EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 5.9.2019 COM(2019) 406 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL EMPTY Report on the implementation of national Roma integration strategies - 2019 {SWD(2019) 320 final}



INTRODUCTION The European Commission published an evaluation of the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies (NRIS) up to 2020 on 4 December 2018. The evaluation assessed the EU framework and how it mobilised other European policy, legal and funding instruments for Roma inclusion . To complete the picture, this report of 2019 focuses on national implementation of Roma inclusion measures. The main sources of the assessment are: ·reports from National Roma Contact Points (NRCPs) ; ·civil society reports from the Roma Civil Monitor EP Pilot project ; ·data on the situation of Roma from the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) ; ·a meta-evaluation on Roma inclusion interventions . This report summarises the most important trends focusing on the four policy areas of the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies (education, employment, health, housing), as well as fighting discrimination and antigypsyism. In each area the report highlights: the situation of Roma; summarises the main types of inclusion measures, achievements and challenges of their implementation (as reported by NRCPs); and formulates policy learning highlighting promising approaches and priorities to be addressed (based on existing evaluations, feedback from civil society and NRCPs). I. Substantive policy areas This report contains the measures taken under the Council Recommendation on effective Roma integration measures . The number of measures reported does not necessarily reflect the ambition or the effectiveness of efforts. In education and the fight against discrimination and antigypsyism most measures are targeted for Roma. In housing there is an even balance between targeted measures for Roma and general policy measures, i.e. mainstream measures. In employment, and to a lesser extent in health, Member States predominantly rely on mainstream measures to also promote Roma inclusion.

1. Education 1.1. Focus of measures Most Member States (MS) invest in measures to reduce early school-leaving (18 MS). The next most frequently used measures include: considering the needs of individual pupils in cooperation with their families (14MS); increasing the access to, and quality of, early childhood education and care (13 MS); and encouraging Roma participation in – and completion of – secondary and tertiary education (11MS). Efforts are also made to fight school segregation; use inclusive teaching methods; and develop skills adapted to labour market needs (12 MS each). What about the substantive focus of the measures beyond the above goals? Here we find that Member States most often opt for measures to improve educational attainment: fighting drop-out; encouraging transition to – and completion of – secondary and tertiary education; or providing support to compensate for educational gaps, or material disadvantage. Taken together these types of measures account for 36% of all education measures. Other significant groups of measures focus on: the transition from education to employment by supporting vocational education; career development and lifelong learning; and capacity development of professionals (9-11%). Less widespread measures focus on integrated inclusion interventions and introducing Roma history and culture in the curricula (6-6%). 1.2. Achievements and challenges The most widespread achievement mentioned by NRCPs in the area of education is mediation . Other achievements include: development of kindergarten capacities ; improved support to fighting and monitoring early school-leaving ; and including Roma inclusion and non-discrimination related topics in teacher training or national curricula . The most significant challenges highlighted by NRCPs include: school participation, absenteeism, early school-leaving, the transition from primary to secondary and the completion of secondary education. Other challenges include: fighting segregation ; ensuring and developing human capacities ; cooperation among stakeholders ; promoting early childhood education and care; adult learning and second chance education ; and data availability . 1.3. Policy learning Education is the area with the highest number of interventions and evaluations. It is therefore also the area with a relatively greater number of promising approaches and policy lessons common to several countries. Some of the important policy lessons in this area include: the importance of early intervention and prevention; the need to ensure participation and empowerment of Roma parents (as a key element of supporting children in each stage of education); the role of extracurricular activities for strengthening identity and social networks of Roma children; the relevance of continuous complex support measures (tutoring combined with scholarship and removal of other cost barriers) in promoting the transition between educational levels and to employment. Although affirmative action has helped to improve Roma participation in education, it is important to avoid dedicating specific places for Roma who would have qualified for regular admittance. Especially in Member States with a high share of Roma pupils, a systematic, complex and long-term approach is needed to fight school and class segregation, which remains a pressing problem that undermines the success of other inclusion measures. Key parts of this approach include: providing early and free access to quality inclusive early-childhood education and care in integrated settings (both to prepare Roma children, and to overcome prejudice between Roma and non-Roma children and parents in order to prevent later segregation); supporting Roma parents in school choice; gradual closing of segregated schools by educational authorities; and distributing Roma children across several schools (through the reorganisation of school catchment areas). These active desegregation measures should be accompanied by additional financial and professional support to promote the social and academic integration of Roma children in mainstream schools such as: covering costs of transportation, school materials, meals, extracurricular activities, supplementary classes; training pre-school staff and teachers in new methods of teaching in integrated school settings (including overcoming stereotypes); facilitating communication between parents and schools; informing parents of the benefits of integrated education; student mentoring, after-school support for Roma children, employment of teacher assistants; measures to sensitise the general public on the importance of educational inclusion and intercultural education for community relations via campaigns and media . Promising approaches: Priorities to be addressed: ٠BG, CZ, DK, EL, FI, FR, HR, HU, LT, PL, SK: Introduction or extension of obligatory (free) pre-school, ESIF funded development of kindergartens, training for kindergarten teachers ٠CY, EL, ES, IE, IT, HR, HU, LT, LV, NL, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI: Programmes aimed at preventing school drop-out of Roma (girls) through after-school support, tutoring, scholarships, mentoring, mediation, assistants, second chance education, teacher training, support to families ٠AT, CY, FI, HU, IE, IT, PT, RO: Introducing Roma history (including the Holocaust) and/or culture in national curricula ٠IE, HR, RO: Allocation of places to Roma in secondary and tertiary education ٠LT: Network of schools attended by Roma children receiving capacity building and competence development ٠SE: Teachers training (Södertörn University) and secondary-level adult education in Romani ٠Support home parenting and early-childhood learning as part of comprehensive early intervention and prevention programmes ٠Introduce or further extend quality, inclusive, free and obligatory pre-school and remove financial and non-financial barriers to access ٠Promote quality, inclusiveness and results in education through incentives (funding and reform of teacher training), attracting the best teachers to disadvantaged schools/regions ٠Systematically monitor and fight school and class segregation with long-term comprehensive, preparatory and accompanying measures supporting Roma families ٠Build public support and cooperation of all stakeholders to complement explicit active desegregation measures ٠Combine scholarships, tutoring and extracurricular activities to prevent early-school-leaving and promote transition to the next stage of education ٠Target Roma girls, their parents and teachers to fight gender stereotypes and reduce early school-leaving ٠Promote transition to – and completion of – upper secondary and further education including by career guidance for Roma students and their families 2. Employment 2.1. Focus of measures The two largest groups of measures implemented by most Member States aim at removing barriers to the labour market (15MS) and individualised support for job-seekers (13 MS). Fewer, but still significant number of countries invest in vocational training (9MS), lifelong learning and skill development (10MS) and self-employment and entrepreneurship (8MS). The growing rates of Roma youth not in education, employment or training would certainly require even more efforts in supporting a first work experience (10MS). Two other areas that should be prioritised are: safeguards and personalised services to ensure that mainstream public employment services effectively reach out to disadvantaged Roma job-seekers; and positive action to promote Roma employment in the civil service.

What about the substantive focus of the measures? Here we find that Member States most often opt for individually oriented forms of support, such as employment subsidisation, other forms of cost sharing, career-development support (mentoring, coaching) and vocational training (altogether 35% of all measures). More general measures to promote social inclusion, community development, adult qualification and catch-up education make up 8-9% of the measures. Only one fifth of the measures target young people, which is clearly insufficient, given the challenges of Roma youth in employment. 2.2. Achievements and challenges In their reporting on 2017, several NRCPs referred to the positive impact of economic growth on the prospects for Roma employment . But even more NRCPs referred to targeted measures, such as regional employment programmes (career-counselling, vocational or on-the-job training and job matching tailored to Roma or vulnerable job-seekers) . Such measures are even more effective when Roma are involved as mediators, social workers, or other service providers. NRCPs emphasise three main types of challenges: capacity of implementing structures ; discrimination against Roma ; and attitudes and trust of Roma themselves . 2.3. Policy learning Ensuring effective transition from education to the open labour market, tackling discrimination by employers, and ensuring meeting of demand for labour with supply (especially among Roma youth not in education, employment and training) appear to be the most critical points in employment. In order to reduce the gender gap in employment and the rate of Roma youth not in education, employment or training it is essential to incentivise and cooperate closely with private employers and to explicitly target Roma youth and women under mainstream policies (rather than creating parallel employment structures). Improving Roma employability should also include development of IT and foreign language skills. To ensure employment, however, other barriers also need to be addressed, in particular discrimination by employers, limited social network of Roma job-seekers or traditional gender roles in Roma communities. A combination of training, supported internships and antidiscrimination measures targeting employers can play an important role. Promising approaches: Priorities to be addressed: ٠BG, CY, ES, IT, LV, NL, PT, SI: Regional or local employment programmes (individualised counselling) to promote active job-seeking or self-employment ٠HU, EL, ES, FR: Targeted programmes to improve the employability of Roma women (in the social sector) ٠IT, LT, HU: Examples of cooperation with employers for job placements for Roma and fighting stereotypes ٠SK: Amendment of the Act on Public Employment Services providing for an individual action plan to support labour market integration binding the jobseeker and the labour office ٠BE: Since 2016, Roma have access to the ‘integration path’ set up for people of foreign origin in Wallonia (courses on French language, basic knowledge of society; support to find employment and children’s schooling). Municipalities employ Roma mediators in public social assistance centres, prevention or proximity services ٠HR: Ombudsman’s office gives antidiscrimination training to public employment officers and other civil servants ٠UK: Race disparity audit and website to collect and disseminate information on discrimination in employment ٠Enable mainstream public employment services to effectively support Roma job-seekers’ integration in the primary labour market ٠(Continue to) train and employ Roma and youth mentors, mediators to support transitions in education and to the labour market ٠Target Roma (youth and women) more explicitly with active labour market policies, including the Youth Guarantee ٠Sensitise and incentivise employers to employ Roma ٠Systematically monitor and fight discrimination in labour market access and at the workplace ٠Combine job placement support (internship) with IT and language training and work with employers ٠Prioritise (re)integration in the primary labour market over parallel systems (e.g. public or informal work) ٠Work on integrated solutions to tackle the vulnerable situation of undocumented mobile Roma, including by transnational cooperation 3. Health 3.1. Focus of measures The two most significant types of measures reported by a majority of Member States focus on removing general barriers to healthcare and promoting health awareness (13-14 MS), representing a balance between supply and demand-side interventions. Other relevant measures include targeted vaccination programmes and access to specialised health services (6-7 MS). What about the substantive focus of the measures? Here we find that Member States most often opt for measures improving the supply side (staff, facilities) of health provision (26% of measures). They also address the demand side by health awareness and information campaigns (21%). Other significant groups of measures include general actions to improve health and sanitation infrastructure at local level, and provision of preventive services (16-17%). Highly important interventions – providing Roma with health insurance and targeting health care professionals with antidiscrimination campaigns – are much less widespread (6-7%). 3.2. Achievements and challenges The achievements most often mentioned by NRCPs are: vaccination campaigns ; other prevention and detection programmes ; improving hygiene, health conditions and access to healthcare ; awareness raising ; health mediation ; and multi-stakeholder cooperation involving national and local authorities and civil society . There was a notable lack of reference to antidiscrimination efforts; improving hygienic living conditions; and access to healthy food. Challenges reported include: lack of coordination and effective communication between the national and local levels; maintaining appropriate (national or EU) funding or staffing ; lack of self-consciousness on health matters ; lack of health insurance coverage among Roma ; and insufficient knowledge of health professionals on Roma issues. There was also concern about low vaccination rates among Roma, which in some countries are reported to contribute to higher premature mortality and morbidity rates . Participation and empowerment of Roma in health care initiatives is considered challenging, also due to low literacy and language barriers . 3.3. Policy learning Both measures and evaluations are scarce in the area of health (as well as housing), limiting opportunities for policy learning and transfer. The most broadly used promising practices focus on prevention via vaccination campaigns and the training and employment of Roma health mediators. It is important, however, that targeted support services actively aim to improve health awareness, change behaviours and build long-term self-reliance and ability of Roma to engage with mainstream institutions, instead of dependence on permanent intermediaries and long-term parallel structures. Antidiscrimination measures targeting healthcare professionals should be prioritised. Promising approaches: Priorities to be addressed: ٠BG, CZ, DK, EL, FR, HU, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK: Training and employment of Roma health mediators (assistants, visitors, bridge builders) to promote Roma access to healthcare ٠AT, BG, EL, FR, HU, HR, PL, SK, UK: Vaccination campaigns targeting Roma (girls, women), and those living in marginalised areas ٠CZ, IT, RO, SI, SK: Long-term national health programmes, action plans, strategies ٠ES: Ensuring Roma and civil participation in the design of health prevention and training programmes for social service professionals ٠FI: Roma Wellbeing Study by the National Institute for Health and Welfare ٠PT: Evidence-based planning of interventions to fight health inequalities of Roma, including information and awareness raising materials on teenage motherhood, paediatric follow-up and healthy eating habits ٠LT: Health awareness seminars on preventive care, sexual and reproductive health and childcare targeting Roma women and youth ٠Increase health insurance coverage, fill gaps in primary and specialised care provision, including reproductive and sexual health in disadvantaged areas ٠Step up efforts to prevent and fight drug addiction, smoking, HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis, cardio-vascular diseases, premature birth ٠Monitor and fight discrimination in access to health and sensitise health professionals to Roma needs ٠Ensure that targeted Roma health mediators help build the long term self-reliance of Roma ٠Improve nutrition and fight unhealthy living conditions targeting Roma women and families with children 4. Housing

4.1. Focus of measures The measures most commonly reported by Member States aim to: ensure access to public utilities (water, electricity, gas) and infrastructure for housing; support desegregation; promote non-discriminatory access to social housing (10-12 MS). Only a minority of Member States invest in integrated housing interventions targeting marginalised communities in the framework of local urban regeneration projects (7MS) or use ESIF for community-led local development or integrated territorial investments (4 MS). Only 2 Member States reported on provision of halting sites for non-sedentary Roma. What about the substantive focus of the measures? Here we find that Member States most often focus on maintenance, provision and repair of municipal and social housing (27%); infrastructure in Roma settlements (16%); as well as legislative measures, construction permits or legalisation of informal housing (13%). Explicit active desegregation, including the removal of slums, as well as integrated territorial measures or social/infrastructural support for the homeless is much less common as a central focus of investment (7% each). 4.2. Achievements and challenges NRCPs reported that the most significant achievements were in access to social housing . Another important cluster of achievements mentioned by several NRCPs was the elimination of slums and spatial segregation . NRCPs also referred to results in the provision of halting sites , access to public utilities (such as water, electricity and gas) and infrastructure for housing ; the legalisation of housing ; and in urban regeneration . Reported challenges include: spatial segregation ; barriers for Roma to access housing in the private sector ; as well as public support for and legislation on access to social housing . 4.3. Policy learning Housing is the policy with the fewest examples of promising approaches common to several countries. It is also the area where a long-term, integrated and comprehensive approach has been found to be especially critical, including: complementing provision of housing with accompanying support combining elements of employment, education, health and community development; and embedding interventions in broader national policy and legislation on land and social housing. Promoting spatial desegregation requires a targeted, coordinated, and participatory process: engaging Roma beneficiaries in the design and implementation of community and individual housing options; combining infrastructural and human investments; and awareness raising to reduce ethnic tensions and overcome resistance from majority society. Other areas that need to be prioritised include: developing the social housing stock ensuring improved access for Roma; preventing forced evictions as part of a multi-stakeholder, broad housing approach; and providing sufficient and culturally appropriate halting sites for non-sedentary Roma. Promising approaches: Priorities to be addressed: ٠ES: Local and regional governments with NGO support have significantly reduced the prevalence of shanty towns over the past 15 years leading to desegregation as part of an integrated approach with sustainable improvements in education, health and employment ٠CZ: ESIF support scaling up local ‘housing first’ initiatives, built on models of successful social housing pilot by local governments and social rental agency by NGOs, excluding housing in segregated areas (methodology to identify residential segregation piloted by the Ministry of Labour and 12 municipalities) ٠EL: New regulations to promote: relocation from camps and settlements; improvement of infrastructure; creation of self-management and protection system of residential complexes; and rent subsidy for finding a home in integrated settings ٠FR: Multi-stakeholder comprehensive ‘housing first’ approach in Toulouse to help Roma move from camps to integrated areas, accompanied by social support, literacy and other training, access to education, employment and healthcare ٠SI: Public tenders for basic communal infrastructure (water, electricity, roads) targeting municipalities where Roma live ٠LT: Desegregation process in the Kirtimai settlement in Vilnius by relocation combined with offer of social housing with subsidised rent to families with many children. ٠SE: Guidance and training for landlords to increase knowledge and fight discrimination against Roma ٠Invest in affordable and appropriate social housing stock in integrated areas, and ensure that eligibility criteria are accessible for Roma ٠Provide housing assistance targeting the most vulnerable ٠Legalise housing and prevent forced evictions ٠Combine comprehensive long-term desegregation with preparatory and accompanying measures building public support and interethnic community relations and ensure participation of communities in design and implementation ٠Ensure access to clean water, basic amenities and essential public services for all, with explicit safeguards for Roma ٠Fight discrimination in access to (social and private) housing ٠Ensure the provision of sufficient, properly serviced and culturally appropriate halting sites for Travellers II. Fighting discrimination and antigypsyism 1.Focus of measures Antidiscrimination measures most reported by Member States include: fighting antigypsyism by awareness raising on the benefits of Roma inclusion; awareness raising about diversity; and combatting anti-Roma rhetoric and hate speech (10-12MS). Few Member States invest in measures that seek to protect Roma women and children by fighting multiple discrimination, (domestic) violence, or underage and forced marriages (2-4 MS). Only 4 Member States report investing in measures to ensure the effective enforcement of the Racial Equality Directive (2000/43/EC). Even fewer refer to local or regional desegregation measures (3MS), or fighting trafficking in human beings (2MS). Only one Member State reported measures to prevent unlawful evictions or begging with children; and to promote cross-border cooperation. What about the substantive focus of the measures? Here we find that Member States most often invest in promoting Roma culture and heritage as a way to raise awareness and fight antigypsyism indirectly among the general public (22%). Somewhat fewer measures target awareness raising to directly fight discrimination and intolerance (18%). Other measures focus on capacity development of institutions (15%), Roma civil society (12%) and human rights monitoring mechanisms (11%). Key areas that received less focus were the provision of legal support, the empowerment of Roma women and desegregation (5-6%). Only 16% of reported antidiscrimination measures targeted explicitly Roma youth, and 10% targeted Roma women. 2.Achievements and challenges The achievements most often mentioned by NRCPs were: improving the conditions of Roma women and children ; combating antigypsyism by breaking stereotypes or promoting Roma culture and history ; and involving all relevant actors (public authorities, civil society and Roma communities) in efforts to promote anti-discrimination . Several NRCPs referred to challenges of improving access to legal protection and rights awareness , as well as difficulties in fighting against stereotypes and improving the situation of Roma women and children. The mere fact that several Member States – including some with large Roma communities and several with very high rates of perceived discrimination among Roma – did not report any antidiscrimination measures underlines the gravity of challenges in this area. 3.Policy learning Experience with Roma inclusion actions shows that long-term change in any of the policy areas requires tackling antigypsyism and discrimination towards Roma, and building trust between Roma and non-Roma communities. To succeed Roma inclusion actions in all policy areas must be linked to common values and include awareness raising among the general public. To fight stereotypes, hate speech, and hate crime it is necessary to build positive narratives on Roma among mainstream society and strengthen Roma identity, via specific targeted measures to fight antigypsyism and promote recognition of Roma history (including the Holocaust). The most successful actions do not just align with, but rather transform mainstream structures and policies by fighting prejudices and stereotypes and building a positive image of Roma among policy-makers and other stakeholders.

Promising approaches: Priorities to be addressed: ٠AT: As a result of an online consultation on the NRIS, efforts to address antigypsyism intensified. Fighting antigypsyism became a priority under the revised strategy and the focus of a dedicated event of the Austrian EU presidency ٠DE: An independent expert commission on antigypsyism has been set up to provide the government with concrete recommendations regarding the history of Sinti and Roma in Germany, their persecution and discrimination, as well as recommendations for addressing antigypsism today. ٠Recognition of the Roma Holocaust and setting up of a committee against racism with Roma participation (SK); monuments, exhibitions and online platform to commemorate Roma victims of the Holocaust (NL); annual commemoration of Roma Holocaust Remembrance Day in Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp (PL); Roma History and Art Museum and compensation to victims of forced labour (LV) ٠CZ: The government bought the pig farm located at the site of the former concentration camp at Lety u Písku. A memorial to the victims of the Roma Holocaust will be built with EEA grants support ٠SE: Work by the Commission against Antigypsyism resulting in acknowledgement of historic and current antigypsyism; special police units combating hate crime cooperating with minorities including Roma ٠ES: Campaigns to fight stereotypes and disseminate Roma culture run by the Roma Culture Institute and regional governments with Roma civil involvement; free legal aid service for victims of discrimination and hate crime by bar associations of Madrid, Barcelona, Malaga, Seville and Cordoba; prosecutor specialised in hate crimes and discrimination in Spanish provinces ٠IT: The equality body (and NRCP) established a contact centre for complaints on hate crime providing support and legal help to victims and a media & Internet observatory training Roma and non-Roma youth to monitor, remove or report hate speech ٠FI: Antidiscrimination campaigns against hate crime and hate speech by NGOs with Roma involvement; awareness raising among Roma on gender roles within the family; obligatory equality planning by municipalities and larger employers monitored by the Non-discrimination Ombudsman’s office ٠IE: A code of ethics for the Irish police with specific reference to fighting discrimination against the Traveller community; appointment of 277 ethnic liaison officers to build trust between Travellers and the police ٠CZ, EL, HU SK, RO: Mapping of socially excluded/Roma communities that can be used to target interventions including those funded from ESIF ٠UK: Facility for the online reporting of hate crime ٠Develop ethnically disaggregated (anonymised) data collection to monitor antigypsyism, discrimination and the impact of public policies on Roma ٠Develop actions to fight, raise awareness about, monitor and sanction antigypsyism, hate crime and hate speech (linked to broader anti-racism strategies) with Roma civil involvement targeting society as a whole ٠Ensure the enforcement of equality legislation and tackle discriminatory treatment by law enforcement and other public authorities through thorough investigation, dissuasive sanctions, sensitisation and antidiscrimination training ٠Support Roma access to justice with a focus on victims of multiple discrimination (women, LGBTI, non-citizen Roma), and reinforce the capacity of equality bodies to deal with discrimination against Roma ٠Set up Roma-led truth and reconciliation processes to explore, document and raise awareness about past abuses against Roma, and promote trust and reconciliation ٠Empower Roma to participate fully in political, cultural and social life and all stages of the policy process ٠Follow a holistic, gender and child sensitive approach; fight child abuse, early marriages, begging involving children (through the enforcement of legislation protecting children rights), violence, including trafficking in human beings ٠Alleviate the social costs of begging and maintain human dignity III. Roma inclusion in the enlargement Region Western Balkans geared up their ambition beyond expectations and mandate and endorsed the same Roma inclusion objectives and working methods as Member States. Solid and sustainable improvements on Roma integration are necessary to progress towards the EU. To take into account the effects of previous accessions, especially in the field of free movement of persons, progress on Roma integration is for the first time included as a full element in the ongoing negotiation in the accession process for Chapter 23 “Judiciary and fundamental rights”. The results of the 2017 survey on the socio-economic situation of the Roma in the Western Balkans, has allowed the partners to identify new challenges, such as enhanced support for successful reintegration of returnees to the region, and establish a solid basis for defining the requirements of the future Roma policy. For the first time a dedicated annex to this Communication focuses on Roma inclusion in the enlargement region presenting both detailed horizontal and country specific information. IV. Conclusions The review of Roma inclusion measures underline the need to identify and develop with active Roma involvement interventions that: respond to and are proportionate with the scale of the challenges; promise measurable results; and include realistic options to generate acceptance by society at large. Success factors for planning, implementation and monitoring Roma inclusion interventions are identified as follows: ٠Sufficient time not only for implementation, but for planning, consultation, engaging stakeholders, building trust with communities, monitoring, evaluation and policy review ٠Systematic collection of robust data disaggregated by gender and age to inform needs and context analysis; build a baseline; set targets; and populate outcome and impact indicators ٠Embedding targeted interventions in mainstream policy and legal frameworks to ensure that they remain temporary and promote effective equal access of Roma to mainstream services, instead of creating permanent parallel structures ٠Strong multi-stakeholder partnership – to ensure ownership, shared responsibility and sustainability ٠Active participation of Roma and all stakeholders in all stages (planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and policy review) ٠Intersectional, cross-sectoral, integrated approaches to tackle multiple discrimination and multi-dimensional exclusion ٠Gender and child sensitive approach: planning, based on the analysis of the needs of Roma women and children; comprehensive approach; and continuous support especially in critical transitions ٠Accounting for the diversity among Roma: reflect on the real needs; ensure sensitivity to local contexts; and address the exclusion and discrimination patterns faced by specific Roma communities ٠Tackling extreme poverty with a combination of territorial and group targeting in comprehensive interventions to promote long-term change ٠Explicit but not exclusive targeting to ensure consideration of the wider context and prevent resentment from other disadvantaged groups ٠Prioritisation of prevention and early intervention to ensure cost efficiency and generate long-term, sustainable change ٠Desegregation (in education and housing) as a long-term priority instead of improving quality in segregated settings ٠Recognition of antigypsyism to promote a strong non-discrimination approach in Roma inclusion interventions in all areas ٠Expertise to ensure quality, non-discriminatory services