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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(82)124 final
,e,Je,?J3aS"P/Moy^
fc|Cb'JlS'i'.y£1H^fussels,18March1982
\7-4/Vn'XV.A'W V*VX-*>/
COMMUNICATION FROMTHECOMMISSION TOTHECOUNCIL
CONCERNING THEREVIEW
OFTHEENERGYRESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
ADOPTEDINTHECOUNCILDECISION OF
11SEPTEMBER 1979
COMC82)124final

REVIEW OFTHE SECOND
ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
COVERING THE PERIOD 1979-83
INTRODUCTION
THE PROGRAMME 'SOBJECTIVES AND ROLE
EVALUATION OFTHE FIRST PROGRAMME
STATUS REPORT ONTHE SECOND PROGRAMME -PRIORITIES -LINES
OFAPPROACH
-Review procedure
-Developments -priorities -lines ofapproach
-Management
Budget
••Day-to-day administration
CONCLUSIONS
ANNEX I -Main results ofthe first programme
ANNEX II -Developments under the second programme
ANNEX III -Conferences and publications

INTRODUCTION
1.Theenergy research anddevelopment programme (1)(2)hasprovided
support since 1975 forresearch carried outunder contract concerning
energy conservation ,renewable energy sources (solar energy andgeo­
thermal energy )andtheproduction andutilization ofhydrogen .It
also contains asubprogramme onenergy systems analysis andstrategy
studies .Asaresult ofthis programme ,andinconjunction with the
programme oftheJoint Research Centre (3)andtheregulations onthe
granting offirancial support fordemonstration projects (4),the
Community iscontributing totheintroduction anddevelopment ofnew
energy technologies which areneeded inorder topursue theCommunity'
energy objectives .
2.InitsDecision of11September 1979 theCouncil adopted thesecond
energy research anddevelopnent programme covering theperiod 1979-8 3
(105million ECU )which follows onfrom thefirst programme covering
theperiod 1975-1979 (59million ECU ).
(1)Council Decision 75/510/tEC of22August 1975 :QJNo231of2Septem
ber 1975 .
(2)Council Decision 79/785/EECof11September 1979 :QJNoL231of
13September 1979 .
(3)Council Décision 77/488/£EC ,Euratom of18July 1977 :UNoL200
of8Aigust 1977
andCouncil Decision 80/317/fcEC ,Euratom of30Jferch 1980 :QJNoL72
of13August 1980 .
(4)Council Regulations (EEC )Nos1302/78and1303/78of12June 1978 :
QJNoL158 of16June 1978 .

-2-
Thetablebelowgivesthebreakdownoftheappropriations allocatedto
thefivesubprogrammes .
TABLE1
SubprogrammeBUDGET(IN
1975-1979MILLIONECU)*
1979-1983
Energyconservation
Production andutilization of
hydrbgen
Solarenergy
Geothermalenergy
Energysystemsanalysisand
strategystudies11.4
13,2
17.5
13,0
3,927
8
46
18
6
UnderArticle4ofthisDecisiontheprograirmeistobereviewedin
1981andpossiblyrevisedinthelightofthefinalevaluationofthe
firstprogramme.Areportonthisreviewandonthepossiblerevision
istobedrawnupfortheEuropeanParliamentandtheCouncil.
3.ThisreviewcomesatatimewhentheCommission ,inresponsetothe
mandateof30May1980,iscarryingoutageneralexaminationof
possiblewaysofredirecting Communityactivitiesandisproposing
toreinforceoradjustthepoliciesinquestioninordertostrengthen
theinternalcohesionoftheCommunityandsecureitspositiononthe
international scene.
TheCommissionhasalreadymadeanumberofproposalstothisend.
4.InitsenergystrategyfortheCommunity (1),theCommissionpresents
aframeworkforactionintendedtoallowtheCommunitytorespondmore
effectively tothechallengewhichtheCommunity'senergydependence
presentsnowandforthefuture.
(*)ThefollowingdocumentsshouldbeconsultedfortheMemberStates'
researchanddevelopment expenditure :
1)"EnergyR,DandDprogrammesandexpenditures oftheMemberStates
andtheEuropeanCommunities-Inventoryof1976-1978preparedby
CREST'sEnergySubcommittee (XII/1000/79).
2)"ComparisonofnationalandCommunityR+Dpolicies-COPOL81
(XII/1137/81-OOPOL/8/81).
(1)COM(81)540finalof1October1981.

-3-
5.Oneofthemainobjectivesofthisstrategyistoreducedependenceon
oilasquicklyaspossibleinordertoenabletheCommunity'seconomyto
recoverfromthedisruptioncausedbytheenergycrisisandtorestore
prospectsofhealthy,andthereforelasting,growthandanimprovement
intheemploymentsituation.
Tothisend,thereisaneedformeasuresbothonthedemandsideinthe
formofenergyconservation andtherationaluseofenergyandonthe
supplysidebydiversifying thesourcesofsupply,inparticularby
makinguseofrenewableenergysources.
6.Oncetheenergytransitionisunderwayitwillofferprospectsforthe
applicationofnewtechnologies andthereforeencouragethedevelopment
ofamodernanddynamicindustryinEuropewhichiscapableofcompeting
international ly.(1)
7.InordertoattainthisobjectivetheCommissionhasselectedanumber
ofprioritiesforCommunityactiononeofwhichconcernsthestrengthe­
ningofthecommonpoliciesinthefieldsofresearchanddevelopnent
anddemonstration .
8.TheCommissionhasalsoproposedasecondstageinitscommonstrategy
forresearchanddevelopment .(2)themainobjectiveofwhichistohelp
tosecurenewprospectsofgrowthandanimprovementintheemployment
situationwithintheCommunities bymakingthemostofscientific
researchandtechnological developnent .Thisentailsderivingmaximum
benefitfromCommunityachievements byincorporating thaninanoverall
strategyandtakingadvantageofthebenefitsprovidedbythescaleof
theCommunity.
9.Inordertoattaintheseobjectivesthefirstthingtodoistoesta­
blishanoverallapproachinsteadofthepragmaticapproachofunder­
takingsuccessiveresearchprogrammesinseparatesectors.
Thisoverallapproachshouldmakeitpossibletodecideuponpriorities
asregardsthedirectionanddefinitionofactivities andtomake
effectiveuseofalltheresourcesastheCommunity'sdisposal (finan-
(1)COM(81)639/2finalof29October1981.
(2)COM(81)574finalof12October1981.

-4-
cial,fiscal,regulatory ,supportforinnovation).
10.Inordertoimplementthisstrategyitisplannedtoestablishan
overallframeworkprogrammewhichwillreflectthemainlinesof
approachandwhichwillanbracetheactivities (whetherunderway
ornew)regardedashavingpriority.
Theproposed ,approachisintendedtomakeitpossibletoassessmore
efficiently theimportanceoftheactivitiesproposed,tocoordinate
thaninordertoensurethattheyareconsistentwitheachother,
andtotightenanylinksthattheremaybewithotherCommunityacti­
vities(inthefieldsofenergy,economicaffairs,agriculture ,
industry,developnent andregionalpolicyetc.).Thisprocessof
adjustmentwilltakeintoaccountthecomplementary natureofthe
activitiesoftheJRCandtheexamination underwayconcerningfuture
linesofapproach.
11.TheCouncil'sinitialreactiontothelinesofapproachpresentedby
theCommission (1)wasfavourable ,andtheCommission nowintends
topreparespecificproposalstoconsolidate andreinforcesomeof
theprogrammesalreadyunderwayandcarryoutamoredetailedexa­
minationinordertoselectlinesofactionforresearchanddevelop­
mentinthelongerterm.
12.Ithasenergedfromthereviewthatalthoughtheprogrammewasbegun
backin1975itwouldseemtobeinlinewiththeobjectivesofthe
energystrategyfortheCommunityandtheprioritiessetinthecommon
researchanddevelopnentstrategy.
ThatiswhytheCommissionisproposingthat,insteadofrevisinga
programmewhichisnowalmosttwothirdscompleted ,workshouldbe
begunassoonaspossibleonthedefinitionandpreparation ofanew
energyresearchanddevelopnent programmetobeincludedinthegene­
ralframeworkofthestrategiesadopted,byincludingitinthe
Community'sframeworkprogrammeforresearchanddevelopnent .
(1)Councilmeetingsof27October1981(EnergyMinisters )and9November
1981(ResearchMinisters).

-5-
13.This paper istheCommission 'sresponse totherequest setoutin
Article 4oftheCouncil Decision that theprogramme should be
reviewed ,and itconstitutes thereport totheEuropean Parliament
and theCouncil provided forinthat Article .
THE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 'SOBJECTIVES AND ROLE
14.When theprogramme wasconceived in1974 theCommission 'smain
concern was tostimulate andcoordinate Community research ina
number ofnewareas ;since then ,these factors have contributed to
theCommunity 'sefforts toreduce itsoverall energy consumption and
itsexcessive dependence onimported oil .
15.Theresearch areas which theprogramme covers aresuch astocontri­
bute totheattainment oftheenergy objectives .
Ofall the "new energy sources "energy conservation technologies
aretheones which offer thegreatest potential forattaining these
objectives rapidly .Theeconomic efficiency ofasignificant number
ofneworimproved technologies developed asaresult oftheprogramme
isnowassured ,asregards both industrial processes anddomestic
applications .
16.Although ,tosome extent ,therenewable energy sources (geothermal
energy andsolar energy )involve technologies with very long lead times ,
they areundoubtedly potentially capable ofmaking amedium-term con­
tribution (about 5%bytheturn ofthecentury orthereabouts )and
constitute asignificant option forthe21st century .Certain techno­
logies such asgeothermal electricity anddcmestic heating ,wind
°energy ,solar heating and theutilization ofbianass arealready able
tosave considerable quantities ofoil .

-6-
17.Hydrogen isanenergy vector which ispotentially suited forboth
transport andstorage ofenergy .Although using itinthis way is
envisaged only asacomparatively long-term prospect ,certain uses
could assune importance intheshorter term .Hydrogen isalready
needed inmany chanical processes ,anditwill have arole toplay
intheshort andmedium term intheproduction ofsynthetic fuels
inparticular .
IS.Effective medium andlong-term planning instruments areneeded in
order toestablish energy research anddevelopnent priorities andallo­
cate energy resources .Such instruments arealso ofhelp inthepre­
paration ofenergy policy decisions because they make forecasting
possible .That iswhyitisuseful ,both fortheCommunity asawhole
andfortheindividual Member States ,todevelop methodologies and
deploy multinational instruments inorder todevelop energy systems
models forforecasting purposes andforthecorresponding strategy
studies .
19.Astheprogramme hasprogressed ithasalso become apparent that ,
inaddition toattaining itsoriginal aims ,Community energy research
canhelp resolve ,tosome extent atleast ,theeconomic andsocial
problems nowfacing theCommunity :innovation ,ability ofindustry
tocompete ,anployment ,agriculture problems ,aid todeveloping coun­
tries .

-7-
20.Thereisconsultation onactivitiesundertheprogrammebothwithin
theCommissiondepartments andwiththoseoutside.
Forexample,thereisclosecoordination andcollaboration betweenthe
energyRandDprogrammeandthecorresponding activitiesatthe
JointResearchCentre.Inadditiontotheconstante>changeofviews
duringtheseactivities ,thereviewoftheprogrammemadeit
possibletoholdanunberofmeetingswiththecompetentJRC
officialstodiscussgreaterintegration .
Collaboration hasprovedparticularly beneficialnotonlyinthe
programmesofindirectactionforwhichthereisacorresponding
directaction,i.e.solarenergyandhydrogenproduction ,butalso
intheanalysisofenergysystems.TheJRCismakingapractical
contribution tosemecategoriesofprojectsintheindirectaction
programme :solarheatingandcooling,thermcmechanicalsolar-
powerplantsandthethermochemical productionofhydrogen.
Onepracticalexampleisthejointschenetotestsolarcollectors
financedbyindirectaction(nineteenparticipants ).
Asregardsthethermochenical productionofhydrogen,almostall
thecontractsforindirectactionarecloselylinkedwiththe
workconductedatIspra.
21.InthosefieldswheretheCommissionalsograntsfinancialaidto
demonstration projects (energyconservation ,solarenergy,
geothermalenergy),accounthasbeentakenoftheprogressalready
achievedandtheresultsalreadyyieldedbytheseprojects.
Representatives ofthedepartmentsinvolvedinthemanagementof
RandDactivities (DGXII)andthemanagementofdemonstration
projects (DGXVIII)consultonallsubjectsofmutualinterestand
attendmeetingsoftheadvisorycommitteesandthecorresponding
workingparties.

-8-
Moreover,aconsiderable numberofsuccessfulresearchactivities
havegivenrisetoConmunitydemonstration projects;thishelps
towardstheessentialindustrialspin-off.
Thestatusofthedemonstration projectswasdescribedinthefirst
periodicreportsonimplementation ofRegulations No1302/78
(alternativesourcesofenergy)andNo1303/78(energysaving),
whichhavebeenforwardedtoParliament andtheCouncil.
22.Finally,theactivities andprojectsconductedtindertheprogramme
havealsoledtheCommission tocollaborate outsidethe
Communityframework ,eitherwithintheInternational Energy
Agency(IEA)inwhichtheCommissionisparticipating inanumber
ofimplanenting agreementsortobackuptheCommunities 1
cooperation agreementswithnon-membercountriessuchasSpain,
Portugal,Mexico,IsraelorIndia.Solarenergyand,insome
cases,geothermalenergyareofthegreatestinterestinthe
Ccmmunity'scollaboration withthedevelopingcountries.
23.Wheretherelationship betweenCommunityresearchactivitiesand
researchactivitieswithintheindividual MemberStatesisconcerned ,
itshouldbeemphasizedthattheenergyresearchanddevelopment
programmehashelpedtostimulateincertainfieldsthedevelopnent
ofthecorresponding nationalprogrammesandindividualventures
withinindustrial firmsandresearchteams.

-9-
24.Thecoordination ofenergyresearchanddevelopmentefforts(in
conjunctionwiththeprocessofliaisonbetweentheimplementation
oftheprogrammeandthecorresponding researchanddevelopment work
carriedoutintheMemberStatestowhichtheACPMs(1)contribute
undertheirtermsofreference )isoneofthewaysinwhichthe
Commissionproposestoattaintheobjectivesoftheprogrammeandof
theresearchanddevelopnentstrategy.Duplication ofeffortis
avoided,technicalobstaclesareovercomeasaresultofcooperation
betweenresearchers andtransnational associations aresetup(2).
TheintegrationofCommunity-level andnational-levelactivitieshas
givenrisetosignificant achievements ,forexample:
-thejointconstruction andoperationinalltheMemberStatesof
experimentalfacilitiesforthesimulationofsolarheatingsystems,
-theexperimentonsettingupvastheate>changeareasinaheat
e>changerofthehotdryrocktype,
-theindustrialapplicationofafamilyofadvancedelectrolysers
developedintheprogramme,
-thestudyofthefundamentalcharacteristics oflow-costhousing
withaviewtoreducingenergyconsumptionforheatingpurposes,
andtothisendastudyconcerningthepreparationofguidelines
forarchitects .
(1)ACPM:AdvisoryCommitteeonProgrammeManagement
(2)ThisprocessofcoordinationestablishedattheCommission'sinstiga­
tioncanbeillustratedbymeansofanumberofexamples:theEuro­
peanconsortiumbringingtogetherfourfirmsorbodiesfromthree
countriestobuildtheEURELIOSsolarpowerplant,thecollaboration
between12laboratories fromfourdifferentcountriesforthedevelop>-
mentofadvancedbatteries ,theassistanceof19institutesinthe
MemberStatesforthestandardization andcomparisonofperformance
testsforsolarcollectorsetc.Itsinfluenceisalsoapparentinthe
manyreferencestotheresultsobtainedasaresultofthepooling
ofefforts.

-10-
25.Toencouragepracticalexploitation ofthescientificandtechnical
know-howobtained,theCommission makeseveryefforttoensurethat
researchfindingsaredissaninated andaccessibleassoonasthey
becomeavailable.Itusesthemethodsbestsuitedtoseethatthey
reachtherightaudience,whetheritbeindividualresearchers and
scientificcommunities ,orpolicyanddecision-making bodies.
Itisconstantlystrivingtoimproveitsmethodsalongthelines
describedinitscommunication totheCouncilontheexploitation
andevaluationofresearchresults (1).
Information ,asubjectofconstantconcerntotheCanmission ,is
disseminated inmanyways:publication offinalresearchreports,
meetingsofallthecontractors workingonagivensubjectortopic,
organization ofinternational conferences ,seminarsandsymposiaand
publicationoftheirproceedings ,productionofarticlesforscien­
tificandtechnicaljournals,publication ofregularstatusreports
andworksonspecificsubjectsandeventheorganization ofcompe­
titionsandexhibitions andproductionoffilmsillustrating results
obtainedundertheprogramme.
AlistofthemaineventsorganizedbytheCommissionandofthemost
importantpublications isgiveninAnnexIII.
(1)COM(80)889finalof31December1980

-11-
26.Asfarastechnological innovationisconcerned ,theprogrammeis
continually givingrisetothefilingofpatentapplications orthe
development ofnon-patented inventions .Inthecourseofthefirst
programme ,therewere107inventionsofthiskind,someofwhichled
toindustrialapplications suchasapolytropicheatpump,alow-
temperaturewater-airconvector (Ecovecteur )andageothermalprobe
forelevatedtemperatures andpressures.
Tomakethemostoftheseinventions ,theCommissionmaintains
regularcontactswiththecontractors concernedtocheckwhether
theirinventionsareexploitable and,ifso,whethertheyarelater
beingexploited.Ifnecessary ,itprovidessupportby,forexample,
seekingpotentiallicence-holders .
EVALUATION OFTHEFIRSTPROGRAMME
27.ThefirstenergyR+Dprogrammeisnowcompleted (1).Ofcourse,it
isnotalwayspossibletodrawacleardemarcationlinebetweenthe
firstprogrammeanditssuccessor,sinceprojectssuchasthe
EureliossolarpowerplantandtheEuropeanenergymodelsinevitably
extendbeyondasingleprogramme.Nevertheless mostoftheprojects
havebeencompletedorhavebeguntoshowresults.
Fulldetailsoftheresultsaregiveninthefinalreportspublished
attheendofeachproject,inthesummariesoftheproceedingsof
thevariousseninarsheldtogiveprogressreports,inthepapers
givenattheconferences andsymposiaarrangedandinthepublication
entitled"Achievements oftheEuropeanCommunityFirstEnergyR-fD
Programme".(2)
SomeofthemainresultsarereviewedinAnnexI.
(1)Thebreakdownoftheexpenditure betweenthefivesubprogrammes is
shownintable2.
(2)Doc.EUR7320.

-12-
28.Generallyspeaking,theprojectscompletedfallintothefollowing
categories :
.AppraisalandassessmentofthepotentialoftheCommunity'srenewable
energysources,e.g.thegeothermalatlas,thesolarradiationatlas,
studiesonexistingbiomassresourcesandontheirpotential ,and
analysesofthepotentialforenergysavingincertainindustrial
processes .
.Improvement ofenergytechnology ,e.g.methodsofstoringheat,
electrolytic productionofhydrogen,solarcellproduction ,instrumen­
tationandmeasurement methodsforgeothermalboreholes ,carengine
designandadvancedbatteries.
.Developnent ofprototypes andofpilotplants,e.g.gasification
plantsforbiomass,advancedelectrolysers andpilotplantsfor
photovoltaic conversionandforrecyclingplastics.
.Developnent andconstruction oflarge-scaleunitsorofexperimental
plants,e.g.the1MWesolarpowerplantandexperimental solar
heatingsystems.
.Coordinated developnent andapplication ofmeasurement methods,
e.g.methodsofmeasuringtheperformance ofheatpumpsandofsolar
collectors .
.Assistance fortheCommissionstaffandnationaladministrators
responsible forpreparingenergyprogrammes andfortakingdecisions
onenergypolicy,e.g.theconstruction ofenergymodelsandcase
studies.
29.Itisfairtosaythatthefirstprogramme-althoughpurelyexplora­
toryinmanysectors-wassatisfactory and,byandlarge,achievedits
objectives ,astheevaluations madebyEREThaveconfirmed.(1)
(1)EnergyResearchandEvaluation Team(seesection31).

-13-
STATUSREPORTONTHESECONDPROGRAMME-PRIORITIES-LINESOFAPPROACH
30.Atthisstageofprogressintheprogramme ,itistooearlytoobtain
definitiveresults.Nevertheless ,thereviewhashighlighted what
hasbeenachievedandwhatworkisoutstanding enoughtoleadusto
believethatthefinalresultswillbebeneficial .
Reviewprocedure
31.CommissionstaffandtheACPMscontinuously monitoredtheworkdone
inthecourseofthefirstandsecondprogrammes .Whenevernecessary ,
■thecontentandobjectivesoftheprogrammewereadjustedwithinthe
limitslaiddownbytheDecisionadoptingtheprogramme.
TofulfillthespecificobligationslaiddowninArticle4,the
Commissionconductedadetailedreviewoftheprogrammeduringthe
firsthalfof1981andconsultedtheCommitteesandGroupsofExperts
listedbelow.
-AdvisoryCommitteesonProgrammeManagement (ACPMs)
Usingworkingpapersasabasis,eachofthefiveACPMsdiscussed
theprogrammereviewatoneormoremeetings.InsomecasesACPM
subcommittees weresetuptopreparetheworkingpapers.Allthe
ACPMsissuedwrittenopinions.
-CREST'sEnergySubcommittee
ThisCommitteeregularlycontributed towardsthesteeringandthe
generalcompletionoftheprogramme.Itgaveopinionsonseveral
occasions ,particularly whenthefirstdraftofthisreportwas
tabledattheCRESTmeetingof25April1981.
-EnergyResearchEvaluation Team(ERET)
Thisindependent teamofoutsideexpertscommissioned toevaluatethe
firstenergyR-£>programmesubmitteditsverdictintworeports.(1)
TheCommission hastakenaccountofmostoftheconclusions ofthis
teamindraftingthepresentreviewreportandintheday-to-day
managementoftheprogramme.
(1)Doc.EUR6902-EUR7350

-14-
However ,ithasnot fully followed theadvice given bytheteam in
twoofitsconclusions :asregards abandoning thecurrent form ofthe
hydrgoen subprogramme ,because this opinion didnottake thelong-term
development oftheenergy scenario into account ,andasregards aban­
doning work onenergy saving inurban transport ,because various
bodies have deplored theinadequacy ofresearch onthis subject .
Developnents ,priorities and lines ofapproach
32.Themajor developments tinder theprogramme arereviewed inAnnex II.
Thepriorities andlines ofapproach emerging from thework are
briefly outlined below foreach ofthefive subprogrammes .
33.Enerqy conservation
Thecontracts which have been negotiated show that inthesecond
programme there isgreater emphasis onresearch promising some hope
ofpractical application intheshort ormedium term .
Anumber ofpremising results obtained from thefrist programme and
then developed andexploited inthesecond (recovery ofresidual heat ,
industrial processes ,sophisticated batteries ),will have adirect
effect onenergy saving andonthediversification ofenergy resources .
Theeconomic importance ofthework done inthis subprogramme ,and
therole ofenergy conservation intheenergy and R-tDstrategies
require that theresearch effort should beintensified inthefuture .

-15-
34.Production andutilization ofhydrogen
Theresearchhasconfirmedtheinterestingprospectsheldoutbythe
useofhydrogenofoutsideoriginforproductionofsyntheticfuels.
Thesefuelsareextremelyimportantintheefforttoreducethe
Commission'sdependence onoilimports,researchintothissubject
shouldbeexpandedconsiderably .Althoughsomeexistingprocesses
forproducingsyntheticfuelsarebeingoperatedonapilotscale
(orevenfullscale),certainscientificandtechnicalproblens
remainandthepay-backperiodisrelativelylong.Itisfearedthat,
withoutsomestimulusfromtheCommunity ,industrywillnothave
sufficientincentivetodevotethenecessaryefforttothedevelop­
mentof"second-generation "processes ,whicharemoreefficientand
ensurethatindigenousnaturalresources (biomassandcoal)orimpor­
tedfeedstock (coal)willbebetterused.Suchresearchlendsitself
toacoordinated Communityapproach,sincethebenefitwouldaccrue
inthelongterm.
Syntheticfuelsaresuchanimportantsubjectthataspecialsubpro-
grammecouldbedevotedtotheminthenextR+Dprogramme.
35.Solarenergy
Althoughtheprogrammeasawholefulfillstheobjectiveslaiddown
foritsimplementation ,itisnowclearthatthereissomethingmissing,
namelythatnoreferenceismadetotheneedsofthedevelopingcoun­
tries.
ThroughtheLomeConventionandotherinternational agreements ,the
EuropeanCommunityhasverycloselinkswiththeThirdWorld.The
solarenergypotentialofmanyofthesecountriesisfargreaterthan
theCommunity's-notonlybecausetheyhavegreaterinsolationbut
becausetheirinfrastructure lendsitselfeasilytotherapidintro­
ductionofsolarenergy.

-16-
TheCommission andtheMemberStateshavealreadytriedtoestablish
solarinstallations inAfricaandelsewhere ,especiallyforwater-
pumpingstations.
ManyoftheMemberStates'projectshavefailedbecausetheywerenot
sufficiently wellorganizedlocally (institutional andsocialproblems,
adaptationandprojectmanagementdifficulties).Thenextprogramme ,
therefore ,shouldcontaintopicsrelatingtoresearchintotheadap­
tationofsolartechnologies tothespecificrequirementofthe
developingcountriesandtheencouragement andsupportforindustrial
researchintheCommunitywithaviewtodevelopingthesetechnologies .
36.Geothermal energy
Thefollow-upresearchnowbeingcarriedout,orinview,should
definitelyincreasetheCommunity'sgeothermalreservesby
developing newresourcesandbyimprovingexploitation
techniques .Itshouldhelptoprovidetechnologyandknow-how
suitedtotheCommunity'sownspecificneeds.
Inthenextprogrammeworkistobedoneonthemoresysthanatic use
ofthesetechnologies andknow-howsothattheycanbeappliedin
developingcountries.
37.Energysystemsanalysisandstrategystudies
Nowadays,energycoversabroadspectrumoftheeconomyandanalyzing
theinteraction betweenenergyandtheeconomyisnowaspecialized
branchofplanning.
Thusitisessentialtointensifytheworkofachievingrepresentation
oftheeconomyinthemodelswhichhavebeendevelopedunderthe
energyR+Dprogramme.

-17-
Inthelonger term ,priority should begiven totwotopics :
(i) study oftheeffect ofenergy prices oneconomic equilibrium ,
thelevel ofdemand and theorganization ofenergy supply ;
(ii)recognition ofenergy asafactor ofproduction atsectoral
level and itseffect onindustrial competitiveness inthe
Ccrranunity andintheworld .
These considerations must betaken into account when thenext programme
isprepared .
MANAGEMENT
38.Budget
Table 2gives anoverall guide totheappropriations allocated
under thefirst programme .Itshows that theCommunity
contributed 50661 000ECU to683projects ,i.e. 51%oftotal
research expenditure .
Table 3shows theproposals received inreply tothecall for
tenders under thesecond programme ,theproposals selected ,
the contracts concluded and the relevant financial situation
atthe time ofwriting .
Oie fact established bythis review isthat the funds allocated
will notpermit thesecond programme tobeconducted without
cuts .
Because ofthelarge number ofprojects received inreply tothe
calls fortenders ,some research projects which arerecognized
tobeofinterest andvalue cannot begiven Community financial
support through theconclusion ofcontracts ;this applies
particularly totheenergy conservation andsolar energy sectors .
Furthermore ,theCommission hasreceived from Greece several
important high-quality proposals forpilot solar projects and
geothermal exploration ;thefinancial implications ofthese
proposals could notbequantified when thebudget forthesecond
programme was adopted .Nevertheless ,theCommission is
endeavouring toachieve aproper balance between theproposals
submitted inline with the funds available and inthe best
interests oftheprogramme .

-18-
.Day-to-daymanagement
Themostdifficultandmosttime-consuming managementtaskisto
launchwell-balanced projectsandcompletethemwithinareasonable
period.Thistaskrequiresconsultation ofalargenumberoftechni­
calandscientificexpertsfromtheentireCommunity (andsometimes
fromnon-Community countries ),theorganization ofproceduresfor
solicitingproposals ,involvingresolutionofthetrickyproblemof
languages ,andthefinalselectionofprojects.
Oncethecontractsaresignedandworkhasbegun,researchcanbe
monitoredandcoordinated mosteffectively byvisitstotheresearch
scientistsandaboveallbyorganizingmeetingswiththecontractors
duringwhichthestateofprogressmaybediscussedonthebasisof
thedocumentstheysubmit.Thesemeetingsaregenerallyconsidered
tobebeneficialandstimulating asregardsboththecoordination
ofresearchandthedissemination ofresults.(Seesection25)

-19-
CONCLUSIONS
40.Theimp!orientationofthetwoenergyRandDprogrammes-an
evaluation oftheachievonents ofthefirstandareviewofthe
secondconstitutethiscommunication -hasyieldedresultsand
experiencewhichtheCanmissionwillnowhavetousetothe
besteffect.Thereviewhasalsomadeitpossibletoidentify
prioritieswhichwillhelptheCanmission ,incollaboration with
theMemberStates,tolaydownthelinesofapproachfor
continuingtheseactivities ,whileensuringthattheycomply
withtheCommunity'senergyandRandDstrategies .
41.Becauseoftheimportantdevelopnents currentlyunderwayfor
implenenting thesetwostrategies ,theCommissiondoesnot
believethatanyattemptshouldbemadeinthecourseofthis
reviewtochangethecurrentprogrammeinsuchawaythatthe
textoftheCouncilDecisionwouldneedtobeamended.(1)
Instead,itsuggeststhatanewprogrammeshouldbedrawnup
anddevelopedfrom1982.
42.Toconclude,theCanmissionproposes :
-thatthesecondprogrammebecontinuedinitscurrentform,
bothasregardstheareasandsectorscoveredandasregards
theoverallbudget,butthataccountshouldbetaken,within
thesubprogrammes ,ofthelinesofapproachwhicharenow
merging,
-thatproposalsbemadeinthenextfewmonthstoinclude
intheframeworkprogrammeofthecommonRandDstrategy
athirdprogrammebasedontheprioritiesarisingfromthe
reviewandtheabovenentioned strategies ,takingdueaccount
oftheotheractivitiesinprogress.
(1)Itisalsotobefearedthattheadoptionprocedureforintensifying
theprogrammewouldnotbecompletedintimeinviewofthedateon
whichtheprogrammefinishes (30June1983).

TABLE2
FIRSTENERGYRANDDPROGRAMME
CONTRACTS
GENERALSITUATION
1975-1979
SUBPROGRAMME NUMBEROFCONTRACTS TOTALCOST
('000ECU)CEC-CONTRIBUTION
('000ECU)
Energyconservation 117 19.842 9.946
Production andutilization
ofhydrogen83 14.757 8.033
Solairenergy ^ 289 35.163 17.379
Geothermalenergy 140 24.323 11.605
Systemsanalysis 54 3.983 3.698
TOTAL 683 98.068 50.661(*)
*Thissimcoversonlyexpenditure onresearchcontracts,adninistrative ej^erditure (staff,missions,
meetingsofe>perts,organizationofconferences ,etc.)isexcluded.

TABLE3
SECONDENERGYRANDDPROGRAMME
PROPOSALS ANDCONTRACTS
GENERALSITUATION
Decenber1981
SUB-
PROGRAMMEPROPOSALS CONTRACTS
ReceivedSelectedTotalcostProposed
CEC
contributionConcluded Totalcost CEC
contribution
Energy
conservation636 16451.860 25.390 14746.569 21.804
Hydrogen 89 4418.2399.465(1 ) 4115.854 8.087(1)
Solarenergy 555 181124.737 35.343 290(2)52.55123.543 (3)
Geothermal
energy165 7881.24515.260 76 38.818 12.623
Systems
analysisNOCALLFORTENDERS ¡;53i
2.935 !2.463
i
TOTAL 1.445 467276.08185.458 607156.727 68.520(4)
(1;Includingappropriations outstanding fromtheendofthefirstprogramme
(2)Includingcontractsconcludedincontinuation ofthefirstprogrammeandcontractsfor
projectsB,F,GandHforwhichtherewasnocallfortenders
(3)ContractsinvolvingaCommunitycontribution of11MioECUareundernegotiation
(4)ThistotaldoesnotincludetheCommission'sstaffandoperatingexpenditure

ANMV.y
MAIN RESULTS
OFTHE
PTRST PROGRAMMF

-1-
MAIN RESULTS OFTHE FIRST PROGRAMME
Energy conservation
1.Windows account for10%ofthewall surface oftheaverage house .
Approximately 35%ofalltheheat lost through theouter shell asa
whole escapes through thewindows .Theresearch into improving window
insulation ,notably byapplying coatings that reflect rays within the
infra-red spectrum butallow visible rays topass ,led tothedevelop­
ment ofaspecially treated plastic film ,which costs only 1.5ECU
persquare metre ,is60%transparent andhas thesame insulating
effect asdouble glazing (i.e. 3W/ht2j<).
2Itsaves anestimated 100kWh permperyear andpays foritself
within about three months .
All theprojects oninsulation confirmed theadvantages ofreflective
coatings .Calculations have shown that general application ofreflec­
tive coatings could produce anenergy saving ofaround 25% ,ascompared
with conventional glass windows .
2.Twenty orsoprojects investigated -anddemonstrated -howheat pumps
canreduce theenergy consumption ofdomestic heating systems .The
research focussed ontheusable sources ofheat andonthedevelopnent
ofheat pumps fitted with compressors ,electric -ormotor -driven heat
pumps and absorption heat pumps .Astudy ontheapplication of
heat pumps inprivate houses andapartments (between 60and80flats
inall )showed that energy savings ofupto50%were possible ascom­
pared with conventional heating systems .Similar savings -between
50%and56% -canbemade byfitting district heating networks with
5to20MWheat pumps which take their water from rivers ,thesea ,
industrial processes and other sources .
Oneoftheprojects inthis field hasbeen taken asthestarting point
foranewCommunity demonstration project which isnowbeing actively
prepared .

-2-
3.Variousmethodsofreducingtheenergyconsumption ofmotorvehicle
enginesweredevelopedandvehicle-tested .Thermaloptimization ofan
existingengine,togivethe4-cylinder ,2-litre,97kWTOPengine,
reducedtheenergyconsumption byaround30%ascomparedwiththe
originalversion.Althoughthenewengineretainedallthefeatures
ofaspark-ignition engine,itsconsumption duringthestandardECE
cyclematchedthatofadieselenginewiththesamecylindercapacity.
Ithasbeentestedincarsonademonstration basis.
4.Oneprojectentaileddevelopingaplantfortreatingtheplasticfrac­
tionofthehouseholdrefusefromatownof120000(i.e.some2400
tonnesofplasticperyear).Thestudiesprovedthattherecycling
proceduredevelopedbytheprojectwaseconomically viableandthat
eachtonneofplasticrecoveredrepresented asavingofalmost5.25
t.o.e.TheplantwillbebuiltinLiegeasaCommunitydemonstration
project.Intheory,thepaybackperiodshouldbethreeorfouryears.
5.Anotherdevelopnent wasafluidizedbedheatexchangercapableof
operatingathightemperatures (approximately 1000°C)inatmospheres
containingcorrosivesalinegases.Testsonthespeciallybuiltexpe-
2rimentalunitrecordedathermalconductivity ofbetween185kW/mK
2and290kW/friK,dependingontheparticlesused,andanefficiencyof
about55%.
TheCommunity'sdemonstration programmealsoincludesaprojecton
theapplication ofthistypeofheate>changerinsmeltingfurnaces.
6.Otherstudieslookedintowaysofrecoveringthewasteheatfromthe
off-gases (at250°C)fromfiringkilnsforceramics,withaviewto
usingittodrivea40kWeturbo-alternator generatingsetoperating
ontheorganicRankinecycle(ORC)principleandgivinganefficiency
of11%.Apilotplanthasbeenbuilt.Theestimatedcostperinstal­
ledkWeis500ECUandtheprojectshouldbreakeveninaboutthree
years.Theceramicsindustryhasshownakeeninterestinthistype
ofunit.

-3-
7.Storingheat,mechanicalenergyorelectricityisanimportantmeans
ofconservingenergywheneversupplyoutstripsdemand.
High-capacity batteriesmustbedevelopedifthenewmethodsofstoring
energyaretobeappliedinthetransportsector(i.e.inelectric
vehicles ).
Inordertokeeppacewiththevigorouseffortsbeingmadeinthe
UnitedStatesandinJapan,15laboratories joinedintheCommunity 1s
R-fDprogrammeonsophisticated Na/S,LiAl/FeSandsolidbatteries.
Researchwithintheindustrysucceeded ,interalia,inproducingbat­
terieswithsolidelectrolytes (madeofalumina),whichgavesatis­
factoryreliability andoerformance whentestedovermorethan660
2charge-dischargecyclesatacurrentdensityof182mA/cm.
Li/Sbatterieswithfusedsaltelectrolytes werealsodevelopedand
cheaperelementswereproducedalongwithnewcellswithacapacity
of200Ahassumingadischargeof20Aandacurrentdensityof
108Wh/kg.

-4-
Production andutilization ofhydrogen
8.Theresearchintoelectrolyticcellstoproducehydrogenbysplitting
waterbroughtaboutseveralimprovements intheformofnewdiaphragm
technologies andnewcatalystsfortheelectrodesurfaces.Theadvan­
cedcellsbasedonthesenewtechnologies canhalvetheinvestment
costs,whileatthesametimereducingtheenergyconsumption ofthe
electrolysers'by 30%attheequivalentcurrentdensity.Industrial
application ofthenewmethodscouldsoonbringthecostofelectro­
lyticproductionofhydrogendowntothatofhydrogenproducedby
othermethods.
9.Thestudiesandexperiments onthesafetyaspectsandontheconstruc­
tionmaterialstobeselected,notablyonspecialsteels,demonstrated
thattheproblemsareclearlydefinedandthatsolutionscanbefound.
Speciallyadaptedmethodsofproducingspecialsteelshavebeendevel­
oped.
ID.Afeasibilitystudyconductedonanindustrialscaleprovedthat
storinghydrogeninhydrideformwasacompetitivealternativeto
storageinpressurized tanks.
11.Theworkonspeciallyadaptedprocessestousenon-fossil-derived
hydrogentoconvertcoalintosyntheticfuelssuchasliquidhydro­
carbonsandmethaneprovidedevidencethathydrogenismoreeconomic,
increasestheenergyoutputand,aboveall,makesbetteruseofthe
availablecoalresources .Thehydrogenrequiredwouldbesupplied
byelectrolysers runningonnuclearpowerratherthanonelectricity
fromcoal-firedstations.
SolarEnergy
12.Perhapsthemoststrikingachievement wasthedesign,developnent and
construction ofthe1MWeEIJRELIOSsolarpowerplantatAdranoin
Sicily,thefirstsuchplantintheworldtobeconnectedtothecon­
ventionalgrid.

-5-
13.However,photovoltaic conversiongeneratedthemostactivity.Together,
theimprovenents madetothebasiccells,theautomationofpanelpro­
ductionandthedevelopment ofintegratedsystanshelpedtocutthecost
ofsiliconpanelstoaboutonefifthofthe1973level,whilstextending
theirservicelifeatthesametime.
Progresswasalsoachievedintheworkonalternativecellsmadeof
amorphoussiliconorcadmiumsulphide,whichadvancedfromthebasic
researchstagetothefurtherdevelopment phase.
14.TheCommunity'sresearchonbiomassconcentrated onidentifyingthe
mostpromisingwaysofproducingenergyfrombiomass,onimproving
theconversionprocessesandonshortrotationforestry.Several
MemberStateshavesteppeduptheiractivitiesinthesefieldsasa
result.
TheprogrammealsoincludedanumberofstudiestoassessEurope's
biomassresources .Theyshowedthattheagricultural andforestry
wastelyingunusedintheCommunity'stipscouldprovide200million
t.o.e.p>eryearandthatintheorytheenergyderivedfrombiomass
couldsatisfyabout10%oftheCommunity'senergyrequirements between
nowandtheyear2000.
15.Thesolarradiationdatacollectedat56stationsthroughoutthe
Communitywereusedtocompileanatlasshowingthenumberofhours
ofsunshinerecordedonahorizontalsurfaceineachoftheCommunity
countries .

-6-
16.TheCommunityresearchontheapplication ofsolarenergyinthehome
playeditspartinthedevelopnent ofsolar-powered heatingandcooling
systans.Twentylaboratories helpedtopreparestandardprocedures
fortestingsolarcollectors ,andthesehavenowbeenfinalizedand
field-tested .Eightpilottestunitsforsimulatingtheheatloadona
solarheatingsystemassuch(i.e.ontheentiresystemandnotjust
onthecollector )havenowbeensetupintheManberStateswithaview
toassessingtheirperformance underfieldconditions .
Geothermalenergy
17.Anextensiveprojectontheacquisition andcollationofgeothermal
dataculminatedinthepublication ofan"AtlasofSubsurfaceTempera­
turesintheEuropeanCommunity".
18.Substantialprogresswasmadeonthedevelopnent ofdownholeinstrumen­
tation.Recentadvancesinelectronics andweldingtechniqueshave
madeitpossibletoproduceprobescapableofmeasuringtanperatures
ofupto250°Candpressuresof250barsaswellasdevicesformeasur­
ingtheheatflow.
19.Thestudiesontheeconomicsofgeothermalheatingcastlightonthe
problemsinvolvedinassessingtherealcosts.However,someofthe
problemscanbeovercomebyconfirmingthefindingsoffeasibility
studiesbyexperimental datagatheredinthefield.Itistherefore
fairtoconclude,atthisstage,thatgeothermalheatingisaneconomic
alterrativetoconventional formsofheatinginlargehousingcomplexes.
Itwouldbemuchmorecompetitiveifminingcostswerekepttoamini­
mumandoneappliednewtechnologies suchaswater-waterheatpumps
andfloorconvectorscapableofoperatingatrelatively lowtempera­
tures(i.e.approximately 40°C).

-7-
20.Deepwellsweredrilledtoexplorehigh-enthalpy reservoirsinhot
rockformations .InItalyoneboreholethroughhotrocks(350°C)
reachedadepthof4100m,wheregeothermalwaterwasfound;420°C
wasrecordedatthebottomofanotherwellinthesamecountry.
Thosearethecurrentrecordsfortheindustryasawhole.
21.Thetechnologyappliedtohotdryrocksentailsextractingtheheat
capturedindeepdepositsbyfracturingthanartificially andcircu­
latingwaterthroughthem.Oneprojectinthatfieldsucceededin
interconnecting threeshallow (i.e.300m)wellsincrystallinerocks
byanarrayofpassagescreatedbyanewmethodofstimulatingthe
basementrocks.Thee>perimentwillpavethewayforfurtherresearch
intomethodsofprospecting deeplyinghotdryrocks.
Systemsanalysis :development ofmodels
22.Themostnotableresultsofthissubprogramme werethemedium-term
(EURECA,EXPLORandEDM)andlong-termmodels(MEDEE/SLTandEFOM)-
whichprovideameansofobservingenergysupplyanddemandinthe
Communityinthelightofscenariosconstructed bytheusersthemselves
andtheestablishment ofacoordinated networkofenergymodelling
expertsthroughouttheCommunity .
Considerable effortwasalsoputintosettingupthedatabases
required.
23.EURECA,EXPLORandEDMweredevelopedtoprovidemedium-termforecasts
ofthelikelyenergydemand,themainaimbeingtocalculatethe
demandineachcountryinthelightofthemacro-economic andsectoral
activities thereandoftheinteraction betweentheeconomiesofthe
different ManberStates.
EURECAisamultinational macro-economic modelforcalculating the
actualgrowthratefortheGDPofeachMemberStateandforcarrying
outmultinational casestudies.

-8-
EXPLORisasectoralmodelforcalculatingtheactivityineachsector
oftheeconomyineachcountryfromtheaggregatetotalscalculatedby
EURECA.Italsocalculatestheultimatedemandpriceandthereby
providesameansofassessingtheimpactofenergycostsoninflation.
ThedemandpricesarethenfedbackintoEURECA.Convergingresults
canbeproducedbysuchiterationbetweenthetwomodels.
EDMgivesprojectionsofthedemandforeachtypeofenergyineach
sectoroftheeconomyineachcountry,takingEXPLOR'sdataonthe
demandpricesandontheactivityintheindividualsectorsasits
startingpoint.
24.MSDEE,thedemandfnodel,andSLT,thesimulationmodel,provideprojec­
tionsofthelong-termdemand.Theyoperateasfollows:
MEDEE-thelong-termmodel-basesitscalculations onthesocio­
economicscenariosfor1990suppliedbythemedium-term models.It
extrapolates the1990figurestogivethelong-termscenariofor2000.
ModelSLTthenchecksthatthescenarioisvalid.
25.Twomodelsoftheenergysupplysystemhavealsobeenconstructed-
namely,EFOM12CandEFOM12D.Theyarebothdesignedtodetermine
whichsystemgivesthebestsupplycosts.
EFOM12Cisbasedonacomprehensive interactive softwaresystemwith
itsowninterrationalenergydatabase.Therationaldatainthebase
haveallbeenharmonizedandaresometimesusedtoanalysetherational
policies.However,theprimeobjectiveofthemodelistoanalysethe
interaction betweentherationalenergysupplysystansattheinterna­
tionallevel.Themodelisextremelycomplexandtherearestilla
fewproblanstobesolved.
EFOM12Disconciserandeasiertouseformultinational casestudies
sincesomeofthenationaldatahavebeensimplified .

-9-
26.Thefirstprogrammeconcentrated notsomuchonenergystudiesassuch
butratherontheinstruments neededtoconductsuchstudies.
Nevertheless thefirstfieldstudieshavenowbeencompletedandhave
producedusefulenergydataaswellasgivinganideaoftheimprove­
mentsthatcanbemadetotheenergysystemduringthesecondprogramme.
+ +
+

ANNEXII
DEVELOPMENTS
UNDERTHE
SECONDPROGRAMME

-1-
Developments under the second programme
1.Considering theaims ,there have been some significant changes inthe
five subprogrammes aswell asinthepriorities andlines ofapproach
evolved inthe course ofthe work .
Energy conservation
2.Research inrespect oftheresidential sector inthefirst programme
covered techniques forconserving energy andforincreasing theout­
putofheating systems .Most oftheresearch coveredthe improvanent of
thethermal insulation ofbuildings andthedevelopment ofheat pumps .
However some important matters were notcovered during theprogramme
atall ,orwere dealt with only superficially .Considerably more at­
tention was therefore paid tothan inthesecond programme .
Research into theinsulation ofoutside walls ,particularly windows
andshutters ,into draughts andinto theventilation ofpremises was
intensified .
Several projects deal with theimprovanent ofconventional heating
systems andmethods ofcontrolling than .
Aconsiderable research effort isstill required toperfect heat pumps
ofanadvanced type ,particularly absorption heat pumps which have
ahigh energy-saving potential ;thework isbeing continued inthe
current programme .Theheat pumps must bereliable ,efficient and
easy tomaintain ,andmust beinexpensive .Similarly ,work isbeing
done onthemost appropriate sources ofheat and theconstituent parts
ofcompressor heat pumps .
3.Theintegrated application inaconsistent andconform manner ofthe
energy conservation techniques available hasalso been studied ;the
possibilities have been anbodied ininterpretative guidelines forthe
use ofarchitects .With this same question inmind ,agroup ofcompu­
terprogramme developnent specialists hasdeveloped methods toopti­
mize thedesigning oflow-cost housing bytheuseofdata processing
methods .

-2-
4.Theindustrial sector uses twothirds oftheenergy itconsumes inthe
form ofheat ;large quantities ofthis heat aredissipated andsimply
lost .Despite considerable efforts tosave energy over thelast ten
years there isstill anenormous potential forimprovement -upto20%
inmany instances .
5.Theutilization ofenergy initsfinal form byindustry interms of
temperature exhibits twopeaks ,oneinthetemperature range
1000-1600 °Cand the other between 100 and 500°C.
Priority wasgiven toresearch intheprocessing industries operating
atthehigher temperature range ,e.g. glass ,ceramics ,corient and
steel .Inthese industries there isahigh potential forenergy saving
because ofthehigh operating temperatures used .Heat recovery consti­
tutes animportant part ofthis potential ;hence ,inthesecond program­
me,theaccent wasonrecovery techniques -high-temperature heat ex­
changers (ceramics ,fluidized beds ),organic fluid Rankine cycle
engines ,industrial heat pumps .
Atthesame time research isbeing done onthethermal stability and
the -physico-chonical characteristics offluids andofthematerials
used inthese machines with aview totheir viseattemperatures of
around 300to400°C.Improvements inmanufacturing processes arealso
being studied intensively .
Inthelow-temperature range ,thework onindustrial processes used
inthe textiles and food industries continues .

-3-
6.Inthetransportsector,andparticularly inroadtransport,theinter­
nalcombustionenginefuelledbypetrolorsyntheticfuelwouldseem
tohavemanyyearsoflifeaheadofitdespiteitslowefficiency
(atpresent15to20%).
Improvenents tothistypeofenginehavethereforebeengivenahigh
priorityinthissecondprogramme.Themainaimoftheresearchisto
optimizethecharacteristics ofthepresentpetrolenginetothepoint
whereitsfuelconsumption doesnotexceedthatofadieselengineof
thesamecylindercapacity,whilstatthesametimemaintaining the
petrolengine'sadvantageofaspecificpoweroutputtwiceashigh
asthatofthedieselengine.Workisalsobeingdoneonmethodsof
increasingtheperformanceofdieselengines(low-temperatureenergy
recovery);thepossibilityofmakingalcoholthemainfuelfordiesel
enginesisalsobeingexamined.
7.Inthelongerterm,withthespreadofelectrictraction,theuseof
fuelinurbantransportcouldbeconsiderably moreflexibleanddiver­
sified;thiswouldalsoreducepollutionproblemsinthissector.
Besidesfurtherworktoproduceimprovedbatteries ,thisobjective
requiresasystemforcontrollingbatterychargingandforregulating
fieldcontrols.Systemsofthistypearebeingdevelopedunderthe
programme .
8.Intheenergytransformation sector,itisappropriatetodevelopthe
techniquesmakinguseofcoalinviewofthefactthatworldcoal
resourcesarelargerbyoneorderofmagnitudethanthoseofoiland
gas;fluidizedbedcombustionandgasification comeunderthisheading.
Variouscharacteristics ofthefluidizedbedmethod,e.g.theburning
ofvarioustypesofcoal,SO^andashcontent,andcorrosionresulting
fromtheheatexchangeprocess,arebeingstudiedinanumberofcon­
tracts.Allpartiesarebeingvigorouslyencouragedtoexchange
information andcoordinate research .

-4-
9.Industrywasteslargequantitiesofpoorqualitygas.Thepossibility
ofusingthisgasoreliminatingitbymeansofaspecialrecovery
burnerisbeinginvestigated ,withaviewtosavingenergyandprotec­
tingtheenvironment .
10.Whereheatstorageisconcerned ,itwouldseemthatmostapplications
wouldbeinthedomesticsector,wherethereisalreadyademandfor
inexpensiveshort-termstoragefacilities .Storinglatentheathas
provedtobeveryexpensive ,sothatthesecondprogrammeisconcen­
tratingonthemuchlesscostlyaquifersystems.Possibleapplications
forheatstorageinindustryarecurrentlybeingevaluated.
11.Storagebychanicalprocessesisbeingexploredfrcmboththetechnolo­
gicalandeconomicangles,sinceenergylossesinsuchprocesses
shouldbelow.
12.Electricitystorageusingsophisticated batteriesisbeinginvestigated ,
notmerelybecauseofitsinterestinthegenerationsectorbutalso
toensureadequateuseofalternativesourcesofenergy(sun,wind,
waves).
Itisabsolutelyessentialthatresearchonbatteriesshouldbecoor­
dinated.UnderthefirstR-+Dprogrammeclosecollaboration between
12laboratories wasorganized ;thisiscontinuing .Theaimofthe
currentprojectistoperfecthigh-powerorhigh-density energyflow
batteriesorcells.
13.Finally,twospecificapplications ofsteeringwheelsarebeingstu­
died.Onesystemwillbeusedfortravellingcranesandanotherfor
setsofcommutertrains.
+
+ +

-5-
Production andutilization ofhydrogen
14.Thereisclosecooperation withtheJRCinrespectofthermo-chgnical
productionofhydrogen.Thisprovidesacontribution toIspra's
activitiesinthisfieldbymeansofspecialsurveysmeasuringthe
basicphysico-chenical parametersandadditionalresearchintocorro­
sioninthemediacharacteristic ofthermochenical processes .
Nonewresearchisplanned,andthemeasurewillbeterminatedonce
presentcontractshavebeencompleted.
L5.Asregardstheelectrolytic productionofhydrogen ,thepromising
resultsobtainedearlierasregardselectrodesanddiaphragmsare
beingconfirmedbylong-termtrials.Asforequipment ,notably
electrolysers ,thetransition fromlaboratoryteststo100kWprototype
runshasbegunandwillbeintensified aspreparatory workiscompleted
andasolutionfoundtothetransferproblems,especiallythechoice
ofappropriateconstruction materials .Theoperationandbehaviour
oftheseprototypeswillthenhavetobeanalyzed.Atalaterstage,
evaluation ,measurement andfurtherresearchwillhavetobeundertaken
tobringtheprocessuptotheindustrialstage.
Comparedwithachievements elsewhere ,progressintheCommunity's
alkalielectrolysis programme (undertheaegisoftheInternational
EnergyAgency)putstheprogrammecarriedoutbytheCommissioninthe
forefrontofcurrentresearch.Evsrythingisbeingdonetomaintain
thatlead,fromwhichindustryintheCommunitymaybenefitassoon
asthenewtechnologies areperfected.

-6-
16.Premisingresultshavebeenobtainedinthestorageandtransport
ofhydrogen :upgradingsteelstoresistcorrosionfromhydrogen,
preparationofevaluationtrialsforaprototypehydridestorageplant
studiedunderthefirstprogrammeandproductionofamanualonthe
safeuseofhydrogen.
IV.Themostsignificantresultsasfarastheutilizationofhydrogenis
concernedhavebeenthatthegoodprospectsforproducingsynthetic
fuelsbynew(ormodified)processesfromcoalhavebeenconfirmed ;
thehydrogenneededfortheseprocesseswouldbesuppliedfromoutside.
Suchtechniquesshouldgivehigheroverallenergyyieldsatproduction
costslowerthanthoseforotherexistingindustrialprocesses.
+
+ +
Solarenergy
18.Inviewofthestoresetbysolarenergyandtheinterestithas
arousedbothinthepublicandamongresearchers anddecision-makers,
itisworthhighlighting afewpositivepointsbeforediscussingthe
mainfeaturesofthesubprogramme sectorbysector.
Theimplementation oftheprogrammeshowsthatcooperation onsolar
energyR-®isveryprofitableandcanbeconductedefficiently .
Bothcompletedandcurrentprojectshavesucceededinfillingthe
gapsandinmakingupthetimelostinCommunityresearchanddevelop­
mentinthisf,ield(especiallyinphotovoltaic conversion ):they
haveinparticularstimulatedfurtheractivityintherationalprogram­
mesandstrengthened Europe'sinternational competitivepositionby
initiatingandencouragingcooperationinmanysectorsbetweenresearch­
ers,researchcentresandindustrialfirms;awidefieldofdiscussion

-7-
hasconsequently beenopenedupforthelatter.Groupsofexperts
fromtheentireCommunityhaveformedtohelpprovideresearchers
withthecontactstheydesireandneed:thirteencommittees and
groupsofexpertshavebeensetup,coveringareasrangingfrom
passivesolarcomponentstotheexperimental operationoftheEurelios
powerstation,nottomentionpilotprojectsinthefieldsofphoto­
voltaicconversion andbiomass.
19.TheCommunityprogrammemakesitpossibletocarryoutaneconomically
justifiedtypeofresearchfromwhichalltheMemberStatesmay
acquiregeneralbenefitswithoutnecessarily havingtocoverthewhole
rangeoftechnologies intheirownprogramme ;duplication ofeffort,
asforinstancewhenseverallarge-scale andalwayscostlyexperimental
projectsarecarriedout,canthusbeavoided.
Theprogrammeisdesignedtomakerapidprogressandachieveresults
whichcanbeimplemented asquicklyaspossible.Thisiswhymany
contractshavebeenconcludedwithindustry,represented bysmalland
medium-sized firmsaswellasbylargeinternational consortia.
Inviewofthediversityofsolartechnology ,however,animportant
partoftheprogrammeisdevotedtofundamentalresearch.
Altogether ,theprogrammeseemstopreserveabalancebetween
short-,medium-andlong-termprojects,betweenfundamental andapplied
research,andbetweenresearchintocomponents andthedevelopnent of
entiresystems.However,theappropriations availabledidnotallow
allthevalidproposalsreceivedinresponsetothecallsforprojects
tobefollowedupandthescopeofsemeprojectshashadtoberes­
tricted.

-8-
Ashasjustbeenmentioned ,thesecondprogrammeisdirectedat
accelerating thoseprocesseswhichwillenablesolarpowertomakea
realcontributiontotheCommunity'senergysupply.Thisiswhy
emphasishasbeengiventocarryingoutpilotprojectsandtodevelop­
ingexpertiseoncertainparticularly importantsubjects.
20.Innovationinthefieldofsolarenergyinvolvesbuildingprototype
systans,heretermedpilotprojects.Thesemustincludeallthe
impiorientingstagesfromfundamental researchtotechnological develop­
mentandtrials(usuallyonareducedscale).
Suchactivity,therefore ,doesnotjustimplydevelopingcomponents ,
butincludestheassanblyofsystemsandsubsystensastheywillbe
usedlaterpossiblyinoperation.Theaimisessentially anexperi­
mentalone.
Threetypesofpilotprojecthavebeendevisedforthisprogramme :
-the1mWeEureliosthermo-mechanical solarpowerplant;
-photovoltaic installations withacapacityofbetween30and
300kW;
-installations forproducingsyntheticfuelfrombiomass
(chieflywood),withacapacityofabout20tonnesaday.
Unlikethedemonstration projects,whichinvolvesystemswhoseindus­
trialandcommercialprofitability ispotentially highbuthasyet
tobeconfirmedbytrials(generallyfull-scale ),pilotprojectsare
concernedwiththeinitialtechnicalapplications .Thus:
-Eureliosisaworld"first";
-photovoltaic installations withacapacityofmorethan30kW
haveneveryetbeenbuiltinEurope,
-andinstallations forproducingmethanolfromwoodhavenever
beenconstructed before.
Itshouldalsobepointedoutthatthepilotprojectsarecarried
outwitheverycaretoensureEuropeancooperation ;thecreationof
transnational associations isverymuchencouraged ,andthecontrac­
tingpartiesmeetfrequently.
(4)

-9-
21.ToevaluatetheprospectswhichtheseprojectsholdoutfortheCommu­
nityandtotranslatethenintorecommendations forfurtheraction,
expertreportsaredrawnupinsuitablesectors.Theresultsaregene­
rallypublished .Evaluationcovers:
-theperformance andeconomyofsolarenergyapplications inhousing
(inpublication ),
-thepotentialenergyyieldand,whereappropriate ,theeconomic
potentialof:
photovoltaic conversion ,
biomasstechniques ,comparedtoitsotheruses(food,building
materials ,etc)(threepublications between1977and1980),
biogasinstallations intheCommunity ,
solararchitecture (inpublication ),
windpower,
solarradiation (atlas:firstvolumepublished),
.agricultural applications .
-thebasicproblansconnectedwithimprovingtheproductivity of
biomasscrops.
Similarly ,theresultsfromoperatingtheEureliospowerplantwill
beevaluated frommid-1982.
22.Takingeachsectorinturn,thefollowingdevelopnents shouldbe
noted.
TheEureliosthermo-mechanical solarpowerplanthasbeencompleted.
Itwasinaugurated andconnectedtotheENELnetworkon26Nby1981,
sincewhenithasbeenoperatioral.Astothefuture,cooperation
withpotentialoperatorsofotherprojectsbeingdevelopedelsewhere
intheworld(France,Spain,USAandJapan)iswellworthconsidering ,
notablywithaviewtoexchangingtheresultsofe>periments .

-10-
23.Semecontractsforphotovoltaic pilotprojectshavebeenconcluded
andothersarebeingnegotiated ,sothat,bythetimetheprogramme
endsinmid-1983,eighteeninstallations withatotalinstalled
capacityof1.3MWwillbeoperatingintheMemberStatesfranDermark
toSicilyandfromIrelandtoGreece,supplyingelectricityfor
variouspurposes-anisolatedvillage,dairyfarm,school,telecommu­
nicationtransmitter ,airport,desalination plants,pumping,disinfec­
tingwaterproducinghydrogen.
Allthesedevelopments willmaketheCommunityaworldleaderinthis
verypromisingfieldandwillencourageitsindustrytoassumeits
rightfulplaceamidstronginternational competition .Firmsofall
sizesareengagedonthesepilotprojects,andtheauthorities in
severalMemberStatesarecontributing financially totheirimplanen-
tation.
Thereisacase,however,forconductingafairamountofexploratory
researchlaterintophotovoltaic conversion .
24.AmajorimprovementintheCommunity-wide networkofstationsfor
measuringsolarradiationhasenabledsignificant progresstobemade
intheevaluationofsolarenergyasausableresource.
25.Asregardssolarheatinginhousing,currentactivityismostlycon­
cernedwithpassivesystemsandwithdeveloping "solararchitecture ",
forwhichitisplannedtodrawupCommunityguidelines andstandards.
ACommunitycompetitionforarchitectstodesignsolarbuildingswas
verysuccessful .
Infuture,aneffortistobemadetocreatebetterlinksbetween
solarheatingprojectsandtheparallelactivitiesintheenergy-
savingsubprogramme andtoincludemoreresearchintosystems v/njch
useairastheheattransferfluid.

-11-
26.Asstressedinthesurveyofthefirstprogramme (l)(ofSection14)
bianasshasconsiderable energypotential ;hence,activitiesinthis
sectorhaveanimportantplaceinthesecondprogramme.Aswellas
basicresearchandfeasibilitystudies,workisbeingcarriedoutat
themomentontheexecutionofthepilotprojectsmentionedinSection20
(2).Subsequentmeasureswillbedirectedatexploitingtheprocesses
andtechniquesforproducingsyntheticfuelsdeveloped,ortobe
developed,underthehydrogensubprogramme (seeSection34ofthemain
pages).
Inviewofprogresstodateandoftheprospectsforthissector,the
researchandpilotprojectactivitiesshouldbeintensifiedinthenext
R+Dprogramme ,toerablemaximumusetobemadeofbicxnassresources.
+
+ +
(1)AnnexI
(2)AnnexII

-12-
Geothermal Energy
27.Asfarastheexploration ofgeothermal reservoirs isconcerned ,
trial borings near Southampton (intheUnited Kingdom )and
around Naples (inItaly )have revealed newgeothermal resources .
These twodiscoveries should make itpossible todevelop geothermal
energy commercially fordistrict heating and inorder togenerate
electricity . '
28.Follow-up action will have tobetaken tostep upexploration in
those areas which have been assigned priority onthegrounds
that surface andsubsurface prospecting hasrevealed good
geothermal potential andthere aregood prospects forusing
theresource tobenefit thelocality andregion economically .
Thedevelopment ofgeophysical prospecting methods requires a
further effort tobemade toconfirm thefindings of
experiments onthefirst test site (Travale )bytrying outthese
methods onasecond site ofvolcanic rock orsedimentary rock
ofyolcanic origin .
29.Asregards exploitation ,anewexperimental method forexploiting
high-enthalpy fields consisting chiefly ofhotwater hasbeen
successfully tried outintheCampi Flegrei (Mofete ).The
development ofatest line andofanexperimental operational
procedure allow anaccurate assessment ofthehydrodynamic
andthermochemical problems connected with boring ,completing
andexploiting wells andwith thesurface exploitation andthe
reinjection oftheseparated liquid phase .Solving these
problems should help torationalize themanagement ofthese
resources .
30.Efforts will nowhave tobeconcentrated onthephysics of
reservoirs which have high andvery high temperatures ,this
being theonly wayofimproving ourunderstanding ofthethermo­
dynamics ofgeothermal fields ,particularly asregards in-situ
fluid expansion ,scaling ,distribution ofsalts between the
liquid andgaseous phases andtheproduction ofsupercritical
fluids .

-13-
This research will cofribine laboratory tests under dynamic
conditions -interaction between water androck ,solubilities ,
thephysico-chemical theory and themechanics ofsiltation -
with studies onmodels .
Inaddition itwill benecessary todevelop abasic setof
instruments ,materials andproper drilling equipment andprocesses .
One immediate effect ofthis research covers the stimulation of
dryand/orlow-output geothermal wells ;this calls foran
increase inthenumber ofon-the-spot andlaboratory tests .
Theeconomic implications for thedevelopment offields are
considerable .
31.Theresearch carried out into low-temperature geothermal heating
processes hasresulted inthesuccessful development -although
this isstill atthestage oftechnical andeconomic feasibility
studies -ofapolytropic heat pump ofthewater /water type and
thedesign andevaluation ofawater /airconvector with forced -
draught ventilation and avery low inlet temperature .
These processes extend thescope ofgeothermal heating toallow
theuseoffluids attemperatures of40°C.
They considerable increase theCommunity 'senergy reserves in
theform oflow-grade geothermal heat energy .
32.R+D efforts should row bemade intwo directions :
On-the-spot pilot experiments should becarried out toconfirm
that theresults obtained with low-grade heat atthefeasibility
andprototype stages with heating processes atlowandvery low
temperatures canbeapplied industrially .
With medium-enthalpy sources (hotbrine ),research should be
continued andnewresearch undertaken into processes forgenerating
electricity using two-phase Pelton wheel turbines ,binary cycles
with direct contact heat exchange andbydeveloping organic-steam
turbines .These processes andmachines aresuitable forplant -
generating between 0.5and 5MWe .

-14-
33.itshould also bepossible torecover minerals (boron ,lithium ,
silicon ,KCl ,etc.)ofeconomic orstrategic value bymeans of
thermochemical separation andother competing methods .
34.Thefirst large-scale European field experiment onhotdryrocks ,
which wasdesigned toassess thefeasibility ofextracting heat
from hotdryrocks insitu ,wascarried out inCornwall bydrilling
apair ofdirectional boreholes through solid granite toadepth
of2000 metres .
This subterranean heat exchanger istobebrought into operation
inthe first few months of1982 .
35.Theexperiment undertaken intheUnited Kingdom should lead to
apilot experiment ateven greater depth if,andonly if,it
isjustified bytheresults ofpresent research into the
technical andeconomic feasibility oftheproject .Ifthis is
thecase ,there isevery likelihood that asite with different
geological (metamorphic rock )andgeodynamic (active tectonics )
features will bechosen for the next series oftests .
There hasalready been considerable scientific spin-off from
this project inmultidisciplinary fields ,involving areas
connected with the stimulation ofsolid rocks and the
prediction ofearthquakes .
36.itisinteresting that some ofthepresent research hasbeen
combined with Community demonstration projects ,e.g. the
Strasbourg borehole hasbeen combined with useofthefluid
fordomestic heating and thevery deep boreholes ofSasso 22
atLarderello .Other demonstration projects are thedirect
resul tofprevious research work supported bytheCommission ,
e.g. theexploration oftheTriassic formations intheParis
basin resulted inthegreenhouse heating project inMelleray ;
similarly ,theexploration oftheWessex basin andthe
Marchwood borehole ledtotheSouthampton project for
heating newbuildings .

-15-
Energy systems analysis andstrategy studies
37.Energy models have been devised bytheCommission inclose
cooperation with national working parties soastomake
available tothe national authorities concerned and tothe
Commission methods ofanalysis andevaluation which canmake
areal contribution totheformulation ofenergy policies .
Hitherto ,thework done under thesecond programme has
concentrated onimproving themodels anddeveloping newways of
representing theenergy system .
38.Themedium -andlong-term improvanent oftheCommunity 'senergy
models istobeachieved bymaintaining andextending thedata
banks ,introducing themodels into national research centres
andwithin theCommission ,reassessing theparameters used in
themodels anddeveloping newdata-processing methods .
39.Developing newways ofrepresenting theenergy system will
involve devising amultinational macro-sectoral model which will bebetter
able toidentify therelationships between themedium-term
development ofsectors oftheEuropean economy andtheenergy
system .Itwill also include theapplication ofaformalized
instrument todetermine priorities inrespect ofenergy R+D
(thebest wayofdistributing theR+Dbudget over awhole range
ofnewtechnologies ).
Therepresentation oftheenergy supply system will also have tobe
improved byincluding gradual development mechanisms which will
allow thenewtechnologies topenetrate themarket .

-16-
40 .Now that themodels devised inthefirst programme areoperational ,
thetime hascome tocarry out anumber ofcase studies based on :
(i) medium -term energy demand models ,which canbeused to
make economic andsectoral projections foralltheMember
States andtocalculate theconsumption ofeach energy
product bythemajor consumer sectors ;
(ii)long-term energy demand models ,which canalso beapplied
tothemajor energy consumers inrespect ofdifferent
forms ofenergy and types ofuse ;
(iii )energy supply models which canbeused towork outthe
best wayoforganizing supply inorder tomeet energy
demand inaccordance with different objectives such as,
e.g. minimizing costs ,minimizing investment ,minimizing
imports andapplying thenewtechnologies inboth the
supply anddemand sectors .
41 .Itisalso necessary todetermine therole ofthenew
technologies inenergy supply ,toclassify these technologies
and toallocate budgetary resources tothevarious R+Dsectors
ortopics .
42 .Themodelling system will also have tobeextended toapply to
thelatest Member State ,Greece ,and there will have tobe
discussions ontheapplication ofthemethods used bythe
Commission intheprospective newMember States ,Spain and
Portugal .

-17-
43.Lastly ,apart from theapplications ,themaintenance and
theimprovanent oftheexisting models ,work should bedone on
developing anewgeneration ofmodels ,particularly :
(i) adynamic multinational macro-sec toral energy demand model ;
(ii)animproved energy supply model ;
(iii )anenergy R+Dmodel tohelp towards amore rational
allocation ofbudget .
44 .Ifmodels are tobedeveloped successfully andusefully ,there
must befull andpermanent communication between thevarious
national teams andexperts and theCommission 'sdepartments .
Preliminary contact hasbeen established bytheCommission with
internal andexternal users andoneoftheimportant tasks for
thefuture development oftheprogramme will betostep upand
extend this contact ,especially inview ofthewide interest
already shown .
 
* *

ANNEXIII
CONFERENCES ANDPUBLICATIONS

CONFERENCES ANDPUBLICATIONS RELATINGTOTHEENERGYRESEARCHM)DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
CONFERENCES
1.FirstPhotovoltaic SolarEnergyConference ,Luxembourg ,
Sept.1977
D.Reidel,Dordrecht (1978),EUR5913EN,
ISBN90-277-0889-4
2.SeminaronGeothermalEnergy,Brussels,Dec.1977
EEC,DGXIII,Luxembourg (1978),EUR5920EN
3.WorkshoponConcentrators forSolarEnergyApplications ,
Louvain(Belgium),Sept.1978
4.HydrogenasanEnergyVector,Brussels,Oct.1978
EEC,DGXIII,Luxembourg (1978),EUR6085EN
5.SolarEnergyforDevelopnent ,Varese,March1979
MartinusNijhoff,TheHague(1979),EUR6377EN,FR,
ISBN90-247-2239
L'EnergiesolaireauserviceduDéveloppement ,Varese,
Mars1979
TechniqueetDocumentation ,11,rueLaboisier,Paris,
ISBN2-85206-047-4
6.SecondECPhotovoltaic SolarEnergyConference ,Berlin,
April1979
D.Reidel,Dordrecht (1979),EUR6376EN,
ISBN90-277-1021-X
7.Temperaturewithoutheatingofbuildings ,Brusselsand
Liege,May1979
CEC,DGXII,Brussels (1979),Réf.XII/182/80-EN
8.NewWaystosaveEnergy,Brussels,October1979
D.Reidel,Dordrecht (1980),EUR6660EN,
ISBN90-277-1078-3
9.EnergySystemsAnalysis,Dublin,October1979
D.Reidel,Dordrecht (1980),EUR6763EN,
ISBN90-277-1111-9

2
10.Hydrogen asanEnergy Vector ,Brussels ,Fébruary 1980
D.Reidel ,Dordrecht (1980 ),EUR6783 EN.
ISBN 90-277-1124 -0
/
11.Advances inEuropean Geothermal Research ,Strasbourg ,
March 1980
D.Reidel ,Dordrecht (1980 ),EUR6862 EN,
ISBN 90-277-1138 -0
12.Non-Technical Obstacles totheUseofSolar Energy ,
Brussels ,May1980
Harwood Academic Publishers ,Chur (1980 ),
EUR 7003 EN
13.Third ECPhotovoltaic Solar Energy Conference ,Cannes ,
October 1980
D.Reidel ,Dordrecht (1981 ),EUR7089 EN,
ISBN 90-277-1230 -1
14.Energy from Bianass ,Brighton ,November 1980
Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,London (1981 ),
EUR 7091 EN,ISBN 0-85334 -970-3
15.Workshop onMedium Sized Photovoltaic Systems ,
Sophia Antipolis ,1980
D.Reidel ,Dordrecht (1981 ),EUR7090 EN,
ISBN 90-277-1279 -4
16.Comparative Experimentation ofLow-energy Houses ,
Liege ,6-8May1981
CEC (1981 ),EUR7419 EN

3
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
1.Energy Research andDevelopment Programme Status Report
Martinus Nijhoff ,TheHague (1977 ),ISBN 90-247-2059-1
2.Energy Research andDevelopment Programme ,Second
Status Report (1975-1979 )
Martinus Nijhoff ,TheHague (1979 )ISBN 90-247-2220 -9
3.Energy Models fortheEuropean Community ,A.Strub (Ed. )
IPCScience andTechnology Press Ltd .Guildfoid (1979 ),
ISBN 0-86103 -011.7
4.Crucial Choices fortheEnergy Transition
ŒC ,(1980 ),EUR6610 EN
5.Atlas ofSubsurface Temperatures intheEuropean
Community
Th.Schafer QnbH ,Tivolistrasse 4,D-3000 Hannover ,
EUR 6578 EN
6.European Solar Radiation Atlas ,W.Palz (Ed. )
W.Grösschen Verlag ,Dortmund (1980 ),
ISBN 3-8057 -00637, EUR6577 DA,DE,EN,FR,IT,NL
7.Energy from Bicmass inEurope ,W.Palz andP.Chartier (Eds.)
Applied Science Publishers ,Barking (1980 ),
ISBN 0-85334 -934-7
8.Solar Houses inEurope ,W.Palz andT.C.Steemers (Eds.)
Pergamon ,Oxford (1981 ),ISBN 0-08-0267442
9.Solar Houses inEurope -anillustrative slide package -
available from Energy Conscious Design ,44Earlham St.,
London WC2
10.Passive Solar Architecture inEurope ,Results oftheFirst
European Passive Solar Competition ,Ralph Lebens (Ed. )
Architectural Press ,London (July 1981 )
XI.TheEuropean HERcase .Where togonext J
EUR 7361 EN (1981 )
12.Preliminary Guidelines forHeat Flow Density Determination
EUR 7360 EN (1981 )
13.Résultats dupremier programme deRetDdans ledomaine de
l'énergie delaCommunauté européenne ,J.T. McMullan etA.S.Strub (Eds.)
EUR 7320 EN
Editions duMoniteur .Paris (1982 )

4
Achievements oftheEuropean Community First Energy R-tDProgramme
J.T. McMullan and A.S. Strub (Eds .)
EUR 7320 EN
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ,HieHague (1981 )
14.Catalogue ofHeat .Pvmps :R,DandDprojects ofMember states
and theCEC
Prepared bytheadhocgroup "Heat Pimps "oftheEnergy
RandDSubcommittee ofCREST
Published bytheCECin1979 ,reference n*XII/1210/79EN
15.Catalogue ofEnergy Savings inHouses :R,DandDprojects of
Member states and the CEC
Prepared bytheadhocgroup "Energy Savings inHouses "of
theEnergy RandDSubcommittee ofCREST
Published bytheCECin1979 ,reference n"XH/784/79-EN
16.TheCommunity 'sEnergy RandDProgramme -Energy Conservation
Survey ofResults andCompilation ofNewProjects ,
P.Zegers (Ed.),CECBrussels
Published bytheCECin1981 ,reference nEUR7389 EN