ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(77)388
Vol.1977/0127

Disclaimer
Conformément aurèglement(CEE,Euratom)n°354/83duConseildu1erfévrier1983
concernantl'ouvertureaupublicdesarchiveshistoriquesdelaCommunauté économique
européenne etdelaCommunauté européenne del'énergieatomique(JOL43du15.2.1983,
p.1),telquemodifiéparlerèglement(CE,Euratom)n°1700/2003du22septembre2003
(JOL243du27.9.2003,p.1),cedossierestouvertaupublic.Lecaséchéant,lesdocuments
classifiésprésentsdanscedossierontétédéclassifiés conformément àl'article5dudit
règlement.
Inaccordance withCouncilRegulation(EEC,Euratom)No354/83of1February1983
concerningtheopeningtothepublicofthehistoricalarchivesoftheEuropeanEconomic
Community andtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity (OJL43,15.2.1983,p.1),as
amendedbyRegulation(EC,Euratom)No1700/2003of22September2003(OJL243,
27.9.2003,p.1),thisfileisopentothepublic.Wherenecessary,classifieddocuments inthis
filehavebeendeclassified inconformitywithArticle5oftheaforementioned regulation.
InÜbereinstimmung mitderVerordnung(EWG,Euratom)Nr.354/83desRatesvom1.
Februar1983überdieFreigabederhistorischen ArchivederEuropäischen
Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft undderEuropäischen Atomgemeinschaft (ABI.L43vom15.2.1983,
S.1),geändertdurchdieVerordnung (EG,Euratom)Nr.1700/2003vom22.September2003
(ABI.L243vom27.9.2003,S.1),istdieseDateiderÖffentlichkeit zugänglich.Soweit
erforderlich,wurdendieVerschlusssachen indieserDateiinÜbereinstimmung mitArtikel5
dergenanntenVerordnungfreigegeben.

COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(77)388 final .
Brussels .28July 1977
PROPOSAL FOR AMULTIANNUAL PROGRAMME OPRESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT INTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ONPAPER AND
BOARD RECYCLING (1978-1980 )
Indirect action
(submitted totheCouncil "bytheCommission )
COM(77 )388final .A:
/*.■^ -

-1- XII/324/77-E
TableofContents
Summary 3
1.Introduction 5
2.Justification foraCommunityR&Dprogramme
onpaperandboardrecycling 7
2.1.General
2.1.1.Rawmaterials 7
2.1.2.Environment 8
2.2.Technical 9
2.3.Economie 10
3.Community R8Dprogramme 11
4.Procéduresforimplementation 12
5.Programmemanagement 13"
6.Dissémination ofinformation 14
Annex1.Detaileddescription ofresearchtopics 15
ResearchTopicn°1-Characterization andupgradingof
reclaimedfibres.
1.Title 15
2.Stateoftheart 15
3.StatusofresearchintheMemberStates 16
4.Expectedresults 17
5.Detaileddescription 17
6.Duration 18
7.Estimatedtotalcosts !8

-2 XII/324/77-E
Research Tonic n°2-Elimination ofcontaminants
1.Title 19
2.State ofthe art 19
3.Status ofresearch intheMember States 19
4.Expected results 20
5.Detailed description 20
6.Durât ion 21
7.Estimated total costs 2Î
Research Topic n^3-De-inking
1.Title 22-
2.State ofthe art 22
3.Status ofresearch intheMember States 24
4.Expected results 25 .
5.Detailed description 25
6.Durât ion 27
7.Estimated total costs 27
Research Topic n°4-Urban fibres
1.Title '28
2.State ofthe art 28
3.Status ofresearch intheMember States 28
4.Expected -esults 29
5.Detailed "iption 29
6.Duraticn 31
7.Estimated tôt rursts 31

XII/324/77E
SUMMARY
Thepresent proposal concerns aCommunity Research andDevelopment pro­
gramme inthefield ofpaper andboard recycling .
This programme ismotivated essentially bytheneed ,ontheonehand ,to
solve theproblems ofrawmaterials supply ofthepaper andboard industry
oftheCommunity ,these problems being one ofthemain causes ofthe
current difficulties facing that industry ,and,ontheother hand ,to
improve themanagement ofwastes ,asforeseen intheaction programme ofthe
European Communities ontheenvironment of17May 1977 .
Rawmaterials supply would befacilitated byincreasing the recycling of
paper andboard since avalorization ofthemain types ofoldpapers would
allow abetter utilization ofseveral kinds ofoldpaper resulting ,conse­
quently ,inamore efficient adaptation ofrawmaterials tothe final pro­
ducts .Anindirect economic advantage would also begained through an
increase ofthe Gross Internal Product .
Inaddition ,theenvironment would obviously benefit from theintensification
ofrecycling which ,among other advantages ,results inaproportional
decrease ofthewaste which has tobedisposed .
\
Technically ,itappears that ,inorder toreutilize additional amounts cf
oldpaper andboard ,itisnecessary toupgrade alltypes ofoldpapers
through new andmore appropriate technologies andprocesses .
Four major research topics were selected tothis effect and cover most
R&D needs inthis area :
1sttopic :characterization ofreclaimed fibres ,their upgrading byvarious
processes ,andtheeffects ofmultiple recycling onpaper making
fibres ;
2ndtopic :elimination ofthe detrimental effect ofcontaminants inwaste
paper including thedispersion ofthermo-sof tening contaminants ;
3rdtopic :de-inking ,including therelationship between different types
of .inkandde-inking ,andthetreatment ofeffluent from waste­
paper recycling plants ;
4thtopic :useofurban fibres ,including technological characterization
ofsolid urban waste andhealth problems caused bytheuseof
recycled fibres .
Theprogramme will beimplemented asanindirect action bymeans ofcost-
sharing contracts with private andpublic research organizations inthe
member-states ,financed partly bytheCommunity .

XII/324/77E
Themaximumamountcontributed bytheCommunityforthewhole3-year
programme <1978-190 ?isestimatedat2.900.000 EUA.
TheprogrammewillbersnagsdbytheCommissiondepartmentsinliaison
withanAdvisoryCor.n:;Lt-^eonProgrammeManagementforpaperand
boardrecycling R&D,established forthispurposebytheCouncil.
ClosecooperationwillalsobeensuredwiththeCommittee on
WasteManaaementestablished bytheCommissionintheframeworkofthe
actionprogrammeoftheEuropeanCommunities ontheenvironment .

XII/324/77E
PROPOSAL FORAMULTIANNUAL PROGRAMME OFRESEARCH
ANDDEVELOPMENT INTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIES ONPAPERANDBOARDRECYCLING
(Indirectaction:1978-1980)
1..INTRODUCTION
1.1.Theproblemofrawmaterialssupply,forwhichtheCommunitydepends
toalargeextentontherestoftheworld,hasgivenriseduringthe
recentyearstoseriouspreoccupations withregardbothtotrade
.balancesandsecurityofprocurements .
TheScientific andTechnicalResearchCommittee (CREST)hasdeemed
necessarytoestablishin1974aSub-Committee onrawmaterials R&D
entrustedwiththetaskofassessingtowhatextentCommunity R&D
actionscouldcontributetoalleviatesupplyproblemsandtodeter­
miningthepossiblecontentsofsuchactions.
InafirstreportdatedNovember1975,theSub-Committee recommended
tosetupaworkingpartyonpaperrecyclinginordertoanalysethe
situationinthememberstatesandtodefineresearchactionswhich
couldhelpraisetherateofrecyclingofpaperandboardandto
improvethequalityofrecycledpapers.
Theworkingparty,onthebasisofthecontributions andtheexperience
oftheexpertsfromthememberstates,hassuggestedanumberof
researchtopicsandprojectswhichwereusedinpreparingthepresent
programmeproposal.
ItmustalsobementionedthattheactionprogrammeoftheEuropean
Communities ontheenvironment for1977-1981,approvedbytheCouncil
on17May1977,foreseesanoverallpolicyforrecovery,recycling
andre-useinacampaignagainstwastageandinwastemanagement.
Oneofthepriorityactionsisconcernedwiththerecoveryandre-use
ofoldpapers.Tothisend,aworkingpartyonoldpaperswassetup
inJuly1976,whichoperatesunderthetermsofreferenceofthe
AdvisoryCommitteeonWasteManagement.
Besides,theCRESTSub-Commiittfee ,havingbeeninformedthattheCommis­
sionisundertakingparallelresearchactivities 1nthepulpandpaper
sector,especiallyundertheEnergyandEnvironment programmes,also
expressedthewishthatallspecificinitiatives takenbytheCommission
becoordinated,forthefollowingreasons:
-coherenceofprioritycriteria
-horizontalcharacterofR&Dinitiatives
-optimalimpactensuredforCommunityactivity
-speedycirculation ofdata
Suchcoordination ofCommunityR&Dactivitiesinthepulpandpaper
sectorshouldbeobtainedbyorganizingmeetingsofnationalexperts
andprogrammeofficers,undertheauspicesofCRESToroftheCREST
Sub-Committee forRawMaterials.
1.2.Reasonsforthepromotionofpaperandboardrecycling
Theneedto.increasesourcesofrawmaterialsforpaper-making,in
particularbytherecyclingofpaperandboardintheCommunity,has
beeninvestigated asaresultoftheCommunitypaperindustry's
growingawarenessofpowerfulcompetition fromtheScandinavian and
NorthAmericanpaperindustry.Thecommunication fromtheCommission
ontheproblemsposedbythepaperindustryintheCommunity(document
SEC(74)1215final)hasbeenforwardedtotheCouncil.Itsetsoutthe

-6- XI1/324/77-E
variouspossibilities forCommunityactiontosafeguardthedevelop­
mentofthepaperindustryintheCommunity.
Afterexamination ofthiscommunication,thePermanentRepresentati­
vesCommitteeinvitedtheCommissiontocontinueitsworkinthis
sectorand,ifappropriate,todraftwhateverpracticalproposals
itfeltshouldbesubmittedonactioninsupportofthepaperindustry.
Investigation oftheproblemsposedbythepaperindustryintheEC
clearlyrevealed:
(a)thattheCommunitymarketisdangerously dependentontheoutside
world:netimportsofpapermaterialsfromoutsidetheCommunity
haverepresented morethan50XofCommunitypaperandboardcon­
sumptioninthelast10years;
(b)thattheenlargedCommunity'sbalanceoftradeinpaperrawmate­
rialsandproductswiththenon-membercountriesisheavilyin
deficit,andthisdeficithasincreasedsubstantially inrecent
yearsdespitetheworldrecession.In1972itstoodatalmost
2.000millionu.a.whilein1975itexceeded3.000millionu.a.
(c)thatforestryandothervegetablesourcesintheCommunitycover
onlyaboutone-sixthofrequirements andanincreasednthese
resourcescanonlybeenvisagedtoalimitedextent(doublingof
currentproduction )afterafairlylongperiod(atleast20years)
followingtheimplementation ofanadequateandvigorousforestry
policy;
(d)thatwastepaperhascoveredabout40XoftheCommunitypaperand
boardindustry'srequirement offibrousmaterialsinrecentyears
butinsomemembercountriesthisproportionrepresentsonly
about30XofCommunitypaperandboardconsumption .
Thedesirability ofproposingmoreintensiverecyclingofpaperand
boardisapparentinalltheMemberStates:
foraverylongtime,thepaperindustryhasfoundrecyclingan
effectivewayofoffsettingtheproblemsexperienced inobtaining
suppliesofpulpwoodandfreshpulp,andofwithstanding competi­
tionfromScandinavian andNorthAmericanproducers;
morerecently,thepublicauthorities haveregardedincreased
recyclingasawayofeconomically eliminating wastepaperfrom
urbanrefuseandofsubstantially reducingimportsbythepaper
industryandthedependenceofthisindustryontheoutsideworld.

-7- XII/324/77-E
2.JUSTIFICATION FORACOMMUNITY RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
ONPAPERANDBOARDRECYCLING
2.1.General
Thebenefittobegainedfromthisresearchprogrammecanbeassessed
fromtwopointsofview:thesupplysituationandenvironmental pro­
tection. \
2.1.1.Rawmaterials
Animprovement inrecyclingtechniqueswouldmakeitpossibletouse
wastepaperinareaswhereitislittleusedatpresent(paperfor
printing,paperfordomesticandsanitaryuses),whilstatthesame
timeprovidingaccesstonewsourcesofrawmaterials.Theresult
wouldbeadropinconsumption ofmechanical andchemicalpulp
(frequentlyimportedfromnon-membercountries).
Forpurposesofcomparison,therateofuseofwastepaperinprin­
tingpapersiscurrentlyverymuchlowerthanitsrateofusein
othertypes,(paperboard,corrugatedpaperandothertypesofwrapping
paper).Therateofuse(quantityofwastepaperused/quantityofpaper
produced)recordedin1972was6,5%(ECaverage)forprintingpapers
asopposedtoarateof40%forallpaperandboard.
Nowadaystherecoveredpulpusedinprintingpapershastobeasub­
stitutefromthefollowingresources :
directincorporation ofwood-freenoblequalitiesofthewhite
trimmingsorpunchcardtype,substitutedforchemicalpulp;
incorporation ofoldde-inkednewspapersinthemanufacture of
newprinttoreplacemechanicalpulp(FederalRepublicofGermany
andUnitedKingdom).
Inbothcasestheresourceislimitedandanyincreaseindemand
upsetsthepricesforthesetypesof-wastepaperandisthuslikely
todiscouragetheiruse.
.•Moredetailedresearchonrecyclingwillmakeitpossibleto
makeuseoffurthertypesofwastepaper:
wastecontaining woodpaper(particularly magazineswithahigh
percentageofwood)inordertoobtainapulpsimilartomechanical
pulp;
wastewood-freepaper(particularly leaflets)inordertoobtain
pulpofatypesomewherebetweenmechanicalpulpandchemicalpulp
fromhardwoodfibres.
Characterization ofreclaimedfibrescombinedwithbetterelimination
ofcontraries,animprovementinde-inkingtechniquesandmoreintensive
jndprofitablerecoveryofurbanfibreswillmakeitpossibletomakeoc
betteruseofcertaintypesofwastepaper.Thiswillallowamoresen­
sibleallocationofpaper-making rawmaterialsinaccordance tivs
productsmanufactured .

-8- XII/324/77-E
Foronething,certainqualitiesofwastepapercurrentlyusedasfillercanthenbereservedforbetterpurposes.Forexample,old
newspapersandleafletsnowusedinpaperboardcould,aftereffi­
cientde-inking,beusedfortheproductionofprintingpaper.
However,thisisonlyconceivableifboardmanufacturers canbeof­
feredasubstitute rawmaterialsuchasurbanfibres.
Secondly,itmightbepossible'tosubstitutede-inkedpulpmadefrom
wastecontaining woodpaperinthoseprocesseswheremechanicalpulp
istraditionally used.Thisisimportantatatimewhenimproved
mechanicalpulps(thermomechani calpulps)arefindingusesinthe
productionofhigherqualitypaperthanformerly.
Researchonde-inkingisrequiredbecausepresenttechniquesarenot
capableofadequatelyde-inkingagoodmanypapersprintedbythe
offsetandphotogravure processes.Theappearanceofnewtypesof
inks(particularly UVinks,andinksforoffsetnews-papers )makes
furtherresearchonde-inkingallthemorenecessary.
Researchisalsonecessarytoreducepollutionfromde-inking.
Thisresearchshouldbedonejointlywithinkmanufacturers and
printers.
.1.2.Environment
Therecyclingofwastepaperobviouslyoffersenvironmental advantages;
(a)thequantityofpaperrecycledreduceswastefromeconomicacti­
vities(business,administration ,household,etc,...)byanequi­
valentvolume;
(b)eachtonneofrecycledwastepapersavestheequivalentoftwoto
threecubicmetresofwood(orabout15medium-sized trees);
(c)papermaking fromwastepapercauseslesswaterpollutionthanthe
equivalentproductionofpaperfromwood.
Itiswellknown,however,thatsomerecyclingoperationsespecially
de-inking,causeadegreeofpollution.Thiscallsforthefollowing
comments :
(i)Thepollutionresultingfromthede-inkingofwastepaperbearsno
comparisonwithpollutionresultingfromthemanufacture ofchemical
pulp.
Sincetheuseofde-inkedpulp(particularly de-inkedpulpproduced
fromwastepapercontainingnowood)insomeinstancesmakesitpossible
toreducethevolumeofchemicalpulpused,onbalancede-inkingisan
advantagefortheenvironment.Anewde-inkingunitwillcauseless
pollutionthananewchemicalpulpfactory.

9 XII/324/77-E
(ii)De-inkingstillcausesmorepollutionthanthemanufactureofmechanical
pulporanyconventional methodoftreatingwastepaper.Butmanyimpro­
vementscouldbemade.
Itshouldnotbeforgottenthat,tobeginwith,de-inking,particularly
de-inkingbywashing,wasregardedasahighlypollutingprocess.Today,
theresidualpollutionfromflotationde-inkingisacceptableandthe
processhasalreadyundergonemanyimprovements .Forinstance,agreat
stepforwardwastakenwithloopcircuits-waterconsumptionisnow
approximately 15-20m3/tofpulpcomparedwith100m3/tofafewyears
ago.
Withfurtherresearchitwouldbepossibletoreducepollutionevenfur­
ther.Foronethingacompromisemustbefoundbetweentheeffectiveness
ofthede-inkingprocess(yield)andpollution.Foranother,itwould
bepossibletocombinevariousprocesses.
Ciii)Itappearsthatconsiderable improvementispossibleinthetreatment
oftheeffluentandtheelimination ofwastesfromthede-inkingprocess:
whereeffluentsareconcerned,moredetailedknowledgeoftheeffec>
oftheingredients oftheinks,thebehaviouroftheadditivesused
inthevariousprocessesandthephenomenaoftoxicitywouldmakeit
possibletoperfecteffectivetreatmenttechniques;
wherewastesareconcerned,elimination techniquessuitedtothepa,
ticularnatureofthede-inkingsludgestillhavetobeperfected,ini
isabigproblemsince,ifaprocesshasayieldof80%,thereisa
20%lossofmaterial.
Assumingadryingfactorof30%forthesludge,every800Kgofde-inkei
pulpproducedwouldmean660Kgofsludge.Also,thecomposition ofthe
sludgevariesastheundertaking doingthede-inkingcanrarelydictate
thenatureofitsrawmaterial,namelywastepaper.
2.2.Techmcal
2.2.1.Sofar,measuresbythepublicauthorities havemainlybeenaimedat
improvingconditions onthewastepapermarket(wherevirtuallychaotic
fluctuations inpricesandvolumeoftradejeopardizeanyeffortsto
promoterecycling)andsteppingupthecollectionofwastepaper.
However,itseemsthattheincreasedquantities ofwastepapercollect':
cannotbeentirelyabsorbedbythepaperindustrywithoutapplyingar.J
developingprocessesandmachineryfortheproduction ofpaperfrom
recycledfibres.Theadditionalquantitiesofwastepapercollectedare
infactofpoorerqualitythanthequantitiesofwastepapercollected
andabsorbedsofarbytheindustry;inordertoabsorbtheadditional
quantitiesofwastepaperitisnecessarytoupgradeallwastepaper
qualitiesbymeansofnewandmoresuitabletechnologies andprocesses
sothat:
superiorgradesofwastepapercanbeusedtoproducesuperior
qualitiesofnewpaper(writingandprintingqualities)
theinferiorqualitiesofwastepapercanbeusedtoproducelower

-10- XII/324/77-E
qualities'Apaperandboard,whichareatpresentabsorbingthe
superiorgradesofwastepaper.
CurrentresearchanddevelopmentintheMemberStatesismainlyspon­
soredbypaperandboardproducers,equipmentsuppliersandthechemical
industry.
Mostoftheworkisconcernedwiththedevelopment ofmachinery,pro­
ductsandprocessesratherthanwithresearchaimedatanoverall
conservation ofrawmaterials.Furthermore,detailsoftheseactivities
remainconfidential .Themainresearchtopicsarethereforedealt
withpiecemealbyanumberoflaboratories,withoutconsultation or
coordination .
Consequently,aprogrammeofresearchanddevelopmentcovering,at
Communitylevel,mattersofcommoninterestandessentialrelevance
tomoreintensiverecyclingisnecessary.
2.3.Economie
Quiteapartfromthecurrentcrisissituation,aregularincreasein
paperandboardconsumptionintheCommunityandintheindustrialized
worldistobeexpectedintheyearsahead.Thiswillbeaccompanied
byagrowingshortageoffibrousrawmaterialsfromwhichthepaper
industrywillbethefirst£osuffer.Itwillalsoresultinaparal­
lelincreaseinthevolumeofwastefromindustry,commerce,public
departments andlocalauthorities.Thesetwoharmfuleffectscanbe
offsetonlybyincreaseduseofwastepaperindifferenttypesof
paperandboard.
ThesituationintheCommunitywasasfollowsin1975;
paperandboardconsumption 24.7milliontonnes
paperandboardproduction 18.8milliontonnes
quantityofwastepaperused 7.9milliontonnes
giving:
recoveryrate(ratiobetweenthequantitiesofwastepaperre­
claimedandapparentpaperandboardconsumption )32%
rateofuse(ratiobetweenquantitiesofwastepaperusedand
paperandboardproduction) 42%
Increaseduseofwastepaperispossiblebutdependsmainlyonthe
technicalpossibilities ofrecycling.Acomprehensive anddetailed
studyofpaperandboardrecyclingintheEuropeanCommunitycarried
outin1974hasshownhowusefultheresultsofaresearchprogramme
toupgradereclaimedfibreswouldbe.Theprogrammeproposedbelow
isinlinewiththisaim.Thepracticalresultsexpectedwouldlead
toanincreaseintherateofusetharcouldbeashighas58%
between1980and1985,

11- XII/324/77-E
On>thebasisofthequantitiesofpapermaterialsproducedandused
:in'1975/anincreaseofthisnatureintherateofuseofwastepaper
wouldbeequivalenttoasavinginpulpconsumptionofabout3mil-
liontonnesperannumoranequivalentincreaseinCommunitypaper
andboardproduction.
Oneconsequencecouldbeacorresponding dropinpulpand/orpaper
andboardimports,whichwouldreducetheCommunitydeficitinthe
balanceofpaymentsforpapermaterialsassuch(basedon1975prices
andquantities)ofabout750millionUAperannum,takingthe
averagepriceofthepulpsavedas250UApertonne.
Afurtherconsequence wouldbeareductioninthecostofwaste
disposalproportionate totheextraquantitiesofwastepaperrecycled,
EstimatesintheUnitedKingdomindicatethatwastepaperrepresents
inthatcountry60%ofthetotalvolumeofhouseholdrefuse.
Afurtherbenefitisthesavingresultingfromthefactthatless
energyisrequiredtoproducerecycledpaperthanpaperfromfresh
fibres:theenergyusedtoproducewoodpulp(notincludingdrying)
isabout1.000kWh/twhileitisonly250kWh/tforpulpfromre­
cycledfibres. <
3.COMMUNITY RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME FORPAPERANDBOARD
RECYCLING
3.1.OnthebasisofasurveyofR&Dinhandorplannedonpaperre­
cyclingandanassessmentofcurrentresearchneedsinthissector,
carriedoutwiththeworkingpartyofCREST,theCommissionhas
deemednecessarytoproposeaseriesofR&Dactionstobecarried
outatCommunitylevel,aimedatfillingthemostimportantgaps
whileavoidinguselessduplication .
Fourmajorresearchtopicswereselectedtothiseffectandcover
mostR&D .needsinthisarea.;
1sttopic:characterization ofreclaimedfibres,theirupgrading
grading byvariousprocesses,andtheeffectsofmultiplere-
2ndtopic:
3rdtopic:characterization ofreclaimedfibres,theirupgrading
byvariousprocesses,andtheeffectsofmultiplere­
cyclingonpapermakingfibres;
elimination ofthedetrimentaleffectofcontaminants
inwastepaper,includingthedispersionofthermo-
softuningcontaminants.
de-inking,includingtherelationship betweendifferent
typesofinkandde-inking,andthetreatmentofeffluent
fromwaste-paperrecyclingplants;
4thtopic:useofurbanfibres,includingtechnological charac­
terizationoffibresinsolidwasteandhealthproblems
causedbytheuseofrecycledfibres.

-12- XII/324/77-E
3.2.Eachofthesefourtopicshasbeenstudiedindetailandthefol­
lowinghavebeendefined:
frameworkofresearchtobeundertaken onthetopicconcerned;
-general,technical andeconomicreasonsfortheresearch,to­
getherwiththebenefitsexpectedfromapplication ofthere­
sults;
timerequiredfortheresearchinquestion,havingregardto
existingresources (facilities,manpower)andshort-term avai­
labilityofcompetentresearchcentres;
estimateofthetotalcostofimplementing theresearchprogramme
Thisinformation isgivenforeachofthefourtopicsonpages15
to31ofthisdocument.
4.PROCEDURES FORIMPLEMENTING THERESEARCH PROGRAMME
4.1.Theprogrammewillbeimplemented asanindirectactionbymeansof
contracts,partlyfinancedfromtheCommunitybudget,concludedwith
publicorprivateresearchorganizations intheMemberStates.
4.2.Duration
TheR8Dprogrammeisproposedforaperiodofthreeyears(1978-
80).Gradualadjustmenttopossiblenewresearchrequieements will
bemadeduringthecourseoftheprogramme.
4.3.Waysandmeans
Fundingtheprogrammeimpliesamaximumfinancialcontribution of
2,9M.U.A.fromtheECbudgetforathree-year period.Thesefunds
aretobeusedforpartialfinancing (50%asarule)ofresearch
projectspertainingtothefourresearchtopics,aswellastocover
thecostsofmanagement and'coordination oftheprogramme,asfollows

13- XI1/324/77-E
Topic Totalcost
MUA/3yearsMaximum
ECcontribution
MUA/3years
1.Characterization of
recycledfibres 1.20 0.66
2.Elimination of
contaminants 1.20 0.66
3.De-inking 1.60 0.87
4.Urbanfibres 1.30 0.71
Total 2.90
ofwhich0,325formanagement and
coordination
Jtr ■
5.PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT
TheresearchprogrammewillbemanagedbytheCommission departments
assistedbyanAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Management forPaper
RecyclingResearchtobeestablished withthetermsofreferencesta­
tedonpages36and37.Its..maintaskwillbetoadvisetheCommission
,departments in:
examining andselectingtheprojectstobeincludedintheprogramm
fromtheproposalssubmitted byresearchorganizations inthemember
states;
keepingtrackofprogressandreportingtothevariousbodiesconcerned;
includingtheCommittee onWasteManagement .
contributing tocoordinatenationalandCommunityresearchactivities
onpaperrecycling byorganizing contactmeetingsbetweentheexperts
concerned .
TheCommittee onWasteManagement established bytheCommission
on26April1977willbeconsultedparticularly withregardto:
-relativepriorities ofresearchneedsandchangesthereofinrelation
withtheimplementation oftheactionprogrammeinwastemanagement
andresultingadaptationoftheresearchprogramme;
theapplication ofresearchresultsobtainedfromtheprogramme.

14- XI1/324/77-E
6.DISSEMINATION OFINFORMATION
Theinformation resultingfromtheimplementation ofthisprogramme
shallbedisseminated inaccordance withRegulation (EEC)N°2380/74
decidedbytheCouncilon17September 1974.

-15- XII/324/77-E
DETAILEDDESCRIPTION OFRESEARCHTOPICS
RESEARCHTOPICN°1
1.Title
Thecharacterization ofrecycledfibres,theirupgradingbyvarious
processesandtheeffectsofmultiplerecyclingonpapermakingfibres.
2.'Stateoftheart.
Severallaboratories haveconductedmultiplerecyclingexperiments
butthereportedresultsaremainlytechnological andrelateprincir
pallytopropertiesofthesheetsorproductsmadefromorcontai­
ningaproportionoftherecycledfibres.
Untilrecently,processessuchasde-inkingandtheremovalofcon­
taminantshavebeencommonlydescribedas"upgrading"insofaras
theyfacilitatetheuseofrecycledfibresprocessedintheseways
whichare,inmanyinstances,inferiorto>thevirginfibres,sheets
madefromrecycledfibresshowpoorermechanicalproperties suchas
tensilestrength,burstandcompressivestrength.
Researchestablished methodsforevaluatingtherepulpabilityof
wastepaperandqualityoftheresultantpapermaking stockinterms
ofitsfibre'dispersion,cleanliness,colouretc...
Thisresearchandsomecomparativestudiesofmillstockpreparation
andcleaningsystemperformances haveshownthatwhilsttheycan
achievesimilarresultsintheseterms(i.e.fibredispersion,clean­
linessandcolour),theireffectsonthefibreproperties andhence
thesheetmechanicalpropertiesaresubstantially different.
Itisthereforeconcludedthat,infutureresearchanddevelopment
boththeseaspectsshouldbeconsideredtoensurethatasfaras
possibleexistingandnewprocessesforpreparingwastepaperstocks
shouldalso"upgrade"(oratleastnotworsen)thepropertiesofthr
recycledfibresandthepropertiesofthesheetsfromwhichtheyare
made.
Otherworknowinprogressisindicatingthecharacterofthefibre
degradation causedbyrecycling.Itisalsoidentifyingthemecha­
nismsandprocessesbywhichthisfibredegradation maybereduced
orrepairedsothatthepropertiesofsheetsandproductscontaining
-recycledfibrescanbesubstantially improved.

16 XI1/324/77/-E
Statusofre^earchmtrieMemberStates
(basedoninformation suppliedtotheCommission )
Belqium
The"FacultedesSciencesAgronomiques deI'Etat(Gembloux,Belgium)
commenced astudyinOctober1976,toterminatein1978,tocharac­
terizerecycledfibres,examinepossiblechemicalupgradingtech­
niquesandapplytheminthelaboratory .
ABelgiancompanyhasalsosubmitted aproposaltoIRSIA(Institut
pourl'Encouragement delaRechercheScientifique dansl'Industrie
etI'Agriculture)tostudyupgradingtechniques ofcellulosefibres^
particularly recycledfibres.
FédéralRepublicofGermany
TheIfP(InstitutfurPapierfabrikation )inDarmstadt hasundertaken
numerousresearchprojectsontheuseandrecyclingofwastepaper,
including :
RSDonthepreparation ofwastepaperasarawmaterial(disin­
tegration,filtering,fractionation ,beating);
basicresearchonthephysicalproperties ofwastepaperinsus­
pensionandpapermadefromwastepaper.IfPiscontinuingits
workinthisfield,inparticular on:
characterization oftheinfluenceofmultiplerecycling onthe
properties offibresinsuspension andpapersmadefromwaste
paper;determination ofcorrelations betweentheproperties
ofthesuspension andofthepaper;
improvement oftheproperties oftheproductobtainedbyre­
cyclingfortheproductionoftestlinerandcorrugated card­
boardbymechanical (refining)andchemical(additive)methods;
technological classification ofwastepapergradesinrelation
totheclassification ofthevirginpulpstheyaretoreplace:
classification basedontension,opticalproperties,other
physicalandchemicalproperties,toxicimpurities suchasPb,
HgandCd..
Industryisengagedonproductresearchanddevelopment toimprovethe
qualitiesofpapersmadefromwastepaperorincreasethequantityof
wastepaperthatcanbesubstituted forfreshpulp*
UmtedKînqdom
ForsomeyearspastPIRA(PaperIndustryResearchAssociation )has
conductedresearchintotheuseanddevelopment ofpulpandpaper­
makingstockcharacterization methods.

17- XII/324/77-E
and,also,intothemeasurement ofsheetandproductproperties .
Thisworkhasrecentlyresultedinthedevelopment ofsomenovel
apparatusandtechniquesformeasuringfibreproperties andre­
latingthesepropertiestothesheetformingprocessandthesheet
properties .
In1974researchwascommencedatPIRAtoidentifythemechanisms
andpreventorreservetheeffectsoffibredegradation causedby
recycling.Currently,laboratory experiments andsomepilotmachine
trialshavebeenmadeonprocessestopreventandrepairthisfibre
degradation .
PartofthesePIRAresearchprogrammesisbeingconductedincol­
laborationwiththeDepartment ofPaperScienceattheUniversity
ofManchesterInstituteofScienceandTechnology (U.M.I.S.T. ).
Expectedresults.
Ifthisprogrammeisundertakenitisintendedandexpectedthat
theresultsandreportswill:
(a)Defineinphysicalandchemicaltermstheessential andindus­
triallyrelevantdifferences betweenvirginandrecycledfibres
(b)Thereby(froma)above)indicateboththeneedforandpractical
meanswherebytheadverseeffectsofrecycling canbeprevented
orrepaired.
(c)Providepracticalguidancetopaperandboardmakersontheuse
anddevelopment ofequipment andprocessesforincreasing and
extendingtherangeofutilization offibresderivedfrom
wastepaper .
Detaileddescription
Continue andextendtheinter-related measurements onfibreand
sheetpropertiestoidentifyandquantifythefibredegradation
causedbyrecycling,withdueregardto:
(a)Thedifferentregimesofrecycling (i.e.collection,segregation,
storage,stockpreparation,sheetmaking/drying/finishing).
(b)ThedifferenttypesofvirginpulpsinuseandtypesofTibres
derivedfromwastepaperswhichareavailable andwhosesupplies
couldbeincreased (e.g."lowergrades"and"urbanfibres").
(c)Concurrent ResearchandDevelopment-especiallyotherprojects
adoptedaspartofthisPaperRecyclingResearch &Development
Programme-ontheseparation ofcontaminants andde-inkingof
wastepaper.

-18- XII/324/77-E
5.2.Concurrently endonthebasisof5.1above,selectandtestinthe^laboratoryvariousupgradingtechniqueswhichwillpreventorrepair
thefibredegradation (andconcomitanteffectsonsheetproperties)
causedbyrecycling.
(a)Chemicaltreatments )
(b)Thermaltreatments )andadvantageous combinations
(c)Mechanicaltreatments )
5.3.Concurrently andfrom5.2above,selectandtestonpilotormachine
scale,techniquesofpotentialindustrialutilitywhichwillfaci­litatetheeconomicmanufacture ofsatisfactory paperandboardpro­
ductscontainingrecycledfibreswithdueregardto:
(a)Actualandpotentialavailabilities ofwastepapers.
(b)Anychangesofanenvironmental naturewhichmightattendadop­tionofthetechnique(e.g.sludgedisposal,waterpollution).
(c)Theutilization ofexistingpaperandboardmillcapitalequip­
mentandanyadditionalinvestmentwhichadoptionofthetechnique
mightrequire.
5.4.Prepareandissueperiodicreportsonthisworktopromote"indus­trialfeedback"totheResearch &Development programmeandmaximize
therateofindustrialimplementation oftheknowledgediscovered.
6.Duration
Itisenvisagedintheinitialstagetbatthisprojectwouldrunfor
aperiodof3years,subjecttoperiodic(preferablyannual)reviews.
7.Estimatedtotalcost
Thetotalcostoftheprojectisestimatedat1.2GOo0OO"U.A.

-19 XII/324/77-E
RESEARCHTOPIC.N°2
Titte
Elimination ofthedetrimentaleffectofcontaminants inwastepaper,
includingthedispersionofthermosoftening contaminants .
Stateoftheart.
Variousstudieshavebeenpublishedoneitherthecontaminants them­
selvesorwastepaperstockpreparation lines,includingtheproces­
singcostaspect.
Manufacturers andseveralresearchestablishments intheMember
Stateshaveconductedresearchtoimprovewastepaperstockprepa­
rationequipmentandreducewastepaperprocessingcosts.
Atpresent,forbothmixedandcleanwastepaper,nearlyallstock
preparation linesaresimilar:onepulper,twodeflakingstages,
fourcleaningstagesandsometimesacontaminantdispersingstage.
However,forbothcategoriesthetechnological andtechnicalresearch
ofthevariousinstallations differwidely.
Therearevarioustypesofequipmentforthedispersionofthermo­
softeningcontaminants buttheyallhavedisadvantages :highpur­
chaseandoperatingcostsanddeterioration ofthe.mechanicalpro­
pertiesofthefibres.
StatusofresearchintheMemberStates
(basedoninformation suppliedtotheCommission )
InFrance,researchondecontamination ofrecycledpaperisinpro­
gressattheCentreTechniqueduPapier(CTP)inGrenoble,suppor­
tedbyprivateindustry(machinerymanufacturers andpapermills)
andbytheState.
Thisresearchrelatesmainlyto:
(a)Astudyofthe"contaminants resultingfromthepresenceof
hotmeltsandadhesives
(b)studyofmodernwastepaperprocessingequipmentandevaluation
itsefficiency
(c)development ofnewdecontamination processesforgeneralorspecif
application (paper/plasticscomplexetc.)
(d)collaboration withrawmaterialsmanufacturers (repulpable
adhesives,etc.).

-20■* XII/324/77-E
IntheNetherlandscollectiveresearchbasedmainlyonindustrial
researchisbeingundertakenbytheVezelinstituut TNO;itrelates
totechnological andeconomicevaluationofstockpreparationsys­
temsincludingdispersionofcontaminants .
IntheUnitedKingdomseveralresearchprojectshavebeenundertaken
atPIRAonwastepapercontaminants andtestsontheconversionof
wastepaperintopulp.Thisresearchisdescribedinaconfidential
reportcirculatedonlytothemembersofPIRAandBritishgovernments
departments .
4.Expectedresults
Thisresearchprogrammeisexpectedtoleadtothedesignandimple­mentationofplanltoconvertmodernwastepaperpreparationlines
intospecializedlinesbettersuitedtotheprocessingofthevarious
typesofwastepaper.
Theuseofspecializedstockpreparationlinessuitedtothedifferent
typesofwastepaperwillgreatlyimprovethequalityofthepulp
producedfromthesetypes(rangingfromurbanfibrestowhitetrim­
mingsandoffcuts).
Itmayalsobeestimatedthattheseapplicationswillbringabout
asubstancialreductioninwastepaperprocessingandrecyclingcosts
bycuttingbackcapitalcostsandmachinemaintenancecostsand
greatlydiminishing energyandwaterconsumptions .
5.Detaileddescription
5.1.ThefirstphasewillconsistofcollectingatCommunitylevelbasic
dataoncontaminants causingproductionsdisturbances andproduct
defects,characteristics ofwastepapercontainingthesecontaminants,
modernequipmentandprocessesto,handlecontaminedwastepaper,
advantagesanddefectsofthisequipmentforevaluationofits
efficiency .
5.2.Inthesecondphase,thetechnological andeconomiccharacteristics
ofmodernprocessesandequipmentusedinthepaperindustrywill
beassessed.Testsontheremovalanddispersionofcontaminants
(bychemicalandmechanicalmethods)willbecarriedoutinspe­cializedlaboratories andonpilotplantbelongingtopaperresearch
centres,papermachinerymanufacturers andpapermillsintheCommunity.
5.3.Inthethirdphase,anumberofstockpreparationlinesinpaper
millsforbothmixedwastepaperandcleanwastepaperwillbecom­
pared.Thedifferencesinpulping,deflaking,cleaninganddisper-
gingcostswillbeestablishedinrelationtothetechnological
results.bringabout
recyclingcosts
costsand

-21- XII/324/77-E
5.4.Theaimofthefourthphasewillbetoestablishplansforconver­
tingexistingequipmentforwastepaperstockpreparation inorder
toimproveperformance .Theplanswillbestudiedinclosecollabo­
rationwiththepapermillsconcernedandwithmachinerymanufacturers .
Onthebasisoftheseplans,themillsconcernedcouldconvertsome
oftheirstockpréparation equipment.
5.5.Assoonastheconversions describedin5.4.havebeenmade,afresh
analysisoftheperformance oftheconvertedequipmentwillbemade
onthesamelinesas2.and3.Afinalreportwillpresentallthe
resultsandconclusions ofthefivephases.
6.Duration
Threeyears.
7.Estimatedtotalcost.
Thetotalcostoftheprojectisestimatedat1.200.000U.A.

-22 XII/324/77-E
RESEARCH TOPICN°3
Title
De-inking,includingtherelationship betweendifferenttypesof
inkandde-inking,andthetreatmentofeffluentfromwaste-paper
recyclingplants.
Stateoftheart.
ThecountriesoftheCommonMarkethaveade-inkingcapacityofap­
proximately 400.000to500.000t/yearcomparedwithaworldcapacity
of2.5to3milliont(over1.5million/TthereofinU.S.A.)
Thesefiguresshouldbecomparedwiththe32milliontofwaste
paperusedthroughouttheworld(USA:13milliont;EEC:10mil­
liont).Aconsiderable increaseinde-inkingcouldthereforebe
expectedoverthenextfewyearsintheEEC.
Therearetwomainde-inkingmethods:washingandflotation.Research
isalsoinprogressintonewtechniques.
Whereasde-inkingbywashingismorewidespreadintheUSA,theflo­
tationprocessisdominantintheEC.Butbothprocesseshavelimits
anddrawbacksenogghtojustifycontinuingresearchonde-inking.
De-inkingbywashing
Heretheinkisremovedfromthefibresbyamethodsimilarto
thatusedinwashingclothes,theinkbeingseparatedbymeans
ofsurface-active agents.
Thewastepaperpulpisfirstmashed,classifiedandthendiluted.
Thewashingisthendoneataseriesoflevelsonwiregauze
thickeners (Sidehilltype),onwashingdrums,(thedrumiscovered
withasheetofwiregauzewhichretainsthefibreswhilstallowing
inkandextenderstopassthrough)orinothersystemsforbreak­
ingmaterialupintosmallparticles.
Sincealotofthesmallcomponentsareentrainedbythismethod
theyieldfromtheprocesses low-afigureof65%isoftengiven
forcoatedpaperscontainingmechanicalpulp.Anothermajorin­
convenience ofthisprocessisthehighwaterconsumption (in
spiteofrecentimprovements ).
Thelargestde-inkingplantsusingthewashingprocessareinthe
USA,particularly innewsprintproduction (theAmericanCompany,
GardenStateCy,hasacapacityof450.000t).

-23- XII/324/77-E
De-inking byflotation
Theprincipleofthismethodistoproduceafoamwhichcon­
tainstheimputities andiseasytoeliminate.
Theinkisremovedintwostages.
•Separating theinkfromthefibrebymechanical andche­
micalaction.
Mostoftheinkparticlesaredetachedfromthefibreswhilst
thematerialisbeingbrokendowninthepulper,duringwhich
processchemicalsareadded.
.Floatingofftheinkparticles releasedbyphysicalandche­
micalaction.
Intheflotationceltsthepulpinastageofsuspension,is
mixedwithairfedinbydiffusers .Theseparated andemul­
sifiedinkparticlesarecarriedtothesurfaceofthecell
byairbubblesandthereformalayeroffoamseparatefrom
thesuspension .
Fornewsprinttheyieldinde-inkedpulpis80-90%but
thereisaconsiderable lossinfibres.Waterconsumption
islessthanforwashing.
Atpresentabout100Voithplantsexist,approximately 50
oftheminEurope.Theirinstalledcapacityisabout750.000t
Thereisalsosome15EscherWyssunits,representing a
capacityof250.000T.
Otherde-inkingprocesses
Apartfromtheseindustrialde-inkingprocesses,namelywashing
andflotation,experiments withnewprocesseshavereacheda
semi-pilot stage:
.de-inkingusingsolvents (CHPmethod)
.de-inkingbymeansofcoagulation theinkandthenfiltering
bycentrifuge (methodusedinPolandandCzechoslovakia )
Itappearsthattheseprocessesstillrequiredealofperfecting
Variousprojectsalsocover:
Improvements totheflotationmethodofde-inking (Swemac
system);
perfecting mixedprocessescombiningthetwomethodsofde­
inkingbyflotationandwashing.

-24- XI1/324/77-E
3.StatusofresearchintheMemberStates
(basedoninformation suppliedtotheCommission )
France
C.T.P(Grenoble)
.Analysisofthede-inkingprocessanditspotentialappli­
cationtocertaintypesofprintedpaper.
.Analysisofthevariousstages-detachingoftheinkandits
elimination-bleaching
Problemsrelatingtosubstrates andinks
Researchonnewprocesses.
-Privateundertakings
.Researchonflotationde-inking bythemanufacturer Ets.
Lamort.
.SocietydesProduitsChimiquesUgineKuhlmann(whi chmanufac­
turestheLorilleuxrangeofinksaswellaschemicalproducts)
isconducting researchonde-inkingproducts(peroxide,surface-
activeagents)andprintinginks.
Germany
! -Darmstadt
Workonde-pollution ofeffluentfromthepapermanufacturing
industry.
Privateundertakings
Researchonflotationde-inking bythemanufacturers Voithand
Escher-Wyss .
UnitedKinqdom
i -PIRA
Workoneffluenttreatment .
University ofSurrey
Studyofvariousphysicalandchemicalde-inkingprocesses.
Research oninkformulae.

-25- XII/324/77-E
Privateundertakmgs
Researchonwashingde-inkingbybothReedandBowater(the
Latterincollaboration withequipmentmanufacturer Newell-
Dunford-Watford Ltd).
Italy
ENCC(ENTENAZIONALE CARTAeCELLULOSA)Rome
.Studyofmethodsoffixingprinter'sinkonpapersubstrate
andonthesolubilization ofthevarioussubstancesusedin
themanufacture ofink.
.Studyofpollutionduetosubstancesusedinthemanufacture
ofinks.
-StazioneSperimentale (ENCCMilan)
Effluent ,treatmentmethods.
Netherlands
TNO(Delft)
Dispersionofcertaintypesofinks(thermoplastic inks)in
thecontextofworkindecontamination .
4.Expectedresults.
Savingsinimportantrawmaterialscanbeexpectedasaresultof:
makinggreateruseofde-inkedpulpinthemanufacture ofnews­
print;
extendingtheuseofde-inkedpulptogradesotherthannews­
print(magazines,printingandwritingpaper).
Inaddition,areductionintheamountofpollutioncausedbyde­
inkingwillbeobtained.
5.Detaileddescription
5.1.Analysisofthede-inkingprocess
Statedinitssimplestform;thede-inkingprocessisacombination
onthefollowingthreebasicstages;
detachingtheink
eliminating theink
bleaching(ifnecessary)

26- XII/324/77-E
Abasicstudyofthesurfacephysicsandchemistryasregards
fibres,inks/andthetwoincombination,isessentialforanunder­
standingofthephenomena.Asaresultofthisstudyitshouldbe
possibletospecifywhichproductsarebestadaptedtowhichstages.
Thestudywillttakeaccountofthewiderangeofrawmaterialsavai­
lableonthemarket,namely:
thetypesofsubstrate (fibrecomposition,presenceandJrype
ofcoating)
theprintingprocess
thecomposition ofinks
5.1.1.Adaptingthede-inkingprocesstoexistinginks
-byimprovmgprésenttechniques
-byundertaking researchonnewandbettertechniques
5.1.2.Adagting_i.nks_to_the_deH nkingjarocess
Perfecting newinkformulas.
5.1.3.Potentiålusesforde-inkingjsulp
Dependingontherawmaterialandtheprocessused,thepulpwill
becharacterized fromthepointofviewof:
quality(optical,mechanicalandotherproperties )
netcost(operation,investment,yield).
Optimizingthequalityofpaperinwhichde-inkedpulpisused
anddecidinginwhatgradesofpaperde-inkedpulpcouldbeused.
5.2.Ecoloqicalproblems
5.2.1.Liquid_effluents
Apartfromthestandardproblemsencountered inthemanufacture of
paper,thereisthefartherproblemthateffluentscontainchemical
additivesusedinthede-inkingprocess(detergentsetc..)andcer­
taincomponentsofthesolubilized inks,someofwhichmayhaveanot
insignificant toxicity.
Helpfrominkmanufacturers willbeessentialiftheseproblemsare
tobestudied(point5.1.2.).

-27- XII/324/77-E
SoUçLwaste
Determination ofthepropertiesofthesludge
Dehydration ofwastewithaviewtomakingtransport
cheaper
<Possibilities ofre-usingwaste(inpaper-making orother
branchesofindustry
Selectiverecoveryoffibrousandmineralsubstances.
Duration
Threeyears.
Estimatedtotalcost
Thetotalcostoftheprojectisestimatedat1.600.000U.A.

-28- XII/324/77-E
RESEARCHTOPICN°4
Title
Useofurbanfibres,includingtechnological characterization of
fibresinsolidurbanwasteandhealthproblemscausedbytheuse
ofrecycledfibres. ,
Stateoftheart.
Oneofthebasictechniquesinthehandlingofurbanwasteisto
extractvariousreclaimableproducts,includingurbanfibrestobe
usedintheformofpulpbythepaperboardindustryinparticular.
Semi-industrial andevenindustrialpilotplantsarealreadyinope­
ration,usingavarietyottechniques.However,thequalityofthe
pulpisstillmediocreanditcanonlybeusedforlow-gradeboard
production.
Researchisinprogressbutisnotveryadvanced.Experiencetodate
haspinpointedthefollowingproblems:
-relatively lowqualityofurbanfibres
-irregularandheterogeneous composition
-presenceofcontaminants andnon-fibrousconstituents .
Thesedrawbacksrestricttheuseofthesmallvolumeofurbanfibres
currentlymarketedtocorrugatedpaperandotherpackaginggradesof
paper.Theuseofurbanfibresinmixingwithotherfibresistobe
expectedwhentheavailablesupplyIncreases.However,thisincrease
willdependontheanswertoadifferentquestion;therelativead­
vantagesofsortingsolidurbanwastesoastorecoveritsconsti­
tuents(urbanfibres,metals,organicconstituents,glass,plastics)
andofothermethodsofupgradingsuchwaste.
Thetechnological characterization ofsolidurbanwastemustthere­
foreberegardedasanimportantissuecallingforcarefulinvestiga­
tionowingtothelackofknowledgeofthesubject.
StatusofresearchintheMemberStates
(basedoninformation suppliedtotheCommission )
Severalexperiments inprogressintheCommunitycouldbeusedasa
startingpointforajointresearchprogramme.
IntheNetherlands aprojectusingapilotinstallation onthesemi-
industrialscaleisunderway.asa
semi

-29- XI1/324/77-E
InItalytwotowns(RomeandPerugia)haveindustrialinstallations
(twoinRome)processingsolidurbanwasteandproducingpulp(urban
fibres),ferrousmetals,organicfertilizers (compost),dryfeeding
stuffs,glassandenergy.
Otherresearchactivitiesrelatingmorespecifically tothepaper
industryareinprogressintheUnitedKingdom(inparticular the
separation ofcontaminants inurbanwastepaper!.
inFrance(inparticular improvement ofthequalityofreclaimed
urbanfibres),
intheNetherlands (inparticular therecoveryofpaperfromhouse-
h6ld.refuse),and
inItaly(inparticular theimprovement ofthequalityandextension
oftheuseofurbanfibrestodifferentgradesofpaper).
4.Expectedresults
(a)Improvement ofthequalityofurbanfibresandincreaseinthe
numberofpapergradeswhichtheycanbeused;
(b)asanindirectresult,speeding-up oftheconstruction ofwaste
processingplants,thusincreasing theurbanfibresupply;
(c)Reductioninwastedisposalcostsforlocalauthorities ;
(d)Reductionofpollutionbysolidwaste.
5.DetailedDescription
5.1.Theaimsoftheprojectareasfollows:
(a)Determination oftherangeofcomposition ofurbanfibrestaking
accountofdifferentpopulationfeaturesindifferentregions
(b)Examination ofthetechnicallimitstotherecoveryofurban
fibres;
(c)Examination ofnewtechniquesofrecovering urbanfibres.
5.2.Thefollowingprogramme,dividedintothreemainparts,isproposed.
5.2.1.Solidurbanwaste(thispartoftheprogrammeisincludedpro-
memoriamsincetherequireddatawillbeobtained,inprinciple,from
studiescarriedoutbyotherbodies)
(a)Characterization andclassification

30- XII/324/77-E
(b)Feasibility studytakingintoaccountthetechnicaland
economicaspectsofvariousalternatives fortheuseofsolid
urbanwaste.
(c)Determination ofbasiccriteriafortheconstruction ofnew
machineryandapparatusforthetreatmentofurbanrefusein
ordertoseparatewastepaper.
(d)Economicsofprocessingsolidurbanwastetoobtainurban
fibres;scaleofproduction andrelatedproblems.
5.2.2.Urbanfibres
(a)Characterization andclassification :determination ofquality
index;
Cb)Contaminantseparation,withspecialreferencetotheseparation
andremovalofadhesivesfrompaper;
(c)Fractionation processestoimprovedrainageandpapermaking
quality
(d)Otherprocesesstoupgradethequalityofurbanfibre.
(e)Mixingofurbanfibresinpaperstockandstudyoftheinfluence
ofthepresenceofurbanfibresindifferentgradesofpaper
andboard.
5.2.3.Healthproblems
Ca)Determination ofharmfulproductsthatmaybepresent(bacteria/,
toxicheavymetals)
(b)Studyofsterilization processes
(c)Technologyofbacteriological purification ofwastepaperpulps
(d)Evaluationofthehealthhazardduetothepresenceofconta­
minantsinfinishedpaperproductswhichmaycomeintocontact
withfood-stuffs andliquidsforhumanconsumption .
5.3.Possiblefuturedevelopments
Aftercompletionofthethree-year programme,developments couldbe
envisagedinclosecooperation withtheAdvisoryCommitteeonWaste
Management anditsworkingparties,namelywithregardtotheprepa­
rationofafeasability studyontherecoveryofurbanfibresfrom
solidurbanwaste.Thisstudycouldbefollowedupbypilot-plant
testsondifferenttypesofwasteinvariousregionsoftheCommunity
inordertoclassifyandcharacterize themfromtheviewpointof
urbanfibresrecivery.

-31- XII/324/77-E
Forthepilotplantexperimentsitappearsbesttouseseveral
pilotplantsindifferentregions.Astherearealreadysomeplants,
construction costs(whichareextremelyhigh)arenotincludedin
theproject.Ifinthecourseoftheprojectadecisionweretobe
takentodevelopandsetupnewplants,thecostswouldhaVetobe
reviewedaccordingly .
6.Duration
Threeyears.
7.Estimatedtotalcosts
Thetotalcostofthe3yearsprojectisestimatedat1.300.000 UA.

32- XI1/324/77E
PROPOSAL -ORACOUNCILDECISION ADOPTING A
MULTIANNU\L(l978-1980)RESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME FORTHEEUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
INHIEFIELDOFPAPERANDBOARDRECYCLING
(INDIRECTACTION)
THECOUNCILOFTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIES
HavingregardtotheTreatyestablishing theEuropeanEconomicCommunity.
andinparticularArticle235thereof
havingregardtotheproposalfromtheCommission
havingregardtotheOpinionoftheEuropeanParliament
havingregardtotheOpinionoftheSocialandEconomicCommittee
-whereasArticle2oftheTreatyestablishing theEuropeanEconomio
CommunityassignstotheCommunitythetaskofpromoting
throughouttheCommunityaharmoniousdevelopment ofecono-
mioactivities ,acontinuousandbalancedexpansionand
anacceleratedraisingofthestandardofliving;
–whereasinitsResolutionof14January1974onafirstaction
programmeoftheEuropeanCommunities inthefieldofscience
andtechnology ,theCouncilstatedthatthewholerangeof
availablewaysandmeansshouldbeusedasappropriate ,
includingindireotaction}
-whereastheCommunitypap^rindustrydependstoagreatextenton
thirdcountriesforitssupplyofrawmaterials and
thusitisintheCommunity'sinteresttoincreaseitsself-
supplypotentialandtoimprovethetechnologiesforthe
recoveryandrecyclingofwastepaperandboard;
–whereastheCounciloftheEuropeanCommunityandtheRepresentatives
oftheGovernmentsoftheMemberStatesmeetingwithinthe
*Counciladoptedon17May1977aresolutionconcerningthe
continuation andimplementation ofaEuropeanCoasnunitypolicy
andactionprogrammeontheenvironment
*
0J0-139*13June1977-

-33 XI1/324/77-E
•whereasaCommunityresearchprogrammein"thefisldofpapertrad"board
recyclingcouldcontributeeffectivelytotheachievementof
theabove-mentionedobjectives,particularly "byin-r-aei;--the
ra.t°.0a*recyclingofpaperasid"bos-i'l?jfidimprovingt~s^jv*3.1ity
ofrecycledpaper;
»-whereastheEuropeanParliamentadoptedon19i^pril1977aK'"*'1
onthesupplyofrawmaterialstotheCommunity!
„whereastheTreatyestablishingtheEuropeanEconomioCommunityh&anot
provided±henecessarypowers;
-havingconsideredtheOpinionoftheSoientificandTechnicalResearch
Committee(CREST)concerningtheproposalfromtheCommission }
BASDECIDEEASPOLLOWS
Article 1
TheEuropeanEconomicCommunityshallcarryoutoveraperiodofthree
yearsfrom1Janizary1978aprogrammeofresearchanddevelopmentinthe
fieldofpaperandboardrecyclingasdescribedinAnnexAtothis
Decision.AnnexAformsanintegralpartofthisDecision.
Article2
Theupper110111?forexpenditurecosamitnaentsoxiiforb*fcaffneces3&ryfor
theimplementationofthisprogrammeisevaluatedat2„9millionunitsof
accountand2staff,theunitofaoccuntbeingdsfinedinaccordancewith
thefinanoialregulationsinforce®
Article3
TheCommissionshallheresponsiblefortheimplementation c£theResearch
andDevelopment Programme.Toassistitinthistaskthereishereby
establishedanAdvisoryCommitteefortheManagementoftheResearchand
Development ProgrammeintheFieldofPaperandBoardReoycling*
ThetermsofreferenceandthecompositionofthisCommitteeshellbeas
setoutinAnnexBtothisDecision «,

-34- XII/324 /77E
Article 4
The information resulting from theexecution oftheprogramme shall be
disseminated inaccordance with Council Regulation (EEC)n°2350 /74
of17September 1974 adopting provisions forthedissemination of
information relating toresearch programmes fortheEuropean Economic
.(1)Commun ity*•
Done at
For -theCouncil
The Présidant
(1)OJJïoL255 ,20.9.1974 ,p.1.

NNF /.A
Research topic I;
Characterization ofreclaimed fibres ,their upgrading
byvarious processes ,andtheeffects ofmultiple
recycling onpaper making fibres .
Research topic II :
Elimination ofthe detrimental effect ofcontaminants
inwaste paper ,including thedispersion ofthermo­
softening contaminants .
Research topic III :
De-inking ,including the relationship between different
types ofinkandde-inking ,andthetreatment ofeffluent
from waste paper recycling plants .
Research topic IV :
Useofurban fibres ,including technological characteri­
zation offibres insolid urban waste andhealth problems caused
bytheuse ofrecycled fibres .
The researoh will "becarried outunder contract .

XJT /3"4,/'77a
AfâEX B
Terms ofreference and composition oftheAdvisory Committee for the
Management oftheResearch andDevelopment Programme intheField of
Paper andBoard Recycling
1.Without prejudice totheCommission 'sresponsibility forthe
execution oftheProgrammes ,theCommittee has thetask ofcontributing ,
initsadvisory capaoity :
–tothe optimal implementation ofthe research anddevelopment
programme inthefield ofpaper and "board recycling ,and inparti­
cular tothedetailed definition ofprojeots aswell astothe
assessment ofresults ;
–tothegradual co–ordination ofallCommunity andnatior search
activities within thearea ofwaste paper recycling .
2.TheCommittee formulates opinions ,prepared "bythe Secretariat and
submitted toapproval bytheCommittee .Every Committee member can
i ask that hisview berecorded inthese opinions .These opinions are
; transmitted totheCommission andacopy totheCouncil .CREST and
; its Sub–Committee will beinformed periodically onthework ofthe
Committee .
3.TheCommittee includes :
–representing theMember States ,three members appointed byeach
government fortheduration oftheprogramme onthegrounds of
their competence inthematter sasfaraspossible ,oneofthem
should beresponsible for thenatio ;alresearch anddevelopment
programmes inthefield ofpaper and .->oard recycling ;ifit
considers itnecessary teach delegation n,y "beaccompanied "by
experts :

37- 731/3^'./"7B
-representing theCommission,threeoffioie.«se-pj/oin+sd1,Ivh
institution .
Exceptionally .withtheagreementofallthepartiesi2pre??er -;•
specialexceptions may"bemadetotheaaconditions *
4*Intheoaseofthoserepresenting theMemberStates,aitir'Ni'a
|termofofficecomestoanendintheeventofhisdeatho'Ve­
nation,orifthegovernmentwhichappointedhimasksthathe
replaced.Hissuccessorisappointedfortheremainderof
initialtermofoffioe,
;5.TheCommitteeappointsitsownohairman,onaproposalfromthe
Commissiondelegationandforaperiodofoneyear.
.' ' 'i
6.SecretarialservicesfortheCommitteewillbeprovidedbytha
Commission *

-IV- XII/324/77E
FINANCIAL DATA
-3UDGE7CHAPTERi3365
HEADINGOFTHEBUDGETTITLE:programmeofresearchanddevelopment
intheEuropeanCommunities onpaperandboardrecycling (1978-1980)
JURIDICAL BASIS:Article235ofEECTreaty
CouncilDécision
DESCRIPTION -OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1.Decription :
Paperandboardrecycling
Researchprogrammecarriedoutbymeansofcost-sharing contracts
withresearchorganizations inthememberstates,inthefour
followingresearchareas:
1sttopic:
characterization ofreclaimedfibres,theirupgradingbyvarious
processes,andtheeffectsofmultiplerecyclingonpapermaking
fibres;
2ndtopic:
elimination ofthedetrimental effectofcontaminants inwaste
paper,includingthedispersionofthermosoftening contaminants ;
3rdtopic:
de-inking,includingtherelationship betweendifferenttypesof
inkandde-inking,andthetreatmentofeffluentfromwaste-paper
recyclingplants
4thtopic:
useofurbanfibres,includingtechnological characterization of
solidurbanwasteandhealthproblemsposedbytheuseofrecycled
fibres.
4.2.Objectives :
Tohelpsolvetheproblemsofrawmaterialssupplyforthepaper
industrybyincreasingthepotentialforrecyclingpaperandboard
andallowabetterutilization ofseveralkindsofoldpap*r
resulting,consequently,inamoreefficientadaptationofraw
materialstothefinalproducts.

-V- XII/324/7?E
4.3.Justification :
Thereisaneedtoincrease "sourcesofrawmaterialsfort-.per
makinginviewofthegreatdependencyoftheCommunityindustry
ontheoutsideworldandtheresultingimpactonthebalanceof
trade.Themostpromisingapproachistoincreaserecycling and
upgradethequalitiesofrecycledproducts.Environmental advantages
willalsoaccruefromtheresultingreductionofwastesandthe
alleviation ofwaterpollutionproblems.
5.TOTALFINANCIALINCIDENCE OFACTIONDURINGTHETERMENVISAGED (inEUA)
5.0.Funded: '
-onCommumty budget
-bynationaladministrations )
-byothersectors j
Total
5.0.0.Multiannual term
Commitment
1978 1979 1980 1981
Manag.
Contracts71,100
29,000
1,399,90076,788
31,320
891,89282,476
33,640
283,884
Total 1,500,000 1,000,000 400,000
Payment
1978 1979 1980 1981 .
Staff
Manag.
Contracts71,100
29,000
199,90076,788
31,320
691,892!82,476
33,640
1,483,884 200,000
Total 300,000 800,000 1,600,000 200,000 J
l2,900,000 EUA
2,650,000 EUA
5,550,000 EUA

-VI- XI1/324/77E
5.G.i.'.ationmethod
(includedmuItionnuaLprevisions )
a)Staffexpenditure
iheneedsareestimatedtobe2staffforthisprogramme.
1978-1980(3years)
1category Astaff
1category Cstaff
Inadditiontostaffnumberestimates,theevaluationtakes
accountofthedataoftheCouncilDecisionof21.12.1976
ontheadaptationofsalaryofEuropeanCommunitystaffand
applicablecorrectioncoefficients /addingtoit-ona
hypothetical basis-possibleneedsoriginating fromthe
generalevolutionofpricesintheCommunity.
Theratesadoptedarethoseusedforthecalculation
ofthethree-yearforecast1978/1980.Theevaluationof
expenditure increases upto1981hasbeenmadeonthebasis
ofthefollowingindices:1978-108,1979-116,1980-124,1981-132.
b)Contractsexpenditures
Inviewofthenatureofthesubjectandthequalification nf
thecontractors,auniformmethodofevaluationcannotbe
established .
Inanycase,theAdvisoryCommittee >providedbytheDraft
Decision (art.3)willbeconsultedoftheallocation offunds.
5.1.Incidence onthefunds:
-Communityincometaxonstaff
-Functionaries contribution forretirement fund
'6. FUNDING .OFACTION
6.0.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.Fundstobeincludedinfu-ture(s)budqet(s)
*