ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(77)284
Vol.1977/0099

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(77)284final.
Brussels.24June1977«
PROPOSAL FORAMULTIANNUAL RADPROGRAMME
INTHEFIELDOFPRIMARYRAWMATERIALS
(indirectaction)
(1978-81)
(submittedtotheCouncil "bytheCommission)£?,><1H*>x-A ' V-1
K0M(77)284final.

-1-
CONTENTS
Summary ?
Introduction 5
Programmeoutline 8
Waysandmeans 9
Implementation andmanagement XO
Dissemination ofinformation XO
Detailedprogrammecontent* II
IRESEARCHAREAONE:EXPLORATION II
I-A.Concealedanddeep-seateddeposits 12
I-A.l.Improvementofknowledge_concerning thetypesofdeposits^theirenvironmentofdepositionand~theirgenesis ~
A.1.1.Volcanogenic deposits
A.1.2.Strata-bound depositsinasedimentary envi­
ronment 13
A.1.3.Depositsassociatedwithintrusiveigneous
rocks I3
I-A.2.Improvementofknowledgeconcerningoreandwall-
rock~mineralogy ,petrologyandchemistry ~^4
A.2.1.Wall-rockalteration 14
A.2.2.Oreandwall-rockmineralogy 14
I-B.Improvement anddevelopment ofprospection methods
andtechniques 14
I-B.l.Geochemical methods 14
B.l.l.Optimisationofexistingtechniques 14
B.1.2.Whole-rockgeochemistry 15
B.1.3.Hydrogeochemistry *5
B.1.4.Gasgeochemistry 15
B.l.5.Geochemistryoftinandtungsten 15
B.1.6.Geochemical prospecting inareas
ofdeepoverburden
B.l.7.Geochemical mapping

-2-
I-B.2.Geophysical methods j£
B.2.1.Traditionally-used surfacemethods JJ
B.2.2.Geophysicsin"boreholes 18
B.2.3.Airbornegeophysicalsurveying 18
I-B.3.Remotesensing 18
B.3.1.Fracturetraceanalysis 18
B.3.2.Improveddiscrimination oflithology
inmineralised areas 19
I-B.4.Drillingtechniques 19
IIRESEARCH AREATWO:OREPROCESSING 20
II-A.Feasibility studiesandsettingupofmodels 20
II-A.l.Definitionofmineralprocessingtopics 20
II-A.2.Optimization ofmineralproductionsystems,
connectedwith~possible mining~operations 22
II-B.R&Donspecificoreprocessing andmetalrecovery
objectives 23
II-B.l.Insituleaching 23
II-B.2.Aluminafromnonconventional sources 23
II-B.3.Lead-zinccomplexores 24
II-B.4.Chlorination processesandothervalorization
methods *24
IIIRESEARCHAREATHREE:MININGTECHNOLOGY 25
III-A.Deepdeposits 25
III-B.Highgrade-lowtonnagedeposits 26
ANNEXIScheme formanagementofrawmaterialsR&D
programmes 27

-3-
ProposalforamultiannualR&Dprogramme
inthefieldofprimaryrawmaterials
(1978-81)
SUMMARY
Thisproposaldealswithprimaryrawmaterials.Itisaimedatalle­
viatinginthemidtolongtermtheproblemsofsupplyoftheCommu­
nityin"basicrawmaterialsby
a)increasingtheself-supplypotentialoftheEC
b)developingnewtechniquesforusebytheECminingindustrywithin
andwithouttheterritoryoftheCommunity.
Thefour-yearprogramme(1978-81)includesthefollowingthreere­
searchareas:
1)Exploration.rEmphasisislainonthedetectionofconcealedand
deep-seated deposits.Twomaintopicsforactionsareincluded:
-refinementofthecriterialeadingtotargetselection,through
detailedstudiesinappliedgeology
-improvementofprospecting methodsandtechniques;withregard
togeochemistry andgeophysics ttraditionally-used methodswill
beperfectedandnewapproacheswillbedefined;thepotential
ofremotesensing,fromaircraftandsatellite,afastdeveloping
field,willbeassessed.Workondrillingtechniquesisalso
recommended .
2)Processingoflowgradeoresandofcomplexores.Actionsare
proposed_oncopper,leadandzincores,aswellasonsourcesof
aluminaotherthanbauxite.Significant resourcesofthistype
arescatteredthroughout ECcountries.
3)Miningtechnology.Deepminesandhighgrade-lowtonnagedeposits
arecons!dered~as priorityfieldsforR&D.
Environmental protectionconcernswillbegivendueconsideration in
planningtheR&Dprojectstoundertake.

-4-
Thecontribution fromtheEC"budgettofundingthisprogrammeis
estimatedat23M.u.a.for4years.
TheprogrammewillbemanagedbytheCommissionincloseassocia­
tionwithanAdvisoryCommitteeforProgrammeManagement,Flexi­
bilityanddecentralization inthemanagementoftheR&Dpro­
grammewillbefurtheredasmuchaspossible.
Theprogrammewillbeimplemented bymeansofindirectaction
(cost-sharingresearchcontracts).RelevantR&Dprojectswill
becarriedoutbynationalresearchorganisations andpublicand
privateindustry.
Proposalsforcarryingoutconcertedactionsonspecifictopics
connectedtothepresentindirectactionprogrammewillbesub­
mittedseparatelyinthenearfuture.
Theprogrammewillbereviewedperiodically totakeintoaccount
theevolutionofR&Drequirements .

INTRO LUCTION
TheCommunity depends toalarge extent (70to100% )onexternal sources
toprovide itsneeds inrawmaterials ofmost kinds .
Although thedegree ofdependence varies considerably from commodity to
commodity ,ingeneral ,sources ofsupply arenotsufficiently diversified
andguaranteeed procurement isnot assured .
Inrecent years serious concern hasarisen ,prompted bytheenergy "cri­
sis"of1973-74 »with regard totheprospects ofsupplying theneeds
inrawmaterials ofoureconomy insufficient quantities and ataccep­
table costs ,inamid-orlong term perspective .
Consequently ,ineach Member State ,measures have been taken orplanned ,
calling for increased intervention ofpublic authorities ,inorder to
ensure andguarantee adequate supplies .
Inthe long run ,however ,hopes forasatisfactory solution should re­
side inaCommunity -wide Bupply policy which will take into account
the converging interests ofallMember States through actions atthe
economic andpolitical levels ,tobecarried outboth within theEC
and inits relations with the outside world .Inafirst communication
totheCouncil (Com 50(75)) "theCommission hasproposed various orien­
tations aimed atdeveloping such apolicy .Among the problems mentioned
are :thesecurity oflong-term supplies ,guarantees formining invest­
ments abroad ,price stabilization ,increases ininternal resources and
economies inthe use ofraw materials .
Inline with the above initiative ,CREST andtheCommission departments
undertook inDecember 1974 tocollect information atnational level on
ways andmeans bywhich R&D could contribute toalleviate thesupply
problems oftheMember States .Asubcommittee ofCHEST wasestablished
with thetasks ofgaining anoverall view oftheprimary andsecondary
rawmaterials sectors andofdetermining theneeds ,ifany ,for joint
R&D actions inthis field .Thesubcommittee produced areport
(CHEST/70/75)inwhich national contribution onR&Dactivities inthe
field ofprimary andsecondary rawmaterials foreach member state were
presented andanalyzed .
Itwasfound i.a .that everywhere three basic problems were recognized
with regard tothesupply ofrawmaterials :
1)anincomplete orunsatisfactory knowledge ofthecurrent status and
prospects foreach rawmaterial commodity ,
2)theprospects ofabsolute orrelative shortage inthemedium tolong
term forseveral commodities ,
3)theneed toimprove possibilities ofself-supply .

TheSub-Committee recommended toinitiatetechnico-economic studies
("dossiers")forseveralrawmaterialscommodities (copper,lead,
zinc,aluminiumandphosphates)aswellasotherstudiesinthe
areaofrecyclingandrecoveryofmaterials.Italsoidentified
12topicsforR&Dinprimaryrawmaterialswhichitconsidered
couldbedevelopedintoaprogrammeproposalbeforethefinal
resultsofthedossierswereavailable.
InFebruary1976CRESTendorsedthereportofitsSub-Commitee and
recommendedthattogetherwiththeCommissiondepartmentitprepare
CommunityR&Dactionsalongthelinesitadvocatedandsubmitthem
toCRESTassoonastheywereready. ■''
ThepresentproposalconcernsthefirstsuchR&Daction.
Itdealswithprimaryrawmaterialsexcludingnaturaluranium)
andincludestopicsforR&Dwhicharegroupedinthefollowing
researchareas:l)-exploration ,2)oreprocessingand3)mining
technology.Itemphasizesworkaimedatincreasingself-supply
possibilities intheEC,mostlyfornon-ferrous metals,whilenot
neglectingtheprospectsofusingabroad,orexporting,newtech­
niquesofprospection andnewtechnologies forlow-gradeorepro­
cessing,InpresentingthisprogrammetheCommissionisawarethat
itsobjectiveswillbereachedonlyifaveryclosecooperationis
established betweenindustry,researchorganizations ,nationalau­
thoritiesandtheCommission,onbehalfoftheCommunity,atevery
stageoftheexecutionoftheR&Dprogramme.
ACommunityactionprogrammeofR&Dinprimaryrawmaterialsis
justifiedonseveralgrounds:
-Thereareunknownand/oruntappedmineralresourcesinthegeo­
logicalsubstrateoftheterritoryoftheEC,accordingtothe
experts.Theseresourcesaxepresentintheformofeitherdeep-
seatedorconcealeddeposits,low-gradeand/orcomplexores,or
high-gradelow-tonnagedeposits.Ajointeffortisneeded,at
Communitylevel,tomaketheirdetectionorexploitation possi­
ble,Suchaninitiativeisnecessary,inthepresenteconomic
context,tostimulatemininginterests,whetherpubliclyorpri­
vatelyowned,toaugmentthepossibilities ofself-supplyof
theECinseveralpotentiallycriticalcommodities ,identified
bypreparatory workintheCommission onthedefinitionofa
Communityrawmaterialsupplypolicy.Itshouldbenotedat
thispointthatallovertheworldinitiatives aretakenbyin­
dustrytoexploitlow-gradeoresinviewoftheincreasingscar­
cityofrichdeposits.

-7-
-Acountry'spotentialinmineralresourcesisobviouslydeterminedby
itsgeology:indeedalargevarietyofgeologicalconditions maybe
foundbetweenSicilyandScotland,orbetweenIrelandandtheeastern
reachesoftheFederalRepublicofGermany.This,toacertainextent,
resultsinameasureofcomplementarity ofthemineralresourcesofthe
memberstates,howeverlimitedthesemightbe.Ontheotherhand,some
basicgeologicalstructuresarecommontotwoormorecountries.Thus,
studiesaimedatuncoveringhithertounknowndeposits(especiallyofthe
deep-seatedorconcealedvarieties)mustconsiderpromisinggeological
formationsthroughouttheirextent,acrossnationalboundaries ,and
bringintoplaythewholearsenalofmoreorlesssophisticated prospec­
tingtechniquesthataremasteredcollectively bytheexpertsofall
memberstates.
-Intheareaofextractionandprocessingofores,particularly ofthe
low-gradeandcomplextypes,preliminarystudiesareundertakenatfirst
but,ifsuccessful,mustbefollowedbypilotoperations ,providedthese
arejustifiedeconomically ,e.g.bytheextentornumberofthedeposits.
Theseoperationsareoftenexpensive,hencethedesirability ofspreading
notonlythecosts,butalsotheknow-howtobegained,byhavingthem
carriedoutbymultinational Communityteamsinoneora.veryfewsuitable
locations.
-Suchajointprogrammewillavoiduselessduplication ofnationalRandD
efforts,enableimportantnewprojectstobeundertakenandincreasethe
overallproductivity ofresearchinthefield.
-EventhoughtheissueofaCommunitypolicyonrawmaterialssupplyis
stillTinderconsideration ,thereisacommonalityofinterestsamongthe
memberstates;increasingself-supplyinrawmaterialsfortheCommunity
asawhole,isinthecommongoodandshouldhelpreducebalanceofpay­
mentdeficits;similarly,usingorexportingnewlydevelopedtechnologies
forexploration andexploitation ofmineraldepositsshouldhelpensuring
continuedsuppliesfromdevelopedanddevelopingthirdstates.
Thepresentprogrammeproposalisaimedatresearchobjectiveswhichshould
yieldpracticalresultsinthemediumterm(especiallyintheareasofex­
traction,ore-processing andminingtechnologywherethesiteshavealready
beenidentified)andthemid-tolongterm(e.g.theappliedgeologystudies
andtheimprovementofprospectionmethods).
Carewasexercisedtoselectresearchtopicswhichwouldl)complementor
reinforcecurrentnationalR&Dprogrammes,2)beconsistentwiththe
needsofindustryinthemember-states ,3)involve,asmuchaspossible,
researchgroupsfromseveralcountrieswhichwillcooperateinjointpro­
jectstobecarriedoutinasinglelocation,orcomplementeachother
inworkingoutnewtechniques,orinappliedgeologystudies.

PROGRAMME OUTLINE
Theresearch areas andtopics aredescribed indetail inthefollowing
pages .lasummary they include the following :
Research area I :Exploration
I.A. Concealed anddeep-seated deposits inthe E.C.
-target selection byimprovement ofknowledge inapplied
earth sciences .
I.B. Improvement anddevelopment ofprospection methods andtechni­
ques :
–geochemioal
-geophysical
-remote sensing
-drilling
Research area II :Ore-process ing
II-A . Feasibility andmodel studies
II-B . Specific oreprocessing andmetal recovery actions (insitu
leaching ,alternative sources ofalumina ,lead-zinc complex
ores ,chlorination andother processes ,etc.).
Research area III :Mining technology :fordeep deposits andhigh
grade-low tonnage deposits .
Environmental concerns aretaken into consideration ,whenever appro­
priate ,especially inresearch areas IIandIII .
Thedraft programme isconcerned with research areas andtopics of
interest .These arenot listed inanyorder ofpriority .Thepro­
gramme takes into account national experiences andcontributions
presented "bgrexperts fro*theKenbor States
Specific research proposals from bodies inthemember states will.be
considered ifthey pertain tothetopics included intheprogramme .
Use will also bemade ofthe recommendations from the "dossiers "on
various commodities which will beavailable intime for the exami­
nation ofthe proposals .
Asmuch flexibility asiscompatible with sound management ofsuch a
coordinated programme will bepreserved toavoid stifling original
ideas andtoincrease overall efficiency .

-9-
WAYS AND MEANS
xheECcontribution fortheabove programme proposal isevaluated
at23Mua for4years .
Indicative breakdown offunding perresearch area andtopic ,expressed
asapercentage oftotal ,isasfollows : ^
Research area One :Exploration
I.A Concealed anddeep seated deposits 5-8
I.B1 Geochemistry 7-9
I.B2 +I.B3 Geophysics +Remote sensing 20
I.B4 Drilling techniques 3-4
Research area Two
II.A
II.B1
II.B2
II.B3
II.B4Ore-process ing
Feasibility studies ,models 3-5
Insitu leaching 8-10
Alumina from non-conventional sources 21-24
Lead-zinc complex ores 4-6
Chlorination andother processes 10-13
Research area Three :Mining technology 10
100
Pinal distribution offunds perresearch area andtopic would beleft
tothebodies involved inthemanagement oftheprogramme (seebelow ).
ECfunding would beused l)tofinance cost-sharing research contracts
(maximum average contribution of50$)with research organizations ,in­
dustry anduniversities inthemember states .
2)tomanage theR&D programme
(meetings of management committee ),organization ofscientific
meetings ,personnel ,etc.)which would require about 12.5$ oftotal EC
funding *
Itshould benoted that subjects forpossible concerted actions have
already been identified under several headings oftheprogramme ,na­
mely :
I-B.1.7 geochemical mapping (page 16)
I-B.3 remote sensing (page 18 )
II.A. feasibility studies andmodels (page ?Q )
III.B. high grade-low tonnage deposits (page 26) »forthe
part :definition andinventory ofsuch deposits /*
Proposals forthese concerted actions will beprepared onthebasis
ofinformation onrelevant national activities .

-10-
IMPLEMENTATION ANDMANAGEMENT
TheR&Dprogrammevail"bemanagedinaflexibleanddecentralized man-
ner#WhiletheCommissionwill"beresponsiblefortheexecutionofthe
programme,itwilldosoincloseworkingrelationship withtheAdvisory
CommitteeonProgrammeManagement (ACPM)to"beestablishedforthispro­
gramme,withthedrafttermsofreference.
Morespecifically theAdvisoryCommitteewilladvisetheCommissionwith
regardto:
-theallocationofavailablefundsamongtheresearchareasandtopics
oftheprogramme,takingintoaccountrelativepriorities
-theexamination andselectionforinclusionintheprogrammeof^research
proposalsreceivedfromapplicantsinthememberstatesonthebasisof
criteriaof:relevanceandinparticularthepotentialforusebyin­
dustry,scientificquality,prospectsofsuccess,andcosts
-theestablishment ofspecialworkingpartiesandtheappointmentofpro­
jectofficersfortheclosesupervisionofspecificpartsoftheprogram­
me
-themonitoringoftheprogressofon-goingresearchandtheformulation
ofrecommendations ,ifneedbe,forfurtherwork
-theevolutionofresearchrequirements throughouttheCommunity.
-periodicreviewsand,ifadvisable,thepreparationofrevisionsofthe
programmeduringitscourse
-theinitiationofaprogressive coordination ofnationalandCommunity
R&Dactivitiesinthefieldofprimaryrawmaterials.
Day-to-daymanagementandcoordination willbecarriedoutbytheprogram­
meofficerandtheprojectofficers.ThelattercouldbeeitherCommis­
sionofficialsornationalexpertsworkingundercontractonapart-time
orfull-timebasis,
AdraftschemeforthemanagementoftheprogrammeisgiveninannexI,
DISSEMINATION OPINFORMATION
Hiedissemination ofinformationresultingfromtheprogrammewillbe
ruledbyRegulation(CEE)n°2380/74oftheCouncil,dated17Septem­
ber1974.

-Il-
DETAILED PROGRAMME CONTENTS
RESEARCH AREA ONE :EXPLORATION
There isgeneral agreement among geologists andmining engineers that
anumber oforedeposits ,either just concealed bysuperficial cover
orburied atvarious depths intheEarth 'scrust ,canstill befound in
EC countries ,provided existing methods ofdetection areimproved and
newones aredeveloped dueregard being taken totheneed toreduce costs
of,andtime involved in,thediscovery ofnewdeposits .
Three types ofdeposits have been selected hereafter intheproposed
programme :
-metal deposits inavolcanic orvolcano-sedimentary setting (i.e.
"volcanogenic "deposits )
-strata-bound (orstratiform )deposits oflead-zinc andother materials
inasedimentary environment
-metal deposits associated with intrusive igneous rocks .
Thecontent oftheprogramme hasbeen arranged under thefollowing
headings :
I-A -CONCEALED AND DEEP-SEATED DEPOSITS
I-A-l. Improvement ofknowledge concerning thetypes ofdeposits ,their
environment ofdeposition andtheir genesis
I-A-2. Improvement ofknowledge concerning oreandwall-rock -mineralogy,
petrology andchemistry
I-B-IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OPPROSPECTION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
I-B-l.Geochemical methods
I-B-2.Geophysical methods
I–B–3»Remote sensing
I-B-4.Drilling techniques
Itshould berealized that such aclassification issomewhat arbitrary ,
since forinstance geochemistry ,thesubject ofheading I-B-l.,isone
ofthetools ofresearch outlined under heading I–A–•Furthermore ,
work involving each ofthetypes ofdeposits outlined above arises
under anyofthebroad programme headings I–A–1•toI-B-4#Details
ofthefollowing programme should therefore betaken aspossible exam­
ples ffurther specific programme subareas maybeincorporated asthe
programme develops .

-12-
I-A.CONCEALED ANDDEEP-SEATED DEPOSITS
Presentdaymineralprospectingreliesheavilyonsurfaceorairborne
geophysical andgeochemical methods.Thesearechieflyapplicableto
shallowdeposits.
Yetfutureprospectingresearchactivitieswillobviouslybedirected
towardsdeeperanddeeperdeposits,withincreasingdifficulties onthe
partofsurfacegeophysics andgeochemistry .
Targetselectionwillbefacilitatedtoalargeextentby
1)refinedknowledgeoftypesofdeposits,environmentofdeposition
andgeneticaspects
2)dataobtainedfromdrill-holesamples
Onthefirstofthesepoints,researchshouldbeaimedatidentifying
potentially promisingareasinthememberstatesand,withinthoseareas,
atselectingthezonesofhighestprobabilityfordiscovery.Tothisend
theimpressivebodyofbasicdatathathasbeencollectedbyEuropean
geologistsduringthepasttwocenturieswillbereviewed,completedand
interpretedforthebenefitofmineralprospecting .
Referringtothesecondpoint,itshouldbekeptinmindthatconsiderable
amountsofmoneyarespenteachyearondrillingandthatthesamplesob­
tainedinthiswayareoftensubmittedtoonlyverylimitedexamination .
Yetmanytechniques,basedonmineralogy ,petrologyandgeochemistry ,are
nowavailable.Theyshouldbetestedontheboreholesamplesandeven­
tuallyperfectedtoascertainineachcaseifthedrillholehasbeen
nearamineraldeposit.Giventhehightechnological levelofEuropean
laboratories ,itisbelievedthatimportantprogresscanstillbemade
onthesubject.
Inconclusion ,improvementofgeophysical andgeochemicaltechniquesis
anecessity;butthiseffortshouldproceedtogetherwiththerefinement
ofmethodsoftargetselection,knowingthatdeep-seateddepositswill
onlybefoundincarefullypre-selected areas.Geologyisanessential
toolforsuchaninvestigation ;mineralogy,petrologyandgeochemistry
willalsoprovideusefulclues.
I-A-l.IMPROVEMENT OFKNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THETYPESOFDEPOSITS.THEIR
ENVIRONMENT OFDEPOSITION ANDTHEIRGENESIS
A-l.l.Volcanogenic deposits
Thisproposedtopicforresearchwillcompriseinventoriesof
existingknowledge,anddetailedstudiesinvariousaspectsof
theearthsciences.

-13-
1)Inventoriesareneededs
–"tocollectinthememberstatesallavailableinformation
ontheareasunderlainbyvolcano–sedimentaryrocksof
Palaeozoicage,andtoidentifypotentiallypromisingdis­tricts;
-tolisttherelevantresearchprojectsunderwayinthe
memberstates,
2)Detailed_studies ,undertakenatselectedlocations,willhelp
todefineguidelinesforfutureprospectinginamoreadequate
mannerthancanbedoneatpresent.Amongthemanypossible
topicsforresearch,thefollowingarebelievedtodeserve
specialconsideration :regionalsettingofdeposits;exten­
sionandchemistryofthevolcanicepisodeswhichareres­
ponsibleformineralization ;ore-bodyformationasrelatedto
theevolutionofavolcaniccentreandofthesurrounding
area;ore-bodyformationascontrolledbysedimentology ,by
palaeogeography andbystructuralfeatures;geostatistical
evaluationofmineralpotential.
A-1.2.Strata-bound depositsinasedimentary environment
Adequateknowledgeofthecontrollingfactorsofdepositlocation
canagainleadtosignificant savingsinexploration.Thetopics
tobeinvestigated inpriorityare:regionalsettingofdeposits,
structuralgeology,sedimentology andpalaeogeography .
A-l.3.Depositsassociatedwithintrusiveigneousrocks
Thefollowingtypesofdepositshavebeenselectedinthefirst
instance :
1)Skarn-typedeposits^:inskarn-typedepositsoftungsten
andothernonferrous"metals,therelationshipofmetallogenic
differentiation tothenatureofreplacedrockwillbestudied
indetail;alsothegeochemicalspectrumofthecountry-rocks .
Asaresultofthiswork,oneormorepromisingarea(s)should
beselectedforprospection .
2)Depositsassociatedwith_basicandultrabasicrockstmetalsulphidesandoxidesfrequentlyoccurasdisseminations andin
massiveformwithinbasicandultrabasicrocks,ofwhicha
number ,ofexamplesareknownwithintheboundariesof.theCom­
munity.Genetioconceptshavetobefoundtoimprovemethods
ofdetectionofthesedeposits.
(l)Askarnisaspecialtypeofrockthatwasformedattheinterfaceof
anintrusiveigneousbody(oftenagranite)andofthesurrounding _
country–rock,undertheinfluenceofhotfluidsreleasedbythecooling
igneousmass.Intheprocessofskarnformation,country-rock maybe
partiallyreplacedbynewminerals.

-14-
A-2.1.
A-2.2.
I-B.
I-B-l.
B-l.l.IMPROVEMENT OFKNOWLEDGE CONCERNING OREANDWALL-ROCK MINERA­
LOGY.PETROLOGY ANDCHEMISTRY
Amongthemanysubjectswhichdeservefurtherstudyinthis
context,thefollowingmightbementionedinviewoftheir
importance :
Wall-rockalteration
Itishopedthatmodelscanbeproducedforthewidespread
phenomenonofwall-rockalterationbymineralizing fluids,
andusedasexploration guides.Typesofalterationtobe
investigated are:dolomitization andsilicification ofcar­
bonates,alterationsinavolcanicsetting...
Oreandwall-rockmineralogy
Severalavenuesofresearcharesuggested,forinstance:
isotopestudies,thermoluminescenceandthestudyoffluid
inclusions.Again,theresultsobtainedcanbeexpectedto
helporientingprospecting work.
IMPROVEMENT ANDDEVELOPMENT OFPROSPECTIONMETHODSANDTECHNI­
QUES
GEOCHEMICAL METHODS
Present-dayoperational methodsofgeochemical prospecting are
welladaptedtoprospectionforconcealedsub-surfacedeposits,
andneedonlysomeoptimization .Ontheotherhand,prospec­
tionfordeepertargetsinbeyondtheirpossibilities andre­
quiresnewapproaches.
Optimization ofexistingtechniques
Itisproposed,amongotherpossibleactions,toimproveour
knowledgeofthevariouscomponents-suchasironhydroxides-
whichserveas"carriers"oftheprospectedmetalsduringthe
weatheringofadeposit.Ifawaycouldbefoundofconcen­
tratingthesecomponentsattheanalysisstage,itshouldthen
bepossibletoincreasegeochemicalcontrastwith"background
values"andconsequently reducethenumberofsamplesneeded
forprospecting.
Itisalsoproposedthatmethodsofimprovement indown-the-
holegeochemical boreholeloggingtechniquesbepursuedunder
thisheading.

-15-
B-1.2.Whole-rockgeochemistry
1)Finding^fingerprints"forspecificmineralisations
Establishing theexistenceofgradients~oftracemetal
contentsinrocksshouldgiveusefulindicationsfor
locatingconcealedorebodies.Thisapproachwillbe
appliedinvariousgeologicalsettings:limestones,
shales,volcano-sedimentary rocksequences...
2)Definition_°ftaxget_areas_b£ establishingtraceelement
patternsinstratigraphic sequences
Itisproposedthatwhole-rockgeochemistry beappliedto
somespecificrocksequencesofvolcano-sedimentary origin,
inwhichsulphidesareknowntooccurlocally.
B-1.3,Hydrogeochemistry
Thehydrogeochemical resultsobtainedonspringorsubsurface
wateraredifficulttointerpretintermsofprospectingfor
anomalieslinkedtometalconcentrations .Priorityshould
begiventoresearchontheuseoftraceelementsinwater,
forwhichlittledataisnowavailable.
B-1.4.Gasgeochemistry
Highlyvolatilechemicalcompoundscanbeusedaspath­
findersingeochemical prospectingtoobtaininformation
onthecomposition ofrocksandoresatgreatdepth.The
detectionofsuchgasesasSO^,CO,H_,HS,CSisstillattheexperimental stageandshallbeinventigateci.
B-1.5.Geochemistry oftinandtungsten
Actionsareneededinthepurelyanalyticalfieldandalso
towardsimprovingprospecting methodsforthesemetalswhich
areinpoorsupplyintheCommunity.Itisthereforesugges­
ted,forexample:
1)todevelopmethodsfordeterminingand_evaluatingtin,
tungstenandrelatedelementssuchasniobiumandtantalum.
Agood~un&erstanding ofthemannerinwhichtraceelements
aredistributedthroughoutbodiesofigneousrocks(such
asgranites)isessentialtoorientprospectionwork.At
present,analyticalmethodsarenotrefinedenoughfor
useinprospecting andwillhavetobeperfected.
2)tostudyinpanconcentratesthe"printing_effeet"_oftin
andtungstenonsomemineralsIt~ishopedthat~all~types~of tinandtungstendeposits
willbedetectedinthiswaythroughoutlargeareas.

-16-
B-1.6.Geochemical prospecting inareasofdeepoverburden
Geochemical (andgeophysical )prospectingpresentsspecial
difficulties inthoseareasofNorthernEuropewhichare
coveredbyathickmantleofglacialdepositsorpeat.A
solutiontothisproblemwouldbedesirable.Thistopic
couldbelinkedtotopicI-B-4ondrillingtechniques.
B-1.7.Geochemical mapping(inpartasconcertedaction)
Interpretation ofgeochemical mapsformineralprospecting
ishamperedbyseveraldifficulties :natureandevolution
stateofsoilsamples,screeningeffectofbarrenoverburden ,
paucityofhigh-gradeinformation onthephysico-chemical
stateinwhichtrace-elements aretransported andheldboth
instreamalluviumandinsoils.Ifthesedifficulties were
overcome,featureswhichmaylead,tothediscoveryofmine­
raldepositswouldbeeasiertoidentifyonmaps.Itis
thereforerecommended tostudy:
1)transportation ofelementsinstreamsediments
2)dispersionofelementsinsoilandglacialmaterials,and
theresultinggeochemicalrelationships withbed-rock.
ItisalsosuggestedthatacasestudybeundertakeninEast
Greenland,becauseofexceptionally goodrockexposure.In­
formationcollectedthereontheproblemsofgeochemical map­
pingwillallowtosetupamodelforsimulationruns,using
screeningeffectstakenfromtypicalEuropeanareas.
Finally,itwouldbeworthwhilepromotinginternational coope­
rationingeochemical mapping.ProgressoilpresenTa^ion _oT~~
mapsandoncomputerenhancement ofdatanecessitates frequent
consultation betweenexpertsfromthememberstates,underthe
auspicesofCommunityauthorities .
I-B-2.GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
Twotypesofgeophysical approachareusedinminingresearch :
-thedirectapproach,bywhichadepositissoughtusingits
specificphysicalparameters (electricalconductivity ,ma­
gneticsusceptibility ,density,etc...)
-theindirectapproach,bywhichgeologicalenvironments like­
lytofavourthepresenceofmineraliseddepositsaresought.

Duetotheshortrangeofgeophysical methods,onlyverylarge
depositsshowingstrongcontrastsofphysicalpropertiescanbe
directlydetectedatgreatdepths.Incontrast,thestructures
likelytocontaindeposits,whicharegenerallyofgreaterdi­
mensionsthanthesedeposits,canberecognizedatsomewhat
greaterdepths.Asarule,thiskindofresearchrequiresthe
simultaneous useofseveralgeophysical methodsinorderto
reducethenumberofpossibleinterpretations whichcanbemade
fromthedataofasinglemethod.
B-2.1.Traditionally-used surfacemethods
Intheshortterm,itisproposedtoimprovesomeequipments
andtechniques,soastoincreasethecapacities ,depthpene­
trationandeffectiveness ofthevariousmethods.European
expertsshouldmeetassoonaspossibletoexchangeinformation
onthemethodsvisedinthememberstates.Tentatively ,the
topicsforfutureresearcharelistedhereafter.
1)Gravimetricmethodsarebestsuitedtotheidentification
of~large~structures atdepth.Improvements areneededon
rawdataprocessing,maptransforming ,interpretation .
2)Magnetismnearlyalwaysyieldsusefulinformationatalow
HostT"inparticular,magneticanomalymapscanserveto
locatedeepfundamentaltectonictrends,probablythemain
channelsformineralizing solutions.Progressisneeded
inthedirectmeasurementoftheverticalgradientofthe
magneticfield.
3)Resistivitydistributionatdepthcanprovidecluestothe
existenceofconductiveores,andtosomestructuralfea­
tures.Researchissuggestedoninstrumentation ,electrode
arrangements andinterpretation ,toincreasedepthpenetra­
tionofthemethod.
4)Inducedpolarisationisamuchusedmethod,stillopento
improvements.Inadditiontospecificprojects,itis
suggestedthattheinfluenceofrocktexturesbestudied.
5)Electromagnet ismcanbeusedondeeptargets,providedthe
primarysignalhasalowenoughfrequency.Available
equipmentshouldbemodernized.
6)Seismicmethodsareusefulforthedetectionofvariousstructuressuchasfaults.Widelyusedinoilexploration ,
theyneedtobeadaptedtominingresearch(useofhigh
frequencyseismicwaves).

-18-
B-2.2.Geophysicsin"boreholes
Theuseofprobesandsensorsinboreholesgreatlyextends
therangeofpossibleinvestigation .Researchisneededon
thefollowingsubjects:
l)acousticprobes,focusedresistivityprobes,geophysical
boreholeloggingandelectromagnetic probes,toobtain
insituphysicalproperties
2)neutronicactivation,toestimatevolumesandgradesin
situ
3)temperatureandconductivity surveys
B-2.3.Airbornegeophysical surveying
Thisisausefultoolinlocatingmajorfaultsandpossible
associatedore-bodies.Ireland,forexample,isarecognized
copper-lead-zincprovince,knowntopossessdeep-seatedfaults
whichatleastlocallyareassociatedwithmineralization .
Theapplication ofsuchairbornemethodsmightprovefruitful
inlocatingfurthermajordeposits.
I-B.3.REMOTESENSINGFROMAIRCRAFTANDSATELLITE^
(inpartasconcertedaction)
Thereexistsaneedforadefinitiveassessmentofthepoten­
tialofremotesensingtechniquestoprospectingformetalli­
ferousmineraldeposits.Itwouldseemadvisabletosetup
ajointprojectinwhichexperience andresultsfromareasof
widelydifferinggeologyandclimatearecombinedinaneffort
tocreateamodelfortheuseofremotesensinginmineralde­
positprospecting.Studieswillthereforebemadeindiffe­
rentpartsofEuropeandinselectedareaselsewhere.Among
thelatter,EastGreenlandstandsoutasanidealtestarea,
becauseofahappycombinationofunusuallygoodrockexpo­
sureandwell-knowngeology.
B-3.1.Fracturetraceanalysis
Byprocessingdatafromfracturepatternsonbothsatellite
imageryandairphotography ,itshouldbepossibletoidentify
thosefractureswhichaffectunderlyingbasementrocksata
depthofathousandmetresormoreandwhich,therefore,re­
presentprospectingtargets.
Thisresearchneedstobedeveloped.
(1)AirbornegeophysicalmethodsaredealtwithunderB-2.3

-19-
B-3*2.Improveddiscrimination oflithologyinmineralized axeas
R&Disneededon:
1)understanding ofspectralresponsesofrocksandminerals
2)computerenhancementofevidenceformineralization on
imagery
3)interpretation ofareaswiththicksoilandvegetation
cover.
Inhumidregions,indications onthe"bedrockcanonly
"begleanedindirectlyfromthepropertiesofvegetation.
ThisisafieldforproposedR&D,whichcouldproceed
alongtwolines:
a)evaluationoftheliteratureconcerningthephenology
oftheEarth'svegetationcoveranditsecological
condition
b)physiologicanomaliesandspectralresponseofplants
I-B-4.DRILLINGTECHNIQUES
Drillingtechniquesshouldheimprovedanddevelopedinorder
toextendtheiruseinprospecting andreducetheircost.
Forexample:
a)"byfreezingthegeologicalformationjustaheadofthedrill-hit,itisexpectedtoimprovedrillingspeed,
reducecosts,andpreventsoftterrainfromsloughingin*
b)forareasofdeepoverburden,itissuggestedthata
cheaplyoperatedtoolcapableofsamplingclosetothe
bedrock–overburdeninterfacebedeveloped.

-20-
RESEARCH AREATWO:OREPROCESSING
ScatteredthroughouttheECterritoryareanumberoflowgradeorede­
posits.Thesedepositsaxeknowntocontainconsiderable reservesof
metal*Itislikelythattheywillhavetobeexploitedintherela­
tivelynearfuture.
Similarly,complexores-suchasmixedcopper-lead-zincsulphidesand
oxidizedoresorsomealuminousminerals-sureconsideredasimportant
potentialsourcesofmetals.Yettheyremainlargelyunexploited ,be­
causeofprocessingproblems.
Atechnological "breakthrough intheprocessingofthesevariousores
isavitalnecessityforECcountries,notonlybecausehighergrade
depositsand"simple"oresarebeingrapidlyconsumed,butalsofor
strategicreasonsconnectedwiththesecuresupplyofcriticalmate­
rials.
Activitiesoutlinedhereafteraregroupedintotwomajorcategories :
II-A)Feasibilitystudiesandsettingupofmodels
(statisticalaswellasforsimulation),aimedatevaluating
andpredictingtheperformances oforetreatmentandrecove­
ryprocesses(forcopper,aluminaandlead-zinc);
II-B)R&D,carriedtothestageofpilotplantstudies,onspeci­ficore-processing andmetalrecoveryobjectives (handling,
processingandmetalwinning),inordertovalorizelow-grade
ores(copper),complexores(copper-lead-zinc)andalternative
sourcesofalumina.Theprogrammeshoulddevelopinasequential
way,withinformation fromthedossiersprovidingadditionalin­
formationtowardactivitiesunderII-A,ifappropriate ,andII-B.
II-A.FEASIBILITY STODIESANDSETTINGUPOFMODEIS(tobecarriedout
mainlyasconcertedactions)
II-A.l.Definitionofmineralprocessingtopics
l)Lowgradeandcomplexores
ThereexistsalreadyintheCommunityasumofinformation
andexperienceintheprocessingoforefrommarginalde­
posits.However,thesuccessfulexploitation oflowgrade
and/orcomplexorescallsforcarefulprocessdesign.
Thusasequentialapproachwouldbethebestsolutiontoget
anoverallviewofthisproblem.
Itwouldconsistin:

-21-
-collatingandstructuringtheaccumulatedexperienceof
theCommunity'smineralprocessinglaboratories inthe
areaofmarginaldeposits,bothlowgradeandcomplex;
-R&Dontheapplication ofexistingorecharacterisation
methods,onthedevelopment andapplicationofnewore
characterisation methods,andonintegrationofthein­
formationgeneratedwiththe"bodyofstructureddata
developed;
-progressinthedevelopmentofimprovedprocessingtechno­
logies,therequirementforwhichhasbeenidentifiedpre­
viouslyandleadingtothedevelopmentofprocessroutes.
2)"Insituleaching"^forrecoveryofnonferrousmetals
Itwillbeincreasingly necessaryfortheECtorecovernon­
ferrousmetalsfromitsindigenouslowgraderesourcesin
dumps,heaps,oldminesandvirginorebodies,andthere­
lativelylowcosttechniqueofin-situleachingisapar­
ticularlyappropriate one.
Undersuitableconditions ,insituleachinghasthefollowing
advantages :
-reducedcapitalinvestment
-veryshortpre-production period
-lowerpollutionofland,waterandair
-reductioninoveralllabourcosts
-greatercontroloversafety
-negligiblewastedisposalcosts
Therefore,itisimportanttosupportanactionthatwill
providegeneralisedinformation onin-situleaching.
3)Aluminafromnonconventional sources
ItisessentialfortheCommunitytodiversifyitsaluminium
rawmaterialsuppliesbylocatingalternativesourcesinor­
dertoincreaseself-sufficiency .
Alternativesourcesconsistin:leucite,alunite,clays,
schists,coalshales,powerstationashandpossiblyother
aluminousminerals.
Insituleachingcanbedefinedastheuseofsolutionstoextract
metalsfromfracturedorunfractured ores.Itisfindingimportant
uses,mainlyintheU.S.A.,fortherecoveryofcopperanduranium.

-22-
ECstudiesshouldinclude:
-anassessmentofthestateoftheartinthemember
statesandinnonECcountries;
-evaluationofacidleachingprocessestorecoveralumina
andby-products ;
-preliminary analysesofchlorination processes.
4)Lead-zinccomplexores
ECshortageinleadandzincmineralsisimportant.There
clearlyisaneedtoachievemaximumintegraluseofevery
possiblereserve,e.g.essentially sulphidesandoxidized
ores.
Itissuggestedtoworkoutamathematical simulation model
oftheflotationprocessofcomplexsulphidesandtounder­
takefeasibilitystudiesontheflotationresponseofoxi­
dizedores.
II-A.2.Optimization ofmineralproduction systems,connectedwithpos­
sibleminingoperations
ThiswouldfollowaftertheprojectsdescribedunderII-A.l.
Themaintargetofsuchanactionistoworkoutthetechnical
andeconomicalfeasibilityofprojectsconcerningpossible
miningoperations,aswellastooptimizetheproductionpro­
cessbyselectingthebestalternative.
Theoptimization oftheproductionplanningshouldbebasedon;
-anestimationofthemineralpotentialonastatisticalbasis;
-asimulation modeloftheproductionsequences,accordingto
theoredepositfeaturesandtotheadoptableminingmethods;
-asimulation modelofthematerialflowintheoredressing
plant,tooptimizethequalityandquantityofthefinalpro­
duct,withspecialcaredevotedtoflotationprocesses;
-checkingandcontinuously up-datingoftheoredepositmodel
byfeedbackofthedatacomingfromthevariousproduction
phases;
-stockhomogeneization andcontrolatdifferentlevelsofpro­
duction;
-transportplanningatthedifferentphases;
-regulationandcontrolofthesinglephasesofminingand
oredressingoperations.
Themethodology suggestedseemstoofferimportantadvantages
inoperatingsetsofsmallore-deposits whoseeconomicexploi­
tationisonlypossiblethroughastrictcontrolofthesingle
phasesofproduction.

-23_
II-B.R&DOffSPECIFICOREPROCESSINGANDMETALRECOVERYOBJECTIVES
II-B.l.Insituleaching
Itiswellknownthatforitscoppersupply,theCommunityde­
pendsbothondevelopedanddevelopingcountries.Moreover,
tomeetfuturedemandsintheCommunityandinotherindus­
trializedcountries,lowerandlowergradeoredepositswill
havetobeexploited.
Thetechniqueofinsituleachingappearsverypromisingand
thereisaneedtoimprovethetechnological know-howofthe
membercountries.Asanexample,thelargecopperdepositof
Avoca(Ireland),withconsiderablereservesoflowgradeore,
seemsamostappropriatesiteforlaunchingsuchanR&D
action.Moreoverthisactionisimportantforthefollowing
reasons :
a)iftheR&Dissuccessful,alargedepositofcopper
couldbeeconomically exploited;
b)theresultsofthisactivitycouldbeapplicablewithmi­
normodifications tootherlowgradedepositsintheCom­
munity,
Ajointteamofmembercountriesexpertsisexpectedtobe
createdinordertoshareexperienceandknowledgeincarrying
outthispilotproject.
II-B.2.Aluminafromnonconventional sources
Theavailabledatarevealanexistingshortageofalumina,for
theCommunityproductioncoverslessthanl/3ofconsumption.
Itiswellknownthattheactionsofthe"International Bauxite
Association "areleadingtoincreasedpricesofbauxiteand
aluminium.Moreoverrawmaterialsproducingcountriesareno
longerwillingtorenouncetheaddedvalueforbauxiteproces­
singandthusarerequestinghigherandhigherroyalties.As
mentionedonpage21,itappearsthereforeessentialtodi­
versifytherawmaterialsuppliesbylocatingalternativesour­
cesofalumina,inordertoincreasetheself-sufficiency of
theCommunity,andtosupportRandDactivitiestosecurela­
teranindigenoussupply.
Themajoralternativesourcesofaluminacouldbeleucite,
alunite,clays,schists,coalshale,powerstationashand
otheraluminousminerals.Largedepositsofthesealternative
sourcesarepresentintheCommunity.
Forinstance,specificR&Dactionswillbeconductedinre­
lationshiptoaluniteandleucite.Theseactionsarevery
importantforthefollowingreasons:

-24_
a)iftheR&Dissuccessful,largedepositsofaluminium
could "beexploited,increasing ECselfsupplywithre­
sultingimprovementoftherawmaterialspaymentbalance
ofthememberstates;
b)theresultsofthisactivitycouldbeapplicablewithmi­
normodifications tootherdepositsoutsideoftheCommu­
nity-whichconsequently willimprovethepossibilityof
exportingnewlydevelopedtechnologies ,
Ajointteamofmembercountriesexpertsisexpectedtobe
createdinordertoshareexperience andknowledgeforthe
benefitofthemembercountries.
II-B.3»Lead-zinccomplexores
TheECshortageinlead-zincmineralsdemandsaneffortof
R&D.Thisefforthastobebasedonthelargedeposits
whichexistinthemembercountries.Generally,theseare
ofacomplexnatureanddemandadvancedtechniquesforpro­
cessing.TwomajorareasofR&Daresuggested:
a)flotationtechniquesforsulphideoresthatareinter-
grainedwithcopperandpyrite,andforoxidizedores;
b)hydro-metallurgy ofoxidizedoresusingacidoralkaline
advancedprocesses,dependinguponthecompositionofthe
hostrocks.
Iftheresultsareencouraging ,theR&Deffortscouldreach
thestageofpilotplants.
II-B.4.Chlorination processesandothervalorization methods
Largeamountsofslagsandresiduesfrommetallurgical plants
existinthevariousmembercountriesoftheCommunity.
Theseresiduesandotherdepositssometimesconstituteinte­
restingmaterialswhich,ifanadvancedprocesscouldbede­
veloped,wouldbringintothemarketlargequantitiesofme­
talssuchascopper,lead-zincandothers.
AnR&Dactioncouldbebasedonhightemperature treatment
ofthematerials(slags,residuesforexample),byelectrolysis
orusinggaseousmixtures.

RESEARCH AHEATHREE:MININGTECHNOLOGY
Therearestrongpoliticalandeconomicreasonstopromoteamore
exhaustiveexploitation ofknownminesthroughanimprovementof
miningtechnology.Furthermore ,progressinthefieldofmining
technology cambethedecisivefactorthatwillenableaprevious­
lynon-economic minetobeexploited.Theproblemsthatmustbe
facedareparticularly challengingwithdeepminesandwithhigh
grade-lowtonnagedeposits.Asafirststep,itistherefore
suggestedtoworkonthosetopics.
Atthestageofminingitself,theproblemslinkedtoenvironment ,such
asdust,subsidenceandwater,wouldalsobeconsidered.
III-A.Deepdeposits
Indeepmines,maintenance andoperatingcostsarevery
high.Progressintechnologycouldreducetheseexpen­
sesandincreaseorerecovery.Amongthemaintopics
thatdeservespecialattention,arethefollowing:
-rockmechanics :researchonrockbehaviourshouldencom-
pass~aninvestigation ofdifferentrocksatsimulatedcon­
ditionsofdepthandthedetermination oftheprincipal
characteristics oftheserocks.Inparallel,thevarious
valuesobtainedinthelaboratory mustbecorrelatedto
observations andmeasurements inamine.Suitable me­
thodscanthenbeworkedouttoimprovesupportoftheca­
vities.
-waterdrainagetitisnecessarytostudythepermeability
andstructureofcountryrocksinthehopeofcontaining
waterseepage;specialcarewillbegiventotheconsequen­
cesofcementation andcementfillings,andtothedevelop­
mentoftechniquesadaptedtothesevereandcostlyworking
conditions.
-hightemperatures :problemsariseduringtheexploitation
of~somedeep~mines,becauseofthehightemperaturesresult­
ingfromahighgeothermalgradientandfromhighheattrans­
fercoefficients ofthegeologicalformations.
R&Donthistopicshouldconsiderthefollowingpoints:
•bringingintofocusthemainparameterswhichaffectthe
climaticconditionsinthemines,aswellasacquiringa
clearknowledgeofthematter.
.developingasimulativemodeloftheevolutionofthermal
energytransferduringthevariousphasesoftheproduc­
tionprocess.
.studyingtheevolutionofthemainparameterswhichaffect
theenvironment ,andrevisingthemodel,ifnecessary.

"26-
•determining parameterssuchasconductivity andradiation
coefficients ofthegeologicalformations,
•studyingthemeasuresrequiredinordertomodifytherate
ofheatreleaseintotheenvironment .
•studyingthestopingtechniques andventilationcircuits
soastocontrolthebalanceofheatquantitiesreleased.
III-B.Highgrade-lowtonnagedeposits(inpartasconcertedaction)
Reductionofinvestmentandoperatingcostswillalways "bean
essentialaimofR&Donminingtechnology.Itisparticu­
larlyimportantinthecaseofhighgrade-lowtonnagedeposits
ofsuchnon-ferrous metalsascopper,lead,zinc,etc,for
whicheconomicandpracticalminingtechniques mustbefound.
Astepbystepapproachtotheproblemcouldcomprise:
-adefinitionofthenotionofhighgrade-lowtonnagede­
posits;thisisessential,becausedepositsformaconti­
nuoussequencefromsmalltolarge,fromlowgradetohigh
grade
-aninventoryofknowndepositsofthistype;suchanenquiry
willnecessitate closecooperation betweencompaniesandgeo­
logicalsurveysoftheMemberStates(tobecarriedoutasa
concertedaction)
-astudyontheuseofintegratedmobileplants,aimedat
findinganeconomicroutetominegroupsofcomparable
small-sizedeposits,mobileunits,designedtobeused
onseveralminesinsuccession,couldprovideanadequate
answer
-astudyoflargediameterRotaxydrilling,especiallyfor
shaftsinking
-R&Dontotalrecoveryofpillarsleftafterminingbythe
roomandpillarmethod,andontheadequatematerialsneeded
tofillupthemine(thislastitemdealsalsowithrock
mechanics,seeIII-A.above).
ANNEXISchemeformanagementofrawmaterialsR&Dpro­
grammes

SCHEMEFORMANAGEMENT OPRAWMATERIALS R&DPROGRAMMES
CREST
Sector r^
RU
programmes !Sub-Committee onrawmaterialsR&D
ACPM
onprimary -
rawmaterialsR&DCommission
mxTT/fi–I
Programme
officer
(Commission
personnel)
R&D|->"Exploration"I"Ore-processing "I"Miningtechnology"areas I I I
Geological Insitu Miningof
studies leaching deepdeposits
Geochemical Aluminafrom [Highgradelow
methods alternativesources Itonnagedeposits
l i r t
Topics I„ I^>VGeophysical Lead-Zinc JOthers
"Projects"methods complexores
Remote Othervalorization–sensing L~me^od3(e«S-chloril
_ nationetc)
Drilling
techniques
ii ■Project
officers
(Nationalexperts
orCommission
personnel)ι
ro

-28_
TASKS
Sub-Committee onrawmaterials R&D
-Coordination ofnationalandCommunityR&Dactivities
-Liaisonwithbodiesinvolvedinformulating andimplementing
Communitysupplypolicyinrawmaterials
-OverallsupervisionofR&Dprogrammesinrawmaterials
-Programmereviewsandrevisions
-Formulationofnewprogrammes
ACPM(AdvisoryCommitteeonProgrammeManagement)
-Establishment ofpriorities
-Assessment andselectionofproposals
-Allocation offunds
-Evaluationofresearchprogressandresults-Preparationofprogrammereviewsandrevisions(proposalsto
Sub-Committee )
TASKS
Programmeofficer-supervision andcoordination oftheprogramme
onbehalfoftheCommission
-representation oftheCommissioninACPM,»oi«n-
tificsecretariat ofACPM
-preparation andmanagementofresearchcontracts
fortheprogramme
-exchangeofinformation amongcontractorsin
cooperation withProjectOfficers
Projectofficer
-coordination ofresearchundertaken underthe
contractspertainingtotheproject
-exchangeofinformation amongcontractorsof
theproject
-preparationofprogressreportsandassessments
ofresultsfromtheproject

-29-
PROPOSALFORACOUNCILDECISIONADOPTING A
MULTIANNUAL R&DRESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME INTHEFIELDOFPRIMARYRAWMATE­
RIALS(INDIRECTACTION)I978-I98I,FORTHE
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
THECOUNCILOFTHEEUROPEANCOMMUNITIES havingregardtotheTreaty
establishing theEuropeanEconomicCommunityandinparticular
Article235thereof
havingregardtotheproposalfromtheCommission
havingregardtotheopinionoftheEuropeanParliament
havingregardtotheopinionoftheSocialandEconomicCommittee
whereasarticle2oftheTreatyestablishing theEuropeanEconomic
CommunityassignstotheCommunitythetaskofpromoting
throughouttheCommunityaharmoniousdevelopmentofecono­
micactivities,acontinuousandbalancedexpansionandan
acceleratedraisingofthestandardofliving;
whereasinitsresolutionof14January1974onafirstactionpro­
grammeoftheEuropeanComrauaitiesinthefieldofscience
andtechnology,theCouncilhasstipulatedthatthewhole
rangeofavailablewaysandmeansshouldbeuseasappro­
priate,includingtheindirectaction;

-30-
whereas the CoHumanity ,asindicated inthecommunication from the
theCommission COM50(1975)"Thesupply oftheCommunity
inrawmaterials ",depends toagreat extent from third
countries foritsmineral rawmaterials supply ,that these
materials will "become increasingly scarce atglobal level
andthus that the Community 'sinterest istoincrease its
self-supply potential andtoimprove thetechnologies for
theexploration andexploitation ofmineral resources ;
whereas aCommunity research action inthefield ofprimary raw
materials will contribute effectively totheachievement
oftheabove-mentioned objectives ,particularly through
thediscovery ofnewexploitable internal resources as
well asthrough thedevelopment ofexportable techniques
andtechnologies ;
-whereas theEuropean Parliament has adopted on19April 1977 are­
solution onthesupply ofrawmaterials oftheCommunity ;
-whereas the Treaty establishing theEuropean Economic Community
hasnotprovided thenecessary powers ;
-whereas theScientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST )
hasgiven anopinion with regard tothe proposal from the
Commission ;
HAS DECIDED
Article 1
Aprogramme ofresearch anddevelopment fortheEuropean Economic
Comaunity inthe field ofprimary rawmaterials shall beadopted in
theform set out inAnnex Atothis Decision forafour-year period
from 1January 1978 .
Annex Aforms anintegral part ofthis Decision ,-whereas
-whereas
-whereas

Article 2
Theupper limit forexpenditure commitments andforstaff necessary
fortheimplementation ofthis programme isestimated to "be23million
units ofaccount and 11staff fortheduration oftheprogramme .The
unit ofaccount isdefined according tofinancial regulations inforce .
Article
TheCommission shall ensured that theprogramme isimplemented .
Toassist itinthis task anAdvisory Committee onProgramme Manage­
ment inthe field ofprimary rawmaterials isestablished .The
terms ofreference andthe composition ofthis Committee surestated
inAnnex Btothis Decision .
Article 4
Theprogramme will hesubmitted toreview ,during itsthird year ,
forpossible revision following established procedures ,andtaking
into account theopinion oftheAdvisory Committee forProgramme
Management .
Article 5
Theinformation resulting from theexecution oftheprogramme shall
bedisseminated inaccordance with Council Regulation (EEC)
n°2350/74of17September 1974 ,adopting provisions forthedisse­
mination ofinformation relating toresearch programmes forthe
European Economic Community .

ANNEX A
Research area I :Exploration
I-A- Deep-seated andconcealed oredeposits intheterritory
oftheEuropean Community :
-target selection through the improvement ofapplied
geological knowledge
I-B- Improvement anddevelopment ofprospection methods and
techniques
I-B-l -geochemical
I-B-2 -geophysical
I-B-3 -remote sensing
I-B-4 -drilling techniques
Research area II *Ore processing
II-A- Feasibility studies andsetting upofmodels
II-B- Specific R&D actions inore-processing andmetal extrac­
tion
II-B-1 -insitu leaching
II-B-2 -alternative sources ofalumina
II-B-3 -complex lead-zinc ores
II-B-4 -chlorination processes andothers
Research area III ïMining technology
III-A- Deep mines
III-B - High grade -lowtonnage deposits
Research work will "becarried outbywayofcontracts .

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ANNEXB
Termsofreferenceof"theAdvisoryCommitteefortheManagementof
theR&DProgrammeinthefieldofprimaryrawmaterials
1.Withoutprejudicetotheresponsibility whichtheCommissionhas
fortheexecutionofCommunityprogrammes,theCommitteehasthe
taskofcontributing ,initsadvisorycapacity:
-totheoptimalcarryingoutoftheR&Dprogrammeinthefield
ofprimaryrawmaterials,andinparticulartothedetailedde­
finitionofprojectsaswellastheassessmentofresults;
-tothegradualco-ordination ofallCommunityandnationalre­
searchactivitieswithintheareaofprimaryrawmaterials.
2.TheCommitteeformulatesopinions,preparedbytheSecretariat
andsubmittedtoapprovalbytheCommittee.EveryCommittee
membercanaskthathisopinionberecordedintheseopinions.
TheseopinionsaretransmittedtotheCommissionandacopyto
theCouncil.CRESTanditsSub-Committee willbeinformedpe­
riodically ontheworkoftheCommittee.
3.TheCommitteeincludes:
-forthememberStatesdelegations ,amaximumofthreemembers,
appointedbytheirgovernmentsforthedurationoftheprogram­
meandhavingregardtotheircompetenceinthematter;asfar
aspossible,oneofthemshouldberesponsibleforthenational
R&Dprogrammesinthefieldofprimaryrawmaterials;ifit
considersitnecessary,eachdelegation maybeaccompaniedby
experts;

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-forthedelegationoftheCommission,amaximumofthree
officialsappointed torthi»institution .
Exceptionally ,theseconditionscan"bedepartedfromwiththe
agreementofthedelegations.
4.Asfarasthedelegations fromthememberstatesareconcerned
amember'smandateceasesshouldthememberdeceaseorresign,
orifthegovernment whoappointedhimasksthathebereplaced*
Hissuccessorisappointedfortheremainderoftheinitialterm
ofoffice.
5.TheCommitteeappointsitschairman,ontheproposaloftheCom­
mission'sdelegationandforaperiodofoneyear.
6.TheSecretariatoftheCommitteewillbeprovidedbytheCommis­
sion.

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FINANCIAL DATA
established forfinancial 1978
AnnexIofbudgetoftheCommission
Statementofreceiptsandexpenditures
relatingtoresearchandinvestment
activities (indirectaction)
A.FIRSTPART:ON-GOING ORNEWACTIONS
1.BUDGETCHAPTER:3361
2.HEADINGOFTHEBUDGETTIME:Researchprogrammeinthefieldof
primaryrawmaterial(indirectaction1978-1980)
3.JURIDICALBASIS:Article235ofEECTreaty
CouncilDecision
4.DESCRIPTION,OBJECTIVES ANDJUSTIFICATION OFACTION
4.1.Description :
Primaryrawmaterials
Researchprogrammecarriedoutbymeansofcost-sharing
contractswithresearchorganizations inthemember
states,inthethreefollowingresearchareas:
DExploration :Emphasisislainonthedetectionof
concealedanddeepseateddeposits
2)0re-processing
3)Miningtechnology

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4.2.Objectives :
R&Daimedat:
1)increasingtheself-supplypotentialoftheECinnon­
ferrousmetals,phosphates,etc...
2)developing newtechniquesforusebytheECmining
industrywithinandwithouttheterritoryofthe
Community.
4.3.Justification :
iActionscarriedoutatCommunityleveloptimizethe
productivity ofresearchundertakeninthemember
states,byavoidinguselessduplication andfilling
gaps.Theyalsomakeitpossibletoconcentratethe
potentialoftheresearchorganizations inthe
memberstatesonproblemsofcommoninterestand
facilitatesthedevelopment ofadvancedtechnologies .

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5.FINANCIALINCIDENCE OFACTION(INEUA):
5.0.Incidenceontheexpenditure
5.0.0.Muttiannualterm
Commitment
1978 .1979 1980 1981 1982
Staff
Manag.
Contracts277.300,-
126.900,-
7.595.800,-488.592,-
137.052,-
9.374.356,-524.784,-
147.204,-
3.609.680,-560.976,-
157.356,-
T0TAL 8.000.000,-10.000.000,-4.281.668,-718.332,-
Payment
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Staff
Manag.
Contracts277.100,-
126.900,-
1.596.000,-488.592,-
137.052,-
3.374.356,-524.784,-
147.204,-
6.328.012,-560.976,-
157.356,-
8.281.668,-
I1.000.000,-
T0TAL 2.000.000,-4.000.000,-7.000.000,-9.000.000,-1.000.000,-

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5.0.1.Evaluation method
(includedmultiannualprevisions)
a)Staffexpenditure
Theneedsareestimatedtobe7stafffor1978.
andamaximumof11staffforthenextyears-i.e.
1978
4category Astaff
1categoryBstaff
2category Cstaff
7staff
Maximum
7category Astaff
1categoryBstaff
3category Cstaff
11staff
Inadditiontostaffnumberestimates,theevaluation
takeaccountofthedataoftheCouncilDecisionof
21.12.1976 ontheadaptationofsalaryofEuropean
Communitystaffandapplicablecorrectioncoefficients
addingtoit-onahypothetical basis-possibleneeds
originating fromthegeneralevolutionofpricesinthe
Community.
Theratesadoptedarethoseusedforthecalculation
ofthethree-yearforecast1978/1980.Theevaluation
ofexpenditureincreasesupto1981hasbeenmadeonthe
basisofthefollowingindices:1978-108,1979-116,
1980-124,1981-132.
b)Contractsexpenditures
Inviewofthenatureofthesubjectandthequalification
ofthecontractors,auniformmethodoftheevaluation
cannotbeestablished .
Inanycase,theAdvisoryCommittee,providedby
theDraftDecision(art.3).willbeconsulted
on;theallocation offunds.

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5.0.2.Time-tableofuseofpaymentsaccountsfor
1978.
1stTrimester 2ndTrimester 3thTrimester 4thTrimester
335.000 335.000 835.000 495.000
5.1.PossiblefinancialincidenceofactionontheFunds
6. CONTROLSYSTEM(includingefficacycontrol)
Scientificcontrol:AdvisoryCommitteeonProgrammeManagement
Financialexecution :Financialcontrol
ThecontractserviceofD6XIIcontrolsyearlytheexpenditures
ofthecontractualpartners.
B. SECONDPART:SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FORNEWACTIONS*
7. TOTALFINANCIAL INCIDENCE OFACTIONDURINGTHETERM
ENVISAGED (enEUA)
7.0.Funded:
-onCommunitybudget 23.000.000 EUA
-bynationaladministrations 21.000.000 EUA
-byothersectorsatnationallevel ...
Total 44.000.000 EUA
7.1.Incidenceonthefunds
-Communityincometaxonstaff
-Functionaries contribution forretirementfund
*theCommissiondecisionof28november1973onneworientations infinancial
mattersmentionstherequirementtoestablishforanewactiona"financial
memorandum"madeupofthetwopartsofthefinancialdatasheet.

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8.INFORMATION ONPERSONNEL
8.0.Personnelofanycategoryrequiredfortheexclusive
implementation oftheaction
1978 7staff see5.0.1.
1979~198111staff ""
maximum
8.1.Possiblesupplementary stafftoberequestedforthisaction;
thepossibilities ofreassignement ofstafftotheDirectorate
Generalbeingconsidered
9.FUNDINGOFACTION
9.0.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.Fundstobeincludedinfuture(s)budget(s).