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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(81)319 final
Brussels ,19June 1981
THE UNCONFERENCE ONTHE LEAST' DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
PARIS ,*\f14SEPTEMBER 1981
(Communication from theCommission totheCouncil )
\... 0£ .
COM(Sl )319final " ,
»

I.BACKGROUND TOANDRJRFOSEOPTHECOMMUNICATION
1.Background.TheUnitedNations(UN)ConferenceontheLeastDeveloped
Countries(LLDCs),whichwilltakeplaceinPlarisfrom1-14September
1981,willbecalledontofinalise,adoptandsupport-withinthe
frameworkoftheInternational DevelopmentStrategyfortheThird.UN
DevelopmentDecade(DDIII)-aSubstantial NewProgrammeofActionJ
(SNPA)fortheI98O3designedtoprovideaframeworkfortheaccelerated
developmentofthe31countriesconcerned(including22African,
CaribbeanandPacificcountries(ACP))*.
TheConference ,which'isbeingpreparedbyaseriesofcountryreviews*,
willtakeplacejustaftertheUNConferenceon/ren'eve^heenergyresources
>.
inNairobiinAugustandjustbeforetheresumption-inOctober-of
discussions ontheGlobalNegotiations .Whateverthefateofthelatter,
theParisConferenceshouldbeseenasanimportantelementofthe
North/Southdialogue.WhilstthepresentlyagreedUNcriteria**
determiningthelistofLLDCsareopentoquestion(andindeedhave
recentlybeenqueriedbytheUNsCommitteeforDevelopment Planning
(CDP)),these31countriesareundoubtedly amongthepoorestinthe
world.
2.PurposesoftheCommunication .ThemainpurposeofthisCommunication
istomakeproposalsonthemajorelementsaroundwhichtheProgramme
shouldbestructured,thatistosaiyonitsobjectives;itspriority
sectors;itstreatmentoffinanceandaid;theessentialcontributions
tobemadebyallparties;theneedtobuildonthemanymultilateral
andbilateralmeasuresalreadybeingundertakenorconsideredandto
provideforacoherentapproachcoveringexternalandinternal(domestic)
./.
*SeeAnnexe
**PerCapitaGDP.shareofmanufacturing inGDP,literacyrate

2.
measures ;andthe arrangements tobemade during the decade
forfollow-up (including reappraisal ofthecriteria determining
least developed status ).
/
2.1 .Italso proposes that ,"byvirtue ofthecentral role which the
Community and itsMember States will together have toplay ,the
Community should define common orientations ontheabove points and
take part intheConference ,alongside Member States ,onthesame
basis asother trade andaidpartners ,subject only toanypurely
formal rights ,such astheright tovote .
2.1.1 .Itshould berecalled that theCommunity isbyfarthelargest
trade partner ofthe least developed countries ,accounting for
between 35and40 'foofallleast developed imports andexports and
isthelargest multilateral d,onor after theWorld Bank andthe
,. . UNagencies ;that Member States -which sustain many close links
with least developed countries -provide about 5®f°of .total
bilateral aid ;andthat theCommunity and itsMember States have
unrivalled joint experience with alarge number oftheleast
developed countries intheframework oftheLome Convention .
II.THE OBJECTIVES TOBEWRITTEN INTO THE SNPA
1.Overall objective .Asindicated inUNCTAD Resolution 122 r(v),theoverall
objective oftheProgramme will bethepromotion ofchange inthe
economic and social structures ofthe least developed countries ,
designed tohelp these countries more towards themore self-sustaining
economic growth which ,alone inthelong run ,,canensure that basic
needs aremet andliving standards increased . "
Itshould ,ofcourse ,take account ofacute shorter-term problems ;
but itmust address these inthe context ofamedium andlonger term
./•

strategytoimprovetheeconomicandsocialsituationofLLDCs.
Itisinshortaboutover-alldevelopment andnotjustabout
financeand/orotherexternalmeasures.
Bearinginmindtheheterogeneity oftheleastdeveloped,the
Conferencemustthereforedefineaprogrammewhichmakessensein
thecontextofindividualcountrysituationsandneeds*Itmust;
-indicatetheprioritysectors .which,followingtheindications
givenbythecountryreviewsandbyotheranalyses,thegreat
majorityofLLDCsshouldemphasize;
-suggesthow,within'thebroadobjectiveofincreasingtotalaid
totheLLDCs,specificneedseanbeexaminedandnewfinancial
commitments undertakeninthecountrycontext;
-emphasizetheneedforglobalparticipation intheimplementation
oftheProgrammeofallcountries,ofallrelevantinternational
agencies,andofnon-governmental organisations (NGOs)j
-throwintorelieftheneedtobuildonthevariousbilateraland
multilateralactionsundertakenorbeingconsidered (whicheither
provideforspecialtreatmentofLLDCeand/orareofspecial
interesttothem),andtoensurecoherencebetweenthem;
-giveaclearindicationoftheprocedurestobeestablishedfor
-especiallycountry-followupmeetingsoverthe10yearperiod
(whichrepresentstheminimumoverwhichappreciablechangecanbe
expected).

4.
III .THE MAIN SECTORS TOEEWRITTEN INTO THE SETPA •,
1.UNCTAD Resolution 122(V )provides auseful starting point inpointing
uptheneed forstructural change tobeeffected inLLDCs ,asa
prerequisite toeconomic growth andtoimprovements with respect to
theprovision ofbasic needs .TheResolution is,however ,open to
thereproach that itseeks todefine financial requirements ina
policy vacuum andthat itconcentrates tooexclusively (ifunsur­
prisingly )ontheexternal sectors forwhich UNCTAD isitself
responsible :trade ,thetransfer oftechnology andshipping .
Ithastoberecalled that the Paris Conference isaUNConference ,
concerned with development asawhole .
The SNPA must -rather -seek to ,outline overall strategies andpolicies ,
/followingcovering domestic aswell asinternational measures ,inthe/three main
"vertical "sectors which have been thrown into relief byanalysis of
actual country situations
-agriculture ,especially food production (including fisheries and
water supply );
-production (agricultural ,agro-industrial ,semi processed and
industrial )forlocal aswell asforexport markets ,coupled
with more effective promotion inboth ;
-energy ,including thefinancing anddiminution oftheuseofimported
fuels ,andtheexploitation ofindigenous -hopefully renewable -re­
sources
plus three essential "horizontal "sectors ,ie
–education andtraining ,inthe .context ofessential manpower
needs and ofcost factors ; •
–transport andcommunications (notjust shipping );
–technology ,from the point ofview notonly ofits "transfer "but
also andmore importantly -ofitsapplication .

Agncultural andfoodproduction
1*TheSNPAshouldrecognisethattheagricultural andfoodsituation
isevenmoreworryinginLLDCsthanindevelopingcountriesaBawhole:
-theiraveragecerealimportshaverisenover'theperiod1961/65to1978
by11.6$p.a.comparedwith8.8%inalldevelopingcountries,and
accordingtoPAOtheirtotalimportswillriseto14mlntonnesin1990;
–whilstoverthesameperiod(1961/65to1978)agriculturalproduction
inalldevelopingcountriesgrewannuallyby2.9%,thatinLLDCswasa
mere1.6$,whichiswellbelowtheiraverage2,5%p.a.rateofpopulation
growth;
–whereasdevelopingcountriessucceededinslightlyimprovingtheir
averageintakeofcaloriesandofproteins,thestateofaffairsin
theLLDCsremainedunaltered,withtheresultthat},!%ofthepeople
inLLDCshaveacaloryintakebelow,thecriticalthreshold,compared
with22?oindevelopingcountriesasawhole.
Inadditionclimaticconditionsoftenleadtosharpfluctuations in
productipn,inimportsandthereforeinbalanceofpayments(egBangladesh
whoseimportsin197718and.9fluctuatedfrom$257mln.to$89mln.
andbackto$263mln).
2.Giventheimportanceoftheagricultural sectorsintheLLDCs,these
disturbingagricultural trendsnotonlyaffectruralpopulations butalso
seriouslycompromisethechancesofnationaldevelopment ,since-
-agriculturalvalueaddedaccountsfor58$ofGrossDomesticProduction
intheLLDCscomparedwithonly21%inalldevelopingcountries;
-agricultural productionrepresents 66%oftotalLLDCexportsagainst
18%inalldevelopingcountries;
–theagriculturalsectorconstitutesthesourceofemploymentfor83$of
theactivepopulationinLLDCsagainBt6j%inalldevelopingcountries.
./■

6.
3«Theacutenessandcomplexityoftheproblemofdevelopingagriculture
andfoodsuppliesinLLDCsrequireBthatitbegivenveryspecial
treatmentattheConferenceandindeedintheSNPA.ThenewDevelopment
Strategyenvisagesaparticulareffortbeingmadetoachievea4%growth
inagricultural productioninfooddeficitLLDCsassoonaspossible,and
thisrathergeneraland-frankly-notveryrealisticaimcouldbespelt
outegbystipulatingthat,withthehelpofactualandofpotentialdonors,
LLDCsshouldfirsttrytoreachanagricultural growthratewhichatleast
equalstheiraveragepopulationgrowth(ieisnotnegativeinper
capitaterms).Whilstineffectconfirmingtheratherremote4$objective,
theConferencecouldinthisVayestablishanintermediary objectiveto
beachievedby1985,thusnotonlyreconfirming generalcommitmentsalready
undertakenbutalsoenhancingtheircredibility.
4.Inordertorealisethisobjective,someofthemeasuresalready
identifiedasstimulatingagricultural andfoodproductionindeveloping
countriesasawholecouldbeadaptedintheProgrammeforapplication in
theparticularconditionsoftheLLDCs.
a.Foodstrategies
InLLDCsevenmorethaninotherdevelopingcountriesthebest
approachtotheproblemliesintheadoptionofafoodstrategy,
providingasystematicapproachtofoodproblemsinthecontextof
nationaldevelopmentpolicies(coveringmarketing,pricingpolicies,
creditfacilities...).Itshouldsetoutfoodproblemsinanintegrated
way,atthehighestpoliticallevelandshouldstimulatethemobilisation
onaprioritybasisoftheinternalresourcesneededforitsimplemen-
#
tation.
Community-andother-countriesshouldlendalltheirsupporttothe
definitionandimplementation ofsuchstrategies,which-itmaybe
recalled-weresupportedbytheCommunity'sDevelopment Councilin
Novemberlast.
/.

7.
boImprovedworldfoodsecurity '
TheInternational WheatAgreementisakeyelementinanysystem.
Anyagreementcontainingeconomicclausesdesignedtostabilise
priceswillbeofthefirstimportanceandshouldcontainspecific
dispositionstohelpLLDCsputappropriatenationalorregionalstocking
policiesintoeffect./recentlyTheIMF's/aaoptea'foodassistanceschemeshouldhelpdealwiththeproblem
ofbalanceofpaymentsfluctuations andthusofimportuncertainties .
c.Moreadequatefinancialaid
Inorderto.givemoreeffectivesupporttotheLLDCsowneffortsto
mobiliseresources,donorcountrieswillneedtoimprovethequantity
andthequalityoftheiraid. '
-TheyshouldincreasetheODAwhichtheymakeavailableforrural
development ,defininganabsoluteorrelativetargetfigurewiththe
immediateviewofhelpingtheLLDCsattainthe2.5$perannumgrowth
targetforagriculturalproductionby1985.
Inthiscontertdonorsshouldgivepriorityattentiontothecontrol
andmanagementofwater(irrigationanddrainage)whichasthe
LagosPlanofActionshowsisoftenwellbelowparinAfrica.Given
*
thelargehydro-electric potentialonmanyLLDCsthisshouldwherever
possiblebelinkedtotheprovisionofenergy.
-Donorsshouldingeneralbemoreopentothefinancingofthelocal
–andrecurrent-costswhichareprettyimportantinagricultural
projectsandwhichLLDCsfinditdifficulttomeet.Donorcountries
mightinthisareaadoptsomeguidelines-basedonthoseprepared
intheOECD-allowingamoreeffectivecasebycaseapproachwithin
individualcountryconsortia/consultativegroups.
d.Appropriate technicalassistance
Thedevelopment ofappropriate methodsofcultivationisessentialto
LLDCsagricultural development ,andsincetheresearchcapacityofthe
LLDCsisfrequentlylimited,everyeffortshouldbemade-bythe
CGIARand/orbilaterally-tostrengthennationalorregionalresearch
capacities.

Thevery first priority should bethe .diffusion oftheresults ofalready
available research -national and international ,their adaptation to
particular LLDC circumstances and-perhaps most important ofall ,their
application (iethrough efficient extension services ).TheTechnical
Centre forAgricultural andRural Cooperation being established under
Article 88ofLome IIwill have ahimportant contribution tomake .
Itmight also beuseful ,toinvite theCGIAR toseewhat could bedone ,
giving particular attention toseed varieties andyields ,animal feeds ,
irrigation anddrainage ,adequate storage facilities ,and–together with
theUWCTAD /GATT 'sITC-market requirements foragro-industrial goods .
e.Improvement offood aid ^
Given their particular combination offood andoffinancial deficits ,LLDCs
should have apriority call onfood aid ,provided only that steps are
taken toavoid thenegative effects (increased dependence ,discouragement
ofproduction etc...) which inevitably appear .when excessive amounts
aregiven and/oraresubject toinadequate conditions .LLDCs might thus
begiven adegree ofsupply guarantee (decreasing over time )provided
only that :
-thefood aidwhich issupplied hasitsplace inclearly identified
development programmes ,and
-the recipient countries dotake steps todiminish thegapbetween
population growth andgrowth inagricultural production .
Theimportance offisheries toanumber ofisland LLDCs (egtheComores ...)
andtoLLDCs with maritime orlake resources (egTanzania ,Ethiopia ,
Malaai ...) should notbeforgotten .Formany ,fish car .beanimportant
sourca ofprotein forsome auseful export (forhuman oranimal
consumption ),.
Where marine fishing isthekey ,financial andtechnical assistance with
fishing fleets andmarketing isneeded ;inthe case ofinland resources ,
thebasic need isappropriate technical advice ,linked tonoraial
agricultural extension services .

9.
B.ProductionCapacityandExports
1.AnalysisofleastdevelopedproductionandtradeiBmadedifficult
bytheincompletenatureoftheavailablestatistics.Butfourfacts
nevertheless standout:
» »
/
^(i)lackofphysicalinfrastructure andoftrainedpersonnelconstitute
majorconstraints ;
(ii)leastdevelopedcountries *exportsarenotonlysmallbuthavebeen
growingmoreslowlythanthoseofdevelopingcountriesasawhole:
in1977"theLLDCsaccountedfor1.7$($5billion)ofdeveloping
countryexportsalthoughtheyaccountfor12$ofthesecountries
populations ;'
(iii)exportsofmanufactured goadsaccountforonlyoftotalLLDC
exports,withthispercentagerisingabove10$inonly6countries
(Bangladesh,CAR,Botswana,Comores,Haiti,Nepal).
IngeneralLLDCsdependontheexportofagricultural products
(coffee,cotton,oilsandfats,tea)andrawmaterials(tin,
tungsten,bauxite),whicharesubjecttoconsiderableprice
fluctuations ;
(iv)LLDCexportsarestronglyconcentrated onmarketeconomycountries,
reflectingtraditionaltradingpatternswiththesecountries,
thesecountriesgreateropennessandabsorptivecapacityandtrade"
conductedthroughmultinationals .Incontrast,LLDCexportsto
otherdevelopingcountriesare(withtheexceptionofBangladesh)
particularly low,andinthecaseoftheEasternbloccountriesthey
are(saveforSomaliaandAfghanistan)nearlynon-existant.
2.Thisbeingsoitisessentialthateffortsbe^redoubledtodiversifywheneconomically justifiedproduction(including/thetransforation ofcommoditiesonthespot),
andtoincreaseexports,sothatLLDCsvulnerability intheareaof
exportearningscanbereduced.Priorityshouldbegiventoimprove
information inandaboutLLDCs,toinstillingamore
•/.

10.
comprehensive approachto"thepromotionofbothproductionandexports,
andtoseekingnotonlytoimprovemarketaccessinmarketeconomy
countriesbuttoopenupnewmarketsindevelopingandplannedeconomy
countries ,.Ineacharea,theinternational comnranityshouldactinsupport
ofmeasurestakenbytheLLDCsthemselves.
, I
2.1.StepstoimprovebasicknowledgeaboutandwithinLLDCsshouldinclude:
-actiontakenbyriationalgovernmentstoprovidecentral(egstatistical)
services,bychambersofcommerce ;^rithgovernmenthelpasappropriate)
andbycompanies;
-actionbytheappropriateinternational organisations (GATT,UNCTAD,
IBRD,FAO,UNIDO,regionalbanksetc...)*
Bothbilateralandmultilateral donorsshouldhelpLLDCgovernments to
collectanddistributeinasystematicway,information onproductionandor
trade,includinginvestment.Theyshould,inthefirstplace,assist
inpreparinginventories ofavailableresourcesandinprospectingfor
newresources.Inthefieldofproduction FAOandUNIDOshouldcontinue
workontheinventories ofagricultural andindustrialenterprises
currentlybeingprepared.Inthecommercialfieldthebroadcollection
anddissemination ofinformation-withbothpublicandprivatesectors-
shouldbeencouraged.InthisrespecttheGATT/UNCTADInternational
TradeCentre(ITC)deservesfurtherfinancialandotherencouragement ,
inviewofthesignificanteffortithassofarmadetounderstanding
LLDCstradingstructuresandpatterns.
2.2.Acomprehensive eipproachtoproduction andtradewilldifferfromcountry
tocountry,butitsmainelementsshouldbeasfollows:
-supplyanalysis:analysis,onacountrybasis,ofproductivecapacity
(andnot.justexistingproduction);
-demandanalysis-evaluationofnational,regionalandinternational
marketpossibilities ,not,ju3ttraditional markets;
/•

11.
–production;determination ofmeasuresneeded,keepingphysicaland
humaninfrastructure tothefore,andnotonlyimmediateinvestment
needs;
–domesticandinternational marketpromotionmeasures,including
training,controlofqualityandregularityofsupply,andnot.just
tradefairs.
2.2.1.Donorsfinancialandtechnicalassistanceshouldaimatdeveloping
LLDCsabsorptivecapacitybeforeandinorderthatindustrialprojects
cantakeshape.Thetrainingofpersonnelisvitalandshouldbeassisted
throughthefinancingofcourses,seminarsandscholarships indeveloping
aswellasdevelopedcountries,withsupportforlocaltrainingandtrade
promotionalinstitutions ,andforregionalschemes.
ItmayberecalledthattheACPhaveallocatedbetween0.5%and10%of
vtheirnationalprogrammestotrade-oriented activities,thattheACP
LLDCswillbenefitfrom14MUCEfornationaltradepromotionschemes,plus
accesstoa40MUCEfundforregionalactivities,andthattheAsianand
andLatinAmericanLLDCswillbenefitfromthelion'sshareofthe
6.25MUCEforsimilaractivitiesinthenon-associated countries
(LatinAmericancountries2.75MUCEandAsiannon-associated 3.50MUCE).
Thedevelopmentofsmall-scaleindustriesshouldbeencouragedthrough
helpfordevelopmentbanksandsimilar;theSecondWindowoftheCommon
Fundshouldgivedueattentiontothetransformation ofcommoditiesof
specialLLDCinterest(egcoffee,jute,cotton,tea,oilsandfats)*;and
supportshouldbegiventotheeffortsoftheIDAandUNCFDtopromoteinfint
industriesto,theNGOsinpromotinggrassroetsprojectsand-wherethe
economicandfinancialsituationispropitious –tothemobilisation of
privatecapital(egEIB,cofinancing...).
2.3.Inthefieldofmarketaccessandofinternational trade,tradepartners
shouldcontinuetoextendtheirschemesofgeneralpreferences (GPS)with
theobjectiveofraisingthepercentageofLLDCproductsreachingtheir
marketsfromthepresentinfinitesimallevelof1%ofthewhole.
./.
Thenegotiation ofinternational agreementsdesignedtostabilisethemarketB
ofpricesofcommodities ofinteresttoLLDCsshouldalsoactivelybepursued.

12.
TheCommunityforitspart(whichoffersfreeentryforallLLDCindus­
trialgoods)willstudythepossibilityofextendingthepreferencegiven
toLLDCson4agricultural productstoawiderrange}donorsshouldtake
allpossiblestepstoharmonisetheirprocedures jandLLDCsthemselves
shouldmakerenewedeffortstoseethattheirproductsmeetGSP
requirements .
Statetradingcountriesshouldmakesignificantgreaterprovisionfor
LLDCexportsontotheirmarkets.
2.4»InGATT,theCommunitywasthefirstamongtheindustrialised
countriestosupportthesettingupthetheGATTsub-committee onthe
specialtradeproblemsoftheleastdevelopedcountriesandcontinues
togivesupporttoit.Thesub-committee wassetuponatemporarybasis-
-untiltheendof1981-butgiventheCommunity'sinitialsupportit
wouldbeausefulgesture,ifattheF&risConference,theCommunitywere
toproposethatitsmandatebeextendedforayearormoretoenableitto
completeitsworkprogramme. v
InadditiontothetextoftheEnablingClause,whichcontainsprovisions
designedtobenefittheLLDCsinparticular,thecodesontechnical
barrierstotradeandgovernmentprocurement alsomakeallowancefortheir
specialneeds.AsacodesignatorytheCommunityreaffirmsitscommitment
totheseprovisionsandforitspartisofcoursereadytodiscusswith
LLDCsanyparticularproblem.Hietranslation ofthiscommitment
inprincipleintoconcreterealitywillremaindifficultuntiltherange
ofexportsofwhichLLDCsarecapableislarger:thepossibilityof
developingcountriestakingstepstoencourage LLDCexportsontotheir
markets(seebelowSectionV)shouldbeencouraged.

13.
aiergy ,
1.IntheenergyfieldthesituationofLLDCsischaracterised onthe
onehandbylowestpercapitaconsumption intheworldandontheother
handbyaverylargedependenceonimportstosatisfytheirneeds.
Althoughsmallinoverallvalue,theseimportsconstituteaseriousand
sometimescrushing*balanceofpaymentsburden.Duetotheheedfor
infrastructural andotherinvestment(includingcommunications )andto
urbanisation ,energyconsumptionismoreovertendingtoincreasefaster
thanGNP.Evenmorethereforethaninotherdevelopingcountries,balance i
ofpaymenstconsiderations shouldbedecisiveinLLDCsinelaborating
appropriate energypolicies.
1.2.Twobroadconclusions flowfromthesethoughts,whichalreadyguide
theCommunityintheactionswhichitproposestotakeandshouldby
thesametokenappearintheSNPA.
*
a.LLDCsshouldaimforgreater 'self-sufficiency inenergy(whichisthe
generalobjectivefixedinarticle76ofthesecondLom<§Convention).
Sincetherearefew"bankable"projectsinLLDCsthenecessary
developmentsinthisarea(egthedevelopmentofnew,andrenewable
sourcesofenergy,includinghydro-electric schemes,smalland
large)willrequiresubstantialinputsofhighlyconcessionalaid.
b.LLDCsmustensurethatenergypolicyconstitutes anintegrating
factorintheirgeneraldevelopmentpolicyiethatenergy
considerations aretakenfullyintoaccountbothinmacro-economic
planningandinprojectpreparation,sothatthemostrationaluse
possibleisassured.
2.TheUNConference onnewandrenewablesourcesofenergy,whichwilltake
placeinNairobiinAugust1981,willconstitutetheappropriate forumfor
detailedconsideration ofthesequestions.Itwillbecalledontoadopt
anactionprogramme,ofwhichpartsmightbeintegratedintotheSNPA.
__________ •/•
*eg50^andmoreincertaincases,suchastheSudan,Tanzania•••

14.
Finding-theresultsofthisconference,actionsofthefollowingkind
could "beenvisged:
–LLDCsshouldhehelpedtocompleteinventories oftheirenergy
resourcesandneeds(nori–commercialaswellasoommercial)sothat
*theycaneffectively programmetheirchoicesbetweendifferentformsof
energyandoftransportsystems;
–large–scaleenergyprojects(likedams)andcommunicationprojects
shouldifpossiblebeundertaken onaregionalbasis,withdueaccount
beingtakenoftheirenvironmental ,healthandsocialeffects;
–insofarasnewandrenewableenergysourcesareconcerned commonefforts
shouldbeconcentrated onthosesectorswhosepromisehasalreadybeen
establishedinsmallscalehydro-power,solar(photovoltaic )power,
andagro-industrial waste,orwhichmaybecomeimportantincertain
(egisland)LLDCs,thatiswindandwavepower;
–the"energyreflex"mustbesystematically appliedtoprojectsinall
sectors,inordertominimiseconsumption ofimportedfossilfuels
andtoimprovethereturnsachievedaswellastoarriveatabetter
overalldefinitionofenergyneedsj
–appropriatetechnicalassistancemustbeprovidedincludingthe
promotionofresearchanddevelopment ofnewtechnologies appropriate
toLLDCrequirements ;inthiscontextLLDCsanddonorsshouldwherever
possiblepromotetechnicalandeconomiccooperation between "LLDCsand
otherdevelopingcountries(seebelow).

15.
D,Human resource s
1.Economic andsocial adjustment –intheagricultural ,industrial and
energy asinother fields -recruires abroad degree ofliteracy .Asthe
Brandt report indicated ,illiteracy notonly represents aformidable waste
ofhuman talent butdeprives people ofthemotivation andthecapacity
tocontribute toward their owndevelopment .Nolargely illiterate society
isdeveloped }nodeveloped society islargely illiterate .Thefight against
illiteracy isthus abasic human ,cultural anddevelopmental necessity
which those LLDCs (such asEthiopia )where thelevel ofliteracy islow
must fight with allvigour .UNESCO 'b1982 symposium onthis subject may
offer agood opportunity fordonors toconsider howbest they canhelp ;
inthemeantime donors should stand ready tohelp ,asandifrequired ,
instructuring campaigns ,inproviding thenecessary material ,and in
promoting .-perhaps through NGOs -non-formal rural education (notably
forwomen ).
\
2.TheSNPA should recognise that education inthebroader sense isessential
todevelopment ;astheWorld Bank said initsI98O Policy Raper itis"a
pervasive element that must beintegrated -horizontally andvertically -
into alldevelopment ,efforts ".This means that LLDCs ,who candevote only
f
small <foBofdeveloped country spending oneach educational level (yfoofOECD
percapita spending onprimary education ,6^onsecondary and
18$ontertiary )arefaced with thefirst critical task ofensuring that
emphasis onindividual right ,ofaccess toeducational facilities does not
lead toadiminuation of-ordistortion in-thesupply oftrained
/
manpower :"themaintenance ofareasonable balance between "these *twoisof
particular importance intheareas ofcapital andrecurrent expenditure
onsecondary schooling andontertiary (ieuniversity )education .In
brief ,every effort must bemade inLLDCs toensure that theeducational
system iseffectively geared todevelopment -bywayofrural training
programmes ,ofsecondary education that .avoids a "white –collar bias "
andofalargely vocatibnal post–secondary sector .
3oThis said ,"there areanumber ofspecific educational problems ofcdncera
toLLDCs which have been identified bytheCommunity anditsACPpartners ,
andbythecountry meetings nowinprogress ,which suggest that theSNPA
should highlight thefollowing elements :

16.
(i)LLDCsshouldbeencouraged ,andassistedtoprepare-andperiodically
torevise–theirmanpowerprojections ;
(ii)LLDCsshouldpreparepluriannual programmesindicatingthe
contributions tobemadebyexternaltechnicalassistance (scholar­
ships,experts,equipment,etc^asindigenoustrainingfacilities
,..arebuiltupj
(iii)primaryemphasisshouldbeplacedontheproductivesectors
(financialinstitutions ,ruraldevelopment ,industrialdevelopment ,
tradepromotion,maintenancestaff),whilstnotforgetting
theimportancetotheseofmeasuresinthehealthfield;
I
(UnderLome,forexample,8O/oofavailablefundsgothetheleast
developedand•'JOfaaredevotedtoeconomic,agricultural ,industrial,
scientificandtechnicaltraining);
(iv)donoi'sshouldmakegenerousprovisionforlocalandforthird
countrytraining,includingregionalorinter-regional projects.
TheCommunitymightrecallthatunderLome66"Jooffundsaredevoted
tothese(including30regionalprojectsp.a0,involving600people)
andthatuniversityeducationisonlyofferedinEuropein
specialcircumstances whichcannotbemetintheLLDCsthemselves j
(v)asLLDCsmovetowardsgreaterautonomyinspecifictrainingsectors,
LLDCsanddevelopedcountriesshould -explorethepossibility of
mutuallybeneficialinstitutional links,especiallyattechnical,
professional !ar.'duniversitylevel.
TheProgrammemightalsonotethatactionbyLLDCstorelateeducation
andtrainingtotheir.'particularculturalanddevelopmental needs,using
localandregionalratherthandevelopedcountryinstitutions ,represents
themosteffectivewayofavoidingtheemigrationofqualifiedpersonnel
(BrainDrain)..

17.
Communications
1.The distance .from international markets ,andsuppliers isahandicap
formost LLDCs andamajor oneforthe 15landlocked and 5island LLDCs .
Toquote but oneexample ,transport andmarketing costs plus insurance
currently account for65%oftheexport earnings oftheComores .
2.Theconcern expressed inResolution 122(V )toobtain subsidised freight
rates from shipping companies scarcely responds tothecomplexity ofthe
problem .What isrequired intheSNPA issomething more onthe lines of
UNCTADs policy prescription forthelandlocked andisland developing
countries ,which lays emphasis onanintegrated planning approach aimed
atpromoting andconsolidating regional cooperative arrangements .
Themeasures which panbeenvisaged within such anapproach include :
-thepromotion ofjoint ventures (egsuch astheEast African transport
corridors nowbeing examined )orjoint shipping lines (like that between
Yugoslavia andtheSudan );
-thesimplification andstandardisation offormalities tofacilitate
theclearance ofgoods (egthrough joint personnel atports orborders );
Tthefacilitation ofroad andrail traffic across frontiers .
Since such measures mayinvolve substantial costs it ,is
particularly important inthis sector that alternatives arecarefully
assessed andevaluated with reference totheroutes andmeans envisaged
andtothelevel offreight tobecarried .
3.Generally speaking ,schemes ofregional cooperation offer thebest chance
ofsuccess :they help tokeep capital andrunning costs (always high )
toaminimum .
Bilateral andmultilateral donors should therefore join together tohelp
meet costs inthecontext ofwell-developed regional policies (egas
evidenced inLom.<5 II,Chapter 8).

Tschriolofry
1.Appropriate technologyisanessentialingredientindevelopment ;and
itiseverybitasimportanttoensurethatitreachestheendusedasit
istoseekthatfactorslimitingtransferbetweenstatesandcompanies
areinducedtotheminimum.Forexample,Kenyaacquiredtheknow-how
forgrowingwaterandstainresistantgrassesforuseinhandicraft
productions (egmats)butthefactorwhichledtothesuccessful
marketingofproductswasfollow-upandhelpforsmallscaleproducers.
2.InLLDCstheemphasisshouldthusbeplacedonthecapacitytoreceive
technology ,toadaptitasnecessaryandtofollowitthroughtothephase
ofgrassrootsimplementation :thisdependsonabroadprocessofaculturation ,
egthroughappropriate secondaryandpost-secondary educationandonthe
existenceof.systemstransmitting knowledgeandadvicetoactualandpotential
producers.Inthiscontext,particularattentionshouldbegiventothe
rolethattheInter-Governmental CommitteeforScienceandTechnology
forDevelopment andtheCentreforScienceandTechnologyestablished
byUNGeneralAssemblyResolution34/218couldplay,aswellasthe
provisionsintheViennaProgrammeofActionrelatedtoLLDCs.
3.Atthisstage,moreover,manyLLDCsmayoftenfinditadvantageous to
drawasfaraspossibleontechnologies alreadyadaptedandappliedby
otherdevelopingcountries.Goodexamplesaretheassistancegivento
TanzaniabyBrazil(theproductionofplantalcoholsasfuels,of
fertilizersetc.)andbyIndia(intheareasofagricultureandfisheries,
railwaysandhealth).Clearly,donorshavearoletoplayinproviding
LLDCswiththeaidwhichtheyneedtobuyinsuchexpertise,especially
intheprioritysectorsandingeneralinpromotingeconomicandtechnical
cooperation betweenleastdevelopedanaotherdevelopingcountries
(seebelow).

19.
IV.FINAJTCE AlsTP AID
i
1.Even ifthemain constraintr .which hold back development intheLLDCs
arenotfinancial ,itisnoless 'true that they caninmost cases only
beovercome "byincreased investment andbetter use ofhuman resources .
•This being so,priority must begiven toincreasing domestic savings .
How6ver theinadequacy oft»heresources available within LLDCs ,notably
forproductive development ,theweakness oftheir financial institxitions
andthestriking down-turn intheir terms oftrade ,makes itinevitable
that forsome time tocorne they will need external help .
Non-concessional flows have andwill continue tohave arole toplay .
TheInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)provided LLDCs with rather more than
$500million inI98O andiscurrently considering further enlargements /
improvements ,incertain ofitsfacilities which maybeofinterest toLLDOrassistance
'(egthefood/system ).World Bank (IBRD )interest bearing loans ,direct .
investment andexport credits (provided that theterms arerelatively
-favourable )will also help .Nevertheless ,external help must be
provided forthemost part inthe form ofconcessional aid (ODA)because
oftheextremely limited repayment capacity ofLLDCs ,which itself reflects
thepoverty andlowproductivity oftheir resources .
Itistherefore important that the SNPA follows upitsconsideration of
priority sectors with clear commitments concerning thevolume ofaid }
aidterms ,forms andmodalities ;andaidprocedures (including follow-up ).
2.Volume
InUNCTAD Resolution 122(v )itwasagreed that LLDCs should receive a
substantial proportion oftotal ODAbenefits andthat donor countries
•should make equitable efforts todouble "assoon aspossible "their flow
ofODA tothe LLDCs .Inthe course ofthe preparation oftheSirategy
forthe 3rdDevelopment Decade ,theGroup of77Fu"tforward proposals
•./•

20.
linking aidtoLLDCs totheGNP ofdonor countries ,with aview to
reaching thepercentage of0.15 in1985and0.20 in1990 .Inthe
meeting oftheUNGeneral Assembly last year ,further aspirations were
expressed egtotriple aidtotheLLDCs by1984 andtoquadruple itby
1990 inreal terms .
Thefinancial possibilities ofDACcountries ,aswell astheabsorptive
capacities ofLLDCs themselves ,which arenot indefinitely extendable ,make
these last objectives totally unrealistic :totake just onebench
mark , DACaidtotheLLDCs in1979 represented only 0.07%ofGNP.
/
Moreover itseems desirable ingeneral toavoid establishing specific
objectives expressed inGNPforgroups ofcountries ,because -
-they arelikely tobeeither unrealisable (ifthey aretooambitious )
orunattractive (ifthey arenot)andthey areusually so
rigid that once agreed they cannever bemodified orchanged }
-they cannot bydefinition improve thepredictability ofaid .
These arguments arealso valid forobjectives concerning aidtotheleast
developed which areexpressed interms ofpercentages oftotal aidflows .
V
1. Thecommitments to bewritten into theProgramme should therefore
contain two elements relating toglobal aidobjectives ,aidfortheleast
developed andburden sharing .
•a)TheProgramme should ,inthecontext ofthecommitments already
undertaken inthe framework ofthenewDevelopment Strategy to
reach the0.7?£ target ,aimforagreater concentration ofaid
onleast developed countries and should contain aprecise and
realistic target ,with figures foraidto'LLDCs .

21.
Ofthedifferentconceivableformulations ,thebestwouldseem
tobetoinviteDACmemberstoagreetodoublethevolumeoftheir
1979aidflowsinnominaltermsby1985.Thiswouldhavethe
advantagesof: '
-beingcapableofrealisation (between1974and1979»i«overa5»not
6yearperiod,DACaidtotheLLDCsmorethandoubled),and
–giTingrisetoanannualincreaseinrealterms(largerorsmaller
accordingtotherateofinflation)-whichtheLLDCswouldbeableto
absorb-especiallyiftheformsofaidwerebetteradaptedtotheir
needs:
k)Theabovecommitmentsshouldbeformulatedinawaywhichtakesaccount
ofdonors'respectiveaidperformances *Thisconceptshouldapplynot
onlywithintheDACgroupbuttoothergroupsofdonors:egthe
countriesofEasternEuropeshouldberequestedtoundertakecommitments
closertotheireconomicweightintheworldandtheOHSCcountriesshould
beinvitedtoensure,withinareasonableconcentration ontheLLDCs,a
betterdistribution oftheiraidbetweenthesecountries.
.2.Insofarasmultilateral flowsareconcerned,theideawhichhasbeen
advancedofcreatingspecialLLDC"windows"intheInternational
DevelopmentAssociation (IDA)andintheregionaldevelopmentfundsand
similarshouldberejectedonaccountoftherigiditywhichitwould
introduceintothemanagementofthesefundsandthecomplications towhich
itwouldgiverisewhenreplenishments areundertaken.Thedonorsshould
rathercommitthemselves :
–toreplenishingoodtimeandatadequatelevelstheresourcesof
thoseinternational organisations whichdirectanimportantpercentage
oftheirassistancetotheLLDCsand-intheparticularcaseofthe
6thIDAreplenishment-encouragetheUStoexecuteitscommitments }
-toworkwithintheseinstitutions toensurethatanappropriate ,and
'indeedincreasingshare,oftheirassistancegoestothebenefitofthe
leastdeveloped. /

22.
2.3.TheCommunity ,foritspart ,should recall theextensive commitment
already undertaken inLomS IIanditsincreasing aidtonon-associates ,
from "both ofwhich LLDCs draw substantial "benefit .
\0 Aid conditions ,forms andmodalities *
Insofarasaidconditions ,forms andmodalities areconcerned the
Programme should focus ontheadoption ofacertain number ofbroad
guidelines ,tobeinterpreted inoperational teras inthe course ofrecipient
donor meetings toreview progress inindividual LLDCs (seebelow ).
>.1.Onegesture onaidterms which might bemade ,which would cost little for
most donors andwould bepolitically very saleable ,would beto
undertake that allfuture ODA forLLDCs would begiven entirely ingrant
form (which would contribute toadesirable harmonisation between donor
countries ).Asignificant precedent already exists intheretroactive
adjustment ofaidterms which hasmost frequently taken the form ofODA debt
cancellation . (
Theuntying ofaid isacomplicated problem which does notconcern the
LLDCs either exclusively orparticularly :given their lack ofhuman resource
the LlLDCs would however beparticularly interested intheuntying ,albeit
partial , ofcertain aspects oftechnical assistance ,ifthis meant they
could choose those experts best suited totheir needs ,onthebasis ofcost/
benefit analysB .Donor countries might well make agesture ofthis kind which ,
once again ,would not involve anyvery great cost .
I
2.Farmland modalities ofaid .Thebudgetary andbalance ofpayment ^situation
ofmost LLDCs implies recourse toexternal help forthefinancing ofapart
ofthe local and recurrent costsassociated with aproject orprogramme .
Itisimportant that donors areasflexible aspossible .TheConference
should therefore enter into afirm commitment inthis regard ,without any
rigid percentage quantification ,which would notbedesirable .
Ano i3isbeing prepared ,forcirculation at'theConference ,which sets out
theconditions ,forms andmodalities oftheaidprovided viaLome II.•A

23
Somekmdsofprogrammeaidcanbeparticularly welladaptedtotheneeds
ofLLDCs,forexampleassistancetoabunchofsmallorminiprojectswithin
agivensector:theideaputforwardbytheDACSecretariatofsetting
projectornon-projectaid"intheframeworkofclearlydefinedsectoral
supportprogrammes"deservesconsideration ,sinceadministrative shortcomings
oftenmakeitdifficultforLLDCstoutilisebroadprogrammeaidsubjectto
strictmacro–economicconditions *Sixchaidshouldalwaysbeaccompaniedby
technicalassistancedesignedtohelpwithimplementation andfollow-up.
Asimplification and,aboveall,aharmonization ofdonors*aidprocedures
wouldbeverybeneficialtoLLDCs,particularly insofarasprojectaid
isconcerned.Greaterpredictability whichmightbeassuredbypluri-
annual,sectoralprogramming ,canalsohelp,andrapiddisbursement ,
particularly ofemergencyaid,ishighlydesirable.
Particularattentionshouldbegiventotechnicalassistanceinorderto
mitigatethelackoflocaltrainedmanpower,
egbyhelpingtobuildupthenecessarylocalcadres;suchassistanceshould
inparticularhelptoincreaseLLDCscapacitytoabsorbexternalaid;among
particularly importantsectorsshouldbementioned helpinimproving
agricultural extension,maintenance ,tradepromotionandfinancialservices.
Proceduresandfollow-^up.Anumberofpossibilities (setoutbelow)canbe
envisagedforregulardialoguebetweendonorsandindividual LLDCs.What
countsisthatdonorsandrecipientsofaidshouldbeabletomeettogether,
inordertoreviewprogress »toenterintonewfinancialcommitments and
toconsiderhowtheterms,formsandmodalitiesoftheiraidcanbeapplied
tothebestoveralleffectinthesituations ofindividualcountries.

GLOBAL PARTICIPATION
1.Itisclear from theanalysis ofmain sectors ,andshould be
explicitly recognised intheSNPA ,that theProgramme 'simplementation
will call forequitable andcomplementary contributions from all
parties .
2.Prom the least developed countries themselves will berequired
(a)more explicit recognition of,andreadiness todiscuss ,the
importance ofdomestic policies (egpricing ,fiscal ,investment
social )tothedevelopment -with outside financial ?ndtechnical
help -oftheir productive andexport capacities ,and (b)areadiness
toplan onthebasis ofactual orprobable rather than purely
hypothetical resources .Against this background theLLDCs should
prepare acoherent setofpolicies *covering themain sectors ,indicating
thesupportive andancillary measures which arenecessary toensure
ί
that these really get down tothegrass-roots ,particularly _
agricultural extension services ,steps tomobilise andchannel
small scale agricultural andindustrial credit ,cadres /structures
toprovide effective internal andexternal market promotion ,
technical training andeffective maintenance (egto
I
service vehicles ,agricultural machinery andindustrial
equipment ).
Within the context ofCollective Self Reliance least developed countries
should furthermore give consideration totheencouragement offunctional
-
regional cooperation creating formal orinformal regional groupings as
necessary ,such astheClub duSahel orthevarious River Basin Communities
Areas inwhich such cooperation seems likely tobeespecially important
aretransportation ,investment planning ,technology andmanpower .
2.1 .Bythesame token ,allother developing countries should contribute
y according totheir ability .Within large andincreasing aidprogrammes
those countries with capital surpluses might trytoincrease the
percentage (presently 10%)oftheir aidwhich isdirected towards
LLDCs with chronic orstructural balance ofpayments problems and
toregional development groupings . .
• • < ./•24.
\

25.
Inthebroader field oftechnical andeconomic cooperation
between developing countries (TCDC andECDC )theProgramme should
underline that whilst theConcept ofCollective Self Reliance isof
interest toallcountries ,thedeveloping countries canandshould
play amajor role incollective responsibility forLLDCs .
-TCDC :having regard totheBuenos Aires Programme (UNGA
Resolution 33/134)andtheresults oftheUNsHigh Level Committee
onTCDC (NewYork ,1-8June 198l )alldeveloping countries which
arenot least developed should seek toidentify areas -asIndia
andBrasil have already done –where they have particular expertise
tooffer .TheUNDP should consider stepping upitsregional allocation
ofbenefit toLLDCs whilst bilateral donors might consider -inter
alia -the -financing ofthird country training indeveloping
countries andthe strengthening ofdeveloping country research
institutions working infields ofinterest toLLDCs .
-ECDC :asagreed atUNCTAD Vthree aspects arepresently being
examined (theestablishment ofaGeneral Scheme ofTrade
r
Preferences -GSTP ,therole ofState Trading Organisations ,and
theestablishment ofMultilateral Marketing Enterprises ).Inthe
wake oftheir Caracas meeting developing countries should
consider what special benefits might beoffered LLDCs viathese
andanyother world-wide cooperative schemes .
2.2.Infull accordance with UNCTAD Resolution 122(V ),alldeveloped
trade and aid partners .Eastern aswell asWestern ,must make aserious
effort toincrease target overall aidflows toLLDCs ;Western countries
should seek toincrease flows toLLDCs faster than overall aid ;and
the countries ofEastern Europe should make a
contribution which will closely correspond totheir weight inthe
world economy . •Alldonors should promote productive development
intheProgrammes priority sectors ,should aimformaximum participatior
./•

26
inLLDCdonoijconsortiaandgroupsandshouldshowamanifest
readiness,wherespecialneedsandadequateabsorptivecapacity
coexistinindividual LLDCstoincreasetheiraid.Theyshould
inthiscontextseektotakeaccountoftheshortertermbalance
ofpaymentsandlongertermstructuraleffectsoftherisingprices
ofmanufactured goods(mainlyindustrialised donors)andof
•importedenergy(mainlyOPECdonors).Donorsshouldmoreovertake
everypossiblestep,intheclosestliaisonwitheachLLDC,toensure
thattheiraidmodalities ,conditionsandproceduresarewelladapted
intheiroveralleffecttospecificcountrysituations.
Tradepartnersshouldmakesuchimprovements asarefeasiblein
existingLLDCaccesstotheirmarkets,includingfargreater
consideration 0fLLDCinterestsinthe.plansofstatetradingcountries
andensure,thatbenefitsaremaintained .Theyshouldcomplementthese
stepsbygivingenhancedattentiontothepromotionofproduction
andmarketingfortheLLDCsinternalaswellasexportmarketsby
allmeansopentothem,egimportopportunities offices,contractual
arrangements betweenSTOs,technicalcooperation ,andtheactive
promotionofopportunities indevelopingcountrymarketswhich
openupmutuallybeneficialtrade. '' ■
TheUTTandinternational development andfinanceinstitutions
shouldcontinuetoprovideandshouldstepupthehelptheygiveto
LLDCswithintheirrespectiveareasofcompetence ^Inparticulars –
-theInternational FinancialInstitutions (iFIs)should
.makeshort-termbalanceofpaymentsassistanceavailablein
waysthattakeaccountofthesituationsofLLDCsinthisarea}
.directasmuchconcessional aidaspossibletoleastdeveloped
countries,bywhatevermeansareavailable,includingthe
concentration ofloanfundsondevelopingcountriesbestableto
profitfromthem,inordertofreeconcessional flowsfc^rthose
moreinneed.

27.
-TheUNfamily should ensure that itsefforts toimplement essential
aspects oftheProgramme arecoordinated inthefield through the
UNDP (andinaglobal policy sense inUNCTAD ).EachUNorgan should
take upandapply those aspects forwhich itiscompetent and
prepare progress reports foruse intheglobal evaluation process
(seebelow ).
TheProgramme should also give attention totherole that NGOs
canplay inleast developed -countries ,especially intheareas
ofrural development andfood production andinthesatisfaction of
basic education and health needs .
NGOs spend -andlargely mobilize -about $1.6billion each year
(ieanamount equal tobetween 5and10%oftheaidofallDACcountries
They have animportant further role ascatalysts ofopinion indeveloped
countries .But above all ,they arewell adapted tohelp least developed
countries byvirtue oftheir close andcontinuing contact with people
-including themost deprived -atthegrass roots level :they
frequently know howbest tomotivate thera andhowtostimulate the
small-scale activities which areessential todevelopment .
1.TheConference might invite thegovernments of .theLLDCs themselves
todoeverything possible tofacilitate the implantation andgrowth
ofsuch NGOs and suggest tothegovernments ofdeveloped countries
that they actively encourage direct NGOlinks ,possibly inthecontext
ofwider links between groups /institutions /town andvillages in
developed andindeveloping countries .Such links could serve the
double purpose ofinforming developed countries' populations about
thethird world and ofstrengthening NGOs inleast developed countries .
(Foritspart theCommunity could usefully draw attention tothe
fruitful partnership ithasbuilt upbetween NGOs inCommunity and
ACPcountries onthebasis -inter alia -ofthejoint financing of
Email scale projects .)
2.TheNGOs might beencouraged toexpress thesense oftheabove
inageneral Declaration tobemade before theConference and
included inthe SNPA .

28.
Orchestration ofmeasures
Finally,eachpartytotheProgrammemustrecognisetheneedtoensure
thatthepoliciestheyadoptandanymeasurestheyundertakeconstitute
partofabroaderandcoherentwhole.IftheLLDCsaretoescape
fromtheirpresentunder-development ,thedomestic,bilateral,and
multilateral measuresthatareundertakenmustbecoherentcomplementary ,
andmutuallysupportive.

29.
VI.FOLLOWUPARRANTGKMENTS >
1.IftheSITPAistobeeffectively implemented ,itmusthethesubject
ofappropriate i^eviewproceduresinthecourseof-thedecadeofits
application ,especiallyatthecountrylevel.Thecriteriatobe
followedindetermining ,theseproceduresshouldallowasmuchchoice
aspossibleforindividualleastdevelopedcountries,butmust
nevertheless drawacleardistinction betweentheprocessesofglobal
andofcountryreview,fullyrespectexistingmechanisms ,anduseto
thefullthespecificcompetence andexpertiseofthedifferent UNr
bodies.
*
2.Reviewsofcountrysituationsmustconstitutethestartingpointand
'kerneloftheseprocedures ,sinceaggregateperformance datalike
generaltargetstendtoblurboththesuccesseswhichhavebeen
"achieved^ndtheproblemswhichremaininparticularcircumstances .
Suchreviews,whichnormallytakeplaceattherequestoftheinterested
leastdevelopedcountry,andatintervalsadaptedtoitsparticular
circumstances ,m\istbeessentiallyactionorientedandshouldprovide
forthefollowing :-
-abalanceddonor/recipientassessmentofprogress,inthelightof
theSIIPA'spriorities ,ofthecountry'sinternalpoliciesand.of
externalassistancereceived; *
-areviewbytheLLDCanditsdonorsofthecountry'sfinancial
situationrridofitssourcesofexternalassistance-areview
withinwhich,asnecessary,newcommitmentscanbemade;
-areviewbytheLLDCanditsdonorsofaidcriteria,practicesand
procedures ,inthelightoftheprinciplesoftheConference,tosee
howthefjemightbemadegenerallymoreeffective; '
-consideration bytradepartnersofwaysandmeansofdeveloping
externaltradeinexistingorinnewmarkets.
•Inbrief,theywouldbeoccasionsforappraisalandforfinancial
commitment .
./.*

30.
2.1.SixleastdevelopedcountriesalreadyparticipateinWorldBank
Consultative Groups(ieBangladesh,Nepal,Sudan,Tanzania,Uganda
and,inprinciple,Ethiopia);therewouldseemnoreasontosetup
newproceduresforthesecountriesthoughparticipation couldbe
broadened,eg.tocoverpotentialdonorsthatarenotBankmembers.
Someleastdevelopedcountriesmeetwiththeirbilateralormultilateral
partnersin'UITDP-assisted round-tableConferences (egBurundi,
Lesotho,Rwanda)andfivemoremeetwithintheframeworkoftheClub
duSahel,ieCILSSandUNSSO*(CapeVerde,Chad,Mali,Niger,UpperVolta)
whichwassetupwiththespecificpurposeofaddressingtheirmajor
shareddevelopmentneeds(waterandintegratedruraldevelopment).
ManyoftheseLLDCsaremembersofoverlapping UNDP-sponsored groups
fortheKagera,SenegalandChadRiverBasins,aswellasoftheseveral
-mainly-WestAfricanregionaleconomicgroupings.Itisnotclearthat
itcouldbeintheirbestinterests-ifonlyadministrative -tosetup
'newcountry-oriented procedures (thoughthepossibilityofestablishing
these,ontheindividualcountry'sre^juest,probablyundertheaegisof
theUNDPshouldnotbeexcluded).
Inanyevent,itshouldbeopentoanyoftheremainingLLDCstorequest
thecreationofanindividualorregionalconsultative group,underthe
sponsorshipofaUNbodywithanintimateknowledgeofit,probablythe
UNDPsinceitisanoperationalorganisation withanetworkofres.ici.eni;
representatives (whosestaffsmightifnecessarybestrengthened).
TheIBRDwouldbeaviablealternative andmightindeedbeaco-sponsor.
Itshouldinanyeventbeunderlinedthatthearrangements madefor
differentcountriesneednotbeidentical,thoughitmightineachand
everycasebeopentoUNCTADtoberepresented andareport
oneachreviewshouldbesenttotheSecretaryGeneralofUNCTADasan
inputtotheglobalreviewprocesses.
3.HavingdueregardforthegoalsandobjectivesoftheInternationa ]
DevelopmentStrategyasawhole,regular,nottoofretjuent,globalreviews <
orogresstowardstheSNPA'sobjectivesshouldbeundertaken:
*ComitépermanentInter-étatsdeLuttecontréelaôocheresce dansle
Sahel;UnitedNationsSudonandSahelOrganisation ,

31
-atorinthemarginofUNCTADVIin1983,and.UNCTADVIIin1987,
and/orataspecialmid-terraUNCTADmeetingin1985*
-in1990»a-t"the©idoftheperiod,inthecontextofthe
overallReviewandAppraisaloftheThirdDevelopmentStrategy.
EachUNbodyshouldberequired^withinitsexistingstructuresand
procedures ,tofollow-upthoseelementsoftheSNPAforwhichitis
competenttoact,andtocontributereportsthereon,forpresentation
totheglobalreviews.
v
3.I.Asafurtherpartoftheglobalreviewprocess,theUNEconomicand
SocialCouncilandGeneralAssemblyshouldmakeanearlyresponseto
concernvoicedbytheCDPaboutthecriteriagoverningselection
oftheleastdevelopedforinclusion'inthelist.TheUNGAshouldtake
thenecessarystepstoseethatthesecriteriaaresubjecttoa
competentprofessional reappraisal sothatthelistcanbecomeat
onceasobjectiveandascomprehensive aspossible.Onthebasisof
suchreappraisedcriteria,thelistshouldbesubjecttoperiodic
consideration allowingforthepossibilityofaddingtoitor,-at
ortowardstheendofthedecade-ofsubstracting fromit,inthe
lightofthe'economicandsocialprogi-essachievedincertaincountries.
*1

VII.SUMMARYCONCLUSIONS
1.TheCommunityaseuohmustparticipateinthe.Conferencealongside
MemberStates.
2.Themainobjective •oftheProgrammeshouldbechangeintheeconomic
andsocialstructures oftheLIDCE.
3.TheProgrammeshoulddefinesectoralprioritiesandsettargetsalong
thefollowinglines:
-agriculture ,fisheriesandfood:withtheaimofachievinganannual
increaseinproductionwhichexceedstheLLDCspresentaverage2.5%p.a.
populationgrowth;.
-productionandexports:withtheaimofinstallingamorecomprehensive
approach,coveringlocalaswellasforeignmarketsandofincreasing
intheLLDCsshareof(a)totalworldtradeand(b)products
benefitting fromGSP;
-energy:withtheaimofencouraginggreaterself-sufficiency and
moreeffectivelonger-term planning;
-education,trainingandmanpower:withtheaimofpromotingadequate
literacyandamoreselectiveapproachtoeducationandtraining,based
onmanpowerneeds;
-communicatiom ;:withtheaimofencouraging regionalnetworks;
-technology:withtheaimofemphasising abovealltheapplication
ofappropriatetechnologyinprioritysectors.
4.InsofarasfinanceisconcernedtheProgrammeshouldcallfor
-increasedcontributions fromallgroupsincludingthecountriesof/
EasternEurope;
-adoublingincurrenttermsof1979DACaidtoLLDCsby1985}
-theprovisionofaidingrantformandimprovements inaidformsand
modalities.
•A

33.
5.TheProgrammeshouldcallfor-tneparticipation inacommoneffortof
allgroupsofcountries(LLDC3,developing,developed-EastandWest),of
relevantinternational organisations andofNGOs.
6.TheProgrammeshouldincludeeffectivearrangement Bforcountryand
globalfollow-up,whir.hfullyrespectexistingconsortiaandconsultative
groups,andforacompetentprofessional reviewofthecriteriadetermining
LLDCstatus.

Annexe
LISTOPUNLEASTDEVELOPED COUNTRIES,SHOWINGDATESOFCOUNTRY
REVIEWMEETINGS
ACPcountries NonACPcountries Datesandlocation
ofcountrymeeting
I,ASIA^ANDWesternSamoa.
PACIFIC
L.-LDCsAfghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Laos
Maldives
Népal
iemen,Democratic
Yemen30March-10April
Vienna
II.EASTER;,'
/-!'!(ICAN
LLDCsBuruvii.ii
Comores
Ethi.opia .
Hwanda
•Somalia
Sudajri
'Taiania
Uíj.anda4-15May
AddisAbaba
*exceptSomalia
III.ifïïSTEMJ ■enm
Al»DfiEuTHAJLOrùAjV--t.
AFRICAN
LLDCsCentraiAi.ricar;Ue^ublic
Chai
G:unb:ia
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