COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 26.07.1999 
COM(l999)367 final 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 
Annual Report on Humanitarian Aid 
1998 
i XL 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Executive summary 
1. General framework 
1.1 Policy initiatives 
1.2 Supervision and monitoring of aid 
1.3 Financial data 
2. Operational framework 
2.1 Revision of the Framework Partnership Contract 
2.2 Coordination: 
- with Member States 
- with other donors 
- with partners 
- with the United Nations 
2.3 Disaster prevention (DIPECHO) 
3. Humanitarian operations 
3.1 Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific 
3.2 Eastern Europe and the CIS 
3.3 Asia, Latin America and the Middle East 
4. Horizontal activities 
4.1 Impact and evaluation of aid 
4.2 Inter-departmental coordination 
4.3 Information 
4.4 Databases and management systems 
4.5 Education and training 
5. Prospects 
Annexes p. 1 
p. 1 
p. 3 
p. 3 
p. 3 
p. 5 
p. 6 
p.10 
p.12 
p.16 
p.17 
p.17 
p.18 
p.19 
p.19 
p.20 
ifi 
Annexes 
Annex 1 Humanitarian aid financial decisions by region 
Annex 2 Humanitarian assistance - contracts by financial year 
Annex 3 Overview of financial decisions for EC humanitarian aid by source of finance 
1993-1998 
Annex 4 Value of contracts signed in 1997 and 1998 
Annex 5 Humanitarian aid financial decisions by region in 1997 and 1998 
Annex 6 EC contracts for humanitarian assistance in 1993-94-95-96-98 (financial years) 
4 
Executive Summary 
With fighting flaring up again in several African countries where peace initiatives failed to produce 
their anticipated results, famine used as a weapon of war, Central America devastated by Hurricane 
Mitch and fresh conflicts breaking out in the very heart of Europe, 1998 found ECHO once again 
responding to new humanitarian emergencies as well as managing operations in more than 
70 countries through some 1200 partnership contracts with a total value of ECU 471 million. 
In many strife-torn regions the warring parties deliberately deny relief agencies access to victims and, 
in addition to their military objectives, systematically violate human rights, sometimes for purposes of 
ethnic cleansing. ECHO therefore again faced the increasingly difficult task of maintaining the 
humanitarian space in areas such as Sudan, Central Africa and Afghanistan whilst continuing to apply 
an approach based on denouncing violations of human rights and of humanitarian law. 
Many attempts to strengthen the link between emergency aid, rehabilitation and development were 
thwarted, in particular in Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Sierra Leona and the Democratic Republic of 
Congo. 
Nevertheless, in some countries which have emerged from crisis, ECHO stepped up its withdrawal 
procedure so as to support earlier implementation of development aid. 
ECHO also confirmed its readiness for greater involvement in disaster preparedness and prevention, 
notably through the DIPECHO programme which was put into effect in 1998 through a financing 
decision on an Action Plan for each of the regions originally selected for the programme, i.e. South-
East Asia and Bangladesh, Central America and the Caribbean. 
In 1998 ECHO spared no effort in the interests of greater speed, effectiveness, cooperation and 
transparency: management rules were simplified through the revision of the framework partnership 
contract, numerous evaluations were produced on past and present activities and operating methods 
(evaluation of activities from 1992 to 1996, revision of Article 20 of the Regulation) and cooperation 
with Member States (joint missions), UN agencies, international organisations and NGOs was stepped 
up. 
Finally, 1998 was also notable for the result of UCLAF's investigation into administrative 
irregularities and suspected embezzlement in the management of four contracts signed by ECHO 
between 1993 and 1994. The contracts in question covered support expenditure, i.e. on monitoring, 
evaluation and technical assistance, intended for the preparation and monitoring of humanitarian relief 
operations in-the former Yugoslavia and the Great Lakes region. The matter was referred to the 
Luxembourg judicial authorities by the Commission on 10 July and disciplinary measures were also 
initiated. 
1c 
1. General framework 
1.1 Policy initiatives 
In addition to keeping abreast of the overwhelming glut of humanitarian disasters and implementing 
swift and effective aid projects, ECHO also launched a number of initiatives designed to incorporate 
essential principles and values into its humanitarian activities. 
The concept of human rights is increasingly being invoked in the context of humanitarian relief. 
Advocacy is a tool that ECHO tries to use in the promotion/awareness of human rights. Advocacy 
embraces the promotion of all activities and principles carried out by humanitarian actors. 
It was in this context that ECHO organised a workshop, on 2 December, with academics and 
representatives of human rights and humanitarian organisations. Numerous questions were raised 
regarding the interface between the Conventions on International Humanitarian Law and Human 
Rights Law and how human rights can be promoted or even protected in any given situation. 
The "Flower for the women of Kabul" campaign organised on 8 March was the main advocacy 
campaign of the year, integrating gender aspects and awareness-raising strategies on behalf of the 
women of Afghanistan. 
Linked with humanitarian activities and advocacy of human rights, the question of the security of 
relief workers was also addressed seriously by ECHO. A Commission working paper on the security 
of relief workers and humanitarian space (SEC(98)797), adopted following consultations with 
ECHO'S major partners, outlined the problem in depth and suggested concrete action for improving 
the security of aid workers. Several projects were initiated, including a network on security amongst 
NGOs with database and analytical capacity (HSPN project - VOICE), a field and best practice study 
(King's College London) and training (Bioforce). 
Specifically on the protection issue, the WEU (Western European Union) ministerial meeting in 
Rome on 16-17 November highlighted the need for coordination with the Commission with regard to 
military interventions for humanitarian purposes. In November ECHO played an active role in 
"Exercise CRISEX 98", a simulation by the WEU of Petersberg mission's on the basis of Article J.4 of 
the EU Treaty. 
ECHO played a constructive role in suggesting practical ways of working together to plan for and 
respond to humanitarian crises. 
1.2 Supervision and monitoring of aid 
Set up in 1992, ECHO has in recent years become the world's leading donor of humanitarian aid, a 
giant on the world humanitarian stage according to the Court of Auditors' Special Report No 2/97 
concerning humanitarian aid from the European Union (OJ C 143, 12 May 1997). 
The effectiveness of humanitarian aid is not just quantified in financial terms (minimal administrative 
costs, short project lead times, impact on crises and in beneficiary countries) but in human (millions of 
beneficiaries and thousands of lives saved each year) and political terms too (one of the most positive 
images of the Community's external action). 
JO 
A number of measures have been adopted over the years to ensure that the aid managed by the 
Humanitarian Office is managed in a sound and effective manner: 
* Adoption of the Council Regulation on humanitarian aid on 20 June 1996. This 
Regulation provides Community humanitarian assistance with its legal basis and created the 
Humanitarian Aid Committee on which the 15 Member States sit in monthly meetings. ECHO is 
therefore based on a legal act which lays down the objectives and adminstrative procedures of 
humanitarian aid. 
* The signature of a framework partnership contract with almost 200 partners. The 
framework partnership contract is an agreement. On 13 March the Commission adopted a new 
framework partnership contract providing for greater flexibility in the allocation of ECHO funding 
and management procedures which promote responsibility. 
* The adoption of a new organisational structure for ECHO in February 1996 including 
the creation of three new units. ECHO'S is now structured according to the SEM2000 guidelines so 
that the management of resources is separate from the evaluation of humanitarian requirements and 
the preparation of contracts with partners. 
•* The setting-up of an evaluation unit in 1996 helped strengthen the monitoring and 
effectiveness of humanitarian operations. Between 1996 and 1998, the unit completed 116 
evaluation reports at very low cost: 
Operational evaluation reports of Community humanitarian aid 
Year 
1996 
1997 
1998 
Total Number of 
reports 
54 
37 ' 
25 
116 Amount 
evaluated 
86 878 329 
152 879 335 
19 260 000 
259 017 664 
An evaluation is currently in progress into all aid managed by ECHO between 1992, the year the 
Office was set up, and June 1996, the date of the humanitarian aid Regulation. 
* Financial audits of ECHO'S principal partners. Between December 1995 and 1998 ECHO 
officials responsible for financial audits carried out a total of 72 audits of ECHO's partners (UN 
humanitarian agencies, Red Cross and NGOs) who receive in total some 80% of the amounts allocated 
by ECHO. These financial audits concerned a total of 15% of ECHO's funds. 
* Enhancing coordination with the Member States and other humanitarian actors. Draft 
decisions for amounts exceeding ECU 2 million (or ECU 10 million in the case of emergency 
operations) must be presented by the Commission to the Humanitarian Aid Committee for approval. 
The Committee has met 18 times since its inception in September 1996. 
In order to enhance coordination and ongoing project monitoring, ECHO has consolidated its presence 
in the field with the opening of new offices, particularly in areas affected by the El Nino phenomenon 
and in connection with the implementation of DIPECHO operations. 
In view of the complexity of crises ECHO has invested in the training of experts in the field with a 
view to maximising the impact of humanitarian activities. A training seminar was held in Brussels in 
June to this end also involving the Commission's other external affairs departments. Coordination was , 
stepped up with the Joint Relex service. 
1.3 Financial data 
In 1998 the humanitarian aid budget managed by ECHO stood at ECU 517.6 million. Although this 
budget was larger than the 1997 budget of ECU 437.8 million, it was still smaller than the budgets 
disbursed by ECHO in each of the two years preceding 1997 (ECU 656 million in 1996 and ECU 692 
million in 1995). The 1998 budget was initially set at ECU 325.1 million, however, this was topped up 
by an extra ECU 150 million in September as a result of continuing needs in Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo 
and in East and Central Africa and to deal with humanitarian needs caused by 'El Nino'. Some of this 
extra amount was subsequently diverted to aid the victims of Hurricane Mitch. 
2. Operational framework 
2.1 Revision of the Framework Partnership Contract 
On 13 March the Commission formally adopted the new framework partnership contract which 
entered into force on 1 January 1999 once its annexes had been finalised. 
The revision achieved its desired objectives: the new instrument is simpler, clearer and more flexible 
and yet maintains an adequate level of control over the use of Community funds. 
The exercise was conducted in consultation with humanitarian operators working with ECHO, thus 
helping to enhance and considerably strengthen existing partnership ties. 
The Commission instructed the Commissioner responsible for humanitarian affairs to make the 
necessary changes in the framework partnership contract to take account of the special remits of the 
UN humanitarian agencies, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the International 
-Federation of the Red Cross. 
In close cooperation with the Member States, ECHO also embarked on verification of the criteria and 
features listed in Article 7(1) and (2) of the humanitarian aid Regulation which determine whether a 
non-governmental organisation is eligible for Community funding. 
2.2 Coordination 
with the Member States 
Throughout 1998 the Humanitarian Aid Committee, set up in 1996 following the entry into force of 
Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/96 of 20 June on humanitarian aid, carried out its task of delivering 
opinions on ECHO'S proposals, thus helping to contribute to a more coordinated approach to 
humanitarian crises. 
At its first meeting in January 1998, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Regulation 
concerned, the Committee, attended by Ms Bonino, discussed policy and guidelines for the year 
ahead. This discussion was very fruitful and set out the basis for similar exercises in the future. 
The Committee met seven times. All the draft proposals referred to the Committee by the 
Commission, either by oral or written procedure, were approved except for a proposal on the Great 
Lakes submitted at the 15th meeting. A further proposal submitted subsequently at the 17th meeting 
was eventually endorsed. 
The Committee also met on a more informal basis in March for an exchange of views with Mr Sergio 
Vieira de Mello, Emergency Relief Coordinator of the United Nations, and to discuss developments in 
the field of humanitarian aid resulting from the creation of this new office. Other top humanitarian 
figures such as Mrs Ogata, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and Mrs Bertini, Chief Executive of 
the World Food Programme, were guests of the Committee. Such experiences proved positive and 
ECHO intends to follow the same path in the year ahead. 
In 1998, for the first time, the Committee made a field trip to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. 
The visit was very positive, allowing the members of the Committee, to familiarise themselves on the 
spot with the conditions under which Community humanitarian assistance is implemented and with 
the prevailing humanitarian situation in the region. ECHO intends to pursue the idea of annual field 
visits as a means of obtaining common reference points and sharing impressions. 
Some Member States joined ECHO on evaluation missions so as to find out more about ECHO modus 
operandi in the field and enable them to see for themselves the complexity of delivering humanitarian 
aid. Joint missions were organised in the Great Lakes region, Afghanistan, Sudan, North Korea and 
Sierra Leone (Guinea). 
The Committee also dealt with more horizontal issues in the field of humanitarian aid, thus helping to 
develop dialogue with Member States on issues of common interest. The main issues examined 
concerned revision of the Framework Partnership Contract (see chapter 2.1), protection and security 
of relief workers and the evaluation of humanitarian aid. 
with other donors 
ECHO in its role as one'of the main donors of humanitarian aid in the world considers coordination 
with other major donors - apart from EU Member States - to be of great importance. In times of 
falling funding levels and increasing needs it is vital to create synergies and economies of scale 
between donors. 
As a main player in the humanitarian world, the US has long been one of ECHO'S main partners in 
dialogue. By now regular contacts have been established both at desk and management level, 
including regular exchanges of funding data, joint missions and debriefings, and joint approaches to 
particular crisis regions (i.e. the attempt to secure rules of engagement for the eastern Democratic 
Republic of Congo and also vis-a-vis the crisis in Sierra Leone). 
ECHO and USAID/OFDA also started a series of in-depth dialogue sessions during the year, covering 
regional and topical aspects of humanitarian crises with a view to establishing a coordinated approach 
at both political and programming level. The first of these sessions dealt with the situation in Sierra 
Leone. 
ECHO furthermore continued its dialogue with other major third country donors such as Norway, 
Canada and Japan. 
9 
with partners 
Throughout the year ECHO met its partners to discuss general topics of mutual concern whenever it 
could. In particular, this included a seminar organised in Lisbon by ECHO, together with the ICRC, 
on 27 and 28 March on "Humanitarian action: perception and security". 
A meeting was held in the Borschette Centre with all ECHO's partners in December to discuss topical 
matters under consideration by ECHO, including the security of relief workers, incorporating human 
rights into humanitarian aid and the future of EU humanitarian assistance. 
with the United Nations 
In 1998, as in earlier years, the UN was one of ECHO's main partners through its agencies and 
programmes, both at operational and coordination level. Most of the UN agencies, e.g. UNHCR, 
UNICEF and WFP, are also some of ECHO's main partners in policy and strategic discussions, and 
this year saw a new emphasis on this dialogue. Regular meetings, especially with UNHCR, dealt with 
ongoing crisis scenarios. 
Both Mrs Ogata (High Commissioner for Refugees) and Mrs Bertini (Head of WFP) attended 
meetings of the Humanitarian Aid Committee, and work continued on a Memorandum of 
Understanding within the framework of the new FPA (Framework Partnership Agreement) that takes 
the specific mandates of the UN agencies into account. 
The year also saw consolidation of the process of reform in the UN, including the establishment of 
UNOCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). ECHO's good record of 
cooperation with this body continued, especially in the context of establishing strategic frameworks 
for selected countries in crisis, e.g. Afghanistan, in particular. From 1999 on, ECHO and OCHA will 
cooperate on a range of advocacy projects. 
2.3 Prevention of natural disasters (DIPECHO) 
ECHO confirmed its readiness in a number of ways during the year for greater involvement in the 
prevention of and preparedness for natural and manmade disasters (excluding conflicts) in particular 
through its proactive and regional approach. 
The DIPECHO programme was put into effect through an ECU 6.9 million financing decision, 
adopted in July, on an Action Plan for each of the selected regions, i.e. South-East Asia and 
Bangladesh, Central America and the Caribbean. The plans were prepared on the basis of analyses 
and regional consultations, the last of which was held in Bangkok in March covering the South-East 
Asia and Bangladesh region. 
ECHO extended the coverage of the DIPECHO programme to include other disaster-prone regions, 
i.e. the Andean Community, South Asia, Central Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (prevention of 
epidemics). The procedure to select the firms to carry out the analyses for the Andean Community and 
South Asia by invitation to tender was launched at the end of the year. 
Two other financing decisions were taken in January and December 1998 for a total of EUR 780 000 
on five projects, four of which were located in countries in regions not yet covered by DIPECHO 
action plans. 
The objective of the action plans, some of which are in progress, others under preparation, is to 
remedy shortcomings in disaster prevention and preparedness systems and ensure consistency. The 
activities they cover range through human resource development, improving response capabilities and 
carrying out demonstration microprojects. 
ECHO took part in a number of international conferences on the subject, strengthening ties with other 
international parties and with the Member States so as to improve cooperation and the coordination of 
activities. 
D1PECHO activities take account of the 1994 Yokohama action plan recommendations, approved as 
part of the UN International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). 
3. Humanitarian operations 
3.1 Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific 
In Angola, four years after the signing of the Lusaka Protocol, it is widely felt that the peace accords 
have collapsed with a resumption of hostilities in several provinces bringing about a fresh exodus of 
more than half a million displaced persons since January. 
Insecurity forced relief agencies to evacuate their staff and suspend their programmes in areas where 
fighting was continuing and new mines were being laid. 
The Commission granted a total of ECU 19 million in humanitarian aid to the people of Angola over 
the year, from which 41 operations were financed via 26 NGOs and international organisations to 
meet the basic needs of the vulnerable as regards health care, water and sanitation, logistics and the 
distribution of basic necessities. 
The 1998 Global Plan was intended to cover a. period of twelve months (the whole of the year) and 
benefit an estimated population of 2 300 000, but the worsening political and military situation 
hampered its implementation from April onwards. 
Central Africa/Great Lakes crisis 
ECHO developed two Global Plans in the year for the Great Lakes/Central Africa region totalling 
ECU 76.7 million. 
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 
Little more than one year after the overthrow of the Mobutu dictatorship by Kabila, a new rebellion 
started in the eastern provinces of DRC in early August. The uprising, supported mainly by Rwanda 
and Uganda, quickly spread towards Bas Congo and around Kinshasa, where it was contained thanks 
to the military support lent to Kabila mainly by Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia (and later Chad). 
Humanitarian needs of many displaced communities have not been met since 1996. Eastern DRC 
remained the main battlefield, with vast areas beyond the control of either the Government of 
Kinshasa or the rebel coalition. In order to gain access and develop humanitarian aid in eastern DRC, 
11 
ECHO started at the end of the year to encourage OCHA aid and agencies to develop a unified and 
coherent strategy together with rules of engagement. 
The war led to the internal displacement of tens of thousands of people and to the exodus of some 
18 000 Congolese refugees into Tanzania, 6 000 into Uganda and about the same number into the 
Central African Republic. 
During 1998 the Commission took decisions worth ECU 12.13 million for humanitarian assistance to 
the DRC. This amount was used for the distribution of food and non-food items to refugees and 
displaced persons, to provide health and nutrition support to key areas of the country, including in the 
fight against epidemics, and, after the new conflict that started in August, to cover the most urgent 
needs in Kinshasa and Bas-Congo. 
Rwanda 
During the second half of 1997, it was generally considered that humanitarian aid should be reduced, 
and that the Rwandan authorities should move towards development policy. 
However access to north-west areas was limited because of insecurity resulting from civil strife (the 
danger not only of military confrontation, but also of humanitarian organisations becoming soft 
targets). The number of internally displaced persons was estimated at over 600 000 at the end of the 
year, but no proper needs assessment was carried out because of security/access problems. 
In 1998, a total of 19 ECU million was allocated by the Commission for humanitarian assistance in 
Rwanda. This was used to try to meet some of the basic shelter, health, water and nutritional needs of 
the most vulnerable sections of the population, which included: around 31 000 refugees from DRC 
and 3 400 refugees from Burundi, living in camps; some of the 131000 detainees; 
6 393 unaccompanied minors; 85 000 households run by children. 
Tanzania 
The refugee situation - basically 270 000 Burundians and 70 000 Congolese in the care of the HCR 
with operational support by the IFRC, WFP, UNICEF and a number of NGOs - continues to pose the 
main humanitarian challenge in Tanzania. 
The country has also been hit by heavy rains linked to the El Nino phenomenon which has caused 
serious food security problems and an upsurge in water-related diseases. ECHO supported 
distributions by the WFP and programmes of partners such as UNICEF, OXFAM and MSF to help 
deal with the crisis. 
Humanitarian assistance funded by ECHO in Tanzania amounted to about ECU 19.5 million in the 
year. ECHO is the main donor in respect of relief work. 
Burundi 
Sporadic clashes between the army and various rebel factions continued to destabilise the western 
provinces in particular, where there were still large, numbers of displaced persons (between 500 000 
and 600 000 in 1998). Faced with the social consequences of the regional embargo on Burundi, 
ECHO supported the endeavours of a number of partners to build the Health Ministry's capacity in 
12 
hospitals and health centres. ECHO provided funding totalling some ECU 17 million to Burundi over 
the year in respect of nutrition, sanitation and general health in the displaced persons' camps. 
Congo-Brazzaville 
Fighting between the Ninja and Cobra militias south of the capital at the end of the year caused major 
damage, displaced more than 150 000 persons and cost the lives of several thousands, according to 
estimates. The ECHO programme came to a total of ECU 1.6 million. 
In Sudan, the year was one of extreme peril for the inhabitants of the south of the country. An SPLA 
offensive on government strongholds in Bahr el Ghazal led to more than 700 000 being displaced into 
regions already suffering from successive droughts. The Government's ban on overflying during the 
months of February and March compounded this catastrophic situation (120 deaths per day in July). 
The World Food Programme upped its distributions of food (mainly by plane) from 2 000 tonnes per 
month to more than 15 000 in September, October and November. 
The European Commission allocated approximately ECU 75 million to deal with the Sudan crisis. 
ECHO contributed ECU 33.960 million.via the WFP, UNICEF and numerous NGOs while an 
additional sum estimated at about ECU 3 million for the year was contributed directly in the form of 
the ECHO-flight service. 
Open conflict broke out between Ethiopia and Eritrea for a short period in May/June 1998. While 
intensive hostilities had not resumed at the end of the year, a growing mobilisation of troops and 
public opinion on both sides seemed to reduce the prospects, of a peaceful settlement to the dispute. 
Up to 400 000-500 000 persons had in any case already been affected. 
During 1998 the Commission took decisions worth ECU 3.98 million for humanitarian assistance. 
This amount, divided roughly equally between the two countries, was used for the distribution of food 
and non-food items to the displaced and for the provision of clean water supplies. A portion of the 
funds was also allocated to the International Committee of the Red Cross for protection activities in 
favour of persons either deported or taken prisoner in connection with the conflict. 
Throughout 1998 much of central and southern Somalia continued to be characterised by an unstable 
and insecure 'no war, no peace' environment. While a number of relatively positive political advances 
seem to have been made - for example the gradual establishment of a single administration for the 
long-divided city of Mogadishu - these have yet to translate into a real improvement of living 
conditions and basic security for the most vulnerable sections of the population. Commission-funded 
humanitarian assistance therefore had to continue throughout the year in the more insecure and 
unstable areas of south and central Somalia, much as it had done in 1997. In more secure and stable 
areas of the country the Commission was able to pursue more ambitious rehabilitation and 
development programmes. 
During 1998 a total of ECU 4 million was allocated by the Commission for humanitarian assistance in 
Somalia. This was used to try to meet some of the basic health, water and nutritional needs of the 
most vulnerable sections of the population, in particular women, children, the poor and the displaced. 
The ECHO Flight service created in 1994 continued operations throughout the year in the Horn of 
Africa and West Africa. Its six aircraft based in Nairobi, Djibouti, Mandera and Lokichoggio were 
used for humanitarian operations in Somalia, Kenya and southern Sudan. Another plane operates out 
13 
of Bamako in Mali to cover humanitarian transport requirements in Mali, Niger, Senegal and Guinea-
Bissau. Two light cargo planes and a Hercules transporter run ad-hoc missions in Angola. 
Between May 1994 and the end of 1998, ECHO-flight earned more than 135 000 relief personnel, 
delivered more than 40 000 tonnes of humanitarian supplies through its light cargo carriers and logged 
more than 46 000 flight hours, without incident and accident-free, in a war environment, serving 
destinations not used by commercial airlines. A total of ECU 11 million was allocated during the year 
to enable ECHO-flight to maintain its operations. 
ECHO kept up its commitment in North Mali and North Niger so as to meet the challenge of 
consolidating peace and resettling people after several years of Tuareg rebellion. The projects funded 
by ECHO are designed to consolidate the socio-economic reintegration of returnees (refugees and 
displaced persons) through the resumption of income-generating activities and by providing access to 
water, the number one priority in semi-desert areas. ECHO'S initiative is in total keeping with the 
transition towards sustainable development. The emphasis is on coordination with the main 
development aid donors, primarily DG VIII but also the Member States, other international donors and 
local authorities in Mali and Niger. 
In view of slight differences in setting and requirements, ECHO allocated ECU 5 million for Mali 
during the year (a one-year programme ending in July 1999) and ECU 2 million for Niger (nine-month 
programme ending in May 1999). 
Guinea-Bissau became a country at war in 1998. After years of latent political crisis, the Guinea-
Bissau army under General Mane led a revolt in early June against the authority of President Vieira. 
Following five months of fighting which confirmed the military and territorial superiority of the self-
proclaimed junta, President Vieira was forced, despite the support of troops from Senegal and Guinea-
Conakry, to agree to the signature of a peace agreement on 1 November. 
The fighting forced 250 000 people - one quarter of the country's population - to leave their homes. 
Access to victims and deliveries of humanitarian aid were virtually systematically obstructed or 
blocked by Senegalese troops at the border between the two countries and in Bissau itself. On 
9 November ECHO became the first organisation to succeed in running humanitarian flights, via 
ECHO-flight, to Bissau airport which had been closed down during the fighting. ECHO allocated a 
total of ECU 2.85 million to the people of Guinea-Bissau over the year. 
Sierra Leone descended even further into the horrors of war in 1998. The campaigns of violence and 
systematic massacres, given the code name "Operation no living thing", were denounced by Amnesty 
International as the worst of their type in Africa. 
Some 200 000 new refugees fled to Guinea-Conakry (150 000) and Liberia (50 000), swelling the 
numbers of existing refugees to a total of more than 400 000. Difficulties of access for relief workers 
made it impossible to put a precise figure on the numbers of those displaced internally but it was 
estimated at 200 000. 
Together with its partners, ECHO continued to focus on the medical and nutrition sectors where the 
situation had badly deteriorated and also helped step up coordination within the international 
humanitarian community (donors and agencies) at technical group level for the sector, in the updating 
of the relief workers' code of conduct (for avoiding the danger of diversion of aid) and in the 
promotion of human rights in response to the massacres committed. 
14 
A total of ECU 9.9 million was spent in connection with the crisis in Sierra Leone, including ECU 6.5 
million for the country itself and ECU 2.7 million and ECU 0.7 million for refugees from Sierra Leona 
in Guinea and Liberia, respectively. 
3.2 Eastern Europe and the CIS 
Former Yugoslavia 
The former Yugoslavia remained a major area of intervention for ECHO, with a newly intensified 
crisis in Kosovo adding to the consequences of earlier conflicts in Croatia and Bosnia and 
Herzegovina. 
In Bosnia and Herzegovina (ECU 88 million), some sections of the population, in particular elderly 
people living alone, continued to rely on humanitarian assistance in the absence of comprehensive and 
functioning systems of social security. The health sector also continues to depend on external support 
for medical consumables and emergency rehabilitation and re-equipment of destroyed health facilities. 
The main programme in Bosnia and Herzegovina was in support of the return and re-integration of the 
numerous displaced persons and refugees who still remained following the conflict of 1992-95. More 
than 800 000 persons remain displaced inside Bosnia and Herzegovina, while still more are waiting 
abroad for return or permanent resettlement, many in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and in EU 
host countries. 
In order to promote the return process, and complementing EC activities under the OBNOVA 
programme, ECHO funded small-scale quick impact integrated return programmes, mainly 
implemented by NGOs, supporting in particular so-called minority return, where the families and 
individuals who return to their homes end up as part of a local ethnic minority. The very low level of 
minority returns since the signing of the Dayton Agreement reinforces ethnic separation and makes 
this a major challenge for the international community in its efforts towards reintegration and 
reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ECHO equally supported UNHCR and the International 
Management Group, an international technical support organisation for which the Commission 
provided more than 50% of the funding over the year as a whole. 
In Croatia (ECU 6.95 million), ECHO continued to provide basic food aid and hygiene to 100 000 
displaced persons and refugees through the IFRC in cooperation with the Croatian Red Cross. In 
addition, increased emphasis was put on assisting returning or remaining Croatian Serbs with food 
aid, domestic items and minor rehabilitation. Prospects for future return have improved, as the 
Croatian Parliament in June adopted a comprehensive return plan for Croatian Serb refugees in the 
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (ECU 8.1 million), ECHO continued to assist the 125 000 
most vulnerable refugees from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, through the IFRC in cooperation 
with the Yugoslav Red Cross. Meanwhile, it continued to cooperate with the UNHCR in support of 
refugees in collective centres, while stepping up its return counselling and information activities in 
order to encourage people to return to Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
However, most emphasis was put on the escalating crisis in Kosovo (ECU 20.1 million), where rising 
tension from March on gradually deteriorated into open, armed conflict between State security forces 
and the Kosovo Liberation Army (UCK). The conflict prompted ECHO to intervene with emergency 
assistance programmes (UNHCR, ICRC, NGOs) in the fields of health care, domestic items, food aid 
and emergency rehabilitation, as well as the urgent re-allocation of food and non-food items from 
10 
- - 15 
Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to Montenegro and Northern Albania. The Holbrooke-Milosevic 
agreement in October allowed the internally displaced persons living out in the open to return to their 
villages or to find shelter with host families or relatives in the cities. An emergency winterisation and 
shelter programme adopted in November allowed the returnees to find at least some shelter over the 
winter. 
Others 
During the year ECHO contributed to the response to a number of natural disasters occurring mainly 
in Eastern Europe. 
In Poland and the Czech Republic, rehabilitation projects in relation with the disastrous floods that 
ravaged Central Europe in the summer of 1997 were continued. 
In Romania, a total of ECU 1 million was allocated to the repair and rebuilding of houses damaged or 
destroyed in the floods of 1997 and 1998. Replacement of household goods and school furniture was 
also provided for. Flash floods occurred in the eastern part of the Slovak Republic in July. ECHO 
intervened with an allocation of EUR 500 000 to provide heating facilities and basic food items and to 
replace household goods. A severe earthquake hit the Southern Anatolia region of Turkey in June. 
ECHO responded with an allocation of EUR 500 000 to the IFRC to provide essential relief items 
including tents, blankets and mobile kitchens. In addition to funding natural disaster relief in the 
region, ECHO also launched a social assistance programme in Bulgaria. A continuation of the 1997 
programme, this intervention was. allocated a total of ECU 1.5 million. Following the severe floods 
in Transcarpathia/Ukraine (November), EUR 850 000 was allocated for an assistance programme. 
A total of ECU 11 million in humanitarian aid was allocated to Albania during the year. In addition to 
assistance for refugees from Kosovo (ECU 1.5 million), this aid package also enabled the 
Commission to continue its support for the health system, notably through the rehabilitation of priority 
services in hospitals and polyclinics, as well as humanitarian assistance to specialist institutions or 
particularly vulnerable social groups. It also helped to improve drinking water distribution networks in 
poor suburbs of Tirana. 
In the Russian Federation, humanitarian assistance to the Northern Caucasus came to a standstill: 
the continuing deterioration of security conditions in the area prompted all ECHO's partners to 
withdraw early in the year. By contrast, ECHO operations in other parts of the Russian Federation - in 
particular in the field of public health - continued throughout the year. The alarming spread of 
tuberculosis became a major priority. In addition to ECU 1.5 million allocated earlier in the year, 
ECHO was - at the time of writing - preparing a decision for further 5,435 MECU 
Although all three countries in the Southern Caucasus continued to experience economic growth, it 
is clear that certain groups in society do not benefit from this progress and remain very vulnerable. 
ECHO'provided assistance to the most vulnerable, such as bed-ridden elderly people living alone. In 
addition, ECHO continued to assist victims of the different armed conflicts in the region such as 
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and refugees from Nagorny Karabakh and Abkhazia who 
remained dependent on outside assistance in the absence of any lasting political settlement. In May, 
renewed fighting broke out in the Gali district of Abkhazia causing 30 000 persons to flee their . 
homes. ECHO approved additional assistance worth ECU 1.15 million to assist these IDPs. In July, an 
earthquake shook the southern district of Lerik and Yardimli in Azerbaijan. ECHO released an 
additional ECU 0.5 million to assist the worst hit and most vulnerable families with temporary shelter 
11 
16 
and reconstruction of their houses. Total funding made available to the region in 1998 amounted to 
ECU 11.31 million. 
In Central Asia, ECHO was mainly involved in Tajikistan where, since the country's independence 
in 1991, a severe economic crisis has reigned the effects of which have been exacerbated by civil war. 
Despite the June 1997 peace agreements, the economic situation remains disastrous and the political 
situation extremely tense. Tajikistan, which is now ranked amongst the poorest countries in the 
world, continues to suffer from an overall shortage of food. Humanitarian needs exist in all sectors. 
Of the approximate total of one million people who ought to be receiving food aid, ECHO is helping 
some 350 000. The health system has totally collapsed and is only functioning at all thanks to 
international aid, mainly from ECHO. ECHO is also funding water and sanitation, rehabilitation and 
disaster preparedness and prevention programmes. In Kyrgyzstan, where the overall situation has 
improved, ECHO continued to reduce the amount of aid over the year. Two medical programmes 
designed to support ongoing health system reforms and two food programmes targeting a specific 
population group have been maintained. 
3.3 Asia, Latin America and the Middle East 
Central America 
ECHO'S operations in Guatemala are targeted at specific population groups. Funding of 
EUR 1410 000 was approved to continue emergency aid for returnees and displaced persons through 
four projects. As emergency humanitarian aid requirements resulting from the war should cease to 
exist in the coming months, ECHO'S specific mission should be finished by 2000. Only ad hoc 
operations in connection with natural disasters, weather phenomena etc., may be allowed after that 
date. 
ECHO'S commitment in Nicaragua consists of continuing operations under the 1997 Global Plan to 
support Government strategy: improvements to local health centres (SILAIS), health training and aid, 
including prevention measures, to those suffering from epidemics. A total of EUR 1 560 000 was 
allocated. 
Again in the health sector, aid to Honduras targeted the most vulnerable sections of the population -
mothers, children and indigenous minorities - with a total of EUR 1 405 000 being granted. 
At regional level, the first DIPECHO disaster prevention Action Plan for Central America was 
implemented for a total of EUR 2 100 000. 
From early November onwards, all ECHO activities in the region were targeted at victims of 
Hurricane Mitch. On 4 November, a total of ECU 6.8 million in emergency humanitarian aid for 
Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala) was approved by emergency 
procedure. In addition all funding to NGOs for ongoing humanitarian activities in the region was 
mobilised and reassigned to helping the disaster victims. On 21 December the Commission approved 
a second emergency operation to help Central America for a total of ECU 9.5 million (emergency 
procedure). The priority areas targeted were water, sanitation, health and temporary shelters. 
A total of ECU 9 million was granted to Cuba in the form of food aid and assistance with medicines, 
medical equipment and hygiene products for hospitals. Emergency aid totalling EUR 500 000 was 
granted in November in response to needs arising out of the impact of Hurricane Georges. 
12 17 
In Mexico funding of EUR 2 250 000 was released to cover the minimum conditions for survival of 
displaced persons in Chiapas state. 
Andean countries 
A response was mounted in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, targeted at the most vulnerable sections of 
the population, to meet the humanitarian needs of those affected by the El Nino phenomenon. Aid 
consisted of emergency food aid, water and sanitation components and agricultural rehabilitation. 
Total aid channelled to these countries as a consequence of El Nino amounted to ECU 5.95 million. 
Peru also benefitted from a humaniatrian aid package (ECU 1.950 million) in favour of victims of the 
violence in Ayacucho province. The objective was to consolidate the return process. 
Internal conflict in Colombia caused huge movements of internally displaced persons. The 
Commission approved a second Humanitarian Aid Global Plan during the year (ECU 6.5 million) for 
these people. 
Middle East / north Africa 
In North Africa, this year was meant to see the return of the Sahrawi refugees in the Tindouf region 
of Algeria. ECHO adopted a humanitarian aid decision for a total of ECU 7.2 million to this end as 
early as 20 March. The programme, mainly of food aid, was intended to help cover requirements up 
to September-October, the deadline for the start of operations for the refugees to return. However, the 
prospects of a return have receded again and the officially estimated three-month delay in the original 
schedule might be even longer (end of 1999). ECHO therefore devised a second Global Plan of 
ECU 10 million, adopted by the Commission on 20 October, to ensure that the camps received the 
necessary supplies of food staples and living conditions were maintained at an acceptable level until 
the first half of 1999. 
In the Middle East, a Global Plan of humanitarian assistance worth ECU 10.9 million was adopted in 
September as a result of the uncertainty surrounding the Israeli/Palestinian peace process. The plan 
has four parts: aid to Palestinians living on the Gaza Strip and West Bank (ECU 5 million), aid to 
Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and vulnerable Lebanese groups (ECU 2.5 and 1.8 million, 
respectively), aid to Palestinian refugees in Jordan (ECU 1 million) and aid to Palestinians living in 
camps in Syria (ECU 0.6 million). 
The programme complements two earlier decisions concerning ongoing projects to support 
Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and West Bank and the poorest sections of the Jordanian population. 
In Egypt ECHO, provided pharmaceutical assistance to most vulnerable refugees such as Palestinian, 
Sudaneses, Ethiopian, Somalian and Yemeni who have not access to health services for a total amount 
of EUR 330 000 for medicines and medical and paramedical equipment. Globally, ECHO assisted 
Somali, Eritrean and Yemeni refugees for a total of EUR 1 750 000 in the form of emergency 
medical/health aid, drinking water supplies and training (health sector and specialised agency staff). 
In Iraq ECHO allocated ECU 14 million in humanitarian assistance. ECHO's current programme has 
been compiled as a complement to the humanitarian aid allowed under the oil-for-food arrangement, 
concentrating on topical sectors where it would remain useful and cost-effective. ECHO'S programme 
13 
provided support for malnourished children, assistance to victims of landmines, renovation of water 
supplies, and the rehabilitation of hospitals, water and sanitation services. There has also been 
significant support for children in special institutions for the handicapped and orphans. 
Asia 
In Bangladesh the flooding from July to September was the worst in Bangladesh's history and 
inundated three-quarters of the country. 30.9 million people were affected with 1.1 million homeless 
and nearly one million houses destroyed. As an immediate response to the crisis, ECHO cleared a 
package worth ECU 1 million in September complemented by two others decisions in October and in 
December. The total value is ECU 8.45 million. The assistance provided includes sanitation activities, 
seeds and agricultural inputs and others articles aiming at reducing dependence on emergency aid. 
In India, following the exceptionally heavy rains which started in August and affected more than 
thirty million, leaving eight million homeless, ECHO allocated ECU 1.907 million in humanitarian 
assistance. Consisting of food aid and,aid for water purification, this programme is being implemented 
by the IFRC, Deutchse Welthungerhilfe, Dan ChurchAid, the Lutherian World Federation and Caritas 
NL in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. 
In Sri Lanka, ECHO approved funding of ECU 1 million to provide displaced persons and returnees 
in the Wanni Region (northern conflict zone) with shelter, sanitation, essential relief items and 
additional medical services to help bring malaria under control. 
In Afghanistan, the continual violation of fundamental humanitarian principles led ECHO to suspend 
aid to Kabul and, following the American air strike and the resulting threat to expatriates, to run down 
its operations throughout the country. 
A Global Plan (January/June 1998) worth ECU 17 million in total was put in place, targeted mainly at 
Kabul. It covered water treatment, sanitation and mine clearance projects as well as primary heath 
care activities. The continual difficulty of access to recipients, especially women, represented a major 
obstacle to the proper running of projects, particularly in Kabul. 
A proposed second plan worth a total of ECU 10 million (July 1997/March 1998) was cancelled 
because of the working conditions in Kabul and hazardous security conditions throughout the country 
in the wake of the American attack. ECHO decided instead to focus on rural areas, in particular the 
Hazarajat region where food security problems caused by the Taliban blockade justified a food 
support operation as winter approached. Two further decisions were taken totalling ECU 1.77 million 
and ECU 1 million respectively, to aid victims of earthquakes in February and June. The rebuilding 
operations were successfully completed by the winter. 
In China,'victims of flooding received assistance under decisions adopted in August and September 
for a total of EUR 1 655 000 in response to urgent requirements for food aid and supplies of water 
purification tablets to prevent the spread of epidemics. Another decision, adopted on 23 October for a 
total of ECU 2 million, is intended to fund in particular rehabilitation projects for medical and social 
establishments providing shelter to the handicapped, orphans and the elderly. An amount of 
ECU 525 000 was also approved to help victims of the earthquake in Hebei Province. 
Tibet again received humanitarian assistance (EUR 550 000) to help withstand the rigours of winter: 
shelters, food aid and medical assistance. 
In North Korea, conditions in the country - stemming from political and military factors - made it 
difficult for humanitarian agencies to have access to information or to certain areas (although there 
.9 
was a significant increase in the number of accessible areas) and to supervise operations, particularly 
supply operations. 
In addition to a public health system in a total state of collapse, the country is still experiencing 
chronic malnutrition as was shown by the joint medical/nutritional survey conducted by UNICEF, the 
WFP and ECHO with the North Korean authorities. 
Already faced with these chronic shortcomings, the North Koreans must deal with the rigours of the 
coming winter 1998/1999 and ECHO therefore decided to adopt a financing decision worth a total of 
ECU 2 million, consisting of winterisation operations, distribution of clothing, blankets and coal for 
hospitals, childcare centres and nurseries so as to help the most vulnerable sections of the population. 
In view of the problems for monitoring and access experienced in the medical sector during 1998, 
ECHO has reduced its operations in North Korea: a total of ECU 20 million was allocated in 1997 as 
against ECU 2.5 million this year. 
In South East Asia ECHO implemented its first Global Plan for Cambodia for a total amount of 
ECU 6.5 million. An additional ECU 3.5 million has been earmarked to cover needs until March 
1999. As an estimated 50% of the population has no access to basic health care, one of the objectives 
of ECHO's partners has been to improve the dramatic medical situation of the population, particularly 
in isolated and destitute areas. Other priorities include support to refugees, returnees and IDPs, 
provision of drinking water and assistance to mine victims and resettlement on mine-cleared land. La 
Nina brought difficulties to the Philippines in 1998. Altered weather patterns caused a severe drought 
in the summer and flooding and landslides in the autumn. ECU 1 million was allocated to victims of 
the drought for food and medicines and ECU 0.7 million in relief assistance to those affected by 
typhoon Babs, which hit the country in October. 
Laos was also affected by drought in 1998 resulting in the rice harvests being reduced to 50% and less 
in some areas. Through its partners ECHO was able to provide food and water amounting to 
ECU 0.89 million. The primary beneficiaries of the aid were remote and destitute villages with large 
minority populations. 
In late 1997 Vietnam was affected by two consecutive typhoons, Linda and Fritz. During the first part 
of 1998 ECHO'S partners provided relief and rehabilitation assistance to the victims for a total amount 
of ECU 1.655 million. 
Between October and December, central provinces were hit by a series of floods and storms including 
four typhoons. Approximately 2.5 million persons were affected, with a number of casualties and 
extensive damage to infrastructure. ECHO contributed ECU 1.085 million to the emergency relief 
operation. 
The number of persons'affected by dengue haemorrhagic fever rose to epidemic levels in a number of 
countries in South East Asia in 1998. Although not a traditional area of intervention, ECHO decided 
after numerous requests to intervene and provide aid to the victims in Cambodia, Philippines, Laos 
and Vietnam for a total amount of ECU 1 million. Aid was provided through medical assistance, 
cleaning up campaigns, training and water rehabilitation. 
In Thailand, four decisions for a total of EUR 4 644 000 were taken to provide aid to Burmese 
refugees settled in 17 camps along the Burma-Thailand border. This was used to fund humanitarian 
relief programmes in the medical field and to distribute food and charcoal substitutes to refugees. 
15 
In Burma/Myanmar two decisions worth a total of EUR 1 195 000 were signed covering a 
programme of aid to victims of flooding, a water and sanitation programme for Rakhine state and 
medical assistance to displaced persons in the suburbs of Rangoon. 
In Indonesia, two decisions were adopted for a total of EUR 2 500 000 in respect of food aid, medical 
and drinking water programmes to support the poorest sections of the community hit by the drought, 
in particular in Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, Nusa Tenggara and Timor. 
4. Horizontal activities 
4.1 Impact and evaluation of aid 
ECHO is aware that humanitarian assistance is almost never free from a whole. range of social, 
political, economic, and security implications which go far beyond the intended humanitarian impact. 
Some of these implications can be positive, others disruptive and negative. Only by acknowledging 
and studying the wider implications of humanitarian assistance can ECHO hope to minimise those 
(negative) implications and assume a proactive and/or a preventive stance. This is why ECHO has 
embarked on a study on "Humanitarian Policy and Operations: Consequences beyond assistance". The 
aim of the study is to examine the wider political, social and economic impact of ECHO-funded 
humanitarian aid with a view to drawing the attention of ECHO itself and its partners to the wider 
implications of humanitarian assistance. By better understanding the interplay of humanitarian 
assistance and local factors ECHO hopes to be better placed to adapt its policies. The focus of this 
first study is the crisis in Sudan. The study is being done with the help of CPN.1 
In 1998, as in former years, the evaluation' of ECHO-funded programmes and operations was 
conducted by ECHO'S evaluation unit. In the course of the year, an audit on the evaluation function 
within ECHO was undertaken by the Commission's Financial Control service, which showed that the 
work of ECHO's evaluation unit not only strongly supported the work of the operational units, but 
could also be measured by high standards in the field of evaluation. 
In 1998 ECHO's evaluation unit devoted itself primarily to the organisation of two complementary 
global evaluations of humanitarian aid operations. The first of these evaluations was requested by the 
Council of Development Ministers and covers all humanitarian aid operations financed by the 
European Commission over the period January 1992 until July 1996. The second, provided for in 
Article 20 of the Council Regulation on humanitarian aid, covers all humanitarian aid operations 
financed under that Regulation since July 1996. Both evaluations will be completed in the first half of 
1999. These comprehensive, integrated evaluation reports are expected to have an undoubted impact 
at the overall political and operational level since they will provide in-depth analysis of the response 
funded by the Commission to different crises. 
Besides these two comprehensive evaluations, the ECHO evaluation unit conducted three 
methodological studies in 1998. The first of these studies consists of an update of the 'ECHO 
Operational Manual for the Evaluation of Humanitarian Aid', first published in 1996. Since then, the 
European Council has adopted the Regulation on humanitarian aid and the Commission has taken a 
number of decisions and presented a number of communications that touch upon the field of 
evaluation. The evaluation unit felt that these developments, together with ECHO's growing practical 
1 The Conflict Prevention Network is composed of academic institutions, NGOs and independent 
experts. 
16 21 
experience in the field of evaluation, ought to be translated in a new version of the manual, which is 
now ready for publication. The other two methodological studies consist of two complementary 
studies into the applicability of economic and non-economic 'indicators' for. the evaluation of 
emergency aid operations. Until now the study into the applicability of non-economic indicators has 
made most progress: a manual on the use of non-economic indicators has been tested and will be 
published in 1999. 
Finally ECHO'S evaluation unit has organised four evaluations of humanitarian aid programmes in 
specific countries in the course of 1998. These evaluations covered all ECHO-funded humanitarian 
aid operations in four specific countries: Colombia, Peru, Albania and Laos. 
Evaluation is also one of the day-to-day tasks of ECHO'S experts in the field, sometimes in extremely 
difficult and hazardous conditions. This work is of vital importance to ECHO in terms of 
programming or of impact assessment. 
4.2 Inter-departmental coordination 
In. 1998 ECHO continued to participate actively in the relevant Commission inter-departmental 
coordination bodies, notably in the field of human rights (Steering Committee on Human Rights), the 
ECHO-chaired Permanent Interservice Group on Refugees (PISG) and the whole area of RELEX 
coordination. 
At the same time ECHO considerably stepped up its activities within the essentially European 
Commission funded Conflict Prevention Network (CPN), notably in relation to projects of relevance 
to "Impact Assessment of Humanitarian Aid in Sudan". 
4.3 Information 
In 1998, ECHO'S strategy for information combined five instruments: media, publications, audio­
visual productions, activities organised jointly with international and non-governmental organisations, 
and those organised jointly with Member States. 
Press releases were published in close cooperation with the Spokesman's Service to announce 
important funding decisions and other activities. Other decisions were presented in 'News in Brief 
announcements as required. An ECHO website was presented and relaunched in an improved, 
interactive version during the course of the year. ECHO also cooperated closely with the Reuters 
Alertnet service as an Associate Member, which enabled us to give ECHO-generated information a 
wider audience, while providing access to Reuters news, NGO news and reference material. 
Field visits for journalists were organised to ECHO-funded operations, including those in Bosnia and 
southern Sudan. In close cooperation with the Spokesman's Service, opinion pieces and letters to 
editors were drafted and published in international newspapers, including the International Herald 
Tribune and Financial Times. 
ECHO Information contributed to an awareness-raising campaign entitled 'A Flower for the Women 
of Kabul' run jointly with NGOs and other partners to coincide with International Women's Day, 
March 8. 
Audio-visual productions were co-financed to highlight humanitarian aid in action, and ECHO TV 
and Radio awards were presented for the third successive year during the Austrian presidency. 
17 22 
At EXPO 98 in Lisbon, a five-month ECHO-sponsored exhibition offered visitors an opportunity to 
take a virtual walk in a minefield. Among seminars and conferences organised with ECHO co-funding 
were events mounted in cooperation with the British and Austrian presidencies - 'Dispatches from 
Disaster Zones', 'Principled Aid in an Unprincipled World', 'Humanitarian Aid and the Media'. In 
Barcelona, ECHO supported a Solidarity Festival. A second 'Artists in Arms' event was held in the 
UK, with paintings donated by artists and celebrities to raise funds for awareness-raising campaigns 
on landmines. Also during the British presidency, an event highlighting the plight of Children in War 
was held in Birmingham. 
All NGOs were required to build a visibility component into their programmes as appropriate. ECHO 
Information activities contributed significantly to raising awareness of the organisation and its 
partners, both within Member States and internationally mainly through publications.2 
4.4 Databases and management systems 
Humanitarian assistance embraces a wide variety of scenarios, conditions, actors and requirements, 
spread across the surface of the planet. Proper communication is a must if all the various factors are to 
be mobilised with adequate cohesion to help the victims and make best use of the available resources. 
Modem electronic databases and informatics-based communication and management systems 
increasingly have a key role to play. 
During 1998, ECHO'S financial management database, the Humanitarian Office Programme 
Environment (HOPE), which monitors contracts and financial information, was totally revised to 
adapt to the new FPA. A number of new modules designed to help evaluate the efficiency of 
humanitarian action and provide operational follow-up are now expected to be commissioned in 1999 
after work could not start on them in 1998. 
1998 also saw the implementation of a revised web site on the Commission Web Server EUROPA. 
The 14-point fax system was integrated into HOPE which will make the production of aggregate and 
comparative statistics possible in the future. 
The address of the ECHO home page on the Commission's World Wide Web server (EUROPA) is: 
http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo 
4.5 Education and training 
•2 Publications: 
1.Annual Review: an overview of ECHO'S activities during the year, illustrated with good quality 
photographs and graphics, published in English, French, German, Italian and Spanish. 
2.ECHO News, a quarterly newsletter published in English and French. 
3.Humanitarian Aid Review, a quarterly discussion journal published in conjunction with Forum 
Europe. 
4.General information in Echo at a Glance and brochures on specific aspects of ECHO work, such as 
disaster.preparedness and landmines. Other leaflets, magazines and pamphlets were published in 
cooperation with ECHO partners, including a special issue of Crosslines, '50 years of Humanitarian 
Aid', illustrated with photos from Magnum. 
18 23 
ECHO continued its support for the NOHA (Network on Humanitarian Assistance) diploma during 
1998. Based on the Socrates model, the programme was launched in conjunction with DG XXII in 
1994 with the aim of enhancing the professionalism of relief workers. The programme has already 
proved its worth and continues to attract much interest from many universities, mainly in Europe. As 
part of an overall policy to enhance the quality of its partners' human resources, ECHO will continue 
to finance other types of training in response to demand, with the participation of humanitarian aid 
agencies, universities or training centres. 
5. Prospects 
In accordance ^vith Article 16 of Council Regulation 1257/96 on Humanitarian Aid, the Commission 
will discuss its general guidelines with the Member States in the Humanitarian Aid Committee in early 
1999, The guidelines will be available Trom ECHO on request. 
24 
19 
ANNEXES 
Statistical Overview 
Operations in the 1998 financial year were up on 1997 with a total of ECU 517.657 million as opposed 
to ECU 441.661 million the previous year (see Annex 3). 
The geographical distribution of funds is similar to 1997's but with an increase in "global" allocations 
(from 2.7% to 11%) as a result of the substantial financing decisions approved following Hurricanes 
Georges and Mitch and the relaunch of ECHO-flight operations. The Central European share was 
proportionately down (from 7.3% to 2.7%) as a result of the exceptional amounts allocated in 1997 to 
Poland (flooding), Bulgaria and the Czech Republic which were not renewed for 1998 (Annex 1). 
Annex 2 shows the development of distribution of funds between ECHO'S partners for each year since 
1993. 
Annex 3 provides a breakdown by budgetary source since 1993. The 8th EDF remains an important 
source of funds for humanitarian aid. 
Annex 4 illustrates the difference between decisions taken in a financial year (ECU 517.6 million in 
1998) and the amount contracted on the basis of decisions in the current and the previous financial 
years (ECU 567 million in 1998, of which ECU 428 million on the basis of 1998 decisions and 
ECU 139 million on 1997 decisions). 
Annex 5 shows the financial decisions taken in 1998 by region and Annex 6 by partner. 
ECHO produces a set of detailed quarterly statistics which are available on request. Some summary 
statistics and contract lists are also available on the web page. 
25 
20 
ANNEX 1 
FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID BY REGION 
Asper: 31/12/90 
19 9 7 LATIN AMERICA 
8.6% 
NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLF EA -1 ^d^sSsSzitSm 
41% -^^|^a^aM^Hi 
c.i.s j[»f|MW ^I9K! e2% ^MgfMgfefc. ^Killl 
/ ^. "^""^S^E^^W^. 
EASTERN EUROPE 
7.3% . ,,i "'Ml11 III 
- t , - / o' fl / •* T^*"* 
' * *- %> M[rr-[*Wtwffjflw^^^^^ffi 
lS^^S»y / 
ypSmBr / n.i% X 1 tHHr / 
GLOBAL ^^~_ 
2.7% ^"~"-~—__ 
19 9 8 NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
6.2% 
CIS _^«S 
i L\, jmmMj 
EASTERN EUROPL ^^M^J|M|iBife 
2.7% i iTHnwiiiiiiniwiM 
j^^^fc^JHk 
ASIA 
121% iBiig^S^JSffi^^^M&^?^m 
\ "' / 
GLOIVAl \ / 
11.0"* \ / 
(1) GtOBAL 111 %) inHudns. among other things, 19.1 
MECU for the hurricanes "Georges" 12.8 MECU) and 
-Milch" (16.3 MECU) and 9.5 MECU lor ECHOFUGHT 
|(ACP Countries). ^, 
—-^_____ TOTAL 
K- .•"-». 
m:.&& '--?•>, 
R , '. ' \t\V ' -,".j, ., ys^ ^ L>, YUGOSLAVIA 
1 '«•'.'• -.W-^:-. \ »•* Si'* "-i'1-" „ ,-.-V jy-1. 
»> 'I >":-.' tT>>' '*'•-**••'- .'• 
HI •'*"-;•£.-••*•-.'./>.•••-': -.-
•5 . *.* •'" <*„"--,'"'> *- z" 
Brig* "^ ^"V" «.."«. . "^'i p t *™*\t/*s-r* 
l»i* ' ' *J **" * *' ' '.. *"' " .' '' 
-wtr-*..' </ -* * v - ••->•«.-•;"?.' • • 
7 ^"-tStoi.'" -X"' '(?' ^•Ssfflnw^.' ,, ,'.' .0 / ' -/ 
"***^^fe^s< JWM/ 
^"^*>-&' IRAQ 
/ 0.6% 
/ ' * 
•— 
26.7% 
LATIN AMERICA 
6.2% TOTAL 
Hnff^'-v 
^^^»' -' - #*' ' 'x 
BWK"! '.>• '•.'- i ,%>-•-• 'V EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
HHHr-'-,',i''A '*• '•-»'"'({/'•.*' ^ 238% 
•tfi,,',*,.'?*1 ,-w.*j,f "„->"*•' 
^7^^-Bto^iJ* * ' ' ''''^ * < 
/ ^^^S&S&&*2L' "-'* ,K ""'" ' ' '**" ' ^**S^S«*taw-' * * - * ,t ^^^?lS£Sa '-*•'•_, I ' 
^wSh>s/ V ^*<-atgfei^^jgP^hqaa 
^-SBaJP-, I«AQ 
^iiiV .7% 
/ 
/ 
(1) ' ,/ 
ACP 
27.7% 441.6 MECU 
517.7 MECU 
<z< 26 
6 / 
(A 
i_ 
(0 
d> 
>-
15 
• MM o c. 
(0 c 
• •Ml 
JD 
</> 
o 
(0 
+-* c o o 
0) o c 
(0 
*-> 
< 
c 
(0 
• MM 
CO 
• MM c 
(0 
E 
+ ** UJ 
Q. 
< 
00 
CD 
* -C t r w 
o 
< 
z 
Q 
HI 
*** 
ANNEX 3 
OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR EC HUMANITARIAN AID BY SOURCE OF FINANCE 1993-1998 
Source of 
finance / 
Budget Line 
LOME 111 
LOME III 
LOME IV 
B7-610 
B7-210 
B7-S11 
B7-211 
B7-514 
B7-214 
B7;61S 
B7-215 
B7-516 
B7-216 
87-517 
B7-217 
B7-219 
B7-644 
TOTAL Description 
NATIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME (NIP) (1) 
ART 203 
ART164»ndART254(2) 
DISASTER AID DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 
EMERGENCY FOOD AID 
HUMANITARIAN AID TO C 8. E EUROPE 
HUMANITARIAN AID TO EX-USSR 
HUMANITARIAN ACTION 1N 3RD COUNTRIES 
REFUGEES & CHSPL PERSONS IN DEV. COUNTRIES (3) 
(3) 
(3) 
(3) 
(3) 
(3) 
OPERATIONAL SUPPORT, DISASTER PREPAR. 
HUMANITARIAN AID TO WESTERN SAHARA POP. 1993 
DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 
6.500,000 
1,296.000 
.82,185.000 
70,033.195 
17,425,000 
385,000.000 
30,000,000 
8,713,000 
3,662.000 
, 
604,814,195 1994 
DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 
«. 
263,268.603 
109,522^47 
46,000,000 
271,380.000 
50,000,000 
3,998,574 
20,000.000 
1 
764,169,424 1995 
DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 
_ 
46.456.000 
238.339,500 
33.710,000 
236,670,000 
93,350,000 
-' 
38,540,000 
5,027.012 
692,092,512 1996 
DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 
_ 
3,487.000 
386.550.000 
-
187,150.000 
49,750,000 
-
21,420,000 
' 6.29B.500 
2,000,000 
656,655,500 *«tw: 
1997 
DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 
„ 
7.420,000 
212,162.954 
-
158,985,000 
36,050,000 
-
19,960,000 
7,034,000 
441,611,954 3W12/9B 
1998 
DECISIONS 
(in ECU) 
-
37,387.000 
283.089 060 
-
135,097.000 
37,040.000 
-
17.044,000 
8,000,000 
517.657,060 
FOOTNOTES: 
(1) NATIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME FOR SOMALIA 
(2) FIRSTS-YEAR ALLOCATION UNDER LOME IV (1991-95) WAS 250.000.000 ECU. THE SECOND (1996-2000) WAS 143.000.000 ECU. 
(J) IN 1995. THE BUDGET CHAPTER THAT CORRESPONDS TO ECHO BECOMES B7-2O0 INSTEAD OF B7-5O0 
(4) « 1995. A 5 MECU DECISION WAS CANCELLED AND DE-COMMITTED UNDER BUDGET LINE B7-214. HENCE, NET DECISIONS IN 1995 FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AMOUNTED TO 229.6 
Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid 1993-1998 
800,000,000 -j 
700,000,000-
600.000,000-
D 500,000,000-
o 
LU AMOUNTS in 
CO & 
8 8 
i i 
• 200.000,000-
100.000.000-/ 
/ 
/ 
/ 
/ 
' • 
.814,1 
1993 S 
9b \ 
«* 
? 70/ 
--/ /, 
.169.4 
1994 if"!,*-
\ ; 
. ***** 692 
--,092.5 
1995 /"' 
y 
iif! 
^ **-* 
\ 65( 
11 *c 'S j / / 
f f 
i.655,5 
1996 -""*/ 
OOj 
i 
44" 
/ / / A 
.611.9 
1997 ii 
r - -
-
/ / J 
',657,0 
1998 { -
60J -
— 7 
/ 
=23 28 
ANNEX 4 
Amount of the Contracts Signed in 1997 and 1998 
As per: 11/01/99 
CONTRACTS SIGNED in MECU 
MECU 
700 
s 
1997 1998 
Signature Years 
CONTRACTS SIGNED in MECU (SHARING BY FINANCIAL YEARS) 
MECU 700 
:inancial Years 
01998 
• 1997 
H1996 
1997 1998 
Signature Years 
The 567 MECU signed in 1998 include 139 MECU from decisions taken in F. Y. 1997 
and 428 MECU in the F. Y. 1998. 
£H 29 
ANNEX 5 
FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID BY REGION IN 1997 AND 1998 
1997 1998 
<1> 
<2) COONTBY/REGION 
EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
ACP 
ANGOLA:': j \g EE • EE?!'!; ?>:}:*:&•£:••:: j-; jj&j-: • &: •:: j<:-ji-:_: j-:.:: &;:;:•:«? 
ANTIGUA AND BARSUDA 
BURJCiNA; FASO;j ?S?:;?:' £?&:'& ! EEE7: !H!!;!?!; ~ y £» " j| - ^{^EEE'EMEIE; 
CHAD 
CMADAftEA 3M5gCTS *j^S^i»0 j; j: KMj. j :;: ;£:-: ^ " j&HJ; 
COMOROS 
DJBOUTI 
5AJSTtW* * «^^|A*WlJA';; j ;•; :*:•:•:•: :•>::£::::.: £;;-;: &: Sj"| j&j:j 
P*jrtk>fHfilV (: ^ j f ^| I? j |;? "?il:i'^ri^E liil-H 3?5^iJS: M: H": ^: ^ ^^j-: ?: :^??J^^: 
GAMBIA!!:Ei ! El!=!!! !!;!!•!!! f?!-!!!!:!!:! >!'! &£:>:,• EEIEE!!^! IIIH:': ?S j^-
GHANA 
G^T 1A» S; RGG^!! ^ 
GUINEA BtSSAU 
MyaiTi^r S 5 ? |: f i f z" ? z- r"J-:" ? 1" ?^ :-:-=-= = = ^ if if E-": r-il_£Ef=i E- ? f = 1-1' E"J :=:- E:-=1 r- =">=1 T J:" z- f r = ;• i=^J- z" 5^ S 
HORN OF AFRICA IA> Transport) 
KENYA;-: j.£ &: $&EEEEEEJ;:; ;-;-;;.: i:; ::i:: u: :•:• jl :j: • ;j & :•;g::y g* 
LIBERIA 
MAQAGASe^ 
MALI 
MOZA MBOUE \)\ \ i^M^^M 
NIGER 
fl*!^:N^tW«jjAB:%^ 
SIERRA; tJB»«g-;::{; j 
SOMALIA 
SU DAM_»| i £l j jiilj r H"f E"? fl 5 5 ? K*i: := r" 1 r= i 1-=::-? r= j j Jz-fil:-*r- ? 1" i:':-;" Jr";"-3 >: :• i^^-i-i-^-z- E* 3 ir;">iJ:E 
TOGO 
&^jfcj$$#$;$# 
C.t.S 
*w*i^Elr£:;^ 
AZERBAIJAN 
BguvRiisj&';!;!£|!|• ;i!! m&• H;!'!!• ?•!!jEEEEHEEE! ;'#%j• • ?"&>;•:EE;1?E1 
GEORGIA 
K^VZSTAN;;;; ;EEE;; vyHvV^E; ;•;; •;%; ??%!!: ; i;i;v;-H;; • }ll^:^;i 
RUSSIAN FED 
TAJKOTJI&M:• !!!;!!!! ! m! :£• »• 11! IB!!::!!!EEE! !!: ! ?! !!! !! :•! B: «:H 
TCHERNOBYL Dtaaater 
uw^!;^!;;^;!!;!!^ 
EASTERN EUROPE 
ALBANIA:; m- ••• -miii 
BULGARIA 
caeMaM LCVSHJOURBK JJE irlELlllUH^I!-!=Us=^1*=3=SLiR^Sii. HS"^ =:==V=-i=55=1=lia^ 
HUNGARY . 
R6i^6>K!;E:iBs$^3:S$ 
siiovAkiAlffl!;!! E!MB§3;!! m Zmi;B!!:! mMiBMMmi 
IRAQ 
ASIA 
&wmm AWE E: ;E; ?• ;• • ?;>; »•»• EEEEEEEEE-:E;E 
BANGLADESH 
CAJMBO^HSHEIIKS 
CHWA 
JBAH;':':!iH;1W3£ :! 1!%%•£&x!;^!§!^!H!!:; i;!-:;^;W-;:li:!?!:!!l>JP. 
MOIA 
W0V*4fcSW:^::T::";:::>>w;-&:-is':::;r:f":"^^^ 
LAOS 
MtMtiMM^MMm MW& MWB^MM MM 
rtQ&XK «3»EA!!!; &?&&&; j&i! $& &1! f Si ^Mils II i* M j;1r; j* Mi? 
PHIJPPWES 
wJuS^l^j^-!^3^^»^M3i^?M^K:^J^Ka^ 
THA1AND 
WETWAM: ; $:i H- »S$E j; ;BWM^i; £?! J?JJ-: ?ii1S(^i! ;11 
NORTH AFRICA/ryilpDLE EAST 
«1GC»^.;HE1!:HE:E!.!! j-: ;•:'%%& SJ;. • • ^3? 3:>^:i: i! • •; !!;;:?;:H3: Jy::.;.; ;3:7 ::J; 
Jb«iM*;";$;>n^y%££$ 
LEBANON 
PALEST KEASHAEt^::3.;;:;3^;;;;^;?:-;i^ 
LATIN AMERICA 
BOLIVIA 
BRA2£i:i!l!H!!!il!!!-!l:!!iii!HI-:l!i;i;j;:ii^ 
COLOMBIA 
cuBA'!!!!;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;:!!!!!!!;:;!!;!;;!^:!!-;;;;;;!!! 
ECUADOR 
GUATEMALAilliiilllh:;;;;.^ 
HONDURAS 
MCT^;!!;i;!i!i;;:;!!!;!;i!!.! :!!!•!!!!!!!!!!;.!;!!!! 
NICARAGUA 
pARAGi>Av;!:!ii:!;!::!!;!iy:i:i!;!Hiii;!;!;^ 
PERU 
General Studio* 
***** 
InloimBton 
DnaitM Pr*pw«dna>* 
Miacelbnsoua 
GRAND TOTA1 •:;•;-.-KCOWNS N ECU 
132.990.000 
118.056^40 
MMmm&&wM& 
700,000 
ii^jjss^fK-i^N^^j 
875,000 
j?Hi;:^:^jJSijjSjJii*Wfc»ftj 
4»,000 
70,000 
rljS^f^SSiSaS^i 
MmmlmS^m^; 
"^^MMM^m^ooi 
456.940 
»:i!:J=J!!SjM^'JwSPMMj 
240.000 
WmWmm^&$ 
2,000,000 
im^ri^pM 
1,070.000 
j: > r 5 5 5:? :-i-:=K-=5:-J := J:- := 11 HJ| J£«P^PQ££ := 
7.6O0.O00 
iffittlffiSii 
2,900,000 
S$$i$M$Mffiffi&M 
^0MMM£W$$M& 
6.900,000 
}^^m^Mi^iiM^oai 
310,000 
^^1-jj^ffKH^Silt^aSS* 
3fi.O50.0O0 
;s::j:i»((i^i^i^SS^: 
0,100,000 
iSigjigS:^ 
$,800,000 
^^^V^:^:t*i^S0S: 
2,747,000 
$&£ "HSK Ji'! i1;^*i^P«>; 
1.000,000 
::J&;^U^?;^w^;?>|Safe^ 
32^01.514 
»?^="5JW?K »:a&S-*fe6*»: 
. 1.800.000 
IMMMmM*im&i& 
12,500 
i^3]i?1;1i3¥?i3:3JjMiiM^ 
^Hj^^S^ji:»3sil»5J 
2,750,000 
51.61S.000 
MMMMmW.&M& 
350,000 
»SSj5:v^iftiS8^S&j 
300,000 
^MMMMa&w^ 
490,000 
ff»^3Sii^»*S^ii&J 
2.02O.0O0 
?*^^^^jj^3^mKJ)6^ 
3^i?^^-;;i1KamobO; 
980.000 
;!:! mW^MM$0M^ 
3.250,000 
i!:Wn^Sfc^!^; 
ie.iso.ooo 
j; ^-• |;; ?: ioa^pop; 
!y;!iy!!:!;!-!ii?;3:!!!y;f!:^pw! 
3.500.000 
W 6;*»ia»:: 
30.065.000 
3.600,000 
!!b:!i!!!!!!M!!!!!!!!H!!!^obb! 
4.500.0OO 
i;i!;?i;;;;:i!;ii;!!;!!ioi asoibbb; 
3.O75.0O0 
E:i:.: i::::: B^09p!.bbb: 
90O.O0O 
!. • •!!»! 260.000; 
2,800.000 
::H:;.i;i^::::::.::i::>::"?ibi66b: 
5.300.000 
494.50O 
1.400.000 
2.Q35.O00 
7.034.O0O 
150,000 
}}[\\\-}-\:\\\}:\:.441411.954; COUNTRYjnFCION 
EX-YUQOSLAVIA 
ACP 
?! ji"i:=-S?i! j=! J ?| ?;:i^i-E:5i:i- E: E-E E- E:;==! ? ? ? 5:" i E": E"- s j i f-J ^ ;!•;:=-:">=- •- ? 1 i?-=i 11H=E E'?=' 1'! 1- 5 ? E' M' E E- E- f: E: E i !:E: E: i-: 
CHAD 
COMOROS 
ERfTREA 
FRENCH POLYNESIA/ 
isfe^BJjsjfili^is wjj^j^«yj;ii!;; ;;!!!!!;!!!!?• i!!!! E; 
GRE^iA^S«jt^!W];H;^^ 
GUKEA BtSSAU 
<W*SA>^;i;S^;!;!?!?-!!:;!;;!;!!!!!M;;!!!!•;E!!;;!!! ;r!-;! !!!:!!!!; 
GUYANA 
^SSiiSSiil ?i! • !:?!!i!; !^!- H H^i»[ !•;!!;! i&sli!;; i )\ '£ 11 '$! %M£;"!»! 
LBERIA 
MALI] 
NIGER 
SENEGAL 
^E«^;lfeiH^y ^^M!^E1;'!U;^3J;;^E-3JELA^ -gKiJ^ig 
SOMALIA 
SWi>^fi^SSSi^M:S^^ 
Mwmitm^smmMm^^ 
C.I.S 
ARMEtttV; EE;;^3:L:"i :"!•: ;:•: ::E: IS: ?'; ii: 33: 
AZERBAIJAN 
m^MmtMiMMMM^MW\Mim i; •!:!!!!!!;! ^ 
GEORGIA 
K&e^MilPiS 
RUSSIAN FED 
1*W^JWN; ;; • ;i;'; :••!•! W£ i!;!!;! •%!£!=•! EEE^M 
UK^OSi^;?^::!}^ 
EASTERN EUROPE 
AU3AN i<;• -E'E- i^K- E!^ EiEEEEEEE 
BULGARIA ^ t 
ROMANIA 
ttiwy^^ii^»:5li^";!>^ 
IRAQ 
ASIA 
Ap6HAN^TAN::i:i !!!t; sis?! ;!!!'!i;i^!!::! !! i; :•!!!:!.!! 
BANGLADESH 
S5iftis^iii^«?S ! iri! "• Wii-
CHfNA 
MDIA 
•iSS^iS^lSSji^tK^s^S 
LAOS 
NEPAL 
NW^;K0^ji?ii^;1;1ji^;;;1^ 
PHLrpMES 
^:itAi^™El;?1?^^ 
THAKAND 
vlE?i|a^£K^ 
NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
ALGGtiiA;-E;U;EE^ W^MBM&W^ W$!! Jl 1 il! ^11!!!: 
EGYPT 
S»bA«!}^ij?!3^^i!Ki!iHJ^ 
LEBANON 
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 
rowc^!;;;:'!-;::;;"!!:^ •!:!!! 
YEMEN 
LATIN AMERICA 
ABC^riw;;;;:':;!"f^ii:;!f!!Ui;;i; 
BOLIVIA 
BSA^E-IJI-lllH^I:^ 
COLOMBIA 
cuBAT-;;;;!;.!;:i;;i;JE;!!!!!i.:;!;!;;!;;,i;; 
ECUADOR 
cHJATEMALA'!!!!!iii;;!!;!;:;;!:!!!;:;;i;;;!^!^ 
HONDURAS 
MBQCOE::::;:r::::VV;::::::;V;:;;:::E:;V;E:::::E-^^ 
NICARAGUA 
w(M^AY:iKi!!;i:i;;!:i!!!;:::!i:;i!^ 
PERU 
URUGUAY!!!:!!;:;;!!!!;i;!;!!i:!;;:!i!!;:!'! 
Gonaral Studaa 
Co-ordmalion and monrtotmg 
ECHOFLK3HT (M iranapon) 
E**(u*|ion 
Epidemic* 
biHcd infaatation. 
Diaaalaf Pmpandne** 
Humonns "Gnoigoa" 
llunicwH "Mrtrti" 
Miaoo Ibnaoua 
QRANDTOTAL:: .;::::;;:-. .•;:.;": DECSITMS M KU 
123.09 7JJO0 
143,317.000 
1,450,000 
4O0.000 
1.790.000 
!!!!^i;!^mfElE^:?:!^iwi<w; 
105,000 
f'j- •!; 3; y :E1: M;!: :•! !?^«»ipoo 
2,650.000 
EEE!E!:; ;7;.;'!^^iopo! 
300,000 
!:v!!!!:R!^!!:!^![il!^;!!:l^!!:1 
[::•::;•: E;';'jil^iOpO! 
9SO.O0O 
5,000,000 
2,000.000 
660,000 
^:::i::S^V;iv!t;: ? V^^e?»iOC»X 
4.000.000 
J^ME3^;j|?^:iii^TOiP?»; 
39,490,000 
£% ^?E^E1;:5'E1E":': ;lE^K»j!0O0 j! 
4.600.00O 
*& EEEEE: ;'^g; |i¥-u:::^ aidpo j 
6.410.000 
M^m^y^Sjmfioiy 
6.451.O00 
£:;:}:£; 3: ;;j |:JfeS^iOOOJ'l 
E: Mi E'JI-:1 :"]-!' I1 r ? 1 li-ETri £> iOftft j 
14.000.000 
H! EIE! \3iMQ&& \ 
..,..,. .....If.*00-.000. 
1.000.000 
!»:|j.^il^^=Si::^i«»i 
14.000,000 
62.536.0O0 
\M \m i: !t9^7TOio«>; 
8.4 50.000 
:V;:Ufi!^IIV;lH?»:1S(^i6oSi 
4,730,000 
1,732.000 
;!=:1;^^i!^^H^^iSwJ 
B90.000 
175.000 
;!;lH;mffl;El^*^iOW; 
1,700.000 
^»^MJj^»^Soj«i«!' 
4,644.000 
'liMM^mMi^^ocir: 
32.0O0.O00 
i •!;:! i^fflbibboi; 
330.000 
;;;:!!!;!!!^;!3.!!!!!!!!;!iy^«»! 
4.300,000 
600,000 
!;;;!y!H!!!!:J;;l!!!!!!!!!^!ooo! 
1.570.000 
32.325.000 
!!;;!;!;.3;!;!;]!;;;.;!;;;;;^;dw; 
1,950,000 
!!x;;.-!!!!!!!!H;!;!!:!i!^)bbi6o6.; 
6.5O0.O00 
;!;;;;;;;!!!!.!;!!;.;!!!!!a^^;boo! 
?.ooo.ooo 
!!!;:;!;!!;!!:i;;;i!!!;!i^ib;boo; 
1,405,000 
;!!ii;;;iji!;:!;;!!;;!:izvi5b:oob; 
1.560, OOO 
;;:;;;:i;:i!!!!;;;;;!;!i!r5i»;6bo:; 
3.9 5O.O0O 
;;;;!!!j!!;;;;;;;:!ii;:!!!!3ob!bo6; 
426.O0O 
n.000,000 
9.50O.0OO 
1.000,000 
2.50O.00O 
3,920,000 
l.tOO.OOO 
8,000,000 
2.8O0.0O0 
I6.3O0.0O0 
340.O6O 
;':'.;;;.:;-;:;;;:5i7.652,060 
^ 30 
ANNEX 6 
EC CONTRACTS FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE IN 1993 -94-95-96-97-98 (Financial Years) 
TYPE OF 
CONTRACT 
EC COMMISSION-DIRECT 
COMMISSION/ECHO 
COMMISSION/AEC 
DELEGATIONS::: 
SUBTOTAL 
MEMBER STATES SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 
BELGIUM 
DENMARK 
FRANCE 
GERMANY 
NETHERLANDS 
SPAIN 
SWEDEN 
UK 
SUBTOTAL 
OTHER GOVERNMENTS 
PHIUPPWES 
FIJI 
CROATIA/MACEDONIA 
SUBTOTAL 
EC NGOs (11 
AUSTRIA 
BELGIUM 
DENMARK 
FINLAND 
FRANCE 
GERMANY 
GREECE 
IRELAND 
ITALY 
LUXEMBOURG 
NETHERLANDS 
PORTUGAL 
SPAIN 
SWEDEN 
UK 
SUBTOTAL 
OTHER NGOs (1) 
NORWAY 
AUSTRALIA 
FRANCE 
SWITZERLAND 
USA 
SUBTOTAL 
LOCAL NGOs (1) 
BOLIVIA 
IRAQ- MISC - 1990 
HAITI 
JAMAICA 
LEBANON 
OCC. TERRITORY (ISRL) 
SUBTOTAL 
UNITED NATIONS 
UNCHS 
VW^ifMM;n[M!:E=M:i;;:M;:E:^Hi!!M;El::!:M!;::::M==;EE=:-:=E:;:=:;;E 
FAO 
WHO^;;:^;;;ii;;i;ii;::;::;:;;^;:::::::h:-^^ 
UNHCR 
UN1CEF; ;;:-':;;::\::-::'.:. 
UNDP 
UNESCO:::':;;^";'::'-:^";:;-:i 
UNRWA 
UNOCHA; 
UNDHA 
PAHO ;: 
SPECIAL UN OPERATIONS (IOM| 
SUBTOTAL 
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORG. 
ICRC 
FIRC 
CARITAS INTERNATIONAL 
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT GROUP 
LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION 
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES 
THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES 
WEU 
K>M 
SUBTOTAL 
OcoomnnnKnti 
Other. 
TOTAL 1993 
ECU 
45.324,321 
8,318.645 
1.552,000 
55.194.966 
25,000 
0 
0 
1.700,000 
0 
0 
0 
3,521.195 
5.246.195 
0 
400.000 
10,000,000 
10.400,000 
NA 
25,098,353 
48.724,057 
NA 
88,634,711 
23.069,700 
886.500 
1,026,000 
16,406,961 
0 
15.212,795 
862.990 
19,021,832 
NA 
23.606,851 
262.550,750 
0 
0 
0 
744,692 
1,679,565 
2,424.257 
175,000 
2,520,000 
0 
0 
800.000 
1,245,000 
4,740,000 
0 
:;:7i;318,78t: 
868,000 
9,250,000: 
87,955,354 
13,631,598: 
0 
.:•:• :\:v:.0; 
6,000,000 
• -.::.:::.-:0; 
0 
•••• :0;: 
700,000 
189,723.733 
38,006,820 
26.001.135 
491,560 
0 
3.160,440 
0 
1.000,000 
0 
0 
68,659,955 
(985,688) 
•597.954. 168 1994 
ECU 
104.381.838 
11.581,577 
262,000 
116,225,415 
4.648,000 
100,000 
500,000 
5,600,000 
0 
129,000 
0 
796,000 
11,773,000 
0 
0 
1,800,000 
1.800,000 
625.000 
35.256,810 
27.128,000 
. 0 
110.942,799 
23.757.380 
980,000 
2.335,250 
18,901,237 
445,266 
24,691.993 
1.945,000 
21.516,375 
350,000 
34.054,623 
302,929,733 
4,170.000 
250,000 
0 
1,237,140 
1,325.000 
6.982.140 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
600,000 
600,000 
0 
:::::::47,355^7:16; 
0 
::;:::::::::::500;000: 
177,336.429 
:;::::11,908;i35: 
0 
:;:::;::::;:;;:::::/;::::::;0: 
450,000 
:Y^:'^X;;:'::/:::^0: 
402.175 
2,149.450 
570,800 
240.672.705 
: 32.327,000 
37,163,603 
0 
0 
2,852,105 
107.730 
92.104 
0 
0 
72,542,542 
753,525.535 1995 
ECU 
87.289,368 
11,488.919 
740.000 
99,518,287 
6.600,000 
0 
0 
15,470.000 
0 
0 
0 
1.320.000 
23.390.000 
119.578 
0 
0 
119,578 
1,680,000 
34.740,000 
11,343,000 
280,000 
110,102,014 
22.579.000 
915.750 
3.413,000 
28.137,556 
1.085,721 
28.507,910 
3,380.720 
22,012.500 
1.450,000 
42.497,755 
312,124,926 
1,542.944 
0 
0 
3.211.500 
1,525.000 
6,279.444 
0 
0 
0 
13,444 
0 
1,500,000 
1.513.444 
0 
:;:::32i67B^000: 
493,500 
;i:;;:iE;:;:;;500^000; 
115,595,500 
:;!: ;::7,939,0bo; 
575,000 
;:^;-K::!M::-::;:;;"':O' 
240,000 
.^••::\li:^-:\.[:;0-
548,166 
:.:: ^ :::910.000: 
550,000 
160,026.166 
53.265,000 
22.285,066 
0 
0 
1,069,286 
636.676 
0 
0 
0 
77,256,028 
680.22 7.873 1996 
ECU 
50.366,796 
8.729,471 
686,050 
59,782,317 
0 
0 
0 
750,000 
0 
0 
2.470,000 
500,000 
3.720.000 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2.233,000 
30.370,928 
7.252.517 
1.255,000 
100.194,021 
18.050,081 
1,150,000 
3.203,391 
22,573,000 
0 
20.790,000 
1.396,000 
24.325.151 
4,905,000 
42,778,644 
280,476,733 
3,421,000 
250,000 
1.200.000 
3,088,000 
3,776.830 
11,735.830 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
700,000 
;::::75;390,996::: 
0 
J:;! ::3.135,000; 
129.371.000 
:::; :8;520,000>: 
0 
v'-:";::'.."-:-:;.;: .0 :: 
1,560,000 
: 0 • 
0 
130,000 
0 
218.806.996 
40.348,000 
19.308,400 
0 
4.737.400 
1.003,770 
221.800 
0 
0 
221 
65,625.591 
640. J47.467 N % OF 
TOTAL 
7.9% 
1.4% 
0.1% 
9.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.4% 
0.1% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.3% 
4.7% 
1.1% 
0.2% 
15.7% 
2.8% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
3.5% 
0.0% 
3.2% 
0.2% 
3.8% 
0.8% 
6.7% 
43.8% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.2% 
0.5% 
0.6% 
1.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
!1:1:i8»: 
0.0% 
;:;o.5% 
20.2% 
:'!:i;:3% 
0.0% 
;: o.o% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
34.2% 
6.3% 
3.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
10.3% 
100%, 1997 
ECU 
24.774,540 
7.366,960 
3,023,600 
35,165.100 
2,050,000 
0 
0 
9.218.000 
40,000 
0 
585,000 
0 
11,893.000 
0. 
0 
0 
0 
6,159,000 
24,227,370 
6,978,574 
2,245,000 
71,834,269 
24,740,840 
1,555,000 
1.410,900 
46,706,224 
261,529 
17,768,466 
3.076,108 
36,237,800 
2,461,294 
30,896,940 
276.559,314 
2,155.000 
0 
0 
2,235,000 
5,024,000 
9,414.000 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
;;:N;24,450,567:: 
800,000 
;:;:.:;:;;;:::380,6o6;: 
31,065,000 
•;;;i6,8i;i;703:: 
0 
::::0.: 
600,000 
:;: 0. 
100.000 
•:.:.: 176.000 
0 
64.383,270 
20.210.000 
13.363,000 
0 
5.510,000 
986,000 
364.900 
0 
4,000 
0 
40,437.900 
43 7,852.584 INK, OF 
TOTAL 
5.7% 
1.7% 
0.7% 
8.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
2.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
2.7% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
1.4% 
5.5% 
1.6% 
0.5% 
16.4% 
5.7% 
0.4% 
0.3% 
10.7% 
0.1% 
4.1% 
0.7% 
8.3% 
0.6% 
7.1% 
63.2% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
1.1% 
2.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
::;f5;6%: 
' 0.2% 
::::o.:i% 
7.1% 
Ei:i;6% 
0.0% 
• •• 0.0% 
0.1% 
: 0:0% 
0.0% 
.0.0% 
0.0% 
14.7% 
4.6% 
3.1% 
0.0% 
1.3% 
.0.2% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
9.2% 
100% 1998 
ECU 
18.943,567 
282,500 
1,151,475 
20,377,542 
0 
0 
0 
2.250,000 
0 
0 
135,000 
300,000 
2,685,000 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2,805,672 
26,495,569 
5,763,800 
932,000 
51,407,507 
26,183.800 
1.270,000 
3,070,000 
37,621,008 
145,000 
18,443.000 
800,000 
39.724,573 
1.455.100 
40.501,413 
256,618.442 
1,085,000 
0 
O 
3,495,000 
10,155,000 
14,735,000 
0 
0 
500.000 
0 
0 
0 
500.000 
0 
:;:!:; 17.950.000: 
0 
:::.::1,030.000: 
51,329,000 
; 13,445,000 
1,020,000 
. 3,000 
0 
• . •" ' 32.000 
0 
1,530,000 
0 
86.339.000 
14,217.850 
24,282,100 
0 
7.307,000 
750,000 
0 
0 
0 
0 
46.556,950 
427.811.934 \ 
• 
IN % OF 
TOTAL 
4.4% 
0 1% 
0 3% 
4.8% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.5% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.6% 
0.0% 
• 0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.7% 
6.2% 
1.3% 
0.2% 
12.0% 
6.1% 
0.3% 
0.7% 
8.8% 
0.0% 
4.3% 
0.2% 
9 3% 
0.3% 
9.5% 
60.0% 
0.3% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.8% 
2.4% 
3.4% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.1% 
0.0% 
I;::E\4:2% 
0.0% 
:::::0,2% 
12.0% 
.-'•;;• 3.1% 
0.2% 
::0.0% 
0.0% 
-0.0% 
0.0% 
.': .0.4% 
0.0% 
20.2% 
3.3% 
5.7% 
0,0% 
1.7% 
0.2% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
0.0% 
10.9% 
100%, 
(II NCLUDNG NATIONAL RED CROSS ASSOCIATIONS 
C?l A Fill I nill'AKDOWN of I OKI PA NINTH!; CAN l!l' IOI1ND IN FCIIO'S OIIAHintl Y STATISTICS o?A 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(1999) 367 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 11 16 01 10 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-99-371-EN-C 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg