COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
ir^w^ COM(93) 557 final 
Brussels, 17 November 1993 
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament 
DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING 
IM A Framework for Community Policy 
Draft 
COUNCIL RESOLUTION 
on a Framework for Community Policy on Digital Video Broadcasting 
(presented by the Commission) 
i'?;i^:,wm 
DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING 
A Framework for Community Policy 
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament 
27 October 1993 
-1 -
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Page 
Introduction 1 
PART 1 THE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING 4 
1.1 Advantages of Digital Television 4 
1.2 The Digital Television Chain 5 
1.2.1 Source Coding 5 
1.2.2 Multiplexing 5 
1.2.3 Modulation and Channel Coding 5 
1.2.4 Conditional Access 5 
1.3 The Service Potential 6 
1.4 Research and Development 8 
1.5 Standardization 9 
1.6 Implementation Issues 11 
1.6.1 The Issue of Spectrum Availability 11 
1.6.2 The Issue of Timescales 13 
1.6.3 The Issue of Community Decision Taking 14 
PART 2 DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING ACTIVITIES 
IN EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
AND JAPAN 
2.1 Europe 15 
2.1.1 The European Digital Video Broadcasting Group 15 
2.1.2 The Work of the Digital Video Broadcasting Group 16 
2.2 The United States of America 18 
2.2.1 Satellite Television 18 
2.2.2 Terrestrial Television 18 
2.3 Japan 20 
- 1! -
PART 3 A FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY POLICY 21 
3.1 Principles of Community Policy 21 
3.1.1 The Need for a Long Term View 21 
3.1.2 The Need for Continued Research and Development 22 
3.1.3 The Need for Appropriate Standards 23 
3.1.4 The Need for Full and Open Consultation 23 
3.1.5 The Need to Defend the Public Interest 24 
3.2 Next Steps in the Development of Community Policy for 24 
Digital Video Broadcasting 
3.2.1 Consultation of the Market Actors 24 
3.2.2 Research and Development 25 
3.2.3 Standardization 26 
3.2.4 Frequency Planning and Implementation Scenarios 26 
3.2.5 Cooperation with Third Countries 27 
3.2.6 Reporting 27 
3.3 Conclusion 27 
ANNEX: Draft Council Resolution 
This Communication in a response to the invitation of the Council to the Commission to report 
on digital television made in Council Resolution 93/C209/01 of 22 July 1993. It surveys the 
present and evolving state of the art of the technology. It discusses issues relating to the 
translation of technological potential into market implementation. It described the activities 
and plans already underway in Europe, the United States of America and Japan in relation to 
the exploitation of this new technology. 
Against this background the Communication sets out proposals for a framework of Community 
policy in this area. It seeks to initiate a process of consultation which will in time lead to 
specific Community policies and activities in this field. 
The preparation of the Communication was greatly facilitated by the open access which the 
Commission had to the work of the European Group on Digital Video Broadcasting - a body 
broadly representative of all relevant interests in this area. 
INTRODUCTION 
There can be no doubt that the business of delivering television services to the viewer is 
undergoing profound change throughout the world and especially in Europe at this time. 
The last five years has seen an explosion in the number of satellite television services in 
Europe and the number of European households connected to cable grow to some 35 million. 
New forms of service have also been pioneered, including thematic channels devoted to specific 
interests such as films, sports, music and so forth. 
Competition in the industry has intensified in this period. The number of services has 
increased but the number of hours viewed has not had an equivalent increase. Advertising 
revenues are tight at a time of recession in Europe and licence fees are being squeezed. New 
forms of revenue are being sought with increasing attention being given to subscription and 
pay-per-view services. 
The same period saw an acceleration in the development of technology relevant to television 
delivery. New services such as wide-screen TV saw early commercialization in Europe while 
preoperational High Definition TV saw services were introduced both in Europe and Japan. 
The technological development with the greatest potential for change has, however, been the 
rapid progress in perfecting digital compression techniques. Fully-digital television holds great 
promise for new, flexible and cost-effective television services within the medium and longer-
term future. As well as the potential for new service offerings, this technology may pose 
threats to the established broadcasting scene by introducing a powerful new element of 
competition which some economic actors may be able to exploit more rapidly than others. The 
potential for change is such that it is not possible to predict with any precision the structure of 
the industry in ten year's time. 
The real issue is, however, much broader than digital television since with the widespread 
implementation of digital television, homes will be connected, for the first time, to a large 
digitized information gateway. 
In fact digital technology will revolutionize not just television but also a wide range of existing 
and new audio-visual and other communications services. The future global information 
networks, if properly implemented, will have the potential of providing easy and flexible access 
to all kinds of information whether in the form of images, sound, text or data. Television as a 
mass medium has the potential of accelerating the trends towards the creation of the future 
Integrated Broadband Communications (IBC) network and bringing it into everyone's home. 
The main conclusions arrived at in the analysis given in the text may be summarized as 
follows: 
digital technology offers significant potential benefits in relation to television service 
quality, the flexibility of its provision and the more efficient use of spectrum, compared to 
current analogue technology and, more importantly, digital television has the potential of 
accelerating the implementation of global information networks delivering a wide variety 
of information services to consumers in a convenient and flexible manner;. 
the complete transition from the existing analogue system to a digital system is a long-
term process requiring, perhaps, two decades to complete. This transition will have to be 
organized and coordinated in order to enable the full potential benefits of the technology 
to be achieved in practice. Some of the benefits of the new technology will not be fully 
obtained until the end of the transition period. In the meantime it will be important to 
avoid the situation where early or not-well-conceived implementations of digital television 
in the market makes it difficult or impossible to introduce subsequent more general and 
more advanced steps in a compatible manner - thus inhibiting future market development 
both for television itself and for the broader global network; 
the Community is thus faced with a major political choice: can this transition be left to the 
market alone, where timescales for return on investment are typically much shorter than 
the time needed to make this transition in an optimum fashion, or is it appropriate for the 
Community to develop a longer term vision of the future global networks and encourage 
market parties to make their investments and market offerings in ways which are 
compatible with such a long term vision? 
The conclusions therefore drawn in this Communication result in the identification of two 
different kinds of issue for Community policy. 
The first set of issues involve aspects where it is clear that the Community can and must act. 
They include: 
the intensification and adequate coordination of Research and Development in this field; 
the encouragement of appropriate standardization of digital television systems including 
digital HDTV; 
the protection of the public interest through ensuring free and fair competition and 
through consumer protection; 
to continue the dialogue with third parties including the United States of America and 
Japan with a view to identifying and agreeing common elements in the future television 
systems to be implemented throughout the world. 
Another set of issues, perhaps much more important than those above, will require a more 
profound debate as to whether the Community possesses the means necessary to take the 
appropriate initiatives. They include: 
the development of a long term perspective for the global Integrated Broadband 
Communication networks of the future including but not limited to digital television; 
the development and implementation of consistent migration strategies from the present 
analogue television situation to the future digital one, including the necessary replanning 
of frequency spectrum allocations in this connection; 
the desirability or otherwise of making certain standards mandatory through Community 
regulatory action. 
A separate set of issues concerns the challenges stemming from the introduction of digital 
delivery techniques that face Community and Member State broadcasting regulatory 
instruments, such as Directive 89/552/EEC ("television without frontiers"), which play today 
an important role in protecting the public interest and provide the legal framework for 
broadcasting activities in the Community. These issues, and the impact of digital technology 
on the film and programme production sectors, are not discussed in this document. They will, 
however, be dealt with by the Green Paper on Audiovisual Policy the Commission intends to 
issue in 1994. 
The Council and the European Parliament are invited to debate the issues identified and to give 
guidance for the further development of Community policy in this area with special attention 
being focussed on the more challenging issues outlined in the second list above, where it is to 
be noted that our trading competitors in developed regions of the world such as Japan and the 
United States of America do already have the will and the means necessary to take the long-
term view and to see its consequences implemented in practice. 
A draft Council Resolution addressing those issues is annexed to this Communication. 
PART 1 THE POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING 
The digitisation of information is well known in the context of modern computer and 
telecommunications systems. Digital processing is also used in today's television systems - in 
the studio and in the receiver - but all current systems use analogue technology for transmission 
of the programme "over the air" and in cable networks to the viewer. Developments in digital 
compression techniques now open the possibility of "fully digital" television where the signal is 
digitized throughout the whole chain from the studio to the viewer. 
Although this Communication deals primarily with digital television broadcasting it should be 
emphasized at the start that television is only one of the "information services" which will be 
impacted by new digital technology. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we stand at 
the threshold of a new revolution in communications in which digital technology will enable the 
transition to global information networks in which all forms of information - whether in the 
form of moving or still pictures, sound, text or data - will be made widely available in a 
flexible manner. 
Television is a mass market phenomenon and the w id escale penetration of digital television has 
the potential for accelerating the pace of the revolution towards Integrated Broadband 
Communications (IBC) networks of the future. 
l.l Advantages of Digital Television 
The potential advantages of optimally implemented digital television systems are very great and 
include: 
interoperability between services. There is the possibility that a properly conceived 
implementation of digital television could allow easy interworking between television 
terminals, multimedia workstations, personal computers and other information terminals 
resulting in easy and flexible access to a wide range of information services; 
clear and stable pictures and sound; 
efficient use of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is a potentially very important 
advantage, since spectrum is a finite valuable natural resource with much competition for 
its use. Some calculations show that with proper planning a gain of between 30 and 40 
times in the efficiency of spectrum use can already now be achieved with digital 
techniques; 
flexibility in the provision of television services. Digital techniques allow the 
configuration of services to be adapted in a flexible manner, allowing a variety of 
different customer needs to be met when and as required. Indeed, the high bit-rate 
transmission system developed for digital television could also distribute the digital data 
for many other applications, thus providing "Integrated Service Digital Broadcasting" 
(ISDB); 
cost considerations. Experience shows that high volume production and higher levels of 
integration of integrated circuits leads in time to dramatic reductions in unit costs. In a 
mature market for digital TV, therefore, the prospect exists of high functionality at 
relatively low cost - as in the computer industry. 
The advantages listed above are described as potential. There are significant obstacles to be 
overcome before they can be realized in practice. While it is important to distinguish potential 
from reality and to recognize that there are various timescales - some of them quite long -
before potential can be transformed into reality, nevertheless taken together the identified 
advantages are so great that major efforts to achieve them are fully justified. 
1.2 The Digital Television Chain 
In order that some aspects of the ensuing discussion be understood it is necessary here to give a 
simple description of the digital television chain. Much more detail is given in the 
accompanying volume to the Communication. 
The description of television systems differs in the digital environment from that which 
pertained in the analogue era. Analogue TV systems were specific to the application (e.g. 625 
line TV) whereas the digital environment is generic^ dealing simultaneously with different 
kinds of service including, but not limited to, TV. Thus the digital environment is essentially 
modular with different services using different configurations of standard modules as 
appropriate. This approach facilitates the interoperability between different service functions 
which constitutes a major advantage of digital technology as indicated above. 
Figure 1 below gives a block diagram of the various elements in a digital TV system and their 
inter-relationship. 
The various elements in the chain are described briefly below: 
1.2.1 Source Coding 
The volume of information in the "raw" digital image signal is inherently very large and is too 
much to send through a normal TV channel. Source coding is the process whereby the bit 
stream containing the picture information is compressed (i.e. the number of bits to be 
transmitted per second is reduced) in such a way that vital information is not lost and the 
picture can be reconstructed in all essentials without unacceptable degradation at the receiver. 
Similar techniques can be used to compress the digital data representing one or more sound 
signals and other forms of data. 
1.2.2 Multiplexing 
The use of multiplexing allows several different components of a television programme (e.g. 
picture, several sound channels, associated data etc) to be combined into a single bit-stream and 
similarly several different television programmes to be carried simultaneously in a single 
broadcast television channel. 
1.2.3 Channel Coding and Modulation 
With digital transmission it is essential to provide protection against some loss or corruption of 
the broadcast data by deliberately introducing additional data derived from it into the multiplex 
signal; this is known as channel coding. 
Finally, in order that the multiplexed information can be broadcast, it must be imposed on one 
or more carrier signals that have the required propagation characteristics. This process is 
called modulation. 
1.2.4 Conditional Access 
Conditional access systems enable broadcasting companies to determine which potential 
viewers may receive their programme, notably in the case where payments must be made for 
this service. In practice a conditional access system involves: scrambling the signal; the use of 
encryption techniques; the operation of a subscriber management centre - an office dealing with 
the commercial aspects of the system, such as promotion, tariffs and processing requests for 
authorization; and subscriber interface equipment which sometimes involves the use of "smart" 
cards. 
Figure 1 below gives a block diagram of the various elements in that part of a digital TV 
system involved with signal processing for transmission and their inter-relationship. 
Video 
signal 
(HDTV or 
otherwise) * Video 
source 
coding 
Audio 
signals M Audio 
source 
coding 
Associated data -±-
Comp-
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Additional programme(s) - if any Access-control 
Information 
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Error 
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Programme 
multiplex 
J£. 
Channel 
coding & 
modulation to transmitter 
> 
Figure 1 : Basic structure of a digital television system 
1.3 The Service Potential 
The approach to digital television currently discussed in Europe is to consider that the market 
may require different grades of television services to be made available in a flexible manner. 
(See section 2.1 below where the work of the European Digital Video Broadcasting Group is 
outlined). 
One (of several potential) categorization systems identifies distinct levels of picture resolution: 
High Definition Television (HDTV), for use with stationary antennas and having a picture 
quality level roughly five times the current broadcast PAL and SEC AM. 
Extended Definition Television (EDTV), for use with stationary antennas and having a 
picture quality roughly twice current systems. 
Standard Definition Television (SDTV), having a picture quality equivalent to current 
systems. It can be used with portable receivers, as well as fixed antennas. 
Limited Definition Television (LDTV), for use with mobile receivers having picture 
quality levels roughly one quarter of current television systems. 
The flexibility referred to above corresponds to the possibility of reconfiguring the available 
bit-rate between different service options on a programme-by-programme basis to meet 
different viewer requirements. 
One of the possible ways to achieve this flexibility is by using a so-called hierarchical system, 
wherein a single bit stream is broadcast which contains, embedded within it, information 
needed for all service options and levels of ruggedness. 
To illustrate what an hierarchial system and service multiplex could mean in practice for 
service provision, Figure 2 shows one set of possible options for a single satellite channel. 
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Figure 2: Possible satellite DTVB service 
(Proposal of the Working Group on Digital Television Broadcasting) 
In this example each satellite channel can carry either one HDTV and a second EDTV 
programme or eight SDTV programmes etc... or any equivalent combination required. An 
HDTV receiver could receive any of the programmes at the equivalent quality level. An 
EDTV receiver could receive the HDTV programme at EDTV quality level or any of the eight 
SDTV programmes (at SDTV level). Generally, terrestrial broadcasting is subject to greater 
constraints but Figure 3 illustrates possible service options under investigation for one 
terrestrial channel. 
Proposals for terrestrial DTVB in Europe 
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Figure 3: Possible terrestrial DTVB service 
(Proposal of the Working Group on Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting) 
8 
In this example each terrestrial channel can carry a HDTV programme which can also be 
received in EDTV by an EDTV receiver or in SDTV by a portable receiver. An alternative 
would be to transmit two EDTV programmes which would be receivable in EDTV quality by 
EDTV and HDTV receivers or in SDTV quality by portable receivers. 
Further detail on those issues is given in the accompanying volume to this Communication. 
The main point to be emphasized here however is the possibility of designing digital television 
systems which are capable of responding in a highly flexible manner to a variety of market 
requirements. Further work at the research and development level and at the standardization 
level must be done before such systems can be made available. In the meantime it will be 
important to ensure that early implementation of digital television in the market will not 
preclude the subsequent compatible implementation of more sophisticated systems in the future. 
1.4 Research and Peyeippment 
For some years now a number of important R&D projects on digital television have been 
underway in Europe at national level or through international collaboration. 
At national level the Swedish project HD-DIVINE and the German project HDTV-T are 
concerned with terrestrial HDTV. The UK project SPECTRE and the French project 
STERNE are investigating conventional quality terrestrial television. 
At international level the Community project RACE dTTb deals with terrestrial and cable 
digital television broadcasting. This project has the potential of integrating all or certain parts 
of the national projects mentioned above and extending their scope. Also within the RACE II 
programme are two satellite-oriented projects HD-SAT and FLASH-TV and two cable oriented 
projects FIRST and BAF. 
Under the auspices of the EUREKA framework of international collaboration there is the 
VADIS project which provides European inputs to MPEG (the Motion Picture Experts Group 
of the International Standards Organization - see section 1.5 below) and the EUREKA 256 
project which has developed flexible digital codecs. 
In Figure 4 below the various elements of digital television systems are identified and the scope 
of the European R&D projects mapped onto them. 
Generally it can be concluded that Europe is strong in R&D activity in digital television. 
Nevertheless there is scope for further development under three general headings: 
i) The existing R&D projects could be better coordinated to eliminate overlaps, identify and 
fill in gaps and ensure the overall coherence of the effort in an efficient manner. 
ii) Certain missing elements need to be addressed as a matter of urgency. Those include 
aspects of satellite digital broadcasting (much of the European work to date has focused 
on terrestrial broadcasting). Source coding, modulation and overall systems concepts for 
satellite needs to be investigated as also does the conversion of satellite services into a 
physical format that can be used on cable networks. This field is especially important as 
the earliest implementations of digital television in Europe are expected to be by satellite, 
and the number of homes supplied through cable networks is three times that equipped for 
direct satellite reception. 
iii) R&D must become progressively focussed on the practical realities underlying 
implementation in the market. It is argued in section 1.6 below that it is here that the 
major challenges to the success of digital television in Europe will occur. Once clear 
implementation scenarios and migration strategies are agreed, R&D should be directed 
beyond generic technology to the specific issues required to achieve the market 
implementation in practice. 
Fields of activity in the existing projects in Europe 
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Projects: 
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STERNE 
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VACXS 
FLASH-TV 
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Eureka EU 256 
EBU Work. Party R 
EBU Work. Party V 
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Figure 4: Fields of activity in existing projects in Europe. 
(Analysis of the Working Group on Digital Television Broadcasting) 
1.5 Standardization 
In broadcasting standardization is necessary in order to ensure the free interchange of signals, 
programmes and the equipment used to produce and receive them. An ideal world would be 
one in which common standards were used everywhere, where programmes made in one region 
could be readily transmitted in any other part of the world, without the need for conversion, 
and where radio and television signals and receivers are interchangeable. 
This is unfortunately not the case today. There are four colour television systems (PAL, 
SECAM, MAC and NTSC), with many incompatible variants in different parts of the world -
even within the Community. Bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are also unevenly 
allocated with different bands in different parts of the world. 
It would appear to be self-evident that certain aspects of broadcasting should be standardized if 
possible. Common signal formats make it possible to achieve the economics of scale of 
equipment production, and thus bring unit costs down. Failure to achieve standardization may 
also lead to user confusion, resistance to invest and thus the retarding of market development. 
There are those who argue on the contrary that standardization tends to freeze the development 
of technology, inhibiting rapid future progress. It is also sometimes in the commercial interest 
of operators to use proprietary systems which are not available to other operators. 
Policy aspects of standardization of broadcasting will be addressed in Part III of this 
Communication; this section concentrates on the bodies active in broadcasting standardization 
at the world and regional levels and on their areas of competence. 
10 
It was mentioned in section 1.2 above that digital television systems are combinations of 
different generic elements. Different bodies at world and regional levels deal with the 
standardization of these different elements. Although they work independently in practice they 
generally maintain close liaison as far as possible. 
At world level the Radiocommunications Bureau of the International Telecommunications 
Union (ITU/RB) deals with the standardization of broadcasting. The ITU/RB aims to produce 
"Recommendations" which are not legally enforceable as such. In relation to digital television 
the ITU/RB is likely to be influential on the standardization of the modulation and channel 
coding elements. 
Also at world level the International Standards Organization (ISO) and the International 
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) are agencies concerned with the standardization of 
equipment, consumer and industrial products. Under the auspices of both of these 
organizations a subgroup - the Motion Picture Expert Group (MPEG) - was established to deal 
with the standardization of source coding and multiplexing of audio-visual systems. The group 
has already standardized VHS-quality video (MPEG-1) and CD quality audio. The group is 
now addressing systems with higher video qualities up to HDTV. The group is moving 
extremely rapidly and it is now fully expected that a generic International digital video 
Standard, MPEG-2 will be adopted in November 1993. The group is, in addition, preparing a 
new standard, MPEG-4, dealing with low bitrate coding of audio-visual programmes with a 
deadline of 1997 for a draft specification of a standard which will be suitable for a whole range 
of new applications, including interactive mobile multimedia communications. 
At the regional level, the European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI), and its joint 
technical committee with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU/ETSI JTC) will set 
broadcasting standards for Europe. The European Committee for Electrical Standardization 
(CENELEC) is concerned with the standardization of consumer and industrial equipment and 
would be the body to standardize conditional access systems. In Europe also the Digital Video 
Broadcasting Group (DVB) (see Part II) is very active in developing specifications to be 
contributed to standardization bodies for adoption as standards. Currently the DVB group is 
proposing to EBU/ETSI that the MPEG-2 system be adopted as a European standard for source 
coding and multiplexing. 
Figure 5 below sets out the bodies involved in developing broadcasting standards at National, 
European and World level. The whole system works by means of a formalized series of 
interactions between these bodies at each level and between levels. The final results are 
National, European and World standards as outlined above. 
In the United States the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) aims to set a US standard 
for terrestrial HDTV in 1995 or 1996 (see Part II). At the present time certain aspects of the 
MPEG-2 system are included in the evolving US system's design. The system's design is 
being prepared under the auspices of the Advanced Television Advisory Committee which will 
make a recommendation to the FCC for a standard in the next year or so. 
11 
National 
level 
(Europe] 
European 
level 
World 
level National 
Standards 
Bodies Consumer 
Electronics 
Companies Telecoms 
Administrations/ 
Operators Broadcasting 
Companies 
ISO (non­
electrical) IEC 
[electrical) 
ISO/IECJTC/WGMPEG CEN (non­
electrical) CENELEC 
(electrical) CERT 
European 
Radio 
Office ETSI| | EBU 1 ELGDVB 
JTC EBU/ETSM Technical 
Module 
| ITU 
VYARC Radiocommunications 
_ Bureau 
Figure 5: The principal bodies involved in broadcasting standardization 
at National, European and World levels 
1.6 Implementation Issues 
At the beginning of this Communication it was argued that the potential advantages of 
optimally implemented digital television systems are very great. The words optimally 
implemented are now emphasized. 
History shows clearly that the mere existence of new technology does not ensure its uptake in 
the market. Furthermore even when such technology does impact the market it can often be 
seen with hindsight that better ways could have been defined for its introduction. 
There are several important challenges to be met before digital television systems can be 
effectively implemented in the market in Europe and before the potential benefits of this new 
technology can be fully realized in practice. 
This section sets out for discussion some of the underlying issues involved. It is considered 
that it is in this field of effective implementation that Member States will wish to have the most 
profound reflections and will need to take the most far-reaching decisions. 
1.6.1 The Issue of Spectrum Availability 
This issue is mainly of importance for terrestrial broadcasting. Satellite broadcasting (and of 
course cable distribution) are less concerned. The situation in relation to existing frequency 
planning in Europe is set out in the accompanying volume. Two aspects are emphasized here. 
Firstly there is in general very little spare spectrum for new terrestrial broadcasting in Europe 
and secondly the frequency planning situation varies widely between countries, with, for 
example, channel occupancy in the VHF/UHF bands very close to saturation in Italy while the 
position is much less constrained in Scandinavia. 
It should be recalled that the existing spectrum allocations involve long-term commitments with 
users and operators. It is very difficult if not impossible to withdraw existing television 
broadcasting services from the viewers suddenly or to impair their technical quality greatly 
while making a transition to a new system. Long transition periods will be required between 
old and new systems and they may involve costly practices (both in terms of spectrum usage 
and in financing) such as simulcasting in the meantime. The US plan for terrestrial HDTV 
12 
involves a fifteen year simulcast period before NTSC is finally withdrawn. It will thus be at 
least two decades before the US makes the complete transition from analogue to digital TV. It 
may also be worth pointing out here that the US frequency planning is in general less 
constrained than is the case in Europe. 
When the present frequency assignments for terrestrial television broadcasting in Europe were 
made, it was regarded essentially as a public service, and therefore they were designed to 
ensure that virtually the whole population could satisfactorily receive the appropriate national 
or regional programme services. Because of the technical constraints of the PAL or SECAM 
system used, mis requires not only a network of high-power transmitters located about 100 km 
apart, but also many hundreds or thousands of low-power "gap-filler" re-transmitters, such that 
the transmissions for each programme service require a total of about nine channels. As the 
bands currently allocated for terrestrial television broadcasting in Europe provide at most a 
total of 11 VHP + 48 UHF channels, they cannot accommodate more than about 6 national 
terrestrial television programme services on this basis. In the larger European countries, at 
least one set of "regional" programme services takes the place of a potential national network. 
Elsewhere, notably in the United States, frequency assignments for terrestrial television have 
been granted according to the "local market" approach: within each major conurbation, 
assignments for as many high-power transmitting stations as possible are grouped together so 
that several different "stations", each responsible for its own programming, can compete on an 
equal basis to serve that market; "gap-filler" re-transmitters are used mainly to ensure that all 
stations in a market have the same coverage. 
In section 1.1 it was stated that an increase of between 30 and 40 times in the efficiency of 
spectrum usage could be achieved using appropriate digital techniques. This very high number 
results from the assumption that a system such as the COFDM modulation system is employed 
in Europe. The use of COFDM would allow the construction of "single frequency networks" 
(SFN) avoiding the need, as at present, to use different frequencies in adjacent regions for the 
same service, thus using up much more spectrum per service. It should be emphasized that 
such efficiency gains can only be achieved if such SFN can be implemented and will accrue 
only when the very lengthy transition has been made. 
It is important to appreciate that such SFN operation (enabling full national coverage of up to 
five digital programme services to be provided within one of today's channels) corresponds to 
the existing practice in Europe, but not to that in the United States. Indeed, because SFN 
operation is incompatible with the long-standing "local station" approach to television 
broadcasting. This situation could limit the possibility that COFDM would be adopted in the 
United States. 
It was pointed out above that the spectrum issue is largely of importance for terrestrial 
broadcasting, with the situation for satellite being much easier. The obvious corollary of this is 
that satellite television services may have a competitive advantage with the new technology and 
the implications for the future of terrestrial broadcasting will have to be faced. 
The above analysis raises the issue of the optimum allocation of terrestrial frequencies in the 
medium and longer term. Spectrum is an extremely valuable natural resource with much 
competition for its use and if the new technology allows potentially a dramatic increase in 
efficiency, it will become progressively more untenable to maintain the status quo as time 
passes. 
The conclusions of this section are: 
* the recognition of the constrained and uneven frequency planning situation for terrestrial 
television in Europe; 
* the recognition that digital technologies particularly using COFDM and single frequency 
networks has the potential for a dramatic increase in the efficiency of use of the spectrum; 
13 
* the recognition that the status quo cannot be maintained into the future and thus; 
* the need to develop practical and implementable migration strategies for the transition 
from the existing to the future frequency planning regimes, and the need for the Member 
States and the Community to take the necessary decisions in a coordinated way to ensure 
the achievement in practice of the benefits of the new technology. 
1.6.2 The Issue of Timescales 
It is clear from the above discussion that the full introduction of a new network technology 
such as digital terrestrial broadcasting has a long planning horizon, particularly when, as has 
been stressed above, it is to be part of a global information network providing many different 
services simultaneously. In Europe, private operators are increasingly active in the 
broadcasting market. The timescales for the return on investment of such operators may be 
shorter than this. This can lead to tension in the planning process, especially if early market 
entry were to make more difficult or even impossible the subsequent general transition to the 
optimal overall system. 
Another issue arises in relation to the generalized desire to wait until the "ultimate" technology 
is available before implementation decisions are taken. This is based on the false assumption 
that this "ultimate" technology will ever exist. On the contrary, the history of technological 
progress shows that constant improvements are achieved over time. Every implementation 
decision therefore involves acceptance of systems compromises which may not be necessary say 
five years later. This cannot argue in favour of constantly waiting for these improvements, 
however, as that would simply lead to inaction and the failure to achieve the tangible benefits 
which could be obtained by using current technology. 
This issue also adds an important dimension to the international environment. The history of 
television is replete with examples of one region of the world developing and seeking to 
implement a new television system, only to find after three or four years that another region 
wishes to introduce further improvements, followed in turn by a third region opting for a 
system that purports to be even more advanced a few years later. Indeed, there is potentially 
no limit to the number of iterations in the cycle. Technology is advancing constantly and there 
is no compelling need -viewed from the local, regional perspective - why any region should 
accept technical compromises that would be unnecessary for its own implementation 
circumstances, and in whose selection it played no part, even though those compromises may 
have been crucial for the first region at the time it was planning to implement the system 
originally. This dimension has always caused difficulties in the past. It has become even more 
pronounced in recent times, threatening to block the emergence of a common global approach 
to advanced television that would be simultaneously acceptable in Europe, Japan and the USA. 
The analysis in this section argues in favour of a Community policy of: 
* defining a reasonable long-term vision of the future requirement of advanced television 
systems in order to guide commercial and government strategies in this field; 
* seeking, through international negotiation, to break the cyclical process whereby the three 
regions of the world seek to "leap-frog" each other's systems-planning. 
14 
1.6.3 The Issue of Community Decision Taking 
Certain aspects of television broadcasting will always retain a regional or local character. 
Nevertheless the process of European integration means that the planning of television systems 
and networks can no longer be done at national level alone. The single European market with 
its implications for manufacturing and services and the potential for pan-European broadcasting 
to provide easier access by all Europeans to the cultural diversity within the Community, argue 
compulsively for a common approach. In addition satellite television knows no borders and 
terrestrial frequency planning requires significant coordination across the borders of the 
densely packed countries of the Community. 
The Community dimension of future television planning is therefore large. Europe cannot 
afford the costs that would be inherent in a fragmented approach which would inhibit market 
development and limit access to Community-wide information provision and cultural offerings. 
In practice, however, experience shows that the instruments available to the Community for 
implementing new television systems are relatively weak. This contrasts sharply to the 
situation of the USA where the Federal Communication Commission can ensure 
implementation through powerful regulatory means including the setting of mandatory 
standards and the control of the allocation (and withdrawal) of spectrum. By contrast the 
European consensus-based approach is vulnerable to attack by any powerful interest which is 
unwilling to accept compromises not in its immediate interest. 
This issue will have to be addressed by the Community. Weak decision-making processes 
could lead in the future either to a fragmentation of approach or a paralysis of inaction. In 
both cases the potential benefits of digital television technology may not be achieved or may be 
seriously compromised. 
15 
PART 2 DIGITAL VIDEO BROADCASTING ACTIVITIES IN EUROPE, 
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND JAPAN 
This part of the Communication deals with the plans in the three regions for the introduction of 
digital video broadcasting services and the processes preparing for this. 
2.1 Europe 
Over the past decade Europe has completed development of advanced television systems based 
on MAC technology: D2MAC for 625 line services with 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios, and 
HDMAC for HDTV services. These systems show excellent performance: D2MAC is in the 
early stages of commercial exploitation and HDMAC is available for use by broadcasters 
wishing to provide HDTV services soon. Both systems are designed for use on satellite and 
cable. 
The Council has consistantly affirmed, through Decisions 89/337/EEC, 89/630/EEC, 
93/424/EEC and Directive 92/38/EEC, the importance for European industry, broadcasters and 
viewers of High Definition Television. 
The market implementation of commercially viable HDTV in Europe for broadcast television 
and for non broadcast applications, remains an object of Community policy. 
2.1.1 The European Digital Video Broadcasting Group 
Towards the end of 1991 a group of broadcasters, industrialists and government officials came 
together informally to discuss the potential for and requirements for digital terrestrial television 
broadcasting in Europe. The Commission participated in the meetings of the group from an 
early stage, encouraging it in its work and encouraging it to expand its activities both in scope 
and in membership. By the summer of 1993 the European Launching Group for Digital Video 
Broadcasting had expanded its scope to include satellite and cable and its membership to some 
thirty to forty organizations. These organizations included: broadcasting companies, both 
public and private, and both terrestrial and satellite; manufacturers; satellite and cable 
operators; government administrations and European international organizations. 
The Launching Group prepared a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) setting out its aims 
and methods of working. This MOU (see accompanying volume) is open for signature and has 
already been signed by the 85 organizations who are listed also in the accompanying volume. 
The Launching Group has thus made the transition from an informal grouping to an established 
body, called the European Digital Video Broadcasting Project. 
The aim of the group as set out in Article 1 of the MOU is: 
"to create in Europe a framework for a harmonious and market driven development of digital 
television via cable, satellite and terrestrial broadcasting. 
This shall be realized through: 
promoting and contributing to the definition of technical standards for digital television 
and their widespread utilization/adoption; 
facilitating the introduction of new television services using these standards, which 
includes studies on ancillary matters such as frequency planning and conditional access; 
facilitating the closest possible coordination between pre-competitive R&D and 
standardization." 
Membership is open to any European organization agreeing with its objective and undertaking 
to contribute actively to its work. 
16 
The structure of the organization comprises: 
A General Assembly of all the members 
A Steering Board of up to 34 elected (voting) members 
A Technical Module 
A Satellite/Cable Commercial Module 
A Terrestrial Commercial Module 
An Ad hoc Group on conditional access. 
2-1.2 The Work of the Digital Video Broadcasting Group 
For about the first year of its existence, the Launching Group focussed its attention on the 
prospects for digital terrestrial television. The Technical Module - then called the Working 
Group on Digital Television Broadcasting (WGDTB), was charged with producing a 
comprehensive report on the matter. This report was completed in November 1992 and is 
included in the accompanying volume to this Communication. 
Following the announcement by two major satellite television organizations - News 
International and Canal + - of their intention to provide pay-television services by satellite 
using digital compression technology from the second half of 1994, attention was focussed 
within the Technical Module on satellite and cable issues. 
The Technical Module is working very rapidly and its output is already extensive. It has: 
* surveyed the existing European R&D and mapped it on to systems requirements (see 
Figure 4 above), and identified gaps in the R&D effort; 
* identified potential fields for application for digital television broadcasting in Europe, see 
Figure 6 below. 
Field of application for digital television broadcasting 
broadcasting (DTVB) 
Traramuaion 
medium 
Satellite 
Cable 
Terrestrial 
trarorfutieri 
N.B.: 
MPEO-2 ii assumed 
to be used for 
source coding and 
multiplexing 
Satellite and cable 
may carry inter­
active MTvicca HDTV 
II 
• 
111 Received lervice 
HDTV 
III 
m 
• 
Requirement* quality / resolution 
SDTV 
[|] 
I] 
• 
* 
I] 
nBun*.: ]Q|J LDTV 
• 
II 
f 
I • 
f m Receiving 
condition 
Stationary 
(Dish) 
Stationary 
(Cable) 
Stationary 
(Rooftop) 
Portable 
(Stubaenai) 
Mobile 
(Car aerial) 
Figure 6: Field of application for digital television broadcasting 
(Analysis of the Working Group on Digital Television Broadcasting) 
* 
4c 17 
identified potential systems configurations for the flexible delivery of digital television 
services in Europe, both by satellite (see figure 3 above and terrestrially (see figure 4 
above). 
proposed a provisional timetable for Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) in Europe see 
Figure 7 below. 
Provisional timescale for DTVB in Europe 
WGDTB '"2 I 1993 I 1994 | 1993 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 
Ssnisç frfinrtwp (WOPTB) 
- Terrestrial, cable - f) 
Source coding nd 
- EDTV, SDTV, LDTV 
-HDTV 
Channel coding, modulation 
Satellite, cable (...?...) X? , 
Terreatrial, cable (WGDTB) — a) 
Syatem çrnnp|efr>B (WGDTBJ) 
• Satellite, cable w/o HDTV 
Satellite, cable incl. HDTV *? • Tctreetrial, cable . 1 
- Satellite, cable w/o HDTV a) 
Satellite, cable incl. HDTV T - www, iigimï WM. IU/I v a* | 
- TeneatriaJ, cable •/ 
Equipment cfrrign fllrflff frY ) 
• Satellite, cable w/o HDTV - Satellite, cable incL HDTV X 
- Temstnal, cable — 
Service ready |Q fttjt 
- Satellite, cable w/o HDTV X , 
•Satellite, cable ncl. HDTV v •)? 
- Tenxatrial, cable 
Figure 7: Provisional timescale for DTVB in Europe 
(Analysis of the Working Group on Digital Television Broadcasting) 
It should be emphasized that the ideas listed and illustrated above do not constitute final choices 
and decisions. They are included here to illustrate the state of thinking on these issues within 
the European Digital Video Broadcasting Group. They are intended as an aid to the 
discussions being initiated through this Communication. 
The technical module has also been active in recent times in following developments of 
relevance in MPEG. It has helped to ensure, together with other involved bodies, such as the 
EBU/ETSI JCT, the coordination of European inputs on the definition of the MPEG-2 generic 
video standard. It is providing technical inputs in the form of specifications to ETSI with a 
view to assisting the adoption of a European standard for source coding and multiplexing based 
on the MPEG-2 work. 
The Satellite and Cable Commercial Module and the Terrestrial Commercial Module have 
started work more recently. They have the task of providing a focus for all non-technical 
aspects needed for the successful implementation of digital video broadcasting over these 
media. These modules, which are composed of senior managers from any MOU signatory that 
is planning to make significant financial investment in the implementation of services and 
products, will provide the definition of service requirements, priorities and time scales to the 
Technical Module which will then translate these into technical specifications. By this process 
18 
the service requirements, systems configurations and timescales illustrated above may be 
modified or confirmed in the future. 
The Conditional Access Ad Hoc Group is charged with seeking agreement on common 
European conditional access systems, if this is possible. 
The work of the European Digital Video Broadcasting Group is said to be "market led" in the 
sense that service requirements, priorities and timescales are determined by those economic 
operators having the stated intention to provide DVB services in Europe. 
2.2 The United States of America 
Although much attention has been focused on the US process for introducing digital terrestrial 
television, in fact the first medium to use digital techniques, as is probably also the case in 
Europe, will be satellite. 
2.2.1 Satellite Television 
Hughes Aircraft Company has announced its intention to provide a satellite television service in 
the US from early 1994. There are intended to be up to 150 separate services provided 
consisting of movies, in a near-video-on-demand mode (i.e. each movie is repeated on other 
channels at short intervals and so the viewer may choose his time to start viewing), sports, 
general interest programmes and specialist interest programming. 
The broadcasting system uses digital compression techniques and uses the MPEG approach. 
The extent to which it is fully compatible with the evolving MPEG-2 Video standard remains 
to be seen. 
2.2.2 Terrestrial Television 
The Federal Communications Commission, under the authority of the Communications Act, 
regulates broadcasting in the USA in the public interest. It has well established formal rules 
for setting standards and for issuing licences. Its activities are carried out in public and at 
stated intervals, comments are received from all interested parties. Since 1987 a process has 
been underway, governed by these rules, to define a terrestrial broadcasting standard for 
HDTV. 
The FCC appointed an advisory committee - the Advisory Committee on Advanced Television 
Service (ACATS) to assist it in this process. The ACATS will eventually make a 
recommendation to the FCC which will then make its decision. The FCC is free to reject all or 
part of the recommendations of ACATS. 
The FCC process relates only to a terrestrial broadcasting system; It does not relate to satellite 
or cable systems nor is it concerned with equipment performance standards. 
The ACATS invited interested organizations to propose advanced television systems as the 
basis of the future standard. These systems were to be tested in full hardware implementation. 
Testing laboratories were established for this purpose. 
Six proponent systems were tested and following these tests four systems which were all fully 
digital remained in contention in early 1993 when the proposal for the standard was due to be 
selected. In the event however there was no clear winner between these systems and the four 
remaining contestants, with the encouragement of ACATS, agreed to form a Grand Alliance to 
develop the final specifications for a standard. The members of the Grand Alliance are: North 
American Philips, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Zenith, General Instruments, AT&T and 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)- By the summer of 1993 certain parameters 
of the Grand Alliance system had been (provisionally) fixed and others were still open. The 
following list gives the main elements: 
19 
i) Scanning Formats 
Six formats are listed: 
1050/1:1/30,24 
787.5/1:1/60,30,24 
1050/2:1/60 
(the first number is lines, the second number is either progressive (1:1) or interlaced (2:1) and 
the third number is frames per second). 
Progressive scanning has been judged by the Americans to be very important in view of the 
need for interoperability with other media. Square pixels have also been chosen for this 
reason. 
ii) Video Compression 
The Grand Alliance will use MPEG-2 "syntax" with additional features. Those features are 
under discussion. 
iii) Transmission 
The Grand Alliance still had to choose between four transmission systems (not at the moment 
including COFDM favoured by the Europeans). If necessary a competition between some or 
all of these systems will be organized. 
iv) Sound 
The Grand Alliance must choose between three different sound systems. 
Once the final parameters are chosen, tentatively fixed for the Autumn of 1993, then the system 
will have to be built and tested. Assuming the tests are successful and that no redesign and 
retesting is required this process should take nine months. Thus, by the middle of 1994 a 
specification could exist which ACATS could propose to the FCC as a standard. The FCC 
itself then takes over and has its own formal open consultation process on the proposed 
standard. This process would normally take one year and if so the FCC could set a standard 
for terrestrial advanced television broadcasting in the middle of 1995. Given the complexity of 
the technical and political processes involved it would not however be surprising if the whole 
process (assuming it is indeed finally successful) were to slip by about one year to the middle 
of 1996. 
Separately from the work of ACATS, the FCC has made a number of important decisions: 
* The new system must use 6MHz channels (The European channel spacing practice is 7 or 
8MHz) 
* The new service will be simulcast with the existing NTSC services 
* Following the setting of the standard (1995/96) broadcasters will have three years to apply 
for a licence to broadcast the new service. If a licence is awarded they get an additional 
6MHz of spectrum per programme 
* A further three years (i.e. up to 2001/2002) is envisaged for equipping the networks and 
studios for the new technology 
20 
* Following fifteen more years (i.e. 2016/2017) the NTSC system would be withdrawn and 
the entire US terrestrial television network would be digital. 
Independently of the detailed technical nature of the system being chosen by the Americans, it 
is worth reflecting on the process itself. The US process has a clear goal or vision and the 
means necessary to carry it out. The clear vision sees the universal replacement of the current 
analogue television system by a new one based on digital technology over a period of about 
two decades. There is a well defined and credible implementation strategy for migrating from 
the existing to the future system. The means necessary to carry it out - the FCC - is a statutory 
body with considerable powers, which is independent of both the industrial and political 
systems and can and does set timescales and goals, to which the economic actors respond. It 
works in the interest of no economic or other sector but in the public interest. 
While emphasizing that the FCC process is open and involves much consultation it may 
nevertheless be described as "top down" process with a long term time horizon in contrast to 
the "bottom up" approach underway in Europe. Although the FCC needs to take fully into 
account the views of the market actors, the US process cannot be described as "market led" in 
the sense in which that is used in Section 2.1.2 above. 
2.3 Japan 
Japan was the first region of the world to design and implement (in an, at least, pre-commercial 
manner) an HDTV system. Using their satellite delivered MUSE transmission system, 8 hours 
a day are currently being broadcast in Japan. The costs of receivers remains however, very 
high and it is unclear if the system will ever be commercially successful even in Japan not to 
speak of any other region. 
On terrestrial networks sharper 4:3 pictures have been provided using the Clearvision system 
which employs improved receiver processing and the use of enhanced signal processing in the 
studio. Very high costs of receivers have limited sales however. In the near future 1993/1994 
it is intended to provide a wide screen enhanced NTSC service, EDTV. The Japanese have 
been cautious to date about digital television developments for a number of reasons: 
* the belief that the MUSE system provided adequate HDTV service using currently 
available technology and could have a reasonable operational period before being 
overtaken by new technology. 
* the great practical difficulties of implementing terrestrial digital systems in Japan due to 
the frequency planning difficulties there which are more constrained than in Europe and 
much more so than in the United States. 
* the feeling that digital technology had very great potential for the future and that it was 
premature to rush into setting standards soon while much of the new potential remained to 
be explored. 
It should be emphasized that Japan has great strength in depth in digital technology and it will 
not be surprising if their investigations identify important new concepts and approaches in this 
field. 
In recent times the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications has announced 
establishment of a new study group to investigate the requirements for and potential of new 
digital technology for future broadcasting systems. The scope of the study covers satellite, 
terrestrial and cable television delivery means. The time horizon is the next twenty years. The 
Group was established on 26 May 1993 and will report its findings to the Ministry in one years 
time. 
The output of this study is awaited with interest. 
21 
PART 3 A FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY POLICY 
The preceding analysis shows that: 
* digital technology offers significant potential benefits in relation to television service 
quality, the flexibility of its provision and the more efficient use of spectrum, compared 
with current analogue technology and digital television has the potential of accelerating 
the implementation of global information networks delivering a wide variety of 
information services in a convenient and flexible manner; 
* the complete transition from the existing analogue system to a digital system is a long-
term process requiring, perhaps, two decades to complete; 
* this transition will have to be organized and coordinated in order to enable the full 
potential benefits of the technology to be achieved in practice. Some of the benefits of the 
new technology will not be fully obtained until the end of the transition period. In the 
meantime it will be important to avoid the situation where early implementation of digital 
television in the market makes it difficult or impossible to introduce subsequent more 
general and more advanced steps in a compatible manner - thus inhibiting future market 
development. 
Taking these understandings into account, the following set of principles governing Community 
policy in this field is offered for consideration. 
3.1 Principles of Community Policy 
The following five key aspects are identified: 
3.1.1 The Need for a Long Term View 
It has been argued consistently that the full benefits of the new technology will not be 
achieved in practice unless the lengthy transition from today's analogue system to 
tomorrow's completely digital system is implemented in an optimal manner. This 
presupposes not only that there is a long term view of what is ultimately to be achieved, 
but also that there is the will and the means to plan and implement a consistent migration 
path between the existing situation and the future one. 
This vision can not be limited to television alone which will be but one of a range of 
interoperating information services in the future global information network, but should 
extend to the requirements for achieving the global information network itself in an 
optimal fashion. 
Elements which will be vital in this regard include: 
* A system conception and design which allows all potential forms of multimedia services -
mobile, portable, standard definition, extended definition and full high definition 
television - as well as easy interoperability with other information services, to be realized 
in future in a flexible and fully consistent and mutually compatible manner, in response to 
market demand. 
* The commercial implementation of HDTV in Europe, compatible with market 
requirements, has been and must remain an object of Community policy. Thus, even if 
HDTV will make heavier demands when compared with other grades of service, its 
requirements should be addressed from the start. It follows therefore that the necessary 
R&D, specification writing and standardisation activity should be accelerated in order to 
have a HDTV system available when the market requires it and in order to ensure that 
earlier market implementation of digital television services having lower resolution may 
be specified in a manner which is compatible with the ultimate HDTV system. 
22 
* A clear view of how best to re-deploy the spectrum so as to take advantage of the new 
technology. Member States and the Community will have to reflect deeply on the 
optimum use of terrestrial spectrum in particular, in this connection. It is not to be 
excluded that a radical rethinking of existing frequency planning may be necessary. 
* the development of migration strategies for making the transition between the existing 
situation and the future one. Once the best migration path or paths have been chosen 
(taking full account of the Community dimension in this regard), this migration path or 
paths should be implemented in a consistent manner throughout the Community. This is 
unlikely to be easy or cost free. The price of failure of action or inadequate action here 
however would be that the full benefits of the new technology would not be realized in 
practice. This could include the less than fully efficient use of the valuable resource of 
the electro-magnetic spectrum. 
Market forces will be crucial for the introduction of new services; It has been argued above, 
however, that market forces alone may not lead to the optimum implementation of the future 
global networks. This is so because the timescales relevant to the return on investment of 
economic actors is much shorter than the timescale required for such optimum implementation. 
This issue would appear to be fully understood by Japanese planners but also in this field now 
very much by the US authorities. 
The Community is thus faced with a major political choice: whether to see this new technology 
being implemented in practice through market forces alone; or whether to develop a long term 
vision of the future global network and encourage market parties to offer services consistent 
with that vision. 
3.1.2 The Need for Continued Research and Development 
Although the digital era in broadcasting is just beginning progress has already reached the point 
at which the introduction of digital television broadcasting becomes commercially attractive. 
Technology has evolved rapidly in this area in the recent past but it will certainly continue to 
evolve significantly during the implementation times discussed above. It will continue to be of 
great importance that R&D receive continuing support at national and Community level in this 
area in order that the most developed technical options are available to market actors when 
implementation decisions are to be taken. 
Specific aspects of this matter already identified in section 1.4 above include: 
* The better coordination of the existing national and international R&D projects in Europe 
with a view to avoiding overlaps, filling gaps and ensuring an overall coherence of the 
effort. 
* Addressing already identified gaps including aspects of digital satellite broadcasting 
(source coding, modulation, overall systems concepts), and the transcoding of satellite 
services into a physical format that can be used for cable networks. 
* The progressive focusing of R&D effort on issues related to the achievement of market 
implementation strategies once those have been identified and the relevant migration paths 
chosen. 
23 
3.1.3 The Need for Appropriate Standards 
If common standards can be achieved tor broadcasting, everybody gains - at least in the long 
run. Manufacturers gain since common standards allow the achievement of economies of scale. 
Broadcasters gain due to the prospect of large unfragmented market for their services. 
Programme makers gain since they avoid conversion costs for their programmes. Perhaps most 
important of all the consumer gains due to the reduced equipment costs and the wide access to 
services. The fact that the consumer is not confused by different standards and has the 
confidence to invest reflects back on the whole of the above chain in a positive manner forming 
a virtuous circle. 
This is the ideal world - not always achieved in practice, particularly at the international level. 
At the European level the case for common systems is clearly unanswerable. At the broader 
international level the benefits of the greatest degree of commonality between - perhaps 
inevitably different systems, makes the dedicated pursuit of such consumer elements a worthy 
objective of international cooperation. 
A very positive aspect of standardization activities in this field at world level is the speed and 
success to date of the MPEG process. It would appear that the new MPEG-2 Video standard 
soon to be agreed provides a good basis for European requirements for source coding and 
multiplexing. It also has the potential for the creation of significant elements of commonality 
between European systems and those that will be implemented in other parts of the world. 
Substantial cost reductions would follow from standard MPEG chips being available in large 
quantities from a variety of competing sources. 
If the MPEG-2 approach is to provide the basis of future European service concepts, then it is 
essential that early implementation of digital television in the European market is fully 
compatible with this approach. 
In addition to source coding and multiplexing the elements of channel coding and modulation 
must also be addressed. Here aspects of compatibility between services on the three different 
delivery systems, terrestrial, satellite and cable, should be taken into account, since it is 
desirable to ensure that viewers will be able to use the same receiver to obtain all the services 
supplied by whichever of these three systems are available where they live. The importance 
given in Europe to the creation of single frequency terrestrial networks and to mobile services 
has been emphasized. The COFDM modulation system may have much to offer in this 
connection. 
Finally the contentious area of the requirement to develop common European conditional access 
systems must be addressed and resolved as early as possible. 
3.1.4 The Need for Full and Open Consultation 
The provision of advanced television services is a market phenomenon working within a 
regulatory framework. Those services will, in general, be provided only when the market 
actors, who make the investments to develop systems and take the risk to provide offerings on 
the market, decide to do so. The regulatory environment of standards and frequency allocation 
is however a major factor circumscribing to some extent the freedom of action of service 
providers. It is thus of the highest importance - both for the service providers and for the 
regulators - to have the closest possible dialogue so that their separate and joint responsibilities 
are fully understood and consented to in the interest of having harmonious market 
development. 
24 
3.1.5 The Need to Defend the Public Interest 
The Community and its Member States have the duty at all times to ensure that the public 
interest is defended against threats from powerful industrial and commercial sources. The 
protection of the consumer and the ensuring of fair competition are cornerstones of national and 
Community policy in general and are also specifically relevant in the field under discussion. 
At a time of increasing media concentration it is also intended to ensure that all broadcasters 
have access to digital broadcasting technologies and that no barriers to entry are erected for 
new market entrants. In order that the market may be kept open, media companies should be 
prohibited from using restrictive practices in order to impose their own technologies or to limit 
competition from competing television channels. 
3.2 Next Steps in the Development of Community Policy for Digital Video Broadcasting 
There is now much consideration and activity in Europe relating to digital television 
broadcasting. The potential of the new technology, the constraints on that potential and 
important elements of the requirements for realizing in practice this potential in the future - are 
all becoming clearer. It is not the case however that these considerations have reached such a 
stage of maturity that definitive proposals for long term Community policy can be made at this 
time. It is not a fortiori appropriate to propose now new Community legislation in this field. 
This was not the intention of this Communication. The intention is rather: 
* to report on developments in the technology and its potential 
* to report on activities in Europe and elsewhere in the world 
* to propose a framework within which Community policy could develop 
Having set out for discussion the principles which could underline Community policy in this 
field in the last section, this section addresses the actions and initiative which needs to be 
undertaken in the short term future - say the next year or two. 
3.2.1 Consultation of the Market Actors 
The market actors in this field: broadcasters public and private; manufacturers, and operators 
of cable, satellite and telecommunications systems will have a crucial role to play in 
determining the future evolution of advanced television systems in Europe. Their commercial 
intentions and ambitions, their requirements of technology and of each other, their views of an 
appropriate regime of national and Community regulation in this field are important inputs to 
Community policy. 
The European Digital Video Broadcasting Group now provides an open forum of consultation 
in which these market actors can make their views known and can work together to achieve 
common purposes. The Commission considers that this is a positive development and will 
continue to encourage its work. The decision of the group to make its deliberations and the 
outcome of its work freely available to the Commission as an input to Community policy 
formulation is welcomed. 
At the same time, the group is an independent body and draws its strength from this. It will 
not be appropriate therefore that the Commission sign its Memorandum of Understanding and 
thus become a member of the group. 
25 
The Commission will nevertheless monitor closely the deliberations of the group and for this 
purpose be represented on its Steering Board and the various working modules and ad-hoc 
groups. 
The Commission looks forward with interest to the output of the Group over the next year in 
relation to: service requirements; systems configurations and timescales. To the extent that this 
output achieves a consensus among the relevant market parties, which is compatible with the 
requirement of appropriate long term perspectives and which does not conflict with aspects of 
the public interest, the Commission will in general consider this as a positive input into 
Community policy formulation. 
Consumers (viewers) are of course essential partners of suppliers in thé market place. Their 
views should be actively sought in the process of developing and implementing digital 
television systems. The presence of representatives of consumers, perhaps as observers, in the 
deliberations of the European Group on Digital Video Broadcasting could serve the useful 
purpose of providing adequate information and explanations to consumers on the one hand and 
receiving their inputs on the other. 
Notwithstanding the above, the Commission remains open at all times to hear the views of all 
bodies with a legitimate interest in the area and to take such views, as appropriate, into account 
in its formulation of proposals for policy. 
3.2.2 Research and Development 
R&D activities in the Fourth Framework Programme will ensure that all necessary elements of 
technology are available for planning the long term strategy towards multimedia systems and 
services. 
The aim of the R&D work will be to enable the integration of broadband services, including 
terrestrial, cable and satellite TV distribution, with the public switched digital services (ISDN 
and GSM) for interactive multimedia services. 
Specifically in the area of broadcasting, the work will aim to increase the efficiency of 
frequency spectrum use, increase the number of channels and quality of service available on all 
TV distribution networks, and develop technologies for flexible use of digital video 
communications, including ultra-high definition video, for a range of different purposes. 
The worldwide emerging perspective of fibre-to-the-curb and fibre-to-the-home, and mobile 
and portable reception of audio-visual services offers a great potential for the introduction of 
multimedia services. Further research is directed towards interactive TV, second generation 
coding techniques for very low bitrate applications (e.g. mobile video communication) and very 
high definition television. This will lead towards an intelligent home terminal (Telecomputer), 
the introduction of electronic newspapers (based on retrieval or broadcasting), flat screen panel 
displays opening the way to HDTV, and 3D image capture, processing and display techniques 
for advanced applications such as telepresence and advanced man-machine interaction. 
The work will involve development of digital technologies for cost-effective transmission and 
reception of different image resolutions on large screens and on portable receivers, in a 
coherent digital image hierarchy. The provision of a flexible multiplex scheme will enable the 
different configurations of image and sound streams within one channel; it will provide means 
for access control at programme and channel level, and it will enable more efficient use of the 
frequency spectrum. Technology developments will include development of systems for 
efficient frequency allocation; multimedia communication architectures; an interoperable set of 
source-coding systems for storage, transmission and display; common channel-coding and 
modulation techniques for digital transmission, and advanced operating systems for 
management of multimedia objects. 
26 
The work will also involve the development of advanced image compression systems for 
communication on bandwidth-limited media, and image analysis, understanding and generation 
for advanced services such as 3D-video communication and "Virtual Presence". It will address 
the development of stereoscopic and 3D presentation technologies; advanced image capture, 
editing, storage and retrieval; and interaction techniques such as pointing and gesture 
recognition. 
The outcome of this precompetitive cooperative work will make a major contribution to 
common functional specifications and standards, particularly in the area of multimedia 
communication protocols, and image coding, and will permit the economies of scale that are 
needed for industry to stay competitive in world markets. 
3.2.3 Standardization 
The work of the European and International standardization bodies will be closely monitored 
by the Commission in this field. The Commission will continue to ensure, where necessary, 
the coordination of European inputs into international standardization bodies. In addition the 
output of the work of the Digital Video Broadcasting Group, in so far as its decisions result in 
specifications which are suitable inputs to the standardization process, will also be monitored. 
Whenever an element of the future system is ready for standardization the Commission will 
consider supporting this process by issuing a mandate to an appropriate standardization body 
for this purpose. This process of standardization is of course to be distinguished from the 
process of regulation, whereby the compliance with a certain standard under certain conditions 
would be made mandatory by legislation at Community level. 
A matter of considerable urgency, with a timescale of the next few months, arises in relation to 
digital satellite television broadcasting. It is pointed out above that certain major satellite pay 
television broadcasters intend to offer services from the second half of 1994 using digital 
compression techniques. In order to ensure the future development of the digital television 
market it is essential that those early market implementations use standardized systems, and 
that such standards are forward compatible to the future more general and more developed 
systems to be introduced later to the market. The Commission will monitor this development 
particularly closely in the coming months and shall continue to act, as necessary, with 
standardization mandates. 
Progress within the Digitial Video Broadcasting Group on a common approach to conditional 
access will also be followed closely by the Commission, which will seek to ensure that the 
broad public interest is served by any outcome arrived at. Community policy in this area 
should be based on ensuring fair and open competition, on the one hand, and on protecting the 
interests of the consumer on the other. This would be achieved through the creation of a 
conditional access environment which would facilitate rather than inhibit new market entrants 
to the pay television field and which would avoid the need for viewers to acquire a multiplicity 
of "boxes" to gain access to different services. In practical terms such an environment would 
require a sufficiently high degree of commonality between the conditional access systems used 
in European markets. 
In addition, with the growth of the market for pay television, there is a corresponding growth 
in piracy against conditional access systems. Community policy should seek to harmonize 
national anti-piracy legislation to combat this phenomenon 
3.2.4 Frequency Planning and Implementation Scenarios 
The Commission will initiate a dialogue with and between Member States in relation to future 
frequency planning requirements of digital broadcasting services, and also other related 
services. 
27 
Implementation strategies, including migration strategies, will also be discussed with the 
Member States in this connection. The intention is to contribute important elements to the 
necessary long-term perspective for future digital broadcasting in Europe. 
3.2.5 Cooperation with Third Countries 
The Commission intends to initiate a dialogue with the United States of America and with 
Japan, with a view to ensuring the greatest degree of commonality between systems to be 
implemented in the three regions in so far as this is practicable given the different 
requirements, the different timescales and the different infrastructural and other constraints 
existing in these regions. 
3.2.6 Reporting 
The Commission intends to keep the Council and the European Parliament informed of relevant 
developments, as they occur in this field. In this connection the Commission will report 
developments, together with any proposals for Community initiatives that are necessary, to the 
Council, to the European Parliament and to the Economic and Social Committee before the end 
of 1994. 
3.3 Conclusion 
In conclusion the analysis in this Communication has resulted in the identification of two 
different kinds of issue for Community policy. 
The first set of issues involve aspects where it is clear that the Community can and must act. 
They include: 
the intensification and adequate coordination of Research and Development in this field; 
the encouragement of appropriate standardization of digital television systems including 
HDTV; 
the protection of the public interest through ensuring free and fair competition and 
through consumer protection; 
to continue the dialogue with third parties including the United States of America and 
Japan with a view to identifying and agreeing common elements in the future television 
systems to be implemented throughout the world. 
Another set of issues, perhaps much more important than those above, will require a more 
profound debate as to whether the Community possesses the will and the means necessary to 
take the appropriate initiatives. They include: 
the development of a long term perspective for the global Integrated Broadband 
Communications networks of the future including but not limited to digital television 
aspects; 
the development and implementation of consistent migration strategies from the present 
analogue television situation to the future digital one, including the necessary replanning 
of frequency spectrum allocations in this connection; 
the desirability or otherwise of making certain standards mandatory through Community 
regulatory action. 
The Council and the European Parliament are invited to debate the issues identified and to give 
guidance for the further development of Community policy in this area with special attention 
being focussed on the more challenging issues outlined in the second list above. 
-IK-
DRAFT COUNCIL RESOLUTION 
On a Framework for Community Policy on 
Digital Video Broadcasting 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community; 
Whereas the Community, through Council Decision 89/337/EEC, Council Decision 
89/630/EEC, Council Directive 92/38/EEC and Council Decision 93/424/EEC, recognised the 
strategic importance of Advanced and High Definition Television for the European consumer 
electronics industry and for the European television and film industries, and established the 
strategy framework for the introduction of European Advanced and High Definition Television; 
Whereas the Council in Council Resolution 93/C209/01 invited the Commission to bring 
forward to the Council a Communication on digital television; 
Whereas on (date) the Commission submitted to the Council a Communication entitled "Digital 
Video Broadcasting - A Framework for Community Policy"; 
Whereas digital technology offers significant benefits for the future of television and of the 
future Electronic Information Highways; 
Whereas the benefits will be best achieved if an orderly approach, based on a long term 
perspective is adopted from the start; 
Whereas common standards are an essential prerequisite for such an orderly approach; 
Whereas conditional access is an important matter for the providers and consumers of pay 
television services and Community policy in this area should be directed at ensuring fair and 
open competition, the protection of the interests of consumers and the minimizing of the 
possibilities of piracy; 
Whereas relevant research and development activities in the Community should be reinforced 
and appropriate studies on frequency allocation and implementation scenarios intensified; 
Whereas developments in digital television technology is a world phenomenon and whereas the 
search of the highest degree of commonality between the various regions of the world in this 
area is a desirable objective. 
CONSIDERS that: 
1. Digital technology offers the potential of significant benefits for the future of television, 
and in the broader sense and for the future Electronic Information Highways or Integrated 
Broadband Communication, for which digital television can be a driving force; 
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2. These potential benefits will only be fully achieved in practice if market implementation 
takes place in an orderly fashion which facilitates and does not retard the progressive 
development of the market towards new and more advanced services in a smooth and 
compatible manner; 
3. An essential pre-condition for this orderly market evolution is the adoption in the market 
of common standards which, while providing necessary market clarity for both producers 
and consumers in the short term for early introduction of digital television services, also 
provide the potential for subsequent smooth upgrading to new and higher grades of 
service, including High Definition Television in response to market demand; 
DECLARES: 
1. That the preferred way to achieve the objective of orderly market development referred to 
above would be by means of a consensus process involving all relevant economic actors 
and that it looks forward to any voluntary agreements which may be made by such actors 
in this regard; 
2. Its willingness, however, under the conditions that: 
i) adequate consensus among economic actors to ensure the orderly evolution of the 
market is lacking; 
and/or 
ii) the requirements of fair and open competition, consumer protection or other 
significant public interest demand; 
to introduce regulatory measures, if required, to facilitate the achievement of this 
objective and the protection of those interests; 
CONSIDERS that: 
1. Conditional Access is an important matter for the providers and consumers of pay 
television services; 
2. Community policy in this area should be based on ensuring fair and open competition, on 
protecting the interests of the consumer, and on minimizing the possibility of piracy. 
This would be achieved through the creation of a conditional access environment in the 
Community which would facilitate rather than inhibit new market entrants to the pay 
television field and which would avoid the need for viewers to acquire a multiplicity of 
"boxes" to gain access to different services. In practical terms such an environment could 
be achieved by the establishment of a conditional access regime which is sufficiently 
"open" to allow access on fair and reasonable terms by all competing service providers, 
together with standardised customer interface equipment. Such a system would also have 
to be secure to minimise the possibility of piracy. 
WELCOMES the Commission's intention to: 
1. Propose, in the Fourth Framework Programme, a set of R&D activities in relevant areas 
with the objective of ensuring that all necessary elements of technology are available for 
planning the long term strategy toward multimedia systems and services; 
2. Encourage the process of standardisation of digital television including through the 
issuing of mandates to European Standardisation bodies; 
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3. Encourage the development, with the involvement of market actors and national 
administrations, of implementation scenarios which would take account of all necessary 
steps to ensure a smooth transition from the current situation of analogue television to the 
future fully digital era; 
4. Initiate discussions wim relevant Member States' authorities on issues relating to 
frequency allocations for digital broadcasting with a view to developing a common 
Community approach to the most efficient use of the electromagnetic spectrum which is a 
valuable natural resource; 
5. Maintain a dialogue with third parties including the United States of America and Japan 
with a view to identifying and agreeing common elements in the future television systems 
to be implemented throughout the world; 
INVITES the Commission: 
1. Having consulted the market actors and Member States authorities on the development of 
implementation scenarios and on the issue of frequency allocation as indicated above, to 
report the outcome to the Council, together with any proposals for action which are 
deemed to be necessary; 
2. To monitor closely all relevant developments in technology and in the market in relation 
to digital video broadcasting and to report on such developments to the Council, together 
with any proposals for action which may be required, as soon as it is necessary and useful 
to do so and in any event before 1 July 1995. 
21 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(93) 557 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 15 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-93-595-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-60792-0 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
1^2985 I Luxembourg