ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(76)711
Vol.1976/0211

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(76)711 final
Brussels.6January1977
Proposalfora
COUNCILDECISION FOR
l
adoptingaresearchprogrammeinthefieldof
TreatmentandUseofSewageSludge
(concertedaction)
(submittedtotheCouncilbytheCommission)
C0M(76)711finr-l'

-1
COGITEI
page
IIntroduction 2
IIValuationofCOSTProject68ar-«lusions 2
IIIDefinitionoftheproblem . 3
IVProposaiofanewprogramme 4
A)Generalconsiderations 4
B)TopicsofResearch 5
VDurâtionofthePro/frramme 8
VIImplementation oftheprogramme 8
VIIFincuicia'i VolTirne Q
DraftCouncilDecisionforadopting?c».rchprogrammeinthe10fieldofTreatmentandUseofSewage ,('vertedaotion)
AnnexItctheDrafi.CouncilDecision 13
AnnexIItotheliraftCotmcilDeoision 15

Research programme inthefield of
"Treatment and 'feeofSewage Sludge "
(Concerted Action )
Introduction
Research inthefield ofsewagi sludge processing was thesubject
ofCOST I-roject 68,which ranfrom 197^until 1974 .This project
covered only part oftheproblemG related totheenvironmental im­
pact ofthesludges produced during waste water treatment .
Research ?nthis field was therefore included inthe 2rd Environ­
ments ]Research Program :8ofthe3uroper,n Economic Community (in­
direct Action ),approved bytheCouncil ofKinisters on15March
1976 .Inview oftheexperience gained during thrfimplementation
ofCCS?Project 68,research ontreatment enduseofseivage sluug3
istobeexecuted asaConcerted Action ;interested non -member
cor•"tries will "heinvited toparticipate ,
Evr.lui-.t ?onofCOSTProject 6Pandconclusions
COST Project C3"Sewage Sludge Processing ",based onanAgreement
signed inBrussels 01123November 1971 1started on1August 1972
andended officially on31July 1974 .Since most ofthenational
projects rjre financed until the endof1974 practical work went
onur/fcil this date .
Thefollowing countries participated intheproject :
Menber countries third countries
Denmark Yugoslavia
t
Germany Norway ,
France Switzerland
Italy Swedon
TheNetherlands Finland
United Kingdom Turkey
Belgium
Theaims oftheprojects were limited tosome selected aspects of
sewage sludge treatment anddisposal .Thethree main topics were

a)standc.riizationofcharacteristic valuesofsludge,
"r)elaborationofmethodsforthecharacterization ofsludge
parameters ,
c)comparativetestsofcombinedsludge–refuseincinerators.
Detailsontheimplerentation oftheprojectandthemajorresults
areconprel.enpjvelydealtintheFinalReport(TocumentEUC0/3P/
48/75).
EinceCOHTProject60wasoneofthefirstattemptstocoordinate
EuropeanresearchwithintheframeworkofCOST,therewassomedelay
ingettingitofftheground,andtherunningtimeofonlytwoyears
wascertainlytooshort,toachievealloftheratherambitiousgoals
seta.;'thebeginning.ThaProjyet.is,Jiokcvery.caonsidered tobe-va
Eucc3sn,.-nnd alxparticipants agreedthatafollow-upprogrammeis
highlyjustified,fromtheviewpointofthescientificneeda'saswellas
thcexor.cis.cnfinternational .•colldboration *:*';•;•
T^rais agreem-anj •arcag-the'poi'-ticipating nsiexibists .that.
thescopeof-afollow^-ifpro{.;ianaoshouldbe.broader.In"por-icular
theenvironneutcJ .problemsofsludgeuseshouldbecovered.
Easedonrecommendations oi'theManagementCommitteeofProject68
andontfcsirownstudyofthesubject,theServicesoftheCommission
preparedanoutlineofanewproject,whichwassubmittetothe
ScientificandTechnicalResearchCommittee(CRE3T)inearly1975*
Basedonarecciraend'-.tion fromCEEST,theCouncilofMinistersin
March1975recognisedtieCommunityInterestofthisresearch,
Followingthis,anexperi,committeedi3cussedindetailthere­
search.needs,talcingintoaccountaninquiryonnludg3disposal
rjiduseintheinterestedcountriesandaninventoryofongoing
ationalresearoh.
Therecommendations ofinisexpertcommittee ,preparedover3
meetings(23June,26September,4December1975)»aregiven
hereafter.Tueprogrammewaf.approvedbytheAdvisoryCommittee
onProgrammeManagementforEnvironmental Research0114March1976.
III.Definitionoxtheproblem,
Daringthepurificationofwaste-waterupto700kgsewagesludge(°)
(corresponding to30-40kgdrymatter)peryearandinhabitantare
produced;to"thishugeamountlargequantitiesofbio-degradableindustrialsludges(frombreweries,foodindustry,etc...)hax*eto
ber,i(_3d.Thesesludgeocontainabout95?Jwater;theyaredifficult
tohandlefromatechnological pointofview.Improperdisposalof
(">)theamountdependsonthetreatmentprocedure,andvariesfromabout
300kg(digestedsludge)toabout700kg(rawprimaryandsecondary
sludge).•

sewage sludge causes serious environmental problems (odour nuisance ,
water pollution byrun-off ,eutrophication ,microtia !pollution ,
heavy met-il contamination );disposal atseaoronland ,sofar
widely used ,will therefore come under closer supervision ,aswill
incineration causing airpollution .
Itwould bedesirable tosolve these problems byimproving sewage
sludge processing inorder toobtain products which canbeused in
agriculture orforland reclamation ,minimizing pollution exAdis­
posal co^-t .Thefact that theprice ofinorganic fertilizers .hasa
tendency toincrease w:11favour these goals .
Research inthis field should therefore ,inprinciple ,aimat
–theimprovement oftreatment processes inorder toobtain
"marketable "products ,
-athorough assessment ofenvironmertal problems related toland
use .ofsewage sludge ,including hygienic andesthetic aspects ,
~reducing cost ofsludge treatment anddisposal .
Research concerning nludge processing andsludge use iscomplicated
bya:iu~nber ofinpcrbant analytical problems ;duetothecomplex
nature oftludge ,many ofthetie arestill unsolved ,orcurrent
methods areunsatisfactory .Therefore ,high priority isattributed
toresearch into themethodology ofsludge characterization .
Proposal a- programme
A)General considerations
Inm<m3 rplaces ,fo?economical reasons ,sewage sludge isstill dis­
posed ofatseaoronland without further treatment .Theecj-
logiocJ .consequences arenotyetfully assessed ,butitgoes for
granted that alternative solutions have tobepromoted .
Incineration ofsludge wasdeemed foralong tine tobethebe3t .
solution ofthesludge problem ,andwasoneofthe "main scopes 01'
Project 68,butrecent developments (rising energy cast ,need for
recycling ofrawmaterials )indicate that sludge incineration will
belimited inthefuture tocertain geographical situations ;further
research was not recommended .
Theadvisability ofincluding research ontheindustrial useof
sludges ,e.g. inthefabrication ofconstruction materials ,was
slso explored ;itwasconcluded ,that this ismainly industrial
research ,andthat theamounts which canbeindustrially used are
relatively snail .Theevolution inthis field should beclosely
followed ,andrelevant research possibly included atalater 1stage .
Itisgenerally recognized that themost practicable solution for
sludge disposal isitsuseinagriculture andforland reclamation ,
ect... Therefore ailresearch aiming attheelimination of

-5-
constraintstolandspreadingareofprimaryimportance.These
constraints 6i*emainly
-hygienicaspects
-odournuisance
-contentofpollutants ,inpartifcularheavymetalsandpersistent
organiccompounds,whichnayinfluencequalityandquantityof
croj.-3withobviousconsequences forthefoodchain
-possiblenegativeeffectsonsoilqualityaftercontinuedappli­
cation
~contamination ofgroundandsurfacewater
Aneconomicuseonland,ho^evpr,requiresfurtheron–piwittreat­
mentatlowcost.Considerable workhasbeendonealready,but
teciinicE.1processesarefarfrombeingperfectandneedfurther
reducti 'i-iincost.
Inprinciple ,theprocessingof"rawsludge"asitisproducedin
wastewatertreatmentplants,hastoaimat
-areductionofquantityandvolume,tobeachievedbydegradation
oforganicmatterand/orremoval.,ofwater,
-areductionofthepollutingpotential ,includingsanitaryaspects
and,inparticular ,theeliminationofbadodours,
Twosubsequentproceduresareapplied
-anaerobioandaerobicdigestion("stabilization"),
-mechanicaldewatering. 1
Inordertoimresethe(directorindirect)"economic"valueofthe
finalproduct,furtherprocessing ,e.g.compostingofsludge,is
practised.
B)TopicsofResearch
Forpracticalreasonstheprogrammeproposalgiveninthefollowing
issubdividedinto4mainheadings;
1)Sludgestabilization andodourproblems
2)Devateringofsludge
3)Problem"relatedtoslv.dgecharacterization (pollutants ,micro­
biology)
)Environmfcnial .problemsrelatedtolanduseofsewagesludge
Thoreis,ofcourse,anoverlapbetweenthesefields,andtheattribution
ofitemsisinsomecases-arbitrary.Tholistisnotrankedbypriority.

-6-
1cSludgestabilization gridodourproblems
1.1.Odourcharacterization aiidobjectiveodourmeasurement
1.2.Relationship "betweenodournuisanceand"degreeofstability"
1.3.Definition andanalyticalproce&urenforthedetermination of
otherparametersforthe"degreeofstability"andtheirlinks
toodournuisance ;vinpartcontinuationofCOSTProject68),in
particular
~contentoftotalorgajiicmatter
-lipoidcontent
~proteincontent
-carbohydrate content
–enzymeactivitiesa-idotherbiochemical parameters
-HSformation
-redoxpotential
-oxygenuptake
–r?.slormation
1.4»Comparativecvaluati^nofdifferentstabilization prccedures
-anaerobiofriabilization
"aerobicstabilization
••^nemicalstabilization
inviewoftheaimsmentionedabove(reductionofquantityand
volumereductionofpollutingpotentials)andinviewoftheir
effactsondewateringpropertiesandsludgeuse.
2.Problemsrelatedtoneohanicalsludgedewaterir.g
2.1.Basioi-esearchon;*aterbindingforcesforabetterunderstanding
ofthecolloidalstateofsludge,locationofelectricalcharges,
Zetapotential,etc....,andtheirimportancefortheactionof
flocculants .
2.2.Developmentofanalyticalproceduresandtheirstandardization
forthepredictionofdewav.eringproperties(continuationef
COSTProject68),inparticular
-empirictestnfor"centrifugability "
-partiexesizedistribution
–specificfiltrationresistance* J
~theirconnectionwithalreadystandardizedtests,e.g.viscosity
oroapillrrysuctiontime.
\

.3.i-'.c'.,:.e;o3relatedtotheuseofflecoulants,foreconomic *
reasonsconsideredtobeofprimaryimportance ,inparticular
«standardflocculation agentsforte3tpumoses
~floccc-lating propertiesofpolymersasafunctionoftheir
chemicalnature
-jrepeat?.onandstabilityofflocc^lantsolutions
-ptim-.museof/"looculantrrandofcombinationthereofasa
functionofsludgecharacteristics andrievrateringtechniques
-optimumtimingofflocculantaddition
–possibleharmfulefiectsofflocculants ontheenvironment
2P4®Evaluationofthickeninganddowatoringequipment
3•Anaiytj.ca.l_problemsrelatedtosludgetreatmentanduse
3.1.Characterization ofpathogensinsewagesludge
3.2,Criticalevaluation ,oftheefficiencyofdesinfectionprocedures :
inparticular
-pasteurization
-désinfection byirradation
-ponication
3.3.Researchintoconsentandchemicalstateofpollutantsinsludge .,
inparticular "ofheavymetalsandpersistentorganiccompounds
andtheestablishment ofstandardized analyticalmethodsfor
tiic.irdetermination (inpartcontinuation ofCOSTProject68)
3„/i„Influencecfindustrialwastesintroducedtowastewaterpurifi­
cationplantsonpollutantcontent.
Er.vf-i^.mertalProblemsrelatedtolanduseofsewagesludge
..1.Fr*-ctquality
4.1.1.Fp^ciprocessingofkludgeforagricultural use(e.g.composting
tofet.withrefuse),
4.1.2.].mproy»n-tofdesinfection procedures
.1.3.T^rnova.*heavymetalsandotherpollutants
4.2.i.:fioctssludgeapplication
■1.2.1.Transfeipollutantstoplantsasafunctionoftheirchemical
stateir.ationtodifferentsoilcharacteristics ,andharmful
ef.7e-tsagetation
.../

4.2.2.Criticalevaluationoftheeffectscflongrangearp<LU
ofalv.Igeorprocessedsludge(compost)onroilqualify,and
effectt;ongroundwater
4.2.3.Optimumlanduseofsewngekludgeingeneral,and,inparti­
cular,ofsludgesfromdephosphaiation plants.
DurâtionoftneProgramme
Adurationof3yearsisproposedforthisprogramme.
Implementation oftheprogramme
Theprojectisimplementedasa"concertedaction"withintheframe­
workoftbeEnvironmental ResearchProgrammeoftheIDuropeanCommu­
nities,Non-membercountrieswillbeinvitedtoparticipate .Inprin­
ciplemembercountriesshouldsubjectallongoingorplannedgovern­
mentsponsoredresearchprojectscoveredbytheprogrammetoaco­
ordinationwithintheframeworkoftheconcertedactionandinform
theotherparticipating countriesonresults,planning,etc....A
ResearchCoordination Committeeisebtabliyhed ,lawhichthemember
countriesandCommissionarerepresented b,yadelegate,whomaybe
assistedbyexperts.
Provirionswillbemadeforanadequaterepresentation ofpartici­
patingnon-membercountriesonthi3Committee.
Thecjmpetences oftheAdvisoryCommitteeonProgrammeIlanagement
forFnvironir.ental Researchcoveralsotheimplementation ofthis
programme;thijCommitteeis,inparticular,dulyqualifiedfor
givingthisresearchitsproperplacewithintheoverallenvironmen­
talresearchprogrammeoftheEuropeanCommunities.
TheResearchCoordination Committeeisthebodyinwhichtheexchange
cfinformation betweenthemembercountriesandtheCommissionis
staged.
Beyondthis,thetermsofreferenceofthisCommitteeareessentially
-toassiseintheco-ordination ofthenationalresearchprojects
executedinthisfieldandtoadvisetheexecutinglaboratories
i.inordertoavoidunnecessary duplication aswellasnottoleave
.anygapsin.ivhe :*.-programme;
-toadvisegovernments andtheCommissionwithregardtoresearch
needsinthisfield;
-toevaluatetheresultsofresearchandtodrawconclusions with
regardtotheirapplications ;
-topromoteexchangeofexperiencebetweenthescientistsinvolved
byorganizingsymposia,etc,
-topromotethedissemination ofknowledge.

-9-
.-i.F":nalVolume
Thefinancialvolumeoftherecisarchinthisfieldin+hemember
countriesisestimatedat6m.u.a.fora3-yearperiod.Thisfigure
inbasedonestimatesofthepresentannualvolumeofongoingre­
searchprojects,ascommunicated bythoexperts.
Theinventoryofongoingresearchprojectsiniica.tu3that,witha
few(xceptions,allmembercountrieswouldcontributeresearchin
4researchfields.
Thecostofco-ordination ,onchargeoftheCommunitybudget,is
estimatedat140.000u.a.forthe3yearsperiod.

-10
COUNCIL DECISION FOR
adopting aresearch programme inthefield of
Treatment andUse ofSuwage Sludge
(concerted action )
The Coui^cii .of+heEuropean Communities ,
HAVING liEGAR 1)totheTreaty establishing theEuropean Economic Community ,
andinparticular /rticie 235thereof ;
HAVING REGARD totheproposal ofthe Commission ;
HAVING REGAliD tothe opinion ofthe European Parliament ;
FHEREAS byvJrtue ofAr+iole 2oftheTreaty ,theCommunity has "been assign­
ed .thi task ofpromotir *;throughout theCommunity aharmonious develop­
ment ofeconomic activities ,acor.tinuoixs and bal-Jiced er^ar.oicn andan
accelerated raising ofthe standard ofliving ;
T'HET?EAS initsdeclaration of22November 1973 , ?r!uncil oftheEuropean
Com.nun5 ties hasapproved theprinciples andobjectives oi'aCorjjiunity en­
vironmental policy andthegeneral description oftheactions tob3under­
taken o-tCommunity level ;
UHE7EAS tha Council stressed initsResolution of14January 1974 onan
in:r..ia1 outline programme oftheEuropean Communities inthefield of
soignee andtechnology that anappropriate approach should beadopted
tc-rds thewhole range ofavailable ways andmeans including concerted
ac .onsinaneffort toensure maximum effectiveness v;hile endeavouring
to .-.btain afair allocation oftasks among thelaboratories a.-.dresearch
bor enintheCommunity and the Ilernber stc.tes and th&t whenever itproves
do .rable cooperation with non-nember countries should bemade possible ;
WET^KAS initsdecision of15"arch 1976 theCouncil hasapproved asecond
environmental research programme ;
MiE.vEAS aCommunity concerted research action inthe .t'ield oftreatment and
use ofFewage sludge islikely tocontribute effectively totheachievement
of ;,heabove mentioned aims ,inparticular with regard toxhereduction of
env-ronmeiital pollution and+0theeconomic use ofresources ; »
MTU'EAS theMember Countries carry outresearch inthis field ,andagree
tosubject this research ;thevolume ofwhich isestimated atabout 6m.u.a .,
toacoordination onCommunity level foraperiod of3years .
Mr riEAS theTreaty han notprovided the neoe>3sary powers forthis purpose ;
^r::'9EA3theScientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST )hasgiven
i-osopinion with regard totheCommission proposal :
H' DECIDUO

-11-
Article 1
foraperiod cf3years
"h :Community implement s/aconcerted ,research action inthefield ofTrei*-
.iv.-it..ndUseofSewage Sludge .within theframework ofitsEnvironmental Research
»:rti^ranihix.Thaarlctiofi cuhsiots initht.6o.rordination.Lfit Community •level^of researc
which isdescribed inAnnex Iandwhich forms part ofthenational research
programmes ofthe tlemter States ,
Article P.
The .financial contribution bythe Community i,otherealisation ofthe co­
ordination tiotion will bedetermined inthebudgetary procedure .Itis
estimated at140.000 u.a .,theunit ofaccount being defined according to
thefinancia ".regulation inforce .
Article 3
Toassist the Commi^&ion inthe carrying outofthecoordination action
andtheMember Stages inthe execution oftheresearch projects inthecon-
te:rt ofthis coordination ,aResearch Coordination Committee "Treatment and
Use ofSewage Sludge ",hereinafter referred toas"theCommittee ",ishereby
established .
Theterms ofreference andthecomposition ofthis Committee CTOdefined in
Annex II.
TheCommittee shall draw upitsrules ofprocedure .Itssecretariat will be
provided bythe Commission .
Article 4
(a)Inaccordance with aprocedure tobeadopted bytheCommission inagree­
ment with theCommittee ,theMember States shall exchange regularly all
u.ioful information concerning theexecution oftheresearch covered bythe
cro.'dination action .This information shall betreated asconfidential if
requested bytheKemher State which provides it.
(b)TheCommission shall prepare yearly progress reports onthebasis ofthe
information supplied .
Attheendofthecoordination period ,theCommission inagreement with
th<:Committee ,shall forward totheMember States/areport ontheexeoution
andresults ofthecoordination action . European Parliaraen
Th iCommission shall publish th:iareport sixmonths after ithasbeen for-
'..T.rded ,unless aIlember State objects .
Inthis case thereport shall bedistributed ,attheir request ,solely to
irieinstitutions andundertakings carrying outontheterritory ofMember
States ,aresearch activity justifying access totheknowledge resulting
from theperformance oftheresearch covered bytheCommunity „coordination
action .TheCommission ,inagreement with theCommittee ,m?vrmake provisions
that thereport rera.iita confidential and isr.otphased tothird pea-ties .

-12 -
Article 5
TheCommunity may ,under the conditions laid down inArticle 22oofthe
Treaty establishing theEuropean Economic Community ,conclude agreements
with other Stages involved inEuropean co-operation inthe fielu ofScien­
tific andTechnical Research (COST /topermit them toparticipate inthe
coordination action which isthe subject ofthis Decision .
Article 6
Annex Itothis Decision mr.ybeamended bytheCouncil ,onaproposal by
theCommission ,after consulting' theCommittee ,inthe event ofasubstan­
tial ibhange inthefinancial ortechnical conditions governing thereacarch
whijh iscovered bythe coordination action .
Article 7
This Decision comes into force onthe day ofitspublication inthe
Official Journal oftheEuropean Communities .
Done at aate For the Council
The President

•jLrr--.iT.'.■o'jjicx.L '-'j::s.onor,arc-searcn,..rc ?;-f-h?
ij>J">?TreatmentandUs3ofSewa«reSlut's-,-,XVr'-.fXCounoi.L ])*■j.isionor.
-I'JJ''fTreatmentandUs?ofSewageSludgo
(concerted-.cAion)
The;jtnkwillbecarriedoutwiththemainpurposeofacquiringscientificandtechnicalknowledgerequiredfortheiraple-
Kemo/b*.ot.oftheprogrammecfActionof"theEuropeanCommunitiesofth--,environment.Theresearchwillcoverthefollowingtopics:
Researchtopics Divisionofresearchworkamong–~i" me:..berstates
BBRD DKPIIRLNLDK
Lux
l)SludgeetcMlisation andodourproblems:
-definitionanddetermination of"degreeof
stalility"andrelationships toodournuisance xx -
-comparative eva]nationofstabilisation procedures xx x
Z)Problemsrelatedtosludgedewatering "
-researchonwaterbindingforces x
-development andstandardisation ofmethodsforthe
assessmentofdewateringproperties xx xx x
-proU-jrasrelatedtotheuseofflocculants x x x
-comparative ovaluationcfthickeninganddewatering x x
'eq-o.ipmf.nt
3)Analyticalproblemarelatedtosludgetreatmentanduse:
-characterisetionofpathogensandevaluationofdes-
infsctionprocedures xxx
-*characterise fcionanddetermination ofpollutants
(he^s./metals,persistentorgf.ai.iccompounds)in
sludgeandceveiopracntofstandardisedanalytical
ιαο-ήΛοαε χ χ χχ

Researchto^icî
4)Environm^ntal problemsrelatedtosludgeuse:
~specialprocessingofsludgeforagricultural
use(e.g.composting)includingtheimprovement
ofdesinfection proceduresandpollutantremoval
-trai^ferofpollutantstoplantsandharmful
effectson.vegetation
-effectsoflongrangesludgeapplication
•orrsoil -erualitvanüiground :/ater
-optiau::!laneuseofsludge,includingsluage
fromdephosrhatation plar.tsjkvisionofresearchworkamong
memberstates
B
LUTBRD DECIRLNLUIC
χ X
X

-15-
Arnex IItothe Draft -Council Decig ion
onaresearch programme inthe fieldof
Treat ment s.nd Use ofSewage Sludge
(concerted action )
TESWS OFREFERENCE AMD COMPOSITION OFTIlE RESE ARCH COOPJ ilNATIOK COMMITTEE
"TREATME NTANDUSE OFP^'fA GESLUDGE "
1.The Committee shall :
1.1Contribute totheoptimum execution oftheprogramme bygiving its
opinion onall ofitsaspects onrequest from theCommission and
onits own initiative .
l«2rEvaluate theresults anddraw conclusions asregards totheir
application .
1.3 Insure theexchange ofinformation anddissemination ofdata and
knowledge relating tothe prograr.une .
1.4Keep abreast oftherelevant research being done inthepartici­
pating states and inother countries .
2.The Ccumittee 'sreports andopinions shall betransmitted tothe
Commission and totheparticipating States .Ifnsoc3sary ,minority
opinions may also bementioned .
3.TheCommittee iscomposed ofonerepresentative from each participating
State whowill beresponsible forcoordinating thenational contribution
totheprogramme ,andalso onefrom theCommission .Each representative
maybeaccompanied byexperts .
4.TheCommittee shall designate itsChairman foraperiod ofoneyear .