ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(76)637
Vol.1976/0192

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COMMISSION OJFTHEEUB.OEBANCOMMUNITiSj
•v
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•COM(76)637 final.
t«V«!*äl3dCnpJJlOC'ABrussels,29November1976.
*Ë$-■'0£
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MEMORANDUM
CONCERNING ACOMMUNITY COALRESEARCH PROGRAMME INTHEFIELDOFWINING
TECHNOLOGY WITHAVIEWTOOBTAINING FINANCIAL AIDUNDERTHETERMSOF
ARTICLE55§2c)OFTHEE.C.S.C.TREATY.
(Budgetaryyear1977)
MEMORANDUM
CONCERNING ACOMMUNITY COALRESEARCH PROGRAMME INTHEFIELDOFPRODUCT
BENEFICIATION WITHAVIEWTOOBTAINING FINANCIAL AIDUNDERTHETERMS
OFARTICLE55§2c)OFTHEE.C.S.C. TREATY
(Budgetaryyear1977)
C0MC76)637final.

T-IOMEMORANDA
Ti*eCommissionoftheEuropeanCommunities has,onseveraloccasions,
expresseditrelfveryclearlyonthequestionofcoalresearch,bothinits
^energy-policyinmrediatelyaftertheevantiof1973,andagainmorerecently.
ItconsidersthatthisresearchisariTmpottatit'factorinmaintaining andirprr
vingtheeconomy.Withregardtocoal,theaimsofresearchareidenticalto
thoseofthecoalindustry,thatistosay:
-tomaintainannualproductionatthecurrentlevelof250milliontecif
possible •
-toimproveproductivity andstabilityofproduction costs
-toachieveimprovedutilization andvalorisation oftheproductsofthecoal-
industry
-toimproveworkingconditions .
Forcoal,anincreasedresearcheffortduringthecomingdecadeconstitutes
oneofthemeansofachievingtheobjectivesforproduction andproductivity .
ThepriorityareasdefinedintheMedium-Term ResearchPrograms1975-19S'.',
publishedinthe0Jn°C60ofMay1974andsupplemented buthepublicationinth*
OJn°C160ofDecember1974,wherethecriteriafortheselection'ofresearch
projectswerere-specified,arestillvalid.
TheMedium-Term GuidelinesforCo?I,1975-19S5,publishedintheOJin
January1975alscdescribetheCommission'sresearchpolicyconcisely.
ToputthisR&Dactivityintopractice,theCommissionhasalready
decidedtograntaidin1975and1976toatotalcf22.2M'JCforthe
carrying-out ofcoalresearchprogramrfissforwhichcontractshavebeensigned
bytheCommission .
••'m•

For1977,theCommission hasreceived morethanfiftyrequsstsforfinancial
aidwithintheframenwork ofitsMedium-Term Programme/1975-1980 andunderthe
termsofArticle 55§2c)oftheE.C.S.C. Treaty.
Theseresearchproposals havebeenexamined andstudiesbytheServices
oftheCommission incollaboration withtheexpertsoftheCommission 'sCosl
Research Committee (CRC)inordertomakeaselection whichwillenablethe
E.C.S.C.'sfinancial effortstobeconcentrated onprojects whichenterinto
theMedium-Term Programme andwhichcorrespond mostcloselytothecriteria
specified therein.
Following examination bytheCoalResearch Committee on8November 1976,
theproposedselection,whichincludes 38projects representing onoverallcost
■>oftheorderof3MEUA,received afavourable opinion.Thetotalaidnecessary
tocarryouttheseprojects amountstoabout18MEUA.
Twomemoranda havebeenprepared corresponding totheprojects selected,
oneconcerning theprogramme onminingtechnology forwhichaidamounting to
12MEUAisforeseen,andtheotherrelatingtocoalvalorisation ,forwhich
aidof6MEUAisforeseen .Itisenvisaged that100,000 EUAwillberequired
tocoverthecostsofdissemination ofinformation andrelatedcosts.
N.B.TheparityfortheEUAisthatof8November 1976.

v_
MSITOHMIDIM
C0ECERHT1TG ACOMMUITITY COAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME DTTEEFIELD OPMINI1TG
TECHTTOLOGY WITH AVIEW TOOBTAINING FDJA1TCIAL AIDUNDER THETERII3 OP
ARTICLE 55§2c)OPTHEE.C.S.C. TREATY .
(Budgetary year 1977 )
I*General remarks
Indeciding onthecoal research programme forthecoming year itis
essential toconsider theenergy situation ingeneral andtheposition
voftheCommunity 'scoal mines inparticular .Only inthis wayisit
possible tojustify sufficiently theemployment ofpublic funds for
research anddevelopment inthefield ofmining technology .
Itisclear that theconsequences ofthe1973/74energy crisis have
been largely forgotten because thecrisis hasnotmade itself felt
directly interms ofalasting energy shortage fortheindividual
consumer ,but only indirectly through the effect ofmassive increases
inenergy price levels oilthenational economies oftheCommunity .
These have been animportant factor intheworldwide economic recession
ofthelast twoyears andhave also consequently contributed tothe
fact that theexpectations expressed in1974 »particularly forthe
Community 'scoal mining industry ,have notbeen fulfilled ,buthave
been virtually reversed .
Itmust beasked whether these effects are ofatemporary ,short-term
nature ,orofalong-term nature ,andtherBls that coal canplay in
thefuture initstwomain markets –steel production andelectricity
generation -must beexamined .
Inthelong term ,andignoring thecurrent situation ,afurther increase
insteel consumption isexpected .Furthermore fsince theblast furnace

must play adominant role iniron production ,atleast intheforeseeable
future ,andsince itsspecific coke need cannot "bereduced below a
certain minimum level ,thefuture forcoking coal seems tobeassured .
This isfurther confirmed bytheincreasing efforts ofsome ofthe
Community 'scoal producing countries either toacquire coking coal mines
inthird countries ortowiden thecoking coal basis bythedevelopment
ofnewprocesses ,such asthemanufacture offormed coke .
Inthefield ofelectricity generation thefuture ofcoal will depend
largely onthedevelopment ofnuclear energy ,inspite oftherecent
greatly increased useofnatural gas.With regard tonuclear energy ,
acertain disenchantment hasarisen ontechnical ,safety andeconomic
grounds ,andthis opens upgood future prospects forcoal .However ,coal
canonly beused ifitsucceeds inmeeting theincreasingly severe
requirements forenvironmental protection ,either through thepreparation
ofsuitable products orthrough theimprovement ofconventional processes
orthedevelopment ofnewtechniques forthegeneration ofelectricity .
Inconclusion ,itseems that thelong-term outlook forcoal asanenergy
source andasarawmaterial ishighly promising .TheCommission of
theEuropean Communities hastaken account ofthis both byitsapproval
ofthe"EocLium-term Guidelines forCoal 1975-1985 "(OJNo.C22of
30/l/l975 )andbyitsmore recent proposals andactions .Mention need
bemade here only ofthefinancing ofcoal stocks ,theeasing ofthe
financing oftheconstruction ofnewcoal-fired power stations and ,of
special significance here ,thegreatly increased aidforcoal research .
Thereason forthelatter development wastheexpectation that a
strengthened R&D effort would help theCommunity 'scoal mines toaohieve
theobjectives necessary tosecure their future ,namely ;
-tomake available competitive products which could ,moreover serve as
astabilising influence intheevent offurther increases inenergy
price levels
–thereby toachieve optimum useofavailable reserves ,and
-tooffer more attractive working conditions tothelabour force .

-3-
Asevidencefor"thejustification ofthesehopesitnaybesaidt^at
thedevelopment oftheCommunity'scoalminesinthelasttwentyyears
•J.Sduemainlytotheconsequences ofimprovedminingtechnology ,which,
in-turafistheresult-ofanundiminished R&Deffort.
Ontheabove–mentioned grounds,theCommission proposestheapprovalof
aCommunity research programme inthefieldofminingtechnology which
willbeundertaken bythefollowing institutions s
-TheNational GoalBoard,London(îTCB)
-TheSteinkohlenbergbauverein ,Essen(StBV)
-TheCentred'EtudesetRecherches desCharbonnages deFrance,Paris,
(CERCHâR)
-TheInstitutNational dosIndustries Extractives ,Liège(HTIEK)
-TheNoV»KempenseSteenkolenmijnen ,Houthalen (KSIi)
inclosecollaboration andforwhichfinancial aidisrequested underthe
termsofArticle55§2c)oftheE»C*S.C.Treaty.
II^Aimsandobjectives oftheprogramme
Theobjectives whichmustbeachievedinthefieldofminingtechnology
inordertosecurethefutureforcoalcanbesummarised inafewkey
points *
Workingconditions andprotection oftheenvironment
Underthisheadingtheprimeobjectiveistooffersafeandattractive
,workingconditions tothelabourforcethatwillberequired.Forthis,
itisnecessary : 1
-continuously toimproveminesafety,especially withregardtothe
controlofmethaneandrockpressureinchangingandapparently
worsening conditions ,and
–tomaketheworkingenvironment moretolerable by,amongotherthings,
measurestoimprovethemineclimate,newequipmentforquick,safeand
comfortable transport ofpersonnel ,improvedcommunications ,etc*
•/••

Afurther important aspect isthepreparation ofproducts which can
beused without damage tothesurface environment .Themost important
measures inthis field must bethereduction ofthesulphur content of
coking -andpower station coal and-inthelonger term -reduction inthe
ash content ofthe latter .
Technology
Inthefield ofcoal winning there isimportant work tobedone toachieve
better utilization ofavailable seams ,toavoid ,oratleast todiminish
thedifficulties andinitial cost ofopening newseams oradvancing to
increased depths .Themost important measures here are :
-toextend toless favourably-situated seams theresults already achieved
inhigh-output faces
-the search forwinning techniques which canbeused insloping seams
which ,with existing techniques ,cannot beincluded inwinnable reserves
ontechnical andeconomic grounds .
Inthefield ofinfrastructure means oftransport andconveying areneeded
which canmatch uptoconstantly increasing output peroperational ,unit ,or
canaccommodate theever-increasing distances andsize andquantity ofequip'
ment ,andcanbeused simultaneously forpersonnel transport .
Mining economy andmarket requirements
P\rom theeconomic viewpoint ,allresearch proposals contribute towards
theimprovement oftheresults ofmine operation ,andthus towards the
maintenance ofthecompetitivity oftheCommunity 'scoal mines .Tofulfil
market requirements ,itisespecially necessary toadapt coal preparation ,
which isattheinterface between mine operation andthemarket ,to
increased throughputs (preparation ofcoking -andpower station coal )where
therawcoal will contain increasing quantities ofwater ,ashandfine
material .

-5-
Thenewresearchprolamine proposedtakesaccountoftheaboverequire–
mentsand.fallsintofourmainareaswhich,arecoveredbythefollowing
sub-programme s
–Methanestudies,<;limaticproblems,rockpressureandsupports
-Methodsofworkingandtechniques cfcoalgetting
-Outbyeservices underground '
–Mechanical coalpreparation
III.Programme ofworkenvisaged
Thenewresearch programme consistsoffoursub-programmes containing
atotalof20proposals whichareitemised below.Thewholeprogramme
willbecarried outinclosecollaboration betweentheresearch institutions
andtheCommunity'scoalmines.
Programme"Methanestudies,climaticproblems^rock_gressure andsupports"
Thisprogramme consists ofsixproposals ,andconcernsthenaturalphenomena
whichareencountered inunderground work.Theworkenvisaged isbased
partlyonthoresultsofearlierresearch andshouldcontribute towards
thesolution oftechnical andsafetyproblems whichhavearisenfromthe
mostrecentdevelopments .
1.Development ofmethodsforcontrolling methane (CERGEAR)
Thisproposalisaimedatimprovedprediction ofemission,particularly
intheneighbourhood of£h.cesandroadwaydriva{;;es,andattheperfection
ofprocesses forcontrolling emissioninnormaloperation .
Tctalcost:2.103,600FF
./..

-6-
2••Controlofmineclimatein"thepresenceofhighrocktemperaturesandhi^'h-output operationTstBV ) ■
Experiments areplannedontheinfluence oftechnical developments in
miningonheatpickupbythemineatmosphere ,andonefficient means
ofcontrolling themineclimate,aswellasonthefurtherdevelopment
ofcoolinginstallations andcooledgarments.
Totalcosts2,200,000 DM
-3.Theuseofchilleddustsuppression waterandothertechniques to
control heatemission onthecoalface
Furtherexperiments willbecarriedoutontheheatbalanceincoal-
winning,usingthewaternecessary fordustsuppression tocoolthe
mineatmosphere andincluding thedevelopment ofcompactcooling
*
installations fortheparticulairlybadly-affected areasatfaceends.
Totalcosts187,240 h
Improvedstability ofwallsandroofs(CERCHAR)
Themainfeatureoftheexperiments istheavoidance ofthecollapse of
highwallsinsteepseamsbyexperiments onthemechanism ofcrack
formation ,deformation anddisintegration ,andbythedevelopment of
processes formonitoring andcontrolling thesephenomena .
Totalcost:5j493»600FF
5.Faceandroadwaystability ?Geological criteria (ITCB/University of
Newcastia )
Thisproposalisaimedatanimproveddesignofaccessroadwaysto
longwallfacesthroughanincreased knowledge ofthedeformation and
yieldofstrataaroundfacesandoftherelationofdeformation and
yieldtothemechanical properties oftherock.
Totalcost:55»040fa
/

-7-
Prediction ofstrata stability from instrumentation r.nfl lin^cl"ta
(^eg/University ofCardiff ^
^Worv,isplanned onthedetermination andevaluation ofinteractions -.
"between thefactors that influence strata movement anddeformation ,
especially infaces androadways ,,theimprovement ofmeasurement
equipment forthis purpose ,andtheuseofmodels tosimulate under­
ground situations .
Total costî 82,500 I»
Proffianime "Methods ofworking andtechniqu esofcoalgetting
This programme consists ofsixprojects ,whose aim istheeconomic
working ofinclined seams ,thefurther optimisation andautomation of
face operations ,andimproved solutions tothedifficult problems of
face/roadway intersections .
7•Newcoalwinning andtransport systems forinclined seams (StBV )
Theemphasis here isonthedevelopment ofanewwinning technique
intheform ofacombination ofsupport less winning andhydraulic
transport .This should make possible theeconomic winning of
extensive reserves ininclined seams which havelargely been already
opened .
Total cost :3t>00000DM
8.Optimisa tion ofcoal winning techniques anddevelopment ofnew
ejuipmcniTTstBy ")
'Thetopic ofthis project isthesystematic improvement ofoperating
techniques inploughing andshearing ,thedevelopment ofanewplough
system intheform ofacombination ofthe"Gleithobel "anda
conventional plough ,andthefurther 3,utomationofface operations .
.Total cost :10.250,000 DM

-8-
9>-AM~tor.ationofcoalwinning flTCB)
Thereliability offaceequipment ,willbeimproved byanewoptical
technique forfacealignment ,bythedevelopment ofadrumshearer
withequipment forcuttingatfaceends,bytheimprovement offace
conveying equipment ,andbyexperiments oncableless powersupply
forwinningmachines
Totalcost:1,597»HOfc
10.Useoffire-resistant fluidsinslow-running hydraulic motors (KSH)
Thisprojectisconcerned withtheextension ofexisting workontho
development ofanintegrated systemforhydraulic operation offace
conveyor andploughwhichwillmakepossible anequalsharingofthe
loadbetweenmainandauxiliary powersupplies.
Totalcost:8,500,000 î!B
and
12.Theimprovement offaceends(NCB)
ThisisaCommunity projectfromStBVandtheNCB,whichisaimedat
bettersolutions totheprobelms ofT-junctions .Ononehand,the
"development andtestingofnewmachiners isplannedand,ontheother
hand-systematic experiments onrockbehaviour asthebasisfornow
supportsystemsatface/rcadwayintersections
Totalcostî3,000,000 DM
and1,073,000 h
Programme "Outbyeservices tinderground"
Thisprogramme containssixprojects aimedattheimprovement ofconveying
andtransport systemsononehand,andattheextension ofmodemmethods
ofdatatransmission ontheother.

-9-
13* Pirating charact eristic sofconveyer belts
with hirh-B trength reinforoer^riHT^TP "
Thesuitability ofnewconveyor belts withhigh-strength textile
^reinforcement (tensile strength upto2000kp/craofbeltwidth )
will assessed ,bystatic anddynamic tests#
Total costî 1500000DM
14-Trackless haulage techno !0.^7 (StEV )
*5•Rationalisation ^ancl inoo.erri5ationofnanriding__arjd equipment
16.Mine road-ay floor stabilisation (l-TCE)
These form three parts ofaCommunity project concerned with the
further application oftrackless haulage technology originally
developed inFrance .Inparticular ,theprerequisites forthe
utilization ofdiesel vehicles under various conditions will be
clarified# Thefirst requirement forthis isthegood condition
oftheroadway .
Total costî 3.$00,000 DM
2,499,400 FF
323,500 i,
17•Underground radio ;data transmission and
and
This Community project ofIII7I0X andthe TTC3 isairaca ,111addition
tothefurther development ofvarious aspects ofcommunications and
data transmission ,atdeveloping asystem which will require only
asingle cable forthepurposes ofverbal communication ,data
transmission ,monitoring andremote control .
Total cost :32,000,000 PB
1,500,000 i,
/./..

(•
-10-
Pro.granme "Mediarne ?..!coalpreparaiion"Bscs^&-^âsa.2=cs«sMffscsas=ssass»tsircsssssaiS:s>£S.tE^ss££ars:r:sss
Thisprogramme consists cftwoprojects whichareaimed ,atimproved
rtreatment oftheover-increasing quantities offinecoalandthe
.measurement ofsulphurcontentwhichisbecoming moreimportant on
environmental grounds.
19•Optimisation ,ofthepreparation ofwashing waterandothermsp(s-wû)
Thisproject,aimedatimproving waterclarification andthepreparation
offinesbyfurtherdevelopments andnewdevelopments inclarification
equipment ,willtakeaccountoftheconstantly-increasing amountof
coalthatmustbetreatedandthesimilarly increasing quantity of
finematerial#
Totalcosts1750000DU
Thisprojectisconcerned withthetestingandfurtherdevelopment of
twotechniques (thermalneutronsandX-rayfluorescence )forrapid,
continuous determination ofthesulphurcontentofrawandwashed
coalforbetteradaptation toincreasing marketrequirements and
environmental protection ; .....
Totalcost:2911602>
IV.Estimated costandduration oftheproryanne
Theestimated totalcostoftheprogramme is
20105000EUA*
Thecostandduration oftheindividual projects aresummarised mthe
following table:
*Basedontheconversion ratesfromnational currencies toEUA
on3November 1976

-11-
Project iProposorjDurât .ion
years_j_ii,,i,iii–*
TotalGost
EUA*
Methanestudies,climaticproblems.IΊ
irockpressure andsupports 'j
|1.Development ofmethodsofcontrolling ICERCHAR 2 381COO
Imethane I
I2»Controlofmineclimateinthe JίΒΐΒν 3 822500
Ipresenceofhighrocktemperatures I
Iandhigh-output operation 1
I3.Theuseofchilleddustsuppression ;NCB !3 275000
jwaterandothertechniques tocontrol|
Jheatemissiononthecoalface .j
14.Improvedstabilityofwallsand jCERCHAR 2 994000
jroofs ]I
J5*Faceandroadwaystability: 11TCB 3 81000I
geological ,criteria
J6.Prediction ofstratastability ÎTCB 4 121500
Ifrominstrument ationandmodelling
data
L_L.2675000
Methods ofworking and
technicraes ofcoalgetting
7.Newboalwinningandtransport
systemsforinclined seams
8.Optimisation ofcoalwinning
techniques anddevelopment of
newequipment
9.Automation ofcoalwinning ;
10.Useoffire-resistant fluidsin ,
slow-running hydraulic motors
11.Improvement ofT-junctions
12.Theimprovement offaceendsStBV I
I
StBV
ÎTCB
KSM
StBV
ÎTCB3■-■ ■!
3'
3
•' i
3
3,1345500
3830500
2343500
207000
1121500
1574500
10422500
*BasedontheconversionratesfromnationalcurrenciestoEUA
on8November 1976

-12-
Pror.ect
Outbyaservices underground .
13.Improvement oftheoperating
characteristics ofconveyerbelts
withhigh-strength reinforcement
14.Trackless haulagetechnology
15»Rationalisation andmodernisation
ofmanriding andequipment trans­
port
16.Mineroadwayfloorstabilisation
17•Underground radio:data'trans­
mission andprocessing
18.Controlofcollieryoperations
Mechanical coalpreparation
19*Optimisation ofthepreparation
ofwashingwaterandother
suspensions
20.Continuous determination of
sulphurcontentProposer
StBV
StBV
CERCEAR
NCB
IlïIEX
NCB"Durâtion|
years
StBV
ÏTCB3
2
2
3Totaslcostì
EITA*
561000
1457500
452500
475000
779000
2201000
5926000
654000
427500
1081500
20105000
*Seepage11
•A-

Researchresul ts
Tne jj.C»S»C>Experts' Comnittees which arealready concerned with all
recearcu work inthefour fields ofthenewprogramme will also .
supervise andkeep under review theexecution oftheresearch work
«!
that forms thesubject oftherequests#
Theagreements tobeconcluded with the "beneficiaries oftheaidwill
deixne therights andobligations ofthecontracting parties .TLey
will "bedesigned primarily toensure that theresearch results will be
made available toallinterested parties intheCommunity ,inaccordance
with Art .55oftheEoC.S .C.Treaty .
j&pcc+ed c-on -5cqT >.ences ofthenew programme
The .expected repercussions oftheresearch work intheproposed programme
will make themselves felt inthree directions :
\
Theresearch onmethane ,mine climate androck pressure (Projects 1to ■:
6)deserve particular mention inrelation tomine safety andworking
conditions .These cancontribute especially totheprevention of
accidents and tothe creation ofmore tolerable environmental conditions .
Inaddition tothis major aspect ,thestudies mentioned will help to
establish theconditions necessary forcoalwinning atgreater depths
orunder more severe conditions inthe future .
This isalso true fortliework onimprovement ofT-junctions (projects
11and12),onfurther development cfunderground communi cationS
(17and18),andontheintroduction oftrackless haulage (14 "to16)
which ,besides improving operations ,will also contribute totheimprove –
ment ofmine safety andtheoptimisation ofworking conditions (reduction
ofthedanger ofaccidents atface ends ,safer transmission ofinformation
cruicker andmore comfortable personnel transport ).

-14-
finally,projectno.20i3ofspecialimportance fortheenvironment
sinceitwillmakepossible continuous observation ofthesulphurcontent
ofrawandwashedcoalandwillalsomakeeasiertheintroduction ofany
necessary measures .
Fromthetechnical pointofview,twofeatures areimportant inrelation
tosupports.First,theprojects onwinningininclined seams(llo.7)
andthefurtheroptimisation andautomation offaceoperations (Uos.8
to10)willcontribute towardstheextension oftheoutstanding perform­
ancesalreadyachievedinothertypesofseam,thusenablingbetter
exploitation ofseamsandimproved safetyinworkplaces tobeachieved .
Secondly ,projects 10and11shouldbementioned ,sincethesewillmake
possiblebettersolutionstotheproblemsofface/roadwayintersections
whichhavehitherto notbeensolvedsatisfactorily .Inthefieldofoutbye
operations ,theinstallation ofnewconveyorbelts(ProjectNo.13)will
makeitpossibletoadaptconveying equipment toconstantly increasing
throughputs' .This ,projectalsohasasafetyaspectbecauseitwillbe
possible tousethesebeltsformanriding .Thesameistrueforprojects
Hos.14to16whoseaimisthewidespread introduction oftrackless
transport withitsadvantages forrapidequipment movement andsafeman-
riding.Thetwoprojects onfurtheruseoftelecommunications (iTos.17
and18)willhave,besidestheireffectonimprovedandfastercontrolof
operations ,animportant influence onminesafetythroughmorereliable
monitoring ofenvironmental conditions .
Finally,fromtheeconomicpointofview,adirectorindirectinfluence
ontheimprovement ofoperational resultsistobeexpected fromall
projects.Project ITo.19shouldbementioned hereparticularly since,in
viewoftheincreasing finescontentofrawcoal,ithasgreatimportance
forthepreparation ofbothcokingcoalandpower-station coal.
VII.Conclusions
Inviewoftheinterest andimportance oftheproposedresearch programme
withregardtotechnology ,safety,workingconditions ,protection of
./..

-15-
~»heenvirorment andtheeconomyofundergroi'ind andsurfaceoperations m
■theCommunity'scoalmines,theprovisionoffinancialaid"bytheE.^.o»C.
fortheexecutionofeachoftheprojectsisjudgedtobeappropriate and
justified#
Thetotalcostoftheresearchprogramme ...will"be20105000EUAandthe
Commission proposestograntaidtotalling 12063000EUAtocoverits
shareoftheresearch expenditure t
Distribution ofaid
C3ECHAR(France)
IHIEX(Belgium)
KSM(Belgium)'
UCB(GreatBritain)
StBV(Germany)1096500EUA
467400EUA
124200EUA
4449400EUA
5675500EUA

MEMORANDUM
CONCERNING ACOMMUNITY COAL RESEARCH PROGRAMME INTHEFIELD OPPRODUCT BENEFICICT
WITH AVIEW TOOBTAINING FINANCIAL AIDUNDER THETERMS OPARTICLE 55§2c)
OPTHE E.C.S.C. TREATY
(Budgetary year 1977 )
I*General remarks
Thecoi^se ofevents since thebeginning oftheenergy crisis in1973 hasshown thai
coal can ,andshould ,play alarger part inmeeting future energy requirements
than hadpreviously been envisaged ,andthat theuseofindigenous reserves
should beoptimised toreduce theCommunity 'sdependence onexternal supplies
ofenergy andrawmaterials .Extensive andcoordinated research efforts are
required intwomain areas toenable Community coal resources tobeused tothe
best advantage .First ofall itisnecessary toensure ^that coal canbeextracted
efficiently atoneconomic cost and ,atthesame time ,that working conditions
andsafety inthemining industry areimproved .Secondly ,research isneeded
tomaintain andimprove themarket for coal byimproving itsutilization sothat
itcantrytoplay acompetitive r31a inthemedium term inthetraditional
fields cfcoke manufacture andelectricity generation andsothat ,inthe
longer term ,itcanbeused successfully asasource cfchemicals andliquid
andgaseous fuels .
TheCommission hasalready played anactive part inencouraging thedevelopment
ofnewandimproved carbonization technique ained atimproving theefficiency
andeconomy ofmetallurgical coke production andatenabling awider range of
cheaper andmore abundant types ofcoal tobeused incoke manufacture .A
continuing effort isrequired toensure that thebest usecanbomade ofsuch
techniques ,tofurther their development ,andtosolve thenewrange ofpro­
blems that arises intheir application .Investigations arealso needed to
improve theupgrading ofcarbonization by-products andthecontrol ofpollu­
tion ,notonly inthecoking industry butalso inother coal conversion proceses .

Treresults o.such studies will lead toimprovements intheeconomy ofcoke
production ,andinworking conditions andenvironmental control ,thus bcncfi –
"i»jngboth ti*esteel industry andtheCommunity atlarge *
Research intnefield ofcoal combustion will help toensure that coal can
continue tocompete ,interms ofeconomy ,convenience andenvironmental
acceptability ,with other fuels forthegeneration cfelectricity andforother'
purposes „Infuture years ,coal will beused asasource ofgases ,liquid fuels
and chftnical rawmaterials andtheresearch that hasbeen initiated ist^-ths
conversion ofcoql .thee© purpOsecnmst ibecontinued toicnsure;that theneoessar
technology will beavailable when itisrequired .-
Thesafe disposal ofcolliery spoil presents aeerious technical andeconomic
problem forthemining industry *Theeommunity therofoie hasastrong interest *./
inresearch concerned with thetreatment ofspoil toproduce upgraded materials
andwith finding newuse3 fortheresulting products *Theaimofsuch research
isnotonly toalleviate theproblem ofap-'il disposal butalso tofind profi­
table outlets for this undesirable waste material .
TheCommunity hasalready given financial ascietance toprogrammes ofresearch
inthefield ofproduct beneficiation ,andthefollowing Cosxnunity institutions s"
TheCentre d*Etudes etRecherches desCharbonnages deFrance ,Paris (CERCEAE )
TheCentre deRecherches Métallurgiques ,Liège (CRÎî)
TheCentro Sperimentale Metallurgico ,Roma (CSM)
TheDeutscher Braunkohlen -Industrie-Verein ,Köln (DEERIV )
The -International Flame Research Foundation ,IJmuidan (IFRF )
TheNational Coal Eotrd ,London (NCB) :■•..-
TheNational Carbonising Company ,Ltd ,Mansfield (BCC) •.i;
National Smokeless Fuels ,Ltd ,London (lîSF)
TheSteinkohlenbergbauverein ,Essen (StBV )
have submitted requests forfinancial aidunder th^terms ofArticle 55
§2c)oftheE.C.3.C. Treaty forfurther research projects inthis field .
Theprojects which form thesubject ofthese requests form twoCommunity pro­
grammes ofresearch inthefields ofcoking andbriquetting ofcoal ,and
newchemical andphysical processes andproducts from coal which arealogical
extension ofearlier Community programmes butwhich also include newelements .

-5-
Theallocation oftasks within theprogramme takes account ofthefacilities and
expertise existing inthevarious Community countris ,andaclose collaboration
between research workers andcoal producers isassured .,
II.Aims andobjectives oftheprogramme
Theresearch projects inthefield ofproduct beneficiation forwhich aidis
requested arerelated totwomain topics ,andthus form twoprogramme ;
-thecoking andbriquetting ofcoal ,and
-newchemical andphysical processes andproducts from coal .
Theperformance andfuel consumption ofblast furnaces ,andhence thecost cf
steel production ,-areaffected bychanges inthequantity andquality ofthe
mineral constituents ofthecoking coal andcoke used bythesteel industry ,and
theresearch programme inthefield ofcoking andbriguettin^r ofcoal includes
aproject where aimistodevelop anew ,rapid analytical technique which will
enable quality control intheproduction andutilization ofcoke tobeimproved .
Considerable progress hasbeen made incoking technology inrecent years , .
notably intheuseoflarger ovens ,charge preheating andhigh-intensity carbo­
nization ,andtheCommunity hastaken great interest insuch developments .The
research programme includes anumber ofprojects related tothe3e techniques .
Thesafety ofcoke oven operation andtherange ofcoals that canbecarbonized
successfully areaffected bythephenomenon ofpressure exerted bythecoal
charge ontheoven walls ,anditis'proposed todevelop asimple laboratory test
forrapid assessment ofthis problem when preheated coal blends areused .The
efficiency ofcoke oven operation ,thequality ofthecoke produced andatmos­
pheric pollution during oven discharge areinfluenced bytheuniformity ofoven
heating anditisplanned toapply anexperimental technique ,already used
successfully :forconventional ovens ,tctall ovens where theproblem ofuniform
temperature distribution ismore severe .Aidisrequested foracontinuation and
extension ofcurrent basic studies oftheproperties andcarbonization behavious
ofcoal blends aimed atwidening therange ofcoals that canbecarbonized .,
aswell ,as .forpilot -andindustrial-scale investigations of-anewtechnique ,
for^increasing theamount ofcheap non-coking coal that canbe .incorporated
into blends for the manufacture ofblast furnace coke .
•«/••

-4-
Itisal30 proposed tocarry outstudies aimed atimproving thecontrol and
automation ofthecoking process ,vitii p&rticular reference totheuseof
charge preheating ,high-intensity carbonization andawider range ofcoals .
Inthefield ofcarbonization by-products itisintended todevelop anew
process forammonia recovery which will usesmaller amounts ofenergy and
water than conventional methods ,andtoinvestigate therecovery ofchemicals
from theby-products oflow-temperature carbonisation .Thelatter project has
particular relevance tothemanufacture cfformed coke .TheCommunity has
already financed studies oftheproduction ofsmall-sized coke from lignite
foruseasacheap ,non-polluting fue]inthemetallurgical industry andit
isproposed tocontinue ,onthedemonstration scale ,investigations into the
newprocess that hasbeen developed .Thelast project inthis programme is
concerned with environmental protection .Itisconcerned with improved
purification ofliquid effluents from coking plants andforms alogical
complement tostudies that arealready supported inthis field#

-5-
Theprogramme inthefield ofnew chemical andphysical processes andproducts
from coal contains aproposal tocontinue current studies ofgasification in
fluidised beds taimed atdeveloping acheap ,efficient andclean system for
generating electricity from coal .TheCommunity hasalready supported research
into theliquefaction ofcoal byextraction with supercritical gases asa
means ofproducing chemicals andliquid fuels ,andaid isnowrequested for
studies inconnection with thedevelopment ofapilot plant forthis process .
Hydrogenation provides analternative method ofproducing chemicals from
coal which could replace oilproducts ,and itisintendot topursue thestudy
oflow-cost hydrogenation processes onthelaboratory -andpilot scales .
Thedisposal ,utilization andupgrading ofwaste materials from themining
industry presents acontinuing problem ,andtheresearch programme includes
twonewprojects related tothis topic .Thefirst deals with themanufacture
ofadense aggregate from colliery spoil ,while thesecond isconcerned with
investigations into theutilization oflight sends andaggregates made from
thesame rawmaterial byprocesses that have been developed with aidfrom
theCommunity .Anumber ofnewU3es will bestudied .Community aidhasalready
been given forresearch aimed atimproving theconvenience andcompetitivity
ofcoal-fired equipment intheindustrial andquasi-domestic market ,and itis
planned tocontinue ifeis work inafurther project .Asecond proposal inthe
field ofcombustion deals with pilot-scale studies ofthecombustion ofhigh
ashcoal intheelectricity andcement industries .Thestudy isaimed at
faciliting theuseofcheaper coals intl»e large markets ,andatimproving
theefficiency ofenergy utilization .Finally ,itisproposed tocontinue
existing studies ofpollutants foraed during thecoal processing (including
carbonization )which present potential health hazards .

III.Prnc >:>?.'s:naofvprkenvi8ag*d
'i
Theproposedresearch programme inthefieldofproductbenefici^tion canbe
euaimarieed' as.-follows :■■■.•; '
Prosraraae MCokin«aridbriquettin*ofcoal"
Properties ofcokingcoalsendcarbonizr.ti onproducts
>
1.Dirt_^analysis:cf_cocdand^Pksjn^neral^cCRstrtu^nts usingthegl£W
dincharre £echnicru£ (CSM)
Development ofatechnique forrapidanalysistoreplacetraditional methods ■
fordetermining theinorganic constituents ofcoalandcokein.orderto
improvequalitycontrolandthe -'efficiency ofcokeutilization ._
Totalcost:152*000,000 Lit
Developme ntofconventionalenkirgtechniquea '-'>■
2.DeveJLo£ment l£h£rat£r£ ^.ste_ctjthe__dar£ers^of£r£S£ure_in' --.,
£r£h£ated bl^na.3(CERCHAR) *
Extension ofasmall–scalet^st,originally developed ;Spr,conventional,wet
coalblends,todetactthedangercfpressureinthecarbonization of
preheated blend3sandthustoprovidealew–cost,routineteetforusein
cokingplantlaboratories .
Totalcost:1,151»440FF
3.Verticaltengorature^riistribut^on anditsim£rovement i_n_taljLovens(CERCKAR)
Testsonmodelsandindustrial 'ecrktt-ovenstoimprovetheuniformity of
haatingintall'.oveT.a^feipod atimprovingtheefficiency ardeconomyCf>
operation ,reducingpollutantemissionduring ,ovfadischarge^andimproving
thehomogeneity ofthecckeproduced.
Totalcosts2,151,090 FF
••/••

4.£c!Latior.£hi ip-_betW3£n –P£°£erties £f_coka £ven_blend£ and£Oke–product (NCB)
Extension ofprevious studies toinclude prediction ofthequality ofcoke
made from coal blends ,taking into account therate ofcarbonization andtLe
interactions between themineral matter contents ofthecoals .Study of
factors reeponsible fortheformation offissures andcracks incoke to
solve practical problems ofblend formulation andoptimisation ofcoke qua­
lity ,andthue toextend therange ofcoals that canbeoarbonized .
Total cost :500,000 t
5.Slast_furnace_trials with_c£kj3 manufactured_in convent ional_ovens_from
bl^nda^con^ajining briq^iettes_of non-cokirs^coalL (CRM)
that .
Extension oftherange ofcoals fianbecarbonized inconventional coke
ovens bymanufacturing coke from caking coal blends incorporating briquettes
made from non-coking coa!s »Blast furnace trials (financed separately )with
the coke produced .
Sotal cost (excluding blast furnace trials )4l»100,Q00 PB
'■ ' of
6.£°ntribution_to the£r£cess control /^oking^l^ant^ojserati^i (StBV )
Investigation aimed atthedevelopment ofoff-line control ofcoking plants
byimprovement ofthemathematical description ofthecoking process ,of
methods oftemperature measurement aiidcontrol ,andofmachine control
equipment .
Total cost :2,417 ,000DM
Production endbeneficiation ofby-products and cckinrf gas
7.Reoovery_j5f ammonia fr£rn_C£ke £V£n _Jgas_ufling >_a{nm£nium sulphits (StBV )
Development ofanewprocess forammonia production toreduce energy
consumption andtoimprove water utilization inthewashing ofcoke oven
gas .
Total cost :1,500,000 DM
•■/••

-_8-
•Sc£cZe£^r-.0Xf:rom_t&r_ar>d_aguf juBaffluent (NCC)..i.
Studycfmethodsofrecoveryofphenols;fromtarandliquorproducedduring,
thelow-ienjperature carbonisation ofcoal(e.»g.,insmokelessfuelandformed
cokeprocesses).
Totalcost:67.000h
Ne*:methodsofcokir.#coal
9.Manufacture £f__granular cokejinarotatin^hearth oven<DE3RIV)
Continuation ,onthedemonstration plantscale,ofresearchintothe
production ofsmall-sized cokefromligniteforuseinthemetallurgical
industry byanewprocessthatcanalsobeappliedtoothercoals.
Totalcosts1,200,000 DM
/
Tecnnical andeconomic preplans inenvironmental projection
10.^nves£iga;tion__of thegoss^bjllitjr £f_ijproving _the^fi^nal^treatment__of coking
£lanteffluent_b^secondur^b-'do^ica^£r£cessing (CERCHAR)
Studyofsecondary physico-chemical andbiological treatment ofliquid
effluents toeliminate impurities thatcannotberemovedbynormalbiological
treatment .
•. *
To+.alcost:l,C65«OOQ FF -'
ι'ί<
-.Pro^rsinnig ■''Newohemicalaridphysicalprocesses andproductsfromcoal
Gasifjcation• .,. ''
11.Production ut.ili^zati^on £as__frcrncoal(NCB)
Continuation ofexisting workonthedevelopment ofafluicised bedprocess
togasifycoalunderpressurewithairandsteaminordertoproduceaclean
fuelgassuitableforcombinedcycleelectricity generation .
Totalcost's1,388,000 L

rjgfioj.vingcoalardextracting constituents
12.Solutionof^coa^i.n_si^^r£ri^t i_cal–solvent£de£res£uri£ing_j)art >icul_at_o
solids(NCB)• "
Development ,inconnection withcurrentstudiesofcoalliquefaction ,of
methodsfordepressurising thesolidproductobtained bytheextraction of
coalwithsupercritical gases,withaviewtouseinapilotextraction
plantorinotherhigh-pressure coaltreatment processes .
Totalcost;397»000h
Hydro^enation arjhydrocracking ,ofcoalcextraction products andt~raromatics
13.Valorisati£n_cf coal_trjrhydrogenation (StBV).
Development ofnewandmoreeconomic processes forcoalhycLvogenation ,and
ofstandard techniques forproductanalysis.Investigation ofneworimproved
processes forfurtherhydrogenation togivechemical rawmaterial ,especially
aromatic compounds .Investigation oftheuseofcokeovengasasacheap
sourceofhydrogen.
Totalcost:1,580,000 DM
Building ardothermaterials fromcoalandshale
14.Banaficiation of_collier£ sp£il _byconversici jjvto_&£grega;te (NCB)
Extension ofcurrentinvestigations intospoilutilization ,.Definition of
aprocessforusingvasheryshaletomanufacture astrongdenseaggregate
foruseinconcreteinordertomeetanticipated shortages ofnatural
aggregates andtodisposeeffectively ofawastematerial fromthecoal
industry.
Totalcost:314*000 &

-10-
15»Sp£il (CERCHAR)
Furtherdevelopment ofexistingstudiesonthepreparation andutilization
ofupgradedmaterials (light3andsandaggregates )fromcollieryspoil.
Investigation ofawidevarityofusesfortheproduct *
Totalcost:2,093,6C0FF
Irvprov?d methodscfcombustion andutilisation ofheat
16.I_m£roved^indus^rial apgliances^for^eoa ^(NCB)
Continuation ,usingboilertestfacilities ofupto3MWcapacity,of
studiesaimedatimproving thecompetitive position focoalintheindustrial
andquasi-domestic marketbydevelopment toreducecapitalandlabourcosts
whitemeetingenvironmental controlrequirements .
Totalcoeti392,000 &
17*Apropcsed experimental investigation toprovidedateforimproved oombuntion
Derformarce £f_hjJg'herashooal£in^ulveri^ed coaI__fi_ran£(IFRP)
Pilot-scale investigation ofproblemsrelatedtothecombustion ofhighash
coalsinconventional equipment ,particulary intheelectricity generation
andceojesstmanufacturing industries ,withaviewtoreducingfuelcostand
savingenergy «•
Totalcostî1,458,000 Hfl
Technical andeconomic problcns inenvironmental protection
18.Theestirr.ationjr ?£ol;muc ?eararomaticJi^drooarbons andtheirazaderivatives
formedduring£oal_j>roce £S<ing(NCB/NSF)
Development ofmethodsofsampling ,identification anddetermination of
Dolynuclear aromatichydrocarbons andtheirazadsrivatives inproductsfrom
theprocessing ofcoalfortheassessment ofhealthhazardsthatcanoccur
duringthemanufacture anduseofcoalproducts.
TotalC03t:189,000h
••/•*

-11-
IV.Estimated cost and duration ofthe research work
Thetotal cost foreseen fortheprogramme is 10.120.000 E.U.A.
Thecost andduration oftheindividual projects isgiven inthefollowing
table .
*)Rates ofconversion from national currencies usethose of8,11.1976
V ·./··

-12-
TO
« ProposerPure tion Total ce.?t -
Projectsyears )
Ê.U.A. *)
Coking finobriquetting orcori
■ΐι_|"11|ΙΜ"·>ι ΓΓΙ"ιΤΐΠ ΓΊΐιΓΙΓΊ ΙΙΓΤίΤΙ–ΤΤ1Γ <ΤΙΙΊΓ–ιΓΤΙ
Properties .of -coking coals andcarboniza ¬
tion produces...!
Î
1Direct enalysis ofcoal and ,coke mineral
constituents using theglow discharge
technique
Pavelo rar.gnt ofconventional cokin g
techniquesCSM 2 ': 159.000
i
|
?
"s
ι
s
l
ΖDevelopment ofalaboratory test tode­
tect thedangers ofpressure inprehea­
tedblendsCERCHAR 2sr :.208.300
I
3Vertical temperature distribution &vid
itsimprovement intall ovensCERCHAR !3
I
Ii".,389.500
I!
i
Relationship between properties of
coke oven blends and coke productNCB . I
13 734*000♦
!
5Blast furnace trials withcokemanufac - ]
tured inconventional ovens from
blends containing briquettes of
non-ccking coalCRM !
i4 1
ii •t.'Gë0.000 '■i
i
s
"
i
i6
I
!
i
!Contributions totheprocess control
ofcoking plant operation
Produc tionaydbeneficiation of
"v-nrcd'ic+.s andcoking^asStBV 3 903.500
; . r.
i
I
ι7
IRecovery ofammonia from coke oven
gasusing ammonium sulphiteStBV 2 ' -561 .COO
i8Recovery ofphenols from tarand
aqueous liquor effluent
Hewmethods ofcoking forcoalNCC 3 98.500
*
i
i
I9
iManufacture ofgranular coke ina
rotating hsarth ovenDE3RIV
ι2 448.500 ... . J
' I
continued

-13-
N- ProjectB
10Technical and economic problems in
-3Kyironmental fcgotection
Investigation ofthepossibility of
improving thefinal treatment ofcoking
plant effluent bysecondary biological .
processingProposer
CERCHARMiration
(years )Total cost
E.U.E. *}
193.000
rotai 4.695.500
Newchemical andphysical processes and
products from coal
Pacification
il
ILProduction ,preparation anduxilization
ofgasfrom coal
Dissolving coal and extracting constituentsNCB
Solution cfcoal insupercritical solvents ;
depressurising particulate solids
Kydrogenation and hydro cracking ofcoal ,
extraction products and tar aromatics
Valorisation ofcoal byhydrogénation
Building and other materials from coal
"/?ndshale
Ceneficiation ofcolliery spoil by
conversion into aggregate
Spoil upgrading
Improved methods ofcombustion and
utilization ofhoat
16
17Improved industrial appliances for
coal
Aproposed experimental investigation
toprovide data forimproved combus­
tion ofhigher ashcoals inpulverized
coal firingNCB
StBV
NCB
CERCHAR
NCB
IFRF3
31·00^037.000
582.500
590.500
461,000
'379.000
575.500
"-52'1'J500
Continued
••/«<

-14-
N°r > ■ ~– : 1
! I
Projectsr– 1– !–
!Proposer Duration
(years )Total coot
L• .–
j"E.ICa.*>.
'Technical and economic problem s
tinei-vironmertol protsctjcn1 '
I
t
18!Theestimation ofpolynuolear aromatic
hydrocarbons andtheir asaderivatives
formed during coal processing
incb/nsf 3 1 •'I
1277.500
■m
[ Total I5.A24.500
l
l
Grand total j1G.120.000
(*}The'rates ofconversion fromnational currencies arethose of8.11.1976

-15-
V.P.qsearch results
TkeE.C^S.C. 'sExperts' Committees which arealready concerned with all
research work inthese fields Will also supervise andkeep under review the
execution oftheresearch work that forme thesubject oftherequests .
Theagreements tobeconcluded [with thebeneficiaries oftheaidwill define
therights andobligations ofthecontracting par-ties .They will bedesigned ,
priraariy toensure that theresearch results will bemade available toall
interested parties intheCommunity ,inaccordance with Art .55 theE.C.S.C.
Treaty .
VI.Technical ,economic ,social end environmental repercussions ofthe research ,
programme
Inthete£hnic_sl andeconomic spheres theexpected results will benefit the
Community 'scoal industry by :
-improving thequality ofcoke andtheutilization ofcoal andooke inthe
production ofsteel ,
-increasing thesafety andefficiency ofcoke oven operation andfacilitsrtfoi g
theapplication ofthemost recent developments incoking technology ,
-improving theutilization oftheCommunity 'scoal reserves bywidening the
range ofcoals that canbecarbonized successfully ,
-improving therecovery ofvaluable carbonization by-products , ; .... ... ..
-developing newprocesses fortheproduction ofchemicals andsolid and
liquid fuels from indigenous rawmaterials ,thus reducing theCommunity 's
dependence onexternal supplies , '
-increasing theefficiency ofenergy utilisation andimproving thecompetitive
position ofcoal visavisother fuels forheating ,electricity generation
andcement manufacture ,
-providing profitable outlets forthewaste products ofthemining industry ,
-helping tosolve technical problems ofairandwater pollution incoal
prepensing andutilization .

-16-
From the£ooial__and _environmental points ofvitw ,benefits totheCommunity
areexpected from :
–reduction intheincidence ofairandwater pollution incoal processing and
utilization ,andparti culary incoke manufacture with consequent improvement e
inboth working conditions andthegeneral environment ,
–improved understanding andassessment ofpotential health hazards incoal
processing ,
–reduction orelimination oftheneed forunsightly andpotentially dangercua
spoil tips bythedevelopment ofupgraded products frcm colliery spoil and
ofnewuses forsuch products .
VII .Conclusions
Forthereasons outlined above ,theprovision offinancial aidbytheCommunity
fortheproposed research work inthefield ofcoking andbriquetting ofcoal
andnewchemical andphysical processes andproducts from coal isjudged tobe
appropriate andjustified .
Theresearch programme will cost10.120.000 EUAandtheCommission proposes
togrant aidtotalling 5.972.000 EUA
Distribution ofaid
CERCHAR .(France )
CRM (Belgium )
CSM (Italy )
DEBRIV (Germany )
IFRF (Netherlands )
NCB (Great Britain )
NCC (Great Britain )
StBV (Germany )702.000 E.U.A.
-50Q.0QQ E.U.A.
95.403E,U.A.
269.100 E.U.A.
312.900E»U.A.
2.8S0î5«dtt -E.-U.A.
59.100 E.A.U.
1.233.000 E.U.A.
N.B. Rates foconversion from national currencies arethose of8.11.1976