Contents 1.Introduction 1.1.Context 1.2.Reasons for the evaluation 1.3.Scope and purpose of the evaluation 2.Background 2.1.Origins of the EFS regulations 2.2.EFS intervention logic 2.3.Baseline 3.State of play 3.1.Content of EFS 3.2.Data sources 3.3.Deadlines for transmission to Eurostat 3.4.Statistical quality 4.Method 4.1.Evidence collection 4.2.Complementary sources 4.3.Limitations and robustness of findings 5.Analysis and answers to the evaluation questions

5.1.Relevance 5.2.Effectiveness 5.3.Statistical quality 5.4.Efficiency 5.5.Coherence40 5.6.EU added value43 6.Conclusions45 6.1.Relevance46 6.2.Effectiveness47 6.3.Statistical quality48 6.4.Efficiency48 6.5.Coherence49 6.6.EU added value50 7.Lessons learned51 ANNEX 1: PROCEDURAL INFORMATION54 ANNEX 2: STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION55 ANNEX 3: METHODS AND ANALYTICAL MODELS79 ANNEX 4: DATA FLOWS FOR FISHERIES87 ANNEX 5: DETAILED REQUIREMENTS OF EFS REGULATIONS90 ANNEX 6: COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS93

ANNEX 7: RESULTS OF DATA COMPARISON96 Annex 8: Results of public consultation98 Glossary Term or acronym Meaning or definition ASFIS Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System CAP Common Agricultural Policy CFP Common Fisheries Policy CWP Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics DCF Data Collection Framework DG ENV Directorate‑General for Environment DG MARE Directorate‑General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries ECA European Court of Auditors EEA European Environment Agency EEZ Exclusive economic zone EFS European fisheries statistics EFTA European Free Trade Association EMODnet European Marine Observation and Data Network ESP European statistical programme ESS European Statistical System EU European Union EUMOFA European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Eurofish International network on the development of fisheries and aquaculture in Europe Eurostat Statistical office of the European Commission FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FIDES Fisheries Data Exchange System FTE Full-time equivalent GDPR General Data Protection Regulation ((EU) 2016/679) GFCM General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean GVA Gross value added ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ISG Inter-service group ISSCFG International Standard Statistical Classification of Fishing Gear ISSCFV International Standard Statistical Classification of Fishing Vessels JRC Joint Research Centre MS Member States of the European Union NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission NGO Non-governmental organisation NSI National statistical institute OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ONA Other national authority RFMO Regional fisheries management organisation SDMX Statistical Data and Metadata eXchange STECF Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries TAC Total allowable catch VMS Vessel monitoring system WTO World Trade Organisation Definitions Term Meaning or definition Administrative data Data collected other than for primarily statistical purposes. In the case of fisheries, they are used for the management of the CFP and (potentially) re‑used for compiling EFS. In contrast, statistical surveys are implemented primarily to provide statistics. Catches Catches are estimated quantities of caught species by fishing gear, expressed in kilograms of live weight. They are estimated on‑board and recorded in logbooks. EFS refer to nominal catches, which are calculated on the basis of the measured weight of landed products (from landing declarations), multiplied by conversion factors. Conversion factors are set for each combination of species and presentation (e.g. gutted mackerel, plaice fillet). In the CFP context, catches include discards (quantities discarded at sea after capture) and bycatch. Control Regulation data Data collected by Member States under the Control Regulation relating to catch, transhipment, landing, transport, first sales and traceability of fisheries products as well as data relating to fishing effort, vessel position, fishing gear, vessel characteristics, fishing licences etc. Main data sources include logbooks, landing declarations, transhipment declarations, transport documents, weighing records, take-over declarations, sales notes, inspection reports and VMS records. Member States must transmit aggregated catch data and fishing effort data to the Commission (DG MARE) on a monthly basis for species subject to quotas and on a quarterly basis for all other species.. Data collection framework (DCF) The DCF is the legal framework for the collection, management and use of data in the fisheries sector (meaning activities related to commercial fisheries, recreational fisheries, aquaculture and industries processing fisheries products according to Article 3(1) of Regulation (EU) 2017/1004) and support for scientific advice on the CFP. It includes biological data on fish stocks and their marine environment, fisheries‑related information (catches and landings by fishing effort, fishing gear and size of vessel), and economic and social data. The DCF is under the jurisdiction of DG MARE and some of the data collections are managed by the JRC. European fisheries statistics (EFS) Eurostat fisheries statistics on catches, landings, fishing fleet and aquaculture. European statistics Statistics provided by Eurostat. Fishing effort A measure of inputs deployed to catch fish. In the EFS context, it is linked to fishing gear (number of sets, hours, hooks or effort unit), the number of days fished and the number of days on ground. For EFS purposes, effort data are required for catches in the Northwest Atlantic fishing area only. Landings Fishery products landed in ports, expressed in kilograms of product weight and broken down by species, product presentation and preservation state (e.g. fresh gutted mackerel, frozen salmon fillet). Other statistics Statistics produced by Commission Directorates‑General other than Eurostat, e.g. DG MARE.



1.Introduction 1.1.Context European Fishery Statistics (EFS) are official Eurostat statistics on the production volume and value of fisheries products caught from the sea and cultivated in aquaculture facilities in the EU, Norway and Iceland. They support the sound management of fisheries resources and economic analysis of fisheries product markets. They contribute to the management and further development of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and to assessments of the impact of policy measures. They are required under various international conventions and by several international organisations, e.g. the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO), the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organisation (NASCO) and the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC). Eurostat provides statistics on catches and landings of fisheries products, on aquaculture and on the fishing fleet. The relevant legal acts are: ·Regulation (EC) No 216/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on the submission of nominal catch statistics by Member States fishing in certain areas other than those of the North Atlantic (recast) ; ·Regulation (EC) No 217/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on the submission of catch and activity statistics by Member States fishing in the north-west Atlantic (recast) ; ·Regulation (EC) No 218/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on the submission of nominal catch statistics by Member States fishing in the north-east Atlantic (recast) ; ·Regulation (EC) No 1921/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 on the submission of statistical data on landings of fishery products in Member States and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 1382/91 ; and ·Regulation (EC) No 762/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 on the submission by Member States of statistics on aquaculture and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 788/96 . All these regulations have relevance for the European Economic Area and are therefore binding for the EU Member States, Iceland, and Norway. Eurostat compiles fleet statistics directly from the EU fishing fleet register managed by DG MARE under Regulation (EU) No 1380/2013 , as implemented by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/218 on the Union fishing fleet register . As part of the European statistical programme (ESP), EFS aim to provide comparable statistics at European level. They are produced in line with the principles of professional independence, impartiality, objectivity, reliability, confidentiality and cost‑effectiveness, as provided for by Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics . EFS have been provided since the inception of the European Economic Community in the 1950s. Since the CFP was established in the 1970s as an independent part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), it has been monitored on the basis of additional data reporting and collection requirements under the Control Regulation and the DCF.

Fisheries are by nature international, as fish often move in international waters, and are a renewable natural resource when exploited in a sustainable way. Therefore, international fisheries governance is necessary. The ratification of the United Nations Convention of the Seas in the 1980s was a milestone that led to the establishment of regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs). For the European Commission, DG MARE is in charge of reporting fisheries activity aggregates to RFMOs on behalf of the Union. FAO and OECD also collect and publish national statistics on fisheries activity and aquaculture. 1.1.Reasons for the evaluation The current legal basis for EFS is relatively old as it dates back to 2006-2009 and is largely a recast of legal acts from the early 1990s. For this and other reasons, it was felt appropriate to evaluate its functioning. It no longer fully meets user needs, which have evolved due to successive CFP reforms. Because they are so detailed, some of the data collected are confidential and hence not publishable, in particular in the aquaculture sector, which in many countries is dominated by only a few companies. The detailed data needs require large samples (in many cases censuses) and long, complex questionnaires. This places an administrative burden on data producers, takes respondents’ time and is thus costly for statistical systems. EFS are part of a complex system of fisheries statistics/data in the EU and globally. This creates potential for overlaps and discrepancies, whereas the parallel data flows would ideally complement and support each other . Since 2007, the European Court of Auditors (ECA) has released three audit reports highlighting redundancies and inconsistencies between the data collected and disseminated by Eurostat and DG MARE under the Control Regulation and the DCF, and inherent problems in EFS. In light of the above, the Commission launched an evaluation of EFS in 2018 (see Annex 1 for details). 1.2.Scope and purpose of the evaluation The evaluation assesses the implementation and impact of the five statistical regulations and the use and impact (which is mostly indirect) of the resultant statistics. It covers the period from the entry into force of the regulations to the end of 2018. The main focus is on the current CFP period, which started on 1 January 2014. The cut-off dates for the analysis are determined by what statistics were available in 2018 and are as follows: ·Aquaculture – 2016; ·Catches and landings – 2017; ·Fleet – 2017. The evaluation focuses on the EFS regulations. It does not cover the fisheries data collections managed by other parts of the Commission, mainly under the responsibility of DG MARE, but takes them into account as contextual factors. The same applies to European socio-economic statistics for the sector (on trade, business, employment and organic farming). The purpose of the evaluation was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, coherence and EU added value of EFS. These evaluation criteria are stipulated in the Commission’s ‘Better Regulation’ framework. Eurostat added a sixth criterion on statistical quality to reflect the specificities of statistical regulations.



Statistical quality Statistical quality is a multi‑dimensional concept that is well defined in the European statistical system (ESS). It concerns the quality of statistical output (as laid down in Regulation (EC) No 223/2009) in terms of: –relevance – meeting users’ needs, including for completeness; –accuracy and reliability – portraying reality accurately and reliably; –timeliness and punctuality (in the availability and publication of statistics); –coherence and comparability – are statistics consistent internally, over time and comparable between regions and countries?; –accessibility and clarity –are statistics presented in a clear and understandable form, released in a suitable and convenient manner, available and accessible on an impartial basis with supporting metadata and guidance? Not only the quality of the output has to be considered in a quality assurance framework, but also the institutional environment (statistical independence), control over processes, cost-efficiency and a non‑excessive burden on respondents. The evaluation assesses the extent to which EFS meet their original objectives and continue to be fit for purpose. It also assesses whether they are of significant added value for users, with an acceptable administrative burden on the ESS and respondents (fishermen and managers of aquaculture facilities). This is the first evaluation of statistical regulations fully to follow the ‘Better Regulation’ guidelines. The results serve as an input for: üimproving the EFS regulations, including impact assessments; üstreamlining EU and international fisheries/aquaculture data collections; and üdeveloping the methods for evaluating statistical regulations.

2.Background 2.1.Origins of the EFS regulations The EFS regulations lay down statistical variables, data and metadata parameters (the latter are for statistical quality reports), transmission deadlines and quality criteria. The catch regulations are recasts, while the landings and aquaculture regulations replaced previous regulations. The catch regulation recasts were necessary to provide greater clarity and more complete definitions and descriptions. The landings regulation eased the administrative burden on statistical systems by moving from monthly to annual data transmissions. It also required breakdowns of landings statistics by vessel flag state. The aquaculture regulation extended data collection to hatchery/nursery production and to production value. When the regulations were drafted, it was expected that statistics would be collected mainly from sample surveys and (for minor species) expert estimates. 2.2.EFS intervention logic The EFS intervention logic (Figure 1) describes the links and causal relationships between problems and/or needs, inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes/results and expected impacts. It also includes key assumptions and contextual factors. The high-level general objective of EFS is to provide fisheries statistics to support the CFP, in particular to manage Union fisheries resources and to develop and manage the fisheries and aquaculture sectors and markets. The regulations also stipulate more specific objectives, mainly linked to the delivery of statistics to the FAO, ICES, NAFO and other RFMOs. Figure 1. EFS intervention logic The EFS regulations require countries to collect statistics and Eurostat to validate and disseminate them in line with the statistical code of practice and certain quality criteria. EFS and the accompanying metadata are published annually on Eurostat’s website, where users can consult and download them for free. The Commission (Eurostat) reports regularly to the European Parliament and the Council on the functioning of the landings and aquaculture regulations . The key components of the intervention logic are: ·inputs – compared with standard intervention logic models, input for EFS is conceptually challenging, as the EFS regulations can be considered both an input and an output (an action that requires something to happen). The resources needed to meet the legislative requirements (e.g. management and time/input from Member States and Eurostat) are also considered inputs; ·activities – the usual cause-effect logic applied to programmes or projects cannot readily be applied to statistical regulations, to which no direct activities can be linked. However, the regulations are directly applicable in the Member States and the activities triggered by their implementation, such as the collection, processing and validation of statistics at national and Eurostat level, are put in this category; ·outputs – the immediate outputs (primary quantifiable deliverables) are the statistical datasets and metadata provided under the regulations; ·results/outcomes – the outcomes and impacts of the regulations are less tangible and more difficult to identify and quantify than those of many other EU interventions (e.g. the CFP, CAP or regional policy, which are associated with large‑scale spending programmes). Overall, the desired result is that the statistics in question lead to a number of (mostly indirect) outcomes such as: oimproved market monitoring; omonitoring of the CFP; and oassessments of stocks and economic impacts on aquaculture and fisheries. Compliance with the legislation ensures that users have access to high‑quality statistics; this is also considered as an outcome;

·impacts – previous work has investigated the impact of fisheries statistics by looking at the causal relationships between context, inputs, activities, outputs and outcomes. This has informed a ‘narrative’ of how EFS contribute to higher-level impacts such as supporting the sustainable exploitation of aquatic resources and informed decision-making; ·specific objectives – as the regulations do not have explicit objectives, the intervention logic refers to the most relevant functional recitals (e.g. supplying the FAO with statistics); ·general objectives – Eurostat’s general objectives apply to all statistical activities and provide the framework for the intervention logic; ·strategic objective – the ESP objective most closely linked to the regulations is specific objective 8.4, under which the ESS is to produce fisheries statistics to meet specific needs relating to the CFP. This is closely linked to the Commission’s wider political agenda. The original goals of the regulations were to enhance statistical quality and availability and to reduce the administrative burden on statistical systems by collecting statistics annually instead of monthly. The resulting statistics were to: Øsupport key EU policies (CFP, international agreements); Øfacilitate the economically, environmentally and socially sustainable exploitation of fish stocks; and Øcreate a basis for informed, evidence-based policymaking at EU and international levels. 2.3.Baseline Like all statistical regulations, the EFS regulations were intended to provide a statistical evidence base for policymaking. Therefore, the evaluation assesses whether they succeeded in this respect (as compared with hypothetical ideal fisheries statistics) and how they were used in practice (as compared with other data sources). 3.State of play The EFS regulations were geared to user needs at the time of their adoption. They set out a basis for the content of the statistics, timeliness, the transmission schedule and associated metadata. The ESS (composed of Eurostat and national statistical institutes (NSIs)) ensures the correct implementation of the regulations. Eurostat’s role is to consolidate the statistics and, by using a harmonised methodology, ensure that they are comparable. For that purpose, in addition to issuing regulations: ·it issues methodological guides and handbooks in line with international standards; ·organises working groups; and ·assesses the quality of statistics and countries’ legislative compliance. The NSIs or other national authorities (ONAs) are responsible for compiling statistics in accordance with the EFS regulations following Eurostat’s guidelines. 3.1.Content of EFS The statistical requirements for catch statistics include the volume of nominal catches by species and detailed FAO fishing areas. For landing statistics, the volume and unit value of landed products are compiled by flag of the vessel, species, presentation and intended use.

The fishing fleet statistics include vessel numbers by tonnage class, length class, age class, power class and gear category. The statistical requirements for aquaculture statistics include quantities and unit values by species, production method and production environment for fish, crustaceans, molluscs, seaweed and fish eggs (for consumption). They also cover the growing of fish caught from nature, hatchery/nursery production and the structure of the sector. The detailed requirements are set out in Annex 5. 3.2.Data sources The base data for EFS are collected largely from administrative data sources (Control Regulation data (68%)) or statistical surveys (sample surveys or censuses (28%)). The most common administrative data sources used for catch and landing statistics are vessel logbooks, sales notes and landing/transhipment declarations (Figure 2). National authorities can carry out statistical surveys to collect information directly from fishermen, especially where administrative data sources do not cover the entire sector or are not deemed fit for statistical purposes. As stated in section 2, when the EFS regulations were adopted, it was expected that most source data would be collected through statistical sample surveys. The availability of administrative data sources, mainly Control Regulation data, has changed the situation completely.

Figure 2. Data sources for catch and landing statistics

(source: catch and landings statistics metadata reports) Eurostat compiles fleet statistics directly from the EU fleet register maintained by DG MARE. For aquaculture statistics, most countries carry out statistical surveys (mostly censuses), as the collected statistics are very detailed and the sector is fragmented. 58% of data sources in this area are censuses and 24% administrative (mostly business) registers (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Data sources for aquaculture statistics

(source: aquaculture statistics metadata reports) 3.3.Deadlines for transmission to Eurostat Eurostat collects most EFS annually (the deadlines in Table 1 refer to year n+1, i.e. the year after the reference year). Table 1. Transmission deadlines Dataset Deadline Periodicity Catches in NW Atlantic (21A catch data) 31/05 Annually Catches in NE Atlantic 30/06 Annually Catches in certain areas other than those of North Atlantic 30/06 Annually Landings of fishery products 30/06 Annually Catches in NW Atlantic (21B catch data) 31/08 Annually Catches in NW Atlantic (21B effort data) 31/08 Annually Aquaculture production (excl. hatcheries and nurseries) 31/12 Annually Aquaculture production of fish eggs for human consumption 31/12 Annually Input to capture-based aquaculture 31/12 Annually Aquaculture production of hatcheries and nurseries 31/12 Annually Aquaculture structural statistics 31/12 Every 3 years

The aquaculture statistics are accompanied by an annual metadata report. For the landings and catch regulations, Eurostat collects metadata reports every 3 years on a voluntary basis, as the EFS regulations do not oblige countries to deliver regular quality reports. The metadata reports are collected using a standard ESS metadata report template, with information on data sources, statistical processing, quality management, relevance, accuracy and reliability, timeliness and punctuality, coherence and comparability, accessibility, clarity and administrative burden. 3.4.Statistical quality Eurostat regularly assesses the EFS against the statistical quality criteria referred to in section 5.3 and takes the necessary action, together with the countries concerned, to improve them.

3.4.1.Relevance The relevance of statistics is normally assessed when establishing the legal basis; it is not part of the regular assessment of statistical quality. The main EFS users are policymakers working on the CFP, environmental and trade policies. In the Commission, this includes DG MARE, JRC (working in support of DG MARE), DG ENV and DG TRADE. It is also assumed that EFS are used by other EU institutions (e.g. European Parliament, ECA, European Council – in relation to TAC/quota regulations), international organisations (FAO, OECD, ICES), regional fisheries bodies (e.g. RFMOs), national administrations, NSIs and research institutes, the business sector, media and the general public. Eurostat carries out regular user satisfaction surveys, for which EFS are clustered together with agricultural statistics. Due to the limited number of replies, it is not possible to draw specific conclusions for EFS. Eurostat uses the number of downloads of EFS from its online database as an indication of their relevance. Between 2013 and 2017, the number almost tripled, to 24 000 (Figure 4). The downloads are relatively evenly spread between dataset groups, with catch statistics being used slightly more than the others.

Figure 4. EFS downloads by dataset group EFS are quite popular compared with other sectoral statistical domains; for example, statistics for the poultry sector (which is slightly larger in economic terms) were downloaded less than half as often in the same period. 3.4.2.Completeness Under the EFS regulations, the completeness of catch and landing statistics has improved since 2015. Previously, mandatory unit prices for fisheries products were often missing, but most of these are now available. Eurostat clarified the reporting instructions in the 2015 meeting of the Fisheries Statistics Working Group. Completeness has also been improved by some countries’ measures to extend their survey coverage to more vessel types, foreign vessels and species. Only three countries claim that they do not collect data on landings from vessels less than 10 metres long. In recent years, some countries have flagged some catch and landings statistics as confidential, which prevents Eurostat from calculating EU aggregates. The main aquaculture dataset (‘production from aquaculture’) has become more complete over time. The ‘fish eggs for human consumption’ dataset poses difficulties for a number of countries. The Fisheries Statistics Working Group discussed the importance of distinguishing fish egg from fish meat production in April 2017. In the ‘input to capture-based aquaculture’ dataset, unit prices are frequently missing, because they are difficult to estimate where aquaculture facilities catch seed fish themselves instead of buying them. There are also gaps in the ‘production from hatcheries and nurseries’ dataset. In order to avoid flagging data as confidential (and thus not publishable), some countries report statistics at a more aggregated level than that stipulated by the EFS regulations. Nevertheless, the confidentiality issue still concerns half the countries and many aquaculture statistics remain confidential (13% of values). It is virtually impossible to calculate EU aggregates for aquaculture. At a smaller scale, the same is true for landings and catches. The issue is due to: ·Eurostat’s current approach to confidentiality, whereby aggregates are regarded as confidential if their components are confidential, in order not to reveal the confidential values by simple subtraction from the EU totals; ·highly complex data structures (many cross-tabulated dimensions); and ·the high degree of specialisation in the sector. Due to quality problems highlighted in the ECA 2014 special report and a lack of resources, the ‘structure of aquaculture’ dataset is currently not published. The fact that Eurostat has not received any requests to resume publication indicates that it is of limited use as currently defined. 3.4.3.Timeliness and punctuality For catch statistics, the transmission deadline is set between 5 and 8 months after the end of the reference year (n), depending on the FAO fishing area. European catch statistics are published between July and September of year n+1. Thus, the time lag from the end of the reference period to publication is between 6 and 8 months. Landing statistics are submitted to Eurostat 6 months after the end of the reference year and published within one month (July of year n+1). The deadline for submitting aquaculture statistics to Eurostat is 12 months after the end of the reference year and they are published between February and March of year n+2.

The punctuality of data transmissions for catches and landings has improved in recent years, with most countries delivering on time. For the reference year 2017, three countries (IT, CY and MT) were late in transmitting catch data and five (IT, CY, MT, RO and UK) in transmitting landing data. Eurostat produces fishing fleet statistics twice a year (in April and October). Keeping the fishing fleet register up to date ensures punctuality. In aquaculture, major delays were observed for two countries (IT and FR) for the reference year 2016. 3.4.4.Accuracy and reliability The accuracy of catch and landings statistics largely depends on Member States’ control systems, including landing inspections to verify landed quantities, the weighing systems in place and their possible manipulation, the availability of all required documents as prescribed by the legislation and cross-checks and validation of data collected under the Control Regulation for vessels above 10 m long. For catches by smaller vessels, the accuracy depends on sampling plans, unless Member States have implemented a reporting system, in which case the reliability depends on the control of the submission of those reports and on the relevant data analysisMost aquaculture statistics are based on censuses. It should be noted that the coverage of the aquaculture facilities register varies between countries. ‘Economic value at first sale’ is the most problematic variable, because the first sale takes place at different stages of processing and is often estimated. As a result, the prices vary widely from year to year and from country to country. 3.4.5.Coherence and comparability For catches, the fleet composition can have an impact on the comparability of statistics between countries. Comparability between catch and landing statistics is affected by the fact that countries sometimes report catch data at relatively aggregated (genus) level and landings at more detailed (species) level. In many countries, the aquaculture sector is quite small in terms of the number of units, so data are normally collected by census. This guarantees good comparability between countries. For price statistics, comparability between countries is clearly better for landings than for aquaculture. Prices for the former are broken down by species, intended use, presentation and preservation status. For the latter, prices are reported at first sale without further details. However, it is known that the first sale from aquaculture facilities occurs at very different stages of processing, from living to highly processed products. The coherence of EFS is ensured by harmonised concepts and definitions that are in line with those used by FAO and other international organisations. 3.4.6.Accessibility and clarity The combination of very detailed breakdowns, the cross‑tabulation of variables and the high degree of specialisation in the sector gives rise to a large number of confidential values (see above). As a result, Eurostat cannot provide users with all available statistics on catches, landings and (in particular) aquaculture. The issue affects detailed national values and aggregates, and most EU aggregates. EFS and their respective metadata are publicly available on Eurostat's website . Data users can consult and download them for free. 4.Method Eurostat carried out the evaluation with the assistance of a consultant and under the supervision of an inter-service group (ISG) chaired by Eurostat and composed of representatives of five Commission Directorates-General and services: DG ENV, JRC, DG MARE, the Secretariat‑General and DG TRADE. The ISG began work in 2018 with the publication of an evaluation roadmap and monitored each major step of the evaluation.. The evaluation covered the period from the entry into force of the EFS regulations (2006‑2009) to 2017, but focused on 2014-2017, as the latest CFP reform took effect in 2014. 4.1.Evidence collection The Commission conducted several consultation activities to collect the evidence needed for the evaluation, including a public consultation and a data producers’ workshop. The consultant conducted a support study, which also included national case studies. 4.1.1.Data producers’ workshop

The first major activity was a 1-day workshop organised back to back with a meeting of the Fisheries Statistics Working Group Commission expert group in October 2018. It focused on the strengths and weaknesses of the current EFS and future opportunities and threats from the point of view of national data providers (NSIs and ONAs). In addition to national members of the Working Group (who are responsible for providing EFS), representatives from FAO, OECD and ICES also took part. 4.1.2.Public consultation A public consultation was conducted between 18 January and 12 April 2019 on the Commission’s dedicated website (EU Survey) and in line with its general principles and standards for consultation. A total of 24 respondents filled in the questionnaire. 4.1.3.Support study The evaluation was carried out with the support of a consortium led by Coffey International (UK) under a 14-month contract signed in July 2018. The consortium carried out a large number of consultations (see Annex 2) and desk research activities (see below), and produced a study report. The latter fed into the intervention logic and evaluation question matrices, i.e. a framework of criteria and indicators against which the responses would be assessed (see Annex 3). The starting point for the evaluation framework was the EFS intervention logic and a theoretical assessment of how inputs into the statistical system are transformed into outputs and impacts. In answering the evaluation questions, the study team reviewed a large number of documents, including a range of documents supplied by Eurostat (e.g. statistical regulations, EFS quality/methodological reports, handbooks, Code of Practice). The review followed the logic of the evaluation matrix and sought to shed light on the indicators identified for each judgement criterion. The team analysed statistics/other data and related metadata in order to compare EFS with other available data sources (e.g. Control Regulation, DCF, FAO). This involved extensive checking of overlaps and discrepancies, and comparison data tables for specific fisheries statistics indicators. The main objective of comparison of catch data in the various EU and FAO sources was to gauge their level of consistency. The team gathered and compared data from: ·EFS – catches in major fishing areas (from 2000 onwards); ·DCF – EU fleet landings ; ·DG MARE – Control Regulation data ; and ·FAO – capture production. The consultation strategy was developed with assistance from the study team in the inception phase and some amendments were made in the course of the evaluation. Overall, the stakeholders addressed and the tools applied were as planned, with some slight adjustments. Annex 2 provides an overview of the consultation work, as required by the terms of reference and the ‘Better Regulation’ guidelines. In-depth stakeholder interviews In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 stakeholders (see list in Annex 2) – mainly: ·Redistributors (organisations that re-distribute EFS through their own databases, adding information from other countries or areas); and ·Regular professional users (organisations that use EFS in the course of their main activities). The aim was to gather detailed information on how the organisations use EFS, how they rate the quality of EFS and how EFS could be improved in the future. Case studies Case studies of Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Poland were carried out to provide an overview of national arrangements for collecting EFS and analyse them in more detail. They served as a basis for understanding how certain fisheries-related data collaboration is organised in Member States and how organisations cooperate. In addition, the aim was to analyse how national data users use EFS and assess whether EFS meet their needs.

In addition, the support study included a horizontal case study on aquaculture, with particular emphasis on the data confidentiality issue. It covered the above-mentioned countries and Germany (see Annex 2, section 4.3). Online survey An online questionnaire collected users’ and producers’ feedback on various aspects of EFS, including usefulness, ease of use, cost of collection, statistical quality, efficiency, effectiveness and coherence (as listed in the evaluation matrix). The questionnaire was circulated to 353 organisations/individuals identified by Eurostat. It included general questions for all respondents and routings for EFS users, producers and combined users/producers. A total of 135 respondents answered, representing 38.2% of the target population. Responses were received from 33 of the 36 countries (Member States, EFTA countries, candidate and potential candidate countries). The final support study is based on the evidence collected from all the above activities, including the public consultation and the workshop. It provides a comprehensive, evidence-based analysis of all evaluation questions identified in the roadmap. The draft final conclusions were sent to the ISG for comment. 4.2.Complementary sources The evaluation also uses additional insights from the following complementary sources not covered by the support study: ·ECA reports: ·Special Report 2007/7 (Control, inspection and sanction systems relating to the rules on conservation of Community fisheries resources); ·Special Report 2014/10 (Effectiveness of European Fisheries Fund support for aquaculture); and ·Special Report 2017/08 (EU fisheries controls: more efforts needed); Reports from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: ·Four reports on the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1921/2006 ; ·Three reports on the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 762/2008 ; Quality and methodological (metadata reports) on catch and landing, and aquaculture statistics ; ·EFS handbooks on aquaculture, and catches and landings; and ·2015-2018 documentation from the Commission (Eurostat) expert group on fishery statistics. 4.3.Limitations and robustness of findings The evaluation encountered some methodological challenges and limitations: ûIt proved more difficult than expected to identify the users of EFS – it was not possible to get information (e.g. country of origin of downloads/institutions) on the users downloading statistics from Eurostat’s online database. In the case studies, the NSIs/ONAs interviewed had difficulties in identifying the national users of EFS or even of national fisheries statistics;

ûEurostat’s user satisfaction surveys cluster together the users of agricultural and fisheries statistics – it was not possible to separate the results; ûInstitutions providing the DCF data were not always covered by the case studies, but they did receive the online questionnaire; ûResponses to the public consultation were few in number (24) and disappointing, despite efforts to promote it to a wide audience and use of a short, user‑friendly questionnaire; ûSpain is the biggest fishing nation in the EU and the plan was to make it the subject of a case study; however, it declined due to a lack of resources and reorganisation; ûIt was difficult to establish, let alone quantify, the impact of the regulations/statistics, as this is indirect and difficult to separate from other drivers (e.g. policy changes and other data collections), in particular as the base data source for EFS is often the same as for the Control Regulation and DCF; and ûIt was difficult to extrapolate general EU‑level judgements from the case studies. 5.Analysis and answers to the evaluation questions The evaluation was based on six evaluation criteria and 12 evaluation questions (EQs). The replies are summarised below. 5.1.Relevance This criterion assesses the extent to which EFS are relevant for the various users and whether their needs have evolved over time. It looks at the relationship between the needs and problems in society and the objectives of the intervention. Two EQs were formulated for relevance. The first compares current user needs with the outcome of the current EFS. The second asks to what extent the current approach to data collection is appropriate in the light of user needs. The main objective of EFS is to provide independent, comparable and harmonised statistics on fisheries that can be used to support the development, monitoring and evaluation of the CFP, for market monitoring and to meet international reporting obligations. EQ 1.1: To what extent are the current (and potential future) needs of data users captured in the current legislation? To answer this question, it was necessary to identify the users of EFS. As stated in section 4.3., privacy protection rules mean that Eurostat does not know who is behind close to 24,000 annual downloads of EFS datasets. The case studies showed that the same problem exists at national level, where EFS producers had difficulties in identifying the users of fisheries statistics. According to the online survey and the public consultation, a wide range of groups use EFS (Figure 5). The largest groups identified were national authorities (mainly those responsible for fisheries policy), NSIs and researchers working for DCF and in fisheries research in other contexts / for other purposes. The other half is made up of specialised users (international organisations, fisheries associations, NGOs, EU staff and businesses) and 11% are ‘other users’ (private individuals, regional bodies, etc.). This analysis may not be exhaustive, as the online survey was sent to known potential users identified by Eurostat. However, the links to the survey and the open consultation were also available on the Eurostat website and social media, so they reached a wider user group. Figure 5. Identified EFS user groups

(source: online survey) Most users said that they use EFS for more than one purpose. Figure 6 summarises the results. The most common purpose was linked to the CFP at national or EU level. Research and commercial purposes were the second and third most common uses, ahead of environment policy, blue economy policy, other policies and media uses. Evidence from the consultations shows that the legislation is serving its core purpose in providing relevant statistics to monitor and evaluate the CFP at national and EU levels, to inform wider policymaking (in particular on the environment and the blue economy) and for market monitoring in the business sector, research purposes and media use.



Figure 6. Main use purposes of EFS

(source: online survey) 65% of users indicated that they use catch statistics, while 51% use landing statistics and 60% use aquaculture statistics. Use of fleet statistics was markedly lower, at 37%. The figures show that most users use several datasets. These proportions are in line with the user statistics in Figure 5. When asked to what extent EFS meet their needs, 23% of users replied that they do so to a large extent, 66% to some extent and 11% only to a small extent. Aquaculture statistics attracted the highest proportion of responses in the last category, suggesting ample room for improvement. This is probably because the large number of confidential values in the dataset has a significant impact on its usefulness (e.g. no EU aggregates). The evidence from these users indicates that the relevance of EFS is linked to: ütheir official status as an ESS product; üthe availability of long time‑series; and üthe well-developed quality criteria and validation process. The main criticism of EFS concerned the level of aggregation, which was considered too high; further breakdowns (species, geographical units, time, etc.) were requested for almost all variables. The high level of aggregation was the main reason why some users preferred other data sources. The relevance of EFS varies between user groups. Several prefer to use other data sources – often scientific or administrative data, and sometimes also other statistics. However, where users get statistics from sources other than Eurostat (e.g. NSIs or FAO), these are actually produced pursuant to the EFS regulations,but published by other institutions than Eurostat as well. Therefore, the relevance of the regulations goes beyond the direct use of EFS downloaded from Eurostat’s online database. However, improvements to coverage, aggregation level and practical aspects of dissemination would further increase the relevance of EFS (Table 2). Table 2. New and emerging needs in fisheries statistics Domain New and emerging needs Interested users Catches Inclusion of all FAO fishing areas Higher spatial resolution (e.g. EEZ, grids) Recreational fishing Better vessel coverage Catches per fleet segment Catches by European joint ventures in third countries Catches by non-EU/EFTA vessels in a given area Effort data Other groupings for species Earlier deadline for NW Atlantic (1 May) Monthly frequency DG MARE FAO NAFO National users Other users Landings Total landings for all vessels of a country Landings of EU/EFTA vessels outside EU/EFTA territory Landings by non-EU/EFTA vessels in EU/EFTA territory Economic indicators and data, including GVA, gross profit, market prices at the different levels of the value chain DG MARE OECD National users Other users Aquaculture Tackle confidentiality issue Clarify statistical coverage Focus on most important commercial species Volume of stocks maintained from one year to the next (not sold) Intermediate sales (between producers) of on-growing species, including volumes and prices More detailed breakdown of unit value of products at first sale Areas used by aquaculture (marine and land areas) More details on algae production More information on mussels and shellfish (including biological data) Age classes of fish (for some species) Economic indicators and data, including GVA, gross profit, market prices at the different levels of the value chain DG MARE FAO National users Other users EQ 1.2: To what extent is the current approach to data collection appropriate to meet user needs? This question focuses on the current approach to statistical collection. While understood in terms of general conceptual aspects of the collection, processing and dissemination of EFS, such aspects also have practical implications (e.g. on timeliness and accessibility, which are key factors determining how relevant EFS are to their users). To answer this question, it is important to bear in mind the fisheries‑related information ecosystem in which EFS operate. EFS are not only interlinked, but largely based on other data collected in the context of the CFP, e.g. Control Regulation and DCF data. The former are the main data source for EFS in most countries, especially those where the small-scale fishing fleet accounts for a small proportion of total catches. The following types of data fulfil their own user needs: ûStatistics – these provide aggregated and statistically representative information on a collective phenomenon in a certain population (Regulation (EC) No 223/2009, Article 3(1)). They are governed by commonly agreed ESS rules as regards methodology and quality. They are independent and made available to all users with a time lag, as the producers have to follow complex procedures linked to methodology and quality assurance; ûAdministrative data (e.g. Control Regulation data and the Union fleet register) – these are generated to support specific administrative tasks such as those linked to CFP management. They are often confidential, as they can be linked to single beneficiaries (e.g. single vessels), and are not usually published. The time lag is short, in particular in fisheries, as quota uptake (for example) has to be monitored almost in real time; and ûData collected for scientific purposes (e.g. DCF biological data on fish stocks and the marine environment collected) – these are collected via a wide range of methods, some of which are experimental and are peer reviewed in the scientific community. Some are published in aggregated form, but they are not necessarily easily accessible by a wider user community.

Certain factors have made EFS less relevant vis-à-vis their overall objective, as the development, monitoring and evaluation of the CFP requires more and more data and information: ûThe 2013 CFP reform has exponentially increased policymakers’ requirements for data to assess the achievement of specific goals (e.g. landing obligation, multi‑annual multi-species management plans, regionalisation at sea‑basin level); ûTools have been created to monitor quota uptake, e.g. by compiling close‑to‑real‑time information from logbooks; ûThe consolidation of the DCF with targeted data calls has become the primary source of information for the CFP; and ûThe ecosystem approach to fisheries management as a CFP objective requires extensive data on biotic (e.g. stocks, bycatch), abiotic (e.g. sediments, water quality) and socio-economic (e.g. fishermen’s economic situation) components. Therefore, the information ecosystem in which EFS operate has fundamentally changed in recent decades. The main role of EFS in this context is to provide validated, reliable European statistics on fisheries at aggregate level. They show major trends and serve as an official reference point for other data collections. EFS are not designed to meet short‑term administrative needs, policy enforcement needs or scientific needs as regards the biological and social aspects of fisheries. Many users are aware of the differences between statistics and other types of data, but EFS were nevertheless criticised for a too high level of aggregation and a long time lag between the reference period and publication of the statistics. These are inherent characteristics of statistics, which have to meet quality criteria and be suitable for publication. 5.2.Effectiveness Effectiveness analysis considers success in meeting general and specific objectives. This criterion is covered by two EQs: ·How effective are the legal acts in delivering quality statistics? This was analysed mostly on the basis of the case studies and in-depth interviews, as regular EFS users were not so familiar with the legal framework; and ·To what extent are EFS used to meet their specific/general objectives? This was analysed by comparing the ESP objectives and the EFS regulations with the current use made of EFS. The high‑level objective of EFS is expressed in the ESP: ‘… [to] provide statistical information, in a timely manner, to support the development, monitoring and evaluation of the policies of the Union … and serving the needs of the wide range of users of European statistics, including other decision-makers, researchers, businesses and European citizens in general, in a cost-effective manner without unnecessary duplication of effort;’ The more specific objectives are explained in section 2.2. In addition, the EFS regulations all refer to specific objectives in their recitals (see Table 3). Table 3. EFS specific objectives by Regulation Regulation Statistics Specific objectives 216/2009 Catches in certain areas other than those of the North Atlantic Provide catch statistics to FAO 217/2009 Catches in NW Atlantic Provide timely catch and activity statistics to NAFO Scientific Council 218/2009 Catches in NE Atlantic Provide EU fishery resources (predecessor of CFP) with accurate and timely statistics on catches Provide timely catch and activity statistics to NEAFC ICES advice under the Cooperation Agreement between that organisation and the Community will be enhanced by availability of statistics on the activities of the EU fishing fleet The NASCO Convention requires the EU to supply NASCO with the available statistics that it may request 1921/2006 Landings of fishery products Provide statistics for analyses of the market for fishery products and other economic analyses Landings data are an essential tool for CFP management 762/2008 Aquaculture statistics Statistics are needed to review and assess the market for aquaculture products Information on the structure of the sector and the technologies used is needed to ensure that the industry is environmentally sound EQ 2.1: How effective are the legal acts in delivering quality statistics? The EFS regulations are crucial for the availability and quality of statistics. They stipulate the variables to be provided, main definitions to be used, the reporting system, transmission and assessment procedures, deadlines and geographical coverage. In addition, they ensure the use of quality control mechanisms and the availability of metadata. The latter is clear from the fact that no additional quality reports need to be produced for catch and landing statistics, for which they are not legally required, whereas they are produced for aquaculture, for which there is an annual metadata reporting obligation in the Regulation. Eurostat does collect voluntary combined reports for catch and landing statistics, but the timeliness and availability are far inferior to those of the aquaculture reports. National EFS providers and institutional users (Commission, FAO, OECD, ICES and RFMOs) stressed the importance of a legal basis for EFS. Other users are rarely aware of the existence and/or content of the regulations. The case studies and the workshop confirmed that the EFS legal framework is crucial for NSIs’/ONAs’ provision of good quality statistics to Eurostat; it ensures the availability of resources and statistical coherence. However, countries stressed the importance of supplementary guidance in the form of handbooks and training, as the legal acts only provide a framework.

The main weakness identified is the inbuilt problem of over‑detailed cross-tabulations in the aquaculture Regulation, which leads to a large number of confidential values. It was also pointed out that the regulations are not always consistent with each other or other Commission data collections on fisheries. User needs have evolved since the adoption of the regulations and they have become less effective over time. From Eurostat’s point of view, the regulations are fundamental for the provision of good quality EFS. They lay the foundation for the effective management of EFS: a legal obligation on which to build the statistical system and to ensure compliance.

Eurostat acknowledges the weaknesses identified by countries: ûinbuilt problems linked to the confidentiality issue; ûincomplete coherence between the regulations and with other fisheries data (mainly Control Regulation and DCF data, and FAO and OECD statistics); and ûa growing gap between the content of the regulations and current user needs. Compliance with the EFS regulations is directly linked to their effectiveness. In most cases, Eurostat’s step-wise compliance monitoring is effective: where datasets are missing or there is a lack of coherence in the statistics provided, its reminders and letters to non‑compliant countries elicit new statistics and/or corrections and revisions. However, countries’ responsiveness varies and this sometimes takes a long time. In recent years, the compliance monitoring system and the reaction speed have improved in most cases. EQ 2.2: To what extent are fisheries statistics used to meet their specified/general objectives? The main objectives of EFS are to provide statistics for the development, management and monitoring of the CFP, market monitoring and meeting international reporting obligations. The evaluation shows that DG MARE’s use of EFS for CFP purposes is very limited, as more detailed, timelier and better-suited data sources are available. Control Regulation and DCF data meet CFP management needs better, as they are more timely and include biological and socio‑economic data. However, DG MARE uses EFS (on landing volumes and values, and aquaculture) intensively for market monitoring in the framework of the European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture (EUMOFA). EFS are also used in the DCF context to assess whether countries are above or below reporting thresholds. In addition, DG MARE uses EFS to obtain an overview of fisheries in Norway and Iceland. EFS are an important source of information for FAO, OECD and ICES, which confirms that they meet objectives linked to international reporting obligations. The FAO publishes some EFS, adding their own estimates where the EFS are confidential or not available for other reasons. It uses the EFS catch volume statistics, and no longer collects these data itself, continuing only to collect information on fishing areas not covered by EFS. The aquaculture statistics are currently used for validation purposes only. It would also be interested in using the EFS aquaculture statistics more if they were published earlier and contained no confidential values. The OECD would use EFS if they addressed its specific needs better. ICES relies on EFS for catches in the Northeast Atlantic. Eurofish also uses EFS. The EU is a contracting party in several RFMOs. DG MARE ensures that its obligations to report to them are met. ICCAT, NAFO and NEAFC use EFS catch and fleet statistics for validation purposes and for country‑level breakdowns (DG MARE reports EU aggregates). On the other hand, DG TRADE and the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) use EFS only rarely or not at all. DG TRADE tends to use Eurostat trade and processing statistics, which suit their needs better. National fisheries statistics are preferred at national level, as they are often more detailed and broader in scope. National users use EFS for international comparisons. Public interest in fisheries statistics has increased recently, as the sustainability of the fishing sector and marine ecosystems has come into the spotlight. This might be one of the reasons for the increase in the number of downloads of EFS, the most popular being catch and landing statistics, followed by aquaculture and fleet statistics. The evaluation indicated that national authorities, research institutions, NGOs, national fisheries organisations, international organisations and research institutions are the main EFS user groups. The most common use is for fisheries policymaking, followed by research, commercial, environment and other policies, blue economy analysis and media purposes. Most users of EFS use them for periodical institutional tasks, e.g. annual reporting. The most frequent (almost daily) use was reported by EUMOFA. Users reported several strengths of EFS: üthey provide an overview and allow for comparative analysis for benchmarking; üthey make it possible to explore trends through consistent, long time-series; and üthey have been validated and are freely accessible.

5.3.Statistical quality Statistical quality has been added as an evaluation criterion, as it is crucial for assessing how statistical regulations work. The first EQ targets statistical output quality in terms of: ·accuracy and reliability; ·timeliness and punctuality; ·coherence and comparability; and ·accessibility and clarity. The second EQ compares the quality of EFS with that of other available data sources. EQ 3.1: To what extent do European Fishery Statistics meet statistical output quality principles (as defined by European Statistics Code of Practice)? The in-depth interviews, online survey and public consultation indicated that the quality of EFS is generally considered ‘good’. Users rate the accuracy and reliability of EFS as ‘good’. Many stakeholders value Eurostat’s quality management and validation practices highly. However, some reported country‑specific quality issues and it is not clear how EFS are validated at national level. Some specific accuracy problems were highlighted: ûwhile larger (>10 m) vessels are monitored by census, catches by small-scale (<10 m) vessels are not monitored with logbooks, but through sales notes or sampling; ûit is difficult to identify certain species. Some national values and consequently EU aggregates are missing (not delivered or confidential) or not published due to ongoing validation; and ûsome values are presented as ‘estimates (e)’ or ‘provisional (p)’, and it is not clear how accurate they are. The accuracy and reliability of the EFS catch, landing and fleet statistics depends heavily on that of the underlying administrative data sources: logbooks, landing declarations and sales notes collected under the Control Regulation and the fishing fleet register. Generally, EFS are published punctually. However, in the last few years, France has delivered aquaculture statistics with a considerable delay and Italy still has some problems in that area. The timeliness of EFS is assessed in general as ‘good’, but some users call for monthly statistics. Coherence and comparability are assessed positively. Nevertheless, some regular users said that countries have different approaches to landing statistics (e.g. how to assess unit values of landed products) and some discrepancies were highlighted in species reporting between catch and landing statistics. In aquaculture, unit values are not fully comparable between plants and countries, as the Regulation requires that they be reported at first sale without any further details on the degree of processing (some plants sell their products unprocessed and others as highly processed). Another factor affecting the comparability of aquaculture statistics is linked to Eurostat’s various attempts to tackle the confidentiality issue: the ad hoc aggregation of species, production methods and production environments has made it difficult to compare between countries. Accessibility and clarity of catch, landing and fleet statistics are considered in general ‘good’ and regular users said they had improved in recent years. However, the accessibility of aquaculture statistics poses problems: for half the countries, the highly detailed split of variables and cross-tabulation combined with the specialised structure of the sector give rise to a lot of confidential values. As a result, Eurostat can provide hardly any EU aggregates for aquaculture. Quality problems and a lack of resources mean that the ‘structure of aquaculture’ dataset is currently not published. Users appreciate the availability of metadata, but rarely consult them. They do not always find it easy to navigate in and download from Eurostat’s online database.

EQ 3.2: How do European Fishery Statistics compare with other sources producing fisheries statistics? EFS catch statistics were compared with the two Commission data sources used for CFP management (Control Regulation and DCF data) and FAO catch statistics (Table 4). EFS’ strong points are the long time-series and their timeliness. A clear weakness is the fact that not all catches by EU/EFTA vessels are covered. A large majority of users rate EFS as being as good as, or better than, other datasets (mainly DCF and FAO data; some users can also access Control Regulation data). In particular, they are more timely and the metadata are more available. Table 4. Comparison of data sources for catches Dimension EFS Control Regulation data DCF FAO Term used Catch Catch Landings Production Main purpose Provide official European statistics, support EU policies, comparability between MS, market monitoring Monitor TAC uptake Facilitate scientific analysis Provide global overview and support ocean management Responsible national institution NSIs ONAs Other Fisheries directorates (FDs) National coordinators (in FDs) / designated research institutes NSIs ONAs Other Original data source Most countries use Control Regulation data Some use sample surveys (fully for IT and EL, partially for other countries) Fisheries control agencies Most countries use Control Regulation data Some use sample surveys (fully for IT and EL, partially for other countries) Most countries use Control Regulation data Some use sample surveys (fully for IT and EL, partially for other countries) Number of species (2016) 1,273 2,289 2,014 847 Geographical coverage 7 FAO sub-areas All FAO sub‑areas where catches by EU vessels occurred All FAO fishing sub-areas where catches by EU vessels occurred ICES rectangles in EU Atlantic waters All FAO major fishing areas Periodicity Year NW Atlantic: year & month Month Year and quarter Year Time‑series Since 1950 Since 2009 Since 2001 Since 1950 Country coverage Non-land-locked EU/EFTA countries Non-land-locked MS Non-land-locked MS All non‑land‑locked countries Other characteristics n.a. Catches by stock Catches per fleet segment (vessel length and gear groups) n.a. Release delay 7-9 months n.a. 18 months 15 months Accessibility Online queries Downloads in various formats (xls, csv, html, pc- axis, spss, tsv, pdf) Not publicly accessible For most data: downloads in various formats, suitable for expert users Online Csv file FishStatJ For aquaculture, the comparison is between EFS, DCF and FAO datasets (Table 5). EFS and FAO statistics are published annually and DCF statistics only every second year. EFS are slightly timelier than FAO statistics. Table 5. Comparison of data sources for aquaculture Dimension EFS DCF FAO Responsible national institution NSIs ONAs Other National coordinators (in FDs) / designated research institutes NSIs ONAs Other Data produced through Most MS: census Sampling Most MS: census Unit Tonne LWE Total value (€) Unit value (€/t) Tonne LWE Total value (€) Unit value (€/kg) Tonne LWE Total value (USD) Unit value (USD/t) Environment Freshwater Sea and brackish water (total) Seawater Brackish water Not specified Salt water Fresh water (voluntary, not complete) Fresh water Brackish water Marine water Methods All methods Ponds Tanks and raceways Enclosures and pens Cages Recirculation systems On bottom Off bottom Other methods Not specified All methods Bottom Cages Combined Hatcheries & nurseries Longline Ongrowing Raft Other Not distinguished Geographical coverage Total fishing areas Inland waters – total Inland waters – Africa Inland waters – Asia Inland waters – Europe Marine areas: Atlantic, North-East Atlantic, Eastern Central Mediterranean and Black Sea Area not specified n.a. All FAO major fishing areas Other dimensions Fish eggs for human consumption Production from hatcheries and nurseries by lifecycle Catches from wild Structural information Large number of socio‑economic data Reference period Year Year Year Time‑series Volume since 1950 Value since 1984 Since 2008 Since 1950 Country coverage All MS (except LU), EFTA countries Relevant MS (landlocked MS not obliged to submit data) All countries Regularity Annual Every 2 years Annual Release delay 14 months 24-36 months 18 months Accessibility Online queries Downloads in various formats (xls, csv, html, pc- axis, spss, tsv, pdf) For most data: downloads in various formats, suitable for expert users Online Csv file FishStatJ Several users said that the FAO’s database is more user-friendly than Eurostat’s. 5.4.Efficiency The evaluation of efficiency considers the relationship between the resources used for an intervention and the changes generated. The efficiency EQs cover two dimensions: ·Are the benefits worth the costs? This focuses on cost‑effectiveness, by evaluating the staff and time resources required to provide datasets in line with EFS requirements; and ·Could the same benefits be achieved at lower cost through different implementation choices? This evaluates ways of improving efficiency by simplifying the regulations and/or streamlining the statistical system. EQ 4.1: To what extent is data collection cost effective? The evaluation identified many benefits of EFS. However, as the impacts of statistics are mostly indirect (in providing an evidence base for policymaking), the benefits cannot be readily quantified. They are described in detail under other criteria, but in summary we can say that EFS are: üindependent; übased on statistical quality principles; ücomparable for the EU Member States and the EFTA countries; üavailable as long time‑series at EU and country level; and üavailable for free in a public database.

The specific cost of EFS is made up of national and EU-level costs. The overall cost is estimated in monetary value and burden in time spent, which has also been converted into an average monetary value. The total annual cost of producing EFS in the Member States was estimated at €1.5 million. The costs are much higher in Mediterranean countries where the small‑scale fishing fleet (<10 m vessels) accounts for a significant proportion of production (Greece, Italy, Cyprus, Malta and, to some extent, Croatia) than in countries with more larger vessels. This is due to two factors which entail higher costs: ·the number of species to be reported to DCF for stock assessment is limited in the Mediterranean; and ·the fact that the Control Regulation does not require smaller vessels to keep logbooks. The cost for the Commission, based on the number of full‑time equivalents (FTEs) dealing with EFS, is around €200,000 a year. Therefore, the total annual cost of producing EFS is about €1.7 million. This represents only 0.01% of the total production value of the EU’s fisheries and aquaculture sectors (€7.2 billion for landings + €4.5 billion for aquaculture production = €11.7 billion ). The reason for this comparatively very low cost is the widespread use of available administrative data as source data. These ‘raw data’ are not specifically collected for EFS, but have to be collected under the Control Regulation for catches and landings and under the Fleet Regulation for fishing fleet. This is in line with the ‘single collection, multiple use’ principle, which applies to fleet statistics in particular: Member States report changes in their fishing fleet to the EU fishing fleet register only and Eurostat compiles fleet statistics directly from there, without involving the Member States further. For aquaculture statistics, most Member States carry out joint EFS/DCF data collections, which reduces costs significantly. Aquaculture statistics are collected from questionnaires sent to all or most facility managers/owners. It is estimated that completing the joint questionnaire for EFS/DCF data collection takes about 3 hours. Given the size of the sector and the work involved, the overall cost is less than €200,000, which is negligible against the economic value of the sector. In order to reduce the burden, countries have made the questionnaires more user-friendly and made it possible to report data online. EQ 4.2: What are the possibilities of simplification of current legislation and/or streamlining statistical systems? Although the cost-effectiveness of EFS is very good, it could be improved by simplifying the legislation and streamlining the statistical system as part of the overall fisheries data ecosystem in the Commission and globally. Most of the EFS regulations are recasts of older regulations and would benefit from overall harmonisation and updating. This could take account of new user needs and issues identified in the evaluation. The aquaculture legislation requires too much detail for variables. This leads to high costs and a significant number of confidential values, which rules out the calculation of most EU aggregates and is a major inefficiency. The evaluation also indicated a need to simplify metadata reporting for aquaculture. Although the methods and quality are relatively stable, the current Regulation requires this reporting on an annual basis. The EFS producers perceive this as burdensome and the IT tool for metadata reporting as not user‑friendly. The evaluation uncovered an important source of inefficiency in fisheries data systems at the EU and global levels. Each country has to report overlapping, slightly different datasets to several organisations: Eurostat, DG MARE, FAO, OECD, ICES, RMFOs, etc. (see Annex 4, sections A, B and C). With few exceptions, countries use the same data sources for all datasets, which is very efficient on their side. However, the raw data need to be classified, aggregated, validated and transferred in accordance with different rules under different data calls. This can be burdensome, lead to discrepancies between datasets and thus create confusion for users. EFS producers and users call for standardisation and more cooperation between organisations. The evaluation points to a need for the Commission (Eurostat) to deliver EFS, on behalf of the EU/EFTA countries, at least to the other organisations collecting fisheries statistics (FAO and OECD). 5.5.Coherence The assessment of coherence looks at how well different actions work together. The EQs address: ·internal coherence – this refers to the degree to which the EFS legal acts complement, contradict, overlap or duplicate each other and how that affects the coherence of statistics. It also looks into how EFS relate to other European statistics in this respect; and ·external coherence – this refers to the interaction between EFS and other fisheries statistics (e.g. FAO, DCF, Control Regulation data), including areas of contradiction, overlap, duplication or complementarity. It also explores stakeholders’ experiences and perceptions in providing statistics and accessing EU and international fisheries statistical databases. EQ 5.1: To what extent are European Fishery Statistics internally coherent? The internal coherence of the EFS legal acts was assessed as ‘relatively good’. It is easy to compare catches with landings and link them to fleets. All regulations use the same species codes and are based on FAO fishing areas. However, the coherence of catch statistics could be improved by merging the three regulations on catches.

The evaluation found that internal coherence has improved in recent years. As a coordinating body of the ESS, Eurostat has a close and constructive relationship with countries (in particular through regular communication and annual meetings with national experts). This enables it to guide and support them and to share best practices. One undeniable benefit of this contact is more comparable EFS. The other European statistics linked to fisheries concern trade (COMEXT), production (PRODCOM), business (structural business statistics), the labour force (FFS) and organic aquaculture statistics. In terms of content, these statistics complement EFS, but the level of detail is not compatible, e.g. the trade and production statistics are not broken down by catches and aquaculture or by species. Therefore, these domains offer a less-than-ideal basis for detailed analysis of, for example, all economic activities relating to oceans, seas and coastal areas (the ‘blue economy’). By way of exception, the ‘organic production of aquaculture products’ dataset is compatible with EFS on aquaculture. The fish species code list is shared, but contains fewer species, and for most countries the figures are coherent. In some cases where the statistics are provided by different organisations, there are discrepancies between total aquaculture production and organic production (probably due to mistakes in species codification). The coherence between European statistics linked to the fisheries sector could be improved by taking into consideration the needs of the CFP and the blue economy in their further development. EQ 5.2: Are European Fishery Statistics coherent with other available data sources (external coherence)? The 2007 and 2017 ECA audits revealed discrepancies between the EFS and the Control Regulation data used by DG MARE for managing the CFP. The audits pointed to a longstanding ‘structural problem’ in the fisheries data system, which has not been resolved despite the Commission’s efforts (including the adoption of the current EFS regulations for catch statistics in 2009). In 2017, the ECA recommended that: ‘the Commission establishes an information exchange platform to be used by the Member States to send validated data in standard formats and contents, so that the information available to the different Commission services matches with the Member States data.’ The Commission (Eurostat) regularly checks coherence and, in the event of discrepancies, contacts the countries concerned and asks for data revisions. In order to evaluate external coherence, the evaluation looked closely at the EFS, Control Regulation data, DCF EU fleet landings data and FAO statistics. They were first analysed from a design point of view (e.g. purpose, coverage, data sources, etc.) under EQ 1.2. Under EQ 5.2, a more detailed comparison was carried out (see Table 6 and, for more detail, Annex 7). Table 6. Total catches, 2016 (in FAO fishing areas covered by EFS) EFS Control Regulation DCF FAO Total catches 5,014,961 t 4,870,578 t 4,917,135 t 5,074,461 t Difference in value

(EFS - source) - €144,383 €97,826 -€59,500 Difference in %

(EFS - source) - +2.9% +2.0% -1.2% There were significant discrepancies between EFS and Control Regulation data for a number of Member States, although at EU level they are relatively small. EFS showed a total catch 2.9% higher than the Control Regulation data. Most of the difference stems from Greek (+34%) and Italian (+42%) data. Those two countries’ fishing fleets are composed of a large number of small vessels. As such vessels do not normally have detailed logbooks, statistical surveys are organised. The overall difference between EFS and Control Regulation data has decreased over time. The difference between EFS and DCF total catch data is 2%, with the EFS figure again higher. EFS figures are 1.2% lower than the FAO figures. The coherence between EFS and FAO statistics is deemed relatively good, although some values diverge due to different revision policies and discrepancies in individual species. The main difference concerns completeness: unlike Eurostat, FAO estimates missing/confidential data. The following factors explain the differences between the analysed datasets: ûdifferent methods – nominal catches estimated from weighed landings and sales notes (EFS) versus estimated catches on board in logbooks (Control Regulation); ûdifferences in statistical population; ûcomposition of fishing fleet (the greater the proportion of small vessels, the bigger the discrepancies); ûdifferent national organisations submitting the data; ûdifferent transmission deadlines;

ûreporting of species – species vs genus, systematic species classification errors, unsynchronised implementation of species code list changes; ûdifferent validation procedures; and ûdifferent data revision policies. Another matter of concern with regard to external coherence relates to procedures, definitions, classifications and other related documentation. For many years, the Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics (CWP), managed by FAO, has served as the primary international forum for agreeing on common definitions, classifications and standards for the collection of fisheries statistics. It has developed common procedures to streamline processes, provided participating organisations with technical advice and published methodological and reference documents. However, not all fisheries data sources rely on this framework; because of the different status of data collections, e.g. Control Regulation and DCF data collections are not statistical processes and are not fully in line with the CWP recommendations. Inconsistencies in the various Commission and Member State fisheries datasets may pose risks for CFP management and the Commission’s credibility and reputation. Member States’ multiple obligations to report to the Commission, FAO and other international organisations lead to statistical discrepancies, in addition to an unnecessary burden. 5.6.EU added value EU added value is defined as the value resulting from applying policy measures at EU level that is additional to the value that would have resulted from public authorities applying similar measures solely at national level. The main objective of EFS is to support the CFP, which is a common EU policy designed to manage a common resource. The CFP gives all European fishing fleets equal access to EU waters and fishing grounds and allows fishermen to compete fairly . It is therefore logical also to design and use statistics on these matters at EU level. The EU added value of EFS was assessed using EQs on: ·the added value resulting from EFS as EU‑level statistics; and ·the consequences of discontinuing EFS. EQ 6.1: What is the added value resulting from the European Fisheries statistics, compared to what could be achieved by Member States at national and/or regional level without any EU action? Users see EFS as bringing significant added value as compared with action at national level. Evidence from all sources confirmed that a common policy requires common statistics: harmonised, comparable statistics are an essential basis for supporting the CFP and cannot be achieved without EU‑level action. The EU added value of EFS is not only in the statistics themselves, but also in the EFS legal acts with which countries must comply. The added value generated by the obligation to comply stems from the complete chain from common (CFP and international) user needs, definitions and requirements, through the coordinated compilation and transmission of statistics in accordance with shared quality criteria and a validation framework, to compliance monitoring. As a result, the whole user community has access to EFS covering the EU/EFTA countries. The public availability of long, comparable time-series in a consolidated free-of charge database accompanied by harmonised metadata could not be achieved by individual countries acting alone. The use of separate national sources would be much more cumbersome and hampered by language barriers. EFS also create complementary added value when compared with other types of fisheries data/statistics. The following characteristics of EFS were identified as adding specific value in this respect: üthe independence of the statistical information – institutional users consider this to be fundamental to credible policy evaluation and analysis; üthe role of the ESS and Eurostat (as coordinating body) as guardians of statistical principles – this ensures application of the statistical code of practice, harmonisation of definitions and statistics, and updating of statistical laws; üenforcement of ESS statistical quality principles through Eurostat validation and quality reporting – users value these principles highly and other institutions working with fisheries data use them as a reference; and üEurostat’s partnerships with other international statistical bodies – these ensure that EFS are in line with the CWP’s global statistical standards and create potential for further improvement of fisheries statistics worldwide. EQ 6.2: What would be the most likely consequences of stopping or withdrawing the European fisheries statistics?

The major consequence of discontinuing EFS would be the loss of quality-reviewed independent statistics for the monitoring and further development of the CFP, one of only two common EU policies. This would create a reputational risk for the Commission and in particular for the ESS and Eurostat. Eurostat is responsible for decisions on statistical methods, standards and procedures to be used for European statistics, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 223/2009. Moreover, the Commission Decision on Eurostat requires its Director-General to act independently when carrying out statistical tasks, neither seeking nor taking instructions from the Union institutions or bodies, any Member State government or any other institution, body, office or entity. Institutional data users such as DG MARE (in particular EUMOFA), FAO, OECD, ICES and the RFMOs (ICCAT, NAFO and NEAFC) would need to find alternative data sources. This would probably have a negative impact on market monitoring, the development and monitoring of the CFP, and the international monitoring of fisheries. The users responsible for over 24,000 data downloads would also need to source statistics from elsewhere. If they were to use national sources, they would bear the burden and cost of gathering the statistics necessary for calculating EU aggregates. The outcome would be of lower quality, as the coordination, harmonisation and quality assurance provided by the EFS regulations and the ESS would no longer be in place. The other Commission services, mainly DG MARE and JRC, would be under pressure to publish more data on fisheries in a more accessible and user-friendly way. The EU and EFTA countries would have to continue submitting fisheries statistics to FAO and the OECD. The use of FAO and OECD statistics would probably increase. The Commission (Eurostat) would no longer contribute to the development of international fisheries statistics standards in the CWP. For the CWP, this would represent a loss of expertise and, for Eurostat, a lost opportunity to develop further standards. The savings in cost and burden would be small, as most of the source data would need to be collected in any case for other purposes. The estimated €1.7 million invested in EFS annually would be available for other statistical fields in the ESS. 6.Conclusions This evaluation concerns the functioning of the five EFS regulations (three relating to catches, one to landings and one to aquaculture), which came into force in 2006‑2009. The main conclusion is that EFS collected under the regulations are an important independent source of information for a wide range of users serving several types of need linked to the CFP, market monitoring, international agreements and research. However, their relative added value to DG MARE, which is responsible for managing the CFP, is on a downward trend, as other data sources, such as the Control Regulation and the DCF, meet management needs more effectively. In addition, EFS are handicapped by: ûpartial coverage of EU catches; ûan unsatisfactory definition of ‘landings’; and ûthe fact that aquaculture statistics are to a large extent confidential due to the over‑detailed cross-tabulation of statistical dimensions. It is important that good quality fisheries statistics continue to be available at EU level, that they serve a wide range of user needs as well as possible and that they fit better into the Commission’s overall fisheries data ecosystem. Currently, information sources overlap and are not always coherent. 6.1.Relevance The EFS datasets have been downloaded approximately 24,000 times a year, which is a lot compared with other similar datasets. The number of downloads almost tripled from 2013 to 2017. The evaluation indicated that national authorities, NGOs, national fisheries organisations, international organisations and research institutions have been the main user groups of EFS. The most common use is for national, EU or international fisheries policymaking, followed by research and commercial purposes, environment policy, blue economy policy, other policies and media use. There is evidence that EFS have been serving their core purpose in providing relevant statistics to monitor and evaluate fisheries policy and to inform policymaking in a wider context (in particular as regards the environment and the blue economy), market monitoring in the business sector, research purposes and media use. The relevance of EFS varies between user groups, several of which prefer to use other (often scientific or administrative) data sources and sometimes other statistics. However, where users get statistics from sources other than Eurostat (e.g. NSIs or the FAO), these are actually provided pursuant to the EFS regulations. Thus, the relevance of the regulations goes beyond the direct use of downloads from Eurostat’s online database. Most users reported that EFS have met their needs at least to some extent. Aquaculture statistics recorded the highest proportion of dissatisfied users, which is probably linked to the fact that a large number of confidential values in the dataset severely restricts its usability.

It is important to keep in mind the Commission‑level fisheries‑related information ecosystem of which EFS form part. EFS are not only interlinked with, but to a great extent also based on, other (Control Regulation and DCF) data collected in the context of the CFP. There are indications that the EFS have become less relevant vis-à-vis their overall objective, as the development, monitoring and evaluation of the CFP require more and more data and information, in particular since the 2013 reform. New goals have been set as regards the sustainable use of marine resources and the ecosystem approach. In parallel, other data sources (mostly electronic logbooks and vessel tracking systems) have been developed to allow close‑to‑real‑time data submission under the Control Regulation. Targeted data calls under the DCF have become the primary source of information for the CFP. The main role of EFS in this changing data ecosystem is to provide validated and reliable European statistics on fisheries at aggregated level. They show major trends and thus serve as an official reference point for other data collections. They are not designed to meet short‑term administrative needs, policy enforcement needs or scientific needs on biological and social aspects of fisheries. The evaluation points to a need for the Commission to have a clear strategy to determine the role of EFS in the overall fisheries data architecture and to create as many synergies as possible between the various data collections. 6.2.Effectiveness The EFS regulations have been crucial for the availability and quality of statistics. They stipulate the variables to be provided, main definitions to be used, the reporting system, submission and assessment procedures, deadlines and geographical coverage. In addition, they ensure quality control mechanisms and the availability of metadata. Compliance with the regulations is a direct determinant of their effectiveness. In recent years, Eurostat’s compliance monitoring system and countries’ reaction speed have both improved. The evaluation reveals that DG MARE’s use of EFS for CFP development, monitoring and evaluation is limited, as more detailed, timelier and better‑suited data sources are available (Control Regulation and DCF data). However, EFS are used intensively for EUMOFA market monitoring. EFS are an important source of information for FAO, OECD and ICES, which confirms that they meet international reporting obligations. The RFMOs (ICCAT, NAFO and NEAFC) use European catch and fleet statistics for validation purposes and for country‑level breakdowns (DG MARE reports EU aggregates). National fisheries statistics are preferred at national level, as they are often more detailed and broader in scope. National users use EFS when making international comparisons. Public interest in fisheries statistics has increased recently, as the sustainability of the fishing sector and marine ecosystems have come into the spotlight. This might be one of the factors explaining the increase in the number of downloads of EFS. In summary, we can say that the regulations are effective in the sense that EFS would not exist in their current form without a legal framework and the compliance enforced by Eurostat. Their effectiveness from the users’ perspective is more mixed: they serve market monitoring relatively well and usefully complement DG MARE’s aggregated reporting to the RFMOs, but they are not used to the extent expected for their main purpose, i.e. the development, monitoring and evaluation of the CFP. 6.3.Statistical quality The quality of EFS is considered ‘good’, as is their accuracy and reliability. However, some case studies showed that pre-validation at Member State level might not be working efficiently and this has a negative impact on the statistics. The accuracy and reliability of EFS catches, landing and fleet statistics depend to a large extent on the quality of the administrative data sources (logbooks, landing declarations and sales notes, transhipment declarations, catch certificates, inspection reports), which are collected under the Control Regulation. Many stakeholders value Eurostat’s quality management and validation practices highly. In general, EFS are published punctually and the timeliness is assessed in general as ‘good’. The coherence and comparability are assessed positively. In aquaculture, the unit values are not fully comparable between installations and countries, as the Regulation requires unit values to be reported at first sale without further details on the degree of processing. In general, the accessibility and clarity of catch, landing and fleet statistics are considered ‘good’ and regular users reported that they have improved in recent years. The accessibility of aquaculture statistics poses problems: for half the countries, the highly detailed split of variables and their cross-tabulation combined with the very specialised structure of the sector give rise to a lot of confidential values. As a result, Eurostat can provide hardly any EU aggregates for aquaculture. Users appreciate the availability of metadata, but rarely consult them. They do not always find it easy to navigate in and download from Eurostat’s online database. A large majority of users rate EFS as being as good as, or better than, other data sources for catches and aquaculture.

6.4.Efficiency The total cost of producing EFS in the EU Member States was estimated at €1.5 million. The relative cost is up to 6 times higher in Mediterranean countries where small‑scale fishing fleets (<10 m vessels) account for a significant proportion of production (Greece, Italy, Cyprus, Malta and, to some extent, Croatia). This is due to two factors: ·the number of species to be reported to DCF for stock assessment is very limited in the Mediterranean; and ·the fact that the Control Regulation does not require smaller vessels to keep logbooks. The total cost of the EFS (about €1.7 million) represents only 0.01% of the total production value of the sector. This is very low compared, for example, with the cost of the agricultural census , which alone is about 0.6% of the production value of the agriculture sector. The reason behind the limited cost is the widespread use of the ‘single collection, multiple use’ principle: in most countries, catch and landing statistics are compiled from Control Regulation data, which are collected primarily for managing the CFP. Eurostat compiles fleet statistics directly from the EU fishing fleet register, without further involving the Member States. In most countries, the source data for the aquaculture statistics are collected jointly with data needed for the DCF. Although the efficiency of EFS is very good, it could be improved further by: Øsimplifying the EFS legislation; and Østreamlining the statistical system as a part of the overall fisheries data ecosystem at national level (in particular in countries currently carrying out separate statistical surveys for EFS), in the Commission and globally. The current legislation on aquaculture requires too much detail for variables. This leads to: ûhigh costs, as some countries need a specific survey to collect the data; and ûa significant number of confidential values and a consequent inability to produce most EU aggregates; this is a major inefficiency. The evaluation also indicated a need to simplify metadata reporting for aquaculture. The evaluation highlighted an important source of inefficiency in EU and global fisheries data systems. Each country has to report overlapping, slightly different datasets to several organisations (Eurostat, DG MARE, FAO, OECD, ICES, RMFOs, etc.). Although the source data are the same in most cases, each organisation has slightly different classifications, aggregation rules, validation procedures and data transfer formats. This can be burdensome for the countries, but (more importantly) can lead to discrepancies between datasets and thus create confusion among users. The evaluation points to a need for the Commission (Eurostat) to deliver EFS, on behalf of the EU/EFTA countries, at least to the other international organisations collecting fisheries statistics (FAO and OECD). 6.5.Coherence The internal coherence of the EFS legal acts was assessed as ‘good’. One can easily compare catches with landings and link them to fleets. All regulations use the same species codes and are based on FAO fishing areas. The evaluation found that internal coherence has improved in recent years. As a coordinating body of the ESS, Eurostat has a close and constructive relationship with countries (in particular through regular communication and annual meetings with national experts). This enables it to guide and support them, and to share best practices. One undeniable benefit of this guidance is more comparable EFS. The other European statistics linked to fisheries concern international trade, production, businesses and labour force working in the sector, and organic aquaculture statistics. The level of detail of these other sources is not always compatible with EFS, e.g. the trade and production statistics are not broken down by catches and aquaculture or by species. These domains complement each other but offer a less‑than‑ideal basis for detailed analysis, e.g. of the blue economy. The ECA audits and the analysis carried out for this evaluation point to a longstanding structural problem in the fisheries data system, which has not been resolved despite the Commission’s efforts (e.g. the 2009 adoption of EFS regulations on catch statistics). A lack of coherence in the Commission’s various fisheries datasets continues to pose risks to CFP management and the Commission’s credibility and reputation.

The coherence between EFS and FAO statistics is deemed relatively good, although some values differ due to different revision policies. The major difference concerns completeness: unlike EFS, FAO estimates missing/confidential data. Countries’ multiple obligations to report to the Commission, FAO and other international organisations have led to discrepancies in fisheries statistics, in addition to an unnecessary burden. 6.6.EU added value Evidence from all sources confirmed that a common policy requires common statistics. Harmonised, comparable EFS are an essential basis for supporting the CFP and cannot be achieved without EU‑level action. The EU added value of EFS lies not only in the statistics themselves, but also in the EFS legal acts with which the countries must comply. The public availability of long, comparable time-series in a consoli