15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/1 
I 
(Information) 
COMMISSION 
THE MARKET FOR SOLID FUELS IN THE COMMUNITY IN 1984 
AND THE OUTLOOK FOR 1985 
(85/C 177/01) 
CONTENTS 
I. Introduction and Summary 3 
II. General economic situation and outlook 4 
III. Demand for solid fuels by sector 4 
Steel 5 
Coking 5 
Power stations 5 
Other industries 6 
Domestic and small-scale users 6 
IV. Community coal production 7 
Production statistics 7 
Estimate of the financial situation 7 
Development in production capacity 7 
V. Coal prices 7 
Development of list prices 8 
Development of the prices of imported coal 8 
(a) Coking coal 8 
(b) Steam coal 8 
Prices of domestic coal 8 
VI. Trade in coal and coke 9 
Intra-Community trade 9 
Trade with third countries 9 
Production and world trade in coal 9 
VII. Hard coal and coke stocks 10 
No C 177/2 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
VIII. List of tables and figures 11 
1 Shares of the various forms of energy in gross internal energy consumption 11 
2 Gross internal consumption of energy by country in 1983 11 
3 Community hard coal consumption by sector and by Member State 12 
4 Steel production and coke consumption in the steel industry 13 
5 Coke consumption by sector 14 
6 Deliveries of hard coal to coking plants 14 
7 Coking 15 
8 Net electricity generation — breakdown by country by energy sources 16 
9 Deliveries of hard coal to power stations 17 
10 Consumption of solid fuels in power stations 18 
11 Hard coal and coke consumption in other industries 19 
12 Deliveries of solid fuels to the domestic sector 20 
13 Hard coal production by areas, and calorific value of production 21 
14 Yearly average of personnel employed underground 21 
15 Output per man/hour underground 22 
16 Costs and proceeds per tonne 22 
17 State aids to the coal industry for production 22 
18 A — Investments in the coal industry 23 
18 B — Pit closures 23 
19 A — Pre-tax pithead list-prices for Community coal on 1 January 1984, 1 July 1984 
and 1 January 1985 24 
19 B — Pre-tax pithead list-prices for Community coal on 1 January 1984, 1 July 1984 
and 1 January 1985 25 
20 A — Average cif prices for coal imported from third countries 26 
20 B — Delivered prices for domestic coal and gasoil 26 
21 Trend of intra-Community trade in hard coal 27 
22 Trend of intra-Community trade in coke 28 
23 Hard coal imports from third countries 29 
24 Hard coal imports from third countries in 1984 30 
25 Hard coal and coke exports to third countries 30 
26 World coal production and trade 31 
27 A — Producers' stocks of hard coal and coke 32 
27 B — Estimate of total stocks of hard coal held by producers, consumers and in 
ports and/or central depots in the Community 32' 
27 C — Estimate of total stocks of hard coal and coke (expressed as coal equivalent) 
held by producers, consumers and in ports and/or central depots in the 
Community 33 
28 Hard coal balance sheet for 1985 34 
29 Coke balance sheet for 1985 35 
30 Lignite and peat balance sheet for 1985 36 
Graphs: 
1. Main indicators for solid fuels 37 
2. EUR-10: Solid fuels (availability) 38 
3. Coal prices compared with fuel prices 39 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/3 
I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 
Although this report follows the same lines as its predecessors, it is presented in a 
simplified form. While following the usual pattern, the commentary is shorter. Some 
tables have been simplified or integrated with others, and this gives rise to certain 
changes in the numbering series used in past years. 
Energy demand: contrasted situation 
(Tables 1 and 2, Graph 1) 
1. While energy demand increased by 4% in 1984 
with the economic revival, the share of solid fuels in the 
Community's gross internal energy consumption fell to 
21,8 %, having been 24 % of the total during the period 
1981 to 1983. Production and consumption of lignite 
and peat increased slightly. The other principal energy 
sources increased their contribution in absolute terms 
as well as in relation to the increased energy consump­
tion. 
2. With regard to hard coal, the reduction of its share 
in overall energy consumption is due, above all, to the 
British miners' strike and resulted by the end of 
December in a reduction of 66 million tonnes from 
1983 production (')• In addition, the fall in production 
in Germany, in line with the agreements signed in 1983, 
exceeded 5 million tonnes. The Community's total 
production was reduced by 31 %. The withdrawal from 
stocks by producers and large consumers in the 
Community and the record levels of imports from third 
countries limited the reduction in internal consumption 
of hard coal which fell from 293 million tonnes in 1983 
to only 262 million tonnes in 1984 (- 11 %). 
3. In Germany, France and Belgium, production fell 
5 % in relation to 1983 but availability and deliveries 
increased by the same percentage as a result of stock 
reductions and of high imports. In the various sectors, 
the development from one year to the next is as 
follows: 
— steel: increased consumption; 
— power stations: strong activity; 
— other sectors: light and shade; 
— international trade: recovery of imports; 
— stocks: significant reduction. 
(') Length of the strike: from 12 March 1984 to 5 March 
1985. 4. Coal prices are rising slightly for the Community's 
coalfields. For imported coal, dollar prices are still 
slightly down for the year as a whole in relation to 
1983. The strengthening of the dollar has offset this 
movement and reduced the gap between the prices of 
imported coal and Community coal quoted in national 
currencies, particularly in Great Britain, but the gap 
remains no less significant. 
5. Forecasts for 1985 (Tables 28 and 29) 
Despite a marked upswing, Community production 
should only reach a level 17 % lower than that in 
1983. 
As regards demand, the gap should only be 3 % 
compared with that year. 
These estimates are still very much subject to revision. 
As regards demand for solid fuels, the main factors of 
uncertainly are the level of nuclear power production, 
climatic variations and competition from natural gas 
for the various uses. 
For the United Kingdom, estimates shown here were 
made at the end of April 1985 and rest on assumptions 
about production, domestic stocks policy and external 
hard coal deliveries which are still uncertain. 
6. Community activity in the solid fuel sector 
This involved a number of proposals and decisions: 
— A Commission Decision extended the scheme for 
coking coal and coke for the Community iron and 
steel industry over the period 1984 to 1986 and 
modified certain dispositions (2). 
— In addition, the Commission published a Decision 
modifying some details of the way in which this 
system is applied (3). 
— The Council took a Decision relating to a contribu­
tion of 60 million ECU from the general budget of 
(2) Decision No 759/84/ECSC, OJ No L 80, 24.3. 1984, 
p. 14. 
(3) Decision No 145/85/ECSC, OJ No L 16, 19. 1. 1985, 
p. 22. 
No C 177/4 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
the European Communities for social aid to the 
European Coal and Steel Community (')• 
The Commission submitted to the Council a 
modified draft Regulation concerning financial 
support from the Community for Community 
industries producing solid fuels (2). 
Under the Community programme of energy 
demonstration projects, aid was granted to projects 
(') Decision 84/434/EEC, OJ No L 208, 3. 8. 1984, p. 55. 
(2) Document COM(84) 469 final, OJ No C 264, 3. 12. 1984, 
p. 3. on the liquefaction and gasification of solid fuels 
aimed at finding substitutes for hydrocarbons. The 
demonstration programme has included projects 
related to solid fuel use in industry since 1983. 
Following on from two pluriannual energy research 
programmes, the Commission has prepared a third 
R&D programme in the field of non-nuclear 
energy. This programme will run for four years 
from 1985. In contrast to earlier programmes it will 
include a sub-programme on solid fuel use. 
From now on the Commission will publish a 
periodical, 'Energy in Europe'. 
II. GENERAL ECONOMIC SITUATION AND OUTLOOK 
Moderate growth, high unemployment 
7. Although the expansion of economic activity in the 
Community was adversely affected by industrial 
disputes in certain Member States, real gross domestic 
product is estimated to have grown by about 2,1 % for 
the year as a whole. This moderate acceleration of 
growth is attributable to increased exports as a result of 
the greater buoyancy of world trade, and to a recovery 
of fixed investment, particularly in equipment, and a 
rebuilding of stocks. 
8. This strengthening of the rate of growth of output 
has not had any major effect on labour market trends. 
Although signs of an improving trend in employment 
have appeared in some Member States, a large propor­
tion of new job opportunities are apparently being 
fulfilled by new entrants to the labour market, and 
unemployment has continued to rise, reaching 11,3% 
of the civil labour force at end-December 1984. There 
was, however, a further deceleration in price inflation 
as the continued decline in the rate of growth of unit 
labour costs offset a stronger increase in import prices 
due, in part, to a further appreciation of the dollar. 
After having deteriorated in the first half of 1984 in the Community's fob-cif trade balance improved in the 
second half of the year. 
9. The outlook for 1985 suggests that there will be no 
further acceleration in the rate of expansion of output 
in the Community, and that real GDP growth will be 
between 2 and 2,5 %. External demand should continue 
to expand as the effects of the expected slowdown of 
the growth of world trade will be largely offset by 
improved price competitivity. In addition, investment 
in equipment should provide an increased contribution 
to growth. 
10. Such a forecast points to little change in labour 
market trends. Whilst the rate of growth should contri­
bute to a slight increase in total employment, the per­
sistent expansion of the labour force will inevitably 
lead to another small rise in the rate of unemployment. 
Continued progress is expected, however, in reducing 
the rate of inflation on the assumption that import 
prices will alter, partly as a result of more favourable 
exchange rate developments. In addition, some 
renewed improvement is to be expected in the Commu­
nity's external accounts. 
III. DEMAND FOR SOLID FUELS BY SECTOR 
(Table 3) 
11; Internal consumption of hard coal in the Commu- tonnes, or 16%, but were complemented by a major 
nity amounted to 262 million tonnes in 1984, down lifting of stocks as shown in the summary table 
11% on 1983. Internal deliveries fell by 45 million below. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/5 
EUR-10 
(a) Production and recovery 
(b) Imports 
(c) Exports 
(d) Stock movements by producers and importers (') 
(e) Internal deliveries (a + b + c + d) 
(f) Movement of consumers' stocks (') 
(g) Gross internal consumption (e 4- f) 1983 
236 
61 
-4 
±0 
293 
-1 
292 1984 
162 
79 
-2 
+ 9 
248 
+ 14 
262 1985 
201 
80 
-3 
+ 6 
284 (2) 
— 
284 
(') + represents de-stocking, 
— represents stocking. 
(2) This figure could include 10 million tonnes earmarked for rebuilding power station stocks in the United 
Kingdom. 
Steel 
(Table 4) 
More satisfactory activity 
12. Steel production in 1984 was higher than forecast 
a year ago, reaching 120 million tonnes (8 % more than 
in 1983 for the Community, and 2% in the United 
Kingdom). 
In 1985 this level should not be much lower. 
Pig iron production in 1984 exceeded 83 million tonnes 
(4-12 %, despite a static level in the United Kingdom). 
In Germany in particular, the pig iron/steel ratio elimi­
nated the reduction of 1983 and reached 69 %, as in 
1982, for the Community as a whole. 
13. Blast furnace coke consumption per tonne of pig 
iron (coke rate) remained stable at an average of 518 
kg. For the Community, despite a reduction of 11 % to 
440 kg achieved in the Netherlands, mainly through 
coal injection, which is now making headway in other 
countries. 
Overall coke consumption by the Community steel 
industry (blast furnace, sintering, and other uses) was 
47 million tonnes for 1984 as against 43 in 1983, and 
could be of the order of 46 million tonnes in 1985. 
Coking 
(Tables 5, 6 and 7) 
14. Deliveries of hard coal to coking plants remained 
stable at around 69 million tonnes in 1983, 1984 and 
are forecasted to do so in 1985. Nevertheless, the quan­
tity imported from third countries went from 18 million 
tonnes (26%) in 1983 to 25 million tonnes (36%) in 
1984. 
Total coke production in 1984 exceeded 51 million 
tonnes, and should be of the order of 52 million tonnes 
in 1985. In the United Kingdom, the miners' strike brought 
about a fall in production of more than 2,1 million 
tonnes (— 25 %) at pithead coking plants. 
For the remaining countries, increases and reductions 
balanced out. The level of utilization of coking plants 
progressed from 75 to 79 % in 1984. 
15. The capacity of pithead coking plants fell again in 
1984, falling to 25,3 million tonnes (-9 %). This reduc­
tion was due to the closure of four installations in 
Germany and France. Only a slight reduction is fore­
seen for 1985. 
The capacity of steelworks coking plants increased to 
37,7 million tonnes ( + 0,5 million tonnes). The commis­
sioning of new plants in the United Kingdom and the 
Netherlands compensated for capacity reductions in 
the United Kingdom and Germany. 
Power stations 
(Tables 8, 9 and 10) 
Increased consumption and electricity produc­
tion 
16. Total net electricity consumption in the Commu­
nity in 1984 reached 1 291 TWh, or 4% more than in 
1983. 
This growth took place in all Member States and use 
sectors. In the United Kingdom there was an increase 
of 2,5 %. 
Total net production in the Community in 1984 was 
1 287 TWh. Less favourable hydrological conditions 
explain a reduction in hydraulic production of 2,4 %. 
The major increase in nuclear production (78 TWh, or 
+ 28 %) was responsible for a reduction in conven­
tional thermal production (—18 TWh) and made 
possible an overall saving of about 4 million tonnes oil 
equivalent in conventional combustion. 
For the Community as a whole, the share of nuclear 
energy in electricity production was 27 %, while 
conventional thermal power stations accounted for 
61 %. 
No C 177/6 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
Decrease in coal consumption 
(Tables 6 and 7) 
17. Deliveries of solid fuels to power stations in 1984 
were lower than those of 1983 by 45 million tonnes. 
On the other hand, consumption fell by only 27 million 
tonnes as a result of recourse to power station stocks. In 
the United Kingdom, this de-stocking greatly reduced 
the 32 million tonnes of stocks at the beginning of the 
year, while deliveries fell by 48 million tonnes in rela­
tion to 1983. 
Hard coal consumption went down to 57 million 
tonnes. The use of reserve equipment operating on fuel oil enabled conventional thermal production to be 
increased by about 5,6 TWh, or + 2,7 %. 
Hard coal consumption in Germany remains at about 
50 million tonnes, although the share of total conven­
tional thermal use fell by 0,9 %. 
In France, deliveries of hard coal to power stations 
were somewhat higher than forecast, reaching 20 
million tonnes. 
18. For the Community's power stations as a whole, 
the hard coal balance for 1983 and 1984 can be 
summarized as follows: 
(million tonnes) 
1983 
1984 
1985 Deliveries 
185 
140 
175 Stock movements 
+ 3 
-15 Consumption 
182 
155 
175 0) 
(1) This figure could include 10 million tonnes earmarked for rebuilding power station stocks in the United 
Kingdom 
The level of 1983 could be reached again in 1985, 
whereas net electricity production could be 1 331 TWh 
(8% up on 1983), one of the main reasons being the 
especially severe cold period at the beginning of the 
year. 
Other industries 
(Table 11) 
The waiting period continues 
19. Consumption of hard coal and coke in this sector 
as a whole remained at the 1983 level, or little more 
than 21 million tonnes. However the reduction 
observed for hard coal in the United Kingdom was no 
greater than half a million tonnes (10%); there was a similar reduction in Germany. A certain increase was 
recorded in France and Belgium as a result of the 
conversion of heating plants. 
Consumption in this sector is expected to increase 
again by about 1 million tonnes (6%) in 1985. 
Domestic and small-scale users 
(Table 12) 
Slight decline 
20. Domestic consumption amounted in 1983 to 
about 25 % of the Community's overall energy 
consumption. Of this proportion, 7,5 % was covered by 
solid fuels, divided up as follows: 
Hard coal 
Briquetted coal 
Coke 
Total hard coal and coke 
Peat and lignite briquettes 
Total Million 
tonnes 
16,8 
3,3 
3,6 
23,7 
3,8 
27,5 % 
61 
12 
13 
86 
14 
100 
NB. Briquetted peat and lignite generally have a calorific value equal to 2/3 that of coal. 
In 1984 the fall in the consumption of hard coal and 
coke amounted to 4 million tonnes, of which the United 
Kingdom alone accounted for 3,3 million. Other countries also experienced supply difficulties. 
From this, it is possible to foresee a slight increase in 
1985. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/7 
IV. COMMUNITY COAL PRODUCTION 
Tonnages down and costs up 
Production statistics 
(Table 13) 
21. At 157 million tonnes, Community production in 
1984 showed a fall of 72 million tonnes in relation to 
1983. British production was 49 million tonnes, 
compared to 116 in the previous year. In Germany, 
planned reductions amounts to 5 million tonnes. 
In 1985, United Kingdom production should increase 
to about 90 million tonnes. Belgian and German 
production should stay at least at the same level as in 
1984 and France's should be reduced by a further 1,5 
million tonnes. 
Labour and productivity 
(Tables 14 and 15) 
22. The tendency towards reducing numbers 
employed underground continued in all countries and 
should continue again in 1985. 
Output expressed in kilograms per man per hour 
was highest in Germany. It also progressed in Belgium 
and France, and a further improvement is expected in 
1985. 
Estimate of the financial situation 
(Table 16) 
Costs and proceeds 
23. In 1984, hard coal mining costs showed a new 
increases in all four producing countries. The rate of 
increase should slow down in 1985. Proceeds increased differently according to area, and 
sometimes by a smaller amount than costs, in which 
case an increase in losses resulted. 
In 1985, the Community's situation is not expected to 
change much. 
State aids to the coal industry 
(Table 17) 
24. 1984 confirmed the tendency towards increasing 
requirements for public aid for the coal industry as a 
whole. 
The aids quoted in table 14 include those for coking 
coal. Their total amounts to 17,4 ECU per tonne on 
average for the Community. 
The rate of aid per tonne varies according to the 
producing country. It is lowest in Germany thanks to 
supplementary proceeds related to power station coal 
which represent the equivalent of 10 ECU per tonne for 
global production. 
Development in production capacity 
(Tables 18 A and 18 B) 
Reduced investment 
25. Investment in the coal production and prepara­
tion sectors slowed down in 1984, particularly in 
France whose production had to fall further. 
Pit closures 
26. The last pit in the south of Belgium, le Roton, was 
closed in October 1984. In the United Kingdom eight 
mines representing 2 million tonnes of production have 
been closed. Some other pits were amalgamated. 
V. COAL PRICES 
27. In 1984 the US dollar rose strongly in relation to Community currencies: 
1 us$ = 
(a) 2 January 1984 
(b) 2 July 1984 
(c) 2 January 1985 
% Variation § Bfrs 
55,76 
56,89 
63,63 
14 Dkr 
9,90 
10,255 
11,36 
15 DM 
2,73 
2,80 
3,18 
16 FF 
8,35 
8,58 
9,73 
17 Lit 
1661 
1 722 
1951 
17 Fl 
3,07 
3,15 
3,59 
17 £ 
0,71 
0,74 
0,88 
24 Dr 
99,03 
110,46 
129,53 
31 ECU 
1,2086 
1,2439 
1,4105 
17 
No C 177/8 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
Development of list prices 
(Tables 19 A and 19 B) 
Moderate increases 
The tables show, for certain areas and types of coal, the 
tax-free, minemouth, list prices in national currencies 
or in US dollars. 
In 1984 the price of Community coals in national 
currencies increased more or less in step with produc­
tion costs. 
The situation in the Member States developed as 
follows in the period 1 January 1984 to 1 January 1985 
inclusive. 
Belgium 
Increase of 2 to 14%, depending on hard coal category 
and type, 6 to 12 % for coke. 
Germany 
Increase of 2 to 7% for hard coal (17% for several 
types in one area), and 2 to 4 % for coke. 
France 
Increase of 1 to 10 % for hard coal, 5 to 7 % for coke. 
United Kingdom 
Increase of 4,5 % on 1 November 1984 for coking and 
industrial coals. 
29. (b) Steam coal 
The average cif ARA price of coal imported from third 
countries for power stations continued to decrease, 
going from US $ 56 at the end of 1983 to US $ 51 in the 
third quarter of 1984. 
The price of comparable Community coals was 
between US $ 78 and US $ 110 at the beginning of 1984 
and between US $ 65 and US $ 98 in the third quarter 
of 1984. 
The gap between the listed prices of Community 
coal and those of imported coal was reduced 
in Germany from DM 115 to DM 97 between 
1 January 1984 and 1 January 1985, and from £ 18 
to £ 13 in the United Kingdom for a tonne of 29,3 GJ. Italy 
Increase of 4 to 10 % for coke on 1 December 1984. 
Netherlands 
Increase of 2 to 8 % for coke on 1 October 1984; further 
increase of 2 to 10% on 1 January 1985. 
28. Development of the prices of imported coal 
(Table 20 A) 
Influence of the dollar exchange rate 
(a) Coking coal 
The fall in the 'guide price' (') calculated for the 
Community slowed down sharply: between the fourth 
quarter of 1983 and the fourth quarter of 1984 it was 
2,5 % (US $ 64,30, as against US $ 65,95). This reduc­
tion affects fob prices. 
Converted into national currencies, the guide price 
shows marked increases: 
Because of the strengthening of the dollar, the devia­
tion between listed prices for Community coal and 
those for imported coal was reduced between 1 October 
1983 and 1 October 1984 from DM 89 to DM 68 in 
Germany and from £17 to £9 in the United 
Kingdom. 
(') Average cif ARA value of coking coals imported from the 
USA and Australia on medium- and long-term contracts. 
30. Prices of domestic coal 
(Table 20 B) 
The table shows the development of the price of anthra­
cite (and of coke for Italy) between 1 January 1983 and 
1 January 1984. The increases are generally small, 
except in the United Kingdom (+14 %). 
The difference between the prices of domestic coal and 
heating oil was slightly reduced. 
31. The Bulletin of energy prices published by the 
Commission gives a complete summary of the develop­
ment of energy prices in the Member States. Guide price in national currencies 
Reference data 
1 October 1983 
1 January 1984 
1 April 1984 
1 July 1984 
1 October 1984 
1 October 1984/ 
1 October 1983 
Difference in % us$ 
65,95 
66,20 
65,00 
64,45 
64,30 
-2,5 DM 
173 
181 
168 
180 
196 
+ 13,3 Bfrs 
3511 
3 691 
3 440 
3 667 
3 974 
+ 13,2 FF 
526 
553 
518 
553 
601 
+ 14,3 £ 
44 
47 
45 
48 
52 
+ 18,2 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/9 
VI. TRADE IN COAL AND COKE 
32. Intra-Community trade 
(Tables 21 and 22) 
Stability 
For the period 1983-1984, intra-Community trade 
remained stable at 20 to 21 million tonnes per year. In 
1985 it should be reduced by about 1,8 million tonnes. 
In 1984 the United Kingdom delivered 2,5 million tonnes of hard coal less to the other countries than in 
1983, while itself receiving an additional million tonnes 
of coke for its steel industry. A slight reduction in 
supplies of German coal to France and Italy may also 
be noted; a reduction that is continuing through 1985. 
For the three years covered by this report, the develop­
ment is as follows: 
(million tonnes) 
Hard coal 
Coke 
Total 1983 
15,9 
4,8 
20,7 1984 
14,1 
6,5 
20,6 1985 
13,9 
4,9 
18,8 
33. Trade with third countries 
(a) Imports (Tables 23 and 24) 
New record 
Given the trends of Community production and 
consumption, imports from third countries, with a total 
of 79 million tonnes, wiped out the reduction of 1983 
and exceeded the record set in 1981 by 11%. They 
increased in all Community countries, very strongly in 
France and the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent 
in Italy and the Netherlands. 
Between 1983 and 1984, imports of steam coal 
increased by 9 million tonnes (22 %) and those of 
coking coal by 8 million tonnes (46 %). This level 
should be maintained in 1985. 
Imports of anthracite and low volatile coal have shown 
a persistent tendency to decrease since 1980 and repre­
sent hardly more than a million tonnes. The declining 
consumption of sintering coal and the high price 
demanded for domestic anthracite are the main reasons 
for this decline. 
34. (b) Hard coal and coke exports to third countries 
(Table 25) 
For 1984, hard coal exports were 1,9 million tonnes, as 
against 3,7 in 1983, and those of coke 2,4 million as 
against 2,3. 
Deliveries of British coal went from 1,9 million to 0,3 
million tonnes. To this are added certain tonnages deriving from third country coal stocked in ports on the 
Continent, which are not accounted for here. 
In 1985, exports should total 5 million tonnes (hard 
coal and coke), a level 10 % lower than that of 1983. 
35. Production and world trade in coal 
(Table 6) 
Supply exceeds demand 
In 1984, world coal production remained at its 1983 
level (3,1 billion tonnes), with the drop experienced in 
the Community being compensated by an increase in 
the rest of the world. 
Despite the upswing in the industrialized countries, 
particularly in the electricity and steel sectors, there is 
still an excess of supply on the international coal 
market, bringing pressure to bear on prices. 
The seaborne coal trade amounted to 229 million 
tonnes (+16%) and has responded to increased 
demand from the Community and Japan, up by 22 % 
(165 million tonnes in 1984). 
In 1985, international coal demand should keep pace 
with growth in the industrialized countries, unless new 
environmental restrictions in the major coal user coun­
tries were to cancel out the price advantage it has 
enjoyed till now. 
Supply should further increase. The major traditional 
exporters have reserve production capacities and new 
exporters (China, Colombia) are coming onto the 
market. 
No C 177/10 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
VII. HARD COAL AND COKE STOCKS 
(Tables 27 A, B and C) 
37. In 1984 overall stocks of hard coal were reduced 
by 35 million tonnes ( — 24%). There has not been 
destocking of this order for the past 10 years. 
— Producers' hard coal and coke stocks are being 
reduced in all the countries of the Community and 
especially in Germany (hard coal: —4,3 million 
tonnes, coke: —4,8 million tonnes). Destocking 
should continue in 1985 at half this rate. In the 
United Kingdom, stocks at pits, which were 
frequently immobilized by the strike, have been 
reduced by 3,5 million tonnes. 
— Stocks at power stations are down by 17 million 
tonnes. Some stocks in continental ports have been used to 
honour contracts made by the National Coal Board 
with foreign countries (ECSC and third countries), 
or, in lesser amounts, to supply the steelmaking and 
other industries in the United Kingdom. 
At end 1984 overall stocks of coal and coke 
(expressed as coal equivalent) still amounted to 109 
million tonnes. This corresponds to a little over four 
months' estimated 1985 consumption. Germany and 
Denmark cover a longer period, 170 and 250 
calendar days respectively. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/11 
TABLE 1 
Shares of the various forms of energy in gross internal energy consumption 
Hard coal 
Lignite 
Oil 
Natural gas 
Nuclear energy 
Other 
Total 1983 
Provisional 
Million toe 
180,0 
32,7 
415,9 
165,2 
78,2 
15,3 
887,3 % 
20,3 
3,7 
46,9 
18,6 
8,8 
1,7 
100,0 1984 
Estimates 
Million toe 
167,2 
34,0 
430,0 
179,7 
97,0 
14,1 
922,0 % 
18,1 
3,7 
46,7 
19,5 
10,5 
1,5 
100,0 1985 
Forecasts 
Million toe 
176,6 
34,7 
428,0 
177,0 
117,4 
14,3 
948,0 % 
18,6 
3,7 
45,1 
18,7 
12,4 
1,5 
100,0 
TABLE 2 
Gross internal consumption of energy by country in 1983 
(Provisional figures) 
(million toe) 
Solid fuels 
% 
Petroleum products 
% 
Natural gas 
% 
Nuclear 
% 
Other 
% 
Total 
% Belgium 
9,27 
23,1 
17,64 
43,8 
7,12 
17,7 
6,12 
15,2 
0,09 
0,2 
40,24 
100,0 Denmark 
5,46 
33,7 
10,37 
64,0 
— 
— 
0,37 
2,3 
16,20 
100,0 Germany 
81,56 
32,8 
108,0 
43,4 
39,62 
15,9 
16,46 
6,6 
3,31 
1,3 
248,95 
100,0 France 
25,16 
14,2 
87,11 
49,2 
22,41 
12,7 
37,41 
21,1 
5,04 
2,8 
177,13 
100,0 Greece 
4,76 
30,0 
10,67 
67,3 
0,07 
0,4 
— 
0,36 
2,3 
15,86 
100,0 Ireland 
1,91 
24,0 
4,21 
52,8 
1,78 
22,3 
— 
0,07 
0,9 
7,97 
100,0 Italy 
12,78 
10,1 
83,15 
65,6 
22,39 
17,6 
3,74 
3,0 
4,68 
3,7 
126,74 
100,0 Luxem­
bourg 
1,27 
44,7 
1,0 
35,2 
0,26 
9,2 
— 
0,31 
10,9 
2,84 
100,0 Nether­
lands 
5,14 
8,9 
21,86 
37,9 
29,16 
50,5 
0,90 
1,6 
0,63 
1,1 
57,69 
100,0 United 
Kingdom 
65,39 
33,8 
71,91 
37,1 
42,39 
21,9 
13,54 
7,0 
0,39 
0,2 
193,62 
100,0 EUR-10 
212,69 
24,0 
415,92 
46,9 
165,20 
18,6 
78,17 
8,8 
15,26 
1,7 
887,25 
100,0 
No C 177/12 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 3 
Community hard coal consumption by sector and by Member State 
(million tonnes) 
A. SECTOR 
Thermal power stations 
Coke ovens 
Iron and steel industry 
Other industries 
Domestic sector 
Patent fuel plants 
Own consumption 
at mines 
Gasworks and others 
Statistical difference 
Total 
B. COUNTRY 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 1983 
Actual 
182,4 
70,2 
1,3 
17,1 
16,8 
3,5 
1,3 
0,1 
— 
292,7 
14,2 
8,9 
88,5 
40,0 
1,3 
1,5 
18,4 
0,2 
7,9 
111,8 
292,7 1984 
Estimates 
155,0 
68,9 
1,4 
17,6 
14,2 
2,9 
1,1 
0,1 
— 
261,2 
16,0 
9,2 
86,6 
39,2 
1,8 
1,4 
19,3 
0,2 
9,8 
77,7 
261,2 1985 
Forecasts 
175,2 0) 
68,9 
1,5 
18,8 
15,1 
3,3 
1,3 
0,1 
— 
284,2 
15,3 
9,8 
86,5 
38,6 
2,0 
2,1 
19,5 
0,2 
9,7 
100,5 
284,2 1984/83 
% Difference 
-15 
- 2 
- 8 
+ 3 
-15 
-17 
-15 
— 
— 
-11 
+ 13 
+ 3 
- 1 
- 2 
+ 38 
- 7 
+ 5 
— 
+ 24 
-30 
-11 1985/84 
% Difference 
+ 13 
— 
+ 7 
+ 7 
+ 6 
+ 14 
+ 18 
— 
— 
+ 9 
- 4 
+ 6 
- 1 
- 2 
+ 11 
+ 50 
+ 1 
— 
- 1 
+ 29 
+ 9 
(') This figure could include 10 million tonnes earmarked for rebuilding power station stocks in the United 
Kingdom. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/13 
TABLE 4 
Steel production and coke consumption in the steel industry 
(million tonnes) 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 Steel production 
1983 
Actual 
10 154 
493 
35 729 
17 582 
858 
141 
21811 
3 294 
4 484 
14 980 
109 526 
Pig 
1983 
Actual 
8 068 
26 598 
13 770 
10 362 
2316 
3 747 
9 623 
74 484 1984 
Estimates 
11307 
549 
39 381 
19 031 
892 
167 
24 006 
3 988 
5 742 
15 235 
120 298 
-iron product 
1984 
Estimates 
8 998 
30 200 
15 070 
11 664 
2 768 
4 925 
9 652 
83 277 1985 
Forecasts 
(') 
115 000/ 
120 000 
on 
1985 
Forecasts 
(») 
79 000/ 
82 000 Coke consumption 
1983 
Actual 
4 940 
— 
15 503 
7 834 
— 
— 
5 450 
1604 
1985 
5 931 
43 248 1984 
Estimates 
4 940 
10 
17 650 
8 380 
20 
— 
6 050 
1900 
2 300 
6 000 
47 250 1985 
Forecasts 
5 035 
10 
16 500 
2 200 
20 
— 
6 120 
1800 
2 100 
5 750 
45 535 
Coke ratio in blast furnaces 
kg coke/tonne pig iron 
1983 
Actual 
525 
526 
510 
462 
566 
493 
550 
517 1984 
Estimates 
530 
531 
523 
460 
570 
440 
565 
518 1985 
Forecasts 
530 
525 
525 
463 
570 
440 
547 
519 
(') Not available. 
No C 177/14 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 5 
Coke consumption by sector 
('000 tonnes) 
Iron and steel industry 
Other industries 
Domestic sector 
Others 
Statistical difference 
Total 1983 
Actual 
43 240 
3 304 
3 784 
756 
-119 
50 965 1984 
Estimates 
47 250 
3 528 
2 597 
651 
— 
54 026 1985 
Forecasts 
45 930 
3 508 
2 431 
641 
— 
52 510 % Difference 
1984/83 
+ 9 
+ 7 
-31 
-14 
— 
+ 6 1985/84 
-3 
— 
-6 
-2 
— 
-3 
TABLE 6 
Deliveries of hard coal to coking plants 
('000 tonnes) 
1983: Actual 
1984: Estimates 
1985: Forecasts 
Belgium 1983 
1984 
1985 
Germany 1983 
1984 
1985 
France 1983 
1984 
1985 
Italy 1983 
1984 
1985 
Netherlands 1983 
1984 
1985 
United 1983 
Kingdom 1984 
1985 
EUR-10 1983 
1984 
1985 National 
hard 
coal 
2 997 
3 100 
3 000 
29 648 
27 596 
26 650 
3 241 
3 725 
3 100 
— 
9 133 
3 200 
5 800 
45 019 
37 621 
38 550 Hard coal 
from other 
ECSC 
countries 
1 112 
1370 
1300 
40 
66 
50 
2 543 
2 185 
2 110 
1803 
1 800 
1600 
516 
800 
800 
6 014 
6 221 
5 860 Total 
ECSC 
hard 
coal 
4 109 
4 470 
4 300 
29 688 
27 662 
26 700 
5 784 
5 910 
5 210 
1803 
1 800 
1600 
516 
800 
800 
9 133 
3 200 
5 800 
51033 
43 842 
44 410 Hard coal 
from 
third 
countries 
2 327 
2 790 
3 100 
— 
4 168 
5 690 
5 890 
6 891 
7 700 
8 000 
2 194 
3 200 
3 050 
2 491 
5 600 
4 500 
18 071 
24 980 
24 540 Total 
supplies 
6 436 
7 260 
7 400 
29 688 
27 662 
26 700 
9 952 
11600 
11 100 
8 694 
9 500 
9 600 
2710 
4 000 
3 850 
11624 
8 800 
10 300 
69 104 
68 822 
68 950 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/15 
TABLE 7 
Coking 
('000 tonnes) 
1983 (Actual) 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
Italy 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 
1984 (Provisional) 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
Italy 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 
1985 (Forecasts) 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
Italy 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 
Capacity distribution 
Colliery plants 
Iron and steel industry 
Independent 
EUR-10 Coke production 
capacity 
6 800 
28 400 
10 600 
10 700 
3 000 
8 700 
68 200 
6 600 
26 800 
10 100 
10 600 
3 000 
9 400 
66 500 
6 300 
26 000 
10 100 
10 600 
3 000 
10 000 
66 000 
1983 
27 800 
37 200 
3 200 
68 100 Hard coal 
consumption 
6 376 
29 752 
10 629 
8 879 
2 898 
11690 
70 224 
7 260 
27 632 
11600 
9 500 
4 000 
8 700 
68 692 
7 400 
26 700 
11 100 
9 600 
3 850 
10 300 
68 950 
1984 
25 300 
38 000 
3 200 
66 500 Coke production 
5 106 
22 772 
8 457 
6 492 
2 124 
8 533 
53 484 
5 500 
21 140 
9 000 
6 850 
2 700 
6 400 
51590 
5 550 
20 500 
8 500 
6 900 
2 600 
7 900 
51950 
1985 
25 100 
37 700 
3 200 
66 000 % 
difference 
compared with 
the previous year 
-12 
-14 
-15 
-15 
-12 
- 2 
-11 
+ 8 
- 7 
+ 6 
+ 6 
+ 27 
-25 
- 4 
+ 1 
- 2 
- 5 
+ 1 
- 4 
+ 23 
— 
No C 177/16 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 8 
Net electricity generation 
Breakdown by country by energy sources 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
Hydroelectric 
Geothermal 
Nuclear 
Conventional 
Thermal 
of which: Hard coal 
Lignite/peat 
Oil production 
Natural gas Net Production in Twh 
1983 
Actual 
1 230,5 
49,9 
20,7 
351,6 
283,7 
22,3 
10,7 
174,5 
0,8 
57,0 
259,4 
144,8 
2,6 
275,0 
808,1 
423,3 
106,2 
159,6 
95,7 1984 
Provi­
sional 
1 286,6 
51,8 
21,2 
370,8 
309,4 
23,3 
11,0 
173,7 
0,9 
60,4 
264,1 
141,6 
2,7 
352,6 
789,7 
(') 
(') 
(") 
0) 1985 
Forecasts 
1331,1 
145,8 
2,8 
413,5 
769,0 
(') 
(') 
(') 
0) Differences 
in% 
1984/83 
+ 4,6 
+ 3,8 
+ 2,3 
+ 5,5 
+ 9,1 
+ 4,7 
+ 3,1 
- 0,5 
+ 8,0 
+ 5,9 
+ 1,8 
+ 2,2 
— 
+ 28,2 
- 1,7 
— 
— 
— 
— 1985/84 
+ 3,5 
+ 3,0 
— 
+ 17,2 
- 2,6 
— 
— 
— 
— 
(') Not available. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/17 
TABLE 9 
Deliveries of hard coal to power stations 
('000 tonnes) 
1983: Actual 
1984: Estimates 
1985: Forecasts 
Belgium 1983 
1984 
1985 
Denmark 1983 
1984 
1985 
Germany 1983 
1984 
1985 
France 1983 
1984 
1985 
Greece 1983 
1984 
1985 
Ireland 1983 
1984 
1985 
Italy 1983 
1984 
1985 
Netherlands 1983 
1984 
1985 
United 1983 
Kingdom 1984 
1985 
EUR-10 1983 
1984 
1985 Public power stations 
National 
hard 
coal 
2 839 
2 535 
2 705 
— 
37 069 
37 820 
36 900 
3 395 
3 225 
3 490 
— 
47 
35 
35 
— 
— 
83 850 
36 650 
71950 
127 200 
80 265 
115 080 Hard 
coal from 
ECSC 
countries 
34 
50 
50 
1478 
600 
1600 
827 
280 
600 
1977 
1825 
1500 
— 
— 
150 
25 
50 
4 491 
2 755 
3 800 Total 
ECSC 
hard 
coal 
2 873 
2 585 
2 755 
1478 
600 
1 600 
37 896 
38 100 
37 500 
5 372 
5 050 
4 990 
— 
47 
35 
35 
150 
83 875 
36 650 
72 000 
131691 
83 020 
118 880 Hard coal 
from 
third 
countries 
2 804 
2 665 
2 345 
6 957 
8 200 
7 400 
5 473 
5 450 
5 800 
7 750 
9 250 
7 510 
272 
750 
750 
750 
6 859 
8 000 
8 500 
3 750 
4 700 
4 700 
1306 
750 
1 500 
35 171 
39 765 
39 255 Total 
public 
power 
stations 
5 677 
5 250 
5 100 
8 345 
8 800 
9 000 
43 369 
43 550 
43 300 
13 122 
14 300 
12 500 
272 
750 
750 
47 
35 
785 
6 859 
8 000 
8 500 
3 900 
4 700 
4 700 
85 181 
37 400 
73 500 
166 862 
122 785 
158 135 Private generating plants 
Collier­
ies 
370 
330 
340 
— 
3 144 
2 900 
3 000 
7 420 
7 600 
6 100 
— 
— 
40 
10 
50 
10 974 
10 840 
9 490 Other 
industries 
— 
— 
5 168 
5 550 
5 200 
284 
100 
100 
— 
— 
14 
45 
1836 
1200 
2 600 
7 347 
6 850 
7 900 Total 
6 047 
5 580 
5 440 
8 435 
8 800 
9 000 
51681 
52 000 
51 500 
20 826 
22 000 
18 700 
272 
750 
750 
47 
35 
785 
6 873 
8 000 
8 500 
3 945 
4 700 
4 700 
87 057 
38 610 
76 150 
185 183 
140 475 
175 525 
No C 177/18 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 10 
Consumption of solid fuels in power stations 
(including colliery power plants and other private generators) 
(in million tonnes) 
Belgium 
Hard coal 
Denmark 
Hard coal 
Germany 
Hard coal 
Black lignite 
Brown coal 
France 
Hard coal 
Black lignite 
Brown coal 
Greece 
Hard coal 
Brown coal 
Ireland 
Hard coal 
Peat 
Italy 
Hard coal 
Brown coal 
Netherlands 
Hard coal 
United Kingdom 
Hard coal 
EUR-100) 
Hard coal 
Black lignite 
Brown coal 1983 
Actual 
6,1 
8,5 
50,0 
3,4 
108,9 
22,3 
0,9 
1,1 
0,2 
29,6 
— 
2,8 
7,0 
1,8 
4,7 
83,3 
182,4 
4,3 
144,2 1984 
Estimates 
6,4 
8,4 
50,4 
3,4 
110,0 
19,9 
1,0 
1,6 
0,8 
30,5 
— 
2,8 
7,9 
1,9 
4,7 
56,5 
155,0 
4,4 
146,8 1985 
Forecasts 
5,4 
9,0 
51,6 
3,4 
110,0 
18,7 
1,0 
1,7 
0,8 
30,5 
0,8 
2,8 
8,0 
1,9 
4,7 
76,2 (2) 
175,2(2) 
4,4 
146,9 % Difference 
1984/83 
+ 4 
- 1 
+ 3 
— 
+ 1 
- 11 
+ 10 
+ 45 
+ 208 
+ 3 
— 
— 
+ 12 
+ 6 
— 
- 32 
- 15 
+ 2 
+ 2 1985/84 
-15 
+ 7 
— 
— 
— 
- 6 
— 
+ 6 
— 
— 
— 
— 
+ 1 
— 
— 
+ 35 
+ 12 
— 
— 
(') Possible differences due to rounding. 
(2) This figure could include 10 million tonnes earmarked for rebuilding power station stocks in the United 
Kingdom. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/19 
TABLE 11 
Hard coal and coke consumption in other industries 
(excluding power stations) 
('000 tonnes) 
A. Hard coal 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 
B. Coke 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 1983 
Actual 
841 
307 
4 451 
2 705 
968 
304 
2 049 
90 
143 
5 260 
17 118 
205 
26 
1479 
799 
18 
7 
500 
— 
180 
295 
3 509 1984 
Estimates 
1 130 
400 
4 100 
3 500 
890 
300 
1 730 
100 
700 
4 800 
17 650 
260 
20 
1300 
850 
40 
8 
480 
— 
170 
400 
3 528 1985 
Forecasts 
1250 
400 
4 100 
4 500 
1040 
280 
1780 
100 
800 
4 500 
18 750 
260 
20 
1300 
820 
40 
8 
500 
— 
160 
400 
3 508 % Difference 
1984/83 
+ 34 
-1- 30 
- 8 
+ 29 
- 8 
- 1 
- 16 
+ 11 
+ 390 
- 9 
+ 3 
+ 27 
- 23 
- 12 
+ 6 
+ 122 
+ 14 
- 4 
— 
- 5 
+ 36 
— 1985/84 
+ 11 
— 
— 
+ 29 
+ 17 
- 7 
+ 3 
— 
+ 14 
- 6 
+ 6 
— 
— 
_ 
- 4 
— 
— 
+ 4 
— 
- 6 
— 
— 
No C 177/20 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 12 
Deliveries of solid fuels to the domestic sector 
('000 tonnes) 
1983: Actual 
1984: Estimates 
1985: Forecasts 
A. Hard coal, patent fuel, and coke 
Hard coal 1983 
1984 
1985 
Patent fuels 1983 
1984 
1985 
Coke 1983 
1984 
1985 
Total 1983 
1984 
1985 
% 1984/83 
B. Brown coal 1983 
lignite and 1984 
peat briquettes^) 1985 Bel­
gium 
1 147 
1 175 
1 170 
114 
125 
125 
36 
39 
39 
1297 
1339 
1334 
+ 3 
70 
80 
80 Den­
mark 
269 
350 
350 
40 
27 
30 
309 
377 
380 
+ 22 
42 
40 
40 Ger­
many 
2 138 
2 050 
1930 
778 
760 
750 
1 106 
1000 
950 
4 022 
3 810 
3 630 
-5 
2 581 
2 605 
2 545 France 
2 194 
2 150 
2 250 
1 551 
1500 
1400 
272 
70 
50 
4 017 
3 720 
3 700 
-7 
154 
150 
150 Greece 
3 
60 
60 
1 
4 
60 
60 
— 
75 
75 
75 Ireland 
1 142 
1025 
1000 
1 142 
1025 
1000 
-10 
786 
780 
780 Italy 
160 
150 
120 
10 
10 
10 
200 
150 
150 
370 
310 
280 
-16 
32 
30 
30 Luxem­
bourg 
4 
3 
4 
1 
5 
1 
2 
10 
4 
6 
-60 
49 
50 
50 Nether­
lands 
70 
75 
75 
8 
6 
6 
12 
10 
10 
90 
91 
91 
+ 1 
21 
20 
20 United 
King­
dom 
9 647 
7 200 
8 150 
892 
700 
900 
1975 
1 300 
1 200 
12514 
9 200 
10 250 
-26 
— EUR-10 
16 774 
14 238 
15 109 
3 354 
3 101 
3 191 
3 647 
2 597 
2 431 
23 775 
19 936 
20 731 
-16 
3 810 
3 830 
3 770 
(') Of which a small quantity of raw product. 
NB: Including deliveries to personnel; in Germany, deliveries to the army; in the United Kingdom, deliveries to public and administration buildings. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/21 
TABLE 13 
Hard coal production by areas and calorific value of production 
('000 tonnes) 
Kempen 
Sud 
Belgium 
Ruhr 
Aachen 
Ibbenbiiren 
Saar and Kleinzechen 
Germany 
Nord Pas-de-Calais 
Lorraine 
Centre-Midi 
France 
Ireland 
Scotland 
Northern 
Yorkshire 
North-West 
Midlands and Kent 
South Wales 
Licensed mines 
Opencast 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 1983 
Actual 
103 
5 910 
187 
6 097 
71466 
5 186 
2 420 
10 548 
89 620 
3 201 
10 579 
3 241 
17 022 
75 
6 094 
12 131 . 
30315 
10 663 
34 780 
6 739 
1 321 
14 050 
116 448 0 
229 263 Kj/Kg 
(27 530) 
(27 215) 
(25 105) 
(21 280) 
(24 395) 
(25 633) 1984 
Provisional 
6 196 
102 
6 298 
66 286 
5 370 
2 399 
10813 
84 868 
2 500 
10 882 
3 212 
16 594 
70 
933 
2 082 
4 243 
4 449 
21 538 
1295 
1 382 
13 408 
49 330 
157 160 1985 
Forecasts 
6 600 
— 
6 600 
66 700 
5 300 
2 300 
11000 
85 300 
1900 
10 300 
3 200 
15 400 
70 
Not available 
89 500 
196 870 
(') Including 355 of origin not specified. 
TABLE 14 
Yearly average of personnel employed underground 
(in '000) 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
United Kingdom 
Ireland 
EUR-10 1983 
Actual 
16,0 
118,3 
27,1 
159,7 
0,3 
320,9 1984 
Provisional 
15,0 
111,9 
25,0 
144,9 
0,3 
297,2 1985 
Forecasts 
14,9 
109,1 
23,0 
(') 
0,3 
(') 
(') Not available. 
No C Ml/22 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 15 
Output per man/hour underground 
(kg per man/hour) 
Member States 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 1983 
Actual 
297 
553 
374 
409 
451 1984 
Provisional 
322 
574 
387 
360 
466 1985 
Forecasts 
324 
580 
385 
400 
475 
TABLE 16 
Costs and proceeds per tonne 
(ECU/tonne) 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
United Kingdom Production costs 
1982 
98 
92 
97 
84 1983 
106 
102 
98 
86 1984 
107 
108 
99 
136 Revenue 
1982 
70 
810) 
67 
68 1983 
74 
89(1) 
66 
68 1984 
73 
96(') 
66 
70 
(1) Including coking coal aids. 
TABLE 17 
State aids to the coal industry for production 
(ECU/tonne) 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 Direct aids(') 
1983 
24,45 
10,25 
32,30 
12,82 
13,57 1984(2) 
33,37 
12,07 
34,08 
18,22 
17,08 Indirect aids 
1983 
1,92 
0,39 
0,49 
— 
0,31 1984(2) 
2,03 
0,26 
0,93 
— 
0,24 Total 
1983 
26,37 
10,64 
32,79 
12,82 
13,81 1984(2) 
35,40 
12,33 
35,01 
18,22 
17,39 
(') Including coking coal aids. 
(2) Provisional. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/23 
TABLE 18 A 
Investments in the coal industry 
(Coal extraction and preparation) 
(million ECU) 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 1983 
Actual 
39,6 
416,4 
100,7 
1 210,8 
1 767,5 1984 
Estimates 
67,6 
418,0 
75,7 
1 107,9 
1 669,2 1985(1) 
Forecasts 
13,4 
268,8 
63,8 
940,8 
1 286,8 
(I) Only including investments on which a start has been made or concerning which a decision has been taken. 
TABLE 18B 
Pit closures 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 1984 
Number 
1 
— 
— 
8 
9 Output in 1983 
('000 tonnes) 
183 
— 
— 
2 000 
2 183 
No C 177/24 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
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15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/25 
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No C 177/26 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 20 A 
Average cif prices for coal imported from third countries 
(US$) 
A. Steam coal(l) 
per tonne (t = t) 
per tonne = 29,3 GJ 
B. Coking coal(2) 
per tonne (t = t) 
per tonne = 29,3 GJ First 
quarter 
1983 
25 994 
54,60 
61,40 
31 124 
76,25 
71,80 
117% Second 
quarter 
1983 
25 977 
51,30 
57,80 
31 124 
68,95 
64,90 
112% Third 
quarter 
1983 
26 003 
48,95 
55,15 
31 124 
67,05 
63,15 
114,5% Fourth 
quarter 
1983 
25 946 
49,80 
56,20 
31 124 
65,95 
62,10 
110% First 
quarter 
1984 
25 764 
45,75 
51,95 
31 124 
66,20 
62,35 
120% Second 
quarter 
1984 
25 990 
45,40 
51,05 
31 124 
65,00 
61,20 
120% Third 
quarter 
1984 
25 778 
44,85 
50,95 
31 124 
64,45 
60,70 
119% Fourth 
quarter 
1984 
— 
— 
— 
31 124 
64,30 
60,55 
(1) As per quarterly reports from the Member States (Decision 77/707/ECSC of 7 November 1977). 
(2) Guide price (Decision 73/287/ECSC of 25 July 1973); reference date: beginning of quarter. 
TABLE 20 B 
Delivered prices for domestic coal (including taxes) 
(ECU/29,3 GJ) 
1 January 1983 
1 January 1984 
± % Germany 
197,25 
200,69 
+ 1,7 Belgium 
226,27 
223,87 
-1,1 France 
269,49 
283,40 
+ 5,2 Italy 
283,08 
292,06 
+ 3,2 Netherlands 
215,93 
227,02 
+ 5,1 United 
Kingdom 
192,91 
220,51 
+ 14,3 Ireland 
149,06 
152,92 
+ 2,6 
At 1 January 1984, coal prices compare with gasoil prices as follows: 
Domestic prices (including taxes) 
(ECU/29,3 GJ) 
Coal 
Gas oil Germany 
6,85 
9,40 Belgium 
7,64 
9,43 France 
9,67 
10,51 Italy 
9,97 
11,66 Netherlands 
7,75 
10,36 United 
Kingdom 
7,53 
9,79 Ireland 
5,22 
9,64 
The prices differences between gasoil and household coal which amounted to 13—99% in 1983 in the different countries, were 
reduced to 9—85% at the benefit of the gasoil in 1984. 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C Ml/21 
TABLE 21 
Trend of infra-Community trade in hard coal 
('000 tonnes) 
From 
In ^""^^^ 
Belgium 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Denmark 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Germany 
1983 
1984 
1985 
France 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Greece 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Ireland 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Italy 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Luxembourg 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Netherlands 
1983 
1984 
1985 
United Kingdom 
1983 
1984 
1985 
EUR-10 
1983 
1984 
1985 Belgium 
— 
— 
344 
500 
500 
173 
210 
215 
— 
5 
10 
2 
10 
10 
— 
22 
50 
50 
66 
70 
25 
612 
850 
800 Demark 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— Germany 
2 182 
2 635 
2 370 
11 
10 
— 
3 784 
3 620 
3 155 
20 
20 
21 
30 
25 
1803 
1790 
1505 
9 
5 
5 
955 
950 
820 
487 
425 
400 
9 252 
9 485 
8 300 France 
25 
20 
20 
6 
370 
300 
300 
— 
— 
8 
45 
10 
100 
10 
— 
— 
8 
135 
75 
517 
500 
415 Greece 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— Ireland 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
5 
5 Italy 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— Luxem­
bourg 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— Nether­
lands 
113 
135 
160 
14 
200 
200 
— 
— 
30 
10 
— 
15 
10 
10 
— 
95 
270 
267 
625 
370 United 
Kingdom 
154 
45 
10 
1 626 
590 
1 000 
860 
200 
500 
1 698 
1 420 
1 170 
705 
457 
205 
400 
92 
10 
22 
5 
5 
385 
200 
200 
— 
5 294 
2 665 
4 000 EUR-10 
2 474 
2 835 
2 560 
1 657 
600 
1 000 
1 574 
1 200 
1 500 
5 655 
5 250 
4 540 
20 
725 
521 
300 
435 
1997 
1 800 
1 535 
46 
20 
20 
1 362 
1 200 
1 070 
661 
900 
500 
15 947 
14 125 
13 885 
No C 177/28 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 22 
Trend of intra-Community trade in coke 
('000 tonnes) 
~-~-~-^^ From 
In ^~~---~--^^^ 
Belgium 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Denmark 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Germany 
1983 
1984 
1985 
France 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Greece 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Ireland 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Italy 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Luxembourg 
1983 
1984 
1985 
Netherlands 
1983 
1984 
1985 
United Kingdom 
1983 
1984 
1985 
EUR-10 
1983 
1984 
1985 Belgium 
— 
4 
5 
5 
88 
180 
100 
187 
325 
325 
— 
— 
1 
15 
30 
116 
140 
135 
12 
20 
25 
9 
70 
50 
417 
755 
670 Denmark 
— 
— 
3 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
3 Germany 
58 
155 
150 
10 
10 
10 
— 
1 056 
1225 
950 
1 
20 
20 
4 
5 
31 
55 
5 
1401 
1690 
1600 
481 
380 
275 
32 
900 
50 
3 074 
4 440 
3 060 France 
77 
90 
90 
27 
30 
30 
249 
300 
300 
— 
4 
— 
62 
50 
48 
30 
30 
14 
1 
145 
482 
595 
500 Greece 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— Ireland 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— Italy 
— 
— 
— 
— 
11 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
11 Luxem­
bourg 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— 
— Nether­
lands 
219 
250 
250 
1 
5 
5 
93 
100 
100 
226 
270 
225 
— 
— 
— 
9 
10 
10 
— 
— 
548 
635 
590 United 
Kingdom 
1 
5 
10 
11 
10 
10 
71 
20 
100 
— 
30 
30 
3 
3 
8 
— 
56 
5 
5 
121 
— 
263 
73 
163 EUR-10 
355 
500 
500 
53 
60 
60 
504 
600 
600 
1 469 
1 820 
1 500 
16 
50 
50 
7 
8 
8 
94 
70 
85 
1630 
1875 
1780 
628 
400 
300 
42 
1 115 
100 
4 798 
6 498 
4 983 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/29 
TABLE 23 
Hard coal imports from third countries 
(million tonnes) 
A. By country of destination 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 
B. By country of origin 
USA 
Canada 
Australia 
South Africa 
Poland 
USSR 
Others 
Total 
C. By sector of consumption 
Steam coal 
Coking coal 
Others 
Total 1983 
Actual 
5,0 
7,1 
8,0 
12,9 
1,4 
0,9 
15,8 
0,1 
6,4 
3,7 
61,3 
23,5 
1,4 
8,6 
15,7 
10,0 
1,2 
0,9 
61,3 
41,5 
18,1 
1,7 
61,3 1984 
Provisional 
6,7 
9,1 
8,3 
16,7 
1,9 
0,9 
19,0 
0,2 
9,0 
7,1 
78,9 
24,5 
2,0 
14,7 
19,6 
15,2 
1,4 
1,5 
78,9 
51,2 
26,5 
1,2 
78,9 1985 
Forecasts 
5,8 
8,8 
8,0 
18,0 
1,3 
1,5 
18,5 
0,1 
9,1 
9,0 
80,1 
26,0 
2,5 
13,0 
19,5 
13,6 
0,7 
4,8 (') 
80,1 
53,0 
26,0 
1,1 
80,1 
(') Including imports from non-specified countries. 
No C 177/30 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 24 
Hard coal imports from third countries in 1984 (') 
(WO tonnes) 
From third countries 
USA 
Canada 
Australia 
South Africa 
Poland 
USSR 
Other 
Total Belgium 
3 270 
299 
378 
1 800 
548 
146 
249 
6 690 Denmark 
678 
433 
1 759 
2 737 
3 205 
185 
148 
9 145 Germany 
1 191 
456 
695 
2 249 
3 039 
177 
446 
8 253 France 
3 483 
504 
4 704 
5 602 
1997 
284 
126 
16 700 Greece 
613 
593 
139 
69 
264 
182 
1860 Ireland 
126 
13 
734 
14 
887 Italy 
6 940 
53 
2 637 
6 045 
2 940 
387 
42 
19 044 Luxem­
bourg 
6 
154 
160 Nether­
lands 
4 850 
100 
2 100 
600 
1400 
9 050 United 
Kingdom 
3 336 
116 
1859 
258 
1222 
9 
336 
7 136 EEC 
24 493 
1961 
14 725 
19 597 
15 154 
1452 
1 543 
78 925 
(') Provisional figures. 
TABLE 25 
Hard coal and coke exports to third countries 
('000 tonnes) 
A. Hard coal 
Belgium 
Germany 
France 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
Total 
B. Coke 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Ireland 
Italy 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
Total 1983 
Actual 
115 
1 548 
134 
— 
1 898 
3 695 
180 
31 
990 
376 
— 
200 
65 
437 
2 279 1984 
Estimates 
143 
1 100 
200 
100 
335 
1 878 
145 
3 
1 350 
400 
— 
330 
35 
197 
2 460 1985 
Forecasts 
175 
1000 
100 
105 
1 300 
2 680 
160 
— 
1 250 
250 
— 
220 
35 
187 
2 102 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities NoC 177/31 
TABLE 26 
World coal production and trade 
(million tonnes) 
I. WORLD TRADE BY COUNTRY 
AND REGION 
Imports in Japan 
Community's imports from third countries 
Imports in other countries 
Sub-total coal sea-borne trade (a) 
Intra-Community coal trade 
Intra-Comecon trade (2) 
USA/Canada trade 
Sub-total coal regional trade (b) 
Total: coal world trade (c) = (a) + (b) 
Difference from year to year (%) 
II. WORLD PRODUCTION OF COAL 
Western Europe 
(EUR-10) 
North America 
(Canada) 
USSR 
China 
Poland 
South Africa 
Australia 
India 
Japan 
Latin America 
Rest of the world 
Total world production of coal 
III. SEA-BORNE TRADE OF COAL, 
IN % OF WORLD PRODUCTION 
[(a):(d)] 1982 
79 
72 
60 
211 
17 
34 
16 
67 
278 
-0,3% 
1982 
267 
(241) 
734 
(22) 
718 
640 
189 
140 
98 
131 
18 
21 
114 
3 070 
7,0% 1983 
74 
61 
62 
197 
16 
38 
13 
67 
264 
-4,5% 
1983 
265 
(229) 
740 
(23) 
716 
675 
190 
144 
99 
135 
18 
21 
116 
3 119 
6,3% 1984(') 
86 
79 
64 
229 
16 
41 
17 
74 
301 
+ 14% 
1984(>) 
198 
(157) 
775 
(25) 
717 
730 
191 
145 
104 
137 
18 
23 
118 
3 156 
7,1% 
(') Estimates March 1985. 
(2) Countries with centrally planned economy (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, 
Romania, USSR). 
No C 177/32 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
TABLE 27 A 
Producers' stocks of hard coal and coke 
(at the end of the year) 
('000 tonnes) 
1. Coal 
Belgium 
Germany (') 
France 
Ireland 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 
2. Coke 
Belgium 
Germany (') 
France 
Italy 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 1983 
Actual 
851 
13 408 
4 807 
30 
24 493 
43 589 
114 
9 462 
816 
785 
17 
1 566 
12 760(2) 1984 
Provisional 
'000 
tonnes 
645 (3) 
9 072 
3 796 
30 
20 960 
34 503 
71 
4 694 
700 
600 
10 
1 627 
7 702 Number of 
calendar 
days covered 
38 
40 
82 
180 
160 
83 
4 
81 
28 
32 
1 
82 
52 1985 
Forecasts 
730 
8 772 
3 796 
30 
15 660 
28 988 
81 
2614 
700 
600 
10 
1627 
5 632 Difference 
1984/83 
- 206 
-4 336 
-1011 
— 
-3 533 
-9 086 
- 43 
-4 768 
- 116 
- 185 
7 
+ 61 
-5 058 1985/84 
+ 85 
- 300 
— 
— 
-5 300 
-5515 
+ 10 
-2 080 
— 
— 
— 
— 
-2 070 
(') Excluding the national reserve (7 222 hard coal and 2 977 coke). 
(2) Including 40 in Greece. 
(3) Excluding stock of Roton colliery, closed (37). 
TABLE 27 B 
Estimate of total stocks of hard coal held by producers, consumers and in ports and/or 
central depots in the Community 
(Situation at the end of 1984) 
('000 tonnes) 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 Producers' stocks 
Total 
colliery 
stocks 
645 
9 072 
3 796 
30 
20 960 34 503 Of which 
low-grade 
coal 
(400) 
(-) 
(3 100) 
(2 000) 
(-) 
(-) 
(-) 
(-) 
(-) 
(••) At 
power 
stations 
710 
6 631 
14 435 
4 993 
996 
333 
14 402 
42 500 At 
coke 
ovens 
500 
260 
1 300 
250 
300 
1 199 
3 809 In ports, 
central 
depots 
and other 
2 000 
200 
8 300 
815 
200 
270 
250 
2 000 
14 035 Total 
3 855 
6 831 
32 067 
10 904 
200 
300 
1496 
2 633 
36 561 
94 847 
15. 7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/33 
TABLE 27 C 
Estimate of total stocks of hard coal and coke (expressed in coal equivalent) 
held by producers, consumers, and in ports and/or central depots 
in the Community 
(Situation at the end of 1984) 
(million tonnes) 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Germany 
France 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
United Kingdom 
EUR-10 Hard 
coal 
3,8 
6,8 
32,1 
10,9 
0,2 
0,3 
1,5 
— 
2,6 
36,6 
94,8 Coke 
(x 1,3) 
0,1 
— 
10,0 
0,9 
— 
— 
0,8 
0,1 
— 
2,1 
14,0 Total 
3,9 
6,8 
42,1 
10,4 
0,2 
0,3 
2,7 
0,1 
2,7 
38,7 
108,8 Estimate of 
consumption 
in 1984 
15,3 
9,8 
86,5 
38,6 
2,0 
2,1 
19,5 
0,2 
9,7 
100,5 
284,2 Number of 
calendar 
days 
covered 
78 
250 
170 
98 
37 
52 
50 
— 
102 
140 
140 
No C 177/34 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
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GRAPH 1 
MAIN INDICATORS FOR SOLID FUELS 
(1984—1985 FORECAST) 
Gross domestic product in mrd ECU 
(at 1975 prices and exchange rates) 
Gross inland consumption of electricity 
in 109 kWh 
Gross inland consumption of energy 
in 106 toe 
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 
350 
300 
250 
^ Consumption of coke-ovens in 106 tonnes 
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 
No C 177/38 Official Journal of the European Communities 15. 7. 85 
GRAPH 2 
EUR-10: AVAILABILITY 
280 10° t 
240 
Hard coal production 
Estimate of total stocks 
coal and coke (1) 
(producers, consumers, ports) 
Coal imports 
-• Lignite (2) 
\;#t Producers' stocks 
(RSI of coal 
ma 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 
(1) Coke converted in coal equivalent (x 1.3) 
(2) Lignite converted in coal equivalent (x 0.32) 
15.7. 85 Official Journal of the European Communities No C 177/39 
GRAPH 3 
COAL PRICES COMPARED WITH FUEL PRICES 
US ft/29.3 Gigajoules 
Heavy fuel oil 
(consumer's price) 
Community steam coal 
(pithead price) 
Imported coking coal 
(guide price cif) 
Imported steam coal 
(cif) 
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984