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COM (77)283
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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(77)283 final.
Brussels -30June 1977
THE COMMON POLICY IN THE FIELD
OPSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COM(77)283final

THE COMMON POLICY IN THE FIELD OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME I
DECISIONS TO BE TAKEN
May 1977

Thecommon policy mthefield ofscience andtechnology
Thefoundations oftheCommunity policy inthefield ofscience andtech­
nology were laid "bytheHeads ofState and ofGovernment meeting inParis
inOctober 1972 ,andthepolicy wasconfirmed anddefined more clearly "by
theCouncil initsResolutions of14January 1974 *TheCommission hasnow
adopted theGuidelines forthenext phase (1977-80 )ofthis policy andthey
form thesubject ofthis Communication totheCouncil#
Theexperience gained inthe first phase ofdevelopment ofthe common
policy hasencouraged theCommission tostep upitsefforts ,particularly
assuch efforts areundoubtedly called forinthepresent economic situa­
tion .TheCommunity 'slimited resources (energy ,rawmaterials ),
theincreasingly acute problems ofitseconomic and industrial
development ,ofaid tothedeveloping countries andoftheimprovement of
working and living conditions -all these areproblems which science and
technology could help innosmall measure tosolve# This applies with
allthemore force astheCommunity 'sscientific andtechnological poten­
tial isrich ,varied andcompetitive .But thehuman andfinancial resources
which theseparate Member States candevote toresearch anddevelopment are
limited ,which iswhy acommon policy issoimportant .Byimplementing
joint R&Dschemes andcoordinating national R&Dpolicies inthe sectors
recognized ashaving priority status ,theCommunity canobtain results which
some Member States would find itdifficult toachieve onitsown (This
isborne outbyCommunity R&Dwork oncontrolled thermonuclear fusion and
newenergy sources .)
Inorder topursue thegradual development ofthecommon R&Dpolicy ,the
Commission therefore proposes that theCouncil should adopt thefollowing
texts :
-Resolution ontheGuidelines forthecommon policy inthefield ofscience
andtechnology
-Decision onpromotion ofindustrial research projects
-Decision onaresearch programme onforecasting andassessment inscience
andtechnology .

-2-
I.Resolution onthe Guidelines for the common policy inthe field ofscience
and technology
Inputting forward this Resolution ,theCommission asks theCouncil to
approve theGuidelines ofthe common policy inthis sector for theperiod
1977-1980 .
Under theterms oftheResolution ,theCommission intends tocontinue the
preparation andimplementation ofR&Dprojects infour priority sectors :
–Resources ,energy ,agriculture ,rawmaterials
–Environment
-Economic and industrial development
–Life insociety .
Theproposed projects will beplanned onthebasis oftheprinciples and
criteria setoutinthis Communi cation ,without exceeding thefunds
specified .
For the coordination ofnational R&D activities the Commission feels that
apragmatic approach should beadopted and that coordination should for
thetime being beconfined tothose sectors inwhich direct ,indirect or
concerted action istobeundertaken .Itfeels that itcould behelped
effectively inthis task bytheAdvisory Committees onProgramme Manage­
ment (ACFM ),ifonly byvirtue oftheinformation they possess ondomes­
ticprogrammes under way intheir respective fields .TheCommission
therefore proposes that theCouncil should amend the terms ofreference
ofthese Committees accordingly .
Asfarasbasic research isconcerned ,theCommission reaffirms itsinterest
inthework oftheEuropean Science Foundation .Itfeels that Community
support could begiven tothis Foundation incertain circumstances .
Furthermore ,theCommission isaware oftheneed tomake more effective
useoftheresults ofCommunity research ;itwould therefore like to
have thebacking ofaspecialist advisory Committee ,operating inthe
framework oftheScientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST ),to
help ittodefine andimplement suitable measures for thefulfilment of
this purpose .

-3-
Finally ,theCommission considers that special attention should bepaid
toevaluating theresults ofCommunity research .Inthe light ofsuch
evaluation itintends ,with theassistance ofCREST ,toundertake a
general review oftheCommunity 'sscientific andtechnical activities
attheendof1979 «Inpursuance ofthis task ,itwill consult the
Committees which have "been setuptoassist theCommunity authorities
inthevarious fields ofscience andtechnology (Standing Committee on
Agricultural Research ,Advisory Committee onFusion ,etc.)# Only ifit
hasacomplete and coherent overall view ofthe situation will itbeable
inI98O topropose theaims andguidelines forthenext phase of
implementation ofthecommon policy inthefield ofscience andtechnology .
Since itisimpossible toprepare such proposals without thecooperation
ofnational experts ,and inparticular without detailed information about
theMember States programmes ,theCommission would like tohave the
Council 'sagreement onthis point .
II.Decision onthepromotion ofindustrial research and development projects ;
Inthefourth medium-term economic policy programme emphasis islaid among
other things ,onthebenefit which theCommunity could derive from encoura­
ging small -andmedium-sized undertakings ,particularly intheir access
tonewtechnological developments .
Furthermore ,on10May 1977 theEuropean Parliament adopted aResolution
totheeffect that industrial research projects should beencouraged in
the sectors which have adeficit onthebalance ofpatents andlicences .
TheCommission intends that support begranted toundertakings -
particularly those ofsmall andmedium size -whose R&Dprojects could
contribute towards theattainment oftheCommunity 'saims .Itintends
togive afinancial assistance tosuch undertakings wishing tocooperate
onaCommunity basis ,ortothose which already have cooperative links .
Theamount ofsuch assistance would belaid down bycontract ,ineach
case ,after consultation ofanadvisory committee onindustrial research ,
yet tobesetupnear theCommission .

-4-
III# Decision onaresearch programme onforecasting andassessment inscience
and technology :
Allthemedium-term measures tobetaken toimplement thecommon policy
inthefield ofscience andtechnology must "bebacked upbyidentifica­
tion ofthelong-term objectives andpriorities ofthat policy#
The Commission therefore feels that itisessential toundertake some
research inforecasting andassessment# Inthe light ofthefindings of
many groups ofexperts ,andparticularly theconclusions ofthe'Europe +30"
Study ,itintends ascertaining what research activities areunder way in
this field intheCommunity ,andusing theinformation collected to
identify thefactors which could influence theCommunity 'slong-term
development and theways inwhich R&D could help tosolve anyproblems
arising#
Consequently ,theCommission intends tosetupasystem ofcooperation
between institutions andbodies specializing inthis field inthevarious
Member States# Thecost oftheresearch programme ,which will cover a
period offive years (1978–1982 )isestimated at4#4million u#a# ,and
thenumber ofstaff tobeassigned toitfortheduration ofthepro­
gramme will beten#
Attheendofthefirst phase ,theCommission will report totheCouncil
andpresent appropriate proposals ,depending onwhether theresearch pro­
gramme should besuspended continued orexpanded#

-5-
Draft Council resolution
ontheguidelines for the common policy
inthe field ofscience andtechnology
The Council ofthe European Communities ,
Having regard totheTreaties establishing theEuropean Communities
Having regard tothecommunication from the Commission
Having regard totheopinion ofthe European Parliament
Whereas the common policy inthe field ofsciences andtechnology isan
essential component ofsocial progress ,balanced economic expansion andthe
improvement ofthequality oflife
Whereas ,inorder todevelop this common policy ,the Community institutions
must periodically review theperspectives ,settheobjectives anddetermine
thepriorities ofthepolicy ,andalso allocate thenecessary funds
Whereas itsresolutions of14January 1974 ,and inparticular thedevelopment
ofthe common policy inthe field ofscience andtechnology ,require the
coordination ofnational policies ,andwhereas theCommunity institutions
must maintain thenecessary links between theimplementation ofprogrammes
atCommunity level and the related work carried out intheMember States
Whereas itisimportant topay close attention and,whenever the
Community 'sinterests warrant it,togive support totheactivities ofthe
European Science Foundation since this Foundation plays asignificant role
inthe coordination ofbasic research
Whereas theefforts made bytheCommunity andtheMember States to
disseminate ,protect andapply theresults ofresearch anddevelopment must
becommensurate with theefforts they devote tothat research andthat
development

-6-
Whereas ,whenever itmay prove necessary oradvisable ,itisimportant to
try andassociate non-member countries ,particularly European non-member
countries ,with Community research and development schemes
Having regard tothe opinion ofthe Scientific and Technical Research
Committee
HAS ADOPTED THIS RESOLUTION :
Article 1
The Council hereby approves the guidelines adopted bythe Commission for
the development ofthe common policy inthefield ofscience and technology
during the period 1977-80 .Ittherefore invites the Commission tomake
appropriate practical proposals for research and development actions .
Article 2
Inall branches ofscience and technology inwhich direct ,indirect or
concerted action isundertaken ,the coordination ofresearch and develop­
ment activities financed from public funds atnational level shall begra­
dually developed and intensified during the period 1977-80 .
Inorder toassist the Community institutions inthis task ofcoordination ,
the Advisory Committees onProgramme Management (ACPM )which were set up
bythe Council toadvise ondirect orindirect action in1969,shall also
formulate opinions and recommendations concerning all Community and
national research activities envisaged inthe fields for which they are
respectively competent .The Council resolution of
relating toACPMs shall therefore beamended inaccordance with Annex A.
Arti cle 3 +
Inview ofthe important role played bythe European Science Foundation
inthe coordination ofbasic research ,the Council invites the Commission
topay special attention tothose ofitsactivities which are ofinterest
tothe Community ,and tomake any suitable proposals with regard tosupport
for orparticipation insuch activities . 1

-7-
Article 4
Inorder that the Community asawhole can gain maximum benefit from
research and development results ,the Council invites the Commission to
take the appropriate measures andtoprepare immediately the necessary
action and coordination proposals regarding the dissemination ,protection
and application ofthese results .
Article 5
The Council invites the Commission incooperation with the CREST tounder­
take,between now andthe end of1979,afull review ofthe Community 's
scientific and technical activities and topresent its conclusions thereon .
Inparticular ,the report should evaluate theresults achieved byCommunity
activities inthe field ofscience .Thespecialist committees set upto
assist the Community authorities inthe various fields ofscience and
technology will take part inthis review sothat thefull range of
Community activites iscovered .
During the course of1980 the Commission will beinvited todefine ,inthe
light ofthis review ,theobjectives and new guidelines which the
Community should pursue inthe field ofscience and technology ,taking
into account the related research and development activities under way
inthe Member States .

-8-
AMENDMENTS TO BE MADE TO THE COUNCIL RESOLUTION OF
ONTHE ACPMs (S2,6and 7ofdocument R/855/77 (ATO 45))
2.Without prejudice tothe responsibility which the Commission bears in
the implementation ofthe programmes ,each Committee shall have the
task ofcontributing ,asanadvisory body,towards :
-the successful implementation ofthe programme for which itis
competent and inparticular the detailed description ofthe projects
and the evaluation oftheir results ;
-the progressive coordination ofall Community and national research
activities within the field for which itiscompetent ."
"6.Each Committee shall deliver opinions ,which shall beprepared by
the secretariat and besubmitted for the Committee 'sapproval .Any
member ofaCommittee may ask for his views toberecorded inthese
opinions .The opinions shall beforwarded tothe Commission and copies
thereof sent tothe Council .The CREST and its sub-committees will be
informed periodically ofthe work ofthe ACPMs bythe Commi ssion' sservi ces."
"7.Each committee shall comprise nomore than :
a)for the Commission delegation ,three officials designated bythat
institution ;
b)for thedelegations ofthe Member States ,three experts designated .
1according tothecriteria which itdeems most appropriate ,byeach
ofthe Governments ofthe Member States taking part inthe programme
inquestion ;the absence ofagovernment expert shall not prevent a
committee from holding avalid meeting .
Inexceptional cases thedelegations may derogate from these provi­
sions byjoint agreement .
1Where possible ,one ofthese experts should beresponsible forthe
national programmes inthe sector concerned ."

-9-
DRAFT COUNCIL DECISION
onthe promotion ofindustrial research projects
THE COUNCIL OPTHE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
Having regard tothe Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ,and
inparticular Article 235 }
Having regard tothe proposal from the Commission }
Having regard tothe Opinion ofthe European Parliament ;
Having regard toArticle 2ofthe Treaty establishing the European Economic
Community .
Whereas acommon policy inthe field ofscience and technology isanessential
element forsocial progress ,for abalanced economic expansion and for the
improvement inthe quality oflife >
Whereas promotion ofindustrial research projects can contribute tothe
realisation ofthe forementioned tasks ofthe Treaty ;
Having regard tothe Council Decision of14March 1977 adopting the fourth
medium-term economic policy programme (l);
Having regard tothe Resolution ofthe European Parliament of10May 1977
onthe need for innovation and research policy measures tobetaken bythe
Community inthe near future inthose areas inwhich Member States derive a
low revenue from the granting oflicences and have topay substantial licence
fees tonon-member countries ;
Whereas industrial undertakings are the main media ofinnovation and whereas
measures todevelop the innovative capacity ofsuch undertakings ,esp .ecially
those ofsmall ormedium size ,should help them adjust tothestructural changes
currently taking place ;
(1)O.J. L101of25.4.1977 »P*1

-10-
Whereas thestructural changes taking place inindustry call forever closer
association andcollaboration between Community firms butwhich sometimes
experience difficulty infinding anappropriate public sponsor tofacilitate
theimplementation ofsome oftheir industrial research projects ;
Whereas theCommunity should encourage such undertakings tocarry outindustrial
research projects orencourage associations between such firms bymaking
appropriate financial contributions towards some oftheir industrial research
projects ;
Whereas thefinancial contribution oftheCommunity should notchange
unfavourably theconditions ofcompetition inawaywhich isincompatible
with thecorresponding principle laid down intheTreaty ;
Whereas ,because itisnecessary toconfine such contributions topriority
sectors andasmallmmber ofwell defined projects ,theCommission must
beable touse every possible means ofevaluating ,case bycase ,thepotential
benefits ofsuch projects andtheir aanpatibility with theaims ofthecommon
policy inthe field ofscience andtechnology ;
Whereas ,industrial innovation should also contribute primarily towards a
m,oreeconomic ormore rational useofenergy aridrawmaterials ,theprotection
oftheenvironment andtheimprovement ofworking conditions ^
Whereas theprocess ofinnovation will facilitate theadoption ofnew
technologies linked with industrial reorganization ,strengthen competitive­
ness ontheinternational markets andimprove thebalance oftrade ,intech­
nological knowhow ;
Whereas industrial innovation canhelp ,inparticular ,tocreate new jobs
andimprove theeconomic equilibrium between regions ;
Whereas thepowers ofaction necessary topromote research projects of
industrial interest have notbeen foreseen intheTreaty ;
Having regard totheopinion oftheScientific andTechnical Research
Committee (CREST )

- 11 -
HAS DECIDED
Article 1
The Commission may,subject tothe terms Laid down inthis Decision ,provide ,
bymeans ofcontracts ,financial assistance forthe implementation ofin­
dustrial research projects initiated byindividuals orundertakings within
the Member States ofthe European Community and which either
-wish tocooperate with each other onaCommunity basis ;
or
-have already established cooperative links between them .
Special attention will begiven toprojects presented byindividuals and
small ormedium -sized undertakings with innovation potential .Care will be
taken toensure that the Commission 'sfinancial contribution does not change
unfavourably the conditions ofcompetition inaway which isincompatible
with the corresponding principles laid down inthe Treaty .
Article 2
The projects must contribute towards the achievement ofthe aims ofthe
Treaty establishing the European Economic Community and meet atleast one
ofthe following criteria :
-economic ormore rational use ofenergy and rawmaterials ;
-development ofnew technologies resulting inindustrial restructuri -
sation ;
-creation ofnew jobs,improvement ofworking and living conditions ;
-improvement ofcompetitiveness oninternational markets and narrowing
ofthe technology gap;
-improvement ofeconomic equilibrium between regions ;
-protection ofthe environment .

-4.-
Article 3
The Commission vail invite interested individuals and undertakings tosubmit
their projects toit.
All projects must "beaccompanied byareport giving adetailed description
ofthem inaccordance with the requirements ofAnnex A.
Article 4
The Commission shall define the terms ofthe contracts and the amount of
financial assistance tobeprovided after receiving the opinion ofthe
Scientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST )andafter consulting an
Advisory Committee onindustrial research tobeset upbythe Commission#
Article 5
Council Regulation (EEC)N°2380/74ofSeptember 1974 (l)shall apply toany
patentable orother knowledge orinventions resulting from the implementation
ofprojects which have benefited from afinancial contribution from the
Commission pursuant tothis decision#
Article 6
This decision shall enter into force onthe day following the date ofits
publication inthe Official Journal ofthe European Communities#
Done atBrussels , 1977 F°r the Council
(1)O.J. L255of29.9.74 ,P.1

ANNEX A
Description oftheindustrial research project (Article 3)
1.Title ofthe project and the undertakings orindividuals concerned#
2.Financial status ,technical expertise andavailable manpower ofthe
undertaking s)managing theproject#
3# Aim and relevance ofthe project#
Specify how the project meets the criteria laid down inArticle 2#
4#Detailed description ofanyearlier research (examples from thepatent
portfolio ).
5# Programme ofwork planned (involving both qualified and nonqualified
staff );
6#Detailed breakdown ofoperating expenditure ,including cost ofnew
equipment tobebought#
7# Has the project already been submitted toanother national orinter­
national body for financial assistance ?
8#Proportion oftotal coct needed (what aidmeasures have been orwill be
taken bythe Member States tohelp launch theproject ?)#
9# Financing schedule for the part ofthe programme not covered bythe aid
measures referred toin(8)above .
10# Results expected#
11# Proposed applications oftheresults oftheproject ,ifsuccessful .
12.Schedule ofwork and financial commitment .
13.Would the project becarried outifnoCommunity assistance was granted

-14-
PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION
onareser.rch programme onforecasting and assessment inthe
field ofscience and technology
The Council ofthe European Communities
Having regard totheTreaty establishing theEuropean Economic Community
and inparticular Article 235 thereof
Having regard tothe proposal from the Commission
Ha.ing regard tothe opinion ofthe European Parliament
Having regard to Article 2ofthe Treaty establishing the European
Economic Community .
Whereas inanincreasingly rapidly changing world itisnecessary for the
Community totrytoshare itsfuture ,anticipating future problems ,
needs and wants and jointly todevelop itspolicies onwell defined long
term objectives and whereas Research and Development Activities canplay
animportant part inachieving these objectives ;
Whereas the Council through itsresolution of14January 1974 (l)approved
anaction programme onforecasting ,assessment and methodology inthe European
Communities ,asanecessary elanient fordefining the long term action ofthe
Community and toensure the technical backing for future decisions ofCommun­
ityInstitutions inthescientific and technological field :
(1)O.J. N°C7,29.1.1974 ,P.7

-15-
Whereas theensuing study entitled "Europe +30"stressed theusefulness
andneed forlong term forecasting activities toguide Community policies
anddecisions ;
Whereas theCommission needs acapability toestablish priority areas for
Community Research andDevelopment action inview ofpossible long term
developments and todetermine the effects ofResearch andDevelopment activities
onthelong term social andeconomic development oftheCommunity ;
Whereas extensive forecasting andtechnology assessemnt research isbeing
carried outnationally andinternationally but isnot atthepresent time
sufficiently monitored andused bytheCommission nor specifically tailored
fortheparticular problems facing theCommunity ;
Whereas intheCouncil Resolution of14January 1974 »"theCouncil invited the
Commission todraw upspecific proposals onthebasis ofthe results ofthe
preliminary study (Europe +30);
Whereas rather than creating aCommunity forecasting Institute assuggested
inthepreliminary study (Europe +30),itispreferred that
theCommunity should gain further experience during afive-year experimental
phase .
Whereas research inthefield offorecasting ,assessment andmethodology
should contribute totherealisation oftheabove-mentioned objectives
oftheTreaty ;
Whereas therequired powers ofaction were notforeseen bytheTreaty ;
Whereas theScientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST )hasdelivered
anopinion ontheproposal from theCommission ;
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DECISION :
Article 1
Aresearch programme fortheEuropean Economic Community onforecasting
andassessment inthefield ofscience andtechnology asdefined inthe
Annex tothis decision ishereby adopted foraperiod offive years beginning
on1stJanuary 1978 *This Annex forms anintegral part oft;his decision#

16"
Article 2
Theupper lim tfor expenditure commitments and themaximum number ofstaff
necessary fortheexecution oftheprogramme isestimated tobe4«4million
units ofaccount ,and 10staff respectively ,theunit ofaccount being
defined inArticle 10oftheFinancial Regulation of25April 1973 applic -
(1)able tothegeneral budget oftheEuropean Communities v'.
Article 3
TheCommission shall beresponsible fortheimplementation oftheprogramme .
Itshall beassisted inthis task byanAdvisory Committee tobecreated by
the Commission andcomposed ofnational representatives toensure close
liaison between theresearch programme andrelated national activities in
this field .TheCommittee will advise ontheexecution oftheprogramme .
Article 4
Member States should take themeasures necessary toensure that their
research bodies andinstitutes competent inthis field undertake ,with the
Commission ,thecoordination foreseen inthis decision .
Article 5
Attheendofthefourth year theCommission shall evaluate theprogramme
andreport toCouncil and totheEuropean Parliament .
Article 6
Theinformation resulting from theimplementation oftheprogramme shall be
2)disseminated inaccordance with Regulation (EEC)Ho2380/74
Article 7
This decision isaddressed totheMember States .
Done atBrussels ,
For the Council
The President
(1)O.J. KoL.116 ,1.5.1973 ,P. 1
(2)O.J. NoL.255 ,20.9.1974 ,P-1

ANNEX
Forecasting and Assessment inthe field of
Science and Technology (1978-1982 )
(Indirect Action )
Anestimated/maximum amount of4.4million units ofaccount and amaximum staff
of10would "beallocated tothis objective .
The main aim ofthe research programme will betocontribute tothe
definition oflong term R&D objectives andpriorities ,and sotothe
development ofacoherent science and technology policy inthe long
term .
Toachieve this objective the programme will have the following
three main tasks :
1)Monitoring existing forecasting and assessment research activities
within the Community and elsewhere and analysing their results as
totheir relevance tothe development ofthe Community .
2)Highlighting ,onthe basis ofthe above information and where necessary
with additional studies ,potential conflicts ,problems and opportuni­
ties affecting the long term development ofthe Community and suggest­
ingalternative courses of R&D action tohelp solve orachieve them .
incollaboration with theMember States *
3)Estab lishing,/asystem ofcoordination between existing specialised
research groups inthis field within the Community and socreating
aCommunity forecasting network .This will,byway ofexample ,
necessitate close liaison with Community Institutes (Foundation for
the Improvement ofLiving and Working Conditions and the proposed
Institute for Economic Analysis and Research )and other national
and international organisations concerned .

THE COMMON POLICY
IN THE FIELD OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME II
GUIDELINES
(1977-1980 )

-II-
*VOLUME II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter I European Community Research andTechnology Policy I
Chapter II TheCommon policy inthe field ofscience and 3
technology -objectives ,framework ,constraints ,
assessment and selection criteria .
Chapter III The Joint Research Centre 10
Chapter IV Theprincipal scientific andtechnological programmes
ofthe EC 14
IV.1 Resources 14
IV.1.1 Energy
IV.1.2 Rawmaterials 20
IV.1.3 Agriculture andFood resources 21
IV.1.4 Water 22
IV.2 Environment 22
IV.3 Life insociety 23
IV.3.1 Social policy 23
IV.3.2 Town andCountry planning 25
IV.3.3 Medicine 26
IV.3.4 Radiation protection 27
IV.3.5 Molecular biology andgenetics 28
IV.4 Services andinfrastructure 29
IV.4.1 Community Bureau ofReferences /service function 20
IV.4.2 Information
VOLUME I:The decisions tobetaken
VOLUME III :Short analysis ofResearch andDevelopment

-III-
Chapter V Industnal research 32
Chanter VI Coordination ofnational research and technology
policies 34
Chapter VII
VII .1
VII .2
VII .3Modalities ,finance ,structures and procedures of
the Community research and development policy 38
Modalities
Financing
Structures and procedures38
39
43
Chapter VIII
Chaptér IX
IX.1
IX.2
IX.3International cooperation 44
Dissemination ofinformation ,utilization ofresults ,
andevaluation ofresearch and development 45
Dissemination ofinformation
Utilization ofresults
Evaluation ofresearch and develooment46
47
47
Chapter X Long-term priorities for research and development
policy 48
Final remarks
Annex I Background
Annex II 11lustrât ions
-Coordination of R&DPolicies of ECMember States
-Adoption of R&DProgrammes :
I.The role ofthe ECInstitutions and their
advisory bodies
-Adoption of R&DProgrammes :
II.Decision Processes
Abbreviations used

-IV-
ILLUSTRATIONS
For Chapter II. 'Selection Criteria for EC R&D
Programmes /Proj ects
For Chapter VI. Coordination of R&DPolicies of
ECMember States "(Annex II)
For Chapter VII.1 R&DModa lities /Finance
For Chapter VII.2 Adoption of R&DProgrammes I:
The role ofthe ECInstitutions and
their advisory bodies "(Annex II)
Adoption of R&DProgrammes II:
Décision Processes "(Annex II)

-1-
Chapter I
European Community Research and Technology Policy ,
Why andHow?
What arethechances forEurope intheyears ahead ?Theanswer tothis
depends entirely onwhether werecognize thecentral role ofscience and
technology inthedevelopment ofEuropean policies ,andfrom that
recognition proceed toevolve acommon research policy .Byacommon
research policy ,wedonotsimply mean thecontinuation ofatraditional ,
somewhat esoteric science policy ,butrather thescientific andtechno­
logical basis foranyEuropean policy .
Thesituation isserious .The signs ofaneconomic crisis become
increasingly evident .Theboundless faith inthecontinual linear growth hasemerging .
been shaken ;thelimits togrowth aregradually /Theenergy crisis that
followed the oil embargo intheautumn of1973 a-nd "thesubsequent reper­
cussions arenomore than symptoms .There are indications ofmajor
structural crises .They are liable tointensify with growing speed due
totheincreasing interdependence ofthe -world economy .
Atthesame time ,research andtechnology ,long thedriving forces
of"progress ",have lost some oftheir credibility .
After the Second World War the industrial nations concentrated their
applied research effort above allonlarge-scale technology .The large
nuclear centres andother large research installations came into being and
formany years spectacular nuclear andspace projects were theorder of
the day .Thedirect application ofresearch anddevelopment for the
benefit ofthecitizen wasnotalways apparent .Thepublic isquestioning
therole ofscience andtechnology .

-2-
Faced with the present manifestations ofcrisis ,the public interest ,
inacommon research policy isincreasing .Butatthe same
time the public isasking legitimate questions .Why ,how andwhere
must the European Community intensify its research ?How can the
Community help solve Europe 'slong-term problems ?Who
benefits from the public funds spent onlarge-scale technological
projects ?Are the needs ofthe public taken into account ?What is
the justification for this orthat research programme ?
These guidelines for the Community policy inscience and technology
over the next four years are aimed atproviding answers tothese
cruestions .They areanattempt toprovide aframework .
Aframework for the Community 'sresearch policy based onthe
coordination ofnational research policies and the definition and
implementation ofcommon research programmes .Itsets itself
.certain limits sonly programmes that satisfy aspecific set of
criteria can beembodied inacommon research policy .This set
ofcriteria must beregularly applied toassess existing programmes ,
and serves asafilter for future programmes and projects .Only
inthis way can the often unrelated ,individual projects
"beintegrated into anoverall European research policy .
These guidelines are first and foremost acommunication from theCommission
tothe Council ofMinisters (seeAnnex 1).They are ,atthe same
time ,addressed toall those affected bythe European research
policy :tothe experts inthe institutions oftheCommunity and the
Members States ,tothe scientists and specialists inindustry and
topoliticians ,economists ,journalists and citizens ,who have
realized that the common research policy directly affects their
own future ■
The political objectives intheMember States are often medium or
short term bynature ,whereas the structural problems facing the
Community are ,typically ,ofalong-term nature .Itishere that
wefind the justification for along-range ,common research policy .

-3-
Chapter II
The common policy inthe field ofscience and technology -objectives ,
framework ,constraints ,assessment and selection criteria .
(see illustration "Selection criteria for Community R&D programmes
and projects ")
Community research policy must have aclear framework and clear
objectives .Itmust recognize the constraints and face the diffi­
culties .Itmust start with anevaluation ofits past efforts and
criteria for its future programmes .Itmust accept the current limi­
tations ifitwants togive new impetus toaEuropean R&D policy .
The three separate Treaties ofthe European Communities (the European
Coal and Steel Communities ,the European Economic Community and the
European Atomic Energy Community )donot constitute aunified legal
framework .Due tothe Euratom Treaty the task ofthe Joint Research
Centre was originally limited toNuclear Energy .
Indeed itis only since the Council Resolution of14January 1974
(seeAnnex 1)that one can speak ofacomprehensive Community research and
technology policy .This Resolution was amajor step forward .The position
was now changed .The common policy inthe field ofscience and
technology istohave atwofold task :coordinating the policies of
theMember States ;and defining and implementing research programmes
and projects ofCommunity interest .Itisintended tounderpin the
Community 'ssectoral policies ,e.g. ,"Energy ", "Agriculture "or
"Environment ",and atthe same time help indeveloping new sectoral
policies ,such as "raw materials "or "social and sociological
problems ".
However the realization ofthis new concept remains difficult .
The different decision-making procedures resulting from the three
Community Treaties continue toexist .The financial resources
available tothe Community for its research and technology policy
are extremely limited :they amount toonly 1-2% ofthe public

-4-
fluids spent bytheMember States .Apragmatic approach isnecessary .
These guidelines areintended .asacontribution .
Thegeneral objectives oftheCommunity research andtechnology policy *
correspond tothepolitical aims oftheCommunity .There arefour main
objectives :
1.thelong-term supply ofresources (rawmaterials ,energy ,
agriculture andwater );
2.promotion ofinternationally competitive economic development ;
3.improvement oftheliving andworking conditions ;
4.protection ofthe environment andnature .
Ofcourse ,these general objectives cannot beachieved bythecommon
research andtechnology policy alone .Thecommon policy should contri­
bute totheachievement ofthese objectives where necessary andwhere the
Member States are unable todoitalone .
Inthis endeavour ,thecommon research policy ,already limited bythe
separateCommunity 'shistorical development andtheexisting /treaties ,isseverely
hampered .How isanypolicy ofcoordination possible when even inthe
Member States theplanning ofresearch projects andprogrammes remains
partly uncoordinated ?
How canthere beapolicy ofcoordination when theMember States are
unwilling tocommit themselves inthis respect ?
HowcantheCommunity plan andimplement technological projects when
theMember States themselves arepassing through adifficult period in
their owntechnological planning ?
Themore interesting ,practically applicable andimportant technological
projects arefornational industry )themore reluctant aretheMember States
toset aside their national self-interest .Thedifference between theory
andpractice intherelationship between national research policies and
theCommunity research andtechnology policy isoneofthehandicaps from
which theCommunity 'sresearch policy suffers .
*Supplement toECBulletin (4/76)

-5-
Itisinthe light ofthese constraints that the progress ofthe
common research policy todate must beassessed .How can the
Community present asystematic evaluation ofresearch results when
there are nocommon criteria ?Indeed this isaproblem which
Member states themselves are trying totackle with difficulty .
Inthefuture theCommission will make asystematic effort toaccount
for its work ,inaattenpt toanswer tothepublic 'slegitimate
question :"What are wegetting for our money ?"Itwill call foran
intensive joint effort onthe part oftheCommunity Institutions andtheMember
States todevelop common criteria which can inturn "beofusetoMember States .
First thoughts towards acommon approach arecontained inthese guidelines .
Despite these limitations ,however ,the Community research policy
hasmade progress over the past three years .Since the Council
Resolution of14January 1974 ,ithas progressively developed
beyond itsmainly nuclear heritage .
Research policy has moved astep closer tothe citizen and his
needs .This isespecially apparent inthe preparatory work on
new Community research programmes ,notably infields such as :
-raw materials ;
-medical research ;
-energy ;
-social policy ;
-town planning ;
-development policy .
Existing programmes have also received new emphases tobring
them closer tothe short and long term needs ofthe citizens .
Existing programmes that are being continued are :
-fusion ;
-biology and radiation protection ;
-environment ;
-Community Bureau ofReference .
–ECSC research

-6-
New Community programmes have been adopted asadirect and first
result ofthe critical situation inthe energy sector :
-energy conservation ;
-new sources ofenergy ;
-plutonium recycling ;
-storage ofradioactive waste .
Inaddition ,the Joint Research Centre with its four establishments
atIspra ,Geel ,Petten and Karlsruhe has now for the first time a
multiannual programme consistent with the new orientation ofthe
common R&D policy .The recent successful reorganization ofthe
JRC will assure the effective execution ofthis programme .
Anewmodality of .implementing thecommon research policy -
known as "concerted action "-has been developed successfully
since 1974 ;under this form of coordinated Community research ,
the work isentirely carried out and financed bythe Member States .
Only themodest costs ofcoordination are charged tothe Community
budget .
Coordination ,the key element ofCommunity research policy ,has
proved difficult due tothe established decision-making procedures
and organizational structures ,and due tothe varying state of
research inthe member countries .The "Scientific and Technical
Research Committee "(CREST )setupin1975 andconsisting ofsenior
officials from theMember States plays acentral role inthe
coordination ofR&Dpolicy .
TheCommission ,inacontinuing dialogue with theother institutions
ofthe Community ,with Member states ,with thevarious Advisory
Committees ,with independent experts andwith anyone concerned
with research policy ,hasmade aparticular effort todevelop
theconcept ofacommon Community research andtechnology
policy 0.Out ofthese efforts ithasbecome clear that theselection
Milan Symposium ,24-26 May 1976
"AScience andTechnology Policy for the Community

-7-
criteria for common R&D action have toberefined .Aset of
selection criteria wasdeveloped .Itisnot arigid scheme but
aflexible guide for theCommission "and theother Community
institutions ,aswell asfor the scientists ,industrial firms and
politicians concerned .Itcan help answer thequestions :"Should
this orthat research project orprogramme becarried out bythe
Community ?Will itcontribute tothe development ofthecommon
European research policy ?
The set ofcriteria has three levels .The first level is
determined bythe general political and legal framework ofthe
three Community Treaties and the Council Resolution of14January
1974 -The second level embraces four general criteria :
1.Effectiveness :Greater efficiency and rationalisation at
Community level (asinthe case offusion );
2.Trans-national Research and technology projects requiring
' trans-national actions (asinthe case of
transport ,information and documentation or
telecommunications )•
3.Large market :The development costs andmarketing opportunities
require trans-national markets (e.g. ,data
processing ,aerospace );
4.Common The projects satisfy needs common toall
requirements .community countries (e.g. ,environment ,town
&country planning ,standardization ,
radiation protection ).
These general criteria are tobesupplemented bymore specific
criteria onathird level .The individual criteria carry different
weightings depending onthe specific programme orproject .
Tosome extent they overlap . Some ofthem can begrouped together
(see illustration ).Their function istoprovide asystematic
check-list and aguide .The satisfaction ofany oneofthe following1.Effectiveness :
2.Trans-national
nature :
3.Large market :
4.Commôn
requirements :

-8-
criteria ,isanargument forcarrying out theproject atCommunity
level ,itisanecessary but not always sufficient condition .
The political decision taken onthe basis ofthese criteria will
inthe enddetermine the launching ofaCommunity research project .
The list ofthe specific selection criteria isasfollows :
1.The costs ,whether interms ofmoney ormanpower ,are toohigh for
anysingle Member State orwhere common implementation canlead tosigni­
ficant savings ,asisthecase with major long-term projects such asfusion
research orwith theconstruction andexploitation oflarge test rigs .
2.The individual national R&D capacity isinsufficient ;inthis
case ,collaboration atCommunity level can lead toresults more
rapidly ,inparticular for issues oftopical interest -examples
being new sources ofenergy (solar ,geothermal )
3.Activities inMember States can becombined for greater
efficiency toform anew comprehensive programme ;
some areas ofgenetics and solar energy research are good examples .
4.R&Disinaninitial phase ,whereas aCommunity programme would
stand agood chance ofcompeting internationally .This refers in
particular toareas ofindustrial research ,such asnew interna­
tional land transport systems .
5.ACommunity project should have real innovation potential in
either industry orthe public service sector .Research into
new sources ofenergy isatypical example ofthe industrial
innovation potential ,while town and country planning and
environmental research are typical ofthe public service sector .
6.Community projects canprovide thenecessary stimulus tospecific
research and development areas :pilot projects (e.g. ,for coal
■gasification ,orthe reprocessing ofnuclear fuels )and demons­
tration projects ,asinthe area ofnew energy sources
(geothermal heat ,solar energy ,heat pump ,heat insulation in
buildings ).

-9-
7.Divergent development trends inMember States should beavoided
where they arecontrary toCommunity interests .Acase inpoint
isthe coordination ofsolar energy research inthe member
countries ;inview ofthe keen international competition ,
fragmentation ofthe European industry would beundesirable .
8.Community projects offer the opportunity for along-term approach ;
this atatime when national R&D programmes are under growing
pressure toproduce short-term results inaperiod ofdiminishing
financial resources .Long term options have tobekept open ,
e.g. fusion ,ornon-nuclear energy research .
9.Alarge degree ofstandardization and harmonization ofmethods
ofcomparison ,measures ,and information systems are essential
for acommon R&Dpolicy -and for aninternationally competitive
industry and technology .The Community Bureau ofReferences ,
the Environmental Chemicals Data Bank (ECDIN )orthe European
Informatics Network (EURONET ),are examples .
10.The provision ofservices and infrastructure for the Community .
Inthe narrower sense ,this applies toactivities such asthe
Bureau ofReferences orthe provision ofscientific and technical
information .Inawider sense ,itapplies tothe JRC asawhole ,
which offers aservice upon which inparticular the Member
States with limited research potential would otherwise beunable tocall .
11.The function ofservice and infrastructure isclosely linked to
the independance ofCommunity research activities .This iswhere
Community research could play anincreasingly important role .
The fact that the Community 'stechnology policy isless directly
connected inparticular with industrial interests ,and with
its experience gained inthe services sector ,enable the Community
togive amore impartial judgement .Itfavors Community action
insensitive areas ofresearch ,such asradiation protection ,
reactor safety orapplications ofgenetics .

Sélection Criteria forECR&D Programmes /Projects
^General political andlegal frame\/ work \/ ECTreaties \/ Council Resolution of14.1.1974 \
Contribution tosector al
Politicies –
BGeneral criteria i 1I Ii 1i
Efficiency !ITransnational !ty II Large Market |iCommon Requirements
CSpécifie sélection criteria
/ I.Toohighcosts\/ 2.I -manpower \ /
! -money | fW 1-
t 3.Actionswhich\ ff through combmotA /
I ionoyport )octiv i-l fIties oftheECmember ] I stales become i 1\ more efficient J V\ (creation ofaj \\ new onity )/ \2.Existrng national\
RfcD capac ity \subcritical
(proiect of .
current concern , .
unachievable .
through notionol /
crash progrommes'
V
4.R<Dininitiol
phase ;goodchonces ofthe
new programme
becoming inter -
nationally
competitive/\
5.lnnovotion poten-
tiol/
Applicability
éiStimuloting
function
(Pilot projects )7.Present develop -\
metofdivergent \tendencies controryl
toECinterests 1
\ (
« i/\f IClServices function\
^ ^ j Infrostructure ^
i !\v /orinonizatiorr . v / $Horinonizatioir
Stonda rdizohon
(Standards /
References )
\
ElLong termR4DProgrammes for
iEC I
(Com pored tothe
trend ofshort lerrrv
orientation of '
notionol R£D/
Progrommes )/\
ILIndependen ce
ofiudgement
t^_yvJ
| Specific evoluotion -and technology assessmentcriteria forECRBD Projects /ProgrammesL (seechopter VIM .3evaluahon )

-10-
Ingeneral ,theexplicit support oftheMember States foraparticular Community
R&D programme -e.g. ,because ofacurrent political situation
oranacute crisis -constitutes animportant reason forCommunity -
action .Examples are the new programmes onradioactive waste ,
plutonium recycling and the development ofnew forms ofenergy .
Similarly ,such research projects should beprivileged which canmake acon­
tribution totheachievement ofthedesired structural changes within the
framework oftheCommunity regional policy .
Chapter III
The Joint Research Centre
The Joint Research Centre consists offour research establishments
atIspra inItaly ,Geel inBelgium ,Petten intheNetherlands ,and
Karlsruhe inthe Federal Republic ofGermany .Their research
activities are known asthe socalled direct action .
Why does the Community need its own research establishments ?
Itisnot sufficient tocoordinate research programmes innational
research centres orindustrial laboratories ofthe Member States
byway ofindirect and concerted 0action projects ?Does theJoint
Research Centre really play anecessary role inthe gradual
development ofanintegrated Community research policy ?Has the
Community learnt its lesson from the continuing crises ofthe Joint
Research Centre ofthe past years ?These are all questions that are
being asked today .
First ofall itmust beborne inmind that the Joint Research Centre
has just gone through adifficult period ofreorganization ofwhich
public opinion and the scientific world are not sufficiently aware .
Under the Euratom Treaty the Joint Research Centre was set upas
aninstrument ofanindependent Community research anddevelopment
policy inthe field ofnuclear energy .With the growing interest of
Member States andthenational industries inthedevelopment ofnuclear
energy inanational context ,the situation ofthe Joint Research
Centre became more and more difficult .The Member States with extensive
research potential ,inparticular ,were notprepared todevelop thereactor concepts
and the fuel cycle onaCommunity basis .This led tothe crisis of
the Joint Research Centre inthe years 1967-1972 .
see Chapter VII

-11 -
With the four-year programme ofFebruary 1973 the Joint Research
Centre received new impetus .Research and development activities
were extended tonon-nuclear fields ,but the attitude ofsome of
the Member States tothe future ofthe Joint Research Centre
remained ambivalent .Nevertherless ittackled energetically the
difficult task ofreorganizing itsestablishments and redefining
its activities .In1977 anew four-year programme was approved .
With this ,the future ofthe Joint Research Centre isnow
secure .
The Joint Research Centre has four main functions :
1.The Joint Research Centre provides the Community with its own
independent research and development potential .Itacts asa
catalyst for projects ofCommunity interest .Inparticular ,it
gives the Member States with limited ,research potential access toa
potential that they donotpossess .Forthevarious Community
institutions the independant judgement ofthe Joint Research Centre
provides vital support .
The overlapping ofinterests ,often the case atnational level -
for example with industries having avested interest inthe
results -does not exist atthe Joint Research Centre .
2.The Joint Research Centre makes available for Community use
major testing facilities that could not beafforded orfully
exploited byindividual Member States .One example isthe
planned European helioclimatron which will beable tosimulate
solar radiation and very extreme weather conditions soasto
test developments inthe field ofsolar R&D .
3.Theprovision ofservices isanother important function .The
Joint Research Centre has long played animportant part in
supporting -theCommunity Bureau ofReferences .New service
functions relating tonuclear safety orenvironmental protection
are gaining inimportance .

-12-
Inthe field ofchemicals harmful tothe environment ,the
project for the ECDIN environmental data bank inIspra will
provide aninformation network available topoliticians ,
research scientists and industrialists aswell astothe
general public .Inthe frame ofthis function theJoint
Research Centre also carries out contract research for third
parties .
Indeed ,most ofthe Joint Research Centre 'sactivities will
infuture have aservice function component for the Member
Countries .
4.Anew function ofthe Joint Research Centre aims atcontri­
buting tocollaboration with the Third World inthe frame of
the development policy .Numerous Community research projects
can beofuse todeveloping countries .Examples include
various forms ofsolar energy research ,remote sensing tech­
niques suitable for agricultural and regional planning in
developing countries orthe development ofinformation
systems which can begeared tothe particular requirements
ofindividual developing countries .
The new programme ofthe Joint Research Centre concentrates
onfour main areas .Approximately half ofits financial
resources gotonuclear research and the other half tothe
non-nuclear activities that have been built upinrecent
years .
1.K'uclear safety
Inthe field ofnuclear enercry ,the Community isconcentra^ina
^nafew key areas ."Plutonium "and "actinides ", "reactor
safety "and "radioactive waste "are priority areas .Itis
endeavouring toprevent diverging trends inthe Member States ,
'nd ,inview ofthe current critical situation inthe nuclear
sector ,tomake services available tothe Member States .
Expenditure inthe field ofnuclear safety isappreciable ,even
incomparison towhat isbeing spent intheMember Spates .
Community Research plays aspecial role inthis important area .

-13-
2.New sources ofenergy
These activities have three main parts :the continuation of
hydrogen research including inparticular energy production by
thermochemical decomposition ofwater ,thegrowing area of
solar energy research ,and finally the new area offusion
reactor technology .
3.Environment and resources
These activities concern onone hand studies onair and water
pollution (transport models ,measurement methods ,including
teledetection ,thepilot project ECDIN )and onthe other hand
the appreciation ofmethods for teledetection inthe field of
renewable resources ,essentially oriented towards the
agricultural sector (inventories ,harvest forecasts rsoil
humidity ,thermal balances )
4.Services
Inaddition toits work onnuclear and non-nuclear reference
materials and methods ,the Joint Research Centre isincreasingly
taking onpublic service functions bymaking its research results
systematically available tothe Community institutions and the
Member States .Mention should bemade ofthe research activi­
ties inthe area ofcontrol offissile materials .
For the Member States with limited research potential ,inparticular ,the
services oftheJoint Research Centre often offer themain means ofaccess to
alarge interdisciplinary research centre .
The importance ofthe individual topics onwhich the Joint Research
Centre will beconcentrating infuture years will befurther
amplified inChapter IV :thescientific and tficnnolocrical
programmes ofthe EC.Concentration onthese main areas and the
intensive development ofitsmain functions could provide further
impetus totheJoint Research Centre .

-14-
Chapter IV-The principal scientific and technological programmes
ofthe EC
IV .1-Resources
The European post-war society has become accustomed toapparently
unlimited resources .Energy ,rawmaterials and agricultural products
appeared tobeavailable without limit .Only with the oil crisis
did itbecome glaringly obvious that there isalimit togrowth and
that the resources ofthe planet are finite . '
Yet inthe European Community ,thenecessary conclusions have notbeen fully
drawn uptonow .
What isneeded isanew awareness ofthe limits todevelopment ,a
new restraint ,anew sense ofresponsibility towards the Third
World and future generations .Otherwise the uncontrolled utilisation
ofresources that form the foundations for our economic and social
development will continue until itistoo late .
IV .1.1 .-Energy
The Community research programmes inthe energy sector have to
support thedevelopment ofthecommon energy policy .Iti£r.otamatter of
deciding for oragainst acertain energy source and investigating
it,but rather ofdeveloping aflexible energy research policy
which also makes allowance 'for improbable events inthe future .
Anenergy research policy ofthis kind has first toeliminate
unworkable alternatives ,whilst keeping options open for the
future .The different energy options vary inimportance depending
onthe time scale considered .The different phases can bedefined
asfollows :the short-term prospects for the next four years ,the
medium-term propects uptothe end ofthis century ,and finally
the long-term prospects uptothe end ofthe first quarter ofthe
next century .The various energy options vary inimportance

-15-
inthese phases .New sources ofenergy njust "bedeveloped in"
the long term .Even ifitispossible toreduce substantially the
present rate ofgrowth inthe consumption ofprimary energy ,there will
still beserious energy "bottlenecks inthe long term .
Itisclear ,onthe other hand ,that new sources ofenergy cannot
solve the immediate energy problems .Only after enormous effort can
they gradually start tomake anappreciable contribution tothe
energy supply .
The common research policy first has toclarify the various possible
energy options .The selection criteria have then tobeapplied to
the different energy sectors inorder todefine research projects
and togive them anappropriate weighting within the context ofthe
three time scales .Itisnot enough for energy research todevelop
new energy sources ortoincrease the yield oftraditional sources .
Itisalso important toinvestigate the effects and basic requirements
ofpresent and future forms ofenergy .How much energy isreally
necessary ?Bywhom isthe energy used ?What are the consequences
ofusing various sources ofenergy such asnuclear orsolar energy
onthe safety ofthe general public oronthe human and natural
environment ? What are the long"*}»rm climatic effects ofcontinued increase in
energy production ?
Five different energy options can bedistinguished .They are atthe
same time the key elements ofthe Community energy research policy .
1.The fossil energy sector :this embraces coal ,lignite and
hydrocarbons .Itisthe aim ofthe Community energy policy tomake
increased use ofthe indegenous andtraditional energy sources .Community energy
research supports this aim.
Inthe field ofcoal research ,coal conversion and inparticular
gasification will play anincreasing part .Apilot project at
Community level could beavaluable contribution .For hydrocarbons ,
new marine drilling and exploitation techniques are being supported .

-16-
2.Nuclear fission :this includes the "conventional "reactors
already inoperation and the fast-breeder and high-temperature
reactor development projects ,aswell asthe entire nuclear fuel
cycle .
The European Community assuch does notconcern itself with direct reactor
development .Itdoes however identify problems ofCommunity
interest .
Safety isapublic concern andconsequently isanimportant topic forresearch .
Inthe Joint Research Centre 'snew multiannual programme ,
research onreactor safety isalso the most important topic .Radiation
protection and the storage ofradioactive waste also have high
priority ;about 80% oftheMember States' research onthe disposal
ofhighly radioactive waste isbeing coordinated bythe Community .
The problems related tothe development ofnuclear energy in
Europe are becoming more acute .The issues ofreprocessing
and storage need further clarification .Insome Member States
there are indications ofdevelopments that might jeopardize
these nuclear energy programmes .Thedanger ofterrorist groups laying
their hands onfissionable material oreven occupying atomic plants
istaken seriously .Inthis situatioia and inview ofthe
transnational nature ofthese problems concerning all Member States
the Community has animportant role toplay ,both inthe development
ofcommon solutions for the fuel cycle and the development ofcommon
criteria and standards inthe area ofreactor safety .
3.Nuclear fusion ;The utilization offusion energy for the generation
ofelectricity offers the possibility ofsolving the problem ofenergy
supply for years tocome .Results that could significantly contribute
tothe energy supply cannot ,however ,beexpected before the next
century .
Community fusion research plays animportant role inkeeping these
long-term energy options open .The JET (Joint European Torus )is
themost important project inthe common fusion programme .

-17-
The Community project alone offers thepossibility ofkeeping European
fusion research competitive with that ofthe United States and
the Soviet Union .
Infuture Community research must increasingly concentrate onquestions
related tothetechnological development ofthefusion reactor .Only when
these questions have "been solved will fusion contribute tothegeneration
ofelectricity .
4.New non-nuclear energy sources and energy vectors ;these energy
options include new sources ofenergy such aswind and wave energy ,
geothermal energy and above all solar energy aswell ashydrogen as
anew energy vector .These offer great prospects for the future .
Atthe present time ,however ,arealistic view must betaken of
the limited contribution that can bemade ,even byintensive R&D ,
torelieve the short-term energy balance .
Inthe medium and long term ,there are good prospects that solar
energy can make asubstantial contribution both quantitatively and
qualitatively tothe supply ofprimary energy .
The Community realized the potential ofsolar energy very early on.
The Joint Research Centre carried out years ago first studies on
the application ofsolar energy .
Atpresent themain common research subjects ,which will beextended
inthe future ,are :the application offlat-plate collectors and
thermal storage forheating andcooling buildings which isexpected
toachieve substantial energy conservation since much energy is
wasted inheating and air-conditioning systems ofbuildings ;
thedevelopment ofapilot project forhelio-electric power station
which isatthedesign stage -such thermal solar power stations
converting direct solar radiation into electricity arenotonly
ofimportance for the south ofEurope ,but can also give new impetus
totheEuropean export industry ;thephotoelectric conversion of
solar radiation into electrical energy using semiconductor cells
asdeveloped forspace exploration -since 1976 theCommunity has
been coordinating successfully European research inthis field ;

-18-
photochemical andphotobiological research projects which could
lead tothe production ofvaluable directly usable fuel .
The Community has set the pace with its solar energy research .
Ithas stimulated anarea ofresearch which was inits infancy
and which inthe Member States either was nonexistent orsubcritical .
Ithasreacted toademand expressed byindustry and scientists .
Ithas inview ofthe energy crisis reacted rapidly tothe practical
needs ofthe Member States .Ithas made acontribution tothe
sectoral energy policy .Ithas prepared pilot projects and will
perform aneconomic service function :amajor test installation
(Helio climatron ).
The Community Programme onnew unconventional energy sources also
includes geothermal energy .Geothermal energy could make a
considerable contribution toenergy supply incertain areas ofthe
Community ,for both heating and the production ofelectricity .The
programme will first identify those areas particularly amenable
tothe exploitation ofthis source ofenergy and then develop the
appropriate technology for application .Inanarea traditionally
underestimated bythe Member States ,this programme has provided a
majore stimulus for further development .
Finally ,the development ofhydrogen asapotential energy vector
complements the research onnewenergy sources inthe frame ofthe
Community Programmes .
5.Energy conservation :The development ofthe different types of
primary energy sources and energy vectors alone isinsufficient .Further
measures arenecessary .Energy conservation inparticular must play
animportant role inthe short and .medium term .Onthe onehand ,this
requires anewawareness ofthe limits and consequences ofa
consumer society .Onthe other hand ,this also requires research
and technological progress inareas such asinsulation ofbuildings
and thevarious possible uses ofthe different forms ofenergy .
For example excessively large quantities ofelectricity are used
today for heating and cooling with relatively lowdegree 'of

-19-
efficiency .Through the harmonization ofenergy conservation
measures the Community can provide auseful stimulus toinnovation
inthis field .Community research should provide the basis for such
innovation .Energy storage isanother major element inthe energy
conservation programme .
Research and development onenergy conservation isinits initial
stage .The common research program will coordinate scattered
national programs andcombine them intoanewinternationally
competitive entity .
The energy research policy clearly highlights thedifficulties of
acommon research policy .Itisvery dependent onexternal
conditions :onthe developing energy policy ofthe Community ;on ..
the different /and ,due tointernal and external influences ,,frequently
changing energy programmes of "theMember States ;onthestrategies of
the large utilities over which theCommunity hasvirtually noinfluence .
This does not facilitate the coordination ofresearch inthe Community .
TheMember States will solve their energy problems better byfirmly
supporting Community research .
Common energy research canplayanincreasing roleasacatalyst .Itcanhelp
clarify inthefuture prospects ofnewenergy options andcontribute through
appropriate r©search "toimproving "thefuture energy supply#

-20-
IV.1.2. Raw materials
Inaworld offinite resources ,and growing material needs ,the European
Community ,which imports 70to100 %ofmost ofits rawmaterials ,will be
confronted with increasingly serious economic andpolitical problems .It
istherefore essential forthe Community todevelop acoherent and compre­
hensive rawmaterials supply policy .Inaddition toguaranteeing the
continued external supply ftwo components ofsuch apolicy areofparamount
importance :increase ofinternal supply ,and conservation through
recycling ,substitution and product design .
R&D can make animportant contribution tofurther these objectives .It
may also help develop newtechnologies and knowhow which will improve the
Community position asaunique trading partner for developed aswell as
developing countries .
The Community R&D programme aiming atincreasing internal supply ofprimary
raw materials includes three main areas .Thefirst concerns the search for
new mineral deposits within the Community ,inparticular ofcopper ,zinc,
lead,phosphates and uranium .Ajoint effort will bemade todiscover deep
and concealed deposits through the improvement ofgeological knowledge and
ofprospect.ion methods .The second area covers new methods ofore proces­
sing,for example aluminium-rich rocks .Here feasibility studies will be
followed bycostly pilot plant projects .Thethird area concerns mining
technology ,with regard particularly todeep deposits and lowtonnage
deposits which are now uneconomical .New mining andextraction techniques
must bedeveloped .
Ajoint effort will help avoid duplication andthrough coordination facili­
tate the discovery ofnewinternal resources aswell asthe more effective
development ofEurope 'sown advanced technologies ,which may also improve
our export potential .
With regard toconservation inthe useofrawmaterials ,anintegrated
Community R&D programme onsecondary rawmaterials isnow being prepared .
Itshould improve thetechnical basis forachieving thefollowing policy
aims :increased recycling ofdomestic andindustrial waste materials ,for
instance with regard tonon-ferrous metals andpaper ;increased recovery of
waste such asoldtyres ;full exploitation ofagricultural andforestry
wastes through theproduction ofvaluable organic materials andproducts ;
substitution ofexpensive ,non-indigenous materials with others more

-21-
abundant inthe Community ;design ofproducts foreasier recovery of
materials orrequiring Less material forthe same performance .Research
inthis sector has been scattered uptonow.Its intensification should
inmost cases also help toimprove the energy balance .
The Community 'srawmaterials research will infuture grow inimportance ,
asthese problems increasingly transcend the scope ofMember States .
Research isstill initsearly stages and could inmany fields become
internationally competitive byjoining and coordinating theactivities of
the Member States .Its connection with environmental protection should
ensure public support forthis Community research activity .
IV.1.3. Agriculture and .Food Resources
Community agricultural research programmes must support and develop the
common agricultural policy .They must also wherever possible support
the objectives ofother Community policies ,for example ,environment ,.
regional development ,energy saving and aidtodeveloping countries .
The early attempts atcoordinating research onAfrican and Classical swine
fevers 1966 -1976 gave results which permit the Community tointroduce in
the near future proposals for total eradication ofthese two diseases from
the Community . Asimilar programme onanimal leucoses 1975 -1978 will
assist veterinary control through better diagnosis and freer movement of
livestock byharmonization ofnational legislation .
Theexisting programmes which run from 1975 -1978 also include :apro­
gramme onusing livestock effluents asafertilizer and examining its
effects oncrops and animals (environment ,energy saving );aprogramme to
improve productivity inbeef production ;and aprogramme toimprove the
exploitation ofthe Community 'splant protein .
The need torecognize wider interests than the agricultural industry alone
points tofuture research onmore rational use ofland (regional develop­
ment,environment );reduction ofthe use ofpesticides andfertilizers
(energy saving ,environment );effects ofintensive agriculture onsoil
onstructure and /water (environment ;;more economic use ofanimal feed and
improved animal nutrition .This view ofCommunity agricultural research
encourages the "belief that technological progress need not beachieved
.atthe expense ofthe environment orthe consumer .

-22-
Future research must also consider thepossibility ofassisting developing
countries insolving their problems .
IV.1.4 . Water
Water may become acritical resource even inthe regions ofthe Community
which are usually well-endowed inthis respect .This was clearly demon­
strated bythe 1976 drought .Greater attention must begiven tothe problem
ofensuring adequate supply andquality .Inaddition towater pollution
research inthe framework ofthe Environmental research programme ,new
studies and research are needed toimprove our knowledge inthe following
areas :the water cycles inthe various regions ofthe Community ;water
management ;water storage ;recharging ofgroundwater ;water treatment tech­
nology andpossibly desalination ofsea andbrackish water .
IV.2. Environment
Numerous risks are incurred ,byman'senvironment ,including the
setting andquality oflife aswell asthenatural environment ,asaresult
ofthe excessive and uncontrolled development ofeconomic and industrial activities .
These are increasingly felt bythe public and require the implementa­
tion ofpolicies aimed atpreventing orlimiting them .Since 1973 the
Community has adopted such apolicy ,which isjustified ,inter alia,bythe
trans -national nature ofthe relevant problems ,particularly pollution ,and
bythe need toavoid theeffects ofisolated national environmental poli­
cies ontrade and competition inthe Community .
This Community policy needs tobebacked byasolid scientific andtechnical
knowledge .This iswhy the Community carries out,also since 1973,research
actions inthefield ofenvironment .The current programme which terminates
in1980 includes the following points :
-the investigation oftheeffects ofpollution onman and environment bymeansofepidemiological surveys and ecotoxological research ;
-the improvement ofmethods forthe measurement ofpollution ,including
remote sensing techniques ;
-the development ofenvironmental information management ,especially
the ECDIN pilot project for adata bank onenvironmental chemicals ;
-pollution abatement technology ,particularly sewage and industrial
effluents ,sludge disposal andthe development ofclean technologies ;

-23-
-thenatural environment ,which canbebetter protected against manmade
influences orreclaimed through adeeper understanding ofnatural eco­
systems ;inthis connection ,ajoint effort will also belaunched inthe
area ofclimatology toimprove theprediction oflong-term effects of
man'sactivities onclimate ;newmodels will bedeveloped .
Community environmental research meets acommon need that isbecoming more
andmore acute .Ithasobvious connections with other research sectors ,
such asenergy ,rawmaterials ,town andcountry planning .
Itoffers effective and economic coordination inastill developing field
ofresearch .With the introduction ofenvironmental protection standards
intheCommunity ,theever-present public concern about environmental
affairs will provide animpetus tofurther develop this area ofCommunity
research .
IV.3. Life insociety
Uptonow,science and technology policy has not been closely enough
linked tothe needs ofsociety ingeneral orthe individual inparticular .
Indeed ,research policy inthe post-war period was concentrated onspectacular
large-scale projects ;only fewresearch programmes ,either intheMember States or .
Community level ,were devoted tothe main problems ofthe man onthestreet .
Inparticular social problems were neglected .Today they are assuming anew
dimension .The consequences resulting from unsolved social problems are
becoming aheavy burden onbudgets . Inaddition ,potential
conflicts are brewing that could threaten political systems .Consequently ,
the area ofsocial andsociological problems must beconsidered aresearch
sector inits own right .Inparticular theeffects oftechnology on
society must beanalysed .Community research under the heading ofsocial
andsociological problems ispreparing todothis .
IV.3.1.Social policy
European unification requires acommon social policy ;itrequires detailed
knowledge ofthe present situation and future trends .Serious social
strife within the Member States will affect the harmonious development of

-24-
theCommunity .International social research inEurope isonly beginning .
Th^planned .Community research programme under theconcerted action scheme
.danbring considerable benefit for little input .
Themajor points ofthesocial research programmes will be:
1.Thesocial consequences oftechnological development .This will
consist inparticular ofsocial science research toaccompany the
Community 'sspecific technology programmes .
2.Under theheading "social systems ",comparable problems intheMember
States will beinvestigated .Theposition oftheunderprivileged ,
prisoners ,drug addicts ,andthementally disturbed hastobeanalysed ,
ashas thegrowing percentage ofoldpeople .There has sofarbeen
little research into theconflict between town andcountry andthe
social difficulties caused bymigratory movements ,including migrant
workers .Thetrends towards regionalization anddecentralization
have also tobeconsidered .These are allproblems directly affecting
thefuture development oftheCommunity .
3.Improvement ofthescientific basis forresearch onsocial problems .
There are still weaknesses inthemethods and techniques available .
Research inthis area should :
ofthedemographic evolution anditsconsequences ,
–develop deeper andmore systematic knowledge pfpresent andexpected
needs andaspirations ofindividuals ,social groups andinstitutions
(utilization ofempirical social research ),and
-improve the social science data base and techniques available for
theanalysis ofsocial problems .
Many areas ofsocial science areonly just developing .Theproblems tran­
scend national frontiers .Alarge amount ofempirical data isnecessary in
order toobtain comparable research results ;individual Member States on
their ownprovide aninsufficient base .Thevarying development trends in
social research intheMember States call forcoordination atCommunity level
and thus increase the effectiveness ofresearch inthis area . Itis
possible toapply theresults ofCommunity research ondemonstration projects .
Community research canacteffectively asapacemaker inthis context .

-25-
IV.3.2. Town and Country planning
Towns and Local authorities are facing increasing and similar difficulties
inall Community countries .Thegrowth ofrecent years isreaching limits
which puisanincreasing stress onlife inlarge cities .Atthesame time ,
financial difficulties reduce the scope for effective action .
Community research ontown and country planning islooking for anew
approach .Inthe framework ofaconcerted action project itwill bring
together Community urban planning experts who have sofar been working
atnational level and often reacting torather than anticipating problems .
The main activity isconcerned with the growth ofconurbations and the
consequences ofthe concentration processes .The various town planning
policies and theactivities ofpublic authorities will beevaluated .The
problems inMember States are comparable .The sum oftheir experiences
should produce anew overall picture that social scientists inindividual
Member States cannot obtain for lack ofadequate empirical material .The
research results are intended tobeofapractical nature inorder tohelp
planners andpoliticians inconurbations that are becoming difficult to
manage .

-26-
IV.3.3.
Mech cine
Theimportance ofmedicine and .health isincreasing intheframework of
Community research .Thedifficulties ofmaintaining thegrowing costs of
health within acceptable limits arecompounded "bythechanging health pattern .
Indeed ,theso-called modern illnesses ,such as"cardiac andcirculatory
diseases ","mental illnesses ","diseases ofold-age "and "congenital abnor­
malities "arehaving anincreasing impact .Furthermore ,there arenewand
advanced technologies applicable tocombat diseases ,butthey arestill inan
early stage ofdevelopment .
TheCommunity isdeveloping itsresearch effort inthe field ofmedicine
andpublic health bymeans ofconcerted actions .Considerable emphasis is
being laid onprevention ,onearly detection ofdiseases andonrehabilita­
tion .
Asafirst stage of acommon research programme thefollowing three
fields have been chosen :
1."Registration ofcongenital abnormalities "meets anincreasing need at
Community level .Avaluable study ofthe causes ofmalformations
requires large quantities ofdata tobeanalysed bystatistical methods .
This isnotfeasible foranyMember State onitsown .
2."Cellular ageing anddecreased functional capacity oforgans ".Here ,
the sofarrather neglected physiological processes ofageing will be
tackled .Asteadily increasing number ofpeople are living longer in
theEuropean Community .Research oncellular ageing hashitherto lacked
coordination .Theresults oftheCommunity research areimportant for
studying ways tomaintain better health uptoagreater age .
3."Extracorporal ,oxygenation "(heart -lung-machine )isconcerned with
artificial oxygenation ,forinstance during heart and lung operations .
Sofar,theapplicability ofoxygenators -forinstance during opera­
tions -hasbeen too limited induration .Newtechnologies must be
developed toenable aprolonged oxygenation .Such development is
expensive .InEurope ,there areonly afewspecialists whocancarry
outthis type ofresearch .Community research iseffectively pooling
together specialized knowledge onthesubject .

Medical research hashitherto primarily concentrated ontherapy .Theearly
diagnosis ofdisease andsystematic efforts fortheprevention ofdisease ,as
well asthe integration ofmedical research with other fields ofresearch and
vital activities have sofarbeen neglected .Inthis respect ,Community
research istrying todevelop anewapproach ,focussing onthree inter­
disciplinary areas :epidemiology ,medical "biology andbioengineering .
IV.3.4
Radiation protection
Thedevelopment ofnuclear energy andtheuseofnuclear techniques in
modern medicine andother vital fields incur various problems .The
individual citizen isdirectly concerned bytheeffects ofradiation .-
Thegeneral public 'smistrust ofradioactive radiation hasincreased .
TheEuratom treaty entrusts theCommunity with thetask ofdefining basic
safety standards forradiation protection ,which arefounded onknowledge
acquired through scientific research .Since thecreation ofEuratom ,
Community research isplaying adecisive role inthis area .Out ofthe
total funds -about 60million units ofaccount peryear -spent bythe
Member States andthe Community inthefield ofradiation protection ,16
million aredevoted totheCommunity programme .This means that theCommu­
nity notonly exercises aconsiderable influence ,but also coordinates a
significant part ofthe research carried out inCommunity countries inthis
field .Ascientific community ofradiobiologists hasthus gradually deve­
loped during the 16years oftheradiation protection programme .
TheCommunity 'sradiation protection programme ,(1976-80 )hasthefollowing
components :1.Evaluation ofradiation risk andradioactive contamination
oftheenvironment ;2.Genetic effects ofionizing radiation ;3.Short -
term effects ofionizing radiation ,theanalysis ofwhich isimportant as
regards thetreatment after irradiation accidents ;4.Long-term effects of
ionizing radiation ,forinstance ,intumour development ;5.Radiation dosi­
metry andinterpretation ofthemeasurements asthebasis forallresearch
inradiation protection .

-28-
Community research onradiation protection isinLine with the collective
needs oftheKember States .Through coordination ,theresearch isbecoming
more effective and comprehensive .
inaddition ,there isaclose relation between research inthefield of
radiation protection and research inother fields ,such asenergy ,espe­
cially reactor safety ,the environment ,medicine ,aswell ascellular
andmolecular biology .Irrespective offurther developments inthefield
ofnuclear techniques ,research onradiation protection will increase in
importance .High onthe list ofpriorities istheprotection ofcitizens
against allkinds ofradiation ,which should include those produced by
microwave appliances ,UV-i rradi ation andtheuseofthe laser ,theeffects
ofwhich are still largely unknown .
IV.3.5.
Molecular biology andgenetics
This research field hasalready been the cause ofmuch debate ,notonly in
the United States ,but also inEurope .Manipulation ofgenes hasonly
become possible bytheapplication ofthefindings ofmolecular biology
research .
Research inthis area could well open some ofthe most fascinating projects
ofthewhole history ofbiological sciences ,butcould also ,atthesame
time ,give rise tofrightening -ifunchecked -consequences .Through the
stimulation ofindividual efforts intheMember States ,Community research
has achance ofaccelerating progress inthis field .TheCommunity also
has asignificant role toplay with regard totheprotection of
thepublic against potentially dangerous experiments ,andwill define the
Thenewprogramme onmolecular andcellular biology emphasises three main
areas :appropriate measures toprevent the development„,. tne .Member Stat /es.ofaivergent attitudes m/

-29-
1.Gene manipulation concerns action ongenes atmolecular level .This
aspect offers considerable potential inagriculture andbioindustry
butneeds comprehensive research . Incertain cases -for
security reasons -aconcentration ofexperiments inspecially equipped
laboratories isnecessary .
2.Thefield ofbio-technology concerns theproduction ofnewsubstances
from micro-organisms andcell structures .This canlead tolower energy
costs ,higher yields ofspecific products ,andthedevelopment ofpro­
ducts which are less harmful tothe environment .
3.Inmolecular pathology thepurpose ofCommunity research istocontribute
totheelucidation ofprimary causes andsymptoms ofthediseases of
modern civilization .Leukaemia ,cancer ,arteriosclerosis ,genetic
anomalies andeven behavioural disorders aretheultimate consequences
ofmolecular changes inthe cells .Therapid increase inthese diseases
andthedifficulties ofcuring them with traditional medical methods
warrant anewapproach viamolecular biology .
Community research inthefield ofmolecular biology andgenetics comple­
ments thework ofother organizations ,theEuropean Science
Foundation andofthe European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO ).
IV.4.
Services and infrastructure
Most oftheCommunity 'sresearch anddevelopment programmes areintended to
provide some kind ofservice ;this isapparent from theselection criteria
scheme .Butthese aretwofields ofactivity which qualify more particu­
larly as"services "and "infrastructure ",namely ,theCommunity Bureau of
References (BCR )and Scientific and Technical Information (STI).

-30-
IV.4.1
Community Bureau ofReferences service function
The Community Bureau ofReferences isconcerned with European cooperation in
the area ofreference materials and methods ;this isanimportant prerequi­
site for improving the comparability ofmeasurements inmany areas ofindus­
try andpublic service .Forthis work the Community relies onanelaborate
network ofexperts andtheir advice .Inthe Community Bureau ofReferences
there are 500-600 technical experts atwork inabout 70specialized groups .
Inthe industrial sector ,attention isfocused onferrous and non-ferrous
metals and ontoxic metals invarious products and substances ,such as
petroleum and dust .Inthefield ofraw materials and energy ,efforts are
being concentrated onthe preparation ofreference materials for measuring
heat losses from building materials ,and for other potential applications
inenergy conservation .The general area ofsafety isalso aprime concern .
Whilst the work ofthe Community Bureau ofReference ishighly specialized ,
this should not obscure the fact that research results are ofimportance to
Europe 'seconomic andtechnological development .Itisonly through common
measures that acommon technological and economic development ispossible .
Inaddition ,forthe safeguarding ofEurope 'scitizens -for instance ,
against environmental hazards -itisessential toset upuniversally
accepted reference materials prepared byanindependent coordinating autho­
rity .Byits very nature ,this work canonly bedone atCommunity
level .
IV.4.2.
Information
Theorganization ofeasy and rapid access toscientific andtechnical infor­
mation constitutes animportant service forallusers ofscience andtech­
nology .

-31-
Theneed forthis service isofsuch evidence -inaEurope ,poor inenergy
and inraw materials but endowed with enviable scientific creativeness and
technical know-how -that itledtorapid proliferation andprogress of
information systems .Unfortunately ,these systems developed inadispersed
manner asaresult ofcompetition between agreat number ofpublic and
private initiatives .
Aware ofthe negative effects and high cost ofthese divergent activities ,
the Community andthe Member States decided ,sixyears ago,tocoordinate
their action andtoset upacommon infrastructure for information and docu­
mentation .
Inthe course ofthe year 1975 afirst three -year-plan ofCommunity action
was put forward .Preparations for asecond plan are now completed .The
principal aim ofthese plans isthe creation ofanetwork for date trans­
mission (EURONET )realized incooperation with aconsortium ofpost and
telecommunication administrations ofthe Nine .
Already now,forcertain key subjects like environment ,energy ,agricul­
ture and metallurgy ,data bases have been developed .Inorder toovercome
theobstacles encountered byacommunity with many languages ,different
measures were studied and proposed .Multi-lingual tools were developed :
specialized vocabularies ,terminological data banks ,automatic systems ,
systems ofautomatic pre-translation .
Ofcourse ,theinterest inthese programmes must notdistract from the im­
portance ofthe problems which arestill tobesolved .Thetraditional data
bases arefrequently duplicated ,theinformation they contain issometimes
tailored toregional ornational needs and istreated inonelanguage only :
computer installations remain
disparate ...quite anumber ofsubjects remain tobedealt with byfuture
Community research .
Nevertheless ,the action started hasalready achieved real convergency of
orientation and aims which should eventually lead toaneffective common
policy inthefield ofinformation anddocumentation .

-32-
Chaoter V
IndustriaL research
The need forintensive Community industrial research isobvious ,even though
development ofan
theCommunity hasnocomprehensive industrial policy asyet .This hampers the/
efficient industrial R&Dpolicy .Afurther factor isthe self-interested
attitude tocommercially exploitable industrial research .Coordination of
the scattered European technological projects inindustry isbecoming more
and more urgent .
Traditional industrial structures arerapidly collapsing .Inmany industrial
sectors , production isbeing transferred to
countries with lower labour costs .Today 'splant exports from Europe will
further accentuate this development . This situation requires
thedevelopment ofnewhigh-technology industries calling inturn forexten­
sive research .Animmediate andnew impetus isrequired for the European
industry oftomorrow .There iskeen international competition (especially
from theUnited States andJapan )intheadvanced-technology industries ,such
asdata processing andelectronics .TheCommunity fsonly hope istointensify
its industrial research effort .This -calls for adivision oflabour that
could becoordinated bythe European Community .
The Community does not claim that itisorwill beactive inallareas of
industrial research .Quite onthe contrary :itclearly realizes its
limitations . Research in
areas oftransnational nature calling for alarge market isappropriate ,e.g.
electronic data processing ,aeronautics andspecial measuring instruments .
The common need ofthe Member States and the rationalization ofcosts and
resources are important factors forCommunity action .Sectoral policies
oftheCommunity ,such asenergy ortheenvironment ,should besupported .
Atthe same time ,new criteria andconsiderations resulting from the
criticisms ofindustrial growth will have increasingly tobetaken
into account :energy and rawmaterial conservation ,pollution abatement
technology ,humanization ofwork andconsumer protection .
Itfollows that Community industrial research will have
toconcentrate onimportant technological areas that aresuitable for
coordination .The European Space Agency covers the area ofspace .Inthe

-33-
field ofaeronaut ics,anew Community research and development programme
offers the scattered European aircraft industry ,hard pressed byinterna­
tional competition ,apossibility ofjoint development work .Electronic data
processing isstill suffering from the failures ofpast years .
Plans for
research
Community are limited tothe development ofnew electronic components and
peripherals for large data-processing installations . Anew type ofintelli­
gent terminals opens upcompletely new prospects ofdecentralized data
processing and transmission .This also brings data processing nearer tothe
individual user .Most branches ofindustry ,the new service sectors and the
general public can benefit from this money-saving Community project .The
potential applications ofthe new electronic technologies also affect the
field oftelecommuni cations inwhich further actions are planned .The bi-
andtri-lateral projects inthe field ofEuropean nuclear energy research
are being supplemented byCommunity energy programmes (see Chapter VI.1.1).
However ,afield that has sofar been neglected istransport research .The
first aim istodevelop aCommunity strategy for intercity transport systems .
The promotion ofnew transport technologies and the development ofcompatible
transport systems could help towards the integration ofEurope .The harmo­
nization ofhitherto uncoordinated research projects inthis field isforeseen .
Four measures should help topromote industrial research inthe years ahead :
1.Development ofaCommunity policy for innovation .
2.Increased promotion ofpilot and demonstration projects inareas such as
coal gasification and energy conservation inindustry .
sucfy asfiCSC research
3.Sectoral measures^to promote research anddevelopment cooperation
amongst small and medium-sized firms through progranmes atCommunity level
(existing examples being theprogrammes inthe footwear andtextile
sectors ).
4. Aspecial measure for the promotion ofEuropean industrial research .
Through this measure ,financial support will beprovided inparticular
toinnovative industrial firms wishing tocollaborate orcollaborating
already atCommunity level .

- 34 -
These special measures will serve topromote projects which contribute
towards the achievement ofthe aims ofthe Treaty establishing the
European Economic Community and meet atleast one ofthe following criteria :
-economic ormore rational use ofenergy and rawmaterials ;
-adoption oftechnologies linked with industrial restructuri zation
-creation ofnew jobs,improvement ofworking and living con­
ditions ;
-improvement ofcompetitiveness oninternational markets and
closing ofthe technology gap;
-improvement ofeconomic equilibrium between regions ;
-protection ofthe envi ronment .
Toassist the Commission inthe application ofthese measures anadvisory
Committee for European industrial research will beset up.
CHAPTER VI
Coordination ofnational research and technology policies
(see illustration inAnnex )
Coordination ofnational research and technology policies isacentrepiece
ofthe common research policy .Since 14January 1974 the Community has had
anexplicit political mandate onthis subject .
The Council ofMinisters specified four individual goals for coordination :
firstly ,the elimination ofunnecessary orunwarranted duplication of
effort innational programmes ;secondly ,the avoidance ofdivergent ten­
dencies which would becontrary tothe interest ofthe Member States ;
thirdly ,the improvement ofefficiency orreduction ofthe cost^of natio­
nal and Community projects ,and lastly ,the gradual harmonization ofpro­
cedures for the formulation and implementation ofscientific policies
within the Community .
+)cf.Milan Symposium ,24-26 May 1976,"AScience and Technology Policy
forthe Community "

-35-
Forthis ,twobasic actions arenecessary :
1.Member States' national research policies ,particularly their "potential ,
plans ,programmes ,projects ,budgets ,measures andmethods ",must be
examined and compared .
2.Theresearch objectives oftheMember States must beidentified ,
analysed and compared .
This iswhere considerable difficulties arise inimplementing the Council 's
Resolution . Overall programming andbudgeting ofresearch policy only
exists insome oftheMember States . Theincompatibility of
existing programming andproject planning renders anyanalysis andcompari­
sonextremely difficult .Not alltheMember States are inagreement about
their research aims .What ismore ,inrecent times they have ,insome cases ,
changed their declared airs so frequently (forexample intheenergy or
data-processing sectors ) that' thepossibility ofanoverall up-to -
date review atCommunity level islimited .
Inaddition ,research anddevelop -
other
ment policy depends on^ectoral policies .Theresearch policy isbound to
suffer from the lack ofcoordination insectors such asenergy ,social policy
orindustry .Furthermore ,interesting andimportant new areas ofresearch
extend into horizontal social ,economic ortechnical fields .
In
addition ,some Member States still adhere toalimiting non-committal con­
cept ofcoordination which ,infact ,isnot inline with the Council
Resolution of1974 .Itisnolonger aquestion ofloose cooperation ,butof
intensive efforts tocoordinate national policies and implement common
research projects .These activities arefinally hampered bytechnical and
bureaucratic difficulties .
These constraints have todate considerably limited previous coordination
efforts .Already theEuratom Treaty contained aprovision onthecoordina­
tion ofnational research inthe field ofnuclear energy .Since the Treaty
wassigned in1958 ,work atCommunity level has,however ,hadvery little
influence ontheactivities ofindividual States ,which only follow their
own short-term interests .Only infusion research hascoordination been
fully successful .

-36-
More hasbeen achieved with smaller pragmatic coordination projects .
Experience inthecoordination ofenergy research andmedical research has
been valuable .
This assessment shows thedifficulties ofcoordination atCommunity level .
Anactive participation ofnational governments andofresearch scientists is
anessential prerequisite ifCommunity coordination policy istobemore
effective inthe future .
  
 
Forcoordination there are three areas toconsider :
1.basic research ;
2.applied research anddevelopment mostly financed byprivate industry ;
3.publicly funded research anddevelopment .
Inthe first two areas ,there arefewcoordinating Community activities .
Basic research isill-suited toproject-oriented coordination aimed atprac­
tical application .The main link between Community activities andbasic
research consists oftheparticipation ofthe European Communities inthe
European Science Foundation .The Commission 'sDirector-General for Research ,Ontheother hand ,
Science andEducation sits onitsExecutive Council ,/thedistinction between
basic andapplied research isoften arbitrary andobscure .Indeed ,inthe
frame ofmajor Community research programmes andprojects ,numerous funda­
mental activities (forexample ,inthefields offusion ,medicine orgenetics )
canbedefined asbasic research ,laying thefoundations forfuture develop­
ment andinnovation .Private industry 'smarket-oriented research that isof
apractical nature andsubject tocompetitive pressures ,isnoteasily
amenable tocoordination from outside .Theabove-mentioned specific measure
forthepromotion ofindustrial research represents theCommunity 'sfirst
attempt tofoster initial coordination inthis important field .
Themain emphasis ofresearch coordination lies inpublicly funded research
anddevelopment inuniversities ,national research centres andindustry .

-37-
Coordination must also distinguish between thepolicy Level andthe action
leve I.Atthe policy level thepolicies ofthe Member States have tobe
analysed andtheir programmes andaims compared .Atthe action level itis
aquestion ofcoordinating programmes andprojects already decided upon
during their execution inorder tobring -them together inacommon framework .
TheScientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST ),plays the central
role forcoordination atthepolicy level .Thedialogue between responsible
high officials ofthe Community and oftheMember States isessential forthe
definition ofguidelines and toensure aregular flow ofinformation .
Important individual measures have tobetackled .Thecollection and pro­
cessing ofstatistical data onthe research policies ofthe Member States
must bestepped up.Itisimportant tosecure greater comparability of
programmes and synchronization ofbudget planning .Thedevelopment of
research andtechnology indicators could beanimportant tool forthis pur­
pose .Inaddition ,Community evaluation andassessment criteria fortechno­
logy assessment must bedeveloped .Efforts must bemade toensure regular
andstandardized information onthepolicies oftheMember States .The
Member States should agree onacommon model for aresearch report tobe
produced sayevery twoyears .
Thedifficulties andobstacles atthepolicy level also affect coordination
efforts attheaction level .TheCommunity isobliged totake thesecond
step before the first .Andyet apromising start hasbeen made .The joint
programme committees forthecoordination ofvarious forms ofCommunity
action (direct andindirect actions )areproving successful .
However ,they should also take onacoordination function between national
andCommunity programmes .Forthis ,itisnecessary toamend their terms
ofreference .
Coordination ofnational research andtechnology policies hasbeen largely
inadequate .Theimplementation ofCommunity coordination wit Ishow towhat
extent theimportance ofthecommon research andtechnology policy forthe
future economic andpolitical development ofEurope hasbeen recognized .

-38-
Chapter VII
Modalities ,finance ,structures andprocedures ofthe Community research
anddevelopment policy
(see illustration )
VII .1.
Modalities
Three distinct forms ofaction constitute the modalities ofthe European
Community 'sresearch policy :direct ,indirect andconcerted action .The
direct and indirect forms ofaction have evolved from the Euratom Treaty ,
whereas concerted action isanew concept .These three types ofaction must
beconsidered inrelation tooneanother .
Direct action refers tothe Community 'sown research projects carried intra
muros "inthe four establishments ofthe Joint Research Centre .They are
\
wholly financed from the General Budget ofthe European Communities .The
importance ofthe Joint Research Centre and hence ofdirect action has
already been shown inChapter III :the strongest arguments for anautono­
mous Community research capacity being the resulting independent expertise
available tothe Commission andthe Community ;access for allMember States
toamultidisciplinary research centre ;and,theprovision ofindependent
research services .
Indirect action ,ontheother hand refers toresearch undertaken "extra
muros ",inthe form ofresearch contracts concluded with public research
institutes orprivate industrial firms inthevarious member countries .
Forthese projects only half the funds ,onaverage ,areprovided bythe
Community .Indirect research isofparticular importance forcoordination .
Inapplication ofthe specific selection criteria mentioned earlier it
makes possible research anddevelopment work which would otherwise not
Msinbsr 6S •always befeasible inindividual / Itoffers inparticular thepossibility
touseexisting research teams and laboratories already existing inthe
Member States and tobring together the best teams forspecific projects .
/
Concerted action represents anewform ofCommunity research .Inthis case
theoverall programme iscommonly defined ,but itsindividual components are

-39-
fully financed bytheMember States andcarried outunder their responsibility .
The Commission assures coordination and dissemination ofinformation .Con­
certed action therefore makes itpossible insuitable cases toassure
effective coordination with asmall additional input .
Nohard and fast rules govern theapplication ofthese three research
modalities ;cross-fertilization isalways possible .Thus studies carried
outintheform ofconcerted action cangive rise toindirect action projects
with agreater degree ofCommunity participation .Inthis wayconcerted
action projects canbeused foreffective andeconomical trial runs fornew
research programmes .Thethree modalities ofresearch require coordination .
For this purpose thecreation ofthe joint Advisory Committees onProgramme
Management (ACH»i )fordirect andindirect actions (where they arecarried out
side byside )hasproved tobeofvalue .This system will bemaintained in
the future .
Asteering committee isenvisaged foreach concerted action ,whose chairman
should participate inthemeetings oftheappropriate ACFM ,ifadirect and/
orindirect action arebeing conducted inthesame field .
(Seediagram "RYD :Modalities andFinance ").
VII .2
Financing
(Seetables 1and2andthefollowing illustrations ,aswell asVolume III)
TheCommunity 'sresearch andtechnology policy assures Member States afair
return ontheir money .This isbecause theconcentration ofresources and
thecatalytic function ofCommunity research enhance efficiency .Inabso-

-40-
lute terms the Community R&Dbudget isextremely modest ,amounting to
approximately 1-2%ofcorresponding expenditure intheMember States .
There arenoplans formarked increases forthenext four-year period .
There is,nonetheless ,good reason foraccording increasing significance to
Community research .The research budgets oftheMember States are inpractice
almost entirely earmarked forprogrammes already drawn upand for contractual
commitments tolong-term ,large-scale projects .Forfinancial reasons the
margin formanoeuvring national research policies iscontinually diminishing
which means that there isless and less possibility for initiating new
research anddevelopment programmes within Member States .
These financial problems coincide with the current structural crisis
affecting high-technology projects .Atthesame time ,there isagrowing
public demand for research ofmore direct benefit tosociety .Inthis
situation the Community could increasingly -forfinancial reasons -bethe
body capable ofacting resolutely totackle new research anddevelopment
programmes ,especially where long-term projects orthose without direct
industrial application are concerned .
Table I summarizes the financial resources broken down bydirect ,
indirect andconcerted actions ,which the ECmust include in
their budget intheyears 1977 -1980 inorder toimplement the
R&Dprogrammes already approved andtheprojects envisaged in
these guidelines .
Table II gives abreak-down ofthefunds bysectoral policy ofthe EC
including the funds forcoal andsteel research (financed
through theECSC budget ),thefunds forthepromotion ofhydro­
carbon technology (financed through the ECbudget )andthefunds
forresearch activities financed through the European Develop­
ment Fund (EDF ).

-41-
TABLE I
COMMUNITY R&D APPROPRIATIONS APPROVED OR TO BE APPROVED
(Estimates in'OOO u.a.,current prices ).0)
Types offinancing 1977 1978 1979 1980 1977-80
I. Direct action pro.iects ;
new JRC programme
(1977-80 ) i87.630 90.240 84.210 83.920 )
termination ofold JRC ;
programme (1973-76 ) j3.753j349.753 j
)
II.Indirect and concerted actions1)
(R)Projects decided
bythe Council 66.157 67.372 51.029 44.974 230.032
(P)Projects proposed
bythe Commission 22.550 38.420
(A)Projects in
preparation
Total II:
TOTAL I AND II:39-495 51.311 151.776
8.200 54.830 91.235 76.620 230.885
96.907 161.122 181.759 172.905 612.693
188.290 251.362 265.969 256.825 962.446
(1Not including ECSC projects ,technological projects concerning
hydro-carbons and the Technological Section ofthe EDF
2Not including any estimate for annual adjustments for JRC
personnel expenditure .

R&D Modalities /Finance
Modality
Institution
Activities
Benefit for
the EC
Benefit forthe
Member StatesH
M
Finance
direct *indir .octionVOLUME OFFINANCE
Allexpenditure inMio UA
1977–1980 \
public Funding \
ofRfcD progromme 1
byECmember J
stotes /
kco50.000M.oU ^Direct ActionConcert .
Action
JRCJoint Research Centrellndirect Action * JI
■|/V"I K Chairmon \ K Joint \ I K Chairman \ I■ Programme | ■ ■ Steering | ■vrv IKyJ
RESEARCH GROUPS ,LABORATORIES,UNIVERSITIES l^borot^n
OFTHE MEMBER STATES member $ithe
member states
– ■■--1
xResearch actions requiring extensive copocity
xReseorch actions requiring centralisation
xPromote coordination
xExpertodvice /Scientific -technological support tothe
Comm ission
xCollaborotion withdeveloping countriesxConclusion ofreseorch contracts
xCooperation between best groups
xPromote contact between Universities ,Research centres ,
Industrial 9'Oups
xpromote excho«ige ofresultsxCoo rdinotion ofmember
stotes programmes
xExchangeof knowledge
Specificloctivities )fields
■ ■ ■
xObjective expert knowledge oftheEC xCoordi notion ofnational progrommes
xCoordi nation with direct actionsIxResearch activities ofmember
states will beincluded inthe
common policy Π Π
■ ■ ■
xDirect participation including small countries inlorge
interdisciplinary reseorch centre 'U xDirect benefit
(also inindustry )U xDirect benefit ofincreased
knowledge /Integration of
seperate progromm Π Π
ECBudget
direct
ochon
350 Mio UAindirect
aclion
613 Mio UAECBudget
Partly financ .
byEC (co.50%i
EC1977–1980IECfmoncmg co-ordmotion only
concerted
octionAovtl Mio UA 4Mio UA UA oyu «'0UA 4MIOUA
ir =r.-TL : 1t
MEMBER STATES 1977-1980
963MIOUA indirect oction I698 1
149 Mío UA I concerted action I 58 > 855Mío UA
L5M'OUA ECSC reseorch 99J
iEC I 102M IOUA IHydroco rbontechnology I 190MioUà J i
TOTAL 1215 MioUA I045MIOUA
TOTA 11 2260M.o UÀ 1

TABLE II-42-
COMMUNITY R&D APPROPRIATIONS BY SECTORAL POLICIES
(cumulative figures 1977-80 )
(estimâtes in'000 u.a.,current prices )
A. DIRECT ,INDIRECT AND CONCERTED ACTION PROJECTS
Direct action
projectsIndirect and
concerted
action projectsTotal
Sectoral policies in'000
u.a .m
%
Energy policy 187.600 378.260 565.860 58.8
Industrial policy 136.985 136.985 14.2
Environment policy 28.144 13.397 41.541 4.3
Resources and
raw materials 7.036 20.900 27.93 6 2.9
Transport policy 18.600 18.600 1.9
Agricultural policy 14.416 14.416 1.5
Social policy 8.620 8.620 0.9
Development aid 4.500 4.500 0.5
Public services
and other 126.973 17.015 143.988 15.3
TOTAL 349.753 612.693 1' 962.446 100 0
B. PROJECTS WITH SPECIFIC FINANCING OR FINANCING NOT INCLUDED IN THE BUDGET
Technical research ECSC
Technological development inthefield ofhydrocarbons
Technological section ofthe EDF148.550
102.200
1.500
C. GRAND TOTAL^
A+B 1214.696
v'Including Community participation inconcerted action projects
(4-8 million u.a.).
2
v'The contribution ofMember States toall those actions under Aand B
canfor theperiod 1977-80 beevaluated inthefollowing manner
(in'000 u.a.):-indirect action projects 697.610
–concerted action projects 58.100
-ECSC 99.400
–Hydrocarbons 90.000
Total 1.045.110
Not including anyestimate for annual adjustments -or
JRC personnel expenditure .

-43-
VII .3.
Structures andprocedures
(see illustrations Annex II)
Thetwo illustrations inAnnex IIshow thepresent structure andthe chrono­
logical process respectively ofdecision-making inrelation toR&Dprogrammes .
Broadly speaking three types ofadvisory bodies inthefield ofR&Dcanbe
distinguished :
Atthe policy level ,
advising the Council andthe Commission :
CREST and itssubcommittees ;
advising the Commission :
CERD ,STC (fornuclear energy only ),CCF (fusion )CPRA (agricultural
research )and GAC (JRC );
Atthe action level .
advising the Commission :
ACPM 'sandCPRA *(ontheimplementation ofspecific programmes ).
The Scientific andTechnical Research Committee (CREST )isthe central body
concerned inthe development ofCommunity R&Dpolicy .Itiscomposed of
senior officials from the national administrations and the Commission .For
CREST tofunction effectively ,itsmembers must beable -after internal ,
interministerial agreement -toexpress their opinion onallscientific ,
technical ,administrative andfinancial aspects ofCommission proposals in
the area ofscience andtechnology .Without prejudicing procedures laid
down intheTreaties the Committee isempowered todeal with allareas of
research anddevelopment ,including nuclear energy ,agriculture ,coal and
steel .Asregards theprograms ofthe JRC (direct action )CREST hasessen­
tially toassure that theorientation ofthese programs isinline with the
guidelines ofthe common science andtechnology policy .
CERD isacommittee ofindependent experts through which the Commission
maintains direct contact with well known figures inresearch ,science and
fProcedures ofthemanagement committees intheframework oftheagricultural
policy .

-44-
technology .Ithasprovided theCommission with effective support over the
past four years ,particularly inthedevelopment oftheenergy R&Dpolicy ,
andthe "Europe +30"project .Forthefuture itwill benecessary to
analyse the individual structures andprocedures ,advisory bodies and
decision-making processes todetermine their effectiveness .This should
contribute toasimplification ofthepresent planning anddecision-making
processes ,greater efficacy and amore responsive anddynamic Community
research andtechnology policy .
Here too there isaneed for joint analysis andaction bythe Commission
andthe Member States .Thepresent ,attimes heavy Community procedures ,
canonly beimproved ifMember States succeed inmaking their ownstructures
anddecision-making processes correspond better .
Chapter VIII
International cooperation
Community research should becomplemented byinternational cooperation ,
indeed ,inthearea ofresearch theEuropean Community maintains links with
many states andinternational institutions .
Four categories inparticular should bementioned inthis context :
1.Neighbouring West European countries notbelonging totheCommunity ,
known asCOST countries after theCommittee onEuropean Cooperation in
the field ofScientific andTechnical Research (COST ). COST should
remain theprincipal forum forcooperation with theCommunity 'sneigh­
bours .1977 has seen theinauguration ofanewphase with the COST
countries being offered theopportunity toparticipate invarious
Community programmes .With regard topossible Community enlargement ,
COST furthermore offers theadvantage ofearly collaboration with the
potential candidates .
2.Thegroup ofdeveloping countries with whom special agreements are in
force (Lome Convention ,Arab countries ,etc.). These countries are
particularly interested intheachievements oftheCommunity 'sresearch
andtechnology policy ,andaremaking direct demands ontheCommunity .

-45-
However ,careful analysis ofthevarying conditions andrequirements in
different developing countries isnecessary .Thedevelopment ofappro­
priate technologies inareas such assolar energy ,remote sensing ,water
research oragricultural research isnecessary andappears feasible .In
this waythe Community research policy canbring substance tothe
existing collaboration agreements inthefield ofR&D insupport ofthe
Community development policy .
Astudy group formed byCREST isatpresent considering which activities
could becarried out atCommunity level sothat theactivities ofthe
Community andtheMember States complement each other effectively .
3.Thenon-European industrial countries ofthe Western World .Research
anddevelopment have aspecial part toplay inthe Communities' close
cooperation with these countries .Theresearch potential ofthese
countries represents for theCommunity both achallenge andpossible
enrichment .Energy research isanexample which isofcurrent concern ;
theCommunity should actively participate inthe international "nuclear "
fuel cycle evaluation .
4.International organizations .Also inthe future the Community intends
tomaintain itsclose links with all international organizations inthe
research anddevelopment field ,and inparticular with theUnited Nations
and itsagencies such asUNESCO ,ECE,the IAEA ,PAO ,UHEP andtheWHO ,and
with theOECD ,including the IEA andthe NEA aswell asthe ESF .
Finally the common science andtechnology policy must make the appro­
priate contributions intheNorth-South ,East-West and Euro-Arab
dialogues .
Chapter IX
Dissemination ofinformation ,utilization ofresults ,and
evaluation ofresearch anddevelopment
The common policy inthe field ofscience andtechnology canonly beof
practical use ifthere isefficient management ofresults ofresearch and
development .
For every programme itwill benecessary toexamine the condi -

-46-
ditions under which itsresults could best bedisseminated andapplied .
During theprogramme ,andeven after itscompletion ,acontinuous process of
evaluation will ensure that dissemination andexploitation aremonitored .
The amount ofeffort devoted bypublic authorities inthe Community tothe
dissemination and utilization ofresearch results should becommensurate
with the effort invested inresearch itself .
Research results available tothe Community should not bemanaged inisola­
tion from those oftheMember States .Themanagement ofthese results must
beinline with thegeneral policy designed toencourage both theexchange
ofinformation and coordination .
and valorization
Forthis purpose ,anadvisory committee forthediffusion /ofresearch and
development results should beset upwithin CREST .Itwould assist the
Commission inworking outproposals foracommon policy inthis area ,andin
view ofadopting acommon attitude towards the outside .
IX.1.
Dissemination ofinformation
Inthe case ofscientific information ,theproblem isnot somuch toimprove
itsdissemination astopromote thepreferential circulation ofinformation
within theCommunity .Creating aclimate favourable tofoster relations between
research workers andindustrialists intheCommunity would lead toabetter
exchange ofinformation ,resulting inbetter coordination and asensible
orientation offuture research .
AtCommunity level theappropriations foreach research programme should
include thenecessary funds forexchanges ofstaff between participating
laboratories ,specialized seminars and laboratory visits .
Furthermore there should beanimprovement ofthe infrastructure forthe
exchange ofdocumentation .This should include inventories ofresearch
projects ,theexchange ofliterature noteasily available ,andthepromotion
ofdecentralized distribution systems onanational ,regional orsectoral
level .

-47-
IX.2.
Utilization ofresults
Forprojects ofinterest totheCommunity ,itdoes not appear necessary to
modify toanygreat extent theexisting industrial property policy .
With regard toindirect andconcerted action projects ,theprinciple that
patented ornon-patented inventions remain theproperty ofthe contract -
holders should bemaintained .Inreturn ,thecontract-holders areobliged
toexploit their inventions insuch away astosatisfy the needs ofthe
Community .
Inthe future the Community should stimulate even more actively the utili­
zation ofresearch results .However ,itshould beborne inmind that every
step intheprogress towards agenuine licence market and theunification
ofpatent laws will come upagainst thebarriers created bysectoral policies
and national interests .
Asregards theutilization ofresearch results ,the Community should ,inter
alia ,examine and try out themeasures advocated attheMilan Symposium in
1976 *Those meriting particular attention include :market research and
feasibility studies ,development ofprototypes ,demonstration projects ,
laboratory visits andinvestigation ofnew sources offinance fordevelopment .
Organized channels forinformation onthe supply ofanddemand fornew
technologies would help find andfavour developers from within the Community
rather than from outside .
Collaboration with national orregional bodies setuptopromote theutili­
zation ofresearch isessential .Where such bodies donotalready exist ,
they should becreated .
IX.3.
Evaluation ofresearch anddevelopment
Inaddition tothequestions already dealt with inthis chapter -
dissemination ofinformation ,industrial property policy and theutilization
*Milan Symposium 24-26 May,1976 .
'Science andTechnology Policy fortheEuropean Community "

-48-
of results -theevaluation oftheefficiency ofresearch ("Erfolgs -
kontrol Le")isamatter ofever-growing urgency atatime when resources are
becoming increasingly scarce .
Evaluation criteria areprerequisite forassessing the results ofcommon
research activities andprogrammes .
Itisnow imperative that asetofsuch criteria forthe European Communities
besystematically worked out .Financial planning andactual funding ,the
original schedules anditsreal evolution aswell astechnical project
definition andactual development including theorganizational structures
need tobeassessed .Thescientific ,economic andsocial usefulness of
each project should "bedemonstrated .
Itisonly onthebasis ofacommonly accepted evaluation system ofthis sort
that projects canbeassessed and ifnecessary discontinued ,newpriorities
fixed andseparate programmes coordinated andconsolidated inalogical
fashion .Systematic evaluation isaprerequisite ofanefficient Community
research andtechnology policy .TheCommission will therefore -especially
inthelight ofthe1976 Milan Symposium -payparticular attention tothis
task .
Chapter X
Long-term priorities forResearch andDevelopment Policy
Scientific andtechnological programmes have increasingly long term effects .
Revolutionary andapparently visionary technological processes such asthose
involved inartificial intelligence orgenetic engineering arebecoming
realities .Wemust prepare nowfortherealities oftomorrow .
Theincreasing duration ofindividual technological projects ,particularly
major ones such asresearch into newforms ofenergy ,make itmore than ever
necessary toconsider thelong term perspectives oftoday 'sresearch deci­
sions andtheir impact onfuture generations .Nuclear fusion forinstance
cannot hope tomake auseful contribution till after theturn ofthecentury ,
butrequires afirm commitment today .

-49-
Wecannot allow the Community oftomorrow tobeburdened bytheeffects of
today 'sshort-term political vision .Along range analysis isnecessary to
anticipate future problems andopportunities onthebasis ofpossible and
impossible scenarios forourfuture which can bedevised ,analysed ,evaluated
andretained orrejected asnecessary .Onthis basis ,long-term technologi­
calpriorities can beevaluated and ensure that new forms ofR&D continue to
evolve ,serving thefuture needs ofthe Community andoffuture generations .,
Acommon policy inthefield ofscience andtechnology without long term
objectives andpriorities istherefore incomplete andnot well founded .In
order tocontribute tothedefinition ofthese long term R&Dobjectives and
priorities ,itisproposed toundertake aprogramme offorecasting and assess
ment inthefield ofscience andtechnology (FAST )toassist the development
of acoherent science and technology policy inthe long term .
The proposed programme will have 3main tasks .Thefirst will involve moni­
toring andanalysing existing forecasting and assessment research activities
within the Community and elsewhere .This information ,supplemented bya
limited number ofstudies contracted out,will asasecond task,beused to
highlight potential conflicts ,problems andopportunities facing the Commu­
nity inthe long term .Theinformation will serve inparticular tosuggest
alternative courses ofR&Daction tomeet future needs .The subsequent
choice ofR&Dpriorities should contribute tothe harmonious development of
the Community andtosatisfying changing societal needs .Finally ,this
activity will necessitate ,asathird task,close collaboration with existing
specialized groups within the Community -such asDATAR inFrance ,Science
Policy Research Unit (SPRU )inthe UKandtheInstitut fur Angewandte
Systemanalyse inthe Federal Republic ofGermany -,itsinstitutions such as
the Foundation forthe Improvement ofLiving &Working Conditions (FILWC )
andinternational organisations andprojects (such asIIASA,IFIAS orthe OECD
"Inter-Futures "project ).This should notonly result inanactive exchange
ofideas with national ,international and Community research bodies inthis
field but should also encourage the development ofatruly European fore­
casting network .
Set upinitially fortheperiod offive years ,the programme will becarried
out byastaff of10experts with abudget over the whole period of4.4.MUA.
This budget will notonly cover alimited number ofcontracts where these
are necessary tosupplement existing work butwill toalarge extent beused

-50-
fororganisational and coordinating activities (seminars ,workshops ,brain­
storming groups ,publications etc...).
This programme should beconsidered asafirst step towards the problem of
the long range .Itisacentral element inthe five year pilot phase on
which the Commission intends toembark asafollow-up tothe Europe +30
Report ,carried out asaresult ofthe Council Resolution of14January 1974
(Abackground tothe Report ,ananalysis and the proposed follow-up isgiven
indetail inCommunication N°...).
Inbrief ,itisproposed tocarry out afive year pilot phase inorder to
gain further experience inthe use offorecasting techniques and todetei–
mine the most useful and appropriate organisational structures for amore
permanent Community forecasting and assessment capability inasecond phase .
The proposed programme (FAST )will play acentral role inthis pilot phase
which will involve coordinating and mobilizing existing forecasting capabi­
lities within the Community ,analysing available results and stimulating
new work .The coordination ofrelated activities within the Commission and
those ofCommunity Institutes will beanessential part ofthis pilot phase .
Atthe end ofthe five year forecasting and assessment programme (FAST),the
effectiveness ofthe contribution of FAST tothe development ofalong term
R&D policy will beassessed and appropriate proposals put forward .Any new
proposals will bemade inthe light ofageneral review ofthe whole pilot
phase and the experience gained during this five year period .
* *
*
FINAL REMARKS
Keyareas ofCommunity concern ,such aseconomic competitiveness ,secure
energy and rawmaterial supplies ,andthepreservation ofahumane social
andphysical environment are becoming more and more dependent ona'common
policy inthefield ofScience and Technology inthe absence ofwell coor­
dinated efforts ,these problems might well prove insoluble .
The European dimension isbecoming
a reality atthe level ofScience and Technology .Itisessential to
pursue energetically thefurther development ofthe common research policy .
Sc:er>tiis ,politicians ,industrialists andthepublic must allcontribute ,in
the awareness that research andtechnology policy constitutes adriving force
for European unity .

ANNEX I
Background toandjustification for these Guidelines for the Community
policy inthe field ofscience and technology ".
On14January 1974 the Council ofMinisters decided onthe development
ofacommon policy onscience and technology that would include co­
ordination ofnational policies and the joint implementation ofprojects
ofinterest tothe Community .The Council ofMinisters approved four
Resolutions (see Official Journal ofthe European Communities No.C7
of29January 1974 ):
1.Council Resolution of14January 1974 onthe coordination of
national policies and thedefinition ofprojects ofinterest tothe
Community inthe field ofscience and technology .
2.Council Resolution of14January 1974 onthe participation ofthe
European Communities inthe European Science Foundation .
3.Council Resolution of14January 1974 onaninitial outline pro­
gramme ofthe European Communities inthe field ofscience and
technology .
4.Council Resolution of14January 1974 onaprogramme ofresearch as
aninstrument offorecasting ,assessment and methodology inthe
European Communities .
Ofparticular importance for these guidelines are the following extracts
from Article 1ofthe Council Resolution of14January 1974 onthe co­
ordination ofnational policies and the definition ofprojects of
interest tothe Community inthe field ofscience and technology :
"(a)Inorder todefine objectives and ensure the development ofa
common policy inthe field ofscience and technology involving
the coordination ofnational policies and the joint implementa­
tion ofprojects ofinterest tothe Community the following
operations shall beprogressively carried out within the
Community :

-52-
1.the examination and comparison ofMember States' national
policies inthis field ,particularly their potential ,plans ,
programmes ,projects ,budgets ,measures and methods inthis
field ;
2.the identification ,analysis and comparison ofthe objectives
ofthe Member States inorder todetermine the common goals
tobeadopted and the appropriate ways and means ofachieving
them ;
3.the coordination ofnational policies onthe basis of 1and
2above with the aim of :
-eliminating unnecessary orunwarranted duplication ofeffort
innational programmes ;
-avoiding any divergent tendencies which would becontrary to
the interests ofthe Member States ;
-improving the efficiency ,orreducing the cost ofnational
and Community projects bysharing oftasks or,possibly ,by
the concentration ofresources orresearch teams ;
-gradually harmonizing procedures for the formulation and
implementation ofscientific policies within the Community ;
4.the definition ofprojects ofinterest tothe Community ,taking
into account possibilities forparticipation insome ofthese
projects bynon-member countries ,particularly European ones ;
5.the selection ofappropriate ways and means for implementing
these projects ;
6.consultation for the purpose of :
Ci)prior information onthe development ofand prospects
for cooperation between Member States orwith non-member
countries with aview tothe possible harmonization or
coordination ofthe attitudes ofMember States ;
(ii)seeking asageneral rule acommon attitude onthe part
ofMember States towards cooperation with orwithin
international organizations .
(b)Forthe purpose ofaccomplishing the tasks defined above ,Member
States shall transmit the necessary information available tothe
Commission ,atthe appropriate time and before adopting final
decisions atnational level ,with the exception ofinformation
militarily orindustrially classified assecret ."

-53-
2.Further bases forthese guidelines are the Commission Communication ,
approved bythe Council on15December 1975,entitled "Common research
and development policy "(Bulletin ofthe EC,Supplement 4/76),the
results ofthe Milan symposium onthe science and technology policy for
the European Community held inMay 1976 and the work ofvarious com­
mittees ,inparticular theScientific and Technical Research Committee
(CREST )and the European Research and Development Committee (CERD ).
3.For earlier work onthe selection criteria defined here for the
Community research and development programmes andprojects ,see the
following documents :
1.Objectives and resources for aCommunity policy onscientific
research andtechnological development (Bulletin ofthe EC,
Supplement 6/72).
2.Scientific and Technological Policy Programme (Bulletin ofthe EC,
Supplement 14/73).

/-Coordination ofR&D Policies ofECMember States
4
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ofECMember \States
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Scientif icand
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Reference Moteriols
Standard Reference
Methodes

Adoption ofR&D Programmes
IJhe roleoftheECInstitutions andtheiradvisory bodies
Programme
Decisiop.j – ■R&D Programm Proposals(Courtof lEuropeanJustice ofthe |n^0 IParliamei Eg | IParliament
Preparation R&D^Progra m
r|^ I Committees ondInstitutions
I – – –-[Jfr»^ L–___ _____ X. ^ theCommisson
~---k ( m®\
Council v 7^4pppcT \\ IcommissiorS CCR ^P'1]ffiBEPS \/I \\&-|i&Counci [ \7ICRFST rv\ T=–IcommissiorfcCRl –J_. 0p"i
ICOREPERÌ ■/L..?„ I\\ €PRA \ /
livui \L,I Ir\l ; / iU.– ... \\ B'.r"-I'^ H urreparanon tV^r I II f fi«r ^^ oExecution L>.'liUlMI/ jDCcjoOf ^]\ 1CCFJ /
i / \ Subcomm ,"r /t–x /"–r~]/"*î\\ ^ 1 /
: / V!?F0!0 L ^ri 1\\ ICECAI /\ > / \ Working Grjoups /T^ 7 ! W // \ "'«T f' / ▼ X\\DDCC ! / \ !y X^\Speciolued I / X,. | """s , I^^ommittees J y ^"■-w . A , J –
| \CCMGP |COMACj
\ j X^ |^/Execution /C(
! ! 1
' ι
• i
I I
I I
I I
I I
L jC0STOpinion
Execution /Coordination
Expertgroups
L

^Adoption ofR&D Programmes
[IT.Decision Processes 2
Décision Level Function
Independent Advisors
CERDEurop .Commiliee forR+D
Independent odvisnrCommiliee oftheCommisson1 1
iΤλ ί !
CCMGP /COMACAdvisory Committee forProgrommes
(forexisting Progrommes )Steering Committees for Hconcerted action7^Services ofthe
Commi ssonPreparation ond execution
ofspecific Programmes'/ ; 1a / i \ i i //il ! CREST -
Working GroupsAdhoc Committee !
assisting Commission
\ ; ; in \
Subcommittees CREST
andCPRA,CCF,CCGPermonent expert Committeesworking for .
CREST ,Member States and
Commission:W /
I ^rTport^^^|//I\ !
ClRD/
General DirectoratesCoordinolmg ond consulting
body forR&D activitiesoftheCommissioniI7I ^ogre^ient I J
i H
ιopinion /' \ I
I ■ \Programme Proposal
I . \^ aCommissionApproval and submission of I
R2DProgramme proposal
totheCounc il
■ ;□ ' –w–*I note.l
! :I
I
CSTAdvisory Committee for
science andtechnology
totheCommission
(Euratom Treoly )| i
I \i
i w » ; 1
I ®opinion ® Ii I i L I
CRESTScientific -technicol advisory
Committee totheCommission
and theCouncil (Senior officiols
ofthe Member States )fortheprepa­
ration ofCommprop ondCouncil decisionII
scientific -technica'l | Vopinion I \
i \COREPERPreparatory Committee ofCouncil
decision
(permamenf representatives ofMember States )I
I1 1 \
]Programme Décision
Counci IRftDProgromme décisionΊI
I
= : ΓΊ
ParliamentIOpinionofparliamentrequired forCouncil decision [T77
politicoi opinion /
i11/
CESEconomic ond social Committee
composed ofsocial partners .
advisory body forCommission
and Council iI j sociopolitica !/economicol opinion I
Technical &scientific J FORMAL PREPARATION IPREPARATION I Elaboration offormal ] DECISION
, Programme proposals I6months/1yeor ' about 6months | obout 4months
Note 1Inthecase oftheECSC ,theCommission decides after consul totionoftheConsultative Commit teeandwith theassen IoftheCoune il
Note 2Thedecision processes shown orenotfully applicable todirect action programmes

-54-
AS3?J:VIATIC:--:S USED
CREST Comite delaRecherche Scientifique etTechnique
Ausschuss fur wissenschatf liche undtechnische Forschung
Scientific and Technical Research Committee
CIDST Comité del'Information etdelaDocumentation
Scientifique etTechnique
Ausschuss für Wissenschaftliche una Technische
Information und Dokumentation
Committee forScientific and Technical Information
and Documentation
CRM Comité delaRecherche Médicale etdelaSanté Publique
Ausschuss fürMedizinische Forschung undÖffentliche
Gesundheit
Committee onMedical Research and Public Health
CECA Comite Consultatif CECA
Beratender Ausschuss der EGKS
Consultative Committee of ECSC
CCF Comité Consultatif pour laFusion Thermonucléaire
Contrôlée
Beratender Ausschuss fur Fusion
Consultative Committee for Fusion
CPRA Comite Permanent delaRecherche Agricole
Ständiger Agrarf orschungsausschuss
Standing Committee onAgricultural Research
CCRR Comité deCoordination pour lesRéacteurs Rapides
Koordinierungsausschuss fur Schnelle Bruter
Fast Breeding Reactor Coordinating Committee
COPENUR Comite pour l'Enri chissement del'Uranium
Ständiger Ausschuss fürUrananreicherung
Standing Committee onUranium Enrichment

-55-
BCR Bureau Communautaire deRéférence
Referenzbùro der Gemeinschaft
Community Bureau ofReferences
CCG Comité Consultatif général du CCR
Allgemeiner Beirat der GFS
General Advisory Committee ofthe JRS
CCMGP Comité Consultatif enMatière deGestion deProgramme
Beratender Programmausschuss
Advisory Committee onProgramme Management
CERD Comite Europeen deRecherche etdeD6ve loppenent
Europäischer Ausschuss für Forschung und Entwicklung
European Research and Development Committee
CST Comité Scientifique etTechnique
Ausschuss fur Wissenschaft und Technik
Scientific and Technical Committee
CIRD Comite Interservice delaRecherche etduDeveloppement
Interdi rektionaler Ausschuss für Forschung und Entwicklung
Inerservice Committee onResearch and Development
C0MAC Comite d'Action Concertee
Lenkungsausschuss Konzertierte Aktion
Steering Committee onConcerted Action
EMB0 Organisation Européenne deBiologie Moléculaire
Europâische Organisation fur Molekularbiologie
European Molecular Biology Organization
EURONET Réseau européen dInformation
Europâisches Informat ionsnetz
European Information Network

COMMON POLICY INTHE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME III
SHORT ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC FINANCING
May 1977

SHORT ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC FINANCING
Contents
Abbreviations and definitions
Introduction
Comment s
Graph .1
Graphs .2-10
Graph .11
Graph .12
Graph .13
Graph .14
Graph .15Research and development public funds bycountries
1970-1976
Research and development public funds ,total public
budget and gross domestic product bycountries and
forall the member countries ,1970-1976
(1970 deflator =100 )
Research and development public funds per head and
bycountries ,1970-1976
Research and development public funds by NABS
objectives forall the member countries ,1974-1976
Research and development public funds ,USA andall
the member countries ,1970-1976
Public funds for civil research ,USA andall the
member countries ,1970-1976
Community Institutions -Research and development
funds andtotal budget ,1970-1976
(1970 deflator =100 )
Tables 1a,1b,1c Research and development public funds by NABS
objectives ,1974,1975,1976
Table 2 Research and development national funds and
Community funds
Nomenclature fortheanalysis and comparison ofscientific
programmes and budgets (NABS )

ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
R&D Research and development
CREST Scientific and Technical Research Committee
EUR Statistical unit ofaccount ofthe European
Communities the value ofwhich is0.888671
grammes offine gold .This unity corresponds
tothe USdollar before the Dec .1971
Smithsonian Agreement
Mio million
D Federal Republic ofGermany
F France
I Italy
NL Netherlands
B Belgium
UK United Kingdom
IRL Ireland
DK Denmark
EUR-9 All the nine countries members ofthe
European Community
USA United States
Communauté-CCE Community institutions ,inthis particular
case the Commission ofthe European Communiti
NABS Nomenclature for theanalysis and comparison
ofscientific programmes and budgets

INTRODUCTION
1.The 15graphs and two attached tables summarize the main features
of R&Dpublic funds evolution inmember States during 1970-1976 .
2.Almost all information issupplied bythe annual reports submitted
totheScientific and Technical Research Committee (CREST )bythe
"Statistics "Sub-committee .Information has been,insome cases ,
brought up-to-date. Inother cases ,general information on USA and
Community expenditure have been added .
3.All the data have been expressed according 1970 prices and exchange
rates .Calculations have been carried out taking into account
deflation ,using the consumer price indices offigures innational
currencies .These figures have been later converted in EUR at1970
exchange rates .Thetotals are now expressed inactual values regard­
less ofmonetary adjustments occured after the end of1971 .
4.Figures for 1970-1975 are supplied bystatistical series which can
beconsidered asfinal series (final budgets for R&D funds ).
1976 figures are provisional (initial budgets for R&D funds );these
figures have been deflated ,where needed ,using the average value
ofprice indices for 1976 .
5.Data ingraphs 1,11,12,13and 14have been expressed in
absolute values ,i.e. inEUR,statistical unit ofaccount used in
Community statistics .Data ofgraphs 2to10and ofgraph 15
(comparison of R&Dexpenditures with economic parameters )have been
converted inindices ,basic year being 1970 .

Comment s
The analysis ofthe graphs andtables included inthis paper shows the
following features :
-Ageneral stagnation trend for R&Dpublic funds inall the
Community countries .Germany isthe sole exception where this trend
isonly visible from 1973 onwards ;
-Research public funds grow ,atpresent ,slower than total public
budgets ofMember States and than their national domestic products .
This could mean that R&Disnolonger ,since several years now,
considered asapriority sector which calls for abudgetary growth
faster than thetotal public budgets .
-Anewstart inthe growth ofR&Dpublic expenditure isseen inthe
USA from 1975 ;meanwhile the same expenditure inthe Community
stagnates .This gap isincreasing also when civil research expen­
diture isexclusively taken into consideration
(USA-1976 -expenditure per head :35EUR
EUR-9 -1976 -expenditure per head :21.5 EUR).
-The scanty percentage ofthe R&D funds inthe Community budget ,in
comparison tothe same percentage inthe member countries ,should
benoted
Community -CEC
%EUR -9
%
1974 1.82 3.70
1975
19762.06
1.873.36
3.25
average 74-76 1.90 3.44
(data based on1970 prices and exchange rates )

-Itiseasy tosee that the part of R&D Community funds incomparison
tothe R&D funds forall member countries isvery small indeed
-Itmust finally benoted that the Community expenditure main feature
isastrong concentration onobjective energy ,which represents
64 %ofthetotal .Objectives health and industry come next with
15-16 Xand 12-14 %respectively ofCommunity funds .Objectives
agriculture ,social and sociological problems ,and earth represent
each about 2%ofthe total .1976 total funds EUR-9
1976 international cooperation funds EUR-9
1976 Community funds7234.2 Mio EUR
730.1 Mio EUR i.e.10.1%
93.0 Mio EUR*i.e .1.3%
(*) Inactual 1976 figures =11.5 billions units ofaccount

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76

TABLEAU 1a
CREDITS PUBLICS DE PSDPAR CBJECTIFS NABS -1974
en10C0 EUR,prix ettaux c'echange 19^0
NABS i D F I NL Ε UK I IRL
|
! JEUR 9
1 43.419 58.346 6.440 I1
3.412 I! : 1
! 5.986 I 10.3431
618 ! 1.677
I130.241
I2
II
66.082 II
j85.5044.686I
I 16.138 4.176 33.616 1.359!
1.776
I213.337
3 97.156>
!89.216
I15.719 ! 22.761! I
!11.481 j
!44.768 1.089 7.544289.734 j
I
4 275.485 150.481I
68.980 |
i13.166! i
36.655 i
I
ί ' I110.869 70 |
II
2.960 jI
!658.666
5 43.452 69.125 11.549 |
iI
24.914 i!
10.885 i
iI
| 68.202
!| 7.315 ;
i9.898 245.340
6 193.143 244.704 23.401I
21.375 j|24.539 260.525 4.736 j
I !9.942 j
I782.365
7 103.952I
j21.452
i6.042 j
!!
21.422 |
I! l
! 12.325 I
i |12.929[
! 909
r4.195 183.226
8 105.414r
!114.988
t33.892I
8.368 !I
! 6.317
i36.364;
i' !
I !2.826 i
i305.169 ■
9 303 331 673.679 20.025
I12.582 1.587J
813.090l
I
»I
663 iI
|1.824.957
10 1.330.349
I|463.980
i201.070 188.409> I
|131.458 j
!347.313
Ii ;
! 2.784 i
IJ
61.632 !
i!2.726.995
n.i . 8.824
__.i6.145I
I
I ~
:14.969
Τ 2.561.783} –■ 1 1
|1.980.299 |391.804I
338.692 |'
245.409 1.738.019 18.880 j
II
| i103.113 I7.377.999

TABLEAU 1b
CREDITS PUBLICS DE R&D PAR OBJE CTIFS IVABS -1975 .
en1000 EUR,prix ettaux c'echênge 1970
NABS D F I NL Β UK IRL DK EL'R 9
!
i
1 46.145 60.177 4.703I
3.846 I 5.491 10.473 591 1.844I
I133.270
2 66.230 89.182 5.375 21.511 3.206 38.365 1.565 | 1.657
i
r227.091
3 109.966 97.309 11.226 23.814 8.532 49.908 1.455 8.271 310.481
4 272.394 171.882 74.637 7.846 29.195 113.275 141 3.054 672.424
5 48.511 77.057 ■
i12.599 27.877 9.783 69.031 8.436
I
I10.565ι
263.859
6 189.921 285.729 43.746 17.281 29.562 192.169 4.531 10.322
I773.261
7 126.010 22.038 6.047 26.402 10.811 14.863 1.387 4.530J
212.058
8I
109.511 111.457 36.172 8.908 7.924 35.093
I
I3.981[ 313.046
i
9 284.981 591.472 14.200 12.765 1.524 720.352 783r
1.626.077 !
10 1.330.157 481.719 215.105 199.554 115.607 308.605 2.585ι
63.941 2.717.273 j
t
n.i. 8.221
i9.433 17.654
Τ 2.583.826 1.996.243 423.810 359.237 221.635 1.552.134 20.691 108.948 7.266.524 j
i

TABLEAU 1c
CREDITS PUBLICS DE F:&D PAR OBJECTIFS NABS-1976
en1000 EUR,prix ettaux dechenge 1970
NABS D F I NL Β UK IPL DK E!UR 9
}-
1 46.282 60.181 6.773 3.882 6.645 10.626 655 1.980
I137.024 |
I
2 59.817 88.637I
6.037 25.167 3.442 39.840 1.669 1.903 226.512
3 106.365 99.652 17.070 25.701 10.352 49.940 1.400 7.850 318.330
4 273.215 162.862 97.716 7.679 30.248 122.808 212 3.256 697.996
5 48.949 78.758 13.091 27.716 10.431 65.392 8.622 10.936I
263.895 j
6 178.106 208.587 32.032 19.073 31.566
I117.681 4.438 10.286l
601.769 !
( 110.140 25.243 6.413 24.634 13.666I |
!16.925 1.519 5.227 203.767
8 116.254 98.180 34.822 10.618 11.331 40.740 i 87 4.394 I
i'316.426 j
i I
9 288.419 562.638 12.858 12.893 1.433|
j784.894856i
1.663.991 |
!
}
10 1.304.678 473.331I
I209.153
!215.207 119.093 |
I377.575 2.757 70.642
I2.772.436
n.n. 6.276 4.159!
8.465 ! 13.129 32.029
Τι
2.532.225 1.864.345 440.124 381.035 238.207
i1.639.550 21.359 117.330<
i
7.23^.175 |
i
; i

CREDITS NATIONAUX ETCREDITS COMMUNAUTAIRES DE R8D
Prix ettaux o'echônge 1970
Annéesï.Créchts totaux EUR 9ι
2.Crédits decoopér .internat .EUR 9I3. Crédits communautaires 1
Mio EUR Indice ;
1970 =100Mio EUR enade 1Indice j
1970 =100 !|MioEUR
!en ade 1 I
ien %de 2Indice |
1970 =100f
»
1970 6.047,5l
100,0 682,4 11,3 100,0 68,9 1,1 10,1 100,0 j
\
1971 6.799,2 112,4 639,4 9,4 93,7 61,5 0,9 9,6t
89,3 I
1972 7.077,5 117,0 677,5 9,6 99,3 j
i
II
j67,4
I1,0 9,9 97,8
7.432,8 122,9 780,6 10,5 114,4I
i 58,5 0,8 I 7,5
i
i84,8
1974 7.378,0 122,0 788,0 10,7 115,5 66,1
i|0,9
l...| 8,4
iI 95,9
116,11975 7.266,5 120,2 748,1
I10,3i
109,6F
I80,0 1,1I
10,7
i
I
1976 |
ll
7.234,2 119,6x i
I730,1
5
l10,1 I
I
i07,0jj9 0i 1'3
I
l12,7 134,9 j
Ei
J

NOMENCLATURE FOR THE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF SCIENCE
PROGRAMMES AND BUDGETS (NABS )
Chapter 1-Exploration andexploitation ofthe earth andits
atmosphere
Chapter 2-Planning ofthe human environment
Chapter 3-Protection and improvement ofhuman health
Chapter 4-Production ,distribution andrational utilisation
ofenergy
Chapter 5-Agricultural productivity and technology
Chapter 6-Industrial productivity and technology
Chapter 7-Social andsociological problems
Chapter 8-Exploration andexploitation ofspace
Chapter 9-Defence
Chapter 10-General promotion ofknowledge

- 1-
Annex A:Detailed Financial Record
I."Draft Council Decision ontheprovision ofaCommunity instrument for
promoting industrial research projects "
A. PART I:INTERVENTION APPROPRIATIONS
1.RELEVANT HEADING CODE :
Chapter 39»Article 390
2.TITLE OPBUDGET HEADING
Research projects inthe field oftechnology
3.LEGAL BASIS
Article 235 of "theEECTreaty
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVES AN)JUSTIFICATION OFTHEPROJECT
4.0Description ofthe project
TheCommission istogive financial aid ,"bymeans ofcontracts ,for
implementation ofindustrial research projects putforward "byin­
dividuals ,firms orundertakings established invarious Member Sta­
tes oftheCommunity andwishing tocooperate with each other ona
Community "basis orhaving already established cooperative links ;
this aidwill befinanced from appropriations setaside inthegene­
ralbudget oftheEuropean Communities andwill begoverned bythe
conditions setoutinaDecision tobeadopted bytheCouncil .
4.1Objectives ofthe project
•ffofoster thecapacity forinnovating ofundertakings ,especially small -
andmedium-sized ones .Theprojects must help towards theachieve­
ment oftheaims oftheCommunity *ssectoral policies andmeet one
ofthefollowing criteria :
-Economic ormore rational use ofenergy andrawmaterials
-Protection ofthe environment andimprovement ofworking and
living conditions

_2_
-Adoption ofnew technologies linked with industrial reorganization
-Improvement ofcompetitiveness oninternational markets and closing
ofthe technology gap
-Creation ofnew jobs
-Improvement ofeconomic equilibrium between regions .
4.2 Justification ofthe pro.jects selected toattain the objectives
The Heads ofState orofGovernment ,meeting inCopenhagen on14-15
December 1973 »requested the Community todevelop more actively a
common policy onindustrial ,scientific andtechnological cooperation
inallfields ,andthe Council ofMinisters agreed on14January 1974
that itwas uptothe Community todefine objectives and ensure the
development ofacommon policy inthefield ofscience and techno­
logy .
-OnMarch 1977 the Council approved the Fourth Medium-Term Economic
Policy Programme .Aspart ofthe scheme topromote small -and medium -
sized firms ,this Programme provides for special assistance toinno­
vating companies .
-On10May 1977 Parliament approved aResolution onassistance measures
inareas inwhich some Member States were obliged topay tonon-mem -
ber countries substantial royalties for the use ofpatextsand li­
cences .
-Industrial undertakings are the main media ofinnovation andthe inno­
vating capacity ofundertakings can bepromoted byassociation or
cooperation between undertakings situated indifferent Member States .
These undertakings sometimes experience difficulty infinding a
suitable public sponsor for some oftheir industrial research pro­
jects .The Community should encourage such firms tocarry out in­
dustrial research projects orfoster cooperation between them by
giving financial aid.

5.FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OFTHE PROJECT (inEUA )
5.0 Implications inrespect ofexpenditure
5.0.0 Multiannual timetable
1978 * 1979 1980
Requi rements
*Planned commitments
(million EUA )
Proposals in
preparation ,
other2 5 6
TOTAL 2 5 6
5.0.1 Pattern ofutilization during the financial year inpreparation
.Istquarter . 2ndquarter 3rdquarter 4th quarter
0.5 mEUA 0.5 mEUA 0.5 mEUA 0.5 mEUA
5.0.2 Method ofcalculation
Asthetype ofsubject andqualifications ofthecontractors vary ,a
uniform method ofcalculation cannot beestablished for all the sectors
concerned .
Inallcases ,CREST and anAdvisory Committee tobesetupwill be
consulted ontheallocation oftheappropriations ineach oftheplanned
fields .
6.TYPE 0FC0NTR0L T0BEAPPLIED
-Scientific control bytheresponsible officials inDGXII
-Budget implementation ;financial control
-Anannual check onthevalidity oftheexpenditure bytheContracts
Department ofDGXII .
*Itisnoted that the Commission has written inits draft preliminary -
budget for 1978 ap.m .onthis subject ,taking into account thestate of
evolution oftheproposal atthe time .

-4-
B. PART II;ArPlTIONAL DATA TOBE PROVIDED FOR ANEW PROJECT
7.OVERALL FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT FOR THE WHOLE
OFITS EXPECTED DURATION (in EUA )
7.0 Inrespect ofexpenditure
13000 000 EUAover three years (permanent project )
8.INFORMATION REGARDING STAFFING AND THE APPROPRIATIONS FOR
ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE NECESSARY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE PROJECT
8.0Staff ofall categories necessary for the implementation
ofthis project alone :
8.1Additional staff who may have toberequested forthis project :
9.FINANCING OF THE PROJECT
Appropriations tobeentered infuture budgets :
5nnllion EUA in1979
6million EUA in1980

-5-
II.Research Programme onForecasting and Assessment inthe field of
Science and Technology
A. PART ONE :
1.RELEV ANT BUDGET HEADING CODE :Item 3362
2.TITLE OFBUDGET HEADING :Long-term forecasting and assessment
3.LEGAL BASIS :Article 235 ofthe EEC Treaty
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVE(S )AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT :
The Council Resolution of14January adopted aresearch programme on
forecasting and assessment inthefield ofscience and technology .
The ensuing feasibility study ,entitled Europe +30,stressed the use­
fulness andnecessity for aforecasting and assessment capacity at
Community level asanaid tothedefinition oflong-term -actions .
This proposed programme follows the above resolutions and the resulting
study (Europe +30).
The programme should contribute tothedefinition oflong term research
and development objectives andpriorities .This will involve :
monitoring existing forecasting and assessment research activities within
the Community and elsewhere ;highlighting potential conflicts ,problems
and opportunities affecting the long term development ofthe Community
and suggesting alternative courses ofresearch and development action to
help solve them ;and creating aforecasting network within the
Community .
Theactivities will essentially consist ofmonitoring and collaborating
with existing research activities inthis field ,including the organiza­
tion ofspecific seminars and working groups supplemented byalimited
number ofresearch contracts where additional information isrequired .

-6" XI1/502/77 E
5.FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OFTHE PROJECT (inEUA):
5.0 Implications inrespect ofexpenditure
50.0 MuLtiannual timetable
Appropriations for commitment inEUA
Type of
expenditure1978 1979 1980 1981I
1982 i
Staff
Contracts ,etc400.400
232.200432.400
567.600464.500
535.500496.500
503.500528.500
238.900
ITOTALS 632.6001.000.000 j
Ij1.000.000
l1.000.000 767.400
Appropriations for payment
Type°f i1978 |1979expenditure ; !1
1980 !1981 1982Subsequent
financial years
Staff
Contracts ,
etc400.400 |
132.200432.400 |
497.300464.500
545.100J
j I496.500
|513.100 I528.500
318.300 71.700
TOTALS '
i532.600 929.700 1.009.600 1.009.600 846.800 71.700
5.0.0.1 Method ofcalculation
Cincluding multiannual estimates )
a)Staff expenses
Theevaluation ofrequirements isbased onastaff of10:
-6incategory A
-1incategory B
-3incategory C
Thecalculations take into account data resulting from the
Council Regulation of21December 1976 adjusting the remunera­tion ofofficials ofthe European Communities andtheweightings
applied thereto ,towhich have been added (asahypothesis )the
requirements resulting from anyincreases duetochanges inthe
general level ofprices inthe Community .Therates adopted are
the same asthose used toestablish thethree-year estimates
for 1978-1980 .Theincrease inexpenditure upto1980 was
calculated with thefollowing indices :1978 =108,1979-
1980 =124,1981 =132 and 1982 =140.

-7"
b)Expenditure byway ofcontract
Asthe type ofsubject andqualifications ofthe contractors
vary ,auniform method ofcalculation cannot beestablished .
Inall cases the advisory committee referred tointhedraft
decision (Article 3)will beconsulted onthe allocation of
the appropriations .

.8_
5.0.0.2 Pattern ofutilization ofthe appropriations for payment during the
1978 financial year
1stquarterι
2nd quarter 3rd quarter!
4thquarter j
120.000 120.000 140.000 152.000
6.TYPE OFCONTROL TOBEAPPLIED (including the monitoring ofeffectiveness )
Control will becarried out inaccordance with the Commission 'susual
arrangements .
B. PART TW0 :ADDITIONAL DATA
7.OVERALL FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT FOR THE WHOLE OFITS
EXPECTED DURATION (in EUA )
7.0 Cost chargeable to:
-the Community budget 4.400.000 EUA
-national budgets "
-other sectors atnational level
Total cost : 4.400.000 EUA
7.1 Implications inrespect ofrevenue
-Community taxes onofficials salaries
-contributions byofficials tothe pension scheme

-9-XI1/502/77 E
8.INFORMATION REGARDING STAFFING
8.0.Staff ofany category necessary for the implementation ofthis
project alone
-Ten (see categories under 5.0.0.1 )
8.1.Additional staff who may have toberequested forthis project after
thepossibility ofassigning staff within the DGforthis purpose
has been examined
Inthe preliminary draft budget for 1978 ,the Commission has
requested authorization torecruit the staff concerned inaddition
tothe existing staff .
9.PROJECT FINANCED FROM :Appropriation(s )tobeentered inthe 1978 to
1982 budget (s)