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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
C O M (84) 614 final 
Brussels, 13 November 1984
T O W A R D S  A  E U R O P E A N  P O L IC Y  F O R  T H E  R A T IO N A L  U S E  O F  E N E R G Y  
IN  T H E  B U IL D IN G  S E C T O R
(Communication from the Commission to the Council)
C O M (84) 614 final

TOWARDS A EUROPEAN POLICY FOR THE RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY  
IN THE BUILDING SECTOR
C O N T E N T S
INTRODUCTION 1
The building sector in the E E C  1
Objectives and challenges of a European policy for the 
rational use of energy in the building sector; 1
GUIDELINES FOR ACTION 5
Promoting the thermal auditing of buildings 5
Technical improvements and regulations 5
Optim um  use of funds 12
User information and behaviour 14
CONCLUSIONS 17

BACKGROUND STATEMENT
R e :  "For a European policy of rational use of energy in the building sector" 
(Communication from the Commission to the Council)
-|1. O n  9 June 1980, the Council of the European Communities adopted a resolution 
concerning new  lines of com m on action regarding the energy saving. This resolu­
tion defined the guidelines of an outline programme and recommended all M em ber 
States to take a series of measures to encourage the rational use of energy in 
the building sector.
2. The activities carried out by the M em ber States in the field of energy have been
2recently analysed by the Commission . Several actions have also been carried 
out at the Community level in the same field.
3. From  the energy point of view, the building sector, domestic and tertiary , is 
the most significant, regarding its energy consumption (38%  of the total con­
sumption of the Community) as well as saving potential (approximately 5 0 %  of the 
total saving potential of all sectors).
4. The Commission believes that the exploitation of this savings potential in the 
building sector (potential estimated to 75 M io TOE/year of primary energy saving 
at the horizon 1995) is possible by w ay of rational use of energy, itself 
encouraged by the general extension of on-going activities and the communion of 
efforts at the private, public, national and Community levels.
5. After having recorded the economic importance of the building sector in the E E C  
and the objectives and gains that such a European policy implies, this C om m uni­
cation lays dow n som e guidelines for action based upon the forecast programmes 
of the M em ber States or of the Community :
- promotion of the thermal auditing of buildings;
- technical improvements and regulations;
- optimal usage of financial resources;
- information and users' behaviour.
6. The objectives and the energy saving potential are described in A nnex A . The 
present situation in the sector (energy consumption; prices policy; regulations 
and actions at the Community and at the M em ber States level) is described in 
A nnex B . A  methodology for the thermal diagnosis is described in A nnex C . The 
actions already carried out by the Community are detailed in Annexes D  to H .
1 O JE C  C.149 of 18 June 1980
C0M(84)87; C0M(84)88; C0M (84>36 (Communications f:om the Commission to the 
Council)

-  1 -
INTRODUCTION
The building sector in the EEC
1. Together with manufacturing industry, agriculture and transport, the 
building sector (combined with civil engineering) is one of the basic 
branches of the economy in industrialized countries.
The economic ramifications of this sector, residential and tertiary, are 
extremely widespread, ranging from component manufacture (materials, 
equipment and systems) upstream to use and operation by occupants and 
managers downstream, through design (engineering) and construction proper. 
A  few s ta tistic s will put the building industry into context in the 
Community economy :
- contribution to total Community added value (building and civil 
engineering): 7 %
- directly employed workforce: 8 million
- annual investment (building): 210 thousand million E C U , broken dow n as 
follows :
new  dwellings: 90 components: 65
other n ew  buildings: 60 engineering: 1 5
maintenance and renovation: 60 construction: 130
210 210
Objectives and challenges of a European policy for the rational use of  
energy in the building sector (dowestic and tertiary)
2. W ith a final energy consumption of 248.5 million t.o .e . in 1982 (i.e. 0.9 
t.o .e. per capita) the domestic and tertiary sector accounts for over 3 8 %  
of the Community's total energy consumption. O f even greater significance 
is the fact that there is considerable potential for saving energy in this 
sector - a potential which so far has hardly been tapped. The Commission

-  2 -
estimates the possible savings at 75 million t.o .e . (of primary energy) 
per annum ; it believes that a reduction in energy use on such a scale 
can be achieved by 1995 at reasonable cost to the economy.
The economic viability of the investments required is discussed in A nnex 
A. B y  w ay of illu stratio n , it is roughly true to say that the economically 
acceptable worst case is a ten-year gross payback time, corresponding to 
an investment of 3 500 to 4 000 E C U  per t.o .e . saved annually. The average 
is about four years, corresponding to an investment of about 1  500 E C U  per 
t.o .e . saved annually.
3. A bove and beyond the objective of reducing energy consumption by 7 5  
million t.o .e . annually, the proposed action should contribute to:
- reducing the Community's dependence on energy imports and improving its
2trade balance ;
- promoting the investment of 8 000 to 9 000 million E C U  per annum in the 
building sector
- galvanizing the economic operators (manufacturers; distributors; 
contractors; consulting and other engineers). A  total of 3  million jobs
4might be affected by the programme, 400 000 of them being new;
- reducing expenditure on energy by consumers in the domestic and tertiary 
sector by 25 000 to 30 000 million E C U  per annum in 1995.
1
2
3
4About 3 0 %  of the sector's total energy consumption. See A nnex A .
In 1982 the Community's energy b ill w as 3.6% of its gross domestic product. 
See A nnex A .
Equivalent to 20 000 - 23 000 E C U  for each job created, a relatively low  
figure owing to the non-mechanized nature of m uch of the work of the 
building trades, in which labour s ti l l  accounts for a Large share of costs. 
These figures must be treated with caution, be iver, for they depend to a 
great extent on the ability of the industry "  =  respond and on its scope for 
increasing productivity.

- 3 -
4. The Last ten years have seen a variety of policies in operation at both 
M em ber State and Community Levels. There have been results, but partial 
and inadequate ones. Simply to continue present programmes without 
substantial change would be to fail to take full advantage of the 
potential for energy saving in the building sector.
The Commission is aware of the recession in the building industry as a 
sector of the economy and of the general scarcity of public resources. But 
what is at stake and in prospect for the future:
- reduction of dependence on imported energy,
- the generation of investment,
- galvanizing of the economic operators concerned,
- and a big reduction in spending on energy by m any classes of user, 
is such that it is worth making an overall effort at national and 
C ommunity Levels to realize the potential for energy saving. Previous 
efforts are worth amplifying and optimizing, and only by combining those 
efforts - private and public, national and Community, and regional and 
local especially - will m ake it possible to capitalize on past progress 
and experience.
The challenge is undoubtedly a difficult one, so diverse and dispersed are 
the decision-makers and users in this sector of the economy; the 
complexity of the matter is reflected in its m any dimensions :
- the institutional dimension: central-government agencies; regional 
authorities; local authorities; national, regional and Community 
financial institutions, both public and private;
- the socio-professional dimension: private domestic-sector users 
(sometimes formed into interest groupings), landlords, property 
management companies (the investor/user dichotomy, the diverging 
interests of landlords and tenants), private tertiary-sector companies 
(commercial, office and hotel businesses), public services (education 
and health-care establishments, offices, leisure centres), housing 
associations and companies formed to build and let controlled-rent 
housing;
- the econoai c dimension: large and' small employers in the building trade 
and independent craftsmen;
- the physical dimension: the nature and variety of types of buildings, 
climate and geographical environment.

- 4 -
In this context the M em ber States (central-government, regional and local 
authorities) and the European Economic Community have an important part to 
play in catalysing endeavours, rationalizing and expanding the most 
effective schemes of action and identifying guidelines for action in order 
to achieve a European policy for the rational use of energy in this 
sector.
5. The guidelines for action proposed by the Commission are based on earlier 
programmes already put into operation in the M em ber States or by the 
Community 5. A  detailed review of the present situation in the sector is 
set out in Annex B
T he primary aim  is to take m a x im u m  advantage of previous experience b y 
systematizing and rationalizing endeavours and by a  general raising of 
requirements for energy performance.
T he Com m ission intends particular emphasis to be placed upon:
- promotion of thermal auditing as an essential prerequisite to the 
extensive upgrading of the energy efficiency of the existing building 
stock;
- the dissemination of successful experience and preparation of a 
"reference code";
- placarding the nominal energy consumption of buildings;
- an attempt to m ake financing procedures more effective.
5The background to this communication is chiefly m ade up of :
a) A  Council Resolution of 9 June 1980 (O.J. of the European Communities N o  
C  149, 18.6.1980) recommending that all M em ber States take steps to 
promote the rational use of energy, particularly in the building sector;
b) T w o  communications from the Commission to the Council (C0M(84)87 final 
and C 0 M (84)88 final) which analyse and compare the M em ber States' energy 
policies;
c) A  communication from the Commission to the Council (C0M(84)36 final) 
comparing the M em ber States' Energy-Saving Programmes.
Energy consumption - Pricing Policy - Program m es at C om m unity and M e m b e r
State levels.6

- 5  -
GUIDELINES FOR ACTION
Promoting the thermal auditing of buildings
6. A  major obstacle to the execution of alterations to improve the energy 
efficiency of existing buildings lies in the difficulty that owners and 
occupants have in determining which forms of action are most effective in 
reducing their energy consumption.
Thermal auditing of buildings is an essential decision-making aid, for it 
provides the decision-makers concerned (local authorities, owners of 
controlled-rent housing, private individuals, etc.) with all the 
information needed to select which improvements to m ake to their 
buildings: the thermal characteristics of the building and its equipment, 
possible forms of action (energy saving and/or alternative energy 
sources), cost, energy savings and return on investment provided by each 
of the alterations envisaged. Thermal auditing can achieve its purpose 
(namely, to lead to decisions on alterations) only if it is complete and 
objective. Training schemes and stric t rules for those carrying out 
thermal auditings are essential to ensure that they are of high quality 
(reliab ility  of methods, compliance with specifications, etc.) ^
Thermal auditing is co m m o n  practice in two M em ber States, D enm ark and 
France; A nnex C  provides a good description of the methods developed in 
F  ranee.
The Commission is of the opinion that the widespread practice of thermal 
auditing is an essential prerequisite to the extensive upgrading of the 
energy performance of the existing building stock. A t present it is co m m o n  
practice in only a minority of M em ber States. A n  effective w ay of 
promoting it might be to m ake it compulsory on the occasion of every 
property transaction
^ The approximate costs of thermal auditings are as follows:
. Detached house :  250 E C U
. Apartment block, fewer than 50 dwellings: 1  500 to 3  000 E C U
. Apartment block, more than 50 dwellings: 3 000 to 5  000 E C U
. Tertiary-sector premises, less than 1  000 m 2: 500 to 1  000 E C U
. Tertiary-sector premises, 1  000 to 5  000 m 2: 1  000 to 3 000 E C U
. Tertiary-sector premises, over 5  000 m 2 : 3 000 to 5  000 E C U
QSince this  point also has regulatory implications it is taken up again in 
paragraph 16.

-  6 -
7. In order to promote the procedure whereby a thermal auditing of a building
is conducted before a coherent work programme is formulated, the
Commission proposes to put in hand an illustrative programme for upgrading
the energy performance of the public buildings in several towns in the 
9Community :
(a) selection of one or two towns with 10 000 to 40 000 inhabitants in 
each M em ber State; a list of buildings to be thermal-audited of each 
of them to be drawn up: public administrative offices, school and 
university buildings, sports centres, health-care establishments, 
etc.;
(b) thermal auditing of these buildings;
(c) assessment of the thermal auditings carried out, comparison of the 
methods employed, monitoring of illustrative projects in order to 
refine our understanding of these building categories and work out 
dissemination action which might be undertaken following the 
illu strativ e programme;
(d) public-awareness and information campaign on the methods used and the 
results of thermal auditings and illu strativ e projects in order to 
provide an incentive for all those responsible to take similar action 
on buildings managed by them.
After defining the technical requirements for thermal-auditing and the 
scope for it (i.e . the building categories to which it will apply), the 
Commission intends to finance expenditure relating to points (b), (c), and 
(d) above (Article 704 of the Budget). The estimated total cost of this 
programme is as follows:
9'Projects selected from those put forward for thermal auditing will be 
carried out by the Local Authorities concerned with specific aids from the 
M em ber States if necessary.

- 7 -
(M E C U )
(b) Thermal auditings
(c) Assessment and follow-up
(d) Information campaign1.8
0.40.3
Total 2.5
The Commission will subsequently consider the desirability of embarking 
upon further programmes on other categories of buildings: low-cost housing 
(flats), offices, large trading establishments, hotels, etc.
Technical improvements and Regulations
8. This second guideline takes m any forms and affects both new  and existing 
buildings. There are two sets of aspects:
- technical:
. specifications and harmonized methods of calculation 
. research, development and demonstration 
. reference code
- regulatory:
. energy performance of new  buildings 
. incentive schemes
. illustrative action by the authorities in respect of public 
building construction 
. energy performance of existing buildings 
. energy consumption placarding.
9. There are important needs in terms of technical specifications and
harmonized methods of calculating the energy performance of energy-saving
products, in particular to provide a guarantee of the quality and energy 
performance of components.

-  8 -
A s regards products intended for buildings (materials, components, 
equipment and systems to promote the rational use of energy) the 
Commission will set p riorities to accord with the formulation of the 
European Code for Energy Saving in Building (see paragraph 11).
The ways and means used by the Commission will include in particular the 
fa c ilitie s  provided by international bodies operating in this field (ISO, 
European Committee for Standardization, etc.).
10. The firs t Framework Programme for Community Scientific and Technical
Activities for the period 1984 to 1987 (C0M (83) 260 final), which w as the
10subject of the Council Resolution of 2 5  July 1983 , points out in the
introduction that am ong the desired objectives special importance should 
be attached to Community Research ~ Developaent and Demonstration
activ ities; regard will be had to this policy in implementing the 
proposed projects.
With regard to Research and Development, techniques to be developed will 
be reviewed in order to identify priorities for the Community programme 
fully coherent with national programmes.
A s regards Demonst ration, major programmes are already in progress in the 
building sector, at both national and Community levels. The Commission 
intends in future to give priority to the most promising fields, e.g.:
- upgrading the energy performance of large dwelling blocks, low-cost 
housing in particular;
- upgrading the energy performance of public buildings (administrative 
and office premises, school and university buildings, sports 
centres, hospitals, e tc .);
- procedures and methods which produce a substantial change in user 
behaviour (regulation and control, programming, individual billing, 
e tc .) .
With a view to ensuring that national and Community action are better 
coordinated, the Commission will continue to use the Advisory Committee 
for the Management of Demonstration Projects (A C M D P )  as a standing means
10 0J N o  C  208, 4.8.1983.

- 9 -
of joint consultation and coordination to improve the exchange of 
information on the assessment of results from the various programmes, the 
dissemination of the results and the direction to be imparted to the 
programmes.
11. The Commission will draw up a code on energy saving in building which 
will be used as a "reference code* for the entire Community. The 
reference code will bring together the technical rules, qualitative and 
quantitative, and the procedures required to achieve the optimum level of 
energy consumption possible in the building sector.
This scheme of action is justified by the wide margin between measures 
adopted by M em ber States and what is technically feasible and 
economically warranted; moreover, though major endeavours have been 
mounted in research, development and demonstration and great successes 
have been chalked up by national and Community programmes, not all have 
found practical applications - though this is their intended purpose.
A  reference code, with its objectives set at the highest level that is 
technically and economically feasible would therefore constitute:
- a standard for the effort that could s till be put in by each M em ber 
State (having regard in particular to diversity of climate);
- a target for the convergence of national policies;
- a means of supporting the translation of research results into 
practical applications;
- a valuable guide for the work of the professions, trade and industry in 
orientating their activities.
For drafting the reference code the Commission will make use of the 
feasibility study of a model European code for energy saving in space 
heating (see A nnex B, paragraph 5). O nce published by the Commission, the 
European Code, if it is to remain operative, will need to be updated and 
revised periodically.

-  10  -
12. Regulatory action is an appropriate means of i«proving the energy
performance of new buildings/ since every construction project is already
subject regulations with regard to town planning, safety, etc.
Furthermore, at very little  extra cost (about 3-5%  of the total cost of
the building), energy consumption can be reduced by at least 30% . It is
therefore economically warranted to m ake such investments mandatory,
since the return on expenditure is m uch better than with equivalentaction
11on existing buildings.
12M ost M em ber States have laws and regulations on the heat perforaance
of new buildings.  There is great variation in these regulations, however,
in terms both of methods and of the levels of energy performance
required. The Commission will examine all appropriate measures designed
for the formulation of regulations relating to m inim um  requirements for
insulation, the control of heating, ventilation and air conditioning
systems; the overall aim will be to m ake mandatory a high but
13economically warranted level of energy performance.
The European Code on Energy Saving in Building (see paragraph 11) will 
provide a yardstick for the strenthening of national regulations relating 
to n ew  buildings. In addition, the comparative survey of heat insulation 
requirements in E E C  countries published in 1978 and 1980 (see A nnex E, 
paragraph 2) will be regularly updated.
13. Schemes to encourage the construction of new buildings with improved  
energy perforwance should also be undertaken. Regulations on heating 
should be strengthened in stages, having regard to changes in energy 
ta riffs  and progress with energy-saving techniques. In the Commission's 
opinion the M em ber States should:
TT
12
13Insulation, on walls and windows in particular, is between 2  and 4  times 
less expensive during construction than when applied retrospectively. This 
would also be a forward-looking policy: 2 0 %  of buildings which will be 
standing in the year 2000 have not yet been built; most of the buildings 
now  standing will s t i l l  be in use at that time - and will s till be using 
energy several decades from now .
See C0M(84)36, Annex I, page 4, table 1.
Account will also be taken, however, of possible adverse effects: for 
example, excessive additional building costs might further aggravate the 
position of this industry, which is already in a state of crisis; hence 
the attraction of giving several years' advance notice of tighter 
regulations (see paragraph 13).

-  11  -
- give several years' notice of the coming strengthening of the
regulations, with quantitative objectives;
1 A- use a "method of calculation" for determining the energy saving 
achieved by a n ew  building with a high energy performance compared with 
a reference design built in accordance with the existing regulations, 
and to m ake provisions for the "labelling" of new  buildings with the 
best levels of performance, (e.g. buildings at least 2 0 %  more 
economical than is required by the regulations);
- run schemes vocational training for trades and professions engaged in
1 5construction (architects, engineering, contractors and craftsmen).
Arrangements along these lines would foster the development of techniques 
and processes with the highest levels of performance and open up markets 
for them, and have the effect of preparing building-industry 
professionals and the manufacturers for the introduction of strengthened 
regulations on heating and insulation.
14. The Commission is of the opinion that national, regional and local 
authorities should incorporate high levels of energy performance in  
specifications drawn up for public invitations to tender:  new  public 
buildings should set an example of the rational use of energy. The 
Commission accordingly calls on the M em ber States, if they do not already 
do so, to lay dow n requirements for energy performance in specifications 
for invitations to tender for the construction of public buildings. These 
measures could either be confined to buildings put up by the State or be 
extended to those put up by public establishments, local authorities and 
para-public bodies responsible for low-cost housing.
Should there already be regulations relating to heat performance for the 
buildings in question (residential or non-residential)  requirements 
exceeding the existing rules should be brought in. Otherwise, specific 
rules for public buildings should be laid down.
1 5This would be developed at the Commission's in itiativ e.
Action is also needed at the in itial training stage (technical schools, 
universities, etc.) to teach specific aspects of energy-saving techniques 
and the use of renewable energy sources.

-  12  -
15. Schem es for improving the energy performance of existing buildings are
based primarily o n  incentive measures, since any form  of regulation is 
difficult to frame, implement and enforce in this field. H ow ever, 
standards similar to those for n ew  buildings (see paragraph 12) should be 
laid d o w n  and heat-performance upgrading w ork should be carried out 
whenever a major refurbishment program m e is carried out o n  existing 
buildings. T he C om m ission will examine all special measures in this field 
(requirements for thermal auditing or even specific regulations w hich 
m ak e certain energy-saving modifications mandatory) in order that it m a y  
send the Council a proposal for a  directive or recommendation along these 
lines. Furthermore, the M e m b e r States should ensure that there is better 
inspection of heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems.
16. T he last field in which the Com m ission considers regulations to be of 
benefit relates to larket transparency through the placarding of nominal  
energy consumption.  T he requirement for a  thermal auditing prior to any 
property transaction w as mentioned earlier (see paragraph 6).
This measure might also be extended to n e w  buildings and include the 
mandatory production of a  certificate: either the building m eets the 
regulatory standards or it does not, in which case the certificate gives 
an itemized, quantitative list of the w ork needed. T he certificate should 
in any case state the building's nominal energy consumption.
T h e Com m ission will examine whether a  proposal for a directive along 
these lines could be sent to the Council, o n  the basis of experience with 
similar schem es run by the G overnm ent in so m e M e m b e r States.
Optimum use of funds
17. A  large num ber of program m es of financial assistance for investment in 
energy saving or substitution have been instituted b y national, regional 
or local authorities under their energy policies;

- 1 3  -
Schem es of this kind are a matter for the M e m b e r States; they can 
identify the forms of action best suited to the various categories of 
investor (Local authorities, businesses, private individuals, 
institutional Landlords).
18. T he Com m ission believes that it is necessary to seek greater
effectiveness for public aids for these national program m es and that this 
could be done by:
- examining the various financial incentives n o w  available, so that the 
m ost effective measures taken b y certain M e m b e r States can serve as 
models;
- confining aids to investments m ost effective in saving energy, i.e.
those with a  ratio of cost per t.o.e. saved below a  stated limit (w hich
will be variable according to the country and sometimes to the form  of
16energy or type of investment °) and b y  taking account as well of the 
total energy saving over the lifetime of the equipment;
- seeking to put so m e driving force behind the widespread dissemination 
of high-performance techniques or the development of w o rk  program mes: 
the Com m ission is of the opinion that the M e m b e r States should, at 
least in so m e cases, provide financial assistance for "high energy- 
performance construction projects"; such financial assistance seem s to 
be a useful m eans of encouraging owners and promoters to incur 
additional building costs, especially in the early stages as a w a y  of 
initiating the process w hich will lead to the future regulations (the 
am ount of assistance can be reduced progressively with the approach of 
the date o n  which the n e w  regulations c o m e  into force);
- giving preference to those types of w ork of greatest benefit to society 
at large;
1 6  In this connection see A n n ex  A , para. 3. Logically, "high-return" w ork 
(e.g. with a  payback period less than tw o years) should not attract 
official aids. Experience show s that these jobs are generally o n  a  small 
scale compared with those with a  payback period between e.g. tw o and ten 
years. Moreover, the dividing line between "high-return" and "m edium - 
return" is difficult to draw with any precision. A  further point is that 
m an y  jobs, particularly those with the lowest return (wall insulation, for 
example), m a y  be regarded as meeting m an y  criteria, i.e. they contribute 
not only to improving thermal performance but also to improving noise 
levels and draught proofing, the creation of improved social conditions in 
dwellings, etc. It m ust therefore be borne in m ind that energy-saving 
program m es affecting the existing housing stock m a y  also be overall 
modernization program mes for run-dow n buildings.

- 1 4  -
- providing certain classes of building ow ner or manager with strong 
motives by fulfilling objectives over and above the rational use of 
energy (improved comfort, refurbishment of run-down buildings, etc.) 
and by introducing machinery for guaranteeing the results and 
controlling the quality and cost of work;
- taking account of the specific problems affecting the trades and 
professions concerned (level of activity in the building industry, 
etc.) and of the impact o n em ploym ent of action taken;
- adopting the necessary supporting measures: training for various trades 
and professions (particularly in n ew  techniques), information and 
publicity schemes, etc.;
- using organizations or bodies to act as relays to provide local support 
and promotion for these aid programmes, thus considerably enhancing the 
impact of financial assistance, particularly for private individuals, 
small traders, etc.
19. T he am ount of funding required m akes borrowing a  necessity. T h e 
Com m ission intends accordingly:
- to reaffirm the availability of loan instruments with a  view to 
extending the financial assistance given by them; and
- to study with the European Investment B ank and the M e m b e r States' 
relevant organizations w hat changes could be m ad e to present lending 
procedures for them  to becom e better suited to the proposed guidelines 
for action.
Furthermore, action such as that conducted under the "Fonds Special de 
Grands Travaux" (FSG T , Special F u n d  for M ajor Projects), where the A gence 
Fran?aise pour la Maitrise de I'Energie acts in so m e sense as a  
transmission belt between the European Investment B ank and local 
authorities, would appear to set an example which should be m ore widely 
followed ^ .
Energy producers and distributors, and certain financial institutions, 
might also offer contracts under which investments costs are paid back b y  
the yields from the savings m ade.
1 7T he Com m ission will m ake a  detailed study of this schem e and consider the 
form  in which similar action could be taken in the other M e m b er States.

- 1 5  -
User information and behaviour
20. It is essential to collect, analyse and com pare all available data,
evaluate action taken and design and propose the m ost appropriate m ethods 
for the full dissemination of information.
W ith this in view the C om m ission proposes to set up a panel of experts 
with the following m ain tasks:
- to collect, analyse and com pare all information o n national programmes;
- to design and implement schem es for disseminating the resulting 
information, results of evaluations and analyses;
- to collect detailed macroeconomic statistics o n energy consumption;
- to follow up C om m unity objectives, directives and recommendations;
- to spell out policy guidelines for C om m unity action, ensure that they 
are coordinated with national program m es and formulate fresh proposals 
to be put to the Council.
T h e Com m ission calls o n the M e m b e r States to m ak e the assessment of their 
o w n  actions standard procedure, and to send it full information o n their 
programmes and the results from them; since such exchanges of information 
should m ak e it possible to raise the technical standards of m an y  of those 
taking part, to expedite the development of certain schemes, im prove the 
effectiveness of various program m es and reproduce successful experiments 
o n  a  wide scale.
Regarding existing C om m unity program m es (research, development and 
demonstration), results and findings will need to be widely disseminated. 
T he Com m ission has begun to hold conferences and publish papers and 
brochures o n such undertakings. This form  of action is being expanded in 
view of progress m ad e with these programmes, notably by m eans of 
computerized data sheets ( S E S A M E  sheets) which will shortly be m ad e 
available to the general public through E U R O N E T .

- 1 6  -
21. Action to change user behaviour takes a  variety of forms under national 
programmes: it m a y  be through laws, regulations, etc. (limiting 
temperature in heated buildings, limiting night lighting, etc.); but the 
chief form is that of awareness-creation and information campaigns.
Action such as this is inexpensive and m a y  be highly effective: France, 
for example, saves an estimated 1 0  million t.o.e. annually in buildings 
as a  result of changes in behaviour since 1974. T he Com m ission is of the 
opinion that M em b er States m ust continue to inform the public - 
particularly during periods w h en  real energy prices are stable or 
falling.
For large property-managers in both public and private sectors a  num ber
of forms of action could be stepped up in the M em b er States to promote
m ore economical behaviour patterns: appointment of specially trained
18energy officers, issue of guides to energy m anagem ent , introduction of 
energy accounting systems (manual or computerized) individual invoicing 
of energy expenditure, etc.
T he Com m ission will also endeavour to improve our understanding of the 
behaviour and aspirations of energy consumers and to get a  better insight 
into the likely results of various measures envisaged in order to enhance 
the effectiveness of certain forms of action taken at C om m unity or 
national level by m aking them  better adapted to the psychological and 
social character of the population groups in question.
22. Manufacturers of domestic appliances generally m ak e a  big effort to 
design m ore energy-efficient appliances. It would be logical for this 
effort to be acknowledged in information terms b y  energy-consumption 
labelling. T he aim  here is both to afford due importance to the energy- 
consumption impact of domestic appliances and to encourage the 
producers to push ahead with their efforts along these lines.
18T he Com m ission is n o w  preparing energy-management guides for health-care 
establishments and the centralized energy m anagem ent of com m unal 
buildings. A  survey of private initiatives in this field (the Com m ission 
is aware that an energy-management guide has been produced for 
supermarkets and large stores) should be carried out and the Com m ission 
should help to promote such publications at the European level.
19And, hence, to improve user awareness.

- 1 7  -
Fram ew ork directive and an implementing directive relating to electric 
stoves 2 0 have already been adopted b y  the Council. T he C om m ission 
intends to give fresh impetus to the examination of other implementing 
directives with a view to achieving a  successful outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
23. In conclusion the Com m ission w ould like to emphasize :
- the importance of what is at stake regarding an economically safe 
exploitation of the energy saving reserves in the building sector;
- the indispensable nature of thermal diagnosis, a  preferred aid to 
decision making for the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings; 
this approach should be employed on a  large scale in particular b y the 
institution of an  illustrative program m e of thermal rehabilitation of 
the public buildings in several towns in the Com m unity, to which the 
M e m b e r States should lend their support;
- the necessity of following a program m e of Research, Development and 
Demonstration carried out at C om m unity level, based either o n the 
existing legal framework of that which is currently being draw n up;
- the importance of a  statutary approach for the improvement in the 
thermal performance of buildings to be constructed and those existing 
buildings to be renovated.
20S ee A n n ex  D , page D.2.

TOWARDS A EUROPEAN POLICY FOR THE RATIONAL USE OF ENERGY  
IN THE BUILDING SECTOR
ANNEXES
A N N E X  A  :  Targets for 1995 - Energy saving potential
A N N E X  B  :  Current situation in this sector
A N N E X  C  :  Thermal Auditing methodology
A N N E X  D  :  C om m unity Recommendations and Directives
A N N E X  E  :  Recent studies conducted at the Commission's request
A N N E X  F  :  Harmonization measures
A N N E X  G  :  Final Reports under the R  &  D
A N N E X  H  :  W o rk  in progress at the Ispra Joint Research Centre

A.1.
ANNEX A
TARGETS FOR 1995 - ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL
NEW BUILDINGS
1. Approximately 2  million n e w  housing equivalents are built in the C o m ­
munity every year - so m e 1  400 000 of them  n e w  hom es and the others
1600 000 premises in the tertiary sector
Combined, the measures concerning n e w  buildings (the legislation o n  
insulation and settings in particular, though also the incentives to 
encourage m ore energy-efficient heating systems and so forth) should 
yield a primary energy saving of one tonne of oil equivalent (toe) per 
housing equivalent per year , giving a  total of 2  million toe per year.
1T h e num ber of housing equivalents in non-residential buldings is calcu­
lated from either the floor surface or the energy consumption of the 
buiIdi ngs.
2This is the average energy saving com pared with the (pre-1974) reference 
figure and includes the savings produced by the legislation o n  heating in 
n ew  buildings since 1974 plus those expected from  the n ew  measures to be 
introduced over the next few  years.

A.2.
2. B y  1995 the C om m unity could therefore save 2 0  million toe b y improving 
the energy efficiency of n ew  buildings and of their heating systems.
HEATING INPROVENENTS IN EXISTING BUILDINGS
3. T he energy saving potential of existing buildings is generally defined 
as the total energy saving m ad e if all possible heating improvements 
are m ad e apart from those which give n o "reasonable return".
"Reasonable return" is difficult to define; so m an y  criteria enter into 
play that n o  investment in heating improvements can be assessed purely 
and simply in terms of the energy savings attained.
For example,
(i) external insulation also resurfaces the facjade, brightening 
up the neighbourhood in the process and, in so m e cases, stop­
ping the ingress of water and correcting imbalances;
(ii) insulating glass also helps to reduce the noise from  outside;
(iii) insulation of balconies can also stop seepage;
(iv) very often installation of n e w  m ore energy-efficient boilers 
also reduces pollution or is in any case inevitable w h en  the 
existing boilers are no longer serviceable.

A.3.
Similarly, calculations of the return o n the investment in energy saving 
m ust take due account of the life expectancy of the equipment or mate­
rials used (which ranges from  a  year or tw o in the case of lighting to 
several decades for insulation) and of the related recurrent costs (for 
maintenance, etc.) and define other specific econom ic parameters such as 
the discount rate, the consumer and import prices for different form s of 
energy and so forth.
A  rough definition of "reasonable return" - should it still be deem ed 
necessary despite all these reservations - w ould be a  gross payback 
time ^ of less than 1 0  years or so or a  m a x im u m  investment of between 
3  500 and 4  000 for each toe saved per year.
4. T he Ispra Joint Research Centre has already advanced a  tentative esti­
m ate of the potential for energy savings in existing buildings b y  con­
structing a  mathematical m odel of housing stock in the C om m unity in a  
m odel w hich it subsequently adapted to conditions in Italy. Climatic 
region, environmental features, and the heating performance and type of 
buildings are the m ain parameters included. A  series of assumptions w ere 
m ad e to simplify the model, for instance, the accent w as placed o n  insu­
lation and the m odel assumed uniform labour costs in every M e m b e r State. 
Nonetheless in essence the initial estimate agrees with the assessments 
m ad e by the Agence Franpaise pour la Maitrise de I'Energie ( A F M E )  in 
France.
T o  give an initial idea of the cumulative investment needed to produce a  
given energy saving, the results obtained at Ispra can be extrapolated 
to cover the housing stock in the C om m unity.
3Ratio, in years, between:
investment cost
reduction in energy costs com pared with the first year
4This figure is Likely to fluctuate appreciably, depending o n h o w  m u c h  
energy is saved and o n  the country concerned.

A.4
A nnual energy saving 
(in million toe)Investment needed to achieve 
this energy saving 
(in thousand million E C U )
7
1 5
20
30
4 0
4 52 - 5  
7 - 1 5  
12  -  21 
3 0 - 3 9  
5 8  - 6 7 
8 0 - 9 0
Table 1:  Energy saving potential and the requisite cumulative invest­
ments.
5. Needless to say each successive "instalment" of energy saving is m ore 
expensive and harder to achieve than the one before. Table 1  provides a  
starting-point for assessing the average investment cost per toe saved 
per year for each instalment and, hence, for assessing the real poten­
tial for energy saving, bearing in m ind the foregoing com m ents o n  the 
need for a  "reasonable return".
Aggregate energy Energy saving Average Average
saving (in in this investment in investment to
million toe instalment (in this instalment save one toe 
per year) million toe (in million E C U )  per year
per year) (in E C U )
7
1 5
2 0
3 0
4 0
4 57
8  
5
1 0
1 0
53  500 
7  500 
5  500 
1 8  000 
2 8  000 
2 2  500500
950 
1  100 
1  800 
2  800 
4  500
Table 2:  Investments to modernize existing buildings, b y instalment.

A.5.
6. T he com m ents m ad e o n  the need for a  reasonable return automatically 
rule out the final instalment in Table 2  (the one raising the saving 
from  4 0 million toe to up to 4 5  million toe a year in return for an  
investment of 4 500 E C U  per toe saved each year).
Theoretically, however, it is therefore feasible, and "reasonable" to 
expect, to save around 4 0 million toe a  year in existing buildings in 
return for a  total investment of between 5 8  000 million and 6 7 000 mil­
lion E C U  - an average investment of around 1  600 E C U  per toe saved per 
year, the m inim um  being around 500 E C U  per toe and the m a x im u m  4  500 
E C U .
7. A  similar figure emerges too if a  different m ethod of calculation is 
adopted:
T he Community's housing stock totals around 140 million housing equiva­
lents (counting both the domestic and tertiary sectors), roughly 9 5 %  of 
which were built before the recent legislation on insulation cam e into 
force. This existing stock, with its mediocre average energy perfor­
mance, holds considerable potential for energy saving.
O n e  possible target w ould be to modernize the heating arrangements in 
five or six million housing equivalents (4 %  of the stock) each year. 
A ssum ing an average primary energy saving of 0.6 toe per housing equiva­
lent, this w ould give a  total saving of roughly 3.5 million toe per year 
and, in all, of 3 5  million toe b y  1995.
8. In the final analysis, this figure, slightly lower than the first esti­
mate, seem s the m ore realistic one - in other words, improvements to 
existing buildings can be expected to save 3 5  million toe a  year from  
1995 on.

A.6.
CHANGES IN WAY OF LIFE
9. Lowering ro o m  temperatures by 0.5°C throughout the C om m unity alone w ould 
save at least 6  million toe.
Other changes of w ay  of life (for instance, energy m anagem ent in larger 
housing developments and m ore energy-efficient use of domestic electri­
cal appliances and lighting) could also produce significant energy 
savings.
10. A  primary energy saving of 9 million toe a  year is a  realistic target to 
strive for by m ore frugal energy use by 1995.
MORE ENERGY-EFFICIENT DOMESTIC ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AND LIGHTING
11. O n  average, n ew  appliances (domestic electrical appliances, lighting, 
kitchen appliances ans so forth) should be so m e 2 0 %  m ore energy-effi­
cient b y 1995. This in turn will allow a  saving of roughly 1 1  million 
toe b y that date.
SUMMARY AND 1995 TARGETS
12. T h e foregoing gives an idea of the potential for energy savings b y 1995.

A.7.
Target
(in m i L L i on toe)
- N e w  buildings (2 million housing
equivalents per year) ..................................... 2 0
- Heating improvements to between 5  and
6  million housing equivalents per year .. 3 5
- Changes in w ay  of life ................................... 9
- 
Appliances and lighting with greater
energy efficiency ............................................. 1 1
T
 0  T  A  L  .................................................................. 7 5
T he targets outlined above w ould thus yield a total primary energy 
saving in the domestic and tertiary sectors of 7 5  million toe a year 
from 1995 on.
ESTIMATED INVESTMENT
13. Paragraph 6  put the average investment cost per toe saved each year for 
existing housing at around 1  600 E C U . Energy-saving investments w ill 
also add to the cost of newly-built housing, albeit by less than the 
existing stock. Taking both categories of stock together, a figure of 
1  500 E C U  for each toe saved per year can be assumed.

A.8.
14. N o  investment, in the strict sense of the word, is needed to change the 
w a y  of Life. O n  the other hand, industry will have to invest in the 
research, trials and n ew  production processes and so forth required to 
improve the energy-efficiency of domestic electrical appliances and 
lighting systems. However, there appears to be no reason for including 
this outlay in this calculation in so far as industry has to invest in 
any case to cope with the constant rapid expansion of the market, even 
without m aking improvements to the energy-efficiency of its appliances.
15. Accordingly, this program m e would call for an aggregate cumulative 
investment of between 80 000 million and 85 000 million E C U  spread be­
tween 1985 and 1995 - in other words of approximately 8  000 million or 
9  000 million E C U  a year.

B.1.
A N N E X B
CURRENT SITUATION IN THIS SECTOR  
ENER6Y CONSUMPTION
1. T he domestic and tertiary sector has a w ide variety of uses for
energy :  heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, production of dom es­
tic hot water, lithting, cooking, domestic appliances, office equip­
ment, lifts, etc. In the domestic sector alone, the average annual 
consumption per dwelling tended to increase up to 1979 but has fallen 
since then. The differences between the M e m b er States are consider­
able. This is illustrated by Figure 1  below.
Figure 1 - Domestic consumption per dwelling (1982)
TOE/yr/dwe11i n g (3 .3 3 ) total
other uses
heating &  domestic hot water *
(2.48)

B .2 .
2. T he am ount of energy consum ed purely in order to heat dwellings is 
closely linked with (essentially climatic) external parameters, w hich 
partly explains the differences noted. Calculation of specific con­
sumption per head of population and degree/day tends to compensate 
for the effects of climatic variations (see Table 1  below). Never­
theless it has been found that the M em b er States fall into three 
distinct groups :
- M e m b e r States with a lo w  specific consumption (United K ingdom , 
Ireland) where, however, has been a  regular increase in consum p­
tion. This can be explained by the spread of central heating, which 
is s till in its infancy in those M em b er States;
- M e m b e r States with a high specific consumption (Belgium and the 
Netherlands), which is m u ch  higher than that of the other M e m b e r 
States of the C om m unity;
- M e m b e r States w hose specific consumption is falling below the 
average (Germany, Italy, France, Denmark). S o  far the efforts m ad e 
by the last-mentioned M e m b e r State have yielded the m ost remarkable 
results.
Country B  D K D F IR L I N L  U K
Consum pti o n 11.4 7.7 7.9 7.1 6.5 6.4 10.6 6.0
Table 1  :  Annual domestic consumption for heating, expressed in M J  
per person and per degree/day
PRICING POLICY
3. T he policies governing the final consumer prices of the various
energy sectors constitutes a major com ponent of the rational energy 
use policy.

B.3.
A n  analysis of the prices, inclusive of tax, of fuel supplied to 
customers in early 1983 identifies major differences. T hus D en m ark  
charges energy prices which are m u ch  higher than the C om m unity aver­
age. This applies to a lesser extent to France and Italy. O n  the 
other hand, the United K ingdom  and Ireland charge distinctly low er 
prices than the C om m unity average (in the latter case for coal).
Figure 2  below show s changes in energy prices in six M e m b e r States 
since 1970 in the form  of a graph.
Figure 3  below enables the price of each energy product to be situ­
ated in relation to the C om m unity average (for each country).
A s  show n in Table 2  below the proportion of spending o n  domestic 
heating/hot water production/lighting has changed in different w ays 
compared with final consumption owing to the effect of price rises 
and differences in energy consumption patterns per dwelling.
Y ear B D K D F IR L I N L U K
1970
1974
19805.3%
5.4%
7.2%4.6%
5.9%
8.2%3.5%
3.8%
4.5%3.1%
3.7%
4.6%4.2%
4.9%
6.2%3.3%
3.3%
4.0%3.9%
4.2%
5 .3 %4.7%
4.3%
4 .7 %
Table 2  : :  H ouse Id energy spending as a proportion of overall consum p-
tion (Source :  S O E C -E S A ).
The heavy energy spending by households can be explained by various 
factors) :
- high prices (Denmark);
- level of energy consumption higher than the Community average 
(Belgium, Netherlands);

B.4.
- purchasing pow er L o w er than the C om m unity average (Ireland).
T he very moderate increase in household energy spending in Ireland 
and the United K ingdom  can be explained by the virtual stagnation - 
at constant prices - of final consumer energy prices (including 
taxes).
4. A s  show n in Table 3  below, the structure of energy-product consum p­
tion in this sector has changed considerably ow ing to the effect of 
differences in price patterns, changes in the w ay  of life (increasing 
use of central heating) and increases in purchasing power.
1973 1 9 8 1
Coal 13.4% 7.6%
Domestic heating oil 56.1% 42.2%
G as 16.3% 30.5%
Electricity 14.2% 19.7%
Total 100.0% 100.0%
Table 3|  :  Consumption of energy products in the domestic and ter­
tiary sector. Changes in distribution per energy source.

B.5.
Figure 2
S«all consumers. Energy price indicators.  
Constant prices in national currency  
(base 100 :  1970)
210
1970 7 1 72 73 U 75 76 77 78 79 1980 81 82

B.6.
Figure 5 - Energy prices, inclusive of tax, for domestic consumers,
expressed in PPS (Purchasing Power Standard) per Giga Joule. 
January 1984

B.7.
REGULATIONS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES AT COMMUNITY LEVEL 
Reco— endations and Directives
5. In the field of rational use of energy in buildings the Council, 
since 1976, has adopted several recommendations o n the heat 
insulation of buildings and on heating plant, the regulation of 
heating systems and heat measurement.
In addition, C om m unity directives have been adopted in tw o areas :  
that of heat generator performance, and that of the energy (consum p­
tion) labelling of domestic appliances (outline directive and imple­
menting directive on electric ovens).
Details of these directives and recommendations can be found in 
A nnex D .
They are implemented in various w ays with various deadlines, de­
pending upon the M e m b e r States and areas concerned. However, it m a y  
be felt in general terms that these C om m unity instruments have helped 
to speed up the adoption of national measures promoting rational use 
of energy in buildings.
Studies
6. Several studies have been recently carried out on the Commission's 
prompting. T hey are particularly interesting starting points for the 
line to be followed b y  future work. M o re details are given in 
A n n ex  E .

B.8.
Hafonization
7. Several activities concerning both building design and the design of
products intended for the building industry are under w ay  as part of
the harmonization of national measures (see A n n ex  F).
These activities relate to the building trade overall. In an energy 
context they are m ore specifically concerned with insulating mate­
rials, insulation glazing and solar collectors.
Research and Development
8. T w o  R & D  program m es in the energy field were approved b y  the Council
in 1975 and 1979. T he second programme, the budget for w hich is 1 0 5
million E C U , ended in June 1983.
The w ork on reducing the energy consumption of buildings w as carried 
out in tw o sub-programmes :  energy saving and solar energy. T he third 
four-year program m e is in preparation.
Basically these programmes aim  at providing the technical m eans for 
obtaining a long-term reduction in the consumption of energy b y 
buildings of 5 0 % .
Sixty contracts concentrating o n the following topics were concluded 
under the sub-programme on energy saving (1979-1983) :
- development of heat pum ps, particularly of the absorption type;
- improvements to conventional heating systems and to regulators;
- improvements to wall and roof insulation; development of reflective 
films for existing glazing;

B.9.
- reduction of air ingress;
- computer simulation for low-energy building design calculations.
T he solar R & D  subprogramme deals with the development of passive and 
active solar systems and with the preparation of guidelines for 
solar-system design.
Council is examining the third program m e (1984-1987).
The list of available reports o n these activities is contained in 
A nnex G .
9. In addition the Joint Research Centre, Ispra, is working in several 
areas under the solar energy subprogramme and especially o n  passive 
technologies in the building sector and o n heat storage.
T w o  projects have also been launched :  one on information acquisition 
and the other o n energy diagnostics in relation to existing buildings 
(cf. A n n ex  H ).
Demonstration
10. In order to promote the full-size application of the techniques
developed at the R & D  stage the Council adopted a  foui— year C om m unity 
demonstration program m e in 1978 which enables financial support to be 
granted to demonstration projects in both the energy saving and 
alternative energy source fields.
Regulations (E E C ) N o s 1302/78 and 1303/78, published in the 0J of the E C  
N o  L  158 of 16.6.1978. See "Evaluation of the C om m unity demonstration 
programmes in the energy sector" (C 0M (82) 324).

B.10.
O n  1 1  July 1983 the Council adopted a  n ew  demonstration program m e for 
1983.^ It w as decided o n 2 3  July 1984 ^ to continue the program m e 
through 1984 and 1985.
F ro m  the start of the program m e o n 3 1  D ecem ber 1983 124 million E C U  
have been committed to support 232 demonstration projects in the 
energy saving fields of this total 5.9 million E C U  have been devoted 
to buildings (30 projects in all, disregarding the projects withdrawn 
after acceptance) and above all to the following techniques :
- building of low-energy dwellings;
- energy saving techniques in tertiary-sector buildings;
- n e w  types of heat pum p;
- high-output boilers.
T he demonstrations of alternative energy sources dealt hot water 
production by solar m eans and heating both buildings and sw im m ing 
pools.
There have already been several demonstration projects at both na­
tional and C om m unity level in the building sector. All of the pro­
jects m ust be assessed in order to identify the areas to receive 
priority treatment in the n e w  C om m unity programme.
Regulation (E E C ) N o  1972/83, published in the 0J of the E C  N o  L  1 9 5  
of 19.7.1983.
Regulation (E E C ) N o  2126/84, published in the 0J of the E C  N o  L  19 6  
of 26.7.1984.

B.11.
REGULATIONS, INCENTIVES AND ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE HEBBER STATES 
Regulation ^
11. Although rules governing the insulation of n e w  buildings have been 
generally introduced and improved in almost all of the M e m b e r States, 
insulation standards for existing buildings are still rare.
M a n y  M e m b er States have also adopted rules for heating systems and 
require m inim um  insulation of hot water pipes, but som e countries 
s till require no regulation of heating systems.
Individual assignment of heating costs is only obligatory in a  minor­
ity of M e m b er States, while the majority provide for temperature 
limits, at least in public buildings.
T he labelling of domestic appliances in accordance with the C om m unity 
directives is still not very widespread within the C om m unity.
Financial incentives ^
12. A lm ost all of the M e m b e r States have provided specific aid for the 
building sector. Generally speaking m ore importance should be placed
T he Com m ission has sent the Council a  report on the M e m b e r States' 
energy saving program mes which, inter alia, examines in detail the 
measures taken in support of the building sector (C 0M (84) 36).
See document C O M (84) 36 already referred to, A n n ex  1(1).
See document C 0 M C 8 4 ) 36 already referred to. A nnex 1(2).

B.12.
on collective dwellings which, in m ost countries, have still ben­
efited too little  from this aid to realize their energy saving 
potential.^
Three types of intervention m a y  be noted :  direct subsidy, taxation 
measures, loans variously m ad e within the C om m unity countries or b y  
the C om m unity itself. Direct subsidies have been favoured b y  m a n y  
C om m unity countries, but were clearly declining in 1983 ow ing to the 
major costs involved - abolition in Germ any, sharp drop in D enm ark. 
Overall the aid granted in all of its forms (subsidies, taxation, 
low-interest loans) varies significantly from country to country. 
Thus in the U K  and in Belgium aid w as limited in 1982 to 1.4 E C U / 
per capita/year and 2  E C U  per capita/year respectively as opposed to 
5.9 ECU /per capita/year in France, 6  ECU/per capita/year in G erm any 
and 7.7 ECU /per capita/year in the Netherlands.
Research
13. T he various M e m b e i— State R & D  strategies in the energy field arise 
from the differences between the resources available (gas in the 
Netherlands, oil in the United Kingdom), climatic conditions or 
energy policy (nuclear electricity in France). H ence the differing 
priorities of the R & D  projects :  electric heat p um ps in France, gas- 
engined heat pum ps in the Netherlands, steps by D enm ark to lower 
heating bills in buildings and particular stress on solar heating in 
the southern countries such as Italy and Grece.
M ore generally in the case of rented buildings the owners' interests 
conflict with those of the tenants. This constitutes a  fundamental 
obstacle to the proper functioning of market forces.

B.13.
Demonstration
14. M ost of the M e m b e r States have demonstration program m es which also 
cover the building sector. T he "Evaluation of the C om m unity d em on­
stration projects in the field of energy saving and of alternative 
energy sources" (C 0 M C 8 2 ) 324) and also the communication from the 
Com m ission to the Council o n  "Demonstration projects in the energy 
sector" (C 0 M C 8 3 ) 381) list the m ain features of these national dem on­
stration projects.

C.1.
ANNEX C
THERMAL AUDITING METHODOLOGY
Extract from a  Leaflet entitled "Le diagnostic thermique des bâtiments 
existants" (Thermal auditing in existing buildings) published in N ovem ber 1983 
by A gence Française pour la Maîtrise de l'Energie for use b y surveyors.
MODEL THERMAL AUDITING
T he "m odel thermal auditing" described in w hat follows is clearly not a  m odel 
to be followed blindly. It should not be regarded as a  "recipe" but as a  check 
list of tasks to be completed. A nyone carrying out a  survey m ust take into 
consideration the various points dealt with in this paper and each point m ust 
necessarily be adapted to the individual building or zone surveyed.
I - DESCRIPTION AND INVESTIGATION
Every building m ust be subjected to a  detailed survey in order to provide 
by m eans of calculation, measurement or estimate ^  - the data required 
for Stage II (exploitation and processing of data) and Stage III
S o  far there are n o plans to single out one m ethod rather than another but 
it is essential that the m ethod used to obtain the various pieces of 
information is noted at each stage. For instance, w h en  obtaining details b y  
calculation, the calculation m ethod as well as the results m ust be given. 
Similarly, in the case of estimates, the basis on which they were m ad e m ust 
be given.

(sum m ary) of the heat survey. F or this purpose reference should be m a d e  
to all available documents (e.g. as-completed drawings of the building 
and installations, operating manuals for heating systems, etc.) relating 
to the structure, shell, walls, equipment and conditions of use of the 
premises.
1  -  Specific characteristics of the prewises depending on their intended 
use, site, zoning and actual conditions of use.
11. U se for which the buildings are intended.
Nature, general activity (public, private, etc.).
12. Site, climatic data and local resources.
Type of site, harshness of climate, orientation, insolation, w ind 
factors, shape of the building, etc.
Site characteristics such as insolation and whether the orientation of 
the building is favourable or unfavourable to the installation of 
solar powered equipment (solar collectors, etc.) should be 
particularly noted.
A  particular effort should also be m ad e to note the availability of 
local resources such as w ood, charcoal and waste.
13. Zoning and actual conditions of use
Zoning w ill  depend o n the following factors :
- whether buildings are used permanently or intermittently;
- the premises (janitor's accommodation, etc.);
- any particular free inputs (kitchens, etc.);
- unheated premises (garages);
- special areas (cinemas).
T he following m ust be described for any given zone :  inputs, volumes, 
operating temperatures, times, etc.C.2 .

2. Description of the buildings (building by building)
21. Construction
- D ata of construction - methods used (traditional, industrial, facade 
panels, etc.). Photographs and survey m a p  indicating orientation. 
Perimeters, surfaces, height, num ber of zones, num ber of levels, 
num ber of dwellings, unheated units, heated units.
- A n y  recent studies and works completed or under w ay  (e.g. 
installation of solar collectors for domestic hot water, 
refurbishing of a flat roof after a thermal shock, etc.).
A n y  other w ork planned or agreed o n (e.g. a  vote b y  the General 
Assembly of O w ners to alter the external joinery etc.).
- Various documents m ad e available b y the builder (e.g. drawings and 
papers relating to checks m ad e w h en  the outside of the building w as 
last refurbished, etc.).
22. Examination of the structure (nature, state and characteristics, etc., 
to be described in II - 1).
Per buiIding.
General weatherproofing, ageing, leaks, dam p, condensation, etc. 
Openings :  type, weatherproofing of openings (type of joinery, 
appearance, operability, air and waterproofing, etc.), dimensions, 
orientation, screening (various kinds of shutters, coffering, etc.), 
type and state of walls (give thickness, composition, etc.), surface 
per opaque wall (simple, composite, prefabricated units, etc.), 
breast-walls, transparent or translucent walls, lower level floors 
(over solid earth, over spaces containing plumbing installations, over 
unheated areas, etc.), roofing - flat roofs, sloping roofs, etc.
M ethod of dealing with heat bridges, ventilation, natural or 
mechanical draught (measurement flows, etc.), ventilation of the 
plumbing, etc. renewal of air , K  and G  coefficients.
Provision will be m ad e for the specific examination of the tertiary sector 
buildings by giving precise indication of :  zones, volume treated, humidity, 
temperature, etc. and the methods used in this part of the study (type of 
exposure, type of window, leaks, air renewal, etc.).C.3.

3. Description and examination of heating installations (type, state, 
features to be described in II - 1)
31. Layout
32. Heating - Air-conditioning
321. Siting of the heating installation (underground, o n a  terrace), 
surface, maintenance, whether there is ro o m  for further units.
322. Energy storage (volume, age, maintenance) metering.
323. Generator(s) :
- Type of energy.
N u m b er of generators - whether used for domestic hot water.
Dates of commissioning, repairs and any recent modifications. 
Condition (deterioration, corrosion, etc.).
M ake, type, capacity, dimensioning, lagging.
Burners (age, type, date w h en  last regulated or changed).
Losses w hen turned off.
R em oval of products of combustion, related devices.
- Regulation of output.
H ours operated per year.
Description of operation.
Disconnection during periods of shutdown.
- On-si te measurements; spacing of measurements (smoke, C 02, etc., 
sm oke losses, related losses) based o n the maintenance m anual for 
the heating installation or on regular checks. W here this important 
data is unavailable, the efficiency is to be measured o n  the spot 
on the date of the inspection (to be specified in I - 713).
- Efficiency (determination thereof).
324. Distribution :
F or each distribution zone
- Installation layout.
T ype of fluid used to distribute heat.
Actual outlet and return temperatures as compared with outside 
temperatures.
- M ethod of distribution - horizontal zone, facade, etc.
- vertical zone, facade, etc.
- diameter and length of piping, etc.
- Characteristics of the circulating unit, flow rate, etc.C.4.

C.5.
- Lagging :  present or not, type, thickness, length, etc., 
passage through heated and unheated areas (cellar, attics, etc.). 
Courses for cables, piping, etc., drains, etc.
- Substations (condition of the valves, etc.).
State of the piping network (furring, deposits, etc.).
Losses from the network (measuring, etc.).
- Efficiency of distribution (basis of calculation or estimates, 
etc.).
- Suitability of the distribution network for conditions of use and 
heat requirements of the various premises.
- Equilibration
Regulating devices (type, number, siting, ease of operation, etc.).
325. Radiators :
T ype (floor, radiators), dimensions, number, regulating devices 
(single control, dual control, etc.), output, suitability vis-à-vis 
requi rements.
- Temperature distribution plan.
- Radiation efficiency (basis of determination :  difference between 
the m ost highly heated and the least heated room , etc.).
326. Regulation :
B y  zone
- A g e  and description of the installation.
Type (internal thermostat, external sensor mounted on a  valve, 
burner, etc.).
Placing of sensors (in relation to climatic conditions, the 
orientation of the building, etc.).
- Regulation (at outlet....).
- Thermostatic valves - zones, num ber .... where installed.
- Regulation gradient - comments, etc.
- Efficiency of regulation (basis of estimate or calculation).
327. Programming by zone :
- Description of the installation.
Type.
Reduced heating and/or heating switched off.
Period, temperature during unheated period, degree-days T N C  or 
degree-hours as a  function of temperatures during the non-heating 
period.

328. Optimizers
329. Overall efficiency :
- M ethod of calculation.
- Calculation.
33. Domestic hot water.
Daily volum e of water consum ed (by metering, estimate, etc.).
Cold water temperature.
331. Siting.
332. Generator.
Generator solely for the centralized production of domestic hot 
water.
- Instant heating.
- Heating b y  individual units.
- T ype of energy.
- N u m b er of generators - commissioning date.
- M ake, type, rating - whether appropriate for the various uses.
- Production temperature.
- Efficiency of production (measurements m ade, basis of estimate 
where estimates are made).
Generator for the centralized dual production of heat and hot water.
- Investigation of the operation of the generator for the production 
of domestic hot water (sum m er output, etc.).
M i  seellaneous
333. Storage (capacity, whether appropriate to requirements).
- Storage temperature, insulation, losses, etc.
- Metering (whether present, condition).
- Comparison between the volum e stored and the volum e consum ed. 
Efficiency of storage (storage volume/consumption/losses).
334. Distribution.
- M ethod of distribution.
- W hether there is any lagging, type of lagging, etc.
- Take-off temperature.
- W hether the temperature is geared to the different uses (cooking, 
bath water, shower, washing, etc.).
- Network losses, whether temperature level is constant.
- W hether meters are installed.
Efficiency of distribution (h o w  determined ?).l.Ò.

335. Regulation.
- Type.
- Condition.
336. Programming.
- Operation of the loop - periods w h en  system is shut dow n.
- W hether on/off times are appropriate to the different uses.
337. Overall efficiency.
- M ethod of calculation.
- Calculation.
4. Operating the heating installations.
- Running the installation, monitoring and intervals between 
maintenance.
- H o w  administrated (by the owner, som eone paid b y  the party that 
awarded the building contract, a  manager, etc.).
- T ype of contract.
- Heating m anual - interval between measurements.
5. Specific electricity uses (lighting, motors, puaps, lifts, etc.).
- Lighting by zone.
- Light-switch timers in com m unal spaces.
- Lighting of the surrounding area.
- Programming.
- Condition and type of lights - whether suited to requirements.
- Etc.
6- Examination of special equipment.
For special equipment (e.g. in kitchens, sw im m ing pools, laundries, 
computer rooms, etc.), special studies should be m ad e using methods 
specifically adapted to the individual cases concerned (e.g. steam 
production, air-conditioning, etc.).C.7.

C.8.
7. Energy consuwption (in invoiced units, SI units, toe, and giving an 
energy equivalence table).
71. Consumption in respect of heating.
711. Readings.
W here m ade.
S u m m ary  of readings for the preceding three years, m aking sure that 
the selected reference period is representative, and adding any 
relevant com m ents o n  the readings (whether the establishment operated 
normally, exceptional climatic variations, etc.).
712. Calculating theoretical consumption.
State the m ethod used, give the source of the climatic data and 
specify what basis is used for calculating standard degree-days or 
degree-hours and, in particular, m aking allowance for any free 
contributions.
W here tertiary sector buildings are concerned, the calculating m ethod 
will becom e m ore detailed as the complexity and particular uses of a  
building becom e m ore specific (e.g. different outlet temperatures, 
etc. ).
713. Comparisons and observations.
T he above data will be used to draw  up a comparison between theore­
tical and actual consumption. T he observations will concern the 
anomalies noted during the above procedures. Correlation methods m ust 
be explained, e.g. with regard to modifications in efficiency, any 
reduction in degree-days and the consumption of dual-use domestic hot 
water.
72. Other consumption (domestic hot water, electricity, other energy 
consumption) under each item of consumption.
721. Readings.
722. Calculation.
723. Comparison.
N.B. :  F or instance, in the case of domestic hot water, consumption will 
as far as possible be based on measurements.

C.9.
II - EXPLOITATION AND PROCESSING OF DATA
1. Critical analysis of the present situation
T he readings m ad e in the earlier part of the procedure and any
anomalies or deficiencies observed on site should enable the surveyor
to m ake a  detailed critical analysis covering the following points :
- Conditions of use and operation.
- T he quality of the structure :
This will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the building as 
regards heating and hot water and will cover both the walls and all 
factors involved in air renewal (excessive or insufficient). It will 
also take into account any foreseeable plans for w ork o n  the fabric, 
the leak-proofing or the pathology of the building, etc.
- Analysis of the standard of the thermal installations :  This will 
show  the owner the sensitive and defective points of all or part of 
his thermal installations (heating, domestic hot water, other 
specific installations and equipment, etc.).
- T he suitability of the building and its installations from  the point 
of view of energy m anagem ent (e.g. the inertia of the building vis- 
à-vis regulation, etc.).
- Immediate or Long-term possibilities of energy diversification and 
the application of n e w  techniques. (Here a  detailed analysis of the 
possibilities of the on-site provision of supplies should be made).
2. Testing and exploitation.
T he following will then be done for each building or piece of
equi pm ent :
- a table will be drawn up summarizing the m ain parameters in respect 
of which improvement is possible e.g. degree-days, output, G , 
consumption, efficiency, etc;
~  List of improvements that could be m ad e at operating level (running 
of the installation, maintenance, keeping to recom m ended 
temperatures, switching off the night loop for domestic hot water, 
etc.);

C.10.
- T he result of the test of any improvements envisaged (improvement in 
the structure and thermal installations, use of renewable form s of 
energy and efficient techniques). This could include :
. insulation and lagging 
. air renewal
. changing to a  different ype of equipment 
. installing regulatory and programming devices 
. specific electricity 
. revamping the heating installation 
. revamping the domestic hot water production system 
(centralizing or decentralizing it)
. installing solar powered equipment for the production of domestic 
hot water
. transforming the heating system with a view to using coal, w ood, 
or waste
. installing a  heat p u m p  (using the outside air or groundwater as a  
cold source etc.)
. recovering heat from  extracted air 
. the efficient use of steam, thermal waste, etc.
- T he following information will be given for every alteration tested:  
. a  detailed description of the w ork done (surface, length,
thickness, equipment, etc.).
. a  calculation of the am ount of energy saved (state the calculating 
m ethod used)
. costs (unit and quantitative)
. a calculation of profitability geared to the owner's 
circumstances.
Similarly, the total time required for a  return o n investment as 
com pared with the estimated lifetime of the equipment m ust be given. 
For every variation in processes or techniques considered, separate 
studies m ust be m ade, e.g. for the production of domestic hot water 
or the dehumidification of the air in enclosed sw im m ing pools.

C.11.
Ill - SUNNARY
This study will be used as a basis for one or m ore proposals for 
comprehensive programmes to improve the conditions of use and 
exploitation of the building (heating temperature, reduction of 
temperatures at night, possibly a  modification in the operating 
contract, reviewing the length of time the automatic time switches stay 
on, etc.), to carry out technically feasible w ork o n the structure and 
thermal installations (whilst taking into account all the interactions 
between the proposed improvements such as equilibration and recali­
bration of the regulating systems in the event of w ork being done o n  
insulation, etc.), and to :
- prepare a  description of the w ork to be done;
- w ork out a financial package;
- draw up a  comparison between actual consumption as obtained from  
readings and calculated consumption, whilst taking into account the 
proposed program m e (plus the calculation and the rules used for 
cumulating energy savings);
- calculate profitability, geared to the owner's circumstances;
- where necessary draft a  proposal for m ore detailed studies o n  m ore 
complicated w ork or particularly expensive techniques.
T he report of the survey submitted to the contractor m ust include :
- a  description of the examination carried out in stage I;
- the analyses and results for stage II; and
- the sum m ary (stage III) to enable the customer to assess the technical 
and economic desirability of carrying out the improvements (operating 
conditions, comprehensive w ork programme).
Having read the report the customer m ust be in a  position to decide, o n  
the basis of the best possible information, w hat improvements to carry 
out on the building or in operating conditions.

ANNEX D
Co— unity Reco— endations and Directives
T he Council has adopted a  series of Recommendations and Directives o n the
rational use of energy in buildings:
1. Recom m endation 76/492/EEC of 4  M a y  1976 on the rational use of energy b y
1promoting the thermal insulation of buildings calls for information and 
promotional campaigns, for competitions to obtain original ideas and for 
the adoption of reference standards for thermal insulation, harmonized at 
C om m unity level, as a  m eans of monitoring the implementation of the stan­
dards laid d o w n  in the regulations;
2. Recom m endation 76/493/EEC of 4  M a y  1976 on the rational use of energy in 
the heating systems of existing buildings;
3. Recom m endation 76/496/EEC of 4  M a y  1976 o n the rational use of energy for 
electrical household appliances; 3
4. Recom m endation 77/712/EEC of 2 5  October 1977 o n  the regulating of space 
heating, the production of domestic hot water and the metering of heat in 
n e w  buiIdings; 4
5. Recom m endation 79/167/ECSC, E E C , Euratom of 5  February 1979, 5  w hich calls
O J  L  140,
2  0J L  140,
3  O J  L  140,
4  O J  L  295,
5  O J  L  037,28.5.1976.
28.5.1976.
28.5.1976. 
18.11.1977. 
13.2.1979.D.1.

D.2.
on the M em ber States to adopt a four-year programme to reduce energy re­
quirements by improving the thermal efficiency of buildings;
6. Resolution of 9 June 1980 concerning new  lines of action by the Community 
in the field of energy saving, ^ which suggests that the M em ber States 
should conduct a programme to measure energy consumption in various 
sectors;
7. Recommendation 82/604/EEC of 28 July 1982, ^ which recommends the M em ber 
States to provide substantial financial aid towards the renovation of 
buiIdings, wherever this is sufficiently cost-effective;
88. Directive 78/170/EEC of 13 February 1972, as supplemented by Directive
o82/885/EEC of 10 December 1982, which calls for type approval for heat 
generators to be limited to appliances satisfying the m inim um  performance 
requirements laid dow n by the M em ber States and for generators to be in­
spected during manufacture or at the time of installation to ensure that 
they are in conformity;
9. Finally, Directive 79/530/EEC of 14 M a y  1979 on the indication by label-
1 0ling of the energy consumption of household appliances. The plan is to 
follow up this framework Directive with a series of Directives imple­
menting it for each of the appliances concerned. Directive 79/531/EEC w as
11adopted at the same time as the framework Directive to apply the 
framework Directive to electric ovens; n o w  proposals concerning washing 
machines, dishwashers and refrigerators and freezers are being discussed 
by the Council. Further proposals covering water heaters, gas ovens and 
tumbler dryers have also been drafted.
60J C  149, 18.6.1980.
0J L  247, 23.8.1982.
O J  L  052, 23.2.1978.
0J L  378, 31.12.1982.
O J  L  145, 13.6.1979.
O J  L  145, 13.6.1979.7
8
9
10
11

E.1.
ANNEX E
Recent studies conducted at the Co— ission's request
1. "Heating, ventilating and cooling systems in buildings" by the Building 
Services Research and Information Association, Bracknell, United Kingdom
The first of these studies concludes with four recommendations covering 
all three types of system concerned:
(i) a system design code;
(ii) data bases containing the performance and efficiency standards 
for each component in the systems;
(iii) standards for measuring the performance of existing systems; 
and
(iv) a European code for audits and improvements to existing systems.
2. "Thermal insulation requirements in the E E C  countries" by Uyttenbroeck and 
Carpentier from the Centre Scientifique et Technique de la Construction, 
Brussels
The second study reviews the requirements imposed in this field in 1980 
country by country and expresses them in comparable terms. It concludes 
by proposing a simple method of expressing insulation requirements leav­
ing architects complete freedom in their designs yet at the same time 
providing them with an easy means of calculating whether their plans are 
in line with the existing legislation.

E.2.
3- "Analyse comparative des coûts/avantages de l'iso latio n  thermique pour 
deux bâtiments-types dans les Pys Membres" by E X P E R T E C , Paris (available 
only in French)
This study comes to the conclusion that the cost of improving thermal 
insulation in existing or newly-built buildings varies substantially from 
one country to another and that insulation of the external walls and of 
the roof yields no more than a mediocre return and has little  attraction 
in the Mediterranean countries. It concludes that thermal insulation of 
the external walls and roof alone is not enough to achieve superinsulation 
values in the order of 0.6 W /m 3/K  for private hom es or of 0.3 W /m 3/K  for 
office blocks. Changes must also be m ade in the heating system design and 
in the architecture of the buildings in order to achieve such values.
4- "Consommation des secteurs résidentiel et te rtia ir e " by S E M A , Paris 
(available only in French)
This analysis, compiled with the assistance of correspondents from each 
M em ber State, is divided into three parts:
(i) data on energy consumption in the domestic sector in the M em ber 
States;
(ii) comparison of the M em ber States' legislation on heating;
(iii) analysis of specific cases in the domestic and tertiary sectors, 
and in particular assessments of the impact of conversion work on 
existing buildings and on buildings using certain basic techniques.
5· "Feasibility of a European model code for saving energy in space heating", 
Association pour I ' initiation a la recherche dans le batiment, Paris 
(available in English, French, German and Italian)
The final study systematically reviews possible ways of saving energy in
buildings and proposes a model code for measuring energy savings in space 
heating.

F.1.
A N N E X  F
Harmonization measures
1. Bui Lding design
1.1. Current work concerns the preparation of E U R O C O D E S  for the design, cal­
culation and erection of stable, reliable structures.
In a ll, 8 E U R O C O D E S  are contemplated:
E C  1  Uniform com m o n  rules
E C  2  Concrete structures
Reinforced and pre-stressed concrete 
E C  3  Steel structures
E C  4  Mixed steel and concrete structures
E C  5  Timber structures
E C  6 Masonry
E C  7  Foundations
E C  8  Rules for building in seismic areas.
E C s 2  to 6 each deal with one type of structural material and can thus 
be called specific codes, whereas E C  7  and, in particular, E C  8 are more 
general in application.
In terms of technical content E C s 1, 2, 3  and 8 are the most advanced 
and have in fact been practically completed.

F.2.
1.2. In principle, the Eurocodes will be introduced in special directives 
coming under a framework directive laying dow n the drafting and amending 
procedures.
Consideration is being given to disseminating those in the form of a 
pre-publication Commission report pending the solution of the political 
and legal questions that normally arise w hen directives are sent to the 
Council for adoption.
1.3. In addition to the work on structural stab ility , a start has also been 
m ade on the fire protection of buildings. Whilst the former is concerned 
essentially with mechanical aspects, fire protection involves physical 
aspects and brings into play a number of systems such as those for fire 
detection and extinction and smoke extraction. Like the rules for build­
ings in seismic areas, those for fire protection apply horizontally to 
all buildings, the safety measures adopted depending of course on the 
risk incurred.
From  the construction point of view, fire protection is not neutral and 
will influence a building's very design with regard to both structural 
and other parts and its performance value as a whole.
1.4. Exactly the same applies as regards energy saving, when considered 
from the angle of a building's thermal performance. For this reason one 
should always regard a building as a single system, not one of whose 
elements can be completely isolated from the rest.
This approach - regarding a building's energy consumption as part of a 
"multifunctional" system rather than as a separate aspect - has also 
been adopted by the international organizations working in this field.

F.3.
The International Council for Building Research, Studies and D ocum en­
tation (CIB), for instance, takes this line, especially within the 
C IB  67 Working Group on Energy Conservation, and so too do the working 
groups of the U N  Economic Commission for Europe's Committee on Housing, 
Building and Planning in Geneva.
2. Products
2.1. A s regards products intended for the building industry, work on harmo­
nization has involved :
(i) sending to the Council a proposal for a framework directive 
laying dow n detailed rules for the various procedures governing 
the launch and use of such products, and
(ii) starting to draft special directives in cooperation with indus­
tria l organizations and international standards authorities or 
similar bodies.
2.2. Energy-related questions have loomed particularly large in these prepa­
rations, as witness the work done by:
(i) ISO/TC 163 on thermal insulation (preparation of terminology; 
measuring and calculation methods);
(ii) C E N /T C  88 on the classification of building materials according 
to their thermal insulation properties (N.B. this w as defined in 
outline, if not in detail, by D G  III (ex-DG XI) in concert with 
the C E N  back in 1976), and

F.4.
(iii) the European Union for Technical Approval in the Construction
industry (U E A T C ) on insulating glass, and its projected work on 
solar collectors.
The current work on insulating glass concerns the preparation of rules 
for evaluating the suitability of insulating glass from the angles of:
- safety
- hability, especially thermal comfort, and
- durability.

G.1.
ANNEX G
FINAL REPORTS UNDER THE R & D
Heat pum p heat sources
Investigation on using the earth as a heat storage E U R  6835 E N
medium and as a heat source for heat pumps E U R  7414 E N
Analysis of the factors which determine the C O P
of the heat pum p E U R  7048 E N
The use of soil with and without a rtific ia l heat
regeneration as a heat source for heat pumps E U R  6968 F R
Recovery of waste heat in sewers by heat pumps E U R  7061 D E
Conventional heat pumps and components
Development of domestic heat pum ps E U R  7098 E N
Air source heat pumps under Northern European
climatic conditions EUR 7388 EN
Frosting and defrosting behaviour of outdoor coils
of air source heat pum ps E U R  7281 E N
Microprocessor based control system for heat pumps E U R  7283 E N
Heat pum p models for microprocessor based control
systems E U R  7046 F R
Analysis of the factors which determine the C O P  
of a heat pum p
Heat pum ps for individual rooms E U R  7007 E N
Advanced heat pum ps
Development of an absorption heat pum p fired by
primary energy for domestic heating E U R  6326 E N

G,2.
EUR 7129EN
EUR 6848FR
EUR 7657EN
EUR 6262ENDesign construction and testing of a prototype
absorption heat pum p fired with primary fuel ^ E U R  7064 D E
Directly fired heat pum p for domestic and light v . . .
commercial application E U R  7 0 6 3 N f c f c l^
The design and development of an absorption heat 
pum p for domestic heating
Heat pum p operating with a fluid mixture
Feasibility and design study of a gas engine 
driven high temperature industrial heat pum p
Heat pum p applications
A  gas engine driven heat pum p using air as heat
source for an apartment building E U R  7133 E N
Diesel heat pum p for d istric t heating plants and
for the heating of large housing blocks E U R  6740 E N
Air source electrical heat pum ps for 56 apartments
Insulation (windows and walls)
Production of infrared reflective layers on glass E U R 6804 F R
E U R 6806 F R
Infrared reflective coatings on plastic film E U R 6741 E N
Heat and sound insulation with coated glass E U R 6811 D E
Energy savings by infrared reflective finishing E U R 6323 E N
Development and optimization of polyurea foam E U R 6737 E N
The detection and classification of heat leaks 
with the help of infrared thermography
Energy saving and heat recovery
Energy savings in low  cost houses E U R  7385 E N
Building characteristics and gratuitious energy E U R  7875 F R
Natural ventilation and energy consumption 
The performance of a heating control system in
experimental houses E U R  8506 E N
/

G.3.
Comparison of the efficiencies of space and
water heating appliances E U R  6851 E N
Electric hot water heaters E U R  6598 D E
Heat recovery in buiIdings
Heat recovery in air conditioning systems E U R  7377 E N
T H E  C O M M U N IT Y 'S  E N E R G Y  R  &  D  P R O G R A M M E  - E N E R G Y  C O N S E R V A T IO N  
Survey of results and Compilation of N e w  Projects -
1975/79 E U R  7389 E N
Survey of results and compilation of N e w  Projets -
1979/83 E U R  8861 E N
’ *  « ** 0 
S Y S T E M  S IM U L A T IO N  IN  B U IL D IN G S  -  -*  ■  -f
Proceedings of the International Conference in v
Liège 6-8/12/1982 XII/425/83 E N
HEAT PUMPS
Proceedings of four contractors meetings held in
Brussels on 28, 29 April and 13 and 14 M a y  1982 E U R  8077 E N
E N E R G Y  C O N S E R V A T IO N  IN  B U IL D IN G S  - Heating, ventilation and 
insulation
Proceedings of eight contractors meetings in 1982 E U R  8463 E N
P U B L IC A T IO N S  O N  S O L A R  E N E R G Y  IN  T H E  H O M E
Solar Houses in Europe, 1981 (Pergamon)
Solar Energy Applications in Houses, 1981 (Pergamon)
Passive Solar Architecture in Europe, 1981 (The Architectural Press, London) 
Monitoring Solar Heating Systems, 1983 (Pergamon)

6.4.
Series A , Reidel, Solar Energy Applications to Dwellings 
Vol. 1  1982 Contractors' meeting
Vol. 2  1982 Contractors' meeting
Vol. 3 1983 Solar Thermal Energy in Europe, A n  assessment
Forthcoming in 1983
Vol. 4 Passive Solar Handbook
Vol. 5  Contractors' meeting
Vol. 6 European Experience with Solar Collectors

H.1.
ANNEX H
Work in progress at the Ispra Joint Research Centre
The Ispra Joint Research Centre is working on the following problems as 
part of the Solar Energy Programme approved by the Council:
(i) formulation and testing of recommendations concerning methods 
of measuring the performance of individual components;
(ii) study of problems connected with equipment age and of the relia­
b ility  of the technologies and materials used in solar systems;
(iii) assessment of the performance of active and hybrid systems of 
different types, including full-scale tria ls  and modelling;
(iv) measurements and comparisons concerning passive technologies.
T w o  other projects have also been started - one on data acquisition, the 
other on energy audits.
The firs t is designed to determine the type ad volume of data which must 
yet be collected before the national or regional authorities can devise 
a suitable campaign to promote the rational use of energy.

H.2.
A L L  the avaiLabLe data on the housing stock are being coLLated to deter- 
mine, above a ll, the highest energy saving possibLe in return for a given 
totaL investment at regionaL or nationaL level. A t the same time the dif­
ferent energy-saving measures which might be taken are being ranked in 
order of preference.
The next stage w iLL be to assess the impact of the economic incentives and 
ruLes aLready in existence.
FinaLLy, studies are in progress to determine the m inimum  degree of detail 
and accuracy required of the method of calculation and of the data input.
The second project is to outline an "energy auditing" programme.
Energy audits serve two purposes:
(i) to provide a decision-making aid to property-owners; and
(ii) to add to the abovementioned data on the housing stock.
Another part of the programme will also be looking into the measurement 
methods to be employed and into the models to be used to interpret the 
results.
Finally, design work is continuing on a data base to conduct the assess­
ments outlined above and, little  by lit t l e , to m ake the audits simpler 
and reduce the amount of equipment required.