EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.12.2019 SWD(2019) 435 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Inventory of radioactive waste and spent fuel present in the Community's territory and the future prospects Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on progress of implementation of Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM and an inventory of radioactive waste and spent fuel present in the Community's territory and the future prospects {COM(2019) 632 final} - {SWD(2019) 436 final}



TABLE OF CONTENTS List of abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Sources of information 3. Sources of spent fuel and radioactive waste 4. Classification of spent fuel and radioactive waste 5. Current radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory in the EU 6. Projections of radioactive waste and spent fuel Annex I: Spent fuel and radioactive waste inventory data Annex II: Summary of radioactive waste classifications in Member States



List of abbreviations DSRS Disused sealed radioactive sources

EU European Union HLW High Level Waste IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ILW Intermediate Level Waste LLW Low Level Waste NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material OECD-NEA Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development RAW Radioactive waste SF Spent fuel tHM Tons of heavy metal VLLW Very Low Level Waste VSLW Very Short Lived waste



1.Introduction According to Article 14(2)(b) of the Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM establishing a Community framework for the responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste (the “Directive”), the European Commission (the "Commission") is required to submit, on the basis of the Member States’ reports on the implementation of the Directive, to the European Parliament and the Council an inventory of radioactive waste and spent fuel present in the Community's territory and the future prospects. The goal of this Staff Working Document (SWD) is to present an overview of spent fuel and radioactive waste inventory in the EU and the future prospects. This document also provides background information to the inventory data presented in the Second Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on progress of implementation of Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM and an inventory of radioactive waste and spent fuel present in the Community's territory and future prospects (COM(2019) 632). This is the second SWD providing an updated overview of spent fuel and radioactive waste inventory in the EU and the future prospects. Its inventory reference date is end of 2016, although more than half of the Member States reported inventory as of end of 2017 or 2018 (more information on the inventory dates is provided in Section 2 – sources of information). This document is based on the information provided in the second national reports of EU Member States on the implementation of the Directive and it builds on the previous SWD document with 2013 inventory data. This document provides an overview of: -The total spent fuel and radioactive waste inventory on the EU territory as of 2016; -The total inventory of spent fuel and radioactive waste owned by EU Member States (regardless of location); -Forecast of national and EU inventory in 2030 based on available information reported by Member States;

-Updated trends of radioactive waste and spent fuel in the EU; -National radioactive waste classification systems. Previously the European Commission published a series of "Situation Reports" which were developed in order to analyse, and inform stakeholders about, the situation of spent fuel and radioactive waste management in the EU. Since the Directive entered into the force, situation reports have been discontinued and replaced by the Commission report on implementation of the Directive and accompanying two SWDs. Nevertheless, data from the 6th Situation Report and the 7th Situation Report have been used in this document as well as data from the first national reporting (2013) for comparison and identification of trends in the evolution of the EU inventory. Updated information about the Member States' installations generating radioactive waste and spent fuel, national policies, programmes, concepts, plans and financing mechanisms is summarised in the SWD on progress of implementation of the Directive. 2.Sources of information The EU spent fuel and radioactive waste inventory data presented in this document is based on the national programmes for the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste submitted to the Commission since September 2016 and the second national reports submitted by all Member States by March 2019. Although Article 14(1) of the Directive indicates that Member States can take advantage of the review and reporting under the Joint Convention, less than half of the Member States did. Those Member States used inventory data reported in the last Joint Convention reporting cycle (using 2016 as a reference date for their inventories for the 6th Joint Convention meeting in May 2018). The remaining Member States have chosen to report newer inventory data. To summarize, the inventory situation was reported as of year-end 2016 by 12 Member States, as of year-end 2017 by 12 Member States and as of year-end 2018 by 4 Member States. Looking at the size of the programmes it is clear that mainly Member States with small inventories reported newer data, while for larger inventories it takes more time to collect and process inventory data. If we look at the radioactive waste volumes distribution by reporting year – inventory with the reference date as of 2016 makes up 87.4% of the overall volume, and inventories with the reference dates of 2017 and 2018 make up 12.6% and 0.1% of the overall radioactive waste volume in the EU, respectively. As the dominating volume of radioactive waste reported with 2016 as the reference date - we have chosen to use 2016 further in this document as the reference date for the overall EU radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory in order to simplify data presentation. For the trend analysis, additional documents containing historical inventory data have been used. Most of the data was based on data reported to the Commission by the Member States in 2010 and data from the first national reporting under the Directive in the 2015-2016 period. In the first Commission SWD some missing and inconsistent data from the above-mentioned sources were reviewed and updated. There were no additional updates to the historical inventory data since the previous Commission report SWD(2017) 161 final. The national inventory summaries presented in this document have been verified by the respective Member States in 2019. It needs to be noted that in preparation of this report, most of the sources of uncertainty identified in the document SWD(2017) 161 final, remained valid, i.e.: ·Member States are using different radioactive waste classification schemes (summary is given in Annex II of this document). For EU inventory aggregation purposes conversion to a common reporting basis is necessary (IAEA GSG-1 classification; see Section 4 below). However, conversion from one classification scheme to another often introduces uncertainties, as the radioactive waste classes in different national classification schemes sometimes cannot be directly matched. In such situations, a conversion is carried out on a “best approximation” basis. In the second national reports most Member States reported their radioactive waste inventory using the IAEA GSG-1 classification scheme or provided a conversion matrix allowing conversion of waste inventory from their national classification scheme to IAEA GSG-1. ·Member States use different units (volume, mass, etc.) for unconditioned waste. Conversion from mass to volume without detailed knowledge of radioactive waste treatment/conditioning methods used can result in significant uncertainty. Reporting of disused sealed radioactive sources varies from country to country. Countries with large nuclear programmes generally integrate disused sealed radioactive sources into other large radioactive waste streams and do not report them separately. Countries where the disused sealed radioactive sources make significant part of the national inventory report them separately from the other radioactive waste. In such cases disused sealed radioactive sources are reported only as number of sources. ·Member States report differently volumes of unconditioned radioactive waste – some report actual volumes in storage, while others report estimated volumes after conditioning to be placed in disposal. For inventory aggregation purposes, the estimated volumes of radioactive waste to be placed in disposal are preferred since this represents the final step in management of radioactive waste. Use of actual radioactive waste volumes in storage can lead to significant uncertainties, especially when estimating the need for disposal capacities.

Usually, the most significant volume changes (reduction) occur as a result of liquid radioactive waste and sludge treatment and conditioning for disposal. The same is true for combustible and compactible radioactive waste. In the second national reports, most of the Member States provided unconditioned waste estimated volumes for disposal. This allows to reduce uncertainties and to improve consistency and comparability of the data. ·Knowledge of radioactive contamination of facilities subject to decommissioning plays important role in predicting amounts of decommissioning waste. The detailed characterization of a facility subject to decommissioning increases the precision in forecasting the amount of radioactive waste, however, only when decommissioning is well progressed will the actual categories and amounts of waste be fully known. This is also valid for the limited knowledge of characteristics of some legacy waste. Only about one in five national reports indicated estimated amounts of decommissioning waste separately.

·Future radioactive waste inventories highly depend on various decisions introducing additional uncertainties in the projection of future radioactive waste inventories, e.g.: oTechnological decisions, such as the selection of treatment and conditioning options, choice between immediate or deferred decommissioning, decision to retrieve disposed radioactive waste might have significant impact on the projection of future radioactive waste inventories (e.g. volumes, classes); oPolitical decisions and changes in the legal/regulatory framework, such as development of new nuclear facilities, changes to the fuel cycle. During the assessment of the evolution of Member States’ inventories with time, the following additional sources of uncertainties remained: ·Differences in the reference dates of Member States inventories (please see above). ·Change in radioactive waste status – during the reporting period there were no retrievals reported of previously disposed of radioactive waste. However, some Member States plan in the future to recover previously disposed of radioactive waste, process and re-dispose of it in existing and/or newly constructed disposal facilities. Re-disposal activities might affect overall radioactive waste inventory as a result of subsequent retreatment and final disposal. There are already a few Member States that took decisions on the remediation of disposal sites, thus radioactive waste is considered as stored whilst awaiting retrieval. 3.Sources of spent fuel and radioactive waste Radioactive waste is generated in all Member States of the EU, even though the quantities are very small in non-nuclear power Member States compared to those Member States operating nuclear power plants. Radioactive waste inventory in small countries usually consist of disused sealed radioactive sources or small amounts of orphan/legacy radioactive materials. Small volumes of radioactive waste are generated as a result of non-power uses of radioactive materials, such as the manufacturing of radioactive materials for use in medical and industrial applications, or research facilities such as laboratories, and research reactors. Most of the Member States with research reactors have an agreement in place to send back spent fuel to the suppliers. Most of the radioactive waste comes from nuclear power plants and associated nuclear fuel cycle activities (i.e. from conversion of uranium through to fuel fabrication prior to electricity generation, and subsequent reprocessing of spent fuel). In the second national reports, 15 Member States declared spent fuel. Some of those Member States have chosen to reprocess spent fuel; some Member States have chosen the once-through fuel cycle option when spent fuel will be directly disposed of in deep geological disposal. A few Member States applied both approaches – part of their spent fuel is reprocessed and the remaining spent fuel will be directly disposed. Currently, spent fuel is stored in specialised storage facilities until final disposal facilities will be available. Most of the radioactive waste, in terms of activity, is generated during operation of nuclear facilities. However, in terms of volume, most of the waste comes from decommissioning of nuclear power plants and other nuclear facilities at the end of their useful lifetime (mainly low-level waste). In some Member States waste from mining and milling of uranium is declared as radioactive waste. Usually, those activities generate significant amounts of waste. Some Member States report such material as part of radioactive waste inventory, whereas others do not. This approach is in line with the Directive. 4.Classification of spent fuel and radioactive waste In line with Article 12(1)(c) of the Directive, Member States need to develop, as part of their national programmes, and notify to the Commission spent fuel and radioactive waste inventories in accordance with an appropriate classification. Correspondingly, Member States have notified their updated national programmes and second national reports on their spent fuel and radioactive waste inventories based on radioactive waste classifications that may differ from one Member State to another. A summary of the national classifications is presented in Annex II. As in the previous report, in order to make spent fuel and radioactive waste inventories comparable among different Member States and in order to aggregate the overall inventory on the territory of the EU, Member States’ inventories were converted into a common classification scheme. The IAEA GSG-1 classification system has been chosen for that purpose in order to facilitate Member States’ reporting to various international organisations (e.g. IAEA) and instruments (e.g. Joint Convention). The categories of radioactive waste used for data aggregation are as follows: ·Very Low Level Waste (VLLW): waste that does not need a high level of containment and isolation and, therefore, is suitable for disposal in near-surface, landfill-type facilities with limited regulatory control. ·Low Level Waste (LLW): waste that is above clearance levels, but with limited amounts of long-lived radionuclides. Such waste requires robust isolation and containment for periods of up to a few hundred years and is suitable for disposal in engineered near-surface facilities. This class covers a very broad range of waste. LLW may include shortlived radionuclides at higher levels of activity concentration, and also long-lived radionuclides, but only at relatively low levels of activity concentration. ·Intermediate Level Waste (ILW): waste that, because of its content, particularly of longlived radionuclides, requires a greater degree of containment and isolation than that provided by near surface disposal. However, ILW needs no provision, or only limited provision, for heat dissipation during its storage and disposal. ILW may contain longlived radionuclides, in particular, alpha emitting radionuclides that will not decay to a level of activity concentration acceptable for near surface disposal during the time for which institutional controls can be relied upon. Therefore, waste in this class requires disposal at greater depths, of the order of tens of metres to a few hundred metres. ·High Level Waste (HLW): waste with levels of activity concentration high enough to generate significant quantities of heat by the radioactive decay process or waste with large amounts of longlived radionuclides that need to be considered in the design of a disposal facility for such waste. Disposal in deep, stable geological formations, usually several hundred metres or more, below the surface is the generally recognized option for disposal of HLW. Spent fuel (SF) is also considered in its entirety, whether it might be intended for reprocessing or awaiting decision for future long-term management (reprocessing or disposal). In addition to the above-mentioned waste classes, IAEA GSG-1 classification system defines:

·Exempt waste with concentrations of radionuclides small enough not to require provisions for radiation protection. Such material can be cleared from regulatory control and does not require any further consideration from a regulatory control perspective. ·Very shortlived waste containing only very short half-life radionuclides, thus such waste can be stored until the activity has fallen beneath the levels of clearance, allowing for the cleared waste to be managed as conventional waste. The latter two waste classes do not require future long-term management or disposal as radioactive waste due to their short-lifetime and/or levels allowing the exemption or clearance from regulatory control. Accordingly, exempt waste and very short-lived waste are in most cases not reported by Member States. Thus, these waste classes have not been used for data aggregation in the present document. Several Member States combine VLLW and LLW, or do not have a separate VLLW class. In the latter case, such material could be subject to clearance in accordance with the respective national legislation. Reflecting the disposal routes, several Member States also use a combined waste class “low and intermediate level waste” (LILW). Where other than the IAEA GSG-1 classification system is used for reporting by Member States, a conversion provided by the Member States is applied in this Report in order to achieve the conversion from the national to the IAEA classification systems. 5.Current radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory in the EU This section is dedicated to the presentation and analysis of the radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory present in the Union’s territory and the future prospects as required by Article 14(2)(b) of the Directive. The information used to compile this section was primarily collected from the second national reports and national programmes. The details on the national inventories are given in Annex I of this document. The first Commission report contained information on the radioactive waste disposed of at sea (Table I.8 of the SWD(2017) 161 final). As these disposal practices were prohibited by the London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and the total ban on radioactive waste disposal at sea adopted in 1993, and no new information emerged since the publication of the first Commission report, the information on radioactive waste disposed of at sea is excluded from this document. The section is composed of two parts – the first part relates to the radioactive waste inventory and the second part is dedicated to the spent fuel inventory. Overall, inventory data reported in the second national reports is generally consistent with the data provided in national programmes and the first national reports. In most of the cases, national reports provided sufficient information to explain non-typical changes in the inventories (e.g. successful volume reduction programmes resulting in reduction of waste amounts without presence of disposal activities). However, the number of sources of uncertainties previously listed in Section 2 still remain an obstacle for most complete and comprehensive reporting of national and EU inventory. The future prospects of the radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory present in the Community's territory are presented in the Section 6. EU radioactive waste inventory The estimated total inventory of radioactive waste on EU territory at the end of 2016 is 3 466 000 m3. Of this waste, 71.6% is already disposed of (2 483 000 m3) and 28% (983 000 m3) is in storage and will have to be managed in the future. Compared to the 2013 radioactive waste inventory, this is a 4.6% increase of total radioactive waste volumes. Table 1 summarizes the overall amounts of radioactive waste in the EU with comparison to previously reported data (i.e. inventory status as of end 2013). Waste EU RAW Amounts (m3, rounded to thousands) Category Stored Disposed Total Year 2013 2016 2013 2016 2013 2016 VLLW 237 000 234 000 279 000 369 000 516 000 603 000 LLW 428 000 417 000 2 025 000 2 102 000 2 453 000 2 519 000 ILW 326 000 326 000 12 000 12 000 338 000 338 000 HLW 6 000 6 000 0 0 6 000 6 000 Total (m3) 997 000 983 000 2 316 000 2 483 000 3 313 000 3 466 000 Figure 1 and Figure 2 provide information on the distribution of radioactive waste in the EU by waste class and by management status. As can be seen from these figures, distribution of radioactive waste by class has not changed significantly compared to 2013. As in previous reporting, LLW still remains as the dominating waste class making up 73% of the overall waste amount, while VLLW and ILW are estimated to have a 17% and 10% share respectively (see Figure 3). HLW makes up by far the smallest fraction of the overall waste volume, accounting for less than 0.2% (all HLW is kept in storage). Figure 3. Distribution of the total RAW in the EU by waste category at the end of 2013 and 2016

Even though LLW dominates the radioactive waste inventory, two specific points should be taken into consideration: - Some Member States do not have a separate VLLW class as defined in IAEA GSG-1 waste classification scheme. In such cases, all the VLLW is reported as part of LLW waste class. - Some Member States do not register (partially or completely) VLLW amounts in their national inventory. Both above-mentioned issues lead to the situation in which VLLW amounts are underestimated and LLW overestimated. As indicated above, the total quantity of the radioactive waste disposed of as of end 2016 equals to 2 483 000 m3. It consist mainly of LLW (85%). However, due to the noninclusion of VLLW disposals to the national inventories of some Member States the actual fraction of disposed LLW volumes could be significantly lower. At the end of 2016, 61% of the total VLLW volume is reported as disposed of and the amount of VLLW disposed of has steadily increased. At the same time, 83% of LLW is reported as disposed. A few Member States have reported small amounts of ILW disposed of (0.5% of the total disposed waste). In most of the cases, ILW was disposed of as a result of past practice. Due to safety concerns, some Member States are planning to retrieve ILW and re-dispose it in new disposal facilities. The total reported volume of stored radioactive waste in 2016 is 983 000 m3. LLW makes almost half of this amount (42%), while VLLW and ILW make 24% and 33% respectively. The HLW fraction in the overall radioactive waste in storage is 0.6% and it remains unchanged since the previous reporting. Distribution of stored RAW by class for 2016 is shown in Figure 4 together with 2013 values for comparison. As in the previous cases, the change between two periods is relatively small. Figure 4. Distribution of stored radioactive waste in the EU by class,

end of 2013 (997 000 m3) and 2016 (983 000 m3) There are significant differences in the amounts of stored radioactive waste between Member States with and without nuclear power programmes. Figure 5 presents this at aggregated level for all RAW classes. In aggregate, the 16 Member States with nuclear power programme have 125 times bigger amounts of RAW than the 12 Member States without nuclear power programmes. This difference varies between RAW classes and e.g. for HLW and ILW it is almost 200 and 240 times, respectively. It can be concluded that Member States with nuclear power programmes are contributing the most to the overall EU radioactive waste in storage (see Figure 5). Figure 5. Volumes of stored radioactive waste by class in Member States with and without nuclear power programme, end of 2013 and 2016 Radioactive waste inventory - trends in the EU The evolution of the total amount of radioactive waste (Table 2), radioactive waste in storage (Table 3) and radioactive waste which has been disposed of (Table 4) is based on the data from the various Commission reports published in 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013 and on the current data from the second national reports (2016). Waste Category Total amount (m3) 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 VLLW 210 000 280 000 414 000 516 000 603 000 LLW 2 228 000 2 435 000 2 356 000 2 453 000 2 519 000 ILW 206 000 288 000 321 000 338 000 338 000 HLW 5 000 4000 5 000 6 000 6 000 Total 2 649 000 3 007 000 3 096 000 3 313 000 3 466 000 Figure 6 presents radioactive waste inventory evolution for the period 2004-2016. There are no significant changes since the first Commission report. VLLW volume, as well as the percentage of disposed of waste steadily increases year by year. LLW remains the dominant waste class in terms of total volume and disposal rate.

Figure 6. Evolution of total radioactive waste volumes since the end of 2004

(with the percentage of waste disposed of indicated) Normalized RAW amounts from tables are also presented in figures to allow easier trend observation (see Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9). In all RAW categories a steady increase of volume over time is noticeable. There is one slight decrease of total RAW, coming from the stored part, between reporting in 2004 and 2007. This decrease can be attributed to different RAW conditioning activities resulting in reduction of RAW volumes. Member States applied various techniques such as compaction of the solid waste or solidification treatment of liquid waste. The second decrease is noticeable for HLW between 2007 and 2010 after a previous increase. The overall evolution of radioactive waste generated in the EU (normalized sum of radioactive waste both stored and disposed) until the end of 2016 is shown in Figure 7. The amount of the VLLW is increasing at the highest rate, ILW rises almost at half speed while the other two classes have the smallest rate of increase. Figure 7. Normalized evolution of RAW volumes in the EU (both stored and disposed) Evolution of the stored radioactive waste volumes (per waste category) is presented in Table 3. Waste Category Stored amount (m3) 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 VLLW 176 000 175 000 217 000 237 000 234 000 LLW 411 000 495 000 365 000 428 000 417 000 ILW 206 000 288 000 321 000 326 000 326 000 HLW 6 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 6 000 Total 799 000 962 000 908 000 997 000 983 000 There are currently no operational deep geological disposal facilities for ILW and HLW. Consequently, the amounts of stored ILW and HLW are steadily increasing over time. The amounts of VLLW and LLW in storage are affected by differences in generation and disposal rates. During different periods, their respective amounts in storage may therefore increase or decrease. The volume of stored VLLW shows a steady increase of about 40 % over the period 2004 – 2016. This shows that the disposal rate of VLLW needs to continue further to keep pace with its generation. Figure 8 presents graphically normalised stored RAW categories for all reporting periods. Figure 8. Normalised evolution of stored RAW amounts in EU since the end of 2004 Table 4 shows the evolution of radioactive waste disposal over time. The increase in disposed of LLW is levelling over the period since 2004. Contrary to this, the disposal of VLLW shows a steady increase.





Waste Category Disposed amount (m3) 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 VLLW 34 000 105 000 197 000 279 000 369 000 LLW 1 817 000 1 940 000 1 991 000 2 025 000 2 102 000 ILW 0 0 0 12 000 12 000 HLW 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1 851 000 2 045 000 2 188 000 2 316 000 2 483 000 From Table 4, it can be also seen that some Member States are disposing of ILW. However, this is not yet widespread practice. These disposals, in accordance with the IAEA classification, consist mainly of highly active disused radioactive sealed sources containing short-lived radionuclides. Over 96% of ILW is still kept in storage pending proper disposal facilities. Figure 9 presents graphically normalised stored RAW categories for all reporting periods. Figure 9. Normalised evolution of VLLW and LLW disposal amounts in EU since the end of 2004 Overall, the situation remains broadly the same compared to the situation described in the first Commission report. 17% of the LLW amount generated is kept in storage. There is no systematic increase in the amounts in storage between 2004 and 2016 and the overall LLW amount of waste generated and disposed of is generally in equilibrium. LLW disposal is dominated by Member States with large LLW inventories, whereas a number of Member States with smaller inventories do not yet dispose of their LLW. For ILW the situation is very different. Less than 4% is reported as disposed of, and in some cases such ILW will be retrieved as the current disposal facilities do not meet present safety requirements. There is a steady increase in ILW in storage. For HLW and spent fuel declared as waste, the first facility for disposal of such material is expected around 2024 in Finland, with other facilities in France (around 2035) and Sweden (around 2032). Therefore, one should expect that the amounts of HLW and spent fuel in storage are increasing steadily in line with their generation. Currently, thirteen Member States have radioactive waste disposal facilities either in operation or closed (nuclear power programme countries: Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK; non-nuclear programme countries: Latvia, Poland and Portugal) although based on the information from the national programmes and reports it is expected that more repositories will be built in the coming years. A number of Member States (both with and without nuclear power plants) have dedicated disposal sites for institutional radioactive waste. In some cases, the disposal of waste undertaken in the past at several sites is now being reconsidered and there are plans for the retrieval of the waste disposed of several decades ago. Consequently, change of radioactive waste inventories can be expected after retrieval for processing and subsequent storage and/or disposal. Below, the status of RAW inventory for the current and previous reporting period is presented for all Member States. The presentation includes amounts of RAW per management status and for each of the four RAW classes. Because of the above-mentioned difference in scale, the presentation is separate for Member States with and without nuclear power programme. Sixteen EU Member States operate or have operated nuclear power plants. Member States with nuclear power programmes account together for 99.7% of the radioactive waste inventory in the EU. Percentage share of the total RAW in 2016 between Member States with nuclear power programme is presented in Figure 10. Figure 10. Distribution of total volumes of radioactive waste in Member States with nuclear power programmes, end of 2016 France and UK have by far the highest share with 44.5% and 36% respectively. The next Member State with the highest share is Germany with 6.5%. The total volume of radioactive waste in these Member States is shown individually in Figure 11 (with indicated stored and disposed amounts in 2013 and 2016). Figure 11. Volumes of RAW in Member States with nuclear power programme, end of 2013 and 2016 Twelve Member States have no nuclear power programmes, although six of them are operating or have operated research, training or demonstration reactors. The distribution among the Member States without nuclear power programmes and the total volume of radioactive waste is shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13 (with indicated stored and disposed of amounts for 2013 and 2016). Figure 12. Distribution of total volumes of RAW in Member States without nuclear power programme, end of 2016 (HR, LU, CY, IE and MT have together 0.1%)

Figure 13. Volume of RAW in Member States without nuclear power programme, end of 2013 and 2016 Member States with nuclear power programmes are primary contributors to the overall radioactive waste inventory of the EU. The radioactive waste amounts are in line with the size of the respective nuclear power programmes. Amounts of stored radioactive waste in Member States with nuclear power programmes are shown in Figure 14 for 2016 and 2013 (with indicated amounts for all RAW classes). The difference between France and UK is primarily from the amount of stored RAW. Figure 14. Volumes of stored RAW by class in Member States with nuclear power programmes, end of 2013 and 2016 The amounts of stored radioactive waste for Member States which are without nuclear power programmes are shown in Figure 15 for 2016 and 2013 (with indicated amounts for all RAW classes). Figure 15. Volumes of stored RAW by class in MSs without nuclear power programme, end of 2013 and 2016 Distribution of the disposed radioactive waste is presented for all Member States in Figure 16 regardless of whether they have a nuclear power programme or not (with indicated amounts of all RAW classes for 2016 and for 2013 for comparison). No HLW waste is disposed of in any Member State as of the current reporting period. Figure 16. Volumes of radioactive waste disposed of in the EU,

end of 2013 and 2016 Spent fuel inventory Based on the Member State strategy, spent fuel is stored pending either disposal or reprocessing. During reprocessing, uranium and plutonium are recovered and separated from fission products, which are radioactive waste (mainly HLW and ILW). As there are no operational disposal facilities for this type of radioactive waste, spent fuel is currently stored until disposal facilities become available. At the end of 2016 approximately 58 000 tHM of spent fuel was stored in the EU (7% increase from 2013 and 29% increase since 2007) and around 900 tHM of spent fuel (about 1.5 %) was sent for reprocessing outside the EU with the expected returns of resulting radioactive waste from reprocessing. These amounts include both spent fuel coming from power and nonpower (e.g. research, isotope production) reactors. Figure 17. Spent fuel in storage (end of 2013 and 2016)

Most recent reported amounts of spent fuel stored in individual Member States are shown in Figure 17 together with values from 2013 for comparison. Some Member States have smaller inventories of spent fuel (or none) in storage than that generated by the nuclear power plants because part of it or all has been reprocessed. On the other end, countries with neither past, nor current reprocessing, have comparably high spent fuel inventories. A steady increase of the spent fuel mass is visible for all Member States. The percentage share of spent fuel between Member States is presented in the Figure 18. Figure 18. Member States' contribution to the overall spent fuel inventory in the EU, end of 2016 France has almost one quarter of all EU spent fuel, followed by Germany, which has almost 9 percent points less. The third is Sweden with close to 4 percent points less. There is a gradual but smaller difference among the Member States with less spent fuel. Figure 19 presents the evolution of the total spent fuel mass for all Member States during all reporting periods. The rate of spent fuel mass increase is noticeably slower after 2010. Given that today there is no disposal route available for spent fuel (first disposal facilities to become operational in 2024-2035) and that not all Member States have their spent fuel reprocessed, there is a continual increase in the amount of spent fuel in storage (see Table 5 and Figure 19). Figure 19. Evolution of spent fuel in storage in Member States since the end of 2004 6.Projections of radioactive waste and spent fuel In the SWD on the EU Inventory (SWD(2017) 161) the Commission reported that projections of radioactive waste inventories in Member States differed in the level of detail and time frames provided and several Member States have not provided any or sufficiently detailed estimates of their future inventory of spent fuel and/or radioactive waste, particularly regarding new builds and decommissioning. Therefore, at that time it was not possible for the Commission to forecast future total EU inventories. In the second national reports, Member States improved reporting of the future projections compared to the first national reports. Additional information reported by Member States allowed for the first time to prepare an EU radioactive waste and spent fuel forecast for 2030. Even if this is a clear progress in reporting, it should be noted that all uncertainties mentioned before are significantly larger for future predictions. Due to limitations of the reported inventory data only estimations of radioactive waste and spent fuel projections for 2030 was possible. The majority of the Member States also provided estimates of their future inventories for 2050. However, due to the unavailability of inventory forecast data for 2050 from some large Member States, it was not possible to establish an overall EU inventory long-term forecast. In the first national reports, Member States were using two different reporting approaches for estimation of radioactive waste projections: -One approach was to provide the data along with the reference waste classes for the end of the useful life of existing facilities and sites, including decommissioning and site remediation. -The other approach was to provide the amounts of radioactive waste for the different reference waste classes for specified future dates. In the second national reports the majority of the Member States have reported their inventory projections for 2030 and 2050. In addition to the inventory projections for specific dates, a few Member States reported long-term estimations of overall radioactive waste and spent fuel generation from the existing nuclear facilities, including decommissioning of those facilities. Estimated EU radioactive waste and spent fuel inventory for 2030 is presented in Table 5. Data reported by individual Member States are given in Annex I of this document. Decommissioning of nuclear power plants will become an increasingly important activity for the European nuclear industry in the coming years due to the ageing of the reactor fleet. This will have an important impact on the amounts of radioactive waste generated, especially VLLW and LLW, and should thus be taken into account when planning disposal and storage facilities. As can be seen from Figure 20, it is expected that total VLLW volumes will double by 2030 compared to the current amounts, and that a significant increase of LLW is expected as well. The current VLLW volumes make only 44% of the expected VLLW amounts in 2030 (equivalent to a 225% increase from the current level). Vor LLW current amounts make 76% of the expected LLW amounts in 2030. The main contributors to this increase are Member States with largest nuclear programmes. For ILW and HLW, safe and responsible management is challenging in terms of the availability of sufficient long-term storage capacity and the development of sustainable disposal solutions. It is expected that ILW by 2030 will increase by approximately 35%. The biggest part of this increase will come from decommissioning activities. HLW increase by about 50% will result from reprocessing of spent fuel (mostly in France).

Future RAW and SF amount estimates (m3) VLLW LLW ILW HLW SF 2016 603 000 2 519 000 338 000 6 000 58 000 2030 1 360 000 3 322 000 455 000 9 000 76 000 Figure 20. Estimation of radioactive waste generation by 2030 compared to current inventory With regards to spent fuel, an increase from present 58 000 tHM to 76 000 tHM in 2030 is estimated. It has to be noted, that the majority of Member States have not reported inventories from planned new build nuclear power plants. It is expected that by 2030 the spent fuel inventory will increase by approximately 10%. As some Member States proceed with spent fuel reprocessing, the actual increase does not represent the actual amount of spent fuel discharged from the reactors. Part of the spent fuel is sent for reprocessing outside the EU and it is expected that around 1100 m3 of radioactive waste from spent fuel reprocesing will be returned by 2030.



Annex I: Spent fuel and radioactive waste inventory data "-" in the tables below means no data was received from the Member State or no such practice exists "0" in the table means that the data with value "0" was received from the Member State Table I.1. Overall EU radioactive waste inventory and the future prospects as at the end of 2016 Total RAW 2016 2030 2050 Other date MS Category Volume, m3 Decom. Share, m3 Volume, m3 Decom. Share, m3 Volume, m3 Decom. Share, m3 Volume, m3 [Date, year] Decom. Share, m3 Austria VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 2 240 900 3 050 1 930 3 620 2 390 3600 [2045] 2390 [2045] ILW 60 30 60 30 60 30 60 [2045] 30 [2045] HLW - - - - - - - - Belgium VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 14 912 - 29 400 - 52 600 - 54 900 [2130] - ILW 8 755 - 8 700 - 10 780 - 10 900 [2130] - HLW 70 - 70 - 250 - 250 [2130] - Bulgaria VLLW 4 817 0 42 000 35 000 - - - - LLW 24 380 150 90 200 42 000 - - - - ILW 10 0 10 0 - - - - HLW 0 0 1 100 0 - - - - Croatia VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 7.53 0 1 546 100 4 561 4 540 1440 [2023] 4490 [2043] 4540 [2060] 0 [2023] 2 660 [2043] 2660 [2060] ILW 3.81 0 - - - - - - HLW 0 0 0 0 41 41 0 [2023] 41 [2043] 41 [2060] 0 [2023] 41 [2043] 41 [2060] Cyprus VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW - - <1 - <1 - - - ILW - - - - - - - - HLW - - - - - - - - Czech Republic VLLW - - - - - LLW 13 350 0 17 600 11 000 32 800 23 200 - - ILW 9270 0 2 850 1 500 2 500 150 146 000 [2085] 83 000 [2085] HLW 0 0 4200 t 4200 t 41 0 4 424 [2085] 2 829 t [2085] Denmark VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 1 200 - 1 926 - 3 162 - - - ILW 620 - 9 949 - 9 949 - - - HLW - - - - - - - - Estonia VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 1 082 - 1 112 28 2 024 337 - - ILW 64 - 65 - 802 650 - - HLW - - - - - - - - Finland VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 6 300 - 9 300 38 11 800 29 038 - - ILW 3 200 - 7 130 - 7 650 - - - HLW - - - - - - - - France VLLW 482 000 - 970 000 - - - 1 600 000 [2040] 930 000 [2040] LLW 917 000 - 1 200 000 - - - 1 500 000 [2040] 420 000 [2040] ILW 135 500 - 160 000 - - - 170 000 [2040] 31 000 [2040] HLW 3 650 - 5 700 - - - 6 900 [2040] 0 [2040] Germany VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 202 713* - 300 378 - 340 878 - - - ILW 22 523* - 34 115 - 38 615 - - - HLW 569.52 - 700 - 700 - - - Greece VLLW 44.2 - < 200 < 50 - - - - LLW 72.8 - < 200 < 50 - - - - ILW 0.5 - < 1 < 1 - - - - HLW - - - - - - - - Hungary VLLW 2 950 - 3 536 - 4 829 - - - LLW 7 376 - 8 841 - 12 072 - - - ILW 4 725 - 5 706 - 7 740 - - - HLW 150 - 173 - 228 - - - Ireland VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW - - - - - - - - ILW - - - - - - - - HLW - - - - - - - - Italy VLLW 8 591 1 456 24 631 16 041 30 792 22 201 30 792 [2065] 22 201 [2065] LLW 24 488 3 607 41 679 16 291 46 015 19 427 46 915 [2065] 19 427 [2065] ILW 6 300 171 11 198 4 509 13 497 6 807 13 497 [2065] 6 807 [2065] HLW 0 - 38.1 - 38.1 - 38.1 [2065] - Latvia VLLW 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - LLW 873 0 1 889 1 000 1 919 1 000 1 904 [2040] 1000 [2040] ILW 18 0 32 10 37 10 35 [2040] 10 [2040] HLW 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - Lithuania VLLW 22 345 - 40 015 24 978 55 725 40 996 - - LLW 49 340 - 40 997 5 696 68 077 9 739 - - ILW 2 077 - 5 483 3 227 10 359 8 103 - - HLW - - - - - - - - Luxembourg VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 0.1 - - - 0.1 - - - ILW - - - - - - - - HLW - - - - - - - - Malta VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW - - - - - - - - ILW - - - - - - - - HLW - - - - - - - - The Netherlands VLLW - ** - - - - - - - LLW 11 358 - ** - - - - 70 000 [2130] - ILW - - - - - - 267 [2130] - HLW 105 - - - - - 133 [2130] - Poland VLLW 1 051 - 1 280 - 1 850 50 - - LLW 2 757 - 4 800 - 23 730 130 - - ILW 218 - 491 - 551 - - - HLW - - - - - - - - Portugal VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 232 0 269 100 231 90 - - ILW 33 0 47 0 69 3 - - HLW - - - - - - - - Romania VLLW 437 437 - - - - - - LLW 3 376 0 7 670 1 000 17 250 2 000 12 730 [2040] 32 370 [2095] 2 000 [2040] 16 100 [2095] ILW 100 0 285 60 1 075 175 960 [2040] 2 235 [2095] 60 [2040] 1 320 [2095] HLW 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 [2040] 0 [2095] 0 [2040] 0 [2095] Slovakia VLLW 26 635 - 29 000 29 000 29 000 29 000 29 000 [2040] 29 000 [2040] LLW 23 249 - 38 512 24 648 44 644 25 136 41 894 [2040] 25 136 [2040] ILW 52 - 1 200 1 187 1 900 1 887 1 900 [2040] 1 887 [2040] HLW - - - - - - - - Slovenia VLLW - - - - - - - - LLW 2 345 0 2 970 0 4 207 740 3 336 [2040] 0 [2040] ILW 38 0 2 0 0 0 6 [2040] 0 [2040] HLW 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - Spain VLLW 21 107 11 155 45 000 25 000 110 800 79 000 110 800 [2090] 79 000 [2090] LLW 39 034 2 985 56 000 13 000 90 400 42 500 90 400 [2090] 42 500 [2090] ILW 201 31 400 300 800 600 800 [2090] 600 [2090] HLW 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 [2090] 0 [2090] Sweden VLLW 30 741 - 53 540 - 53 540 - - - LLW 47 422 - 90 000 - 145 000 - - - ILW 5 300 - 11 500 - 15 000 - - - HLW 0 - - - - - - - UK VLLW 1 510 - 151 000 - 550 000 - 2 930 000 [2125] 2 812 800 [2125] LLW 1 098 800 - 1 351 700 - 1 588 700 - 2 442 700 [2125] 2 174 003 [2125] ILW 148 000 - 191 000 - 258 000 - 453 000 [2125] 258 210 [2125] HLW 1 660 - 1 500 - 1 500 - 1 500 [2125] 0 [2125] * Indicated LLW and ILW amounts include 19 503t of unconditioned non-heat generating waste. For aggregation purposes Commission Services assumed 1t = 1m3 (numbers not verified by Germany) ** Information on VLLW inventory as well as origin of waste amounts is not registered in the Netherlands.



Table I.2. Spent fuel stored on Member States' territory

SF in Storage on a Member State territory (tHM) Country 2016 2030 2050 Other date (Mass/date) Austria - - - - Belgium 3 676 3800 3800 3 800 [2130] Bulgaria 876 1 496 - - Croatia* - - - - Cyprus - - - - Czech Republic 1 969 2913 5268 9910 [>2185] Denmark 0.238 - - - Estonia - - - - Finland 2 099 3 812 5 005 - France 14 019 15 457 - 16 956 [2040] Germany 8 849 10 110 10 110 - Greece 0** - - - Hungary 1 246 2 101 3 330 - Ireland - - - - Italy 15.677 2.5 2.5 2.5 [2065] Latvia - - - - Lithuania 2 416 2 416 2 416 - Luxembourg - - - - Malta - - - - The Netherlands*** 8.2 m3 - - - Poland - - 0.4 - Portugal - - - - Romania 2 882 6 600 14 300 20 400 [2080] Slovakia 1 606 2 289 3 380 - Slovenia* 470 673 900 829 [2040] Spain 4 975 6 672 6 672 6 672 [2090] Sweden 6 759 9 500 12 000 - UK 6 003 - - - * Spent fuel reported by Slovenia to be shared equally by Croatia and Slovenia. ** Irradiated fuel of the research reactor GRR-1 has been repatriated in February 2019. *** In the Netherlands the inventory of spent fuel is recorded in m3.

Table I.3. Conditioned radioactive waste stored on Member States’ territory Stored conditioned RAW (Estimated volume for disposal, m3) Country RAW 2016 2030 2050 Volume [Date] Austria VLLW - - - - LLW 2 240 3 050 3 620 3600 [2045] ILW 60 60 60 60 [2045] HLW - - - - Belgium VLLW - - - - LLW 14 912 - - 54 900 [2130] ILW 8 755 - - 10 900 [2130] HLW 70 - - 250 [2130] Bulgaria VLLW 2 490 0 - - LLW 11 730 74 200 - - ILW 0 10 - - HLW 0 1 100 - - Croatia VLLW - - - - LLW 7.5 - - 1 150 [2023] 4 490 [2043] 4 540 [2060] ILW 3.8 - - - HLW 0 - - 0 [2023] 41 [2043] 41 [2060] Cyprus VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Czech Republic VLLW - - - - LLW 1 500 3 600 3 600 - ILW 420 350 350 - HLW - - - - Denmark VLLW - - - - LLW 1 200 - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Estonia VLLW - - - - LLW 408 408 - - ILW 9 9 - - HLW - - - - Finland VLLW - - - - LLW 300 - - - ILW 50 - - - HLW - - - - France VLLW 154 000 - - - LLW 74 100 - - - ILW 135 500 - - - HLW 3 650 - - - Germany VLLW - - - - LLW 109 782 198 000 - - ILW 12 198 22 740 740 - HLW 570 700 700 - Greece VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Hungary VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Ireland VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Italy VLLW 3 097 15 575 728 0 [2065] LLW 2 620 27 881 208 0 [2065] ILW 1 073 11 251 13 550 13 550 [2065] HLW - 38 38 38 [2065] Latvia VLLW - - - - LLW 53 78 110 93 [2040] ILW 5 15 15 15 [2040] HLW - - - - Lithuania VLLW 7 813 0 0 - LLW 24 787 14 417 0 - ILW 0 0 0 - HLW 0 0 0 - Luxembourg VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Malta VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - The Netherlands VLLW - - - - LLW 11 358 - - 70 000 [2130] ILW - - - 267 [2130] HLW 105** - - 133 [2130] Poland VLLW 19 50 50 - LLW 1 161 900 900 - ILW 207 480 540 - HLW - - - - Portugal* VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Romania VLLW 437 - - - LLW 1 187 2 000 1 600 1800 [2040] 950 [2060] ILW 101 285 1 075 960 [2040] 1 075 [2060] HLW 0.12 0 0 0 [2040] 0 [2060] Slovakia VLLW 26 631 0 0 - LLW 23 249 1 600 1 000 1 400 [2040] ILW 24 1 200 1 900 1 900 [2040] HLW - - - - Slovenia VLLW - - - - LLW 2 329 1 519 2 021 1 885 [2040] ILW 24 2 0 6 [2040] HLW - 0 0 0 Spain VLLW 11 020 6 000 0 0 [2090] LLW 6 836 10 000 0 0 [2090] ILW 201 400 800 0 [2090] HLW 12 12 12 0 [2090] Sweden VLLW 2 900 2 000 0 - LLW 8 500 30 000 5 000 - ILW 5 300 11 500 10 000 - HLW 0 - - - UK VLLW 0 151 000 55 000 2 930 000 [2125] LLW 14 300 289 000 526 000 2 380 000 [2125] ILW 41 400 191 000 258 000 453 000 [2125] HLW 1 130 1 500 1 500 1 500 [2125] * All waste declared as disposed of. ** Includes research reactors' spent fuel (7 m3)



Table I.4. Unconditioned radioactive waste stored on Member States’ territory Stored unconditioned RAW (volume, m3 / or mass, t) Country Volume RAW 2016 Storage Estimated disposal volume 2030 2050 Volume [Date] Austria VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Belgium VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Bulgaria VLLW 2 327 2 327 2 035 - - LLW 8 214 12 650 1 700 - - ILW 3 10 10 - - HLW 0 - - - - Croatia VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Cyprus VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Czech Republic VLLW - - - - - LLW 351t,

1 843 - - - 63 000 [>2085] ILW 1.3 - - - 4 424 [>2085] HLW - - - - - Denmark VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW 938 620 - - - HLW - - - - - Estonia VLLW - - - - - LLW 674 1275 676.4 - - ILW 55 140 56.6 - - HLW - - - - - Finland VLLW - - - - - LLW 1 481 - - - - ILW 535 - - - - HLW - - - - - France VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Germany VLLW - - - - - LLW 17 553t - - - - ILW 1 950t - - - - HLW - - - - - Greece VLLW 44.2 - 53.4 - - LLW 72.8 - 63.6 - - ILW 0.5t - < 1 - - HLW - - - - - Hungary VLLW 2 034 1 795 845 131 - LLW 5 086 4 487 2 114 328 - ILW 3 252 2 992 1 670 694 - HLW 102 150 173 298 - Ireland VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Italy VLLW 10 128 5 495 - - - LLW 10 279 21 868 - - - ILW 1 635 5 227 - - - HLW - - - - - Latvia VLLW - - - - - LLW 2 - 2 0 - ILW 13 - 17 22 - HLW - - - - - Lithuania VLLW 20 800 14 532 0 0 - LLW 9 150 24 552 0 0 - ILW 928 2 077 5 483 10 359 - HLW - - - - - Luxembourg VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Malta VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - The Netherlands VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Poland VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Portugal* VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Romania VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Slovakia VLLW 3.8t 3.8 - - - LLW 27t 27 - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Slovenia VLLW - - - - - LLW 81 - - - - ILW 14 - - - - HLW - - - - - Spain VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - Sweden VLLW - - - - - LLW - - - - - ILW - - - - - HLW - - - - - UK VLLW 935 1 510 - - - LLW 19 500 21 800 - - - ILW 67 800 106 600 - - - HLW 1 100 530 - - - * All waste declared as disposed of.



Table I.5. Disposed of radioactive waste on Member States’ territory Disposed RAW (Volume as disposed, m3) Country RAW 2016 2030 2050 Other date Austria VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Belgium VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Bulgaria VLLW - 42 000 - - LLW - 16 000 - - ILW - 0 - - HLW - 0 - - Croatia VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Cyprus VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Czech Republic VLLW - - - - LLW 11 850 14 000 29 200 - ILW 8 850 2 500 2 000 - HLW - 4200 t - - Denmark VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Estonia VLLW - - - - LLW - - 2 024 - ILW - - 802 - HLW - - - - Finland VLLW - - - - LLW 6 020 8 020 9 820 - ILW 2 160 7 100 7 800 - HLW 0 - - - France VLLW 328 249 - - - LLW 843 171 - - - ILW 0 - - - HLW 0 - - - Germany VLLW - - - - LLW 75 378 102 378 340 878 - ILW 8 375 11 375 37 875 - HLW 0 0 0 - Greece VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Hungary VLLW 1 155 2 691 4 698 - LLW 2 889 6 727 11 745 ILW 1 733 4 036 7 047 HLW 0 0 0 Ireland VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Italy VLLW - 9 056 30 064 30 792 [2065] LLW - 13 798 45 807 46 915 [2065] ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Latvia VLLW 0 0 - - LLW 818 1 809 1 809 - ILW - HLW 0 0 - - Lithuania VLLW 0 40 015 55 725 - LLW 0 26 580 68 077 - ILW 0 1 020 0 HLW - - - - Luxembourg VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Malta VLLW - - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - The Netherlands VLLW - * - - - LLW - - - - ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Poland VLLW 1 033 1230 1 800 - LLW 1 596 3 900 22 830 - ILW 11 11 11 - HLW 0 - - - Portugal VLLW - - - - LLW 232 269 231 - ILW 33 47 69 - HLW - - - - Romania VLLW - - - - LLW 2 189 5 670 15 430 10 930[2040] 19 930 [2060] ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Slovakia VLLW -** 29 000 29 000 29 000 [2040] LLW -** 36 912 43 644 40 494 [2040] ILW - - - - HLW - - - - Slovenia VLLW - - - - LLW - 1452 2187 1452 [2040] ILW - HLW - - - - Spain VLLW 10 087 39 000 110 800 110 800 [2090] LLW 32 198 46 000 90 400 90 400 [2090] ILW - - - 800 [2090] HLW - - - 12 [2090] Sweden VLLW 27 841 51 540 53 540 - LLW 38 922 60 000 140 000 ILW 0 0 5 000 HLW 0 UK VLLW - - - - LLW 1 062 700*** - - - ILW 0 0 - - HLW 0 0 - - * Information on VLLW inventory is not registered in the Netherlands. ** Information on currently disposed VLLW/LLW not reported by Slovakia. *** Includes 33 600 m3 of LLW in Dounreay historical disposal pits.

Table I.6. Other radioactive waste on Member States’ territory

Country Waste type Amount (number, volume, mass or activity) 2016 2030 2050 Austria DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Belgium DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Radium extracting waste (m3) 275 000 - - Bulgaria DSRS (number) 428 - - NORM (m3) - - - Croatia DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Cyprus DSRS (number) 718 - - NORM (m3) - - - Czech Republic DSRS (number) 60 885 - - NORM (m3) - - - Denmark DSRS (number) - - - NORM (t) 450 1 250 2 250 Tailings and ore (t) 4 800 - - Estonia DSRS (number) - - - NORM (t) - - - Finland DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - France DSRS (number) - - - NORM (t) - - - Uranium conversion treatment residues (m3) - - - Products remaining after extraction of the uranium contained by the ore (t) - - - Germany DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Greece DSRS (number) 819 - - NORM (m3) 100 - - Hungary DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Ireland DSRS (number) 16 - - NORM (m3) - - - Italy DSRS (GBq) 906 907 - - NORM (m3) - - - Latvia DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Lithuania DSRS (number) 85 000 85 000 85 000 NORM (m3) 67 - - Luxembourg DSRS (m3) - - 0.1 Contaminated

material (m3) - - - Malta DSRS (number) 103 - - NORM (m3) - - - Uranium salts (kg) 2.23 - - Thorium salts (kg) 0.125 - - Contaminated material (m3) 0.125 - - The Netherlands DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) 21 509 - 158 000* Poland DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Portugal DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) 200 350 550 Romania DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) 2 692 800 - - Other (m3) 25 605 - - Sterile and radioactive rock (m3) 7 082 552 - - Slovakia DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Slovenia DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) 1 614 443 1 614 443 1 614 443 Spain DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - Sweden DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - U.K. DSRS (number) - - - NORM (m3) - - - * NORM estimate for The Netherlands in 2130.



Table I.7. Comparison of global EU radioactive wastes in disposal

(m3, rounded to thousands) Disposed 6th report3

2004* 7th report4 2007* EC internal data 2010* 2013 2016 2030** Total waste 1 851 000* 2 045 000* 2 188 000* 2 316 000 2 483 000 3 201 000 VLLW 34 000 105 000 197 000 279 000 369 000 743 000 LLW 1 817 000* 1 940 000* 1 991 000* 2 025 000 2 102 000 2 429 000 ILW 0 0 0 12 000 12 000 29 000 HLW 0 0 0 0 0 0 * Reviewed and updated data. For more information see Commission SWD(2017) 161 final, 15.5.2017 ** Commission estimate primarily based on the information reported by Member States and on the other sources when information was not available in second national reports. Table I.8. Comparison of global EU spent fuel and radioactive wastes in storage (m3, rounded to thousands) Stored 6th report3

2004* 7th report4 2007* EC internal data 2010* 2013 2016 2030** Total SF 38 000 45 000 53 000 54 000 58 000 76 000 Total waste 798 000* 962 000* 909 000* 997 000 983 000 1 945 000 VLLW 176 000 175 000* 217 000* 237 000 234 000 617 000 LLW 411 000* 495 000* 365 000* 428 000 417 000 893 000 ILW 206 000* 288 000* 321 000* 326 000 326 000 426 000 HLW 5 000* 4 000 5 000 6 000 6 000 9 000 * Reviewed and updated data. For more information see Commission SWD(2017) 161 final, 15.5.2017. ** Commission estimate primarily based on the information reported by Member States and on the other sources when information was not available in second national reports.



Table I.9. Comparison of global EU spent fuel and radioactive wastes – Total (m3, rounded to thousands) Total 6th report3

2004* 7th report4

2007* EC internal data 2010* 2013 2016 2030** Total SF 38 000 45 000 53 000 54 000 58 000 76 000 Total waste 2 649 000* 3 007 000* 3 097 000* 3 313 000 3 466 000 5 146 000 VLLW 210 000 280 000* 414 000* 516 000 603 000 1 360 000 LLW 2 228 000* 2 435 000* 2 356 000* 2 453 000 2 519 000 3 322 000 ILW 206 000* 288 000* 321 000* 338 000 338 000 455 000 HLW 5 000* 4 000 5 000 6 000 6 000 9 000 * Reviewed and updated data. For more information see Commission SWD(2017) 161 final, 15.5.2017. ** Commission estimate primarily based on the information reported by Member States and on the other sources when information was not available in second national reports.