ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(78)101
Vol.1978/0035

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(78)101final.
Brussels.9Maroh1978.
THECOMMUNITY ANDWORLDENERGYSITUATION
(Communication fromtheCommissiontotheCouncil)
t:s
COM(78)101final.τ
■V/

THECOMMUNITY ANDWORLD ENERGY SITUATION
Communication from theCommission tothe Council
Economic background
1.TheCommunity shared inthecontinuing world economic recession in1977 ,andasa
result ofloweconomic growth ,energy consumption intheCommunity increased
very little ;butthis slackness inthemarket accentuated theproblems inthe
refining and coal sectors .
2.Energy supplies themselves were not aconstraint oneconomic growth in1977 -
indeed their immediate abundance hastended todivert attention from thelonger
term problem -although theforeign exchange cost ofimported oil (.$49billion
in1977 )hasimposed aheavy burden ontheCommunity balance ofpayments ,and
will continue todoso,inspite oftheincreasing contribution ofNorth Sea
oil andthe currently declining real cost ofcrude .
Policy conclusions
3.Theapparent abundance ofoil andthe restraint oftheOPEC countries should
not lull theCommunity into afalse sense ofsecurity about itsenergy situation ,
however reassuring some oftheindicators andforecasts for 1977 and1978 maybe.
4.Theprospect remains ofintense pressure onoilsupplies andhence prices in
thenext decade ;andtheCommunity must aimtobeinaposition tofill this gap
with energy conservation ,indigenous production from conventional andnew
sources ,andalternative external supplies .This change intheCommunity energy
pattern will take time toachieve ;andthe 1978 forecasts show that the appa­
rently satisfactory trends of1977 maynot continue ifappropriate measures
arenottaken quickly .
*)
5.Itfollows from thedescription ofthesituation intheattached report that
theCommunity 'simmediate practical priorities should be :
(i)to ,implement atCommunity andnational level strong energy conservation
measures ,e.g. financial support where appropriate ,andtheestablishment
ofrational pricing policies .While aprice freeze forcrude oilgreatly
eases the immediate burden onthe world economic andmonetary system ,
adeclining real price forcrude conveys thewrong signals toconsumers
andmaylead tomore drastic increases later on.Themore successful the
'Community's' energy conservation policies (andthose oftherest ofthe
industrialized world )themore time will beavailable toachieve the
transition away from oiltowards abroader based supply pattern ,andthe
more options open ;
<ii)tosupport ,e.g. through R&Danddemonstration projects ,thedevelopment
ofnew energy sources ;
(iii)totake urgent action tosupport theCommunity coal industry andto
encourage coal-burn .Theextra coal-burn recorded in1976 and1977 maybe
atemporary movement ,since investment incoal-fired power stations and
coal handling infrastructure isinadequate ,andmost Community coal is
still uncompetitive with imports oralternative fuels .Action must be
taken nowtoprevent further decline inthecoal industry andtoensure
that theCommunity hasthenecessary coalproduction andcoalburning
capacity inthe1980'swhendemand will increase andprice relativities
change ; ./.
^TheEnergy Situation intheCommunity :Position in1977andOutlook for1978 .

-2-
(IV)totakemeasurestohelpsolvetheproblemsoftheCommunityrefining
industry.Althoughmanyoilproducers havebeenofferingdiscounts on
f.o.b.prices,andcrudepriceswillprobablybestablein1978,the
Communityrefinerysectorhasnevertheless becomeinadequately profitable .
<v>tointensify,withCommunityfinancialsupportwhereappropriate,the
exploration effortintheCommunityforoil,gasanduranium;
(vi)toensurethattheroleofgascanbemaintained andincreased,by
enteringintonewcontractsforimportedgasandbybuildingupthe
necessaryinfrastructure ;andalsotoreducetheuseofgasinpower
stations;
(vii)totakeappropriate action(includingmakingavailabletothepublic
objectiveinformation onnuclearissues)tofacilitate thesteady
development ofnucleargenerating capacity.
6.Inadditiontothepracticalmeasuresmentionedin(i)-(vii)above,the
Communitywillneedtowatchcarefully,andtoexerciseitsinfluence where
appropriate,thoseinternational developments whichhaveabearingonthe
Community'simmediateorlong-termenergysituation :
(i)divergentattitudes onpriceandproduction haveputastrainonOPEC
buthavenotbrokenitsessentialsolidarity .Therecentdeclineof
theUSdollarhasrenewedthedebateinOPEConthecalculation and
denomination ofcrudeoilprices.Meanwhile,thedevelopingpolitical
situationintheMiddleEastwillbeofcontinuing relevance.
(ii)theemergenceofeffective USenergylegislationwillbeofthegreatest
importance,inviewoftheimpactonworldoilmarketsoftheUSA's
requirements foroilimports.TheWorldEconomicSummitinJuly1978
willbetheoccasionforreviewingprogressintheenergypolicyfield
bytheCommunity andbytherestoftheindustrialized world;
(iii)international negociations onnuclearmatters,suchasfuelcycle
questionsinINFCEP,nuclearsafeguards betweenEuratomandtheIAEA,
anduraniumsupplieswithCanadaandAustralia,willhavetobepursued
constructively toincreasethesecurityandpublicacceptability of
nuclearoperations;
(iv)energywillcontinuetobeafeatureofdiscussions withthedevelopping
countrieswithintheUNandinotherways.ItremainsintheCommunity's
interesttohelpthedevelopingcountrieswith,theirenergyandrelated
industrial problems. ••

SUMMARY
This report analyses theenergy situation intheCommunity in1977
andcomments ontheoutlook for 1978.
Asluggish demand forenergy which itisestimated increased within
theCommunity byonly 1.1percent in1977 wasmainly aresult of
loweconomic growth -with GDPrising "byabout 2.0percent -andto
some extent areflection ofacontinuing energy conservation effort .
Thecomparison between theestimates for1977 andthose forthe
previous year (1976 :energy +6$;GDP+4.8$ )seems toindicate a
more marked reaction ofenergy demand totheslowing down orthegrowth
ineconomic activity .Therelationship between thegrowth inthedemand
forenergy andeconomic growth for1977 should not ,inanycase ,be
interpreted asanindication ofalong term trend ;this relationship
established forthetwoyears 1976 and1977 taken together approximates ,
however ,t°unity .
In1977 oildemand dropped by2.0per cent andtheconsumption ofcoal
declined byabout 30percent .Ontheother hand ,natural gas
consumption rose by6.0percent andelectricity demand increased by
3.4per cent .
Theeconomic outlook for1978 isofgrowth inGDPofaround 3*0percent -
still below the4^"–5percent annual target fortheCommunity inthe
medium-term .Energy demand islikely togrow byabout 3-0percent ,with
thedemand foroilrising by2percent andnatural gasby9*9f°(reflecting
increased availability ). Thedemand forelectricity isexpected torise
byabout 3-9per cent .However thedemand forcoal isexpected toincrease
only marginally owing tothedifficult market situation . .
Some 3,300 MWeofnuclear capacity were added totheCommunity network in
1977 »thetotal nuclear capacity oftheCommunity thus reaching 22,400 MWe .
In1978 thetotal nuclear park isexpected toexceed 27,000 MWe .The
nuclear contribution tototal electricity production which reached 10$in
1977 ,could rise toabout 12$oftotal electricity production in1978 .

THE ENERGY SITUATION INTHE COMMUNITY
SITUATION 1977 -OUTLOOK 1978
ENERGYDEMAND
Asluggish demand forenergy which itisestimated increased within
theCommunity byonly 1.1per cent in1977 wasmainly aresult of
loweconomic growth –with GDPrising byabout 2.0per cent –and
tosome extent areflection ofacontinuing energy conservation
effort .Thecomparison between theestimates for1977 andthose
fortheprevious year (1976 senergy +6$;GDP+4-8%)seems to
indicate amore marked reaction ofenergy demand totheslowing
down orthegrowth ineconomic activity .Therelationship between
thegrowth inthedemand forenergy andeconomic growth for1977
should not ,inanycase ,beinterpreted asanindication ofalong
term trend ;this relationship established forthetwoyears 1976
and1977 taken together approximates ,however ,tounity .
In1977 oildemand dropped by2.0per cent andtheconsumption of
coal declined byabout 3per cent .Ontheother hand ,natural gas
consumption rose by6.0percent andelectricity demand increased
by3.4per cent .
Theeconomic outlook for1978 isofgrowth inGDPofaround 3-0per
cent –still below the4~k–5percent annual target forthe
Community inthemedium-term . Energy demand islikely togrow by
about 3.0percent ,with thedemand foroilrising by2percent
andnatural gasby9-9% (reflecting increased availability ).The
demand forelectricity isexpected torise byabout 3-9per cent .
However thedemand forcoal isexpected toincrease only marginally
owing tothedifficult market situation (Appendix l).
0IL
Consumption outside the State trading countries isestimated to
have risen byabout in1977 »increases ofabove 5%in "theU.S.A.
andJapan having more than offset thereduction inconsumption in
theCommunity .
Thedemand forOPEC oil,however ,rose byonly 1–2$,because much
oftheincrease inconsumption wascovered bynewproduction inthe
N.

in -theNorth Sea ,Alaska ,andother non-OPEC areas .U.S.Aimports
nevertheless increased bynearly 12$ (40million tons )to380
million tons in1977 *
Itisexpected that consumption outside theState trading
countries will rise byabout 3$in1978 .Theincrease in
consumption will becovered byafurther rise inproduction
outside theOPEC countries ,whose exports mayconsequently change
little in1978 .(Appendix 2).
Itisforeseen that the supply ofcrude oilwill remain abundant
in1978 »although theproduction ofsome major crude oils will be
reduced .Saudi Arabia forexample hasre-imposed for1978/9a
production ceiling of8.5m.b/d.(420million tons )against
9.2m.b/d.(46Omillion tons )produced in1977 |andseveral other
producers have announced ,orarecontemplating ,reductions inthe
permitted level ofproduction .
TheState selling price oftheOPEC reference crude ,Arabian Light ,
wasraised by10%during 1977 •Onaverage ,crude oilprices
rose byabout 9$»because thepremia forlow–sulphur crude oils
declined inresponse torising production ofcrudes ofthis type
intheNorth SeaandAlaska ,while theprices oftheheavier
Middle Eastern crudes also remained weak because ofthe low level
ofdemand intheprincipal consuming regions . InDecember 1977 1
theOPEC members metinCaracas toreview prices for1978 ,but
decided toleave them unchanged .
IntheEuropean Community theconsumption ofoilproducts
(including ocean bunkers )wasabout 530million tons in1977 as
compared with 540million tons in1976 .Demand forautomotive
fuel continued togrow andthefall inconsumption wasduealmost
entirely tothereduced demand forfuel oilespecially inpower
station use ,were theshare ofnuclear andhydraulic power rose
sharply .
E.E.C. crude oilproduction reached 47•4million tons in1977 (10$
ofconsumption )compared with 21million tons in1976 .This
increase inindigenous production ,combined with thefall in
consumption ,reduced import requirements from about 519million
tons to485million tons .Because crude oilprices were about
9$higher however ,theestimated total cost ofimports rose from^46,900 million to^49,250 million .
Average product prices rose slightly in1977 from the1976level
but ,attheyear end,were little changed from those ofJanuary .
Refiners margins were further reduced .
Demand isforecast bytheMember States toincrease byabout 2$in
1978 to540million tons .With E.E.C. crude oilproduction
expected toreach 85million tons ,thenetimport requirement
would beoftheorder of455million tons ,about 6$below 1977 and
24$below 1973 .

NATURAL CAS
In1977 gross internal production ofnatural gaswithin the
Community rose toabout 182thousand million m (144.2 Miotoe).
Inthermal equivalent ,this quantity represents anincrease of
1.5$ over 1976 ,which represents thelowest annual growth rate
recorded intheCommunity since thebig gasdiscoveries atthe
beginning ofthe1960 's. Imports from third countries rose by
34°/oandrepresented 10.5$ofthetotal natural gassupplies of
the Community .
Thegrowth ingross internal consumption wasoftheorder of6$,
considerably higher than therise ofabout 1.1$ estimated for
total inland consumption ofenergy .Thus the share ofnatural
gasintheoverall energy supply reached about 17.5$ »
Thepast year wasmarked byseveral significant developments .Gas
from Ekofisk reached themarket inSeptember ,thedelay being due
totechnical factors Atthesame time ,theU.K. received its
first supplies from theFrigg field (ajoint U.K.-Norwegian
field ).
Several important contracts have been signed with Algeria by
European companies ,often grouped inconsortia .,Intotal these
contracts have reached some 37thousand million m (28.5 million
toe)perannum .
Inaddition tothe gaspipeline envisaged tolink Algeria tothe
north ofItaly ,animportant gaspipeline isunder construction
intheFederal Republic ofGermany forthefulfilment ofa
contract signed byGazdeFrance ,Ruhrgas andtheAustrian
company OMVwith Iran in1975 •Three LNGterminals areplanned
orareunder construction intheCommunity whereas theproject for
afourth one still requires some administrative authorisations .
Finally ,there arevarious projects concerning thedevelopment of
underground storage capacity ;atleast fifteen locations areunder
construction ordevelopment within theCommunity .
In1978 ,thesame rate ofgrowth inproduction isexpected aswas
achieved in1977 * Inorder tomeet agrowth indemand ofabout
9.9i°%imports should reach anewlevel ,their part inthesupply
ofnatural gasreaching 18.7$ .
Natural gasprices remain below theprice ofheavy fuel oildue to
pricing systems which result inaprice differential infavour of .
natural gasapproximating toabout 10$onaverage .
C0AL
Coal consumption intheCommunity in1977 amounted toabout
250mtce (174*2 Miotoe)a3$drop from 1976 duetothedepressed
state ofthe steel industry .

Forthefirsttime,eleotncitygenerationrepresentedthelargest
marketforcoalintheCommunityin1976,withcokemanufacture ,
primarilyforthesteelindustry,droppingtosecondplace.In
1977,thepowerstationmarketincreaseditsleadthroughafurther
slightriseincoal-burn,whilethecontinuingdepressioninthe
steelindustryandmountingcokeproducers *stocksforcedafurther
10$dropincoalconsumptionbycokeovens.
Coalconsumptionforelectricitygenerationin1977ofabout121
mtce(84.7Miotoe)representssomethinglikea2$riseover1976.
Thisshouldbeseeninconjunctionwiththepreviousyear'sincreaseof18$duepartlytoasevereshortageofwaterforhydro­
electricgeneration .
However,inspiteofthisoverallriseofsome20$incoal-burnfor
electricitygenerationover2years,thereremainsagross
imbalancebetweenthedifferentMemberStates.Over90$ofall
coalburnedinpowerstationsintheCommunityin1977wasusedin
justthreecountries:theUnitedKingdom(53%)1Germany(28$)and
Prance(13$).
Thedropinthesteelindustry'srequirements intheformofcoal
orcokeoverthepastthreeyearsdoesnotmeanthatthis
quantityhasfounditswayintoelectricitygeneration .The
reasonliesinhighproductioncosts,andhencehighprices,of
mostCommunitycokingcoalcomparedtothoseofpowerstationcoal
availableontheworldmarket.Thesituationisfarther
aggravatedbythefactthatwhiletheRuhrareaisbyfarthe
largestproducerofcokingcoalintheCommunity,muchofthe
increaseincoal-firedelectricitygenerationhastakenplacein
regionsmorecheaplyandconveniently suppliedbyseathanfrom
North-West Germany.
Thesefactorscausedasteepriseincoalimportsfromthird
countriesoverthesameperiod.Inspiteoftheiralready
unprecedentedly highleveltheyearbefore,theyrosebyafurther
2$tonearly45mtce(31•5Miotoe)in1977*
Generalindustry,thoughnotalargeconsumerofcoalandcoke,has
provedacomparativelystableoneatabout15*5mtce(10.9Miotoe)
in1976andI7.5mtce(12.3Miotoe)in1977.Ontheotherhand,
thedomesticsolidfuelmarket,althoughstillalmosttwiceas
large,showsacontinuingtendencytocontractatbetween7$and
9$eachyear.
CoalproductionintheCommunityin1977ofabout218mtce
(152Miotoe)wasroughly4$lowerthanthepreviousyear.Inthe
UnitedKingdom,FranceandBelgium,mostindigenousoutputwas
absorbedinsidethecountry.
Ontheotherhand,productioninGermany,traditionally asupplier
ofcokingcoalandcoketothesteelindustriesofothermember
countries .aswellasitsown,couldnotbefullydisposedofin

1977 forthethird year insuccession .This ismore serious than
appears ,asproduction hadalready teen kept atsome 10$below
capacity inview ofthemarket situation .
Theoutlook for1978 isoneoflittle change incoal consumption
"butthere could beastart tosome substitution ofthird country
coal byCommunity coal onthesupply side ,although thebridging
oftheprice gapforsubstantial quantities ofCommunity coal is
likely toprove extremely difficult without new Community measures .
Very high stocks due totheprolonged recession inthe steel
industry makes this anurgent matter fortheGerman coal producers .
Furthermore ,some additional British coal ,involving amuch smaller
price difference ,might become available forsale toother
Community countries asaresult oftheintroduction ofeffective
newproductivity incentives intheUnited Kingdom coal industry .
ELECTRICITY
(i)Electricity demand
In1977 electricity demand intheCommunity increased byabout
3.4% .Theresults were particularly influenced bythedepressed
development ofthe second half oftheyear .
In1978 electricity consumption isexpected toshow anonly
marginally higher growth rate of3.9$•
Demand inthehouseholds andother services sector which rose by
6.1$in1977 continues tobemuch more buoyant than demand by
industry ,which grew by0.7$ only ,asituation which reflects the
Community ^general economic position (Appendix 3)»
Growth of6$indomestic andcommercial consumption ofelectricity
in1978 isforecast ;forindustry theexpectation isanincrease
ofonly 1.8$ .
(ii)Conventional thermal power stations
In1977 there was some decline inoil-burn bypower stations ,57
million toeascompared with 63Miotoetheyear before .There was
also amodest decline inuse ofnatural gas inpower station
boilers in1977 «These changes were brought about byconditions
which favoured anincrease inhydro–electric generation over that
achieved in1976 ,byanincrease innuclear production andbya
less than expected growth inelectricity demand .
In1978 oilandgas–burn areexpected toreturn towards asomewhat
higher level since hydro –electric production migfct fall tonormal
levels andbecause ofthesignificant recent completion ofoiland
gas-fired power stations ordered before theautumn 1973 orisis
(Appendix 4)•
(iii)Nuclear energy
Only some 3,300 MWeofnuclear capacity were added totheCommunity
network in1977 tthat isless than half ofwhat wasestimated a
year before .

Theplants that came into operation are Jthe two first PWRunits
(890MW)installed atPessenheim (Prance ),thefirst reactor ofa
plant built atOhuontheIsar intheFederal Republic ofGermany
(PWR870MW)andtheAGRNo.2reactor atHunterston (625MW)fwhich
isthefourth unit ofthis type tobelinked totheU.K. network .
Thetotal nuclear capacity oftheCommunity thus reached 22,400 MWe
atthe end of1977 -
Electricity production (gross )from nuclear plants inthe
Community reached about 113TWh -(26Miotoe)in1977 »anincrease
of20$on1976 .Thenuclear contribution tototal electricity
production .,jthus reached 10%.
For1978 theonly plants coming into operation should befirstly ,
those whose completion wasdelayed last year ,namely ,thereactors
atCaorso (Italy 864MW),andBugey 2(Prance 925MW)and
Unterweser andPhilippsburg (Federal Republic ofGermany ),
respectively 1,230 and864MW;additionally ,thethird reactor unit
atBugey (France )could also beoperational inthecourse ofthe
year .Thetotal nuclear park would thus exceed 27,000 MWe .
Theinitial operation in1978 ofunits inthecourse of
construction could increase gross production toaround 145TWh
(33Miotoe);inthis case nuclear energy could besupplying about
12$oftotal electricity production within theCommunity .
NUCLEAR FUELS
During 1977 noimportant transactions took place inthenatural
uranium market .This wasdue tothefollowing :
(a)totherelatively slack situation among users who ,asa
result ofcumulative delays with regard tothecoming -
into-operation ofnuclear plants andtotheslowing down
intheachievement ofnuclear programmes ,hold sufficient
stocks ofuranium tocover their needs .
(b)tothehigh level ofprices which ledusers todraw out
their purchases ,inthehope ofamore favourable trend
inprices .
(c)totheembargo imposed onuranium supplies bycertain
large producing countries .
Theraising oftheembargo imposed byCanada should lead toa
resumption ofcommercial transactions during 1978 -Infact ®n
agreement ,which updates theEuratom /Canada agreement of1959 »
wasreached between Euratom andCanada inJanuary 1978 *This
agreement brings toanendtheembargo onexports ofCanadian
uranium toCommunity countries ,thedelivery ofwhich was
interrupted inJanuary 1977 -

Table1 Mendixl
InlandConsumptionofPrimaryEnergyintheCommunity
I975 1976 1977(estim.)1978(forecast)
I IíMiotoe1$M10toe* IMiotoe Miotoe
lHardcoal 167.1 19.3178.419.5174.218.8m.!18.6
Lignite 26.7 3.129.23-226.92.925.62.7
Oil 476.4 55.1506.9Γ55-3497.053.7507.553.2
jNaturalGas 142.2 16.4153.116.7162.317.5178.418.7
jNuclearenergy 19.5 2.321.92.426.12.833.03.5
[Hydro.geothermal 32.63.826.62.939-84.331.93.3
I(&others) 'I
!
Total 864.5 100.0916.1jlOO.O 1926.3 j100.0 |953.5 i100.0
Table2
PercentageVariationsinG.D.P.andEnergyConsumption
1976-1975 1977-1976
(estim.)1978-1977
(forecast)
GrossDomesticProduct +4*8 +2.0
EnergyInlandConsumption : +6.0 +1.1 +2.9
pfwhich:
hOil *s +6.4 -2.0 +2.0
1-Solidfuels +7.1 -3.1 +0.8
UNaturalgas +7.7 +6.0 +9.9
I-Nuclearenergy +12.3 +19.2 +264
Hydro,geothermal,&others |-18.4 +49-6 ï-19.8
Source;1975,1976andpartly1977sS0EC;other1977and1978sD.G.XVII(CCE)

Appendix1(contd.)
Table3
EnergysupplyintheCommunity(Miotoe)
1975 1976 1977 1978
1Prod.Net#
importsProd.Net#
importsProd.Net#
importsProd.Net#
imports
ISolidfuels I191.926.4186.628.3178.226.5176.9 25.0
Oil 12.0484.1 21.3518.647.4484.985.0455.0
ISaturaigas 134.39.0142.112.6144.216.9146.632.5
Primaryelectricity 48.63.647.41.161.94.063.41.5
I etc.
Total 386.8 |
I523.1397.4560.6431.7532.3471.9514.0
*Importsminusexports
Source:1975,1976andpartly1977:SOEC;other1977and1978:D.G.X7II(CCE)

Appendix2
EEC.USAANDJAPAN:OILIMPORTREQUIRMENTS 1976-78
Millionsoftomes
1976197777/761978%-78/77
Consumption
(inc .bunkers
EEC 540530-2.0540
USA 850895+5.3930+3.9
JAPANT 280+ïll 290+3-6I
16551705 |+3.01760 +3.2
Production
EEC 2147 85
USA 510515 555
531562+5.8640+13.9
Imports
EEC 519485-6.6455-6.2
USA 340380+11.8 375-1.3
JAPAN 265280±_5J.290+3.6I
11241145+1.91120-2.2
-
Note:Estimateofimportrequirements excludesimportsforstock
pilingintheUSAandJAPAN.
Sources:EEC:EurostatandCommission forecasts
USA:ChaseManhattanandIndependent Petroleum
Association ofAmerica
JAPAH:PetroleumAssociationofJapan

Appendix3
FINALCONSUMPTION OPELECTRICITY INTHECOMMUNITY
TWh Increase(i°)
19761977(1)1978(2)i1976/751977/761978/77
Industry
(excepttheenergysector)459-4462.4470.5 +8.5+0.7+1.8
ITransport 24.525.025.5 +3.4+1.9 +2.0
Households,commerce,
handicrafts ,etc. 459.7 !487.9 i
I517.3 +5-7+6.1 +6.0
TOTAL 943.6975.31013.3 +7-0+3.4+3.9
(1)estimates
(2)forecasts

Appendix4
ESTIMATEDELECTRICITY GENERATEDINTHECOMMUNITYIN1977AND1973
Breakdown "byenergysources
TOTALGR0SS
PRODUCTIONProductiongenerated-TWh–
(latestestimates)Breakdownin%
(latestestimates)Increasein%
1976(1)1977(2)1978(3)1976197719781977/761978/77
1114.11135.51190.8 100100100+1.9+4.9
HYDROELECTRIC
Total
from!
-naturalflow
-pumpedstorage111.3
105.2
6.0154.6
148.8
5-8137.0
129.3
7-710.5
9-9
0.613.6
13.1
0.511.5
10.9
0.6+39.0
+41.4
-3.4-11.4
-13.1
+32.9
GEOTHERMAL 2.52.52.70.20.20.2-0.9+8.0I
NUCLEAR 93.9112.9144.7 !8.1
110.012.2+20.2+28.2
OONVEUTIONAL
THERMAL906.4865.5906.081.276.276.1-4.5+4.7
(l)actual
(2)estimates
(3)forecasts

Appendix4(contdL.)
TOTALFUELCONSUMPTION OFCONVENTIONAL POWERSTATIONSFOR
GENERATIONOFELECTRICITY ANDOFCOMMERCIAL HEAT1976-78
COMMUNITY
Milliontoe Percent
i1976(1)
[I1977(2)1978(3)1976 1977 1978
Petroleumproducts
(nongaseous)63.3 57-0 62.229.828.3 29.7
IHardcoal 82.984.6 86.6 39-041.9 41.4
ILigniteandpeat 26.1 23.8 23.0 12.311.8 11.0
jNaturalgas |31.527.8 29.014.813.8 13.8
Derivativegases
(andotherfuels)8.78.5 8.6 4.14.2 4.1
|A11fuels212.5 201.7 j209.6 100.0 100.0 100.0
l)actual
(2)estimates
(3)forecasts