EN    EN EN 
 
EN    EN  COMMISSION OF THE E UROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 12.11.2009 
SEC(2009)1581 final 
  
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
Accompanying the 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO  THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL 
 
PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO OBJECTIVES  
 
(required under Article 5 of Decision 280/2004/ EC of the European Parliament and of 
the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas 
emissions and for implemen ting the Kyoto Protocol) 
  
{COM(2009) 630} 
 
EN 2   EN 1. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF EMISSION TRENDS IN THE MAIN SECTORS  
1.1. Energy supply and use, excluding transport 
Table 1: GHG emissions from energy supply and use, excluding transport  (1990-
2007)   
Total GHG 
emission  Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2007 
total GHG Change 
1990-2007 Change 
2000-2007 
EU-15 60.4% 58.5% -7.4% -1.2% 
EU-27 62.9% 59.8% -13.8% -1.2% 
• Total GHG emissions from energy supply and use decreased in th e period 1990-2007 by 
7.4% in EU-15 and by 13.8% in EU-27.  
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from en ergy supply were 1 % above 1990 levels in 
2007 whereas fuel combustion increased by 20 % during the same time. Highest absolute 
reductions were achieved in Germany and th e United Kingdom. In the EU-27 emissions 
were 8 % below 1990 emissions in 2007. This reduction was achieved despite increased 
fuel combustion of 6 %.  
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from energy use were 15 % below 1990 levels in 
2007. Fuel combustion, however, decreased only by 4 % between 1990 and 2007. Highest 
absolute reductions were achieved in Germ any. In the EU-27 emissions were 20 % below 
1990 emissions in 2007. Fuel combustion, howev er, decreased only by 8 % between 1990 
and 2007.  
• The decoupling of fuel combustion and gree nhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 and the 
EU-27 is caused by fuel switching (e.g. from co al to gas or renewable) and efficiency 
improvements. 
• Greenhouse gas emissions from energy supply in EU-15 and EU-27 are expected to be 
below 2007 levels in 2010. Ge rmany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom project that 
they will contribute most to the EU -15 emission reductions between 2007 and 2010. 
• Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 and EU- 27 from energy use are expected to be 
above 2007 levels in 2010. The highest absolute increase within the EU-15 is expected for 
Germany. France, Italy and the United Kingdo m expect the highest  reductions between 
2007 and 2010 within the EU-15.  
• For the energy supply and use sector (excludi ng transport), the key EU-wide Common and 
Coordinated Policies and Measures  (CCPMs) that are projected to deliver greatest savings 
in the EU-27 are in the areas of renewabl e energy, combined heat and power (CHP), 
energy taxation and energy performance standards in buildings. 
1.2. Transport 
Table 2: GHG emissions from transport (1990-2007)  
Total GHG 
emissions Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2007 
total GHG Change 
1990-2007 Change 
2000-2007 
EU-15 16.5% 21.3% 23.7% 4.0% 
EU-27 14.0% 19.5% 26.0% 7.1% 
 
EN 3   EN • Transport sector noted the highest increas e in total GHG emissions. Total GHG emissions 
from transport increased by 24% in EU-15 and by 26% in EU-27, between1990-2007. The 
trend of greenhouse gas emissions follows closely the trend of fuel combustion.  
• Highest absolute increases occurred in Fran ce, Italy and Spain. Germany was the only EU-
15 Member State that achieved a reduction between 1990 and 2007.  
• Road transport represents 93 % of total transport CO 2 emissions (international aviation 
excluded) in 1990. CO 2 emissions from road transport increased by 25 % between 1990 
and 2007, after 2003 emissions stabilised in the EU-15. 
• Final energy demand for road tr ansport, fuel combustion and CO 2 emissions show a very 
similar increasing trend. There is a stronger  increase in passenger transport (36 %) and 
especially freight transport (65 %) and emissions start to decouple from km driven. 
• N2O increased by 20% or more in all Member States except Hungary, Lithuania and the 
United Kingdom. The increase in N 2O emissions is mainly due to the introduction of 
catalytic converters.  
• Additional measures will be n ecessary to keep control over  GHG emissions from transport 
sector in the coming years. 
1.3. Agriculture  
Table 3: GHG emissions from agriculture (1990-2007)  
Total GHG 
emissions  Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2007 
total GHG Change 
1990-2007 Change 
2000-2007 
EU-15 9.9% 9.2% -11.3% -7.8% 
EU-27 10.4% 9.2% -20.2% -6.3% 
• Agriculture is the main CH 4 and N 2O emitter and accounts for 9% of total EU-15 GHG 
emissions in 2007. Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture were 11 % 
below 1990 levels. Highest absolute reductions were achieved in France, the Netherlands 
and the United Kingdom. In the EU-27 emissions were 20 % below 1990 emissions in 2007.  
• Swine and cattle contribute more or less equally to CH
4 emissions from manure 
management.  
• The decrease in emissions is largely a conseque nce of efficiency improvements, the reform 
of the EU common agricultural policy (CAP) as well as the implementation of the Nitrate 
Directive aimed at reducing water pollution.  
• For EU-15, the decrease in emissions from agri cultural soils was most significant for direct 
emissions from the application of synthetic  fertilizer (-25%), followed by indirect 
emissions from leaching and run-off (-17%) an d volatilization of NH3+N Ox (-16%). In the 
latter two cases, the reduction of emissions can be explained by a reduction of nitrogen 
input, as the implied emission factor was not or only slightly (leaching) changing during 
the reporting period. Animal manure applied to soils has been to some extent replaced by 
animal waste applicatio n; however the overall N 2O emissions have come down by 1% 
between 2006 and 2007.  
• Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 and EU- 27 are expected to be slightly below 2007 
levels in 2010. France, Germany and Spain proj ect the highest reducti ons (in the range of 
1-2 Mt CO 2 equivalents) during this time.  
 
EN 4   EN 1.4. Industrial processes 
Table 4: GHG emissions from i ndustrial processes (1990-2007)  
Total GHG 
emissions Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2007 
total GHG Change 
1990-2007 Change 
2000-2007 
EU-15 8.8% 8.2% -10.8% 0.8% 
EU-27 8.6% 8.5% -9.9% 6.3% 
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from industry were 11 % below 1990 levels in 
2007. Highest absolute reductions were achie ved by France, the Netherlands and the 
United Kingdom. In the EU-27 emissions were 10 % below 1990 emissions in 2007. 
• Cement production, chemical industry and metal production dominate the trend of total 
GHG emissions from industrial processes. Fact ors for declining emi ssions in the early 
1990s were low economic growth and cement im port from east European countries. It is 
projected that cement production in th e EU-15 will increase by 2010 by 2 %. 
• Between 1990 and 2007, HFC emissions increas ed from almost zero to 57 Mt CO 2 eq. in 
EU-15. Between 2000 and 2007 EU-15 HFC emissi ons from consumption of halocarbons 
increased by 90 %, while HFC emissions fr om production of halocarbons decreased by 
89 %. HFC emissions from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment are the most important sub-category as regards the amount of  emission. The main reason for this strong 
increase is the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons under 
the Montreal Protocol and the replacement of  these substances with HFCs. EU-15 Member 
States show much higher HFC emissions  than the EU-12 Member States.  
• Policies and measures in this sector are mainly  aimed at abatement measures in adipic and 
nitric acid production and on substitutes for HFCs in refrigeration and air conditioning.  
• Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 and EU- 27 are expected to be  below 2007 levels 
in 2010. Germany, the Netherlands and the Un ited Kingdom project that they will 
contribute most to the EU-15 emission reductions between 2007 and 2010. 
1.5. Waste management  
Table 5: GHG emissions from waste management (1990-2007)  
Total GHG 
emissions  Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2007 
total GHG Change 
1990-2007 Change 
2000-2007 
EU-15 4.0% 2.6% -38.9% -23.0% 
EU-27 3.8% 2.8% -33.7% -18.0% 
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from waste were 39 % below 1990 levels. Highest 
absolute reductions were achieved in th e United Kingdom and Germany. In the EU-27 
emissions were 34 % below 1990 emissions in 2007.  
• Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 and EU -27 are expected to continue decreasing 
between 2007 and 2010. Within the EU-15 Ge rmany and Spain project the highest 
reductions (in the range of 2-3 Mt CO 2 equivalents). 
• The main driving force of CH 4 emissions from solid waste disposal is the amount of 
biodegradable waste and the amount of CH 4 recovered and utilised or flared. The Landfill 
Directive limits the amount of biodegradable waste going to landfill to 65 % (by 2006), 50 % (by 2009) and 35 % (by 2016) of the waste generated in 1995. The implementation of the Directive means also that all new landfill si tes must have gas recovery facilities and 
 
EN 5   EN that such facilities will n eed to be installed in all existing landfill sites by 2009. The 
achievement of these goals implies further re ductions in methane emissions, part of which 
have already occurred. However, many Member  States are still far from fulfilling the 
Directive’s targets. 
2. GHG  EMISSIONS IN THE EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES  
The Republic of Croatia  is a Party to the Convention from April 1996 and ratified the Kyoto 
Protocol in May 2007 committing to  a 5% reduction of GHG compar ed to base year. Between 
1990 and 2007 Croatia's GHG emissions increased  by 3% and comparing to 2006 increased 
by 5.3%. CO 2 emissions per capita are at 7.3 tons and CO 2 intensity of GDP is around the 
double of that of the EU. In 2007, Croatia’s emissions were 32.4 MtCO 2-eq. or 10% below 
base year emissions. Croatia is projected to slightly exceed its Kyoto target taking into 
account existing measures and carbon sinks, but would meet and indeed overachieve the 
target with the effect of planned (additional) measures. Turkey  became an Annex I Party to the UN FCCC in May 2004 and ratified the Kyoto 
Protocol in May 2009. Turkey’s first nationa l communication to the UNFCCC was submitted 
in January 2007. In 2009 Turkey submitted its inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and 
removals in the country until 2007. In 2007, Turkey’s emissions were 373 MtCO
2-eq 
compared to 170 MtCO 2-eq. in 1990, an increase of 119% and comparing to 2006 increased 
by 12%. Between 1990 and 2007, per capita GHG emissions have increased in Turkey. 
However, at 5.3 tonnes, the capit a emissions in Turkey are about  half of the average EU-27 
per capita emissions. Turkey's emissions intensity doubled between1990-2007, whereas in 
EU-27 emissions per GDP decreased by 45% over that period. 
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (fYRoM)  became a Party to UNFCCC in 
January 1998 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol  in November 2004. FYRoM is considered a 
developing country under the Convention an d its Protocol. In January 2009 the fYRoM 
submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat its 2nd National Communication, including inventory of 
GHG emissions from 1990-2002. Between 1990 and 2002 total GHG emissions decreased by around 10%. Currently CO
2 emissions per capita are at le vel of 4.1 ton a nd GDP per capita 
amounts to 2300 € in 2005. Currently, there is no information on projections available for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 
Figure 1: GHG total emissions and emissions per capita in the EU candidate countries 
31170
32373
0 200 400CroatiaTurkey
Mt CO 2eq. 2007
1990
 
 
EN 6   EN 6.63.0
7.35.3
05 1 0CroatiaTurkey
t CO 2eq. per capita2007
1990
 
Source: EEA 
 
EN 7   EN  
Table 6: GHG emissions in CO 2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets 
for 2008–12  
  1990 Base Year 
(1) GHG 
emissions 
2007  
(3) Change 
2006-2007 Change 
2007 relative 
to Base Year EU burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto target EU burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto target 
   in Mt CO2 in Mt CO2 in % in % in % in Mt CO2 
Austria 79,0 79,0 88,0 -3,9% 11,3% -13,0% 69 
Belgium 143,2 145,7 131,3 -3,9% -9,9% -7,5% 135 
Bulgaria 117,7 132,6 75,8 5,4% -42,8% -8,0% 122 
Cyprus  5,5 5,5 10,1 1,6% 83,6% no target no target 
Czech 
Republic 194,7 194,2 150,8 1,2% -22,4% -8,0% 179 
Denmark 69,1 69,3 66,6 -6,2% -3,9% -21,0% 55 
Estonia 41,9 42,6 22,0 14,8% -48,3% -8,0% 39 
Finland 70,9 71,0 78,3 -2,0% 10,3% 0,0% 71 
France 562,6 563,9 531,1 -2,0% -5,8% 0,0% 564 
Germany 1215,2 1232,4 956,1 -2,4% -22,4% -21,0% 974 
Greece 105,6 107,0 131,9 2,9% 23,2% 25,0% 134 
Hungary 99,2 115,4 75,9 -3,7% -34,2% -6,0% 108 
Ireland 55,4 55,6 69,2 -0,7% 24,5% 13,0% 63 
Italy 516,3 516,9 552,8 -1,8% 6,9% -6,5% 483 
Latvia 26,7 25,9 12,1 3,5% -53,4% -8,0% 24 
Lithuania 49,1 49,4 24,7 8,1% -49,9% -8,0% 45 
Luxembourg 13,1 13,2 12,9 -2,9% -1,9% -28,0% 9 
Malta  2,0 2,0 3,0 2,6% 50% no target no target 
Netherlands 212,0 213,0 207,5 -0,5% -2,6% -6,0% 200 
Poland 459,5 563,4 398,9 -0,1% -29,2% -6,0% 530 
Portugal 59,3 60,1 81,8 -3,4% 36,1% 27,0% 76 
Romania 243,0 278,2 152,3 -1,0% -45,3% -8,0% 256 
Slovakia 73,3 72,1 47,0 -4,1% -34,8% -8,0% 66 
Slovenia 18,6 20,4 20,7 0,7% 1,8% -8,0% 19 
Spain 288,1 289,8 442,3 2,1% 52,6% 15,0% 333 
Sweden 71,9 72,2 65,4 -2,2% -9,3% 4,0% 75 
United 
Kingdom 771,1 776,3 636,7 -1,7% -18,0% -12,5% 679 
EU-15 4232,9 4265,5 4052,0 -1,6% -5,0% -8,0% 3924 
EU-27 (2) 5564,0 5767,3 5045,4 -1,2% 12,5% no target no target 
(1) For EU-15 the base year for carbon dioxide, methane and ni trous oxide is 1990; for the fluorinated gases 12 Member 
States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990.  As the EU-15 inventory is 
the sum of Member States’ inventories, the EU-15 base year  estimates for fluorinated gas emissions are the sum of 1995 
emissions for 12 Member States and 1990 emissions for Austria,  France and Italy. The EU-15 base year emissions also 
include emissions from deforestation for the Netherlands, Port ugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide, methane 
and nitrous oxide for Bulgaria is 1988, for Hungary is th e average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986, for Poland 1988, for 
Romania 1989; for the fluorinated gases Sl ovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year  and Romania 1989 all other central and 
eastern European members states have selected 1995. 
(2) EU-27 does not have a common Kyoto Protocol target. 
(3) This data has not yet been reviewed by the UNFCCC 
Note: Malta and Cyprus do not have Kyoto targets.
 
EN 8   EN Table 7: EU-15 Kyoto targets for non-ETS sectors fo r 2008–2012, compared with emission projections  
Projection
s of non-
ETS 
emissions 
with 
existing 
policies 
and 
measures Projections 
of non-
ETS 
emissions 
with 
additional 
policies 
and 
measures Kyoto or burden-
sharing target for 
the non-ETS 
sectors Removals from 
carbon sink 
activities Use of Kyoto 
mechanisms at 
government level Kyoto target for 
the non-ETS 
sectors, including 
carbon sinks and 
Kyoto mechanisms Gap between 
non-ETS 
projections with 
existing policies 
and measures 
and initial Kyoto 
target Gap between non-
ETS projections 
with additional 
policies and 
measures and Kyoto 
target including 
carbon sinks and 
Kyoto mechanisms  Base-
year 
emissions 
(BY) Kyoto or burden-
sharing target 
Annual 
average  
2008-2012 Annual 
average  
2008-2012 Annual average  
2008-2012 Annual average  
2008-2012 Annual average 
2008-2012 Annual average  
2008-2012 Annual average 
2008-2012 Annual average  
2008-2012 Member State 
Mt CO 2-
eq. Mt 
CO 2-
eq.  % 
change 
from 
BY Mt CO 2-
eq. Mt CO 2-eq. Mt 
CO 2-
eq. % of 
base-year 
emissions Mt 
CO 2-
eq. % of 
base-year 
emissions Mt 
CO 2-
eq. % of 
base-year 
emissions Mt 
CO 2-
eq. % of 
base-year 
emissions Mt 
CO 2-
eq. % of 
base-year 
emissions Mt 
CO 2-
eq. % of base-
year 
emissions 
Austria 79,0 68,8 -13,0% 59,1 57,9 38,1 48,2% 0,7 0,9% 9,0 11,4% 47,8 60,4% 21,0 26,6% 10,2 12,9% 
Belgium 145,7 134,8 -7,5% 79,9 79,7 76,3 52,4% 0,0 0,0% 4,4 3,0% 80,7 55,4% 3,6 2,5% -1,1 -0,7% 
Denmark 69,3 54,8 -21,0% 36,4 36,4 30,3 43,7% 2,2 3,2% 4,2 6,1% 36,7 52,9% 6,2 8,9% -0,2 -0,3% 
Finland 71,0 71,0 0,0% 35,4 34,9 33,4 47,1% 0,6 0, 8% 1,4 2,0% 35,4 49,9% 1,9 2,7% -0,6 -0,8% 
France 563,9 563,9 0,0% 409,5 382,0 431,1 76,5% 4,1 0,7% 0,0 0,0% 435,2 77,2% -21,6 -3,8% -53,2 -9,4% 
Germany 1.232,4 973,6 -21,0% 463,2 443,7 520,5 42,2% 4,5 0,4% 0,0 0,0% 525,1 42,6% -57,3 -4,7% -81,4 -6,6% 
Greece 107,0 133,7 25,0% 63,9 61,5 64,6 60,4% 1,1 1,1% 0,0 0,0%  65,8 61,5% -0,7 -0,7% -4,3 -4,0% 
Ireland 55,6 62,8 13,0% 49,9 46,4 40,5 72,9% 2,2 4,0% 3,6 6,5% 46,4 83,4% 9,4 16,8% 0,0 0,0% 
Italy 516,9 483,3 -6,5% 316,3 308,1 281,6 54,5% 10,2 2,0% 17,1 3,3% 308,9 59,8% 34,7 6,7% -0,8 -0,2% 
Luxembourg 13,2 9,5 -28,0% 10,6 10,4 7,0 53,1% 0,0 0,0% 3,7 28,1% 10,7 81,2% 3,6 27,2% -0,3 -1,9% 
Netherlands 213,0 200,3 -6,0% 125,1 125,1 112,8 52,9% 0,1 0,1% 13,0 6,1% 125,9 59,1% 12,4 5,8% -0,8 -0,4% 
Portugal 60,1 76,4 27,0% 50,9 50,4 41,6 69,1% 4,7 7,7% 4,8 8,0% 51,1 84,9% 9,4 15,6% -0,7 -1,1% 
Spain 289,8 333,2 15,0% 226,6 217,4 180,9 62,4% 5,8 2,0% 31,8 11,0% 218,6 75,4% 45,7 15,8% -1,2 -0,4% 
Sweden 72,2 75,0 4,0% 43,7 42,9 52,2 72,4% 2,1 3,0% 0,0 0,0% 54,4 75,4% -8,6 -11,9% -11,5 -16,0% 
United Kingdom 776,3 679,3 -12,5% 362,2 362,2 433,1 55,8% 4,0 0,5% 0,0 0,0% 437,1 56,3% -70,9 -9,1% -74,9 -9,6% 
EU-15 4.265,5 3.924,3 -8,0% 2.335,7 2.266,0 2.348,0 55,0% 42,4 1,0% 93,1 2,2% 2.483,5 58,2% -12,3 -0,3% -217,4 -5,1% 
Note: The following method was applied to estimate the annual average for 2008-2012 figures: A distinction has been operated between the Member States who submitted 
emission projections for the whole five-year commitment period (Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands), those who reported annua l emissions for the whole commitment 
period (Denmark and Spain) and those who reported emission projections for the single year 2010 only (all other MS). In the lat ter case, emissions for the whole commitment 
period were estimated by EEA, based on 2007 emissions (reported to UNFCCC) and, 2010 and 2015 projections (reported under the E U Monitoring Mechanism). All 
Member States, except France, Greece and Portugal, submitted emissi ons projections for the ETS and the non-ETS sectors. To esti mate projections for the non-ETS sectors in 
those countries that did not submit differentiated projections, it was assumed that projections in the ETS sectors were equal t o allowed emissions under the National 
Allocation Plan for the period 2008-2012.  
 
EN 9   EN Table 8a: Aggregate of EU-15 MS' projections for the various scenarios  
Base year 
emissions Projections with existing 
measures + with Kyoto mechanisms 
use by governments + with carbon sinks + with allowance and credit 
acquisition by EU ETS 
sectors + with additional 
measures 
  Mt CO2 eq. Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 Annual 
average 
2008-
2012 
Mt CO2 
eq. % 
change 
from 
base 
year 
 
Aggregate of  
EU-15 MS with 
measures 
projections 4.265,5 3.973,1 -6,9% 3.880,0 -9,0% 3.837,6 -10,0% 3.776,5 -11,5% 3.706,8 -13,1% 
 
Table 8b: Aggregate of EU-27 MS' projections for the various scenarios  
Base year 
emissions Projections with existing 
measures + with Kyoto mechanisms 
use by governments + with carbon sinks + with additional measures 
  Mt CO2 eq. Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 Annual 
average 
2008-2012 
Mt CO2 eq. % change 
from base 
year 
 
Aggregate of  
EU-27 MS with 
measures 
projections 5.767,3 5.026,9 -12,8% 4.949,3 -14,2% 4.901,4 -15,0% 4.813,9 -16,5% 
 
EN 10   EN Table 9: Summary of implemented and planned policies and measures  
Cross-cutting measures 
Policies and measures 
‘Cross-cutting’ Emission reduction 
potential in  2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in  2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
EU Emission Trading Scheme N/a N/a In force. First phase (2005-
07)Second phase (2008-12)Third phase (2013-20)  
Revision of the monitoring mechanism N/a N/a In force  
Link Kyoto flexible mechanisms to emissions 
trading N/a N/a In force 
Energy Supply 
Policies and measures 
‘Energy supply’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
Promotion of electricity 
from RES-E (2001) 100-12521   In force.  
(New) Renewable energy 
Directive   600-90022 In force. 
0.87523 
CCS Directive  N/a  In force. 
Directive on promotion of 
cogeneration 6524   In force 
Further measures on renewable heat (including biomass action plan) 36-48
25   Biomass Action Plan, Dec 2005, 
over 20 further actions planned. Renewable heat included in 
proposed new Directive on 
renewable energy  
Intelligent Energy for Europe: programme for renewable energy N/a  Programme for policy support in 
renewable energy  
Developing the internal energy market 80-120
 21  Amendments to a number of 
directives26 to continue to help 
complete the internal energy 
market. 
TOTAL  282-358 600.9-900.9   
 
EN 11   EN Energy demand 
Policies and measures 
‘Energy demand’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable /comments 
In force  
Directive on the energy performance of buildings 20
27   Monitoring and review 
Directive on the energy 
performance of buildings 
(recast)   190-29028 Currently in second reading; 
agreement expected for 
December 2009.  
Directive requiring energy labelling of domestic appliances   In force: monitoring and review 
-Existing labels 121   
- New (el. ovens &AC) N/a Consultation on amending 
Directive held in 2008. 
- Envisaged revisions (refrigerators / freezers / dishwashers)     
- Planned new (hot water 
heaters) 10 21   
- Extension of scope of Directive 15 
21     
Framework Directive on 
eco-efficiency 
requirements of energy-using products   200
29 In force; preparatory studies for 
daughter directives underway;  
Directive on energy end 
use efficiency and energy 
services  9230   In force; National Energy 
Efficiency Action Plans adopted 
in all EU-27. 
Action Plan on Energy efficiency as a follow-up to 
the Green Paper  N/a   Launched Oct 2006
31. Identifies 
10 priority actions to achieve up 
to 20% energy savings by 2020.  
Action under the directive on integrated pollution 
prevention and control 
(IPPC) on energy efficiency Not known   Reference document on Best 
Available Techniques regarding 
Energy Efficiency now finalised 
and will be adopted in 2008. 
Intelligent Energy for Europe programme for 
energy efficiency N/a   Programme for policy support in 
energy efficiency 
Public awareness campaign 
on energy efficiency N/a   Supporting program as part of 
Intelligent Energy for Europe: In 
implementation 
Programme for voluntary action on motors (Motor Challenge)  30 
21   Supporting programme for 
voluntary action on efficient motor systems 
25-40 21 
Public procurement    EU Handbook developed for 
guidance for increased energy 
efficient public procurement 
TOTAL  193-208 390-490   
 
EN 12   EN Transport 
Policies and measures 
‘Transport’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 
62.532 
Fuel quality Directive     First implemented in 1998. 
Revisions adopted in December 2008 
Directive on the promotion of transport bio-fuels 35-40
21   In force 
  Voluntary agreements with 
European, Japanese and Korean car manufacturers.  75-80
21   Implemented  
5033 
Strategy for Car CO 2    Adopted  
Infrastructure charging for 
heavy goods (revised 
Eurovignette) N/a   Adopted 
Shifting the balance of transport modes N/a   Package of measures in 
implementation  
In force  
Fuel taxation N/a   Focus on EU harmonisation of 
taxation, not on CO 2 reduction; 
ongoing review  
Directive on mobile air conditioning systems: HFCs See regulation on 
fluorinated gases   In force 
Inclusion of Aviation in EU ETS   183
34 Adopted. Will include all flights 
from 1/01/2012 
Public procurement of vehicles   1.9
35   
TOTAL  110-120   297.4   
Industry & non CO 2 gases  
Policies and measures 
‘Industry’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 
Regulation on fluorinated 
gases 2336   In force 
In force 
IPPC & non-CO 2 gases  60-7021   In 2008 the Directive was 
codified.  
 
 
EN 13   EN Waste 
Policies and measures 
‘Waste’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 
Landfill Directive 4121   In force 
Adopted.  
Waste Framework 
Directive      Launched December 200537, 
including a revision of the 
original waste directive of 1975, 
revised in 2008. 
Directives on waste 
electrical and electronic 
equipment (WEEE) 3538   In force. Revised directive in 
2008 
Integration Research & Development 
Policies and measures Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
R&D framework Program N/a   In force. Under the 7th 
Framework program (FP7), which runs from 2007 to 2013, a 
budget of 50.5 billion euros will 
be allocated over the entire period. Over 2.3 billion to 
energy related R&D activities. 
Competitiveness and 
Innovation Framework Programme (CIP)     CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 with 
a total budget of 3.6 billion euros. The CIP is divided in 
three operational programmes 
two of which are related to energy and climate change.  
Integration Cohesion Policy 
Policies and measures Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
Integration climate change 
in structural funds 
&cohesion funds N/a N/a  The Community Strategic 
Guidelines highlight investments 
to promote Kyoto commitments, 
including renewable energy, energy efficiency and 
sustainable transport systems as 
eligible areas for support. About € 48 billion are planned to co-
finance projects on climate 
change in the 2007-2013 Cohesion Policy. 
 
 
EN 14   EN Agriculture 
Policies and measures 
‘Agriculture’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
CAP health check (2003 reform)   
- Rural development 
policies 60-7039 
- Market policies 1239   Adopted. In 2008 the EU 
Commission decided to move to new changes to the CAP.  
Rural development policy for 2007-13 focus on: 
- Improving competitiveness 
- Improving the environment 
Rural development policy N/a   - Improving quality of life and 
encourage diversification of the rural economy.  
Support scheme for energy crops N/a    Abolished as of 2010 
N2O from soils 1040   Improved implementation of the 
nitrates Directive  
 
Proposed soil directive  N/a N/a The European Climate Change 
Programme (ECCP) Working 
Group on Sinks Related to 
Agricultural Soils estimated this potential at equivalent to 1.5 to 
1.7% of the EU’s anthropogenic 
CO2 emissions during the first commitment period under the 
Kyoto Protocol
41 
 
EN 15   EN Forests 
Policies and measures 
‘Forests’ Sequestration 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Sequestration 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
EU Forest Action Plan  N/a N/a Adopted. The Forest Action Plan 
presented in June 2006 builds on 
the EU’s Forestry Strategy 
adopted in 1998. 
Afforestation and 
reforestation: 
- Afforestation programmes 
- Natural forest expansion 1421   Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development 
Forest management 
(various measures) 19 21   Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development, dependent on national implementation. 
 
EN 16   EN Table 10: Key figures of the emissions trading scheme for 2005-2007 and 2008 for EU-27 
Number of
installations (a)Allocated
allowancesVerified
emissionsDifference between 
allocated allowances 
and verified 
emissions
2005-07 (b)2008 2005-07 2008 2005-07 2008 2005-07 2008
[1 000 EU A (c)] [kt CO2 eq]
1 Combustion installations  6 938  7 047 1 469 934 1 236 490 1 490 293 1 490 512 -1% -17%
2 Mineral oil refineries   148   145  159 619  150 374  150 626  152 325 6% -1%
3 Coke ovens   20   21  22 789  22 527  20 857  20 989 9% 7%4 Metal ore roasting or sintering   20   28  25 248  21 928  17 209  17 643 47% 24%
5 Pig iron or steel   229   233  155 631  184 622  131 478  132 897 18% 39%
6 Cement clinker or lime   531   544  193 715  205 066  186 884  187 550 4% 9%7 Glass including glass fibre   412   429  22 495  23 835  20 497  22 675 10% 5%8 Ceramic products by firing  1 140  1 052  18 118  17 941  14 821  13 220 22% 36%9 Pulp, paper and board   798   788  37 138  37 425  29 769  31 011 25% 21%
99 Other activity opted-in   323   393  2 424  1 618  9 038  22 061 -73% -93%
All installations 10 559 10 680 2 107 111 1 901 826 2 071 472 2 090 883 2% -9%  
Notes: 
(a) All installations which have  participated in the scheme are included, even if their account is already closed.  
(b) For this analysis installations have b een included if allocated allowances or verified emissions have been published for ea ch year. With this attribute the averag e values are not the same as in last 
year's report, where averages have been calculated in a different way.  
(c) European Union Allowance. 
Source: Community independent transaction log (CITL) (29 April 2009 and 26 May 2009). 
 
EN 17   EN Table 11: Overview on the EU ETS verified emissions and 2nd NAPs  
Member State Average 2005–2007 
verified emissionsShare of EU 
ETS in total 
GHG 
emissions in 
20072008 
verified 
emissions2008 - 2012 
EU ETS capCDM / JI 
limit for EU 
ETS 
operators
Mt CO 2-eq. per year % Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO 2-eq./yr %
Austria 32,50                          36% 32,0 30,7 10,0%
Belgium 54,30                          40% 55,5 58,5 8,4%
Bulgaria 40,60                          52% 38,0 42,3 12,6%
Cyprus 5,24                            53% na 5,5 10,0%
Czech Republic 84,49                          58% 80,1 86,8 10,0%
Denmark 30,41                          44% 26,5 24,5 17,0%
Estonia 13,30                          70% 13,5 12,7 0,0%
Finland 40,06                          54% 36,2 37,6 10,0%
France 125,81                        24% 123,4 132,8 13,5%
Germany 473,96                        51% 472,6 453,1 20%
Greece 70,79                          55% 69,9 69,1 9,0%
Hungary 26,11                          35% 27,2 26,9 10,0%
Ireland 21,67                          31% 20,4 22,3 10,0%
Italy 221,70                        41% 220,7 201,6 15,0%
Latvia 2,84                            24% 2,7 3,4 10,0%
Lithuania 6,33                            24% 6,1 8,8 20,0%
Luxembourg 2,63                            20% 2,1 2,5 10,0%
Malta 1,98                            67% na 2,1 tbd
Netherlands 78,92                          38% 83,5 87,5 10,0%
Poland 207,37                        53% 204,1 208,5 10,0%
Portugal 33,51                          38% 29,9 34,8 10,0%
Romania 69,60                          46% 63,6 75,9 10,0%
Slovak Republik 25,09                          52% 25,5 32,6 7,0%
Slovenia 8,83                            44% 8,9 8,3 15,8%
Spain 183,04                        42% 163,5 152,3 20,0%
Sweden 19,43                          29% 20,0 22,8 10,0%
United Kingdom 244,55                        40% 265,0 246,2 8,0%
EU 27 2.125,1 43% 2.090,9 2.090,1 13,4%  
na – not available  
tbd – to be determined 
Source: EEA GHG data viewer and CITL, 8 July 2009; European  Commission; Questionnaires  and projection reports 
submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism 
 
EN 18   EN Table 12: Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms 
EU Member State Planned use of 
Kyoto 
mechanisms at 
government 
levelType of Kyoto 
mechanisms 
(IET, JI, CDM) Achievement of 
Kyoto target 
planned through 
domestic action 
onlyIntended use of 
flexible 
mechanisms at 
government level 
[Mt CO 2 eq./yr]Allocated 
budget at 
government 
level
[million EUR]
Austria Yes IET, JI, CDM No 9,0 531
Belgium Yes IET, JI, CDM No 4,4 252
Bulgaria No - Yes -
Cyprus No - Not applicable (a) -
Czech Republic No - Yes -
Denmark Yes IET, JI, CDM No 4,2 152
Estonia No - Yes -
Finland Yes IET, JI, CDM No 1,4 70
France No - Yes -
Germany No - Yes -
Greece No - Yes -
Hungary Yes IET Yes -16.5 (b) -
Ireland Yes IET, JI, CDM No 3,6 290
Italy Yes IET, JI, CDM No 17,1 79
Latvia No - Yes -
Lithuania No - Yes -
Luxembourg Yes IET, JI, CDM No 3,7 330
Malta No - Not applicable (a) -
Netherlands Yes IET, JI, CDM No 13,0 506
Poland No - Yes -
Portugal Yes IET, JI, CDM No 4,8 305
Romania No - Yes -
Slovak Republic No - Yes -
Slovenia Yes IET, JI, CDM No 1.0 (c) 80
Spain Yes IET, JI, CDM No 31,8 409
Sweden No (JI, CDM) Yes (2) (d) 38
United Kingdom No - Yes -
Total EU-15 Yes IET, JI, CDM No 93,1 2962  
Notes:  
(a) Cyprus and Malta are non-Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Prot ocol and do not have an emissions target for the period 2008-
2012. 
(b) Hungary is the only country which has re ported quantified projections of AAU selling. 
(c) Slovenia plans to acquire units either  through project mechanisms or on the car bon market but has not yet decided on the 
exact quantity. The value depends on th e actual development of emissions, es pecially in the transport sector. 
(d ) Sweden intends to achieve its Kyoto target without th e use of flexible mechanisms but has made the necessary 
preparations to use them if necessary. Sweden intends to ac quire 2 Mt CO2-eq. per year through the Swedish CDM and JI 
programme. This figure has not been considered in  the target assessment for Sweden and EU-15. 
The exchange rates US$ and SEK per Euro were assumed to be 1.4 and 10.19, respectively. 
Source:  Questionnaires submitted  under the EC greenhouse gas Monitori ng Mechanism; projection reports. 
 
EN 19   EN Table 13: P rojected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first 
commitment period 
  Article 3.3 Article 3.4 Total 
  Net carbon stock change 
during 2008–12 Election of 
activities(1) Net carbon stock 
change during 2008–12 Maximum allowance 
for forest 
management   
  [million tonnes CO 2 per 
year]   [million tonnes CO 2 per 
year] [million tonnes CO 2 
per year] [million tonnes CO 2 
per year] 
Austria -0,7 None n.a. n.a. -0,7 
Belgium No estimates available None n.a. n.a. n.e. 
Bulgaria Not reported None n.a. n.a. n.e. 
Cyprus Not reported n.a. n.a. n.a. n.e. 
Czech 
Republic Probably small sink FM Likely larger than max. 
allowance - 1.17 -1,17 
Denmark -0,288 FM, CM, GM FM: - 3.6 CM&GM: -
1.72 -0,18 -2,185 
Estonia No separate estimates 
available None n.a. No separate 
estimates available n.e. 
Finland + 1.9 to + 2.4 FM - 2.5 to - 3.0 - 0.59 -0,59 
France - 0.84 FM -67,62 - 3.23 -4,07 
Germany No estimates available FM - 7.3 - 4.55 -4,547 
Greece -0,8 FM - 2 to - 4 - 0.33 -1,13 
Hungary Not reported FM Not reported - 1.06 n.e. 
Ireland -2,236 None n.a. n.a. -2,236 
Italy No separate estimates 
available FM -10,2 - 10.19 -10,2 
Latvia Net sink FM No estimates available - 1.25 n.e. 
Lithuania No separate estimates 
available FM No separate estimates 
available - 1.03 n.e. 
Luxembourg Net sink None n.a. n.a. n.e. 
Malta Not reported n.a. n.a. n.a. n.e. 
Netherlands - 0.11 None n.a. n.a. -0,11 
Poland Net sink FM Likely larger than max. 
allowance - 3.01 -3,01 
Portugal - 3.36 FM, CM, GM FM: - 0.8 CM&GM: -
0.5 -0,81 -4,66 
Romania Not reported FM, 
Revegetation Not reported - 4.03 n.e. 
Slovakia Net sink None n.a. n.a. n.e. 
Slovenia No estimates available FM -1,3 - 1.32 -1,3 
Spain Not estimated separately FM, CM Not estimated 
separately - 2.46 -5,8 
Sweden 0,6 FM -15 -2,13 -2,13 
United 
Kingdom -2,68 FM -1,69 -1,36 -4,04 
EU15 -8,23   -25,57   -42,40 
EU27 -8,23   -31,07   -47,87 
 
Notes:   
Consistent with the reporting of emission inventories a negativ e sign '-' is used for removals and a positive sign '+' for 
emissions; n.a.: not applicable; n.e.: not estimated. 
(a) FM: forest management; CM: cropland management; GM: grazing land management. 
 
EN 20   EN (b) In addition to accounting for forest management up to the maximum allowance Parties may account for removals from 
forest management to compensate net em issions under Art. 3.3. In Finland and Sw eden, removals from forest management 
are projected to exceed the sum of emissions under Art. 3.3. and the maximum allowa nce for forest management. 
(c) Spain only estimated the aggregated re ductions of Articles 3.3 and 3.4 together. 
(d) The individual sums for Art. 3.3 and 3.4 do not include the Spanish estimate. 
Source:  Questionnaires submitted  by EU Member States; The European Communi ty's initial report under the Kyoto Protocol 
(EEA Technical report No 10/20 06); Initial reports under the Kyoto Protocol of Greece and Romania; Decisions 16/CMP.1 
and 8/CMP.2 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Part ies to the Kyoto Protocol. 
 
EN 21   EN Figure 2: Greenhouse gas emissions per capita  of EU-27 Member States for 1990 and 2007 
34,426,715,814,218,89,414,214,413,410,415,310,312,113,59,313,57,49,113,89,75,99,613,35,78,410,510,012,411,611,8
26,916,415,914,814,612,912,712,412,211,811,610,610,510,410,39,99,99,38,78,67,77,67,37,37,27,15,39,610,310,2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4 0LuxembourgEstoniaIrelandFinlandCzech RepublicCyprusNetherlandsBe lgiumDenmarkGreeceGermanyAustri aPolandUnited KingdomSloveniaBulgariaSpainItalySlovakiaFrancePortugalHungaryLithuaniaMaltaSwedenRomaniaLatvi aEU-12EU-15EU-27
t CO2 per capita1990 2007
 
Source:  EEA
 
EN 22   EN Figure 3: Greenhouse gas emissions of EU-27 Member States for 2005-2007 split into EU ETS 
and non-ETS sectors 
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
200520062007
200520062007200520062007
20052006200720052006
200720052006200720052006
200720052006200720052006
200720052006200720052006
200720052006200720052006
20072005200620072005
200620072005200620072005
200620072005200620072005
200620072005200620072005
200620072005200620072005
20062007200520062007
200520062007200520062007
200520062007AT BE BG CY CZ DK EE FIN FR DE GR HUIE IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SK SI ES SE UKMt CO2-eq
ETS
non-ETS
 
Note : The figure is a preliminary estimate. 
Source:  European Commission 
 
EN 23   EN Technical notes 
(1) In the Council decision (2002/358/EC) on the approval by the EU of the Kyoto 
Protocol the various commitments of the Me mber States are expressed as percentage 
changes from the base-year. In 2006 the resp ective emission levels were expressed in 
terms of tonnes of CO 2-equivalent in the Commissi on Decision 2006/944/EC. In 
connection with Council decision 2002/358/EC , the Council of Environment Ministers 
and the Commission have, in a joint statemen t, noted “that the respective emission 
levels referred to in the decision shall be expressed in terms of tonnes of carbon 
dioxide equivalent, …, taking into account the assumptions relating to base year 
emissions as also reflected in the relevant  statements to the Council minutes to the 
Council Conclusions of 16-17 June 1998. …”. Following the UNFCCC reviews of 
Member States' ‘initial reports’ duri ng 2007 and 2008 and pursuan t to Article 3, 
paragraphs 7 and 8 of the Kyoto Protocol, the base-year emissions for the EU-15 have been fixed to 4 265.5 million tonnes CO2 equivalents. 
(2) The Annual European Community gr eenhouse gas inventory 1990–2007 and 
inventory report 2009 (EEA, Technical repor t No 4/2009). Under the EU monitoring 
mechanism decision (Decision 280/2004), all MS submitted all or almost all Common 
Reporting Format (CRF) tables, (i .e., more than 90 %) for 1990–2007. 
(3) Based on Member State (MS) submissions until May 31st. 
(4) EU 2020 climate target: 20% reduction requires  five-fold increase in impact of CO2 
polices, MNP 2008, L.G. Wesselink, H. Eerens, J. Vis 
(5) Cyprus and Malta do not have targets under the Kyoto Protocol 
(6) For further information see the EEA website: 
http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/new-estim ates-confirm-the-declining-trend-in-eu-
greenhouse-gas-emissions  
(7) The six corresponding legislative acts were pu blished in the Official Journal of the 
European Union in June 2009(5.06.2009 L 40), and are already in force. 
(8) The projections are based on Member States' projections submitted in accordance with 
Decision 280/2004/EC and th e draft EEA report "Greenhous e gas emission trends and 
projections in Europe 2009". The robustne ss of the GHG projection estimates from 
Member States is affected by both the un certainty surrounding the current economic 
crisis and the recent adoption of the EU climate change and energy package which has not yet been taken into acc ount by all Member States in their reported projections.  
(9) Directive 2009/29/EC expands, strengthens and improves the functioning of the EU 
ETS post-2012. From 2013 an emission cap will be set at EU level and cut each year 
to reach -21% in 2020 (comparing to 2005 levels). The auctioning system of allowances will be increased and ambitious ex-ante benchmark for free allocation. Industrial installations not subject to carbon leakage will  be required to buy 20% of 
allowances in 2013 rising to 70% in 2020 a nd 100% in 2027, while those identified to 
be exposed to the risk of carbon leakage wi ll receive 100% of the quantity determined 
by benchmarks for free. Use of offset cred its from outside of th e EU is allowed but 
this amount remains below half of the reductio n effort in order to ensure a sufficient 
level of emissions reductions inside the EU. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140),  
(10) Decision 406/2009/EC sets national commitme nts to reduce GHG emissions which are 
outside the scope of the EU ETS (small- scale emitters: transport, buildings, 
agriculture, waste), which represent some 60% of total GHG emissions in the EU. The 
 
EN 24   EN decision sets legally binding annual targ ets in the period 2013-2020 for each MS 
ensuring that by 2020 emissions from these se ctors will be reduced  at EU level by 
10% comparing to 2005 levels. The efforts (t argets ranging from -20% to +20%) are 
shared between MS according to differences  in GDP per capita. Less wealthy Member 
States will be allowed to increase their emissions in non-ETS sectors by up to 20% 
above 2005 levels. These targets do, however, still represent a cap on their emissions and will still require a reductio n effort compared to business as usual. By contrast, the 
wealthier Member States, with GDP/capita above the EU average, will have to reduce emissions, up to a maximum figure of -20% below 2005. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
(11) Directive 2009/28/EC
 on the promotion of the use of renewable energy sets legally 
binding targets for each Member State in orde r to reach the EU targ et of 20% share of 
renewable energy in the EU’s final ener gy consumption by 2020. Also a 10% share of 
renewable energy sources in transpor t by 2020 target was adopted. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 
140) 
(12) Directive 2009/31/EC on ge ological storage of CO 2 provides a legal framework to 
manage possible environmental risks and liability issues and includes a long-term incentive for investment in demonstration projects to capture and geologically store 
CO
2. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
(13) Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 sets standards for CO 2 emissions from new passenger 
cars, which will ensure that emissions from the new car fleet are reduced to an average 
of 130g CO 2/km by 2015. A stringent long-term target of 95g CO 2/km by 2020 was 
also set. Estimate of total GHG emissi on savings per year amounts to 50 Mt CO 2 eq. 
(OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
(14) Fuel quality directive 2009/30/EC puts an  obligation on suppliers to reduce 
greenhouse gas emission from entire fuel production chain by 6% by 2020. A review 
in 2012 will consider increasing the target  to 10% by 2020. Estimate of total GHG 
emission savings per year amounts to 62.5 Mt CO 2-eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
(15) Directive 2008/101/EC included av iation into EU ETS. It is estimated that a total of 
183 million tonnes of CO 2 will be saved per year on the flights covered by the scheme 
equal to a 46% reduction by 2020 compared with business as usual. From 1 January 2012 flights between EU airports and all flight s arriving or departi ng form the airports 
in the EU will be covered by the system. (OJ 13.01.2009 L 8) 
(16) OJ 15.05.2009 L 120 
(17) CITL, 30 June 2009 
(18) Please note that no data for Bulgaria is included yet, data for Romania are for 2007 
only. 
(19) The ‘combustion installations’ sector contai ns units installations for the public supply 
of heat and electricity as we ll as installations in various industrial sectors. Depending 
on Member States and individual circumstan ces combustion installations belonging to 
the industrial sector (e.g., a he at plant in a paper mill) are either included in the sector 
‘combustion installations’ or in the respec tive industrial sector  (e.g., ‘production of 
pulp and paper’). 
(20) The revised directive on EU ETS allows ex isting operators (from 2013) to use JI and 
CDM credits in such a way that the overall us e of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-
wide reductions below the 2005 levels ove r the period 2008-2020 and for new sectors 
and aviation 50% of the reductions below the 2005 levels over the period from the 
 
EN 25   EN date of their inclusion in the EU ETS to  2020. This amounts to an overall JI/CDM 
limit of roughly 6.5% of the EU-wide cap  over the period 2008-2020.The exact limits 
for each installation will still need to be determined but the Directive already grants to 
existing operators an access to credits of at  least of 11% of thei r allocation during the 
period 2008-2012. In addition, new entrants  and new sectors including aviation 
receive minimum levels of access to JI and CDM credits.  
(21) Second ECCP progress report April 2003 
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf  
(22) Directive on the promotion of energy from  renewable sources, Citizens' Summary, 23 
January 2008 
(23) The original figure refers to a cumulative estimate of 7 MtCO2eq by 2020.  
(24) Proposal for a Directive of the European  Parliament and of the Council on the 
promotion of cogeneration based on a usef ul heat demand in the internal energy 
market  
(25) COM (2005) 628 final “Biomass Action Plan, December 2005” 
(26) Decision No 1229/2003/EC, Regulation (E C) No 807/2004, Directive 2003/54/EC & 
2003/55/EC, Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 
(27) COM (2004)366 – final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004 
(28) Energy performance of buildings – impact assessment on the revised directive 
SEC(2008) 2864 
(29) Proposal for a directive on Eco de sign of EuP, COM (2003) 453 final 
(30) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on End-Use 
Energy Efficiency and Energy Services, COM(2003) 739 final 
(31) COM(2006)545 – final “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realisi ng the Potential” 
(32) Questions and answers on the EU strate gy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars, 
MEMO/07/46.  
(33) Questions and answers on the EU strate gy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars, 
MEMO/07/46.  
(34) Inclusion of Aviation in the EU Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (EU 
ETS), Summary of the Impact Assessment, SEC(2006) 1685 
(35) Directive on the promotion of clean and energy efficient road transport vehicles, 
2005/0283 (COD) 
(36) Regulation proposal on certain fluorinated  greenhouse gases, COM (2003) 492 final 
(37) Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention, COM (2005) 666 and 667 (final) 
(38) Value in 2011 - Directive on waste elect rical and electronic equipment (WEEE), 
(recast) Impact Assessment, {COM(2008) 810}, {SEC(2008) 2933} 
(39) From ECCP working group on agriculture and sub-group on carbon sinks related to 
agricultural soils. Some of potential for bioenergy crops will be covered within potential from biofuels, cogeneration from biomass, further promotion of RES-H etc. 
(40) EEA, 2008, GHG Trends and Projections in Europe 
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications /eea_report_2008_5/TPReport2008Annexes.pdf 
 
EN 26   EN (41) Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, COM(2006)231