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DOCUMENTS "COM"
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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(80)339 final
Brussels-16thJune1980
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS ONTHEENVIRONMENT
(presented bytheCommission totheCouncil)
PiOc-/bf.1
VTA.V5•<<*"}
C0M(80)339final

COMMUNICATION OFTHE COMMISSION
TOTHE COUNCIL
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS ONTHE ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
Onthe26th ofMarch 1980 ,theCouncil adopted theDecision 80/372/EEC
concerning chlorofluorocarbons intheenvironment ^. Article 2of
this decision stipulates that "inthecourse ofthefirst half of1980 ,
themeasures taken will bere-examined inthelight ofthescientific
andeconomic data available ".Moreover ,byastatement ,theCouncil ,
invited the Commission "toreport onways andmeans ofreaching
2)agreements with theappropriate 'Community ,industries andbodies ".
This communication oftheCommission constitutes thereport required by
theCouncil .Itconcerns thetwo aspects oftheproblem of
chlorofluorocarbons inthe environment :
I. Re-examination ofscientific data
II.Re-examination ofeconomic and technical data
Therscort onpossioi Lities for a-European Convention onthequality of
life will besubject ,toaseparate communication . .
Theexamination ofthese :issues should allow guiding anddevelopping
Community policy concerning chlorofluorocarbons .
(1)O.J. L90of3.4.80
(2)CDuncil Doc .51/75/80,ENV/35of27.2.80

-2-
I.RE-EXAMINATION OFSCIENTIFIC DATA
A.Effect ofchlorofluorocarbons onatmospheric ozone
Weretrace here themain conclusions ofthecritical analysis made
.fortheCbmmission byDoctor GuyBrasseur onthescientific reports
published recently .
Asforthedetailed discussion ,the ,study itself ofDr.Brasseur
must beconsulted .
1.tfein_f indings_of Researches _concerning theeffect ofCFConozone
1.1 .USfindings
Thefindings obtained bytheresearchers working onthe
NASA project maybesummarized very briefly bysaying that
themost probable depletion inthetotal quantity ofozone ,
assuming continued emission ofCFC 11and CFC 12at1975
level would bebetween 15and18%when theequilibrium state
isreached .According toNASA ,thedepletion will lie in
therange 7.5to29.8% -with aprobability of95% -given
theuncertainties concerning thechemical andphotochemical
parameters .
TheNASReport concludes that themost likely depletion will
be16.5% .This figure isbased onavalue of18.6% given
bythemathematical models andtakes account of
additional effects arising principally from thepossible
destruction ofCFCs inthetroposphere andthegreenhouse
effect ofthese industrial compounds .Theuncertainties
affecting theparameters used inthecalculations ledthe
NAS toestimate theozone depletion aslying intherange 5
to28%with a95%confidence level .

-3-
There isthus abroad measure ofagreement between theMASandNASA findings :
they both point toanadverse effect ofCFCs ontheozone layer andthe
average figure assigned tothedepletion maybeputat16.5% +10% .The
statistical error isthus quite high .
1.2 .UKfindings
TheUKReport challenges theassumption ofassigning aglobal (or
average )figure toatmospheric ozone depletion inview ofthecomplex
nature ofthe atmosphere and theexistence ofmany natural variables .
Thelikelihood therefore isarelative reduction of0^which varies
with latitude andseason .But ifthesimplified calculation but
perhaps incorrect oftheAmerican researchers isadopted ,the
following values areobtained :13%intheHarwell model ,11%inthe
Meteorological Office model (2-D )and16%intheOxford model (2-D ).
TPappreciate thedifficulties inherent inthese models ,however ,it
will beobserved that byvarying theprofile ofthevertical
transport coefficient (atpresent poorly defined ),theresult given
bythe Harwell model maydiffer bybetween 6and22% .Thetwo-
dimensional models also display ahigh degree ofsensitivity tothe
values assigned tothetransport parameters .
Lastly ,the UKReport lays emphasis onthelikely interaction with
other human activities (emission ofCO^fromcombustion process or
from chemical fertilizers ). Itwould seem that these effects
appreciably reduce therate ofozone depletion byCFCs .
1.3 .Other findings
There hasbeen very intense activity intheatmospheric sciences
over thelast fewyears anditisdifficult togive even asummary
ofthe most recent work .The reader should therefore refer tothe
articles published inthescientific press ,remembering that many of
them have provided thebasis fortheofficial reports referred toin
this document .Thesummary record ofthemeeting ofthe UNEP
Coordinating Committee ontheozone layer (Paris ,November 1979 )
describes theresults obtained sofarandtheresearch being carried
out inCanada ,France ,theFederal Republic ofGermany ,Italy ,

-4-
Netherlands ,Norway ,theUSSR ,theUnited Kingdom andthe United
States .
1.4 .Differences between the American and British conclusions
The first point tobemade isthat themathematical models used in
both theUnited States andinEurope (particularly intheUnited
.Kingdom )provide ,forsimilar assumption ,quantitative results
which exhibit ahigh degree ofcomparability .
Iheozone depletion figures obtained byvery similar computing
techniques arecompatible onboth sides oftheAtlantic .
Ihebasic difference between theAmerican and British approach lies
intheconfidence placed inthemodels andthedegree ofsirrplifi -
cation considered tobeacceptable .InAmerican case ,theeffect
ofpertubations calculated with theaidofone-dimensional models
istaken toberepresentative ofthereal situation since these
models arequite successful insimulating thenatural atmosphere .
Inthe British case ,theattitude isthat atmospheric phenomena are
highly complex ,that itistherefore impossible tomake such over­
simplifications andthat models having only onedimension -which
cannot simulate anumber ofphenomena intheatmosphere (sudden
warmings ,variable height ofthetropopause ,effect ofplanetary
waves ,etc.)-aresuspect when used topredict ozone depletion .
Inother words ,itisthemethodology which iscalled into question
here andnotthecalculations themselves .Inpractice ,thequanti­
tative differences between thefindings ofthesimplifed British and
American models aresmall and ,inthelast resort ,oflittle signi­
ficance .Ihekeyquestion istoknow whether there canbeany
appreciable difference between thecalculated amount ofozone
depletion andthe actual response bytheatmosphere totheeffect
ofCFCs .Thus theproblem isthat ofvalidating themodels andthe
method offormulating theproblem .

-5-
2.Main uncertainties duetoatmospheric _models
2.1.Mathematical models
Apart from thereservations onemight have about themethodology
relating tomodels ingeneral ,itmust besaid that theone-
dimensional models -onwhich the American conclusions are based -
lead toover -simplifications .Hence this approach does not
necessarily give asatisfactory reflection oftheactual situation
intheatmosphere .Despite such varied assumptions ,itmust be
stated that ,ingeneral terms -andsometimes attheexpense of
certain adjustments -distributions calculated arenot inconsistent
with theprofiles observed .Forcertain chemical compounds ,
however ,acomparison between theory andpractice does not create
certain problems .Uicertainities therefore remain which could
substantially affect theestimates ofthelikely depletion ofthe
ozone layer andtheeffect ofCFCs .
2.2.Atmospheric chemistry
Much more isnowknown about thechemistry oftheatmosphere but
unknown mechanisms may still exist orreactions occur whose rate
constant isover orunder -estimated .Acertain degree of
measurement error attaches toevery reaction rate andtheglobal
error inrespect ofasystem containing over 100reactions is
quite considerable .
This error hasbeen estimated intheNASA andNASreports .
Furthermore ,thechemistry ofthetroposphere isstill inadequately
understood .More extensive research should beconducted ,specifi­
cally ,into thedecomposition ofCFCs inthetroposphere andtheir
.possible disappearance into theoceans and soil .
2.3 .Atmospheric transport
Theproblem ofhow torepresent thetransport ofminority constitu -
tents hasnotbeen solved .This will require thebuilding oflarge
three-dimensional models involving advanced computer techniques .

-6-
3.Main findings ofobservation ofthecruantit ^ofozone andfuture trend
Inthetemperate latitudes ofthenorthern hemisphere ,thequantity
ofozone would appear tohave fallen until 1962 ,rising toapeak in
1970 .
According totheMASorNASA figures ,theaction ofCFC 11and 12
pointed bythemodels (reduction of2.1 .+1.5% ofthequantity of
ozone )seems impossible tobedetected (minimum threshold :5%
reduction ).According tothe British andinparticular ,French
figures (0,7to1,3%reduction ofozone compared toa2%detecta­
bility threshold ),ozone trends should reveal anaction ofCFC'sand
validate ornot mathematical models .
4.Main conclusions ofthecritical analysis .
Since thetime thehypothesis ofthecatalytic destruction ofozone by
chlorine wasfirst putforward byStolarski andCicerone (1974 )and
Molina andRowland (1975 ),thetheory underlying this hypothesis had
never been called into question .Cnthecontrary ,laboratory studies
have shown that ,intheory ,ozone issensitive tochlorine andthe
reactions which have been put forward since that time have merely
backed upthetheory without questioning itsunderlying principles .
Recent measurements ofspecific chemical reaction rates have ,however ,
modified thequantitative values oftheresults obtained bythemodels
and ithas been shown that ozone ismore sensitive tochlorine and
less sensitive totheoxides ofnitrogen than waspreviously thought .
Estimates ofthis kind arebased onmathematical models which ,in
general ,take into account alarge number ofchemical andphoto­
chemical reactions intheatmosphere butwhich are ,atpresent ,
unable tosimulate correctly the important role played byatmospheric
dynamics .
Theproblem ofthevalidity ofthemodels thus takes onspecial impor­
tance since there isnothing toprove that thechemical nechanisms
are atpresent understood .

-7-
Nevertheless ,themodelsareveryusefulsincetheyprovideabetter
understanding oftherelativeimportanceofthevariouschemicaland
photochemical mechanismsandenableastudytobemadeofcertaininter­
actionstakingplacewithintheatmospheric system.However,the
atmosphereiscomplexinthisrespectandcautionmustalwaysbeexercised
whengatheringquantitative results.
Aninvestigation oftheactualtrendinthequantityofozoneinthe
northernhemisphere (wherethemajorityofCFCemissionsoccur)since
1963revealsapositivetendency,theoriginofwhichisnotknown.At
present,therefore ,theobservedpatterndoesnottallywiththetheore­
ticalresultsbutonemustnotforgetthepossiblecombination ofseveral
natural (thermal,dynamic,chemical)effectsoreffectsartificially
createdbymanwhichconcealthedirectactionofCFCs.
Theforegoinganalysisshowstheneedforfurtherresearch.Butifthe
requisitedecisionisdelayed,thelikelyeffectofCFCsmaybegreater
andtheconsequences moreserious.TheBritishreportshowsthatby
extendingthedateofanassumedtotalcessationofCFCemissionsfrom
1January1979to1January1983,themaximumamountbywhichthetotal
quantityofozonewouldbedepletedwouldincreasefrom0.5to0.6%since,
accordingtothemodel,theintervalbetweenthecessationofemissions
andthemaximumO3depletionliesintherange7to15years.Consequently ,
adelayof5yearsbeforeanydecisionistakenonCFCscanbereasonably
accepted.Butthequestionthenis:Whatisthelikelihoodoffully
resolvingtheproblemwithinthisp>eriod?
Althoughitcanbeexpectedthatourknowledgeofaeronomicreactionsand
theirrateconstantswillbeimproved,theproblemsrelatingtothemetho­
dologyofthemathematical modelswillnotberesolvedwithinfiveyears.
Itcanbestatedverybrieflythat:
1.Ihereisnowmuchmoreinformationavailableaboutthephotochemical
theoryofozoneinthestratosphere thantherewastenyearsago;
2.Therearestillmoreuncertainties ,however;
3.Themodelshavehelpedtoimproveknowledgeofthestratosphere ;
./•

-8-
4.Asthey aresimplified ,they cannot fully describe thebehaviour of
theatmosphere and itsminority constituent parts ;
5.Inthenext fewyears more sophisticated models must bedeveloped which
can take into account simultaneously thechemical ,thermal anddynamic
aspects ofatmospheric processes ;
6•Ihis isatask which cannot beconpleted within five years but steady
efforts must bemade inthis direction ;
7.Permanent observation andmonitoring ofozone istherefore particularly
important ;
8.Atpresent there isnothing toindicate that CFCs have had agenuine
effect ontheozone layer ;
9.Observation facilities should therefore bedeveloped ,i.e. both
satellite measurements ,which supply alarge number ofobservations ,
andground measurements ,which areeasier tocalibrate ;
10.Theexamination ofthebalance sheets oftheminority constituent parts
should becontinued inorder todetect natural and artificial sources
orsinks ofthese compounds intheatmosphere ;
11.Itisvital tostudy simultaneously alltheeffects ofhuman activities
onatmospheric ozone .
Iheproblem ofozone and itsvulnerability tocompounds ofhuman origin
hasnowbecome apermanent problem .Ihefigures now advanced will have
toberevised frequently totake into account thedevelopment of
knowledge ,thedegree ofsophistication ofthemodels andtheobservations
oftheminority constituent parts .

-9-
B.EFFECTSOFAPOSSIBLE OZONEDEPLETION ONMANANDTHEENVIRONMENT .
1.Effectsofozonedepletiononultravioletlight
Ozoneabsorbsstronglyintheultravioletregionofthesolar
spectrum;theabsorptioncoefficient dependsonthewavelength .
Adepletionofstratospheric ozonewillespeciallyaffectthe
regionbetween280mmand340mm.Asthebiologicaleffectsare
mainlyduetowavelengths under320mm,thecriticalradiations
arethosebetween280and320mm,i.d.UV-Bradiations .
Since1973,inthedifferentstudiesonstratosphericozone^,
itisusuallyestimatedthatforsmallmodifications ofozone
amounts,a1%decreaseofstratospheric ozonecorresponds aboutto
a2%increaseofUV-Bradiation.Formoreimportantdecreases ,
thisproportioncanbehigherthan2.
Ahighnumberofdifficulttocheckvariablesdeterminethe
transmission ofsolarradiationtothesurfaceoftheearth:
inadditiontothewavelengthandtodiffusion ,thevariationsof
ozonewiththeseasonandthelatitudeplayanimportantrole.
Thesedifficulties arerecognizedbyallinvestigators ;whereas
therecentstudiesoftheNASandtheNASAdonotpresentneweva­
luationsoftheratio"ozonedepletion/UV-Bradiationincrease",the
studyoftheDepartmentofEnvironmentoftheUnitedKingdom
discusses them.
(1)-NAS(NationalAcademyofScience)
Halocarbons :EffectsonStratosphere Ozone,Washington 1976."
-CIAPReportoffindings.TheeffectsofStratosphere pollution
byaircrafts.USDepartmentofTransportation ,1974Washington .
-DepartmentoftheEnvironment Chlorofluorocarbons andtheir
effectonstratospheric Ozone,PollutionPaperno5,London
1976.

-10-
Itreveals that thepercentage ofozone depletion islower inthe
equatorial regions insummer where theintensity ofUVradiation isthe
highest andaccording tothemodels leads toa5to10%increase ofthe
integrated dose ofUV-B .Cntheother hand ,theozone depletion isthe
highest athigh latitudes inwinter when theintensity ofsolar radiation
isweak .
Another factor ofuncertainty isthebiological factor .Allthe
wavelengths intheUV-B regio donot induce equal biological responses
intargets .Weighing functions have been calculated inorder to
determine aspectrum ofbiological effects .Aninappropriate knowledge
ofthese functions isoneofthemajor causes ofuncertainty with
respect toeffects ofozone depletion .TheNasreport estimates thata
16%ozone depletion corresponds toa44%increase indamaging
wheighted UVradiation ,andthis atmid-latitudes .Thelast British
report indicates that fora13%reduction oftheozone layer ,the
global increase oftheweighted UV-B dose would be12%forerythema :
the conversion factor can benearer 1than 2.
2.Effects _ofUV-B_ra^ations_on_hiOTan_health
Ultraviolet radiation ismainly harmful fortheskin ;itcangive rise
todifferent forms oftumors including malignant melanoma ,often
lethal .Theunderstanding ofthese effects increases considerably ,but
does notlead toquantitative correlations anddoes notuntangle
definitively the influences ofmany factors .Moreover ,theeffects are
felt inthelong term andepidemiological studies arenecessary .Many
are indevelopment .
Thus ,inthe United States ,theNational Cancer Institute indicates in
itsvery recent report that benign skin cancers areincreasing and
estimated that thedose-response curves between UV-B radiations and
skin cancers _present abiological amplification factor of2,which
added tothephysical amplification factor of2gives aglobal factor
of4:i.e. that a1%ozone depletion corresponds toa4%increase of
skin cancers other than melanoma .–– •/•
(1)NASreport :Protection against depletion ofstratospheric ozone by
chlorofluorocarbons ,Washington 1979 .

-11-
IntheCbmmunity ,ItalyandtheNetherlandsareveryactiveinthese
investigations .Cnemustciteamongothersaninvestigation bythe
IstitutoSuperiorediSanitainRome^andaDutchmodelofdose-
responseforskincancerinducedbychronicexposuretoultraviolet
radiations (2).Themodelenablestocalculateadoseresponserelation­
shipforasinglepopulation .Accordingtothemodel,apermanent
16,5%ozonereduction ,asmentionedintheNAS-report ,wouldincrease
thenonmelanoma skincancerincidenceintheNetherlands byafactorof
approximately 2.5.
Asfarasmalignantmelanomaareconcerned ,theyaremuchmoreunusual
andcanappearindifferently onexposedorunexposedpartsofthebody.
Thisisthereasonwhyitisdifficulttoestablishadose-response
relationship betweenexposuretoultravioletradiations andthisform
ofcancer,althoughithasbeenobservedthatitismorefrequentatlow
latitudesandinfair-skinnedsubjects.Howeverthereseemstobe
increasingindicationsthatarelationship betweenUV-Bradiations and
melanomaexists(3).
Inconclusion ,althoughthelimitedepidemiological dataofwhichone
disposesindicatethatultravioletradiationinfluenceseffectively the
incidenceofskincancer(particularly offormsofcancerwhichappear
locally),thereexistsomanyotherfactorswhichseemtointervenealso-
suchasrace,socialhabits,environment ,thedegreeofpollution ,the
cloudlayer,thedurationofexposure,theexposureregime,etc-
thatitisdifficulttoestablishadirectquantitative correlation
betweenthedecreaseoftheozonelayerandtheincidenceofskincancer.
(1)Istisan1980/10,Epidemiologia descrittivadelmelanomamaligno
dellapelle.
(2)F.R.DEGRUIJLandJ.C.VANDERLEUN,Adose-response modelforskin
cancer.InductionbychronicUVExposureofaRomanPopulation .
J.Theor.biol(inpress).
(3)PNUE:Rapport dela3esessionduComitédeCoordination surlacouche
d'ozone,novembre1979.

-12-
Effects ofUV-B onfauna_and flora
Given theexisting information regarding theeffects ofultraviolet
radiation onplants andanimals ,one cannot claim toevaluate
precisely andinthenear future thepossible dangers ofthis radia­
tion onthebioshere .Ifithasbeen possible toestablish certain
effects onplants ,showing arange ofdifferent sensitivities ,andon
plankton ,themain uncertainties arethespectrum ofbiological action ,
thesmall number ofstatistical samples ,thedegree ofpenetration of
theUVradiation into water asfar asaquatic media areconcerned ,and
the environmental conditions under which theexperiments areconducted .
Effects _°Q_climate
Therelationships between apossible modification ofthecomposition
oftheatmosphere andthesubsequent climatic changes constitute a
complex problem .Theonly wayofprogressing towards its solution
will betostudy thoroughly allconcordant andcontradictory effects
which risk toaffect thecomposition oftheatmosphere .
Oneofthemost preoccupying effects isthepossible green-house
effect duetofactors such astheworldwide increase ofatmospheric
concentrations ofcarbondioxyde and CFCs ,having asimilar action
and/ortheincrease inthequantity ofsuspenses material inthe
atmosphere .Cnecan also cite theeffects onstratospheric ozone of
nitrogen ofnatural orindustrial origin ,ofchlorinated hydrocarbons
andwater vapor ,aswell asofperiodic emissions into thestratos­
phere ofnatural pollutants due tovolcanic activity andother
phenomena .The CFCs could have inaddition ,anindirect effect through
thechanges intheamounts ofozone which also influence thetempera­
ture ofthe atmosphere .

-13-
II.RE-EXAMINATION OFECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL DATA
Ihestudy ordered bythe Commission toMetra Consulting Group
Limited inLondon andtitled "Aspects ofImplementing Reduction in
Chlorofluorocarbons Usage inAerosols "hasbroadly contributed
toelaborate this chapter .Essential data andmain findings are
presented here .More details areavailable inthewhole study .
Member States have .also provided the Commission with several data .
1.CFCs 11AND 12PRODUCTION AND USE STATISTICS :1976-1979
1.1 .EEC_Statistics
Ihe European Fluorocarbon Producers Technical Committee
(EFCTC )ofCEFIC hasprovided Metra with statistics onthe
ofsales intheCommunity CFCs 11and 12andsales byend use
following thesame waythan in1976 (cfr .1978 Metra Report
"Social and Economic Implications ofcontrolling theuse of
chlorofluorocarbons inthe EEC ").
The EECstatistics for 1976 and 1979 arepresented inTable 1.
Although theproduction figures include anyimportation bythe
CFCproducers from outside theEEC ,theextent ofthis is
believed tobevery small because anexcess ofproduction
capacity relative todemand hasexisted forsome years and
importation isnormally only resorted tointheevent of
operating difficulties ,
1.2 .W2£ld_Statistics
World production estimates areprovided bythe U.S. Chemical
Manufacturers Association andarebased ondata supplied by
thecompanies reporting together with data andestimates in
respect ofCommunist bloc andother countries .Sales
analysis byenduseareavailable only forsales bythe
reporting companies -which include alltheEECproducers -
but these arebelieved toaccount formore than 90%of
world output .

-14-
TART.K1:COMPARISON OFCFC11andCFC12PRODUCTION ANDSAT.ESBYEEC
PRODUCERS FORYEARS1976AND1979.(TansofCFC11andCFC12)
Chanc:je:1976 1979 1976/:1979
tons tons tonseO//O•
PRODUCTION
!(includingimportsby
IEECproducers )
I
!326,433304,238-22,195-6.8
ι
ί
SALES
SalesinEECbyenduse:
Aerosols 176,914136,552-40,362-22.8
Refrigeration ]
I20,77320,300 473-2.3
Foamplastics j42,15455,788+13,634+32.3
Otheruses 4,1786,921+2,743
I+65.7
IbtalSalesinEEC j244,019219,561-24,458-10.0
ITbtalExportstoCountries
OutsideEEC j
I83,57881,636-1,942-2.3
TOTALEECANDEXPORTSALES 327,597301,197-26,400-8.1
Source:EFCTC;furtheranalysisbyMetra

-15-
1978isthelatestyearforwhichC3VIAfiguresarecurrentlyavailable.
i
WbrldandEECproductionintheyears1976-78isgiveninTable2,and
1salesbyendusein1978withintheEECandbyallCMAreporting
companiesarepresentedinTable3.
*■
1.3.Production Trends
ThedeclineinworldproductionofCFC-11andCFC-12in1977,continued
in1978-forwhichtheestimatedworldtotalwas709.1thousandtons,
ascomparedwith799.1thousandtonsin1976,afallof11.3%.EEC
productionintheperiod1976to1978fellfrom326.4thousandto
307.0thousandtons,areductionof5.9%.
-TABLE2:EECANDWORLDPRODUCTION OFCFC-11ANDCFC-12:
1976-1979
ProductionofCFC-11andCFC-12
EECas%of
World
40.8
42.3
43.3
n.a.
Sources:EECStatistics-EFCTC
WbrldStatistics-CMAestimates.
./.EEC Wbrld
1000tons'000tons
1976 326.4 799.7
1977 319.1 755.1
1978 307.0 709.1
1979 304.2 n.a.

-16-
TART.K ?:CFC-11 /CFC-12 SALES DISTRIBUTION BYEND USE IN1978 :
COMPARISON OFEEC AND TOTAL CMA REPORTING COMPANIES 1DATA
Sales ofCFC-ll/CFC -12in1978
ApplicationSales inEEC
j
!Sales byallCMA
reporting
coiroaniesι
EEC sales as
%all CMA
reporting company
sales
tons % tonso//o
Aerosols 150.4 65.0 307.2 47.2 49.0
Refrigeration 20.4 8.8 I184.6 28.3 11.1
Foam plastics 54.5 23.6 131.7 20.2 41.4
Other uses 6.1 2.6 27.8 4.3 21.9
TOTAL :231.4 j
I100.0 561.3 ι100.0 35.5
Sources :EFCTC andCMA .(1978 islatest year forwhich CMAdata available ).
The 19CMAreporting companies include all CFCproducers inthe
EEC ,Australia ,Japan andthe USA ,andsubsidiaries ofthose
companies inCanada ,Spain ,Argentina ,Brazil ,Mexico .
1.4 .Sales Ttends_in the_EEC
*Aerosols
Within the EECthere hasbeen aprogressive decline insales for
aerosols ,from 176,914 tons in1976 to136,552 tons in1979 ,a
total fall of40,352 tons ,or22.8 %.Nevertheless ,this
application accounted for 62.2 %oftotal sales intheEEC in1979 .
Tbreach thereduction ofatleast 30%asrequired bythe Cbuncil
Decision ,sales ofCFC-11 and12foraerosols must fall by53,074
tons ormore from the 1976 level ,entailing afurther drop ofat

-17-
least 12,712 tons from the1979 level .
Since individual Member States areeach required toreduce F-ll/F-12
usage forfilling aerosols byatleast 30%,ifanycountry reduces
bymore than 30%then thetotal Community reduction should also
exceed 30%.
*Refrigeration •
There hasbeen nosignificant change insales forrefrigeration and
airconditioning ,which at20,300 tons in1979 accounted foronly .
9.2%ofsales intheEEC .
*Foam Plastics
Sales foruse asblowing agents forfoam plactics ,mainly flexible
andrigid polyurethane foams ,have increased by32.3 %since 1976 .
Foam plastics arethesecond largest application ,accounting for
25.4 %ofEECsales in1979 .
*Other Uses
Sales forsolvent andother uses rose "by65.7 %,but from arelatively
lowbase ,andat6,921 tons in1979 these made uponly 3.2%ofEEC
sales .
1.5 .Exports Outsid etheEEC
Exports in1979 totalled 81,636 tons which was 2.3%below the 1976
total ,andcomprises 27%ofallsales byEECproducers .Noenduse
/ *
breakdown isavailable forexports outside theEEC .
l.€ .Net Reduction inIbtal Sales
Thedecline insales foraerosols amounting to40,362 tons in1979
compared with 1976 hasbeen substantially offset byincreases insales
forfoam plastics andmiscellaneous uses rsothat thenetreduction in
total (EECandexport )sales fortheperiod is26,400 tons ,or8.1%.

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1.7 .Intra-Gbmmunity Trading
CFCs areproduced inFrance ,F.R. Germany ,Italy ,TheNetherlands
and the UK.Other Member States import CFCs 11and 12from the
producer countries ,between which there isalso some trading .The
.volume ofintra-Cbmmunity trading in1979 (excluding trading
between theCFCproducers themselves )amounted toabout 24%ofall
sales inthe EEC .
1.8 .Member States Statis tics
Atpresent CFCsales estimates onnational territory areavailable
only fortheFederal Republic ofGermany .Total CFCsales amount to
about 78.000 tons in1979 .CFCsales forusage inaerosols arec.a .
35.000 tons in1979 (i.d .45%ofsales )tobecompared to48.200 tons
in1976 showing areduction ofc.a .27,4 %.
1.9 .Cbntrasts between EECand VforldSales
Asmaybeseen from Table 3,themain differences between thesales
pattern intheEECandthat for allCMAreporting companies areinthe
aerosol andrefrigeration sectors .Aerosols accounted for 65%of
EECsales in1978 compared with 47.2 %forworld sales ,andthe
respective proportions forrefrigeration were 8.8 .%and28.3 %
respectively .
Eysubtracting the EECtonnages from the CMA totals thepattern of
non-EEC usage canbeestablished andthecontrast becomes stronger
with aerosols accounting for 37.3 %andrefrigeration for 39.1 %.
•/•

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2.AEROSOL PRODUCTION TRENDS
EECtotal fillings peaked in1976 at1,873 million units ,falling to
1,857 m.in1977 andto1,837 m.in1978 .Theworld total of6,027 m.
in1978 isthehighest since theprevious peak of6,009 m.in1974 ,
andtheUSAproduction in1978 washigher than intheprevious year -
reversing forthefirst time thedecline which setinafter thepeak
of1973 .EECfillings in1978 represented over 30%oftheworld total .
Within theEECtheUnited Kingdom continued tobethelargest producer
inunit terms ,having increased production each year since 1975 tothe
highest total yetof563m.units in1978 .Production inWest
Germany ,theNetherlands andBelgium wasmarginally ^lower in1978
compared with 1977 ;Italy increased production from 192m.to207m-.,
but inFrance output dropped sharply from 466m.to412m.
■> ,
Personal products arestill thelargest sector ,accounting for54.2 %
.ofEECfillings in1978 ,compared with 58.7 %in1976 ,but thelre have
been significant falls inthefillings forhairsprays ,antiperspirants
anddeoderants ,(personal products with high CFCconcentrations )which
have been partly offset byincreases inthehousehold andother cate­
gories (frequently formulated without CFCs ).
Another problem indrawing conparisons .either between Member States or
between sectors isthat unit statistics arenot areliable guide to
relative product volumes .
Table 4.3 .shows estimates from anindustrial source ofthe distribution
ofpropel 1antusage inEECcountries .
I

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TABLE4.3.:PROPELLANT USAGEINTHEEEC:1979
Propellant UsageDistribution
%No.ofAérosolUnits
Fluoro-Hydro-Dimethyl-Carbon
carbon carbon ether dioxide
(1DME')
Belgium 50 28 18 4
Denmark 55 40 5
France 70 25 5
WestGermany 67 23 10
Italy 60 30 10
Netherlands 10 70 15 5
U.K. 68 30 2
Source:confidential
CFCs11and12SUBSTITUTION INAEROSOLS :TECHNICAL ASPECTS
3.1.ThereductioninCFCs11and12propellantusagebetween1976and
1979isduetoanunquantifiable combinationofsubstitution by
non-CFCpropellants andchangesintheaerosoldemandpattern.
3.2.Hydrocarbon (propane/butane)propellantsareprovingtobethe
principalsubstitutes forCFCs11and12,withmanyfillers
preferringtomakegradualchangesbyusingCFC/hydrocarbon blends.
3.3.Dimethylether (DME)haspotentialasanalternativetohydrocarbons
becauseofbettersolventproperties andmiscibility withwater.
DMEismainlybeingusedinBelgiumandtheNetherlands .Other
countriesarewaitingbeforeadopting DMEpendingafullerexamina­
tionofitstoxicological propertiesandresearchontheseaspects
isbeingsupportedbvtheNetherlands Government .

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3.4 .Nofluorocarbon alternatives for CFCs 11and 12acceptable forlarge
scale general usehave yetemerged .
1
4.SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OFCFCs 11AND 12SUBSTITUTION
4.1 .Thereareno significant newdata sxnce 1978 .
4.2 .Ihere issubstantial capital investment entailed inconverting tothe
principal CFCsubstitute -hydrocarbons -because oftheextensive
safety precautions required .Inurban areas itmaybeimpracticable
tocomply with local regulations ,sothat afiller mayhave the
options ofmoving that part ofhisoperations toanother site ,
ceasing toproduce aerosols ,oremploy acontract filler .
4.3 .Thecost andother problems attaching toconversion bear more
heavily onthesmaller fillers ,anditisexpected that some large
fillers will expand their businesses andsome smail fillers will
cease operation .There could beagreater neteffect incountries
/
such asDenmark and Ireland where allthefillers arecomparatively
small .
4.4 .Anyreduction inoverall CFCproduction adversely affects the fluor­
spar mining industry andthis isofspecial concern inItaly .
Areduction ofCFC-ll/CFC -12usage .inaerosols going much beyond
30%isalso likely tocause socio-economic problems intheCFC
producing andallied industry sectors ,because there isalready an .
.over-capacity situation andsales ofCFCs foraerosols intheEEC
in1979 accounted for 45%ofproduction .
ν