a wide variety of items such as metals, plastics, 
ceramics, concrete, glass, electronic materials and composites. 
Equally, the properties to be improved are also numerous :  mechanical 
strength, lightness, stiffness, cheapness, flexibility, electrical and 
magnetic properties, high or low temperature related properties, etc.
The considerable economic significance of this area is best 
highlighted by the following figures :  the added value generated by 
the materials industries for all OECD member countries may be 
estimated at about $ 500 billion and the corresponding number of jobs 
at 20 mi llion.
It is with advanced materials and their rational use that 
manufacturing industries will be able to improve the performance of 
their products and thus make them more competitive. Advanced 
materials will also contribute to the rational use of raw materials 
and energy and the control and reduction of pollution.
b. Europe has lost some ground to the United States and Japan. Although 
there are materials laboratories with a high reputation in Europe, 
their innovative capacity is in decline. This failure to keep up in 
the field of advanced materials bears a certain similarity to what has 
happened in the field of information technologies. Europe's creative 
spirit is receding and its laboratories are less efficient than their 
overseas partners. 4 out of 5 patents on materials are applied for by 
American and Japanese companies and a major part of the high 
technology materials available in Europe is either produced under 
license or imported (carbon fibers, special polymers, etc.)
No single Member State can afford the resources necessary to be 
competitive over the entire spectrum of advanced materials. A 
Community action is essential to encourage worksharing and pooling of 
financial and manpower resources on the european scale. Only by 
reducing duplications and sharing large research facilities and 
equipments can Europe maintain the pace with its overseas competitors.
Effective use of advanced materials is essential for the success of 
the products of European Industry. Development of improved materials 
and development of improved techniques for exploiting materials make 
complementary contributions to this goal. Although generally 
distinct, these activities must be carried out in continuous close 
inter-action. For this reason the work in the area of materials 
science and technology and the work in the area of technologies for 
manufacturing industry (section 3.5) are and will be carried out in 
close consultation.

3.7 - 2
c. The former materials research programme on substitution and technical 
ceramics was rather small. It was limited to the fundamental aspects 
of substitution of strategic metals such as chromium, cobalt and 
tungsten, and the investigation of technical ceramics in regard to 
ceramic powder preparation and characterization.
A Community action commensurate with the challenges will need to 
address the following wide range of advanced materials which are 
promising in terms of improved or new performances, functions and 
applications.
The effort will cover fundamental research (understanding of 
properties and phenomena) as well as technological R&D on means of 
processing, testing, characterising and producing these materials :
- engineering ceramics :  powder quality and processing, reliability, 
brittleness, shaping;
- polymers :  in particular investigation of new types of polymers with 
high thermo-mechanical properties, large stability area, polymer 
blends, and conducting polymers;
- composite materials and fibres :  further development of organic 
matrix composites and high strength fibres; optimisation of metallic 
matrix composites with ceramic fibres; special composites with 
amorpheous, vitreous, or elastic matrices; matrix/fibres interface 
phenomena;
- advanced metal alloys :  light and hard metal alloys, magnetic 
alloys; powder techniques (rapid solidification), near net shape 
forming;
- electronic materials science :  including special semi-conductors
( 11 / VI amorphous, organic, etc...) and biomaterials (detailed work 
to be defined in relation with activities described under items 3.1 
and 3.4);
- amorpheous and disordered materials :  special materials including 
glasses, vitreous materials, non crystalline solids, such as 
amorpheous metallic alloys, prepared by fast quenching.
Other areas which could also be considered at Community level 
depending on resources available include :  superconducting materials, 
advanced building materials, and biomaterials.
A Community pilot laboratory integrating equipments for advanced 
materials synthesis and processing research should be set up in the 
JRC. This ion/laser/electron foundry, would operate as a demonstrator 
project open to industrial participation and researchers from alt 
Member States.
More specific orientations and the allocation of the Community 
resources between fundamental research and technological R&D and among 
the various material families, materials for specific functional 
applications, and processes will be defined and reviewed on the basis 
of economic studies and surveys on new opportunities and industrial 
requirements and taking into account the national activities.

Most of the research will be carried out through cost-shared projects 
with an average Community funding of 50 %.
Concerted projects will also be considered, where appropriate, to 
encourage sharing of information and experience between well 
established teams from different Member States.
The Community will also promote the development of data bases, the 
training of scientists and the transfer of knowledge through 
conferences and symposia.
Considering the strategic importance of materials research for the 
European industry, the Community RSD effort should be substantially 
increased to improve the strategic coherence of the national efforts 
which are still too fragmented and to keep up with the massive efforts 
in the United States and Japan.
The effort estimated necessary for the 1987-1991 period is estimated 
between 200 and 300 MioECUs. This level of effort corresponds to 
about 20 % of the present Member States effort (excluding military 
research).

3.8 - 1
3.8. Marine Science and Technology
a. The oceans are the last frontier, the least known part of our planet. 
They cover 70 % of its surface area, have been used by man from times 
immemorial to reach other continents and to supply him with food and 
other resources. Yet, it is only fairly recently that their 
multifarious role has been fully apprehended.
They play a fundamental function in the mechanism of climate, provide 
living resources for food, feed, fertilizers, drugs; their continental 
shelves conceal large reserves of hydrocarbons, the deep ocean bottom 
is a potential source of minerals. Sea water itself is a solution of 
many chemicals useful to man. The ocean is also the ultimate 
depository of the wastes from human activity, which may threaten its 
equilibrium. Its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 
may determine whether man will eventually cause an irreversible and 
unfavourable modification of the climate.
The increasing realization of the importance of the marine environment 
to man has led recently to the preparation and adoption by many 
countries of the Law of the Sea.
It is important for the EC to gain a better knowledge of the seas 
around it in order to better protect and exploit them. In fact, a 
sizeable research effort is already devoted to marine sciences and 
technologies in the Member States, in the civilian and military 
sectors. It is estimated that public non-defense R&D expenditure in 
this area amounts currently to about 400 -500 MioECUs per year. This is 
comparable to US funding for non-military research, whereas Japan 
spends about 200 MioECUs.
It appears at this juncture that many of the national research 
programmes are being re-assessed or renewed, or that new integrated 
programmes will soon be launched. A coordination at Community level 
appears thus particularly timely.
(  *)A specific EC action in this broad field is justified on several 
grounds :  use of large or expensive equipment straining the resources 
of any single country, the optimization of the utilization of existing 
facilities (research vessels, submersibles, etc.), complementarity of 
skills and competences available in the various Member States, the 
application of research results for the implementation of Community 
policies, aid to developing countries, the contribution to the 
development of the internal market through the acceptance of common 
norms and standards, etc.
There is indeed a large scope for cooperating at EC level.
b. In marine_ sciences, the objectives would be :
1. A better knowledge and understanding of the EEZ (exclusive economic 
zone) of the Member States (physical, chemical, biological, 
geological). Regional oceanography projects would deal respectively
There are at present several ongoing or proposed EC research programmes 
concerned in part with marine problems :  environmental protection, 
remote sensing, navigation, materials, energy, fisheries, 
radioprotection, radio-active waste disposal, etc., but no integrated 
action.

3.8 - 2
with the Mediterranean, the East Atlantic, the Channel and North 
Sea, the Baltic. Developing countries could be aided in similar 
studies of their EEZ.
2. The scientific basis for coastal management and protection, for 
which Member States share common problems and preoccupations.
3. A contribution to the understanding of the arctic and antarctic 
regions.
In marine technologies (which would contribute i.a. to solving the 
above-mentioned problems), the objectives might be :
1. To develop jointly the next generation of marine instrumentation 
(buoys systems, underwater acoustics, unmanned submersible vehicles, 
autonomous pollution monitors, etc.).
2. To promote the construction of a deep ocean drilling ship, which 
would provide a European capability in this field.
A number of supporting and less costly initiatives could also be 
implemented to further European marine sciences and technologies such 
as :
1. The establishment of a "clearing-house" to optimize the use of the 
high sea oceanographic vessels and other expensive equipment such 
as the existing exploration submarines and facilities to study large 
marine ecosystems ("mesocosms"), etc.
2. The training of scientific manpower in the oceanological 
disciplines, including for scientists from the developing countries.
3. The development of data bases on marine science and technology.
4. The acquisition of a minority participation in large facilities, 
mobile or not, in order to gain access to them for the Member States 
which were not involved in their initial funding.
A sharper definition of the EC activities will require further 
consultation of government authorities, industry and the scientific 
community, possibly by means of "announcements of opportunities".
In view of the substantial activities carried out by Member States, it 
is likely that the action will be executed by means of (reinforced) 
concerted action, shared cost action and, possibly, minority 
participation and joint undertakings.
The means required for a significant action at Community level should 
be determined at a later stage, before the format proposal of the 
Commission is submitted. The corresponding amount will be drawn from 
the financial reserve mentioned in the summary table.

3.9 - 1
3.9. Transport
3.9.1. General Action
a. Research in the Member States has produced results that put the 
Community on the same footing as the most advanced industrialized 
countries in terms of new transport techniques.
However, these results have often been obtained from rival 
research programmes which, although possibly spurred on for that 
very reason, lead where uses are concerned to damaging 
situations :
- projects for public services or captive markets have great 
difficulty in finding uses in the Community or the rest of the 
world. This is the case, for example, in high-speed track guided 
transport on land and in urban transport;
- projects for normal commercial purposes that have met with 
competitive worldwide success up to more recent years are 
affected by the crisis and will face growing international 
competition. This is the case, in particular, of road and 
maritime transport.
On the other hand, projects involving international cooperation, 
after the disappointing commercial showing of certain technical 
successes that were poorly suited to the market, have finally 
given transport operators the products they need, the chief 
example being the airbus programme.
The Community's technological capital in the transport sector must 
therefore break out of the usual national straightjacket.  It is on 
this that the productivity of research and utilization of results 
hinge, and what is at stake is whether the Community transport 
sector can :
- adapt to the new demand in trade within the Community and with 
the rest of the world (network changes, effects of new 
techniques, changes in the quality and quantity of traffic 
patterns);
- respond to the constraints of the economic situation and the 
social environment;
- be competitive in the Community economy and rise to the 
challenge from outside Europe and, in so doing, be a carrier 
market for the Community transport equipment industries.
b. The common transport policy is designed to ensure that the 
Community transport system does its job with the help of all modes 
of transport, without favouring or penalizing one or the other.
The provisions to emerge from the Treay are conceived on this 
basi s.
But research must provide the way for the transport system to 
adapt in the long-term to requirements.

3.9 - 2
In this respect, the changes and increase in demand, the economic 
situation, the constraints and the effects produced by other 
sectors are considerable factors and will continue to develop.
Research must therefore centre on the following :
- for track-guided transport :
.  automation of traffic monitoring, signalling and track 
equipment;
.  simulation of train-driving;
.  lightening, noise reduction and aerodynamics of vehicles;
.  linear motors;
.  effects on passengers (e.g. travelling through tunnels) and on 
the environment (e.g. noise, unsightliness).
- for road trafic :
.  analysis of road accidents;
.  improvement of the safety of heavy goods and passenger 
veh icles;
.  optimation of the electric vehicle.
- for maritime transport :
.  ship management, maintenance, functions, condition, economic 
routing;
.  configuration and performance of the ship, sturdiness of the 
hull, resistance to forward motion;
.  new types of ship and unconventional propulsion equipment to 
meet commercial requirements;
.  management of maritime traffic;
.  man-ship system.
- for air transport :
.  flammability and toxicity of materials used in the cabin;
.  rationalization and modernization of air traffic control.
Community action will be called upon :
- both as a complement to schemes in the Member States when 
national programmes coexist and cooperation is needed for 
greater efficiency and easier dissemination of results and, 
possibly, standardization;
- and when themes require a Community dimension because of the 
resources needed, the lack of incentive from regulations or 
commercial prospects, or the final use of Community interest.
c. Although no R&D programmes in the transport sector have been 
implemented by the Community a number of projects concerning 
transport have shed a certain amount of light :
- COST projects on transport;
- concerted Community action (COST 301) on navigation aids;
- transport projects in the "Non-Nuclear Energy" programmes or the 
"Energy Saving" demonstration programmes.

3.9 - 3
This gives rise to the need for :
- either shared-cost projects or concerted action schemes 
depending on the case in question;
- possible association with non-Community countries that are 
members of COST;
- possible additional programmes for a certain number of projects.
The importance of transport research differs widely from one 
Member State to another although it is a major item in non-member 
countries that are geographically significant for Community 
transport, such as Switzerland, Austria and the Scandinavian 
countries. It sometimes requires substantial funds but in a large 
number of cases its prime need is for momentum, incentive or even 
simple cooperation.
d. A general research action with a budget of 50-80 MioECUs would 
enable considerable impetus to be given to the transport sector. 
This action is complemented in the field of road safety with a 
specific activity aimed at applying information technology and 
telecommunications (see "DRIVE", described in point 3.3.).
3.9.2. Aeronautical Technology
a. The European aeronautical industry is a major source of strength 
to the countries of the Community. It designs and manufactures a 
full range of fixed and rotary-wing aircraft. Substantial volumes 
of aircraft, engines and equipment are exported. The industry is a 
"leading-edge" developer and user of advanced design techniques, 
materials and manufacturing methods. Over and above the direct 
benefit of advanced technology in its own business, the industry 
transfers important technological benefits to other industries - 
in areas such as composite materials, joining techniques, etc..
The commercial success of an aeronautical product is vitally 
dependent upon the quality of design and manufacturing technology 
which it incorporates. Thus, all readily available advanced 
technology is routinely exploited and further advancement of the 
state-of-the-art is costly, not only because of the refinement of 
technologies as such but also because of the extreme care which is 
taken to verify the adequacy of new technologies from a flight 
safety point of view.
Despite the high cost of furthering technology, the pace of 
advance in the world market is high. Although European research 
continues to make notable contributions to aeronautical 
technology, the prevailing state-of-the-art is overwhelmingly 
determined by the very large US aeronautical research effort. This 
US research effort is partly funded by the US industry, but it 
benefits in addition from very large US government support under 
programmes pursued by NASA and by DOD. The scale of US research 
activity, both generally and in notable programmes such as SDI and 
the hypersonic transatmospheric aircraft, is such that the pace of 
technology advance outstrips the capacity of the European 
aeronautical industry, supported by national government 
programmes, to remain abreast of the prevailing technological 
state-of-the-art.

3.9 - 4
b. The Commission believes that this situation calls for remedial 
action at European level. Reliance upon licensing or importation 
of US technology does not seem to be an acceptable basis for the 
long term success of the industry. Equally, solving the problem by 
increasing individual national support programmes does not provide 
an efficient remedy. For these reasons, the Commission believes 
that steps now must be taken to review the longer term research 
needs of all the European aeronautical industry with a view to 
developing a harmonized programme for medium to long-term research 
requirements. In doing so it believes that the very favourable 
experience of the management approaches used in the ESPRIT 
programme and in the BRITE programme, involving a major 
participation of the industries in the definition and guidance of 
the programmes pursued, should be taken into account. Specific 
proposals for the construction of an action are not yet possible 
since further consultation with industry and with Member States' 
administrations will be required.
c. As regards the scale of activity which should be contemplated, it 
can be expected that to achieve a significant effect, the scale of 
action must be some measurable fraction of the present level of 
aeronautical research. This wouLd imply, for the Community as a 
whole, activity at the level of some hundreds of MioECUs per year. 
The corresponding Community contribution would be drawn from the 
financial reserve mentioned in the summary table.

3.10 - 1
10. Scientific Norms, Reference Materials and Methods
The satisfaction of the need for further harmonisation and 
standardization is one of the major objectives of a number of 
Community policies :  the completion of the internal market, energy, 
consumer protection, agriculture, environment and health.
In addition to the need for harmonisation of written standards is 
the need to demonstrate the quality of a product and to prove that _  
it conforms to either a standard or regulation, (this requiring 
testing, measurements and analysis). Further there is a need for 
research and data bases to promote and facilitate the establishment 
of written standards.
Each Member State possesses a metrology service. This functions as a 
high level scientific body ensuring the standardization of the most 
fundamental units and that there is agreement throughout the country 
of all measurements.
The provision of such basic metrological infrastructure necessary 
for industrial developments, is in every country - also in the USA 
and Japan - considered to be a public service.
Problems of this kind have, however, often a transnational, character 
and the Community can, because of its neutrality, play an essential 
role in overcoming differences in particular by using know-how 
developed in its laboratories and by coordinating the efforts of 
national, public and industrial laboratories.
.  The actions of the Community in this area are threefold :
1. The BCR programme has established efficient means of 
collaboration between the metrology institutes within the 
Community, which have allowed a large number of measurement 
problems to be resolved via the more than 80 collaborative 
projects sofar executed. This collaboration will be expanded in 
particular with regard to the development of the measurement 
methods required by the new technologies.
The BCR programme will also establish, for those areas not 
covered by national authorities, collaborations leading to, above 
all, improvements in analytical techniques and the production of 
ancillary measurement methods recognized at the Community level. 
In this way it will be possible to ensure traceability of 
analyses and tests in such difficult and varied fields as health, 
the environment and food, not forgetting the need of industry.
The emphasis on standardization for the completion of the 
internal market and other policies and the introduction of new 
technologies will increase the demand for such activities.
2. The programme of reference measurements and materials will 
continue in our own uniquely qualified laboratories in Geel, and 
in association with similar large institutes both within the 
Community and the rest of the world, to establish nuclear data, 
principally for neutron induced reactions, where this is

3.10 - 2
necessary for applications involving nuclear fusion and fission. 
In addition an important part of the measurement and reference 
material activity will relate to radioactive sources, neutron 
flux and doses, target materials and the analyses of fissile 
materials and isotopic compositions. Geel will also use its 
experience in the nuclear field to collaborate increasingly with 
BCR in other areas.
3. The JRC activities on materials and structures, conducted in 
Petten and Ispra, will be increased to respond to the growing 
need for improved reliability and standardization. The emphasis 
will be on the development of reliability methods, models and 
codes of practice for industrial structures and on research and 
data bases on the behaviour of materials under extreme 
performance conditions with the aim to promote standards.
Increasingly, collaboration will be established with Community 
shared cost actions (e.g. BRITE and EURAM) and with national 
laboratories.
c. The Community financial effort necessary to carry out this action is
estimated between 300 and 350 MioECUs.

4.1-1
4. QUALITY OF LIFE
4.1. Health
a. Each Member State, with its long experience and vast resources, is 
primarily responsible for promoting and preserving the health of its 
citizens but becomes increasingly overcharged by the steadily mounting 
costs of health care which is escaping national control.
Global health expenditures are presently estimated to superate yearly 
150 milliard ECU in the Community of which less than one percent (about 
1.2 milliard ECU) are spent for medical and public health research. 
However, research efforts at national level atone prove to be insufficient.
Since most national programmes consist of a large number of relative small 
projects carried out by relative small and scattered research teams, co­
ordination of cooperation is indispensable. Especially a Community effort 
of pooling in advanced fields (such as application of modern biotechnology, 
medical informatics, advanced medical technology) the more or less scarce 
national expertise and of jointly exploring new R, D&D avenues will create 
a real innovation potential capable to solve major health care problems and 
to curb health care expenditures efficiently, and will contribute to the 
industrial development.
b. The Community effort will focus on three main R, D&D areas :
Co-ordination of medical and public health research, oriented towards :
_ major health problems common to all Member Staites, by including as new 
targets CANCER (as follow-up of the Luxemburg summit) and AIDS (at
request of the European Parliament), and by continuing either ones 
referring to age related (including disabilities) and to environment and 
life-style related health problems, respectively.
. improvement and joint use of health resources, encompassing both medical 
technology R, D&D and health services research (research on health 
care delivery and organization).
For such an effort there will be a high return value for low-cost
investment at Community level (e.g. electrocardiography :  improvement in
processing with cost reduction of only 10% will save 100 Mio ECUs per
year!)
Development of predictive medicine and novel therapy :  this new intention
will promote the application of modern biotechnologies in their most 
advanced aspects to the medical field and, in particular, to very early 
diagnosis of diseases and novel methods of treatment. Its R, D&D will 
mainly be oriented towards better knowledge of the human genoma, immunity 
technology (applicable to cancer, auto-immune diseases, infections), 
genetic engineering procedures permitting to repair DNA defects (e.g.
in congenital diseases of genetic origine), and industrial production of 
diagnostic tests kits (e.g. AIDS).
Such Community attempt will fill in some gaps subsisting in the scientific 
and technological knowledge (gaps which prevent the full utilization of 
modern biotechnologies in the medical field), favour a European 
transnational cooperation, speed up the implementation of technologies 
already applicable, and at the same time promote a European scientific 
milieu which generates a high innovation potential with promising economic 
impact.

4.1 - 2
Improvement of occupational medicine as continuing institutional task is 
carried out under the ECSC Treaty. The inherent activities are oriented 
towards presenting health problems and occupational diseases associated 
with the specific environment of coal and steel industries. They will 
include research on chronic diseases such as those of the respiratory 
system, physiopathology, as well as on other diseases of workers in 
steelworks, cooking plants, coal and iron mines such as back problems, skin 
diseases,... and aim at further improvement of health standards in the ECSC 
industries by establishment of links between occupational diseases and 
workplace nuisances, and by development of preventive measures, early
detection techniques, mitigation measures.
Occupational diseases are among the major cause of morbidity, both among 
miners and among workers in cooking plants and in the iron and steel 
industries, and hence present a community-wide problem.
c. The medical and public health research include two new targets (cancer and 
AIDS), the continuing ones will undergo changes in their S/T content (by 
terminating several projects, reorienting other ones and adding new ones). 
Thus, the total number of projects will increase from presently 30 to more 
than 70. Past experience has confirmed the importance of gradual co­
ordination and all evaluation reports proved its scientific, medico-social 
and economic value.
The predictive medicine and novel therapy is a new undertaking based on 
past experience from the Biotechnology programmes which gives confidence in 
a real efficiency of such operation.
The third area includes continuing activities under the ECSC Treaty.
d. The medical and public health research will be carried out by means of the 
concerted action method with increased support to centralized facilities, 
the predictive medicine and novel therapy by shared cost (or marginal cost) 
action, and the occupational medicine through contracts.
e. The Community funding needed to support R, D&D in the above areas for the 
period 1987 to 1991 is estimated to amount between 140 and 160 MioECUs. 
Additional to this amount is the research on occupational medicine covered 
by the ECSC budget.
As a comparison, in the sole field of the medical and public health 
research the yearly cost of research , performed in Member States, is 
estimated at more than 200 MioECUs in 1987 at more than 400 MioECUs in 
1990, which then corresponds to a co-ordination of 25% of total national 
activities.

4.2 - 1
4.2. Safety
a. No human activity can be risk free. People are exposed to a variety 
of hazards in every aspect of life :  physical from various human 
activities and the forces of nature, chemical from acute and chronic 
poisons, or even biological ones. In addition, with the advance of 
technology, new risk factors are added and their control becomes more 
complex. Against this background, public interest and concern in 
maintaining a safe environment are growing.
Many of the safety issues that are encountered are similar in nature 
throughout the Community, and thus permit common solutions to be 
economically developed and used. Community approach is often the best 
solution when a considerable investment in time, money and effort is 
required, and the knowledge gained by research effectively transferred 
into application.
b. The proposed effort will focus on selected safety issues such as risks 
inherent to industrial and other human activities, fires, special 
technologies for hazardous environments, and natural hazards. Primary 
prevention will have a high priority.
1. Characteristic for many industrial activities is that they raise a 
diversity of safety problems whose solutions call for sizeable 
effort, considerable expertise, and in many cases due consideration 
of issues of social, legal, etc... nature. An integrated approach 
for safety - allowing environmental and other constraints and also 
technological advances to be taken thoroughly into account as they 
become known - is playing an increasing importance.
The work wilt concentrate on technological hazards of potentially 
significant importance, occupational groups exposed to a higher 
accident risk than the rest of the population, and major risk 
factors that are common to several industries :
« The research on major technological hazards will be oriented 
towards the understanding, prevention, and mitigation of 
consequences of important chemical/petrochemical accidents. The 
problem of preventing and mitigating such events is shared by the 
entire chemical/petrochemical sector; the need therefore is felt 
for appropriate Community regulation and research support. The 
EC directive "on major hazards of certain industrial activities" 
is a first step.
- Improvement in occupational safety in the coal and iron/steel 
industries as a continuing institutional task is carried out 
under the ECSC Treaty. In this field further co-ordinated work 
is needed at the Community level to assist in the application of 
research results.
- The rationale for activities concerning radiation protection 
originates from the obligations of the Commission to maintain 
relevant competences as laid down in the EURATOM Treaty and in 
directives. Scientific support is important for the assessment, 
management and political evaluation of problems of radiation 
risk, which is an area of Community-wide public concern.

4„2 ~  2
2. Almost 80 % of all accidents are happening in the private 
environment, i.e. in connection with activities at home, 
recreation, sport, etc».. The corresponding costs for insurance, 
medical care, etc... are several tens of billions of ECUs every 
year. In addition, there are considerable losses of production.
At the Community level no common effort has been made sofar to 
reduce the above expenses while there are ongoing activities in the 
USA and Japan.
The proposed research will concentrate on the elimination of risks 
in the private environment, in particular it will focus on 
accidents due to the introduction of new kind of home-equipments, 
on relevant data banks, on consumer protection against dangerous 
products, on special products for the elderly, handicapped, 
chi Idren, etc...
3. The overall cost of fires within the Community has been estimated 
to an average of almost 1 % of 6NP. Whereas fire-fighting 
techniques are generally well developed, methods of optimizing 
levels of protection are still at the empirical stage.
The proposed fire safety effort should produce a scientifically 
based approach and develop relevant quantitative engineering 
techniques. The work will focus on three areas :  research for 
harmonization and regulation purposes, basic fire research, and 
applied research.
4. Remote handling technology has the potential to extend man's access 
to the natural wealth of the world and the range of his productive 
activities in incompatible or dangerous environments.  Such 
hazardous domains include plants in key industries (handling 
radioactive, biologically active, toxic or combustible materials), 
the space and the oceans. There is also a public service domain 
concerned with firefighting, etc...
An estimated Community market for this technology of 
500 MioECUs/year from 1990, of which at that time about 1/3 would 
be nuclear, is large enough to serve as a springboard into a world 
market, but only if the R&D effort can be focused and user-led 
demonstrations coordinated.
The proposed effort will focus on the three most relevant problem 
areas :  demonstrations of prototypes (each typical of a class of
applications), user and technician education, and underlying 
research.
5. Although destructive natural events may occur Locally, their 
economic impact is going to be shared by all the Community. 
Moreover, some hazards, as for instance earthquakes, are shared by 
various countries of the EC, so that the ways and means of early 
alert, and efficient prevention and mitigation, are a matter of 
Community cooperation in a multidisciplinary approach and in a 
coordinated adoption of corrective measures. Community cooperation 
is therefore particularly appropriate in fields where it is 
necessary to build up efficient means for rapid information 
exchange, thorough data storage and trans-frontier establishment of 
survey networks.

4.2 - 3
Natural disasters research in the EEC will focus upon a selected 
yet typical and frequent events such as earthquakes, storms, floods 
and forest fires, which are likely to cause increased loss and 
damage to densely populated areas. Depletion of land resources due 
to drought in vulnerable ecological and societal contexts should 
also be taken account of.
c. Safety R, D&D by its nature requires continuity. The following 
evolution is foreseen :
The scope of the current programme on technological hazards/industrial 
risks will be broaden.
The occupational safety effort includes continuing activities under 
the ECSC Treaty.
As far as work on radiation protection is concerned, projects of a 
more fundamental character wilt be gradually diminished, increasing 
emphasis will be given to scenarios of accidental and environmental 
exposure, their consequences for man and society, and the reduction of 
exposure using risk evaluation and optimization, in support of EC 
Basic Safety Standards.
The coordinated efforts in the fields of private environment, fire 
safety, and special technologies for hazardous environment represent 
new initiatives.
The existing climatology and natural hazards research programme 
includes the study of the mechanisms and impacts of some extreme 
climatic events and of earthquakes, but so far with appropriations 
which are very much below the real needs.
d. Work will be apportioned according to the best availability of 
competences and with a view to the maximum possible benefits :
The major technological hazards effort will be carried out by means of 
in-house-, cost shared-, and concerted actions, the occupational 
safety through contracts, and the radiation protection through cost 
shared action.The work on risks in private environment will be carried 
out mainly by means of cost shared actions and to a lesser extend by 
the JRC, whereas the work on fire safety by concerted- and cost shared 
actions, the efforts on special technologies for hazardous 
environments and on natural hazards through cost shared actions.
e. Community funding required to support R, D&D in the above safety 
related areas for the period 1987 to 1991 is estimated between 230 and 
280 MioECUs. Additional to this amount is the research on 
occupational safety covered by the ECSC budget.
It is estimated that the work on radiation protection will cover a 
significant part (35 to 45 %) of all pertinent national research 
(which in EUR 12 is estimated at 80 to 100 MioECUs/year) in 
collaboration with almost all national centres of expertise. The 
effort on special technologies for hazardous environments and on 
natural hazards could represent between 5 to 10 % of the Member States 
spendings in those fields.

4.3 - 1
4.3. Environmental Protection
a. Preserving and improving the environment is now universally recognized 
as an absolute prerequisite to ensure man's survival and his material 
and psychological well-being. Long-term economic development is 
contingent upon the conservation and wise use of natural resources.
Of utmost importance is also the prospect of climate modification and 
consequences thereof. Increasing emphasis is given also to the 
protection and conservation of our cultural heritage.
The problems involved are essentially of a trans-frontier nature. The 
economic implications of environmental policy have made it imperative 
to give it a Community dimension. Science and technology are needed 
to provide a sound basis for regulations as well as the techniques 
needed to correct or prevent environmental damage. Setting high 
environmental quality objectives spurs technical innovation. Industry 
is induced to develop environmentally safer technologies which may 
find a market at home and abroad.
b. Community cooperation in environmental research is thus particularly 
appropriate as it supports one of the main policies of the Community 
which must rest upon a body of sound scientific and technical 
knowledge. Whilst the EC research action in this vast and diversified 
field should not, and could not, substitute national efforts which are 
often very important, it should coordinate them, complement them, and 
evaluate the results achieved. It can also mobilize, in large 
international projects (such as epidemiological surveys), the 
expertise, skills and equipment spread over the territory of the 
Communi ty.
EC research on the environment must have the triple aim of :
- solving immediate problems for the preparation or implementation of 
current acts of the EC environmental policy;
- identifying and investigating environmental issues which will emerge 
in the foreseeable future, in view of the often long lead time 
necessary to obtain results;
- developing the basic understanding of ecological processes, and of 
the climate system.
It should be stressed that the problems posed by the environment not 
only need a multidisciplinary (hence often international) approach for 
their solution, but also, due to their strong economical implications, 
they are of capital importance for resource planning in an integrated 
economical unit such as the EC.
c. EC environmental research was initiated in 1972 and has yielded many 
useful results as attested recently by an evaluation panel. (Research 
Evaluation Report No 14, 1985). These results have been applied in 
the formulation of environmental policy measures.

4.3 - 2
Over the years, research has evolved from a corrective to a more 
preventive approach, as well as towards more fundamental concerns. 
Consequently, the research efforts on straight-forward effects of 
major pollutants, on which now a considerable body of knowledge is 
available, has been considerably reduced and is now limited to rather 
few unsolved problems.
For the 1987-1991 time frame it is proposed to carry out research 
under this heading in the fields of environment proper, climatology 
and cultural goods.
1. Environmental research will deal in particular with :
- detection, measurement, analysis and monitoring techniques for a 
wide range of pollutants and environmental conditions (including 
aerospace remote sensing);
- effects of pollutants on health and on ecosystems (e.g. 
consequences of "acid rain"), and on the cultural heritage 
(buildings, monuments);
- assessment of human activities on environment quality, such as 
testing and evaluation of chemicals;
- elucidation of basic principles of environmental process 
(ecosystem research, bio-geochemical cycles);
- development of technologies for the reduction and prevention of 
pollution, and waste management;
- restoration of the deteriorated environment, in particular of 
damaged ecosystems.
2. Climatological research concerns a most important component of the 
human environment, the one upon which our harvests, water 
resources, health and energy needs depend. It should aim at a 
thorough understanding of the climate system, and at developing 
techniques for climate forecasting and for assessing the 
ecological and societal consequences of any climate change, such 
as the one likely to occur in the course of the next century 
because of the warming induced by the atmospheric C02 increase due 
to fossil-fuel burning.
In either case the inclusion of Spain and Portugal in the 
Community brings with it new or intensified environmental problems 
(e.g. water conservation, desertification) which must be taken 
into consideration.
3. Research on the protection and conservation of the cultural goods 
is not limited to assessing the effects of pollution on materials 
already mentioned, but has also to aim at establishing methods for 
damage prevention, the elimination of the man-made increment to 
natural decay and to investigate methods for the restoration of

irreplaceable cultural objects. The emphasis, placed until now on 
historical buildings and freely accessible monuments, has to be 
enlarged to public collections of art, printings and books and 
archeological objects, etc.
EC research on environmental protection encompasses in-house, contract 
research and concerted actions. Tasks assigned to the JRC in this 
respect tend to be those of a central nature such as the constitution 
of data bases (e.g. ECDIN on environmental chemicals) reference 
measurements for environmental monitoring (e.g. the Central Laboratory 
for Air Pollution Measurements) the organization of joint field 
experiments etc. Concerted actions, which involve several European 
non-Member States within the COST system, are carried out on subjects 
for which a sizeable programme exists at the national level. Shared- 
cost contracts are the instrument used to fill research gaps and to 
stimulate cooperation between research organizations in the Member 
States.
In financial terms, the EC effort should represent a significant 
fraction of the total amounts spent within the Community (EC plus 
national programmes), in order to ensure an efficient coordination on 
European level by means of complementary, gap-bridging contract 
research and concerted actions. A share of about 15 % of the total 
public spendings in the Community for environmental research seems 
adequate to achieve this goal.
In view of these considerations it is estimated that EC funding in 
environmental research should be between 285 and 320 MioECUs for the 
1987-1991 period.

5 - 1
5. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT
a. The action concerned with a scientific and technical aid to 
development envisaged for the period 1987-1991 follows the first 
Community^programme "Science and Technology for Development"
1983-1986 .  The latter represented the very first initiative aimed at 
applying science and technology to the solution of Third World 
problems within a well structured multiannual R&D programme.
The new Community action will continue to play an important role in 
the revival of European tropical research, in decline after the 
acquisition of independence of former colonies. The new action must 
also allow for a more extensive and successful participation of Third 
World research institutes in the research projects which interest 
them.
b. The action covers two main research areas:
1. Tropical and subtropical agriculture including:
- food production: development of food crops resistant to adverse 
natural conditions (drought, disease, pests etc.), improved 
management of forage resources, fisheries and livestock (animal 
genetics, veterinary medicine);
- forestry production: species suitable for humid and arid zones;
- land conservation and regeneration: protection from 
desertification, improvement of water resources;
- improvement of farming systems taking into account the needs of 
the rural population and the preservation of natural resources;
- post-harvest technology and product processing in liaison with 
human nutrition and animal feed.
To support these activities, modern techniques such as remote
sensing or techniques adapted to local needs (especially for energy
supply in rural areas) will be applied.
2. Tropical medicine, health and nutrition including:
- transmissible tropical diseases (prevention, diagnosis, 
treatment) and non-transmissible tropical diseases (such as 
haemoglobinoses);
- health systems and the population: socio-medical research carried 
out with the help of the populations with a view to organizing 
health systems; demographic studies and surveys, applied research 
on populations in relation with ecosystems;
- interdisciplinary research taking into account the agricultural, 
socio-economic and medical aspects of nutrition into the problems 
of nutritional deficiencies, malnutrition, food toxicology.
The research already undertaken or planned in the above-mentioned 
sectors contributes to the consolidation of the Community 
"Development" and "Science and Technology" policies. Science and 
technology are considered essential instruments of development which 
on the medium-long run will make the developing countries true 
partners of the EC Member States.
O.J. n° L352 of 14.12.1982

In particular, Community-promoted research on tropical medicine offers 
more opportunities to develop diagnostic tools and to prepare 
appropriate drugs and vaccines to fight the most frequent diseases, 
thus improving the world position of the Community from a 
humanitarian, political and economical point of view. And the 
agricultural research, through Community action can count not only on 
the European genetic resources, but also on those still largely 
available of developing countries.
The importance of this Community action resides also in the training 
possibilities and therefore in the learning opportunities it offers 
not only to people from developing countries, but also to young 
European scientists.
Furthermore, the action, as well as other EC R&D programmes, will 
permit to avoid duplication of national and international efforts and 
will make the results more meaningful and of wider application.
The new action covers essentially the same sectors considered within 
the first programme "Science and Technology for Development"
1983-1986. The evaluation of the research.potential expressed by the 
about 2.000 proposals received in reply to the calls of the first 
programme and the analysis of the preliminary results of about 430 
research contracts concluded have permitted to individuate the 
research priorities to be taken into consideration within the new 
action. In its implementation the action :
- will place more emphasis on the stimulation of the research 
activities of developing countries, thus improving or creating their 
endogenous capacities in science and technology;
- will provide those countries with appropriate infrastructure and 
scientific equipment when necessary, according to appropriate 
contractual procedures;
- will contribute to the improvement of cooperation between scientists 
as well as to the setting up of associative networks;
- will include an enlarged training component with possibility of an 
exchange of scientists between laboratories and/or assignment of 
experts to projects requiring a competent aid;
- will aim for a more effective application of the research results, 
for the benefit of the people of developing countries.
The action will be implemented by means of shared cost contracts 
between CEC and institutes from developing countries and member 
States. However the possibility to organize some concerted actions, 
especially for the creation of associative networks is not excluded.
The estimate of the financial resources considered necessary for the 
implementation of the new action is based on:
- the research potential expressed in the course of the first 
programme, especially by developing countries;
- the impact the action should have on the bilateral and multilateral 
activities of Member States in order to ensure a coordination effect 
(7-8% of national R&D activities);
- the impact on Community activities implemented in the framework of 
its development policy.

5-3
The overall financial means should amount between 100 and 200 MioECUs 
for the period 1987-1991, taking into consideration the above 
conditions and the enlarged context (12 Member States). This 
enlargement certainly requires increased efforts for the attainment of 
the objective of a common policy and a common structure in the 
implementation of the new action, but it will also offer the 
opportunity to benefit from the historical links existing between the 
two new Member States and the Latin American countries.

6 -  1
6. EUROPE'S SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POTENTIAL 
The Researchers' Europe
a. To improve the Community's scientific and technical competitiveness by 
breaking down the compartments in Europe's "science space" and 
establishing a true "researchers' Europe"; this is a major requirement 
in the Community's medium and long term socio-economic development.
b. Faced with the need to strengthen the effectiveness of their potential 
to undertake research and produce inventions, Member States have 
implemented measures to stimulate scientific and technical creativity 
at a national, as well as at the international level. However these 
measures, which are often close to individual fields of activity (such 
as molecular biology) or exclusively linked to specific research 
topics, and which are confined to what is essentially a national or 
binational geographical area, correspond only partly, despite their 
undeniable value, to the constantly changing needs of the Community 
and its Member States. A multinational activity is therefore needed 
in order to reinforce and develop the range of existing measures.
It would seem therefore that the Community level is the most 
appropriate one to achieve this aim. Modern science and technology 
requires a multitude of views and complementary approaches, often of a 
multidisciplinary character, which call for synergy between men and 
ideas as well as for research teams possessing a certain "critical 
size". This implies of necessity that there be a "geographical 
context" such as the Community, which is as big as possible.
In these circumstances the Commission proposes to develop its activity 
in two main directions :
1. Researchers :
Reducing administrative and social obstacles to the mobility of 
researchers.
Research training, developing specialities, supplementary training 
for scientists.
Developing intra-European scientific and technical cooperation and 
the mobility of researchers.
Retaining and supporting high calibre researchers in Europe.
2. Facilities :
Optimising the development and exploitation of major scientific and 
technical installations.
Eliminating obstacles to and providing help for the free 
circulation of scientific and technical equipment.
c. With its "Plan to Stimulate European Cooperation and Scientific and 
Technical Interchange 1985-1988", which followed on from the 
experimental activity 1983-1984, the Commission followed this route.
Up to date some 650 teams of researchers in the Community have been 
linked in this way, in 265 joint projects, and several dozen

"scientific networks" have been set up thanks to the Community 
action, which has been recognised in all the circles concerned as a 
success.
It has aroused a deep interest, not just in the Member States some of 
which have now started similar activities themselves on a national 
level, but also in international organisations such as the Council of 
Europe and in European non-Member States (Austria, Finland, Norway, 
Sweden, Switzerland). Some of the latter have officially made known 
their wish to take part in the action and, in accordance with the 
mandate given by the Council in March 1985, negotiations have been 
started to agree the conditions, particularly the financial conditions 
under which such participation could take place.
Encouraged by this success and by the interest which it has aroused 
the Commission now proposes to build upon the activity which has been 
carried out up to now. In this respect the Commission considers that 
a particular emphasis should be placed on the social and cultural 
aspects of the "researchers' Europe" and on making full use of the 
Community's potential so far as major scientific and technical 
installations are concerned.
Avenues for actions :
1. Researchers :
The Commission proposes to identify and implement contextual 
measures of an administrative and regulatory nature both to 
eleminate obstacles and support mobility.
Again, it is intended that incentives in the shape of financial 
support will be made available in various forms (research grants, 
laboratory twinnings, operations contracts, sectoral "bourses", 
advanced courses, scientific awards and prizes) to promote 
training, scientific and technical cooperations, the mobility of 
researchers and the retention in Europe of high calibre researchers.
2. Facilities :
The Commission feels that it would be opportune on the one hand to 
provide Community support so as to enable researchers in the 
Community to make use, free of charge, of time and experimentation 
facilities at a major scientific and technical installation. In 
return, the installation could, thanks to the Community 
contribution, be adapted, given special features and operated more 
economically.
With a view to involving, ultimately, 5% of European researchers in 
transnational cooperation activities of this kind the Commission feels 
that the goal of 2.5% of researchers (10,000 people) should be adopted 
for the year 1991.
To this end and on the basis of the experience so far gained, the 
financial resources required may be estimated between 400 and 
500 MioEcus for the whole period 1987-1991 (corresponding to 0.2% of 
public R&D expenditure budgeted for the Europe of 12 during the same 
period).

7.1 - 1
7. GENERAL SUPPORT FOR SCIENTIFIC AMD TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT
7.1. Innovation
The European Council has underlined the importance of reinforcing the 
scientific and technical foundations of European industry and of 
promoting its international competitiveness.
To this end, the Commission proposes to stimulate the whole innovation 
process in the Community through two specific fields :
- an improved dissemination and exploitation of the results of Community 
research, demonstration and technological development (RDTD) 
activities;
- a strategic programme for the transnational promotion of innovation and 
technology transfer (SPRINT).
7.1.1. Dissemination and Exploitation of RDTD Results
a. The proposed amendments to the EEC Treaty explicitly confirm that 
"dissemination and exploitation of the results of Community research, 
demonstration and technological development (RDTD) activities" 
constitute one of the four inter-related types of action to be 
undertaken by the Community in the field of technology.
In the context of a Community-wide market, improved dissemination and 
exploitation of results will lead, throughout the enlarged Community, 
to an increase in general scientific and technical knowledge, a 
general improvement in economic competitiveness and an increase in the 
number of jobs created. Certain investigations indicate that, even 
with the scarce resources so far available, this action has already 
led to the creation of about three thousand (direct and indirect) 
permanent jobs, at a cost per job substantially lower than costs which 
are usual in either the public or the private sector. About half of 
these new jobs involve transnational activities.
b. This horizontal action will be implemented to the benefit of all 
regions through three lines :
1. An activity covering the dissemination of all Community RDTD 
results including :
- patent screening, filing and defending, to ensure that 
exploitable material is protected;
translating Community RDTD results into several languages and 
providing appropriate ways and means for dissemination to the 
scientific community, to decision takers in the public and 
private sectors and to the general public.
2. An activity covering the exploitation of the JRC's R&D results: 
market evaluation of JRC inventions; support for constructing 
prototypes and pilot plants; search for industrial partners for 
exploitation or further development; granting licences; publicity.

3. An activity covering the exploitation of the results from all other 
RDTD activities as far as the Community as such is involved 
(shared-cost actions, including demonstration projects, COST,
EUREKA and cooperation agreements with third countries, etc..) :
- to ensure proper exploitation by adherence to the relevant legal 
and contractual obligations for protection, exploitation and 
licensing in the interest of the Community;
- to offer selective and precompetitive support in the field of 
protection, exploitation and licensing, limited to certain types 
of contractors (research centres wholly or partly publicly owned, 
SMEs and universities), providing that the work has a 
transnational character or cannot be adequately supported by 
national measures and that provision is made via royalties for 
repayment of the Community's financial support.
The experience of the Commission's services has proved that these 
tasks are far better handled by an approach which enables specialized 
services for the protection of inventions, the dissemination of 
information and the exploitation of research results to be put at the 
disposal of individual research activities.
A notable strengthening of this existing horizontal action, which 
could be achieved at a cost modest in relation to the overall research 
budget, would lead to benefits far in excess of that cost.
In close collaboration with managers of RDTD activities, researchers 
and inventors and, where appropriate, the technical assistance of the 
JRC, the work listed under b. will be implemented - notably for 
reasons of competence, cost effectiveness and budgetary rules - by the 
Commission's specialized services (which should be adequately 
reinforced), assisted by external experts working under contract. 
Exploitation projects requiring the further development of inventions, 
or the realization of demonstration installations, will be carried out 
by external enterpreneurial bodies acting under contract with the 
Commi ssion.
1.2. Strategic Programme for the Transnational Promotion of Innovation  
and Technology Transfer (SPRINT)
The proposed amendments to the EEC Treaty confirmed that "The 
Community's aim shall be to stengthen the scientific and technological 
basis of European industry and to encourage it to become more 
competitive at international level. In order to achieve this, it shall 
encourage undertakings including small and medium-sized undertakings, 
research centres and universities in their research and technological 
development activities; it shall support their efforts to co-operate 
with one another, aiming, in particular, to enable undertakings to 
exploit the Community's internal market potential to the full __".

Consequently a horizontal action is proposed aiming at the development 
of a European supporting infrastructure for innovation and technology 
transfer, particularly for the benefit of small and medium-sized 
enterprises (SMEs).
It has indeed been shown that SME's are not in a position to exploit 
effectively the results of research and to innovate without the 
support of an infrastructure giving them access, across national 
borders, to the finance, the information and the wide range of 
advisory services, etc., which they require. In this connection, it 
should be remembered that it has also been shown that the largest 
potential for innovation is to be found in SMEs.
It is thus fully in the interest of SME's that this infrastructure 
should be Community-wide, because this enables them to take advantage 
of the size of the European internal market.
This action is split into three chapters :
1. The establishment of "human networks", namely tha transnational
interconnection of the various intermediaries that hold the know­
how which SMEs need :  technology transfer specialists. Chambers of 
Commerce, technology management consultants, marketing consultants, 
venture capitalists, etc __
2. 
The development of "instruments", enabling SMEs (or the 
intermediairies that work for them) to have easy access to the 
information, originating from all Member States, which they 
require :  technological conferences, information systems on 
technologies available for licensing or on the research 
laboratories which can provide them with support, on technical 
standards and specifications to be respected in each country, on 
research reports issued at a national level containing data which 
could be exploited by industry, etc..
3. Systematic concertation between Member States on measures to be 
taken at a national level to promote research, innovation and 
technology transfer, with the aim of not only enabling Member 
States to take advantage of each other's experiences, but also to 
suggest new measures to be taken at Community level.
The proposed action is designed to follow on from a first 3 year 
experiment, decided by the Council of Ministers on 25 November 1983, 
concerning the "Plan for the transnational development of the 
supporting infrastructure for innovation and technology transfer".
The Commission has been implementing this plan for over 2 years. On 
the basis of the experience acquired it can be confirmed that the 
"infrastructure" approach is essential. It has at the same time become 
very clear that the most important elements of this infrastructure are 
transnational "human networks" and an effective system of concertation 
between Member States.

7.1 - 4
It should be pointed out that this concertation, apart from the 
exchange of experience to which it leads, provides feedback into the 
Plan and generates specific new actions to be undertaken at a 
Community level.
The action requires both a number of preparatory studies or pitot 
projects and the implementation of full-size transnational operations 
on the basis of shared-cost contracts.
* *
★
The financial resources necessary to carry out these activities are 
estimated between 80 and 150 MioECUs for the duration of the Framework 
Programme. Additional funding for activities relating to dissemination 
and exploitation of research results will come from individual 
programmes.

7.2 - 1
7.2 Communication and Information Networks and Scientific Data Bases
a. The establishment of Europe-wide communications and information 
networks is a key element to:
1. Strengthen the European research infrastructure :
Fundamental, technological and engineering research requires good 
computer based communication media to help researchers
- to work effectively while geographically dispersed, through 
better and quicker access to relevant information sources and 
improved communication with other scientists;
- and to sharpen their fundamental research capabilities in Europe 
in order to use them more quickly than our competitors.
The creation of a European integrated computer network should 
create a network scientific culture, initiate and intensify 
cooperation between separate national research groups.
2. Improve the process and speed of innovation and stimulate the 
industrial exploitation of industrial results, through the links 
and bridges provided between universities, industrial research 
centres, standardisation specialists and marketing people.
3. Lead to consistent approach and implementation of European common 
standards. (Furthermore a European Computer Network should provide 
a welcoming structure for EARN members when IBM finance ceases 
supporting the EARN network).
b. The objective is the provision of a common integrated computer 
communication infrastructure and associated services, using public 
data networks and linking the computers and individuals of 
universities as well as academia state and industrial research 
centres. It will allow exchange of data, software, messages and 
research results on a European-wide basis and also allow for the 
sharing of massive and expensive resources such as information data 
bases, super-computers, specialised services centres for expert 
systems and artificial intelligence.
This infrastructure will build upon efforts being made in order to 
develop and implement OSI standards and to provide the EEC with high 
speed and/or broadband communication services (in the framework of 
ESPRIT and of RACE).
Created under the auspices of the Commission, the RARE association 
(Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne) aims to provide a high 
quality networking infrastructure using the data services operated by 
the PTT s, for the support of research and academic endeavour on a 
European basis.
The European research network (ERN) constitutes another important 
European project of which the Commission is a partner. It has similar 
objectives. Internal discussions are currently taking place within 
the Commission to define its active participation and contribution.

7.2 - 2
c. Motivation for EEC action :
- use of EEC wide capabilities in R & D and contribution to the 
creation of the European community of researchers;
- coordinated approach required to develop and implement common 
standards (in liaison with CEPT);
- substantial cost savings compared to a multiplicity of incompatible 
national networks designed for the same purpose;
improvement of European-wide transfer of technology, including SMEs 
and less favoured regions by setting down geographic barriers to 
access of information.
d. At this very preliminary stage, one could envisage a Community 
contribution of approximately 20 MioECUs. A first estimate of the 
actual expenditure from the different national programmes of the 
Community is in the order of magnitude of 80 MioECUs per year.
Furthermore part of the work which does not involve RDDT is carried 
out within other programmes such as INSIS and IT & T standardisation 
action plan.

f.5 - 1
7.3. Linguistic Problems
a. Language is the principal medium for human communication and for 
recording of knowledge. For the Community with nine official 
languages two classes of problems arise which are both decisive for 
its success or even survival :
- Multilingualism :  the national and cultural identity of the Members 
is inseparably tied to their national (and regional) languages. It 
is therefore a duty of the Community to make sure that all Members 
can communicate with the Community institutions and with each other 
in their own languages, without being discriminated against. This 
calls for fast, cheap and reliable translation and interpretation 
services, which are only possible through an extensive employment of 
advanced information technologies. Only if the language barriers 
are effectively overcome can Europe hope to avoid both external and 
internal linguistic and cultural colonialism, with all its economic 
implications, and to achieve equal chances for all its Members.
- Language understanding :  the Community and its Members are making a 
considerable effort to close the gap in the domain of advanced 
information technologies which are recognized as one of the main 
factors for future economic growth. IT research includes as a 
priority area advanced information processing including knowledge 
engineering expert systems, man-machine communication (written and 
spoken), etc. Since the large majority of human knowledge is 
recorded and communicated in natural language, the success of the 
technologies ultimately depends on our ability to open this 
information source to advanced information systems, and to 
communicate the knowledge to the users in their own language.
Our competitors in the USA and Japan attribute a high priority to 
natural language understanding in their respective IT programmes. 
Together with the hardware, they export in a growing measure natural 
language components (mostly in English) such as text processing, data 
bases, speech synthesizers etc. At stake is not only the 
competitiveness of the Community in the fast growing language 
industry, but ultimately its own identity. The multilingual dimension 
and the past efforts both at Community and at national level have 
given Europe a certain advance over its competitors in this domain. 
This advance must be maintained and increased through a coordinated 
effort of all those concerned.
b. The long term objective of a Community R&D programme (coordinated with 
national programmes) is the creation of methods, tools, technologies, 
knowledge bases and prototype systems which can become the basis for 
the development of an autonomous and strong European language 
industry. The principal motivation for a Community action is the fact 
that the fundamental problems to be resolved, such as the analysis and 
synthesis of written and spoken language, interfacing linguistic 
modules with information systems etc., are to a large extent common to 
all languages, and require common solutions. These common methods and 
tools should be used by the Member states (in cooperative ventures) to 
create the monolingual and multilingual analysis and synthesis 
modules, which in turn can be integrated into a variety of (prototype) 
application systems.

While many of the problems are unlikely to be fully solved within this 
century and require long-term basic research, the main concrete lines 
of action for the period 1987-1991 are the following :
- Completion by 1990 of a first multilingual prototype machine
translation system (EUROTRA) capable of dealing with all official 
Community languages and operational in a limited subject field and 
for limited text types. EUROTRA was approved by the Council in 
November 1982 (5 1/2 years, 16 million ECU). After the accession
of Spain and Portugal the Commission has proposed an extension of 
the programme by 18 months and of the funding by 11 million ECU to 
cover the increase of languages from 7 to 9 (and language pairs from 
42 to 72).
- Support to the industrial development of an automatic translation 
system which can be used in a multitude of domains and environments 
(Community institutions, industry, commerce, services, information 
and documentation). The preparation of this programme should start 
in 1988, and the programme itself in 1990 (EUROTRA-II).
- Development of methods and tools for the reusability of lexical 
resources in computerized applications, and creation of standards 
for lexical and terminological data (LEXTERM).  This action should 
also include the support to the creation of national terminologies 
in domains where they are missinq (preparation phase 1987, execution 
1989)
Long-term basic research for the next generation of high-quality 
machine translation systems and other natural language processing 
systems. This research should include advanced semantic methods, 
subject field expert knowledge, inference techniques, interfacing of 
language processing modules with information and expert systems, 
speech analysis and synthesis (EUROTRA III).
The cooperative decentralized organization of the EUROTRA project has 
proven its adequacy as it acted as a stimulating and catalyst factor. 
But it also showed some structural weakness of R8D in the domain of 
linguistic problems at national level, which in a few cases lead to 
considerable delays in the start-up of the national contributions to 
the programme. Especially objective-oriented contract research is 
insufficiently organized in many of the Member States and future 
programmes should contribute to the improvement of the structures and 
to the training of professionals.
For all projects a cost-shared action is foreseen. Projects with a 
prevalent research orientation should be funded by the public sector 
(Community, national contributions) while for projects with a clear 
development component contributions from the private sector should be 
expected.
The overall effort is estimated at about 280 MioECUs to which the 
Community would contribute between 80 and 100 MioECUs, the Member 
States 80 MioECUs and the private sector 110 MioECUs. This Community 
level of effort would represent 15 to 20 % of the present overall 
public effort of the Member States.

7.4 - 1
7.4. Forecasting, Evaluation and Statistical Tools
7.4.1. Forecasting (FAST)
a. Forecasting and assessing the implication and consequences of long 
term scientific and technological change for the economic and social 
development of the Community Member Countries remains one of the 
principal tools available to the Commission in view of identifying new 
objectives and new priorities areas for its action in the field of 
RDTD.
b. During the execution of FAST II, an entire new generation of R&D 
programmes and actions has come into life (ESPRIT, RACE, BRITE, CUBE, 
STIMULATION...) which have increased the capacity of the Commission to 
analyse tong term scientific and technological development and derive 
strategic orientation.
Furthermore, greater and more systematic attention is paid to 
technological change and its economic and social implications and 
consequences by other services within the Commission (particularly by 
the Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs and Education). 
The European Parliament itself has also decided in 1985 to set up a 
Parliamentary office for the evaluation of scientific and 
technological choices.
Thus, the FAST programme will no longer be the unique place within the 
Commission and the Community Institution where activities comparable 
to forecasting and assessment in the field of science and technology 
are carried out.
A renewed interest is equally shown in the member countries, both at 
executive (government) and legislative (parliament) levels, into the 
analysis of long term societal implications and consequences of 
scientific and technological development.
These new developments call therefore for :
1. an intensification of the specific role of the FAST programme;
2. opening new directions in the FAST research approach and portfolio
c-  Ad 1■  The intensification of the specific role of the FAST programme 
within the new Commission environment and in relation to recent 
developments in the Member Countries.
This means :
- a strenghtened emphasis on the entire spectrum of
technological "families" and particularly in the long term 
prospects of their integration (between IT, materials and 
biotechnologies, between oploelectronics, IT automation and 
materials, etc...) and the consequences for the European R&D 
structure, industrial and education systems;

7.4 - 2
- greater focus on assessment of the implications and 
consequences of new emerging fields of science and technology 
applications;
- a greater emphasis on the "network" approach, in order to 
bring together the forecasts and analyses made within the 
Commission and Community institutions, and in the Member 
States, and to integrate their results in science and 
technology policy options.
Ad 2.  Opening new directions in research approach and portfolio :
This means :
- improvement and diversification of the proper tools 
(information data bases, promotion and ad hoc European 
"observatories") for better observing and analysing the 
changes in the scientific and technological system;
- greater attention to the long term factors and dynamics in the 
innovation processes, transfer and diffusion;
- carry out, on a more systematic manner, studies focussing on 
the world development, problems and prospects of science and 
technology, taking into account the accelerated 
transnationalisation of economy, technology and R&D;
- and, in close relation with IRIS, strengthening the links with 
the world of producers and users of new application of 
advanced science and technology.
d. The work will be carried out as a shared costs action, as it is the 
case since the beginning of FAST.
e. The amount to be spent on this action during 1987-91 is estimated 
between 15 and 18 MioECUs.
7.4.2. Evaluation
a. A close scrutiny of scientific activities is necessary not only for 
the development of more effective science policies, but also for 
ensuring that in an era of growing demands for accountability, society 
at large is provided with the necessary assurances that public funds 
expended on research are effectively contributing to the attainment of 
social and economic objectives set by the Community and its Member 
States. Furthermore the increasing awareness of the importance of R&D 
for economic growth has resulted in a growing recognition of the value 
of R&D evaluation. This is proven by the interest shown by the Member 
Countries and by several international organizations such as the UN 
and the OECD.

(  .h - 5
b. For the period 1987-91 the Commission will continue to follow the 
principles exposed by the plan of action relating to the evaluation of 
Community R&D approved by the Council on 28 June 1983. This 
evaluation is performed at the level of each individual activity in 
time to provide input for the formulation of the next programme. Its 
methodology is based on the "peer evaluation" carried out by external 
groups of independent experts, without neglecting, whenever possible, 
the use of quantitative indicators.
In order to carry out this activity in an effective way, the 
Commission will encourage research in this field in the Community and 
continue its efforts in the development of appropriate evaluation 
methodologies and in the establishment of a Community evaluation 
network.
c. Evaluation techniques will reflect the growing Community R&D priority 
towards programmes contributing to industrial competitiveness. This 
implies that a specific effort will be devoted towards the analysis of 
all aspects contributing to industrial innovation and competitiveness.
The importance of socio-economic impact assessments has been 
repeatedly stressed by several Member States. A full consideration of 
this aspect will require evaluations at a higher aggregation level 
than carried out up to now.
d. The amount to be spent on evaluation activities during 1987-91 is 
estimated between 10 and 12 MioEcus.
7.4.3. Statistical tools
a. Support of forecasting and evaluation in the form of comprehensive 
statistical data bases is essential. Such support consists not solely 
of the data themselves but should also attempt to embody the expertise 
of those who collect and use the data. This support should be 
developed in the form of knowledge based expert systems. The 
objective of such systems is to improve the productivity of 
statistical information by enhancing its value to the user.
b. This activity should include a fundamental study of the problems 
underlying the construction of expert systems in the field of 
statistics, proposals for standards to be applied in order to ensure 
compatibility of future work in this area and complete prototype 
systems designed to operate in selected areas. In addition to the 
specific results in the field of statistics, experience of more 
general applicability will be acquired which will be relevant to the 
wider field of research in the development of expert systems.
A Community approach is necessary to coordinate and reinforce the 
current efforts scattered in a few Member States by providing a 
general integrating frame, and to develop common standards to promote 
the generalised use of these new tools.
c. This new Community activity should be carried through cost-shared 
projects and would require an amount in the order of 5 MioECUs for the 
1987-91 period. This would represent 5 to 10 % of the efforts of the 
Member States in this field.

7.5 - 1
7.5. International Cooperation
a. A more active scientific presence in developing countries is becoming 
an important part of the Community strategy. An appropriate response 
can only be decided upon through a detailed knowledge of the needs of 
its partners. A true transfer of technology to developing countries 
can only be achieved by strengthening this cooperation between Europe 
and these countries.
As a consequence of the strengthening of scientific relations with all 
countries,, economic opportunities arise through the opening up of 
export markets and at the same time more assistance can be given with 
the development of poorer populations.
The individual countries of Europe have available a remarkable science 
and technology potential; however, ohly a collective effort will enable 
the Community to respond to the increasing demand for cooperation from 
developing countries.
Scientific and technical cooperation provides one of the pillars on 
which increasingly rest the worldwide cooperative agreements which the 
Community signs with Third Countries. The industrialized countries, 
and the members of EFTA in particular, wish in effect to join the 
Community in order to increase their scientific potential and to 
rationalize the resources necessary to sustain a research effort.
Developing countries, in their turn, await the Community's scientific 
and technical aid that is so necessary to speed up their development.
b. A Community action was launched in 1984 with a modest budget, in order 
to support actions on scientific and technical cooperation with 
industrialized countries on one hand and with developing countries, 
more specifically non associated Third World countries, on the other. 
These scientific and technical actions aim at strengthening the 
cooperation established in a more general frame within other Community 
policies.
The objectives and the methods of carrying out international science 
and technology cooperation differ according to whether they relate to 
developing countries or to industrialized countries.
1. For developing countries these actions are aimed either at 
complementing the R&D programme "Science and Technology for 
development" (see point 5) or at preparing future R&D·programmes. 
For developing countries, the need is for aid intended to 
strengthen local research, especially through the establishment of 
links between European institutes and those in developing 
countries. The joint execution of research work on topics of 
common interest is the final objective of the cooperation which we 
wish to attain.

The main ways of achieving this objective are the following :
- assistance with the establishment of research programmes;
- training of scientists;
- exchanges of information;
- joint organization of seminars, workshops and conferences;
- creation of research networks between European and Third World 
institutes;
- joint research.
2. Scientific and technological cooperation with the industrialized 
countries, on the other hand, aims essentially at strengthening 
exchanges of information and scientific personnel between the 
Community and these countries, in order to :
- increase research capacities,
- reduce research costs,
- avoid duplication of research activities, and
- coordinate the work involved.
The principal actions which are in progress in this regard are the 
following :
- exchanges of information;
- seminars, workshops;
- organization of joint meetings;
- visits and periods of training and information;
- joint projects and exchanges of research workers.
These actions are complemented, in the case of non-EC European 
countries, by their direct participation in Community R&D 
programmes.
The fields covered by this new initiative are most diverse and vary 
according to needs and mutual interests. Agriculture, environment and 
new technology have been the sectors in which the greatest number of 
research actions have been initiated, especially in developing 
countries. Cooperation with industrialized countries, by contrast, is 
centred in the field of more advanced technologies and fundamental 
research.
Identification of themes for cooperation takes place jointly with the 
partners, and financial participation is also negotiated by mutual 
agreement. It is normally fixed with regard to the degree of 
development, especially scientific, and the financial capacity of the 
country concerned. With certain developing countries (China, the ASEAN 
states, India, Brazil, Mexico, etc.) the funding has been set, 
initially at least, as almost entirely a charge on the Community.
The tendency now, however, is to transform aid into a true cooperative 
relationship and for the developing countries to be responsible for a 
percentage of the costs of the research activities. Among other things 
this permits an increase in the number of activities that can be 
carried out.
The attainment of "joint funds" with our partners and the negotiation 
of framework-contracts are the important administrative and budgetary 
instruments on which to base the enlargement of this international 
cooperation.

7.5
In order to be able to respond to the demand for scientific cooperation 
which is destined to increase considerably, especially regarding the 
newly associated countries in Latin America (and also following the 
Community entry of Spain and Portugal), substantial credits must become 
available. A Community action, taking account of the needs to be met 
and the objectives to be followed, must be able to count on a sum 
estimated between 50 and 60 MioECUs for the period 1987-91 in order to 
be of significance.