EN    EN EN 
 
EN    EN  COMMISSION OF THE E UROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 16.10.2008 
SEC(2008) 2636 
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
 
Accompanying document to the 
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION 
 
PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO OBJECTIVES  
 
(required under Article 5 of Decision 280/2004/ EC of the European Parliament and of 
the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas 
emissions and for implemen ting the Kyoto Protocol) 
  
{COM(2008) 651} 
 
EN 2   EN 1. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF EMISSION TRENDS IN THE MAIN SECTORS  
1.1. Energy supply and use, excluding transport 
• Member States expect the EU Emission Tr ading Scheme (EU ETS) to contribute an 
emission reduction of at least 133 Mt CO 2 in the EU-27 in 2010. Most reductions will 
result from actions in the energy and industrial sectors. 
• For the energy supply and use sector (excludi ng transport), the key EU-wide Common and 
Coordinated Policies and Measures  (CCPMs) that are projected to deliver greatest savings 
in the EU-27 are in the areas of renewabl e energy, combined heat and power (CHP), 
energy taxation and building standards. 
• Emission reduction potentials for energy policies have stayed  relatively constant since 
2006 for the EU-15, with a broadly similar split between ‘existing’ a nd ‘planned’ policies. 
• Policies and measures targeted at reducing em issions from energy ge neration are projected 
to provide greatest emission reductions in  the energy supply and use sector by 2010. 
Table 1: GHG emissions from energy supply and use, excluding transport 
(1990-2006) 
Total GHG 
emission from 
energy supply Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2006 
total GHG Change 
1990-2006 Change 
2000-2006 
EU-15 60.3% 59.0% 4.3% 2.2% 
EU-27 62.8% 60.4% -11.2% 1.8% 
• In the EU-15, the United Kingdom and Germa ny are the only Member States projecting 
that GHG emissions from energy supply and us e (including transport) in 2010 will be 
lower than their 1990 emissions. 
• All central and eastern European Member Stat es project decreases in GHG emissions from 
energy supply and use (including transport) by up  to 63% in the case of Estonia, except for 
Cyprus and Slovenia that project incr eased emissions in 2010 compared to 1990. 
1.2. Transport 
• According to recent data on the effec tiveness of the strategy to reduce CO 2 emissions from 
cars (European Commission, 2008), all three asso ciations reduced the average specific CO 2 
emissions of their cars register ed for the first time on the EU  market in 2005 compared to 
2006 (ACEA (0.2 %), JAMA (3.1 %) and KAMA (1.3 %). Overall, average specific CO 2 
emissions from new cars in the EU-15 -wer e equal to 160.4 g CO2/vehicle-km in 2006. 
This was 0.7 % below the 2005 level and 14 % below 1990 levels. In order to meet the 
EU’s final target of 120 g CO 2/km, additional efforts are necessary.  
Table 2: GHG emissions from transport (1990-2006) 
Total GHG 
emissions Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2006 
total GHG Change 
1990-2006 Change 
2000-2006 
EU-15 16.4% 21.1% 25.8% 5.0% 
EU-27 14.0% 19.3% 27.4% 7.4% 
• CO 2 emissions from road transport is the second largest key category in EU-15 and 
contributes 19% to total GHG emissions in 2006 (in 1990 the share was at 15%). CO 2 
emissions from road transport increased by 25%, between 1990-2006.  
 
EN 3   EN • Final energy demand for transport, passenger kilometres  in cars and CO 2 emissions show a 
very similar increasing trend of about 25-30%,  while the increase of freight transport is 
much stronger, about 60 % in the EU-15. 
• In 2006, the number of kilometres driven and emissions increased in all reporting countries 
compared to 1990, except Germany and the United Kingdom where emissions decreased. 
However, all reporting Member States projec t a further increase of kilometres driven by 
2010. 
• In the EU-15, GHG emissions from transport ar e projected to decreas e slightly between 
2006 and 2010, approximately 26 % above 1990 levels  in 2010 with existing measures. 
These emissions could be reduced at 19% a bove 1990 levels with the implementation of 
additional measures. 
• Emissions from transport are projected to incr ease from 1990 levels in all EU-15 Member 
States except Germany. The lowest increase (lower than 15%) is projected in Finland, 
Sweden and the United Kingdom. Ireland and Port ugal project an increase of more than 
200 %.  
• From the central and eastern European Member States, the Czech Republic and Romania 
project increase of more than  200 % of their transport emi ssions. Lithuania is the only 
Member State projecting emissions  in 2010 to be lower than 1990. 
1.3. Agriculture  
• The drop in GHG emissions from fertilis er use between 1990 and 2006 was achieved 
partly through the 1992 reform of the Common  Agricultural Policy (CAP), resulting in a 
shift from production-based support mechanisms to direct area payments to agricultural 
production. The 2003 CAP reform, which includ ed further decoupling of support from 
production, subject to the respect by farmers of a set of environmental legislation and other 
agricultural and environmental conditions (c ross compliance), and measures within the 
Rural Development Policy, such as agro-environment programmes supporting extensification measures, are expected to lead  to a further decline in GHG emissions. In 
addition, reduction in fertiliser use has also been achieved due  to the implementation of EU 
legislation, particularly the Nitrates Directive.  
 
EN 4   EN Table 3: GHG emissions from agriculture (1990-2006) 
GHG emission 
from 4 Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2006 
total GHG Change 
1990-2006 Change 
2000-2006 
EU-15 10.2% 9.3% -11.4% -6.9% 
EU-27 10.6% 9.2% -20.1% -5.7% 
• In the EU-27, decreases in mineral and organi c (manure) nitrogen fertiliser use and the 
efficiency improvements of farmin g practices, are likely to reduce N 2O emissions, while 
decreases in the number of ru minants (cattle and sheep) and increases in cattle productivity 
are likely to contribute to a d ecline in emissions of methane. 
• With the existing measures, emissions from agriculture are projected to be reduced by 2% 
compared to current levels and by 13 % co mpared to 1990 levels. Portugal and Spain 
project that their GHG emissions from agricultu re in 2010 will be higher than in 1990. The 
highest relative reductions with  all measures considered (m ore than 20 %) are projected by 
the Netherlands, Finland, Denmar k, Germany and the United Kingdom. 
• All central and eastern European Member St ates, except Cyprus, project decreases in GHG 
emissions from agriculture compared to 1990 emissions.  
1.4. Industrial processes 
• Policies and measures are mainly aimed at ab atement measures in adipic and nitric acid 
production (to reduce N 2O emissions) and on alternatives (substitutes) for HFCs in 
refrigeration and air conditioning. Policies and measures in most Member States to implement the F-gas regulation and directive are at an early stage of development. 
Table 4: GHG emissions from in dustrial processes (1990-2006) 
Total GHG 
emissions Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2006 
total GHG Change 
1990-2006 Change 
2000-2006 
EU-15 8.8% 7.9% -12.1% -0.3% 
EU-27 8.6% 8.1% -12.8% 3.1% 
• Emissions from industrial processes are projec ted to remain at the current level of 12% 
below 1990 levels. In the EU-15, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the United 
Kingdom project that greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes in 2010 will be 
lower than 1990 emissions with  existing measures. The highe st relative reductions are 
projected by the United Kingdom. 
• Seven central and eastern European Member States (Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, 
Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Romania) pr oject decreases in GHG emissions from 
industrial processes compared to 1990 emissions.  
1.5. Waste management  
• Decreases in emissions of methane in partic ular but also carbon dioxi de and nitrous oxide 
are expected to result from a range of (so lid and water) waste management schemes, taxes 
and other measures such as the EU Landfill Tax (expected to reduce emissions by 5.8 Mt CO
2-eq. in 2010). 
 
EN 5   EN Table 5: GHG emissions from waste management (1990-2006) 
GHG emission 
from 6 Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2006 
total GHG Change 
1990-2006 Change 
2000-2006 
EU-15 4.1% 2.6% -38.7% -22.7% 
EU-27 3.9% 2.9% -31.5% -17.6% 
• Emissions from the waste sector are projected to  decrease more than in any other sector by 
2010 (-44%). The highest reductions (more than  50%) are projected by Belgium, Germany, 
the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Only Ireland, Portugal and Spain 
project that their greenhouse gas emissions from  waste in 2010 will be higher than in 1990. 
• Only three of the EU-12 Member States (B ulgaria, Cyprus and Lithuania) project 
decreases in GHG emissions from waste compared to 1990 emissions. 
 
EN 6   EN Table 6: GHG emissions in CO 2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets 
for 2008–12 
Member State 1990  
(million 
tonnes) Base year(1) 
(million 
tonnes) 2006 (3) 
(million 
tonnes) Change 
2005–2006 
(%)   Change  
base year–
2006  
(%) 
 Targets 2008–12 
under Kyoto Protocol 
and "EU burden 
sharing"  
(%) Targets 2008–12 
under Kyoto Protocol 
and "EU burden 
sharing"  
(million tonnes) 
 
Austria 79.2 79.0 91.1 -2.3% 15.2% -13.0% 68.8
Belgium  144.5 145.7 137.0 -3.8% -6.0% -7.5% 134.8
Bulgaria 116.7 132.6 71.3 1.2% -46.2% -8.0% 122.0
Cyprus 6.0 6.0 10.0 1.6% 66.0% na na
Czech Re public 194,2 194.2 148.2 1.7% -23.7% -8.0% 178.7
Denmar k 69 69.3 70.5 10.9% 1.7% -21.0% 54.8
Estonia 41.6 42.6 18.9 -2.3% -55.7% -8.0% 39.2
Finland 70.9 71.0 80.3 16.3% 13.1% 0.0% 71.0
France 563.3 563.9 541.3 -2.5% -4.0% 0.0% 563.9
German y 1,227.7 1 ,232.4 1 ,004.8 -0.2% -18.5% -21.0% 973.6
Greece 104.6 107.0 133.1 -0.5% 24.4% 25.0% 133.7
Hungary 98.2 115.4 78.6 -2.0% -31.9% -6.0% 108.5
Ireland 55.5 55.6 69.8 -0.8% 25.5% 13.0% 62.8
Italy 516.9 516.9 567.9 -1.7% 9.9% -6.5% 483.3
Latvia 26.5 25.9 11.6 4.4% -55.1% -8.0% 23.8
Lithuania 49.4 49.4 23.2 2.4% -53.0% -8.0% 45.5
Luxembour g 13.2 13.2 13.3 0.2% 1.2% -28.0% 9.5
Malta 2.2 2.2 3.2 -0.3% 45.0% na na
Netherlands 211.7 213.0 207.5 -2.0% -2.6% -6.0% 200.3
Poland 453.6 563.4 400.5 3.7% -28.9% -6.0% 529.6
Portu gal 59.1 60.1 83.2 -4.8% 38.3% 27.0% 76.4
Romania 247.7 278.2 156.7 3.1% -43.7% -8.0% 256.0
Slovakia 73.7 72.1 48.9 -0.9% -32.1% -8.0% 66.3
Slovenia 18.6 20.4 20.6 0.6% 1.2% -8.0% 18.7
Spain 287.7 289.8 433.3 -1.7% 49.5% 15.0% 333.2
Sweden 72.0 72.2 65.7 -1.7% -8.9% 4.0% 75.0
United Kin gdom 768.5 776.3 652.3 -0.5% -16.0% -12.5% 679.3
EU-15 4243.8 4 ,265.5 4151.1 -0.8% -2.7% -8.0% 3924.3
EU-27(2) 5572 5 ,768.0 5142.8 -0.3% -10.8% No common tar get No common tar get
(1) For EU-15 the base year for carbon dioxide, methane and ni trous oxide is 1990; for the fluorinated gases 12 Member 
States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990.  As the EU-15 inventory is 
the sum of Member States’ inventories, the EU-15 base year  estimates for fluorinated gas emissions are the sum of 1995 
emissions for 12 Member States and 1990 emissions for Austria,  France and Italy. The EU-15 base year emissions also 
include emissions from deforestation for the Netherlands, Port ugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide, methane 
and nitrous oxide for Bulgaria is 1988, for Hungary is th e average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986, for Poland 1988, for 
Romania 1989; for the fluorinated gases Sl ovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year  and Romania 1989 all other central and 
eastern European members states have selected 1995. 
(2) EU-27 does not have a common Kyoto Protocol target. 
(3) This data has not yet been reviewed by the UNFCCC. 
Note: Malta and Cyprus do not have Kyoto targets.
 
EN 7   EN Table 7: EU Kyoto targets for 2008–12, compared with emission projections 
 Kyoto BY 
emissions 
Mt CO2 MtCO2 % of BY MtC O2 % of BY   Mt CO2 % of BY  MtCO2 % of BY   MtCO2 % of BY   MtCO2 % of BY   MtCO2 % of BY
Austria 79.0 68.8 -13.0% 92.8 17.4% -9.0 -11.4% -0.7 -0.9% -14.6 -18.4% 68.6 -13.3% -0.2 -0.3%
Belgium 145.7 134.8 -7.5% 140.3 -3.7% -7.0 -4.8% 0.0 0.0% 133.3 -8.5% -1.5 -1.0%
Bulgaria 132.6 122.0 -8.0% 93.1 -29.8% -6.8 -5.2% 86.3 -34.9% -35.7 -26.9%
Cyprus 6.0 na na 8.7 44.3% -0.2 -2.9% 8.5 41.4% na na
Czech Republic 194.2 178.7 -8.0% 145.4 -25.1% -1.2 -0.6% -6.0 -3.1% 138.3 -28.8% -40.4 -20.8%
Denmark 69.3 54.8 -21.0% 67.8 -2.2% -4.2 -6.1% -2.3 -3.3% 0.0 0.0% 61.3 -11.6% 6.5 9.4%
Estonia 42.6 39.2 -8.0% 15.9 -62.8% -1.3 -3.0% 14.6 -65.7% -24.6 -57.7%
Finland 71.0 71.0 0.0% 85.0 19.7% -1.4 -2.0% -0.6 -0.8% -12.4 -17.4% 70.6 -0.6% -0.4 -0.6%
France 563.9 563.9 0.0% 568.3 0.8% -4.1 -0.7% -24.0 -4.3% 540.2 -4.2% -23.7 -4.2%
Germany 1232.4 973.6 -21.0% 955.1 -22.5% -4.5 -0.4% -40.9 -3.3% 909.7 -26.2% -63.9 -5.2%
Greece 107.0 133.7 25.0% 132.6 23.9% -1.2 -1.1% -2.1 -2.0% 129.3 20.8% -4.5 -4.2%
Hungary 115.4 108.5 -6.0% 86.7 -24.9% -0.6 -0.5% 86.0 -25.4% -22.4 -19.4%
Ireland 55.6 62.8 13.0% 68.3 22.8% -3.6 -6.5% -2.1 -3.7% -0.1 -0.2% 62.5 12.4% -0.3 -0.6%
Italy 516.9 483.3 -6.5% 555.4 7.5% -20.7 -4.0% -25.3 -4.9% -16.5 -3.2% 492.9 -4.6% 9.6 1.9%
Latvia 25.9 23.8 -8.0% 14.0 -46.1% 0.0 0.0% 14.0 -46.1% -9.9 -38.1%
Lithuania 49.4 45.5 -8.0% 34.4 -30.4% 0.0 0.0% 34.4 -30.4% -11.1 -22.4%
Luxembourg 13.167 9.5 -28.0% 13.571 3.1% -3.942 -29.9% -0.15 -1.1% 9.481 -28.0% 0.0 0.0%
Malta 2.2 na na 3.5 61.8% 0.0 0.0% 3.5 61.8% na na
Net herlands 213.0 200.3 -6.0% 208.3 -2.2% -13.0 -6.1% -0.1 -0.1% 0.0 0.0% 195.2 -8.4% -5.1 -2.4%
Poland 563.4 529.6 -6.0% 403.2 -28.4% -3.0 -0.5% 0.0 0.0% 400.2 -29.0% -129.5 -23.0%
Portugal 60.1 76.4 27.0% 86.7 44.2% -5.8 -9.6% -4.7 -7.7% -2.4 -4.0% 73.8 22.7% -2.6 -4.3%
Romania 278.2 256.0 -8.0% 190.9 -31.4% -10.8 -3.9% 180.0 -35.3% -75.9 -27.3%
Slovakia 72.1 66.3 -8.0% 58.8 -18.4% -2.3 -3.2% 56.5 -21.6% -9.8 -13.6%
Sl ovenia 20.4 18.7 -8.0% 21.7 6.7% -0.6 -2.9% -1.7 -8.3% -1.8 -8.7% 17.7 -13.2% -1.1 -5.2%
Spain 289.8 333.2 15.0% 440.5 52.0% -57.8 -19.9% -5.8 -2.0% -27.8 -9.6% 349.1 20.5% 15.8 5.5%
Sweden 72.2 75.0 4.0% 70.2 -2.7% -2.1 -3.0% 0.0 0.0% 68.0 -5.7% -7.0 -9.7%
Uni ted Kingdom 776.3 679.3 -12.5% 625.4 -19.4% -4.0 -0.5% 0.0 0.0% 621.3 -20.0% -58.0 -7.5%
EU-15 4265.5 3924.3 -8.0% 4110.2 -3.6% -126.5 -3.0% -57.5 -1.3% -140.9 -3.3% 3785.3 -11.3% -139.0 -3.3%
EU 27 5768.0 na na 5186.4 -10.1% -127.1 -2.2% -63.4 -1.1% -170.7 -3.0% 4825.3 -16.3% na naKyoto targets Projections for 2010 Effect in 2010Use of Kyoto Mechanisms 
(Govt.)
Effect  in 2010 Effect in 2010Gap between 
projections and target With existing policies and 
measures Additional policies and 
measuresWith al l measures, KM and carbon sinks Use of Carbon Sinks
Projections for 2010
 
EN 8   EN Table 8: Aggregate of MS' projections for the various scenarios 
  Base Year  Without Kyoto 
mechanisms and 
carbon sinks With Kyoto 
mechanisms With Kyoto 
mechanisms and 
carbon sinks With additional 
measures, Kyoto 
mechanisms and carbon sinks 
  Mt CO2 eq. 2010 
Mt CO2 
eq. % 
Change
base 
year-
2010 2010 
Mt CO2 
eq. % Change
base year-
2010 2010 
Mt CO2 
eq. % 
Change
base 
year-
2010 2010 
Mt CO2 
eq. % Change
base year-
2010 
Aggregate of EU-15 MS with measures projections 4,266 4,110 -3.6% 3,984  -6.6% 3,926  -8.0% 3,785  -11.3%
Aggregate of EU-27 MS 
with measures projections 5,768 5,186 -10.1% 5,059  -12.3% 4,996  -13.4% 4,825  -16.3%
 
 
 
EN 9   EN Table 9: Summary of implemented and planned policies and measures 
Cross-cutting measures 
Policies and measures 
‘Cross-cutting’ Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation /timetable 
/comments 
EU emissions trading scheme 146 In force 
Revision of the monitoring mechanism N/a In force  
Link Kyoto flexible mechanisms to emissions 
trading 187.5 In force 
 
Energy Supply 
Policies and measures 
‘Energy supply’ Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation /timetable 
/comments 
Directive on renewable electricity  100-125 (14) In force  
Directive on the promotion of transport bio-fuels  35-40(14) In force  
Directive on promotion of cogeneration 22-42(15) In force 
Further measures on renewable heat (including 
biomass action plan) 36-48 Biomass Action Plan, Dec 2005(16), over 20 further actions 
planned 
Intelligent Energy for Europe: programme for 
renewable energy N/a Programme for policy support in renewable energy  
TOTAL in implementation  193-255  
 
Energy demand 
Policies and measures 
‘Energy demand’ Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / timetable 
/comments 
Directive on the energy performance of buildings 20 (17) In force  
Monitoring and review 
Directive requiring energy labelling of domestic 
appliances 
Existing labels New (el. ovens &AC) 
Envisaged revisions (refrigerators / freezers / 
dishwashers) 
Planned new (hot water heaters) 
Extension of scope of Directive  
 
20
(14) 
1 
10 
 
23 
N/k  
 
In force Monitoring and review 
In preparation 
 In preparation 
In preparation 
Framework Directive on eco-efficiency 
requirements of energy-using products  dependent on im plementation 
of daughter directives In force; preparatory studies for daughter directives 
underway 
 
EN 10   EN Directive on Energy services 40-55(14) In force 
Action Plan on Energy effi ciency as a follow-up to 
the Green Paper  N/a Launched Oct 2006(18). Identifies 10 priority actions to 
achieve up to 20% energy savings by 2020.  
Action under the directive on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) on energy efficiency Not known In preparation  
Intelligent Energy for Europe programme for 
energy efficiency N/a Programme for policy support in energy efficiency 
Public awareness campaign on energy efficiency N/a Supporting program as part of Intelligent Energy for Europe: 
In implementation 
Programme for voluntary action on motors (Motor Challenge)  30
(18) Supporting programme for voluntary action on efficient 
motor systems 
Public procurement 25-40(14) EU Handbook developed for guidance for increased energy 
efficient public procurement 
TOTAL in implementation 169-199  
 
 
EN 11   EN Transport 
Policies and measures 
‘Transport’ Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / timetable / 
comments 
Community strategy on CO 2 from passenger cars 
(including voluntary commitment (VC) of car 
manufacturers’ associations) Total 107-115  
 
Of which VC: 75-80(14) VC: monitoring;  review ongoing  
Labelling : in force  
Communication on fiscal measures : in implementation 
Directive on taxation of passenger cars : in preparation  
Framework Directive Infrastructure use and 
charging Not known In implementation, in relation to heavy duty road transport 
only; amending "Eurovignette" Directive is now proposed(19) 
Shifting the balance of transport modes Not know n Package of measures in implementation  
Fuel taxation Not known In force  
Focus on EU harmonisation of taxation, not on CO 2 
reduction; ongoing review  
Directive on mobile air conditioning systems: HFCs See regulation on fluorinated 
gases In force 
TOTAL in implementation 107 - 115  
 
Industry & non CO 2 gases  
Policies and measures 
‘Industry’ Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / timetable / 
comments 
Regulation on fluorinated gases 23(20) In force 
IPPC & non-CO 2 gases  Not known In force 
Review periodically 
 
Waste 
Policies and measures 
‘Waste’ Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / timetable / 
comments 
Landfill Directive 41(14) In force 
Thematic strategy on waste Not known Launched December 2005(21) 
 
 
EN 12   EN Integration Research & Development 
Policies and measures Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation /timetable 
/comments 
R&D framework Program n/a In force 6 and 7 Framework Programme for research and 
development. 
Includes support for R&D in the fields of energy, transport 
and climate. 
 
Integration Cohesion Policy 
Policies and measures 
 Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation /timetable 
/comments 
Integration climate change  in structural funds 
&cohesion fund n/a For the new budgetary period 2007-2013 sustainable 
transport, adaptation, renewable energy and energy 
efficiency have been identified as eligible areas for support  
 
 
EN 13   EN Agriculture 
Policies and measures 
‘Agriculture’ Emission reduction 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation /timetable 
/comments 
Integration climate change in ru ral development  N/a In force 
Support scheme for energy crops N/a In force 
CAP Reform 19  CAP reform of 2003:  
1) Decoupling: change support to  farmers towards direct aids 
decoupled from production quantities with the effect of 
reducing incentives to intensify production;  
2) ‘‘Cross-compliance’: links direct payments to farmers to 
their compliance with EU environmental and other legislation and a set of good agricultural and environmental 
conditions (GAEC) aimed at protecting soil resources and 
enhancing farmland sink capacity.  
Improve N fertiliser e fficiency and reduce N 2O 
from agricultural soils  10 1) Improved implementation of the Nitrates Directive, setting rules, for instance, on fertilis er use, manure storage and 
application methods. 
2) Possibility for support to emissions reduction measures 
through Rural development programmes, such as:  
• support for investments on equipment for better 
application of fertilisers,  
• agri-environment measures (e.g., reduction of N inputs), 
• support for afforestation of farmland  
Reduction of CH 4 and N 2O from animal manure 
(Anaerobic digestion) 1.7 Possibility for support through Rural development 
programmes: 
• support for investments in manure storage 
facilities and equipment for better application of manure, 
• support for Anaerobic digestion facilities 
• agri-environment measures (e.g., 
extensification of livestock 
 
 
 
EN 14   EN Forests 
Policies and measures 
‘Forests’ Sequestration 
potential by 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation /timetable 
/comments 
Afforestation and reforestation:  
- Afforestation programmes 
- Natural forest expansion 14(14) Possibility for support through measures for forestry scheme 
of afforestation of agricultural land and reforestation under 
the rural development programmes 
Forest management (various measures to enhance carbon sink pool, such as continuous forest cover, special regeneration systems) 19
(14) Possibility for support through forestry-environment scheme 
measures of rural development programmes; uptake of measures, dependent on na tional implementation. 
Restoration of forests damaged by natural 
disasters, fires, pests damage, and forest fire 
prevention actions   Possibility for support th rough rural development 
programmes, specific measure for restoring forestry potential and introducing prevention actions 
 
EN 15   EN Table 10: Key figures of the emis sions trading scheme for 2005 to 2007  
Average 2005/2007 
Allocated 
allowances Verified 
emissions Difference between 
allocation and 
verified emissions EU-27 
Type of installations Number 
of 
installa-
tions [1000 EUA(1) ] [kt CO 2] [1000 EUA] [%] 
1 Combustion installations  7008 1 503 072 1 501 109 -29 075 0%
2 Mineral oil refineries 155 164 757 154 325 6 241 6%
3 Coke ovens 20 22 789 20 856 1 963 8%
4 Metal ore roasting or sintering  27 20 504 18 389 10 432 10%
5 Production of pig iron or steel  232 173 323 141 805 1 933 18%
6 Production of cement clinker or lime  518 191 995 182 839 2 115 5%
7 Manufacture of glass incl. glass fibre 404 22 598 19 995 31 518 12%
8 Manufacture of ceramic products 1119 18 418 14 987 9 156 19%
9 Production of pulp, paper and board 794 37 608 29 894 2 603 21%
99 Other activity opted-in  398 425 293 3 431 31%
  All installations 10 675 2 155 489 2 084 492 70 996 3 %
Notes: 
(1) EUA=European Union Allowance 
(2) Exact numbers show sm all variations through time, due to new entrants, closures, corrections and other reasons. Bulgaria 
and Romania only entered the EU ETS in  2007, data for Romania are for 2007 only. 
Source: Community independent transac tion log (CITL) (29 May 2008). 
 
EN 16   EN Table 11: Overview of 2nd NAPs and estimated emission reductions 
Member State ETS share 
in total 
GHG 
emissions 
2006 2005/2007 
verified 
emissions Proposed 
cap 
2008-
2012 Cap 
allowed 
2008-2012 
(relative to 
proposed) Additional 
emissions 
in 2008-
2012(1)  (Cap allowed - 
additional 
emissions - 
avg.2005/2007 
emissions)/base 
year emissions  JI/CDM 
limit 
2008-
2012 
Austria 35% 32.5 32.8 30.7 0.4 -2.8% 10.0 % 
Belgium 40% 54.3(1) 63.3 58.5 5.0 -0.5% 8.4 % 
Bulgaria 51% 40.6(2,3) 67.6 42.3 n.a. 1.3% 12.6 % 
Cyprus 53% 5.2 7.1 5.5 n.a. 3.4% 10.0 % 
Czech Republic 56% 84.5 101.9 86.8 n.a. 1.2% 10.0 % 
Denmark 49% 30.4 24.5 24.5 0.0 -8.5% 17.0 % 
Estonia 64% 13.3 24.4 12.7 0.3 -2.1% 0.0 % 
Finland 56% 40.1 39.6 37.6 0.4 -4.1% 10.0 % 
France 23% 125.8 132.8 132.8 5.1 0.3% 13.5 % 
Germany 48% 474.0 482.0 453.1 11.0 -2.6% 20.0(c) % 
Greece 54% 71.3 75.5 69.1 n.a. -1.6% 9.0 % 
Hungary 33% 26.1 30.7 26.9 1.4 -0.5% 10.0 % 
Ireland 31% 21.7 22.6 22.3 n.a. 1.1% 10.0 % 
Italy 40% 221.7 209.0 195.8 n.k.(4) -5.0% 15.0 % 
Latvia 25% 2.8 7.7 3.4 n.a. 2.3% 10.0 % 
Lithuania 28% 6.3 16.6 8.8 0.1 4.9% 20.0 % 
Luxembourg 20% 2.6 4.0 2.5 n.a. -0.8% 10.0 % 
Malta 62% 2.0 3.0 2.1 n.a. 4.6% 10.0 % 
Netherlands 37% 78.9 90.4 85.8 (7) 4.0(7) 1.4% 10.0 % 
Poland 50% 207.4 284.6 208.5 6.3 -0.9% 10.0 % 
Portugal 40% 33.5 35.9 34.8 0.8 0.8% 10.0 % 
Romania 44% 69.6(2) 95.7 75.9 n.a. 2.3% 10.0 % 
Slovak Republic 52% 25.2 41.3 32.6 1.7 7.9% 7.0 % 
Slovenia 43% 8.8 8.3 8.3 n.a. -2.5% 15.8 % 
Spain 41% 183.0 152.7 152.3 6.7(5) -12.9% 20.0 % 
Sweden 30% 19.4 25.2 22.8 2.0 1.9% 10.0 % 
United Kingdom 39% 244.5(6) 246.2 246.2 39.5 -4.9% 8.0 % 
EU-15 40% 1633.2 (6) 1636.5 1568.8 74.9 -3.3% - 
EU-27 39% 2125.1(6) 2325.3 2082.6 84.7 -2.2% - 
Notes: 
This is due to new entrant reserves, closures and other cases wh ere EU allowances (EUA) are not allocated to specific installat ions. 
(0) The figures indicated in this column comprise emissions from  installations that come under th e coverage of the scheme in 20 08 to 2012 
due to an extended scope applied by the Member State and do no t include new installations entering the scheme in sectors alread y covered in 
the first trading period. 
(1) Including installations which Belgium opted to exclude temporarily from the scheme in 2005. 
(2) Due to the recent accession of Bulgaria  and Romania to the EU, their 2005 emissions were not independently verified.  
(3) The value represents the verified emissions of 2005. It  was taken from the Commission summary information table. 
(4) Italy has to include further installations. The amount  of additional emissions is not known at this stage. 
(5) Additional installations and emissions of over 6 million tonnes are already included as of 2006. Emissions from these insta llations were 
not included in the column ‘verified emissions 2005–2007’ 
(6) Verified emissions for 2005 do not include installations whic h the UK opted to exclude tempor arily from the scheme in 2005 but which 
will be covered in 2008 to 2012 and are estimated to amount to some 30 Mt. 
(7)In the final Dutch NAP II (16 May 2007), these values are incr eased by 0.935 MT due to 36 add itional installations that are included in 
NAP II 
Source:  CITL (29 May 2008); European Commission 2007. 
 
EN 17   EN Table 12: Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms 
Member State  Planned use 
of Kyoto 
mechanisms  Type of Kyoto 
mechanisms 
(ET, CDM, JI)  Achievement 
of Kyoto 
target planned 
through 
domestic action only Projected emission 
reduction 2008-12 
through the use of Kyoto mechanisms 
[Mt CO2 equivalent 
per year] Budget
[Mio €] 
Austria Yes JI , CDM , ET No 9.0 531.0
Belgium Yes JI , CDM , ET No 7.0 104.0
Bulgaria No - Yes -
Cyprus No - Not a pplicable(a)-
Czech 
Rb l iNo - Yes -
Denmark Yes JI , CDM , ET No 4.2 152.0
Estonia No - Yes -
Finland Yes JI , CDM , ET No 1.4 121.0
France No - Yes -
Germany No - Yes - 23.0
Greece No - Yes -
Hungary No - Yes -
Ireland Yes JI , CDM , ET No 3.6(b)290.0
Italy Yes JI , CDM , ET No 20.7 78.8
Latvia No - Yes -
Lithuania No - Yes -
Luxembourg Yes JI , CDM , ET No 3.6 to 4.3(c) 400.0
Malta No - Not a pplicable(a)-
Netherlands Yes CDM , JI, ET No 13.0 505.0
Poland No - Yes -
Portugal Yes JI , CDM , ET No 5.8 354.0
Romania No - Yes -
Slovakia No - Yes -
Slovenia Yes JI , CDM ,ET No < 0.6(b)
Spain Yes JI , CDM , ET No 57.8 383.6
Sweden No  (JI, CDM ) Yes -1.3(d)8.7
United 
Ki dNo - Yes -
EU15 Yes JI , CDM , ET No 126.5 2951
EU27     127.1 2951
 
Notes:  
(a ) Cyprus and Malta are non-Annex I Partie s to the Kyoto Protocol a nd do not have an emissions target for the period 2008-12.  
(b) The value for projected emissions reductions through the use of Kyoto mechanisms depends on the actual development of emiss ions, 
especially in the transport sector. 
(c) Luxembourg: The range of projected emi ssions reductions through the use of Kyoto mechanisms results from different projecti on 
scenarios (“pessimistic” or “optim istic”) with respect to the tr ansport sector, which represented about 55% of Luxembourg’s tot al greenhouse 
gas emissions in 2006 (excl. LULUCF) (d) Sweden intends to achieve its Kyoto target without the use of  flexible mechanisms but has ma de the necessary preparations t o use them if 
necessary. Sweden intends to acquire 1.3 Mt CO
2-eq/yr through the Swedish CDM and JI programme. This figure has not been considered in 
the target assessment for Sweden and the EU-15. 
The exchange rate US$ per Euro was assumed to be at 1.5. Source:  Questionnaires submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitori ng Mechanism; European Commission Decisions on the second 
national allocation plans under the EU ETS; Se cond national allocation plans by countries. 
 
EN 18   EN Table 13: P rojected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first 
commitment period  
 Article 3.3 Article 3.4 Total 
 Net carbon stock 
change during 2008–
12 Election of 
activities(1) Net carbon stock 
change during 2008–12Maximum 
allowance for forest 
management  
 [million tonnes CO 2 
per year]  [million tonnes CO 2 
per year] [million tonnes CO 2 
per year] [million tonnes CO 2 
per year] 
Austria - 0.7 None n.a. n.a. -0.7
Belgiu m No estimates None n.a. n.a. n.e.
Bulgaria Not reported None n.a. n.a. n.e.
Cyprus Not reported n.a. n.a. n.a. n.e.
Czech Republic Probably small sink FM Likely larger than max. 
allowance- 1.17 -1.2 
Denmar k - 0.262 FM, CM, GM(1)FM: - 0.18 CM: - 1.82 - 0.18 -2.3
Estonia No estimates None n.a. n.a. n.e.
Finland(4) + 1.9 to + 2.4 FM - 2.5 to - 3.0 - 0.59 -0.6
France - 0.84 FM - 67.63 - 3.23 -4.1
Germany No estimates FM - 7.3 - 4.55 -4.5
Greece - 0.90 FM - 2 to - 4 - 0.33 -1.2
Hungary Not reported FM Not reported - 1.06 n.e.
Ireland - 2.07 None n.a. n.a. -2.1
Italy - 15.1 FM - 10.2 - 10.19 -25.3
Latvia Not reported FM Not reported - 1.25 n.e.
Lithuania No estimates FM No estimates available - 1.03 n.e.
Luxembourg Not reported None n.a. n.a. n.e.
Malta Not reported n.a. n.a. n.a. n.e.
Netherlands - 0.11 None n.a. n.a. -0.1 
Poland Net sink FM Likely larger than max. 
allowance - 3.01 -3.0 
Portu gal - 3.36 FM , CM, GM FM: - 0.8 CM & GM: - - 0.81 -4.7
Romania Not re ported FM , Reve getation Not re ported - 4.03 n.e.
Slovakia Net sin k None n.a. n.a. n.e.
Slovenia - 0.36 FM - 1.32 - 1.32 -1.7
Spain (2) Not estimated FM , CM Not estimated - 2.46 -5.8
Sweden Probably small net 
debit FM Likely larger than max. 
allowance - 2.13 -2.1 
United Kin gdom - 2.68 FM -1.69 - 1.36 -4.0
EU15 -23.87 -25.68 -57.5
EU27 -24.23 -31.17 -63.4
 
Notes:   
Consistent with the reporting of emission inventories a negative sign ‘-’ is used for removals and a positive sign ‘+’ for emis sions; n.a.: not 
applicable. 
(1) FM: forest management; CM: cropland ma nagement; GM: grazing-land management. 
(2) Spain only estimated the aggregated reduc tions of Articles 3.3 and 3.4 together. 
(3) The totals for Art. 3.3 and 3.4 do not include Spain. 
(4) In addition to accounting for forest management up to the maxi mum allowance Parties may account for removals from forest mana gement 
to compensate net emissions under Art. 3.3. In Finland removals from forest management  are projected to exceed the sum of emiss ions under 
Art. 3.3. and the maximum allo wance for forest management. 
Source:  Questionnaires submitted by Member States, The European Comm unity's initial report under the Kyoto Protocol (EEA Technical 
report No 10/2006); Second national allocation plan under the EU ETS  of Italy; Decisions 16/CMP.1 and 8/CMP.2 of the Conference  of the 
Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. 
 
EN 19   EN Figure 1: Greenhouse gas emissions per capita  of EU-27 Member States for 1990 and 2006 
 
 
EN 20   EN Technical notes 
(1) In connection with Council decision 2002/358/EC, the Council of Environment Ministers and the 
Commission have, in a joint statement, noted “that the respective emission levels referred to in the 
decision shall be expressed in te rms of tonnes of carbon  dioxide equivalent, …,  taking into account the 
assumptions relating to base year emissions as also reflected in the relevant statements to the Council 
minutes to the Council Conclusions of 16-17 June 1998. …”. In 2006, it was decided to postpone a 
decision on this until after all community and MS initial reports have been reviewed under the Kyoto Protocol. 
(2) Under the EU monitoring mechanism decision (Decision 280/2004), all MS submitted all or almost all 
Common Reporting Format (CRF) tables, (i.e., more than 90 %) for 1990–2006. 
(3) Based on Member State (MS) submissions until May 31st. 
(4) This corresponds to fuel consumption of 4.5 litres pe r 100 km for diesel cars and 5 l/100 km for petrol 
cars. 
(5) COM(2007) 18 
(6) COM(2008) 16 final 
(7) COM (2008)17 final 
(8) COM(2008) 19 final 
(9) COM(2008) 13 final 
(10) COM (2008) 18 final 
(11) COM(2007) 723 final 
(12) Please note that no data for Bulgaria is included yet, data for Romania are for 2007 only. 
(13) The ‘combustion installations’ sector contains units installations for the public supply of heat and 
electricity as well as installations in various indu strial sectors. Depending on Member States and 
individual circumstances combustion installations belonging to the industrial sector (e.g., a heat plant in a paper mill) are either included in the sector ‘com bustion installations’ or in the respective industrial 
sector (e.g., ‘production of pulp and paper’). 
(14) Second ECCP progress report April 2003 
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf 
(15) COM(2004)366 – final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004 
(16) COM(2005) 628 fina l “Biomass Action Plan, December 2005” 
(17) COM(2004)366 – final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004 
(18) COM(2006)545 – final “Action Plan for Ener gy Efficiency: Realising the Potential” 
(19) COM (2008) 436 final 
(20) COM(2003) 492 final 
(21) COM(2005) 666 and 667 final "Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention"