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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(82)486 final/2
THIS DOCUMENT CANCELS ANDREPLACES
• .
DOC.COM(82)486 final OP28/7/82
Brussels /.13august 1982
APPLIES TOTHEENGLISH VERSION ONLY
r .• ' •
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TOTHE COUNCIL
onlaying thefoundations for aEuropean strategic programme -of
research anddevelopment ininformation technology :thepilot
phase
C0M(82 )486final/2

-1--·Κ
if V\fl'3ww>\■!S"|c-
Communication totheCouncil on
LayingtheFoundations foraStrategic programme of
Research andDevelopment inInformation Technology
"ESPRIT":ThePilotPhase
A.ESPRITanditsEuropean Community context
-Relationship withCommunity Activities
-Follow-up totheprevious Communication ofMay82-COM(82)287
-Resultofthediscus ;sionsoftheMinisters ofResearch
»-30June1982
-Aimsofthepresent Communication .
B.Outline ofESPRIT
-Programme objectives
-Programme preparation
-Preliminary outline ofESPRIT
-ESPRITandtheComnunity dimension
-Implementation ofESPRIT

-'iiotPrcjects
-Purpose ofoilotprojects
-Broaddescription
-ExampJ.es
-Implementation offirstphaseofpilotprojects
D.Conclusions
Annexes :
1.ESPRIl-technical objectives ofpilotprojects
2.ESPRIT-outline ofmainprogramme
3.DraftResolution
4.Conclusions oithe
--European Councilof28/29June1982
-Presidency oftheResearch Council-30June1982

-3-
A'. ESPRIT and itsEuropean Community context
1. ESPRIT isanessential part oftworecent approaches presented by
the Commission tothe Council .Onthe one hand there isthe overall
R&Dstrategy oftheCommunity (1),forwhich thesetting upofa
framework programme of Community scientific and technical
activities isanessential part .The 1984-87 framework programme
(2)isstructured around seven major goals ofCommunity policies .
These are :
-improving agricultural competitiveness
-improving industrial competitiveness
-improving themanagement ofraw materials
-improving the management ofenergy resources
-strengthening aid todeveloping countries
-improving living andworking conditions
-making better use ofthescientific andtechnical resources
ofthe Community .
I
Anumber ofscientific andtechnical objectives correspond tothese
goals which will act asguidelines forallrelevant R&D activities
within theCommunity framework .
2. Onthe other hand ESPRIT isanessential element intheindustrial
strategy ofthe Community ,outlined inC0M(81)639 (3)and in
COM (82)365 .(4), inwhich investment inR&D ,particularly in
information technology isseen asaprecondition torestoring
industrial andinnovation competitiveness (5).
(1)COM (81)574-Scientific andTechnical Research intheEuropean Community ,
proposals for the 1980s
(2)SEC (82)896-Frarnnwork Programme forCommunity Scientific andTechnical
Activities 1984 -1987 :first outline
(3)COM (81)639-ACommunity Strategy todevelop European Industry
(4)COM (82)365-Communication totheCouncil ontheproblems ofinvestment
(5)COM (81)620-Apolicy forindustrial innovation

-4-
3.TheEuropean Council ,meeting inBrussels on28th-29th June1982
singledoutITasanurgentsubjectforincreased action.Moreover ,
attheSummitmeeting inVersailles inJune1982theleaders of
industrialised nations agreedontheneedforcollaboration inthe
newtechnologies suchasinformation technology .Theprogramme
'outlined belowfitswithintheScopeoftheserecommendations .
4.TheCommission hasalreadyidentified 'theweakness oftheEuropean
situation inaCommunication submitted totheCouncil on25thMay
1982(1)ontheneedforaEuropean Strategic Programme for
Research andDevelopment inInformation Technologies (ESPRIT).It
wasstatedthereinthatthepurpose ofthatCommunication wasto
enablepreparatory discussions tobeginsothatdecisions couldbe
takenmorerapidlylateron.Itwasalsostatedthatthemain
ESPRIT programme wouldbeprepared andpresented intimefor
discussion tobeginbeforeDecember 1982.Thecasewasmadeforan
initial phaseinvolving pilotprojects whosepurpose wouldbeto
enable aprogressive startupandtoworkoutmethods of
collaboration anditv/asstatedthatdetails ofpilotprojects
wouldbesubmitted before Autumn 1982sincetherewasanurgent
needtobegintheseinJanuary 1983.
5.TheCouncilitselfactedspeedily toconsider COM(82)287tothe
extenttowhichtheMinisters ofResearch oftheEuropean Community
meeting inLuxembourg on30June1982gaveagenerally favourable
response totheCommission 'sanalysis oftheneedforaCommunity
research programme formediumtolong-range R&Dintheinformation
technology fieldandtheapproach ofafirstphaseinvolving pilot
projects .TheConclusions ofthePresidency ofthatmeeting are
attached asanannex.
(1)C0M(82)287 "Towards aEuropeanStrategic Programme forResearch and
Development inInformation Technologies ".

Thepurpose ofthispresent Communication isthreefold .
-Torespond tothefavourable reception givento
theanalysis presented bytheCommission inits
Communication COM(82)287.
-Toprovide anoutlineoftheoverall ESPRITprogramme .
-Toprovidedetailsofpilotprojects inordertoenable
rapidconclusions tobereached onsetting upafirst
phase.

Outline ofESPRIT
Programme objectives
Thereisincreasing evidence thataconsiderable proportion of
European R&Dresources isdirected towardsresearch whichisaimed
atcatching upwiththatwhichhasalready takenplaceelsewhere .
Long-term industrial research ,whichcouldineffectprovide
productleadership ,'istoalargeextent 'neglected becauseof
resource limitations ,andESPRITwillaimatcorrecting this
situation .
Theoverallobjective ofESPRITis:
-toprovidethebasictechnologies whichEuropean industry .
needstobecompetitive withthatofJapanandtheUSA.
Toachievethisobjective ESPRITneedstobe:
-aimedatpre-cornpetitive technology
-concerted withnationalactivities intheCommunity
j »
I
Giventhatthereisashortage ofqualified manpower andother
resources ,whichmeansthatcompanies orgovernments individually
cannotaddressalltopicsonasufficient scale,theconcentration
ofESPRITonpre-competitive research willenable _thenecessary
critical masstobereachedinkeyareas.
Carrying outthisworkonaEuropean scalewillresultinthe
technological foundations neededforthedevelopment ofstandards
ofEuropean origin.

7
Programme Preparation
11.Asoutlined inparas27-31ofCOM(82)287 anumberofmajor
companies havemadeavailable approximately 100people whohave
.workedtogether inaSteering Committee andinfivetechnical
panels.Theyhaveadvised theCommission onanoutline foran
integrated pre-competitive programme ,andonanumberofprojects
withinthatprogramme ,whichcouldbestarted immediately and
serveasthebasisforafirstphase.
12.Havingplayedaleadingrolesofarinassisting theCommission in
thepreparation oftheprogramme ,thesecompanies haveindicated
theirdesiretoparticipate initsexecution ,providing partofthe
finance andmakingfacilities andqualified manpower available .
13.Itisintended tofurther widenthispreparation process by
involving moreorganisations whoareinterested andhavea
contribution tomake.Thiswillbeachieved throughrequesting the
participation ofcompanies ,universities andresearch
establishments in:
-reviewpanelsofusersandthescientific community
-technical workshops
-seminars
-directcontact ontheinitiative ofindustry
Thisprocesshasalready begun.

-8-
Preliminary Outline ofESPRIT
14.Atthisstage,thepreparation ofESPRIThasnotbeencompleted as
explained above,andtherefore indications onitstechnical content
areonlyofa'preliminary nature.
15.Theoveralltrendoftheinformation technology sector ,whichcan
beexpected tocontinue overthedecades tocome,istowards
providing theenduserorgroupofuserswithservices thatare
moreintegrated intohisorhernatural working andliving
environment .Thismeansimprovements ofordersofmagnitude inthe
easeofuseandthereliability ofITsystems .
16.ThusITsystems ofthefuturemustmoveclosertotheneedsof
theirusers,support theminanintelligent fashion ,provide them
withtheappropriate information inatimelyfashion .Theymustnot
onlysupplytheappropriate answertoauserquery,butalsobe
capable ofexplaining howthisanswer wasderived and,if
necessary ,enterintoaclarification dialogue withtheuserifthe
queryisambiguous orillogical .Thisimplies aqualitative jumpin
theinterfacing capabilities ofITsystems ,aswellasintheir
processing abilities andcommunication withrelevant knowledge
bases.
t
Atthesametime,andsinceuserswillbemoreandmoredependent
onITsystemsintheireveryday workandlife,thesesystemswill
havetobecomeordersofmagnitude morereliable thantheynoware.
17.Thesesimultaneous quantum jumpsineaseof-use,multi-media
interfacing andreliability willrequireconsiderable increases in
processing poweraswellasinnovative architectures .

18.Thecorresponding technology isreferred toas"Advanced
Information Processing ".Inturn,thefeasibility ofsuchsystems
heavily depends onstillgreater improvements inthe
microelectronics areaaswellasinthedevelopment ofadequate
software .
19.Twoofthelargest marketsestimated forI.T.systems in1990are
intheOffice Automation areaandintheComputer Integrated
Manufacturing area.
20.Correspondingly ,theESPRITprogramme willbeorganized around
thesefiveinterrelated themes.Theyarebrieflydiscussed inthe
remainder ofthissection .

-10-
Microelectronics
Thegrowingimportance ofVLSI(1)silicon-chips foranyelectronic
equipment makesitessential topossess production ,designandtest
capabilities ,particularly asthereisatrendtofunction-
specific chips.Systemcostsandperformance depend onthisVLSI
technology ,whichisvitalforthewholeITsector .
Goingfromthepresentstateoftheart3-5micronprocesses to
processes based on1micron dimensions willreduce power
consumption tenfold ,andincrease packingdensityeightfold .The
latterwillreducecostsbythesameorder ;atenfold increase in
speed andreduced power consumption willimprove system
performance .
BothJapanandtheUnitedStateshaveasignificant leadinVLSI
technology .
Submicron workisrequired tostayincompetition withthem.
Asthecircuit geometry decreases tolessthan1micron ,thenumber
ofcellsonthechipincreases ,torangesabove100,000 perhaps up
toamillion onasinglechip.ThusCAD(2)needstotakea
different approach ,suchasastructured ,hierarchical approach ,in
ordertobeabletodecompose massive information handling problems
intosmaller ,moreeasilysolvedones.Databasesneedtobe
designed tohandlesuchstructural information ,andstandards need
tobedeveloped forthem.Aqualitative improvement inCAD
techniques isneededinordertotakefulladvantage oftheVLSI
technology potential .
(1)VeryLargeScaleIntegration
(2)Computer AidedDesign

-11-
Software Technoloev
•Software isofgrowing importance .>Theapplication marketis
growingat49%ayearandsystemsoftwareat32%ayear.Computer
AidedManufacturing including graphics ,standard mainframe
software ,specific turnkey systems ,business applications ,
microcomputer software andmicrosoftware' publishing areallareas
ofrapidgrowth.
Software production isveryexpensive ,bothinfundsandinscarce
skilledlabour,andalmostunmanageable .Yetsoftware mustbecome
available ,attherighttimetosupportotherhightechnology
developments intheITfield,forexample andofficeautomation .
Software qualitywillViaveadecisive influence onthecostand
■competitiveness ofEuropean •IT-products andapplications .
Cooperation andmutualinformation between hardware manufacturers ,
software houses,industry ,users,academics andpractitioners must
bepromoted .Suchcooperation requires establishment ofStandard
Software interfaces ifitistobeeffective .
Theresearch anddevelopment programme willcontain workonthe
scientific foundations ofsoftware technology andleadtopractical
applications offormalmethods toproduce provably correct
programmes andsystems.Toolsanddevelopment techniques ,related
toformalmethods ,boththoseforindustrial development withlarge
teamsofspecialized software engineers andthoseforindividual
applications developers ,willputsoftware development onan
engineering basis.Forautomated software engineering environments ,
theproblemofintegration accrosslifecyclephasesisamainlong
termresearchgoal.Forthis,aunifyingtheoretical foundation is
aprerequisite .Computer aidedsoftwarelifecyclemanagement ,
integrating technical development andbusiness decision making,
willbedeveloped :forthis,modelsoftheproductlifecycle,

-12-
rolesofdevelopers andusersneedtobestudied andinfluence
factorsclassified andinvestigated .Resultswillbeapplied on
prototype management systems ,tobeextended latertomanagement
expertsystems .
Theresearch results willbeofbenefit tolargeandsmall
companies andusersalike.
Acomprehensive setofengineering andformalstandards ,unified
framework ofconcepts anddescriptive notations willultimately be
necessary .
Asafirststep,emphasis isbeingplacedoncommontools,formal
methods andtransformations ,andinformation management .These
require astate-of-the-artdataexchange networkforcommunication
betweenparticipating partners ,withremotelogonandfiletransfer
protocols .
Advanced Information Processing
Attheendofthedecade ,inarapidly growing market ,applications
ofinformation technology ,amongthembusiness ,engineering and
officeautomation applications ,willbelargelybasedonknowledge
processing ,together withtheprocessing •ofinformation directly
perceived byawiderangeofsensors .Thegoalofthisresearch
programme istheindustrial exploitation ofadvanced information
•processing inEurope.Thus,workon*information andknowledge
engineering ,storage andusage,signalprocessing andexternal
interfaces andnovelcomputer architectures isrequired .
Workoninformation andknowledge engineering willdetermine
suitable formsofknowledge representation ,methodsofderiving
factsfromdata,andinference anddeduction techniques .New
efficient hardware andsoftware architectures willsupport
knowledge basedsystems .Atechnology forthedesign and

-13-
exploitation ofexpertsystemswillbedeveloped .Fortheareaof
external interfaces andsignalprocessing ,theworkwillconcern
algorithms andarchitectures forsignalanalysis ,patternmatching
techniques ,sceneandmovement analysis ,featureextraction and
imageunderstanding .Natural systemswillbestudied concerning
theirfeatureextraction andunderstanding logic.Forinformation
andknowledge storage andusage,theworkwillestablish
interfaces ,languages andsoftware technology forconstructing ,
distributing andpartitioning knowledge bases.
Research concerning novelarchitectures willfocusondatabase
machines ,highlyparallel ultracomputers ,dataflow machines ,
inference machines andhighlyparallel non-programmable units.
Office Automation
Office Automation isexpected tobecomethelargest single
Information Technology market.IntheUSAbothIBMandXeroxeach
spendmoreonthissubject thanEuropean industry andacademia
combined ,andtheJapanese fifthgeneration computer conceptis
alsoaimedattheseapplications.'
Definition ofofficeautomation objectives andtheirexploitation
ishighlydependent onlocalcultural considerations .Inthis
contextarchitectural andsoftware considerations require great
attention ,andworkmustbedoneonthemanmachineinterface .This
includes document creation anddistribution ,workstations ,
integrated text-voice-imagecommunication withvalueadded
functions ,storage ,accesstoandretrieval ofknowledge rather
thaninformation stored inthesystem andallaspects of
intelligent man-machine interactions .

-14-
Communication isthecentral element ofofficesystems .Notonly
doesitcreateadditional processing requirements ,butalsoithas
theeffectofbringing disparate systemsintocontact ,thusmaking
standardization essential .
Computer Integrated Manufacturing
Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems involvetheoverall and
systematic computerization ofthemanufacturing process .Such
systems willintegrate Computer AidedDesign ,Computer Aided
Manufacturing ,andComputer AidedEngineering ,Testing andRepair
andAssembly bymeansofacommondata-base .
European manufacturing industry ,whether small,.medium-sized or
largecompanies ,willallbenefit fromsuchsystems .
Integrated systemarchitecture andgeneral software development
represent thelargest elements ofresearch anddevelopment work
required .Machine control isanother central feature involving
automated assembly andassembly operating systems ,robotoperating
systems ,imaging ,andcomputer numerically controlled machine
tools.Sensors andmicro-electronic sub-systems mustalsobe
resolved topermitthedevelopment of.thenecessary advanced
components .Anumberofpilotadvanced development centres astest
benches forthedemonstration ofadvanced computer integrated
manufacturing systems areanticipated asmeansforkeeping the
recommended R&Dprogramme properly goal-oriented .
Thenewgeneration ofCIMtechnology willallowuserstointroduce
itinaprogressive manneraccording totheirownspecific needs
andsituation .

-15-
ESPRITandtheCommunity Dimension
21.Amongthereasons foraCommunity dimension twoareespecially
important :
-therelationship between R&D,standards andmarkets
-thescaleadvantage incombining R&Dresources .
22.Inthefieldoftechnology ,standards areadoptedeitherbecause
companies aresufficiently successful fortheirsystems tobe
adopted asdefactostandards ,orbecauseauthorities createthem
byregulation .European industry ingeneralsuffers ,ontheonehand
bynotbeinglargeenoughtoimposedefactostandards andonthe
otherbyhavingdifferent national authorities adopting insome
casesdiffering national standards .
23.Because ESPRITispre-competitive andlong-term andbecauseit
covers,inanintegrated manner,mostoftheareaofIT,itwillof
necessity thrusttheparticipants intodevising newforwardlooking
standards andsopavethewaytowardstheimplementation ofwidely
applicable standards evolved within theCommunity ratherthan
imposed fromoutside .
Theimportance ofstandards forthecreation ofamorehomogeneous
»
European homemarketintheITsectoriscapital .
24.IftheEuropean industry istobea.validcompetitor itmustbe
mastsrofitsowntechnology -thatistosay,thatthelong-range
basisfornewproductdevelopment mustbeavailable here,ingood
time,tothosewhowillneedit.Thetaskhastwomain
requirements :

-16-
1.Toreverse the present trend where anexcessive proportion of
the available R&D resources are devoted either tocatching up
with what is done or known elsewhere or to short-term
development .The result isalack ofpunch inany major attempt
todevelop new technologies ,which noone company orcountry
can tackle alone .
2.Toreverse the present situation where both national company
and university programmes address short-term fragmented aims ,
often linked tofragmented markets ,leading overall tovery
inefficient duplication and gaps and alack ofmutual support
and contact ,for example indeveloping overall systems .
ESPRIT will thus not beincompetition with national programmes ;it
will ,onthe contrary ,reinforce them and make them more effective .
Todate national programmes have some orall ofthe following
features :
a)Thehighest technology areas inindustry supported bygovernment
finance or inthe government 'sown laboratories are often
defence-related and are covered bytight security rules and slow
tomove into civil applications .
b)Research related totelecommunications isconducted byorfor
PTT authorities who maintain very close relationships with the
national suppliers .

-17-
c)Researchcarriedoutbyindustry withorwithoutgovernment
supportisprimarily related toproducts orprocesses whichare
likelytoproduce areturn onthemoneyinvested inan
excessively shortperiodoftime.
d)University work,oftenofthehigheststandard ,isinadequately
articulated withtheneedsofindustry .Results arepublished
quickly andapplications aredeveloped bythosequickest offthe
mark-oftenJapanese orUSAcompanies .
e)Between companies whoarenotmultinationals verylittleintra-
European collaboration takesplace,sothatsimilar workgoeson
simultaneously atdifferent placeswithout co-ordination or
withoutopportunity forbenefitting mutually 1fromexchange of
experience . i
26.ESPRITwillreverse thecurrent emphasis andfocusitonlonger-
termtechnological research ,establishing co-operation between
industries acrosstheEuropean frontiers aswellasco-operation
betweenuniversities ,research institutions andindustry .Nothing
intheprogramme willprevent companies continuing tocompetein
themarketwithproducts andsystemsderived fromthework.The
pilotprojects will,inthatrespect ,betypical ofthemain
programme .
27.Existing Community activities intheITfieldbelongtoanumberof
categories ,amongthemlongtermR&D,technology transfer ,andthe
supportoftheCommunity infrastructure .Inthefirstcategoryis

-18-
the current microelectronics programme which has been taken into
account inthe considerations given tothe new proposals ,and
ESPRIT will itself fall into this category .
Apart from this work there are those activities which are aimed at
transferring technology which has been acquired during anR&D phase
tothe stage ofpractical and marketable applications -for example
the second part ofthe multiannual informatics programme .Finally ,
and in order to enable the results ofexisting national and
Community programmes tobefully exploited ,aseries ofmeasures
must betaken toimprove the environment and infrastructure ;these
have been emphasized in the first part of the multiannual
informatics programme (particularly standards )and intheproposal
tothe Council ontelecommunications .Projects such asINSIS and
CADDIA are also primarily aimed at developing harmonised
information exchange systems .
28. Afurther element inthe Community dimension isthe need for the
Community :
-tomake full use ofITineducation
-toensure that sufficient people trained inITare available .
Inthis respect the Commission has already made proposals tothe
ι
Council (1).
(1)C0M(82)296 -3.6.1982 -TheNewInformation Technologies and
vocational training -new Community initiatives for theperiod 1983 /87.

-19-
Implementing ESPRIT
29.Aprogramme ofthenatureofthatoutlined abovewillbehighly -
complextoprepare andexecute .TheCommission therefore proposes a
phasedapproach withahighlyimportant one-yearfirstphase.This
firstphasewillinvolve nocommitment toanyfurtherphases ,but
willprovideusefulexperience inresolving complexissues.
'30.Thevehicleforthisfirstphasewillbeanumberofpilotprojects
whicharedescribed indetailbelow.Whilstthisisinprogress
discussions ontheoverall programme willproceedinparallel .
31.Programme management willhavetobe:
-veryflexible totakeaccount ofthefactthattheITsectoris
subjecttoarapidrateofchange
-veryefficient toensuretheparticipation ofmanysmall
•companies activeinthefield,which -mustnotbediscouraged by
bureaucratic procedures leadingtohighoverheads .
32.'Manycompanies havecomplexrelationships withcompanies innon-
Community countries ,whichmightinsomecircumstances benefit
ESPRIT.Anyproposal involving thirdparties andthirdparty
technology andknow-how willbeassessed onitsmeritsandjudged
byitsoverallbenefits toESPRIT .
33.Facilities ,background know-how andbackground patents ,plus
personnel ,willbethebiggestcontribution ofindustry .Forthis,
companies mustbeconvinced thatareasonable returncanbe
expected fortheirparticipation .Thefinancial contribution of
industry willbeassessed taking'intoaccount theabove
contribution .

-20 -
34 . Information ,know-how and intellectual property resulting from the
work will befirstly accessible tothose ,participating and next ,,
under appropriate conditions tothe public authorities financing
it .Adifferentiated approach istherefore proposed ,where the
participants will have access onabasis dependent onthe level of
their contribution .
35 . Inorder toensure concertation with national programmes ,national
authorities will befully consulted inthe preparation phase ,in
working out the methodology for the programme ,inidentifying
potential participants and the evaluation of proposals .
Participation inthe programme will beopen tothose Community
companies ,universities and research establishments prepared to
collaborate ,who have acompetence and who fulfil the selection
criteria .

-21-
C.PilotProjects
Purpose ofPilotProjects
36.GiventhenoveltytoEuropeoflargescaleco-operation inresearch
ofthiskind,theCommission regardsasessential theadoption ofa
phasedapproach .Thepurposeofthiswillbe:
a)tohaveaprogressive start-up
b)toinnovate methodsofhandlingthistypeofprogramme .
37.Inputting forward afirstphase,itistheintention thatpilot
projects willbeausefulmeansofputtingcooperative arrangements
intopractice ,andofgaining experience onthesecomplex and
difficult issues.Thisexperience canthenprovidethebasisfora
bettermanagement schemefortheoverall programme' duetostartin
1984,provided thepilotprojects arestarted :inJanuary 1983.
38.Inadvising theCommisssion onanoutline programme ,companies were
abletoproposeforafirstphaseanumberofprojects withthe
following characteristics :
a)theycanbestartedimmediately
b)theyareusefulintheirownrightespecially becauseoftheir
impactonstandards
c)although theywilltakeseveralyearstheyarecapableofa
milestone approach ,sothatareviewofprogress couldbe
carriedoutattheendofthefirstphase.

Afterhavingidentified anumberofcandidate projects ,the
Steering Committee ,following theproposals ofthepanels
eventually proposed fifteen ofthemonwhichtheyhadbeenableto
reachunanimous agreement .Asixteenth project ,aninformation
exchange system ,wasalsoincluded toprovidetheparticipants with
anappropriate communication system.
Although theprojects areimportant technically intheirownright,
theyarenotafullprogramme inthemselves inthattheyalonecan
innowaymeettheoverall ESPRITobjectives .Theydohowever form
partoftheoverall programme ,andiftheyproceedasexpected they
willproduceresults whichcanbe.integrated intothoseofthe
overall programme .
BroadDescription ofPilotProjects
The15projects selected arefurtherdescribed inAnnexII.Asan
indication oftheirdiversebutappropriate naturewithrespectto
theoverall programme ,twoexamples aregivenbelow :
Thefirst,"Advanced Interconnect forVLSI"isconcerned witha
veryspecialised basictechnology without whichthedesignand
manufacture ofadvanced VLSIdeviceswillnotbepossible .
Thesecond ,"Functional Analysis ofOfficeRequirements "is,by
contrast ,directed topromoting scientific ,standards-supported ,
applications ofnewadvanced information technologies toOffice
Automation .

-23-
42.Examples :
42.1 .Advanced Interconnect for VLSI
ASilicon integrated circuit ismade from awafer ofpure silicon
onto which has been fabricated byaseries ofdeposition ,diffusion
.and lithographic processes avery large number ofmicroscopic
electronic components .These are grouped together by metal
interconnections toform circuits orcells performing specific
electrical functions .Within the next five years ,itwill be
possible topack one hundred thousand cells ormore onafifty
square millimetre VLSI chip (about the size ofasmall finger
nail ),inmass production .
Inorder toachieve this density ofintegration the size ofany
feature ofthe microcomponents must not begreater than 1micron
(millionth ofametre )ascompared to3-5 micron incommercial use
today .There isatpresent nomass production technique that is
compatible with one micron feature technology , either for
connecting together the components that constitute acell orfor
interconnecting the densely packed cells .The millions of
connections required must beisolated from each other andyetbeas
short aspossible inorder toavoid reducing thespeed atwhich the
, circuits canoperate .Inorder tosolve this problem itisproposed
todevelop atechnology whereby four very thin insulated layers of
metal interconnection patterns with aminimum feature size of1
micron can beincluded inthe fabrication process .
Anadditional and vital benefit of this interconnect -technology is
that itwill allow the design ofinterconnections patterns and
hence the layout design ofthewhole circuit chip tobeautomated
byacomputer aided design system .Development ofsuch aCADsystem
istheobject ofanother Pilot Project entitled "High Level CADfor
Interactive Layout andDesign ".

-24-
42.2.Functional Analysis ofOfficeRequirements
ThisPilotProject isinthefieldofOfficeAutomation .Itis
concerned withovercoming problems thatfaceindustry becausethere
isnoexisting scientific framework classifying officefunctions
whichcanbeusedtodetermine howoffice automation needscanbe
met.Futureproducts andstandards mustreflect theusers'needs,'
ratherthanwhattechnology canoffer.
Theobjectofthisprojectistomovetowardsthesuccessful and
economicrealisation ofthisgoalbyaformalapproach fromwhicha
series ofcommon userfunctions canbeidentified across awide
rangeofdifferent organizational activities .
Functions exercised inanoffice environment are.divided between
thosewhicharedeterministic andthosewhicharejudgemental .The
surveys andstudiesthatwillbecarried outasapartofthis
projectwillconcentrate largely onthejudgemental functions in
ordertoprovideofficeautomation systemsthatwillmeetthegreat
majority offuture needsforcomputer aidedmanagement and
professional facilities .
Thefirstyearplanofthisprojectwillenablecriteria forthis
classification tobeestablished and'forastatistically valid,
world-wide surveyrelated toamethodology fordescribing the
operation ofanoffice ,tobedefined .Subsequently ,theresultof
.thesurveywillbeusedtoprepare aclassification ofofficetypes
byhighlevelfunctions .Itwillthenbepossible todefinecommon
functions thatwillbethesubjectofstandards suitable foroffice
automation ,aswellastechnology advances required fromtheESPRIT
programme inorderthatthesefunctions .-maybeincluded infuture
systems .

-25-
Theexperience ofEuropean Office Systems Manufacturers has
convinced themthatanalysis ofofficefunctions isessential fora
highpenetration ofofficeautomation systems .Byleading toa
structured usermarketbasedonspecifications andstandards this
projectwillmakeitpossible forthemtotakeandmaintain a
leadingposition inthisnew,fast-growing marketplace.
Implementation offirstphaseofpilotprojects
43.Callforparticipation inpilotprojects willbemadeonanopen
basis.Giventheshorttimeavailable national authorities willbe
askedtosupport andcooperate inanexercise toidentify potential
participants andingettingthefirstphaseunderway.
44.Beforetheendofthefirstphase,areviewwillbecarriedout.
Thiswillestablish the',basisforfutureprogress andwillprovide
theopportunity tofinalizethesizeandprocedures fortheoverall
programme .
45.Theprinciples appliedtothehandling ofinformation ,know-how and
intellectual propertyrightswillbeasdescribed inpara.34above
althoughitshouldbenotedthatoneofthegoalsofthisfirst
phaseistoworkoutthedetailsofsatisfactory arrangements for
ESPRITinthisrespect .
46.Forthefirstphaseafigureof11.5MECUisincludedinthe1983
budgettocover50%ofthecostofthefirstphaseofthese
projects .Theother50%willcomefromindustry .

-26-
D.Conclusions
47.TheCommission proposes thatactivediscussion withindustry and
national authorities should continue todefine theoverall
programme sothatitcanbereadybytheendof1982.
48.Thepilotphaseshouldbeagreedandimplemented withthesupport
ofnational authorities .
49.Thenecessary budgetary measures shouldbeadopted toenablethe
one-year pilotphasetobegininJanuary 1983.
50.TheCommission invites theCouncil toadoptaResolution tothat
effect .

ANNEX ItoCOM (82)486
Working paper only :not toberegarded asinany
waycommitting theCommission ofthe' 1European
Communities oranyofits servi'es .,.A^
' .'•."..ex ..• ; •; . /.J.v .■ ■"
' TECHNICAL OBJECTJVES OfPILOT PROJECTS
NOTE :This document isapreliminary draft and isonly intended to
serve asabasis for further technical discussions .The
objectives and thebackground ofESPRIT isdescribed intwo
Communications bythe Commission of .the European Communities
tothe Council ,C0M(82)287 and C0M(82)486 ,and this document
isanAnnex tothe latter .Itshould only beread inthe
context ofthe statements made therein .

-1-
ESPRIT
Technical Objectives ofPilot Projects
Index
1. ADVANCED MICROELECTRONICS •
1.1 Advanced Interconnect for VLSI
1.2 High Level Computer Aided Design
for Interactive Layout and Design
2. SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY
2.,1 Portable Common Tool Environment
2.2 Formal Specification &Systematic
Program Development |
2.3 Software Production &Maintenance
Management System (SPMMS )
3. ADVANCED INFORMATION PROCESSING
3.1 Advanced Algorithms and Architecture
forSignal Processing '
3.2 Knowledge Information Management System
3.3 Interactive Query System
4. OFFICE AUTOMATION 19
4.1 Functional Analysis ofOffice - 20
Requirements
4.2 Multi-media User Interface atthe 21
Office Workstation
4.3 Local Wideband Communication System 23
4.4 Office Filing &Retrieval of 24
Unstructured Information .*
5. COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (C.I.M. ) 26
5.1 Design Rules forComputer Integrated ' 27
Manufacturing systems
5.2 Integrated Microelectronic Sub-Systems 29
for Plant Automation
5.3 Process and Production Control based 33
onReal-Time Imaging Systems ;
\
6. INFORMATION EXCHANGE SYSTEM 34
7. EXPENDITURE TOFIRST YEAR REVIEW MILESTONES 35ANNEX I
22.07.82'
Page
2
2
3
6
7
9
11
13
13
15
17

ADVANCED MICROELECTRONICS
Thetwotopicsproposed linkspecific objectives forwhich
actionsareproposed intheframework ofCouncilRegulation
3744andthemorecomprehensive capabilities tobeachieved
bythemainESPRITprogramme .
Project :Advanced Interconnect forVLSI
Highdensitymultilayer interconnections areessential for
VLSI.Although experimental minimumfeature-size components
oflessthan1micronhavebeendemonstrated ,the.corres­
ponding interconnection densities havenotyetbeen
achieved .
Theobjectofthisprojectistodevelop afourlayer,metal
interconnection technology thatwillenablethesedensities
tobeachieved andimplemented viahighlevelCADprocedures
asanormalproduction process .
FirstYearReviewMilestones :
1.Initialevaluation oftechnology options .
2.Initialprocessselection experiments completed .
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
3.Demonstration ofselected processat2micronfeature
size.
4.Completion of1micronfeatureprocess .
5.Reliability assessment .
Theproject aimsatcompletion infouryears

-3-
1.2 High Level Computer Aided Design for Interactive Layout &Design
«
The increasing complexity ofVLSI will pose more and more
difficulties oflayout and connectivity tothe I.e .system
designer .Thesolution tothese problems will beincreasingly ,
time consuming and error prone unless apowerful computer aided
approach isavailable . Thegoal ofthis project istoprovide
the I.C. system designer with powerful ,.fast ,high level
computer aided layout tools . Itshould also result inthe
development ofstandards andmodular packages essential inorder
toensure broad applicability and use .
The cost effective industrial implementation ofthese tools will
place requirements on Advanced Information Processing
Technology .
Spécifie Objectives
The specific objectives are toprovide :
1.Establishment ofstandards forstructured data bases ,taking .y
into account the functional electrical ,symbolic ,logic and
graphical descriptions .
2.Establishment ofmodular software packages for automatic
routing and placement , graphics , layout to logic
verification ,topological checking ,simulation ,mask tooling
and cell compaction .
3.Establishment ofaccessible design rules and modelling
libraries .
4.Establishment ofuser friendly man-machine interfacing e.g.
direct handwritten document input etc .
First Year Review Milestones :
(a)ForObjective 1(Standards )
al Standards definition for structured data bases ,
(b)ForObjective 2(Modular Software Packages )
bl
b2Module definition
Survey ofcurrently available modules and implementation

-A-
b3Establishment ofsoftware packages atthe1000gateforcell
basedand5000gatelevelforULAandFullCustom
circuits .
(c)ForObjective 3
clDefinition ofstandard formatsfordesignruleandmodelling
libraries .
(d)ForObjective 4
dlHardware interface :
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
Endofsecondyear:
a2Standards acceptance byprojectparticipants
c2Firstdemonstration ofaccessibility
Endofthirdyear(seeNote1):
b45000and50,000gatelevelforcellbasedcircuits ,10,000
and50,000to100,000forFullCustomcircuits .
d2Software development completed
Notes:
1ThehighlevelCADlayouttoolshouldsubstantially reducethe
current designtimeneededtoproceed fromafunctional
specification ofthelogictoapatterngenerator tape.A
typical reduction thatshouldbedemonstrable bytheendof
thethirdyearisa10.000gatelevelfullcustomlayoutthat ,
nowrequires around2manyearstocomplete ,shouldbereduced
toaround5mandays,madeupof2dayscomputing timeand3
dayshumanintervention .Theuseofincreased computer power
shouldenablesimilarresults tobeachieved for50.000gate
levelfullcustomlayouts ,.
2Thisprojectisanecessary complement toEECRegulation'
3744/81asitisaditional andcomplementary toit.

-5-
3Requires adata communications network and computer system
through which users can access and contributors submit CAD
tools (seesection 6,page 34).
4Development of3-4 level multilevel metal interconnect is
essential for routing automation .
5Development and acquisition of improved and networked
computing capability will determine the rate ofimplementation
ofthe more advanced part ofthe project .
The project aims atcompletion inthree years .

SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY
Tostartthecooperative research anddevelopment work,three
initial ^projects areproposed :
-Portable Common ToolEnvironment
-FormalSpecification andSystematic Program Development
-Software Production andMaintenance Management System
(SPMMS) i
Allthreeprojects aimatanautomated wellunderstood
environment butstressdifferent aspects .Experience gained
fromtheseprojects shouldformagoodbasisfortheotherwork
intheprogramme .
Thefirstproject ,Portable CommonToolEnvironment isconcerned
withtheproblem ofproviding acommonbaseforsoftware
development toolsets ,todefineinterfaces andstandards .In
thelongtermitmayformthebasisfromwhichtoestablish
commonEuropean development methods andtoolstotheextentthat
thisisnecessary .Theimmediate actionsproposed willprovide
industries andresearch institutions withanadequate basisto
undertake thedevelopment ofthe •fullenvironment ina
cooperative manner .
Thesecondproject ,FormalSpecification andSystematic Program
Development isconcerned withdeveloping ,forindustrial
application ,anewmethodqlogy andsupporting technologies .
Thethirdproject ,Software Production andMaintenance
Management System (SPMMS)isdesigned' tomeettheneedfor
complete ,consistent andefficient information management ofall
information tobeproduced inthelifecycleofasoftware
product .SPMMSwillbeanautomated environment organising and
coordinating operations onacommondatabaseforall
specialised teamsparticipating inanindustrial software
production process.Thisprojectfocusses ontheinformation
management aspectofsoftware development management andtool
support .

-7-
2.1Project :Portable Common .ToolEnvironment
Theaimistodesignanddevelop anenvironment consisting of:
1.Hardware andcommunication support ,intheformofsophisti­
catedindividual workstations capable ofbeingconnected via
alocalnetwork ,andofinterchange withothersuchinstal­
lationsthrough awideareanetworkattheEuropean level.
2.Systemarchitecture ;software support intheformofbasic
mechanisms tosupportfilemanagement ,programexecution and
toolcooperation .
3.Standard interfaces fortools.
4.Aninitial setoftools.
FirstYearReviewMilestones :
a)ForObjective 1
Definitions :
alRequirements forWorkstation
a2Requirements forLocalAreaNetwork
a3PlanforEstablishment ofLocalAreaNetwork
b)ForObjective 2
blChoiceofunderlying system
b2Definition ofanarchitecture andofbasicmechanisms (DBMs)
c)ForObjective 3
clDéfinition ofToolInterfaces
d)ForObjective 4
dlDefinition ofinitial toolset
d2Specification forsomenewtools
d3Architecture ofth&-Portable CommonToolEnvironment

Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
a4Completion ofworkstation andLocalAreaNetwork-18months
b3Implementation ofbasicmechanisms (DBMS)
d4Conversion ofexisting tools
d5Complete specification ,design .andimplementation ofnew
toolsrequired .
Theproject aimsatcompletion infouryears

-9-
2.2Project :FormalSpecification andSystematic Program Development
Specific Project Objectives
Theoverall objective istoidentify asystematic approach to
software development .Thissystematic approach mustinclude
formalspecification techniques ,validation techniques ,accurate
prediction ofproject parameters ,management monitoring
facilities ,andaconvenient environment forthesubsequent
enhancement ofsoftware .Theapproach mustbesupported bya
coherent setoftools.
Thistoolsetmustreflect theessential characteristics ofeach
phaseoftheSoftware LifeCycle,andmustmakethebestuseof
today'stechnologies .
FirstYearReviewMilestones :
(a)Initialdefinition ofSystematic ProgramDevelopment
model.
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
(b)Selection andenhancement ofsuitablespecification language
orlanguages toenable unambiguous analysis ofmodels.
Prototype development ofanexperimental toolsubset.
(c)Selectandtrialcandidate methodologies .Assesstheir
performance .Candidates include HDM,COMPASS-DSL ,SDL,etc.
(d)Specification ofanalysis ,validation andimplementation
toolstosupportthesystematic program development method.
Potential longertermresearch includes :
(e)Specification ofautomatic program ,generator ,anda
prototype implementation ofasuitable tool.
(f)Specification ofmanagement systemtoolsinterworking with
thedesignmethodviatheproject database ,andprototype
development ofsuitable tools.
(g)Establishment ofcoherent ■documentation systemwith
interfaces toalltools,including technical andmanagement
tools.

-10-
Note:
1.Several teamsshouldundertake theresearch inanumberof
Community countries .Theteamsshouldhavefreeaccessto
allparticipating firms,universities ,institutes etc.
2.Theteamswillneedaccessviaadatacommunication system
toalargemainframe andalargemini,withsomegraphics
workstations .
3.Forbudgetary reasonsthisprojectwillrunforthesecond
halfoftheyearonly.Leading uptothistimetherewillbe
acoordinating activity withthePortable Common Tool
Environment project .
Theplanaimstocomplete milestones atodin3yearsand
milestones atogin5years.

-11-
2.3Project :Software Production &Maintenance Management System
(SPMMS)
Spécifie ProjectObjectives
Themainproject objectives fallintothreecategories ,
corresponding totheaspectsoffunctionality ,implementation ,
andpossibility ofevolution .
(1)Theproject istodefineandimplement asystemwhich
manages andexecutes theactivities ofrecording ,relating ,
retrieving andarchiving alltheinformation tobeproduced
andusedinthelifecycleofasoftware product .This
information existsintheformofallkindsofinformal or
formaldocuments :forinstance ,designdocuments ,test
.plans,sources ,objects ,binaries ,changerequests ,resource
deviation reports ,anddatadictionaries .Muchofthis
information istheresult ofaspecific life-cycle
production stepandservesasaninputtoasubsequent step.
However ,muchinformation hasaswelltobestored and
appropriately madeavailable .■intheoperation and
maintenance phasesofasoftware product ,especially ifthis
productisinstalled indifferent versions andundergoes
frequent enhancement .
TheSPMMSSystemishencetocovertheneedsofacomplete ,
consistent andefficient information management forallthe
peopleinvolved inthewholerangeofthedifferent subtasks
ofsoftware engineering :designing ,programming ,
integration ,validation ,installation ,maintenance ,project
andproduct management .
t
(2)Theprojectistousetheapproach of'distributed system
architecture inordertomakethesystemtailorable toa
widerangeofsoftware production andmaintenance
environments .
(3)Theprojectistodesignanopen-ended SPMMSinthesense
thatitisusablewithawiderangeofmethodologies and
toolsfordifferent production ,maintenance andmanagement
activities .

-12-
First Year Review Milestones :
Preliminary Results from :
a)Observation and evaluation of the functionality of
existing systems covering parts of the desired
functionality .
b)Inparallel :Investigation ofinformation and data tobe
handled bythe system .Derivation ofgeneral structures
and development ofageneric data model which fits into
the system .
c)Inparallel : Investigation ofuser needs andbehaviour
in order to create assertions for user-friendly
interfaces and protocols ... Development of adummy
interface tomake more precise :the requirements for a
workable user model ,like arapid prototype tohelp
formulate the requirements .
Subsequent Review Milestones :
d)Design ofafirst prototype ,including basic functions
like recording ,retrieval ,modification ,archiving ,and
reporting .
e)Prototype implementation onaconventional architecture .
»
Note :For budgetary reasons ,this project will runforthe
second half ofthe year only . Leading uptothis
time there will beacoordinating activity with the
Portable Common Tool Environment project .
The project aims atcompletion infour years .

-13-
ADVANCED INFORMATION PROCESSING
3. Tostartcooperative research anddevelopment workthree
initialprojects areproposed :
-Advanced algorithms andarchitectures forsignalproces­
sing
-Knowledge information management system
-Interactive querysystem
3.1 Project :Advanced Algorithms andArchitectures forSignal
Processing
Signalprocessing ,,leadingtosignalunderstanding ,willbe
anessential partoffutureinformation systems .Theywill
provide man-machine interfaces thatwillenableinputand
outputinformation (signals )tobespokenandvisual.To
achievethiscapability itisnecessary todevelophardware
andalgorithmic structures ,aswellashighlyparallel
computer architectures tohandletheadditional complexity
ofvisualsignals ,andtomakeprocessing inrealtime
possible .Thesearchitectures canberealised bygeneral
purpose programmable structures or,preferably ,by
specialised VLSImodules .Thusoneoftheobjectives of
thisprojectistostudyhowtocombineefficiently signifi­
cantnumbers ofVLSImodules ,inordertoachieve high
computing powerandlowcost.
Theproject depends uponcollaboration between :
-specialists inimageprocessing "andrelated algorithms
-engineers withexperience inparallel architectures
-experts inadvanced programming languages
-professionals inhardware realisation andtechnology
-VLSIspecialists
Inthecontext oftheESPRIT programme asawhole,
successful completion ofthisprojectwillopenupawide
rangeofopportunities .Inaddition theparallel
architectures thataredeveloped shouldhaveapplications
outsidethefieldofsignalprocessing .

FirstYearMilestones :
A.Selection ofappropriate applications
Imageprocessing forearthresources analysis ,robotics
ormedical imagingaretypical examples .
B.Analysis ofthealgorithms necessary forselected
applications
Aprogramme ofworkonalgorithms engineering isrequired
inordertodetermine thebestchoiceoftechniques for
analysis ,andtheintegration ofthesetechniques intoa
systempackage .Potential parallelism isamajoraspect
tobeconsidered .Thisworkwillbedonebysimulation .
)
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
Fromthispointtwoseparate branches oftheprogramme
evolve.thefirst (CI-C3)focusses onflexibility ,
whilethesecond (D1-D2)focusses onperformance ,they.,
arecomplementary forsorting real-world problems -a
'typical implementation willuseelements ofboth.
ClStudyofpossible architectures
C2Definition ofaprogramming language
C3Realisation ofpartial breadboard ■
D1Designandselection ofappropriate VLSImodules
D2Development ofprototype systems
Note:
–StageBrequires accesstoacomputer andameansfor
inputting imageframesandframesequences .Thereisa
widevarietyofworkinvolved andit;canbedoneata
numberofcentres .Theworkshouldinclude astudyof
theoretically optimaltechniques (forexample maximum
likelihood andrelaxation )evenitthesearetooslowto
1
beimplemented inareal-time systemrealisation ,inorder
tocomparepractically achievedresultswiththosethat
aretheoretically possible .
Theprojectaimsatcompletion infiveyears

-15-
3.2 Project:Knowledge Information Management System
UntilnowDataProcessing systems havebeendesigned to
optimise theexecution timeofprocedural programmes for
numerical andcommercial applications .Thearchitecture of
mostpresent DataProcessing equipments reflects this
objective directly .
Knowledge information systemswillbebasedoncompletely
different grounds :
-theyprocess "knowledge ",thatisfacts,andassumptions
usingrulesofinference .
-theyhandleimprecise information aswellasperforming
arithmetic operations onnumbers .
-incommunicating withtheusertheydonotdepend on
procedural instruction byusers,intheformofclassical
programs .
Theaimofthisproject istotakeafirststeptowards
acquiring theknowledge ,technological capability to
realize practically applicable systems bydefining and
constructing experimental prototypes ofafirstgeneration
systemfornon-numeric knowledge information processing .A
numberofexperimental systems andprototypes exist,someof
whichareusedforproduction purposes .Muchtechnology
needstobedeveloped beforeindustrial exploitation is
feasible .
Description ofProject
-Selectand/ordefineapowerful knowledge representation
formalism whichshould asfaraspossible bedomain
independent .
-Selectand/ordevelopfamilies ofknowledge representation
andmanipulation languages .
-Identify orimplement awork-station supporting software
environments fornonprocedural languages likeLISPor
PROLOG.Theworkwillbuildonexisting systems inthis
area.Provision shouldbemadetointerconnect suchwork
stations onaEuropean Network .

-Implement onappropriate available hardware aknowledge
basemanagement systemoriented towardspecific domains .
Thesystemshouldallowfortheinvocation ofdeduction
mechanisms .
-Implement oneormoreexpertsystemsusingtheknowledge
management systemtorepresent specific knowledge from
e.g.theareaslistedbelow:
VLSICAD; Software production efficiency ;
MedicalDiagnosis ;SystemsModelling ;
Decision Making,e.g.AirTrafficControl .
Configuration ControlSupport ,Systemfailurediagnosis
-Incorporate measurement pointstoanalyse andevaluate the
performance ofthewholesysteminordertoproposethe
structure ofhighperformance hardware .
FirstYearReviewMilestones
a)Availability ofbasiccommontools(symbolic language
environment )
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
b)Availability of:
.
-knowledge representation formalism
-knowledge representation language
-knowledge basemanagement system
-experimental prototype ofonesignificant expertsystem
c)Theproduction oftwoormoreexperimental expertsystems
Theproject aimsatcompletion infiveyears.

-17-
Project :Interactive QuerySystem
Theobjectoftheprojectistodevelop necessary sofware
andsoftware toolstocreatetrulyeasy-to-useon-line
interactive querysystems ;andtodemonstrate thisona
working system.Technically theworkisconcerned with
developing adialogue handling systemthatisgearedtothe
non-specialist user,possibly anatural language interface
systemtoeaseaccessstillmore,tomakeitunnecessary for
theusertoknowtechniques ofinformation retrieval ,a
queryoptimizer ,perhaps basedonanexpert-system approach ,
wouldhave,tobeprovided .Allthesewouldallowthe
efficient useoflargedatabasesbynon-expert users.
Inasecondphasemoregeneraltoolswillbedeveloped :a
parser-generator fordialogue languages ^agenerator for
dialogue handles basedondialogue models ,agenerator for
queryoptimizers andtheassociated methods .Thissecond
phasecouldpartially overlapthefirstphase.
Description oftheProject
Afirstphasewillconsist indeveloping asystemsuch ,as
thatdescribed intheprevious paragraph :
-starting fromaclassical relational databasesystem
-interfacing itwithalanguage inwhichthefacilities to
beaddedwillbeeasytowrite;thislanguage islikely
tobePrologasitisknowntooffermanyoftherequired
mechanisms (e.g.deduction );
-developing specific software (probably mostlyintheabove
language )forquasi-natural querying addingsemi-graphic
facilities ; f
-developing specific software fortheoptimization phase
(expertsystem).
Asecondphasewillconsistinusingknowledge gainedinthe
firstphasetodevelop moregeneraltools,i.e.generators .
Examples (nonlimitative )ofsuchtoolscouldbe:
-generator ofaparserforthedialogue language (e.g.from
agrammarwhoseformalism wouldhavetobeagreedupon)

-18-
-generator ofmoduleshandling dialogues ifitappearsthat
standard dialogue modelscouldbeexhibited
-generator fortheoptimizer
FirstYearReviewMilestones :
Specification ofthesystemtobedeveloped
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
Workingsystem (after3years)
Specification ofgeneralized tools
Generalized toolsavailable (after5years)
Theproject aimsatcompletion infiveyears.

-19-
OFFICE AUTOMATION
4. Definition ofobjectives forofficeautomation andthe
translation oftheseobjectives intoproduct andservice
opportunities isdifficult because welackascientific
discipline forexpressing objectives ,measuring performance ,
testinghypothesis ,andestablishing theory .Theinterplay
ofindividual humanfactors ,technological possibilities and
theirsociological andindustrial consequences require the
deployment ofskillsandmethodologies seldompreviously
required bytheInformation Technology Industry .Aprimary
objective musttherefore betoobtain atheoretical
understanding ofthepotential forofficeautomation to
provide aframework foridentifying morespecific research
areas,forguidingtechnological developments andtohelp
industry todecidewhatofficeautomation products tomake.
Thisareaofresearch nowappears intheprogramme withthe
title "Office SystemScience",andthePilotProject
Proposal ."Functional Analysis ofOfficerequirements "isa
firstimportant stepinthisprogramme .
Theotherthreepilotprojects coverthoseequipments and
systemareaswhicharebelieved tobemostessential forthe
futureoftheEuropean OfficeAutomation Industry .
Theseare:-Multi-media UserInterface attheOffice Work­
station
-LocalWideband Communication System
-OfficeFilingandRetrieval ofUnstructured
Information .

-20-
4.1 Project :Functional Analysis ofOffice Requirements
Office Automation isanew andfast growing field .Product
planners inthis field need toknow the many and complex
functional requirements that new products will have to
satisfy inorder tocompete successfully inworld markets .
Objectives
The primary objective istoderive aclassification ofof­
fice types byhigh level function ,such asthe paying of
salaries ,orthe management ofanengineering department .
These functions maybenon-deterministic (functions such as
word processing arenot implied ).
First Year Review Milestones :
1.Establish criteria for classification .
/ •
2.Define astatistically valid world-wide survey related to
amethodology for describing the operation ofanoffice ,
. i !inaconcise manner .
ι-
Subsequent Review Milestones ;
3.Carry out the survey .
4.Identify common functions suitable asstandards for
office automation .
5.Identify the effect ofexternal influences ,such astax
lawandbanking practices ,onthemodels ofparticular
industries .
6.Identify technology advances required toimplement the
chosen standard functions .
Theproject aims atcompletion intwoandaquarter years

-21-
4.2 Project :Multi-media UserInterface attheOffice
Workstation
Theofficeenvironment isamulti-media environment .The
introduction ofwidebandcommunication networks willmake
possible thetransfer ofintegrated text,graphics ,moving
pictures andvoice.Atfutureofficeworkstations
electronic support forhandling thesedifferent mediawill
beusedtointegrate orcompose thereceived inputsinto
"information packs"madeupofappropriately mixedoutputs .
Userfriendly interfaces mustbedeveloped tomakethesenew
methodsproductive andacceptable toofficeworkers .
Thetwoaimsofthisprojectare:
1.Todevelop methods ,standards andsoftware foreasy
handling ofoffice-like documents mixingtextpicture and
voice .
FirstYearReviewMilestones :
(a)analysis anddefinition ofdatastructures for
electronic representation andforeasyprocessing .
(b)definition ofmethodologies andalgorithms for
processing .
(c)definition ofcommunication languages :quasinatural
languages (eventually usingvoiceinput)andgraphic
languages willbeinvestigated .
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
(d)Develop methods ,standards andsoftware .
t
2.Todetermine desirable ergonomic features oftermináis
whichmayrequiretechnology research ,inparticular
amulti-functional flatscreen .Thiswillinvolve
studying thepresent stateoftheavailable
technologies inthisfield,andproposing anR&D
programme bywhichthestateoftheartcanbe
advanced toproduce anappropriate technology .

-22-
FirstYearReviewMilestones :"
1.Definetargets andstudystateoftheart
2.Selectappropriate technology
Subséquent ReviewMilestones :
3.Demonstrate feasibility ofintermediate flatpaneland
definenewtargetandprogramme ofwork
Note: , '
R&Dworkforthemultifunction flatscreenthatwillbe
defined bythisprojectisenvisaged intheadvanced micro­
electronic technology R&Dproposals .
Theproject aimsatcompletion inthreeyears

-23-
4.3 Project:LocalWideband Communication System
Thisproposal isdedicated tothefundamental question ,how
toprovide acommon communication systemforalloffice
communication needs.Thisquestion isnowurgentsince
non-voice communication isbecoming astandard requirement
andvideocommunication isonitsway.Theaimofthe
projectis'todefineandtaketoprototype stageaEuropean
standard localareawideband communications systemembracing
speech ,data,text,graphics andvideo.
FirstYearReviewMilestones :
1.Thedefinition ofarchitectures andprotocols forwide­
bandlocalcommunication systems andtheselection
anddesignofsuitable transmission andinterface
equipment .
2.Thedefinition ofdesignrequirements ofVLSIchipsto
implement thevarious levelsofprotocols fornetwork
interfacing ,guaranteeing goodlevelsofreliability and
security .
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
3.Thedemonstration offunctional andeconomical feasibi­
lityofthedeveloped wideband communication technology
inanoperating inhouse environment intheformofa
pilotproject .
Theproject aimsatcompletion infouryears

Project :OfficeFilingandRetrieval ofUnstructured
Information
Futureelectronic filingsystemsforwidespread usein.the
officeenvironment willhavetostoremixedmodeinformation
oftext,graphics ,voice,imagesetc.
Thesefilingsystems mustbetrulyeasytousebyunskilled
workers andthegeneraltechnical background tothisproject
issupported bytheR&Denvisaged fortheproject
"Interactive QuerySystem"described inparagraph 2.3.3of
thisAnnex.However thenature ofthemixedmedia
information tobehandled bytheofficeuserfordaytoday
business operations requires thespecialised F&Deffort
proposed here.
Atthepresent timenostandards existforthesedifferent
mediaandtheircombined functional use.
Spécifie Objectives
Thereisacorrelation between theforegoing standards ,
requirements ,functions andmethodsthataretobedefined
orestablished andthefunctional specifications thatwill
bederived fromtheproject "Functional analysis ofoffice
requirements ".
1.Defineacoherent setoffilingstandards formixed
media.
2.Establish practical requirements forretrieval
capabilities andfunctions ,andmethods ofaddressing
these.
3.Definethestandards required byofficesystems to
satisfyprojected socialandbusiness expectations for
security ,privacy andauthorisation .
♦
FirstYearReviewMilestones :
1.Agreedetailed projectspecifications
2.Reviewstateoftheartandreport

-25-
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
3.Producepreliminary proposal
4.Definetrialproject
5.Stimulate andassess
6.Producefinalproposed methodologies andstandards
Theproject aimsatcompletion infouryears.

-26-
COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING (C.I.M. ) f
5. Apriority goal oftheproposed long lead time R&D programme
istoacquire the basic knowledge from which toestablish £
theprinciples and rules bywhich future components oftotal
CIM systems will bedesigned . The first Pilot project
described , "Design Rules for Computer Integrated
Manufacturing Systems ",isafirst urgent and important step
towards this fundamental goal .
The two other projects that are proposed are :
-Integrated Microelectronic Sub-Systems for Plant auto- f?
mation .This will beimplemented inconjunction with the v
Advanced Microelectronic Technology R&D programme .
-Process andProduction Control based onreal time imaging v
systems .This project requires support from work proposed
in the field of Advanced Information' Processing and r
Advanced Microelectronic Technology . ^
1

-ZI-
5.1 Project :DesignRulesforComputer Integrated Manufacturing
Systems
Futureadvanced manufacturing "supersystems ",suchasthe
"Automated Factory",wi'llcomprise anumberofspecialised
systems ,integrated assubsystems intoafunctional computer
integrated manufacturing system (CIM).Thespecialised
systemspresently visualised are:
-Computer AidedDesign (CAD)forgeometric designand
modelling ,engineering computations ,simulation ,drafting ,
etc.
-Computer AidedManufacturing (CAM)forinventory control ,
process planning ,tooldesign,material resource
planning ,manpower andmachineresource planning ,general
scheduling andprogramming etc.
-Computer AidedTesting (CAT)fortesting mechanical ,
electrical ,electronic components orcomplete products .
-Flexible Manufacturing Systems suchas.anAutomated group
ofmachinetoolsoraprocesslineforIntegrated Circuit
production .
-Automation Assembly systems .
-Automated Warehouse systems .
Inorderthatthesesystemswillbedesigned insuchaway
that,whenintegrated assubsystems intoaCIM,theywill
interact appropriately andwithcompletereliability ,itis
necessary toestablish acceptable .standard "designrules"
whichwillcoverallaspectsofmanufacturing systemdesign ,
installation anduse.
Theaimoftheprojectistoprepare acomprehensive report
whichmakesdetailed recommendations regarding asetof
European "design rules"forcomputer integrated
manufacturing systems .Theareascoveredwillincludeall
hardware andsoftware aspects oftheCAD,CAMandCAT
systems .
Thisworkisextremely urgent.Muchofthesystemdriven
aspectsofthemainCIMR&Dprogramme isdependent uponthe
application oftheserules.

-28-
Thereport will include adetailed study ofmanufacturing
system design for the automated factory ,covering such
topics asflexibility ,modularity ,optimum operating rules ,
transfer systems ,production control , methodologies ,
productivity and economic factors .
First Year Review Milestones :
a)Draft design rules forall areas stated above
Itisaimed tocbmrilete theproject within 18months

-29-
5.2 Project :Integrated Microelectronic Sub-Systems forPlant
Automation
The object of this project is to produce prototype
microelectronic devices that can betested and proven in
machine tool androbot control systems . The proven design
can then bemade available toEuropean Integrated Circuit
manufacturers who wish to transfer the .technology to
production devices .
The project will becarried out byautomation specialists in
cooperation with anorganisation operating anappropriate
I.C. design and fabrication process and one ormore machine
tool /robot manufacturers .
Aim :
Todevelop ,initially asathree-chip set ,asingle-chip
integrated three-axis continuous-path 'interpolator ,a
single-chip integrated axis contoller and asingle-chip
integrated servo interface .
Description :
(i)Three-axis Interpolator
Suggested design targets :
Number ofaxes 3(minimum )
Accuracy and speed ofinterpolation :
. »
Machine tool application +1urnper axis over a0-10 m
range
+2umper axis over a10-30 m
range
Maximum speed )20metres /min .

-30-
Robotapplication +0.5umperaxiswithina3m
cube.Maximumspeed)1meter/
second .
Thereshouldbeprovision foratleasttwoprogrammable
levelsofinterpolation (accuracy ,underexternal
control ,whichmayinvolvetheuseofaspeed-accuracy
trade-off .
Interpolation algorithms stored inon-chip
R0M/PR0M
There ,should beprovision tostore.anumberof
different algorithms onchipwhichareselectable at
run-time .(Inpracticelinearandcircularinterpola­
tionwillprobably bethemainrequirements ).
Inputs Start/endcoordinates
Velocity vector
Controlsignals
Outputs Coordinates and
Speed(speed-rate )for
eachaxis
Controlsignals
Synchronisation Itshouldbepossible
toeasilyandtrans­
parently usethe
chipsinparallel so
astoprovide 6/9
axiscontinuous path
interpolation .
Interface Protocols Interpolator should
becapableofopera­
tinginamulti­
processor system,
using asuitable
standard busarchi­
tecture .Inputs
Outputs
Interface Protocols

-31-
(ii)AxisController
ι
Suggested designtargets :
Numberofaxes 1ormore
Accuracy Tomatcn interpolator
spécification .
Processor General purpose integrated
central pro-cessor withon
chipRAM/ROM/PROMforpro­
grammestorage .
Inputs Position andvelocity vectors
frominterpolator chip.
Feedback fromservoencoders ,
(position,' speedandaccel-
leration )Sensor inputs
(generalpurpose )
ControlSignals .
Output Interface toservodriver
chip.
Interface protocols Controller shouldbecapable
ofoperating inamulti­
processor system,usinga
suitable standard bus
architecture .
(iii)ServoInterfaces
Theyshouldbecapableofinterfacing between theaxis
controller andpowerdrivesforDCservomotors,AC
induction motors,lineardrives,etc.Thesilicon
technology suitable forcombining highvoltage and/or
highpoweronthesamechipasfastdataprocessing is
thesubject oftheAdvanced Microelectronics R&D
project "Interface Technology ".

-32-
FirstYearMilestones :
a)Detailed specification ofchip-set
!
Subsequent ReviewMilestones :
b)Designandprototype fabrication
c)Incorporation ofchipsintomachinetoolandrobot
controlsub-systems fortestingpurposes
d)Finalise design
e)Complete testing/proving andinitiate arrangements
forcommercial production .
Theproject aimsatcompletion infouryears

-33-
5.3 Project :Process andProduction Control basedonReal-Time
Imagine Systems
Forfutureflexible manufacturing systems tobetruly -
flexible andcapable ofcomplex automated assembly and
inspection operations ,real-time sensorbasedimaging and
control subsystems mustbedeveloped toperform thesensing
andcontroloperations required inafullyautomated factory .
Thenotionofimagingisusedhereinitsbroadest sense,in
thatitcouldbederived ,interalia,fromvisual ,tactile
acoustic orthermal 'imagingsystems .
Theaimoftheproject istodevelop thehardware and
software neededtodemonstrate threeorfourcomplex ,real­
time,image-driven ,patterndirected controlapplications in
actualorsimulated production ,environments .Inthelong
term,competitive commercial exploitation ofthesesystems
willdependupontheavailability ofadvanced algorithms and
architectures forsignalprocessing .
Description
Todemonstrate threeorfourcomplexreal-time image-driven
pattern-directed controlapplications inactualorsimulated
production environments .
FirstYearMilestones :
a)Establish attheoutsetanumberoftargetapplications
involving 2/2Vzand3Dimagingutilising visual,tactile ,
sonicandthermalsensing .Definehardware andsoftware
development .
Subsequent ReviewMilestones ;Complete hardware andsoftware
' development and:
b)Demonstrate prototype 2/£Dsystems.
c)Demonstrate prototype 3Dsystems .
Theproject aimsatcompletion infouryears

INFORMATION EXCHANGE SYSTEM
Collaborators inESPRITprojects needtocommunicate bymeansofan
effective Information Exchange DataCommunications System.The
systemwillmakeitpossible toovercome geographical separation
withtheresultthatquitesmallteamswillbeabletocollaborate
efficiently inacommunity-scaJ.e activity .
Theusesvarywidely.Atoneextremethebasiccommunity needsfor
collaboration ontheprogramme willbesatisfied byelectronic mail
andinformation retrieval .Ontheotherhand,collaborating
workers onindividual projects willneedtoexchange andworkon,a
widerangeofdatafiles.Theywillneedtouseeachother's
computing facilities ,possibly inadistributed manner.Software
documentation andcode,andcomplete geometry forVLSIdesigns ,
demonstrate thedifferences thatmustbecatered for.Thesesame
workerswillalsohavethesamerequirement forelectronic mailand
distribution ofreports . '
AjointCommission /Industry Working Grouphasbeenestablished to
\ "*identify anddefinethe 1functional requirements ofthesystem.
Furtherstudieswillidentify thevarious options bywhichthese
requirements canbemetintheframework ofthetime-scale .The
progressive operational needstobeaccommodated are:
ITheabsolute necessity tohaveaminimalservice inplaceby
thetimethePilotProjectsstartatthebeginning of1983.
IITheneedforthemajority ofthefunctional requirements tobe
incorporated assoonaspossible tomeettherequirements of
theESPRITprojects .
IIIThedesirability oftheproposedfacility formingthebasisof
aneventual system opentothewholeEuropean Research
Community .Thiswillhavetoincorporate allthefunctional
requirements initially identified ,together withotherswhich
canbeincorporated asaresultoftheexperience gainedafter
thesystemhasbeeninuseforsometime.
Thusthesystemmustbeopen *ended,conformtoEuropean and
international standards andadapttotheirevolution .

-35-
7.EXPENDITURE TOFIRST YEAR REVIEW MILESTONES (MECU )
KECU
7.1 Advanced Interconnect for VLSI 1.3
7.2 High Level Computer Aided Design 2.5
for Interactive Layout &Design
7.3 Portable Common Tool Environment 3.1
7.4 Formal Specification &Systematic 1.1
Program Development
7.5 Software Production &Maintenance 0.7
Management system (SPMMS )
7.6 Advanced Algoriths &Architecture 0.8
for signal Processing
7.7 Knowledge Information Management 1.5
System
7.8 Interactive Query System 0.5
7.9 Functional Analysis ofOffice 1.0
Requirements
7.10 Multi-media User Interface atthe 2.4
Office Workstation
7.11 Local Wideband Communication System 1.4
7.12 Office Filing &Retrieval of 0.5
Unstructured Information
7.13 Design Rules for Computer Integrated 2.3
Manufacturing Systems
7.14 Integrated Microelectronic Sub-Systems 1.9
for Plant Automation
7.15 Process and Production Control based 1.4
onReal-Time Imaging Systems
7.16 Design &Implementation Information 0.6
Exchange System
23

ANNEX IItoC0MC82 )486
Working paper only :not toberegarded asinany
waycommitting theCommission oftheEuropean
Communities orany ofits services .
ESPRIT
Outline ofMain Programme
NOTE :This document isapreliminary draft and isonly intended to
serve asabasis for further technical discussions .Theobjectives
and the background ofESPRIT aredescribed intwo Communications
bythe Commission ofthe European Communities tothe Council ,
C0M(82)287 and C0M(82)486 ,and this document isanAnnex tothe
latter .Itshould only beread inthe context ofthestatements
made therein .

INDEX
PAGE
1.introduction 1
2.Pilot Projects 3
3.Advanced Microelectronics 4
4.Software Technology 15
5.Advanced Information Processing 21
6.Office Automation 30
7.Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM ) 41
PREFACE
Over the last thirty years ,public appreciation ofacomputer has
changed from almost total ignorance toawide acceptance ofitsuseful
and cost effective role indaily life . There are many explanations
for this change .Amongst themost important aregreatly reduced price
and size together with animprovement inreliability and ease of
operation .Perhaps the most important single cause ofthese improve­
ments is due to the introduction and explosive development of
microelectronic technology that saw anincrease from around 10circuit
functions per chip in1960 to100,000 functions for the 64,000 bit
Random Access Memory in1980 . This increase of10,000 times is
approximately matched bythe'reduction incost per function . This
technology together with parallel developments in software and
computer technologies made itpossible for the average cost per
calculation tofall byafactor of104 from $0.26 in1958 to$0.0025 XG.A.-1. 12
Public consciousness and interest ininformation systems has been
strongly encouraged bytheconvergence ofcomputer ,telecommunication
and space technologies that enable awide range ofdata services tobe
IEEE spectrum vol .17June 1980 andvol .19Jan .1981 ,VLSI /LSI
Federal Data Processing Reorganisation Study .Basic Report ofthe
Science andTechnology Team ,Washinton DC ,June 1978 .m1978 .

accessed onaworldwide basis . The 1980' stherefore are seen asthe
beginning ofanew ,information rich era that could ,wisely employed
and distributed ,raise the quality oflife for all mankind . To
achieve these ambitious societal objectives ,new technologies will be
needed . These will aim tocontinue the pattern ofconstantly
improving information systems atconstantly reducing costs that has
characterized theevolution ofthecomputer /communication systems that
are available worldwide today .
Because the objectives are ambitious ,soalso isthe R&D programme
needed for their achievement .The outline ofESPRIT that isdescribed
intnis annex isaimed towards these new objectives . The problem
areas that are identified and the approaches tosolutions that are
proposed are the result ofasubstantial and intensive study bythe
European scientists and engineers onthe expert panels that were
formed for this purpose .They also take full account ofavery large
researched body ofinformation that isavailable onU.S. and Japanese
R&D programmes and objectives inthe same fields ofInformation
Technology . . •

OUTLINE OFTECHNICAL CONTENT
Introduction
The following outline isbased upon the studies carried out by
teams ofscientists and engineers from anumber ofthe major
European Information Technology Companies . The studies are
f'ocussed onthe technological needs ofthe telematic sector ofthe
information industry .Inbroad terms this sector isconcerned with
hardware and software products and systems that are evolving very
rapidly from the convergence and merging of electronic data
processing and telecommunications technologies supported bythe
introduction and continuing rapid development ofmicroelectronic
technology .
ESPRIT aims toidentify the problems faced bythis sector and which
must beovercome inorder for ittobecompetitive onthe world
markets . The further object istoestablish anR&D programme to
study these problems and derive solutions that will beavailable to
the whole ofthe Community I.T. industry ..
Asapractical way ofidentifying the problems ,the studies on
which this outline isbased were divided into five inter-dependent
subject areas ,covering the whole field ofscience ,technology and
human factors concerned .These are :
-ADVANCED MICROELECTRONICS -Hardware capability
-SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY -Software capability
-ADVANCED INFORMATION PROCESSING -Hardware &Software
Systems capability
-OFFICE AUTOMATION
-COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING
(CIM )
The outline ofthe R&D framework embracing these areas isshown in
Figure 1.This indicates thewide range ofdisciplines andtechnologies
that are tobecovered and their complex inter-relationship . The two
fast growing andrapidly evolving user areas that were studied ,Office
Automation and Computer Integrated Manufacturing ,will besupported by
R&Dprogrammes designed todetermine ,onascientific basis ,theway in
which the new hardware ,software and systems capabilities will be
employed inconjunction with the other specialised disciplines tobe
developed ,that are demanded bythefunctional requirements oftheuser .

Fig.1OUTLINE OFR&DELEMENTS OFESPRIT
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Other application areas forAdvanced Information Technology such ashome
ana leisure ,wide area (public )telecommunication systems and defence
systems ,although not studied orincluded inESPRIT will ,ofcourse ,
obtain the full benefits ofthe programme .
Each ofthe five subject areas was studied byanexpert panel with the
object ,asstated above , ofidentifying problem areas and setting
objectives for their solution for which long lead-time R&D actions are
required . The overall criteria bywhich itwas decided tojudge the
benefits ofsuch actions were :
-the relevance tomajor national and societal
objectives and needs inthe Community
-the strategic importance ofEuropean capabilities
»
-the significant advantage ofEuropean scale (critical level of
effort needed tosucceed )including productivity ofR&D anduse
oftechnology assets
-r
-the reinforcement and complementation ofMember States actions
inthe fields
-the compatibility with asystems driven approach tothe subject
-the pre-competitive nature oflong -lead time R&D
Inaddition ,thepanels were asked to:
-Identify thetechnology options forthemajor objectives
-Analyse ,specify andwhere possible ,quantify the R&D require­
ments
-Evaluate the position inEurope compared with competition and
assess advantages ofaEuropean R&Dprogramme as .opposed to
purchasing technology
-Define the long lead-time requirements suitable for
European R&D projects .
-Prepare operational specifications and outlines of imple­
mentation concepts

-Appraise manpower ,infrastructure andbudget resources needed
-Identify dependences onR&D areas being studied byother panels
-Identify standardisation issues .
The projects are toconstitute acomplete R&D programme ofaEuropean
scale ,offering European industry the opportunity tocatch upand become
competitive with theUSA andJapan .Each panel was also asked toidentify
atleast one pilot R&D project that could beimplemented immediately .
Pilot Projects
When relating the foregoing criteria tothe topics that are proposed as
pilot projects ,itshould berecognised that these projects donot
constitute awhole programme but are essential elements that will be
subsumed into the whole during the implementation ofESPRIT .However even
inisolation from ESPRIT ,their fundamental character issuch that the
results obtained will stand alone asimportant andpractical extensions of
present knowledge and capabilities inthe I.T. areas for which they have
been specified . Inaddition ,and most important , .theprojects are also
deemed tobevery suitable asvehicles for working out and proving the
arrangements for effective cooperation that must beestablished ifESPRIT
istoachieve its goals .
The pilot projects proposed toachieve these objectives are described in
Annex II.
Inaccepting this framework ,the panels also derived practical selection
criteria reflecting the industrial environment inwhich the programme will
beimplemented .These are :
-The requirement for long lead-time issatisfied if,for any
given topic ,free mutual exchange ofideas ispossible .
-Itshould require cooperation because its scope exceeds the
capabilities ofany one company .
-Itshould bechallenging toresearch people because they have
tobeenthusiastic tosucceed .
-Although not leading to ashort term product , the
disciplines to be exercised should be of significant
strategic importance tothe future ofthe industry .

I-4-
-Partitioning in sub-topics should be possible without
requiring daily contacts .
-Itprepares the ground for future standardisation .
-Itprovides sufficient perspective inrelation toR&D inthe
USA and Japan .
-Itstimulates the generation ofnew ideas that ,all other
things being equal ,could provide acompetitive edge to
European industry versus the USand Japan .
Information andData Exchange System
Modern data communications facilities and services provided by the
Community telecommunications Administrations will be used tocarry a
powerful information and data exchange system between cooperating
participants inESPRIT .This system will make itfeasible and economic for
quite small nationally located R&D teams indifferent countries to
collaborate efficiently byworking asonepowerful Community team ,bringing
together theknowledge ,disciplines andexperience needed tosucceed .
Standards
ESPRIT provides theopportunity toanticipate future needs for I.T. standards
that can beimplemented bythe Community .
3.1Technology Objectives forAdvanced Microelectronics
Introduction
Microelectronics isthe core technology that has .made possible the explosive
development ateconomic prices ofthevast range ofcomputer andcommunication
systems that have established themselves incommon use over the last five
years .Very large ,application directed ,R&Dprogrammes have taken theUSand
Japanese microelectronics industry some way ahead ofEuropean companies in
this field .ESPRIT proposals togenerate European capability arecalculated
toclose this gap and achieve ahealthy competitive position bythe end of
this decade . The proposals aim tomeet therequirements forLong Lead Time
Research and Development intechniques and technologies for Information
Technology within the framework of :
(a)VLSI (silicon )and silicon material
(b)Directly related products ,e.g. sensors ,optical trans­
mission and switching systems ,compound semi conductor
devices ,flat panel CRTreplacement ,packaging

Figure 2indicates those areas ofInformation Technology systems for
which new and improved hardware isenvisaged .
Background tothe Topic
(a)The growing preponderance oftheSilicon slice inthecontext ofany
electronic equipment and the increasing proportion ofthe equipment
that itwill bepossible tocontain within one VLSI chip ,means that
tobesuccessful ininformation technology itisessential tohave a
capability todesign ,manufacture and test VLSI circuits efficiently
sothat avariety ofVLSI chips can beproduced inmedium quantities
atanacceptable cost tothe system manufacturer and inatimely
fashion . With increasing integration ofcircuits onto the
semiconductor chip , the proportion of standard chips used in
professional electronic equipment will decrease infavour ofchips
designed tocarry out aparticular series ofoperations toatight
functional specification . Inorder toprotect his system design ,
the equipment manufacturer will have tocontrol the design ofthe
VLSI chips .
(b)The majority ofintegrated circuits will continue tobebased on
Silicon with ,asfar asinformation technology isconcerned ,an
increasing involvement incircuits made tothe CMOS process tomeet
the requirements of the transmission networks and the system
application areas for lowpower consumption .There will also bean
increasing demand for higher speed circuits inSilicon ,with a
possible smaller subsidiary role for III-V materials ,such as
Gallium Arsenide ,a -range ofmaterials ofimportance because of
their role in the production of microwave and optoelectronic
devices . Bipolar Silicon VLSI chips are still likely tobe
required insizeable quantities for the new information processing
systems .
(c)Thus aninitiative onInformation Technology must bespearheaded by
thehardware developments primarily ,VLSI .Ingeneral ,themajor
competitors tothe community ,i.e. USA and Japan ,have asignificant
current lead inboth equipment and device production .
Itisbelieved ,however ,that European capability inmany aspects of
Computer Aided Design may besuperior tothat inthe USA orJapan and
therefore this advantage should bebuilt upon tomaintain and increase
whatever advantage itgive European Industry .
The programme proposed isdesigned toprovide the complex integrated
circuits that will beneeded inthe next two decades . Itisaimed to
meet the requirement that has been identified inthe system sectors for

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and power consumption improvements will .provide faster and cheaper
system performance .
This report therefore (A)identifies the major technology routes tobe
followed tolum (B)proposes technology tasks with associated product
examples touse astechnology packages forthetechnology routes and (C)
identifies the future technology push below lum together with CAD and
Testing including acomputer controlled I.C. ,factory project . The
following sections cover this wide range oftechnologies ,including
packaging ,wafer scale integration and product examples aswell asnon-
silicon hardware topics . The indigenous European semiconductor
processing ,design and testing equipment manufacturers will benefit
substantially from the spin-off from this programme intheconstruction
ofadvanced facilities and provision ofnew research ,development and
production tools .
Silicon VLSI
Major technology Package tolum -Silicon Very Large Scale Integrated
Circuits will undoubtedly bethemainstay ofthe Information Technology
age . The panel has identified the major technology routes tolum
dimensions .These are :
3.3.1 lumMOSTechnology
3.3.2 lumBipolar Technology forlogic ,memory ,
analogue
3.3.3 Mixed MOS/Bipolar developments
Together with

-7-
3.3.4 Packaging for VLSI
3.3.5 Chip toChip Interconnect
3.3.6 Interface Technology
3.3.7 Wafer Scale Integration
j
Also included inthe Technology drive are
3.3.8 Silicon Material
3.3.9 CAD including Layout ,Modelling ,
Architecture ,Languages ,Testing
3.3.10 Data Networking
3.3.1 One Micron MPS Technology
This will bethe key technology for very high density memory ,logic and
microcomputing ,and will also beused forwafer scale integration ,for
analogue circuits ,and for the controlling substrates for intelligent
sensors .This development has tofocus onincreasing packing density by
fine line lithography ,aswell asclever device and circuit design .New
architectures ,new technological methods forreconf igurability are also
vital . Combination oflogic and memory with concurrent low power
consumption isvital .Achievement ofbetter than 100K gates /chip at50
femto-joule /gate and lnsec propagation time for loaded gates should be
within reach .The real world and its interfaces are analogue .There is
aclear need for analogue MOS development ,with programmes including
response function tailoring ,and new A/Dand D/Aconverters ofwide
dynamic range ,new concepts infilters ,correlators etc .,made possible
bythehigh packing density oflum circuits .This technology programme
will provide the key capability for the Community inmemories ,
microprocessors ,signal processing and integrated sensor substrates .
3.3.2 One Micron Bipolar Technology
Existing bipolar technology already provides sub-nanosecond gate delays
ine.g. ECL . Scaling tolum will provide dramatically reduced power
consumption and improved packing density giving ,e.g. 50,000 gates on
50rnni2 chip with 100 pSec gate delays . This will give VLSI capability
for computing ,signal processing and logic where the highest speed is
essential .Additional attention tothe linear aspects ofthe processes ,
requiring much tighter control ofall process parameters will give in
addition capability tomake the fastest high precision A/Dconverters ,
and linear and mixed linear /digital functions atnear theoretical
speeds .

3.3.3 Mixed NOS/Bipolar Developments
This project gives the high packing density ofMOS with the drive
capability ofBipolar . Itwill allow asimple process assitional to
current capability .
3.3.4 VLSI Packaging and Chip toChip Interconnect
These projects cover VLSI packaging and the interconnection ofthp
packages together . New types ofpackage handling chips ofupto250K
gate complexity ,upto400 pins ,capable oftransmitting signals at
speeds ofupto0.1nSec /gate andover 5Wpower handling .Good thermal
modelling oftheheat flow inthe package and between packages will be
vital .Newbonding methods ,face -up ,face-down ,TAB etc.,must be
included . Special bipolar packages atupto100W dissipation will be
needed and special packages for wafer scale integration .Standards in
Europe for TAB are avital consideration and European packaging
standards should beestablished .
Other packaging requirements specific to given systems will b«
accommodated within theprogrammes put forward from theother panels .
3.3.5 Interface Technology
This package covers all aspects ofatechnology suitable for combining
high voltage and/orhigh power onthesame chip asfast data processing ,
with associate package developments . Stability and reliability are
vital elements .
3.3.6 Wafer Scale Integration
This comprehensive package covers theconcept ofwhole wafer processing
either MOS orBipolar technology ,byinterconnection ofdevices over a
whole wafer byavariety ofmethods . Itcould ,for example ,becovered
byinterconnection ofasmany elements aspossible over anarray of
similar devices oraprogrammable interconnection ofdifferent types of
devices .Packaging ofwhole wafers istotally different inconcept to
packaging individual dice -new methods will have tobedeveloped . So
will new design aids' andarchitectures .Thebenefits will bevery large
memories ,orother single systems perwafer .

-9-
3.3.7 Silicon Material
Improved silicon material quality isavital requirement for most lum
and sub-micrometer silicon devices . Support for crystal growth ,new
methods ofbulk doping such asNTD , arid materials evaluation are
necessary toprovide the material quality required . There already
exists agood European base for this work both inmajor semiconductor
users and material suppliers .
3.3.8 Computer Aided Design andTest (CAD/CAT )
Amajor R&D programme isrequired toachieve acomprehensive CAD/CAT
system that will meet the needs of the widespread application of
information technology tokeep upwith theactivity inthe USand Japan .
Itisextremely likely that the new design techniques being developed in
those countries in their micro-electronic programmes will not be
available toEurope .
Thus included inthis technology drive isatotal initiative building on
theregulation 3744 /81inthefollowing areas :-
Architecture -Data Structure ,Interfaces ,New Methods Verification .
Testing -Testdata generation ,Testability design factors ,
Data verification .
Modelling -Numerical ,Physical ,Analytical ,Table .
Simulation -Device Level Simulation ,Process Simulation ,
Thermal Modelling ,Pin Count Optimisation ,
Routing Optimisation ,Logic Simulation (forward /
reverse ),Timing ,functional simulation .
Languages -High level language development ,High Level toLow Level
interface ,Database Communication upwards and downwards .
Layout -Includes Database standards , Modular packaging ,
Libraries ,user friendliness ,placement ,routing ,
tracking . i
Thus wewould expect ,under theauspices ofthecross-panel task-force ,
acommon tool environment forcross-company CAD tobeprovided .
(B)Demonstration Examples
Thepractical route toachievement ofthese high technology goals is .by
construction 'of Demonstrator examples . To prove the developing
technologies emerging from the technology packages inany part ofthe
programme itwould bepreferable for anexample tobeassociated with a
Technology Package .Theexamples listed inTable 1could beaugmented
orsuperseded byother examples inthe final programme .

-10-
TABLE 1
Demonstration Examples
I
1. Microprocessor and Microcomputer
2. Gate Array
3. Programmable Signal and Speech Processor
4. Array Processor
5. High Speed Memory
6. High Density Static Memory
7. High Speed A/Dconverter
8. Ultra High Speed A/Dconverter
They have been chosen from atechnology viewpoint togive aswide a
demonstration aspossible oftechnology capability .Other developments
will besuggested bythework oftheother technical groups .
(C)Silicon Technology Beyond lum
The panel has identified the major areas for long range funding beyond
thelum level asbeing
3.3C.1 Sub micron MOS technology
3.3C.2 'Submicron Bipolar Technology
These topics are too long-range topermit definition ofspecific
associated demonstrator product examples .These work packages provide
the framework for wide ranging research and development ,innew device
circuit and technology concepts where European manufacturers of
fabrication machinery ,high technology equipment ,aswell asthedevices
andcircuits ,really have theopportunity tojump ahead ofJapanese and
UScompetition . Major motivations are improved speeds ,packing
densities and power consumption ,using new technology methods . itis
essential torealize the very long term nature ofmany aspects ofthis

sub-micron research programme .Therefore ,weare ,inthis technology
package ,addressing only the limited problems ofsub-micron research
which itispractical totackle within the proposed five-year span of
the total programme .
«
Associated also with these technology packages isthe need forResearch
andAnalytical tool development keeping pace with thetechnology .
Computer Controlied VLSI-Fabrication Project
The central core of afuture manufacturing complex will be the
semiconductor plant which will have aflexible semiconductor process
line inwhich each stage isfully characterised and under computer
control so that the line can produce avariety of semiconductor
technology circuits todemand and not require constant resetting by
semiconductor process experts .
Thus ,inthe future amanufacturing facility will not beconstructed on
the basis ofoperating aportfolio ofsemiconductor process lines which
has been the approach adopted bythe semiconductor manufacturers to
date . The aim should beaportfolio ofprocess steps ,each step
completely defined and held in the memory of the microprocessor ,
controller .Each processor controlled module ofthe semiconductor line
(mask-making lithography ,etching anddoping etc.)will have aportfolio
ofprocess programmes toachieve the type ofdevice required (Bipolar ,
NMOS ,CMOS .etc.). Many oftheindustrial modules areavailable onthe
market ,almost entirely from the US.
The panel has therefore identified acomputer controlled VLSI
fabrication project ,primarily concerned with the design ofthecomputer
control systems , the development of' related software and its
implementation into anactual production environment ,with thegoals of
full attainment ofcomputer control onthe single process-steps aswell
ascomplete processing lines tominimise the probability ofincorrect
processing and achievement ofahigh degree offlexibility regarding
different processing sequences aswell asequipment items .
Other Microelectronics Topics
While themain thrust ofthe total programme must besilicon VLSI ,there
isarange ofnon-VLSI topics which are also necessary forInformation
Technology .Thetopics which have been identified asprime candidates
forsupport aspart ofJEPE-IT are :

-12-
-Integrated Sensors ,Optoelectronics ,Flat Panel CRT
replacement ,and Compound Semiconductors .
3.4.1 Integrate dSensors
The increasing usage ofelectronically automated systems has led toan
upsurge indemand for sensors ofvarious types .It istherefore
envisaged that the proposed developments would fulfil needs for which
there exist nocurrent solutions and provide great enhancement tothe
range ofavailable devices . Inparticular ,development ofclever
silicon-based sensors ofhigh complexity inadvanced technologies would
besupported .
3.4.2 Optoelectronics
Optical devices arebecoming ofincreasing importance intheapplication
of 'new' text technologies ,particularly in information .systems .
Information transmission systems will use optical fibre systems to
provide the bandwidth needed tohandle the mass ofdata ,text ,graphics ,
etc .,which will need tobetransmitted . Data links inapplications
such asplant automation systems will use optical fibres tobenefit from
freedom from electrical interference and enhanced safety inhazardous
environments . These applications require transmitters such aslaser
diodes ,high speed modulators ,repeaters and receivers ,and low loss
fibre transmission media .
Currently systems are being assembled from discrete components but the
drive istowards integrated optoelectronic assemblies onasingle
substrate with the devices a^d high speed logic for modulation and
demodulation constructed inIII-V materials such asGallium Arsenide and
Indium Phosphide and their ternary and quaternary alloys . The
technology ofIII-V materials ismany years behind that ofSilicon ,
consequently major fundamental research and development efforts are
required tobring itforward toanoperational state during the next
decade . Toachieve the required performance ,sub-micron geometry
structures will berequired and adetailed study anddevelopment ofthe
basic materials isneeded .
Asadvances are made inintegrated optoelectronics ,anumber of
potential applications appear ,such as:

-13-
Optical data processing
Optical switching
Optical memories
Major R&D programmes onin+egrated optoelectronics are underway inthe
USA and Japan but are not far advanced ,sothat it ispossible for
European activity toachieve effective and competitive results .
Future generations ofsingle mode communication systems may use coherent
(heterodyne )detection andmulti-channel wavelength multiplexing andmay
bephase modulated . This isfor optimum performance and also for
compatibility with integrated optical logic . This allows processing ,
combining and' routing atvery high speeds -optical devices areprojected
tobethe fastest room-temperature logic system known .Insemiconductor
form they are also compatible with developing technologies inIII-V
integrated circuits providing afast electrical interface .
Optical storage ,both inwaveguide and imaging forms may becompatible
with such systems ,and isalso atechnology inwhich Europe isinagood
starting position .
3.4.3 Flat Panel CRT Reolacement
The new techniques being consiaerea for visual displays exploit effects
ingasses ,liquids ,solids ,and vacua .The range ofapplications in
which displays will beused isbroad ;itwill for example spread from a
small 20or40character image required for anintelligent telephone
set ,toalarge wail display displaying pictures .Consequently ,itis
unlikely that any one technique will meet all requirements .
The objective istoachieve arange ofmultifunction flat displays for
alphanumeric and graphic information and eventually images . Physical
sizes required will range from ,say 3x5cmtoalarge wall display of
1x1.5 metres obtained byprojection . Typical specifications that
might beaimed atare :
Pixels
3x 5cm
7.5 x10cm
20x30cm
40x50cm
1x1.5m4rows of20characters
12rows of40characters
24rows of80characters
48rows of160 characters
3000 line resolution40,000
150 ,000
600,000
9χ1067,000

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These arestated requirements forOffice Automation workstations .
3.4.4 ComDOund Semiconductor
For thehighest speed logic circuits ontheonehand ,and forhigh
performance optoelectronic devices on the other ,combined with
requirements for "intelligent "optoelectronic devices ,itisnecessary
todevelop materials ,technology anddevices inGaAs ,InP .andtheir
ternary andquaternary alloys .GaAs Integrated Circuits aretoday only
ataprimitive level (1000 gates /chip )anditisenvisaged that UHSA/D
converters will usethehigher speeds ofGaAs devices toadvantage .In
addition ,provision ofswitching andlogic onamplifiers suitable for
very wide bandwidth application , and built-in amplifier on
optoelectronic receivers are envisioned .
3.5 Education andTraining
Recruitment ofappropriately qualified staff isamajor problem inthe
Microelectronics industry .largely because ofthe lack ofrelevant
material inconventional education courses . This arises from the fact
that fewteaching institutions have thenecessary practical facilities
tosupport such subjects intheir courses . Thus students lack
specialist knowledge andmotivation toward ?microelectronic technology .
Thetraining andretraining ofpersonnel inafast-moving technology is
also aproblem owing tothe cost interms ofinstructional staff
resources andthedifficulty ofreleasing equipment ,forsuch purposes .
Aneed exists forappropriate education andtraining atalllevels from
operator -technician -graduate engineer .Thenature ofthecourses
will vary from major ,abinitio ,full-time courses toshort "top-up "or
specialist training periods .
There isalso adistinction tobemade between courses oriented towards
fabrication andthose concentrating ondesign ,although anappreciation
ofcross-disciplinary matters isoften important .

-15-
4.Software Technology
4.1 The Problems ,
Research into Software Technology inEurope lacks community of
thinking ,and unity .Research teams inindustry ,universities and
research institutes hardly communicate . Technology transfer
between research and practical application inEurope ismuch
slower than inJapan and the US . Apersisting aversion toearly
standardization prevents interworking of products . Smaller
companies cannot afford any research oftheir own for lack of
revenue .Asaresult ,with the future competitiveness ofEuropean
products depending upon information technology ,either for their
development ormanufacture orembedded inthem ,with the market
for data processing expanding rapidly ,with astructural change of
this market tosmaller decentralized and embedded systems ., the
future demand for software cannot besatisfied inquantity or
quality unless acoordinated European approach istaken .
Software production isvery expensive and almost unmanageable with
current methods . The so-called software crisis iswidely
recognised . Itwas first diagnosed fifteen years ago ,and still
exists today .
This can partly beexplained bythe fact that ayoung and immature
technology issubject toeconomic and consumer pressure and asked
tosolve problems ofanasyet unmastered complexity .This means
inparticular that managing software development amounts to
managing acreative activity inanengineering framework but as
yet without engineering rules .
Inthe industry awide spectrum ofmethods are used -from
outdated programming practices tomodern ,-.theoretically founded
and computer assisted software development processes . Personnel
qualification ranges from general practitioners ,whose education
and professional experience predates the advent ofcomputers to
highly specialized graduates with sound theoretical education ,
though frequently inexperienced inindustrial problem solving and
production .Inthe user industry ,qualifications ofstaff engaged
intechnical ormanagement activities differ still more widely .

-16-
4.2Towards aMature Industry
Toremedy the software crisis istocreate amature industrial
field insoftware technology ,with common understanding ofthe
basic problems and oftheir solutions . From such acommon
understanding , fruitful information exchange , cooperation ,
subcontracting ,etc .,can beestablished .
Only such amature software industry will beable tofulfil its
role asakey industry within the whole industrial structure in
Europe : itmust ensure the availability -ontime -ofthe
software tosupport other high technology developments ,such as
computer aided design inmicroelectronics orsoftware forcomputer
aided manufacturing and for office automation . The quality of
software will have adecisive influence onthe competitiveness and
onthe cost structure ofproducts from all ofEuropean industry .
The lack ofcooperation and mutual information inEurope is
currently recognised and deplored among those involved in
software .Presently however ,the only common ground found between
hardware manufacturers and software houses ,between industry and
users ,between academia and practitioners isthe agreement that
something must bedone .
Itishope that ESPRIT ,being acooperative effort involving
companies and research institutions ,will contribute tosolving
the cooperation problem . The ultimate goals ofESPRIT are
industrially applicable results . Anumber oftechnical problems
have been identified whose 'solutions are necessary steps in
reaching these goals .
Asapart ofESPRIT ,acoordinated Research and Development
Programme inSoftware Technology isnecessary onamajor scale .
It should contain the scientific , technical ,managerial ,
technology transfer and educational areas set out below .
The general objective istocreate anenvironment inwhich the
production of information systems composed of hardware and
software components would have the characteristics of an
industrial process and belargely automated .
Anumber ofnon-technical problems must besolved aswell .
Education ofsoftware personnel isamong themost important ones ;
cooperation and commonality will increase personnel mobility and
ease the problems ofeducation . Standardisation ,legal affairs
and software depreciation are additional areas of concern .
So.lving problems inthese areas partly depends onthe solution of
technical problems inthespecification ofsoftware products .

Software production iscurrently labour intensive .Inthelonger
run ,tomake softv /are production more capital intensive by
creating tools that support this production ,large investments in
research and development are necessary ;these investments entail
great risks since the needed tools are themselves complex systems
.beyond our current abilities . Toreach that objective intime ,
cooperation onEuropean scale isnecessary tospread the risks and
togather sufficient knowledge and expertise .
4.3 Type ofand Solutions
Adequate models ofprograms and their construction will besought ,
so that programs can be subjected to logical reasoning ,
composition ,selection ,prediction ,etc . Cooperation atthis
level of basic research will make progress faster and less
■expensive for each company by setting acommon basis for
understanding and sharing ofexpertise .
Industrially usable tools will require large investments ,made
possible bycooperation .
Techniques are required for more rigorous management ofsoftware
production ,reaching apoint where economic influences of
management decisions are well mastered and where acost /benefit
analysis ofalternative ,solutions ismeaningful . Recent work in
software cost estimation has indicated ,that insufficient emphasis
has been placed on the improvement of the environmental
constraints of software production . Among these are human
factors , organisational and management structures , system
structures and complexity . These have proved tobesubstantial
factors inproductivity ,and itistherefore important that a
sound understanding ofthe problems isgained . Empirical and
analytical work ,from which guidelines canbeobtained ,isthere­
fore animportant and integral part ofthe programme .
4.4 Theories and Methods for Program Development and System
Construction
This R&D area isconcerned with development and improvement of
techniques for software modelling ,specification ,construction ,
transformation and verification , including requirements
specification as anexample ofaprocess translating informal
ideas into precise terms . Topics will be: formal system
description languages ,semantics ofspecification &programming
languages ,theorem proving ,program complexity ,system structures ,
process structures .Work inthis area will have tobegin with
programs asobjects ofreasoning . Itwill have toprogress toa

-1
starve atwhich whole 'distributed )systems andtheir relationships
with the environment (ofmen and machines )!.", which they are
embedded will betheobject offormal mathematical reasoning .
Methods and notations for communication between users ar.d
developers that lead toacommon understanding between them
concerning requirements and solutions must also beaddressed .
Work inthis area will bepartly ofaresearch craracter ,but
oriented very closely toearly practical application .
4.5Methods andTools inSoftware Engineering
This R&D area considers software development asatechnical
engineering activity .Itisconcerned with tools andprocesses by
which (specialised )software engineers design ,develop anc
maintain (large )systems inmany versions and variants .
Individuals andsmall project teams ,aswell asindustrialized
software production by -large teams must besupported .
The starting point isthe creation ofaportable common too ]
environment toallow exchange oftools andasatechnical basis
forcooperation between thecompanies involved .This environment
maybeuseable asaframework inapplication areas like software
development for CAD and office system building ,compute :
integrated .manufacturing and microelectronics . Such ar
environment would also include software engineers' workstations ;
possibly specialised todifferent tasks . Other work concerns
specialised tools supporting individual methods for specific
phases inthe life cycle (e.g. requirements analysis anc
specification ,design )ortools supporting the consistent
execution ofentire sequences ofsteps inthe life-cycle ,
Individual tools will either bedesign and -construction aids foj
engineers ,orinformation processing aids for communication
coordination andmanagement . They will operate onacommoi
database containing product andproduction information .
The long term goal isthe creation ofintegrated softwars
engineering environments forspecific application areas .Toreaci
this long-term goal ,aunified theoretical foundation ,aframewori
ofconcepts anddescriptive notations andacomprehensive seto:
engineering anaformal standards will benecessary .Appropriate
monitoring andre-examination ofthis research anddevelopmem
programme shoula aimatachieving progress inthis direction .
Inaddition totools formore traditional approaches ,like prograr
generators and system builders operating on libraries o:
rigorously specified components ,along term goal isth«

-19-
development ofaprototype expert system for soitware development ,
with aknowledge based programming assistant asanintermediate
step .
4.6Economics ofIndustrial Software Production
This R&D area isconcerned with the overall organisation ofthe
software development process asacommercial and entrepreneurial
activity ,and focuses ontheproduct characteristics ofsoftware ,
investigating the mutual dependencies between commercial goals
for ,and technical characteristics of ,software products .
The goal istogain insight into the effect ofeconomic ,market
and business policy constraints on the software production
process ,toascertain what quantifiable criteria exist tomake
ohoices concerning organisation ,method and tool support for
technical development ,and todevelop computer assisted methods
and tools formanaging the software development process .
R&D activities will include :modelling andmodels ofproduct life
cycle ; roles ofparticipants inthe development ,i.e. developers
and prospective users , rules for their collaboration ;
identification and classification ofinfluence factors ,e.g.
technical ,managerial ,commercial ,social ,definition and control
of quality requirements . Initial results will allow the
development ofexperimental tools for analysis and planning of
software development projects . This approach toasoftware
development data and influence factors database will later be
extended toprovide aManagement Expert System .
4.7 Education andTechnology Transfer
The Jack ofcompetent software engineers isaproblem for the
industry . Inthe field ofinformation technology ,European
universities have fewer working contacts with industry and
governmental users than intheUS .There ,close contacts between
academic ana industrial research ,between theory and practice ,
between research and education are ofbenefit to all parties
involved . 'Inthese contacts ,aflow ofnew scientific results
into practice isassured ,providing feedback toresearchers about
applicability and practicability ofresearch results .
Inthe context ofESPRIT ,universities and research institutes
must be involved in the work to create an environment for
cooperation and technology transfer .'.orrpar able tothat which
exists inthe US . Participation inindustrial R&D projects by
students will assure reality-oriented Academic education .

-20-
Aspart ofESPRIT ,professional profiles for software engineers
should bedetermined and their influence onuniversity education
should bediscussed with all concerned .
Substantial improvements are needed in technology transfer .
Surveys have shown that software developers are generally unsure
ofhow toimprove their software development processes .They have
nocriteria tochoose between different approaches oreven justify
any change . Large manufacturers are sometimes tied down bythe
need tomaintain large amounts ofexisting software developed
without the aid ofmodern tools and methods . Inorder toaddress
this issue tools will need tobedeveloped incorporating asmuch
asisfeasible from modern techniques ,tokeep "the additional
costs ofmaintaining old software within reasonable limits sothat
its coexistence with new software iseconomically feasible and its
replacement can occur inaplanned way .

5.Advanced Information Processing
.1Contemporary computer applications can beroughly classified as
business ,scientific process control andoffice automation .The
basic functions performed are computations ,or storage and
retrieval ofdata . These traditional systems are about togive
way to anentirely new range ofsystems with fundamentally
different capabilities .
Advanced information processing (AIP )systems will perceive
information directly bymeans ofsensors ,relate ittoknowledge
already stored and create new knowledge using rules and inference .
Today 'scomputers can solve instances ofproblems when given a
solution ,that isaprogram .AIP systems ,guided bytheir human
users and exploiting their internal knowledge base ,contribute to
the choice ofthe solution ,before applying it.AIP systems will
provide the automation ifthe perception andprocessing ofsignals
and the automation ofreasoning processes and combine these
functions inasingle system .
Inthe front end orexternal interface ofAIP systems highly
parallel processors perform signal recognition and processing ,
e.g. speech recognition ,inreal time . Signal understanding
occurs byrelating the signals recognized toknowledge stored ina
knowledge base . An expert system performs the reasoning
processes . Itconsists ofseveral components .Aknowledge base
holds facts and rules ofinference expressing reasoning steps .
These encapsulate the expertise ofthe system . Aninference or
deductive machine can combine and apply therules tosolve agiven
problem .Knowledge engineering tools allow' editing ,validating ,
consistency checking and structuring ofthe facts and rules inthe
knowledge base .Aninterface system acquires information from the
front end and transmits results totheuser through it.
There have sofar been only few and only moderately successful
attempts to exploit "artificial intelligence " (AI)research
results for practical applications .
Some of the conditions for industrial exploitation ofAIare
changing now .Advances inmicroelectronics and new processor and
system architectures make it feasible to employ and further
improve computational techniques inartificial intelligence .The
point has been reached where practical research and development
can betaken upinboth main areas : signal perception and
processing ,and knowledge representation and inference . In

-22-
audition ,work oncognitive ergonomics must lead todesign
principles for man-computer systems that are geared tofull
support ofthe user inthe communication process ,and donot
suffer from artificial limitations imposed byinadequacies ofthe
computing equipment ,its architecture and software . Afactor
changing theconditions forexploiting AIresearch istheJapanese
fifth generation computer project which isprecipitating the
commercialization ofAIprinciples and techniques .
So .far ,expert systems and related applications ofAIseem tobe
taken upbycompanies newly formed for this specific purpose ,
especially inBritain and theUSA .The Japanese fifth generation
project isanotable exception involving abroad cross section of
Japanese industry and academia . InEurope ,industrial work is
starting slowly sothat amajor impetus isclearly necessary to
bridge the existing gap with the USaswell asthe potential one
with Japan .
Also ,work inEurope has sofarbeen extremely fragmented .Some
work was done atuniversities and inresearch laboratories of
larger manufacturers . All over the world ,the early work in
artificial intelligence was surrounded bymuch controversy . In
part this v/asdue toamismatch between the goals ofAIand
practically applicable results . Inrecent years ,however ,
experimental systems andprototypes ,for instance formathematical
problem solving and goemetric reasoning ,forlearning andsimple
dialogues ,have been presented .Some ofthese show aconsiderable
potential forenhancement .Europe appears tolagbehind inthis
area . ,
The goal ofthis programme istoreach astage atwhich the
industrial exploitation ofthe technology "bfadvanced information
processing ispossible inEurope . For this ,research and
development inthe following areas isproposed :
Information &Knowledge Engineering
Signal Processing &External Interfaces
Information &Knowledge Storage &Usage
Computer Architecture
Design Objectives &Methods .
Information andKnowledge Engineering
Toreach astage at 'which industrial products can bebased on
expert system technology ,"research and development in the
following areas isrequired :

-23-
-Selection offorms ofrepresentations for knowledge based
systems (KBS )convenient and appropriate for human use orfor
presentation tothe KBS .
-Methods ofcapturing data and deriving facts from data ,whether
sensed directly orentered from keyboards byusers . Signal
processing will beessential totheman-machine interface inthe
future . Special hardware and algorithmic structures will have
tobedeveloped .
-Synthesis ofnew and efficient hardware /software architectures
tosupport knowledge-based systems . The theoretical structure
ofinference machines has been studied insome detail ,and
small-scale representations are now available . Major
development isneeded sbefore real-life applications using large
amounts ofdata can begenerally available .
-Design ofKBS'sinspecific areas ,followed byinvestigation of
their practical behaviour and utility .
-Design and evaluation oftools ,including languages ,fordesign
and implementation ofexpert systems .
-Methods for design ,exploitation and evaluation ofexpert
systems .
-Experimental expert systems should bebuilt ,initially using
conventional machines ; examples are automated failure
diagnosis , automated computer maintenance , CAD for
microelectronics ,robotics and plant monitoring ,software
development .This would beashort term activity .Inthe long
term ,systems for approximate reasoning ,models ofcommon sense
and learning expertise should beconstructed . Architectural
aspects would beamedium term task .
Signal Processing andExternal Interfaces
The interface ofanAIP system must provide certain functions inthe
signal processing and recognition area so that it can gather
information ,rather than having torely onconventional data entry
with laborious data preparation . Afurther aim ofthe research
programme insignal understanding istoenable computers totransform
sets ofobserved data into knowledge byprocesses ofabstraction and
inference . This will have tobeextended toinclude the formation of
new rules for the recognition ofobjects orstates ofthe perceived

-24-
world . Typical signals are optical signals liKe pictures ,sound
signals (e.g. speech )and directly generated electric signals (e.g.
process data ,medical data ).
Studies ofnatural systems intheir own right are also ofimportance
intwo distinct ways . First one may expect toderive many useful
lessons from the study ofnatural systems for signal processing and
unerstanding ,since the human being is,and islikely toremain for
some time ,the best system for speech and image understanding .
Secondly ,there may beuseful components that can be ,atleast partly ,
based onbiological materials .
The architecture ofAIP systems and the functionality ofthe interface
must begeared towards human cognitive processes . They must support
and encourage the team behaviour ofgroups ofpeople using AIP
systems .
The demand for personal workstations for awide spectrum of
application has led toastrong demand for superior human interfaces :
wider display ofcontext ,more control bythe user ,consistency of
command structure must beprovided and learning bydoing must be
supported .
Research into architectures and interfaces with .desirable
characteristics will have tobebased onresults ofapplied psychology
which will have tobecomplemented byfurther research . Models of
cognitive behaviour ofindividuals and social behaviour ofgroups must
lead todesign guidelines capable ofpractical use .
Specific research areas proposed are :
Short-term :studies ofhuman behaviour toidentify desired design
features and undesired weaknesses ininterface products ,
studies ofnatural systems toensure optimum design of
feature extraction andunderstanding logic ,
studies of alternative formal representations of
knowledge about the external world ,
algorithms and architectures forsignal analysis ,
pattern matching techniques ,e.g. dynamic programming and
relaxation , =
recognition ofconnected spoken words drawn from large
vocabularies .

-25-
multi-dimensional signal processing for process
automation
Medium-term :scene and movement analysis ,
ideal speech synthesis from text ,
selection of'candidates' forrecognition with associated
probabilities ,
feedback over stages inarecognition process ,
correlation between physical characteristics and
extracted features ,and the information content ofthose
features ,
automated description ofcomplex signal patterns .
Long-term :feature extraction under control ofanexpert system ,
general-purpose image understanding system ,
role ofinference inhuman recognition processes ,
description ofobserved scenes inlinguistic terms ,
extraction ofthe semantics ofinflexion ,intonation etc .
ofhuman speech .
Information /Knowledge Storage andUsage
Database technology has reached considerable maturity ,with large
distributed databases atanearly stage ofexploitation .Inknowledge
bases information isstored that embraces judgement ofsignificance
and value ,together with rules for interpretation ; meta-rules may
control the application ofrules . Inpointer structured databases or
relational data bases ,access methods perform dereferencing ofaccess
criteria ;methods for automatic dereferencing inknowledge bases are
not yet clear .
The main work will be to establish the interfaces ,languages ,
hardware ,and software technology which are required for the
construction ,distribution ,functional partitioning andhierarchic (or
other )structuring ofdata bases and knowledge bases ,including
formulation ofinference and data query accesses ,atlevels ranging
from human visible tothose internal tothe newgeneration ofsystems .

-26-
There isashortfall infilestore device performance visiDle even now ;
with 50MIP processors which will beonthe market within adecade ,
filestore device performance will become aserious bottleneck . Data
transfer rates must beimproved ,with drastic reduction inrandom
access times even for large filestores inthe1-10 Gbyte range .
Some new technologies offile storage calling for research include
•optical store ,possibly using holographic techniques ,and stores made
oforganic materials using "biological "methods offabrication that
should allow very fine interconnection paths and thus highly compact
construction . Areduction offeature sizes from the current 10000
Angstroem to20Angstroem , 'and in,three dimensional structures ,would
allow volumetric capacities for RAMS 10**8 better .than the best
current VLSI components .
Computer Architecture
The completely new economics oflogic ,storage cells and their inter­
connection brought about byVLSI make itpromising tolook for
processing and data handling models with the following properties :
-fewcell types with ahigh degree ofreplication
-computational locality in (groups of)cells
-short and regular control and data flow
-minimal use ofhigh fanout /wire orroutes
-highly contextual inter-cell /group /node communication
-high degrees ofasynchronous concurrency among cells /groups /nodes .
The conventional approach toprogramming using classical algorithmic
languages may beinadequate tocope with the size orcomplexity of
applications using knowledge based systems .
Applicative or •functional languages (LISP isanearly and still
outstanding example )are based more firmly onmathematically well
understood foundations . They map into computational models free of
side effects andwith ahigh degree oflocality ofreference .Their
attributes match closely with thecharacteristics required toexploit
theopportunities and toavoid thephysical limitations ofVLSI ;
Some advances have been made inthe development ofalgorithms ,logic
and functional languages ,innumerical processing and insoftware
engineering tosupport theuse ofparallel architectures .However ,in
order toexploit very highly parallel architectures that are made
available byVLSI ,considerably more research inthis area isneeded
todevelop algorithms that allow forparallel evaluation andlanguages
andenvironments andsupport this .

-27-
Parallel architectures ,particularly using VLSI ,call for ahigh
computing /communication ratio . Therefore , the information
communicated (within achip ,between chips ,between units )must be
highly contextual (toconstrain its bulk ), and only very simple
mechanisms for effecting communications will beacceptable . Many
interconnection forms are known ,and will beevaluated toestablish
thebest cost /performance compromises .
It isproposed that the research be focused on five specific
categories ofmachine architecture :
-database machines ,based onnew architectures ;
-ultracomputers ,consisting ofthousands ofinterconnected elements ,
each being aspowerful astoday 'scomputers ;
-data-flow machines ,using theprinciple ofsingle assignment ;
-inference machines ,special-purpose machines dedicated todeductive
operations ;
-highly parallel dedicated non-programmable special purpose
functional units .
Particularly relevant will be the development of languages and
interfaces which provide an optimal method of expression of
computational and inferential models ,based on "reduction "and "data
flow "techniques . These languages and models will have toinclude
capability for fuzzy ,non-deterministic and probabilistic problem
specification and solution ; they also need mechanisms for highly
efficient and secure object sharing inhigh performance systems .
Design Objective and Methods
ι
The use ofcomputers increasingly has direct effects onthe lives of
individuals andgroups ,onthebusiness ofcorporate bodies and onthe
conduct ofgovernment .Aspects oftrustworthiness ,correctness and
reliability asqualities ofcomputing systems attain prime importance .
Rigorous approaches tospecification and design that can beturned
systematically into provably correct implementations ,auditing qf
actual systems inuse and high level consistency checks are areas in
need ofwork . technology assessment ofrisk rules ,expert system
validation mechanisms and methods offormal proof must also be
studied .Ascontinuous operation ofsystems must beprovided ,fault
tolerance and online monitoring and repair techniques ofsystems at
allsecurity levels need tobeprovided :computer system security has
tobeimproved tocounter penetration attempts .

-28-
Inthe area ofVLSI design ,circuit complexity isgrowing toalevel
very hard tomaster . Formal design methods and tools need tobe
developed toallow rapid design ofcomplex chips .Only with "silicon
compilers "which incorporate substantial engineering knowledge and
enable designers tospecify their circuits at ahigh level of
abstraction from the physical implementation will itbepossible to
develop chips ofincreasing complexity for information technology e.g.
inconsumer goods .
Conclusions
-The sheer scale of resources ,the dependence on other large
programmes like VLSI and consideration ofsecond sourcing make
action onaEuropean level necessary .
-The work can only bedone onaEuropean scale since amarket ofthe
size ofthe whole European Community isrequired for anadequate
return oninvestment .
-Anearly agreement oncommon standards tobeused intheprogramme
isvital .
-The research should bestarted now ,inspite ofthe fact that
businesses have barely started toanalyse potential markets for the
new types ofproducts that must emerge .
-The early stages of European AIP research will have to
concentrate onestablishing communication between the few highly
qualified groups ofresearchers inthe field inEurope asawhole . ■
Inthe later stages -ofAIP development ,increased levels of
investment will beneeded . -

-29-
(Textdeleted )
?

-30-
6.Technology Objectives forOffice Automation
6.1Office Environment and Needs
The long term challenge for Office Technology istosupport the
wide range of non-deterministic tasks performed by
"knowledge workers ". Aprerequisite tothat end isanin-depth
understanding ofthe related functions and processes .Knowledge
workers will expect office technology to augment their ,
intellectual capability and sotoextend their own performance
and improve their effectiveness . This implies easy -to-use and
safe equipment ,including integrated handling ofvarious forms of
communications -data ,text ,voice ,graphics ,video ,and value
.added facilities in terms of work management as well as
decision-making processes (knowledge management ),together with
better access toexternal (including public )information when
working inthe office ortoinformation inthe office when
outside . Bycontrast with secretarial and clerical employees ,
professionals -work onawide variety oftasks that change
dynamically with business conditions and perceived demands and
opportunities . The way inwhich their complex tasks interact
within overall office procedures involving mutual support of
various interrelated functions ispoorly understood .
6.Definition ofObjectives
6.2 The definition ofobjectives for office automation and their
translation into opportunities ishighly dependent upon local
cultural considerations and ismade difficult because welack a
related scientific discipline . Tounderstand the interplay of
human factors ,technical possibilities and their educational ,
sociological and industrial consequences requires skills seldom
previously encountered inour organisations' .Technology alone is
not sufficient . Human beings are intimately involved with the
systems weenvisage and attempts tointroduce them without taking
account ofthe cultural background and the expectations ofthe
users will result infailure .
While research onhardware technology will still beneeded to
provide adequate support tooffice system concepts , it is
becoming clear that architectural and software considerations
will require most attention from the research community before
information technology can be widely accepted in the
office .Beyond this ,itisthe impact ofthe integration ofman
and information technology which isthe most critical unknown in
determining therate ofintroduction ofnew office equipment .

-31-
Interfacing man ana computer and computer networks will change
the world dramatically if we look into the further future .
Therefore ,itseems unacceptable tostart intensive research anc
development onman machine interfacing without also studying its
impact onthe individual (e.g. education ,self-respect ofthe
human being ),onthe professional environment (e.g. number of
jobs ,quality ofwork )and onsociety (e.g. impacts onthe
educational system ,ondemocracy ).
With this perspective ,five main research areas are considered :
-Office system Science aprerequisite tothe structural ana­
lysis ofoffice procedures and the design ofwell conceived
office products and systems ; ;
Three product areas ,which cover the three basic office
activities (creation /distribution ,transmission ,and
storage /retrieval ofinformation );
-Office Work-stations where document creation and distribu­
tion and man/machine interfaces are prime concerns ;
-Office Communication Systems including integrated text-
voice -image -video communication and value-added functions ;
-Office Filing and Retrieval Systems -with emphasis onease
ofaccess toandretrieval ofthe "Knowledge ",not just the
information ,that 'isstored inthesystem .
And afifth area :
-Human Factors ,encompassing allaspects ofthe interactions
between man and information handling systems .
Interrelationships between all five areas are reflected
hereunder :
Office System Science
Work1 !"Office ! IOffice
Stations I ICommunication | |Filing
I System I ISystem 1
Human Factors
ι

FIG.1.1
CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGY
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Market jWorld J
Opportunity jMarketSj
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"Banking""Governmentl and "Distrib.Manuf.
"Finance" Admin" Service Indust." -Heavyr 1i– 1i11i|ii––ii
Lar9elrr~–-r~i n:–'■..Ii^.ilc'^Clearing Industrial Specialty Depart.l-ooaBanks [Banks Chains Stores|[Warehouses
Germany IFrance\ y/
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(Germany
I

-32-
6.3 Outline ofR&D (subprogrammes )
Ithas oeen said earlier that there is no formalized
science ofoffice automation . Even aclear definition and
anagreed glossary ofterms are lacking .This deficiency
has resulted ,sofar ,in:
-unstructured approaches toindividual customer pro­
blems
-implementation ofoffice aids for the more mechanical
tasks rather than higher level automation
-inability tomeasure resulting cost effectiveness
To'overcome this situation ,there is aclear need to
develop acoherent approach that would help :
-analyse office functions and classify office types
accordingly
-prioritize requirements andoptimize resulting aeve-
'lopment schedules
~develop products tobemore easily tailored toa
given office type and allow for standards toreflect
more closely theuser needs
-define turn-key offices inwhich terminals and soft­
ware would besupplied for agiven set ofusers with
minimal requirement for customization .
6.3.1 Office System Science
Five subprogramme elements will beconsidered under the Office
System Science programme :
1.agree aninitial Glossary ofterms for Office system
Science
2.develop aClassification ofBusinesses . Functional
analysis ofoffice functions will lead tothe definition
ofalibrary tobeused asabasis toclassify European ,
North American ,World businesses into classes featuring
maximum commonalities inthe functions they contain

-33-
3.Develop High Level Languages oftwo types :
-aFunctional Description Language todescribe the func­
tions ofanoffice
-anOffice Specification Language tobeused for turn-key
office design
The definition ofthese languages should -bebased onthe
analysis of the requirements of existing and future
offices and validated against them .
4.Create an Office Simulator based on the Functional
Description Language above and allowing for the various
classes ofoffices tobemodelled for the purpose of
•simulation ofexisting orfuture offices ,cost /benefit
analysis ,...
5.Conduct several Field Trials in diversified office
environments toverify the correctness ofthe analysis and
results ofthe overall programme . Trial systems should
also ,include testing sociological effects and make a
prediction ofwider economic /social consequences ofoffice
automation .
6.3.2 Subprogramme 2-Office Workstation
Work stations will have tointerface with avariety ofusers and
systems and encompass a wide range of character­
istics /functions /technologies :
-Input /output technologies intheform of
.multifunction (flat )displays '
.paper interface (printout andscanning )
.voice input /output ranging from voice command tofull
speech interpretation
-Local high density storage (text ,graphics ,voice ,images )
-Ergonomic considerations forgood user acceptance
-High level languages suitable for document description or
"natural "interaction with thesystem .
Inall cases themain motivation istoprovide the user ,byan
easy adaptation ofnormal work habits ,with improved support ,
compared with the tools and human assistance previously
available ,

FIG.1.2
OFFICE SYSTEMS SCIENCE PROGRAMME
Objective :
theono
^Xc^>onSmth's/,
Cla$s
Pe"pendent
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Underlined Phrases =
"Phrases inquotes"=Layertitle
Examples onthelayer

-34-
-Input /output technologies should provide thesupporting media
toenter /retrieve "electronic documents to/from the system
with reduced requirements for physical paper support ;this
ability tocombine theuseofseveral modes (handwritten or
vocal annotation oftexts ,documents etc.)will beanother at­
tractive feature .
>-Local high density storage will provide the user with anelec­
tronic document cabinet ofhis own under his full control with
minimal dependency onthemore comprehensive system(s )to
which hemay beconnected .
-Ergonomics ,bytheir very nature ,are meant toprovide for at­
tractive equipment that will fit comfortably into anoffice
environment and feature well designed man/machine interfaces .
-High level languages foreasy document description (textual ,
vocal orpictorial )and "natural "user interaction with the
work station areprerequisites tobroad user acceptability .
Sub Programme Objectives
Eight sub programme elements will beconsidered inrelation to
Office Work Station input /output technologies .
-Multifunctional Flat Display ,along term project with the
ultimate objective todevelop prototypes ofboth "paper-like "
and large fixed high definition screens .
ι
-Hard Copy Printout to explore the various technologies
involved inthe design ofsmall ,low cost ,silent ,fast ,high
resolution printers .
-Scanning Devices including basic technology and pattern
recognition functions for aprototype which would match the
characteristics oftheprinters above .
-Voice Input /output with objectives ranging from discrete
vocal commands /prompts tofull free speech recognition .
-High Density Storage encompassing research onoptical disk
systmes and media aswell asfeasibility assessment ofnew
magnetic and electronic storage techniques .
-Ergonomics with the recommended implementation ofaninter­
disciplinary ergonomic laboratory . -

-35-
-Office Document Languages for the definition (in close
cooperation with the related Office Filing System research
project )ofafamily offormal content-driven languages for
the representation ofabroad spectrum ofactual documents .
-Interface Languages including "natural "languages (that is
natural totheuser ),graphic languages tohandle -pictorial
data bases and research onknowledge architecture .
6.3.3 Office Communication
Office communication presents awide range ofpossible long lead
time research projects .These are technological advances needed
inmicroelectronics and infibre optics ,and there isresearch
necessary onprinciples offuture communication systems like the
wideband LAN .However ,beside these technical problems ,there
are non technological problem areas ,which have tobeworked at
inorder tosupport the progress of office communication
systems : the requirements ofoffice communication have tobe
explored more systematically toget amore solid basis for
future telecommunication systems design ,•the special aspects of
human interface with communication have tobestudied ,the
possible future relationship of the PTT 'sto new local
communication systems have tobeconsidered ,there are new
languages and operating system facilities necessary in
connection with distributed networks and finally strategies have
tobefound for structuring communication networks inthe non
PTT regulated private office area .
Within this scope ofpossible research activities the panel
formulated four proposals which were believed tocover some key
issues onoffice communication .
One ofthose proposals isdedicated tothe fundamental question ,
how toprovide acommon communication system for all office
communication needs . This question becomes more and more
urgent ,since non-voice communication will beneeded atalmost
every desk inthe future and video communication isonitsway .
Another proposal addresses the application ofoptical fibre ina
decentralized LAN and all the technological problems related to
this .

-36-
The third and fourth proposals intend toadvance the standar­
dization ofvalue added communication services inthe form of
mail box based messaging for text ,image and voice and for
public information systems inaugurated using interactive
videotex .

-37-
6.3.4 Subprogramme 3 :Office Filing Systems
Adequate filing /retrieval capabilities are perhaps even more
crucial tosatisfactory office operation than any other major
function (document creation /distribution orcommunications ).
The substitution ofelectronic /magnetic /optical technology for
paper filing has hardly occured however as data storage
management techniques have proved tobeinadequate for office
filing systems .
Problems tobeovercome encompass :
-extensive range ofthe types ofinformation tobestored in
the system (text ,graphics ,but also large amounts ofnon-
coded information like voice and image )
-need toaccess loosely structured ,mixed information viewed as
part ofthe same entity bythe user
-unstructured retrievals implying content defined linkage
between entities
-untrained "intolerant "users ,unwilling toaccept system
characteristics that donot appear "natural ".
The definition ofaformal language for describing documents of
different types iskey tothenecessary generality ,portability
and machine independance ofdocuments (seealso 4.3.2 ,"Office
Workstation ").
Improvements tooffice operations resulting from the use of
electronic filing could benumerous :
-faster access capability from (remote )work stations
-content-addressability ofthe stored information (ability to
retrieve adocument ,for example , "onbiogenetics and
published byStanford University ... probably around February
1981 "instead ofhaving tospecify file index XYZ )
-automatic "hidden "management of the stored information
(journalising ,archiving ,purging ,...)

-38-
-reduced dependency onhuman memory ofrelevant material
-better control ofinformation access interms ofsecurity or
inrespect ofthe relevant distribution ofinformation .
Sub Programme Objectives
The Office Filing system programme will focus onfive areas :
1.Development ofData Base Model allowing for thedescription of
both the content and the structure ofobjects (images ,
documents ,vocal comments ,...) within anintegrated frame­
work ,and for the development ofadequate access techniques
(access conflicts ,access control ,...)
Aprototype system involving work stations and services will
bedeveloped and actual experiments will beconducted
2.Very High Speed Filtering of large unstructured files
providing for content addressability including full text
search ,graphics and sketchy images ,fuzzy matching ,file
relationships between documents ,...
Prototypes ofpersonal and centralized filing systems will be
built atthe term ofthis 6year project .
I
3.Office Filing Ergonomics with the objective to define
requirements for easy use ofthe filing system bythe average
office worker and toimplement the tools tosatisfy these
requirements .
4.Optical Disk technology will befurther explored (encoding
techniques ,error corrections mechanisms )asananswer to
requirements for the storage oflarge amounts of (non-coded )
information .Another objective will be to demonstrate a
rewritable digital optical disk that will -combine thebenefits
ofcurrently available magnetic and optical techniques .
5.Afamily ofOffice Document Languages for the description ofa
wide range ofactual office documents will bedeveloped that
will berepresentative ofthedocument content rather than the
document presentation . This effort will becomplemented
through the implementation oflanguage processors for the
translation from one office document language /dialect into
another . ;

-3S-
6.3.5 Hurr.an Factors inthe Office
Human cognitive capabilities can be extended by using an
appropriate approach ofinterfacing information technology to
the human brain .Whereas intraditional areas ofautomation the
motoric skills ofthe human have been analyzed indetail and
machines have been built knowing these facts ,incognitive
processing our knowledge of the human brain and the human
information processing isvery limr.ted .Toset upthebase for
acomplementory technology aprogramme onman machine interface
isurgently needed toconsider both computers and human beings
inall their common aspects .
1.Studies oncognitive psychology
Indepth studies ofrational information processing inthe
brain are needed .
2.Developing knowledge engineering
Research projects should bestarted toinvestigate knowledge
concepts inmodern applications ofinformation ,technology
(e.g. consumer oriented data banks (viewdata ),home banking ,
CAD ,etc .).
3.Designing context accepting languages
Research incontext accepting languages has tobestimulated .
4.Implementing machine image handling
Research isnecessary toallow for more complex operations on
the total image available totheuserT'
5.Approaches tosystems thinking inergonomics
Research isnecessary toestablish aconcept for designing
man machine interfaces considering allrelevant factors .
6.iraining ofrobots
People atwork stations will increasingly control processes
instead ofbit patterns . Research inthis area isneeded .
Toavoid the danger that cognitive and motoric information
processing will hot besufficiently integrated inthe .future .

-40-
7.Designing self-explaining systems
Research isneeded toestablish common agreed rules and
strategies for self-explaining machines .
8.Projects onartificial intelligence
Activities are needed stimulating research inartificial
intelligence asabasic discipline from which new conepts
will spread tocomputing .

-41-
7. ■Technology Objectives forComputer Integrated Manufacturing
7.1 Introduction
Thegeneral concept ofcomputer integrated manufacturing (CIM )
refers in ageneric sense to the overall and systematic
computerization ofthe manufacturing process . The automatic
factory isthe ultimate result of the application ofthis
concept tomanufacturing plant and ancillary equipment .
7.2 The specific goals oftheproposed long lead time R&Dprogramme
are :
1.Toacquire the basic knowledge from which toestablish the
principles and rules bywhich future components oftotal
systems for cost effective computer aided discrete parts
manufacturing will bedesigned .
Significant progress towards reaching this goal must be
achieved before the problems tobestudied inthe area of
Integrated Systems Architectures can befully defined . It
isplanned tomeet this need bymeans ofthe Pilot project
"Design Rules for computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems "
that isdescribed inthe Annex II .
2.The generation oftotal system architectures allowing users
toadapt easily tocomputer integrated manufacturing ina
progressive manner ,according totheir own specific needs
and situations .
3.Toensure that thenew CIM technology can beused with equal
benefits bysmall ,medium and large ,companies ,manufacturing
insmall aswell asinlarge-scale mass production modes .
7.3 Outline ofR&D
The programme covers the following problem areas forResearch
and Development .
A.Integrated Systems Architecture
There are at present no guidelines or international .
standards available for the design of CIM system
architectures (seegoal 1above ).

-42-
New and innovative conceptual approaches are required in
order toclosely match the overall system architecture to
the total manufacturing process from initial product
development ,product design ,production planning and
control , .real-time control ofproduction equipment through
toinventory control and sales .
B.System and General Software
This isthe largest area interms ofR&D effort .Acommon ,
well structured approach toallofthetopics covered , (see
7.3.2 below ),isconcerned with :
-identifying classes ofmethodologies and rules for all of
the production processes for which itisenvisaged that
aided design andcontrol facilities can beprovided .
-developing techniques for formulating and specifying such
methodologies and rules .
-defining requirements for integrating appropriate metho­
dologies and rules into CIM systems and sub systems .
-defining and formalising ,bymethodologies andrules ,the
interactions between different parts of the total
production process .
-identifying and formulating modular structures (system
architectures )for ,and modules /sub systems of,the
various major system elements (e.g. CAD ,CAE ,CAM ,
CAT/CAR )ofthe total production process .
ι I
C.Machine Control
Some ofthe key 'problems tobeaddressed inthis ■area are
centred on :
-Real time capture and processing of complex three
dimensional "images ". These "images "will beused as
"sensoring inputs "for alarge range ofapplications in
CIM systems .
-Methods for interpreting complex "images "atspeeds which
make feasible closed loop control , testing and
inspection .

-43-
-Methods ofintegrating complex image .and other sensor
derived control information into the overall control
structures ofautomated production processes and systems ,
e.g. assembly ,machining ,forming .
Development ofhigh speed "algorithmic "VLSI process on
elements .Adapting A.I. techniques for "factory floor "
implementation e.g. coordinate robot systems .
-Definition and realisation of sensors and measuring
systems for real time applications .
-Methodologies for designing computer process control
algorithms for assembly and other processes and machine
control .
Aconsiderable amount of R&D in this area is being
undertaken byboth industry anduniversity groups within the
Community . However there are very few signs ofactual
industrial systems . There isplenty of evidence that
?American and Japanese efforts inthis general area are well
inadvance inthis respect . Pilot Project "Process of
Production Control based onReal Time Imaging Systems "will
bring together and significantly extend the present ,
disparate and uncoordinated ,efforts inthis area . The
project has two very important long term benefits :
1.Itrequires and encourages ahigh level ofscientific
and industrial collaboration because itcalls upon a
number ofdisciplines tobe brought together in a
systematic approach to the solution of some very
important problems affecting all the areas ofR&Din this
field .
2.The results will be ofgreat value to the whole
I.T.community interms ofknowledge and capability and
also inmethods offuture collaboration .
D.Advanced Components
This area isconcerned mainly with problems inthe fields of
sensors and microelectronic sub systems .
-Sensors . Itiscrucial for the development ofadvanced
manufacturing systems that the requisite sensors (with
their concomitant signal processing and computational
facilities )areavailable when they areneeded .Progress

-44-
inthis area ispivotal to the future development of
realisable advanced manufacturing automation systems .
Typical problems are those ofnon-contact digital output
sensors for 3dimensional imaging and measurement for real
time applications ;sensors for detecting tool wear under
real time conditions ;robust high resolution tactile
sensors ,etc .
Microelectronic sub systems aimed atintegrating entire
control sub system ::onto single I.C. chips . The
innovation of such devices ,is akey to competitive
realisation ofmany CIM sub systems ,particularly inthe
field of Flexible manufacturing . It isplanned to
specify , "build and test experimental devices asPilot
project No .7.14 ."Integrated Microelectronic Sub-Systems
for Plant Automation "described inAnnex II .
Afurther area for investigation and implementation is
Advanced Development Centres
Models ofoperation are proposed asastimulus forkeeping
the recommended R&D programme properly goal oriented ,and
as aconsequence of the multi-vendor nature of CIM
development and manufacture . It issuggested that a
number ofadvanced development centres beimplemented and ,
where they already exist ,beaugmented ,inorder to
demonstrate advanced computer integrated manufacturing
systems . The advanced development centres would
eventually form the basis for more permanent research
centres orcentres ofexcellence ,where further research
and development could evolve and also anindustry advisory
service would beprovided .These centres would also serve
as test benches for experi -ments and evaluation of
computer integrated manufacturing techniques and for
training and education . Work atthe centres should be
undertaken as acollaborative effort between private
companies and universities or other public research
institutions . Bylocating such centres indifferent
member states long-term cooperation between researchers
from within the ,Community and elsewhere would be
facilitated and enhanced .

-45-
7.3.1 Integrated Systems Architecture covers :
-identification and development ofoverall integrated system
structures for data processing and data transmission inand
control ofCIM systems for discrete parts ,
-data-base systems for engineering data oftotal product
models ,
–aata-base management systems aiming atensuring therequired
data con-jnunication between the components ofthe integrated
manufacturing system and the data-bases .
7.3.2 System and General Software covers :
-computer aided design /computer aided engineering systems
aiming at animproved design process both inrespect of
starter design time andaccuracy ,and atestablishing total
product models for subsequent use invarious stages' ofthe
manufacturing process ,
-computer aidea manufacturing systems aiming atformulating
modular CAM system structures allowing for all types of
applications inall sectors ofindustry ,
-computer aided testing /computer aided repair ,aiming at
cost-effective improvement ofproduct quality ,
-command languages aiming at developing software modules
capable of generating control programmes from
design /production /test simulation data for robot
manipulators ,computer numerically -controlled machine tools
and flexible manufacturing systems .
7.3.3 The Machine control area covers :
-automated assembly and asembly operating systems aiming at
establishing fully automatic assembly systems ,
-robot operating systems where future areas for robot
applications will pose different requirements from those
being met today ,
-imaging (global and control )where -future systems will be
required touse complex images as "sensory input "for CIM
applications insuch areas asassembling ,machining ,testing ,
etc .

-46-
-computer numerically controlled machine tools (CNCMachines )
where new application areas within metal forming and other
mechanical engineering industries are expected totake place .
7.3.4 The Advanced Components Area covers :
-sensors ,where progress isconsidered necessary for the
future development of advanced automated manufacturing
systerns 9
-microelectronic sub systems aiming at integrating entire
control subsystems onto single chips (Pilot Project No....).
7.3.5 Advanced Development Centres
should initially cover atleast three important areas such as :
-production of heavy ,precision machined parts or sub­
assemblies for machine tools orengines ,
-batch production of electromechanical products such as
household appliances ,
-production ofhigh precision components orsub-assemblies
such asmedical instruments ,
and will also provide "onthe job ,r-'training and education
services for engineers ,technicians andmanagement .

ANNEXIJJ
COUNCIL RESOLUTION
of
onpilotprojects 1f<S>rresearch anddevelopment inthenew
information technologies
THECOUNCIL OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
HavingregardtotheTreatyestablishing theEuropean Economic Community ,
Whereas byitsResolution of14January 1974theCouncil invited the
Commission todefineprojects ofinterest totheCommunity inthefield
ofscience andtechnology ;
Whereas theneedtodevelop scientific andtechnical research at
Community levelwasstatedbytheCouncil ofMinisters on9November 1981
andtheHeadsofStateorGovernment on26and27November 1981 ;
Whereas theoverall Community strategy results fromthecreation and
implementation ofageneral framework programme ofcommonscientific and
technical activities ;whereas amongstthebasicoptions proposed bythe
Commission fortheframework programme the"promotion ofindustrial
competitiveness "callsforspecial support measures ;whereas the
development ofthenewinformation technologies isaspecialobjective ,
especially astheymustbackupandenhance theefficiency ofthe
Community 'sresearch andinnovation capability ,essential factors for
,European industrial competitiveness ;
Whereasitisnecessary tomakeanurgentstartonastrategic Community
research anddevelopment programme ontheinformation technologies in
coordination withnational programmes ,asrequested bytheheadsofState
andGovernment on28and29June1982andbytheCouncil on30June1982,
HEREBY ADOPTS THISRESOLUTION :
1.TheCouncil notestheCommission 'sintention tosubmit assoonas
possible aproposal forastrategic research anddevelopment programme
ontheinformation technologies andwilltakeadecision onthis
proposal intimetoallowtheprogramme tobelaunched atthe
beginning of1984.
2.TheCouncil isoftheopinion thatpilotprojects willenablethe
Commission toobtainthenecessary experience fortheimplementation
ofthisCommunity programme andviewswithfavourtheCommission 's
intention toundertaking in1983thepilotprojects detailed
elsewhere .

CONCLUSIONS OFTHEEUROPEAN COUNCIL
OF28AND29JUNE1982
Economie and_soc|a l_situation^_inyestment_Egli cy
TheEuropean Councildiscussed theeconomic andsocial
situation onthebasisoftheCommission report.Itconfirmed
theconclusions ithadreached :inMarchregarding aco­
ordinated policyforcombating unemployment bypromoting
productive investment ,increasing competitiveness andproductivity
aswellasthedevelopment ofaCommunity industrial strategy
basedonatechnology andinnovation policy.Itagreed
tostepupeffortsinthefollowing area:
Modermzat2on_gf Eurooean économie structures
•Thisobjective canbeattained onlyifinvestment isdeveloped
purposefully .Inlinewithitsconclusions inMarch,the
European Council welcomed withinterest theguidelines
proposed bytheCommission initsreport.
I
ItcallsupontheMemberStatestotakeaccount ofthe
priority tobegiventodeveloping investment whenformulating
theireconomic andbudgetpoliciesVItasksforpractical
proposals foritsDecember meeting.
,. ■. .! I:
Inadditionitlooksforwardtoproposals forthedevelopment
ofnewtechnologies ,particularly onthebasisofthe
Communication oftheCommission oninformation technology .

AnnexIVt>
CONCLUSIONS OFTHEPRESIDENCY OFTHERESEARCH COUNCIL
30JUNE1982
Onthebasisofacommunication fromtheCommission onastrategic
researchprogrammeininformation technology,theCouncilheld
apolicydebateonthisarea,whichiscrucialforthefuture
ofEuropeanindustry.
Atthecloseofthedebate,thePresident drewthefollowing
conclusions :
1.TheCouncilnotedtheneedforaCommunity programmefor
R&Dininformation technology,co-ordinated withnational
programmes,inordertoincreasethecompetitiveness of
theindustries concerned .
2.TheCouncilsimilarlytooknoteoftheneedtogetsuch
aprogrammeoffthegroundasamatterofurgency,given
thestateofcompetition onworldmarketsandthefact
thatEuropeisfallingbehindinthisfield.
3.TheCouncilrecordeditsinterestinreceivingthedetailed
proposals,tobesubmitted bytheCommission inJuly1982,
forpilotschemeswhichareduetobeinitiatedinJanuary
1983.'
TheCouncilshouldtherefore actbeforetheendofthe
1983budgetaryprocedure ontheproposalsforpilotschemes.
4.TheCouncilnotedwithsatisfaction thattheCommission
intendstoconsultthecirclesconcerned whenitdraws
uptheprogramme andtomakesurethatrelevantundertakings
includingsmallandmedium-sized undertakings ,aswell
asresearchinstitutes anduniversities takepart.