EN    EN EN 
EN    EN  EUROPEAN COMMISSION  
Brussels, 28.6.2010 
SEC(2010)773 final 
. 
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
Accompanying document to the 
 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO  THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT 
 
Annual Report 2010 on the European Union's development and external assistance 
policies and their implementation in 2009 
  
COM(2010)335  
EN 2   EN TABLE OF CONTENTS 
1. POLICY ...................................................................................................................... .7  
1.1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. .... 7 
1.2. Annual Policy Objectives............................................................................................. 8 1.3. Implementation of the European Consensus on Development .................................... 9 1.4. Coherence between development and other policies ................................................. 11 1.5. Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues....................................................................... 12 1.6. Aid effectiveness........................................................................................................ 1 6 
1.7. Cooperation with international organisations ............................................................ 20 1.8. Cooperation with non-state acto rs and local authorities ............................................ 23 
1.9. Cooperation with middle-income countries............................................................... 25 1.10. Sectoral policy developments .................................................................................... 26 1.11. Outlook 2010............................................................................................................. . 31 
2. IMPLEMENTATION................................................................................................ 33 2.1. European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument.............................................. 33 2.1.1. Introduction............................................................................................................ .... 33 
2.1.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 36 2.1.3. Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 37 2.1.4. Implementation .......................................................................................................... 37 
2.1.5. Results................................................................................................................. ....... 45 
2.1.6. Monitoring.............................................................................................................. .... 46 
2.1.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................... ..... 49 
2.2. European Development Fund..................................................................................... 52 2.2.1. Africa.................................................................................................................. ........ 53 
2.2.1.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ...... 53 
2.2.1.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 53 2.2.1.3. Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 55 2.2.1.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ .. 57 
2.2.1.5. Results............................................................................................................... ......... 61 
2.2.1.6. Monitoring............................................................................................................ ...... 61 
EN 3   EN 2.2.1.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ....... 64 
2.2.2. Caribbean ............................................................................................................... .... 64 
2.2.2.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ...... 64 
2.2.2.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 65 2.2.2.3. Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 65 2.2.2.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ .. 66 
2.2.2.5. Results............................................................................................................... ......... 68 
2.2.2.6. Monitoring............................................................................................................ ...... 69 
2.2.2.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ....... 70 
2.2.3. Pacific................................................................................................................. ........ 71 
2.2.3.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ...... 71 
2.2.3.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 72 2.2.3.3. Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 72 2.2.3.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ .. 73 
2.2.3.5. Results............................................................................................................... ......... 74 
2.2.3.6. Monitoring............................................................................................................ ...... 75 
2.2.3.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ....... 76 
2.2.4. Intra-ACP programmes .............................................................................................. 76 2.2.5. OCTs .................................................................................................................... ...... 82 
2.2.5.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ...... 82 
2.2.5.2. Implementation ........................................................................................................ .. 83 
2.3. Development Cooperation Instrument ....................................................................... 85 2.3.1. Asia .................................................................................................................... ........ 85 
2.3.1.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ...... 85 
2.3.1.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 87 2.3.1.3. Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 88 
2.3.1.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ .. 89 
2.3.1.5. Results............................................................................................................... ......... 91 
2.3.1.6. Monitoring............................................................................................................ ...... 92 
2.3.1.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ....... 93 
2.3.2. Central Asia............................................................................................................ .... 93 
EN 4   EN 2.3.2.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ...... 93 
2.3.2.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 95 2.3.2.3. Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 95 2.3.2.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ .. 96 
2.3.2.5. Results............................................................................................................... ......... 97 
2.3.2.6. Monitoring............................................................................................................ ...... 98 
2.3.2.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ....... 99 
2.3.3. Middle East ............................................................................................................. ... 99 
2.3.3.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... ...... 99 
2.3.3.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination................................................................ 100 2.3.3.3. Working towards the MDGs .................................................................................... 100 2.3.3.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ 101 
2.3.3.5. Results............................................................................................................... ....... 102 
2.3.3.6. Monitoring............................................................................................................ .... 103 
2.3.3.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ..... 103 
2.3.4. Latin America........................................................................................................... 104 
2.3.4.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... .... 104 
2.3.4.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination................................................................ 105 2.3.4.3. Working towards the MDGs .................................................................................... 106 2.3.4.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ 106 
2.3.4.5. Results............................................................................................................... ....... 109 
2.3.4.6. Monitoring............................................................................................................ .... 110 
2.3.4.7. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ..... 112 
2.3.5. South Africa ............................................................................................................ . 112 
2.3.5.1. Introduction.......................................................................................................... .... 112 
2.3.5.2. Aid effectiveness and donor coordination................................................................ 113 
2.3.5.3. Working towards the MDGs .................................................................................... 113 
2.3.5.4. Implementation ........................................................................................................ 114 
2.3.5.5. Results............................................................................................................... ....... 115 
2.3.5.6. Prospects ............................................................................................................. ..... 115 
2.3.6. Accompanying Measures for Suga r Protocol (AMSP) countries ............................ 117 
EN 5   EN 2.3.7. Investing in people ................................................................................................... 11 9 
2.3.8. Non-State actors and local authorities in development............................................ 121 2.3.9. Migration and asylum .............................................................................................. 123 2.3.10. Environment and sustainable management of natural resources including energy . 125 
2.3.11. Food security.......................................................................................................... .. 127 
2.4. Democracy and human rights................................................................................... 129 2.5. Stability ................................................................................................................. ... 137 
2.5.1. Crisis response and preparedness............................................................................. 137 2.5.1.1. Short-term measures................................................................................................. 13 7 
2.5.1.2. Long-term measures................................................................................................. 138  
2.5.2. Global and regional tran s-border challenges............................................................ 138 
2.5.2.1. Trans-regional threats............................................................................................... 1 38 
2.5.2.2. Chemical, biological, radiological  and nuclear risk mitigation ............................... 139 
2.6. Nuclear safety........................................................................................................... 1 43 
2.7. Humanitarian Assistance.......................................................................................... 146 2.7.1. Context ................................................................................................................. .... 146 
2.7.2. Humanitarian policy................................................................................................. 148 2.7.3. Disaster preparedness............................................................................................... 149 2.8. Macro-financial assistance....................................................................................... 150 3. FEATURE ARTICLES............................................................................................ 150 3.1. Food security: a global challenge............................................................................. 150 3.2. Mainstreaming human rights and women's rights and gender equality................... 154 4. PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS ........................................................................ 157 4.1. Project results: result s-oriented monitoring ............................................................. 157 
4.1.1. Results-oriented monitoring..................................................................................... 157 4.1.2. ROM performance in 2009 ...................................................................................... 158 
4.1.3. New developments in 2009...................................................................................... 161 
4.1.4. Outlook for 2010...................................................................................................... 16 3 
4.2. Evaluation: review of the 2009 work programme.................................................... 164 4.2.1. Organisation of the evaluation function................................................................... 164 4.2.2. The 2009 work programme...................................................................................... 164 
EN 6   EN 4.2.3. Lessons learned from evaluations finalised in 2009 ................................................ 165 
4.2.4. Synthesis of main lessons learned............................................................................ 168 4.2.5. Outlook for 2010...................................................................................................... 16 9 
5. AID MANAGEMENT............................................................................................. 169 5.1. Developments in aid delivery modalities and channels ........................................... 170 5.1.1. The ‘backbone strategy’ fo r reforming technical cooperation and capacity4dev.eu 171 
5.1.2. Budget support ......................................................................................................... 1 72 
5.2. Progress on qualitative issu es in aid management ................................................... 174 
5.3. Simplification of procedures.................................................................................... 177 5.4. Cooperation with international organisations and other donors .............................. 177 
5.4.1. The United Nations .................................................................................................. 178 5.4.2. The World Bank Group............................................................................................ 179 5.4.3. OECD.................................................................................................................... ... 180 
5.4.4. Council of Europe .................................................................................................... 180  
5.4.5. Other international organisations ............................................................................. 180 5.5. Visibility and communication.................................................................................. 181 6. ANNEXES ............................................................................................................... 182 6.1. Introduction to financial tables................................................................................. 182 6.2. Financial tables......................................................................................................... 1 84 
6.3. Glossary.................................................................................................................. .. 208 
EN 7   EN  
1. POLICY 
1.1. Introduction 
The year 2009 was a particularly challenging one for development, given the 
combined impacts of the global economic, fi nancial, and food crises. It was also a 
pivotal year in the efforts to address the impact of climate change. As the biggest 
international donor providing almost mo re than half of global aid in 20091, the 
European Union and its members responde d dynamically and flexibly to these 
challenges and opportunities. The 2009 mid-term  review of Country Strategy Papers 
was particularly timely, providing an important opportunity for the European 
Commission to adapt and readjust  it to evolving realities. 
Although the global economic downturn of 2009 impacted developing countries in 
different ways and to varying degrees, the number of people living in absolute poverty in the developing world is expected  to increase by 40-80 million compared 
to pre-crisis levels. In  April 2009, the Commission i ssued a Communication on 
Supporting developing countries in coping with the crisis
2 which includes EU 
measures to cushion its human impact. It is accompanied by four working documents that focus on financing for development; ai d for trade; aid effectiveness; and the 
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In  addition, the Commission is mobilising 
up to €500 million through an ad hoc  vulnerability mechanism (so-called V-FLEX) 
to support the most vulnerable countries in the Africa-Caribbe an-Pacific (ACP) 
group. The EU also strove to promote in ternational coordination of external 
assistance through the development agenda  of the G8, and G20 in London (April 
2009), l’Aquila (July 2009) a nd Pittsburgh (September 2009). 
As regards food security, the Commission wo rked hard to deliver  very rapidly and 
efficiently the €1 billion Food Facili ty which was adopted in December 2008
3 in 
response to the food price crisis. Since then, the Commission has programmed and 
started implementing some €837 million wo rth of development aid that helps 
increase agricultural productiv ity, and provides social sa fety nets for the most 
vulnerable.  
The EU has continued its efforts to make its aid more efficient. The Commission 
adopted an action plan in April 2009 to assess and m onitor the progress made to 
implement the Accra Agenda for Action at both headquarters and delegation level. Together with Member States, the Co mmission adopted in November 2009 an 
operational framework on aid effectiveness containing measures to push forward the 
Paris and Accra agendas. 
The year 2009 was also marked by increased ef forts to address the impact of climate 
change. In the run-up to the Copenhagen climate negotiations in December 2009, the 
EU intensified its cooperation and dial ogue with developing partners: a joint 
                                                
 
1 EU 15 OECD DAC members represen t 56 % of all DAC members' ODA. 
2 COM (2009) 160 final of 8.04.2009 
3 EC 1337/2008, 16.12.2008 
EN 8   EN Commission-Presidency paper on climate change and development was prepared. 
The Commission issued  a Communication on Stepping up international climate 
finance: A European blueprint for the Copenhagen deal4 to help developing 
countries combat climate change. Also in December, the EU agreed on "fast-start" 
funding of €2.4 billion annually for 2010-2012 to  help developing countries to bridge 
capacity gaps, develop plans to cut carbon emissions, and prepare them for the larger-scale deployment of climate financing post-2012.  
Other important publications in 2009 include the second report on policy coherence 
for development, adopted in September
5, and the first-ever European Report on 
Development6. 
1.2. Annual Policy Objectives 
In 2008, the Commission's external acti on sought to achieve the following 
objectives: 
– Implement the 12 Action Plans of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and 
to begin negotiations on a new enhanced agreement with Ukraine as well as new 
contractual arrangements with Libya and the Republic  of Moldova (hereafter 
Moldova). Further engage with Russia on a new cooperation agreement. Continue 
to play an important part in the Quartet a nd to dedicate significant resources to the 
Middle East region. 
– Deepen cooperation with ASEAN countri es, China and India. Continue and, 
possibly, conclude the negotiations on th e Association Agreements with the 
Andean Community, Central America and Mercosur. 
– Increase the EU's contribution to promoti ng international security and stability to 
create the conditions needed for sustaina ble development. Improve preparedness 
and capacity to deal with crises in third countries. 
– Implement the eight operational thematic  partnerships of the Joint Africa/EU 
Strategy and work to help ACP countries integrate better into  the world economy. 
– Carry out an action plan based on the Eu ropean Consensus on Humanitarian Aid 
to reinforce capacity to respond to hu manitarian crises and challenges. 
Substantial progress has been achieved in  these different ar eas. In addition, to 
respond to emerging challenges during 2009,  the Commission also took concrete 
steps to: 
– Respond to the impacts of the global economic, financial and food crises.  
– Address the impact of climate cha nge on developing countries through 
cooperation, dialogue and i nnovative funding modalities. 
– Make aid more efficient in line with th e principles of incr easing ownership and 
promoting capacity development in partne r countries, ensure alignment of aid 
with national policy in beneficiary countri es, and reduce the transaction costs of 
aid delivery. 
                                                 
4 COM/2009/475 of 10.09.2009 
5 COM(2009) 461 final of 17.09.2009 
6 http://erd.eui.eu/erd-2009/final-report/ 
EN 9   EN 1.3. Implementation of the Europe an Consensus on Development 
The European Consensus on Development7, which constitutes a milestone in the 
history of EU development cooperation, reflects the wi llingness of the European 
Union and its Member States to make a de cisive contribution to poverty eradication 
and to achieve the Millenni um Development Goals.  
It affirms for the first time their comm on vision on development with, as the main 
components: more aid, better aid, improved policy coherence for development, and focus on Africa. 
In 2009, four years after th e adoption of the Consensu s, the Commission undertook a 
preliminary assessment of its progress on a series of policy commitments. Key findings of the assessment po inted to stakeholder appreciation of the Consensus in 
particular for its clear strate gic value. The Consensus is widely accepted and seen as 
a valuable reference for all development actors.  It is thus considered as a baseline to 
steer the implementation of development policy.   
The European Commission strengthened its efforts to ensure that the progress 
towards the Millennium Development Goal s in recent years would not be impeded 
by the effects of the 'triple shock' fr om the food crisis, the volatility in 
fuel/commodity prices and the globa l financial and economic downturn. The 
succession of crises has entailed severe consequences in developing countries. 
To tackle the effects of soaring food pri ces on developing countries, the EU adopted 
the Food Facility, a rapid re sponse instrument providing €1 billion over a three-year 
period (2009-2011) to over 50 countries to bridge the gap between emergency relief 
and medium- to long-term development aid. Its chief objectives are: to encourage 
local food producers to increase supplies, to de al directly with th e effects of volatile 
food prices on local populations, and to increase food production capacity and improve the way agriculture is managed in the longer term. In 2009, more than €837 
million were allocated: €530.1 million to be implemented through international and 
regional organisations, €213.6 through non-stat e actors (grants) and development 
agencies (delegation agreements) and €93.7 under budget support operations. Implementation of the Food Facility Regulat ion is thus fully on track with the 
original planning and with the budgeta ry provisions. For further details Æ3.1 
In addition, the EU was the first to react immediately after the G20 Summit in 
London to support developing c ountries in coping with th e financial and economic 
crisis. In April 2009, th e European Commission i ssued a Communication on 
Supporting developing countries in coping with the crisis.  This proposed a set of 
comprehensive, timely, targeted and coordina ted measures for the EU as a whole to 
cushion the human impact of the crisis a nd to boost economic growth in developing 
countries. These measures include, inter alia : honouring aid commitments and 
leveraging new resources; acting counter-cyclically; im proving aid effectiveness; 
sustaining economic activity and employment; revitalising agriculture; investing in 
green growth; stimulating trade and priv ate investment; working together for 
governance and stability; and protecting the most vulnerable. Many of these 
                                                
 
7 The Consensus was endorsed in December 2005 by  the Presidents of th e Commission, Council and 
Parliament. 
EN 10   EN measures have already been or ar e being implemented, such as the ad hoc  
Vulnerability FLEX (V-FLEX) mechanis m, the €1 billion Food Facility, the 
acceleration of the mid-term review of the 10th EDF and the adoption of the new 
guidelines on flexible procedures in cas es of crises and emergency and post-
emergency situations. 
In a globalised and increasingly interdepende nt world, the response to crises needs to 
be global with particular  attention to developing countries. The European 
Commission has therefore play ed a proactive role in various international fora 
(notably within the G8, the G20 and the UN) to ensure that the effects of the 
financial and economic crisis on the poorest countries were fully taken into account 
and that specific measures were decided to respond to their increased financing 
needs.  
Hence, in close cooperation with the World Bank and the IMF, the European 
Commission has set up an ad hoc  instrument to support the most vulnerable and least 
resilient ACP countries to enable them to maintain priority sp ending, notably in the 
social sectors. The V-FLEX will m obilise up to €500 million in 2009 and 2010 to 
provide grants to ACP countries where th e loans from the international financial 
institutions (IFI) are insufficient or wher e potentially the IFI do not operate. €260 
million were allocated for the V-FLEX in  2009 with a similar level of support 
anticipated for 2010. For further details Æ2.2 
Almost two years after the Africa-EU su mmit in Lisbon, the October 2009 Africa-
EU ministerial Troika adopted a mid-te rm review report assessing progress and 
challenges in the implementation of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy  and the thematic 
partnerships of its first Action Plan ( 2008-2010). This joint assessment of the 
partnership stressed the need for a broa der, geographically balanced and more 
significant involvement of African countri es and regional economic communities, as 
well as of EU Member States. Improve d coordination and communication between 
stakeholders were also deemed necessary. Ministers emphasised the need to jointly examine ways of better mobilising human, technical or financial resources. The European and African Union Commissions  strengthened their administrative 
cooperation with the signature of a jo int Action Plan, thus contributing 
to institutional capacity-building. 
A workshop organised in November during the European Development Days with a 
variety of institutional and non-in stitutional African and European 
stakeholders highlighted the "people- centred" dimension of the Africa-EU 
Partnership. 
On the research side, the first Eu ropean Report on Development (ERD 2009)
8 was 
officially launched in October 2009 in the context of the initiative for mobilising European research for development policies. This first issue was dedicated to the topic of "Overcoming fragility in Africa – forging a new European approach" and 
brought together a consortium of European  researchers headed  by the European 
University Institute. A participatory process involving a wide range of scholars, policymakers and civil society representativ es, from both Europe and Africa, was at 
                                                
 
8 The ERD is available on the website http://erd.eui.eu/ . 
EN 11   EN the heart of this ambitious policy resear ch initiative. The report analyses the 
structural features and causes of fragility in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the costs 
in human, economic and security terms, regi onally and globally. It  then explores the 
complex links between fragility, vulnerab ility and resilience and describes how 
fragile African countries in particular ha ve been hit by the succession of crises. In 
conclusion, the report assesse s the current EU engageme nt and proposes long-term 
policy priorities for the future. 
1.4. Coherence between development and other policies 
Aid is critical for supporting developing countries. But aid alone is not enough. 
Policies in areas beyond development impact strongly on the capacity and constraints affecting progress towards development goa ls. By making these policies consistent 
with the objectives of development, the EU  facilitates poverty eradication. Policy 
Coherence for Development (PCD) is an  additional necessary contribution to 
development.  
To assess the progress made on PCD, th e Commission issued the second EU PCD 
report
9 in September 2009. This report covers  12 policy areas which impact on 
development, namely trade, environment, climate change, security, agriculture, fisheries, social dimension of globalisa tion, employment and decent work, migration, 
research and innovation, information soci ety, transport and en ergy. Good governance 
in taxation was identified as another ar ea where the Commission will seek positive 
synergies with development objectives
10. 
The report clearly shows the strong impact  the EU has through its wide array of 
policies, processes and instruments on deve loping countries and that PCD is a very 
complex process. The long-running Doha De velopment Round of trade negotiations 
at the WTO is a case in point. And just like trade, many other policy areas balance 
diverse and diverging interests and are pur sued through an array of instruments, 
agreements and mechanisms. But there are examples of success. In the areas of 
research, energy and environment, EU policies have been particularly positive for developing countries. In rese arch, EU and developing count ries work together in 
areas of interest for the latter, such as health or food secur ity. Researchers from 
developing countries are encouraged by th e Commission to partic ipate in research 
programmes and mobility schemes. In the first two years of the EU's 7
th R&D 
Framework Programme (FP7) running from 2007 to 2013, successful applications for 
research funding from African scientists amounted to €60 million. Other regions also 
benefitted from this cooperation. 
In environment policy, the EU has taken the l ead to protect the wo rld's forests. Under 
its Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade (FLEGT) initiative, the EU 
imports only certified timber from its part ner countries to fight  illegal logging. And 
in fisheries policy, the EU has introduced ne w rules to prevent, deter and eliminate 
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing11.  
                                                 
9 COM(2009) 461 final of 17.09.2009 
10 COM (2009) 458of 15.09.2009 
11 http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/control/illegal_fishing/index_en.htm 
EN 12   EN In the energy sector, the binding target under the Renewable Energy Directive (2009) 
is for renewable energy to provide 20% of the EU's final energy consumption by 
2020. Developing countries are expected to be nefit by exporting biofuels to the EU. 
Biofuels must comply with clear environmental sustainability criteria. The Directive also foresees reporting on possible economic  and social impacts in third countries. 
Building on these experiences and the le ssons learned, the Co mmission proposed a 
new approach to PCD
12, which was endorsed by the Council of the European Union 
in November 2009. Taking a more pro-active,  more political but at the same time 
more operational approach, the EU will focu s PCD work on five global challenges: 
– trade and finance 
– climate change 
– food security 
– migration  
– peace and security 
This is in not a 'narrowing down' of the number of policy areas and issues to be 
tackled. Global food security, for instance, require coherent polic ies in a number of 
areas including trade, agricu lture, climate and fisheries for the countries concerned, 
as well as energy where relevant. The 2005 PCD commitments in the 12 policy areas will continue to function as the general policy framework. 
The Commission Communication on PCD also no tes that financial flows other than 
Official Development Assistance (ODA) ar e important for development, and often 
exceed ODA, at least in volume terms. As  their impact on progress towards the 
development objectives depends on a number  of variable factors, improving the 
degree of Policy Coherence for Development can increase the development benefits of those non-ODA flows. Reducing the cost s of transferring money back home can 
increase the net value of remittances fo r people in developing countries. A better 
allocation of domestic revenues in developi ng countries is also needed. This calls 
inter alia  for fair, effective and efficient tax sy stems, as well as a strong commitment 
to address harmful tax practices and tax evasion, and to promote transparency and cooperation at the international level. C limate financing is obviously another key 
new area where the need to ensure its c oherence with developm ent objectives should 
be a political priority. For the future, the inclusion of a legal basis for policy 
coherence work in the Lisbon Treaty c onfirms its place in EU development 
policy. But PCD is a very political agenda  that needs the active participation and 
support of politicians, policymakers and civil society over the coming decade. 
Development assistance will remain at th e core of EU support to developing 
countries. But it will need to be compleme nted by work to enhance the coherence of 
all relevant EU policies with development objectives in order to make an additional 
contribution to development. 
1.5. Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues 
The European Commission is committed to mainstreaming certain cross-cutting 
issues as agreed in the European Consensus on Development. They include the promotion of human rights, gender equa lity, democracy, good governance, children's 
                                                
 
12 Policy Coherence for Development – Establishing the policy framework for a whole-of-the-Union 
approach COM(2009)458 final of 15.09.2009 
EN 13   EN rights and the rights of indigenous peopl es, environmental sustainability and  
combating HIV/AIDS. These issues are objectives in themselves which are promoted and supported in their own right through proj ects and programmes. At the same time, 
they are vital factors in strengthening the impact and sustainability of development 
cooperation.  
Democracy and good governance 
Governance lies at the heart of the Commi ssion's cooperation strategies with third 
countries and as such is a recurrent subj ect in its policy dialogue with them. The 
Commission has adopted a broad approach  to governance, putting the emphasis on 
the state's ability to serve the citizen. Participation, inclus ion, transparency, 
accountability and anti-corrup tion measures are essentia l principles of the EU 
approach. 
Governance is crucial for improving the investment climate and public finance 
management and reducing corruption. There is a need to improve good governance in the tax area
13 and revenue collection for development, while strengthening checks 
and balances within and between institutions to improve domestic accountability, and contributing to political stability. Governan ce is also crucial for sector development 
and outcomes, and thus for efficient service delivery. While recognising that 
improving democratic governance is an internal process in each country, the 
Commission is determined to address de mocratic governance both as a specific 
policy area and as a cross-cutting issue c oncerning all programmes and sectors. To 
that end, the Commission has developed t ogether with the European Centre for 
Development Policy Management and in clos e collaboration with interested Member 
States a reference document on 'Analysing  and addressing gove rnance in sector 
operations
'14 and is developing staff guidan ce notes on sector  governance in a 
number of cooperation areas, such as infr astructure development and trade-related 
assistance. Some Member States have also devel oped their own methodologies. 
Since the publication of the reference doc ument, exchanges are also taking place 
with various donors (including Member St ates) on methodology a nd diffusion of the 
document. 
What does the Commission's approach to governance entail?  
First, starting from reality. Development reforms work better when they build on 
what already exists in the domestic instit utional structure. The Commission aims to 
avoid using standard models which assume that ready-made solutions and 'one size 
fits all' approaches will work.  
Second, taking a transversal and holistic approach. Address gove rnance issues in 
various sectors (roads, education, health  etc) and identify the common challenges 
across sectors, such as transparency in public finance management, procurement 
efficiency, internal control system s, external audit function, etc.  
                                                 
13 Antigua and Barbuda committed in 2009 to adopt and implement the three principles of good 
governance in the tax area, ie transparency, exch ange of information and fair tax competition. 
14 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/infopoint/publications/europeaid/149a_en.htm  
EN 14   EN Third, including all stakeholders. The Co mmission is now incr easingly approaching 
parliaments and other checks-and-balance or ganisations, a wide range of bodies and 
institutions providing basi c services to citizens, non -state actors and other 
stakeholders as partners for development. 
Fourth, progressing gradually. Deve lopment and particularly governance 
improvements are long-term processes. Ch ange must come from within and the 
Commission aims to support pa rtner countries' own efforts.   
Gender equality 
Gender equality is promoted in two ways: as a cross-cutting issue, and with gender 
specific actions. Taking the 2007 Communicat ion on gender equality as a starting 
point, the Commission and Member States have  together worked towards an EU Plan 
of Action on Gender Equality and Women’ s Empowerment in Development, which  
contains a series of activities and indicators to help accelerate the achievement of the 
MDGs and other internationa l gender equality commitments . A joint EU approach to 
the promotion of gender equality and wo men's empowerment will leverage more 
progress than can be achieved by Memb er States and the Commission acting 
separately.   
The European Union continue s to raise gender  equality and women’s rights in 
political and human rights-related dialogues wi th partner countries on a regular basis. 
These initiatives are now framed in a coherent and coordinated way in the 
implementation of the EU guidelines on violence against women and girls and 
combating all forms of discrimination against them15. 
Ministers of the 43 member states of th e Union for the Mediterranean convened the 
second Ministerial conference on strength ening the role of women in society 
(Marrakesh, November 2009). The meeting re iterated the Union's commitment to the 
Istanbul common framework of action (2006-2011). The European Commission is 
supporting the process launched by the ministerial conferences through the EuroMed 
gender equality programme. A call for propos als on "Strengthening the capacity of 
non-state actors to promote women’s rights and gender equality" in 10 Mediterranean 
countries was launched in 2009 with a budget of €7.8 million. 
Women, peace and security are currently top of the international political agenda. In 
October 2009, the UN Security Council a dopted two new resolutions (UNSCR 1888  
and 1889). The EU is currently implementing an ambitious comprehensive approach to the implementation of UNSCR 1325 and 1820. To raise awareness on these new developments and to brainstorm on how the EU could support the implementation of these resolutions, a workshop on gender, peac e, security and development was held 
in Brussels in September 2009. The EU Me mber States and the Commission also 
supported the international colloquium on "Women's empower ment, leadership, 
development, international peace and security" (Liberia, 7-8 March 2009).  
Building gender capacity, developing methodological tools and improving 
coordination and collaboration with the main act ors in the area of gender is a priority. 
The pioneering online course on gender equa lity and aid effectiveness generated 
                                                
 
15 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/16173cor.en08.pdf 
EN 15   EN unprecedented demand from government, donor, multilateral and civil society 
organisation representatives. In Oct ober 2009, an international workshop was 
organised by the EuropeAid Cooperation Office on poverty reduction and sexual and 
reproductive health and rights which had a strong focus on gender equality and women's empowerment and an emphas is on young people – of both sexes. 
Children' rights 
The European Commission's joint work with UNICEF on the "Comprehensive 
toolkit to address ch ildren's rights in Eur opean development cooperation and external 
relations" to support the work  of partner countries, dele gations and other relevant 
stakeholders to mainstream children's rights,  is in its final stage of preparation. In 
2009, 10 projects addressing the is sues of children affect ed by armed conflicted and 
of violence against children we re shortlisted as a result of a call for proposals (from 
254 concept notes received). Additionall y, and under the same instrument, some 
delegations (e.g Haiti, Democratic Republic  of the Congo (DRC), Ukraine, etc.) have 
selected projects targeting children's rights under the so-c alled country-based support 
schemes. 
Indigenous peoples, minorities and other vulnerable groups 
EuropeAid organised for the first time in 2009 a regional workshop on indigenous 
peoples, minorities and caste -based discrimination, focu sed on south and south-east 
Asia. Participants from EU Delegations and Member States, as well as several 
external experts attended this workshop. 
The analysis of the international and nati onal legal framework on indigenous peoples' 
and minorities' rights, the current challenges they face, the particularly vulnerable situation of Dalits, and the various EU stra tegies for response developed at country 
level opened up new opportunities for netw orking, as well as in considering 
transnational or regional EU projects. 
Environment and climate change 
Climate change remained at the top of  the Commission's agenda, with numerous 
initiatives. In November, the Communication on Stepping up international climate 
finance: A European blueprint for the Copenhagen deal
16 proposed options to 
generate adequate financial flows for devel oping countries in their efforts to adapt to 
and mitigate climate change.  
In addition, the Commission continued its e fforts with a contribution on improving 
environmental integration in development cooperation17 in April, and produced a 
report on the implementation of the 2001 e nvironment integration strategy. This 
highlighted examples of be tter integration of the envi ronment into development 
policy in areas such as drafting Country Environmental Profiles (almost complete 
coverage) or the commitment to undertake  Strategic Environmental Assessments and 
the publication of an environment inte gration handbook. In June 2009, the Council 
invited the Commission to jo in with Member States on environment integration to 
                                                 
16 COM (2009) 160 final of 8.04.2009 
17 SEC/2009/555 of 21.04.2009 
EN 16   EN monitor the implementation of the EU appr oach, and to prepare an ambitious EU-
wide strategy, to be presen ted to the Council by late 2011. 
Work on methods and tools culminated  in the finalisation of guidelines18 on 
addressing environment and climate change as  cross-cutting issues. Efforts have been 
made to promote harmonised approaches between development partners on integrating climate change mitigation a nd adaptation. Rules on the functioning of 
EuropeAid quality support gr oups and standard documentation for the preparation of 
projects were revi sed in parallel, inter alia  to strengthen links to integration 
procedures.  
An intensive programme of training seminars to strengthen staff capacities was 
carried out in Brussels and partner countri es. More than 400 pe ople were involved in 
2009, with participants from the EU and Member State development agencies, line 
ministries and government agencies in partner countries, UN agencies, the World 
Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other development partners such as non 
state actors. Awareness-raisi ng lunchtime talks organise d for Commission staff and 
the wider public focused on climate change adaptation, mitigation and multiple wins, and disaster risk reduction.  
In collaboration with Member Stat es, the Commission is developing a 
methodological tool to help assess, esta blish and implement a programme-based 
approach in the environment and natural re sources sector. It also launched a study on 
environmental fiscal reform with a view  to promoting green taxation and budgeting 
concepts.  
In 2010, the Commission will continue wo rk initiated in April 2009 under the 
backbone strategy for technical cooperatio n reform by providing capacity for 
development
19 training sessions, open to all development actors. The Global Climate 
Change Alliance support facility  launched in November will further promote climate 
change mainstreaming in developing count ries by providing support, holding events 
and conducting studies. For further details Æ 2.3.10  
1.6. Aid effectiveness 
Since the adoption of the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA) in Ghana in September 
2008, the internationally-agreed aid effectiven ess agenda has entered a critical phase. 
Donors and partner countries n eed to demonstrate that by 2010 they will achieve the 
objectives set out in the Pari s Declaration of 2005 and rea ffirmed in Accra. The next 
High-Level Forum scheduled for 2011 in Seou l, will reveal th e extent to which 
international aid has ind eed become more effective as measured by greater 
ownership by partner countries and by bei ng more focused, harmonised, transparent, 
predictable, accountable and by producing tangib le results. 
In this context, the focus in 2009 was on implementation. The European 
Commission's commitment to the aid effec tiveness agenda move d forward at three 
levels: 
                                                 
18 http://www.environment-integration.eu/ 
19 http://www.capacity4dev.eu 
EN 17   EN – As a donor, the Commission implemented EU commitments to aid effectiveness 
via its own €8 billion annual developm ent assistance programme which it 
implements through the EU De legations across the world. 
– At EU level, the Commission promot ed collective action by developing and 
implementing a common aid effectiveness strategy for the 27 Member States. Between them, the Commission and the Member States account for more than half of global aid.  
– The Commission played an active part in aid effectiveness processes at 
international level. 
The Commission as a donor 
In April 2009, the Commissi on adopted an Action Plan
20 to promote aid 
effectiveness as a donor and to asse ss and monitor the progress made in 
implementing the AAA at both headquarters an d delegation level. The plan focuses 
on concrete actions in five priority areas : use of country syst ems including capacity 
building, division of labour, untied aid, cha nged conditionality and predictability and 
transparency. In addition, it covers thr ee specific themes: c ountries in fragile 
situations, gender and non-state actors. The activities set out in the Action Plan are 
furthered by coordination and dissemina tion exercises such as coordinating 
headquarters and Delegation level aid effec tiveness networks, inte rnet and intranet 
web pages on aid effectiveness, awarene ss raising through regi onal seminars, and 
guidance on specific issues. Significant em phasis was also put on developing training 
modules on aid effectiveness and divi sion of labour for headquarters and 
Delegations. 
The Action Plan was monitored in mid-2009 to take stock of the progress already 
achieved and to identify further actions needed in 2010 to acce lerate progress and 
demonstrate concrete results in tim e for the Fourth High-Level Forum. 
On the division of labour between the Co mmission and Member States, substantial 
progress was made in 2009 to enhance c oordination among donors at country level 
through delegated cooperation/co-financing. In December 2009, there were 48 delegation agreements (from the Commission to a Member State) under preparation 
or signed for a total of €242.7 million, An example of these is the €5.8 million to be delegated by the Commission to Deut sche Gesellschaft für Technische 
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ, Germany) to reform the justice sector in Zambia. In parallel, 17 transfer agreements (from a Member St ate to the Commission) for a total of 
€123.3 million were in the pipeline or signed, along the lines of the €13 million to be 
transferred by the Department for International Development (DfID, UK) to the Commission for a school sector refo rm programme. For further details Æ 5.5  
Progress was also made in other areas. Th e Commission increased the use of country 
systems through new mechanisms such as decentralised management and by promoting an extensive and innovative us e of budget support, and has pursued the 
reform of its technical cooperation with the aim of improving quality. 
The year 2009 was important as the mid-te rm review (MTR) of  country strategy 
papers and multi-annual programme documents financed under EU development 
                                                
 
20 SEC (2009) 443/2 of 8.04.2009 
EN 18   EN assistance (DCI) and the European Nei ghbourhood Partnership Instrument (ENPI) 
was taking place. At the same time, the MTR exercise for the 10th European 
Development Fund (EDF) began. Aid effectiven ess principles were integrated in the 
guidelines of these reviews. The processes for accelerating effec tiveness of EU aid 
were set up/reinforced in 2009 with the preparation of a se t of 10 high-impact actions 
to be implemented in 2010 in three priority  areas consistent with the AAA and the 
EU's 2009 operational framework: 
– Use of country systems 
– Division of labour 
– Better quality technical cooperation, inter alia by reducing the number of parallel 
project implementation units (PIUs). 
The EU level  
The 2009 'Spring package' accompanyi ng the Commission Communication on 
Supporting developing countries in coping with the crisis  included a Commission 
staff working paper "Aid effectiveness after Accra. Where does the EU stand?"21, 
based on the results of the annual Monter rey questionnaire. The paper focused on 
four key areas to which the EU committed itself in the Council conclusions of May 
2008 and in the EU Guidelines for Accra: di vision of labour, use of country systems, 
predictability of aid and mutual acc ountability for results, including less 
conditionality. The paper pointed out seve ral cases where EU donors were able to 
benefit from joint action, such as us ing the Commission backbone strategy on 
technical cooperation to  align and harmonise aid or utilising existing guidance from 
Member States on promoting programme-based  approaches and country systems. On 
the basis of these results, the Council requested proposals for an operational 
framework on aid effectiveness. 
The EU Operational Framework22, adopted in November 2009, consists of thematic 
chapters on common, harmonised approaches for the EU and the Member States and 
a set of measures to be implemented i ndividually and jointly by EU donors. The aim 
of the framework is to facilitate concre te progress and capitalise on the added value 
of the EU working together. New thematic chapters can be added to the framework 
in the future. The first three chapters c oncerned division of la bour, use of country 
systems and technical cooperation. 
To promote division of labour among donor s and reduce aid fragmentation, the 
framework institutionalised the Fast Track Initiative on division of labour (FTI-
DoL). Within the FTI, a Member State or  the Commission has taken the lead to 
facilitate and promote division of labour  in a particular partner country. The 
Commission is lead facilitator in five countries: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Vietnam, 
Bangladesh and Nicaragua and supporting fa cilitator in 12 others: Benin, Bolivia, 
Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Repub lic, Ghana, Haiti, Lao PDR, Malawi, 
Mali, Mozambique and Zambia. 
Under the framework, the roles of facil itators on the ground were clarified and 
guidance for promoting division of labour arrangements was provided. The 
                                                 
21 SEC(2009)443 of 8.04.2009 
22 http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/operational-framework-aid-effectiveness 
EN 19   EN framework also launched a process of agreeing on joint programming by EU donors 
in a number of partner countri es to be defined in 2010.  
In 2008 and 2009, the Fast-Track Initiative, thanks  to a strong German contribution, 
underwent its first two rounds of monito ring. The latest monitoring included 
responses from EU donors in 28 developing co untries. The results show that progress 
varies significantly from country to country. Good perf ormers in implementing the 
division of labour can be found in all regions, but especia lly in eastern and southern 
Africa. Overall the last m onitoring showed an encourag ing momentum in preparing 
division of labour through donor mapping, lead donor arrangements and increased 
reprogramming. However, guaranteeing co mmitment and ownership by partner 
countries and the reluctance of donors to sh ift sector focus often pose challenges. 
Further progress is needed to encourage lo cal ownership, since it appears that partner 
governments play and active role in fewer than 30% of cases. 
On the use of country systems, EU donors agreed on a common approach to 
implement the Accra commitment, using th e partner countries' own systems as the 
first option. This includes unde rtaking reviews of internal  arrangements, agreeing on 
joint assessments for the use of country  systems and promoting use of country 
systems irrespective of the aid modality used. 
The EU approach on technical coopera tion builds to a large extent on the 
Commission Backbone Strategy on Technical  Cooperation. Its key elements are 
ownership and leadership by partner c ountries, a demand-led approach where 
technical cooperation is not provided by default, results orientation and a focus on 
capacity development. 
The Council also agreed that the annual Monterrey report would be used as a 
monitoring mechanism for the operationa l framework, while avoiding unnecessary 
duplication with the Paris Declaration monitoring exer cise. Finally the Council 
agreed that future chapters of the framewo rk could include issues such as mutual 
accountability, predictability of aid, cross-country divisi on of labour, vertical funds 
and global initiatives and incen tives for aid effectiveness. 
Based on a decision from the Council, an Experts Working Group was established to 
analyse the additionality of grants in  the framework of blending mechanisms23 for 
external assistance. The final report of  the group is an example of enhanced 
cooperation between the Commission, Member  states, IFIs and Member States' 
bilateral finance institutions or development agencies. 
International level 
The Commission continues to promote aid e ffectiveness within various international 
fora. The Working Party on Aid Effec tiveness (WP-EFF), hosted by OECD-DAC 
(Development Assistance Committee), was in strumental in preparing the Third High-
Level Forum and remains the main foru m for the internati onal dialogue on aid 
effectiveness. In March 2009, the appointme nt of the Directo r-General of the 
                                                 
23 In general terms, loan grant blending arrangements combine flows with different financial terms and 
characteristics (such as grants, loans and guarantees ) to gain leverage (financial or quantitative) and 
thereby increase impact. 
EN 20   EN EuropeAid Cooperation Office in his persona l capacity as co-Cha ir of the OECD 
Working Party on Aid Effectiveness provide d a rare opportunity to influence the 
international aid effectiveness agenda by making tangible progress at country level. 
The monitoring of the Paris Declaration a nd the preparations of the Fourth High-
Level Forum in Seoul will take place under the leadership of the Working Party. 
During 2009, the Commission continued activ e participation in the WP-EFF and 
several Member States played key roles in its subsidiary bodies . The EU agreed and 
presented a common position on the renewed mandate and structure of the WP-EFF 
in spring 2009, with regular EU coordinati on in advance of meetings. The EU and 
the Commission have been in favour of a proactive role for th e WP-EFF to support 
implementation of aid effectiveness at count ry level. The co-chairs of the working 
party have since launched an initiative to engage with partner countries that see an 
added value in WP-EFF involvement.  
In the next two years, the Commission faces three challenges: 
– to make good progress in 2010 and meet aid effectiveness targets as a donor in its 
own right;  
– to monitor Member States' progress and encourage joint EU approaches where 
these provide added value;  
– to build strong unified EU positions, particul arly in the run-up to the Fourth High-
Level Forum in Seoul. 
Delivering on these challenges will requi re time, dedication, prioritisation and 
determined political will. 
For further details Æ 1.4 & chapter 2  
Case study: Leading by example in Bangladesh 
Donor coordination in Bangladesh is well estab lished, with government-led coordination 
carried out through a joint cooperation strategy (JCS). Bangladesh is on the list of countries 
for fast-tracking division of labour and the Commission has been nominated as lead 
facilitator on the ground, with support from the Netherlands and the UK. The EU Member 
States decided to lead by example, by putting in place the building bloc ks for division of 
labour so that when the JCS became operati onal it would serve as an example for other 
donors to follow if they wished. 
In June 2009, with support from the Commissi on's country facilitation team in Brussels the 
EU Delegation in Bangladesh prepared the groundwork and led the DoL implementation 
process. Staff from Member States, from government and from the Delegation was trained in 
aid effectiveness and on implementing DoL, using the Commission toolkit. A series of 
meetings of EU heads of coope ration were organised to build consensus. They agreed an 
action plan for implementing division of labour among EU Member States in Bangladesh. 
The information was shared with government and the action plan is being implemented.  
1.7. Cooperation with intern ational organisations 
• United Nations 
The EU sees the UN as one of its most  important partners  in the field of 
development. The EU-UN partnership is guided by the international policy agenda, 
in particular the UN Millennium Declar ation and the Millennium Development 
Goals. Throughout 2009, the Commission con tinued its contacts, cooperation and 
dialogue with the UN and its agencies, funds  and programmes. This cooperation has 
EN 21   EN developed into a mutually beneficial part nership in policy, normative and operational 
terms with individual UN bodies and the UN sy stem as a whole. These joint efforts 
have resulted in saving and protecting lives, strengthening governance, protecting 
human rights, preventing and overcoming cr ises as well as promoting democracy, 
human development and sustainable livelihoods. 
The Commission has continued to give partic ular attention to projecting EU policy 
priorities and values in the UN cont ext. This goes hand-in-hand with the 
Commission’s increased pres ence and input in policymak ing and debates at UN 
institutional fora, conferences and conventi ons. UN reform remains a key priority for 
the Commission, which supports UN efforts to promote system-wide coherence and 
to increase UN effectiveness, includ ing in its country-level operations. 
In 2009, as in previous years, the Commissi on actively participated , as an institution 
of the EU, in the work of the main bodies of the UN, including the General 
Assembly and the UN Economic and Soci al Council (ECOSOC) . The Commission 
also continued its policy dialogue with UN bodies. Several senior meetings took 
place in 2009 with UN agencies, funds and programmes (including UNODC, WFP, 
FAO, UNEP, etc.) to review policy prio rities and technical cooperation. The 
Commission also participated in the proce ss of FAO reform, in particular of the 
Committee on World Food Security. 
The Commission launched concrete European action in spring 2009 to support 
developing countries' efforts to  deal with the ad verse impacts of the global financial 
and economic crisis. This prov ided a solid basis for the EU contribution to the UN 
conference on the financial and economic crisis and its impact on development24, 
which took place in June 2009 in Ne w York. The conference provided an 
opportunity for all UN Member States to voice their opinion and agreed on an 
outcome document by consensus avoidi ng a potential north-south clash. The 
outcome appropriately highlig hted the role of the UN in  the global response to the 
crisis and in governance, particularly as  regards development. The EU has since 
worked together with partners in the General Assembly and ECOSOC to follow up 
the decisions taken by the conference. 
Climate change was an important issue at the UN in 2009 culminating in the United 
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate summit in Copenhagen
25, where Heads of State and Government negotiated the Copenhagen 
Accord , an important step forward on the wa y to an ambitious legally binding 
international climate agreement. 
Cooperation with the UN on peace and security issues progressed during 2009. The 
EU and UN cooperated closely inter alia  on peacekeeping, conflict prevention and 
peacebuilding. The EU continued to pr ovide significant support for long-term 
peacebuilding and stabilisation in count ries where UN peacekeeping missions are 
deployed. The EU successfully handed ove r responsibilities from EUFOR to the 
military force of the UN mission in Chad /Central African Republic (MINURCAT). 
                                                 
24 http://www.un.org/ga/econcrisissummit/ 
25 15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Framew ork Convention on Climate change (COP 15) and 5th 
Conference of Parties serving as Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP5) 
EN 22   EN Joint work also took place on post-crisis needs assessments, mediation capacity and 
women in peace and security. 
Finally in November 2009, the Commission actively participated in the world 
summit on food security at the FAO in Rome. The summit declaration includes 
commitments to: 
– take urgent action to eradicate hunger and reduce the propor tion and number of 
people suffering from hunger and malnutrition by half by 2015; 
– reverse the decline in  funding for agriculture, food s ecurity and rural development 
in developing countries; 
– face the challenge of climate change to food security. 
• International financial institutions 
Cooperation between the European Comm ission and international financial 
institutions (IFIs) – especially the Worl d Bank, the International Monetary Fund and 
regional development banks (RDBs) – re mained strong in 2009. The EU also 
provides a €25.8 billion mandate to the Eu ropean Investment Bank (EIB), which 
allows it to finance projects outside the Union supporting EU policies, backed by an 
EU guarantee. By the mandate decision which entered into force in July 200926, the 
EIB was requested to enhance its activity in support of the EU's development policy objectives. The mid-term re view of the EIB extern al mandate provides an 
opportunity to increase the EIB's role in  development cooperation. In addition to 
cooperation on policy in itiatives, the Commission continue d its efforts to coordinate 
the European position within the IFIs.  
Enhancing the European voice within the IFIs and RDBs  
In March 2009, the Commission organised an annual visit to the EU institutions by 
the European Executive Directors of the World Bank (EU Member States 
Representatives). A similar visit was organise d for EU representatives at the IMF. In 
addition, the Commission participated in  regular coordination meetings of 
representatives of Member States on the boards of those institutions. At the World Bank, these coordination meetings resulte d in around 30 European common positions 
on board agenda items in 2009. 
World Bank (WB), International Monetary  Fund (IMF) and African Development 
Bank (AfDB) 
The WB, IMF, AfDB and the Commission c ooperated on crucial policy initiatives 
including financial instruments to mitigate the effects on the financial crisis  (eg with 
the WB and the IMF on the V-FLEX instrument to ensure that financial resources really reached developing c ountries, particularly the poorest ones). On debt 
sustainability, the Commission decided to support the Debt Ma nagement Facility 
(DMF) managed by the WB in order to enha nce the capacities of eligible Heavily 
Indebted Poor Countries (HIP C) to sustainably manage their debt in the future.
 In 
                                                 
26 Decision No 633/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.  
EN 23   EN addition, the EU and IFIs also aligned th eir policies on othe r important issues 
including water, food security, fragile st ates, post-crisis exit strategies, climate 
change, vulnerability assessments and asse ssment of investment climate. In 2009, 
governance reform and capital increases we re high on the agenda of the WB, IMF, 
G20, G8 and other international fora. The Commission presented its response to the 
crisis, called on partners to  reaffirm their existing commitments, pleaded for close 
international cooperation to mitigate the e ffects of the crisis and advocated the 
rebalancing of voting share to strengthe n developing and tran sition countries and 
thus preserve the WB's legitimacy and effectiveness. 
The tripartite partnership on Africa between the World Bank, the African 
Development Bank and th e European Commission  continued on three key sectors: 
budget support and public finance manageme nt (PFM); managing for results; and 
infrastructure. Results included: a triparti te statement on infrastructure which was 
widely distributed (G8, Regional Economic Communities, etc), a common approach paper on budget support in fragile states , dialogue on country and sector level 
indicators, the preparation of a join t questionnaire on budget support and donor 
coordination to strengthen statisti cal capacity in pilot countries. 
The African Development Bank (AfDB) 
The Commission maintained close ties with the AfDB  including regular meetings by 
Development Commissioner Karel De Gucht and his predecessor Louis Michel with 
AfDB President Donald Kaberuka and se nior colleagues. The Commission also 
continued financial support to the AfDB 's annual publication of the African 
Economic Outlook. 
• OECD 
Cooperation with the OECD on development issues continued to  be close in 2009. 
The Commission participated in a reflection group prepar ing a new mandate for the 
Development Assistance Committee for the ye ars to come and took an active role in 
the implementation of the recommendations of this group. At th e annual high-level 
meeting of the DAC, the Commission expresse d concern at the increasingly negative 
impact of the economic crisis on deve loping countries and called for further 
reflection on a new paradigm for developm ent finance. The Commission participated 
at Commissioner level in an annual OECD event (so-called Tide water Conference), 
which advanced the current debates on development goals, finance and policy 
coherence. 
For further details Æ 5.5 
1.8. Cooperation with non-state actors and local authorities 
In 2009, the Commission implemented the first stages of the strate gy defined in its 
October 2008 Communication on Local authorities: actors for development
27.  
As proposed in the Communication, measures  were taken to develop an atlas of 
decentralised cooperation. This tool was to  be online and hosted by the Committee of 
                                                 
27 COM2008(626) final of 8.10.2008 
EN 24   EN the Regions during the first quarter of 2010. In the same vein, the first steps were 
taken to create a portal of decentralised cooperation, to be operational in mid-2010. 
This tool, also hosted by the Committee of  the Regions, would be the entry point for 
European local authorities working in  the field of development cooperation. 
The first "Assizes of decentralised cooperation" attended by more than 300 
representatives of loca l authorities from the EU and de veloping countries was held in 
Brussels in December 2009. The meeting looked at how local and regional authorities in the EU can improve their de velopment cooperation with counterparts in 
the developing world, including discussions on particular policy sectors such as aid 
efficiency, governance, energy and health. 
The platform of dialogue for local author ities involved in development was also set 
up in 2009. Three regional seminars for lo cal authorities will be organised in 2010. 
Throughout 2009, cooperation with non-state actors continued, both in terms of their 
involvement in defining development strategi es (particularly the mid-term review of 
the 10
th EDF and budget instruments) and their ro le as implementers of development 
policy actions.  
Besides the regular in-country consulta tions, led by EU Delegations on specific 
geographic and thematic field operations, a s ubstantial dialogue with non-state actors 
and local authorities has been ongoing at headquarters level on several key policy 
issues. These include aid effectiveness, policy coherence for development, financing, the Joint EU-Africa Strategy and climate change. In addition, three regional seminars took place with non-state actors and local au thorities from the North and from the 
South as well as with representatives of  governments and parliaments on policy and 
operational issues. Engaging with non-state actors and local authorities remains a 
high priority in EU development and extern al policy. This factor, coupled with the 
impact of global events, EU institutional and policy changes and the changing nature 
of non-state actors and local authorities, i ndicates a need to streamline further the 
consultations between them and the Commission.  
To this end, the Commission developed a st ructured dialogue in late 2009, to be 
launched in March 2010, on the involvement of  non-state actors a nd local authorities 
in EU external and development policy. It will continue throughout 2010 and will 
seek to reach a common understanding on the main outstanding issu es related to the 
strategic role of NSAs and local authorities in the EU's  development activities and 
increasing the effectivene ss of their involvement.  
Besides these strengthened efforts to engage  in regular dialogue with non-state actors 
and local authorities, the Commission has s ought to refine further the tools mobilised 
to support these actors and build their cap acity. Findings and recommendations 
stemming from evaluations, studies and au dits, completed duri ng 2009 were taken 
into account. Preparations for a mapping study in Latin America were finalised, 
whereas another one has started for Asia . In both cases, the idea is to provide 
guidance on how to better identify the acto rs, their added-value, their strengths and 
weaknesses, the global context in which they operate and to integrate this knowledge 
into implementation strategies.  
EN 25   EN Finally, it is important to underline that the European Development Days of 2009 
was the largest stakeholder event organise d by the Commission a nd the largest public 
event of the Swedish Presidency.  
1.9. Cooperation with middle-income countries 
There are more than 80 Middle Income Countries (MICs). They account for about 
half the world’s population and are home to  one third of people living on less then $2 
per day. They cover a wide income range , and differing paces of socio-economic 
growth. Overall however they are characte rised by big internal income disparities 
and widespread social exclusion. For th ese reasons, they sti ll benefit from EU 
development assistance. On the other hand, their size and level of economic 
development mean that they also play an increasingly central role as partners in 
tackling global issues such as climate change, promoting global economic growth, 
security, and others.  
The goal of EU assistance to the MICs is to enhance sustainable development and 
poverty reduction in pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals. The EU uses a 
variety of financial instru ments like the Development Cooperation Instrument for 
Latin America, Asia and South Africa, and the European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument for east European and south Mediterranean countries.  
The present cooperation between  the EU and Latin Ameri ca acknowledges that all 17 
Latin American countries are recognised as MICs, while accepting the need for a differentiated approach that corresponds to  the level of develo pment of each country. 
For the Lower Middle Income Countries ($1 000-$3 700 GNI per capita), cooperation concentrates support on policie s aimed at reducing poverty, inequality 
and exclusion. This cooperation includes the use of budget and sector support 
programmes, aimed mainly at social sect ors and public management. Other countries 
benefit mostly from cooperation on the promotion of good governance, stability and 
institution building. For Upper Middle Income Countries ($3 700-$11 500 GNI per 
capita) more emphasis is placed on ec onomic and trade cooperation, the promotion 
of sectoral dialogues and support for higher education. 
The EU makes a similar dis tinction in its assistance to  Asian countries. Regional 
poverty levels have diminished throughout the last decade thanks mainly to the 
continued economic growth of the largest Asian countries. Stimulus programmes in 
China, Japan, South Korea and ASEAN countries managed to preserve positive growth rates in most of Asia. Yet a la rge number of people working in export 
industries remain vulnerable, because we stern markets have stagnated during the 
global financial crisis. It remains to be  seen however whether these stimulus 
programmes created sustainable growth or  mostly contributed to new speculative 
bubbles through excess liquidity.  
The Asian countries which are less integrated  into world markets have weathered the 
global crisis of 2008-2009 surprisingly well, and many have benefited from a decline 
in the price of food, raw material and en ergy. In countries with high population 
growth, like Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Phili ppines and Nepal, however, their limited 
economic expansion was fully offset by th e unsustainable increase in population 
numbers. 
EN 26   EN With regard to South Africa,  high levels of poverty an d inequality persist. EU 
cooperation is focused on employment crea tion and capacity development for service 
delivery and social cohesion, with a nu mber of programmes focusing also on 
governance as well as regiona l and pan-African support. 
All countries in the ENPI eastern region are now classi fied as MICs. While poverty 
in the region has been reduced, significant social inequalities a nd exclusion persist. 
Introducing ENPI and increas ing assistance in the form  of sector budget support 
added to the efficiency of EU assistance. The southern Mediterranean region is also 
affected by poverty, and 2009 was marred in se veral areas by social unrest. In some 
countries with particularly high poverty le vels, ENPI assistance focused accordingly 
on developing the basic social infrastructure. 
1.10. Sectoral policy developments 
• Human development 
In the area of human development, hea lth, education and gender equality as core 
MDG areas were the focus of attention in  2009, with extensive preparations carried 
out by the Commission through policy or st aff working documents in each field. 
These policies will inform the EU's debate on MDGs and feed into the EU contribution to the UN's MDG Re view summit in September 2010.  
The report "Progress on the European  programme for action to confront HIV/AIDS, 
Malaria and Tuberculosis  through External Action (2007-2011)" adopted in May 
2009
28 and subsequent Council Conclusions in November29 call for stronger, more 
effective and more concerted efforts by the Commission and EU Member States in 
confronting the three diseases . In this context, three EU action teams led by the UK, 
France and the Commission respectively ha ve been launched to foster concerted 
action. Based on consultation with Member  States and other stakeholders, the 
Commission will prepare a geographically comprehensive European programme for 
action to confront HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis through external action for 
2012 and beyond.  
As a board member of the Global Fund to  fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 
(GFATM) and one of its main financial contributors (€872.5 million from 2002 to 
2009), the Commission continued to play an active role, advocating better internal 
and external coordination, stronger involve ment in local processes, and a more 
aligned and harmonised approach. The Commission issued guidelines for EU 
Delegations on GFATM country processe s and on their involvement in these 
processes in consultation with Members St ates representations, as recommended by 
the European Court of Auditors. In October 2009, the Commission organised the first Commission-GFATM partnership meeting to discuss the outcomes of the evaluation 
of the GFATM.  
In 2009, the Commission, together with Au stralia and the UK,  was elected to 
represent donors in the new management  board of the International Health 
Partnership (IHP) in which the Commission has been involved since its inception in 
                                                
 
28 SEC(2009)748 final of 29.5.2009 
29 16076/09, 19 November 2009 
EN 27   EN 2007. This partnership aims at strengtheni ng health systems th rough joint work at 
country level under one health plan, one  budget and one monitoring framework. The 
Commission also became activ ely involved in 2009 in th e governance of the Global 
Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAV I), through its participation in GAVI's 
programme and policy committee. 
In the  Education  for All (EFA) – Fast Track Initiative (FTI),  the Commission 
contributed substantially to work on evaluation, replen ishment and optimisation of 
the Initiative's fund structure and ope rating modalities. The Commission as a 
permanent member of the FTI board since July 2009 will reinforce the country focus 
of the initiative as a platform for better aid effectiveness and catering better for the needs of fragile states. In June 2009, the Commission was elected co-chair with 
Indonesia of the International Ta sk Force for Teachers for EFA . The task force is a 
voluntary global alliance of EFA partners working to address teacher needs – in 
terms of policies, capacities and financi ng – through cooperation, both South-South 
and North-South. The Commission secured funding to support, along with Germany, 
France, Norway and Indonesia, the task for ce's secretariat and its first two years of 
activities. The Commission also reinforced  contacts with the Association for the 
Development of Education in Africa to promote political dialogue in education 
between donors and African partners. 
In the G8 framework, the Co mmission participated in the G8 experts groups in 
health and education . Reports of the groups widened the scope of G8 concerns on 
addressing system issues and comprehensiv e sector approaches and highlighting the 
need to focus on the most vulnerable.  
On gender equality , the EU Member States a nd the Commission supported an 
international colloquium on "Women's em powerment, leadership, development, 
international peace and secu rity" in Liberia in March 2009. The colloquium adopted 
the "Monrovia Declaration" which addresses major issues such as the 
implementation of UN Security Council resolution 1325, women's representation in 
politics , climate change and migration. 
A set of actions and priorities were adopt ed at the second mini sterial conference on 
gender equality within the Euro-Mediter ranean Partnership which took place in 
Morocco in November 2009.  
The Commission has been at the forefront of  efforts to link the gender equality and 
aid effectiveness agendas. The Commission/UN Partnership on Gender Equality for 
Development and Peace  has produced significant findi ngs on aid effectiveness and 
gender equality in 12 pilot countries th rough mapping and supporting in-country and 
regional capacities to link the two. The European Commission / UNIFEM 
programme on integrating gender-responsive budgeting into the aid effectiveness 
agenda , has also been a valuable resource fo r generating knowledge in this area. 
In April 2009 in Brussels, the Commission organised an international colloquium on 
Culture  and Creativity as vectors for develo pment. More than 800 people from 65 
ACP and EU states took part including pol itical decision makers , senior officials, 
artists and cultural professiona ls, as well as representatives  of civil society and the 
media. The colloquium resulted in a “Bru ssels Declaration” with recommendations 
to improve market access for cultural goods and services from the South, to improve 
EN 28   EN the cultural sector's govern ance in developing countri es, and to strengthen the 
cultural partnership and dialogue with th e EU. The colloquium has given culture a 
more prominent place in the Commission's development strategies.  
Specific attention to culture in development will continue in 2010, particularly on 
improving access to regional and international markets for the cultural industries of 
developing countries and on en forcing the cultural dimens ion of development at all 
levels of EU external cooperation. As a follow up to the recommendations adopted at the Brussels colloquium, the Spanish Presidency was to organise an international seminar on culture and development in May 2010, in Gerona, Spain in collaboration 
with the Commission. 
 
The Commission launched in 2009 a  mid-term review of the thematic programme for 
human and social development "Investing in People" . The review process will be 
completed in 2010 when the Commission will  also adopt a multiannual indicative 
programme for 2011-2013.  
In 2010, the Commission will also continue to be actively involved in the Global 
Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculos is and Malaria, the Intern ational Health Partnership, 
the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immuni zation, the Education for All Fast Track 
Initiative and the International Task Force for Teachers For EFA. 
• Environment, climate change, natural resources  
The adoption of the Joint ACP-EU Declar ation on Climate Change and Development 
by the ACP-EU Council of Ministers in May provided a constructive signal ahead of 
the Copenhagen climate conf erence of December 2009. At the same time, under the 
second pillar of the Global Climate Cha nge Alliance, concrete cooperation on 
climate adaptation was to be stepped up w ith several target countries, including 
Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Maldives, Mauri tius, Rwanda, Senegal, the Seychelles, 
Tanzania, and Vanuatu.  Together with the Swedish EU  Presidency, the Commission 
prepared a paper on climate change and development30. The paper builds on the work 
of the International Commission on Climate Change and Development and the Commission Communication on Stepping up internationa l climate finance: A 
European blueprint for the Copenhagen deal . The paper takes a mid-term and long-
term perspective, going beyond the Copenhagen Conference (December 2009) to highlight the importance of developing polic ies and strategies to cope with the 
climate change challenge in the most vulne rable developing countries. It provides 
guidance on how the EU can best support adaptation and mitigation in those developing countries and improve its de velopment cooperation approaches and 
practices.  
Adaptation to climate change  and the move towards low-carbon growth will mean 
rethinking development strategies. The pa per draws attention to the principles, 
objectives and modalities as well as the re quired additional finance for encouraging 
donors and partner countries to invest eff ectively and sustainably in adapting to 
climate change, while moving toward s low-carbon development. The paper 
encourages the EU and its Member States to contribute their fair share of public 
                                                
 
30 SEC/2009/1426 
EN 29   EN financing for adaptation and mitigation and in  particular to fast-start financing to 
support a sound climate agreement. 
The Council adopted its Conclusions on Climate Change and Development on 17 
November 2009 providing a strong developmen t signal for the pr eparation of the 
Copenhagen Conference. 
In line with its commitment to pay its fair share of climate finance, the European 
Council of 10 December 2009 announced a c ontribution to fast-start climate funding 
of €2.4 billion annually for the years 2010 to 2012. This funding will include support 
for adaptation, mitigation including forestr y, and capacity building. A sizeable share 
of these funds must go to the Least Deve loped Countries, Small Islands Developing 
States and Africa. 
One important dimension to increase resilien ce to the effects of climate change is 
disaster risk reduction (DRR). While natural disasters are not only climate or weather 
related, the incidence of climate-induced disa sters has increased rapidly over the past 
decades. After broad consultations with Member States, the Commission's services finalised a Communication in February 2009 on EU Strategy for supporting disaster 
risk reduction in developing countries
31. The overall objective is to reduce the burden 
of disasters on the poor and the most vul nerable countries an d population groups, by 
means of improved DRR. 
In the second part of 2009, the Commission began preparing the implementation plan 
for the Strategy, to be ready by summer 2010. The Commission's services together 
with the ACP Secretariat also worked on th e preparation of the implementation of the 
disaster risk reduction component of the 10th Intra-ACP cooperation (€180 million 
for the period 2008-2013), which will become operational during 2010. 
The EU continues to lead global efforts in combating illegal logging  through the 
Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEGT) Action Plan and particularly 
through the development of targeted bila teral agreements w ith timber producing 
countries known as FLEGT Voluntar y Partnership Agreements (VPAs). 
The first bilateral VPA was agreed with Ghana in September 2008 and ratified in 
November 2009. During 2009 negotiations were  completed with Congo (Brazzaville) 
and Cameroon (ratification pr ocesses are underway). Negot iations are ongoing or in 
preparation with several other countries not ably Central African Republic, Equatorial 
Guinea, Gabon, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Libe ria, Malaysia, Madagascar and Sierra 
Leone. 
The FLEGT initiative helps to tackle illegal logging at source and strengthen those 
countries' efforts to regulat e and enforce the rule of law. By improving forest 
governance, FLEGT also contributes to reduc ing deforestation, which in turn reduces 
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 
• Energy 
                                                 
31 COM(2009) 84 final 
EN 30   EN The EU is engaged in several major initia tives to support the provision of adequate, 
affordable and sustainable energy services in developing countries , most notably by 
means of the EU energy initiative for poverty eradication and sustainable 
development and the EU–Africa Energy Partnership.  
The EU-Africa Energy Partnership aims to mobilise increased financial, technical 
and human resources in support of Afri ca's energy development, scaling up 
investments in energy infrastructure and energy interconnections  within Africa and 
between Africa and the EU. It includes promotion of improved management, and the mainstreaming of climate change into development cooperation. 
A number of African countries  have chosen energy as a focal sector of their national 
indicative programmes under the 10
th EDF. Programmes supported include rural 
electrification in Tanzania, renewable energy in Burundi and Burkina Faso, improved electrification in Sierra Le one and hydropower in Guinea-Bissau.  
The increased role of energy in national programmes is being facilitated by the 
Partnership Dialogue Facil ity, a flexible and demand- driven EU programme. The 
Global Gas Flaring Initiative (GGFI) a nd the Global Energy Efficiency and 
Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF ) are also being supported. 
At the regional level, the EU-Africa Infras tructure Trust Fund (ITF) will receive an 
additional €200 million. The flow of new pr ojects will benefit from the Programme 
for Infrastructure Development in Africa initiated by the African Union Commission 
and implemented by the African Development Bank. 
The ACP-EU Energy Facility, which target s local access to energy and focuses on 
renewable energy, will rece ive a further €200 million, plus  possible Member State 
contributions. The Energy Facility has supporte d more than 70 projects for increased 
access, reaching out to more than six million people. The new funding is expected to 
support projects in Sub-Saharan Africa aime d at increased access to modern energy 
services in rural and peri-urban areas, focusing on renewable sources of energy and 
energy efficiency. 
• Research  
Following the Communication adopted in 2008
32 on the international dimension of 
the European Research Area, a Strategic Forum for International S&T Cooperation was created in 2009. This high-level group, co mprising representatives from Member 
States and the Commission, adopt ed a work programme for 2009-2010. 
Throughout the year, work continued within  the framework of the S&T cooperation 
agreements with Egypt, Morocco, Tuni sia and the Ukraine among neighbourhood 
countries as well as with Ar gentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexi co, China, India and South 
Africa. 
The EU's Seventh R&D Framework Program me (FP7) offers new opportunities for 
cooperation with research centres in nei ghbourhood countries who are not associated 
with FP7 through the ERA-WIDE call for prop osals. This call, issued in July 2009, 
                                                
 
32 COM/2008)588 final of 24 Sept 2008 
EN 31   EN offered €7.5 million of EU funding for propos als to cover networking activities, 
training modules and development of research  centres. It is expe cted that a second 
ERA-WIDE call will be issued in 2010. 
Aggregate  data as of December 2009 show that a to tal of 2 256 applications from 120 
third countries had been selected for EU  funding under FP7 which runs from 2007 to 
2013. With approximately 500 successful par ticipations, Africa (Sub-Sahara & North 
Africa) equalled the share of projects invol ving non-EU industrialised countries. Asia 
comes close behind with about 430 successful participations followed by Latin America with 330.  
For further details Æ Chapter 2 
1.11. Outlook 2010 
The global economic situation is starting to show signs of stabil isation. Confidence is 
increasing, thanks essentially to the strong performance of Asian economies, together 
with evidence of stabilisation and modest recovery elsewhere, including in a number 
of EU Member States. Forecasts suggest a weak recovery in 2010, followed by a return to stronger growth in 2011. But uncer tainties and fragilities remain, with the 
employment and social situation expected to deteriorate further in 2010. The poorest 
countries are likely to la g behind in the recovery process. Throughout 2010, the 
European Commission will monitor closel y, in partnership with international 
institutions, the evolution of  the socio-economic situation in its developing partners. 
Short-term support under the EU Food Facility  and the V-FLEX will continue to help 
the most vulnerable cope with the e ffects of external economic shocks. 
Overall progress has been made over the la st few years on various MDG targets and 
indicators. However this progress is uneven and some countries and regions, 
especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, have fallen behind. Besides, the prospects for 
sustained progress look increasingly bleak  because of the global economic crisis, 
combined with the impact of climate change and the effects of previous food and fuel 
shocks. As a year when a number of intermediary MDG targets or milestones have been set for MDG targets (EU Agenda for Action on the MDGs) and for ODA (volume and aid effectiveness), 2010 will be the "year of accountabi lity". In view of 
the UN High Level Plenary meeting on MDGs in September 2010, the European Commission proposes a comprehensive a pproach on how to accelerate progress 
towards the MDGs by 2015 and how to consolidate the gains that will have been achieved in order to make them sustainabl e. Several policy initiatives, including a 
Communication on cooperating with de veloping countries on promoting good 
governance in tax matters and a review of thematic policies in the field of health, 
education, gender and food security, will feed  the preparation of the EU position and 
proposals for the UN event. 
Looking at global partnerships, the Comm ission will strengthen its cooperation both 
with traditional donors and em erging powers. It will streng then cooperation with the 
US via the EU-US dialogue on developm ent, which was re-launched at the 
November 2009 EU-US Summit, focusing on fo od security, climate change and the 
MDGs. It will also establish a dialogue on development with Japan as agreed at the 
May 2009 EU-Japan Summit. Closer cooperatio n will also be established with South 
Korea as it increases its ODA and becomes the first ex-aid recipient to join the 
EN 32   EN DAC. Following the November 2009 EU-Chi na summit, the Commission will pursue 
efforts to implement EU-China-Africa tr ilateral cooperation. The Commission will 
also establish a work program me on trilateral cooperation w ith Brazil, as agreed at 
the October 2009 summit. Finally, the newly established South African Development 
Partnership Agency should pr ovide a platform for the Commission to engage South 
Africa in its enhanced development cooperation activity on the continent. 
After the Commission obtained a negotiati on mandate from the Council for the 
second revision of the Cotonou Agreement, negotiations were officially launched by 
the Joint Council in May 2009. The Commi ssion as lead negotiator committed to 
conclude them in March 2010. The signature of the Amending Agreement is foreseen at the Joint Council at the e nd of June 2010 in Ouagadougou.  
The highlight of 2010 will be the third Af rica-EU Summit in November. Three years 
after the launch of the Africa-EU Strate gic Partnership in Lisbon, European and 
African heads of state and government w ill review progress in implementing the 
joint strategy, and discuss the continen tal and global challenges that require 
enhanced cooperation between the two contin ents. Parliaments, civil society, private 
sector and other interested stakeholders wi ll also be associated with this high-level 
political event.  
On environment and climate change, 2010 will be marked by the follow-up to the 
Copenhagen Conference. This includes impl ementing the EU commitment to provide 
€2.4 billion fast-start funding annually to developing countries from 2010 to 2012 for 
adaptation to the adverse impacts of clim ate change, focusing on mitigation, capacity 
building, and technology cooperation. Adapta tion funding goes as a priority to the 
most vulnerable countries such as LDCs, sm all island states and Africa. Negotiations 
will continue in 2010 among international ne gotiators with the aim of concluding a 
legally-binding agreement as soon as possibl e and advancing towa rds the joint goal 
of mobilising $100 billion by 2020. Policy di alogue in the context of the Global 
Climate Change Alliance will continue with the aim to consolidate a shared vision 
with the most vulnerable developing c ountries on climate change. New climate 
change adaptation projects will be funded under the GCCA framework. The 
Commission will also support climate cha nge mitigation policies in developing 
countries, initiatives to reduce emissions fr om deforestation and forest degradation, 
and technology cooperation. These initiative s will be complemented by continued 
work on innovative sources of funding for development, including for climate 
change issues. To complement these efforts the Commission will implement the EU disaster risk reduction strate gy adopted in 2009 and continue  with the revision of its 
environmental inte gration strategy. 
Policy Coherence for Development will st ay high on the EU agenda. To put its 
commitments into practice the Commissi on will prepare a PCD work programme 
focussing on the five global challenges: tr ade and finance, climate change, global 
food security, migration and security. This  work programme will outline how the EU 
through all its relevant policie s, processes and financial m eans is concretely going to 
address each issue. The PCD work programme  will function as a blueprint for the 
years 2010-2013 and guide efforts to make EU policies more coherent with development objectives. 
EN 33   EN On the research front, the second European Report on Development, to be published 
by the end of 2010, will look at  inequality and social protection in developing 
countries, with a specific focus on low income  countries, particular ly in Sub-Saharan 
Africa. The need to build and/or reinfor ce social protection systems has mobilised a 
lot of political attention recently at country  and international level because of the 
socio-economic impact of the fi nancial and economic crisis.  
2. IMPLEMENTATION 
This chapter presents the EU's external assistance through six major implementation 
instruments:  
• the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI),  
• the European Development Fund (EDF),  
• the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI), 
• the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), 
• the Instrument for Stability (IfS), 
• the Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC). 
A section of this chapter is dedicated to humanitarian assistance33. This report does 
not cover the Instrument for Pre-Accession (IPA)34 nor the Common Foreign and 
Security Policy35 (CFSP). 
The European Development Fund is the main source of financing for EU assistance 
to Sub-Saharan Africa (except South Africa) , the Caribbean and the Pacific regions 
(ACP). The EDF is not part of the EU  budget. External assistance to other 
geographic areas and the thematic programme s are financed from the EU's general 
budget. 
Some figures and data are used to illustrate this chapter but detailed financial 
information can be found in Chapter 6.  
2.1. European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 
2.1.1.  Introduction 
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) offers 16 of the EU ’s southern and 
eastern neighbours36 a possibility for closer political  association, enhanced trade and 
economic integration, greater mobility and assi stance in sectoral reforms. The aim of 
the ENP, as set up in its strategic documents37 is to build, together with partner 
countries, a prosperous, secure and st able neighbourhood on the basis of shared 
                                                 
33 The European Commission's Humanitarian assistance is covered in more detail by the annual report on 
humanitarian aid 2009 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/media/publications/annual_reports_en.htm   
34 For more information on the IPA: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-
assistance/instrument-p re-accession_en.htm  
35 For more information on CFSP: http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/intro/index.htm  
36 Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, 
Morocco, the occupied Palestinian terr itory, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. 
37 COM(2004) 373, COM(2006)726 and COM(2007) 774 as well as the ENPI Regulation (EC Regulation 
No 1638/2006). 
EN 34   EN values and common interests, promoting great er prosperity, stability and security for 
all parties.  
The EU has concluded Association Agreements (AA) or Partnership and 
Cooperation Agreements (PCA) with most EN P countries (13 out of 16). In October 
2009, the EU invited Syria to sign an AA. Negotiations on a framework agreement 
with Libya progressed throughout the year. The EU also wishes to see Belarus take its place as a fully fledged participan t in the ENP once political reforms are 
implemented and basic freedoms effectively granted. 
With the eastern neighbours, following the s ubstantial upgrade of re lations within the 
newly created Eastern Partnership (EaP),  new AAs will gradually replace existing 
PCAs. The negotiations on a new Associat ion Agreement with Ukraine should be 
finalised in 2010, while an ambitious associ ation agenda, was already adopted at the 
end of 2009. Negotiations on an AA with Moldova are also underway while the 
negotiating directives with th ree South Caucasus countries are being discussed in the 
Council.  
The EU and 12 ENP partners have jointl y agreed ENP Action Plans (or similar 
documents) with ambitious cooperation objectives, ranging from political and security issues, to economics and trade, common environmental concerns, integration 
of transport and energy networks, scient ific and cultural c ooperation, people-to-
people activities etc. According to th e Commission's Communication on the ENP 
adopted in April 2009
38, significant progress was made in several key areas of ENP 
cooperation, particularly in the economic field despite an overall difficult 
environment. Nevertheless the pace of reforms slowed down, particularly in 
democratic reforms and human rights standards.  
The distinct relationship between the EU and the Russian Federation is developed 
through the wide-ranging strategic partnershi p, different from the ENP, implemented 
through its four 'Common Spaces' and roadmaps.  
Four dimensions of EU-Russia cooperation 
1. The Common Economic Space, covering economic issues and the environment;  
2. The Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice;  
3. The Common Space of External Security, including crisis management and non-
proliferation;  
4. The Common Space of Research and E ducation, including cultural aspects.  
http://ec.europa.eu/external_relati ons/russia/common_spaces/index_en.htm  
The negotiations for a new overall EU-R ussia agreement are ongoing. This new 
agreement will provide a comprehensive framework for bilateral relations. During the EU-Russia summit in Stockholm in N ovember 2009, the financing agreements 
                                                
 
38 Commission Communication on the Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2008 - 
COM(2009) 188/3. 
EN 35   EN for five cross-border cooperation programmes on the common EU-Russia border 
were signed.  
Besides reinforcing bilatera l relations through the nei ghbourhood policy, the EU also 
actively promotes regional and multilateral  cooperation thought initiatives such as 
the Union for the Mediterranean, the Easter n Partnership, the Black Sea Synergy, and 
the Northern Dimension.  
Activities and meetings of the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) were suspended 
after the January 2009 Gaza crisis. A gra dual resumption of work took place during 
the second half of the year with meetings on economic and financial affairs, the role 
of women in society and sustainable de velopment. The Commission earmarked €70 
million in 2009 for UfM project priorities – an environmental programme to help de-pollute the Mediterranean, the launching of a Mediterranean solar plan, the development of a concept for motorways of the sea, as well as setting up a 
mechanism for coordination of civil prot ection authorities ar ound the Mediterranean. 
Following the launch of the Eastern Partne rship (EaP) in Prague in May 2009, the 
four multilateral thematic platforms were the object of several meetings, including one at ministerial level in December. The EaP Civil Society Foru m was organised in 
Brussels in November 2009. The first EaP flag ship initiatives were  launched at the 
end of 2009 such as the integrated borde r management in the “Prevention of, 
preparedness for, and response to natural and man-made disasters”. Other flagships 
will follow (e.g. the energy efficiency initiative). 
The Black Sea Synergy has established its firs t sector partnerships in the fields of 
environment, transport and energy. 
The Northern Dimension is a framework for 
cooperation between the EU, Iceland, Norway and Russia. A senior officials meeting 
was held in Stockholm in November 2009, es tablishing further partnerships in the 
areas of transportation and cu lture on top of the existing environmental partnership. 
The EU cooperation agenda with all ENP countries and Russia is funded through the 
European Neighbourhood and Partnership In strument (ENPI). The ENPI supports a 
wide range of cooperation activities through 15 count ry programmes, three multi-
country programmes39, and its cross-border cooperation component40. It also 
provides the bulk of EU financial support to the Palestinian Authority. In 2009, the 
ENPI programming documents were subject to a mid-term review process which led 
to the preparation of the new country and multi-country Indicative Programmes for 
the period 2011-2013.  
The Neighbourhood Investment Facility (N IF), financed under the ENPI inter-
regional programme, reached cruising speed in 2009. During 2008-2009 the NIF supported 25 projects in transport, envir onment, and energy as well as social and 
private sectors with NIF grants totalling €170 million. This helped to mobilise €7.35 
billion of investment from international financial institutions . For further details Æ 
2.1.4  
                                                
 
39 Regional East supporting the Eastern Partnership, Regional South supporting the Union for the 
Mediterranean and the Inter-Regional. 
40 13 CBC programmes are adopted and their implementation ongoing. 
EN 36   EN 2.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
In Armenia and Azerbaijan, where full EU Delegations were opened in 2008, the 
deconcentration process was completed in  the course of 2009. This improves the 
possibilities for donor coordina tion and aid effectiveness.  
In line with the spirit of the 2008 Paris Decl aration, more than 50%  of aid to Georgia 
has been channelled through country syst ems. The EU Delegation in Georgia has 
been coordinating with all major donors to harmonise aid delivery. Following the 
October 2008 donors' conference, a joint wo rking group comprising  the Commission, 
IMF, WB and UN agencies was establis hed in 2009 to follow-up on post-conflict 
activities and to draw up a "joint needs assessment". The implementation of activities 
foreseen in this document has been the obj ect of regular reports from the WB in 
collaboration with the EU and UN agencies. 
In Moldova, the Commission continued to be an active player concerning donor 
coordination and aid effectiveness. The EU Delegation participated in relevant donor 
initiatives and held the vi ce-chair in the social donor s working group with the 
Moldovan social minister during most of the year. It was also activ e in health sector 
coordination. Moreover the Delegation also participated in drawing up a new code of 
conduct for donors in Moldova, an in itiative led by the United Nations. 
Concerning Ukraine, the donor-governme nt working group mechanism for each 
main sector, established as part of Ukraine's coordination commitment under the Paris Declaration, was stil l in place throughout 2009. However, its functioning may 
have been occasionally impaired by the political instability in the country, 
particularly in the second half of 2009. The cabinet-level bureau of European and 
Euro-Atlantic integration originally establ ished to improve dialogue and coordination 
has failed to meet some of the original expectations. In the framework of the joint 
cooperation initiative for Crimea, the Comm ission and the Member States have been 
effectively conducting joint missions and agreed on the division of labour for 
implementation of assistance.  
In most countries of the ENPI South region, only a limited number of donors are 
present. A notable exception is the occ upied Palestinian territory, where many 
Member States are active and where co nsiderable Member States' funds are 
channelled through the PEGASE instrument . Donor coordination efforts and the 
promotion of aid effectiveness assume therefore particular importance there. 
Responding to this particular situation, a division of labour has been established 
between leading donors, along with agreed sector strategy papers to guide donors. 
The preparation of an EU local aid coordination vade mecum  has strengthened EU 
coordination.  
In most other countries of the ENPI-S outh region, aid coordi nation takes place 
through thematic groups, with the EU Dele gation taking a leading coordination role 
in many of them. Thematic groups are es tablished around such themes as economic 
and social development, governance etc. Th e ENP action plans are increasingly the 
object of coordination between Member  States and the EU Delegations. 
One way in which funds are being channe lled via country systems is through budget 
support which is used to support reforms in the region. This modality to support 
EN 37   EN reforms is already in action in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine 
in the ENPI East region; an d in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia, in the ENPI 
South region. Discussions and analysis is  ongoing with the aim of extending its use 
to additional countries, notabl y Algeria, Lebanon and Syria. 
2.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
The UN's MDG Monitor41 shows that most countries  in the EU's southern 
neighbourhood region are on track to ach ieve the MDGs by 2015. Nevertheless 
major challenges remain particularly in the area of access to education (MDG 2) and 
literacy and gender (MDG 3). A large part of  ENPI resources are devoted to social 
purposes. In Egypt, Jordan Morocco and Algeria, inter alia , programmes in the 
education sector aim to increase the access of young people to primary education. In 
the area of health, reducti on of child mortality and impr ovement of maternal health 
are key targets of EU support. Examples of  cooperation in this sector include support 
for health sector reforms in Algeria and Sy ria. In the occupied Palestinian territory 
(oPt), the EU works to improve the quali ty of teaching via UNESCO and supports a 
general fund of UNRWA for education, health  and social protection services for 
Palestinian refugees. Through the PEGASE m echanism, disbursements are made to 
vulnerable Palestinian families, targeting particularly maternal health. Examples of efforts to work towards environmen tal sustainability include support for 
improvement of waste-water services and sa nitation in Algeria, Egypt and the oPt, 
and the reduction of sanitary risks and pollution in Tunisia. Furthermore, a big 
number of programmes aim dir ectly or indirectly at pover ty reduction, such as those 
promoting local socio-economic development and activities of civil society to reduce 
poverty in Algeria. 
In the eastern neighbourhood  region too, continuous progress towards achieving the 
MDGs can also be observed. In Moldova, a new social assistance system was 
implemented in 2009. This means that a large number of poor Moldovan citizens 
receive a cash-benefit support,  which has an important an ti-poverty effect, especially 
for rural families with many children a nd for the elderly urban poor (MDG 1). In 
Armenia, the 2007 sector budget support pr ogramme for vocatio nal education and 
training, supporting the country's povert y reduction strategy and boosting job 
creation, was implemented. In Ukraine a ma jor project focusing on gender equality 
(MDG 3) and children's rights was succe ssfully implemented in 2009, along with 
other projects addressing environmental stability (MDG 7) and healthcare issues 
(MDG 4-5). 
2.1.4.  Implementation 
The European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument entered its third year in 
2009 and implementation is now well underw ay. From the 2009 EU budget, a total 
of €1.6 billion was committed for the EU’s 17 eastern and southern neighbours and 
the respective Annual Action Programmes (AAPs) were adopted for all of them.  
Budget support continues to be an impor tant modality for implementing bilateral 
cooperation to support reforms in the ENPI  region. It accounted for broadly 69% of 
all bilateral support in 2009. Total budget support commitmen ts in 2009 for the ENPI 
                                                
 
41 http://www.mdgmonitor.org/ 
EN 38   EN region amounted to €597 million with €355 million committed to ENPI South 
countries and €242 million committed to ENPI East countries. For disbursements, totals amounted to €371 million, with  €257 million going to ENPI South and 
€114 million to ENPI East countries.  
Dialogue and support for public financial management (PMF) reforms continue 
across the region with the public expenditu re and financial accountability (PEFA) 
diagnostic having been completed or starte d in 2009 in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. 
Plans have been made to update the PEFA in Jordan, Georgia and Moldova and to undertake the process in Syria and Algeria.  
In the ENPI region most programmes are sector-based and aim to support reforms in 
health, education, vocational training and wate r, as well as the increasingly relevant 
sectors of transport, energy, justice and environment. All programmes are advancing 
well with delays in only two cases. In Ukra ine, the first sector support on energy was 
held up due mainly to the difficult impl ementation of the Stand-By Arrangement 
with the IMF in the course of 2009. In Azerbaijan, the delay was largely due to 
updated budgetary procedures and inter-min isterial coordination. These programmes 
contribute to a strengthening of  the policy dialogue with pa rtner countries, including 
in the area of public finances which is facilitated by the PEFA diagnostic tool. 
Regarding Armenia, the sector budget suppor t programme on justice reform began in 
late 2009, focusing on five different areas incl uding effectiveness and accessibility of 
justice. The programme aims at restoring th e trust of the populati on in the courts and 
judges, and improving the quality of jus tice in the country. Further support was 
provided through the ongoing food security pr ogramme which aims to increase the 
quality of the child care protection syst em by, among others, helping parents to 
nourish their children. Moreover, the Commi ssion has supported the development of 
civil society and NGOs in Armenia, wh ile further projects focused on the 
environment, nuclear safety and migrat ion. With the adoption of the AAP 2009 for 
Armenia, support went to vocational ed ucation and training and institutional 
Twinning projects.  
In Azerbaijan, the 2007 sector programme on energy started after a delay (see above) 
in 2009 but several activities had been already implemented , especially in the areas 
of renewable energy and energy efficiency. Th is includes the setting up of an Agency 
for Renewable Energies in the countr y. The AAP 2009 will contribute to the 
development of agricultural and rural areas. After only one  year of Twinning 
operations, Azerbaijan has already an extensive range of Twinning projects, 
including six ongoing projects on trade, agri culture, justice and home affairs, with 
ten others ready to be launched in 2010. These projects cover a broad range of 
sectors agreed in the Action Plan such as veterinary control, social protection and public finance. They also support the Ombudsman's office and the promotion of 
rights of vulnerable women and children.  
With the adoption of the AAP 2009 for Belarus, the Commission focuses on 
improving the quality of infrastructure in the country and on norms and standards for 
food safety. The budget of the 2009 AAP was increased from €5 million to €10 
million in response to the positive devel opments acknowledged by the Council of the 
European Union in late 2008. Assistance to Belarus in 2009 included support to 
young Belarusians in higher education, especia lly those Belarusian  students enrolled 
EN 39   EN at the European Humanities University wh ich, for political reasons, is located in 
Vilnius, Lithuania.  
In Georgia, sector budget support conti nued with the PFM reform programme and 
with support to the justice sector and to food security. In these sectors, positive 
developments in 2009 included improvements in the penal system as well as in the national accounting system and the streng thening of the revenue service. The 
Commission has also followed up its post-cr isis 2008 pledge and supported measures 
in favour of internally displaced persons (IDPs). These included the construction of 
1 263 new houses (and related basic serv ices), the rehabilitation (ongoing or 
completed) of 285 collective centres for ID Ps and of water supply systems. Three 
Twinning projects in the transport, e ducation and cultural domains have been 
ongoing throughout 2009. The list of projects is  growing, covering new sectors such 
as trade, environment and border control.  
Case study: Supporting tax administration reforms in Georgia  
For more than five years, the EU has contributed to the dramatic improvement of tax 
administration in Georgia. Using so-called 'fiscal blueprints', the project has contributed to 
aligning the Georgian tax administration with  its EU counterparts in terms of overall 
management, efficiency and transparency. As growth in Georgia is largely dependant on 
foreign investment, the legislative framework  for corporate taxes was streamlined to 
facilitate business operations for foreign compan ies in the country. The project has also 
helped to develop a taxpayer service culture w ithin the tax administration. A pocket guide 
and explanatory leaflets on various aspects of  the tax code are regularly published in 
Georgian and English. In May 2009, a call centre for taxpayers was inaugurated.  
Independent surveys showed a significant incr ease in taxpayers' satisfaction with the revenue 
department's services. 
Concerning Moldova, programmes supported refo rms in social assistance, health and 
water. For example, the connection of th e Moldovan citizens to safe drinking water 
and sanitation infrastructure was improved in  line with relevant EU standards. On 
Twinning, one project on penal reform is  currently ongoing while three others 
projects were launched during 2009, addres sing the areas of competition, intellectual 
property rights and public procurement.  In the AAP 2009 for Moldova, further 
support was foreseen for Twinning projects as well as projects in the water sector. 
In the case of Russia, the ENPI cro ss-border cooperation (CBC) programme and 
bilateral projects within the agreed four  common spaces were the main areas of 
financial cooperation in 2009. In higher education, support went to the development 
of the European Studies Institute and to th e establishment of EU  Centres to promote 
greater knowledge of the pr ocess of EU integration. Fu rthermore, the Tempus and 
Erasmus Mundus instruments supported coope ration and exchanges. The Kaliningrad 
region remained a main focus of assistance and a major project started to assist the 
regional government with public  administration reform. Mo reover, support was also 
granted to the institution building partnership programme and through TAIEX. 
In Ukraine, policy dialogue was further enhanced on transport, environment and 
border management with a view to prep aring further sector reform operations. 
Dialogue on a sector-wide appr oach to judiciary reform has continued with formal 
endorsement from major stakeholders. Ukra ine remains the front-runner in the region 
EN 40   EN for the number of Twinning projects, with 23 in different phases of implementation. 
The AAP 2009 for Ukraine covers suppo rt for the implementation of an 
environmental and a transport strategy. 
In the Southern ENPI countries , the main focus was on economic diversification 
and support for investments and competitiveness, as well as reforms in health, education, environment and public administ ration. A substantial proportion of this 
cooperation took the form of sector budge t support. In seve ral countries, new 
resources were made available to support the implementation of  their Association 
Agreement and Action Plans, mainly through Twinning projects.  
The EU stepped up support for young pe ople in Algeria in 2009, by launching two 
projects on higher educatio n and employment. In partic ular, these projects support 
the government's reform strategies in tackling unemployment and modernising Algeria's university system. In addition, the first two Twinning projects in the fields 
of finance and standards & norms were launched. 
Cooperation with Egypt built upon earlier su pport for the health sector, with an 
increased focus on better access to high-quality primary health care, in particular for 
the poor, covering infrastructure, accreditat ion and training for primary health care 
centres and staff. The EU supports the Egyptian rural development strategy which 
seeks to raise the income s of rural farmers while focussing upon environmental 
sustainability. In Egypt, as well as in Tuni sia and Jordan, the EU finances research, 
development and innovation. Egypt is one of  the most active user s in the region of 
the Twinning instrument, with 13 projects  terminated or unde r implementation and 
about 20 in the pipeline. 
Case study: Helping children at risk in Egypt 
In Egypt, the Children at Risk programme aims to improve the lives of children identified as 
particularly vulnerable or marginalised by so ciety such as street children, and children who 
are working or disabled. Girls without access to education and who are at risk of female 
genital mutilation (FGM) also benefite d from the programme. With a budget of 
€19.9 million, the programme was successful in  raising awareness of FGM and disability, 
and it has increased the capacity of participating NGOs to deliver services to children in 
need. It also led to improved dialogue between government ministries and the non-
governmental sector involved in child protection issues. 
The Children at Risk programme also contribut ed to improvements to the Child Law and a 
national campaign to combat the practice of female genital mutilation. 191 schools were 
completed and equipped to provide edu cation to around 30 000 girls. 14 NGOs and 
70 community development associations now  offer advice and support to vulnerable 
children. In addition four reception centres have been created to provide services to street 
children, who now have health insurance cards. Working children have also been withdrawn 
from hazardous occupations and have  received vocational training.  
In Israel, the focus of cooperation was on promoting the approximation of Israeli 
norms and standards to those of the EU th rough the Twinning tool, with two projects 
underway in data protection and urban tran sport. Two further Tw inning projects on 
equal opportunities and veteri nary health were  selected and implementation will 
begin in 2010.  
EN 41   EN Support for Jordan focused on a broad progr amme to improve the match between the 
needs of the market and the professional tr aining provided in the country. This was 
complemented by a programme to train professionals and study technical solutions for the production of renewable energies. The implementation of the Association 
Agreement continues to be supporte d through the Twinning instrument. 
During 2009, the EU supported Lebanese reform  priorities, with special emphasis on 
trade, education and public  finance. Capacity buildin g was provided to the public 
sector and civil society to reinforce the protection of human rights and democracy, 
and to improve the access of young Palestinia n refugees to the labour market through 
academic studies at Lebanese higher educ ation institutions. The ongoing de-mining 
efforts were supported. In 2009, Lebanese  administrations resumed Twinning 
operations, with one new project in the area of VAT initiated and another to be 
launched in 2010. 
In Libya, the EU remains active in the fiel d of health and HIV/ AIDS. The fifth phase 
of the Benghazi action plan assists the Benghazi hospital in providing appropriate 
medical and psychological care to 400 childre n infected by HIV and their families. 
The EU also supports the development a nd implementation of a National HIV/AIDS 
Strategy in Libya.  
The 2009 programme for Morocco focused on access to quality edu cation, especially 
targeting women and people in remote rural areas, and the protection of the 
environment, through supporting the se t-up of industrial water sanitation 
infrastructures and reinforcing the related institutional framewor k. In line with the 
advanced status granted to Morocco, this  country is very active in the use of 
Twinning, boosting legal approximation to the EU body of law ( acquis 
communautaire ) and standards.  
The substantial aid provided to the occupied Palestinian territory (€517 million in 
2009) was channelled mainly through the PEGASE mechanism, covering the 
recurrent expenditures of the Palestinian Au thority, as well as technical assistance 
and equipment in key sectors for the Pale stinian Reform and Development Plan and 
public infrastructure development. Included in this assistance was the re-launch of 
private-sector businesses in Gaza followi ng the destruction ca used by "Operation 
Cast Lead". Support for Pale stinian institutions in East  Jerusalem was increased, 
covering the health, education and social se ctors. The Commission also continued to 
support UNRWA
42. 
In Syria, support for the reform of the h ealth sector continued, with an emphasis on 
the establishment of a health insurance sc heme. The transition to a social market 
economy in Syria involves socially painful m easures, and the EU is assisting Syria in 
the design of poverty alleviation and welfare pol icies to offset the negative effects. A 
programme on decentralisation of urban de velopment to municipalities is also 
promoting social cohesion and poverty reduction in the country. In 2009, Syria 
expressed its interest in the Twinning instrument, which will probably start 
developing in the years to come. 
                                                 
42 United Nation Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) 
EN 42   EN As concerns Tunisia, the Commission c ontinued its support for the creation of a 
competitive and innovative economy by measures including the development of scientific research to foster business innovation and s upport for the education sector 
to enhance employability of young peopl e. The first phase of the programme 
supporting the implementation of the Associ ation Agreement with the EU concluded 
with 19 Twinning projects, notab ly on trade-related issues. 
Regional cooperation including the inter-regional dimension  
ENPI programmes for regional cooperation help foster dialogue and cooperation 
between countries on major issue of mutual  interest. In 2009, more than 70 regional 
programmes were implemented in the Nei ghbourhood countries. They targeted key 
priorities: political dialogue, economic in tegration, mobility, culture, climate change, 
energy, transport, youth, gender and educati on. In the field of local governance, a 
pilot interregional programme was launched in 2009: sustainable urban development, 
CIUDAD. The goal is to help local gov ernments address urban development 
problems in a sustainable manner.  
The interregional dimension includes two institution-building instruments originally 
created for the process of  EU enlargement: TAIEX
43 and SIGMA44, complementing 
the institutional Twinning instrument, implemented bilaterally. They are now boosting the approximation of local practices with rele vant EU legi slation and 
standards. The Neighbourhood Investment F acility (NIF) is one of the tools 
introduced in the framework of the ENP to strengthen EU support for the economic 
development of its neighbours. The NIF co mbines grants with loans provided by 
European finance institutions, to finance big infrastructure projects and support to 
small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The NIF has also proven to be a useful and 
successful tool to enhance cooperation among European finance institutions.  
Erasmus Mundus II and Tempus IV are part  of an overall strategy for promoting 
education and training in the EU partne r countries. While Tempus IV aims at 
promoting voluntary convergence with EU developments in th e field of higher 
education, Erasmus Mundus provides fo r student and staff mobility amongst 
participating institutions.  
Regional cooperation with the Mediterranean neighbours in 2009 focused on 
improving environment, water management and the use of renewable energy through 
reforms and infrastructure investments. Awareness-raising is also a key component 
in these programmes. In the energy sector, issues such as energy market integration, 
renewable energy and energy efficiency rema in key priorities. Support for the Euro-
Arab gas market project was extended a nd the contribution to the EuroMed Energy 
Regulators (MEDREG) orga nisation was increased.  
The Commission continued to support progra mmes that enhance the efficiency of 
transport connections and networks between  the two shores of the Mediterranean. 
The launch of the "motorways of the sea"  programme made a major contribution to 
this objective. Sea transport will enhance trade between the EU and its 
Mediterranean neighbours. 
                                                
 
43 TAIEX, Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument. 
44 SIGMA, Support for Improvement in Governance and Management 
EN 43   EN Case study: Feasibility study for concentrat ed solar power plant (CSP) in Tunisia 
One of the main priorities of the Union for the Mediterranean is to  develop sustainable 
sources of energy. Despite excellent natural c onditions for the production of solar power in 
the region, solar energy projects suffer from li mited access to finance due to the many risks 
and implicit high costs. For this reason, invest ments in CSP still need grant support in order 
to become financially viable. The Neighbourho od Investment Facility (NIF) is financing a 
feasibility study to assess the pre-requirements and implications of a new 20 MW CSP plant 
in Tunisia. Subject to a positive outcome of th e study, the project, with an estimated total 
cost of between €90 million and €120 million, could be financed by loans from KfW, AFD 
and/or the EIB. Fully in line with the Med iterranean Solar Plan, the installation of a CSP 
plant in Tunisia would not only supply additiona l energy to meet increased domestic demand 
but also help solar power become an export product to the EU. 
In the economic field, the Commission al so finances technical assistance to 
strengthen FEMIP45 operations in the Mediterran ean region. A key operation 
financed in 2009 is the identification of a sh ortlist of "Hot Spot s" that will receive 
full support through final developmen t and implementation because they 
significantly contribute to  reducing pollution in the region. In parallel, the 
Commission continues to delega te the management of risk  capital operations to the 
European Investment Bank, with the objec tive of providing the private sector in 
beneficiary countries with financial inst ruments not available on local markets. 
Operations have been innova tive, as for example a lo cal currency microfinance 
operation in Egypt and a multi-sector i nvestment fund working around industry 
specific investments.  
The human dimension is at the centre of c ontinuous efforts in fa vour of civil society 
(TRESMED programme), youth and gende r equality. Mutual understanding and 
dialogue between cultures throughout the Mediterranean region is also enhanced 
through efforts to develop th e value of cultural herita ge. The 12 projects of the 
Euromed Heritage IV programme aim at  creating new opportunities for people’s 
awareness and recognition of their extr aordinary common cultural heritage.  
Case study: Guardians of water 
The use of water is at the heart of Mediterran ean civilisation, a living reminder of society’s 
relationship with its environmen t. Yet the heritage and tradition of water is under threat from 
economic development and demographic change. To face this threat, a project is working to 
mobilise local communities through activities that aim to restore water's heritage and raise 
awareness. Pilot schemes deal with mass touris m challenges (in Tunisia) or with urban water 
heritage (in Morocco). In Marrakesh, the sch eme aims to involve inhabitants of the medina  
in preserving Turkish baths and fountains, w ith a ‘heritage inventory’, interactive 
workshops, renovation sites and an exhib ition on the uses of water in the medina . This is also 
the aim of a series of educational programmes in all participating countries where young 
people work on the ‘memories of water’, such as the traditional profession of water carrier, 
or traditional drainage systems. 
                                                 
45 Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Inve stment and Partnership (FEMIP)  
http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/med/index.htm 
EN 44   EN The Middle East peace process projec ts accompany the Partnership for Peace 
initiative through strong support to local and in ternational civil society initiatives that 
promote peace, tolerance and non-violence.  
Cooperation with eastern European neighbours continued to focus on common 
challenges such as developing regional ma rkets and infrastructure, management of 
cross-border water resources and the fi ght against terrorism. Regional programmes 
reflect priorities defined under the Baku Initiative for energy and transport, and 
tackle sustainable management of natural resources, as well as migration and border 
management.  
In the field of energy, the INOGATE pr ogramme remains the most important 
vehicle. A new project to support energy ma rket integration and sustainable energy 
was launched and will strengthen links between the countries' energy regulatory 
bodies.  
In the transport sector, TRACECA (Trans port Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia) 
launched five new projects in 2009. One will work on the logistic dimension of the transport network. Another will reinfor ce efforts to reduce marine pollution by 
focusing on safety and security of shi pping in the Black and Caspian Seas.  
Regional programmes function also as a forum for dialogue, bringing partner 
countries together on shared  concerns. Georgia, Moldova , Russia and Ukraine joined 
forces to combat environmental damage to the Black Sea as part of an environmental 
collaboration project. 
In support of the Eastern Partnership, th e Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) 
financed several key initia tives in 2009. In the field of energy and energy security, 
the NIF co-finances the establishment of an interconnection between the electricity 
supply systems of the southern Caucas us countries, Turkey and Europe. The 
electricity transmission network reinforcem ent in Ukraine improves energy security 
and reliability while also contributing to re gional integration in the field of energy.  
Case study: Power transmission network reinforcement project in Ukraine 
In Ukraine, where most high-voltage netw orks were constructed in the 1960s, their 
deterioration has resulted in a general dec line in reliability and quality of electricity 
transmission. Approximately 40% of the equipm ent has been in service for more than twice 
its normal operating life. The national grid comp any, NEP Ukrenergo, is seeking to address 
the situation. The Neighbourhood Investment F acility (NIF) has therefore awarded a grant of 
€10 million for technical assistance supporting several key investments financed by loans 
from the EBRD and the EIB (€400 million each). At  a total cost of more than €1.1 billion, 
the reinforcement of the Ukrainian high volta ge power network will focus on technical loss 
reduction, overall network reliability and st ability improvement, as well as fulfilment of 
requirements for full synchronisation of the w hole Ukrainian power network operation with 
the rest of Europe. 
Cross-border cooperation overview 
EN 45   EN All 13 ENPI cross-border cooperation (CBC) programme s which were adopted by 
the Commission by the end of 20 08 have now become operational46. Financing 
agreements have been signed between partner countries and the European Commission and the programmes have establis hed their structures. In addition to the 
Baltic Sea region programme, ten programmes (Romania/Ukraine/Moldova; Hungary/Slovakia/Romania/Ukraine; Black Sea basin; Mediterranean Sea basin; 
Italy/Tunisia; Poland/Belarus/Ukraine; Latvia/Lithuania/Belarus; Kolarctic; Karelia; South-East Finland – Russi a) have launched their first calls for proposals. 
Seven calls have already been closed and more than 1 600 applications have been 
received for a total value of over €120 m illion. Most applications received concern 
economic and social development projects . Indicative actions range from reduction 
of water pollution and sustainable manageme nt of fisheries resources to improving 
waste management and developing rene wable energy sources. Other priorities, 
approximately 20%-30%, focus on envir onment and people-to- people cooperation. 
This will include educational,  social, cultural and scientific cooperation between civil 
society groups on both sides of the border. Project sel ection is ongoin g, with the 
implementation of activities beginning in summer 2010.  
The most advanced programme, the Baltic Sea Region one, is ready to launch a third 
call. Several projects target sustainable urban and regional development to enhance 
the competitiveness of Baltic Sea cities and regions at European level. Other projects 
concentrate on fostering innovati on and address internal and external accessibility in 
the Baltic Sea region. 
The Regional Capacity Building Initiati ve (RCBI) project assists potential 
beneficiaries and partners to  participate in the programmes, an effort which is 
bearing fruit. At a programme level, th e Interact ENPI suppor ts institutions and 
bodies involved in the day-to-day manage ment of the ENPI CBC programmes, such 
as joint monitoring committees, joint managi ng authorities or national contact points. 
2.1.5.  Results  
In Moldova, the provision of new medical e quipment for 100 prim ary health clinics 
and the refurbishment of several day-care centres for children and the elderly were 
carried out successfully as a result of EU funding. In the case of Azerbaijan, the 
Commission successfully supported the reform  of the social protection system. In 
Georgia, Commission efforts were instru mental in providing support to several 
thousand internally displaced people.  
In Algeria, support for civil society has st rengthened the capacities of more than 130 
small Algerian associations and 20 networ ks of associations active in social 
development. In Egypt, support for the nationa l strategic plan for education has led to 
a reorganisation of the education system , including a new ca reer structure for 
teachers, enhanced community participati on, curricula reform, and increased access 
to pre-school education. Bila teral cooperation with Morocco  helped support reforms 
in the key areas of education and energy. More than 300 000 peopl e learned to read 
                                                
 
46 The Baltic Sea Region Programme (BSR) was adopted already at the end of 2007.The two programmes 
Spain-Morocco and CBC Atlantic have not been submitted, hence not adopted. 
EN 46   EN in 2009, whereas the use of renewable energi es, such as solar and wind power, were 
promoted through the creation of a dedicated state agency.  
EU assistance has enabled the Palestinia n Authority and UNRWA (responsible for 
Palestine refugees) to meet their obligations to the Palestinian people in terms of access to health and education services and a basic level of social protection, as well 
as preparing the ground for an independent Palestinian state as part of the Middle 
East peace process. 
In Syria, support for the m odernisation of the municipal administration paved the 
way for further devolution of urban deve lopment to municipalities during 2009. 
Through support for health sector modernis ation, the basic skills were created to 
develop and better steer the national health system.  
Regarding results of inter-r egional instruments, Libya and Syria introduced TAIEX 
in 2009. The TAIEX instrument is now available for all th e countries covered by the 
ENPI. In the case of Armenia, Georgia and Israel, the designation of a national 
contact point for TAIEX has proved useful  for the introducti on of the Twinning 
instrument as well as SIGMA operations. 
Internal market is th e sector that attracts most TAIEX requests from partner countries 
(45% of the total). Energy, transport, en vironment, and justice and home affairs 
account for 20% of the requests each. Mo re than 1 000 TAIEX requests were 
introduced in the first three years of im plementation in the ENPI region. In 2009, 
about 5 000 experts from Neighbourhood count ries and Russia participated in 
TAIEX actions. Operational activities of SIGMA actually starte d in early 2009. So 
far, more than 50 SIGMA actions were co nducted in the following areas: legal 
framework, civil service and justice, fina ncial control and external audit, public 
procurement and policy-making. 
After less than two years of activity, the Neighbourhood Investment Facility has 
already produced impressive results. The NIF operations approved in 2009 confirm 
its effectiveness. With grants of close to €100 million, the NIF leveraged operations 
in 2009 worth more than €7.3 billion in tota l. These covered important investments 
in the field of renewable en ergies (such as the establis hment of a 200 MW wind farm 
in the Gulf of El Zayt in  Egypt), and water and sanita tion (such as a wastewater 
treatment plant in Lebanon).  
2.1.6.  Monitoring 
The ENPI region is made up of the partne r countries previously part of the MEDA 
(ENPI South) and Tacis (ENPI East) progr ammes. While these two regions are now 
grouped together, findings nevertheless stil l make a distinction between South and 
East when presenting qualitative results (like monitoring scores), on the ground that 
presenting the ENPI region as a homogenous  entity would be misleading. It is 
interesting to note that the projects m onitored more than once show a marked 
improvement over time, suggesting that re-mon itoring is useful in  guiding projects 
towards better performance.  
The exercise of the results-o riented monitoring (ROM) car ried out in 2009 confirms 
that most cooperation projects in the ENPI region are well on track. However, there 
EN 47   EN are some differences across the ODA sector s and between the monitoring criteria. In 
addition, the situation is somewhat differe nt between ENPI East and ENPI South.  
ENPI East  
In the Eastern ENPI region, 231 ongoing projec ts (31 regional an d 200 national) with 
a total budget of €471 million were mon itored in 2009. The positive ROM results 
from the previous years for the East were confirmed by a good overall average score of 2.87 out of a possible total of 4.  
Overall, operations in ENPI Ea st achieved very satisfactory  impact  and relevance  
scores and involvement of project partne rs in the id entification and formulation 
process improved throughout 2009. Nevertheless, findings for example in the Caucasus, revealed that all too often fi nancial and economic viability remains 
problematic, with institutional shortcomings  in the support provided to projects after 
external assistance has ended. 
The social infrastructure sect or as well as the economic in frastructure sector revealed 
a good overall performance within each ODA sector. The production sector score, 
although lower, was still we ll above target. The lowest performing area was the 
multisector/crosscutting one; however, progress was noted in 2009 compared to previous years. This area includes two thir ds of all regional programmes, which on 
average tend to score slightly lower than national projects, due inter alia  to 
difficulties faced in generating national ownership for this type of operation.  
Table 1: ENPI East - Monitoring results 2009 per ODA sector  
2.502.602.702.802.903.00
Social Infrastructure
and ServicesEconomic
Infrastructure and
ServicesProduction sectors Multisector -
Crosscutting
Relevance Efficiency Effectiveness Impact Sustainability
 
Table 2: ENPI East - Performance of ongoing projects  
EN 48   EN 281
13
5 484
10
2586
8
1
0102030405060708090100
2007 2008 2009
Very good Good Problems Major difficulties 
ENPI South  
In the ENPI South region, 164 ongoing project s (32 regional and 132 bilateral) were 
monitored in 2009, representing a value of  €1.18 billion. Although slightly below the 
levels of the two preceding years, the overa ll average score of 2.77 out of a possible 
total of 4 still represents a good level of performance.  
Monitoring findings reconfirm that projec ts across all ODA sectors are performing 
well. Most problems were experienced in  the production sector, which comprises 
agriculture, mineral resources, mining and industry projects, as well as trade policy. 
Overall, the economic infrastructure and se rvices sector is the best performer.  
The high averages achieved for relevance s eem to suggest that the projects are well 
embedded in a clear strategic framework. In addition, the use of calls for proposals allows for a demand-oriented approach invo lving civil society organisations. On the 
other hand, effectiveness and efficiency continue to have the lowest average scores in the South, although well above the “on-track” average of 2.50. Many projects still tend to have a strong focus on outputs,  which may be expl ained by insufficient 
knowledge of project cycle management  principles among some implementing 
partners. The lower average for efficiency suggests that project s experience problems 
with availability of means a nd inputs, slow disbursement of funds or delays due to 
adverse external hostile conditions (i.e . conflicts in Lebanon and the occupied 
Palestinian territory).  
Table 3: ENPI South - Monitoring  results 2009 per ODA sector  
EN 49   EN 2.502.602.702.802.903.00
Social Infrastructure and
ServicesEconomic Infrastructure
and ServicesProduction sectors Multisector -
Crosscutting
Relevance Efficiency Effectiveness Impact Sustainability
 
Table 4: ENPI South - Performance of ongoing projects  
969
15
7 770
18
5369
21
7
0102030405060708090100
2007 2008 2009
Very good Good Problems Major difficulties 
2.1.7.  Prospects 
On a bilateral level, programme preparat ion is proceeding on schedule for all ENPI 
countries. The pattern of reinforcing the ENP action programmes via financial 
assistance is growing in tandem with st rengthening the partnership agenda.  
Specific shifts of emphasis are worth high lighting for a few individual countries. In 
Belarus, the mid-term review of the C ountry Strategy Paper is expected to be 
conducted in the second half of 2010. In  the meantime, the 2010 AAP will pursue the 
reform of quality infrastructure with a special emphasis on energy efficiency norms 
and standards.  
Concerning Russia, the main emphasis w ill be on starting the implementation of 
cross-border cooperation programmes si gned during the EU-Russia Summit on 18 
November 2009 in Stockholm as well as continued support for academic cooperation and exchanges. Both sides agreed to work on a Partnership for Modernisation and this may open up new opportunities for mo re intense cooperation in the coming 
years.  
EN 50   EN In line with the first Na tional Indicative Programme 2011-2013 for Libya, the health 
sector will continue to be supported. Focu s will also be on trade-related cooperation, 
closely linked to Framework Agreement which is being negotiated with Libya. 
Avenues for cooperation in the area of migration will be explored.  
For 2010 it is expected that PEGASE will st ill be the main ch annel for providing 
support to the occupied Palestinian te rritory. Already in late 2009, €158.5 million 
were made available to cover the recurrent expenditures of the Palestinian Authority, together with €66 million to continue assisting UNRWA.  
The outlook for developing EU-Syria relatio ns looks encouraging, with the signature 
of the Association Agreement by Syria expected for 2010. Actions planned for 2010 
include support for the refo rm of the judiciary, re-c onversion of state-owned 
enterprises, and modernisa tion of vocational training.  
On a regional level, the focus of atte ntion will be in the South on initiatives 
emanating from the Union for the Medite rranean. Renewable energy and climate 
change will remain top priorities, along with enhancing transport network 
connections.  
In the East, the Eastern Partnership will give momentum to the development of a 
number of flagship initiatives. In additi on, emphasis will be on the human dimension 
of regional cooperation with an important  emphasis on culture with the eastern 
partners.  
The Neighbourhood Investment Facility wi ll address in 2010 a new batch of 
infrastructure projects waiting for funding s upport. In particular, the NIF will seek to 
support strategic projects implementing in itiatives adopted in the framework of 
recent regional or multilateral processe s, in particular the Union for the 
Mediterranean, the Black Sea Synergy and the Eastern Partnership. 
EN 51   EN Figure 5 ENPI - Breakdown by sector of external aid financed on the General EU budget managed by 
EuropeAid in 2009
Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € million
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid only).920 M€; 59%
93 M€;  6%68 M€;  4%196 M€; 12%
300 M€;  19%Social inf rastructures: education,  health,
water, government  and civil societ y,
other 
Economic inf rastructures and services:
t ransport , communications,  energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry andf ishing, industry, mining and
construct ion, trade and t ourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget  support, food aid, food securit y
Ot hers - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
67 M€; 5%40 M€; 3%167 M€; 12%
824 M€; 59%108 M€; 8%
187 M€; 13%Social infrastructures: education, health,
water,  government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastruct ures and services:
transport, communications, energy, otherservices
Production: agriculture,  forestry andfishing, industry, mining andconstruction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget support, food aid, food security
Others - including emergencyassistance, reconstruction relief
 
€ millions 2007 2008 2009
Commitments          1 666             1 773            1 637    
Disbursements          1 412             1 530            1 474    
Bilateral and Multilateral flows (EuropeAid only).Figure 6 ENPI - External aid financed on the General EU budget 
managed by EuropeAid.
 
EN 52   EN Figure 7 : ENPI - General and s ector budget support pe r c ountry
Com mitments in € million
CountryGBS / 
SBSSector Description Total
Armenia SBS Vocational trainingContinuation of vocational education and training reform  and 
development of an employment strategy      15 ,0 0   
Azerbaijan SBSAgricultural policy and 
administrative m anagementAgricultural and rural development support programme       14,00   
Egy pt SBSHealth policy and 
administrative m anagementHealth Sector Policy Support Program me II     110,00   
Georgia SBS Vocational training Support to the vocational and education sector of Georgia       19,00   
Georgia SBSReconstruction relief and 
rehabilitationSupport to Georgia's IDPs Action Plan 2009 Part III         3,13   
Georgia SBSReconstruction relief and 
rehabilitationSupport to Georgia's IDPs Action Plan 2009 Part III         3,22   
Georgia SBSReconstruction relief and 
rehabilitationSupport to Georgia's IDPs Action Plan 2009 Part III       31,15   
Georgia SBSReconstruction relief and 
rehabilitationSupport to Georgia's IDPs Action Plan 2009 Part III         6,00   
Jordan SBS Vocational trainingSupport to the Employment and Technical Vocational Education 
and Training reform      35 ,0 0   
Moldova SBSW ater supply and sanitation - 
large systemsSector policy support programme in the water sector       45,00   
Moldova SBSW ater supply and sanitation - 
large systemsSector policy support programme in the water sector         5,00   
Morocco SBSW ater supply and sanitation - 
large systemsSupport to the national sanitation programme       50,00   
Morocco SBSHealth policy and 
administrative m ana gementSectoral support programme for reform of the Moroccan health 
system - part II      22 ,0 0   
Morocco SBSEducation policy and 
administrative m anagementSupport programme for implementation of the education policy       73,00   
Tunisia SBSEducation policy and 
administrative m anagementSupport programme for education and employment       65,00   
Ukraine SBSEnvironmental policy and 
administrative m anagementSupport to the implem entation of an environmental strategy       35,00   
Ukraine SBSTransport policy and 
administrative m anagementSupport to the implem entation of the transport strategy       65,00   
Gr an d Total     596,50   
GBS : General budget support
SBS : Sector budget support  
2.2. European Development Fund 
Implementation performance figures re mained strong in 2009, confirming the 
encouraging start of the 10th EDF on 1 July 2008, the date of the entry into force of 
the revised ACP-EC Partnership Agreement.  At the end of 2009, a total of €8.34 
billion has been committed out of th e €21.2 billion under the EDF managed by the 
Commission.  Thus, within 18 months of its  launch, around 40% of the 10th EDF, 
which covers 2008-2013, has already been committed.   
During 2009, the Commission approved 62 annual action programmes, including the 
first regional pr ogrammes under the 10th EDF.  At €3.5 billion, global commitments 
again exceeded their target compared to the previous year, while payments reached 
€3.12 billion. Secondary commitments, i.e. contracts with third parties to deliver projects, also significantly exceeded th e 2009 target, reaching €4.2 billion – a record 
for the EDF.  In total, €723 million of new global commitments were made for 
general budget support under the EDF, including €215 million under the Vulnerability FLEX mechanism in favour of eleven African and two Caribbean 
countries to reduce the 2009 funding gaps  in ACP governments' budgets caused by 
the global economic and financial cris is. As for sector budget support, new 
EN 53   EN programmes were decided for more than €384 million in areas such as human 
resources development, environment, justi ce, water and sanitation as well as rural 
development. In addition, the Commission approved important in itiatives such as 
new phases of the water and energy facili ties for a total of €400 million. Support for 
the Global Climate Change Alliance amounted to €40 million. An additional 
contribution of €200 million went to the EU-Africa infrastructure trust fund.   
2.2.1.  Africa 
2.2.1.1.  Introduction 
Following the adoption of the Joint Afri ca-EU Strategy in December 2007 and the 
set-up of the institutional ar chitecture to implement its Action Plan in 2008, the early 
results of the Strategic Partnership betw een Africa and the EU appeared in 2009.  
Progress was registered in the eight them atic areas of the partnership (peace and 
security; democratic governance and human rights; trade, regional integration and 
infrastructure; MDGs; energy; climate change; migration, mobility and employment; and science, information society and space) for which concrete projects have been identified in eight implementation roadmaps. Successful cooperation was achieved between the two continents in  terms of political dialogue – for example in the area of 
peace and security with regular consultations  on crisis and conflict country situations 
and a joint meeting between the EU Po litical and Security Committee and the 
African Union Peace and Security Council. Co ncrete projects were also implemented 
– for instance in energy with projects on renewable energy like the Felou run-of-river 
hydropower plant supplying Maur itania, Mali and Senegal. In the framework of the 
partnership on migration, mobility and employ ment, one of the key initiatives was to 
start the design and funding for the esta blishment of the African Remittances 
Institute  (€1.7 million). The institute will facilit ate cheaper, faster and more secure 
remittance flows from Europe to Africa. In  the area of science, information society 
and space, financing was made available via the 7
th Research Framework Programme 
and via the EDF to support some landmark projects. Since 2007, there have been about 500 successful African applications under FP7 wi th a total value of €65 
million. Other key achievements include streng thened collaboration to jointly tackle 
new international challenges, such as the joint Africa-EU declaration on climate change ahead of the Copenhagen Summit.  
The Joint Africa-EU Strategy also led to th e establishment of re gional networks for 
sanitary and phytosanitary standards under the 'better training for safer food in 
Africa' project and the s ubstantial progress made by the World Organisation for 
Animal Health through the same project. 
Efforts to increase the pace of delivery and implementation of concrete projects 
should still be intensified, as  should the involvement of a ll associated stakeholders, 
be they parliaments, civil so ciety or the private sector. 
2.2.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
In 2009, the Commission continued working closely with other donors in order to 
improve division of labour between them and to enhance aid effectiveness. Delegation agreements (funds made availa ble by the Commission to Member States 
or their agencies to manage implementa tion on its behalf) for a total of €54.6 million 
EN 54   EN were concluded for South Africa, Madaga scar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, 
Mali and Zambia. Cooperating agencies were th e German Organisation for Technical 
Cooperation (GTZ ), the French Development  Agency (AFD) and the Portuguese 
Institute for Development Assistance (IPAD ). Transfer agreements (aid money 
received by the Commission from Member  States or their agencies) worth around 
€22 million were agreed with Belgium, De nmark and the Netherlands for Benin as 
well as with Belgium and Denmark for Mozambique and Somalia respectively.  
In order to take better acc ount of the impact of the pres ent financial crisis on partner 
countries, the Commission agr eed to anticipate the 10th EDF mid-term reviews of 
country strategies. This offered a real opportunity for enhancing the division of 
labour, alignment and greater use of country  systems where possible. Regarding the 
fast-track initiativ e on the division of labour in the ACP region, the Commission is 
lead facilitator in Mali, Tanzania, Ethi opia and Mozambique and is therefore well 
equipped to foster in-depth discussions  on division of la bour with national 
governments and other development partners.  
Mali has been selected as a pilot country under the Fast Track Initiative on Division 
of Labour. Thirty development partners are currently working in Mali including eight 
EU Member States and the European Co mmission. More recent  donors, including 
China and Libya, are playing an increasing role. The development partners operating in Mali have been working closely since 2007 to change aid pract ices in the country. 
This has resulted in the preparatio n of a common country aid strategy  Stratégie 
Commune d'Assistance Pays . In 2008, the development partners reached a consensus 
on complementarity/division of labour and alignment. One of the important constraints in the process remains the di fficulty of ensuring dynamic ownership of 
the strategy process by the national authoriti es. The strategy document was subject to 
discussions between the government and donors throughout 2009 and was finally 
adopted in early 2010. 
The EU has been a driving force for im proving division of la bour among donors in 
Tanzania, which altogether contribute a share of around 30% to the national budget. 
Division of labour has resulted  in a significant streamlini ng of the donor matrix with 
a clear attribution of roles for donors in each sector. A cornerstone of  this approach is 
the use of budget support, reducing govern ment transaction costs and avoiding 
duplication of donor efforts. The EU code of conduct gave momentum to the entire 
process and provided the general principles  for a meaningful division of labour. It 
also triggered a similar ex ercise in the UN system. General budget support is the 
main aid delivering modality of the EU  to Tanzania in the period 2008-2014, 
concentrating on policy dialogue in public  finance management, public sector 
reform, monitoring of poverty reduction a nd improved service delivery in social 
sectors. 
The EU is a key partner to Ethiopia. In 2008, the EU budget and Member States 
together provided some €540 million to the country, accounting for 37% of all structural aid to Ethiopia. To date there has been si gnificant progress towards aid 
effectiveness, including an  effective donor coordination structure. Ownership of 
national development is strong, with the government co-chairing donor coordination 
structures in five key sectors. Best practices include c onsiderable donor and 
government support for pooled funding mech anisms. Ethiopia’s largest programme 
for the protection of basic services, for ex ample, is 65% government funded. The EU 
EN 55   EN also takes the lead in pr oviding transport sector budget support. The years 2010 and 
2011 will offer significant oppor tunities to raise the prof ile of division of labour, 
including in the formulation of Ethiopia’s five-year development plan (PASDEP II), the re-launch of the joint government/dono r aid harmonisation task force, and the 
2010 Paris Declaration survey. 
In Mozambique, the Commission is part of a group of 19 budge t support actors 
(G19), also known as the Programme Aid Partnership (PAP). Members of PAP are 
committed to specific principles of aid de livery. The group maintains dialogue with 
the government on progress towards povert y reduction, mobilisation of internal 
resources and public sector financial management. PAP is  also undertaking two joint 
reviews of Mozambique's action plan for the reduction of absolute poverty (PARPA) 
per year. In March 2009, a revised memo randum of understanding was signed in 
order to open the forum to  the participation of non- budget support donors. The US 
and the UN are associated members since April 2009. Another pos itive example was 
the establishment of a triangular co llaboration between the government of 
Mozambique, the Commission and the Portu guese institutions involved in the 
security sector to formulate a support project for the ministry of the interior. In this 
context, the Commission was not only able  to capitalise on Portugal's extensive 
expertise in the area by delega ting its support to the country but was also able to pool 
the EU funds it manages w ith those of Portugal.  
In Uganda, government and development partners are very active in donor 
coordination and implementation of aid effectiveness principles, building an 
advanced coordination struct ure for the implementation of the Paris Declaration. 
Donors meet monthly in the so-called local development pa rtners group which 
coordinates the different technical wo rking groups and discusses technical 
coordination issues. This structure is mi rrored by a government structure hosted by 
the office of the Prime Minister. The govern ment is also preparing a partnership 
policy defining the principles between the government and its development partners. 
A framework will be developed in order to  institutionalise measures and mechanisms 
for assessing mutual accountability in re lation to the provisions of official 
development assistance. 
An important element of aid harmonisation and effectiveness is the alignment with 
national strategies. In Benin, a good example of this was the adoption of the national 
decentralisation and deconcentration policy at the end of 2009, which reviewed the 
set-up of a financial transfer system from  the central government to the communes. 
Most donors have decided to support the communes through this mechanism which 
avoids parallel systems, facilitates predic tability and promotes national ownership.  
2.2.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
For Sub-Saharan Africa the chances of r eaching the MDGs are increasingly remote. 
Even though poverty (MDG 1) in Sub-Saharan Africa has fallen since 1999, the poverty rate remains above 50%. Rising food and oil prices and the recent global 
economic crisis have aggravated the situation.  The most resilient countries have been 
able to take fiscal measures to ensure macroeconomic stability. But the crisis had an impact on governments' ability to implemen t poverty reduction stra tegies which were 
initially based on high growth-rate assump tions. In some of the most vulnerable 
economies of Sub-Saharan Africa, the num ber of poor is likely to increase. 
EN 56   EN According to the latest UN MDG progress report47 none of the goals will be reached 
if current trends persist. For some targets in the area of health and environmental sustainability, no progress can be noted at  all. However, even though the overall 
picture is not very encouraging, ther e are positive examples of progress.  
Sub-Saharan Africa still has the largest number of childre n out of school worldwide 
(MDG 2). Therefore, the Commission continue d to support partner countries in their 
efforts to move towards the achievement of  universal primary education. Average net 
enrolment ratios in Sub-Saharan Af rica rose by 15% from 2000 to 2007. In Tanzania, 
enrolment rates for primary and seconda ry level education have increased . Progress 
can also be noted on improved infrastructure  and increased number of teachers, two 
essential factors for the quality of edu cation. The primary completion rate, however, 
declined between 2006 and 2007 from 72% to  65%. The pass rate for the primary 
leaving exam has fallen from 70.5% to 54% and some districts have a pupil-teacher 
ratio as high as 74:1.  
Case study: Education fast-track initiative  
The European Commission remains committed to the "Education for All" – Fast Track 
Initiative (EFA-FTI). The aim of the FTI is to  ensure all children receive a quality primary 
school education. Within the FTI, low-income partner countries are encouraged to commit 
20% of their national budget to education, half  of which to primary education. From 2007 to 
2009, the Commission contributed more than €30 million to the FTI Catalytic Fund. Thanks 
to the FTI partnership, 20 million more childre n in Sub-Saharan Africa alone have enrolled 
in primary school since 2000. Fifteen FTI countries are 'on track' to reach the goal of 95% of 
all children completing primary school by 2015. 
The Commission is increasingly using genera l and sector budget support to sustain 
education sector reforms in partner count ries. Through its support for reforming the 
education sector at countr y level, the Commission is ensuring the concept of good 
governance, so as to enable equal opport unities and good quality educ ation for all. In 
Botswana, the EU supports various education initiatives set out in the national development plan, through an education and training sector policy support 
programme  over a period of five years (2006-2010). The aim is to ensure access for 
all citizens to high quality lifelong education and traini ng. Two specific targets for 
improving primary education and raising awar eness of HIV/AIDS are directly linked 
to supporting the country's progress toward s meeting the MDGs. The programme has 
already contributed to increased decentral isation of financial responsibility and 
autonomy of schools, additional res ources for primary schools, improved 
infrastructure and consideration of new teach er incentives. There has also been very 
good progress in the roll-out of HIV/AIDS  awareness programmes in schools and in 
the development of curricula for children with special needs. 
In Zimbabwe, the official estimate of textbooks per child in all primary schools is 1:7 
but this global ratio conceals the reality that many remote schools have just one book 
per class or, in some cases, none at all.  Therefore, the provision of textbooks and 
stationery is amongst the government's pr iorities. Thanks to EU support for the 
education sector in Zimbabwe, an estimated two million children in 5 500 schools will have access to improved learning  materials in the 2010 school year. 
                                                
 
47 http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG_Report_2009_ENG.pdf 
EN 57   EN In 2009, the EU also supported progress to wards the health-related MDGs (MDG 4, 
5 &, 6) and the prevention of poverty-relate d diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, 
and tuberculosis, through health  sector reform and healthcare delivery approaches at 
country level. HIV rates are still on the ri se in Sub-Saharan Af rica, which accounts 
for 67% of the globally infected populati on. WHO data show that nearly one million 
people died of malaria in 2006, 95% of them in Sub-Sa haran Africa with children 
under five the biggest victims. The Comm ission boosts anti-malaria efforts in 
African countries, for example through intern ational organisations  such as UNICEF, 
by distributing insecticide-treated bed nets. Re cent data show a dramatic rise in the 
use of bed nets among children from 2% in  2000 to 20% in 2006. Greater efforts in 
this area could yield major successes in th e reduction of child mortality in the years 
to come. In order to suppor t these types of activities, the EU is also a major donor 
(annual contribution of €100 million) to the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, 
Tuberculosis and Malaria, 60% of whose operations are in Africa.  
In other areas, like achie ving the water and sanitati on Millennium Development 
Goal, the EU provides sector budget support to  increase access to drinking water and 
improved sanitation in both rural and urban ar eas. In rural areas of Burkina Faso, the 
aim is to increase the number of people with access to safe water from 52% in 2005 to 76% in 2015 and sanitati on from an estimated 10% in 2005 to 54%  in 2015. In 
urban areas, the expected results are to improve access to clean water from 74% in 2005 to 89% in 2015 and sanitation from 14% in 2005 to 57% in 2015.  
The Commission recently conducted a st udy of data on general budget support 
(GBS) as well as performance trends of key MDG indicators across the ACP region. 
The aim was to analyse possible correl ations between differences in MDG 
performance of countries that were high or low budget support recipients. The 
overall results are quite en couraging, providing more co mprehensive support for the 
view that countries receiving higher le vels of budget support perform better. This 
was the case for all five indicators under review. For example, primary enrolments 
improved by over 8% in high GBS countries , but only 1% in low GBS recipients. 
Gender equality improved by 6% in high GB S countries, but no change occurred in 
low GBS support recipients. The improveme nt in the Human Development Index 
was 70% higher in high GBS countri es than in low GBS recipients.  While the study 
shows association rather than causality, it indicates a cont ribution of GBS to 
improved performance.   
2.2.1.4.  Implementation 
EDF funding for Sub-Saharan Africa in 2009 totalled €3.1 billion in commitments 
and €2.5 billion in payments. The greates t share of EDF commitments in 2009 was 
concentrated on budget support operations (2 2%), transport (19%) and government 
and civil society (14%). The Commissi on also approved major new financing to  
initiatives such as the Global Climate Ch ange Alliance (€40 million) and the new 
phases of the EU-ACP water and energy facility (€400 million) as well as an 
additional contribution to the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund of €200 million  
For further details Æ2.2.4. 
Case study: Sawlog production grant scheme  
EN 58   EN The Sawlog Production Grant Scheme (SPGS) is a joint initiative between the government of 
Uganda, the EU and the government of Norway , to encourage private sector involvement in 
commercial timber plantations in Uganda. The project, to which the Commission contributed 
€13.1 million, provides technical support to private sector investors in timber and pole crops. 
During its first phase (2004-2009), the SPGS tri ggered major interest in commercial tree 
planting in Uganda, creating some 11 000 hectares. More than 110 contracted private sector 
growers and almost 40 community planting associ ations have benefited directly from the 
SPGS over the past five years. Moreover, th e project has been a catalyst for private 
investment as well as for creating thousands of much-needed rural jobs. The second phase of 
the project, running until mid-2013, foresees some additional 32 000 ha of plantations. This 
already accounts for 40% of the 80 000 ha Uganda  would require by 2025 to meet its own 
demand.  
In 2009, the Commission a pproved new budget support pr ogrammes under the 10th 
EDF in 26 countries of Sub-Saharan Afri ca worth €1.1 billion, co rresponding to 37% 
of the total annual funding. New programmes have been decided in countries not 
previously eligible for budget support, namely Togo, Seychelles, Liberia and 
Comoros. They will be granted budget support in accordan ce with the newly 
developed guidelines for budget support in fra gile states. The same applies to the 
Democratic Republic of Congo where ta rgeted budget support for some €49 million 
was granted to meet the food price crisis. 
Case study: Budget support programmes in Zambia  
Budget support has become the EU's preferred fi nancing modality in Zambia with more than 
70% of 10th EDF funding provided as budget support. Because of its satisfactory track 
record, Zambia was selected by the Commiss ion in 2008 to benefit from budget support in 
the form of an MDG-Contract for a total am ount of €225 million to be implemented over a 
period of six years. Despite the global econom ic crisis, Zambia managed to preserve a 
satisfactory fiscal space for social expenditures. Since 2006, some progress of performance 
indicators on health and HIV treatment has been observed at national and decentralised level 
with appropriate funding released from the ministry of health to district boards. Public health 
care facilities have also registered an increasi ng number of first attendances and admissions 
and a higher percentage of people with HIV/ AIDS (up from 32.9% in 2006 to 66.8% in 
2008) have received antiretroviral drugs. 
Implementation of budget support programmes under the 9th and the 10th EDF 
continued successfully.  
In parallel, the Commission disbursed the sums committed under the emergency 
response to the increase of oil and food pr ices. Eleven African countries (Benin, 
Burundi, Central African Republic, Como ros, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, 
Mauritius, the Seychelles, Sierra Leone and Zambia) benefited from budget support 
programmes for a total amount of €215 m illion under the V-FLEX mechanism. The 
programmes, adopted at the end of 2009, were  the first financi ng decisions in the 
framework of the €500 million V-FLEX m echanism which was adopted in August 
2009 as a response to the social  impact of the global financ ial and economic crisis on 
ACP countries. The instrument aims to  preserve core pub lic expenditures, 
particularly in social sectors, without jeopardising macro-economic stability in the 
countries concerned. The Commission was able to disburse €160 million to 11 
countries before the end of the year. An amount of up to €265 million remains 
available for the 2010 V-FLEX exercise. In some countries, notably Madagascar and 
Niger, budget support disbursements initially  foreseen were not  paid following the 
EN 59   EN application of measures under Article 96 of the Cotonou Agreement because of 
unconstitutional political developments. In Malawi, Haiti, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia, the Commission could not disbur se planned end-year budget 
support pending confirmation of the fulfilm ent of general or specific conditions.  
The EU is also assisting millions suffering from chronic food shortages. In Ethiopia 
in 2009, it provided more than €20 million in support of the productive safety net 
programme to help achieve food sufficien cy and improve the livelihoods of 8.3 
million chronically food insecure peopl e in 286 drought-affected areas. The 
resources channelled through the programme  covered the beneficiaries' food gaps 
and reduced the need for them to dispose of household assets to  meet their food 
needs. 
Case study: Namibia support progr amme for the water sector 
Over the last decade, Namibia has made impressive progress in the water sector. Population 
access to safe water improved from 58% in 1990 to 85% in 2008. The EU supported these 
achievements by providing €11 million of budge t support to Namibia's rural water sector, 
which helped to increase rural access to dri nking water by 10% during the implementation 
phase from 2006 to 2008. It also gave a ma jor boost to community-based management, 
implemented at grassroots level, with several t housands of water points handed over to local 
water committees, many under full cost recove ry. Community-based management promotes 
ownership and empowerment of local comm unities and their involvement in decision-
making as well as delegation of service delivery to the lowest level. It also assures 
sustainability for the structures created. The approach is now well institutionalised and may 
be applied in the upcoming Namibia wate r supply and sanitation sector programme 2010-
2015 for which the Commission will provide budget support of up to €30 million.  
Implementation of the 10th EDF regional strategy papers ha s just started as most were 
signed at the end of 2008 and in 2009. Their implementation is based on each region's own strategic priorities and integr ation efforts. In west Africa, on-going 9
th 
EDF programmes are supporting economic and tr ade integration as well as transport 
facilitation. These programmes are implemented  directly by west  Africa's two main 
regional organisations, the Economic Co mmunity of West African States 
(ECOWAS) and the West African Econom ic and Monetary Union (WAEMU). A 
conflict prevention and peace-building pr oject implemented by ECOWAS provided 
funds for election observation missions to  Ghana and Togo, for mediation activities 
in the Ivory Coast as well as for a regional small arms control programme and the harmonisation of electoral legislations.  In December 2009, the Commission decided 
on a technical cooperation facility of €6 million in favour of ECOWAS and 
WAEMU . The programme will support th e implementation of the 10
th EDF strategy 
for west Africa and facilitate ECOWAS  and WAEMU strategies for regional 
integration, poverty reduction and conflict prevention. The 10th EDF regional 
strategy paper for west Africa foresees an amount of €597 million for the period 
2008-2013.  
Case study: Supporting health in the Democratic Republic of Congo  
With a budget of €80 million, the 9th EDF health programme in the Democratic Republic of 
Congo provides support to some 4.2 million inha bitants in four provinces over a four-year 
period (2006-2010). The programme aims to improve the access to and quality of basic 
health services, thereby reducing infant and maternal mortality. These objectives are 
EN 60   EN achieved by significantly subsidising the costs of essential medicines, investing €6 million in 
health infrastructure and equipment, as well as improving the quality of health service by 
introducing performance-based salaries for health staff and the strengthening of leadership. 
The project works in collaboration with the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and 
Malaria, where complementary funding has b een forthcoming to tackle tuberculosis. 
In December 2009, the Commission approved a regional programme of €117.7 
million to support regional integration in the Eastern and Southern Africa and Indian Ocean (ESA-IO) region. This covers the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Eastern African Comm unity (EAC), the Inter-Governmental 
Authority on Development (IGAD) and th e Indian Ocean Commission (IOC). The 
funds will be allocated fr om a total regional envelope of €645 million. The 
programmes will contribute to deeper ec onomic integration by reducing the barriers 
to trade and the free movement of goods and services across borders. Improving the 
management of shared resources in the regi on will help to ensure sustainable growth 
and contribute to improved food security. Closer political inte gration between the 
member countries is also supported, not ably by focusing on conflict prevention and 
improved governance. Further support fo r the Southern African Development 
Community (SADC) integration process is also programmed. 
Case study: Support programme for civil society structuring in Cameroon 
The €5.4 million  Support Programme for Civil Society Structuring (PASOC) has contributed 
to capacity building of civil society organisa tions in Cameroon. In cooperation with other 
donors, a mapping of non-state actors was carri ed out and the coordination and networking 
of civil society organisations was improved. In teractions between civil society organisations, 
government representatives and members of parlia ment were developed notably as part of a 
participative dialogue on government policies. Increased involvement of local populations in 
all areas of society and strengthened relati ons between grassroots organisations and local 
authorities are further results of the programme. 
Throughout 2009, the Commission also worked  on an implementation plan for its 
Communications Towards an EU Response to Situations of Fragility and Security 
and Development48. Together with Member States, the Commission worked in 11 
pilot countries, including Burundi, Sierra  Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Central African 
Republic, Chad and South Africa to pr ovide feedback on ways to improve 
performance in fragile states. The implement ation plan is currently being finalised 
pending clarification of the implications of  the Lisbon Treaty. Implementation of the 
plan is scheduled to start in 2010. 
Fragile and crisis situations 
In order to ensure th at programmes are effective in fr agile and crisis situations, the 
Commission tailors its stra tegies, programming and pr ocedures to respond to 
circumstances on the ground. In most cases, the Commission develops and 
implements a variety of activities which re spond to the humanitarian, security and 
longer-term development situation using a range of instrument s from projects to 
budget support.  
                                                 
48 COM(2007) 643 final of 25.10.2007 
EN 61   EN During 2009, 31 countries worldwide were c onsidered eligible to use flexible, 
simplified contractual procedures for emer gency and post-crisis situations. This 
enabled the Commission to be more respons ive to rapidly changi ng situations in 
these countries. For example, following the death of the Presiden t of Guinea-Bissau 
the Commission used shortened proce dures to approve an election support 
programme. This project was developed and approved within two months and 
implemented within three months – in tim e to support the unforeseen elections.  
In 2009, the Commission also developed gui delines for budget support in fragile 
situations and colla borated with the World Bank, th e African Development Bank and 
the International Mone tary Fund to develop a common a pproach to budget support in 
fragile situations.  This has already been translated into tangible improvements on the 
ground. For example, in the past year the Central African Republic, Haiti and 
Guinea-Bissau established a solid form at for coordinating budget support through 
memoranda of understanding between the governments and donor pa rtners to guide 
their cooperation. For further details Æ5.2.2.  
2.2.1.5.  Results 
In 2009, work continued to deliver more, bette r and faster aid to Sub-Saharan Africa. 
Tanzania, Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea are good examples of quick aid 
disbursement in response to the food price crisis. Anothe r example is the 
enhancement of aid predictability th rough budget support operations, such as the 
MDG Contract, which provides a financia l commitment over a six-year period – 
twice as long as the classic budget support agreements – aligned with the country's 
procedures and policy priorities a nd focused on MDG-related results.  
The achievement of results in development cooperation, however, depends largely on 
the context in which it takes place. This is pa rticularly true for Africa where political 
instability and poor governance remain cons training issues. A recent evaluation of 
cooperation with Chad highlights the issue of development in a difficult context. 
Even though the envisaged results have been  largely achieved (i .e. the national road 
transport network was improved and th e village water supply programme now 
reaches 10% of the population) an overall st abilisation of the country is still far from 
a reality, risking the sustainabili ty of progress made so far. 
A difficult challenge faced by the Commissi on and other donors has been a tendency 
to link budget support decisions to wider considerations going beyond the objective 
of poverty reduction and the assessment of  the legally estab lished budget support 
eligibility criteria. In this context, th e Commission has highlighted the specific 
relevant provisions in the Cotonou Agreement.  It is to be hoped that the ongoing 
discussions will bring greater clarity to the application of the provisions of the 
Cotonou Agreement relating to budget support and broader political cooperation at 
country level. 
2.2.1.6.  Monitoring 
In all, 43 missions were carried out in  Africa and South Africa, monitoring 408 
projects, funded both from the EDF and th e EU budget, with a total value of €3.2 
billion. Of these, 372 projects still had on- going activities and 36 completed projects 
were subject to ex-post  monitoring. In addition, two sector policy support 
EN 62   EN programmes with a Commission contributi on of €391 million were monitored in 
South Africa and Ethiopia in the areas of social services and transport. The total 
value of all operations mon itored in 2009 was €3.6 billion. 
Projects are measured according to their fre quency and percentage of ratings (a, b, c, 
d) in the five ROM criteria, with (a) and (b) ratings considered best. They are also classified in four categorie s according to their overall performance: (I) very good, 
(II) good performance, (III) performing w ith some problems and (IV) presenting 
serious deficiencies. 
The 2009 results show a satisfactory perf ormance of ongoing operations in Sub-
Saharan Africa as well as South Africa with  66% falling into the categories I and II. 
Analysis of the frequency of ratings reve als that although 80% of the projects are 
highly relevant in their design and 69% show good fu ture impact prospects, 
sustainability, efficiency and effec tiveness only reach 59%, 56% and 50% 
respectively. 
The bulk of regional monitoring took place in  the water and energy sector. A total of 
26 operations funded by the water and energy fa cilities (23 related to water and three 
to energy) were monitored in 22 African  countries, representing a value of €77.3 
million. 82% of the projects fell in categorie s I and II. 81% had a relevant design and 
80% good impact prospects, 73% were  effective, 69% had good potential 
sustainability, while only 50% received  good ratings in terms of efficiency.  The 
positive results stem from a high level of ownership at country as well as grassroots level, supporting the sustainability of the programmes. Poor efficiency levels are due 
to delays in the implementation of activi ties as well as procurement difficulties.  
The main ODA sectors concerned by th e monitoring sample were social 
infrastructure and services (210 projects for €1.4 billion), economic infrastructure 
and services (35 projects, €868 million), fo llowed by production sectors (55 projects, 
€284 million) and commodity aid (32 projec ts, €143 million). Results by ODA sector 
(see table) show the best overall performan ce in the area were commodity aid (78%), 
multi-sector and cross-cutting issues as well as social infrastructure and services with 68% each. 
Figure 8: Africa - Monitoring  results 2009 per ODA sector  
EN 63   EN 
 
Figure 9: Performance of on going projects - Africa  
 
With 45%, the production sectors present th e highest rate of projects with poor 
performance. Factors that may contribute to this result are the long time span 
between the conception and start of a project that can impact  on its relevance due to a 
possible change of external conditions and/or  the beneficiaries' needs. Other reasons 
may be a lack of ownership and capac ity, ill defined objectives, share of 
responsibilities and risk management.  
As regards the projects that were subject to ex-post  monitoring, 86% were in 
categories I and II . 84% received best results for eff ectiveness, 75% for efficiency 
and 64% for the relevance of their project de sign. The results relating to the projects' 
real impact (78%) and sustainability (70 %) also showed very satisfactory results.   
EN 64   EN 2.2.1.7.  Prospects 
The experience of implementing budget s upport during 2009 served to consolidate 
and reinforce a number of key lessons learne d over recent years. In particular, the 
increased scrutiny of budget support decisi ons highlights the importance of clarity 
and transparency in the application of budget support eligibility criteria. In this 
context, the Commission is streamlining a nd rationalising its internal guidance to 
better reflect the concerns of the Court of  Auditors and European Parliament that 
budget support decisions be just ified as rigorously as possi ble. In the course of 2010, 
the Commission expects to build upon the im provements noted in this respect by the 
Court of Auditors. 
Prospects for continued delivery of budget support programmes to ACP countries in 
2010 will depend on a number of factors which influence the environment for successful macroeconomic and sectoral polic ies. A key issue will be the expected 
growth recovery following the impact of the economic crisis in 2009. While the IMF 
expects a growth of 4% in Africa in 2010, this would stil l be significantly below the 
average of 5.3% over the period 2000-2008.  Against this background, the pressure on 
public finances may threaten poverty-fo cused programmes and hinder progress 
towards the MDGs. This in turn may also  have an impact on disbursements of 
performance-based tranches.  The Commission is monitoring this issue closely on a 
country-by-country basis to ensure suffici ent flexibility in th e implementation of 
budget support programmes to accommodate revised performance targets where appropriate. 
2.2.2.  Caribbean 
2.2.2.1.  Introduction 
The EU strategy for the Cari bbean is built around a vision of the future founded upon 
a history of shared values, in parallel w ith making maximum use of the opportunities 
of the Cotonou Agreement
49. The strategy seeks to create an enhanced EU-Caribbean 
partnership capable of meeting a set of interrelated challenges: 
– tackling economic and environmenta l opportunities and vulnerabilities; 
– promoting social cohesion and combati ng poverty including the fight against 
HIV/AIDS; 
– strengthening health care systems; 
– fighting against illicit drugs and tax fraud. 
As provided for in the Cotonou Agreement, the traditional trading arrangements were 
replaced by a wider EU–Caribbean Ec onomic Partnership Agreement signed and 
provisionally applied since 2008, pending full ratification. Haiti, the sole country not 
to sign in 2008, did so in late 2009. The EPA not only defines the trade relations 
between the EU and the Caribbean but al so promotes regional integration and 
economic development. The 10th EDF regional programme will support the regional 
integration process and as such is comp lementary to the EPA. Significant progress 
was achieved in 2009 towards defining prior ity actions of the regional programme. 
This is also the case for the 10th EDF country strategies, signed at the end of 2008, 
which address both private and public ac tors. Major sector s covered include 
                                                 
49 COM(2006) 86 final of 15.02.2008 
EN 65   EN governance and competitiveness, infr astructure and interconnectivity, 
macroeconomic budgetary support and povert y reduction. Other sectors explicitly 
include capacity-building related to the regional programme for additional trade-
related assistance accompanying the EPA, as well as good governance in the tax 
area. In 2009, the 10th EDF mid-term review process was launched. This is a formal 
requirement of the Cotonou Agreement, whic h will review progress achieved to date 
in the national programmes and update, wher ever necessary, the cooperation strategy 
and financial allocations of  the countries concerned. 
2.2.2.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
Further steps were taken towards strengt hening donor coordination with the modest 
number of bilateral and mu ltilateral donors active in the region. Information sharing 
has become more systematic and takes pla ce on a regular basis. As regards division 
of labour, further progress was made in 2009. In general, public finance management 
continues to be an important area of coope ration. The financial and economic crisis, 
which had a severe impact on the eastern Caribbean count ries, has led to increased 
coordination with other donors and in partic ular the International Monetary Fund 
(IMF).  
In the eastern Caribbean, the Commission works closely with, for example, the IMF, 
World Bank, the UK Department for In ternational Development (DfID), the 
Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre (CARTAC) and the Caribbean 
Development Bank (CDB) on budget suppor t and public financial management. 
There are also close working relations with the World Bank and UNDP on sub-
regional social protection reform and w ith FAO on agriculture. Donor coordination 
on trade issues is effective and becoming in creasingly important on issues related to 
drug trafficking and crime prevention. 
As regards the Dominican Republic, efforts were made to enhance donor 
coordination both with Member States and ot her major donors, notably in the field of 
public finance management and education, le ading to improved coordination with the 
World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. 
In Haiti, the negotiations on a joint matrix  to follow-up the implementation of debt 
and poverty reduction continued. Work was also  initiated within 27 thematic groups, 
set-up to deal with issues such as govern ance, technical assist ance and division of 
labour. A transfer agreement was nego tiated with the French Development  Agency 
(AFD) for an amount of €39.1 million in the area of infrastructure – a concrete 
example of putting into practice principles  of donor coordinati on and division of 
labour. 
2.2.2.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
All Caribbean countries have  been affected by the glob al economic and financial 
crisis. This may have a negative impact  on the achievements in poverty reduction 
and redress progress towards the achievem ent of the MDGs. Progress is therefore 
mixed. Jamaica advanced on eight of th e 14 MDG targets for 2015. The country has 
already achieved the reduction of ab solute poverty, malnutrition, hunger and 
universal primary enrolment. It is on tr ack for combating HIV/AIDS, halting and 
reversing the incidence of ma laria and tuberculosis, access to reproductive health and 
EN 66   EN provision of safe drinking water and basi c sanitation. Progress is not on track in 
terms of gender equality and environmenta l sustainability and it is still lagging 
behind child and maternal mort ality targets. Of concern is  the significant increase of 
the proportion of the urban population existin g in unacceptable liv ing conditions or 
slums.  
Already in 2004, the government of Beli ze launched a national action plan to 
accelerate progress towards the MDGs. This  includes measures to build more 
widespread public awareness and support fo r the MDGs and the national action plan. 
In 2005 the government issued its first MDG report. As a key component of the action plan, it has since become a blueprint for Belize’s ambition to integrate the MDGs into its national development planning process. Provided some policy 
adjustments can be made, the country is largely on track to achieve most MDGs by 
2015.  
The Dominican Republic risks not achievi ng the education MDGs due to the poor 
quality of education and the low level of adult literacy. Health problems persist, in 
particular related to prev entable diseases, caused by poor living conditions in per-
urban and rural areas with low levels of education and limited access to basic 
services. There is, however, a nationa l plan to combat HIV/AIDS and the 
government is determined to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the MDGs. 
In certain countries, available data are in sufficient to make an informed progress 
assessment. This is the case for Guyana a nd Suriname. Guyana has sector strategies 
in place with regard to h ealth and education but the la test MDG report, dating back 
to 2007, shows that quality and availability of data remain problematic. Suriname's 
multi-annual development plan establ ished in 2005 includes a number of 
development targets and baseline data but no official statistics have been released 
since. There are indications that the pr evalence of non-communicable diseases is 
increasing but successes have been recorded  in combating malaria. An updated MDG 
report is expected shortly.
  
2.2.2.4.  Implementation 
Up to the end of 2009, 13 annual acti on programmes were approved for the 
Caribbean region under the 10th EDF, totalling €333 million.  The use of budget 
support increased further in  the Caribbean during 2009. General budget support and 
sector policy support programmes account ed for 16% of the new programmes 
approved in 2009. Of EDF commitments, 13%  were devoted to general budget 
support, 60% to transport and 12% to government and civil society programmes. 
Payments under the 10th EDF in the Caribbean regi on totalled €274 million. From the 
EU budget, six Caribbean countries bene fited from accompanying measures to 
diversify their economies and/or increa se the competitiveness of their sugar 
industries following the reform of the EU  sugar market. In 2009, these countries 
received €69 million in commitments and €49 million in payments. Moreover, the Caribbean received significant support unde r the Special Framework of Assistance 
for Traditional ACP Suppliers of Banana s: €42 million were paid in 2009. These 
funds are contributing to the diversificati on of the local economi es and assisting the 
seven beneficiary countries (Belize, Domi nica, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Lucia, St. 
EN 67   EN Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname) to cope with the effects of the changes in 
the banana market. For further details Æ2.3.6  
The year 2009 saw the adoption of additional financing in favour of Haiti, notably 
through specific instruments linked to the ri se in food prices and the global economic 
crisis. General budget support operations in Haiti were topped-up by additional 
commitments amounting to €43 million from the Food Facility, the 10th EDF and the 
V-FLEX instrument. Moreover, a pilot project of €1 million aiming to support 
micro-finance in the agricultural  sector was approved in 2009.  
Following resumption of cooperation with C uba at the end of 2008, the Commission 
carried out the identification and formul ation of programmes in record time. 
Activities are funded by specific allocations  earmarked for Cuba under the different 
thematic programmes and the Food Facil ity. The programmes cover several areas, 
such as food security, climate change and renewable energy, jointly identified as 
priority sectors with  the Cuban authorities. Alrea dy by April 2009, eight actions for a 
total amount of €29.6 million had been a dopted. An additional allocation of €8.5 
million under the food security thematic programme was adopted in 2009, bringing the total commitment of funds in 2009 to  €38.5 million. Further interventions for a 
total amount of €8 million were introduced in the decision circuit for adoption in 
2010. 
In Grenada, a large water supply project took off, while the rehabilitation of several 
schools was completed. The timely disbur sement of budget support (including 
additional funds from V-FLEX) was instru mental in allowing the government to 
balance its budget and to maintain priority  social expenditure. The EU revived the 
implementation of budget support programmes in Guyana towards the end of 2009. 
The Government's focus and commitment to low carbon strategies and measures related to climate change has been matc hed by an additional allocation of sector 
budget support from the Global Climate Change Alliance. 
Case study: Jamaican north coastal highway road  
The rehabilitation of a 117 km section of the Jamaican North Coastal Highway Road 
between Ocho Rios and Fort Prospect was completed with an EU contribution of €80 
million. Driving conditions have improved significantly and the average travelling time from 
Kingston to Port Antonio has been halved.  
In Barbados, budget support for the ICT sector – a top pr iority for the country – 
commenced while budget support to reform the health sector came to an end. In Saint 
Kitts and Nevis, the strong efforts put into enhancing dialogue on national strategies, macroeconomic management and public finance management paved the way for 
faster disbursements of funds, which should greatly assist the country to fight the 
effects of the global economic crisis. The construction of a new national hospital in 
Saint Lucia started in early 2009 and all parties are maki ng efforts to realise this 
complex but greatly needed project.  
Case study: Tourism development in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  
The project provided over €2 million to the local economy, paying for local contractors and 
materials for creating various tourist faciliti es ranging from nature trails to jetties. A 
community approach was used in the deve lopment of the tourist site facilities and 
EN 68   EN management systems. This approach commits communities located in the proximity of the 
14 tourist sites to their continued development and effective management as well as of the 
other sites and attraction identif ied for future development. 
The 10th EDF regional programme, signed in  November 2008, pays particular 
attention to establishing a Caribbean single market and economy, to achieving 
maximum benefits from the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) and to 
mitigating potential adverse effects of the ad justment process. Some 21 sector studies 
covering all areas of the EPA have been completed or are currently underway. By the 
end of September 2009, the regional aut horities had developed a roadmap that 
identifies the region's policy priorities, the actions required for implementation and 
the institutions responsible. The roadmap will serve as guideline for donor activities 
over the coming years. 
Case study: Belize rural development programme  
The Belize rural development programme (BRD P) specifically targets the rural poor, in 
particular women, to increase their inco me, employment opportunities and profits. BRDP 
grants enabled a number of rural women to establish income-generating businesses 
benefiting the entire community. A project was implemented by 14 women from Concepcion 
village. Working under the guidance of BRD P, the group now produces affordable quality 
garment products for the local and regional ma rket. The women from the Trial Farm group 
had been producing soya milk without appropria te facilities to satisfy health and food safety 
requirements. With the help of BRDP, they were  able to construct a small building for their 
enterprise, procure the appropriate equipment and learn how to better organise their business. 
By 2009 the group reported full sales of soya milk and different types of goods produced 
from by-products. Both groups received grant funding from BRDP of roughly €8 300 over a 
three-year period. The projects are not required to repay any of these funds but must submit 
reports and business plans. The group from Con cepcion village now reports average sales of 
€175 per month during non-peak periods while the Trial Farm group reports an income of up 
to €700 per month.  
2.2.2.5.  Results 
More aid to the Caribbean was delivered, better and faster. Total EDF payments 
doubled from €125 million in 2005 to €286 million in 2009. Similarly payments for the accompanying measures for sugar increased from €8 million in 2007 (first year of operation) to €47 million, while payments from  the special framework of assistance 
for banana suppliers increased from €8.5 million in 2005 to €43 million in 2009.  
Although the use of budget support in th e Caribbean region is on the rise, 
implementation continues to be challenging due to a number of factors. The amount 
of EU aid provided to the region from the above mentione d sources totalled almost 
€2 billion between 2000 and 2009. This amounts to €78 per capita for a total 
population of 25 million in the entire Cari bbean region. The per capita amounts vary 
widely from €20 in the Dominican Republic to €1 346 in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Five 
countries received more than €500 per capit a from 2000 to 2009. The combination of 
relatively high amounts for relatively small countries (only four countries in the 
region have a population above one million)  have led to problems of absorption 
capacities in several countries. 
Compared to other regions, only a limite d number of donors are present with whom 
to coordinate initiatives. As most count ries are middle-income countries and budget 
EN 69   EN support constitutes a smaller share of the budge ts compared to assistance provided in 
other regions, it affects the actual levera ge of the EU assistance and the case for an 
in-depth policy dialogue. There are also constraints on the be neficiary side, in 
particular on the small islands which have limited administrative capacities. Moreover, the absence of robust national and sector strategies as well as the lack of 
firm ownership have had a negative impact  in some countries. In addition, showing 
progress on an annual basis in public finance management systems can be more 
challenging in middle-income countries than in countries where such systems are less 
advanced.  
2.2.2.6.  Monitoring 
In the course of the seven missions carried  out in the Caribbean in 2009, 68 projects 
and programmes in 18 partner countries and OCTs were monitored, funded both 
from the EDF and the budget for a total of  €618 million. Of these, 56 projects were 
ongoing, while 12 were subject to ex-post  monitoring. In addition, four ongoing 
regional programmes were monitored.  
Based on the ROM criteria, the results s how a very satisfactory performance of 
ongoing national operations with 73.2% falling into category II. However, analysis 
of the frequency of ratings reveals that a lthough 84% of projects are highly relevant 
in their design, 78.6% show good future impact prospects and 60.7% potential 
sustainability, only 44.6% are assessed as  effective and 37.5% as efficient. 
Results of ongoing regional operations are encouraging with 80% of them 
performing well. Although 75% of projects had a very relevant design and 100% had 
impact prospects and potential sustainabili ty, only 50% showed sufficient efficiency 
and effectiveness. Low results in efficiency  and effectiveness may be related to low 
implementation capacities in small island countries. 
Results by ODA sector of ongoing projects (see table) reveal  the best performance in 
economic infrastructures and services with 88.9% of the monitored projects 
performing well, followed by production with  83.3%. The sample of the other ODA 
sectors was rather small so that the resu lts may not be considered representative. 
Figure 10: Caribbean - Performance per ODA sector  
0%20%40%60%80%100%
Very good (a)
Good (b)
Problems (c)
Serious deficiencies (d)
 
Figure 11: Performance of on going projects - Caribbean 
EN 70   EN 4,2% 3,4%50,0%65,5%73,2%
37,5%
27,6%
23,2%
8,3%
3,4% 3,6%
0%20%40%60%80%100%
2007 (72 projects) * 2008 (29 projects) 2009 (56 projects)Very good performance (minimum 3 a, no c, no d)
Good performance ( a, b, maximum 2 c, no d)
Performing with problems (a, b, minimum 3 c, no d)
Not performing, or having major difficulty (minimum 1 d ) * Including monitoring notes
 
Even though results of the ex-post  monitored projects may not be considered 
representative, the overall performance presents well: 75% of projects were assessed as 
effective and with relevant design; 67% of  them had a real impact but only 58% of 
them bore good results in terms of efficiency and 41% in terms of sustainability. This 
may be due to poor institutional capacity, low ownership or lack of know-how and 
adequate training.  
2.2.2.7.  Prospects  
The eastern Caribbean c ountries were severely  hit by the global financial crisis and 
some had to reduce priority  expenditure. For this re ason, the Commission received 
applications for support under the V-FLEX mechanism from eight  countries in the 
region, including Haiti, Jamaica, Domi nica and Grenada. The Commission 
responded positively to the requests from Grenada and Haiti at the end of 2009, 
granting an allocation from the 2009 f unding. The establishment of the V-FLEX 
instrument has led to increased cooperation with the IMF in the region which is set to 
continue in 2010. 
In Suriname, the policy dialogue with  the government on the transport and 
infrastructure sector had to be revived in order to ensure that previous commitments would be met. However, the pace of implementation is not satisfactory. As a result, periodic joint assessment and evaluation exercises are foreseen to keep the 
implementation at a sustained pace. Moreover, policy dialogue needs to be enhanced in order to regularly assess progre ss and quickly identify solutions.  
Building on the increasing experience w ith budget support, the implementation 
capacity of authorities can be expected  to improve. The more formalised and 
structured approach being put in place w ill have a positive impact in the longer term. 
The more systematic use of the PEFA me thodology (public expenditure and financial  
accountability) as a tool to assess public finance management performance, provides 
an excellent basis for enhancing dialogue on important public finance management 
EN 71   EN issues and improving existing systems. In sp ite of these initiatives, further guidance 
will be needed, in particular on sector budget support in non-traditional sectors, such as private sector and trade development.  
2.2.3.  Pacific 
2.2.3.1.  Introduction 
During 2009, the Commission continued to expand and intensify its action in the 
region. The EU is now a recognised play er in the Pacific, engaging in a 
comprehensive and articulated programme of activities from the promotion of security, democracy and human rights to more intense and effective political 
dialogue (Articles 8 and 96 of the Cot onou Agreement), trade, climate change, 
development and humanitarian assistance. The relationship with Australia and New 
Zealand on Pacific issues ha s also been boosted with numerous meetings at all levels 
to discuss and better co ordinate initiatives. The effective support to the relief effort in 
the aftermath of the Tsunami in Samoa is an example of this coordination. A 
renewed partnership with the US is also be ing established which will result in greater 
approximation and coordination of activities in particular in the area of climate 
change. 
As in previous years, the Pacific Is land Forum which brings together all 
Pacific/Oceania leaders was the occasion to interact with the region and its countries. 
A number of important initiatives where launched on this occasion including: a mechanism for political dialogue with the Sm aller Island States (SIS); an agreement 
to support a dedicated SIS programme for climate change; EU participation in 
regional initiatives in the area of aid effectiveness (the Cairns Compact) and 
infrastructure development (Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility). 
At individual country level, Fiji continued to  be the main focus. The aim of the EU 
was to help restore democracy through th e promotion of an inclusive domestic 
political dialogue. Unfortunately, due to lack of progress on a number of agreed 
measures, the country lost in 2009 €32 m illion from the sugar budget line. Fiji and 
Papua New Guinea signed an Economic Pa rtnership Agreement with the EU. The 
Solomon Islands qualified for an additional €15.3 million from the vulnerability V-FLEX mechanism aimed at mitigating the impact of the global financial crisis. 
Timor-Leste also benefited from additional funding from the Instrument for Stability to further consolidate its remarkable polit ical and security pr ogress and Samoa and 
Tonga both received funding for tsunami relief. 
European Commission President José Manuel Barroso welcomed the leaders of 
Micronesia and Vanuatu to the 2009 Eu ropean Development Days, reflecting, inter 
alia, the importance the EU attaches to th e issue of climate change in the region. 
Climate change is and will remain at the ce ntre of Pacific concerns. The EU, together 
with relevant international players, will need  to increasingly engage with the Pacific 
region to ensure that ade quate funding combined with effective absorption capacity 
will be in place to deal with the negative impact of climate change. 
EN 72   EN 2.2.3.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
Most ACP countries and all OCTs in th e Pacific region are relatively small and 
isolated island states that depend on few development partners. Individual countries 
generally find it difficult to play a le ading role in donor c oordination, but 2009 saw a 
major breakthrough at regional level. In  August 2009, the Paci fic Forum leaders 
adopted at their annual meeting in Cair ns, Australia, the Cairns Compact on 
strengthening development coordination in  the Pacific. The key objective is to 
coordinate more effectively available de velopment resources from both Forum island 
countries and development pa rtners, measured against progress towards the MDGs. 
Development partners are urged to report on their efforts to reduce aid fragmentation, 
to reduce transaction costs and to improve aid effectiveness by greater use of partner 
country systems, multi-annual funding co mmitments, pooled funding, the delegation 
of aid delivery to lead donors and shared analytical work. 
In addition, the Commission is part of a fo rmal coordination process, which includes 
the region's main development partners, Au stralia and New Zealand, other bilateral 
donors and a number of multilateral agen cies. Exchange of information and 
experience with regard to budget support to Pacific countries has been an essential 
part of this process.  
At national level, the Commission has been  promoting increased donor coordination 
and the principles of division of labour. Di alogue and coordination of top priority 
issues, such as energy and climate change , have been strengthened as well as the 
dialogue on thematic issues such as aid for trade or the Pacific Regional 
Infrastructure Facility. Effective coordinati on mechanisms have been established for 
core aid sectors at country level and join t analysis is working reasonably well. In 
Tonga, for example, a joint European Co mmission mission with the World Bank, the 
International Union for Conservation of Nature and the Asian Development Bank in 
April 2009 led to the Tonga Energy Ro admap for 2010-2020, with the aim of 
achieving a significant reduction of fuel oil use in Tonga.  
In line with the EU backbone strategy on reforming technical cooperation, the 
establishment of parallel project manageme nt units has been largely avoided in the 
Pacific. Programme and project implementa tion is usually carried out by national 
authorising offices or through regional or ganisations using contribution agreements 
which allow these organisations to use th eir own systems of rules and procedures. 
2.2.3.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
Current indicators suggest that a number of MDGs will not be met by many Pacific 
ACP countries and OCTs, particularly t hose related to halving poverty (MDG 1), 
reducing child mortality by two thirds  (MDG 4), achieving universal primary 
education (MDG 2) and improving access to  safe water supply and sanitation (MDG 
7). Reducing poverty and hunger by half has so far seen the least progress among 
MDGs in the Pacific region. While some  countries like Samoa and Tonga, are 
making reasonable progress, others like Papua New Guinea or Timor-Leste are 
seriously off track with regard to most MDGs. In Kiribati, some indicators even 
show deterioration.  This is a serious situation, taki ng place as it does despite efforts 
by development partners to pr ovide significant resources for investment in growth 
and services in the region. While there have been positive changes in the way 
EN 73   EN development partners and governments work t ogether, there is still a need to further 
improve effectiveness thr ough prioritisation, c oordination, sound national plans, 
good governance and sustained dial ogue. This is the challeng e for the years ahead in 
order to improve the MDG achievement rate by 2015. 
2.2.3.4.  Implementation 
The year 2009 was marked by a consol idation and conclusion of ongoing 
cooperation programmes and the identifica tion and formulation of new programmes 
and projects to be funded from the 10th EDF. A total of €3.5 billion under the 10th 
EDF was committed during 2009. At the end of the year, 10th EDF funding for 
projects in the water and energy sectors wa s approved for most of the smaller Pacific 
islands, absorbing a large part of their respective allocations. Implementation will start in 2010. The greatest share of EDF commitments in 2009 was devoted to the transport sector (22%) a nd general budget support (21 %). Government and civil 
society accounted for 13% of the new programmes approved in 2009. Cooperation under the newly approved Annual Action Programmes will mainly focus on 
renewable energy and capacity building act ivities. The Commission's ongoing efforts 
have focused on sectors such as water, energy and rural development as well as support for institutional reforms and capacity  building. Enhanced productivity in the 
fisheries and agriculture sectors, re gional economic integr ation and capacity 
development for sustainable resources ma nagement are other important sector.  
With the exception of Fiji, where cooperation remained suspended during the course 
of the year, activities in the Pacific c ountries and OCTs continued. Fiji remained 
under the continued application of speci al measures in accordance with the 
provisions of Article 96 of the Cotonou Agreement. Full cooperation with Fiji will 
resume once the political situ ation returns to normal. 
Case study: Solomon Islands maritime infrastructure project 
The €8 million Solomon Islands Maritime Infrastructure Project II  provides for the 
construction of seven wharfs and the rehabilita tion of navigational aids . The construction of 
six wharfs was finalised in 2008. Indicators show some early benefits of the completed 
wharfs in terms of the increased frequenc y of shipping services and improved economic 
activities. The supply and installation of an  additional 42 navigation lights and other 
equipment started in 2009. 
Vanuatu is so far the only country in the region to receive budget support from the 
European Commission. In 2010 it will be followed by Samoa and possibly Solomon Islands. The latter was the only Pacific count ry to qualify for an allocation from the 
V-FLEX mechanism in 2009. However, a de cision on the use of the allocation has 
been deferred to 2010. 
Case study: Timor-Leste rural development project (RDP) 
Assistance to Timor-Leste is focusing on rural development. In this multi-sector field, 
important progress has been made. The RDP II is currently in its third year and concentrates 
on improving agricultural extension, value ch ains, community development, forestry 
management and rural infrastructure (i.e. road s) in two districts. The €10 million RDP III 
under the 9th EDF is still in its initial phase, focusing on agriculture, agribusiness and rural 
infrastructure rehabilitation in Manufahi distri ct. The objective is to contribute to the 
EN 74   EN development of national policies and strategies in selected areas while establishing 
associated activities in Manufahi district to ac t as a development model. The project also 
develops the capacities of partners and targ et groups and envisages the improvement of 
farming techniques so as to raise productivity. By using the ‘lessons learnt’ approach and by 
concentrating on only one district, the project provides promising opportunities for achieving 
significant impact.  
As concerns regional integration, the 10th EDF regional alloca tion was partially 
committed in 2009, targeting three different initiatives in the area of sustainable management of natural resources. In December 2009, the Commission approved a regional programme totalling €21.9 million to foster the governance and use of living 
and non-living marine resour ces of the Pacific.  
Case study: Facilitating agricultural commodity trade 
Increased commodity trade is the main and often the only option for substantial economic 
development and ultimately poverty alleviation. Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade 
(FACT)  is a pilot project targeting 14 Pacific countries. The programme is assisting selected 
commercial ventures and producers to become e xport-oriented and market-driven enterprises 
as well as increasing the quality and range of exports of agricultural forestry products. The 
improvement in the export competitiveness of commercial farmers in the Pacific is 
constrained by a lack of information and trai ning. They also lack financing in order to 
upgrade equipment and post-harvest facilities. The project has provided 14 selected 
agriculture and forestry enterprises and farmer s' ventures with commercial viability analysis 
as well as supply chain and marketing systems'  analyses. It also provided for technical 
interventions improving quality assurance, post- harvest and marketing systems. The project 
also facilitates closer cooperation between governments and the private sector, improving 
communication and information exchange along the commodity value chain and supporting 
fairer trade arrangements for Pacific Island agri culture and forestry producers and exporters.  
Papua New Guinea and Fiji signed an inte rim Economic Partnership Agreement with 
the EU in 2009. Under the agreement, all imports from Fiji and Papua New Guinea 
have duty-free and quota-free  access to the European ma rket. Fiji will remove 
customs duties on 87% of its imports from the EU over the next 15 years and Papua 
New Guinea will liberalise 88% in the first year. This interim EPA is a stepping stone to a future comprehensive regional agreement with all ACP countries in the 
Pacific region, covering not only trade in goods but also trad e-related rules and 
comprehensive cooperation to promote trade and investment.  
2.2.3.5.  Results 
European aid delivered to the region ha s generally contribu ted to enhancing 
livelihoods, thereby alleviating povert y and improving living conditions. One 
example is the support for energy initiatives  in Micronesia, Ma rshall, Niue, Nauru 
and Palau, whose implementation is comi ng to a close. The project aimed at 
improving energy efficiency and renewable energies. It has contributed to the 
training of energy technicians from nationa l utility companies and to improving each 
country's capacity to manage renewable en ergy systems. Particularly in the more 
remote outer islands, increased energy availability has provided more learning 
opportunities and small livelihood activities at household level. It also helped to 
improve the health-care situation as long-te rm storage of medicines or vaccines in 
dispensaries is now possible. Building lo cal ownership and the capacity of local 
management systems was an integral part  of the project implementation strategy. 
EN 75   EN Particular attention has been paid to s upporting the governments in formulating their 
energy policies and devising accompanying environmentally friendly measures. 
2.2.3.6.  Monitoring 
Six missions were carried out in the Paci fic, monitoring 63 operations in 15 partner 
countries, funded both from the EDF and the EU budget for a total of €243 million. 
Of these, 56 projects still had on- going activities, wh ile seven underwent ex-post  
monitoring. Ten ongoing regional programme s and their national components were 
also monitored.  
Projects are measured under the ROM system  as explained in previous sections of 
this document. The overall results for the Pacific show a satisfactory performance of 
ongoing country operations in 2009 with 64.3% falling into category II. Analysis of 
the frequency of ratings shows that 75% of the projects ar e relevant in their design, 
82% show good future impact prospect s and 58.9% good potential sustainability. 
55.4% are assessed as efficient and 51.8% as  effective. The weaker performance in 
terms of efficiency and effectiveness may be related to poor management of inputs, 
delays in the availability of  resources and difficulties in the delivery of outputs 
according to plan. 
Results of ongoing regional operations are pos itive in terms of overall performance 
with 69.5% falling in category II. 70% of th e programmes had a relevant design and 
100% presented good impact prospects. Ho wever, only 60% had good ratings for 
efficiency and effectiveness and only 50% were assessed potentially sustainable. 
This might be due to the fact that pe rformance of regional programmes may vary 
considerably from country to country, ev en if the overall management is good. The 
difference may also be linked to insuffi cient implementation capacity of regional 
organisations. 
Results by ODA sector of ongoi ng projects (see table) sh ow the best performance 
scores in the areas economic infrastructu re and services (76%), multisector and 
cross-cutting issues (72%), production ( 70%) as well as social  infrastructure and 
services (62.5%).  
Figure 12: Pacific - Performance per ODA sector % of frequency of ROM 
scores 
 
EN 76   EN Figure 13: Pacific- Performance of ongoing projects  
5,0%3,1%50,0%68,8%
64,3%
17,5%25,0%23,2%27,5%
3,1%12,5%
0%20%40%60%80%100%
2007 (40 projects) * 2008 (32 projects) 2009 (56 projects)Very good performance (minimum 3 a, no c, no d)
Good performance ( a, b, maximum 2 c, no d)
Performing with problems (a, b, minimum 3 c, no d)
Not performing, or having major difficulty (minimum 1 d )* Includin gmonitorin g  
Even though less representative due to the small amount of sample projects, the frequency of 
ratings of the o perations subject to ex-post  monitoring show best  results in terms of 
effectiveness (71%), followed by 58% for efficiency and 57% for real impact and actual sustainability. The lower figures may result from poor institutional capacity, lack of ownership, know-how  and inadequate training. 
2.2.3.7.  Prospects 
A challenge for the years to come will be the gradual move from project support to 
sector policy and budget s upport for aid delivery. This means an increasing 
percentage of aid flows will  be channelled through nationa l treasuries, in line with 
the Paris and Accra commitments on aid effec tiveness. For this re ason, a number of 
analytical studies will be needed to veri fy various countries' e ligibility to  receive 
budget support from the EU a nd an increased cooperation, pa rticularly with the IMF, 
regarding monitoring of national developmen ts. The EU Delegations in the region 
will increasingly focus on policy dialogue and reporting on macroeconomic developments as well as issues relate d to the management of public finances. 
Adjusting the EU's response to the challe nges the Pacific islands are facing as a 
result of climate change will be one of th e major tasks ahead. Already now, the EU is 
providing financial support to the University of the South Pacific in order to better 
reply to formal and informal education need s in terms of climate change adaptation 
and mitigation strategies. Some of the c ountries in the region are also likely to 
benefit from funding from the Gl obal Climate Change Alliance. 
2.2.4.  Intra-ACP programmes 
In 2009, the Commission continued to support the African peace and security agenda 
through the African Peace Facility  (APF). An amount of €3 00 million was approved 
EN 77   EN for the period 2009-2011.  In line with the priorities of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy  
and its Partnership on Peace and Security, the APF currently supports three  capacity 
building programmes with a total budget of €35 million to strengthen the African 
peace and security architecture. As the firs t set of capacity building programmes will 
end in June 2010, an additional €65 million were earmarked to consolidate what has been accomplished since 2004. The funding of African-led peace support operations represents another core activity of the APF. The African Union Mission to 
Somalia (AMISOM) played a key role in maintaining security in Mogadishu as well as providing support to the transitional federal government in its efforts to stabilise the country. In 2009, the mission received an additional allocation of €80 million. 
The multinational force MICOPAX, deploye d in the Central African Republic to 
consolidate peace and security, was a llocated a further €15 million. An early 
response mechanism has been established to finance preparatory stages of peace support operations or initial steps of mediation processe s, where urgent funding is 
required. A sum of €15 million was made available for this mechanism.  
In addition to the APF, the €55 million support programme for the African Union 
seeks to deepen the AU-EU partnership a nd to strengthen the overall institutional 
capacity of the AU. It is also to rein force the effective implementation of the 
partnership under the 10
th EDF. 
During 2009, 75 actions funded under the firs t ACP-EU energy facility progressed 
satisfactorily. It is projected to improve  the lives of around seven million people. 
Another €200 million have been allocated to a new Energy Facility  under the 10th 
EDF.  Besides contributing to poverty reduct ion through the provision of energy 
services, the new instrument actively promotes  the use of renewable energies to fight 
climate change. It also seeks increased part icipation from the private sector, together 
with a broader mobilisation of loan funding from European development banks 
through an innovative pooling mechanism. Th e first call for proposals of the 
replenished energy facility was launc hed in November 2009, concentrating on 
improved access to energy services, energy management and governance, while focusing on renewable energies and efficiency. For further details Æ 1.10  
A new allocation of €200 million to the ACP-EU Water Facility  under the 10
th EDF 
was approved by the Commission in Decembe r 2009. The water facility contributes 
to improving water governance and management of water resources as well as to the 
sustainable development and maintenance of  water infrastructure. It also helps 
achieve the water and sanitation MDG, wh ich is to halve by 2015 the proportion of 
people without sustainable access to safe  drinking water and basic sanitation. 
Following a stakeholder consultation pro cess in 2009, guidelines were drafted for 
two calls for proposals to be published in 2010 to address the above-mentioned 
objectives . 
Core components of the €25 million Migration Facility  in favour of regional and 
national institutions as well as civil soci ety organisations were agreed in 2009, 
aiming to support ACP states with the ma nagement of intra-ACP migratory flows 
and their consequences.   
The Annual Action Programme 2009 fo r intra-ACP cooperation under the 10th EDF, 
benefiting all ACP states, was approved in  November 2009 with funding of some 
€800 million, including allocations for the energy and water facilities. It is part of a 
cooperation agreement between the European Commission and the ACP group of 
EN 78   EN states signed in March 2009 for a total of €2.7 billion. It represents 12% of the total 
resources of the 10th EDF. It covers the fields of climate change, infrastructure and 
networks, science and research, educati on and culture, trade and private sector 
development. These programmes will b ecome operational from 2010. In addition to 
these 10th EDF resources, a series of 9th EDF projects are still being implemented. 
The new BizClim Facility  is a joint ACP-EU initiative financed under the 9th EDF to 
foster a business-enabling environment in  ACP countries or regions by improving 
legislation, institutional frameworks and financial measures relating to the private sector and by reforming state-owned enterp rises. It will be allocated €10 million and 
is expected to commence its activities in mid-2010. 
Pro€Invest, one of the European Commi ssion's largest support programmes for 
private sector development in the AC P countries with global funding of €110 
million, has now established a solid project portfolio. At the end of 2009, 22 contracts were awarded worth €21.2 million th rough a series of calls for proposals. 
Through the EU/ACP microfinance pr ogramme, the Commission continued 
supporting the development of strong domestic  financial systems that work for the 
poor. A new programme worth €15 million was approved in 2009 to ensure 
continuation of activities when the exis ting programme is phased out during 2010. 
The €50 million TradeCom facility continued to enhance capacity on trade policy issues, committing approximately €12 million for new projects in 2009. The Commission has continued its support for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries 
initiative (HIPC) both as a donor and cred itor. The contributions as a donor to the 
World Bank debt relief trust fund are used to fund the participation of the African 
Development Bank in the initiative. The Co mmission participation as a creditor has 
provided more than €21 million in de bt relief to eligible HIPCs.  
In the education sector, there ar e 66 ongoing projects under the Edulink  programme, 
providing support to ACP higher education institutions. Support continued for the 
catalytic fund under the Education for All – Fa st Track Initiative in  favour of primary 
education (€63 million). An additional €18 million were allocated to allow ACP 
students to participate in the Erasmus Mundus partnershi ps programme. Significant 
progress has been made on the preparation of the new ACP academic and student mobility programme that will foster South- South cooperation. As part of EU support 
programmes for the ACP film and cultural in dustries, two calls for proposals were 
organised in 2009. As a result, 30 grant co ntracts for a total value of €8.7 million 
were signed by the Commission in 2009.  
The EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund  significantly accelerated its 
implementation in 2009 by approving 13 new pr ojects. This brings  the total to 21 
grant operations, amounting to €123 million and mobilising €1.7 billion for project 
financing.   
Case study: EU-Africa infrastructure trust fund 
Improving infrastructure and infrastructure-related services are at the heart of reducing 
poverty, achieving sustainable economic growth, promoting regional trade and fostering 
regional integration. The EU-Africa infrastru cture trust fund is an  innovative financial 
instrument launched in 2007. It encourages the financing of cross-border and regional 
infrastructure projects in Sub-Saharan Africa in the energy, water, transport and 
telecommunications sectors, which facilitate in terconnectivity and regional integration. The 
EN 79   EN trust fund combines grants from the European Commission and EU Member States with 
long-term loan finance made available by  the European Investment Bank and EU 
development financiers, in partnershi p with the African Development Bank. 
In the area of rural and agricultural development, the second and final tranche 
(€15 million) of the All-ACP Agricultural Commodities Programme was allocated to 
the implementing international organisati ons. A new sanitary and phyto-sanitary 
programme under the 10th EDF worth €35 million was approved, contributing to the 
improvement of the quality and conformity of the ACP fruit and vegetable sector and 
to the activities of the standards and trad e development facility hosted by the WTO.  
Figure 14 EDF - Breakdown by sector of external aid financed on the European Development Fund 
(EDF) managed by EuropeAid in 2009
Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € million
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA. Excl non-ODA resources (Peace facility,…).905 M€; 27%
397 M€; 11%785 M€; 22%116 M€; 3%
870 M€; 25%428 M€; 12%Social infrastructures: education,  health,
water, government and civil societ y,ot her 
Economic infrastructures and services:transport,  communications,  energy, otherservices
Product ion: agriculture, forestry andfishing,  industry,  mining andconst ruction, trade and t ourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,ot her
Budget support, f ood aid, food security
Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
980 M€; 33%
550 M€; 19% 285 M€; 10%183 M€; 6%241 M€; 8%
714 M€; 24%Social infrastruct ures:  education, health,
water, government and civil society,other 
Economic infrast ructures and services:transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture,  forestry and
fishing, industry, mining andconstruction, t rade and tourism
Multisector/crosscut ting: environment,other
Budget support , food aid, food security
Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
 
EN 80   EN Figure 15 EDF - Regional breakdown of external aid financed on the European 
Devel opm ent Fund (EDF ) manag ed by  Euro peAi d in 2009
Commitments in € 
millionDisbursement s in  
€ million
Africa 3 070               2 496               
Caribbean 333                  243                  
Pacific 87                    57                    
Overseas Countries & Territories -                   6                      
ACP Unallocated 11                    150                  
Total 3 502               2 953               
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA. Excl non-ODA resources (Peace facility,…). 
EN 81   EN Figure 1 6: EDF - Gene ra l and sec tor budget support per country
Com mitments in € million
CountryGBS / 
SBSSector Description Total
Benin GBS Poverty reductionGeneral budget support- Poverty reduction (Stratégie de 
crois sance pour la réduct ion de la pauv ret é)       26,40   
Benin SBS Road transportSector support programme in the area of transport 
(PAST)      25,00   
Bot swana SBSEducation policy and 
administrative managementHum an resource developm ent sector policy support 
programme       60,00   
Burkina Faso GBS General budget support Poverty reduction budget support 2005-2008         5,42   
Burkina Faso SBSBasic drinking water supply 
and basic sanitationSector support programme - W ater supply and water 
sanitation (PAPS-AEPA 2009-2014)      50,00   
Burundi GBS General budget  supportBudget support programme - macroeconomic 
stabilisation         6,37   
Burundi GBS General budget support Budget support programme - econom ic recovery       14,33   
Cape Verde SBS Multisector aidBudget support-  development of the Special 
Partnership      11,50   
Cent ral Af rican 
RepublicGBS General budget support Support to econom ic stabilisation       12,21   
Com oros GBS General budget support Budget support programme socio-economic stabilisation         7,27   
Congo (DRC) GBS General budget support Budget support programme - economic stabilisation       22,62   
Ghana GBS General budget support Poverty reduction budget support (PRBS 3)         6,02   
Ghana GBS General budget  support MDG Cont rac t (MDG-C)       35,00   
Ghana SBSEnvironmental policy and 
administrative managementGhana - Natural Resource and Environmental 
Governance - SPSP        8,00   
Grenade GBS General budget  supportPoverty reduction through private sector development 
employment and growth        5,29   
Guinea-Bissau GBS General budget support Budget support - stabilisation         3,77   
Guinea- Bissau GBS General budget  support Budget  support  -  stabilisat ion  2009/11       11,18   
Haiti GBS General budget support Budget support programme         2,58   
Haiti GBS General budget  supportGeneral budget support - National growth and poverty 
reduction strategy         5,00   
Haiti GBS General budget  supportGeneral budget support - National growth and poverty 
reduction strategy       30,00   
Jamaica GBS General budget support Tropical Storm Gustav Rehabilitation         1,90   
Mauritius GBS General budget support Improved Competitiveness for Equitable Development       10,90   
Mauritius GBS General budget  support Promoting Sust ainable and Equit able Development       34,09   
Liberia GBS General budget support Budget support for macroeconomic stabilisation       20,20   
Malawi GBS General budget support Poverty reduction budget support programme 2         8,89   
Malawi GBS General budget support Poverty reduction budget support  III       25,00   
Mali GBS General budget  supportMultiannual programme - Support to the strategic 
framework- Poverty reduction         7,70   
Mali SBS Agricultural water resourcesSupport Programme - Implementation of the Niger 
Office's contract plan  (PAMOCP-ON)      30,00   
Mali SBSDecentralisation and support to 
subnational governmentSupport Programme - administrative reform , 
decentralisation and regional economic developm ent       75,00   
Niger SBSFood aid/Food security 
program mesSupport programme - food security         6,90   
Mozambique GBS General budget support Poverty reduction       12,11   
 
EN 82   EN Rwanda GBS General budget support Budget support - poverty reduction         9,44   
Rwanda SBSAgricultural policy and 
administrative managementSector budget support for decentralised agriculture       20,00   
Rwanda SBS Legal and judicial developmentSector budget support for the reconcilation, law and 
order sector      12,00   
Samoa 
(W estern) SBSW ater resources policy and 
administrative managementW ater and sanitation sector solicy support programme       15,30   
Seychelles GBS General budget support Seychelles Economic Reform Programme       16,50   
Sierra Leone GBS General budget support Budget support- poverty reduction         6,42   
Sierra Leone GBS General budget support General budget support       12,00   
Tanzania GBS General budget support  Budget support - poverty reduction 2006-2008       14,84   
Tanz ania SBS Road trans portRoad transport sector policy support programme 
(T ranSP)      70,00   
Tanzania GBS General budget support MDG Contract (2009/2015)     305,00   
Togo GBS General budget support Budget support - poverty reduction       15,00   
Zambia GBS General budget support  MDG CONTRACT       30,00   
Grand Total  1.107,15   
GBS : General budget support
SBS : Sector budget support  
2.2.5.  OCTs 
2.2.5.1.  Introduction 
In accordance with part four of the EU Tr eaty, OCTs are closely associated with the 
European Union. The purpose of this association "shall be to promote the economic and social development of the countries and territories and to establish close 
economic relations between them and the Union as a whole." 
The original list of OCTs in cluded countries and territorie s which have since become 
independent and sovereign countries located in Africa, in the Ca ribbean and in the 
Pacific. Consequently, a parallel has been established between the association linking 
the OCTs to the European Union and the relations between the ACP countries and the EU. 
Nevertheless since 2003, the OCTs and the four Member States  with which they 
have special relations have been calling for a better recognition of the OCTs specific status and suggested building a new relations hip with the OCTs based on their close 
link with the EU. An overall review of re lations between the EU and the OCTs was 
proposed, including a possible substantial revision of the detailed rules and 
procedures governing th e OCT-EU association. 
As a first step, the Commission published a green paper on 25 June 2008 to launch 
discussion of the opportunity of replacing  the current OCT-ACP parallelism by an 
innovative partnership strate gy for the OCTs tailored to  their specific status and 
situation, based on the close link and so lidarity between the OCTs and the EU. 
Based on the outcome of the public consu ltation launched by the Green Paper, the 
Commission published a Co mmunication on 6 November 2009. This set out the 
EN 83   EN Commission's standpoint on the essential elem ents for establishing a new partnership 
between the EU and the OCTs. The inten tion of the Communica tion is to suggest 
more focused cooperation, to concentrate on issues of mutual interest and to narrow 
the scope of cooperation accordingly. 
Three central objectives have been identified: (i) to enhance the competitiveness of 
the OCTs, (ii) to strengthen their resilien ce and reduce OCTs vulnerability and (iii) 
to promote cooperation between OCTs and th eir regional, European and international 
partners.  
The Communication provides a guide for the further work in replacing the current 
Overseas Association Decision wh en it expires on 31 December 2013. 
Numerous issues will have to be studied including: impact of regional integration, 
principal challenges and the opportunities  of each OCT, identification of their 
potential, their level of competitivene ss, possible adaptation of the rules of 
origin, possible financing mechanisms. Th e technical studies relating to these 
subjects will be conducted in 2010. 
Following the publication of the Communicatio n, the Council of Mi nisters adopted a 
set of conclusions on 22 December 2009. 
Cooperation between the EU and the OCTs is implemented via the EDF. In the 
current programming period 2008-2013, OCTs will have a budget of €286 million. The territorial allocations take the form  of budgetary support while the regional 
allocation of €40 million will be implemented through a project approach. 
Throughout 2009, the European Commission services worked closely with the OCTs 
on the programming of the 10
th EDF which should be completed by the end of 2010. 
2.2.5.2.  Implementation 
A new Technical Cooperation Facility for €2 million under the 10th EDF covering all 
OCTs was approved in 2009.  The Commission followed up a request from the OCTs 
to set up a bureau for the administrative management of EU-OCT cooperation and 
intra-OCT coordination in order to improve the management of EDF funds destined for the OCTs. 
The 9
th EDF territorial allocations for OCTs have come to their final stage of 
implementation.  Three OCTs currently recei ve funds through budget support.  In St. 
Pierre and Miquelon, the ongoing sector s upport programme for environmental and 
transport policies (€19 million) will enter its last  year in 2010.  Sector budget support 
for infrastructure development in St. Helena and the dependencies Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Islands will run until 2011. The €4.5 million sector budget support programme for trade development in th e Falkland Islands ended in 2009. 
Preparations for the programming of the 10
th EDF allocations are ongoing.  
In all Pacific OCTs, apart from New Cale donia, implementation has been slow and 
the preparation of new interventions under the 10th EDF is much delayed. Even 
though the Association Agreement for th e Pacific OCTs does foresee a move 
towards budget support as the preferred form of aid deli very, none of the countries, 
apart from New Caledonia, is yet eligible. 
EN 84   EN Support for Greenland from the EU budget continued for the third year with a 
disbursement of €27 million in budget support for the education and vocational 
training sector. This contribu tes to the government's effo rts to raise the education 
level of the Greenland workforce in view  of enhancing economic development and 
improving living conditions. 
In the Caribbean, all seven OCTs started to  benefit from the €5 million regional risk 
reduction initiative funded by the EDF a nd implemented by the UNDP and the 
Caribbean Emergency and Disaster Manage ment Agency. The programme will assist 
the OCTs to develop local capacities and provide them with tools, such as spatial data infrastructure and models as well as  best practises to support comprehensive 
disaster management. 
Anguilla, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands benefit from sector budget 
support under the 9
th EDF. Progress was limited in 2009 as only the second tranche 
(amounting to €4 million) of the trade in services sector programme in Montserrat could be disbursed. In the Turks and Caic os Islands, no disbursement was possible 
due to the government's inability to meet any of the agreed indicators on improved public finance management. It was decided to mobilise technical assistance of up to €2 million to assist the government in impl ementing the necessary reforms. Aruba, 
the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands receive project support. In Aruba, 
projects for the National Museum (€4.5 million to renovate buildings) and the 
National Park Arikok (€7 million for new in frastructure) were completed and opened 
in July 2009. On the Cayman Islands, a €7 million project for housing reconstruction following Hurricane Ivan, which caused major damage in September 2004, was completed. Some 300 houses for low-inco me households were repaired and 50 
houses rebuilt. Delegation agreements were concluded for two infrastructure programmes in the Netherlands Antilles, receiving an overall contribution of €44 
million. 
Case study: The National Museum and the Arikok National Park in Aruba 
On 26 July 2009, the revamped Aruba Na tional Archaeological Museum and Arikok 
National Park were officially inaugurate d. The museum complex, to which the EU 
contributed €4.5 million, offers an authentic glim pse into 5 000 years of regional history in a 
complex of restored colonial-type buildings a nd a modern state-of-the-art section for ancient 
artefacts. The EU contributed €7 million to th e Arikok National Park's three-year makeover, 
rehabilitating roads and paths for visitors as we ll as installing a wind turbine and solar panels 
that make the site a landmark for innovative energy management. The park occupies 18% of 
Aruba's landmass and is home to countless indi genous flora and fauna. In addition to local 
visitors, both museum and park are anticipa ting an estimated 829 000 visitors and 578 000 
cruise ship passengers per year. The museum and park and are expected to become 
financially self-sufficient in 2013.  
Only limited progress was made in programming 10th EDF resources. Although 
PEFA-based assessments on public finance management were successfully concluded for Anguilla, Aruba  and Montserrat, no final ag reement could be reached 
on budget support programmes in other OCTs. For the Turks and Caicos Islands, project support is now being discussed to  assist in the reconstruction efforts 
following the damage caused by Hurricane Ike in 2008. The 10
th EDF programmes 
for all Caribbean OCTs are expected to be finalised in 2010. 
EN 85   EN 2.3. Development Cooperation Instrument  
Launched in January 2007, the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI) replaces 
a wide range of geographic and thematic instruments which was created over time. 
The DCI covers three components: 1) geographic programmes supporting coopera tion with 47 developing countries in 
Latin America, Asia and Central Asia, the Gulf region (Iran, Iraq and Yemen) and South Africa. 2) thematic programmes benefiting all developing countries. These programmes 
support actions in the following fields: 
• investing in people;  
• environment and sustainable management of  natural resources including energy;  
• non-state actors and local authorities in development;  
• food security;  
• migration and asylum.  
3) programme of accompanying measures for the 18 ACP sugar protocol countries, 
in order to help them adjust following the reform of the EU sugar regime. 
2.3.1.  Asia 
2.3.1.1.  Introduction 
EU-Asia relations continued to expand during 2009. The European Union’s overall 
objective has been the pursuit  of an increasingly close relationship with Asia by 
going beyond traditional cooper ation, to economic integra tion and deeper political 
cooperation.  
The strategic framework for the Commissi on’s actions in Asia  is based on the 
Commission’s Communication Europe and Asia  of 2001, which concentrates on the 
following themes for EU-Asia cooperation: political and security issues, economics, 
development, energy securit y, climate change/environment as well as socio-cultural 
affairs and regional integrat ion within ASEAN. Cooperation and policy approaches 
with Asian sub-regions and countries ha ve been developed through a series of 
follow-up Communications on south-east Asia, India and China. Asia is 
characterised by a tremendous diversity in terms of political, ec onomic, security and 
social systems. Although Asia made pr ogress during 2008 towards the achievement 
of the Millennium Development Goals, pove rty remains a signifi cant challenge; the 
region is still home to two thirds of the pl anet’s poor people. In addition, the global 
financial crisis is impeding progress to wards the MDGs. Nevertheless, Asia has 
become Europe’s main trading partner, acc ounting for a third of Europe’s total trade 
flows and a third of its investment abroad. Strengthening EU-Asia relations 
continued therefore to be one of the EU ’s external policy priorities during 2009.
 The 
EU has been fostering dialogue and cooperati on with all Asian partner countries and 
numerous sub-regional partners and polic y fora, such as the Asia-Europe Meeting 
(ASEM), the Association of South-East  Asia Nations (ASEAN), the ASEAN 
Regional Forum (ARF) and the South Asia n Association for Regional Cooperation 
(SAARC).  
To further strengthen political and econom ic relations, regular summits took place 
during 2009, within the ASEM framework. The 9th ASEM foreign ministers’ 
meeting, held in Vietnam in May 2009, built on the successful 7th ASEM summit 
(Beijing, 2008) and looked into enhancing As ia-Europe cooperation in addressing the 
EN 86   EN global economic slowdown, taking forward th e elements of the Beijing declaration 
on sustainable development. The 1st ASEM energy ministerial meeting in Brussels in 
June 2009 was the opportunity to discuss a ra nge of topics related to international 
energy policies, sustainable energy choices, and global ener gy markets and trade. In 
2010, the 8th ASEM summit will take place in Octobe r in Brussels. In this context, 
the Commission will sponsor a high-level ASEM development conference in 2010 in 
Europe to address future development policy for Asia in the light of evolving economic and regulatory challenges.  
The 11
th China-EU summit was held in Pra gue on 20 May 2009. Both sides stressed 
that EU-China relations increasingly take on an international dimension and reaffirmed their active commitment to p eace, stability, securi ty, prosperity and 
sustainable development in the world. Discu ssions focused on bilateral relations, the 
global economic and financial crisis, climate change and energy security, as well as 
an exchange of views on regional issues. The Second EU-China high-level economic 
and trade dialogue mechanism (HLM) took pl ace in Brussels in May. The presence 
of 14 Commissioners and Dire ctors-General on the EU side and the Vice-Premier 
and a delegation of 12 minister s and vice-ministers on the Chinese side made it the 
largest high-level meeting between the EU and China outside the EU-China summits. The HLM will be followed up in the appr opriate dialogues and working groups.  
The 10
th EU-India summit took place in Novemb er 2009 in New Delhi. Discussions 
centred on global issues such as streng thening the multilateral system, climate 
change and energy, internat ional financial crisis a nd the global economy, food 
security and rural poverty, human ri ghts, terrorism, disarmament and non-
proliferation, and peace-keeping, in addi tion to regional and bilateral issues. 
The first-ever EU-Pakistan summit took place in Brussels in June 2009. The leaders 
of the EU and Pakistan agreed on substant ial measures to strengthen their mutual 
engagement by initiating strategic dialogue on their common commitment to 
development, education, science and technology, security, counter-terrorism, 
strengthening democracy, human rights and en hancing trade. The leaders reaffirmed 
their commitment to strengthen cooperat ion within the framework of the United 
Nations and in multilateral fora to address global concerns, including in the areas of 
development, environment, energy, disarmament and arms control, including arms trade and the non-prolifer ation of weapons of ma ss destruction (WMDs). 
The new Action Plan for Afghanistan and Pa kistan agreed by the Council in October 
2009 gives the opportunity to help build an Afghan govern ment responsive to the 
needs and concerns of the Afghan people as  part of a coherent EU contribution 
within a coordinated in ternational response. It also unde rlines that Pakistan should be 
a stable democracy free from terror and able  to join with its neighbours in defence 
against these threats. The Action Plan builds on the commitments made at the EU-Pakistan Summit.  
The European Commission is actively negot iating free trade agreements with India 
and countries of ASEAN, as well as Fr amework and Partnership and Cooperation 
Agreements with China and several ASEAN countries. In December 2009, EU Member States gave the green light to  the Commission to pursue negotiations 
towards free trade agreements with i ndividual ASEAN countri es, beginning with 
Singapore. 
EN 87   EN To meet the development challenges that lie ahead and further deepen EU-Asia 
relations, the Commission has adopted 18 individual country strategies and a 
regional strategy, covering cooperation w ith Asia for the period 2007-2013. The 
budget for these activities is some €5.2 billion. Relevant multi-annual indicative programmes for 2007-2010 are being implemente d and were the object of a mid-term 
review in 2008-2009. Related multi-annual indicative programmes for 2011-2013 are 
being prepared.  
In 2009, the EU continued to use its coopera tion instruments in a coherent manner 
through regular political dialogue, enhanced  economic and trade cooperation and the 
efficient use of all financial instruments in place. The EU remains determined to 
strengthen multilateralism by working as closely as possible with the competent international organisations on cooperation with Asia, notably with the UN and its 
agencies, the Asian Development Bank and ot her international financial institutions 
and partners.  
In parallel with the DCI-fin anced activities, preparatory actions have been launched 
for the third consecutive y ear in China and in India to support EU research and 
business activities, and for the second consecutive year in several Asian middle income countries. Progress has been made  in developing coordinated calls for 
proposals in selected research  fields of mutual intere st. India launched a joint 
coordinated call on renewable energy (sol ar) with a total EU-India budget of €10 
million. China issued a specific call on aeron autics with a total EU-China budget of 
€6 million.  
2.3.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
The Commission has taken further steps to im prove effectiveness of external aid in 
most countries in Asia. Progress has b een most encouraging in countries like 
Bangladesh,
 Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam, but  also in Burma/Myanmar, where 
the Commission has played a key role in joint donor programmes such as the Three 
Diseases Fund and the education sector. For Afghanistan and Pakistan, the EU's 
Action Plan for enhanced EU engageme nt includes important sections on aid 
effectiveness. In Indonesia, the Commission started with Austra lia its biggest-ever 
sector budget support programme in Asia in the field of education. 
New joint management implementation mode s were initiated th rough transfer and 
delegation agreements. This procedure is  to be applied to strengthen labour 
legislation in Bangladesh, sc hool sector reform in Nepa l, vocational education in 
Pakistan and the health sector in Vietnam.  
In line with the major in ternational commitments on ai d effectiveness adopted in 
Paris and Accra, the Commission is pr omoting budget support and sector policy 
support programmes to improve aid effectiveness in Asia and Central Asia. It supports sector reforms through the country 's institutions, thereby maximising 
ownership, leadership and responsibility of its partners. The Commission thus 
engages with the partner country in a reform- and results-o riented way through 
policy dialogue, and in coor dination with other donors. 
In 2009, 28% of the actions prepared for comm itment in Asia were in the form of 
budget support. This represents a consid erable increase over the 2008 level of19%. 
EN 88   EN On MIP 2007-2010, in the Asian countries eligible for budget support, 64% of 
assistance is channelled through each country's own budget. 
The focus of budget support programmes in As ia and Central Asia is to support 
reforms and efforts towards the achievemen t of MDGs, especially in education, 
health and to eliminate extreme poverty.  
2.3.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
Despite the impressive growth by most count ries in the region, Asia is still home to 
600 million people living in poverty. The dyna mic economic growth has not been 
inclusive enough, and has not sufficiently benefited the poorest members of the 
population. In China, which has succeeded in halving its poor population, 135 million people continue to live in conditions of extreme poverty.  
As far as 2015 target on reducing poverty is concerned, Thailand, Malaysia, the 
Maldives and Vietnam are early achievers. China and Sri Lanka are well on track. 
The percentage of people living on less than $1.25 a day, however, remains 
particularly high in Nepal (55%), Bangladesh (50%) and Lao PDR (44%). 
Even countries which have experienced ra pid economic growth in recent years are 
lagging behind on MDG 1 (eradicating extreme poverty and hunger), notably Cambodia, Mongolia, Pakistan, but also India and the Philippines de spite their status 
as middle-income countries.  
Combating social exclusion and poverty, promoting inclusive growth and building 
cohesive societies constitute therefore the keystone of the EU's development cooperation partnerships. Under the De velopment Cooperation Instrument, EU 
development cooperation has contributed to  the progress of th e Asian countries 
towards the MDGs.  
Particular priority is given to the soci al sectors. 32% of funds committed in 2009 
were allocated to health a nd primary and secondary education. In Asia, the EU is 
providing assistance to improve primary school completion rate s and quality of 
education, alleviate child hunge r (and malnutrition), and promote gender equality in 
secondary and tertiary education. In th e health sector, th e Commission supported 
programmes aimed at improving access of th e poor to health se rvices, with the 
particular goal of reducing in fant and child mortality in s outh and central Asia and to 
improve maternal health  in all sub-regions. 
During 2009, budget support helped to mitigate the development impact of the 
financial crisis on MDG progress. In the ma jority of least developed and low-income 
countries, economic growth rates typically  fell by 4-7% to around 0% to 3% which 
significantly constrained fis cal space for social spending and reforms. EU budget 
support programmes, generally implemented in partnership with other donors, have contributed to ensuring that governments were able to go on implementing vital 
overall and sector-specific MDG reforms. 
The EU also pays particular attention to environmental issues by contributing to the 
replenishment of forest cover, lower CO
2 emissions and better access to safe water 
and sanitation in rural areas. 
EN 89   EN Case study: Asia Pro-Eco programme - impl ementing voluntary approaches for urban 
environmental management in China 
The project aims at improving energy efficiency  and reducing industrial  emissions and waste 
through the adoption of voluntary agreements  between selected local governments and 
companies. Taking the example of Nanjing, volun tary agreements have been made with six 
companies from the cement, petrochemical, power, steel and automobile sectors. Thanks to 
this project, the cement factory was able to construct a power plant that now supplies two 
thirds of the factory's electricity based on th e recovery of waste heat. The success of this 
power plant in reducing both energy consumpti on and costs led the factory to install this 
technology in other branches all over China. The six companies in Nanjing achieved a total 
energy saving of 18 petajoule, a reduction in su lphur dioxide of 9 259 tonnes and chemical 
oxygen demand pollution of 1 567 tonnes in 2008. 
2.3.1.4.  Implementation 
In 2009, €700 million were committed to Asia for policy and reform-oriented 
projects and programmes through beneficiarie s' national institutions , many of them in 
partnership with other donors, including EU Member States. 
Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger 
In 2009, the EU maintained its commitment  to help Asian countries eradicate 
extreme poverty and hunger (MDG 1), inter alia , by deploying food security 
programmes in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Burma/Myanmar. In Bangladesh, for example, the food and livelihoods security  project (€24 million allocated in 2009) 
contributes to the improvement of the food security of rural ultra-poor small farmers 
and rural day labourers  and their dependants. Moreover,  the project builds capacities 
of local government bodies, local non-governmental and community-based organisations. The RAHA programme in Paki stan will promote sustainable rural 
development in the refugee affected and hosting areas of Pakistan. Measures in favour of uprooted people, co ntributing to rebuilding live lihoods and rehabilitating 
infrastructure, were also put in place in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Burma/Myanmar, as well as  in Indonesia and Thailand
.  
Support Health, combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases  
As far as health is concerned, €20 million was allocated to fight infectious diseases at 
regional level. Moreover, the Commission maintained its support for the health 
sector reform agenda of the government  of the Philippines contributing €36 million 
to the Policy Support Programme II. The mid-term review confirmed the relevance of the programme and further support will be granted to achieve MDG 5.  
Achieve primary and higher education 
In Indonesia, the Commission helps fund ba sic education through the use of sector 
budget support (€144.5 million in 2009 to be followed by additional €56.5 in 2010). The joint EC-AusAID Education Sector S upport Programme will support Indonesia's 
education strategic plan 2010-2014 policies and strategies nationwide. These seek to 
achieve equitable access to high-quality  basic education, improved quality and 
relevance of basic education and im proved governance and accountability. The 
Nepal school sector budget support aims to  expand access and improve the quality of 
EN 90   EN student learning. In addition to basic e ducation, this programme includes early 
childhood education, secondary education, vocational traini ng and adult literacy. In 
Bangladesh, the Commission is providing further support to strengthening basic 
education in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The regional Erasmus Mundus programme promotes education and research excha nge for student scholarships, while the 
Tempus programme aims at modernising hi gher education systems and institutions. 
In Pakistan support for basic education is provided in the North-West Frontier 
Provinces while the TVET programme  will address vocational training. 
Case study: Higher Education – student exchange under Asia and central Asia 
windows of Erasmus Mundus 
In the field of development cooperation, Erasmus Mundus aims to contribute to the 
sustainable development of third countries in hi gher education, and to promote inter-cultural 
understanding. Over the period 20 07-2009 an allocation of just  under €110 million was made 
to encourage student mobility between Asia a nd Europe on degree, masters, doctorate, and 
post-doctorate courses. To date, over 4 500 stude nts and academic staff have benefited from 
being able to participate in courses run by universities in Europe and Asia. Furthermore, 
partnerships have been established between 23 consortia of universities in Asia and Central 
Asia for the promotion of student mobility. 
Improve governance and the rule of law, development, and poverty reduction 
The Commission contributed to the improve ment of good governance and respect for 
human rights and the rule of law in a large number of Asian countries. The 
Commission deployed programme s to strengthen the rule of law and security in 
Indonesia. It also supported dialogue  on governance in the Philippines and in 
Vietnam. It sustained polic y dialogue and public admi nistration in China; and 
contributed to improve public financial management in Bangladesh and governance 
and human rights in Cambodia and Lao PDR. In Sri Lanka, the Commission 
supported internally displaced persons, both as regards restoring livelihoods as well 
as protecting rights. Sin ce 2007, support for public finance management has been 
provided to Bangladesh, Cambodia and Lao PDR. In Pakistan, it went on education 
sector budget support. A total of €110 m illion was committed in 2009 to support the 
electoral process and to provide regular and accountab le remuneration to the Afghan 
national police in order to strength en law and order in Afghanistan.  
Strengthening poverty reduction through ec onomic development and social cohesion 
The EU is committed to promoting sustai nable growth through economic and trade 
development and improving social cohesion in  order to deliver higher incomes, thus 
impacting significantly on poverty reducti on. The Commission is enhancing trade 
capacity in Bangladesh, China, India, I ndonesia, Lao PDR, Pakistan, Philippines, 
Thailand, Sri Lanka and Vietnam and, at the regional level, in ASEAN. ASEAN 
received support in the areas of air transport, intellectua l property rights and for its 
Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiati ons. The Commission funded multilateral 
trade policy assistance project s in Vietnam, and successfu lly supported the ministries 
involved in the WTO accession process. It enhanced the role of small and medium 
enterprises (SMEs) in order to attain sust ainable economic and so cial development in 
Asia through instruments like the Sw itch regional programme, which promotes 
sustainable consumption and production.  
EN 91   EN Case study: Trans-Eurasia information network (TEIN3)  
TEIN established a high-capacity internet networ k that enables researchers and universities 
in less developed countries in Asia to gain  access to technologies, knowledge and research 
data from their bigger Asian partners or the EU. Countries like Cambodia, Vietnam and 
Nepal benefit from access to medical data through telemedicine. The Philippines obtains 
advice on typhoon predictions from German meteorologists. And Indonesia uses earth 
observations for fire watching. At the end of 2009, the project welcomed six new countries – 
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 
Protecting the environment and promoting clean energy  
Environmental cooperation with China t ook a major step forw ard with a large 
programme to support a clean energy centre and an Institute for Clean and Renewable Energy (ICARE), and to promote environmental governance. New regional programmes concerning climate cha nge and environment were prepared to 
promote Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) and Switch.  
Case study: Pakistan – Water management for thirsty crops 
With over 65% of its population directly or i ndirectly dependant on agriculture, the sector 
plays a crucial role in the economy of Paki stan. However, agricultural demand for fresh 
water is expected to outstrip supply by 2025 a nd the consequences of  this on livelihoods, 
food security and ecology are a major concern. The project focused on reducing the need for 
water (through improvement of irrigation techni ques) and decreasing the use of chemical 
fertilisers and pesticides. From 2006 to 2009 , 28 000 farmers learned how to minimise 
pesticide use and better unders tand health and environment issues by attending courses on 
best management practices. As a result, farmers noted significant savings in production costs 
(30% in the case of cotton and 18% for sugar cane), thus increasing their profit margin. The 
more environmentally friendly approach reduced  by almost 20% the need for treatment of 
skin and respiratory diseases of workers in ch arge of spreading pesticides (all of them 
women). 
2.3.1.5.  Results  
Through its development cooperation activi ties, the Commission has maintained its 
commitment to help Asian countries to ach ieve the MDGs. Measures financed by the 
DCI in Asia contributed to alleviate extreme poverty, improve health systems, foster 
universal primary education and promote th e use of sustainable sources of energy.  
The Commission, for example, has substantia lly contributed to the achievement of 
MDG 2 (universal primary education) in Bangladesh through its participation in the 
second primary education development programme (see case study).  
Case study: Bangladesh - All girls to  school: a key priority for the EU 
Thanks to the long-term support of the Commission and other donors, Bangladesh has made 
spectacular progress in alleviating gender disp arities in primary and secondary education. 
MDG 2 to provide universal primary education has been reached. In 2003, the Commission 
contributed €105 million to the $1.8 billion sub-sector-wide second primary education 
development programme (PEDP II). As a result,  by the end of 2008: 20 000 new teachers 
were recruited; 40 000 new classrooms ar e under construction; 50 million textbooks are 
being printed and distributed every year. Sc hool management committees comprising parents 
EN 92   EN and teachers have been formed and local comm unities are mobilised to send girls to school. 
In addition, the Commission is a major contributor to non-formal primary education with 
NGOs, which also significantly helps to incr ease the number of girls going to school, in 
particular in poor and marginalised communities.  
Furthermore, it has contributed to the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger 
(MDG 1) through its food security programme s in various countries (Afghanistan, 
Bangladesh and Burma/Myanmar) and fina nced rural, social and economic 
development programmes throughout Asia.  
Beyond the achievement of the MDGs, the Commission has worked to improve good 
governance and respect for human rights and the rule of law. In Afghanistan, for 
example, assistance contributed to promoting the rule of law, in particular through 
further funding for the Law and Order Trust Fund which finances police salaries, as 
well as through work on border management and customs support.  
At the same time, the EU is striving to make the management of its development 
cooperation activities more resu lts-oriented, to respect in ternational commitments on 
aid effectiveness, to apply the principl es of division of labour between donors and 
respect the EU code of conduct.  
2.3.1.6.  Monitoring  
Figure 1750: Asia – Monitoring results by ODA sector 
 
The result-oriented monitoring (ROM) report which evaluated the impact of external 
cooperation projects and programmes carried  out in 2009 in Asia shows an average 
mark of 2.85 (max 4, min 1). This repres ents a slight improvement over 2008 (2.78). 
Figure 18: Asia – Performan ce of ongoing projects 2007-2009 
                                                 
50 AWP: Annual Work Plan. The data in the graph are taken from the Result Oriented Monitoring (ROM) 
Report which evaluated the impact of external cooperatio n projects and programmes carried out in the 
first half of 2009. 
EN 93   EN 01020304050607080
2007 (237
projects)2008 (189
projects)2009 (171
projects)Very good performance
(minimum 3 a, no c, nod)
Good performance (a, b,maximum 2 c, no d)
Performing withproblems (a, b,maximum 3 c, no d)
Not performing or havingmajor difficulty (minimum1 d)
 
The final score is made up of five criteria. Compared to the average scores for Asia 
for 2008 all the five criteria improved. Rele vance/quality of design of projects and 
programmes from 2.77 to 2.88, impact from 2.81 to 2.95, sustainability from 2.82 to 
2.85, efficiency from 2.69 to 2.71 a nd effectiveness from 2.82 to 2.86. 
2.3.1.7.  Prospects 
In 2010, the EU will continue to use its c ooperation instruments in a coherent manner 
through continued political dialogue, enhanced economic and trade cooperation and 
the efficient use of all financial instruments in place.  
In order to comply with aid effectiveness commitments, the EU will strive to foster 
ownership by the beneficiar y countries, through an incr eased use of SPSP, general 
and sectoral budget support, and to improve  its coordination with other donors, and 
competent international orga nisations through a more eff ective division of labour.  
Special attention will be devoted to impl ement the Action Plan for Afghanistan and 
Pakistan. In 2010, more than €65 million will be devoted, for example, to a rural 
governance and development programme in Afghanistan, while some €15 million will finance a natural resource management programme in Pakistan.  
2.3.2.  Central Asia 
2.3.2.1.  Introduction 
The adoption by the European Council of a strategy for a new enhanced partnership 
with Central Asia in June 2007 with th e common goal of achie ving stability and 
prosperity by means of peaceful interac tion has provided new impetus to regional 
and bilateral dialogue. It has also enhan ced EU cooperation with  the five countries 
concerned (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikis tan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) on 
major issues such as poverty reduction, sustainable development and stability. The bilateral relations of the Central Asian re publics with the EU have since developed 
positively, with the entry into force of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 
with Tajikistan and the PCA interim agre ement with Turkmenist an in early 2010. At 
their cooperation council meeting in Nove mber 2009, the EU and Kazakhstan agreed 
to further strengthen their bilateral relations, calling for the review of the 1999 PCA 
with the aim of updating the present provisi ons or establishing a new agreement.  
EN 94   EN There is significant interest among the Cent ral Asian countries fo r stronger relations 
with the EU. As a result, the EU can pursu e its cooperation with a higher level of 
both political commitment and impact, as regards national reforms and key regional 
challenges. 
The regionalised EU Delegations in Tajikis tan and Kyrgyzstan (w hich so far have 
depended on the Delegation in Kazakhstan) have been upgraded and will operate as full EU Delegations by the end of 2010. It is  planned to open an  EU Delegation in 
Uzbekistan in 2010.  
Strategy implementation is gu ided by regular meetings of  foreign ministers. The 
latest meetings of the EU foreign minist ers troika with Central Asia were in 
Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in May and in Brussels in September 2009. 
Implementation of the EU strategy in its relations with Central Asia is advancing 
well across the board (energy, securi ty, human rights and rule of law, 
environment/water, education etc) through c ooperation projects as well as bilateral 
and regional dialogue, includi ng human rights dialogues held  with the five countries 
in 2009.  
The Commission is playing a leading role in the strategy implementation process, 
including by the use of EU instruments (Partnership and Cooperation Agreements, 
increasing assistance, launching of new pr ojects, opening of further Delegations, 
etc). The Commission is the ‘lead coordi nator’ on the EU side on education. It 
cooperates closely with France and Germany, the ‘lead coordinators ’ on the rule of 
law, as well as with Italy, the ‘l ead coordinator’ on environment/water. 
The leaders of Central Asian republics continue to mention the EU as their point of 
reference for the political, economic and soci al transition reforms in their countries. 
A number of issues regarding poverty re duction, rule of law and good governance, 
and economic and social reforms are best addressed by means of assistance at 
national level where lessons learned from the political, social and economic 
transformation of central and eastern Europe may be relevant in view of their shared 
experience of the Soviet system.  
The Central Asian countries are unevenly affected by the food and economic crisis, 
with Kazakh banks most heavily affected  and the economies of Tajikistan and 
Kyrgyzstan (the poorest countries) su ffering from diminishing remittances. 
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, given the st ill relatively isolated state of their 
economies, have suffered less. In response,  special EU assistance was granted to 
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to improve food security in 2009.  
EU assistance to the region has increased significantly to about €750 million for the 
period 2007-2013 (nearly double the previous level). The European Investment Bank 
has had its external mandate extended to cover Central Asia as well. The mid-term review of DCI programming is ongoing a nd advancing according to schedule. The 
draft indicative programme for Central Asia 2011-2013 has been  prepared and was 
discussed during the last part of 2009 in advance of its formal adoption during the 
first quarter of 2010. 
EN 95   EN 2.3.2.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
During 2009, the Commission made further ef forts to foster donor coordination and 
the implementation of the EU code of c onduct on division of labour in Central Asia. 
In 2008, the Commission joined a group of  donors establishing a joint country 
support strategy for the Kyrgyz Republic a nd for Tajikistan to support the respective 
national poverty reduction strategies. The strategy for the Kyrgyz Republic was 
adopted for the years 2007-2010 and the strategy for Tajikistan was endorsed in 2009 and covers the period 2009-2012.  
In the Kyrgyz Republic, the establishment of lead donors in some sectors and cross-
cutting themes is ongoing, but in 2009 donor  coordination still remained a donor-
driven process. However, at the end of th e year, following the restructuring of the 
government, a new central agency on deve lopment, investment and innovation was 
established. It is expected that the agency will take over coordination of donor activities and increase  country ownership.  
Donor coordination in Kyrgyzstan and Tajik istan is very active around public finance 
management issues, an area in which the Commission supports a nu mber of projects. 
In 2009 in Kyrgyzstan, the Commission joined a multi-donor trust fund on public finance management, managed by the World Bank, and involving also DfID, 
DECO
51 and SIDA.  
On MIP 2007-2010, it is planned that 33% of bilateral aid committed to Kyrgyzstan 
and 35% of aid to Tajikistan  will be delivered through  budget support mechanism, 
thus using country systems and thereby increasing ownership. 
However, the Central Asia regional programme and bi lateral cooperation with 
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan  remain generally project-based, but 
attention is growing for increased donor coordination and progressive 
implementation of the Paris prin ciples for aid effectiveness. 
2.3.2.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
Kazakhstan, a middle income country and th e most developed in the region, is well 
on track to meet most MDGs and has al ready achieved the first three (poverty 
reduction, access to primary education a nd empowerment of women). Kazakhstan 
has consequently adopted more ambitious objectives for those areas: the MDG+ 
targets. Although progress has been made in the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan 
with regard to MDG 1 and MDG 2, these c ountries remain among the poorest in Asia 
according to the Human Development Index (HDI). Progress on HIV/AIDS 
prevalence has been made in Kyrgyzsta n, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. However, 
tuberculosis prevalence and infecti on rates have in fact worsened. 
EU external aid under DCI contributes to the fight against poverty and to achieving 
the MDGs in the region by strengthening social protection, contributing to economic 
growth, either by enhancing private sector development, education or by fostering 
economic integration at the regional leve l. Support is also granted to improving 
                                                 
51 Development Consulting AS (DECO) was established in Oslo in October 1984 
EN 96   EN health management systems and to fighting infectious diseases. Attention is also 
given to environmental issues.  
Key priorities for achieving the MDGs in Central Asia remain tackling child 
mortality, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, as well providing access to safe water and 
sanitation in rural areas. 
2.3.2.4.  Implementation 
The implementation of the MIP 2007-2010 for Central Asia put emphasis on 
strengthening higher educati on, governance, employment and social protection, and 
economic transition. The Commission has also committed funds to improve primary and secondary education, health, rural deve lopment and the sustainable use of natural 
resources including water and energy. 
In 2009, the level of commitment to Central Asia reached €93 million.  In the area of higher e ducation, the Tempus regiona l programme continued to 
support education reform, curricula deve lopment and university modernisation 
through partnerships between higher educat ion institutions. Vocational education and 
training was also provided to help the population to access new opportunities in the 
growing and evolving privat e sector. Erasmus Mundus II - Action 2 Partnerships for 
Central Asia aims to develop human reso urces through student and academic staff 
mobility.  
Case study: modernising higher educatio n in Central Asia under Tempus IV 
Tempus aims at modernising higher edu cation in partner countries through improved 
governance, quality, relevance, and capacity of higher education institutions and their 
courses. Support goes on improving curricula , teaching methods, and introducing quality-
assurance systems. Many of the modernisation reforms are inspired by  the Bologna process 
of improving higher education in Europe . Over the period 2007-2009, €15 million were 
allocated. This enabled 18 projects to modernis e higher education in Central Asia to be 
financed. 
Under the previous Tempus III programme, target ed results were in the area of improving 
teaching/learning processes, upgrading curricu la, developing new teaching materials, 
introducing modern technology a nd retraining teaching staff. 
The Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan benef ited from large sector budget support to 
reform the social protection systems. In Tajikistan, the EU is committed to 
improving food security. Kyrgyzstan received additional budget support in the midst of the food crisis to top up so cial benefits. In 2009, Centra l Asia also benefited from 
a €20 million programme to fight infectious  diseases in Asia and Central Asia. 
Tajikistan also received support to enhance its health management information system. 
Strengthening governance including judiciar y reforms is a major concern for the 
Commission. Assistance has been provi ded in the Kyrgyz Republic and in 
Uzbekistan. The border management a nd anti-drug programmes (BOMCA and 
CADAP), continued to be implemented with  the aim of making border controls more 
efficient in stopping drugs and any other illicit trafficking, while facilitating 
EN 97   EN legitimate border crossing, in particul ar for trade purposes. CADAP supported 
Central Asia governments in improving thei r analysis and capac ity to address the 
drug problem. 
Case study: Central Asia border management and anti-drug programmes BOMCA 
and CADAP.  
In the framework of BOMCA and its sister programme, the EU-UNDP Central Asia Drug 
Action Programme (CADAP), 12 drug-profiling units have been established in all five 
central Asian countries, together with two dr ug rehabilitation centres in Uzbekistan and 
Tajikistan. 
Within this framework, the EU fosters ins titutional reform promoting integrated border 
management, strengthens training capacities, improves the infrastructure along trade and 
transit routes, and helps counter drug smuggling in central Asia. This is complemented by 
the Border Management Programme for Afghanistan  (BOMAF) programme that aims to 
help secure the Tajik-Afghan border. 
The cumulative budgets of all five CADAP  phases (2001-2013) are approximately of €21 
million. BOMCA's cumulative budgets in 2003-2010 amount to €26 million.  
At regional level, the Cent ral Asia Invest pr ogramme promotes sustainable economic 
development of SMEs. In addition, Tajikis tan will benefit from a specific support to 
private sector development committed in 2009. 
In order to promote environmental sust ainability, two regional programmes were 
launched to raise environmental awareness and support the use of sustainable energy 
within the framework of the Baku initiative on energy and transport and the Central Asia environment programme.  
Case study: Uzbekistan - enhancement of  living standards in Fergana Valley   
The €8.3 million programme is being implemented by the UN Development Programme 
(UNDP). It runs from 2005 to 2010. So far 600 000 people in 231 communities have been 
supported and an additional 500 000 in 200 communities will be reached by the end of 2010. 
Access to drinking water increased by 30% in th e project districts, which means that 295 000 
people can now drink clean piped water. A total of 150 communities now have improved 
access to agri-consulting services. Consequently , living standards and health conditions of 
target communities improved, notably due to drinking water supply. Community 
development planning also improved and comm unities are now able to obtain additional 
funding elsewhere. 
2.3.2.5.  Results  
Through its development cooperation activit ies, the Commission has contributed to 
improve governance and facilitate economic  transition in Central Asia. In the 
framework of support for public finance mana gement in Kyrgyzstan, specific actions 
have been taken to strengthen the budgeti ng process, and modernise the internal 
control and audit systems. In Tajikist an, the Commission is  supporting the public 
finance management reform strategy whic h encompasses an action plan adopted in 
March 2009. This follows earlier approval by Tajik authorities of the creation of a 
new body for independent external  audit. With respect to efforts to improve social 
protection systems, Commission support for the Tajik social protection strategy 
EN 98   EN resulted, inter alia  in the setting up of a system of non-residential social service 
institutions. In Kyrgyzstan, it has c ontributed to estab lishing the legal and 
institutional framework for social and child  protection reforms, and strengthened the 
institutional capacity to manage their im plementation. This has improved targeting 
and timely payment of social benefits, and improved social services support to 
vulnerable families and children. Furthermor e, with its regional actions supporting 
higher education (e. g. Tempus and Eras mus Mundus), the Commission has helped 
people to make the most of new empl oyment opportunities provided by a growing 
and innovative private sector.  
2.3.2.6.  Monitoring  
Figure 1952: Central Asia – monitoring results by ODA  
 
Monitored projects were mainly implemented in four areas: social infrastructures and 
services, economic infrastructure and services, multi-sector and cross-cutting issues, and production sectors. 
Figure 20: Central Asia – performa nce of ongoing projects 2007-2009 
01020304050607080
2007 (99
projects)2008 (101
projects)2009 (60
projects)Very good performance
(minimum 3 a, no c, nod)
Good performance (a, b,maximum 2 c, no d)
Performing withproblems (a, b,maximum 3 c, no d)
Not performing or havingmajor difficulty (minimum1 d)
 
                                                 
52 AWP: Annual Work Plan. The data in the graph are taken from the Result Oriented Monitoring (ROM) 
Report which evaluated the impact of external cooperatio n projects and programmes carried out in the 
first half of 2009. 
EN 99   EN The average scores for Central Asia for 2009 all show an improvement over those for 
2008. Relevance/quality of design improved from 2.71 to 2.79; efficiency recovered 
from 2.61 to 2.67; effectiveness rose from  2.64 to 2.82; impact from 2.68 to 2.87 and 
sustainability from 2.66 to 2.75. 
2.3.2.7.  Prospects 
In the education sector, actions currently  planned for 2010 include a programme to 
reform the Kyrgyz education sector comb ining budget support, technical cooperation 
and grants, and regional programmes in support of higher education (Erasmus 
Mundus, Tempus, CAREN, and technical assist ance to the ministries of education). 
In the social sector, support is planne d in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (social 
protection). In the health sector, support is envisaged for Tajikistan. Under the 
central Asia regional programme, the Commission will promote the rule of law and will strive to strengthen the transport sector, while safeguarding the environment. Promotion of SMEs will con tinue through the Central Asia Invest II Programme. The 
regional energy programme for central Asia committed in 2009 will start the 
implementation phase in 2010. 
The sound implementation of the MIP 2007-2010 and of the forthcoming MIP 2011-
2013, will be reinforced when the regionali sed EU Delegations in Tajikistan and 
Kyrgyzstan are upgraded to full Delegations in 2010. 
2.3.3.  Middle East 
2.3.3.1.  Introduction 
The DCI covers three countries in the Middle East – Iraq, Iran and Yemen.  
The continued positive – though certainly frag ile – improvements in security in Iraq  
during 2009 enabled the Commission to m ove from emergency reconstruction 
activities towards long-term capacity bu ilding. Commission support in the medium 
term therefore will concentrate on the sustainability of Iraq’s institutions, the 
improvement of management and civil se rvice capacity and boosting the provision 
and quality of basic servi ces (health, water/sanitation) . The Commission has also 
continued its programme of rule of law a ssistance – ranging from building up judicial 
institutions and the machinery of huma n rights protection to support for NGOs 
providing citizens’ rights and legal advice.  This dovetails with the ‘EUJUSTLEX’ 
rule-of-law ESDP mission, whose mandate was renewed in 2009. 
In parallel, the Commission continued to focus a significant propor tion of its aid in 
support of the electoral process. The value of this was reflected in the successful 
holding of provincial and regional elections in January and July 2009, both of which 
also benefited from a small EU monitori ng mission. Work also continued to assist 
internally displaced people a nd refugees in Jordan and Syri a, so as to alleviate the 
increasingly difficult living conditions of displaced Ir aqis. In November 2009, the 
EU completed negotiations for a Partners hip and Cooperation Agreement with Iraq 
with the aim of signing in 2010. This agreem ent provides the first-ever contractual 
basis for EU relations with Iraq. 
In Yemen, the general situation continued to deteriorate, with fi ghting in the northern 
governorates and more evidence of social unrest in the south. The EU resolved to 
EN 100   EN step up its engagement, to help prevent Ye men from state failure, again raising the 
planned allocation under the DCI budget lin e by around 20%. Importantly, the EU 
also worked up a strategic ‘overall EU’ approach to help Yemen tackle its multiple challenges. This covers dialogue with th e government to push forward its political 
and economic reform agenda, broader and deeper assistance, including new work on 
security and counter-terrorism under th e Instrument for Stability, and renewed 
attempts to engage with Yemen’s Arab  neighbours in the interests of regional 
stability. 
The EU continued to support the E3+3 ne gotiations with Iran in the hope that 
progress on the nuclear dossier would open the way for enhanced cooperation. Little 
progress was made. The Comm ission provided support for non-state actors through 
an Iran-specific call for proposals, as well as  support for Iran as part of cross-regional 
cooperation to combat drug trafficking. 
2.3.3.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
In the past, donor coordination in Iraq  was done through th e International 
Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq which is being phased out. Donors and international organisations ar e working out ways to move to bilaterally funded, yet 
coordinated programming and management. The recently created Iraq Partners 
Forum, serves to exchange information on individual initiativ es and to agree on 
common approaches. Coordination with the government of Iraq is done through the 
Iraq Strategic Review Board and through re gular meetings chaired by the Prime 
Minister's advisory board in coordina tion with the ministry of planning and 
development cooperation. The Commission places great emphasis on coordination 
among donors as part of an Iraqi-owned stra tegy, and is therefor e a major participant 
in all coordination efforts. 
Yemen is a signatory to the Paris Declara tion and is very committed to applying the 
aid effectiveness principles in the developm ent of the country. It has created an aid 
harmonisation and alignment unit inside the ministry of planning and international 
cooperation and took an active pa rt in all recent related fo ra, such as the September 
2008 Accra meeting. The Commissi on has significantly contri buted in recent years to 
the efforts by the government and internati onal donors to coordinate aid work. Given 
the small number of international donors present in the country and the close 
relationship between them, coordination is done both through formal coordination 
channels and informal ad-hoc  meetings. 
2.3.3.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
Iran, Iraq and Yemen are making some pr ogress to achieve the MDGs by 2015. In 
Iran progress has been good in most indicato rs with main progress in the health and 
education sectors and in poverty reduction. The main challenges in Iran will be to 
promote gender equality and to combat HI V/AIDS, which has increased somewhat in 
recent years. There is also need for st ronger efforts to ensure environmental 
sustainability.  
In Iraq the main challenge is to improve the quality of life of the Iraqi population, 
with a particular focus on social protection and the quality of basic services. Political 
instability and insecurity pose serious threats to the attainment of the MDGs. Almost 
EN 101   EN half of Commission assistance to date has b een allocated to basic services such as 
education, health, infrastructure and wate r and sanitation. The two main components 
of the 2009 assistance programme approve d by the Commission in December 2009 
centre on improving the access and the quality of the education system, with a focus 
on basic education and on technical a nd vocational education and training.  
Yemen represents the biggest single development challenge in the Middle East. It is 
a country of deep-rooted tradition endowed  with limited resources, notably scarce 
water, limited arable land and fast declin ing oil reserves. Yemen has experienced 
dramatic internal and external shocks in the last two decades. It is the only poor country in a rich Gulf region, ranked 153 out of 177 countries in the 2007 UNDP Human Development Index. Nearly 50% of Yemen's population is below the age of 
15 and 45% of the population live on less than  $2 per day. In spite of this scenario, 
Yemen is in a good position to reach some of the MDGs by 2015. There has been good progress in primary education, although child mortality and maternal mortality are still very high, and gender inequality is one of the highest in the world. The 
Commission's support to Yemen concentrat es on direct action on poverty reduction 
and progress towards the MDG in three ma in areas: food security, health and good 
governance.  
2.3.3.4.  Implementation 
The EU reconstruction aid to Iraq si nce 2003 amounts to over €827 million. The bulk 
of the assistance until now has concentr ated on support for good governance and the 
political transition process a nd in the delivery of basic se rvices to the population. For 
security reasons, EU support was principa lly channelled through the International 
Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq  from 2004-2007, a multi-donor mechanism 
established in 2004. From 2008 onwards, the EU and other donors decided to phase 
out the IRFFI, in recognition of the gradual normalisation of the situation and to 
focus on bilateral programmes. 
The signature of the first financing agreem ent between the EU and the government of 
Iraq in March 2009 signalled the start of a new phase in development cooperation. The agreement concerned a large technical  assistance programme which will provide 
training to several government services and to the Iraq council of representatives, and 
which is part of the €72.6 million assist ance programme approved in 2008. In 2009, 
the approved assistance programme of €42 million will focus on education (basic education and vocational education and trai ning), electo ral assistance and support for 
the independent human rights commission. Th is programme was developed in close 
collaboration with the Iraqi authorities, following extensive consultations with other donors and NGOs.  
Case study: Promotion of Human Rights culture in Iraq 
The two-year project entitled "Promotion of Human Rights Culture in Iraq through support 
to Human Rights and Iraqi Civil Society Orga nisations (CSOs)" was coordinated by two UN 
agencies (UNDP and UNOPS) and implemented by Iraqi and international CSOs. As part of 
the project a rehabilitation centre for torture vi ctims was set up in Basra, creating a focal 
point for clinical and legal work, and huma n rights advocacy. Rehabilitation services were 
provided to 375 primary and 225 secondary vic tims of torture. The programme improved the 
skills of over 200 Iraqi legal, health and admi nistrative professionals to deliver physical, 
psychological, legal and social rehabilitation services to torture victims, and to provide 
EN 102   EN documentation for use in legal proceedings. It assisted the Iraqi ministry of health in 
developing a comprehensive strategy for rehab ilitation of torture victims and related mental 
health care and organised intensive capacity bui lding training on human rights-related issues. 
The Iraqi "Justice Network for Prisoners" (JNP) was established, comprising 30 NGOs 
active throughout Iraq and five coordinating groups.  
Given the lack of dialogue with the government of Iran, EU  assistance to this country 
in 2009 was implemented exclusively thr ough thematic projects by Iranian and 
European non-state actors and UN agencies. Despite the difficult political context, the two existing projects promoting good govern ance and human rights (essentially through 
UN organisations) and the project in th e field of drug rehabilitation proceeded 
satisfactorily. Two new proj ects got underway in 2009: one focuses on the reduction 
of risk vulnerability of communities and bu ildings in natural disaster-prone areas 
while the other aims to stimulate social  and economic development in impoverished 
areas.  
By the end of 2009, four new projects were  agreed between European and Iranian 
non-state actors. The objectives of all four are on the reintegrat ion of marginalised 
populations and poverty reduction in the c ontext of sustainable development. 
For the period 2007-2010, the Commission's financial cooperation with Yemen 
amounts to €90 million. There are two priorities: to assist the Yemeni government to promote good governance, with sub-priorities in the justice and human rights sectors; 
and to strengthen the govern ment’s capacities to fight pove rty, in the areas of food 
security, health, fisheries and local development.  
In 2009, the Commission focused its support to Yemen in the food security area, 
with total grants of €48 million. This suppor t will cover all areas of food security, 
implementing a large number of actions ranging from nutrition to access to food to the improvement of productivity. In a ddition, Yemen was allocated €21.3 million 
from the EU food facility set up in 2009 to help the poor er countries respond to the 
current high and unstabl e global food prices. 
2.3.3.5.  Results  
The difficult conditions of implementation in  Iraq often cause delays, higher costs 
and the cancellation of some activities. Pers istence is therefore important and, given 
the difficulties in the daily life of th e population, results ar e very often quite 
rewarding. Among recent programmes starte d in 2009, one programme to support the 
return and reintegration of returnees and Internally Displaced People within Iraq, 
implemented by UNHCR, resulted in the comp lete rehabilitation of a large number 
of shelters and small hous es in the area eas t of Baghdad, where hundreds of small 
villages had been severely damaged. A nother project implemented by UNICEF led 
to, among others, the upgrading of the wa ter and sanitation fa cilities of 20 schools 
and ongoing works in 10 others and the strengthening of the capacity of 50 
municipalities in solid waste management. 
Development assistance in Yemen, although very  important in view of the country's 
multiple needs, is challenging given the weak technical, administrative and managerial capacity of beneficiary institutions and their limited commitment to EU-funded reforms and the sustainability of aid projects. For that reason, cooperation 
with Yemen is totally implemented through a project approach. The results obtained 
EN 103   EN by the different programmes are uneven. Nevertheless, the Commission has been 
trying to find ways to imp rove aid effectiveness and make it less dependent on the 
level of commitment and support of the corresponding benefici ary institutions.  
One example of this approach is the impl ementation of the programmes in the health 
sector, where the Commission supports local structures (the Governorates' health 
development councils) in order to c ounter-balance the heavily centralised 
institutional setup. This approach has been providing good results and will be continued in future progra mmes. The Commission is also  promoting a sector-wide 
approach in health, to ensure more sustai nability in the future for donors' efforts in 
this sector. 
2.3.3.6.  Monitoring  
In recent years, the ROM missions to Yeme n were often subject to postponement for 
security reasons. In 2009, seven ongoing proj ects with a total value of €31.5 million 
were monitored. In addition, two projec ts worth a total of  €2.4 million were 
monitored ex-post .  
Overall, aggregate performance of ongoing projects in 2009 is relatively low (2.35), 
showing a slight decrease since the last monitoring mi ssion in 2007 (2.49), when 11 
ongoing projects and one ex-post  were monitored. This reflects the limited level of 
development in the country and the w eak managerial capacity in general. 
In 2009 relevance and design was the highe st ROM score with an average of 2.83. 
This was also the only criteria which showed  an increase compared to 2007 (2.6). On 
the other hand, the potential sustainability  dropped from 2.6 in 2007 to 2.27 in 2009, 
which reflects the increasing dependency of  the country on international donors to 
provide basic services to the population. The Commission is in fact implementing 
highly relevant and significant projects in areas where other donors are not present. 
2.3.3.7.  Prospects 
In view of the growing involvement of  the Commission in the development of 
Yemen, the European Union decided in 2008 to upgrade its Delegation to Yemen to full Delegation status, doubling its operationa l personnel in the process. This upgrade 
will be completed during 2010, and should be  operational at a ti me of increasing 
international attention to Yemen, because of the complex regional security context 
and the mounting economic difficulties that the country faces. 
In order to move progressively towards a regular multi-annual programming strategy 
for Iraq, the Commission defined a two-year  integrated assistance package for the 
period 2009-2010 with a total budget of €65.8 million. In 2009 and beyond the volume of EU resources will significantl y decrease, in line with a move from 
reconstruction towards bilateral technical assistance. Iraq has a rich and diverse 
resource base, and the effective and efficien t utilisation of these resources can lay the 
foundation for sustainable growth. The ke y role for the EU as part of the 
international community is to help Iraq mobilise its own resources to improve the 
welfare of its people and rebui ld its infrastructure. Therefore, future programmes of 
the Commission for Iraq are expected to fo cus on capacity buildin g in the areas of 
good governance and the delivery of  basic services. This will  be the case for the first-
EN 104   EN ever Country Strategy Paper (CSP) for Ir aq, which covers the period 2011-2013 and 
is now being drafted. 
2.3.4.  Latin America 
2.3.4.1.  Introduction 
Political relations with Latin America con tinued to strengthen in 2009. In September, 
the Commission adopted a Communication53 which constitutes a policy framework 
for relations between the EU and Latin America. The Communication recommends 
in particular  
1) to step up bi-regional dialogue, nota bly by making summits more action-oriented 
and focusing on priority areas such as e nvironment and climate change, technology 
and innovation, migration, and drugs;  2) to strengthen regional integration and inter-connectivity, notably by facilitating 
investments and completing negotiations on association and othe r agreements with 
the various sub-regions of Latin America;  3) to reinforce bilateral relations by taki ng full advantage of existing agreements and 
strengthening bilate ral relations with individual  Latin American countries;  
4) to tailor and adapt cooperation program mes to the needs of the different Latin 
American countries through the mid-term review exercise.
  
Bi-regional dialogue took place over the year  in a number of instances. A ministerial 
meeting of the Rio Group was held in Prague on 13-14 May 2009. Key themes were renewable sources of energy and the recovery  of world financial stability. The XIX 
Ibero-American summit in Estoril (30 Nove mber - 1 December) addressed the issues 
of innovation, the region’s economic resilien ce in times of financial crisis and the 
situation in Honduras. 
Two senior officials meetings took place in 2009. One in Buenos Aires (March) 
focused on the implementation of the conclu sions of the 2008 EU -Latin America and 
Caribbean (LAC) summit in Lima and bi-reg ional cooperation in the fields of drugs 
and migration. The second meeting in Bru ssels (December) discussed, in particular, 
the preparations for the fo rthcoming EU-LAC summit in Madrid and the necessary 
steps for the creation of the EU-LAC Foundation.  
The EU-LAC Structured Dialogue on Mi gration was launched on 30 June 2009 and a 
first high-level migration meeting took place on 25 September 2009 in Brussels. The 
main issue discussed was the synergies betw een migration and deve lopment, with an 
exchange of views on the mutual be nefits, opportunities, and challenges of 
migration.  
Another important even t in EU–LAC relations in 2009 wa s the high-level meeting of 
the Coordination and Cooperation Mechan ism on Drugs between the European 
Union, Latin America and the Caribbean  regions (Quito, May) devoted to 
strengthening the mechanism itself.  
Negotiations with Central America and some  Andean countries (Colombia/Peru) saw 
further progress in 2009. Negotiations fo r the EU-Central America Association 
                                                
 
53 COM(2009) 495/3 
EN 105   EN Agreement progressed well until their su spension following the June 2009 coup in 
Honduras. The Commission aimed to resume and conclude them by the time of the VI EU-LAC Summit to be held in Madrid in May 2010. Negotiations for a 
multiparty trade agreement with Colombia and Peru should be finalised in March 
2010. In late 2009, key American leaders c onfirmed their willingness to resume 
negotiations on an EU-Mercosu r Association Agreement, which were suspended in 
2004. The Commission has started a series of exploratory meetings in this regard.
  
Memoranda of understanding were signed by the Commission with Peru (29 
October) and Colombia (2 December) to establish a mechanism for improved bilateral consultations and cooperation. A memorandum of  understanding was signed 
on 17 December with the Organisation of American States (OAS) on dialogue and 
cooperation in areas of common concern in the Latin American and Caribbean 
region.  
Some meetings took place in preparati on for the EU-LAC summit (May 2010), such 
as the EU-LAC forum on fiscal policie s (May 2009, Montevideo) and the EU-LAC 
forum on corporate social responsibility (O ctober, Buenos Aire s). The Commission 
has also been working on concrete delive rables for the summit such as the Latin 
America investment facility (LAIF), which should help finance investment projects contributing to regional integration and improved interconnectiv ity, and the EU-LAC 
Foundation, which is expected to play a key role in st rengthening EU-LAC relations 
and giving them more visibility. 
The EU Council of Ministers adopted c onclusions on Latin America in December 
2009, reaffirming the importance of the EU ’s strategic partne rship with Latin 
America in the global context, expressing  its determination to further strengthen 
cooperation in the mutual in terest of both regions and welcoming the September 
Communication of the Commission on Latin Amer ica as a basis to achieve this goal.
 
2.3.4.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
Continued efforts are being made to foster  aid effectiveness and the principle of 
division of labour – includi ng donor coordination – in Latin America. The first 
conference on EU donor coordination in  Latin America was organised by the 
Commission and the French EU Presidency  in December 2008 in Brussels. Since 
then, further steps have been taken.  
The Commission developed an internal actio n plan to report further progress and to 
improve aid effectiveness in Latin Am erica. The new backbone strategy on 
"Reforming Technical Cooperation and Proj ect Implementation Units for External 
Aid provided by the European Commission" followed by a work plan, is being applied in Latin America. Many activities ha ve been launched in the field to apply 
the EU code of conduct on division of  labour among donors. In Nicaragua, for 
instance, the EU blue book mapping all EU  cooperation in the country in 2008 was 
drawn up together with DfID.  
In November 2009, the second monitoring repor t of the EU Fast Track Initiative on 
Division of Labour, launched in 2008, was completed. Several Latin American 
countries together with EU  facilitating donors were surveyed on progress made in the 
EN 106   EN field of donor coordination and the ongoing division of labour process in their 
respective countries.  
2.3.4.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
According to the Millennium Development Goals Report 200954, an important step 
has been taken towards achieving universal primary education, with 95% of children 
in the Latin American and Caribbean region now enrolled. Progress has also been made in providing equal opportunities for women in education and work, and the 
region has a very good record in reducing the death rate of children under five. 
Nevertheless, several challenges still need to be addressed, such as the very high adolescent pregnancy rate, the proportion of children under fi ve suffering from 
malnutrition, and the eradication of hunger.  
The European Commission actively contributes to the achievement of the MDGs in 
Latin America. In Paraguay, the Europ ean Commission is financing a €24 million 
poverty reduction programme that aims at  alleviating extreme and severe poverty 
(MDG 1) by consolidating the social prot ection network of the government through 
improved basic services such as be tter access to drinking water and waste 
management, maternal healthcare and e ducation. Taking 2006 as baseline, the 
percentage of the population with access to  safe drinking water increased from 50% 
to 56%. 
In Ecuador, a €41.2 million sector suppor t programme contributes to improving 
universal education (MDG 2). In 2009, th e Commission approved a new project in 
Brazil (€4.9 million) to reduce defore station in the Amazon region (and the 
associated CO
2 emissions)  in order to contribute to environmental sustainability 
(MDG 7). The Commission will provide local  authorities and stakeholders with 
adequate tools for effective environmenta l and territorial mana gement to control 
deforestation. 
Case study: PAPDE Ecuador 
PAPDE, a sector support programme for the De cennial Education Plan 2006-2015, started in 
2008 and ends in 2012. The aim is to enlarg e the coverage and im prove the quality of 
education in Ecuador. In 2008, the ministry of education provided 11 380 additional places 
for children, contracted 17 000 new teachers and plans to construct 200 schools in the 
coming three years. More than 145 000 beneficiar ies have been taught to read and write, and 
adult education has been provided. An evaluation programme for teachers and students has 
been developed. The EU contributed €41.2 million.  
2.3.4.4.  Implementation 
In 2009, the Commission approved 34 actions  with Latin American countries 
(bilateral, regional and sub -regional) for a total valu e of around €350 million. The 
most important activities concern regional integration, trade and the private sector, 
and social cohesion, followed by peace and stability, the environment and sustainable management of natural resources.  
                                                
 
54 http://www.un.org/millenniumgo als/pdf/MDG_Report_2009_ENG.pdf  
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ pdf/PR_LatinAmerica_MDG09_EN.pdf  
EN 107   EN In the trade and private sector, a €15.2 milli on project targeting SMEs in Nicaragua 
was approved. The project aims at improving SME competitiveness through 
increasing added value in the producti on chain, reducing costs, and providing 
training. In Bolivia, two proj ects approved in 2009 aim at fostering economic growth 
by tackling decent work (€12 million) and employment in the mining areas (€10 million).  
Case study: Programme on alternative development in Bolivia 
The PRAEDAC programme on alternative develo pment in Bolivia (1998-2006) tried to 
create alternative production opportunities to th e illicit coca crop for peasants in the Chapare 
region, to strengthen state presence and to improve people’s livelihoods. 30 000 Quetchua 
and Aymara peasant families benefited from the programme and 108 schools, hospitals, 
roads and other basic service infrastructures were built. School enrolment rose by 13%. In 
addition, a better environment for public and pr ivate investment has been created and eco-
tourism is a new source of income . The EU contributed €19 million to the programme. 
The social cohesion sector in cludes actions to improve the situation of vulnerable 
groups (specifically, indigenous populations and women), to prevent discrimination, 
and to promote transparency and access to information. Among these are the EU-
Mexico integrated social cohesion pr ogramme, approved in 2009 (€10 million), Pro-
Jovenes II which targets violence prevention and rehabilitation in El Salvador (€11.3 
million), and sector policy support to the st rategic Peruvian malnutrition programme, 
worth €60.8 million.  
Case study: PRODAPP Peru 
The PRODAPP Programme (EU contribution €16 million) promotes integrated development 
of the areas of Pozuzo and Palcazú in the Per uvian jungle, by helping local populations to 
develop the necessary skills to no longer depe nd for their livelihoods on the cultivation of 
coca. Strategies for economic development have  been drawn up and infrastructure works 
have been carried out, including 60 km of ro ad, 120 km of primary and secondary network 
for rural electrification of 21 municipalities and one commercial platform for the meat 
industry involving 160 cattle dealers.  
The EU also supports actions in the sector of civilian peace-building, conflict 
prevention and resolution. One example is th e project "Regional Development, Peace 
and Stability II" in Colombia with a contribution of €8.4 million. The three successive "peace laboratories" are the flagship of the c ooperation in Colombia: they 
apply an integral approach to fighting the root causes of conflic ts in the regions.  
Sector budget support is the pr eferred approach to deliver  aid in Latin America and 
has already been used for sectors such  as poverty reduction, education, water 
management, government decentralisation a nd economic sustainability in Nicaragua, 
Bolivia, Honduras, El Salvador, Paragua y and Ecuador. In 2009 the Commission 
committed a total of €158 million to support national nutritional programmes in Peru and Guatemala, and education, economic growth and trade in El Salvador. 
However, difficulties arose in 2009 with Honduras and Nicaragua, the second and 
third largest beneficiaries of EU assistance in Latin America. 
EN 108   EN The political situation in Honduras has result ed in the suspension of EU aid, with the 
exception of emergency assistance and ac tivities implemented by NGOs and other 
local bodies. 
As for Nicaragua, the European Comm ission and other EU donors decided to 
suspend the disbursement of the aid ch annelled through sector support programmes 
since January 2009. The Commission continued its other activities while maintaining 
a dialogue with the Nicaraguan government. It will review the situation in the light of 
action taken by the Nicaraguan government.  
The Commission gives high priority to suppor ting the integration processes in Latin 
America. In the Andean region this support targets sectors such as statistics, the fight 
against illicit drugs, disast er prevention and trade. In  2009, the Project for the 
Support of Economic and Social Cohesion in the Andean Community (CESCAN II) 
was approved, with an EU contribution of  €6.5 million. The objective is to help the 
CAN ( Comunidad Andina de Naciones ) member countries and its general secretariat 
to design a regional policy for economic a nd social cohesion, territorial development 
and the implementation of a pilot action to achieve these goals.  
In 2009, one cooperation action was approved for Mercosur to support the deepening 
of the integration process and sustainabl e development of Mercosur, with an EU 
contribution of €12 million. The objective is to  enhance the quality and standards of 
Mercosur products, while strengthening its capacity to reconc ile growing economic 
activity and trade with a high leve l of environmental protection.  
The Commission is supporting the political , economic and social  integration in 
Central America in the contex t of the current preparation of an association agreement 
EU/CA. The EU acts in three areas: ins titutional strengthening, economic integration 
and regional governance and security ma tters. In 2009 the Commission adopted two 
projects: a programme to suppor t the creation of a regional system for quality control 
and the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (€23.5 million), and the 
regional border security programme (€5.5 million), which aims at enhancing the capacity of both national and regional institutions directly involved in border 
management.  
Case study: PREDECAN (CAN) 
The PREDECAN Programme (2003-2009) aimed at disaster prevention in the Andean 
Community by enhancing disaster risk manageme nt in order to reduce the vulnerability of 
people and goods exposed to natural hazards and risks, and to promote sustainable 
development. The Commission contributed to the design and the implementation of the 
Andean information system for disaster prevention and relief (SIAPAD) and helped 
strengthen capacities through communication and education materials, and by training 350 
communicators, which led to 8 556 professionals being successfully trained. The EU 
contribution was €9.5 million.  
In 2009, the following ongoing regional programmes  continued:  
• Alßan (Programme for higher education a nd training scholarships in the EU for 
Latin American citizens) 
• ALFA III (Programme between higher educa tion institutions of the EU and Latin 
America) 
EN 109   EN • URB-AL (Programme targeting local author ities of the EU and Latin America as 
well as other actors involve d in the urban sector)  
• AL-INVEST (Programme to facilitate th e international activities of Latin 
American SMEs)  
• EUROsociAL (Programme supporting new prac tices and policies that to increase 
levels of social cohesion in  Latin American societies). 
The @LIS 2 Programme (Alliance for the information society), adopted in 2008, 
aims at reducing the digital divide and in tegrating Latin America into the global 
information society. With an EU cont ribution of €22 million, all contracts for 
individual projects were  signed at the end of 2008 and are currently being 
implemented. 
Case study: @LIS 
The @LIS programme (Alliance for the Inform ation Society) establishes a policy dialogue 
on regulatory frameworks and boosts interconn ections between research networks and 
communities in both regions, thus helping to integrate Latin America into the global 
information society. Activities have been organi sed in four areas: e-Education, e-Inclusion, 
e-Governance and e-Health, involving more th an 220 stakeholders. In the education sector, 
the Integra project has integrated new information and communication technologies in 370 
primary and secondary schools in Argentina, Ch ile and Uruguay. The EU contribution is 
€63.5 million.  
The EURO-SOLAR Programme (EU contri bution €28.7 million), aims at reducing 
poverty in eight beneficiary countries (Bo livia, Ecuador, El Sa lvador, Guatemala, 
Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru), by enabling remote  rural communities 
without access to electricity to benefit fr om renewable electric energy. In 2009, all 
supply contracts were signed and implementation began.  
In 2009 the Commission allocated €10.8 millio n for the Latin American investment 
facility which aims at promoting additional investments in key infrastructures, focusing on transport, energy, and environment The facility also supports social and private sector development in  Latin American countries.  
Within the Erasmus Mundus external coope ration window, which contributes to the 
promotion of partnerships and institutio nal cooperation exchanges between higher 
education institutions from both regions, €41.6 million were contracted in 2009 through two calls for proposals.  
2.3.4.5.  Results  
EU development assistance has contributed to progress by Latin American countries 
in key areas like social cohesion and regiona l integration as well as trade and private 
sector development together with the achievement of the MDGs.  
In terms of improving social  cohesion, the poverty allevi ation support programme in 
El Salvador (PAPES, EU contribution €37 million), contributed to increase incomes 
of the poorest municipalities. Health serv ices were extended to 81 municipalities 
benefiting 413 000 people. More than 250 000 inhabitants have benefited from rural 
roads, schools, health units and bridges. In the 32 municipalities  classified as in 
severe poverty there was an increase from  65% to 77% of popul ation with access to 
EN 110   EN sanitary services; an increase from 66% to  81% of schools with access to electricity 
and from 57% to 85% of schools wi th access to safe drinking water. 
As regards regional integration, the pr oject to support the development of 
biotechnologies in Mercosur (EU contribution €6 million), has helped to establish regional coordination and to define and impl ement a regional strategy in this sector. 
A regional biotech platform "BIOTECSUR"  was created with members of the 
academic, public and private sectors. In addition, regional biotechnology demands in 
the agricultural, industrial and hea lthcare sector were identified.  
A good example in the trade and private sect or is the project on competitiveness and 
export promotion for SMEs in Urugua y (PACPYMES, EU contribution €5.4 
million). It has enhanced the competitiveness of the Uruguayan economy by strengthening association mechanisms, export capacities and the international 
capabilities of its SMEs. Nine national clus ters were created bringing together more 
than 4 000 entrepreneurs, and more than 500 SMEs have increased their export and 
management capacities. 
The analysis of the result-oriented monito ring of the ongoing pr oject portfolio for 
Latin America shows that the majority of projects monitored in 2009 are performing well or very well in terms of effectiveness and potential impact. 
2.3.4.6.  Monitoring  
In 2009, 183 ongoing projects were monitored including bilateral, regional and sub-
regional projects. Additionally, two sector policy support programmes were monitored: the education sector in Ec uador and innovation strategy in Uruguay.  
The total value of ongoing projects monitored amounts to €816 million, which 
represents approximately 50% of the ove rall portfolio of ongoi ng projects in the 
region. A total of 19 monitoring missions were  carried out in all 17 countries in the 
region, as well as for sub-regional groups (Mercosur, CAN and Central America), 
and the two SPSP interventions. 
As the table below shows, 83% (categories 1 + 2) of the projects in Latin America 
have good or very good results, while 15% have some problems and 2% experience 
major difficulties. The per centage of projects on track (categories 1 and 2) has 
increased from 76% in 2007 to 83% in 2009, wh ile the percentage of  projects facing 
serious difficulties has decreased from 5%  in 2007 to 2% in 2009. This positive trend 
is confirmed by the so called "re-monito ring" exercise: out of the 183 projects 
monitored in 2009, 34 of them (20%) had been monitored previously in 2007 and 
2008, showing a positive evolution in th eir performance: 71%, 74% and 88% 
respectively.  
Table 21 - overview of performance for ongoing projects (% of frequency of 
ratings) 
EN 111   EN Overall, 65% of all projects monitored in  2009 are doing well or very well in terms 
of effectiveness (i.e. delivery of results/o utcomes and the achievement of the project 
purpose). Similarly, 86% of the project s have good and very good ratings under 
potential impact (i.e. cont ribution to improving the live lihood of the people and/or 
the overall environment in which they operate). 
Social infrastructure and serv ices is the most important sector in Latin America (36% 
of the total portfolio monitored in 2009, with a value of €296 million and 73 
monitoring reports); followed by multisecto r/crosscutting projects (21%, €170 
million and 44 reports) and the producti on sector (15%, €123 million and 35 ROM 
reports). In terms of performance, all sect ors are showing similar performances with 
the majority of projects (m ore than the 80%) on track.  
Table 22: Latin America - monitoring results per ODA sector  
 
Table 23: Latin America - performance of ongoing projects  Region total 
Ongoing (ntl.) projectsVery good 
(a) Good (b) Problems (c) Serious 
deficiencies (d) Average 
Relevance 7% 80% 13% 0% 2,94 
Efficiency 6% 55% 38% 1% 2,72 
Effectiveness 1% 64% 35% 0% 2,80 
Impact 6% 80% 14% 0% 2,94 
Sustainability 4% 72% 24% 0% 2,84 
TOTAL 5% 70% 25% 0% 2,85 
EN 112   EN 
 
2.3.4.7.  Prospects 
Regional and bilateral cooperation actions with Latin America in 2010 will continue 
in line with the strategic or ientations contained in the regional and country strategy 
papers 2007-2013, bearing in mind the current  financial and economic situation. The 
ongoing mid-term review of the strategy documents will be completed in 2010, thus confirming or reorienting, in  terms of sectors and fina ncing, cooperation strategies 
for the remaining programming period (2011-2013) where relevant.  
EU policy priorities towards Latin America for the coming years were defined in the 
recent Communication on EU and Latin America: Globa l players in Partnership ". 
Funding will continue to concentrate on the poorest countries – notably to promote economic and social sustainable development and to reduce inequalities. At the same 
time, new forms of cooperati on with countries with higher levels of development will 
be looked at, which may entail more em phasis on areas such as climate change, 
higher education, science and technology, en ergy efficiency and renewable energy.  
In 2010, the political dialogue between the tw o regions will be marked by the sixth 
European Union–Latin America and the Ca ribbean summit taki ng place in May in 
Madrid. The key summit theme is innov ation and technology for sustainable 
development and social inclusion. 
The European Commission will continue to seek closer coordination on development 
cooperation with EU Member States as well as with other multilateral donors. The 
use of aid delivery modalities promoting ownership and supporting partners’ national 
accountability and procedures will be pursu ed, whenever the appropriate conditions 
are met. 
2.3.5.  South Africa 
2.3.5.1.  Introduction 
Since the end of apartheid, relations between the EU a nd South Africa have grown 
exponentially. Today, the EU and South Africa cooperate on a broad range of 
political, trade and economic matters, as we ll as on issues such as science and 
technology, environment and energy. The year 2009 marked the 10
th anniversary of 
EN 113   EN the signing of the EU-Sout h Africa trade, development and cooperation agreement 
(TDCA), which forms the overall legal basis for the relationship. 
In recognition of South Africa's increasi ng role as an emerging economy and a key 
player in peace and security matters on the African continent, a strategic partnership with South Africa and an ac tion plan for its implementa tion were adopted in 2007. 
During 2009, further steps were taken to st rengthen ties with S outh Africa under this 
partnership. 
Following national elections in South Af rica in April 2009, the second EU-South 
Africa summit was hosted in September in  South Africa by newly elected South 
African President Jacob Zuma. The summ it provided an opportunity to discuss 
global issues and peace and security matters with South Africa as a leading player in 
Africa and potential bridge-builder, notably on climate change and the reform of the 
international financial institutions. 
On the basis of South Africa's strong enga gement in conflict management in Africa, 
the EU and South Africa significantly stepped up their dialogue on peace and security matters in 2009. From now on, the EU and South Africa will, on an annual 
basis, jointly review respective assessmen ts and commitments, with a view to 
developing converging approaches on conf lict areas like Zimbabwe, Sudan and 
Somalia. South Africa and the EU have also extended cooperation and expert 
contacts to cover the fields  of migration, health, energy, the environment, science 
and technology, ICT, transport, and cu stoms and statistics. Concerning space 
collaboration, the EU and South Africa started to work towards extending the 
coverage of the EGNOS satellite na vigation system to South Africa. 
2.3.5.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
EU cooperation with South Africa responds to  the principles of aid effectiveness, 
such as ownership, predictability, results orientation, accountability and division of 
labour. Since 2007, policy coordination wa s given strong importance through the 
creation of six donor coordination worki ng groups on employment, education and 
training, health, science and technology, and governance. The six working groups 
were broadened to include non-EU donors su ch as USAID, the UN and its agencies 
and the World Bank. The working groups help to exchange information and ideas and to improve the complementarity of programmes supported by the EU. The government of South Africa takes part in th e discussions but the leadership of the 
line departments involved could be streng thened. The National Treasury has set up a 
monitoring and evaluation mechanism in re lation to the mid-term review of the 
country strategy paper in 2009 while the EU Delegation and Member States are 
collaborating on a joint report on the re sults of EU aid to South Africa. 
2.3.5.3.  Working towards the MDGs 
South Africa maintains a favourable perf ormance towards meeting most of the 
MDGs but the negative impact of the gl obal economic crisis  on the country's 
employment levels is halting and, in some  cases, reversing the previously positive 
trends on poverty reduction. Recent estima tes from the South African presidency 
show an increase in income disparities. Th e economic recovery in the second half of 
2009 and progress on implementing the nati onal employment programme supported 
EN 114   EN by EU funds are expected to enable net job creation to resume with consequent 
improvement of income indicators. Despite difficult conditions in the health sector 
due to weak public healthcare systems and an  increase in HIV/AIDS levels, progress 
reports show signs of improvement in th e underlying MDG indicators. For example, 
South Africa has one of the largest HIV/AI DS treatment programmes in the world. 
Moreover, significant advances are reporte d in reducing incidences of malaria, 
almost full eradication of meas les, and increased immunisation. 
2.3.5.4.  Implementation 
The 2009 Annual Action Programme for South Africa committed a total of €137.7 
million, focusing on primary education (€122.7  million in sector budget support), 
Erasmus Mundus scholarships (€5 million) and youth empowerment (€10 million).  
The package continues the pattern of the pr evious two years to deliver about 90% of 
new commitments in the form of sector budget support.  Financial implementation 
also gained momentum in 2009. Payments accounted for €106 million. Several major budget support disbursements were comple ted in 2009, reaching a total amount of 
€79 million. National authorities signalled gr owing appreciation of EU aid with the 
shift from traditional projects to sect or budget support. The focus on primary 
education is directly relate d to the country's focus on improving social services and 
the underlying MDG targets.  
Case study: Sector budget s upport to the legislature 
The €15 million EU sector budget support prog ramme for the legislative sector in 
South Africa is aimed at e nhancing participatory democr acy in accordance with the 
constitution, legislation and mandates of members of parliament and members of 
provincial legislatures. Alt hough the programme is in an early phase, it has already 
produced impressive achievements. The nati onal parliament and the nine provincial 
legislatures have consolidated a wide arra y of activities, incl uding the preparation 
and adoption of legislative acts, the sett ing up of mutual administrative bodies, the 
joint creation of governance m odels and the improvement of governance structures. 
Various public participation activities have taken place, such as  public hearings, the 
establishment of standardised petitioni ng procedures as well as face-to-face 
campaigns in rural areas. 
EU funding also supports regional cooperati on through programmes for the Southern 
African Development Community (SADC) a nd contributions under the South Africa 
budget line to intra-ACP projects. The latt er will rise substantially in 2010 with 
planned contributions in the area of scienc e and technology as well as academic 
mobility. 
For the government of South Africa, region al trade and political cooperation remain 
at the top of the agenda alongsid e greater South-South cooperation.  The aim is to 
take a more pro-active development coopera tion role on the African continent to 
tackle poverty and underdevelopment through the establishment of a development partnership agency, to boost regional c ooperation and to improve donor coordination.  
The plan is to upgrade the African Renai ssance Fund and to transform it into an 
effective funding tool for development c ooperation. Trilateral cooperation between 
the EU, South Africa, and its African partners is envisa ged in the SA-EU strategic 
partnership joint action plan.  
EN 115   EN Case study: Risk capital facility 
In support of South Africa's efforts to crea te jobs, the EU has funded a risk capital 
facility. The facility provides equity and quasi-equity financing to a wide range of 
enterprises. Success stories include the rehabilitation of the Booysens Hotel and 
conference centre by underprivileged individua ls in Johannesburg, the expansion of 
the Blue Fin Marine in West ern Cape, and the creation of numerous new jobs at Port 
Elizabeth's high-tech fabrics manufacturer, BreatheTex. For the second phase alone, 
the South African department of trade es timates that the 40 planned investment 
activities will create some 3 700 jobs fo r disadvantaged persons. Women occupy 
more than 30% of all new jobs created. Additional openings are expected under the 
programme's niche fund channel, supporting venture capital funds. All activities take 
place in sectors that are usually not finan ced by banks due to the high risks involved .  
2.3.5.5.  Results  
The country strategy for South Af rica for 2007-2013 strongly focuses on 
employment creation and social services . The shift to budget support, representing 
about 90% of all new commitments, is highly  appreciated by nati onal authorities and 
has improved quality of aid delivery in vari ous aspects, such as  national ownership, 
substantial reduction in administrative costs,  predictability and focus on results. The 
mid-term review carried out in 2009 conc ludes that EU aid de livery has made good 
progress by concentration on fewer but larger  actions with bigger impact on national 
policy priorities. However, job creation ac tivities are offset by the global economic 
crisis which is why unemployment still we ighs on poverty indicators. The critical 
sectors of education and health services have been addressed and continuity is 
assured by the new programme on primary education approved in 2009 and the preparation of a new programme in the health sector to be approved in 2010. 
2.3.5.6.  Prospects 
EU development cooperation policies will continue to focus on employment and 
social services with a consequent reduction in poverty gaps in the years to come. For 
the period 2011-2013, it is intended to concen trate on service delivery/public finance 
management, climate change and sustainabl e development, as well as regional and 
pan-African co-operation ac tivities. The 2010 Annual Ac tion Programme foresees 
two major interventions: a sector budget s upport programme in the healthcare sector 
and a job creation project providing suppor t to risk financing. Further regional 
cooperation activities are pla nned through contributions to intra-ACP projects for the 
exchange of academics and promotion of science and technology. These actions will 
be followed by a major sector budget s upport programme for poverty reduction in 
accordance with the recommendations of th e mid-term review of South Africa's 
Country Strategy Paper. 
EN 116   EN Figure 24 DCI Geographic - Breakdown by sector of external aid financed on the General EU budget 
managed by EuropeAid in 2009
Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € million
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid only).859 M€; 61%
13 M€; 1%218 M€;  15%114 M€; 8%58 M€;  4%149 M€;  11%Social inf rastructures: education,  health,
water, government  and civil societ y,
other 
Economic inf rastructures and services:
t ransport , communications,  energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry andf ishing, industry, mining and
construct ion, trade and t ourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget  support, food aid, food securit y
Ot hers - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
147 M€; 13%
63 M€; 5%23 M€; 2%
82 M€; 7%
742 M€; 64%
108 M€; 9%Social infrastructures: education, health,
water,  government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastruct ures and services:
transport, communications, energy, otherservices
Production: agriculture,  forestry andfishing, industry, mining andconstruction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget support, food aid, food security
Others - including emergencyassistance, reconstruction relief
 
€ millions 2007 2008 2009
Commitments          1 362             1 371            1 414    
Disbursements          1 279             1 137            1 192    
Bilateral and Multilateral flows (EuropeAid only).Figure 25 DCI Geographic - External aid financed on the general 
EU budget managed by EuropeAid.
 
EN 117   EN Figure 26: DCI Geographic - General and sector budget support per country
Com mitments in € million
CountryGBS / 
SBSSector Description Total
Ecuador SBSEducation policy and 
administrative m anagement Support to 10-year education plan 2006-2015 13,00     
Ecuador SBSIndustrial policy and 
administrative m anagementSupport programme to system for solidarity and 
sustainable economic system (PASES) 13,40     
El Salvador SBSTrade policy and administrative 
managementProgramme to strengthen the national quality 
system (PROCALIDAD) 12,10     
El Salvador SBSSecondary educationStrengthening social cohesion in El Salvador's 
education system (PRO-E DUCA) 25,00     
Guatemala SBSFood aid/Food security 
programmesSupport programme to strategic plan for food 
security and nutrition 33,80     
Indonesia SBSEducation policy and 
administrative m anagement Education Sector Support Programme (ESSP-I) 145,00 
Kyrgyz Rep. SBSMultisector aid for basic social 
services Sector policy support programme -social 
protection and PFM - 2007-2009 - 3rd allocation 9,00       
Nepal SBSEducation policy and 
administrative m anagement School sector reform 13,00     
Nepal SBSEducation policy and 
administrative m ana gement School sector reform 13,35   
Peru SBSBasic  nut rit ionSupport to strategic programme on nutrition 
(EURO-PAN) 60,80     
Philippines SBS Basic health care Health sector policy support programm e - II 36,00     
South Africa SBSPrimary educationPrimary education sector policy support 
programme 122,68   
Grand Total 497,13   
GBS : General Budget Support
SBS : Sector Budget Support  
2.3.6.  Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol (AMSP) countries 
The EU's AMSP programme supports the adaptation process of 18 ACP sugar-
exporting countries following the reform by the EU of its previous sugar-market 
regime. This reform included annual cuts in  the EU's raw sugar reference price from 
2006/07 to 2009/2010. 
To help ACP countries adjust to this cu t in price, the Commission set up the AMSP 
as an eight-year programme. This starte d in 2006 and will run until 2013, supporting 
the 18 ACP countries in restructuring thei r sugar industries (see table below).  
The AMSP's indicative allocation – the fundi ng it gets from the EU budget - is €1.2 
billion. This is shared between be neficiary countries, depending on: 
– the reform's impact on each country's economy and 
– the importance of the suga r sector in each country. 
ACP sugar-exporting countries supp orted by the AMSP programme  
Africa (11) Caribbean (6) Pacific (1) 
Ivory Coast  
Kenya  Republic of Congo 
Swaziland  Barbados  
Belize  Fiji 
 
EN 118   EN Madagascar  
Malawi  Mauritius  Mozambique Tanzania 
Zambia  Zimbabwe Guyana 
Jamaica  St. Kitts & Nevis  Trinidad & 
Tobago  
 
EU assistance is tailored to each country, ba sed on that country's adaptation strategy. 
It has three main aims: 
– to strengthen the competitiveness of the s ugar sector, where this is sustainable,  
– to support the development of altern ative economic activities, and/or  
– to mitigate the broader impact of the EU's sugar sector reform, in particular its 
social, environmental and macroeconomic consequences. 
In 2009, the Commission adopted new fina ncing decisions for the 2009 budget and 
continued with the implementation of  the 2006-2008 annual action programmes. 
Since 1 January 2008, ACP countries have ha d duty- and quota-free access to the EU 
under Economic Partnership Agreements for all their exports. For sugar, a 
transitional safeguard applies unti l 2015, with high trigger thresholds55. The benefits 
of EPAs come on top of the free access to its  market which the EU already grants to 
Least Developed Countries under its "Everything But Arms" initiative. 
ACP sugar exports to the EU: a short history  
1975 
The EU and ACP countries sign the ACP-EU Sugar Protocol.  
- In the agreement, the EU is committed to buying fixed quantities of sugar each year from 
ACP countries, at guaranteed prices.  
- For their part, ACPs are committed to delivering these quantities. 
- The EU negotiates its guaranteed price with ACPs each year. In practice, this price is the 
same as the 'intervention price' which the EU guarantees to its own producers.  
2006 
- The EU reforms its sugar market. This includ es a cut in the EU's internal sugar market 
reference price (and thus also in th e price paid to ACP exporters).  
- The EU continues to buy fixed amounts of sugar each year from ACP countries.  
- To help ACP exporters adjust, the Comm ission sets up an eight-year programme, the 
Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries.  
                                                 
55 A transitional safeguard for rice also applied until January 2010. 
EN 119   EN 2007 
- The EC revokes the 1975 Sugar Protocol with effect from 1 October 2009.  
2008  
- (interim) Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the EU and ACP countries 
enter into force.  
- For sugar, EPAs offer ACPs and LDCs an  additional export quota to the EU until 30 
September 2009.  
2009 
- From 1 October the EU opens its sugar market: 
i) for sugar from LDCs, the EU lifts all import quotas and duties 
ii) for other ACP countries which have conclude d EPAs with the EU, the EU also lifts all 
import quotas and duties. A transitional safegua rd mechanism applies until 30 September 
2015, but only if the volume of ACP exports to the EU in a given year exceeds two 
thresholds simultaneously. 
EU importers must pay a minimum price to ACP exporters – at least 90% of the EU 
reference price. 
2.3.7.  Investing in people 
The EU is committed to assist poor countri es in achieving the MDGs and a more 
equitable access to social se rvices. It supports health, ed ucation, employment, social 
protection and culture through a variety of  instruments and modalities, including 
budget support. In 2009 the proportion of c ountry-level assist ance to basic and 
secondary education and basic health was 20% of DCI commitments. The aim is to 
strengthen national systems and a guiding pr inciple is the alignment with national 
policies and joint accountability on results.  
Health 
In 2009, the Investing in People Programme (IiP) complemented the country-level 
assistance, through a variety of actions. The EU supported the Global Fund to Fight 
AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis with €100 m illion as a way to tackle these poverty-
related diseases. It also supported a programme implemented by UNAIDS on 
provision of adequate tec hnical assistance, identified as a key challenge in the 
implementation of HIV programmes. One call (€3.6 million) was launched to identify innovative ways of addressi ng ill health caused by non-communicable 
diseases – a growing burden for poor count ries. Others targeted key problems in 
developing countries such as access to reproductive health commodities and the 
shortage of health workers,  the latter being the object of a call for proposals (€6.5 
million). For another priority health probl em, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), 
€16 million were committed to support civil society organisations to advocate for SRH services.  
Education 
EN 120   EN The second pillar of the IiP programme cove rs actions to promote universal access to 
quality primary education. The Commission contributed to this  objective in 2009 
with €4.5 million via the Fast Track Initiative Catalytic Fund. The FTI has become a 
key vehicle to contribute to education MDGs  with the catalytic fund as a complement 
to bilateral funding. Under the education pi llar the Commission also supports policy-
related events promoting tran sfers of experience and best practices to provide quality 
education. Quality education depends on having good-quality teachers trained and 
deployed appropriately, working in an en abling environment and with a reasonable 
class size. Teacher shortages are a significan t barrier to progress on education for all. 
Worldwide, ten million primary school teachers are needed over the next five years to meet MDG 2. The Co mmission committed €1.5 million in 2009 to support the 
Education for All Partnership’s efforts to address the critical shortage of qualified teachers.  
Employment and social protection 
The economic and financial crisis shaped to a large extent the development debate in 
2009. Employment and social pr otection received much a ttention. To address these 
issues, the European Commission conti nued in 2009 to develop and strengthen 
cooperation with the International La bour Organisation (ILO). Under the IiP 
Program, four larger projects are jointly  managed by the ILO and the Commission 
covering the thematic areas of trade and employment, statistical systems, social 
protection and employment policy in deve loping countries, and occupational safety 
and health for a total of €11.3 million. The pr ojects aim at developing new tools that 
are tested and implemented in different re gions of the world. Two calls for proposals 
were launched in 2009 covering technical and vocational education and training 
(€5.8 million) and labour market information systems (€5.1 million).  
Culture 
Under the Investing in People programm e, the Commission promotes access to 
culture and the protection and promotion of cultural diversit y, including inter-cultural 
dialogue and respect for the e qual dignity of all cultures.  In 2009, a call for proposals 
for €13.2 million (€5.9 million from the 2009 budget) was launched and generated an overwhelming response with 585 project concept notes submitted by civil society organisations and other elig ible actors. Afte r a thorough evaluation exercise, the 22 
best projects were selected for contract  award. Because of the high number of good 
quality proposals rece ived, a culture 'auction floor' wa s launched to identify other 
potential donors for the quality propos als the EU was unable to fund itself.  
Children 
Regarding the "children and youth" co mponent of the Investing in People 
programme, the 2009 credits (€11 million) were allocated to a call for proposals targeting children's particip ation, one of the rights cont ained in the Convention on the 
Rights of the Child adopted in 1989, but which lacks genuine implementation in development aid programmes. More than 800 proposals were received. In addition, the development of a comprehensive toolk it to address child rights in European 
development cooperation and external rela tions received suppor t. The Commission 
was involved in a project aimed at preven tion and rehabilitation measures concerning 
EN 121   EN children associated with armed forces and groups or involved in the worst forms of 
child labour in conflict or  post-conflict situations . 
Gender 
Gender equality is addressed in two ways. First it is promoted as a cross-cutting 
issue; and second, gender equality is suppor ted by specific target ed actions. In 2009 
priority was given to support non-state actors in their efforts to fi ght adult illiteracy 
and promote women's property ownership (€8.4 million). With funding from the 
Investing in People programme, 14 organisa tions in Africa and Asia have launched a 
series of activities designed to promote women's property rights and the right to 
literacy. Over the years, the EU has supported a range of act ivities designed to assist 
the Mediterranean partner countries in promoting gender equality. A call for 
proposals on ‘Strengthening the capacity of non-state actors to promote women’s 
rights and gender equality in ten Mediterra nean countries' was launched in 2009 with 
a budget of €7.8 million. To advance the im plementation of UN Security Council 
Resolutions on women, peace and security, the Commission supported an international colloquium on women’s lead ership in Liberia in March 2009. An 
important outcome of the colloquium wa s the launching of the ‘Angie Brooks 
International Centre’, which will fu rther enhance women’s empowerment and 
leadership. The Commission contributed €0.5 million to organise the event and its 
follow-up. 
Case study: Making aid work for both women and men  
The European Commission/UN Partnership on Ge nder Equality for Development and Peace 
has produced significant findings on aid eff ectiveness and gender equality in 12 pilot 
countries. This has been achieved through a mapping exercise in each country and by 
developing the professional capacity at both nati onal and regional levels that is needed to 
bring a stronger gender equality perspective to the aid effectiveness agenda. The pioneering 
online course on “Gender Equality and Aid Effectiveness” has generated unprecedented 
demand from government, donor, multilateral and civil society organisations. For more 
information: www.gendermatters.eu .  
The European Commission/UNIFEM progra mme on integrating gender-responsive budget-
ing into the aid effectiveness agenda, has also proved to be a valuable resource for generating 
both knowledge and awareness in this area . A report presenting composite findings of 
research focusing on 10 countries is now available. It should be read in conjunction with the 
10 more detailed country reports: Ethiopia, India, Mozambique, Peru, Uganda, Nepal, 
Morocco, Rwanda, Cameroon and Ta nzania (http://www.gender-budgets.org ).  
2.3.8.  Non-State actors and local aut horities in development  
The European Union has long recognised th e vital contribution of non-state actors to 
the development process by virtue of their dual role as strate gic partners in the 
political, social and economi c dialogue and key aid deli very agents. Development 
policy and programmes are generally more effective when the priorities of the 
different development actors ar e consistent with those of civil society, as this gives 
local populations a sense of ownershi p of national development policy. EU 
development policy encourages  non-state actors to play an active role. Recent EU 
emphasis on participatory approaches  has resulted in many innovations, such as more 
decentralised management and empowering, and involving a broad range of civil 
EN 122   EN society bodies like NGOs, trade unions, political foundations, universities and the 
media.  
Supporting non-state actors and lo cal authorities means enc ouraging participation in 
development, at both national and local level. It also means working for better 
governance and more participative deve lopment. The Commission's thematic 
programme on non-state actors and local aut horities in development facilitates and 
promotes dialogue between state and non-st ate actors on development priorities and 
strategies in partner co untries. The programme’s overarching objective is poverty 
reduction, including working towards the Mi llennium Development Goals and other 
internationally agreed targets. It is an ‘actor-oriented’ programme aimed at 
strengthening the abilit ies of non-state actors and local au thorities to provide help. It 
also serves to co-finance actions in areas as diverse as rural development, health, environmental protection and education, as well as long-term partnerships between 
civil society and local authorities. These in itiatives can be grouped according to three 
principal objectives:  
1. Supporting actions aimed at  a democratic, cohesive and autonomous society in 
partner countries by enhancing the skills of non-state actors  and local authorities.  
2. Financing awareness-rais ing and educational initiatives among the European 
population on the topic of development, by en couraging a better understanding of the 
stakes involved. 3. Facilitating coordination and communication between lo cal authority networks 
and civil society stakeholders involve d in the European public debate on 
development.  
Under the programme's multi-annual st rategy (2007-2010), the Annual Action 
Programme for 2009 was adopted. In the 2008 annual action programme, 404 projects proposed by non-state actors fr om the EU and partner countries (€181.5 
million) and 66 projects proposed by local authorities from the EU and partner 
countries (€31.7 million) were selected. Th e total value of the projects was €213.1 
million, of which €135 million went to pr ojects selected under local calls for 
proposals managed by EU Delegations in  partner countries and €78.1 million for 
projects selected under centra lised calls. In addition, a rest ricted call for proposals on 
local authorities in development was published at the end of 2009 by the European Commission.
  
Æ PADOR 
Online registration for EU grant applicants, P ADOR (Potential Data Online Registration), is 
a central database collecting administrative data of applicants to calls for proposals. It was 
launched in 2007. Now considered a corner-s tone the new non-state actor approach, it was 
made compulsory for all calls for proposals covered by the 2008 annual action programme. It 
reduces the administrative burden for applicants and provides the Commission with a tool to 
improve knowledge and understanding of the needs of its implementation partners. At the 
end of 2009, there are nearly 50 000 orga nisations identified in PADOR and 20 000 
registered. Since 2009, the possibility also exists for local authorities to register. 
Simplifications have been introduced in the last year, including the obligation to register 
only if the project concerned is selected, a nd the exemption for lead organisations whose 
proposal is for less than €25 000. 
Since mid-2008, projects have been monito red. Results-oriented monitoring provides 
independent advice which is useful on three levels – the micro level of the project, 
EN 123   EN the macro level of Commission development portfolio performance, and the level of 
the programming cycle. The centrally ma naged thematic projects (CMTP) are 
worldwide operations financed by the Comm ission through the external assistance 
thematic financial instruments and progr ammes. From January to December 2009 a 
total of 53 projects were monitored and 118 monitoring reports were produced. The 
total value of projects involved in 2009, wa s €215.7 million. This represented 4% of 
the total number of projects and 17% in te rms of the total budget. In general, the 
ongoing CMTP which were monitored performed in a positive way in 2009 with regard to all five criteria. No projects with  overall really serious deficiencies were 
identified.  
Case study: Capacity building of NGOs in supporting MDGs 
The project "Capacity building of NGOs in  Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic for 
mobilising support for Millennium Development Goals" , with a grant of €440 000, 
represents a good opportunity for the NGOs to build their capacity in a sustainable way. 
Until July 2009, 2 300 people had participated  in 32 info sessions and 350 persons had 
participated in media events. A total of 8 000 persons were informed about the MDGs.  
2.3.9.  Migration and asylum 
The adoption by the European Council in December 2009 of the Stockholm 
Programme - an open and secure Europe serving and protecti ng the citizen, will 
significantly affect EU external assist ance policies on migration and asylum. The 
focus of this new multi-annual programme is  on the rights and security of European 
citizens. However, it al so outlines a vision for th e years 2010-2014 of access to 
Europe in a globalised world, and highlig hts Europe's role in terms of its 
responsibility, solidarity a nd partnership in migration and asylum matters. The 
current European pact on immigration and asylum will remain the basis for future development. Its objective is to establis h a common asylum system in 2012, ensuring 
people in need of protection access to lega lly safe and efficient asylum procedures. 
But the Stockholm Programme also says that  in order to maintain credible and 
sustainable immigration and asyl um systems in the EU, it is necessary to prevent, 
control and combat illegal migration. Finally, the programme highlights the 
importance of the external dimension of EU  policy in the area of freedom, security 
and justice and the need to integrate this pol icy further into the general policies of the 
European Union. In 2010, the objectives  of the Stockholm Programme will be 
moulded into a concrete action plan. 
In 2009, the Annual Action Plan of the th ematic programme of cooperation with 
third countries in the areas of migrati on and asylum (TPMA) encompassed four 
major components: 
• support measures for the programme itself;  
• a €4.5 million targeted project focusing on th e prevention of irregular migration in 
Libya; 
• €3 million as a targeted action to support the implementation of the Africa-EU 
partnership on migration, mobility and employment; 
• a call for proposals combining the budgets for 2009-2010 totalling €70 million.  
EN 124   EN Launched in August, the cal l resulted in the submissi on of 368 concept notes. The 
process should result in the contracting of  successful project proposals in the second 
half of 2010. In December 2009, the Commissi on also decided to allocate the €5 
million earmarked for special measures (unforeseen needs or circumstances related to natural disasters, civil strife or cris es) to regional protection programmes in the 
Horn of Africa. 
In parallel, various initiatives have been launched to prepare the 2011-2013 TPMA 
strategy and multi-annual indicative programme. An evaluation was done of the 2004-2006 AENEAS programme, th e predecessor of the TPMA. A mid-term review 
of the TPMA has been launched as well. The principal lessons learned will feed into the 2011-2013 strategy and MIP under preparati on. It should also be mentioned that 
in order to enhance their effectiveness, impact and sustainability, and to boost 
ownership, a process has been initia ted to devolve the monitoring of the 
implementation of projects funded fr om the TPMA to EU Delegations.  
A number of important steps were taken in 2009 in the area of human trafficking. In 
March, the Commission tabled  proposals regarding the fi ght against trafficking in 
human beings and the protection of vict ims, including provisions on approximation 
of criminal law as well as assistance, s upport and protection meas ures for victims. 
The ensuing discussions in the Council led to  an agreement which will be turned into 
a proposal for a Directive. In October, an EU Ministerial Conference “Towards 
global EU action against trafficking in human beings”,  in Brussels, brought together 
nearly 600 participants. Its final declar ation marked agreement on a number of 
crucial objectives in the fight against human  trafficking. It also  contributed to the 
development of an action-oriented paper, adopted by the Council in December, aiming to strengthen the commitment and coordinated action of the EU and the 
Member States to prevent and fight all fo rms of trafficking in human beings in 
partnership with third count ries, regions and organisati ons at international level .  
The implementation of the pilot mobility partnerships between  Moldova and Cape 
Verde and the Commission with a range of Member States remained on course in 
2009. A new mobility partnership with Georgia was signed in November. 
The Commission also continued to play an active role  in the policy dialogue on 
migration and asylum issues in various inte rnational and regional fora and at events 
such as the global forum on international migration and development, which took 
place in Athens in November 2009. Work has also continued on the partnership on migration, mobility and employment of the Lisbon action plan, adopted in December 2007. Of particular importance at internati onal level was the launch, in June, of the 
structured and comprehensive bi-region al dialogue on migration between the 
European Union and the countries of  Latin America and the Caribbean.  
Case study: MIEUX gets going 
Migration EU Expertise (MIEUX) is a Joint EC-ICMPD56 initiative that supports third 
countries in addressing irregular migration a nd mixed migratory flows. As part of a 
comprehensive approach to migration manageme nt, it facilitates peer-to-peer transfer of 
knowledge and experience by EU Member States experts.  
                                                 
56 International Centre for Migration Policy Development  
EN 125   EN With €3 million funding, this three-year project is  able to fast track requests for short-term 
technical assistance in a wide range of irregular migration-related areas. A major asset of 
MIEUX is its very 'light' procedural approach : only a simple written request is required.  
In 2009, its first year of implementation, 20 requests were received confirming growing 
interest. Requests received related to both southern and eastern migratory routes and 
represented a wide geographic scope. They ranged from border management to the 
development of national migration policies and improvement of mi gration management, 
legislation, return and readmission, migration statistics, trafficking in human beings and 
information campaigns.  
Two actions have already been completed: in  Malawi, MIEUX increased the capacities of 
the relevant authorities in the field of borde r management, and a semi nar on visa facilitation 
and migration was organised in Kazakhstan. Approval has been granted to prepare the 
implementation of actions in Angola, Armenia, Cape Verde, Mozambique and Sierra Leone.  
2.3.10.  Environment and sustainable management of  natural resources including energy 
Support for the environment and the sustaina ble management of natural resources is 
one of the main priorities of EU development cooperation. 
The Development Cooperation Instrument makes provision for a thematic 
programme for the environment and the sust ainable management of natural resources 
including energy (ENRTP). A total budget of €889.5 million has been foreseen to 
support this thematic programme from 2007 to 2013. The 2007-2010 thematic 
strategy paper put an emphasis on assisti ng developing countries to achieve MDG 7. 
Based on this strategy paper, the 2009 annual action programme was adopted by the Commission in May with a budget of €163 million. It focuses on major environmental issues, such as climate cha nge, desertification, bi odiversity, fisheries 
and forest preservation (including the EU F LEGT initiative against illegal logging). 
Support for the developing countries’ capacity to implement multilateral 
environmental agreements also continued. An  external review was carried out on the 
implementation of the ENRTP as part of the mid-term review process, and draft 
results were presented at a meeting of Memb er States and civil society in September 
2009. The preparation of the strategy for 2011-2013, which will take into account the results of the review process, has started wi th a view to adoption in the first half of 
2010. 
In 2009, the Global Climate Cha nge Alliance received an al location of €35 million to 
support poor developing countries most vulne rable to climate chan ge, in particular 
the least developed countries and small is land developing stat es. Eight countries 
benefited from financial support in 2009:  Bangladesh, Guyana, Jamaica, Mali, 
Mauritius, Rwanda, Senegal and Seychell es. In addition, a €3 million facility has 
been set up to provide support, hold ev ents and conduct analyses and studies. A 
complementary €40 million GCCA support programme was decided under the 10
th 
EDF intra-ACP strategy. This programme is focused on regional activities in the 
Caribbean, in the Pacific and in Africa,  and involves cooperation with regional 
organisations that deal with climate ch ange policy. The Commission also started the 
implementation of the EUrocLIMA initiativ e aimed at fostering climate change 
dialogue between the EU and Latin America. 
Case study: The Global Climate Change Alliance 
The GCCA is an EU initiative aimed at stre ngthening political dialogue and cooperation on 
climate change with the most vulnerable a nd poorest developing countries. Through the 
EN 126   EN GCCA, support is being tailored primarily towa rds actions integrating climate change in 
developing countries' policies. Support focuses on adaptation activities, especially in the 
water and agricultural sectors; reducing emissions  from deforestation and forest degradation; 
disaster risk reduction; and on enhanced partic ipation of least developed countries in the 
carbon market.  
Fifteen countries have been identified and ac tivities have started 12 of them: Bangladesh, 
Cambodia, Guyana, Jamaica, Mali, Maldives,  Mauritius, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, 
Tanzania and Vanuatu. More countries will be able to benefit from this support over the 
coming years.  
In the context of the EU’s overall energy policy objectives, support continued for the 
Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable En ergy Fund (GEEREF) w ith an allocation 
of €15 million in 2009. The objective is to pool public and private funds through an 
innovative public-private part nership in order to offer new risk sharing and co-
funding options for investors in the areas of  energy efficiency and renewable energy. 
In 2009, GEEREF invested €22.5 million in two new funds in Asia and South Africa. 
All these ENRTP activities have been complemented by projects and programmes 
funded under the geographical financial in struments. The Commission pursued its 
efforts in preserving tropical  forests and improving fore st governance. Progress has 
been made under the FLEGT initiative with the signature of a voluntary partnership 
agreement with the Republic of Congo, in a ddition to one already signed with Ghana. 
FLEGT negotiations continued with Came roon, Malaysia and Indonesia and were 
started with Liberia and the Central African Republic. In th e area of biodiversity and 
protected areas, the Commi ssion continued its support for the conservation and 
sustainable management of the tropical forest in Africa (Democratic Republic of 
Congo, Sierra Leone, Liberia) and central  America (Honduras). In addition to 
individual field projects, the Commission has actively contributed to international 
processes against desertification, such as  the International Land Coalition or the 
organisation of the first open scientific conference on desertification in the UNCCD 
context. It has also carried  out preparatory studies unde r the EU/AU Partnership of 
the Green Wall initiative, which aims to count er the advance of de sertification in the 
Sahel and the Sahara usi ng ecosystem approaches. 
As part of the external fisheries polic y, the Commission pursued its actions to 
promote the sustainable use of marine re sources outside EU wa ters. The Commission 
encouraged the strengtheni ng of fisheries management in ACP countries under the 
10th EDF through regional programmes in the Pacific and the south-west Indian 
Ocean. In total, EU financial support57 to the fishery sector in developing countries 
amounted to about €180 million in 2009. 
In 2009, the Commission applied for the firs t time the budget suppo rt method to the 
environment sector with the aim of im plementing national environment policies. 
Two countries have benefited from this new approach: Ukraine (€35 million) and 
Ghana (€8 million).  
                                                 
57 Including EDF and the financial compensation  under the Fishery Partnership Agreements  
EN 127   EN 2.3.11.  Food security 
It is estimated that more than one bill ion people were under nourished worldwide in 
2009. Maternal and child malnutrition is resp onsible for 3.5 million child deaths per 
year. Even before the last food and economic crises these numbers had been increasing for a decade. This worrying tr end has interlinked structural causes: 
demographic growth; increase of meat consumption in developing and, even more, in 
emerging countries; urban growth; and speculation on food commodities. These 
factors increased pressure on the world food market and led to high price volatility. 
In addition agricultural production in ma ny developing countries is negatively 
affected by climate change and ecosystem degradation. Competition is intensifying 
for access to agricultural land, be it for food or agro-fuel production.  
In this context EU development activi ties were confronted in 2009 with a double 
challenge: 
– Implement the ambitious "rapid respons e" mechanism decided in 2008 for €1 
billion, to mitigate in the short- to me dium-term the impacts of the food crisis; 
– Address on a longer-term basis the stru ctural causes of food insecurity. 
Implementation of the Food Facility has been  remarkably fast, bringing the European 
Union to the forefront of the global response to the food crisis, with a rapid, concrete 
and transparent mechanism for local ac tion. From the total of €1 billion, two 
financing decisions were adopted at the be ginning of 2009. The first for an amount of 
€313 million concerned joint management proj ects with internati onal organisations 
(FAO, WFP, UNICEF, Worl d Bank, UNDP, IFAD, African  Union-IBAR, UNOPS, 
UNRWA, …). A second decision allocated €393 million for supporting projects with 
international organisations and for financi ng a call for proposal from civil society. A 
third set of financing decisions for a to tal value of €129.7 milli on, mainly including 
budget support measures, was approved in December, bringing the total amount 
committed in 2009 to €837 million. 
Addressing the structural causes of food insecurity is pursued through the EU's 
"regular" instruments for external assi stance, in particular the Development 
Cooperation Instrument and the European Development Fund. In 2009, the Commission committed some €236 million under the food security thematic 
programme while €264 and €235 million were  committed for rural development, 
agriculture and food security  under the geographic allocat ions of the DCI and EDF 
respectively.  
In addition, the European Commission took  steps in 2009 to do more to address 
malnutrition, issuing a concept note on mal nutrition and hosting a high-level meeting 
of the UN standing committee on nutrition with key participation from developing 
countries. The objective is to pave the wa y for a sustained response to the multiple 
factors that affect food secu rity for the most vulnerable  populations in developing 
countries through social action on safety ne ts and nutritional in itiatives, linking in 
with health and education, and compleme nting actions to promote agricultural 
production and marketing.  
EN 128   EN Figure 27 DCI Thematic - Breakdown by sector of external aid financed on the General EU budget 
managed by EuropeAid in 2009
Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € million
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid only).
Including Food Facility.190 M€; 10%
19 M€; 1%
870 M€; 48%319 M€; 17%374 M€;  20%82 M€; 4%
Social inf rastructures: education,  health,
water, government  and civil societ y,
other 
Economic inf rastructures and services:
t ransport , communications,  energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry andf ishing, industry, mining and
construct ion, trade and t ourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget  support, food aid, food securit y
Ot hers - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
282 M€; 23%
36 M€; 3%
379 M€; 31%72 M€; 6%
397 M€; 32%
62 M€; 5%Social infrastructures: education, health,
water,  government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastruct ures and services:
transport, communications, energy, otherservices
Production: agriculture,  forestry andfishing, industry, mining andconstruction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget support, food aid, food security
Others - including emergencyassistance, reconstruction relief
 
€ millions 2007 2008 2009
Commitments             834                956            1 854    
Disbursements             745                838            1 233    
Bilateral and Multilateral flows (EuropeAid only).Figure 28 DCI Thematic - External aid financed on the EU budget 
managed by EuropeAid.
 
EN 129   EN Figure 29: DCI Thematic - General and sector budget support per country
Com mitments in € million
CountryGBS / 
SBSSector Description Total
Bolivia SBSAgricultural policy and 
administrative managementResponse to the food prices crisis by 
reinforcement of food sovereignty and security 
operations 7,75       
Congo, Dem. Rep. GBSGeneral budget supportBudget support programme for econom ic 
stabilisation of DRC (food facility) 26,00     
Georgia SBSFood aid/Food security 
program mes Food Security Programme 2009 2,00       
Ghana GBSGeneral budget supportgeneral budget support in response to high 
international food prices  15,00     
Guy ana SBSIndustrial crops/export cropsAnnual Action Plan 2009 on Accompanying 
Measures on Sugar 18,13     
Guy ana SBSFlood prevention/controlSustainable coastal zone protection through 
Mangrove managem ent 4,17       
Haiti GBSGeneral budget supportSet of measures im plementing the Facility for 
rapid response to soaring food prices in 
developing countries 5,80       
Jamaica SBSAgro-industries Accom panying measures 2009 for sugar protocol 
countries - Sector budget support component 8,47       
Jamaica GBSGeneral budget supportDebt Reduction enhancement programme 2009 8,35       
Malawi GBSGeneral budget support Food Facility to address the budgetary and social 
impact of soaring international food prices 15,90     
Mauritius GBSGeneral budget supportPromotin g sustainable and equitable development 58,98   
Mauritius GBSGeneral budget supportGeneral budget support - Global Climate Change 3,00       
Rwanda SBSRural developmentSector budget support for environment and 
natural resources "Global Climate Change 
Alliance" 4,56       
Rwanda SBSAgricultural policy and 
administrative managementSector budget support for agricultural 
intensification 15,60     
Seychelles GBS General bud get support Climat e Change support programme 2,00     
St.Kitts-Nevis GBSGeneral budget supportAccom panying Measures 2009 for Sugar Protocol 
Countries 10,43     
Tajikistan SBSSoc ial/  welfare servicesSupport to the Social Safety Nets - Global Food 
Facility Programme 7,75       
Trinidad & Tobago SBSTrade-related adjustment Annual Action Plan 2009 under AMSP 10,76     
Grand Total 224,64   
GBS : General Budget Support
SBS : Sector Budget Support  
2.4. Democracy and human rights 
The universality and indivisibility of human rights, the responsibility to defend them 
throughout the world, the promotion of plur alist democracy, support to civil society 
and effective guarantee for the rule of law are essential principl es for the European 
Union. 
In promoting human rights and democracy worldwide, the EU uses a whole range of 
approaches, from political dialogue and diplom atic initiatives to specific instruments 
of financial and technical cooperation. Improving the design and the impact of 
external assistance by ensuring coherence, complementarity and synergy between the 
EN 130   EN geographic and thematic instruments and programmes has been a priority over the 
past years.  
The European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR)58 
complements and reinforces actions on human rights and democracy within the 
framework of relevant EU po licies. EIDHR is a free-standing financing instrument to 
contribute to the development and consolid ation of democracy and the rule of law 
and respect for all human rights and f undamental freedoms across the globe. 
Building on its key strength, which is the ab ility to operate wit hout the need for host 
government consent, EIDHR is able to fo cus on sensitive political issues and to 
cooperate directly with local civil societ y organisations which need to preserve 
independence from public authorities.  In addition, it work s through strategic 
cooperation with international organisations . EIDHR can also be active in countries 
that may be described as “difficult part nerships” where fundamental freedoms are 
most at risk and where geogra phic programmes meet obstacles. 
For 2007-2010, the main EIDHR aims are to: (i) enhance respect for human rights 
and fundamental freedoms in countries and re gions where they are most at risk; (ii) 
strengthen the role of civil society in pr omoting human rights and democratic reform, 
in supporting the peaceful conciliation of groups of interest, and in consolidating 
political participation and re presentation; (iii) support actio ns in areas covered by EU 
guidelines, including huma n rights dialogues, human ri ghts defenders, the death 
penalty, torture, children and armed conflic t and the promotion and protection of the 
rights of the child; (iv) support and strengthen the international and regional 
framework for the protection of human right s, justice, the rule of law and the 
promotion of democracy; and (v) build conf idence in and enhancing the reliability 
and transparency of democratic electoral pr ocesses, in particular  through EU election 
observation missions.  
EIDHR has made considerable provisions for country-specific small-scale projects in 
order to further enhance local owners hip and improve access by civil society 
organisations from the countries and regi ons concerned. In all,  64 local calls for 
proposals were launched during 2009 with  a total budget of €49.6 million, resulting 
in the signature of 371 contracts. An additional 79 contracts were signed with a total budget of €65.4 million, covering strategic partnerships with international 
organisations as well as the projects sel ected under four global calls for proposals. 
These covered: the guidelin es on torture; the human ri ghts masters programme; the 
human rights and fundamental freedoms wher e they are most at risk; and civil 
society support for the International Criminal Court. This gives a total EIDHR budget for 2009 of €115 million, excluding election observation missions.  
The chart below gives an idea of the wide range of topics covered by this global 
instrument to promote democracy and human rights. 
Figure 30: EIDHR implementation - B reakdown by project theme and number 
(January 2007-April 2009) 
                                                
 
58 Regulation (EC) No. 1889/2006 of 20 December 2006 
EN 131   EN Instrument 2007-April 2009, Complete Overview wit hout 
EOM
Breakdown by Theme and No. Implemented Projects
Abolition of the Death 
Penalty, 1 project, 0.63 m 
€
Human Rights Dialogues, 2 
projects, 0.12 m €
Trafficking (of human 
beings) , 4 projects, 0.21 m 
€
Human Rights Protection 
Mechanisms , 5 projects, 
8.5 m €
Domestic Violence, 5 
projects, 0.61 m €
Peaceful Conciliation, 8 
projects, 4.4 m €
The Rights of Indigenous 
Peoples, 9 projects, 2.1 m 
€
Human Rights Defenders, 
11 projects, 9.9 m €
International Criminal 
Justice, 11 projects, 9 m €Persons with Disabilities, 
14 projects, 1.2 m €
The Fight against Racism, 
Xenophobia and 
Discrimination, 17 projects, 
1.7 m €The Rights of Persons 
Belonging to Minorities and 
Ethnic Groups, 19 projects, 
2.7 m €Rule of Law and Justice 
including the Penal 
Systems, 21 projects, 4.5 
m €Children, 32 projects, 4.4 m 
€Women, 33 projects, 4.4 m 
€Torture, 39 projects, 26.6 m 
€Strengthening of the Civil 
Society, 49 projects,  7.7 
m €Governance, 53 projects, 
7.7 m €Promotion and Protection 
of Human Rights and 
Fundamental Freedoms, 94 
projects,  36.7 m €
 
Lessons learnt 
To learn from its actions and to improve  the impact of its work, the Commission 
carried out two global evalua tions and studies of EIDHR during the reporting period. 
In its effort to scrutinise its core activiti es, an evaluation was concluded in December 
2008 on EIDHR support for the establishmen t and functioning of the International 
Criminal Court.59 The evaluation covered 29 projec ts worldwide supported under the 
EIDHR since 2000, implemented both by the I CC directly and by CSOs working to 
support its functioning. The report says that EU support has been highly relevant and 
that the EU is a major donor worldwide in this field. The support has been efficient 
and effective in terms of state ratifications of the ICC's Rome Stat ute, but it could be 
improved in relation to national implementing legislations and complementarity between the ICC and the national judici al apparatus. The evaluation further 
concludes that projects have  contributed to enhance the capacity of governments, 
civil society organisations and legal experts in  relation to the ICC. In addition to this 
global evaluation, the EU Delegations in Co lombia and Sri Lanka have carried out 
evaluations published in 2009 of th eir local human rights projects.
60  
                                                 
59 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/human-rights/studies_evaluations_en.htm 
60 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/human-rights/studies_evaluations_en.htm 
EN 132   EN Further, a compilation of all EIDHR proj ects was concluded to give a complete 
overview of the activities supported since 2000. An electronic Compendium61 is 
available.  
Case study: A tale of Dalits in Nepal 
Dalan, a highly successful TV soap opera on caste-based discrimination in Nepal, received 
initial funding from the EIDHR allocations to Nepal. Jagaran Media Centre, a Nepalese 
NGO working on Dalit issues, produced the ser ies with additional financial support from 
Denmark and Germany. Dalan is shown every w eek and will remain on Nepal television for 
at least another 12 months.  
Dalan, meaning suppression, is based on the suffe ring, over the centuries, of naïve citizens, 
the shame they encountered and their struggle for liberation.  
Pre-production planning included talks with vari ous interested stakeholders. A survey to 
ascertain what viewers would like to watch on TV was also carried out. 
Films and documentaries, covering the sensitiv e issue surrounding Dalits, have been rare. 
Encouraged by the soap opera, many youths in different parts of the country have formed 
clubs. They have started lobbying and advocacy  against various discriminations. Dalan is 
also being screened internationally. Thus, it is reaching mass audiences, and spreading 
effectively the issue of equal rights. By endeavouring to transform the psychological mindset 
of society, the series has met with success in raising awareness about discrimination, and 
combating it. 
Protection and promotion of human  rights through mainstreaming 
The European Union is committed to ma instreaming human rights throughout its 
activities, as outlined by the European consensus on development. 
As an example of mainstreaming, the EU supported several proj ects in 2009 in the 
justice sector within the bilateral cooperation framewor k. Being tailored to each 
country's legal system, social values and accepted principles, these projects were 
centred on ensuring a better access to justic e for people and guaranteeing the respect 
of human rights for the persons proc essed through the justice system.  
Various approaches were designed for this  purpose, from support for institutional 
reforms aimed at strengthening the independenc e, impartiality and professionalism of 
the judiciary (Egypt), to the improvement of national legal frameworks ensuring a fair and timely trial, provi sion of free legal aid and civic education (Malawi, 
Nigeria), improving detention conditions , prison management and introducing 
alternatives to imprisonment (Jordan) as well  as addressing the issue of the efficiency 
and transparency of the judiciary, notably through court automation and case 
management (Syria). 
Case study: EIDHR support for parliamentarians for global action 
For a number of years, the EIDHR has supported global civil society campaigns designed to 
ensure the effective functioning of the International Criminal Court.  
                                                 
61 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/human-rights/projects_en.htm 
EN 133   EN The organisation "Parliamentarians for Gl obal Action" (PGA) has been one of the 
longstanding beneficiaries. PGA is a network of  more than 1 300 members of national (or 
regional) parliaments around the world who agr eed to contribute to a common human rights-
based agenda. One of the key activities of PGA is to use its membership of national 
parliamentarians to lobby for ratification of th e Rome Statute, complementary legislation and 
implementation of international justice commi tments by governments. PGA’s contribution 
has been widely acknowledged by many actors. The EIDHR-supported projects implemented 
by PGA have been successful in widening th e support base for the ICC, in increasing the 
understanding and support for the principles and rules of the Rome Statute, and in the 
adoption of legislation on ICC ratification a nd/or implementation in a wide range of 
countries. 
Electoral support 
A democratic electoral process is part of  establishing a system of government that 
can ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law, and th ereby contribute to 
preventing violent conflicts. To support the conduct of genuine, democratic elections 
the EU has been providing electoral support  (electoral observ ation and electoral 
assistance) to a wide range of partner countries. 
Electoral observation  
The purpose of EU Electoral Observation Missions (EOMs) is to assist partner 
countries in their objective to hold electi ons of a high standar d. In this context, 
EOMs conduct comprehensive analysis of the electoral process and provide impartial and informed assessments of elections to strengthen voters' confidence in participating freely. 
Since 1993, the EU has conducted more th an 110 observation mi ssions all over the 
world. In 2009, EU EOMs were deployed to Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Malawi, 
Lebanon, Afghanistan, Guinea-Bissau and Moza mbique. Experts' missions were sent 
to follow the electoral proce sses in Ivory Coast, South Af rica, Niger, Indonesia, and 
Iraq. 
Case study: EU EOM Lebanon (2009) 
The June 2009 parliamentary elections marked an important step for the consolidation of 
democracy in Lebanon. Its population showed a high degree of civic awareness throughout 
the campaign, with a high turn-out on election day. 
Deeply committed to the democratic process in  Lebanon, the EU deployed a mission of 100 
observers from 26 Member States to assess el ectoral preparations, voting and counting 
processes. 
While there were some improvements, work still remains to bring Lebanon into line with 
international standards. The mission made 36 recommendations to improve the electoral 
process and further boost voter confidence. The fi nal report is published in Arabic, French 
and English at www.eueomlebanon.org  
Electoral assistance  
EN 134   EN The strategy for an effective electoral assistance that s upports electoral processes and 
that integrates activities into a wider democratic governance perspective has been 
further developed.  
In 2009, the Commission adopted financing de cisions to support electoral assistance 
related programmes/projects in: Afghani stan, Bolivia, Guinea-Bissau, Moldova, 
Tanzania and Togo, with a total budget around €60 million. The development of methodological tools and the coordination a nd collaboration with the main actors 
involved continued to be a priority. A pion eer eLearning course on effective electoral 
assistance developed within the Train4Dev  initiative and in collaboration with 
UNDP, the Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the International Organization for Migration, the Canadian In ternational Development Agency and the 
Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs wa s launched in June 2009. Cooperation in the 
field of electoral assistance with regional or ganizations and in particular with African 
Union, the Economic Community Of West African States, 
Southern African 
Development Community and the Arab League was further strengthened and two joint 
workshops were held in Brussels in 2009, one with the African Union and the other 
with the Arab League. 
Recommendations by EU election observation missions represent a valuable tool for 
better assessing the strengths  and weaknesses of the elect oral process in a given 
country and ensuring their integr ation into the design of the post-electoral activities.  
EN 135   EN Figure 31 EIDHR - Breakdown by sector of external aid financed on the EU budget managed by 
EuropeAid in 2009
Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € million
Mains sectors : Government and civil society, Administratives costs related to EIDHR
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid only).153 M€; 95%8 M€; 5%
Social inf rastructures: education,  health,
water, government  and civil societ y,
other 
Economic inf rastructures and services:
t ransport , communications,  energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry andf ishing, industry, mining and
construct ion, trade and t ourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget  support, food aid, food securit y
Ot hers - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
116 M€; 91%11 M€; 9%Social infrastructures: education, health,
water,  government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastruct ures and services:
transport, communications, energy, otherservices
Production: agriculture,  forestry andfishing, industry, mining andconstruction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget support, food aid, food security
Others - including emergencyassistance, reconstruction relief
 
EN 136   EN Figure 32 EIDHR - Breakdown by region of external aid financed on the EU budget managed by 
EuropeAid in 2009
Commitments ( € million)
Disbursements ( € million)
Beneficiary countries not identified at commitment stage. (multi-regional call for proposal)
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid only).162 M€; 100%ENPI East ENPI  South
Asia Latin America
ACP R egi onal
15 M€; 12%
10 M€; 8%
20 M€; 16%
19 M€; 15%28 M€; 22%35 M€; 27%
ENPI East ENPI South
Asia Latin America
ACP Regional
 
€ millions 2007 2008 2009
Commitments             142                153               162    
Disbursements             130                121               131    
Bilateral and Multilateral flows (EuropeAid only).Figure 33 EIDHR - External aid financed on the EU budget 
managed by EuropeAid.
 
EN 137   EN 2.5. Stability 
2.5.1.  Crisis response and preparedness 
2.5.1.1.  Short-term measures 
Three years after its launch, the Instrument for Stability (IfS)62 is now a well-
established EU crisis management tool . Over the three-year period, €350 million 
were mobilised in total for close to 100 individual actions worldwide.  
In 2009, 42 actions for a total of €145 million were launched and the entire available 
budget executed. The 2009 budget for crisis  response was cut by €70 million as a 
result of the political deci sion to redeploy €240 million from  the overall IfS financial 
envelope to funding the new f ood facility. This redeploymen t will be carried out over 
several years, with another €70 million be ing redeployed in 2010, and the remaining 
€100 million spread over 2011-2013. 
In terms of the geographic distribution of  crisis responses since 2007, the picture 
remains fairly balanced, with the main share of support continuing to be provided in Africa (mainly Democratic Republic of th e Congo, Central African Republic , Chad, 
Zimbabwe, Somalia – some 25%), followed by actions in Asia (mainly Pakistan, Sri 
Lanka, Nepal, Philippines, southern Th ailand, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste – some 
20%), the Middle East (Lebanon, occupied Pa lestinian territory Iraqi refugees in 
Syria – now some 18%), followed by Ko sovo (€34 million) and Georgia (€31 
million). 
Thematically, the adopted measures cover a broad range of issues, targeted on the 
specific needs of each conflic t/post-conflict situation:  
– short-term advice to develop and kick-start  post-conflict security system reform 
(Central African Republic, DRC, Guin ea-Bissau, Lebanon, occupied Palestinian 
territory, Pakistan, Timor-Leste),  
– flanking measures in areas where Europ ean Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) 
missions are deployed (Afghanistan, Cha d, DRC, Horn of Africa, Georgia, 
occupied Palestinian territory, Kosovo
63),  
– support for regional peace-building cap acity (AU – AMISOM Somalia, AU-UN 
Mediation in Darfur),  
– Rule of law and transitional justice (Af ghanistan, Colombia, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, 
Lebanon, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, western Balkans),  
– support for interim administrations and sp ecial tribunals (Inte rnational Civilian 
Office Kosovo, Hariri Tribunal),  
– support for conflict resolution and rec onciliation (Burma, Colombia, Moldova, 
Nepal, Peru, occupied Palestinian territo ry, southern Thailand, Sri Lanka, Uganda, 
Zimbabwe),  
– support to fragile electoral processes (Africa-wide, Bolivia, Comoros, Haiti, 
Moldova, Pakistan), 
– post-conflict and post-disaster recove ry programmes and needs assessments 
(Bangladesh, Cuba, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Peru),  
                                                 
62 Regulation (EC) N° 1717/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 2006 
establishing an Instrument for Stability 
63 UNSCR 1244/99 
EN 138   EN – support for displaced popul ations (Lebanon, Syria) 
2.5.1.2.  Long-term measures 
Regarding the long-term programmes under IfS, a total of €139 million was 
mobilised in the first three years, of  which €20 million were committed in 2007-2009 
for actions under the crisis preparedness component (peace-building partnership). An 
additional €30-39 million are foreseen for the period 2009-2011 under the indicative programme adopted in April 2009. 
In 2009 itself, the 
peace-building partnership mobilised a total of €5 million, 
focusing on the following activities: i) re inforcing cooperation and building capacity 
with international, regional and sub-regional organisations, inter alia  for their early 
warning networks through the deployment  of common tools a nd working practices; 
ii) Training of up to 600 additional poli ce experts for participation in civilian 
stabilisation missions.  
Dialogue with civil society organisations was further enhanced by four consultation 
meetings which took place in 2009 unde r the peace-building partnership.  
In the first half of 2009, stocktaking and scoping study on the peace-building 
partnership was commissioned to draw lessons  from the first year of implementation 
and formulate recommendations. It consti tutes the basis for the draft 2010 Annual 
Action Programme for the IfS cris is preparedness component.  
2.5.2.  Global and regional trans-border challenges 
Global and regional trans-border challeng es are addressed by actions funded under 
the long-term component of the Instrument for Stability (Article  4). A total of €139 
million was mobilised in the first three years, of which €36 million for actions 
addressing trans-regional security threats and €83 million for actions mitigating the risk from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons. 
The indicative programme for 2009-2011 a dopted in April 2009 foresees up to €225 
million over three years, with €63 million for actions addressing trans-regional 
security threats, and €123 million for act ions to mitigate chemical, biological, 
radiological and nuclear risks. 
2.5.2.1.  Trans-regional threats 
In 2009, a major project was launched to tackle trafficking and organised crime 
along the “cocaine route” from Latin Ameri ca via the Caribbean and west Africa to 
Europe. With an overall budget of €6.5 million, the objectives are to: 
- strengthen the anti-drug capacities of be neficiary countries in  west Africa at 
selected airports;  - strengthen cooperation in countering ma ritime trafficking and supporting capacity 
building in the fight against internationa l criminal networks in west Africa;  
- enhance the capacity of law enforcement,  judicial and prosecuting authorities of 
Latin American and Caribbean countries in tackling transnational organised crime;  
- support the fight against money laundering and financial crime in LAC countries.  
EN 139   EN In the field of counter-terrorism, a cont ribution agreement ha s been signed with 
ACSRT (African centre for studi es and research on terrorism). Specific objectives of 
the project are: capacity building, networking, information exchange, raising awareness and understanding on th e need to address the gl obal scourge of terrorism 
through cooperation. Two contracts have b een signed for feasib ility studies with 
regard to possible future actions in the fiel d of counter-terrorism for the Sahel region 
and south Asia.  
Adopted in September 2009, the programme on critical maritime routes aims to 
contribute to the security and safety of navigation in the Straits of Malacca and 
Singapore, the Horn of Africa and Gulf of Aden (together €4.5 million) inter alia by 
providing support to capacity  building of local ma ritime administrations. 
A pilot project on "Piracy, maritime awaren ess and risks" (PMAR, €1 million) aims 
to deliver maritime surveillance data of the region off the coast of Somalia on a routine basis to operational users in the field. 
Through PRELAC (
Prevention of the diversion of drugs precursors in the Latin American 
and Caribbean region ) the EU is providing support (€2.2 million) to 12 countries in 
Latin America and the Caribbean. It serves to strengthen the capacities of national 
administrative control authorities within th e region, mainly by means of an enhanced 
exchange of information.  
In 2009, the European Union continued to promote the control of small arms and 
light weapons (SALW) in all multilateral fo ra and in political dialogue with third 
countries. The EU also addressed the dest abilising effects of th e proliferation and 
trafficking of SALW, firearms and expl osive materials thr ough concrete projects 
with a trans-regional di mension. A validation works hop in October 2009 discussed 
SALW priorities for th e Annual Action Plan 2010. 
In Central America, the EU supported the Central American small and light weapons 
control programme (CASAC) in its efforts to fight against the illicit trafficking of 
firearms and explosive materials in Cent ral America and nei ghbouring countries (€1 
million).  
In Africa, the EU provided support to the re gional centre on small arms, located in 
Nairobi, in the fight against illicit accumu lation and trafficking of firearms and 
explosive materials within the framework of the Africa-EU strategic partnership 
(€3.3 million).  
2.5.2.2.  Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) risk mitigation 
In 2009, support was provided for efforts to fi ght the trafficking of  CBRN materials, 
principally by supplying fo rmer Soviet republics (Ru ssian Federation, Ukraine, 
Armenia, Moldova, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Belarus) with  equipment for detection 
of nuclear and radioactive materials (NRM) at border check points. Assistance in the 
improvement of the technical and organi sational measures for detection of illicit 
trafficking was extended to Afghanistan, Ce ntral Asia, some Mediterranean countries 
and the ASEAN region. In parallel, two projects on knowledge management systems 
in south-east Europe, the Caucasus, Nort h Africa and selected countries in the 
Middle East contributed to de velop a durable cooperation in  the area of trafficking of 
CBRN materials through improved exchange  of information and knowledge among 
EN 140   EN participating states, standardised data co llection concerning CBRN traffic incidents, 
and enhanced access to the accumulated intern ational and national experience in this 
field. 
In addition to continued EU support to two dedicated science and technology centres 
in Moscow and Kiev which cover former Soviet republics, the EU has allocated 
funds to support the redirection of former weapons scientists and engineers in Iraq 
through their engagement in a comprehensive decommissioning, dismantling and decontamination of nuclear f acilities. This was considered the most sustainable way 
to provide new civilian opportunities for these persons as well as to contribute to the 
economic development and environmen tal remediation in the country.  
To strengthen capabilities against biologi cal threats projects will be implemented 
with a special focus on improving bio-safety  and bio-security in Russia and in the 
central Asian region by raising the scientific and technica l skills of the personnel of 
relevant laboratories in the partner count ries, by providing tr aining and additional 
equipment and through the improvement of epizootiological monitoring systems and 
diagnostics capabilities fo r infectious diseases.  
Support is also foreseen for a network to control of hea lth and security  threats and 
other bio-security risks in the Mediterranean region and south-east Europe aiming at 
enhancing preparedness of participating count ries to common health threats and bio-
risks at national and regional levels.  
Regional centres of excellence on CBRN ma tters will allow the spread of best 
practices and raise the general level of security and safety awareness. The first phase 
of the project concentrates on a key re gion of economic growth and related CBRN 
risks, south-east Asia, in close cooperat ion with the United Nations (UNICRI) and 
ASEAN. A workshop attended by almost all ASEAN countries was organised in 
Singapore in November, which acknowledged the potential benefits of the EU 
approach. If the interest expressed in th e workshop is confirmed, the first regional 
CBRN CoE could be operational in ASEA N in the second half 2010. A similar 
approach will be applied to the Middle  East/Mediterranean basin and Africa. 
EN 141   EN Figure 34: IfS - Breakdown by sector of external aid financed on the EU budget managed by DG 
EuropeAid and DG External Relations in 2009
Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € million
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid + DG External Relations)78,3 M€; 56%51, 5 M€; 37%
10,5 M€; 7%Social infrastructures: education,  health,
water, government and civil societ y,ot her 
Economic infrastructures and services:transport,  communications,  energy, otherservices
Product ion: agriculture, forestry andfishing,  industry,  mining andconst ruction, trade and t ourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,ot her
Budget support, f ood aid, food security
Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
52,9 M€; 41%
74 ,7 M€; 57%
1,1 M€; 1%0,3 M€; 0%Social infrastruct ures:  education, health,
water, government and civil society,other 
Economic infrast ructures and services:transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture,  forestry and
fishing, industry, mining andconstruction, t rade and tourism
Multisector/crosscut ting: environment,other
Budget support , food aid, food security
Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
 
EN 142   EN Figure 35: IfS - Breakdown by region of external aid financed on the EU budget managed by DG 
EuropeAid and Relex in 2009
Commitments ( € million)
Disbursements ( € million)
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid and DG External Relations).34,1 M€; 27%
29, 9 M€; 24% 25,4 M€; 20%4,8 M €; 4%
11,5 M€; 9%ENPI East ENPI  Sout h
Asia Latin America
ACP R egi onal
27,7 M€; 22%
1 2,6 M€; 10%
21,1 M€; 17%24,7 M€; 20%10,2 M€; 8%
ENPI  East ENPI South
Asia Latin America
ACP Regional
 
€ millions 2007 2008 2009
Commitments             137                181               187   
Disbursements               49                129               144   
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid + DG External Relations)Figure 36: IfS - External aid financed on the EU budget managed 
by DG EuropeAid and DG External Relations
 
EN 143   EN 2.6. Nuclear safety 
The EU continued its support for enhanced  nuclear safety in members of the 
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS ) with the main aim of strengthening 
regulatory authorities in Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Belarus and Georgia to promote 
an effective nuclear safety culture at all levels and to improve management policies 
on spent fuel and radioactive waste. The Co mmission paid the last instalment of its 
third pledge (€49.1 million in total) to the Chernobyl She lter Fund (CSF), aimed at 
fulfilling the shelter implementation pl an. An additional contribution of €10.7 
million to the CSF has been committed, together with the new contribution (€15 million) to the nuclear safety account, for the completion of waste management facilities at Chernobyl. Other nuclear safety  projects in the domain of radioactive 
waste management are ongoing at the Chernob yl site, with a to tal budget of about 
€16 million. In addition, the contract for th e establishment of an industrial complex 
for solid radioactive waste management was successfully completed. In Armenia, the 
EU provided on-site assistance to the Medzamor nuclear power plant in the 
framework of an IAEA-driven action as well as to the Armenian regulatory authority. 
In addition, radioactive waste management projects were adopted in Georgia (2008 
and 2009 action programmes of the Instrument  for Nuclear Safety Cooperation) and 
Armenia (2009 INSC action programme). Fu rther radioactive waste management 
project were adopted in Ukraine, for a total budget of €13 million, mainly devoted to activities in the Cher nobyl exclusion zone. 
In Ukraine on-site assistance projects foreseen under AAP 2008 are under way in all 
nuclear power plants. A pilot plant will be designated to start the implementation; the 
other plants will benefit from th e results in a roll-out system. 
The national training centre for maintenan ce and management in Zaporozhye, which 
will dispense training to all staff of NNEGC Energoatom and its nuclear power 
plants, has been the object of a major pr oject that is presently under implementation. 
The Instrument for Nuclear Safety Coopera tion promotes the transfer of safety 
culture, radiation protection and the applica tion of efficient and effective safeguards 
of nuclear material in non-EU countries on a worldwide scale.  
After the exploratory missions to Jord an and Egypt in 2008, the EU conducted 
similar expert missions in south-east As ia, the Maghreb and Latin America. As a 
result of these missions projects to s upport the regulatory aut horities have been 
defined for Vietnam, Philippines, Morocco and Brazil. 
In addition projects with the Brazilian nuclear operator were  also prepared.  
Cooperation with the IAEA saw the im plementation phases of the EC-IAEA – 
Ukraine joint project on the safety evaluati on of Ukrainian nuclear power plants with 
all assessments based on the IAEA safe ty guides. This pr oject was due for 
completion by February 2010. The final conc lusions and recommendations are under 
preparation. A package consisting of other pr ojects with the IAEA has been defined 
for the action programme 2009 part II. These projects mainly deal with non-CIS countries.  
EN 144   EN The Annual Action Programme for 2009 al so includes a contribution to the 
Multilateral Nuclear Assurances initiative. In addition, The Indicative Programme for 
the IfS covering 2009-2011 has been adopted by the Commission. 
Figure 37 NSI - Breakdown by sector of external aid financed on the EU budget managed by EuropeAid 
in  2009
Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € million
Main sector : Nuclear power plants
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid only).1.1 M €; 1%
73. 7 M€; 99%Social inf rastructures: education,  health,
water, government  and civil societ y,
other 
Economic inf rastructures and services:
t ransport , communications,  energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry andf ishing, industry, mining and
construct ion, trade and t ourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget  support, food aid, food securit y
Ot hers - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief
1.3 M€; 2%
56.1 M€; 98%Social infrastructures: education, health,
water,  government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastruct ures and services:
transport, communications, energy, otherservices
Production: agriculture,  forestry andfishing, industry, mining andconstruction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,other
Budget support, food aid, food security
Others - including emergencyassistance, reconstruction relief
 
EN 145   EN Figure 38 NSI - Breakdown by region of external aid financed on the EU budget managed by 
EuropeAid in 2009
Commitments ( € million)
Disbursements ( € million)
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA (EuropeAid only).52.2 M€; 69%1. 0 M€; 1%13.1 M€; 18%
ENPI East ENPI  South
Asia Latin America
ACP R egi onal
1.2 M€; 2%2.0 M€; 3%
54.1 M€; 95%ENPI East ENPI South
Asia Latin America
ACP Regional
 
€ millions 2007 2008 2009
Commitments          78.01             72.49            74.89    
Disbursements          56.27             76.33            76.94    
Bilateral and Multilateral flows (EuropeAid only).Figure 39 NSI - External aid financed on the EU budget managed 
by EuropeAid.
 
EN 146   EN 2.7. Humanitarian Assistance 
2.7.1.  Context 
The Commission, through its Directorate- General for Humanitarian Aid (DG 
ECHO), provided needs-based humanitarian as sistance to the victims of natural and 
man-made disasters in more than 70 c ountries in 2009 for a total of €930 million. 
The initial humanitarian aid budget was increased several times. This was in 
response to the continuing eff ects of the global food, fuel and financial crises and to 
meet increased needs in a number of ne w or worsening crises, including natural 
disasters that occurred during the year. 
The steady increase in humanitarian needs in recent years is due to a combination of 
factors: larger numbers of re fugees and displaced people be cause of conflicts that are 
often long-running, more natural disasters li nked to climate change, and an economic 
crisis that has increased the vulnerability of many people.  
In 2009, natural disasters  continued to cause serious damage throughout the world. 
ECHO intervened in the following disasters:  
• Floods in Afghanistan, India, Ta jikistan and west Africa;  
• Cyclones, tropical storms and hurricanes  in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Cuba, El 
Salvador, Fiji, India, Lao PDR, Nicar agua, Philippines Papua New Guinea and 
Vietnam;  
• Droughts in the Horn of Africa, the Sa hel region, Madagascar, the occupied 
Palestinian territory and Syria;  
• Earthquake in Indonesia;  
• Epidemics in west African countries, s outhern Africa and Papua New Guinea.  
• Emergency assistance was also provided  to Lao PDR and Bangladesh, following 
rodent outbreaks, and to Uganda follo wing crop failures in the north of the 
country. 
In terms of man-made crises , the conflict between government forces and the 
LTTE64 in the north of Sri La nka escalated dramatica lly from February 2009, 
prompting an emergency intervention to help  internally displaced people (IDPs) and 
conflict-affected populations. By the end of the year when the fighting had ended and 
the government had formally declared vi ctory over the Tamil Tigers, more than 
100 000 IDPs had returned to  their places of  origin and a further 25 000 were 
released to host families. ECHO provide d integrated humanitarian assistance to 
IDPs, returnees, host families and other conflict-affected people. 
On 27 December 2008, the Israeli Defence Forc e launched a large-scale attack on the 
Gaza strip. Civilians, caught in the crossf ire paid a high price and the humanitarian 
situation deteriorated sharply. ECHO provide d emergency assistance and integrated 
relief for those affected. In Pakistan, em ergency humanitarian aid actions were also 
launched to provide the relief assistance to the victims of conflict following the internal displacement of over 2.5 million people. In Afghanistan, the security 
deterioration and the consequences of extensive military operations, aggravated by 
                                                
 
64 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam  
EN 147   EN years of drought and recurrent small-scale disasters, caused a sharp increase in 
humanitarian needs in 2009 which is likely to continue in 2010. The main focus of 
ECHO's intervention was on the humanitarian needs of the over 5 million returnees and Internally Displaced People. In Yeme n, the governate of Sa'ada has experienced 
six rounds of fighting since the first cl ashes in 2004. The emergency aid funded by 
ECHO aimed among other things at providin g integrated relief assistance to the 
internally displaced people and ot hers affected by the conflict.  
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Dongo region, was torn by violent conflict 
from the end of October 2009. The fighting provoked a huge movement of refugees 
from the DRC into the Republic of Congo. In Somalia, the humanitarian crisis continued unabated, throughout 2009, with half the population (an estimated 3.76 
million people) requiring humanitarian assistance. Those in need included victims of a severe drought, urban populations still struggling with very high prices for food and other essentials and more than 1.4 m illion IDPs who have fled from the fighting. 
In addition to these new crises, the Commission had to manage worsening 
humanitarian situations often involving protracted,  complex emergencies  dating 
from previous years. The two main exampl es are Sudan and the Democratic Republic 
of Congo. In financial terms, these two cris is zones were DG ECHO's main theatres 
of intervention. 
In Sudan, the Commission has contributed ma ssively to the delivery of humanitarian 
aid to support over 6.5 million internally displaced persons, refugees, returnees, host communities and nomads across the countr y. These actions respond to needs 
generated by the protracted Darfur crisis and by new emergencies resulting from conflicts, inter-tribal viol ence, epidemics of cholera and floods. In the south and 
transitional areas, ECHO suppor ted life saving interventi ons and services for the 
most vulnerable, in areas where returnees, displaced people and/or  communities were 
facing extreme hardship. In DRC, ECHO fi nanced actions in the north-eastern 
provinces of north and sout h Kivu and Haut and Bas Uele , its priority areas. ECHO 
assisted around three million people with multi-sectoral humanitarian aid and food 
assistance. Following improvements of the security situation, ECHO also supported 
IDP returnees. The issue of sexual violence continued to be integrated within all 
supported health programmes a nd specifically through the fi nancing of a clinic for 
victims of sexual violence in south Kivu. 
Humanitarian organisations face increasingly limited access to beneficiaries  due to 
limitations imposed by governments and no n-state actors. Th ere is increasing 
disregard for even the most basic pr otection afforded under international 
humanitarian law. More governments are rest ricting the delivery of humanitarian aid 
(e.g. Sri Lanka, Burma/Myanmar). In ma ny conflict zones (e.g. Somalia, Sudan, 
DRC) relief workers come up against brutal  methods of warfar e involving targeting 
of civilians and frequent use of sexual violence. Humanitarian workers are often 
specifically targeted  and are expelled, assaulted or killed. In addition, some 
governments, by expelling aid organisations an d stripping them of their assets, have 
effectively expropriated (o r "borrowed") funds and pr operty financed by donors. 
Figure 40: Humanitarian assistance in 2009 
EN 148   EN Following a strictly needs-based approac h, humanitarian assist ance was provided to 
the following regions: 
Humanitarian assistance in 2009 (in euro thousands) 
Region Amount % 
Africa 489 560 53%
  Sudan & Chad 149 600  
  Central Africa  79 500  
  Horn of Africa 173 475  
  Southern Africa, Indian Ocean 35 535  
  West Africa 51 450  
Middle East, Mediterranean, Caucasus & Central Asia 121 775 13%
  Mediterranean and Middle East 109 475  
  Caucasus and Central Asia 12 300  
Asia and Latin America, Caribbean and Pacific 
regions 248 175 27%
  South Asia 157 500  
  South-East and East Asia 45 500  
  Latin America 28 325  
  Caribbean 14 000  
  Pacific 2 850  
Worldwide ( capacity building, technical assistance & support ) 70 940 8%
TOTAL 930 450 100%
The humanitarian aid was implemented by European NGOs (47%), UN agencies 
(39%) and international organisations ( 14%, mainly the International Red Cross 
family).  
As part of its programming, the Commissi on paid particular attention to " forgotten  
crises ", i.e. situations where major humanitari an needs receive litt le attention from 
donors and low media coverage. These forgo tten crises received 12% (€40.5 million) 
of the initial humanitarian aid budge t allocated on a geographic basis. 
For more details on humanitarian aid by the Commission in the field of humanitarian 
aid, please refer to the annual report, availa ble on the humanitarian aid department's 
website65.  
2.7.2.  Humanitarian policy 
On a policy level, the European consen sus on humanitarian aid of 2007 and the 
adoption of a five-year action plan in  2008 created a common set of values, 
principles and objectives in tended to strengthen th e coherence of its overall 
humanitarian action. The Consensus clearly lays out the EU's "added value" in 
humanitarian aid, which is well accepted by the Member States. As far as the Commission's contribution to Consensus implementation is concerned, matters 
                                                
 
65 Annual reports available at http://ec.europa.eu/echo/media/publications/annual_reports_en.htm 
EN 149   EN progressed well: by the end of 2009, 80% of the actions were either completed66 or 
underway in line with th e indicative timetable. 
The Consensus has also served to bring the EU closer together in humanitarian aid, 
with Member States increasingly looking to the Commission for leadership. The 
newly formed Council working group on huma nitarian aid and food aid (COHAFA) 
is the main institutional vehicle for ensuring coordinated positions and EU-wide 
implementation of the Consensus commitments. 
DG ECHO organises evaluations of humanita rian assistance opera tions financed by 
the Commission. Evaluations of geographical operations are carried out either on a 
three-year cycle or when budgets in exce ss of €30 million have been allocated to a 
particular country or region. Projects in some eight to ten countries are examined 
each year. 
In 2009 the following evaluations were  carried out: DIPECHO Central Asia, 
DIPECHO Caribbean, Saharawi  refugees, Burundi, Iraq crisis, partnership with 
UNRWA, mid-term drought response in th e Horn of Africa, food aid, a gender 
review, unit cost approach and mapping of donor coordination at field level. These 
evaluations confirm the global releva nce and effectiveness of DG ECHO's 
humanitarian actions and provide rele vant input to budgeting, programming and 
policy strategy. 
2.7.3.  Disaster preparedness 
The Commission supports disaster prepare dness actions within local communities in 
several regions prone to natura l disasters. The aim is to help them react rapidly and 
appropriately in the event of a disast er, thus allowing lives to be saved. 
In 2009, the Commission continued to s upport DIPECHO (Disaster Preparedness 
ECHO) programmes launched in 2008 (in Ce ntral Asia, south-east Asia, Central 
America, southern Africa & Indian Ocean ) while new funding was allocated to the 
Caribbean, south Caucasus, south Asia and South America. ECHO 's contribution to 
disaster preparedness goes well beyond the DIPECHO action plans: many major 
humanitarian financing decisions also include disaster preparedness or mitigation of disaster impacts as an objective. Examples  of where disaster risk reduction (DRR) 
components were mainstreamed in human itarian aid decisions adopted in 2009 
include the global plans for Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Haiti, Somalia and Sudan. In addition, a specific drought preparedness progr amme for the greater Horn of Africa 
was adopted
67. . 
A total of €43.4 million was therefore alloca ted to disaster preparedness activities, 
reaching more than nine million beneficiarie s in regions prone to natural disasters. 
                                                 
66 Defined as one for one-off actions or, concerning systemic issues, as having become a systemic part of 
how the EC does its business. 
67 ECHO/-HF/BUD/2009/01000- http://ec.europa.eu/echo/funding/decisions_archives_en.htm  
EN 150   EN 2.8. Macro-financial assistance 
The Commission implements macro-financial assistance (MFA) in association with 
support programmes of the IMF and the World Bank. The individual MFA 
programmes are decided by ad hoc  legislative acts. The MF A instrument is governed 
by a set of principles which underline its exceptional character, its complementarity 
to financing from international financial institutions and its macroeconomic conditionality. It is an instrument desi gned to help the beneficiary countries 
experiencing serious but generally short- term macro-economic imbalances (balance 
of payments and fiscal difficulties). In close coordination with IMF and World Bank 
programmes, MFA has promoted policies that  are tailored to sp ecific country needs 
with the overall objective of stabilising th e external and internal financial situation 
and establishing market -oriented economies. 
Several new operations were decided in 2009. On 30 November, the Council decided 
to provide MFA to Serbia
68 (up to €200 million in loans), to Bosnia and 
Herzegovina69 (up to €100 million in loans), to Armenia70 (up to €35 million in 
grants and €65 million in loans), and to Georgia71 (up to €46 million in grants). 
Regarding the implementation of ongoing a ssistance, the second payment to Lebanon 
of €25 million in the form of a loan was made  in June. For Georgia a disbursement of 
€15.3 million, in the form of grant, as a part of the first tranche, was completed at the 
end of December 2009. 
3. FEATURE  ARTICLES 
3.1. Food security: a global challenge 
Food security has moved to the top of the international development agenda as a 
result of the food price cris is of 2007-2008. This crisis has reversed the gains of 
recent decades in the fight against hunger, fuelled political inst ability and social 
unrest, and pushed many poor people furthe r into poverty. The economic crisis has 
made things worse, while the effects of climate change, combined with global 
population growth, further threaten food s ecurity in many developing countries.  
Despite a relative decrease, food prices remain high in domestic markets, and the 
number of those who lack food security is on the rise. In fact, FAO estimates put the 
number of malnourished people worldwide at  over one billion in 2009, compared to 
915 million in 2008. This is the highest level since 1970, the first year for which comparative statistics are available. The ma jority of the world's malnourished live in 
Asia and the Pacific (642 million), follo wed by Sub-Saharan Africa (265 million), 
Latin America and the Caribbean (53 million), the Middle East and North Africa (42 million); and in developed countries (15 million).  
EU responses to food security challenges  
                                                
 
68 Council Decision 2009/892/EC 
69 Council decision 2009/891/EC 
70 Council Decision 2009/890/ EC 
71 Council Decision 2009/889/EC 
EN 151   EN The European Commission funds a wide range  of food security actions ranging from 
emergency and short-term humanitarian relie f, to long-term suppor t to develop food 
security. The Humanitarian Instrument delivers food aid in crisis and immediate 
post-crisis situations at th e level of about €250 million a year. For medium and long-
term support, bilateral cooperation with deve loping countries is essentially channeled 
through geographical instruments: the Eu ropean Development Fund (EDF), the 
Development Cooperation Instrument (DC I), or the European Neighbourhood and 
Partnership Instrument (ENPI). In additi on, the Food Security Thematic Programme 
(FSTP) addresses food security at globa l, continental and regional levels, and 
complements the geographical programmes in  areas where they cannot fully operate 
(€920 million globally for the period 2007-2010).  
The Commission adapted these instruments as much as possible to respond to the 
2007-2008 food price crisis. But the magnit ude of the global challenge required 
bolder action, and additional funding. The Co mmission therefore proposed a specific 
facility to address the e ffects of the soaring food pr ices. In December 2008, the 
European Parliament and the Council of  Ministers duly adopted a Regulation 
establishing a €1 billion 'facility for rapid response to soaring food prices in developing countries', better known as the F ood Facility. With a maximum three-year 
lifespan, the Food Facility aims to bridge  the gap between emergency aid and long-
term development assistance. It finances interventions that help increase agricultural productivity, and secure access to food for the most vulnerable. 
Food Facility implementation 
By early 2009, the European Commission had submitted an overall plan to the 
Council and the European Parliament for the distribution of Food Facility funds
72. 
This plan defines the list of 50 benefi ciary countries (see map), and gives an 
indicative breakdown of the allocation of f unds. This planning was further detailed 
through a set of three Commission Decisi ons, resulting at the end of 2009 in 
commitments of around €837 million. Impl ementation of the Food Facility 
Regulation is fully on track with the or iginal planning and with the budgetary 
provisions. 
Map of the 50 Food Fac ility target countries73 
                                                 
72 C(2009)2185 
73
 http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do?reference=MEMO/09/ 138&format=HTML&ag
ed=0&language=FR&guiLanguage=en   
EN 152   EN 
 
By the end of the year about 150 contract s had been concluded with international 
organisations, national governments and non- governmental organisations. Contracts 
with international organisations, as of  1 December totalled nearly €477 million. The 
main partners are FAO (42.7% of the cont ract value), the World Bank (18.0%), WFP 
(16.2%), UNRWA (8.3%) and IFAD (6.7%).  Other cooperating international 
organisations include the UN Development Programme and UNICEF. 
In addition a €200 million call for propos als was launched in 2009, under which 
NGOs, local authorities, private sector and Member State aid agen cies were invited 
to submit project proposals for activities to be funded from  the Food Facility in 35 
target countries. In res ponse to the very large numbe r of high quality proposals 
received, this amount was increased by an additional €11.7 million. Over 800 
proposals were initially submitted, of whic h more than 120 have been awarded a 
grant.  
Case study: Pakistan 
In Pakistan, the EU Food Facility provide d €40 million to a joint FAO and World Food 
Programme project to improve the livelihood of  over one million extremely poor people in 
food-deficient areas across the country. 
Farmer field schools trained 3 000 peasants, both women and men, to apply more sustainable 
farming practices. At the same time thousands of landless peasants are currently engaged in 
the rehabilitation of 1 000 km of irrigation cha nnels. They are paid in kind for their work. 
In addition, more than 100 000 small-scale farmers working 2-4 hectares of land and 
women-headed households farming tiny plots received quality inputs and improved wheat, 
vegetable and lentil seeds to boost their harv est and guarantee their own families' food 
security. 
Early signs show that the programme is already starting to have a positive impact on the 
beneficiaries' daily lives. 
The specific nature of the Food Facility called for very fast planning and 
implementation. The different Commission Di rectorates-General involved worked 
closely together and a dedicated task-for ce was set up. The rapid approval process 
was also made possible thanks to the flexib ility shown by the Eur opean Parliament in 
the reduction of its normal scrutiny period.  
EN 153   EN Case study: Ethiopia 
In Ethiopia, the Food Facility allocated €19.8 million for 13 food security projects by NGOs. 
The projects are being implemented through 13 leading NGOs and 26 international and local 
implementing partners in 65 Woredas (districts ). A total of around one million people are 
expected to benefit from the projects, as well as 78 primary farmers' cooperatives, three 
regional agricultural research institut es and administration sector offices. 
In addition, the Food Facility provided a €20 million grant in 2009 to the on-going 
productive safety net programme in the country. This programme is an innovative approach 
towards creating a more predictable mechan ism to address chronic hunger rather than 
reacting through emergency appeals. The programme includes transfers (in cash and/or kind) 
and community asset creation by more than 80% of the beneficiaries, through participation 
in micro-projects related to soil and water con servation, and constructi on and maintenance of 
rural infrastructure. The programme assists mo re than eight million chronically food insecure 
individuals, who are among the poorest and most vulnerable people in the world. 
The food security thematic programme (FSTP) 
Independently of its specific  anti-crisis measures, the European Union operates the 
FSTP programme which is designed to reduc e medium to long-term food insecurity. 
This programme covers all key aspects, including food availab ility, access to food, 
quality of nutrition and prevention of food crises. It has three broad aims. The first 
addresses the delivery of international public goods c ontributing directly to food 
security, and focuses mainly on continenta l, inter-regional and regional levels. The 
second addresses food insecurity in the mo st vulnerable countries or regions. The 
third aim is to develop innovative policies and strategies in the field of food security, 
irrespective of geographic region. In 2009, the mid-term review of the Food Security 
Thematic Programme was launched and will be completed in the course of 2010.  
Re-thinking the food security policy framework 
The European Commission also started revi ewing its food securi ty approach, which 
is intended to lead to a proposal for a new policy framework on food security for the European Union. The main purpose of the revi ew is to integrate lessons learned from 
past interventions and new approaches to  food security in order to establish a 
framework which is fully adapted to toda y's world. A public we b-based consultation 
was launched in November 2009 on the basis of an Issues Paper
74, and the new EU 
food security policy is expect ed to be finalised in 2010.  
EU role in international initiatives 
The recent crisis has focused attention on the need for coordinated and concerted 
action by the international community. This led the EU, as the biggest aid donor, to 
interact closely with th e UN High-Level Task For ce (HLTF) on the global food 
security crisis set up in 2008. The Europ ean Commission and participating Member 
States were active promoters of  the G8 initiative in l’A quila to commit $20 billion to 
combat food insecurity, which was subsequently supported by the G20 meeting in 
                                                 
74
 http://ec.europa.eu/development/icenter/files/europa_only/CONS_EU_policy_framework_food
_security_20091113_en.pdf 
EN 154   EN Pittsburgh. The EU is also a strong supporte r of efforts to improve global governance 
in the context of food security, such as the reform of the UN Committee for World 
Food Security.  
3.2. Mainstreaming human rights and wo men's rights and gender equality  
There is little doubt that a poor democratic and human ri ghts environment limits the 
scope for sustainable development, including an equitable access to resources and services. Action to consolidate the rule of  law and respect for human rights will lay 
the basis for participation by people in d ecisions which affect them. Development, 
therefore, should involve not just economic growth, but the equitable distribution of 
wealth, the enhancement of people’s capabi lities and the widening of their choices.  
This is why the EU aims to further the respect for human rights and democracy not 
only as a policy in its own ri ght but to make it an integral, or 'mainstream', element in 
all its external policies. In its Communication on t he European Union's role in 
promoting human rights and democr atisation in third countries
75, the Commission 
set out its vision for promoting human rights  and democracy as part of the planning, 
design, implementation, and monitoring of a whole range of policies and 
programmes, as well as in the di alogue with partner countries.  
The fundamental principles 
The European Consensus on Development r ecognises this need for a multi-sectoral 
response in calling for “a stre ngthened approach to mainst reaming” for cross-cutting 
issues of special importance. These issues are: the promotion of  human rights, gender 
equality, democracy, good governance, rights of children and of indigenous peoples, 
environmental sustainability and combating HIV/AIDS.  
Equality between men and women is recognised as an objective and fundamental 
value in itself. But focusing on equality raises issues concerning actions on poverty 
reduction. Mainstreaming gender equality  thus means recognising the unequal 
situations of women, and men and designing all projects and activities in a way that 
contributes to gender equality. The reducti on of existing inequalities between the 
sexes is therefore no longer only an issue of women’s policy but a responsibility for 
men, too, and a  duty across all sectors of social policy . Mainstreaming embodies this 
process-oriented approach, introducing a ne w way of thinking and acting to achieve 
better human rights protection.  
While not yet adopting a full human right s-based approach in all development 
programmes, the European Commission st rives to integrate its fundamental 
principles in as many policies,  strategies and programmes as possible. It recognises, 
for instance, the need to anchor its stra tegies in internationally-recognised human 
rights as defined by the United Nations, whic h most states have voluntarily adhered 
to, and where the UN has provided compre hensive interpretation of what these 
obligations mean in terms of practical commitments. Commission response strategies 
should also pay specific atte ntion to ensuring the protect ion of human rights and the 
inclusion in the democratic processes of the most vulne rable groups of society (e.g. 
                                                 
75 COM/2001/0252 final 
EN 155   EN when deciding which roads to build, where to build schools) in order to avoid 
contributing to the further marginalis ation and exclusion of these groups. 
The appropriate tools 
This challenge presupposes a proactive appr oach at all levels of cooperation. The 
Commission invests significant effort in  supporting direct human rights and 
democracy programmes. The European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights is its most visible tool. Mainst reaming, however, implies a recognition that 
significant change cannot only be achieved by a collection of free-standing ‘human 
rights and democracy’ projects . All development and extern al assistance instruments 
must contribute in a coordi nated fashion. Traditional coun try aid envelopes, as well 
as other thematic budget lines such as th e non-state actors progr amme, or Investing 
in People, play an important part. 
For example, under the Investing in Pe ople instrument, an €11 million worldwide 
call for proposals was launched by the Co mmission in 2009 on ch ild participation. 
Selected projects will aim to empower childre n to play a greater role in their own 
development, by increasing their voice in  decision-making at local, national and 
regional levels. Youth parliaments, c onsultations in schools and child-care 
institutions will be set up or reinforced. 
The Instrument for Stability, the EU’s tool for crisis response, also promotes long-
term human rights and democracy objectives. This is the case under the initiative for 
peace-building which draws together the complementary geographic and thematic expertise of 10 civil society organisations and their networks to research ways to 
improve participation in political decisi on-making in conflict-prone and conflict-
affected contexts.  
The greatest impact can be achieved by integrating human rights and democracy 
concerns into the EU's largest coopera tion programmes, whic h are carried out 
through the European Development Fund for Africa, Caribbean and Pacific 
countries, and via the Development Coope ration Instrument for other developing 
countries. The Commission and the EU have various tool s for assessing the human 
rights and democracy situation in partne r countries, including human rights fact 
sheets, governance profiles and progress re ports. These draw on and complement 
analyses made by partner countries themselves, by UN bodies or by other 
international organisations a nd civil society. They set the basis for the EU developing 
its own, or whenever possible, joint strategies with pa rtner countries.  
An evaluation carried out in 2006 estimated European Commission spending in the 
wider ‘democratic governance area’ at about  27% of aid commitments. Democratic 
governance provides the ‘enabling environm ent' for developing states to become 
effective and legitimate in their fight against poverty. Fostering democratic 
governance involves changing l ongstanding practices, entren ched interests, cultural 
habits, even social and religi ous norms. In recent years, EU concepts and approaches 
to governance have evolved considerably. The initial, rather restricted and 
technocratic governance focus (i.e. on public financial management and corruption) 
has been abandoned in favour of an integrated concept, embracing all political dimensions of partnership relations  with third countries and regions. 
EN 156   EN Direct support for governance can be done through individual or combined projects 
as in the case of the 8th EDF human rights programme in Uganda which piloted an 
approach called ‘poverty reso urce monitoring’. This e nhanced the dialogue between 
local governments and civil so ciety on the use of sector funding for service delivery 
and development. It focused on particip atory planning and co mmunication of local 
governments in order to strengthen ‘dow nward accountability’. The programme also 
supported the creation of district NGO networ ks which could become interlocutors in 
the district planning and budgeting process. The 9th EDF decentralisation programme 
has integrated this component and promotes  it across other partne r districts. This 
approach is also supported th rough some projects under the 9th EDF civil society 
capacity building programme. 
Democratic governance 
Human rights and democratisation linkages can be established for all the sectors 
which the EU supports in partner countries. For example, fostering sustainable forest 
management raises major challenges in te rms of protecting the interests of local 
communities and enhancing corporate responsib ility. In response to these challenges, 
sector specialists increasi ngly encourage broader stak eholder participation, the 
inclusion of women and marginalised comm unities, transparency and accountability. 
For water and land issues, competition between public and private interest groups over scarce resources raises issues of equitable access, particularly for the poorest 
groups, or the enforcement of property ri ghts. The EU recognises that whichever 
sector it works in, the programming a nd identification process should be as 
participatory and transparent as possible, involving a wi de range of local actors, 
including local civil society.  
Public financial management, supported by EU budget support programmes, is also 
key to improving respect for human ri ghts. Democratic governance by public 
authorities, especially  those responsible for public fina nces, and respect for the rule 
of law help create an e nvironment conducive to sustainable economic growth and 
private investment. By the same toke n, poor governance of natural and energy 
resources in countries with resources such as diamonds, oil, timber and fish can lead 
to violations of human rights and the rule  of law and, ultimately, to armed conflict.
 
The EU also supports the engage ment of the private sector in the promotion of social 
standards. The 2005 Commission Co mmunication on Corporate Social 
Responsibility called for the increased contri bution of the private sector to integrate 
on a voluntary basis social and environmental concerns in their business activities 
not only in the EU but also world-wi de. The Commission has established the 
European multi-stakeholder forum for Cor porate Social Responsibility, aiming at 
developing a new form of linkages between di fferent policy areas and interests and at 
exploring how to define an EU approach and guiding principles.  
The Commission strives to ma instream human rights into its political dialogue with 
third countries. They are raised, as appropria te, at all levels of political dialogue with 
partner countries, such as summits, cooperation councils and cooperation 
committees, as well as in the constant contacts between EU Delegations and the authorities of third countries. The EU ha s sought, for example, to discuss matters 
such as the fight against torture, support fo r the International Criminal Court, or the 
state of preparation of el ections with its Sub-Sahara n African partners during 2009. 
EN 157   EN Discussing these issues is not only a way for the EU to state its own position and 
enquire about that of its partners, but also to pave the way for cooperation activities. 
Human rights and democracy i ssues are not necessarily firmly anchored in partner 
country government priorities. This has an important implication for Commission 
support strategies: the pursuance of thes e objectives through political dialogue 
should be an attempt to contribute positivel y and achieve pro-poor policy agenda in 
partner countries, presupposing a proactiv e/advocacy approach. By promoting these 
values universally, the Union has set itsel f the challenge to achieve legitimacy for 
these fundamental values and to promote s ubstantial change in the direction of the 
values. 
4. PERFORMANCE  AND  RESULTS 
Introduction 
For several years the European Commission has been assessing the effects of its 
development policy and the results of its  implementation. The Commission uses two 
major tools to evaluate the impact of  its actions in partner countries: 
• The results-oriented monitoring system which provides a harmonised overview of 
the portfolio of proj ects and programmes under five evaluation criteria (relevance, 
effectiveness, efficiency, impact, sustaina bility). This system answers the main 
question: "are projects and programmes on ta rget to deliver the intended results?" 
• The evaluation of results of geogra phic, sectoral/thematic policies and 
programmes, as well as of aid deliver y and programming performance. This 
exercise is crucial for the external assist ance policies as a whole and needs to feed 
back into the programming cycle. Evalua tions are important for accountability 
towards the public and provide lessons a bout what has worked and not worked 
and the reasons why. 
4.1. Project results: results-oriented monitoring 
4.1.1.  Results-oriented monitoring  
Results-oriented monitoring (ROM), in pl ace since 2000, plays a vital role in 
ensuring the quality of EU development aid and thus value for money for the European taxpayer. ROM forms a part of the overall quality assurance cycle, which 
starts during the design of projects an d ends after their implementation.  
ROM monitors conduct onsite visits to proj ects and programmes, review key project 
documents and, most importantly, intervie w relevant stakehol ders including the 
beneficiaries. Based on empiri cal data, they produce and deliver objective, impartial 
and comparable reports. The methodology is based on internationally agreed 
evaluation criteria: relevance, efficiency, e ffectiveness, impact, and sustainability. It 
is firmly focused on results, both short-term and long-term. To promote transparency, ROM reports are distributed by the EU to project managers and partner 
governments. 
ROM provides benefits: 
EN 158   EN • At the micro level of a project or pr ogramme: it gives feedback to project 
managers on the performance of the ope rations under their responsibility and 
makes recommendations on how to improve them, if necessary. 
• At the macro level of general policy articulation, implementation and review: 
ROM provides a statistical overview of th e performance of the EU development 
aid portfolio with data comparable over ti me, across regions, between sectors, etc. 
• At the level of programming and learni ng: quantitative and qualitative studies 
based on ROM data contribute to lessons  learned and best practices to the 
programming and planning of new projects. 
4.1.2.  ROM performance in 2009  
In 2009, a total of 1 548 monitoring repor ts were produced (1 130 ongoing national 
projects, 174 closed nationa l projects, 150 regional pr ogrammes, and six sector 
policy support programmes). This is an increase of 24% over 2008 and 9% over 
2007. 
The total amount of aid monitored in m oney terms was €8.3 billion, which is an 
increase of just over €2.3 billion compared with 2008.  
ROM covered 28% of the expenditures managed by EuropeAid and 21% of the 
projects and programmes being implem ented in 2009 (including budget support and 
SPSP). 
In 2009, the overall coverage in terms of project numbers increased by 3% compared 
with 2008 (based on the methodology used in 2008).76 
Figure 41 - Overview of ROM activities 
ROM activities and
coverage ENPI 
East ENPI 
South Africa Caribbean Pacific Asia Latin 
America CMTP* Total 
2008 Total 2009Change 
in % 
from 
2008 
N° of Monitoring Reports
produced (excluding
SPSPs) 361 164 323 56 56 295 183 110 1249 1548 24% 
N° of ongoing national
projects monitored
(without regional
programmes and SPSPs) 200 132 323 
[1] 98 200 155 22 865 1130 31% 
N° of regional
programmes (as a whole)31 32 0 14 31 15 27 384 
150 11% 
                                                 
76 The comparison of project performance by eval uation criteria has been omitted for two reasons: 
ROM is designed to give a feedback on a project's perfor mance at a specific point in time. ROM is not able to 
cover all projects and programmes in EuropeAid's portfolio every year but only a selection. Yearly figures are therefore always to be compared with caution as the sample of operations monitored 
changes. In addition, EuropeAid has improved its basic tool to rate projects on the level of the 
evaluation criteria in 2009 which makes comparison with previous years impossible. 
EN 159   EN monitored 
N° of national
components of Regional 
Programmes monitored  110 0 0 20 72 13 61 276 
N° ongoing national
projects and regional
programmes monitored
(with / without national. 
components) 231 164 323 112 231 170 47 1280 / 
1556 na / 1249na / 
25% 
Million € covered ongoing
projects 486 1181 3120 538 231 929 816 212 5456 7513 29% 
N° of closed projects
monitored ex-post 25 24 33 19 33 36 4 139 174 25% 
Million € covered ex-post 39 153 230 80 12 144 140 8 489 805 65% 
Estimate of overall
ongoing EU project
portfolio of operations  571 679 787 115 66 2368 526 1155 5677 6267 10% 
Estimate of actual ROM
coverage in % in relation
to overall project portfolio 41% 24% 41% 49% 85% 10% 33% 4% 22% [3] 21% / 25% 
[2] 3% [4]
Estimate of overall
ongoing EU portfolio o f
operations (Million €) 1055 6451 10213 830 349 4825 1680 1248 na5 26651 na5 
Estimate of actual ROM
commitment coverage in
% in relation to overall
project portfolio 46% 18% 31% 63% 51% 19% 49% 17% na5 28% na5 
 [1] For Africa 23 projects financed by the water facility and energy facility are counted under 
national projects monitored but can be categorised as pseudo Regional Programmes. 
[2] First figure gives coverage without Regional Programmes national components counted, the 
second figure with Regional Programmes components counted. [3] In 2008, Regional Programmes national components were counted in the coverage. 
[4] Comparison 2008-2009 is done of coverage with Regional Programmes components counted. 
[5] Portfolio budget estimate is not available for 2008. [*] Centrally Managed Thematic Programme (managed by the Commission) 
Figure 42 - Overall performance by project 
EN 160   EN 
 
Performance of a large majority of projects is rated positively with a slight increase in 2009.  
Figure 43 - Performance by evaluation criteria 
 
EN 161   EN The 2009 project performance is strong especially  in terms of relevance and impact. Some 
room for improvement remains for efficiency and effectiveness.77 
Figure 44 - Project performance by ODA sector 
ODA Sector Very good 
performance 
(I) Good 
performance 
(II) Performing 
with 
Problems 
(III) Not 
performing/ 
Having 
serious 
difficulties 
(IV) N° 
reports 
produced Million 
€ 
covered 
Social Infrastructure 
and Services 2.4% 72.6% 19.9% 5.1% 680 2583 
Economic 
Infrastructure and 
Services 2.7% 74.9% 16.6% 5.9% 338 1320 
Production Sectors 2.4% 69. 6% 22.2% 5.8% 207 1100 
Multisector – 
Crosscutting 2.2% 76.8% 14.9% 6.1% 181 690 
Commodity Aid + 
General Programme 
Assistance 6.1% 65.3% 26.5% 2.0% 49 281 
Emergency 
Assistance 3.7% 66.7% 18.5% 11.1% 27 276 
Other  4.4% 68.9%  24.4% 2.2% 45 115 
For further details Æ 5.3 on using lessons learned  
4.1.3.  New developments in 2009 
• Capturing the regional dimension 
In July 2009 a specific ROM methodology fo r regional programmes was introduced 
in order to make sure that the regional di mension of these interventions is properly 
covered. This new methodology provides a more comprehensive overview of how regional projects/programmes are currently reviewed and a proposal for how they 
should be monitored, including numbers and frequencies of monitoring. Four types 
of regional programmes have been iden tified: 1 – regional programmes with 
exclusively regional objectives and wit hout national component s; 2 – regional 
programmes with exclusively regional obj ectives, but with na tional components or 
activities; 3 - hybrid re gional programmes with bot h regional and national 
                                                
 
77 The comparison of project performance by evaluation criteria has been omitted for two reasons: ROM 
is designed to give a feedback on a project's perf ormance at a specific point in time. With the existing 
budget ROM is not able to cover all the projects and programmes in EuropeAid's portfolio every year 
but only a selection. Yearly figures are therefore al ways to be compared with caution as the sample of 
operations monitored changes. In addition, Europe Aid has in 2009 improved and reformulated the 
Background Conclusion Sheet, a guiding questionnaire serving as basic tool to rate projects on the level 
of the evaluation criteria, which makes co mparison with previo us years impossible. 
EN 162   EN dimensions in terms of obj ectives and activities; 4 - pseudo regional programmes 
without regional dimension in objectives or  activities, but with regional funding. For 
larger regional programmes a desk phase is required and a cons olidated report is 
produced.  
• Assessing real impact and sustainability 
ROM can be applied during project implem entation or once implementation has been 
completed ( ex-post ). The added value of the ex-post  ROM is to provide information 
on real impact and actual sustainability. A test phase completed in 2009, allowed the 
consolidation of the ex-post  ROM methodology and demonstrated the usefulness of 
this system for providing less ons learnt. For further details Æ 5.3 
• Systematic feedback 
Project managers and other stakeholders can provide feedback on monitoring reports 
by filling in documents called response sheets. In order to make better use of this feedback for future monitoring, the respons e sheets have been made mandatory and 
easily accessible internally through the ROM database.  
• Better ROM reports 
A 2009 version of ROM reports includes new sections, providing additional 
information on horizontal and crosscutting issu es linked to a given project, such as 
environmental aspects, gender issues, and technical assistance provided. The report 
also verifies whether the recommendations  made during the project's design were 
correct and whether they were implemented.  
• Identifying lessons learned 
Based on the ROM reports in 2008 a qualitative study was conducted to determine 
explanatory causes for poor or good perfor mance. The study analysed completed 
projects which had been monitored during as well as after their implementation.  
The study identifies three ma in areas of improvement: 
1. During the early design phase, greater attent ion should be given to the analysis of 
problems, including the analysis of the ri sks involved and the real needs of the 
beneficiaries; 2. Project management should ensure that  results are conti nuously monitored and 
assessed, leading to adjustments and corrections of activities if necessary; 3. Partner governments and stakeholde rs should be closely involved and 
communicated with at all stages. 
Factors for good and bad performance 
(Source: Study on causes underlying effe ctiveness and impact of EU development 
projects, May 2009)  
Factors for poor performance : 
I. Weak analysis and problem identification pr ior to project formulation resulting in projects 
with crucial flaws.  
EN 163   EN II. Projects with apparent formal, strategic re levance (for EU or partner government) that 
does not correspond to real relevance for the target groups and final beneficiaries due to their 
limited involvement in the identification and planning, causing low ownership. 
III. Overambitious formulations in terms of  a mismatch between allocated resources and 
planned objectives that impede the attainment of results. 
IV. Inadequate risk management, rendering th e project highly vulnera ble towards foreseeable 
assumptions. 
V. Non-existent or very poor internal m onitoring and reporting systems, which hinder 
accountability, visibility, learning and adaptation. 
VI. Weak adaptation capacity and comm unication among partners, which hamper 
adjustment to the changing environment. 
Factors for good performance:  
I. Project teams which include qualified staff and proactive managers that apply inclusive 
management approaches.  
II. The choice of implementing partners with a strong organisational and technical capacity. 
III. Appropriate implementation set-ups based on a sound analysis in order to target real 
problems/priorities with well-suited strategies. 
IV. High relevance in terms of beneficiaries' priorities addressed throughout the project’s 
lifetime. 
V. Demand-driven and service provision-orient ed implementation ensuring widespread 
access and use of services and high levels of ownership. 
VI. Strong adaptation capacity as a result of good communication among project partners 
and overall proactive management.  
4.1.4.  Outlook for 2010 
ROM coexists with other monitoring mechan isms, such as self-monitoring by project 
management, internal monitoring by EU Delegations and partner countries' own 
monitoring mechanisms. Ideally they should all complement each other. 
Monitoring with partners 
In line with the Paris declaration on ai d effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for 
Action, (alignment, harmonisa tion, managing for results and mutual accountability), 
EuropeAid is exploring the feasibility of  a two-level joint monitoring system:  
1. Joint monitoring (J-ROM): involving se lected EU Delegations and partner 
governments;  
2. Multi-donor monitoring (MDM): invol ving the other development agencies. 
Project evaluations 
Project evaluations, more in-depth assessmen ts of projects in addition to ROM, done 
by EU Delegations, are to be stored on a centr al database compatible with the current 
EN 164   EN ROM database. The new IT tool to be de livered 2010/2011 is going to facilitate 
access to evaluation reports and their analysis , especially in terms of aggregation and 
transfer of lessons learned from specific cases. It will also ensure a more coordinated and effective use of both performance assessment tools:  project evaluations and 
ROM. 
4.2. Evaluation: review of the 2009 work programme 
4.2.1.  Organisation of the evaluation function 
The EuropeAid evaluation unit carries ou t a joint evaluation function for three 
Commission Directorates-General (Dev elopment, External Relations and 
EuropeAid)
78. A multi-annual programme for 2007-2013 was approved in March 
2007. This programme confirmed the three prev ious priorities: a greater emphasis on 
geographic evaluations (i.e. partner countries and region s); an enlarged scope for 
thematic and sectoral evaluations; and a continuation of evalua tions covering aid 
modalities. 
The joint evaluation function is responsible for evaluati ons covering geographic and 
sectoral policies, programmes and programmi ng cycles only, and for the provision of 
methodological support for al l types of evaluations. 
The Commission takes into account the resu lts and lessons of these evaluations in 
order to improve the quality and im pact of its external assistance. 
4.2.2.  The 2009 work programme 
Thirteen geographical reports were comp leted in 2009: Angola, ASEAN, Botswana, 
Chad, Central African Republic, Lao PD R, Malaysia, the MEDA II regulation, 
Namibia, Nicaragua, Thailand, Uganda and Vietnam. One sector report (health) was 
rejected because of its poor quality and will be re-launched in 2010. The first part 
(inventory) of the conflict prevention and peace building evaluation was also 
completed. Full texts of these reports are available on the evaluation website79. 
Eighteen new evaluations were initiat ed in 2009. Nine concerned individual 
countries: Senegal (carried out jointly wi th Spain), Dominican Republic, Liberia, 
Ethiopia, Djibouti, Philippines, Ukraine,  Honduras and Maldives. Two country-level 
evaluations (Pakistan and Sri Lanka) were pos tponed, mainly due to security reasons. 
One dealt with the OCTs. Five thematic or sectoral evaluations were launched: support for the decentralisation process; respect for human rights and fundamental 
freedoms; visibility of EU ex ternal action; judicial and security sector reform; and 
agricultural commodities in ACP countries (under EDF financing). One aid modality 
                                                
 
78 When the last reform of external aid management to ok place, it was stated that "the evaluation of the 
results of regional and sectoral policies, programmes and programming performance is crucial for the 
success of the external aid policies as a whole, and needs to feed back into the programming cycle. To 
ensure objectivity, this level of evaluation should be conducted independently and serve as a feedback 
loop for the services responsible for policy, prog ramming and implementation. The evaluation services 
would be accountable to the Gr oup of Relex Commissioners. The Group will decide on the work 
programme of the evaluation services and act on its reports recommendations", (SEC(2000)814/5 of 15 
May 2000).  
79 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/ how/evaluation/index_en.htm  
EN 165   EN evaluation covering technical assistance was initiated and a feasibility study of the 
European consensus was also launched. Finally, two Commission pilot evaluations 
for budget support were launched in Tunisia and in Mali. 
Nine evaluations launched in 2008 were still ongoing at the end of 2009: Niger 
(jointly with four Member States), Burk ina Faso, Nigeria, El  Salvador, Tunisia, 
Egypt, health and poverty diseases, c onflict prevention a nd peace building, 
employment and social inclusion. 
With regard to dissemination and feedback  mechanisms, 11 seminars were organised 
in-country to discuss the evaluation re port findings for Chad, Central African 
Republic, Angola, Uganda, Namibia, Botswana, Nicaragua, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. Two other seminars were organised in Brussels to present 
evaluation findings on aid delivery through civil society organi sations and on the 
MEDA II regulation. Twelve " fiches contradictoires"  (which follow up on earlier 
evaluation recommendations) were publishe d for the reports on: Rwanda, Mali, 
Mauritius (including Seychelles and Comoro s), central Africa region, China, central 
America region, Moldova, India, Pacific region, Bolivia, Mozambique and rural 
development. 
4.2.3.  Lessons learned from eval uations finalised in 2009 
Chad
: The evaluation report covered the pe riod 1996-2007. The study concluded 
that the EU cooperation strategy is relevant to partner needs. Th e activities in the 
road sector were judged to have contributed towards the development and improvement of the road network. Activ ities in the area of  water supply have 
benefited 10% of the population (mainly in rural zones) and were successful in 
achieving their expected results. In contrast , activities in the health sector did not 
improve health conditions for the targeted  population. Despite efforts, the EU was 
unable to help develop an overall stabilisat ion strategy. The efficiency of cooperation 
was relatively low in all sectors due to high transaction costs caused by high staff 
turnover and delays in implementation. 
Central African Republic
: The period covered by the evaluation (1996-2007) was a 
time of political and military crisis. As a result, the Commission was not able to 
implement the strategy as set out in EDFs 7 to 9. However, it was able to use a combination of instruments (African Peace Facility, ECHO, EDF and thematic 
programmes). These activities  were well targeted toward s mitigating the long-lasting 
crisis in the Central Afri can Republic and produced good  results in softening its 
harmful effects. While it was generally able  to create islands of relative effectiveness 
in an unsupportive or even hostile envir onment, the Commission took several years 
to draw up a global re sponse to the crisis, showing it to be a slow learner in this 
situation. The Commission was especially weak at implementing projects or programmes aimed at securing the transiti on from instability to development. 
However, budget support has contributed to  macroeconomic stability and proved to 
be a decisive factor in the 2007 decision to implement a 75% reduction in national 
public debt. 
Uganda
: The evaluation assessed assistance  to Uganda for the period 2001-2007. 
The design of the development coope ration programme with Uganda has 
significantly improved. The three focal sect ors have shown improvement and thanks 
EN 166   EN to general budget support, Uganda's macro economic stability has been maintained, 
along with increased availability of social  services. The rural development sector 
provided positive results in terms of impr oved food security and increased incomes 
for the rural population (despite continui ng inequality betwee n different population 
groups). The future challenge is to develop a strategy th at promotes growth with 
equity. While supporting the upgrade of a ke y regional transit co rridor of major 
economic importance was a success, this wa s done at the expense of well-balanced 
regional development. The Commission also  faced problems in managing the costs 
and delays involved in the implementation of projects. 
Angola : The evaluation report covered the period 2002-2007. The strategy was 
judged to be relevant in  supporting development and post-war recovery. The 
transition from humanitarian aid to development was logical, consistent and strategic; and the Commission produced a value added which was considered best 
practice. Effectiveness was quite high in disarmament, rehabilitation and 
reintegration (which consolidated th e peace process), food security, access to 
primary health care, and improved access to primary education. Lower levels of effectiveness were found in the areas of governance, water and sanitation, and 
institutional aspects across the sectors. While there were positive impacts for the population as a whole, these were less visi ble for vulnerable groups. Sustainability 
was not yet proven due to the lack of strong ownership from the government. Despite efforts, coordination between donors remained poor. Implementation arrangements were considered to be medium to low in terms of efficiency, mainly because monitoring procedures proposed in proj ect designs were not followed during 
implementation. 
Namibia
: The evaluation assessed assistance to Namibia between 2001 and 2007. 
Following the key recommendations of the 2002 evaluation, the cooperation strategy 
was designed with national polic ies at its centre. Aid was effective in several areas 
such as rural development, land reform, HIV/AIDS, and vocational education and training. Rural incomes increased, the quality  of life improved for those infected or 
affected by HIV/AIDS and there was greate r efficiency in implementation of land 
reform. In other cases, the expected results  did not happen as in education, regional 
integration, capacity development across se ctors and the mainstreaming of cross-
cutting issues such as gender and the envir onment. The issue of sustainability did not 
receive sufficient attention in the design and implementation, putting long-term impacts at risk. Efficiency could have been improved by using appropriate result 
frameworks. 
Botswana
: The evaluation report covered the period 1999-2008 and concluded that 
the EU strategy was in line with national development stra tegies. Dialogue linked to 
budget support and the techni cal cooperation facility pr oved to be the best aid 
method for a middle-income country like Bots wana. Efficiency improved as a result. 
In the key sector of human resources development, access to, and the quality and equity of technical education improved. This is  despite the fact that the private sector 
was not fully satisfied by the actual leve l of technical edu cation provided for young 
people. 
Nicaragua
: The evaluation report covered th e period 1998-2008. The EU strategy 
was in line with the poverty reduction st rategies of successi ve governments and 
demonstrated the necessary flexibility over time. The Commission achieved positive 
EN 167   EN results in rural development on various fronts. The rehabilitation programme post-
hurricane Mitch achieved important result s, but only applied very partially the 
linkage between relief rehabilitation and development. The evaluation stressed the 
positive links between the implementation of budget support and improvement in public financial management, noting how  budget support design and harmonisation 
with other donors had improved over time . The effectiveness and impact of 
Commission interventions were in gene ral satisfactory but uneven. Coordination 
with other donors and with the government  had improved but w ithout leading to a 
better division of labour. Global efficiency improved thanks to the devolution 
process and the use of budget support but no positive evolution is reported for traditional projects. 
Lao PDR
: The evaluation report covered the EU  cooperation with the Lao PDR for 
the period 1997-2007. While it displayed positive impacts over the assessment period, overall results were limited and sustainability was low. By recently making 
the transition towards budget support and by linking its re maining project support to 
improvement of population relocation, th e Commission had taken steps towards 
addressing the need in Lao PDR for funda mental reform of governance and public 
sector financial management in partic ular. In the area of trade and economy, 
assistance had been very effective and effi cient in accelerating the integration of Lao 
PDR into the regional and global economy. However, the question of who benefits 
from this international economic integrati on is still open, as Laotian SMEs are not 
yet internationally competitive. 
Vietnam
: The evaluation assessed the coopera tion with Vietnam for the period 
1996-2008. Overall, it was judged that engage ment in Vietnam was relevant to 
national needs. The cooperation program me was effective in supporting many 
poverty reduction activities, although there was room for further improvement. Aid 
efficiency had also improved during the evaluation period. Despite shortage in 
relevant skills in the De legation's staff, the move to general budget support was 
successful overall. The Commission was co mmended for its efforts in coordination 
and harmonisation with other donors at the se ctoral level (especia lly in health) and 
for budget support. 
Thailand : The evaluation report covered th e period 1997-2007, dur ing which the 
Commission moved away from traditional development assistance towards a partnership of equals. The European Commission was successful in resolving 
disputes on tariff and non-ta riff issues. Activities in hi gher education generated 
stable academic networks between EU  and leading Thai higher education 
institutions. Intervention in the health sector contributed to sustainable improvement 
in the capacity of the Thai ministry of health towards providing universal health 
coverage. Activities in the environmental sector helped to increase the commitment of the Thai government on global environmental issues. 
Malaysia
: The evaluation report co vered the period 1997-2007. Despite the limited 
financial amounts from the EU, its bilatera l cooperation had a positive impact in the 
field of trade and economy, contributing to wards the strengthening and maturing of 
political and economic relations between th e EU and Malaysia. In other sectors, 
notably higher education, environment,  good governance and human rights, support 
was limited in its impact and sustainability . Commission projects  were efficiently 
implemented. 
EN 168   EN ASEAN : The report assessed the European Co mmission-ASEAN relationship for the 
period from 2000 to 2007. Assistance during th is time contributed significantly to 
progress in ASEAN regional ec onomic integration and helped to foster closer EC–
ASEAN trade relations, despite a recurri ng mismatch between ASEAN commitments 
and national implementation. The program me met the strategic EU goals of 
contributing towards poverty reduction th rough indirect support (e.g. industrial 
standards, regional integration, etc). Cooperation in the field of energy and 
biodiversity conservation was su ccessfully established, with  European best practices 
in sustainable economic development in troduced to the ASEAN region. However, 
only symbolic impacts were noted. 
MEDA II : The evaluation covered EU coopera tion with Mediterranean partner 
countries under the MEDA II regulati on for the period 2000-2006. MEDA II 
contributed to improved formulation and implementation of major reforms and to 
progress in public sector management and pr ofessional practices. While the rationale 
behind the choice of EU aid instruments was not always clear, the increased use of 
budget support was positive and effective in  stimulating important policy reforms. 
The evaluation indicated improved effectiven ess and efficiency, when compared to 
the MEDA I programme. Regional interventions under MEDA II suffered from insufficient ownership at the national level.  At the regional leve l, the Commission 
faced the absence of national structures to take over pos t-programme responsibilities, 
which undermines the sustainabi lity of the interventions. 
Evaluating budget support
: Following a presentation to the OECD/DAC 
Evaluation Network, a methodology for ev aluating budget support was developed. 
Pilots for this methodology were launched during the course of 2009 in Tunisia, Mali 
and Zambia. The European Commission is  leading the two first studies, while 
Germany and the Netherlands are leading the one in Zambia. If the results of the tests 
are positive, the finalised methodology w ill allow evaluation of budget support to 
take place in a harmonised way in all countries. Th e results of the pi lots are expected 
by early 2011, with final methodology available by mid-2011. 
Based on the Commission's geographical evaluations finalised in 2009, some 
preliminary conclusions can be drawn: in nearly all countries (Uganda, Botswana, 
Nicaragua, and Vietnam) and in th e MEDA region where budget support was 
introduced, the external evaluators gave a positive assessment of the shift toward this aid channel. They noted the improvement  of dialogue between the EC and the 
governments of partner countries, the improved harmonisation and coordination 
amongst donors, the improvement of public  financial management, the positive 
effect on the budget allocation towards the soci al sectors of health  and education, and 
the important role of budget support in  accompanying and stimulating partners' 
policy reforms. These findings are based on a limited number of cases and cannot be 
generalised. 
4.2.4.  Synthesis of main lessons learned 
Main lessons are: 
• Commission programming and implementatio n addressed the needs of partner 
countries and remains coherent with the goals of the EU; 
• Effectiveness is good for the majority of activitie s. However, a lack of 
coordination and synergy between actions at the partner country level remains; 
EN 169   EN • Efficiency is still seen as the weak est element of Commission interventions. 
Establishing a good management tool fo r implementation of activities would 
improve this situation (e.g. m onitoring, score boards, etc); 
• Commission interventions do generate posi tive impacts as demonstrated in the 
various country-level evaluations but th ere is an urgent need to set up a 
comprehensive system to measure these impacts both at programming and implementation levels; 
• Sustainability of Commission interventions  is at risk because of poor ownership 
on the part of partners and the lack of exit strategies; 
• The Commission has a clear added value in its regional programming. However, 
weak linkages remain between na tional and regional programming and 
implementation; 
• The first findings on budget support in va rious country-level evaluations show 
positive results in the move towards budget support; 
• Following the expansion of various types of aid channels in recent years, it would 
be useful to reflect on the right mix of aid modalities, both at the level of 
headquarters and in Delegations. 
4.2.5.  Outlook for 2010 
The evaluation programme for 2010 will fo llow the structure laid out in the 
multiannual evaluation programme for 2007- 2013. The following evaluations are 
planned to be launched in 2010: 12 geogr aphic evaluations (Caribbean region, 
Colombia, Congo-Brazzaville, Ecuador, Haiti, Jamaica, Malawi, Nepal, Zambia, plus 
ENP East, South and Interregional; four thematic evaluations (health, integrated 
border management and fight against orga nised crime, private sector, and trade 
related assistance); and one  evaluation on EU aid channelled through the Council of 
Europe. 
5. AID
 MANAGEMENT 
Introduction 
The Commission has sought to raise it s standards in recent years for aid 
implementation, quality control, account ability and results monitoring. It has 
engaged in a reform of its pr ocesses in to order to make them simpler, focused on 
quality and results, and in line with in ternationally agreed  objectives on aid 
effectiveness. The Commission has also developed more dynamic forms of 
partnership with beneficiaries and w ith other donors and has simplified its 
procedures and clarified the rule s for delivery and implementation. 
In 2009, efforts concentrated on: 
• The implementation of the reform of th e Commission's technical cooperation to 
improve aid effectiveness. The key elem ents at this stage were developing 
guidance and establishing a system of monitoring the results of the reform; 
• Linked to the technical cooperat ion reform was the launch of 
www.capacity4dev.eu , an interactive platform, improving internal 
communication, including EU Delegations , and opening up a dialogue with a 
EN 170   EN range of external stakeholders in the area of capacity development and technical 
cooperation; 
• A number of instruments were adopted in  2009 in order to simplify and streamline 
the implementation of EU external aid; 
• Budget support has become a Commission's preferred aid modality as it helps 
increase local ownership a nd reduce transaction costs; 
• The development of skills and capacity of staff involved in delivering external 
assistance at HQ and Delegation-level. EuropeAid has become a front-runner in 
the delivery of training; 
• A revision of the main quality tool impleme nted at the design phase in a project's 
lifecycle, which is a peer review mechanism called oQSG (office Quality Support 
Group) and which in 2009 covered near ly 100% of eligible projects and 
programmes. The changes agreed focus on problem analysis and involvement of stakeholders from the earliest phase of design. Studies show that this approach 
leads to better results in the end. 
• Cooperation and partnership with other donors has remained significant, making 
more and bigger interventions possible, e nhancing effectiveness and efficiency of 
aid delivery and impacting positively on beneficiaries. Also, by working with 
others, the Commission has benefited from the expertise, experience and 
synergies created. 
5.1. Developments in aid delivery modalities and channels 
The EU approach to aid delivery 
In line with international commitments on  aid effectiveness and the Accra Agenda 
for Action agreed in September 2008, EU exte rnal assistance is implemented through 
three main delivery modes (project appr oach, sector approach and budget support). 
The actual choices depend on a joint Commissi on/partner government analysis of the 
country and sector involved. 
At a policy level, the sectoral approach and the use of budget support as preferred aid 
mode follow the orientations of the European Consensus on Development, which states that “where circumstances permit, the use of general or sectoral budget support should increase as a means to strengthe n ownership, support partner’s national 
accountability and procedures, to finance na tional poverty reduction strategies and to 
promote sound and transparent management  of public finances”. The sector 
approach, where a sector policy support pr ogramme is used, aims to underpin an 
agreed sector policy and a realistic strategic framework monitored through 
performance criteria and indicators. SPSPs  may be financed by (i) sector budget 
support (SBS), with funds transferred to the national treasury of the beneficiary 
country; (ii) pool funds with beneficiar y governments and other donors, or (iii) 
project procedures using EU procur ement and grant award processes.  
The Commission also supports national or macro-level goals expressed in national 
policy and strategy documents (such as a poverty reduction strategy paper). This 
support is financed through ge neral budget support (GBS), w ith funds transferred to 
EN 171   EN the national treasury of the beneficiary country. It is usua lly accompanied by 
capacity-development activities, generally  in the area of public financial 
management. 
The project approach is used in situati ons such as support to non-state actors and 
regional programmes, or where conditions  do not allow for complete use of 
government systems, as in conflict or post-conflict situations. Projects are 
implemented using the EU’s procurement and grant award procedures. 
5.1.1.  The ‘backbone strategy’ for reforming technical cooperation and capacity4dev.eu 
In July 2008 the European Commission launc hed the so-called backbone strategy for 
reforming technical cooperation. The strategy  provides a set of pr inciples including: 
focus on development of local capacity, demand-led approach, partner country 
ownership, strong result orient ation. Special attention is  paid to innovative options 
for the provision of technical  cooperation, including the us e of national and regional 
resources and of public sector expertise,  as well as various forms of twinning 
arrangements. The strategy is fully in line with EU commitments on aid effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action with respect to capacity development. In 2009, the Commission worked intensively to implement the first phase of the reform focused on reviewing systems and developing gui dance. Major achievements include: 
• The "Guidelines on making technical coopera tion more effective" as well as the 
"Toolkit for capacity development" were  produced and widely disseminated;  
• Criteria for quality checks to be used  during identifica tion, formulation, 
monitoring and evaluation of technical cooperation progra mmes were established;  
• From January 2009, results-orientated m onitoring reports on more than 1 500 
projects/year include a ne w section called ‘Review of Technical Cooperation 
Quality Criteria';  
• At country level, the backbone strate gy implementation kicked off with the 
mapping of ongoing and pipeline programmes while and Delegations have also 
initiated country action plans to redress policy gaps and to ensure quality of 
ongoing and pipeline programmes;  
• Procurement and contracting procedures for technical cooper ation support were 
reviewed and a short guide produced: "How to apply EC procedures to Technical 
Cooperation".  
Capacity4dev.eu ( www.capacity4dev.eu
), an interactive plat form, was launched in 
October 2009 to facilitate and to follow up the implementation of the backbone strategy and to open up a dialogue with a broa d range of stakeholders in the area of 
capacity development and technical cooperati on. During the first two months after its 
public launch the platform enlisted around 500 registered user s from outside the 
Commission. Through online workgroups, discussion forums, and various 
communication tools, development practiti oners can now exchange best practices, 
and engage in an open dialogue on development-related issues. 
The implementation of the second phase of the technical cooperat ion reform started 
in November 2009. Its focus substantially shifted towards the operational level, 
where EU Delegations would play the main role.  
Simultaneously, in November 2009 the EU  policy on technical cooperation was 
endorsed by the Council which approve d the EU operational framework on aid 
EN 172   EN effectiveness measures to enhance comm on approach on technical cooperation and 
foster coordinated action.  
5.1.2.  Budget support 
Budget support is an aid modality where funds are transferred to the national treasury 
of the beneficiary country if agreed cond itions for payment are met by the partner 
country. During 2009, the Commission con tinued to use budget support, which 
represented 28% (€2.32 billio n) of all commitments from the EU budget and the 
EDF.  
The funds are provided either as gene ral budget support (GBS), where the EU 
supports the implementation of a national de velopment policy/strategy, or as sector 
budget support (SBS), where the EU funds he lp the partner country reach progress in 
a given sector. 
In 2009, GBS commitments made up 35% of all new budget support operations, 
amounting to €860 million. The beneficiaries we re all ACP countries (23 countries). 
This marked a significant decrease compar ed to €2.3 billion in the previous year 
(60% of all 2008 budget support commitments), which is almost entirely due to the 
fact that most MDG-Contract commitmen ts (€1.3 billion) were made in 2008. 
In 2009 about 10% of new GBS operations were made to countries in fragile 
situations (see box). Beneficiaries were Comoros, Liberia and the Democratic 
Republic of Congo (targeted budget support). 
A slight increase was, however, seen in 2009 in the use of Sector Budget Support. 
Total SBS commitments amounted to €1.5 billion, about 65% of new budget support operations committed in 2009.  
SBS operations represented 33% of ne w budget support commitments for the ACP 
region, and up to 100% in most countries in  Asia, Latin America, among the EU’s 
eastern and southern neighbours and South Africa. In the ENP countries and South 
Africa, budget support operations are concen trated in the areas of vocational 
education and training, public health re form, water and waste water management, 
transport, environment and employment , and primary education. In Asia, all 
commitments were made in th e social sectors. In Latin America, the main sectors 
were education and social cohesion. In th e ACP region SBS operations concentrated 
on traditional sectors (roads, health and e ducation), with some emerging new sectors 
like decentralised agriculture a nd human resources development. 
• Evaluating the impact 
Following a presentation to the OECD/ DAC Evaluation Network, a methodology for 
evaluating budget support was de veloped. If the results of  the tests are positive, 
finalised methodology will allow evaluation of budget support to take place in a 
harmonised way in all countries.  
The evaluations finalised in 2009 show that in nearly all countr ies and regions where 
budget support was introduced, the move to ward this aid modality had a positive 
impact for instance on dialogue between the European Commission and the 
EN 173   EN governments of partner countries, donors co ordination, public fi nancial management 
and policy reforms. 
For further details Æ 4.3.4   
• Public finance management 
To be eligible for budget support, countries  are required to have national and/or 
sector development and macro-financing pol icies and strategies in place (or under 
implementation). In addition, the fulfilmen t of specific performance indicators 
determines the amounts disbursed. The area of public finance management (PFM) is the third eligibility criteria. The working and evolution of public finance management systems continue to be esse ntial to the provision of budget support, so 
as to ensure that governments are accountable  for the utilisation of their budgets to 
their own and European taxpayers.  
The Commission continues to use the Public Expenditure and Financial 
Accountability (PEFA) diagnosti c tool in order to estab lish PFM baselines that are 
used to measure whether countries are making progress within their PFM systems 
over time. From June 2005 to the end of 2009, PEFA assessments were carried out in 
105 countries, out of which 62 are from the ACP region. All ACP countries and 
almost all countries in the rest of th e world benefiting from EU budget support had 
completed a PEFA assessment by 2009. 
The Commission has committed itself to carry out a rigorous approach when 
applying budget support as regards the assessment of the eligibility criteria 
(national/sectoral reform strategy; PFM and macroeconomic stability), the 
assessment and monitoring of risks, and th e assessment and monitoring of progress 
of reforms. On this basis, i.e. where conditions are met, budget support will also in 
the future continue to play an important role.  
In order to enhance Commission staff capacities to implement budget support 
programmes and engage in related discus sions on public finance management or 
macroeconomic policies, training courses ar e delivered in Brussels as well as at 
country level. Particip ants at these training events mostly include personnel from the 
Commission and EU Delegati ons, but courses are usuall y open to officials from 
partner governments and to personnel from other donor agencies as well. In 2009, 41 
training events were organised for a total of 141 days with about  2 500 attendees in 
fields such as budget support programme design and implementation, dialogue on national and sector development policies,  public finance management assessments 
and reforms (including the PEFA inst rument), macroeconomic programming, and 
performance measurement. 
Budget support to countries in fragile situations  
An annex to the European Commission's 2007 guide on general budget support was drafted 
in 2009 to clarify the methodological approach to budget support for countries in fragile 
situations (post-conflict, post-crisis).  
The Commission considers that , in certain circumstances of fragility, budget support 
is the most appropriate aid instrument  to underpin stabilisation and avoid 
deterioration of the economic and political situation.  
EN 174   EN However, it is often hard for such countri es to meet the elig ibility criteria for 
obtaining budget support. Thus, while unde r 'classical' budget support programmes 
the beneficiary countries need to have a poverty reduction strategy in place, countries 
in fragile situations need to demonstrate that they make satisfactory progress in the 
PRSP process. All other eligibil ity criteria remain the same.  
On PFM, the baseline situation will have to be  determined (e.g. through PEFA assessments 
or work done by the IMF Fiscal Affairs Department) and basic functions of a PFM system 
need to be in place to ensure transparent execution of public resources (the "ultra-basics 
elements") before BS can be provided. The relevance and sequencing of the PFM reform 
plans will also have to be scrutinised. In the course of the programme implementation, 
progress made against the initial situation will be assessed so as to confirm eligibility in 
accordance with the dynamic interpre tation before any disbursement. 
Coordination with the other donors is key to  the success of budget support programmes. The 
role of the IMF, both on the maintenance of macro-stability and on PFM reforms is crucial. 
To be eligible, countries in fragile situati ons should have access to an IMF programme. If 
this is not the case, an assessment letter conf irming that a stability oriented macro-economic 
policy is in place will be required from the IMF. 
Programmes will be designed in such a way th at risks are mitigated while ensuring a proper 
use of the "window of opportunity" immediately following a conflict or a crisis situation. 
Thus programmes can address specific issues such  as: targeting or not, the duration of the 
programmes (e.g. one year), the size of the fi nancial envelope and the specific conditions 
(pre-conditions and /or variable tranche indicators).  
5.2. Progress on qualitative issues in aid management 
• Quality of design  
The Commission is constantly improving its sy stem to screen and support the quality 
of operations at design stages – identif ication and formulation based on a peer 
review, called the office Quality Support Groups (oQSGs). In 2009, nearly 100% of 
operations were subject to these structur ed reviews that took place at 181 meetings 
which discussed a total of 970 operations.  
After a thorough, year-long discussion with in the Commission and by Delegations 
new rules for oQSGs have been approved. A new set of guidelines, templates for identification fiches and checklists have  been agreed, focusing on context and 
problem analysis as well as involving stak eholders from the very beginning of the 
identification process. The aim of the reform is to ensure that effective and efficient 
support is provided to Delegations and hea dquarters. A growing number of projects 
are discussed interactively vi a videoconferences. This also helps identify projects 
where additional support from headquarters, in particular regarding the quality of 
operations, is needed. The review enshrine d the principle that it takes up to 24 
months to design a project or programme so as to ensure result-oriented solutions are 
developed.  
In 2009, a new IT project, the Project Cycl e Management Platform, was launched. It 
should improve accessibility of project data and the dissemination of lessons learnt, 
as well as allow interaction between staff in charge of project/programme design, 
implementation and evaluation.  
EN 175   EN • Using lessons learnt from results-oriented monitoring 
The results-oriented monitoring system not only provides recommendations for 
improving the monitored project or programme but also collects lessons learned to be 
applied in future activities. In this regard, ex-post  ROM following project completion 
is especially valuable as this met hodology analyses the actual impact and 
sustainability of an intervention.  
The ROM database enables project managers  to retrieve the lessons learned from 
previous projects in similar s ectors, regions or with similar implementation strategies 
and apply them to the actions they are in charge of. In addition, studies were 
launched to analyse all recommendations an d lessons learned in  ROM in order to 
extract the most pertinent, recurrent lessons.  
In 2009 a pilot study on ex-post  ROM identified 12 recurrent factors influencing 
good or bad performance linked to three cr ucial areas: problem analysis at the 
earliest phase of design, adaptation capacity  of the project management, and the full 
participation of stakeholders. The findings were taken on board in the review of the 
oQSG process described above. For further details Æ 4.2 
• Development in working with indicators 
As stated in previous annual reports, the European Commission launched a pilot 
initiative in 2006 to test a method based on a list of aggregated standard indicators 
(ASI) in order to synthesise, in a quantitative way, the results of development programmes in terms of output and outco me and increase the visibility of 
programmes financed by the EU.  
After a one-year test phase w ith the assessment of 145 proj ects worth €2.8 billion, it 
appears that the ASI exercise
 is not conclusive and does not lead to the expected 
effects in terms of better visibility of results.  
As follow-up, a guide is being developed in  order to capitalise on the acquired 
experience and provide guidelines for evalua ting projects in terms of results and 
impacts, and better identify appropriate in dicators during the phase  of formulation of 
projects/programmes. The fina l version of this guide call ed "Policy guidance – role 
and use of indicators for performance m easurement" should be available in mid-
2010. This guide will strengthen the analysis  skills and capabilities of Delegations 
during the dialogue with pa rtner countries on results,  impact and corresponding 
indicators. 
• Methodological work and training  
Developing skills and capacities of key actors involved in the design and 
implementation of EU-funded programmes is  essential for improving their quality, 
impact and sustainability. The Commission is  investing in the development of the 
capacity of its staff and other stakeholders involved  in delivering ex ternal assistance 
through methodological work and training. In 2009, particular  attention was paid to 
meeting the challenges of  supporting public financia l management reforms, 
decentralisation and local govern ance in partner countries.  
Three new documents have been issued in the Tools and Methods series: 
EN 176   EN • Guidelines on making technical cooperation more effective80: this document 
provides advice on how to implement the technical cooperation reform in the 
design and management of any technical  cooperation-suppor ted programme. It 
covers the whole cycle of operations. The Guidelines are complemented by useful annexes. Among them, Annex 6 - Short gui de to European Commission rules and 
procedures - is a key component of the reform;
  
• Toolkit for capacity development81: the purpose of this document is to improve the 
planning and implementation of capacity deve lopment. It applies mostly to sector 
programmes where several organisations ma y be part of a sector-wide capacity 
development processes but the tools may also  be useful for processes in individual 
organisations.  
• Public sector reform - an introduction82: This document introduces public sector 
reform for people involved in designi ng and delivering aid operations, in 
particular at sector level or through budget support. The Commission's shift from 
project support to sector -wide approaches and to budget support has resulted in 
greater involvement with na tional public administrati on systems and with public 
sector reforms. 
EuropeAid is active in providing training an d learning events in various areas related 
to sector approaches, such as public financial management , institutional analysis and 
capacity development, applied macroeconom ics, decentralisation and public sector 
reform. These events were aimed at pr ogressively improving the dialogue with 
partners, the contexts analysis and the c hoice of aid modalities. In 2009, over 2 000 
participants attended more  than 100 sessions of met hodological courses held in 
Brussels and in various partner countrie s. New training launched in 2009 included 
courses on ‘growth challenges’; public policies' cycles a nd dialogue, public 
expenditure and financial accountabi lity, performance management and 
measurement, introduction to a new appr oach on technical cooperation, and aid 
effectiveness. Workshops on sector approach es in various areas were also organised 
covering energy, water, transpor t and rural development.  
In 2009, the Commission continued its ac tive involvement in the joint donors' 
competence development network, known as Train4Dev. The network is chaired by EuropeAid for the period 2008-2010. The goal  of Train4Dev is to promote the 
implementation of the Paris Declaration through joint learning events addressed 
mainly to donors’ staff. 
Measuring progress: the need for statistics 
In order to manage development processes, it is  essential to measure them. While statistics 
may not directly reduce poverty or hunger, they are essential components in assuring the 
effectiveness of aid and sustained improvements. 
                                                 
80 http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/guidelines-m aking-technical-coope ration-more-effective 
81 http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu /toolkit-capacity-development 
82 http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/concept-paper-public-sector-reform-introduction 
EN 177   EN In 2009, as in previous years, some progress has been recorded con cerning capacity building 
of statistical systems and availability of statis tical information in developing countries, even 
if statistics are still often undervalued and under-funded. 
MDG indicators have contributed to stimul ating demand and coordi nated international 
support for sustainable national statistical capacity-building. A recent study of the official 
UN database on MDGs83 shows a positive trend in the number of available indicators. 
However there is still a significant lack of indicators for a number of countries.  
As well as quantity, data quality is also an issue.  In general the weaknesses of most statistical 
systems in developing countries can essentially be  attributed to poor data availability and to 
the lack of comparability due to differences in definitions and methodologies. The Global 
Statistical System, in which the EU is a majo r player, is making considerable efforts to 
improve the situation. 
5.3. Simplification of procedures 
In the context of the review of the financ ial regulation and implementing rules, a list 
of more than 50 proposals was put forwar d. These proposals, agreed within the 
External Relations Directorates-General , call on the Commission to create and 
manage trust funds, to simplify and stream line the requirements for each type of 
management mode, to render more flexible the current mechanism of assigned revenues and to facilitate  the implementation of grants and procurement. 
A number of instruments were adopted in  2009 in order to simplify and streamline 
the implementation of EU external  aid. For instance, an updated PRAG
84 entered into 
force on 1 January 2009, mainly to respond  to the alignment of the EDF to EU 
budget procedures. The guide to the financial procedures of the 10th EDF was 
accordingly updated. Additionally, two guide s have been published to streamline 
work. One of these, the Short guide to EU rules and procedures  was published to 
provide guidance on legal and procedural is sues relating to tech nical cooperation in 
light of the Paris Declaration and the Accra follow-up. The other, the Short guide to 
decentralised management  provides guidance to all services implementing external 
aid, explaining decentralisation in practical  terms whilst considering the implications 
of the aid effectiveness objectives. The Practical guide to procedures for programme 
estimates  has also been updated in order to reflect changes to the legal framework 
and to integrate simplifications, impr ovements and clarifications following 
observations from services and Delegations. 
5.4. Cooperation with international organisations and other donors 
Cooperation and partnership with the UN and the World Bank Group has remained 
significant, with contributions amoun ting to €937.3 million to the UN and €456.2 
million to the World Bank Group in 2009. The UN and the World Bank continue to work together with the Commission to s upport programmes in areas such as election 
monitoring and assistance, institution build ing, rehabilitation, rural development, 
education and health. This  increasing cooperation ha s made more and bigger 
                                                
 
83 Indicators for monitoring the Millennium Development Goals, United Nations Statistics Division, 
December 2009, http://unstats.un.org/un sd/statcom/doc10/2010-15-MDG-E.pdf 
84 The Practical guide is available at:  
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/work/procedures/implementation/practical_guide/index_en.htm 
EN 178   EN interventions possible, enha ncing effectiveness and efficiency of aid delivery and 
impacting positively on beneficiaries. By  working with these partners, the 
Commission has also benefited from the expe rtise, experience and synergies created.  
EU financial regulations allow for EU funds to be managed by international 
organisations in accordance with their ow n procedures. The Comm ission first checks 
that these procedures meet international standards, and has the right to carry out 
checks (known as verificati ons), including on the spot, that the funds have been 
correctly managed. In 2009, an agreement on standard terms of reference for these 
verifications was reached with the UN. A new framework agreement was signed with 
the World Bank group in March 2009, replacing one from 2001, which will enable funds to be channelled through the Worl d Bank in accordance with the latest EU 
financial regulations and World Bank pro cedures. A similar framework agreement 
was signed for the first time with the Inte rnational Monetary Fund in 2009, making it 
easier, for instance, for the Commission to join with the IMF in supporting anti-
money laundering programmes. 
The Commission also works closely with re gional development ba nks such as the 
African, Asian and Inter-American Development Banks. This cooperation encompasses areas such as infrastructure, ru ral development, educ ation, debt relief 
and results measurement. 
The Commission has continued to check that  the international organisations with 
which it works meet international standard s as regards accounting, external audit, 
internal control and procurement. 
More information on the political aspe cts of Commission' s cooperation with 
international organisations is provided in Section 1.7. 
5.4.1.  The United Nations 
Sharing common objectives and values, and similar policy priorities in, inter alia,  
poverty reduction, human rights, democra tic governance, cris is prevention and 
recovery, the Commission and the UN wo rk together in over 100 countries. 
The Commission and the UN continued to streamline the way they work together 
under the 2003 Financial and Administrativ e Framework Agreement (the FAFA). 
The annual meeting saw the adoption of terms of reference for the conduct of 
verification missions by the Commission to UN-implemented projects and agreement 
on a set of frequently asked question (FAQs) to  facilitate the work of staff from both 
organisations. Joint training activities have continued to take place and have proved 
to be an effective means of  fostering mutual understand ing between the UN and the 
Commission. Efforts were also made to st reamline the collection and publication of 
information on the beneficiaries of Co mmission funds resulting in greater 
transparency. 
In 2009, the UN-European Commission Partnership Report
85, produced by the UN 
with Commission support, took an in-depth  look at post-crisis situations showing 
                                                 
85 UN report “Renewing hope, rebuilding lives: Partnership between the United Nations and the European 
Commission in post-crisis recovery” (downloadable at www.undp.org/eu) 
EN 179   EN how the Commission and the UN work together  to help people facing the challenges 
of living in such environments. The repo rt provides extensiv e examples of how, 
through working together, the Commission a nd the UN have been able to positively 
affect community security and social se rvices, jump-start economic activities, 
strenghten institutions and help to build more resilient societies.  
During the year, the European Court of Auditors carried out a performance audit on 
EU assistance implemented through United Nations bodies. The special report of the 
first part of the audit on EU decisi on-making and monitoring was adopted by the 
Court in October and covers f unds managed between 2002 and 2008. The 
Commission has already a ddressed many of the Cour t's concerns through the 
adoption of the terms of reference for verification missions mentioned above and 
through improvements in the way it documents its decisions to work with international organisations. The second pha se will examine the effectiveness of the 
aid and whether objectives were achieved in an efficient and sustainable way. The 
report is expected to be a dopted before the end of 2010.  
UNDP continues to be the Commission's ma in partner on major rehabilitation and 
reconstruction programmes. Support for elections is another area where the 
Commission and UNDP have continued to cooperate. The Commission has also 
cooperated with the UN in el ection monitoring, with the elections  in Afghanistan 
among the most challenging of these undertakings.
 
The year 2009 saw extensive cooperation under the Food Facility  with FAO, WFP 
and UNRWA. In total, contribution agreements for over €240 million were signed with these three organisations which will  go towards promoting food security in 
vulnerable countries throughout the world.
 
5.4.2.  The World Bank Group  
The Commission remains one of the major donors to trust funds managed by the 
World Bank Group. Since 2001, an average of €400 million per year has been 
channelled via the WBG, thus fulfilling th e commitment to reinforce pooled funding, 
harmonisation and alignment. The cha nnelling of funds through the WBG has 
promoted cost efficiency, enhanced aid effectiveness and contributed to a better coverage of beneficiaries' needs. This c ooperation has proved particularly important 
for implementing global initiatives and interv ening in post-crisis situations, such as 
in Iraq and Timor-Leste. 
The Commission is conscious of the need to ensure that the substantial amounts 
channelled through the WBG are properly managed, report ed on and accounted for. 
Since 2001, cooperation between  the two organisations ha s been facilitated, to a 
great extent, by the conclusion of the Trust Fund and Co-financing Framework 
Agreement which regulates the operational as pects of Commission' s contributions to 
WBG-administered trust funds. As indicated  above, a new framework agreement was 
signed to reflect new financial and legal re quirements of the Commission as well as 
the recent trust fund reform initiatives approved by the World Bank Group. This new agreement is an important step forwar d in increasing simplification, ensuring 
consistency, improving transparency and sound management of Commission's funds 
and enhancing EU visibility. 
EN 180   EN Consultations on the implementation of  the Trust Funds and Co-Financing 
Framework Agreement are held annually, to  review administrative and operational 
issues, discuss new mechanisms for join t financing and assess the pipeline of 
proposals for the following year. Coordina tion is good and relations in-country 
between EU Delegations and the Bank's of fices help to reinforce the frequent 
contacts at headquarters level.  In some of the key programmes, such as in aid to the 
Palestinians and in Iraq, the need for a common approach is reinforced. 
5.4.3.  OECD 
Cooperation between the Commission a nd the OECD continued to develop 
satisfactorily. The OECD has undertaken a wi de-ranging review of its internal cost 
recovery policies and discussions have ta ken place on the updating of the framework 
agreement, which has been in place sinc e April 2006. It is expected that these 
discussions will continue in 2010. 
At the OECD-Development Aid Committee, the appointment in March 2009 of the 
EuropeAid Director-General, in his personal capacity, as Co-Chair (with Egypt) of 
the DAC working party on aid effectivene ss (WP-EFF) added a new dimension to 
the Commission's work. Following a Commissi on proposal to demonstrate concrete 
results in time for the Fourth High-Level  Forum (HLF IV) on aid effectiveness in 
Seoul in 2011, the WP-EFF outputs now larg ely focus on supporting change at 
country level. The Commission also played  a proactive role in shaping a common 
position of EU donors on all issu es and was active in all clusters and task-teams of 
the working party. 
5.4.4.  Council of Europe 
The signature in May 2007 of a memo randum of understanding on enhanced 
cooperation and political dialogue further d eepened relations betw een the EU and the 
Council of Europe. The Commission, whic h contributed significantly to the 
negotiating process, is now actively implementing the memo randum. Part of this is 
the decision to open an EU Delega tion to the Council of Europe. The new 
relationship is also reflected in the vol ume of joint projects, which reached €62 
million at the end of 2009. The shared values of pluralist democracy, the rule of law, 
and human rights and fundamental freedom s form the core areas in which the 
Commission and the Council of Europe c oncentrate their cooperation, which is 
particularly beneficial to  the countries participatin g in the EU’s Neighbourhood 
Policy and the enlargement pr ocess. But cooperation also goes beyond the European 
continent, as projects in the framework of EU-African youth cooperation or in the 
rule of law initiative for Central Asia demonstrate. 
5.4.5.  Other international organisations 
In 2009, cooperation between the EU and the OSCE  continued both at the level of 
headquarters and between OSCE field pr esence and EU Delegations on the ground. 
Good coordination efforts and financial suppo rt ensured efficient implementation of 
several EU and OSCE programmes. In Uk raine, implementation continued on a €3.5 
million electoral assistance project, funde d by the Commission, wh ich will lead to 
the establishment of an electronic voter register.  
EN 181   EN The Commission encourages contacts with  all international organisations which 
share and complement the values and obj ectives of the EU. The International 
Organisation for Migration ( IOM ) has emerged as a substantial partner for the 
Commission, in particular in implementi ng Election Observation Missions where it 
has developed a specific expertise. Disc ussions have been he ld with IOM on the 
negotiation of a framework agreement,  which may be concluded in 2010.  
The Commission contributes to technical a ssistance and training activities provided 
by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) which are related to financial sector 
stability, macroeconomic, fiscal, monetary and exchange rate po licies, and in the 
enhancement of macroeconomic and fi nancial statistics. In January 2009, a 
Framework Agreement between the two orga nisations was signed. It sets the terms 
and conditions under which the Commission will contribute to financing activities of the trust funds administered by the IMF. 
Coordination with international organisati ons and other donors is  crucial and is in 
line with the Commission's strong commit ment to the Paris declaration on aid 
effectiveness. To this end, the Commi ssion is engaged in – and contributes 
technically and financially to – several sector al initiatives related to agriculture, rural 
development and livestock, aiming at ensuri ng that the needs of the rural poor and 
the food insecure are appropria tely considered in intern ational agendas. The Global 
Donor Platform on Agriculture and Ru ral Development (GDPRD) made an 
important contribution to the Accra High- Level Forum in 2008 and it continues its 
active participation in the OECD work ing party on aid effectiveness and the 
associated joint ventures. 
5.5. Visibility and communication 
Better communication of the results achie ved by the EU's external assistance 
instruments is a major objective which was further developed in 2009. 
Progress included the mainstreaming of comm unication into the whole project cycle, 
the delivery of the training module on co mmunication for project managers, and 
improved sharing of good practice. Speci al attention was paid on communicating 
results and on improved monitoring and eval uation. A big effort is made to provide 
concrete examples of external assistance in  action as demonstrated by the wide range 
of case studies supplied by EU Delegations. 
The Commission continued to work in 2009 with other organisa tions to improve 
joint communication on results.  Examples of this were the signing in May of joint 
visibility guidelines with the World Bank, which resulted in guidance and practical 
tools for implementing partners. Further ex amples were the development of case 
studies with the Department for Internat ional Development (UK)  and the beginning 
of a project with UNICEF to develop a joint portal showing examples of 
EU/UNICEF cooperation. Th e Commission also worked during the Swedish 
Presidency of the EU on a media campai gn focusing on Swedish citizens working in 
EU Delegations. 
Other events and activities in 2009 included further improvements to the website and 
the delivery of the second phase of the youth campaign in EU member states through 
EN 182   EN a music contest86. The European Development Da ys in October provided an 
excellent opportunity to co mmunicate with key actors in development and provide 
them with information on EU actions in the field. The External Cooperation Info 
Point in Brussels received around 6 500 vis itors and organised conferences, film 
screenings, group visits, exhi bitions and other events. 
Key communication products produced include d a review of the implementation of 
external aid 2004-200987 and a brochure88 and interactive map89 on climate change. 
An evaluation of stakeholders' informati on needs in 2009 will lead to the production 
of communication tools better targ eted to address their needs. 
6. ANNEXES 
6.1. Introduction to financial tables 
The Annual Report provides an overview of policies, objectives and achievements in 
2009. The tables and graphs that follow present the main data on development assistance in 2009 by country, region, or sect or and per instrume nt of EU funding.  
Regarding the external assistance of  the European Union, the geographical 
cooperation for Sub-Saharan Africa, the Cari bbean and the Pacific regions (ACP), is 
based on the Partnership Agreement with th e ACP signatory states and is mainly 
financed, South Africa excepted, from th e European Development Fund i.e. outside 
the EU budget. External assistance for other geographic areas and the thematic programmes with worldwide coverage are fi nanced from the general budget of the 
European Union.  
Data for 2009 again show an improvement  of overall Offi cial Development 
Assistance (ODA) levels.  
Figure 6.1  shows the importance of external assistance in the overall expenditure of 
the European Commission. Defined as the re sources used to foster programmes and 
projects outside the European Union, exte rnal assistance accounted for 9% of the 
total allocation in 2009 (Gen eral EU budget and EDF).  
The sources of External Assistance are the General Budget of the EU and the 
European Development Fund. A global overview of the share of resources is given in 
Figure 6.2 . A detailed breakdown of the budget by policy areas that contributes to 
this external assistance  effort can be found in Table 6.3 . A similar breakdown for the 
EDF is presented in Table 6.4 .  
The concept of ODA used thr oughout the tables and figures is that defined by the 
OECD’s Development Assistance Committee via its directives and reported by the 
European Commission. Not all EU external  assistance can be reported as ODA. 
Whether an action, programme or project is classified as ODA or not depends on the 
recipient country and the purpos e and content of the aid.  
                                                
 
86 http://www.ifightpoverty.eu/music_contest/vote2/finalList9.php?lg=en&video=36 
87 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/infopoint/publications/europeaid/better-faster-more_en.htm 
88 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/multimedia/publications/publications/thematic/climate_change_en.htm 
89 http://ec.europa.eu/europeai d/climate-change-actions/ 
EN 183   EN Figure 6.5  shows the share of the EU’s external assistance classified as ODA. In all, 
96% of the total resources of EU ex ternal assistance committed in 2009 are 
considered reportable as ODA, indicating an increased focus on development in 
external financia l allocations.  
Figures 6.6  and 6.7 show the evolution over time, fr om 2001 to 2009, of external 
assistance and ODA. Figure 6.6  shows the evolution of the main sources of funding: 
external assistance from the EU budget and EDF, indicating the share managed by 
EuropeAid . Figure 6.7  shows the evolution of the sector breakdown of ODA.  
Turning to beneficiary countries and regions, Figure 6.8  and Table 6.9  present the 
breakdown per region. For this breakdown, it is  necessary to differentiate between 
bilateral and multilateral aid. Bilateral aid, as defined by the Development Assistance Committee, is direct cooperation by the Commission with a country (or region) 
where the Commission controls the activ ities and knows how, when and where the 
resources are being spent. Multilateral aid comprises direct contributions to the core 
funding of multilateral agencies, who report back to the Commission at a later stage 
about the expenditure. Figure 6.8  provides a breakdown of EU ODA per region. 
Africa continues to top the list (38% of ODA). Overall, Sub-Saharan Africa received 
33% of total ODA in 2009.  
A more detailed breakdown, per country and region, in line w ith the OECD/DAC 
recipient list, is presented in Table 6.10.  Leaving aside regional programmes, the top 
ten ODA countries in 2009 were Turkey, Ta nzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, 
occupied Palestinian territo ry, Haiti, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Kenya, Pakistan, Serbia.  
Figure 6.11  focuses on ODA recipients classi fied under the four UN/OECD 
categories based on GNI. The table mon itors disbursements in 2009 by DAC 
recipient and by main OECD sectors. An  indicator shows ODA disbursement per 
capita.  
It is also important to identify the main  sectors of activities that receive support. 
Table 6.12  shows this breakdown of EU ODA pe r main sector as defined by the 
DAC.  
A more detailed sector brea kdown of ODA is provided in Table 6.13  for 
commitments and in Table 6.14  for payments.  
Tables 6.15 and 6.16  give an overview of the ODA managed by EuropeAid, with a 
breakdown per sector and region. In these tabl es, the definition of region reflects the 
country groupings used in the EU instru ments and corresponding budget structure.  
Tables 6.17 and 6.18  show the sector breakdown of ODA per EU external assistance 
instrument and sub-component within th e instruments, with the associated Figure 
6.19 providing a closer look. 
Finally, Table 6.20 focuses on budget support co mmitments 2009 by EuropeAid 
instruments. 
For all tables and figures, the referen ce to the EU budget does not include the 
financial contributions from the European Investment Bank. 
EN 184   EN 6.2. Financial tables 
Commitments in € million
EU Budget without External Aid 130 983 M€
External Aid (Budget + EDF) 12 298 M€
EU Budget + EDF 143 281 M€Fig.6.1 Percentage of EU Budget committed on External Assistance in 2009.
External Aid 
(Budget + EDF); 
12 298 M€; 9%
EU Budget 
without External 
Aid; 130 983 M€; 
91%
 
EN 185   EN Fig.6.2 Sources of External Assistance in 2009
Co mmitments i n € mil lio n
EuropeAid Budget 5 477 M€
EuropeAid EDF 3 502 M€non EuropeAid Budget 3 319 M€
External Aid (Budget + EDF) 12 298 M€EuropeAid 
Budget; 5 477 
M€; 45%
EuropeAid EDF; 
3 502 M€; 28%non EuropeAid 
Budget; 3 319 
M€; 27%
 
EN 186   EN Total
Description Commit. Disburs. Commit. Disburs. Commit. Disburs. Commit. Disburs.
401 - ECFIN Macroeconomic assistance + EBRD 81.45 16.57 81.45 16.57 81.45 16.57
404 - EMP LIn stru ment  fo r Preacces sion  (IPA)                          
— Human resources development76.90 65.24 76.90 65.24 76.90 65.24
405 - AGRIThe Sapard pre-accession instrument — 
Completion of the programme (2000 to 2006) 127.08 259.69 127.08 259.69 121.50 4.48
406 - ENERG YCompletion of Intelligent energy — Europe 
programme (2003 to 2006): external strand — Coopener1.70 1.70 1.70
407 - ENVLIFE (European Financial Instrument for the 
Environment)3.51 6.82 3.51 6.82 1.00 3.98
211 - FIS H International fisheries agreements 157.91 149.07 157.91 149.07 0.86 2.71
413 - REGIO Pre-accession IPA and former ISPA 287.82 705.23 287.82 705.23 253.20 176.26
414 - TAXUD Customs cooperation and international assistance 1.70 1.90 1.70 1.90 0.20
415 - EAC Education 27.47 22.37 27.47 22.37 19.87 18.80
417 - SANCOInternational agreements and membership of 
inte rna tiona l or ga nisations0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
419 - RELEXMultilateral relations, cooperation in the areas of 
migration and asylum, and general external 
rel at ion s matt ers51.36 60.07 51.36 60.07 51.36 56.99
4 Common foreign and security policy 242.75 315.97 242.75 315.97 219.0
9 288.16
4European initiative for democracy and human 
ri ght s (EID HR)153.23 122.30 153.23 122.30 153.23 118.96
4Relations and cooperation with industrialised non-
member countries28.19 15.68 28.19 15.68
4 Crisis response and global threats to securit y 256.83 215.10 120.70 99.59 136.13 115.51 210.81 182.00
4European Neighbourhood Policy and relations 
with Russia1 672.67 1 463.63 1 672.67 1 463.63 1 539.85 1 356.84
4 Relations with Latin America 355.67 308.34 355.67 308.34 355.67 302.77
4Relations with Asia, Central Asia and East of 
Jordan c ountr ies ( 1)881.49 727.17 881.49 727.17 869.49 709.93
4Policy strategy and coordination for External 
relations policy area41.18 24.39 15.94 13.90 25.25 10.49 22.11 18.63
420 - TRADE External trade relations 11.70 12.34 11.70 12.34 5.47 2.35
421- DEV Food security 1 075.86 672.54 1 075.86 672.54 1 075.86 672.54
4 Non-State actors in development 218.56 180.85 218.56 180.85 218.5 6 180.31
4Environment and sustainable management of 
natural resources, including energy176.66 81.30 176.66 81.30 176.66 80.96
4 Human and social development 143.36 112.68 143.36 112.68 143.36 111.88
4 Geographical cooperation with ACP Countries 301.27 256.41 301.27 256.41 301.27 256.41
4 Other cooperation actions and ad-hoc programmes 29.92 29.47 27.59 27.14 2.33 2.33 0.26 1.50
4Policy strategy and coordination for Development 
and relations with ACP States policy area18.07 15.20 9.58 5.66 8.49 9.55 18.07 14.91
422 - ELARG Management of the Instrument for Pre-Accession 1 017.23 1 160.62 1 017.23 1 160.62 1 014.67 934.27
4 Information and communication strategy 14.00 8.87 14.00 8.87 14.0 0 8.87
423 - ECHOHumanita ria n aid including aid to uprooted 
people, food aid and disaster preparedness884.55 771.83 884.55 771.83 879.15 763.98
4+5 Administrative expenditure of External assistance (2) 456.93 513.18 272.91 327.76 184.02 185.42 438.94 494.43
TOTAL 8 795.49 8 296.69 5 476.85 4 459.33 3 318.64 3 837.36 8 262.67 6 846.62
(1) Non-ODA projects related to preparat ory act ion on business and scientific exchanges (€12 million).
(2) Includes administrative cost of EDF management charged to heading 5.  
     Total ODA (Budget + EDF) administrative cost (from headings 4 & 5 and EDF adm.  envelope) shown in tables 6. 13 & 6.14
Breakdown by budget line of external aid f inanced on the General EU Budget in 2009 (Amount in € million). Heading / Policy 
AreaFig.6.3 General EU Budget for External Assistance in 2009
Managed by 
EuropeAidManaged by other 
DGsof which ODA
 
EN 187   EN Of Wh ich ODA
Instruments (1) Commitments (2)Disbursements 
(3)Commitments (2)Disbursements 
(4)
Lom é
NIP / RIP Subventions -                  75                  -                  75                  
Total indicative program mes -                  52                  -                  52                  
Interest-rate Subsidies -                  -                  -                  -                  
Emergency Aid -                  -                  -                  -                  
Aid f or Refugees -                  0                    -                  0                    
Risk Capital -                  -                  -                  -                  
Stabex 1                    23                  1                    23                  
SYSMIN -                  1                    -                  1                    
Structural Adjustment Facility -                  -                  -                  -                  
Hors program me indicative (Lome) -                  1                    -                  1                    
Transfer  6th EDF -                  1                    -                  1                    
Transfer  7th EDF -                  20                  -                  20                  
Total 1                    173                1                    173                
Cotonou
A Envelope - Program mable Aid 2 448             1 569             2 448             1 537             
B Envelope 470                433                470                429                
B Enveloppe unforeseen 155                144                155                142                
Regional Project 410                716                409                651                
Co financing 19                  90                  19                  90                  
Intra ACP Project -                  0                    -                  -                  
Implementation expenditure + Congo Rep. Dem. -                  2                    -                  2                    
Total 3 502           2 954           3 501            2 851             
Total EDF 3 502             3 127             3 502             3 023             
(1) E xcept The Investment Facility (10th EDF) managed by the EIB
(2) Commitments 2009 have been calculated following DAC procedures :
 Total commitment s made in 2009 reduced by decommitments made on projects committed in 2009
(3) Before recoveries
(4) B efore recoveries - Inclunding EDF contribution to common administ rat ive support expenditure also included in Budget f igure s. (Fig 6.3)Breakdown by instrument of development assistance financed on t he European Development Fund (EDF) in 2009 (amount 
in € million).Fig.6.4 European Development Fund (EDF) in 2009
 
EN 188   EN Commitments in € million
ODA non ODA Total
Budget  EuropeAid5 245         232            5 477         
ED F3 502        1               3 502       
Budget non EuropeAid3 018         301            3 319         
Total 11 764       533            12 298       Fig.6.5 Proportion of  External Assistance used for Official Development Aid (ODA)
- 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000 5 500 6 000
Budget EuropeAid
ED F
Budget  non EuropeAid
ODA non ODA
 
EN 189   EN Commitments in € million
Disbursements in € millionFig.6.6 2001-2009 External Assistance
External aid f inanced on the General Commission Budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) managed by EuropeAid.  
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA / Other flows.01 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 00010 00011 00012 00013 000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 EuropeAid Budget EuropeAid EDF non EuropeAid Budget Grand Total
01 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 0007 0008 0009 00010 00011 00012 00013 000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009EuropeAid Budget EuropeAid EDF non EuropeAid Budget Grand Total
 
EN 190   EN Commitments in € million
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.Fig.6.7 Sectoral breakdown of Official Development Assistance (ODA) 2001 - 2009
02 0004 0006 0008 00010 00012 00014 000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20099. Other/Unallocated : admin.
costs, support to NGOs,unspecified
7. Emergency assist ance,reconst ruction relief
6. Action relating to debt
5. Budget support, food aid, foodsecurity
4. Multisector/Crosscutt ing :environment,  other
3. Production : agriculture, forestryand fishing,  industry,  mining and
construct ion, trade and t ourism
2. Economic infrastruct ures and
services : transport,communications, energy,  otherservices
1. Social infrastructures: education,health, water, government  and civilso ci et y, other  
 
EN 191   EN Fig.6.8 Regional distribution of aid to developing countries (ODA) in 2009
Commit men ts in  € million
( € Mil lion )
Region (1) CommitmentsDisbursement sCommitments Disbursement sCommitmentsDisbursements
Europe 2 030      1 720      392         325         1 638      1 395      
Africa, North of Sahara 618         610         607         597         11           12           
Africa, South of Sahara 3 959      3 501      3 471      3 067      488         434         
Asia : Middle East 669         617         524         469         145         148         
Asia : South & Central,  Far East 1 375      1 237      1 002      951         373         287         
America 899         809         842         747         58           62           
Oceania 89           59           87           58           2             2             
Bilateral unallocated 2 000      955         1 698      697         302         258         
ODA Multilateral Aid,Total 125         142         124         141         1             1             
TOTAL ODA 11 764    9 650      8 747      7 052      3 018      2 598      
(1) Following OECD region. 
Cfr table "Country breakdown of EC Development Aid in 2009".Grand total Managed by EuropeAid Managed by Other DGsEurope; 2 030 M€;  17%
America; 899 M€; 8%Oceania; 89 M€;  1%ODA  Multilateral Aid,Total; 
125 M€; 1%
Africa, S outh of Sahara;  3 
959 M€; 33%Bilateral unallocated; 
 2 000 M€; 17%
Asia : South & Central,  
Far East; 1 375 M€; 12%Africa, North of Sahara; 
618 M€; 5%
Asia : Middle East;
 669 M€;  6%
 
EN 192   EN Fig.6.9 Regional distribution of aid to developing countries (ODA) 2004-2009
Commitments in € million
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Europe 996        1 144     1 532     1 565     2 093     2 030     
Africa 2 910     4 143     3 806     3 687     5 272     4 577     
North Of Sahara 480        503        543         52 1        546        618         
South Of Sahara 2 428     3 640     2 867     3 113     4 726     3 929     
Regional 2            1            396         5 3          -          30           
America 609        605        759         82 0        642        899         
North & Central 317        331        505         38 7        329        621         
South 230        211        214         33 4        312        260         
Regional 63          62          40           10 0        2            19           
Asia 1 357     1 641     1 852     1 728     1 946     2 043     
Mi ddle Ea st 398         420        587         74 3        735        669         
South & Central 517        858        831         73 9        886        1 024     
Fa r E ast 391         214        347         16 4        233        295         
Regional 52          149        88           8 1          91          56           
Oceania 52          87          32           14 1        19          89           
Bilateral unallocated 1 172     1 189     1 245     1 586     1 586     2 000     
ODA Multilateral Aid,Total 441        479        605         43 1        366        125         
TOTAL ODA 7 538     9 287     9 832     9 959     11 923   11 764   
Disburs eme nt s in € Million
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Europe 733        780        1 069     1 062     1 242     1 720     
Africa 2 916     3 161     3 341     3 779     4 003     4 111     
North Of Sahara 558        559        658         69 2        570        610         
South Of Sahara 2 357     2 602     2 683     3 024     3 433     3 478     
Regional 2            0            0             6 3          1            23           
America 535        645        666         77 6        769        809         
North & Central 308        305        365         45 4        415        441         
South 152        233        246         27 5        314        348         
Regional 75          107        56           4 7          40          20           
Asia 1 302     1 484     1 596     1 496     1 850     1 854     
Mi ddle Ea st 511         420        494         57 4        709        617         
South & Central 526        661        699         60 4        858        908         
Fa r E ast 210         257        295         26 3        250        266         
Regional 55          147        108         5 5          33          63           
Oceania 54          73          64           5 2          65          59           
Bilateral unallocated 876        846        790         85 6        1 025     955        
ODA Multilateral Aid,Total 510        508        602         47 2        239        292         
TOTAL ODA 6 926     7 497     8 130     8 493     9 194     9 800     
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.
(1) Following OECD region. 
Cfr table "Country breakdown of EU Development Aid in 2009". 
EN 193   EN ( € Million )
Commit. Disbur. Commit. Disbur. Commit. Disbur.
Part I : Developing Countries & Territories (ODA)
Europe, Total 2 030.49 1 719.57 392.35 324.84 1 638.15 1 394.73
Albania 82.14 51.65 1.97 82.14 49.68
Belarus 12.20 7.99 12.20 7.99Bosnia and Herzegovina 111.26 54.79 1.53 111.26 53.26Croatia 139.04 93.88 1.33 139.04 92.55
Kosovo (1) 219.59 215.75 219.59 215.75
fYRoM 77.89 39.21 1.18 77.89 38.03Republic of Moldova (2) 63.21 76.31 57.00 74.61 6.21 1.70Montenegro 31.29 11.03 31.29 11.03
Serbia 185.42 221.67 4.26 185.42 217.41
Turkey 533.26 571.16 2.07 533.26 569.09Ukraine 155.00 138.18 154.50 137.67 0.50 0.51States of ex-Yugoslavia unspecif. 3.77 0.47 3.30
Europe, Regional 420.20 234.18 168.65 91.76 251.55 142.42
Africa, Total 4 577.38 4 110.91 4 078.24 3 664.77 499.14 446.14
North Of Sahara, Total 618.49 609.76 607.36 597.34 11.13 12.42
Algeria 46.58 59.44 35.60 48.90 10.98 10.54
Egypt 140.03 147.01 140.00 146.84 0.03 0.17Libya 7.38 7.10 0.28
Morocco 146.08 203.35 146.00 203.12 0.08 0.24
Tunisia 77.03 77.64 77.00 76.66 0.03 0.98
North Of Sahara, Regional 208.76 114.93 208.76 114.73 0.20
South Of Sahara, Total 3 928.90 3 477.74 3 440.88 3 045.53 488.01 432.21
Angola 14.05 27.94 13.50 27.93 0.55 0.00
Benin 73.38 105.31 73.37 105.30 0.01 0.00
Botswana 65.56 23.34 65.00 23.23 0.56 0.11Burkina Faso 60.24 119.89 60.22 110.63 0.02 9.26Burundi 58.49 94.23 42.49 77.23 16.00 17.00
Cameroon 78.22 42.54 78.20 42.24 0.02 0.31
Cape Verde 11.50 16.20 11.50 15.97 0.00 0.23Central African Rep. 71.21 39.27 69.21 32.13 2.00 7.14
Chad 91.52 85.45 59.50 52.48 32.02 32.97
Comoros 30.44 10.94 30.44 9.99 0.95Congo, Dem. Rep. 417.69 179.08 348.12 107.80 69.57 71.28Congo, Rep. 7.62 18.80 7.60 18.78 0.02 0.02
Cote d'Ivoire 69.06 51.60 69.04 50.90 0.02 0.70
Djibouti 1.35 7.37 7.37 1.35Equatorial Guinea 2.31 1.56 0.74Eritrea 62.99 30.81 58.56 29.05 4.43 1.75
Ethiopia 100.91 148.23 62.88 125.45 38.03 22.78
Gabon 3.71 6.63 3.70 6.62 0.01 0.00Gambia 2.65 10.95 2.65 10.95
Ghana 64.04 119.86 64.02 119.82 0.02 0.04
Guinea 5.33 29.58 5.33 29.58
Guinea-Bissau 28.53 47.06 26.99 42.67 1.54 4.38Kenya 207.98 54.77 172.25 32.30 35.73 22.47
Lesotho 4.00 11.58 4.00 11.42 0.00 0.17
Liberia 114.41 42.77 102.40 31.50 12.01 11.27
Madagascar 2.81 39.95 2.80 39.18 0.01 0.77
Malawi 87.36 60.40 86.80 60.13 0.56 0.27
Mali 130.38 73.34 130.35 70.49 0.03 2.85
Mauritania 2.09 25.24 2.08 23.52 0.00 1.72Mauritius 107.48 66.91 107.47 66.90 0.01 0.01Mayotte 0.87 0.87
Mozambique 28.68 146.95 27.11 146.32 1.57 0.63
Namibia 2.07 23.43 1.50 23.27 0.57 0.16Niger 8.81 45.51 8.80 37.92 0.01 7.59
Nigeria 1.57 58.76 56.05 1.57 2.71
Rwanda 103.92 75.13 103.91 75.12 0.00 0.00St.Helena 1.09 1.09Sao Tome & Principe 15.60 2.58 15. 60 2.58
Senegal 77.15 96.56 77.14 95.54 0.01 1.01Fig.6.10 Country breakdown of EU Development Aid in 2009
Managed by EuropeAid Managed by Other DG's Total
Country/Region
 
EN 194   EN Seychelles 19.15 8.66 19.15 8.66
Sierra Leone 18.43 78.23 18.42 77.36 0.01 0.87
Somalia 77.46 73.18 30.00 36.57 47.46 36.62
South Africa 128.25 110.12 127.68 109.90 0.57 0.22Sudan 117.39 162.17 0.30 43.17 117.08 119.00Swaziland 21.89 10.81 21.89 10.72 0.00 0.09
Tanzania 418.69 99.39 408.66 91.31 10.03 8.09
Togo 27.14 34.89 27.12 34.74 0.02 0.15Uganda 155.45 91.14 131.48 73.24 23.97 17.89Zambia 41.82 109.51 41.13 108.96 0.69 0.55
Zimbabwe 58.76 57.24 21.81 31.75 36.94 25.49
South Of Sahara, Regional 631.70 599.21 598.70 597.27 33.00 1.94
Africa, Regional 30.00 23.41 30.00 21.90 1.51
America, Total 899.42 808.69 841.65 746.86 57.78 61.83
North & Central, Total 620.91 440.61 593.51 408.36 27.40 32.25
AnguillaAntigua & Barbuda 3.40 0.37 3.40 0.37
Barbados 1.48 5.59 1.46 5.58 0.01 0.01
Belize 24.94 7.12 24.94 6.80 0.32
Costa Rica 4.00 4.95 4.00 4.85 0.00 0.10
Cuba 35.12 12.12 20.60 6.23 14.52 5.89
Dominica 0.00 16.19 0.00 16.19
Dominican Republic 8.02 47.50 8.00 45.46 0.02 2.05El Salvador 48.91 17.85 48.40 16.86 0.51 0.99Grenada 5.30 10.63 5.30 10.63
Guatemala 43.96 20.08 42.60 19.18 1.36 0.90
Haiti 289.30 73.93 278.98 59.36 10.32 14.57Honduras 2.02 28.58 2.00 28.30 0.02 0.29
Jamaica 22.86 75.92 22.85 75.90 0.01 0.01
Mexico 10.05 4.42 10.00 4.37 0.05 0.05Montserrat 4.00 4.00Nicaragua 32.56 33.16 32.00 26.35 0.56 6.81
Panama 10.58 1.54 10. 58 1.51 0. 02
St.Kitts-Nevis 11.10 1.83 11.10 1.83St.Lucia 0.12 11.61 0.12 11.61St.Vincent & Grenadines 0.04 9.39 0.04 9.39
Trinidad & Tobago 10.77 1.25 10.76 1.04 0.00 0.21
West Indies, Regional 0.27 0.27N. & C. America, Regional 56.37 52.31 56.37 52.28 0.03
South, Total 260.01 347.64 229.63 318.05 30.38 29.58
Argentina 4.43 16.20 4.40 14.74 0.03 1.45
Bolivia 44.72 56.42 40.69 50.09 4.03 6.33Brazil 17.17 13.58 17.06 13.47 0.11 0.11
Chile 0.03 7.74 7.71 0.03 0.03
Colombia 23.24 32.56 9.13 20.66 14.11 11.90Ecuador 30.38 44.84 26.40 42.21 3.98 2.63
Guyana 23.30 37.50 23.29 37.49 0.01 0.01
Paraguay 0.03 22.31 21.52 0.03 0.79
Peru 64.85 52.70 62.83 49.52 2.02 3.18Suriname 17.50 19.25 17.50 19.24 0.00 0.00Uruguay 0.72 8.37 0.69 8.34 0.03 0.03
V e n e z u e l a 8 . 8 02 . 4 04 . 8 01 . 7 14 . 0 00 . 6 9
South Am erica, Regional 24.85 33.76 22.85 31.34 2.00 2.42
America, Regional 18.50 20.44 18.50 20.44
 
EN 195   EN Asia, Total 2 043.21 1 854.49 1 525.95 1 419.59 517.25 434.90
Middle East, Total 668.63 616.99 524.12 469.04 144.51 147.95
Bahrain
Iran 7.29 1.43 0.48 7.29 0.95Iraq 62.05 53.07 42.04 28.97 20.02 24.10Jordan 68.03 60.88 68.00 57.27 0.03 3.61
Lebanon 48.19 52.35 43.00 31.98 5.18 20.38
OmanOccupied Palestinian territory 399.78 386.57 301.08 294.02 98.70 92.55Syria 48.78 43.33 40.00 39.56 8.78 3.77
Yemen 31.52 16.95 27.00 14.36 4.52 2.59
Middle East, Regional 3.00 2.41 3.00 2.41
South & Centr. Asia, Total 1 023.65 907.72 689.38 657.90 334.28 249.82
Afghanistan 269.83 286.65 211.00 203.91 58.83 82.74
Armenia 72.76 27.90 35.70 26.05 37.06 1.85
Azerbaijan 20.62 8.97 20.00 8.56 0.62 0.41Bangladesh 98.13 94.92 85.10 73.91 13.03 21.01
Bhutan 2.34 1.95 0.39
Georgia 150.69 120.56 73.40 73.83 77.29 46.73India 17.64 71.57 62.36 17.64 9.22Kazakhstan 0.08 9.57 9.51 0.08 0.06
Kyrgyz Rep. 20.61 20.70 20.60 19.01 0.01 1.69
Maldives 4.00 2.70 4.00 2.70Myanmar (Burma) 33.05 55.16 18.50 29.10 14.55 26.06Nepal 32.38 31.46 26.35 24.06 6.02 7.40
Pakistan 200.19 69.67 105.00 34.27 95.19 35.40
Sri Lanka 13.64 42.43 26.80 13.64 15.63Tajikistan 23.08 26.76 22.75 25.85 0.33 0.92
Turkmenistan 2.85 2.85
Uz bekist an 11.00 4.36 11. 00 4.23 0. 13Central Asia, Regional 46.77 19.07 46.77 18.90 0.16South Asia, Regional 4.00 8.44 4.00 8.44
South & Central Asia, Regional 5.20 1.62 5.20 1.62
Far East, Total 295.37 266.33 256.91 229.26 38.46 37.07
Cambodia 6.85 32.66 4.21 29.69 2.65 2.97China 21.51 32.11 21.00 31.35 0.51 0.75
Indonesia 155.00 81.46 150.00 76.74 5.00 4.73
Korea, Dem . 9.00 2.46 9.00 2.31 0.15
Laos 4.10 18.21 15.16 4.10 3.04Malaysia 0.08 0.43 0.38 0.08 0.06
Mongolia 2.00 3.88 2.00 3.88
Philippines 59.68 36.24 43.70 24.69 15.98 11.54
Thailand 19.71 15.40 13.50 4.16 6.21 11.24
Timor-Leste 3.52 7.37 3.50 6.95 0.02 0.42
Viet Nam 13.91 36.11 10.00 33.94 3.91 2.16Far East Asia, Regional
Asia, Regional 55.55 63.45 55.55 63.39 0.06
Oceania, Total 88.84 59.16 86.60 57.51 2.24 1.65
Cook Islands 0.21 0.21Fiji 0.39 9.23 8.85 0.39 0.37Kiribati 4.10 1.40 4.10 1.40
Marshall Islands 1.01 1.01
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 1.19 1.19N a u r u 2 . 3 00 . 6 62 . 3 00 . 6 6Niue 2.55 0.24 2.55 0.24
Palau 0.43 0.43
Papua New Guinea 1.74 23.27 0.66 22.90 1.09 0.37Samoa 15.30 6.44 15.30 6.44
S o l o m o n  I s l a n d s 1 0 . 3 32 . 6 89 . 9 61 . 7 80 . 3 80 . 9 0
TokelauT o n g a 0 . 9 00 . 5 40 . 9 00 . 5 4Tuvalu 4.40 0.29 4.40 0.29
Vanuatu 10.48 2.00 10.10 1.99 0.38 0.00
Wallis & Futuna 0.13 0.13Oceania, Regional 36.34 9.45 36.34 9.45
Bilateral unallocated 2 000.34 954.78 1 697.99 697.17 302.36 257.62
11 639.70 9 507.60 8 622.78 6 910.73 3 016.92 2 596.87 Part I (ODA) Bilateral, Total
 
EN 196   EN Public Private Partnerships
United Nations 74.53 92.10 73.76 91.37 0.77 0.72
UNRW A 67.00 66.00 67.00 66.00
UNDPWFPWHO
F A O 1 . 0 30 . 4 90 . 2 60 . 1 30 . 7 70 . 3 5
W orld Bank GroupW orld Trade Organisation
Regional Development Banks
Other Multilateral Institutions 50.00 200.00 50.00 200.00
GFTAM 50.00 200.00 50.00 200.00
Ot hers
Part I (ODA) Multilateral Aid,Total 124.53 292.10 123.76 291.37 0.77 0.72
Part I (ODA), Total 11 764.23 9 799.70 8 746.54 7 202.10 3 017.69 2 597.60
P art  II: Countrie s a nd Territorie s in Tra ns ition ( non ODA)
More Advanced Developing Countries 1.53 29.82 1.50 29.82 0.03
Aruba 0.90 0.90
Bahamas
Bermuda
Brunei
Cayman Islands 4.15 4.15Taiwan
Falkland Islands 0.04 0.04
French Polynesia 0.14 0.14
Gibraltar
Hong Kong, China
Israel 1.50 3.17 1.50 3.17
Korea 0.03 0.03Kuwait
Macao
Netherlands Antilles 20.72 20.72New Caledonia 0.70 0.70Northern Marianas
Qatar
Saudi ArabiaSingaporeTurks & Caicos Islands
United Arab Emirates
Virgin Islands (UK) 0.01 0.01MADCT Unallocated
CEEC's/NIS 11.56 71.70 6.10 64.91 5.46 6.79
BulgariaCyprus 2.18 2.18Czech Republic 0.28 0.10 0.18
Estonia
Hungary 0.75 0.42 0.32Latvia 0.02 0.02Lithuania 0.49 0.49
Malta
Poland 0.44 0.35 0.09Romania 0.41 0.41Russia 7.90 62.91 2.50 62.91 5.40
Slovak Republic 0.17 0.14 0.03
Slovenia 0.33 0.06 0.27CEECs Unallocated 3.66 3.71 3.60 0.06 3.71
CEECs/NIS Unallocated
13.10 101.52 7.61 94.73 5.49 6.79 Part II ( Non-O A)  Bila teral Aid, Tota l
 
EN 197   EN EBRD
Part II (non-ODA), Total 13.10 101.52 7.61 94.73 5.49 6.79
11 777.32 9 901.22 8 754.15 7 296.83 3 023.18 2 604.39
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA / non-ODA flows.
(1) UNSCR 1244/99
(2) henceforth MoldovaGrand Total Part I & Part IIPart II (non-ODA) Multilateral Aid, Total
Breakdown by country/region of external aid financed on the General Commission Budget and the European 
Developm ent Fund (EDF) in 2009.
 
Disbur sements in € mi lli on
ODA per Capita 
(Euro / Capita) 
(1)TotalSocial 
Infrastruc-    
tu resEconomic 
In fra structu -  
re & Servic esProductionMultisector 
Cross      
cuttingBudget 
Support, 
Food Aid/ 
SecurityAction 
rela tin g to 
debtHumanita-  
rian AidOther / 
Unallocated
Least Developed Countries (LDC)
Afghanistan 9.84           286.65 206.40 2.38 23.51 5.13 7.03 41.90 0.29
Angola 1. 47           27.94 19 .3 1 0.06 5 .78 1 .87 0.6 1 0 .1 7 0 .1 4
Bangladesh 0. 58           94.92 30 .4 7 8 .65 7 .70 2 2.8 1 24 .4 2 0 .8 7
Benin 11. 43         105.31 18.85 21.05 11.53 7.58 46.27 0.02
Bhut an 3. 30           2.34 0.16 1.05 0.74 0.39
Burkina Faso 7. 36           119.89 11.54 10.93 12.79 0.84 74.52 9.25 0.02
Burundi 11.06         94.23 13.79 23.54 2.99 3.28 37.14 13.05 0.44
Cambodia 2. 17           32.66 15 .1 2 1.83 4 .50 3 .52 4.3 8 2 .9 0 0 .4 0
Central African Rep. 8. 72           39.27 7.39 6.34 1.11 2.25 16.55 0.03 5.51 0.10
Chad 7. 43           85.45 18.45 27.42 1.89 2.22 0.94 33.00 1.54
Comoros 15. 82         10.94 2.30 1.34 0.02 7.27
Congo, Dem. Rep. 2.64           179.08 65.47 37.00 10.70 11.51 2.64 51.73 0.01
Djibout i 8. 39           7.37 2.81 4.56
Equatorial Guinea 3.32           2.31 1. 19 0. 19 0. 74 0. 18
Eritrea 5.90           30.81 12 .7 9 2.06 5 .68 0 .04 4.0 2 6 .1 9 0 .0 2
Ethiopia 1.74           148.23 41.09 35.68 3.49 0.18 36.93 30.77 0.08
Gambia 6. 25           10.95 2.38 7.23 1.27 0.06
Guinea 2. 87           29.58 4 .7 8 1 7.38 2 .85 0 .07 4.0 9 0 .2 8 0 .1 4
Guinea-Bissau 28.56         47.06 10.73 11.66 0.51 0.69 23.16 0.22 0.08
Haiti 7.26           73.93 16.32 11.03 2.94 1.16 15.20 25.98 1.30
Kiribati 14. 02         1.40 1.40
Laos 2.83           18.21 3.28 0.01 3.21 0.66 7.75 3.03 0.27
Le so tho 5 .5 6           11.58 10 .5 3 0 .26 0 .02 0.6 1 0 .1 6 0 .0 0
Liberia 10. 43         42.77 3.15 3.55 3.16 9.81 4.30 7.34 11.45 0.01
Madagascar 1.98           39.95 11.18 6.40 13.62 0.86 3.66 3.97 0.25
Malawi 3. 85           60.40 21.19 10.66 6.52 6.10 15.59 0.27 0.07
Maldives 8. 62           2.70 0.43 0.08 0.03 2.17
Mali 5. 50           73.34 24.65 3.46 5.95 2.34 32.69 3.21 1.04
Mauritania 7.50           25.24 3 .1 3 1 2.52 2 .44 0 .39 2.7 8 3 .3 1 0 .6 7
Mozambique 6. 28           146.95 45.23 18.09 15.48 0.87 66.11 1.02 0.16
Myanmar (Burma) 1.09           55.16 11 .7 9 0.10 2 .36 1 4.9 6 25 .8 0 0 .1 5
Nepal 1.05           31.46 15 .8 1 2.08 0 .26 0 .53 3.5 7 8 .9 0 0 .3 1
Niger 2. 86           45.51 13.54 12.20 4.85 2.01 3.46 9.20 0.26
Rwanda 7.31           75.13 9. 56 13.02 6. 53 0. 48 45. 44 0. 00 0. 10
Samoa 35. 99         6.44 6.44
Sao Tome & Principe 15.62         2.58 0.98 1.09 0.06 0.42 0.03
Senegal 7.51           96.56 9 .6 0 3 9.62 3 .87 11 .69 3 0.3 9 1 .0 0 0 .3 8
Sierra Leone 13.40         78.23 23.64 18.86 0.77 0.97 33.59 0.28 0.12
Solomon Islands 5.00           2.68 1. 15 1. 27 0. 22 0. 05
Somalia 7.82           73.18 14.70 1.09 8.41 0.09 1.64 47.25
Sudan 3.75           162.17 18.72 0.12 13.07 0.42 6.70 123.13 0.01
Tanzania 2.21           99.39 29.98 6.03 4.49 0.16 50.52 8.06 0.16
Timor-Leste 6. 30           7.37 2. 22 2. 68 1. 94 0. 41 0. 11
Togo 5. 15           34.89 19 .1 4 0.18 0 .58 1 .46 9.8 2 3.13 0 .1 4 0 .4 4
Tuvalu 29.50         0.29 0. 28 0. 02
Uganda 2.70           91.14 15.19 18.91 0.32 0.12 31.29 25.26 0.06
Vanuatu 8.13           2.00 0.79 0.02 0.21 0.73 0.25
Yem en 0.70           16.95 6.78 0.04 3.46 0.18 3.64 2.58 0.28
Zambia 8. 26           109.51 22.86 7.22 6.12 3.30 68.15 1.38 0.48
South Of Sahara, Regional - LDC's
Asia, Regional - LDC's
Total Least Developed 
Countries 3. 33           2 842.07 848.41 396.77 207.31 95.49 743.32 10.49 528.96 11.31Fig.6.11 ODA Recipient by main OECD sector in 2009
 
EN 198   EN Other Low Income Countries (OLIC)
Cote d'Ivoire 2.39           51.60 31 .0 6 3.67 11 .59 0 .16 4 .9 5 0 .1 8
Ghana 4.93           119.86 51. 46 18.80 11. 97 1. 44 35. 79 0. 40
Kenya 1.34           54.77 9 .7 7 1.03 4 .82 3 .65 5.0 9 29 .9 8 0 .4 3
Korea, Dem. 0. 10           2.46 0. 59 0. 68 1. 05 0. 12 0. 03
Kyrgyz  Rep. 3. 73           20.70 14. 82 1.81 1. 21 0. 10 2. 14 0. 11 0. 51
Nigeria 0.37           58.76 54. 91 0.59 0. 53 0. 07 2. 49 0. 17
Pa ki stan 0 .3 8           69.67 17.96 0.00 2.85 0.20 5.37 43.26 0.03
Papua New Guinea 3.38           23.27 14. 32 5. 06 2. 08 1. 82
Tajikistan 3.78           26.76 16. 51 0.09 0. 86 7. 24 0. 88 0. 92 0. 26
Uz bekist an 0. 16           4.36 3. 65 0. 15 0. 13 0. 43
Viet Nam 0.41           36.11 14.16 0.21 4.90 1.12 13.00 2.20 0.52
Zimbabw e 4. 53           57.24 19.48 0.35 3.80 4.07 4.52 24.98 0.04
Total Other Low Income 
Countries 0. 87           525.58 248.69 26.54 48.27 18.20 67.84 111.23 4.81
Lower Middle Income Countries (LMIC)
Albania 16. 30         51.65 32. 48 3.96 9. 98 4. 41 0. 02 0. 04 0. 76
Algeria 1.68           59.44 17. 46 6.34 6. 53 18. 47 10. 59 0. 06
Arm enia 9.03           27.90 20.91 2.73 0.05 1.03 3.03 0.16
Azerbaijan 1. 00           8.97 5. 81 1.16 1. 30 0. 40 0. 30
Bolivia 5.62           56.42 18. 99 11.15 12. 33 3. 61 6. 80 3. 00 0. 54
Bosnia and Herzegovina 14.57         54.79 40. 15 7.01 4. 73 0. 85 0. 23 1. 81
Cameroon 2. 13           42.54 8.05 23.82 5.73 3.13 1.50 0.29 0.02
Cape Verde 31. 61         16.20 4 .7 3 0.34 0 .26 3 .92 6.7 1 0 .2 3
China 0.02           32.11 22. 24 0.90 3. 05 4. 52 0. 03 0. 51 0. 87
Colombia 0. 70           32.56 10. 88 3. 69 0. 01 17. 88 0. 10
Congo, Rep. 5.00           18.80 2.38 14.26 0.28 1.68 0.17 0.03
Cuba 1. 08           12.12 0 .5 3 6 .31 0 .19 5 .0 7 0 .0 2
Dominican Republic 4.65           47.50 16.15 3.55 6.24 0.33 18.50 2.65 0.07
Ecuador 3.26           44.84 31. 78 1.66 6. 07 2. 50 2. 81 0. 02
Egypt 1.74           147.01 101.74 28.11 2.28 14.03 0.85
El Salvador 2.88           17.85 14. 41 0.18 1. 98 0. 03 0. 04 0. 97 0. 25
Georgia 28.57         120.56 46. 10 3.09 1. 38 1. 45 15. 41 52. 50 0. 64
Guatemala 1.40           20.08 13. 12 2.30 0. 56 0. 42 2. 61 0. 87 0. 21
Guyana 49.25         37.50 3.20 22.61 5.28 6.34 0.07
Honduras 3.75           28.58 2. 75 1.35 7. 15 16. 63 0. 27 0. 35 0. 07
India 0.06           71.57 54. 12 0.35 1. 19 6. 28 9. 07 0. 56
Indonesia 0.35           81.46 21.36 3.11 4.26 0.59 51.88 0.27
Iran 0. 02           1.43 0. 36 1. 07
Iraq 1. 69           53.07 20. 11 14. 00 18. 95 0. 00
Jamaica 27. 81         7 5 . 9 21 5 . 9 02 3 . 3 67 . 7 31 . 1 22 7 . 5 0 0 . 3 0
Jordan 9. 41           60.88 45. 55 2.77 5. 81 1. 81 1. 00 3. 61 0. 34
Ko so vo  (2 ) 119 .5 4       215.75 191.92 16.37 1.69 0.78 5.00
fYRoM 19. 19         39.21 20.81 0.94 3.15 12.15 2.17
Marshall Islands 15.89         1.01 0. 00 0.56 0. 01 0. 43
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 10.68         1.19 0. 00 0.52 0. 03 0. 55 0. 08
Republic of  Moldov a 21. 34         76.31 60 .1 3 1 3.95 1 .67 0 .23 0 .1 8 0 .1 5
Mongolia 1.44           3.88 0. 76 3. 02 0. 09
Morocco 6.28           203.35 116.74 60.90 4.24 5.75 15.54 0.19
Namibia 10. 59         23.43 15. 01 4.00 0. 02 4. 13 0. 14 0. 13
Nicaragua 5.70           33.16 13. 46 1.36 2. 48 2. 50 6. 06 6. 85 0. 46
Niue 169.58       0.24 0.00 0.24
occupied Palestinian territ ory 87. 67         386.57 246 .4 4 9.72 4 .43 3 .85 2 6.6 7 94 .4 6 1 .0 1
Paraguay 3.45           22.31 12. 44 1. 51 0. 39 6. 59 0. 76 0. 61
Peru 1. 79           52.70 37. 35 4.41 6. 35 1. 38 3. 16 0. 05
Philippines 0.39           36.24 11.81 5.85 0.87 6.22 11.38 0.10
Sri Lanka 2.08           42.43 20.59 6.07 0.40 0.06 15.11 0.19
Swaziland 9.00           10.81 6 .0 4 0.37 4 .12 0 .19 0 .0 9 0 .0 0
Syria 1.93           43.33 25 .5 7 1.83 10 .15 0 .13 5 .5 4 0 .0 9
Thailand 0.23           15.40 4 .0 5 0 .44 0.0 5 10 .7 2 0 .1 4
Tokelau -              
Tonga 5.20           0.54 0. 10 0. 44
Tunisia 7.48           77.64 41.11 3.80 4.70 3.72 24.09 0.22
Turkmenist an 0. 55           2.85 2. 31 0.01 0. 16 0. 37
Ukraine 3.04           138.18 51. 78 65.66 7. 33 12. 09 0. 07 1. 26
Wallis & Futuna 8.24           0.13 0.13
Total Lower Middle Income 
Countries 0. 74           2 648.43 1 449.85 332.20 183.07 154.79 174.97 5.00 333.02 15.54  
EN 199   EN Upper Middle Income Countries (UMIC)
Anguilla -              
Antigua & Barbuda 4.15           0.37 0.30 0.07
Argentina 0.40           16.20 10. 07 4. 40 0. 28 1. 43 0. 02
Barbados 21.80         5.59 0. 41 4.94 0. 23 0. 01
Belarus 0.83           7.99 4. 97 1.69 0. 05 0. 02 1. 26
Belize 22.75         7.12 0. 12 1.74 2. 69 1. 43 0. 32 0. 82
Botswana 11.80         23.34 18. 06 0.06 4. 26 0. 56 0. 10 0. 30
Braz il 0. 07           13.58 3 .8 4 0.00 4 .71 4 .55 0 .4 8
Chile 0.45           7.74 4. 14 0.13 3. 00 0. 41 0. 06
Cook Islands 10.68         0.21 0. 14 0. 07
Costa Rica 1.07           4.95 0. 50 3.93 0. 33 0. 09 0. 09 0. 01
Croat ia 21. 29         93.88 20.05 5.86 4.67 62.66 0.65
Dominic a 243. 48       16.19 3 .2 8 5.91 4 .43 2 .57
Fiji 10.81         9.23 7. 59 0.02 1. 17 0. 18 0. 24 0. 02
Gabon 4.41           6.63 1. 50 1.87 2. 61 0. 60 0. 04 0. 00
Grenada 101.88       10.63 2 .8 7 0.00 0 .34 0 .13 7.2 9
Ka zakh stan 0 .6 1           9.57 4. 55 2.40 1. 13 1. 29 0. 20
Lebanon 12.31         52.35 24.29 0.04 6.69 0.78 20.05 0.49
Libya 1.13           7.38 7.38
Malaysia 0.02           0.43 0. 16 0.18 0. 04 0. 06
Mauritius 51.60         66.91 2.45 64.45 0.01
Mayotte 4.38           0.87 0. 25 0. 12 0. 50
Mexico 0.04           4.42 2. 07 1. 74 0. 56 0. 05
Montenegro 17.63         11.03 5 .5 3 2.39 2 .05 0 .23 0.0 1 0 .8 1
Montserrat 670.92       4.00 4.00
Nauru 64. 03         0.66 0.46 0.20
Om an -              
Palau 20. 72         0.43 0.19 0.24
Panama 0.44           1.54 1. 41 0. 02 0. 02 0. 08
Serbia 27.53         221.67 86. 93 45.16 17. 69 10. 57 50. 00 7. 04 4. 28
Sey chelles 102. 34       8.66 0. 58 8. 00 0. 07 0. 01
Sout h Af ric a 2. 18           110.12 100 .8 4 1.26 0 .77 7 .07 0 .1 7
Suriname 36.70         19.25 0.70 14.30 4.09 0.03 0.13
St.Helena 247.94       1.09 1.00 0.09
St.Kitts-Nevis 34.87         1.83 0. 43 0.30 1. 05 0. 03 0. 02
St.Lucia 66.75         11.61 0 .5 6 0.85 7 .52 2 .67
St.Vincent & Grenadines 85.89         9.39 3. 09 0.17 4. 36 1. 24 0. 53
Trinidad & Tobago 0.93           1.25 0. 81 0. 17 0. 21 0. 06
Turkey 7. 54           571.16 270.45 96.65 1.68 202.28 0.09
Uruguay 2.48           8.37 3. 64 0.20 2. 81 1. 46 0. 23 0. 03
Venezuela 0.08           2.40 1. 25 0. 24 0. 17 0. 65 0. 09
Total Upper Middle Income 
Countries 2. 18           1 350.03 595.21 191.77 89.02 302.37 130.01 30.87 10.78
Total LDC + OLIC + LMIC + UMIC 1. 31           7 366.11 3 142.16 947.28 527.67 570.85 1 116.13 15.49 1 004.09 42.44
By region
Europe 10.87         1 719.57 869.55 309.93 60.43 366.10 51.06 5.00 9.95 47.54
Africa 3. 98           4 110.91 1 309.14 597.96 505.35 240.78 842.26 110.49 474.31 30.61
America 1.39           808.69 292. 39 113.64 145. 02 54. 12 97. 56 96. 03 9. 92
Asia 0. 48           1 854.49 1 000.59 51.77 122.36 72.01 141.63 454.70 11.43
Oceania 6.46           59.16 35. 76 2.64 9. 04 2. 63 0. 73 5. 74 2. 62
Bilateral unallocated 0.17           954.78 135.19 19.81 106.23 25.80 105.58 36.97 525.21
Total Region 1. 69           9 507.60 3 642.62 1 095.76 948.44 761.44 1 238.81 115.49 1 077.71 627.34
Bilateral ODA flows.
(1) Source : W orld Population Prospects - United Nations Population Division - 2008 revision(2) UNSCR 1244/99Breakdown by country/region of external aid financed on the General Commission Budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) i n 2009.
 
EN 200   EN Commitments in € Million Disbursements in € MillionFig.6.12 Sectoral breakdown of ODA managed by the EC in 2009
4 082 M€; 34%
1 243 M€;  11%
1 707 M€; 14%1 612 M€; 14%13 M€; 0%1 262 M€;  11%
1 298 M €; 11% 3 846 M€; 39%115 M€; 1%
1 239 M€; 13%627 M€; 6%
973 M€; 10%763 M€; 8%1 140 M€; 12%
1 096 M€; 11%
1. Social infrastructures: education,  health,  water, government and civil societ y,  other 
2. Economic inf rastructures and services: transport, communications, energy,  other
services
3. Production: agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry, mining and construct ion, tradeand tourism
4. Multisector/ Crosscutting : environment , other
5. Budget support, food aid, food securit y
6. Action relating to debt
7. Humanitarian Aid
9. Ot her/Unallocat ed : admin. costs, support to NGOs, unspecified
 
EN 201   EN Comm it ments  in €  Million
Sector of Destination TotalManaged by 
EuropeAidManaged by 
Other DGs
S OCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE  AND SE RV ICES 4 082.49 3 045.20 1 037.29
905.96 845.29 60.68
Education, level unspecified 424.95 403.45 21.50
Basic education 140.53 136.78 3.75Secondary  educ at ion 154. 47 134. 60 19.87Post-secondary education 186.01 170.45 15.56
He alth 424.56 409.61 14.95
Hea lth , gen eral 20 8.0 5 193 .10 14.95Basic health 216.51 216.51
Population polices/programs and reproductive health 59. 36 59. 36
Water supply and sanitation 381.57 336.97 44.60
Government and civil society 1 756.08 964.32 791.77
Other Social Infrastructure 554.96 429.66 125.30
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 1 243.43 1 067.88 175.55
Transport and storage 1 001.32 846.25 155.07
Com munic ations 19.82 15.01 4.81
Energy generation and supply 159.52 152.32 7.20
Banking and financial services 22.67 15.00 7.67
Business and other services 40.10 39.30 0.80
PRODUCTION SECTORS 1 707.13 1 555.31 151.82
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 1 302.54 1 168.87 133.68
Agriculture 1 239.73 1 107.91 131.82
Forest ry 22. 76 22. 76
Fishing 40.06 38.20 1.86
Industry, Mining and Construction 154.80 151.63 3.17
Industry 149.93 146.93 3.00
Mineral resources and mining 4.70 4.70
Construction 0.17 0.17
Trade and Tourism 249.78 234.81 14.97
Trade policy and regulation 249.78 234.81 14.97
Tourism
MULTISECTOR/CROSSCUTTING 1 612.23 1 183.98 428.25
General environmental protection 360.66 244.77 115.89
Other m ult ise ctor 1 251.57 939.21 312.36
CO MMODITY AID AND GE NERAL PROG RAMME AS SISTANCE 1 298.07 1 217.07 81.00
General budget support 949.91 868.91 81.00
Development food aid/food security assistance 348.16 348.16
Other commodity assistance
ACTION RELATING TO DEBT 12. 87 12. 87
Action relating to debt 12. 87 12. 87
HUMANITARIAN AID 1 262.18 336.40 925.78
Emergency Response 1 088.12 222.40 865.71
Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation 121.63 95.00 26.63
Disaster prevention and preparedness 52. 44 19. 00 33.44
OTHER/UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED 545.84 327.84 218.00
Administrative costs of donors 461.75 272.80 188.95
Support to non-governmental organisations
Refugees in donor countries
Unallocated/unspecified 84. 09 55. 04 29.05
11 764.23 8 746.54 3 017.69
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.Breakdown by sector of Official Development Assistance (ODA) financed on the General EU Budget and the 
European Developm ent Fund (EDF) in 2009.Fig.6.13 Detailed description of ODA by sector in 2009 - Commitments
Education
GRAND TOTAL
 
EN 202   EN Disbursements in € Million
Sector of Destination TotalManaged by 
EuropeAidManaged by 
Other DGs
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 3 845.92 2 966.85 879.07
635. 23 580. 43 54. 79
Education, level unspecified 265.00 260.77 4.23
Basic education 104.27 102.29 1.98
Secondary education 90.39 67.43 22.96
Post -s ec ondary  educ at ion 175. 57 149. 94 25. 62
He alth 544. 91 530. 65 14. 25
Healt h,  general 111. 52 98. 34 13. 19
Basic health 433. 38 432. 31 1. 07
Population polices/programs and reproductive health 50. 40 49. 92 0. 48
Water supply and sanitation 380. 42 360. 82 19. 60
Government and civil society 1 674. 44 962. 32 712. 12
Other Social Infrastructure 560. 52 482. 71 77. 81
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 1 095. 76 894. 59 201. 17
Transport and storage 672. 16 590. 73 81. 43
Communications 43. 68 33. 60 10. 07
Energy generation and supply 242. 78 197. 19 45. 58
Banking and financial services 27. 20 16. 39 10. 81
B usi ness and  other services 109. 94 56. 67 53. 27
PR ODUC TION SEC TORS 972. 73 919. 69 53. 04
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 566. 13 545. 88 20. 25
Agriculture 513.57 496.38 17.19
Forest ry 39. 23 39. 03 0. 20
Fishing 13. 33 10. 47 2. 86
Industry, Mining and Construction 230. 24 211. 61 18. 64
Indust ry 187. 57 173. 94 13. 63Mineral resources and mining 38. 45 33. 91 4. 54
Const ruc tion 4. 22 3. 76 0. 46
Trade and Tourism 176. 36 162. 20 14. 15
Trade polic y and regulation 166. 43 153. 06 13. 37To urism 9 .9 3 9 .1 5 0 .78
MULTISECTOR/CROSSCUTTING 763. 11 408. 98 354. 13
General environmental protection 191. 94 114. 96 76. 98
Other multisector 571. 17 294. 02 277. 15
COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE 1 238.95 1 173.62 65.32
General budget support 865. 66 800. 35 65. 32
Development food aid/food security assistance 373. 28 373. 27 0. 01
Other commodity assistance
ACTION RELATING TO DEBT 115. 49 110. 49 5. 00
Action relating to debt 115. 49 110. 49 5. 00
HUMANITARIAN AID 1 140. 41 319. 30 821. 12
Emergency Response 921. 30 163. 66 757. 64
Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation 163. 49 127. 07 36. 42
Disaster prevention and preparedness 55. 61 28. 56 27. 05
OTHER/UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED 627. 34 408. 58 218. 75
Administrative costs of donors 524. 48 341. 34 183. 14
Support to non-governmental organisations 12. 24 11. 97 0. 27
Refugees in donor countries
Unallocated/unspecified 90. 61 55. 27 35. 34
9 799.70 7 202.10 2 597.60
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.Breakdown by sector of Official Developm ent Assistance (ODA) financed on the General Com mission Budget and 
the European Developm ent Fund (EDF) in 2009.Education
GRAND TOTALFig.6.14 Detailed description of ODA by sector in 2009 - Disbursements
 
EN 203   EN Comm it ments  in €  Million
ENPI 
EastEN PI  
SouthEN PI As iaLatin 
AmericaAC PMulti 
RegionTotal
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 133 788 1 531 202 1 049 342 3 045
67 248 248 45 221 16 845
Education, level unspecified 152 171 13 61 6 403
Basic education 71 3 01 3 7
Secondary  educ at ion 34 35 26 25 7 8 135
Post-secondary education 33 62 44 7 23 2 170
He alth 1 4 7 4 16 17 58 6 4 1 0
Health, general 132 5 20 36 193
Basic health 15 36 61 55 50 217
Population polices/programs and reproductive health 14 46 59
Water supply and sanitation 51 60 14 211 2 337
Government and civil society 12 59 1 224 31 473 165 964
Other Social Infrastructure 3 275 18 51 56 27 430
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 1 2 42 2 1 5 9 8 7 12 8 1  0 6 8
Transport and storage 65 5 776 846
Communications 21 3 1 5
Energy generation and supply 5 22 2 1 0 73 42 8 1 5 2
Banking and financial services 15 15
Business and other services 73 2 3 9
PRODUCTION SECTORS 14 55 144 88 525 731 1 555
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 14 1 98 13 316 728 1 169
Agriculture 14 1 98 8 268 719 1 108Forestry 51 0 82 3
Fishing 38 38
Industry, Mining and Construction 54 26 29 41 3 152
Industry 54 26 29 36 3 147
Mineral resources and mining 55
Construction
Trade and Tourism 20 46 168 235
Trade policy and regulation 20 46 168 235
Tourism
MULTISECTOR/CROSSCUTTING 123 140 39 83 48 460 293 1 184
General environmental protection 42 23 11 80 89 245
Other multisector 81 140 39 60 37 379 204 939
COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE 5 14 69 78 965 87 1 217
General budget support 869 869
Development food aid/food security assistance 51 4 6 97 89 68 7 3 4 8
Other commodity assistance
ACTION RELATING TO DEBT 13 13
Action relating to debt 13 13
HUMANITARIAN AID 50 95 97 95 336
Emergency Response 77 84 61 222
Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation 44 18 34 95
Disaster prevention and preparedness 61 3 1 9
OTHER/UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED 50 0 4 14 260 328
Administrative costs of donors 14 259 273
Support to non-governmental organisations
Unallocated/unspecified 50 0 4 1 55
4 9 91  1 1 3 4 0 9 4 1 4 2 43  9 9 01  7 4 08  7 4 7
ACP  : South of Sahara + Oceania + Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jam aica, 
Montserrat, St.Kitts-Nevis, St.Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies, Regional, Guyana, Suriname.  (Tu rks & Caicos 
Islands excluded)
Multi region  : covering several regions or unspecified location.EN PI  East  : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Ukraine. (Russia excluded)
EN PI  South  : Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, occupied Palestinian territory, Syria, Tunisia. (Israel excluded)
Asia  : Iran, Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Rep., Maldives, Myanmar (Burm a), Nepal, Pakistan, 
Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea, Dem., Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines
, Thailand, 
Timor-Leste, Viet Nam.
Latin America : Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, 
Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, VenezuelaOn budget side, region is identified following geographical budget lines and recipient countries for them atic budget lines.Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.Fig.6.15 EuropeAid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per region
EducationSector of Destination
Breakdown by sector and Region of external aid financed on the General Commission Budget managed by EuropeAid and the European 
Development Fund (EDF).GRA ND TOTA L
 
EN 204   EN Disbursements in € Million
ENPI 
EastENPI 
SouthEN PI AsiaLatin 
AmericaACPMulti 
RegionTotal
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 218 644 16 533 218 1 193 144 2 967
34 178 0 158 88 115 8 580
Education, level unspecified 4 107 0 39 47 57 6 261
Basic education 1 7 56 2 37 0 102
Secondary education 1 38 7 11 10 2 67
Post-secondary education 28 26 56 28 12 150
He alth 20 31 0 65 40 318 57 531
Health, general 15 28 0 22 0 29 4 98
Basic health 5 3 0 43 40 289 53 432
Population polices/programs and reproductive health 17 63 2 76 5 0
Water supply and sanitation 25 56 1 17 15 245 1 361
Government and civil society 109 102 14 220 51 400 65 962
Other Social Infrastructure 29 270 0 67 21 88 6 483
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 116 122 4 30 34 568 20 895
Transport and storage 29 45 3 14 14 487 591
Com munic ations 14054 2 00 3 4
Energy generation and supply 83 38 1 7 11 38 19 197
Banking and financial services 24 307 1 6
Business and other services 1 31 0 1 6 17 57
PR ODUC TION SEC TORS 14 96 2 92 66 524 125 920
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 3 11 0 56 37 315 124 546
Agriculture 2 11 0 50 29 293 112 496
Forest ry 1 0 5 8 13 13 39
Fishing 29 1 0
Industry, Mining and Construction 5 68 0 18 15 104 0 212
Industry 4 68 0 12 15 74 0 174
Mineral resources and mining 1 4 0 29 34
Construction 314
Trade and Tourism 7 17 2 18 14 105 1 162
Trade policy and regulation 7 14 15 14 103 0 153
T o u r i s m 03220209
MULTISECTOR/CROSSCUTTING 17 51 1 62 37 216 25 409
General environmental protection 2 4 11 62 15 31 8 1 1 5
Other multisector 15 47 1 45 16 164 7 294
COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE 46 7 9 62 3 8 7 8 1 0 6 1  1 7 4
General budget support 34 0 1 8 7 7 3 3 8 0 0
Development food aid/food security assistance 1 28 77 16 145 106 373
Other commodity assistance
ACTION RELATING TO DEBT 110 110
Action relating to debt 110 110
HUMANITARIAN AID 41 82 79 14 103 0 319
Emer gency Resp onse 39 74 7 5 38 164
Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation 2 7 69 2 47 127
Disaster prevention and preparedness 01 27 1 90 2 9
OTHER/UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED 24 4 1 7 6 33 334 409
Administrative costs of donors 00012 1 6 3 2 2 3 4 1
Support to non-governmental organisations 12 2143 1 2
Unallocated/unspecified 24 3 1 4 2 12 9 55
435 1 067 25 898 398 3 626 753 7 202Sector of Destination
Breakdown by sector and Region of external aid financed on the General Com mission Budget managed by EuropeAid and the European 
Development Fund (EDF).GRAND TOTAL
On budget side, region is identified following geographical budget lines and recipient countries for thematic budget lines.Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.Fig.6.16 EuropeAid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per region
Education
ACP  : South of Sahara + Oceania + Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jam aic a,  
Montserrat, St.Kitts-Nevis, St.Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies, Regional, Guyana, Suriname.  (Tu rks & Caicos 
Islands excluded)
Multi region  : covering s ev eral regions or unspec ified loc at ion.EN PI  East  : Arm enia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Ukraine. (Russia excluded)
EN PI  South  : Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, occupied Palestinian territory, Syria, Tunisia. (Israel excluded)
Asia  : Iran, Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Rep., Maldives, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Pakistan, 
Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea, Dem., Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines , Thailand, 
Timor-Leste, Viet Nam.
Latin America : Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, 
Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
 
EN 205   EN Commitments in € million
ENPI EDFDCI - 
Geo (1)DCI - 
Thema 
(2)Fo od 
Facility 
(3)EIDHR IFS NSI CFSP IPA Echo Other Total
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 920 905 859 182 8 153 78 219 719 40 4 082
315 93 421 16 41 20 906
Education, level unspecified 152 61 184 6 22 425
Basic education 8 129 4 141Secondary  educ at ion 69 7 51 8 20 154
Post-secondary education 94 18 56 2 16 186
He alth 147 75 102 76 15 10 425
Health, general 132 20 5 26 15 10 208Basic health 15 55 97 50 217
Population polices/programs & reproductive health 12 48 59
Water supply and sanitation 110 210 11 1 45 6 382
Government and civil society 71 470 255 13 153 78 219 493 4 1 756
Other Social Infrastructure 2 7 84 67 02 8 8 1 2 5 5 5 5
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 93 870 13 19 74 176 0 1 243
Transport and storage 65 776 5 155 1 001
Com munic ations 13 2 5 0 20
Energy generation and supply 21 33 6 19 74 7 160
Banking and financial services 15 82 3
Business and other services 73 2 14 0
PRODUCTION SECTORS 68 397 218 103 767 145 8 1 707
A gri cultur e,  For estry an d Fi sh ing 14 212 99 75 767 133 3 1 303
Agriculture 14 164 94 67 767 132 2 1 240
F o r e s t r y 1 058 23
Fishing 38 11 4 0
Industry, Mining and Construction 54 27 53 17 3 0 155
Industry 54 23 53 17 3 0 150
Mineral resources and mining 5 5
Construction 00
Trade and Tourism 158 66 11 10 5 250
Trade policy and regulation 158 66 11 10 5 250
Tourism
MULTISECTOR/CROSSCUTTING 300 428 114 319 11 417 25 1 612
General environmental protection 42 57 17 129 115 1 361
Other multisector 258 371 97 190 11 302 24 1 252
COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME 785 58 311 63 81 1 298
General budget support 723 83 63 81 950
Development food aid/food security assist. 62 58 228 03 4 8
Other commodity assistance
ACTION RELATING TO DEBT 13 13
Action relating to debt 13 13
HUMANITARIAN AID 145 90 97 5 47 879 1 262
Emergency Response 77 56 84 5 20 846 1 088
Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation 62 34 27 122
Disaster prevention and preparedness 61 3 33 52
OTHER/UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED 51 14 52 71 7 8 5 1 0 64 9 265 546
Administrative costs of donors 38 14 48 35 7 8 5 1 0 54 9 244 462
Support to non-governmental organisations
Unallocated/unspecified 14 4 36 10 21 84
1 576 3 502 1 410 1 009 844 162 140 75 219 1 520 888 420 11 764
(4) Administrative costs of donors : column  "Other" includes EDF contribution to common adm inistrative support expenditure and  also expenditure concerning others instrumentGRAND TOTAL
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.
(1) DCI - Geo : Asia, Latin America, South Africa
(2) DCI - Thema : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social development, ACP sugar programmes
(5) CFSP is financed on the General EU Budget managed by DG External RelationsEducation
(3) Food Facility : Facility for rapid response to soaring food prices in developing countries, Pilot project — Finance for agr icultural productionBreakdown by sector and Region of external aid financed on the General Commission Budget managed by EuropeAid and the European Development Fund (EDF).Fig.6.17 External aid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrument
Sector of Destination
 
EN 206   EN Disbursements in € Million
ENPI EDFDCI - 
Geo (1)DCI - 
Thema 
(2)Food 
Facility 
(3)EIDHR IFS NSI CFSP IPA Echo Other Total
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 824 980 742 280 2 116 75 288 508 31 3 846
210 105 240 24 0 0 36 20 635
Education, level unspecified 111 56 85 7 0 4 0 265
Basic education 6 30 54 11 0 0 2 0 104
Secondary education 38 8 16 5 0 0 4 19 90
Post-secondary education 55 10 84 0 26 1 176
He alth 50 284 110 82 2 0 0 14 4 545
Healt h,  general 42 25 21 5 13 4 112
Basic health 7 258 89 76 2 0 0 1 433
Population polices/programs and reproductive health 1 11 2 36 0 0 50
Water supply and sanitation 82 201 61 16 20 0 380
Government and civil society 186 326 233 93 115 72 288 361 2 1 674
Other Social Infrastructure 2 9 65 39 63 0 0 2 7 7 5 5 6 1
ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES 187 550 63 38 0 1 56 195 6 1 096
Transport and storage 76 485 27 2 81 672
Communications 51 3 9 5 0 1 5 54 4
Energy generation and supply 68 30 16 28 56 44 0 243
Banking and financial services 6632 1 1 2 7
B usi ness and  other services 33 15 7 0 53 1 110
PRODUCTION SECTORS 108 285 108 167 212 1 47 45 973
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 9 101 45 143 212 1 15 40 566
Agriculture 9 90 39 113 210 1 15 37 514
Forestry 4 4 29 2 0 39
Fishing 821 0 3 1 3
Industry, Mining and Construction 74 81 32 22 19 2 230
Industry 73 51 26 22 14 2 188
Mineral resources and mining 1 29 4 5 38Const ruc tion 1 3 0 4
Trade and Tourism 25 102 31 2 13 3 176
Trade policy and regulation 21 102 29 1 12 2 166
Tourism 4 1 2 1 1 1 10
MULTISECTOR/CROSSCUTTING 67 183 82 64 0 0 349 17 763
General environmental protection 64 33 13 4 7 3 4 1 9 2
Other multisector 61 140 51 30 0 0 276 13 571
COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE 40 714 23 154 242 50 15 1 239
General budget support 40 688 23 50 50 15 866
Development food aid/food security assistance 26 1 104 242 0 0 373
Other commodity assistance
ACTION RELATING TO DEBT 110 5 115
Action relating to debt 110 5 115
HUMANITARIAN AID 123 103 92 1 47 10 764 1 1 140
Emergency Response 113 37 13 1 18 0 738 1 921
Reconstruction relief and rehabilitation 94 67 1 1 2 8 8 1 6 3
Disaster prevention and preparedness 1 19 9 0 1 26 56
OTHER/UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED 44 28 55 69 2 11 6 1 0 68 8 334 627
Administrative costs of donors (4) 37 16 49 33 2 9 5 1 0 49 8 316 524
Support to non-governmental organisations 0216 2 0 1 2
Unallocated/unspecified 7 1 05 3 0 020 1 9 1 8 9 1
1 394 2 953 1 165 774 458 127 130 57 288 1 232 772 450 9 800
(4) Administrative costs of donors : column  "Other" includes EDF contribution to common adm inistrative support expenditure and  also expenditure concerning others instrum ent(3) Food Facility : Facility for rapid response to soaring food prices in developing countries, Pilot project — Finance for agr icultural productionFig.6.18 External aid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrument
(5) CFSP is financed on the General Commission Budget managed by DG External RelationsBreakdown by sector and Region of external aid financed on the General Com mission Budget managed by EuropeAid and the European Development Fund (EDF).
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.
(1) DCI - Geo : Asia, Latin America, South Africa
(2) DCI - Thema : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social development, ACP sugar programmesSector of Destination
GRAND TOTALEducation
 
EN 207   EN Fig.6.19 External aid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrument
Commit men ts %0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
ENPI
EDF
DCI - Geo
DCI - Th ema
Food Facility
EIDHR
IFS
NSI
CFSP
IPA
Echo
1. Social infrastructures: education, health, water, government and civil society, other 
2. Economic infrastructures and services : transport, communications, energy, other services
3. Production : agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry, mining and construction, trade and tourism
4. Multisector/Crosscutting : environment, other
5. Budget support, food aid, food security
6. Action relating to debt
7. Emergency assistance, reconstruction relief
9. Other/Unallocated : admin. costs, support to NGOs, unspecified
 
Commitments in € Million
General 
Budget 
SupportSector 
Budget 
SupportTotal 
Budget 
SupportTotal ODABudget 
Support / 
Total ODA
European Neighbourhood Partnership Instrument (ENPI) -          597        597        1 576     38%
Development Cooperation Instrum ent - Geographic (1) -          497        497        1 410     35%
Development Cooperation Instrum ent -Thematic (2) 145        79          225        1 009     22%
European Developm ent Fund (EDF) 723        384        1 107     3 502     32%
Grand Total 869        1 557     2 425     7 497     32%
(1) DCI - Geographic : Asia, Latin America, South AfricaFig.6.20 Budget Support 2009 : breakdown by instrument
(2) DCI - Thematic : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social developm ent, ACP sugar 
programmes  
EN 208   EN 6.3. Glossary 
AA Association Agreements 
AAP Annual Action Plan 
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific States 
AFD French Development  Agency  
AfDB African Development Bank 
African Union-
IBAR African Union–InterAfrican Bu reau for Animal Resources 
AMSP Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol  
ARF ASEAN Regional Forum  
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations  
ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting  
AU African Union CAN Andean Community 
Cariforum Caribbean Forum of ACP states  
CARTAC Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre  CBC Cross-border Cooperation 
CDB  Caribbean Development Bank  
CIDA  CIDA Canadian International Development Agency  CIS Commonwealth of Independent States  
CCRIF Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Fund  
CMTP Centrally managed thematic projects  CSP Country Strategy Paper 
DAC Development Assistance Committee of the OECD 
DCI Development Cooperation Instrument  DCT Developing and transition countries 
DfID  UK Department for International Development  
DMF Debt management facility DRR Disaster Risk Reduction  
EaP Eastern Partnership  
EN 209   EN ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean  
ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council  
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States  
EDF  European Development Fund  EFA Education for all 
EIB European Investment Bank  
EIDHR European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights   
ENP European Neighbourhood Policy 
ENPI European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 
ENRTP Thematic Programme for Environment and Sustainable Management 
of Natural Resources including Energy  
EPA Economic Partnership Agreement 
ESDP European Security and Defence Policy 
EU European Union 
EU EOMs European Union Election Observation Missions  FAFA The EC/UN Financial and Administrative Framework Agreement 
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation 
FLEGT Forest law enforcement, governance and trade FPA Framework Partnership Agreement (between the Commission and 
its operational partners)  
FTI Fast track initiative GAVI Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation  
GCCA Global Climate Change Alliance 
GDPRD Global Donor Platfo rm for Rural Development  
GEEREF Global Energy Efficien cy and Renewable Energy Fund 
GFATM The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria  
GGFI Global Gas Flaring Initiative  GTZ German Organisation for Technical Cooperation  
HDI Human Development Index  
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries  
EN 210   EN IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency   
ICI Industrialised Countries Instrument 
IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 
IDPs Internally displaced persons IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development 
IfS Instrument for Stability  
IFI International Financial Institutions ILO International Labour Organisation  
IMF International Monetary Fund  
INGO International Non-governmental organisation INSC Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation 
IOM  International Organisation for Migration 
IPAD Portuguese Institute for Development Assistance  
IRFFI  International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq 
ITC/ILO  International Training Centre of the International Labour 
Organization  
ITF EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund  
LA Local authorities LAC Latin America and Caribbean 
LAIF Latin America Investment Facility  
LDC Least Developed Countries LIC Low Income Countries 
LMIC Lower Middle Income Countries 
LRRD Linking relief, rehabilitation and development MFA Micro Financial Assistance 
MDGs Millennium Development Goals  
MERCOSUR Regional Trade Agreement among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and 
Uruguay 
MIC Middle Income Countries 
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development  
EN 211   EN NIF Neighbourhood Investment Facility 
NGO Non-governmental organisation 
NSA Non-State actors 
OAS  Organisation of American States  OCT Overseas Countries and Territories  
ODA Official Development Assistance  
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PAHO United Nations - Pan American Health Organisation 
PCA Partnership and Cooperation Agreements  
PCD Policy Coherence for Development Pegase Mecanisme "Palestino Europe en de Gestion et d'Aide Socio-
Economique" 
PIF Pacific Island Forum 
PFM Public finance management 
PRAG Practical Guide PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 
Quartet The Quartet on the Middle East gathering the United States, Russia, 
the European Union, and the United Nations  
oQSG office Quality Support Group 
RDB Regional Development Banks 
REC Regional economic communities RIP Regional Indicative Programme 
ROM Results Oriented Monitoring System  
RSP Regional Strategy Paper SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation  
SADC Southern African Development Community 
SBS Sector budget support SIDS Small island developing states 
SIGMA Support for Improvement in Governance and Management 
SPSP Sector policy support programme 
EN 212   EN TAIEX Technical Assistance and Information Exchange  
TA Technical Assistance 
TIM Temporary International Mechanism  
TVET Technical and Vocationa l Education and Training 
UfM Union for the Mediterranean 
UMIC Upper Middle Income Countries 
UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme 
UN-FAO United Nations - Food and Agriculture Organization 
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund 
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women 
UNOCD United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 
UNOPS UN common services UNRWA United Nations - Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in 
the Near East 
UNSG United Nations Secretary-General UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development  
UN-WFP United Nations - World Food Programme 
UN-WHO United Nations -World Health Organisation 
V-FLEX Vulnerability FLEX mechanism 
VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreement 
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WB World Bank 
WFP World Food Programme 
WMDs Weapons of mass destruction