EN    EN EN 
 
EN    EN  EUROPEAN COMMISSION 
Brussels, 12.10.2010 
SEC(2010)1204 final 
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
Accompanying the 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO  THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL 
 
PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO OBJECTIVES  
 
(required under Article 5 of Decision 280/2004/ EC of the European Parliament and of 
the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas 
emissions and for implemen ting the Kyoto Protocol) 
  
COM(2010)569 final 
 
EN 3   EN 1. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF EMISSION TRENDS IN THE MAIN SECTORS  
1.1. Energy supply and use, excluding transport 
Table 1: GHG emissions from energy s upply and use, excluding transport  (1990-2008)   
GHG 
emissions Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2008 
total GHG Change 
1990-2008 Change 
2000-2008 
EU-15 60,2% 58,7% -8,8% -2,8% 
EU-27 62,7% 59,6% -15,6% -3,3% 
 
• Total GHG emissions from energy supply  and use decreased in the period 1990-2008 by 
8.8% in EU-15 and by 15.6% in EU-27.  
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from en ergy supply were 5% below 1990 levels in 
2008 and in the EU-27 12.3 % below 1990 level.  
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from energy use  were 12.5 % below 1990 levels in 
2008 and in the EU-27 19.3 % below 1990 level.  
• In EU-15 CO 2 emissions from public heat  and electricity production  increased by 1 % 
during 1990-2008, but emissions wo uld have risen by over 35 %, had the shares of input 
fuels used to produce electricity and heat  and the efficiency remained constant. 
• CO 2 emissions increased in seven Member States and fell in eight. Of the seven countries 
where emissions were higher in 2008 than in  1990, 37 % of the incr ease was accounted for 
by Spain alone . Of the eight countries, wher e emissions fell, 51 % of the reduction came 
from the UK.  
• The relationship between the increase in elec tricity generation and the actual reduction in 
emissions during 1990-2008 can be explai ned by the following factors:  
• An improvement in the thermal efficiency  of electricity a nd heat production. 
During 1990-2008, there was a 10 % reduction in  the fossil-fuel input per unit of 
electricity produced from fossil fuels.  
• Changes in the fossil fuel mix used to produce electricity, i.e. fuel switching from 
coal and lignite to natural gas. There was a 18 % reduction in the CO 2 emissions 
per unit of fossil-fuel input during 1990-2008. 
• The lower combined share of nuclear and renewable energy for electricity and 
heat production in 2008 compared to 1990. During 1990-2008, the share of 
electricity from fossil fuels in total electricity production increased by 1 %.  
• The decoupling of fuel combustion and greenho use gas emissions is also observed in the 
EU-27 and is also caused by fuel switching (e .g. from coal to gas or renewable) and 
efficiency improvements. 
1.2. Transport 
Table 2: GHG emissions from transport (1990-2008)  
 GHG 
emissions Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2008 
total GHG Change 
1990-2008 Change 
2000-2008 
EU-15 16,5% 21,1% 19,9% 1,0% 
EU-27 14,0% 19,5% 23,6% 5,1% 
 
EN 4   EN • Total GHG emissions from transport  increased by 19.9% in EU -15 and by 23.6% in EU-
27, between1990-2008. The trend of greenhouse gas em issions follows closely the trend of 
fuel combustion.  
• Additional measures will be n ecessary to keep control over  GHG emissions from transport 
sector in the coming years. Germany, Fr ance, Italy, Spain a nd the United Kingdom 
contributed most to the CO 2 emissions from this source (76 %). All Member States, except 
for Germany (-4%), increased emissions from  road transportation between 1990 and 2008.  
• The Member States with the highest increases  in absolute terms were Spain, Italy and 
France. The countries with the lowest incr ease in relative terms were Finland, France, 
Sweden and the United Kingdom.   
• Between 2007 and 2008 emissions from road transport  decreased in the EU-15 as well as 
in EU-27. All EU-15 countries except Belgiu m, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, reported 
emission decreases. The highest reduction were  reported by France, Spain, Italy where the 
use of biofuels increased st rongly, and the United Kingdom.  From EU-12 only four MS 
reported decreases. 
• CO 2 emissions from road transportation is the se cond largest key source of all cate gories in 
the EU-15 and had the highest increase in abso lute terms of all energy-related emissions. 
• CO 2 emissions from civil aviation36 account for 2.6% of tota l transport-related GHG 
emissions in 2008 (EU-15). Between 1990 and 2008, CO 2 emissions from civil aviation 
increased by 29 % in the EU-15. 
1.3. Agriculture  
Table 3: GHG emissions from agriculture (1990-2008)  
GHG 
emission  Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2008 
total GHG Change 
1990-2008 Change 
2000-2008 
EU-15 10,1% 9,5% -12,2% -7,8% 
EU-27 10,6% 9,6% -20,2% -5,8% 
 
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture were 12.2 % below 1990 levels. 
Agriculture is the main CH 4 and N 2O emitter and accounts for 9.5% of total EU-15 GHG 
emissions in 2008. In the EU-27 emissions were 20.2 % below 1990 emissions in 2008.  
• In 2008 N 2O and CH 4 account for 5.3 % and 4.2 % re spectively of the total GHG 
emissions in EU-15.  
• Large reductions occurred in  the largest key sources: N 2O from direct soil emissions, 
indirect emissions and CH 4 from cattle. The main reasons for this are decreasing use of 
fertiliser and manure and declining cattle numbers in most Member States.  
• Enteric fermentation from cattle  is the largest single source of CH 4 emissions in the EU-
15 accounting for 2.6 % of total GHG emissions in 2008. Between 1990 and 2008, CH 4 
emissions from enteric fermentation from cattle declined by 12 % in the EU-15. In 2008, the emissions were at the level of  2007. The main driving force of CH
4 emissions from 
enteric fermentation is the number of cattle, which was 15 % below 1990 levels in 2008. The Member States with most emissions from this source were France and Germany (44 %). All EU-15 Member States excep t Spain, Portugal and Greece reduced CH
4 
emissions from enteric fermentation of cattle between 1990 and 2008.  
 
EN 5   EN • Swine and cattle contribute more or less equally to CH 4 emisisons from manure 
management.  
• N2O emissions from agricultural soils  decreased by 15 % between 1990 and 2008. All 
EU-15 Member States decreased emissions. Direct N 2O emissions from agricultural soils is 
the largest source category of N 2O emissions and accounts for 2.6 % of total EU-15 GHG 
emissions in 2008. The Member States with most emissions from this source were France and Germany. All Member States except the Netherlands reduced N
2O emissions from 
agricultural soils. 
• The decrease in emissions is largely a conseque nce of efficiency improvements, the reform 
of the EU common agricultural policy (CAP) as well as the implementation of the Nitrate 
Directive aimed at reducing water pollution.  
1.4. Industrial processes 
Table 4: GHG emissions from i ndustrial processes (1990-2008)  
GHG 
emissions Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2008 
total GHG Change 
1990-2008 Change 
2000-2008 
EU-15 8,8% 7,9% -16,6% -5,6% 
EU-27 8,7% 8,3% -15,4% -0,7% 
 
• Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from industry  were 16.6 % below 1990 levels in 
2008. In the EU-27 emissions were 15.4 % below 1990 emissions in 2008. 
• Industrial processes is the third largest se ctor contributing 8 % to total EU-15 GHG 
emissions in 2008. The most importan t GHGs from this sector are CO 2 (5.4 % of total 
GHG emissions), HFCs (1.6 %) and N 2O (0.6 %). Large emisisons decrease in 2008 
mainly occurred in cement production as  well as iron and steel production.  
• CO 2 emissions from mineral products  category increased by 1 % in 1990-2008. Spain 
noted largest emission increases in absolute terms and France largest absolute emission 
reductions in the period 1990-2008. CO 2 emissions from cement production account for 
2 % of total EU-15 GHG emissions in 2008. In 2008, CO 2 emissions from cement 
production were 1 % below 1990 levels in the EU-15. 
• Between 1990 and 2008, CO 2 emission from chemical industry  increased by 2 %. The 
absolute increase was largest in Germany and Belgium, the absolute reductions were largest in France, Ireland and Italy. Between 1990 and 2008, N
2O emission from this 
category decreased by 76 %. The absolute de creases were largest in UK, France and 
Germany. 
• Between 1990 and 2008, CO 2 emission from metal production  decreased by 8 %. The 
absolute decrease was largest in Germany and Italy, the absolute growth was largest in 
Austria. 
• HFC emissions from consumption of halocarbons and SF 6 account for 1.5 % of total 
EU-15 GHG emissions in 2008. HFC emissions  in 2008 were 101 times higher than in 
1990. The main reason for this is the phase-out  of ozone-depleting substances such as 
chlorofluorocarbons under the Montreal Protoc ol and the replacement of these substances 
with HFCs (mainly in refrigeration, ai r conditioning, foam production and as aerosol 
propellants). France, Germany, UK and Italy had the most si gnificant absolute increases 
from this source between 1990 and 2008. 
 
EN 6   EN 1.5. Waste management  
Table 5: GHG emissions from waste management (1990-2008)  
GHG 
emission  Share in 1990 
total GHG Share in 2008 
total GHG Change 
1990-2008 Change 
2000-2008 
EU-15 4,0% 2,6% -40,5% -24,9% 
EU-27 3,7% 2,8% -33,0% -19,7% 
 
• In 2008 total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from waste  were 40.5 % below 1990 levels 
and 33 % below 1990 in EU-27.  
• Waste is the fourth largest sector in the EU-15, contributing 2.6 % to total GHG emissions. 
In 2008, emissions decreased by 2 % compared to 2007. 
• CH 4 emissions from solid waste  decreased by 47 % between  1990 and 2008 in the EU-15. 
Twelve EU-15 Member States reduced their em issions from this so urce, Greece, Portugal 
and Spain did not. 
• Between 1990 and 2008, CH 4 emissions from managed landfills  declined by 48 % in the 
EU-15. Eleven EU-15 Member States reduced th eir emissions from this source during that 
period, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain did not. In 2008, CH 4 emissions from landfills 
decreased by 3 % compared to 2007. A main driving force of CH 4 emissions from 
managed waste disposal on land is the amount  of biodegradable waste going to landfills. 
Total municipal waste disposal on land declined by 37 % betw een 1990 and 2008. In 
addition, CH 4 emissions from landfills are influenced by the amount of CH 4 recovered and 
utilised or flared. The share of CH 4 recovery increased in several EU-15 Member States. 
• The Member States with most emissions from managed waste disposal on land  were 
Germany, Spain, Italy and the UK accounting fo r 72 % of EU-15 emissions. The largest 
reductions in absolute terms were reporte d by Germany and the UK. The emission 
reductions are partly due to the (early) impl ementation of the landfill waste directive or 
similar legislation of the Member States. 
2. GHG  EMISSIONS IN THE EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES  
The Republic of Croatia  is a Party to the UNFCCC from April 1996 and ratified the Kyoto 
Protocol in May 2007 committing to a 5% reduction of GHG co mpared to the base year 
(1990)14. Between 1990 and 2008 Croatia's GHG emissions decreased by 0.6% and 
comparing to 2007 decreased by 3.7%. Use of  hydro power has significant influence on 
Croatian GHG emissions fr om energy sector. CO 2 emissions per capita are at 7.0 tons and 
CO 2 intensity of GDP is around the double of that of the EU. According to the 5th National 
Communication, Croatia is projected to face diffi culties with achieving its Kyoto target with 
the current set of policies and measures. 
Iceland  ratified the UNFCCC in June 1993 and th e Kyoto Protocol in May 2002 committing 
itself to keep the increase of GHG emissions w ithin 10% compared to the base year (1990). 
Iceland's GHG emissions betw een 1990 and 2008 incr eased by 44% and in 2008 were 9% 
higher than in 2007. The main reas on for the increase in  emissions is the expansion of heavy 
industry in Iceland, mainly in th e field of aluminium production. CO 2 emissions per capita are 
at 15.5 tons and CO2 intensity of GDP is ar ound 20% higher than in the EU. According to 
latest projections included in the 5th National Communication and taking into account 
 
EN 7   EN decision 14/CP.7 (allowing Iceland to exclude emission from the heavy industry from the 
commitment level under the Kyoto Protocol in the period 2008-2012), Icel and is on track to 
meet its Kyoto target.  
Turkey  became an Annex I Party to the UN FCCC in May 2004 and ratified the Kyoto 
Protocol in May 2009 (howev er has no GHG limitation/reduction commitment). Turkey’s 
first National Communication to  the UNFCCC was submitted in January 2007. According to 
the recent GHG inventory, in 2008 Turk ey’s emissions amounted to 366.5 MtCO 2-eq, so an 
increase of 96% was noted compared to 187 MtCO 2-eq. in 1990. Neverthe less, in 2008 GHG 
emissions decreased by 3.5% compared to 2007. Between 1990 and 2008, per capita GHG emissions have increased in Turkey. However,  at 5.2 tonnes, the per capita emissions in 
Turkey are about half of the av erage EU-27 per capita emissions . Turkey's emissions intensity 
doubled between1990-2008, whereas in EU-27 em issions per GDP decreased by 40% over 
that period.  
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (fYRoM)  became a Party to UNFCCC in 
January 1998 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol  in November 2004. FYRoM is considered a 
developing country under the Convention an d its Protocol. In January 2009 the fYRoM 
submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat its 2
nd National Communication, including inventory of 
GHG emissions from 1990-2002. Between 1990 and 2002 total GHG emissions decreased by around 10%. Currently CO
2 emissions per capita are at le vel of 4.1 ton a nd GDP per capita 
amounts to 2300 € in 2005. Currently, there is no information on projections available for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 
 
Figure 1: GHG total emissions and emissions per capita in the EU candidate countries 
31,4
3,4
13,8
187,012,531,1
4,9
366,5
0 100 200 300 400Croatia
Iceland
fYRoM
Turkey
Mt CO2 eq.1990
2002
2008
 
 
EN 8   EN 6,6
13,5
7,4
3,46,17,0
15,5
5,2
0 5 10 15 20Croatia
Iceland
fYRoM
Turkey
t CO2 eq . per capita1990
2002
2008
 
Note : no 2008 data available for fYRoM, 2002 data is the most recent 
Source: EEA 
 
EN 9   EN  
Table 6: GHG emissions in CO 2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets 
for 2008–12  
  
1990 Base Year 
(1) GHG 
emissions 
2008 (3) Change 
2007-
2008 Change 
2008 
relative to 
base year EU burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto 
target EU 
burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto 
target 
    in Mt CO2 in Mt CO2 in % in % in % in Mt CO2 
Austria 78,2 79,0 86,6 -0,4% 9,6% -13,0% 68,8 
Belgium 143,4 145,7 133,3 2,3% -8,6% -7,5% 134,8 
Bulgaria 117,4 132,6 73,5 -3,2% -44,6% -8,0% 122,0 
Cyprus (4) 5,3 5,3 10,2 3,7% 93,9% no target no target 
Czech Republic 195,2 194,2 141,4 -4 ,1% -27,2% -8,0% 178,7 
Denmark 68,9 69,3 63,8 -4,5% -7,9% -21,0% 54,8 
Estonia 40,8 42,6 20,3 -8,2% -52,5% -8,0% 39,2 
Finland 70,4 71,0 70,1 -10,2% -1,2% 0,0% 71,0 
France 563,2 563,9 527,0 -0,6% -6,5% 0,0% 563,9 
Germany 1231,8 1232,4 958,1 0,1% -22,3% -21,0% 973,6 
Greece 103,3 107,0 126,9 -3,8% 18,6 % 25,0% 133,7 
Hungary 97,4 115,4 73,1 -3,4% -36,6% -6,0% 108,5 
Ireland 54,8 55,6 67,4 -0,3% 21,3% 13,0% 62,8 
Italy 517,0 516,9 541,5 -2,0% 4,8% -6,5% 483,3 
Latvia 26,8 25,9 11,9 -3,1% -54,1% -8,0% 23,8 
Lithuania 49,7 49,4 24,3 -4,5% -50,8% -8,0% 45,5 
Luxembourg 13,1 13,2 12,5 -2,3% -5,1% -28,0% 9,5 
Malta (4) 2,0 2,0 3,0 -1,8% 44,2% no target no target 
Netherlands 212,0 213,0 206,9 0,0% -2,9% -6,0% 200,3 
Poland 453,3 563,4 395,6 -1,1% -29,8% -6,0% 529,6 
Portugal 59,3 60,1 78,4  -1,9% 30,3% 27,0% 76,4 
Romania 242,1 278,2 145,9 -4,4% -47,6% -8,0% 256,0 
Slovakia 73,9 72,1 48,8 2,3% -32,2% -8,0% 66,3 
Slovenia 18,5 20,4 21,3 3,5% 4,6% -8,0% 18,7 
Spain 285,1 289,8 405,7 -7,5% 40,0% 15,0% 333,2 
Sweden 72,4 72,2 64,0 -3,3% -11,3% 4,0% 75,0 
United 
Kingdom 771,7 776,3 628,2 -1,8% -19,1% -12,5% 679,3 
EU-15 4244,7 4265,5 3970,5 -1,9% -6,9% -8,0% 3924,3 
EU-27 (2) 5567,0 5767,1 4939,7 -2,0% -14,3% no target no target 
 
Notes: 
(1) For EU-15 the base year for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide is 1990; for the fluorinated gases 12 Member 
States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990.  As the EU-15 inventory is 
the sum of Member States’ inventories, the EU-15 base year  estimates for fluorinated gas emissions are the sum of 1995 
emissions for 12 Member States and 1990 emissions for Austria,  France and Italy. The EU-15 base year emissions also 
include emissions from deforestation for the Netherlands, Port ugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide, methane 
and nitrous oxide for Bulgaria is 1988, for Hungary is th e average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986, for Poland 1988, for 
Romania 1989; for the fluorinated gases Sl ovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year  and Romania 1989 all other central and 
eastern European members states have selected 1995. 
(2) EU-27 does not have a common Kyoto Protocol target. 
(3) This data has not yet been reviewed by the UNFCCC. 
(4 )Malta and Cyprus do not have Kyoto targets.
 
EN 10   EN Table 7: Kyoto targets for non- ETS sectors for 2008–2012, compared with emission projections  
Total allowed 
emissions of non -
ETS sectors 
(approxi-
mation)
Annual average 
2008-2012Annual 
average 
2008-2012Annual 
average 
2008-2012
Mt CO 2-eq.Mt CO2-
eq. % change 
from BYMt CO 2-eq. Mt CO 2-eq. Mt CO 2-eq. % of BY 
emissionsMt CO 2-eq. % of BY 
emissionsMt CO 2-eq. % of BY 
emissionsMt CO 2-eq. Mt CO 2-eq. % of BY 
emissions
Austria 79,0 68,8 -13,0% 38,0 54,7 16,6 21,0% -0,7 -0,9% -9,0 -11,4% 45,0 6,9 8,7%
Belgium 145,7 134,8 -7,5% 76,3 77,7 1,3 0,9% 0,0 0,0% -4,3 -2,9% 73,4 -2,9 -2,0%
Bulgaria 132,6 122,0 -8,0% 83,9 32,9 -51,1 -38,5% 0,0 0,0% 0,0 0,0% 32,9 -51,1 -38,5%
Cyprus (3) 5,3 no target no target na 4,7 na na na na na na 4,7 na na
Czech Republic 194,2 178,7 -8,0% 92,0 61,2 -30,8 -15,9% -1,2 -0,6% 25,0 12,9% 85,0 -7,0 -3,6%
Denmark (2) 69,3 54,8 -21,0% 30,8 36,3 5,5 8,0% -1,7 -2,4% -3,9 -5,6% 30,8 0,0 0,0%
Estonia 42,6 39,2 -8,0% 27,4 6,6 -20,8 -48,8% 0,0 0,0% 0,0 0,0% 6,6 -20,8 -48,8%
Finland 71,0 71,0 0,0% 33,4 32,8 -0,6 -0,9% -0,6 -0,8% -1,4 -2,0% 30,8 -2,6 -3,7%
France 563,9 563,9 0,0% 431,9 401,2 -30,8 -5,5% -4,5 -0,8% 0,0 0,0% 396,7 -35,2 -6,2%
Germany 1.232,4 973,6 -21,0% 522,1 467,3 -54,8 -4,4% -4,5 -0,4% 0,0 0,0% 462,8 -59,4 -4,8%
Greece 107,0 133,7 25,0% 65,4 57,1 -8,3 -7,8% -1,2 -1,1% 0,0 0,0% 55,9 -9,5 -8,9%
Hungary 115,4 108,5 -6,0% 81,8 46,0 -35,8 -31,0% -1,1 -0,9% 4,0 3,5% 48,9 -32,9 -28,5%
Ireland (2) 55,6 62,8 13,0% 41,6 45,8 4,3 7,7% -2,7 -4,9% -1,7 -3,0% 41,5 -0,1 -0,2%
Italy 516,9 483,3 -6,5% 281,7 316,5 34,8 6,7% -10,2 -2,0% -17,1 -3,3% 289,2 7,5 1,5%
Latvia 25,9 23,8 -8,0% 20,4 8,7 -11,7 -45,1% 0,0 0,0% 8,0 30,9% 16,7 -3,7 -14,2%
Lithuania 49,4 45,5 -8,0% 36,9 16,9 -20,0 -40,4% 0,0 0,0% 0,0 0,1% 17, 0 -19,9 -40,3%
Luxembourg 13,2 9,5 -28,0% 7,0 10,5 3,5 26,3% 0,0 0,0% -3,8 -28,9% 6,7 -0,3 -2,5%
Malta (3) 2,0 no target no target na 0,9 na na na na na na 0,9 na na
Netherlands 213,0 200,3 -6,0% 112,8 116,2 3,4 1,6% -0,1 -0,1% -13,0 -6,1% 103,1 -9,7 -4,6%
Poland 563,4 529,6 -6,0% 323,9 192,3 -131,7 -23,4% -3,0 -0,5% 0,0 0,0% 189,3 -134,7 -23,9%
Portugal 60,1 76,4 27,0% 41,6 45,8 4,2 7,0% -4,7 -7,7% -4,8 -8,0% 36,3 -5,3 -8,8%
Romania 278 ,22 5 6 ,0- 8 ,0% 181 ,98 2 ,2- 9 9 ,7- 3 5 ,8% 0 ,00 ,0% 0 ,00 ,0% 82 ,2- 9 9 ,7- 3 5 ,8%
Slovakia 72,1 66,3 -8,0% 33,7 23,8 -10,0 -13,9% 0,0 0,0% 9,4 13,0% 33,2 -0,6 -0,8%
Slovenia 20,4 18,7 -8,0% 10,4 12,5 2,1 10,2% -1,3 -6,5% -1,0 -4,9% 10,2 -0,2 -1,2%
Spain 289,8 333,2 15,0% 181,0 238,9 57,9 20,0% -5,5 -1,9% -57,8 -19,9% 175,7 -5,3 -1,8%
Sweden 72,2 75,0 4,0% 52,6 43,8 -8,7 -12,1% -2,1 -3,0% 0,0 0,0% 41,7 -10,9 -15,0%
United Kingdom 776,3 679,3 -12,5% 433,7 357,4 -76,2 -9,8% -4,0 -0,5% 0,0 0,0% 353,4 -80,3 -10,3%
EU-15 4.265,5 3.924,3 -8,0% 2.353,8 2.300,8 -53,0 -1,2% -42,5 -1,0% -116,7 -2,7% 2.141,6 -212,2 -5,0%
EU-27 5.767 ,1n o  t a r get no tar get na 2.787 ,7n a na -49,0- 0 ,8% -71 ,3- 1 ,2% 2.667 ,4n a naGap between 
projections and target Projections of non-ETS emissionsRemovals (-) or 
emissions (+) from 
carbon sink activitiesUse of Kyoto 
mechanisms at 
government level
Gap between 
projections and target Member State Base-year 
emissions 
(BY)Kyoto or burden-
sharing targetProjections of non-ETS emissions 
with carbon sink removals and use 
of Kyoto mechanisms
Annual average 
2008-2012Annual average 
2008-2012
 
 
EN 11   EN Notes:  
(1) The approach to project GHG emissions for the Kyoto period between 2008 and 2012 in an up to date and consistent way is to stick as much as possible to reported 
emissions and use recent PRIMES and GAINS modelling results for the estimation of the trend development for all those countries , for which no up to date recent detailed 
national projections are available. The PRIM ES-GAINS baseline scen ario 2009 projects CO 2 and non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions from 2005 to 2030 at EU27 and Member 
State level based on the PRIMES energy system model for CO 2 emissions and the GAINS emissions model for non-CO 2 emissions, supported by the CAPRI agricultural 
model to estimate trends in agricultural activity.  
The baseline 2009 reflects implemented policy measures at EU and national level as of spring 2009, notably the amended ETS dire ctive, the regulation on CO2 emissions of 
new passenger cars, the implementing measures  of the Eco-Design and Labelling Directives and national renewable policies. Achie vement of national reduction targets for the 
sectors not covered by the ETS (Effort Sharing Decision) or national renewable energy targets is not assumed, but progress in t he baseline depends on the extent to which 
legislation and other measur es have been put in place by Member States and th e EU to achieve these targ ets effectively. The sce nario builds on macro projections of GDP and 
population which reflect the recent economic  downturn, followed by sust ained economic growth resu ming after 2010. Consultations  were organised with Member States 
during 2009 on inputs used and results15.  
The estimate focuses on non-ETS sector emi ssions, given that the ETS sector is fully covered by the EU emissions trading system  which complies with the Kyoto targets. The 
average non-ETS emissions between 2008 and 2012 are derived as follows: 
• 2008: historical emissions (UNFCCC minus scope adjusted ETS) 
• 2010 PRIMES emission trend 2005-10 applied to 2005 historical emissions and controlled for consistency with measured 2008 emiss ions  
• 2009 proxy data estimates by Member States as far as usable , for other countries: average between 2010 and 2008 emissions 
• 2011 and 2012 PRIMES emission trend 2010-15 applied to estimated 2010 emissions 
(2) Projections from Denmark and Ireland were provided in suffic ient detail to be included in this analysis. Both countries als o reported an amount of unused allowances 
projected to remain in their new entrants reserve under the EU ETS by the end of the commitment period, which they intend to us e for Kyoto compliance. These amounts 
(0.55 million AAUs per year for Denmark and 1 million AAUs per ye ar for Ireland) were included in the total allowed emissions o f non-ETS sectors. The use of Kyoto 
mechanisms by Denmark includes al so further budgetary measures foreseen [document Aktstykke nr. 116, adopted by Danish Parliame nt's Finance Committee on 
22/04/2010]. 
(3) No commitment under the Kyoto Protocol, therefore no base year and no emission target. 1990 emissions are used in the colum n "base year". 
(4) "na" means "not applicable" 
For further details on PRIMES-GAINS projections and its underlying methodology see COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT accompanyi ng the 
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO TH E EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE 
AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the r isk of carbon leakage 
{COM(2010) 265 final}. Background information and analysis, Part  II. SEC(2010) 650, Brussels, 26.5.2010; Höglund-Isaksson, L., W. Winiwarter, F. Wagner, Z. Klimont 
and M. Amann: Potentials and costs for mitigation of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union until 2030. Update 2010, May 2010, 
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/climat_action/non_co2emissions_may2010.pdf ; European Commission, DG Energy: EU energy trends to 2030 — UPDATE 2009, 
September 2010. 
 
EN 12   EN Table 8: Aggregate of GHG projections for the various scenarios  
Projections of total 
emissions Projections of total 
emissions with use of Kyoto 
mechanisms Projections of total 
emissions with carbon sink 
removals and use of Kyoto 
mechanisms Base year 
emissions 
Annual 
average 
2008–2012 change from 
base year Annual 
average 
2008–2012 change from 
base year Annual 
average 
2008–2012 change from 
base year  
Mt CO2 eq. Mt CO2 eq. % Mt CO2 eq. % Mt CO2 eq. % 
EU-15 4.265,5 3.821,0 -10,4% 3.704,3 -13,2% 3.661,8 -14,2% 
EU-27 5.767,1 4.769,9 -17,3% 4.698,6 -18,5% 4.649,6 -19,4% 
EU-27 (1990) 5.567,0 4.769,9 -14,3% 4.698,6 -15,6% 4.649,6 -16,5% 
 
 
EN 13   EN Table 9: Summary of implemented and planned policies and measures  
Cross-cutting measures 
Policies and measures 
‘Cross-cutting’ Emission reduction 
potential in  2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in  2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
EU Emission Trading Scheme N/a N/a In force. First phase (2005-
07)Second phase (2008-12)Third phase (2013-20)  
Revision of the monitoring mechanism N/a N/a In force  
Link Kyoto flexible mechanisms to emissions 
trading N/a N/a In force 
Energy Supply 
Policies and measures 
‘Energy supply’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
Promotion of electricity 
from RES-E (2001) 100-12516   In force  
(New) Renewable energy 
Directive   600-90017 In force 
0.87518 
CCS Directive  N/a  In force 
NER300 laying down 
criteria and measures for 
the financing of 
commercial demonstration projects for CCS and 
innovative renewable 
energy technologies under the revised EU ETS   In preparation 
Directive on promotion of 
cogeneration 6519   In force 
Further measures on renewable heat (including biomass action plan) 36-48
20   Biomass Action Plan, Dec 2005, 
over 20 further actions planned. Renewable heat included in 
proposed new Directive on 
renewable energy  
Intelligent Energy for Europe: programme for 
renewable energy N/a  Programme for policy support in 
renewable energy  
Developing the internal 
energy market 80-120 16  Amendments to a number of 
directives26 to continue to help 
complete the internal energy market. 
TOTAL  282-358 600.9-900.9   
 
EN 14   EN Energy demand 
Policies and measures 
‘Energy demand’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable /comments 
In force  
Directive on the energy performance of buildings 20
22   Monitoring and review 
Directive on the energy 
performance of buildings 
(recast)   190-29023 Adopted on 18 May 2010 
Directive on ecodesign 
requirements for energy-related products  
Directive on labelling of 
the consumption of energy and other resources by 
energy-related products   170 9 implementing measures 
adopted on ecodesign and 8 on energy labelling. To be revised 
or complemented by further 
measures. 
Regulation on the labelling of tyres with respect to fuel efficiency and other 
essential parameters  6-16  
Regulation on energy 
efficiency labelling programme for office 
equipment (Energy Star)    
  
11.2 (2009-2014)  
Directive on energy end use efficiency and energy 
services  92
24   In force; National Energy 
Efficiency Action Plans adopted 
in all EU-27. 
Action Plan on Energy efficiency as a follow-up to 
the Green Paper  N/a   Launched Oct 2006
25. Identifies 
10 priority actions to achieve up 
to 20% energy savings by 2020.  
Action under the directive on integrated pollution 
prevention and control (IPPC) on energy 
efficiency Not known   Reference document on Best 
Available Techniques regarding 
Energy Efficiency finalised. 
Intelligent Energy for 
Europe programme / 
Covenant of Mayors N/a  132 Programme for policy support in 
energy efficiency 
Public awareness campaign 
on energy efficiency N/a   Supporting program as part of 
Intelligent Energy for Europe: In implementation 
Programme for voluntary action on motors (Motor 
Challenge)  30 
16   Supporting programme for 
voluntary action on efficient 
motor systems 
25-40 16 
Public procurement    EU Handbook developed for 
guidance for increased energy efficient public procurement 
TOTAL  193-208 509.2-619.2   
 
EN 15   EN Transport 
Policies and measures 
‘Transport’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 
62.526 
Fuel quality Directive     First implemented in 1998. 
Revisions adopted in December 2008 
Directive on the promotion of transport bio-fuels 35-40
16   In force 
  Voluntary agreements with 
European, Japanese and Korean car manufacturers.  75-80
16   Implemented  
5027 
Strategy for Car CO 2    Adopted  
Infrastructure charging for 
heavy goods (revised 
Eurovignette) N/a   Adopted 
Shifting the balance of transport modes N/a   Package of measures in 
implementation  
In force  
Fuel taxation N/a   Focus on EU harmonisation of 
taxation, not on CO 2 reduction; 
ongoing review  
Directive on mobile air conditioning systems: HFCs See regulation on 
fluorinated gases   In force 
Inclusion of Aviation in EU ETS   183
28 Adopted. Will include all flights 
from 1/01/2012 
Public procurement of vehicles   1.9
29   
TOTAL  110-120   297.4   
Industry & non CO 2 gases  
Policies and measures 
‘Industry’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 
Regulation on fluorinated 
gases 2330   In force 
In force 
IPPC & non-CO 2 gases  60-7016   In 2008 the Directive was 
codified and currently is being 
amended by  the Industrial 
Emissions Directive 
 
 
EN 16   EN Waste 
Policies and measures 
‘Waste’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 
Landfill Directive 4116   In force 
Adopted.  
Waste Framework 
Directive      Launched December 200531, 
including a revision of the 
original waste directive of 1975, 
revised in 2008. 
Directives on waste 
electrical and electronic 
equipment (WEEE) 3532   In force. Revised directive in 
2008 
Integration Research & Development 
Policies and measures Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
R&D framework Program N/a   In force. Under the 7th 
Framework program (FP7), which runs from 2007 to 2013, a 
budget of 50.5 billion euros will 
be allocated over the entire period. Over 2.3 billion to 
energy related R&D activities. 
Competitiveness and 
Innovation Framework Programme (CIP)     CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 with 
a total budget of 3.6 billion euros. The CIP is divided in 
three operational programmes 
two of which are related to energy and climate change.  
Integration Cohesion Policy 
Policies and measures Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
Integration climate change 
in structural funds 
&cohesion funds N/a N/a  The Community Strategic 
Guidelines highlight investments 
to promote Kyoto commitments, 
including renewable energy, energy efficiency and 
sustainable transport systems as 
eligible areas for support. About € 48 billion are planned to co-
finance projects on climate 
change in the 2007-2013 Cohesion Policy. 
 
 
EN 17   EN Agriculture 
Policies and measures 
‘Agriculture’ Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
CAP health check (2003 reform)   
- Rural development 
policies 60-7033 
- Market policies 1233   Adopted. In 2008 the EU 
Commission decided to move to new changes to the CAP.  
Rural development policy for 2007-13 focus on: 
- Improving competitiveness 
- Improving the environment 
Rural development policy N/a   - Improving quality of life and 
encourage diversification of the rural economy.  
Support scheme for energy crops N/a    Abolished as of 2010 
N2O from soils 1034   Improved implementation of the 
nitrates Directive  
 
Proposed soil directive  N/a N/a The European Climate Change 
Programme (ECCP) Working 
Group on Sinks Related to 
Agricultural Soils estimated this potential at equivalent to 1.5 to 
1.7% of the EU’s anthropogenic 
CO2 emissions during the first commitment period under the 
Kyoto Protocol
35 
 
EN 18   EN Forests 
Policies and measures 
‘Forests’ Sequestration 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Sequestration 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO 2-eq.) Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
EU Forest Action Plan  N/a N/a Adopted. The Forest Action Plan 
presented in June 2006 builds on 
the EU’s Forestry Strategy 
adopted in 1998. 
Afforestation and 
reforestation: 
- Afforestation programmes 
- Natural forest expansion 1416   Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development 
Forest management 
(various measures) 19 16   Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development, dependent on national implementation. 
 
EN 19   EN Table 10: Key figures of the emissions tr ading scheme for 2005-2007, 2008 and 2009 for EU-27 
  Number of installations (a) Alloca ted allowances Verified emissions Difference between allocated 
allowances and verified 
emissions 
    1 000 EUA (c)  kt CO2-eq. % 
  2005–
2007 (b) 2008 2009 2005–
2007 2008 2009 2005–
2007 2008 2009 2005–
2007 2008 2009 
1. Combustion installations 6.938 7.169 7.287 1.470.961 1.255.124 1.259.971 1.491.238 1.496.407 1.362.193 1,4% 19,2% 8,1% 
2. Mineral oil refineries 150 150 150 160.772 151.441 151.740 151.676 153.335 144.309 -5,7% 1,3% -4,9% 
3. Coke ovens 20 21 22 22.789 22.531 22.409 20.857 20.989 15.757 -8,5% -6,8% -29,7% 
4. Metal ore roasting or sintering 20 28 28 25.248 21.928 21.995 17.209 17.643 11.033 -31,8% -19,5% -49,8% 
5. Pig iron or steel 229 237 238 155.631 184.733 184.950 131.478 133.276 95.423 -15,5% -27,9% -48,4% 
6. Cement clinker or lime 532 555 559 193.715 209.613 212.080 186.884 189.029 150.111 -3,5% -9,8% -29,2% 
7. Glass including glass fibre 412 438 441 22.495 25.152 25.533 20.497 22.704 19.361 -8,9% -9,7% -24,2% 
8. Ceramic products by firing 1.140 1.079 1.085 18.118 18 .609 19.094 14.821 13.362 8.990 -18,2% -28,2% -52,9% 
9. Pulp, paper and board 798 813 812 37.138 37.919 38.382 29.769 31.177 27.506 -19,8% -17,8% -28,3% 
99. Other activity opted-in 320 398 410 245 22.458 23.257 7.043 22.321 19.397 2777,4% -0,6% -16,6% 
All EU installations 10.559 10.888 11.032 2.107.111 1.949.510 1.959.411 2.071.472 2.100.241 1.854.080 -1,7% 7,7% -5,4% 
 
Notes: 
(a) All installations which have  participated in the scheme are included, even if their account is already closed.  
(b) For this analysis installations have b een included if allocated allowances or verified emissions have been published for ea ch year. With this attribute the averag e values are not the same as in last 
year's report, where averages have been calculated in a different way.  
(c) European Union Allowance. 
Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer (12 July 2010)  
 
EN 20   EN Table 11: Overview on the EU ETS verified emissions and 2nd NAPs  
Member State Average  
2005-2007 
verified 
emissions Share of 
EU ETS 
in  
total 
GHG 
emissions 
in 2007 2008 
verified 
emissions Share of  
EU ETS in 
total GHG 
emissions 
in 2008 2009 
verified 
emissions 2008-2012 
EU ETS 
cap 
(a) CDM / JI 
limit for EU 
ETS 
operators 
  Mt CO2-
eq. per 
year % Mt CO2-
eq. per 
year % Mt CO2-
eq. per 
year Mt CO2-
eq. per 
year % 
Austria 32,5 37% 32,0 37% 27,3 30,7 10,00% 
Belgium 54,3 41% 55,5 42% 46,2 58,5 8,4% 
Bulgaria 39,2 (b) 52% 38,3 52% 32,0 38,1 12,5% 
Cyprus 5,2 55% 5,6 55% 0,1 5,2 10,0% 
Czech Republic 84,6 60% 80 ,4 57% 73,8 86,7 10,0% 
Denmark 30,0 44% 26,5 42% 25,5 24,0 17,0% 
Estonia 13,4 70% 13,5 67% 10,3 11,8 0,0% 
Finland 40,1 54% 36,2 52% 34,3 37,6 10,0% 
France 128,3 24% 124,1 24% 111,1 132,0 13,5% 
Germany 480,1 51% 472,7 49% 428,2 451,5 22,0% 
Greece 71,3 55% 69,9 55 % 63,7 68,3 9,0% 
Hungary 26,3 35% 27,2 37% 22,4 26,7 10,0% 
Ireland 21,8 31% 20,4 30% 17,2 21,3 10,0% 
Italy 226,6 41% 220,7 41% 184,9 201,6 15,0% 
Latvia 2,9 23% 2,7 23% 2,5 3,4 10,0% 
Lithuania 6,4 24% 6,1 25% 5,8 8,6 20,0% 
Luxembourg 2,6 20% 2,1 17% 2,2 2,5 10,0% 
Malta 2,0 67% 2,0 68% 1,9 2,1 10,0% 
Netherlands 79,0 39% 83,5 40% 81,1 87,5 10,0% 
Poland 207,5 52% 204,1 52% 191,0 205,7 10,0% 
Portugal 33,6 39% 29,9 38% 28,3 34,8 10,0% 
Romania 69,6 (b) 46% 64,1 44% 48,6 74,1 10,0% 
Slovak Republic 25,1 51% 25,3 52% 21,6 32,5 7,0% 
Slovenia 8,9 44% 8,9 42% 8,1 8,3 15,8% 
Spain 183,3 43% 163,5 40% 136,9 152,2 20,6% 
Sweden 19,4 29% 20,1 31% 17,5 22,5 10,0% 
United Kingdom 250,1 40% 265,1 42% 231,9 245,6 8,0% 
EU-27  2.071,5 (c) 43% 2.100,2 43% 1.854,1 2.073,8   
 
Notes :  
(a) Data on the EU-ETS cap may differ from final values yet to be determined by the European Commission due 
to the fact that issues such as the treatment of th e new entrant reserves are still pending. For Denmark and 
Ireland, the ETS cap is reduced by the expected leftover  units in the new entrants' reserve at the end of the 
trading period which will not be distributed to operators but used for Kyoto compliance. 
(b) Verified emissions for 2007only as BG and RO did not participate in the EU ETS in 2005 and 2006. (c) The total EU-27 figure was calculated on the basis of actual emissions as reported in the CITL and divided by 
the number of 3 years, 2007 emissions for BG and RO were also divided by 3. 
Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer (12 July 2010), EEA GHG data viewer (12 July 2010), National Allocation Plans, NAP 
table decisions   
 
EN 21   EN Table 12: Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms 
Implemented 
use of credits 
at 
government 
level (c) Projected 
emission 
reduction 
2008-12 
through the 
use of Kyoto 
mechanisms Budget Member State  Planned use 
of Kyoto 
mechanisms  Type of 
Kyoto 
mechanisms 
(ET, CDM, 
JI)  Achievement 
of Kyoto 
target 
planned 
through 
domestic 
action only 
[Mt CO2 eq. 
per year] [Mt CO2 eq. 
per year] [Mio €  
for 2008-
2012] 
Austria Yes  IET, JI, CDM No 0,6 9,0 531 
Belgium Yes  IET, JI, CDM No 1,0 4,3 263 
Bulgaria No - Yes 0,0 - - 
Cyprus (a) No - na na - - 
Czech Republic No - Yes -27,2 -25,0 - 
Denmark Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  0,5 3,9 217 
Estonia No - Yes -0,1 0,0 - 
Finland Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  0,2 1,4 70 
France No - Yes 0,1 - - 
Germany No - Yes 1,1 - - 
Greece No - Yes 0,0 - - 
Hungary No - Yes -3,4 -4,0 - 
Ireland Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  2,7 1,7 290 
Italy Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  0,7 17,1 79 
Latvia No - Yes -18,2 -8,0 - 
Lithuania No - Yes 0,0 0,0 - 
Luxembourg Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  0,4 3,8 360 
Malta (a) No - na na - - 
Netherlands Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  7,7 13,0 507 
Poland No - Yes 0,0 - - 
Portugal Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  0,2 4,8 305 
Romania No - Yes 0,4 - - 
Slovakia No - Yes -7,4 -9,4 - 
Slovenia Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  0,0 1,0 80 
Spain Yes  IET, JI, CDM No  10,9 57,8 638 
Sweden (b) No  (JI, CDM)  Yes  -0,4 (2) 41 
United 
Kingdom No - Yes 2,2 - - 
EU-15 Yes  IET, JI, 
CDM No  28,0 116,7 3.301 
EU-27 Yes  IET, JI, 
CDM n.a. -27,9 71,3 3.381 
 
Notes:  
(a) Cyprus and Malta are non-Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Prot ocol and do not have an emissions target for the period 2008-
2012. 
(b ) Sweden has planned to purchase 2 million AAU per year, but does intend to use them to achieve its commitment under 
the Kyoto Protocol. 
(c) Credits delivered to/sold from party holding account, 2008-2009 average.  
"na" means "not applicable" 
Source:  Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under th e EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism, SEF tables 
(26 Mai 2010) and the EEA EU ETS data viewer (12 July 2010) 
 
EN 22   EN Table 13: P rojected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first 
commitment period 
  Article 3.3 Article 3.4 Total 
  Net carbon stock 
change during 
2008–12 Election of 
activities(a) Net carbon stock 
change during 
2008–12 Maximum 
allowance for 
forest 
management   
  [million tonnes 
CO 2 per year]   [million tonnes 
CO 2 per year] [million tonnes 
CO 2 per year] [million tonnes 
CO 2 per year] 
Austria -0.7 None Not appli cable Not applicable -0,70 
Belgium No estimate 
available None Not applicable Not applicable No estimate 
available 
Bulgaria Not reported None No t applicable Not applicable No estimate 
available 
Cyprus Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable 
Czech Republic Probably small 
sink FM Likely larger than 
max. allowance -1,17 -1,17 
Denmark -0,13 FM, CM, GM FM: 0.42 
CM+GM: - 1.7 -0,18 -1,65 
Estonia No estimate 
available None No estimates 
available NA No estimate 
available 
Finland + 1.9 to + 2.4 FM - 2.5 to - 3.0 -0,59 -0,59 
France -1,24 FM -83,97 -3,23 -4,47 
Germany No estimate 
available FM -7,30 -4,55 -4,55 
Greece -0,88 FM - 2 to  - 4 -0,33 -1,21 
Hungary Probably net sink FM -4,24 -1,06 -1,06 
Ireland -2,72 None Not applicable NA -2,72 
Italy No estimate 
available FM -10,20 -10,19 -10,19 
Latvia Net sink FM No estimates 
available -1,25 No estimate 
available 
Lithuania Probably net sink FM No estimates 
available -1,03 No estimate 
available 
Luxembourg 0,00 None Not applicable Not applicable No estimate 
available 
Malta Not applicable NA Not applicab le Not applicable Not applicable 
Netherlands -0,11 None Not app licable Not applicable -0,11 
Poland Net sink FM Likely larger than 
max. allowance -3,01 -3,01 
Portugal -3,36 FM, CM, GM FM: - 0.8 
CM+GM: - 0.5 -0,81 -4,66 
Romania Not reported FM, 
Revegetation Not reported -4,03 No estimate 
available 
Slovakia Net sink None Not applicable Not applicable No estimate 
available 
Slovenia No estimate 
available FM -1,32 -1,32 -1,32 
Spain -3,00 FM, CM -2,46 -2,46 -5,46 
Sweden 0,60 FM -15,00 -2,13 -2,13 
United Kingdom -2,68 FM -1,69 -1,36 -4,04 
EU-15 -12,05 FM, CM, GM -27,66   -42,45 
EU-27 -12,05  Not applicable -34,22 Not applicable -49,01 
 
EN 23   EN  
Notes:   
Consistent with the reporting of emission inventories a negativ e sign '-' is used for removals and a positive sign '+' for 
emissions; n.a.: not applicable; n.e.: not estimated. 
(a) FM: forest management; CM: cropland management; GM: grazing land management. 
(b) In addition to accounting for forest management up to the maximum allowance Parties may account for removals from 
forest management to compensate net em issions under Art. 3.3. In Finland and Sw eden, removals from forest management 
are projected to exceed the sum of emissions under Art. 3.3. and the maximum allowa nce for forest management. 
(c) The sum for EU-15 and EU-27 includes em issions and removals from Ar ticle 3.4 actvities as indicated by Member States 
with application of the cap for Forest Management. 
Source:  Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism; The 
European Community's initial report under the Kyoto Protocol (EEA Technical report No 10/2006); Initial reports under the 
Kyoto Protocol of Greece and Romania; De cisions 16/CMP.1 and 8/CMP.2 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the 
Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. 
 
EN 24   EN Figure 2: Greenhouse gas emissions per capita  of EU-27 Member States for 1990 and 2008 
25,815,315,113,613,212,912,612,511,711,711,310,610,410,410,39,69,19,09,08,27,47,37,27,27,06,85,29,410,19,9
34,615,626,018,814,19,214,214,413,415,610,29,310,211,913,513,49,114,07,39,75,99,413,55,88,510,410,012,411,611,8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40LuxembourgIrelandEstoniaCzech RepublicFinlandCyprus NetherlandsBelgiumDenmarkGermanyGreeceSloveniaAustriaPolandUnited KingdomBulgariaItalySlovakiaSpainFrancePortugalHungaryLithuaniaMalta SwedenRomaniaLatviaEU-12EU-15EU-27
t CO2 per capita2008 1990 
Source:  EEA 
 
EN 25   EN Technical notes 
(1) In the Council decision (2002/358/EC) on the approval by the EU of the Kyoto 
Protocol the various commitments of the Me mber States are expressed as percentage 
changes from the base-year. In 2006 the resp ective emission levels were expressed in 
terms of tonnes of CO 2-equivalent in the Commission Decision 2006/944/EC. In 
connection with Council decision 2002/358/EC , the Council of Environment Ministers 
and the Commission have, in a joint statem ent, noted “that the respective emission 
levels referred to in the decision shall be expressed in terms of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, …, taking into account the assumptions relating to base year 
emissions as also reflected in the relevant  statements to the Council minutes to the 
Council Conclusions of 16-17 June 1998. …”. Following the UNFCCC reviews of Member States' ‘initial reports’ duri ng 2007 and 2008 and pursuant to Article 3, 
paragraphs 7 and 8 of the K yoto Protocol, the base-year em issions for the EU-15 have 
been fixed to 4 265.5 million tonnes CO2 equivalents. 
(2) The Annual European Community gr eenhouse gas inventory 1990–2008 and 
inventory report 2010 (EEA, Technical repor t No 6/2010). Under the EU monitoring 
mechanism decision (Decision 280/2004), all MS submitted all or almost all Common 
Reporting Format (CRF) tables, (i .e., more than 90 %) for 1990–2008. 
(3) Based on PRIMES/GAINS and national projections for Denmark and Ireland. The use 
of unused allowances from the new entran t reserve under the EU ETS was not taken 
into account in the analysis. 
(4) Cyprus and Malta do not have targets under the Kyoto Protocol  
(5) For further information see the EEA website: 
http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/ recession-accelerates-the-decline-in
 
(6) The six corresponding legislative acts were pu blished in the Official Journal of the 
European Union in June 2009(5.06.2009 L 40), and are already in force. 
Directive 2009/29/EC  expands, strengthens and improve s the functioning of the EU ETS 
post-2012. From 2013 an emission cap will be set at EU level and cut each year to reach -21% 
in 2020 (comparing to 2005 levels). The auctioni ng system of allowances will be increased 
and ambitious ex-ante benchmark for free allocation will be in troduced. Industrial 
installations not s ubject to carbon leakage wi ll be required to buy 20%  of allowances in 2013 
rising to 70% in 2020 and 100% in  2027, while those identified to be exposed to the risk of 
carbon leakage will receive 100% of the quantity determined by benchmarks for free. Use of 
offset credits from outside of the EU is allo wed but this amount remains below half of the 
reduction effort in order to ensure a sufficient level of emissions reductions inside the EU. (OJ 
5.06.2009 L 140) 
Decision 406/2009/EC  sets national commitments to reduce GHG emissions which are 
outside the scope of the EU ETS (small-scal e emitters: transport, buildings, agriculture, 
waste), which represent some 60% of total GHG emissions in the EU. The decision sets 
legally binding annual targets in the period 2013-2020 for each MS ensuring that by 2020 emissions from these sectors will be reduced at  EU level by 10% comparing to 2005 levels. 
The efforts (targets ranging from -20% to +20%) are shared between MS according to 
differences in GDP per capita. Less wealthy Memb er States will be allowed to increase their 
emissions in non-ETS sectors by up to 20% above 2005 levels. These targets do, however, 
still represent a cap on their emissions and will still require a reduction effort compared to 
business as usual. By contrast, the wealthier Member States, with GDP/capita above the EU 
 
EN 26   EN average, will have to reduce emissions, up to a maximum figure of -20% below 2005. (OJ 
5.06.2009 L 140) 
Directive  2009/28/EC  on the promotion of the use of re newable energy sets legally binding 
targets for each Member State in order to r each the EU target of 20% share of renewable 
energy in the EU’s final energy consumption a nd 10% in transport by 2020. Also a 10% share 
of renewable energy sources in transpor t by 2020 target was adopted. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
Directive 2009/31/EC  on geological storage of CO2 provi des a legal framework to manage 
possible environmental risks and liability is sues and includes a long-term incentive for 
investment in demonstration projects to cap ture and geologically store CO2. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 
140) 
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009  sets standards for CO2 emissions from new passenger cars, 
which will ensure that emissions from the new car fleet are reduced to an average of 130g CO2/km by 2015. A stringent long-term target of 95g CO2/km by 2020 was also set. Estimate 
of total GHG emission savings per year amounts to 50 Mt CO2 eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
Fuel quality directive 2009/30/EC  puts an obligation on supplie rs to reduce greenhouse gas 
emission from entire fuel production chain by 6% by 2020. A review in  2012 will consider 
increasing the target to 10%  by 2020. Estimate of total GHG emission savings per year 
amounts to 62.5 Mt CO2-eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
Directive 2008/101/EC  included aviation into EU ETS. It is estimated that a total of 183 
million tonnes of CO2 will be saved per year on the flights covered by the scheme equal to a 
46% reduction by 2020 compared with business as usual. From 1 January 2012 flights 
between EU airports and all flights arriving or departing form the airports in the EU will be 
covered by the system. (OJ 13.01.2009 L 8) 
(7) Commission Decision of 24 December 2009 determining, pursuant to Directive 
2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, a li st of sectors and 
subsectors which are deemed to be exposed to  a significant risk of carbon leakage (OJ 
5.1.2010) 
(8) Commission Decision of 9 July 2010 on the Community-wide quantity of allowances 
to be issued under the EU Emission Trading Scheme for 2013 (2010/384/EU) (OJ 
10.7.2010 L175) 
(9) Commission Decision of 8 June 2010 ame nding Decision 2007/589/EC  as regards the 
inclusion of monitoring and reporting guide lines for greenhouse gas emissions from 
the capture, transport and geological st orage of carbon dioxide (2010/345/EU) (OJ 
22.6.2010) 
(10) Commission Regulation (EU) No 82/2010 of 28 January  2010 amending Regulation 
(EC) No 748/2009 on the list of aircraft op erators which performed an aviation 
activity listed in Annex I to Direc tive 2003/87/EC on or after 1 January 2006 
specifying the administering Member St ate for each aircraft operator (OJ 29.1.2010 
L25) 
(11) Commission Regulation (EU)  No 606/2010 of 9 July 20 10 on the approval of a 
simplified tool developed by the European  organisation for ai r safety navigation 
(Eurocontrol) to estimate the fuel consum ption of certain small emitting aircraft 
operators (OJ 10.7.2010 L175) 
(12) 
CITL, 12 July 2010 
 
EN 27   EN (13) The revised directive on EU ETS allows ex isting operators (from 2013) to use JI and 
CDM credits in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-
wide reductions below the 2005 levels over  the period 2008-2020 and for new sectors 
and aviation 50% of the reductions below the 2005 levels over the period from the date of their inclusion in the EU ETS to  2020. This amounts to an overall JI/CDM 
limit of roughly 6.5% of th e EU-wide cap over the peri od 2008-2020.The exact limits 
for each installation will still need to be determined but the Directive already grants to 
existing operators an access to credits of at  least of 11% of thei r allocation during the 
period 2008-2012. In addition, new entrants and new sectors including aviation 
receive minimum levels of access to JI and CDM credits.  
(14) Base year level of GHG emissions for Croatia has not been decided yet and the case 
under the Executive Branch of the Compliance Committee is ongoing  
(15) For further details see the CO MMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
SEC(2010) 650 of 26.5.2010 accompanying the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARL IAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE 
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: Analysis of options  to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas 
emission reductions and asse ssing the risk of carbon le akage{COM(2010) 265 final}. 
Background information and analysis, Part II (in particular section 3.2 and Annex 
10.4); http://ec.europa.eu/environm ent/climat/pdf/26-05-2010working_doc2.pdf 
(16) Second ECCP progress report April 2003 
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environm ent/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf 
(17) Directive on the promotion of energy from  renewable sources, Citizens' Summary, 23 
January 2008 
(18) The original figure refers to a cumulative estimate of 7 MtCO2eq by 2020.  
(19) Proposal for a Directive of the European  Parliament and of the Council on the 
promotion of cogeneration based on a usef ul heat demand in the internal energy 
market  
(20) COM (2005) 628 final “Biomass Action Plan, December 2005” 
(21) Decision No 1229/2003/EC, Regulation (E C) No 807/2004, Directive 2003/54/EC & 
2003/55/EC, Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 
(22) COM (2004)366 – final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004 
(23) Energy performance of buildings – imp act assessment on the revised directive 
SEC(2008) 2864 
(24) Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on End-Use 
Energy Efficiency and Energy Services, COM(2003) 739 final 
(25) COM(2006)545 – final “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realisi ng the Potential” 
(26) Questions and answers on the EU strate gy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars, 
MEMO/07/46.  
(27) Questions and answers on the EU strate gy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars, 
MEMO/07/46.  
(28) Inclusion of Aviation in the EU Gree nhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme (EU 
ETS), Summary of the Impact Assessment, SEC(2006) 1685 
 
EN 28   EN (29) Directive on the promotion of clean and energy efficient road transport vehicles, 
2005/0283 (COD) 
(30) Regulation proposal on certain fluorinated  greenhouse gases, COM (2003) 492 final; 
estimated emissions reductions are due to  both the implementation of F-gases 
Regulation (842/2006) and th e MAC Directive (2006/40/E C- for air conditioning 
systems in motor vehicles)  
(31) Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention, COM (2005) 666 and 667 (final) 
(32) Value in 2011 - Directive on waste elect rical and electronic equipment (WEEE), 
(recast) Impact Assessment, {COM(2008) 810}, {SEC(2008) 2933} 
(33) From ECCP working group on agriculture an d sub-group on carbon sinks related to 
agricultural soils. Some of potential for bioenergy crops will be covered within potential from biofuels, cogeneration from biomass, further promotion of RES-H etc. 
(34) EEA, 2008, GHG Trends and Projections in Europe 
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/ eea_report_2008_5/TPReport2008Annexes.pdf  
(35) Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, COM(2006)231 
(36) Civil domestic passenger and freight traffi c that departs and arrives in the same 
country