No C 137/4 Official Journal of the European Communities 27. 5. 88 
Article 3 
The Commission, assisted by the Board of Governors of 
the Joint Research Centre (JRC), shall be responsible for 
carrying out the programme and, to this end, shall call 
upon the services of the JRC. 
Article 4 
The Commission shall submit to the Council and to the 
European Parliament the results of an evaluation 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European 
Atomic Energy Community, and in particular Article 7 
thereof, 
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission 
submitted after consultation of the Scientific and 
Technical Committee, organized by the Commission, after having sought the 
opinion of the Board of Governors of the JRC. The said 
evaluation must be available during 1991. 
Article 5 
The Commission, assisted by the Board of Governors of 
the JRC, shall each year prepare a report for the Council 
and the European Parliament on the execution of the 
programme. 
Having regard to the opinion of the European 
Parliament, 
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and 
Social Committee, 
Whereas, in the context of the common policy relating 
to the field of science and technology, the research ANNEX A 
Specific Euratom research programmes of the Joint Research Centre 
Indicative breakdown of resources 
(Appropriations in million ECU) 
1. Quality of life 
1.2. Radiation protection: 2,8 
— evaluation and monitoring of radioactivity: 2,8 
3. Modernization of industrial sectors 
3.4. Technical standards, measurement methods and reference materials: 75,6 
— nuclear measurements and reference materials: 75,6 
5. Energy 
5.1. Fission: nuclear safety: 309,9 
— reactor safety: 147,9 
— management of radioactive waste: 48,5 
— safeguarding and management of fissile materials: 
— nuclear fuels and actinides research: ' 
69,0 
5.2. Controlled thermonuclear fusion: 60,0 
— fusion technology and safety: 60,0 
Total 448,3 
Proposal for a Council Decision adopting a supplementary research programme to be 
implemented by the Joint Research Centre for the European Atomic Energy Community 
COM(87) 491 final/2 
(Submitted by the Commission to the Council on 29 October 1987) 
(88/C 137/04) 
17. 5. 88 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 137/5 
programme is one of the principal means whereby the 
European Atomic Energy Community can contribute to 
the safety and development of nuclear energy and to the 
acquisition and dissemination of information in the 
nuclear field, 
HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: 
Article 1 
The supplementary programme on the operation of the 
high-flux research reactor (HFR), hereinafter referred to 
as 'the programme', is hereby adopted for a period of 
four years, starting on 1 January 1988. 
Article 2 
The expenditure commitment estimated to be necessary 
for the execution of the programme is 71,5 million ECU. 
This amount also includes expenditure on a staff of 82. An indicative breakdown of this amount is given in 
Annex A. 
Article 3 
The Commission, assisted by the Board of Governors of 
the Joint Research Centre (JRC), shall be responsible for 
carrying out the programme and, to this end, shall call 
upon the services of the JRC. 
Article 4 
The Commission, assisted by the Board of Governors of 
the JRC, shall each year prepare a report for the Council 
and the European Parliament on the execution of the 
programme. 
ANNEX A 
Indicative breakdown of resources for the HFR 
The resources to be contributed to the supplementary programme are broken down as follows: 
— Federal Republic of Germany: 50 % 
— Netherlands: 50 %. 
Other resources are provided for, in addition to the supplementary programme, either under the 
heading of work carried out as part of the JRC specific programmes or under the heading of work for 
third parties. 
The indicative breakdown is as follows: 
Supplementary programme: 
— Federal Republic of Germany 
— Netherlands 
Netherlands (in kind and services) (Appropriations in million ECU) 
78 
39,0 
32,5 
Total appropriations 71,5 
6,5 
JRC specific programmes and third parties (estimated resources) 12 
Total 90 
No C 137/6 Official Journal of the European Communities 27. 5. 88 
ANNEX I 
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ORIENTATIONS FOR SPECIFIC PROGRAMMES AND 
SUPPORT ACTIVITIES OF THE JRC 
This Annex describes the specific programmes of the JRC and gives an overview of JRC scientific and 
technical support to the services of the Commission. 
1. Specific JRC research programmes 1988 to 1991 
The JRC multiannual specific research programmes will be carried out according to the scientific and 
technical orientations described below which cover the full range of possible future JRC activities. In 
reality the future discussions with users and customers are bound to alter these orientations, and 
financial and human resources will be concentrated on activities selected according to demand. 
These specific research programmes were drawn up after a detailed examination of the requirements 
in terms of Community research. The conclusions from that analysis was, as has already been 
mentioned, that the JRC will be required, in keeping with its institutional role and its scientific and 
technical capabilities, to carry out work on the following themes: 
— the contribution to the creation of a large internal Community market, 
— the enhancement of safety and the prevention and mitigation of accidents, 
— surveillance and protection of the environment. 
1.1. The heading 'Contribution to the creation of the internal market' and its counterpart 'Improvement of 
industrial competitiveness' covers research into the development of measurement methods and 
reference materials and also the work on advanced materials. 
Research into the development of measurement methods and reference materials includes research on 
reference measurements and materials, on reference methods for structural reliability assessment and 
work on reference methods for non-nuclear energy. 
The work on nuclear measurements and reference materials at the JRC Geel will continue in order to 
meet the needs identified by the European organizations (Community Fusion Programme) and inter­
national organizations (OECD—NEA, IAEA) and in response to requests from industry, research 
institutes and medical bodies in the Community. The work on reference materials will similarly lead to 
a comparison of its results with those of national bodies and industry. Data work is likely to increase 
in the field of fusion technology alongside the traditional nuclear fission activities. 
The conditioning, storage and distribution of nun-nuclear materials to customers is a direct support to 
the Community BCR (Community Bureau of Reference); it will continue in the coming years under a 
special arrangement with the BCR programme. 
The general aim of the proposed research on reference methods for structural reliability assessment is 
to contribute to a better understanding of the behaviour of structures exposed to severe loading. 
Existing physical methods and techniques will be used for the non-destructive measurement of damage 
and for the evaluation of the dynamic properties of materials, with the aim of constructing models to 
predict in-service reliability and the residual life of components and assemblies in complex large 
structures. 
Studies of the non-linear behaviour of structures and mechanical systems exposed to severe dynamic 
loading will be continued and expanded. 
This will permit the formulation of improved design specifications and reliability assessment in such 
diverse fields as civil, mechanical, nuclear, chemical, coastal and offshore engineering. The ultimata 
aim of this research is to enhance the safety and design of structures and„jriec^^ica"i systems in a 
cost-effective manner. — 
—--vvitn this end in view, it is proposed to supplement the testing capacity existing in the Community 
through the construction at the JRC Ispra of a reaction wall facility to allow static, cyclic and pseudo-
dynamic testing of larce-scale or full-scale models of structures. 
27. 5. 88 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 137/7 
This research activity will be coordinated by a user group made up of experts from the national 
institutions, which will assist the JRC to set priorities and to disseminate results. 
Other work relating to the study of measurement methodologies for assessing the performance of 
solar energy systems using ESTI, the specialized facility at Ispra, will be completed in the early part of 
the 1988 to 1991 period as a specific programme activity. The expertise acquired from this programme 
will subsequently be made available to the Commission, customers in industry and national 
governments. 
The work on the study and development of advanced materials will be carried out at Petten and Ispra. 
The work planned at the Petten Establishment, largely an extension of current activities, includes the 
study of mechanical properties and corrosion of structural steels and alloys at high temperatures in 
simulated environmental conditions, the study of alloy subcomponents under complex creep conditions 
and the behaviour of high temperature ceramics and composites in corrosive atmospheres. The High 
Temperature Materials Data Bank will be extended to other materials systems, including ceramics, 
with a view to rapid expansion in industrial usage. The Materials Information Centre will ensure early 
dissemination of results and data to potential users and act as a permanent interface with industry. 
The activities of the Ispra Establishment will cover property and performance assessment in improved 
conventional materials as well as advanced structural and functional materials (such as special steels, 
intermetallics, composites and ceramics). 
There are plans to launch a project on the structural and chemical characterization of high-
temperature superconducting ceramics and, in addition, an activity on the chemical and micro-
structural surface modulation of metals and ceramics using ion beam and laser techniques. 
1.2. Under the heading 'Enhancement of safety, prevention and mitigation of accidents', the JRC will 
concentrate on the following activities: 
— nuclear fission safety, i.e. reactor safety, fissile materials control, radioactive waste management, 
research on actinides and safety of nuclear fuels, 
— safety-related aspects of fusion technology, 
— safety of conventional industrial activities, particularly the evaluation and prevention of industrial 
hazards, and transport. 
In the field of nuclear fission safety, research into reactor safety will continue to play an important 
part, but with modified priorities taking account of the maturity of nuclear technology and the lessons 
learned from recent developments and events such as the Chernobyl accident. The research will 
concentrate on accident prevention and accident analysis, control and mitigation for the benefit of the 
public, the nuclear industry and the regulatory authorities. In comparison with the 1984 to 1987 
programme, activities related to reactor safety will be reduced. All of these activities will be defined in 
, collaboration with national laboratories, industry and the regulatory authorities. 
The accidents at Three Mile Island (USA) and Chernobyl (USSR) have re-emphasised the need to 
reach a consensus on how to determine the amount and species of fission products (source term) 
which would be released to the environment in case of a hypothetical failure of the containment. 
The Commission intends to make a substantial contribution to the solution of this problem by 
launching shared-cost action projects, as part of a specific JRC programme, in which in-pile demon­
stration tests will be prepared in the French Phebus reactor and organizations concerned in the 
Community will be invited to participate in the development and assessment of 'code packages'. 
The research on the safety of radioactive waste management fits into a 12-year action plan of the 
Community ending in 1992. In this sector the JRC will continue studies on alternative waste 
management strategies and will conduct advanced studies related to the long-term risks inherent in 
geological disposal. These will be performed in close collaboration with national laboratories and 
industries and will gain new impetus from the PETRA installation for the evaluation and treatment of 
radioactive waste. The future use made of this facility will be determined by the interests of its pros­
pective customers including those from industry. 
The work on control of fissile materials (safeguards) fulfils the Community's obligation to implement 
safeguards under the Euratom Treaty, the Non-Proliferation Treaty and nuclear material supply 
agreements with third countries. It is not the JRC's role to perform the Euratom Treaty inspection, 
which is entrusted to another Directorate-General (Directorate-General for Energy), but the JRC 
No C 137/8 Official Journal of the European Communities 27. 5. 88 
docs provide substantial technical support to this Directorate-General and, through its advanced 
research, the necessary scientific background. These activities are performed in cooperation with the 
IAEA and with the US Department of Energy. The PERLA (Performance and Training Laboratory) 
facility in Ispra will be an important asset to this programme. 
The basic actinide research conducted in the JRC Karlsruhe Establishment enjoys a world-wide 
scientific reputation and leads to close contacts with many laboratories, and not exclusively in 
academic circles. Hand in hand with this research is the work on the safety of the fuel cycle, including 
the work on actinide formation and transmutation studies and the work on the safety of nuclear fuels. 
The latter has already given rise to extensive contacts and collaboration with industry and national 
research laboratories throughout the Community, and there is a clear potential for a further intensifi­
cation of this cooperation. 
The research into safety-related aspects of thermonuclear fusion will continue to be conducted for the 
benefit of the European Fusion Community, and to this end much of the Ispra-based work will be 
focused on work planned for the NET (Next European Torus). Safety and environmental studies are 
included in these activities from the outset as requested by the European Parliament. During the 
coming years, the construction of the Tritium Handling Laboratory in Ispra will continue in 
accordance with the planning already established for this facility. 
The research on safety of industrial activities was initiated in the current JRC multiannual programme, 
and addresses the risks associated with conventional industries such as the processing and energy-
conversion industries. Various major accidents in the world have since increased public awareness of 
the need to exercise stricter control over operations representing a potential risk to health and the 
environment, and the Community has responded by issuing new directives. This need continues to be 
evident. The objectives of the JRC work are and will continue to be relevant to industry and to the 
implementation of the Community policy on major hazards, particularly the regulatory work of the 
Directorate-General for Environment, Consumer Protection and Nuclear Safety. 
1.3. Under the heading 'Superveillance and protection of the environment' the following areas will be 
studied: 
— research related to environmental protection proper, as defined in the 4th Community action plan, 
— the application of remote sensing techniques, 
— activities related to radiological monitoring. 
The activities related to the protection of the environment cover environmental chemicals, atmospheric 
pollution, water quality and chemical waste. The environmental chemicals project deals with the 
continuous updating of the ECDIN data bank on chemicals in the environment, and their evaluation, 
as well as research on the effects of trace metals and on indoor air pollution. The atmospheric 
pollution research is focused on the atmospheric chemistry of pollutants, on the evaluation of method­
ologies for the measurement of atmospheric pollutants and on in-field studies of pollutant mass 
balance and transport; moreover, studies will be pursued on the prediction of specific aspects of 
climatic changes due to the increases in CO2 concentration. The water quality project covers bioindi-
cators, ecotoxicological effects and pathways of trace metals in aquatic ecosystems. The potential 
benefits of setting up an ecotoxicology reference laboratory will be examined. The chemical waste 
project includes studies on the migration of inorganic and organic pollutants from waste deposits and 
their possible impact on the environment; it also includes the developments of a support system for the 
management of highly toxic wastes. 
The programme on aerospace remote sensing techniques will be oriented towards applications of 
conventional remote sensing techniques in selected areas and towards the development of the use of 
new, more advanced techniques. 
Applications of conventional remote sensing techniques will be geared to user demand. Apart from a 
specific action instigated by DG VI and the Statistical Office in 1987 on European agricultural 
production, the work on the land-based applications of remote sensing techniques will cover land use 
in peripheral regions of Europe and land resources management in regions of Africa. New applications 
could include ore prospecting at the request of the Member States. 
27. 5. 88 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 137/9 
As for marine applications, the emphasis will continue to be placed on methods for the surveillance of 
marine pollution and the monitoring of fishery resources as part of campaigns conducted in colla­
boration with national laboratories, with DG I and DG XI as primary users, and at the request of DG 
XIV. Studies of air/sea interaction could be included. 
Work on the utilization of more advanced remote sensing techniques will be focused on microwave 
techniques for remote sensing and on laser-induced fluorescence. Experimental measurement 
campaigns will be organized in cooperation with the ESA in order to promote the use of data 
obtained by the first European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS 1. 
The activities relating to radiological monitoring provide support for the specific activities provided for 
in the Euratom Treaty (Chapter 3) and are coordinated with Commission shared-cost actions. These 
activities include the setting up of a data bank with information an the environmental characteristics 
and the biological effects of radionuclides and mathematical models to calculate the distribution of 
radionuclides released from a nuclear accident. These activities will become scientific activities to 
support DG V in 1988. They will take account of similar activities developed by certain UN agencies, 
such as IAEA and WMO ('). 
2. JRC scientific and technical support to the Commission 
A large proportion of the JRC's expertise is relevant to the various sectoral policies of the Commission 
and can be used to provide, on a larger scale than in the past, a scientific and technical support 
activity to the services of the Commission in charge of these policies. Such activities are being 
streamlined acording to the customer/contractor principle. Various types of activity which are already 
clearly defined are summarized below: 
2.1 Support for monitoring by remote sensing in developing countries (DG I— DG VIII) 
This JRC scientific and technical support will consist essentially of two actions: 
— The monitoring of renewable land resources in the Sahel countries. 
The aim is to develop and demonstrate methodologies using aerospace remote sensing data for: 
— the monitoring of rain-fed crops (food resources), 
— the monitoring of hydrological resources, 
— the monitoring of environment degradation. 
These three objectives are closely interrelated; for instance they can all be based on the study of 
the vegetation dynamics on a regional scale. Consequently a key aspect of the project during the 
next four years will be the systematic exploitation of NOAA-AVHRR archive data which will 
permit the construction of a historical data set (1981 to 1986) of vegetation indices, which will 
constitute the essential reference for vegetation dynamics analysis. The project involves close 
contacts with African bodies and frequent field work. 
— The study of the upwelling sea currents of the coast of NW Africa. This preparatory study orig­
inated from a request by the Moroccan authorities through DG I for help in the investigation of 
the upwelling sea current dynamics along their coast, in view of the important consequences for 
their fishing industry. 
The study is of interest to the European fisheries industry as well and as such may be extended in 
support of the needs and interests of DG XIV. 
2.2 Support for the health, hygiene and safety policy (DG V) 
Support for DG V will fall into two distinct categories, the first relating to safety at work and the 
second relating to radioactivity in the environment. 
— Safety at work: 
These activities will include a census of the facilities for respiratory protection, kidney dialysis and 
the distribution of toxic metals in the body, the publication of monographs on biological 
surveillance, the use of ECDIN and so on. (This is essentially scientific and technical support for 
the work of the Committee on Health, Hygiene and Safety). 
(') WMO: World Meteorological Organization. 
No C 137/10 Official Journal of the European Communities 27. 5. 88 
— Radioactivity in the environment: 
This work will cover the following topics in an initial phase: 
— the setting up of a data bank on environmental levels of radioactivity, 
— the development of data collection procedures for airborne radioactivity, 
— establishment of a procedure for data collection (in real time) for atmospheric radioactivity; 
this activity may evolve towards the establishment of a Community warning system for radioac­
tivity, if such a need makes itself felt. 
It should also be noted that initiatives in this sector are in the offing in collaboration with certain 
specialized UN agencies, such as the IAEA and the ¥MO; contacts have been made and will be 
continued with a view to possible collaboration. 
2.3 Scientific and technical support to the CAP (remote sensing for agriculture) DG Vl-Statistical Office 
Statistical information on agriculture can be improved by making use of new techniques for aero-
spatial remote sensing; more specifically it would speed up certains aspects of the compiling of 
Community statistics on agriculture, increase efficiency and cut costs. These include harvest inven­
tories, estimation of production (using vegetation indices), indicators for meteorological conditions 
and data for crop forecasting models. 
In order to achieve rapid improvements, the Community is setting up a research and development 
project aimed at the introduction of remote sensing in the Community statistical system for agriculture 
(Statistical Office) and thereby support the common agricultural policy. 
2.4 Scientific and technical support to the environment protection policy (DG XI) 
The JRC activities in the environmental field are important for the implementation of the Community 
policy on the environment and major technological hazards as defined in the 4th Environment Action 
Programme 1987 to 1991. Activities in support of DG XI include: 
— comparison and evaluation of methods for the measurement of atmospheric pollutants by 
extending the present scope of the JRC Central Laboratory, 
— comparison of analytical methods for chemical wastes, development of systems to mitigate 
chemical accidents, 
— support for the implementation of EEC Directives on freshwater quality: ecotoxicological effects, 
biological quality of water, drinking water parameters, 
— development and implementation, within the framework of the EEC Directive on 'Major accident 
hazards of certain industrial activities', of the Major Accident Reporting Systems (MARS) — a 
data bank on major accidents; contribution to the harmonization of risk analysis methodologies 
and to the definition of emergency planning procedures. 
2.5 Scientific and technical support for the Community Bureau of Reference (DG XII) 
The conditioning, storage and distribution to clients of non-nuclear reference materials is an activity 
in direct support of the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR); these activities will continue in the 
years to come under a special agreement concluded with the BCR programme ('). 
2.6 Scientific and technical support to the Nuclear Safeguards Directorate (DG XVII) 
The JRC support to the Euratom Safeguards Directorate addresses technical problems defined by the 
Inspectorate for a number of tasks: 
— the development, field testing, calibration and maintenance of instruments supplied to the Inspec­
torate, 
— the organization of in-depth training courses (about 15 per year) for Euratom safeguards 
inspectors, 
(') See COM(87) 444. Draft Council Regulation on the research and development programme in the field of applied 
metrology and chemical analysis in the European Economic Community (1988 to 1991). (Community Bureau of 
Reference BCR). 
27. 5. 88 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 137/11 
— the management of data, including their evaluation, validation and transmission to the central 
services, 
and for two services: 
— the chemical analysis of samples taken by inspectors in the various parts of the fuel cycle, 
— support in health physics, where the JRC provides assistance and training in the field of radiation 
protection to the inspectors working in nuclear facilities. 
2.7 Support for new energies (DG XVII) 
JRC provides a scientific and technical back-up for the initiatives of DG XVII in the field of new and 
renewable energies. The following subjects are, in particular, included in this activity: 
'— support to the Energy Bus Programme, 
— laving down standards of performance for solar equipment used in demonstration projects; 
evaluation of all the monitoring results of the projects, 
— setting-up of an Information and Analysis Centre concerning the results of the demonstration 
projects. 
More generally, the JRC takes part in the process of scientific reflection on the use of new and 
renewable energies; a scientific and technical support action in the fields of alternative energy sources 
and energy saving is in preparation. 
2.8 Other JRC support activities 
Other activities of the JRC are being streamlined according to the customer/contractor principle to 
support sectoral policies of the Commission. A number of activities have already been identified: 
— IAEA nuclear safeguards — technical cooperation (DG I), 
— CAP (Wine monitoring laboratory) DG VI, 
— CAP (Integrated action for crop protection) DG VI, 
— Commission transport policy — DG VII, 
— Development of European reference methods for industry — DG III, 
— Regional policy (DG XVI) using aerospace remote sensing, 
— Directorate-General for Customs Union and Indirect Taxation — DG XXI, 
— General support (Secretariat General — DG V/DG XI) — cooperation and mutual assistance in 
the event of disasters. 
Discussions will therefore continue in future with a view to identifiying the JRC activities which lead 
to regular scientific and technical support for the sectoral policies of the Commission. One area which 
is likely to be expanded is JRC technical support for the prevention and detection of fraud. 
Lastly, there will always be a number of JRC scientific and technical support activities, which will be 
of a temporarv nature.' 
These activities will all be included in the annual schedule of JRC activities. 
A special mention should be made of the cooperation with DG XIII and with the Task Force for 
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises aimed at exploiting the results of JRC research. A major effort 
will be made from now on to ensure that the technology developed in the JRC is transferred to the 
outside, especially to small businesses; this will entail making use of the network set up by the SME 
Task Force. 
No C 137/12 Official Journal of the European Communities 27. 5. 88 
ANNEX II 
EVALUATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS 
1. In future, JRC activities will fall into a number of distinct categories, one of which is the execution of 
rnultiannual specific research programmes under Article 7 of the Euratom Treaty and Article 130 Q (2) 
of the EEC Treaty in support of the implementation of Community policies as laid down by the 
scientific and technical objectives of the framework programme for scientific research and technological 
development. 
2. For these rnultiannual specific programmes proposed for the period 1988 to 1991, these will be formal 
midterm evaluations in accordance with the principles laid down by the Commission in its plan of 
action of November 1986 ('). 
3. The Commission, after consulting the Board of Governors, will organize the evaluation of all JRC 
research activities including the specific programmes. 
4. An indicative amount of 500 000 ECU has been set aside in the 1988 to 1991 appropriations to cover 
the costs of the evaluations. 
5. The evaluations will have the following terms of reference: 
(a) assessment of the scientific and technical achievements of the programme taking into account its 
original objectives; quality and practical relevance of the results, and possible spin-offs; 
(b) contribution of the programme to the development of other Community policies and to the social 
and economic development of the Community in general; 
(c) evaluation of the effectiveness of management and of resource utilization; 
(d) recommendations for future orientation of the programme, management improvements, exploitation 
of results, etc. 
The results of the evaluations will be published by the Commission. 
(•') OJ No C 14, 20. 1. 1987, p. 5. 
Proposal for a Council Directive (EEC) on the harmonization of definitions of gross national 
product at market prices (GNPmp) and improvements to the basic statistics needed to estimate it 
COM(88) 176 final 
(Submitted by the Commission to the Council on 12 April 1988) 
(88/C 137/05) 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European 
Economic Community, 
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European 
Atomic Energy Community, 
Having regard to the Council Decision of . . . 1988 on 
the system of the Communities' own resources, and in 
particular Article 8 paragraph 2 thereof, 
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, Having regard to the opinion of the European 
Parliament, 
Whereas the creation of an additional own resource 
based on gross national product at market prices 
(GNPmp) 6i the Member States makes it necessary to 
reinforce the comparability S.n.d reliability of this 
aggregate; 
Whereas the completion of the internal market will 
require modifications in the method of the collection of 
statistical data; 
Whereas these data are an analytical tool essential for 
the coordination of the economic policies of the Member 
States;