EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 31.7.2018 SWD(2018) 393 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council assessing Member States' programmes of measures under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive {COM(2018) 562 final}



Abbreviations BWMC Ballast Water Management Convention CFP Common Fisheries Policy EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EQS Environmental Quality Standards GES Good Environmental Status GFCM General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean HELCOM Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna IED Industrial Emissions Directive IMO International Maritime Organisation MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MPA Marine Protected Area MSFD Marine Strategy Framework Directive MSP Maritime Spatial Planning NEC National Emissions Ceiling Directive OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the marine environment of the North-east RBMP River Basin Management Plan REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment UNEP/MAP United Nations Environment Programme / Mediterranean Action Plan (Barcelona Convention) UWWTD Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive WFD Water Framework Directive



Contents Abbreviations PART I — SUMMARY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PER MEMBER STATE ON PROGRAMMES OF MEASURES, REPORTED UNDER ARTICLE 13(9) OF DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC A. MSFD descriptor-specific conclusions and recommendations 1. Descriptor 2 — Non-indigenous species 2. Descriptor 3 — Commercial fish and shellfish 3. Descriptor 5 — Eutrophication 4. Descriptor 7 — Hydrographical changes 5. Descriptors 8 & 9 — Contaminants and Contaminants in seafood 6. Descriptor 10 — Marine litter 7. Descriptor 11 — Underwater noise & Energy 8. Descriptors 1, 4, 6 — Biodiversity i. General biodiversity ii. D1, 4 Birds

iii. D1, 4 Fish and cephalopods iv. D1, 4 Mammals and reptiles v. D1, 4 Water column habitats vi. D1, 4, 6 Seabed habitats B. Member State conclusions and recommendations 1. Belgium 2. Bulgaria 3. Cyprus 75 4. Germany 82 5. Spain 89 6. Finland 95 7. France 102 8. Ireland 111 9. Italy 117 10. Latvia 123 11. Malta 131 12. The Netherlands 140 13. Poland 147 14. Portugal 156 15. Sweden 164

16. United Kingdom 172 PART II — SUMMARY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PER MEMBER STATE ON THEIR INITIAL ASSESSMENT, GES DETERMINATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TARGETS, REPORTED UNDER ARTICLE 9(2) AND 10(2) OF DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC 184 1. Poland 184 PART III — SUMMARY FINDINGS AND GUIDANCE PER MEMBER STATE ON MONITORING PROGRAMMES, REPORTED UNDER ARTICLE 11(3) OF DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC 189 1. Greece 190 2. Malta 194 3. Poland 197 4. United Kingdom (Gibraltar) 200 PART I — SUMMARY FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PER MEMBER STATE ON PROGRAMMES OF MEASURES, REPORTED UNDER ARTICLE 13(9) OF DIRECTIVE 2008/56/EC The technical assessments on which this part of the annex is based analyse Member States’ reporting of their programmes of measures per descriptor, under Article 13(9) of Directive 2008/56/EC. This part of the annex provides a summary assessment of how Member States cover pressures on the marine environment in their programme of measures, based on the descriptors identified in Annex I of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. For each of these descriptors, this part of the annex draws conclusions on the strengths and weaknesses that have been identified across the EU, while providing some recommendations for Member States to consider by the next update of their programmes of measures, or for other parts of their marine strategy. Methodology: Member States’ programmes of measures were assessed by considering whether they addressed the relevant pressures and associated activities in a marine region. By addressing the right pressures, Member States would be in a position to move closer towards achieving good environmental status (GES) within the timeline set by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The assessment was based on the information reported by Member States. In this assessment, the programme of measures either addresses, partially addresses or does not address the needs required to meet the MSFD targets and achieve GES, including its timeline. However this assessment due to lack of information reported by Member States has not been able to assess whether the measures will sufficiently reduce the pressures and impacts and thereby achieve good environmental status. The outcome of the assessment is therefore partly dependent on the ambition level of the Member State’s determination of their GES and targets. The high-level results are presented in the Commission’s report. This annex further develops the assessment of the main components of Member States’ programmes in relation to the pressures reported. It moreover looks at the exceptions that were applied by Member States and provides a technical opinion on their plausibility. A.MSFD descriptor-specific conclusions and recommendations 1.Descriptor 2 — Non-indigenous species Have the pressures been covered by Member States? The coherence of the measures in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for non-indigenous species (D2) is assessed to be moderate to high across the EU.

Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Partially addressed Based on the information reported, shipping (through ballast water management) appears to be addressed. It is unclear which pathways are targeted by the other measures and if shipping via anti-fouling measures is addressed. EE LV Partially addressed Aquaculture is addressed. Shipping is addressed both indirectly and in the future. Latvia reports that the specific measures to reduce non-indigenous species introductions through shipping will be determined once the Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) is ratified and implemented, which is not yet done. Several measures focus on monitoring activities. These are more relevant to the MSFD monitoring programmes (Article 11). LT PL Addressed Aquaculture and shipping (ballast water management and anti-fouling efforts) are addressed. Poland also addressed agriculture, which it considers relevant to its marine waters. DE Addressed Aquaculture, shipping, and fisheries are addressed. DK SE Partially addressed Aquaculture and shipping are addressed. On shipping, while ballast water management measures are reported; anti-fouling measures do not appear to be included in the Swedish programme. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Partially addressed Aquaculture and shipping are addressed. On shipping, while ballast water management measures are reported; anti-fouling measures do not appear to be included in the Swedish programme. DK DE Addressed Aquaculture, shipping and fishing are addressed. NL Addressed Aquaculture and shipping are addressed. BE Partially addressed Shipping is addressed. Aquaculture which is identified as a relevant activity contributing to non-indigenous species by Belgium, is not covered by the reported measures. UK Addressed Aquaculture, shipping and recreational boating are addressed. IE Addressed Aquaculture and shipping are addressed. FR Addressed Aquaculture, shipping and fishing are addressed. ES Addressed Aquaculture, fisheries and shipping are addressed. They also include a measure implementing an early detection and warning system in National Parks, and efforts in defining guidelines on artificial reefs. PT Not addressed Aquaculture and shipping are not addressed. The measures are either very general or focus on establishing monitoring programmes and modelling. None of the measures directly target pressures. There are no measures on ballast water management, nor for anti-fouling. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed Shipping (ballast water management) is addressed. Tourism and recreational activities, which are identified as relevant activities in the United Kingdom’s Article 8 report do not appear to be covered. ES Addressed Aquaculture, shipping, fisheries and tourism/recreation are addressed. FR Partially addressed Aquaculture, shipping, and fishing are addressed. On shipping, while ballast water management measures are explicitly reported, it is not clear if bio-fouling is covered. IT Addressed Aquaculture, fisheries and shipping are addressed. MT Addressed Aquaculture, shipping and recreational yachting are addressed. HR SI EL CY Partially Addressed Fisheries and aquaculture impacts are addressed. No measures address shipping and land claim/coastal defence, which were reported in Cyprus’ Article 8 as the main pathways of non-indigenous species introductions into its waters. Black Sea BG Addressed Aquaculture and shipping (ballast water management and anti-fouling) are addressed. RO Table 1 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for non-indigenous species Conclusions D2 — Non-indigenous species Strengths New introductions of non-indigenous species are addressed by almost all Member States. Efforts focus on addressing this pressure from shipping through ballast water management efforts (most link to the BWMC) and from aquaculture (wherever relevant). Several Member States report early warning systems of non-indigenous species introductions as measures linked also to contingency palns. Some Member States also report efforts to remove existing non-indigenous species (although how effective these may be remains unclear). Most Member States include measures that are based on commitments to existing policies and legislation and therefore there is a certain degree of coherence across the programmes of measures. Several Member States also report research effort to better understand the impact of non-indigenous species in the environment. Member States that have applied for an exception under Article 14(1)(a) have provided grounded justifications for doing so (e.g. non-indigenous species introductions via neighbouring waters outside of the EU are considered beyond control of Member States). Weaknesses The pressure of introduction of non-indigenous species from shipping is not always fully covered, as bio-fouling is not always reported, and hull cleaning is a measure in some but not the majority of the Member States’ programmes of measures. Transboundary aspects of this pressure and their influence on non-indigenous species introductions are mentioned by some but not the majority of Member States. A number of programmes include monitoring as a measure A few Member States only report their monitoring efforts as their measures to address non-indigenous species. These are not considered to contribute to achieving targets and GES for D2. Some measures proposed by few Member States are not described clearly enough to understand how they will contribute to achieving GES and targets for D2, particularly those measures that involve developing action plan(s) to address the introduction of non-indigenous species which is what the programme should be doing. Recommendations Member States should address shipping and recreational vessels better, by including measures also targeting bio-fouling and not just ballast water management. Member States should clarify any measures that involve developing action plan(s). When not provided for, Member States should consider developing non-indigenous species early warning systems and contingency plans linked to them and registries as part of their measures. Studies assessing the impact of removal efforts should be put in place to determine their effectiveness.



2.Descriptor 3 — Commercial fish and shellfish Have the pressures been covered by Member States? The coherence of the measures in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for commercial fish and shellfish (D3) is assessed to be high across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. EE LV Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. LT PL Partially addressed Commercial and potentially recreational fishing is addressed. It does not address the activities related to seaweed and other sea-based food harvesting despite Poland having reported these as activities causing pressure ‘extraction of species’. DE Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. DK SE Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. DK DE Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. Aquaculture, which is identified as a relevant activity contributing to extraction of species by Germany in the North Sea, is also covered by the reported measures. NL Addressed Commercial fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. Due to the limited information provided, it is likely that recreational fishing is addressed, but this cannot be checked. BE Partially addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. Aquaculture which is identified as a relevant activity contributing to extraction of species by Belgium is not covered by the reported measures. UK Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. IE Partially addressed Extraction of species, fish and shellfish by commercial and recreational fisheries is addressed. The reported pressure extraction of species (seaweed harvesting, maerl, other) is not covered. FR Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. ES Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. Harvesting of algae (Bay of Biscay and Macaronesia subregion) are also included. PT Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed Even though no national fishing fleet exists in Gibraltar, its waters are impacted by illegal fishing, which is not addressed by the programme. Recreational fishing activities are covered. ES Partially addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. Harvesting of red coral is also addressed. However, given the state of fisheries resources in the Mediterranean, it is not clear whether the management measures represent a sufficient departure from the status quo to address the problem. FR Partially addressed Measures focused on managing fisheries partially address commercial fisheries and regulate recreational fishing for all relevant species (i.e. measures do not seem to focus on controlling recreational fishing in the Mediterranean as, other than regulations for swordfish and tuna fisheries, recreational fishing is not subject to any register of practitioners, licences, or catch reporting). IT Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. MT Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. HR SI EL CY Partially addressed Commercial fisheries for national stocks and recreational fisheries are addressed. However, Cyprus does not link its programme to the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). Therefore, it is not clear whether commercial fish species are sufficiently addressed. Black Sea BG Addressed Commercial and recreational fishing is addressed, through measures that aim to regulate fishing activities. RO Table 2 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for D3 Conclusions D3 — Commercial fish and shellfish Strengths The pressure ‘Extraction of species — fish and shellfish’ is consistently identified — as expected — as the main pressure on commercial fisheries, with ‘fisheries including recreational fishing’ as the main activity contributing to this, and all Member States address this pressure and activity (to varying degrees) in their programmes of measures. The majority of Member States consistently link their MSFD programmes to the CFP, ensuring a high level of coherence at EU level. The majority of Member States consistently link their programmes to Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (when available), ensuring coherence at the regional level. Many Member States report measures addressing recreational fishing in addition to commercial fishing (e.g. transition of recreational fishermen to commercial fishermen, controls on level of recreational fishing). Several Member States propose seasonal and spatial fishing bans (for several purposes including stock management and biodiversity conservation, protection of over-exploited stocks) that are in addition to existing CFP measures. A few Member States also report awareness raising efforts on the state of fish stocks, targeting the public (consumers) in order to influence demand of certain fish. All waters are generally covered, even beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (activities of the Member States’ commercial fleet, regardless of where they are operating). Member States that have applied for an exception under Article 14(1)(a) or Article 14(1)(e) have provided grounded justifications for doing so (e.g. will take time for stocks to respond to changes in exploitation rates and for biomass to increase to the targeted levels). Weaknesses Recreational fishing is not always addressed by Member States where it may exert a significant pressure on stocks. Some programmes lack sufficient detail to determine whether stocks that are managed on a national level are addressed by the measures. Age/size structure is not always addressed in the programmes of measures. Recommendations Member States should establish measures to address recreational fishing, where it exerts a significant pressure on stocks, if they have not already done so. Member States should ensure that measures comprehensively address nationally-managed stocks (inshore stocks, shellfish) as well as stocks managed through the CFP. Member States should ensure that age/size structure is taken into account and addressed where required.



3.Descriptor 5 — Eutrophication

Have the pressures been covered by Member States? The coherence of the measures in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for eutrophication (D5) is assessed to be moderate to high across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Addressed Agriculture/forestry, urban areas and industry are addressed. The measures also tackle NOx emissions from ships. EE LV Addressed Agriculture/forestry and urban areas are addressed. LT PL Partially addressed Agriculture, urban areas and industry are addressed, but solid waste disposal and fishing are not (reported by the Member State as relevant to Polish marine waters). DE Addressed Agriculture/forestry, urban areas, industry and shipping are addressed. DK SE Partially addressed Based on the reporting style of the Member State, existing measures are likely to address several activities (e.g. agriculture and urban areas), yet, based on the information reported, these cannot be identified. New measures will mainly address indirect impacts on the marine environment, as they are research and financing measures. As such, the progarmme is considered to at least partially address pressures. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Partially addressed Based on the reporting style of the Member State, existing measures are likely to address several activities (e.g. agriculture and urban areas), yet based on the information reported these cannot be identified. New measures will mainly address indirect impacts on the marine environment, as they are research and financing measures. As such, the programme is considered to at least partially address pressures. DK DE Addressed Agriculture/forestry, urban areas, industry, and shipping are addressed. NL Addressed Agriculture/forestry, urban areas, industry, and shipping are addressed. BE Partially addressed Urban areas are addressed. Agriculture and industry do not appear to be covered by the reported measures. UK Partially addressed Agriculture, urban areas and industry are addressed. Aquaculture, identified as relevant by the United Kingdom in Article 8, is not addressed via the reported measures. IE Addressed Agriculture/forestry, urban areas, industry, aquaculture and shipping are addressed. FR Partially addressed Agriculture, urban areas, shipping and industry are addressed. Aquaculture and recreational activities, identified as relevant by France in Article 8, are not addressed via the reported measures. ES Partially addressed Agriculture, urban areas, aquaculture and industry are addressed. Yet fishing, which Spain identified as relevant to its marine waters and contributing to eutrophication, is not addressed. PT Partially addressed Agriculture is partly addressed by Water Framework Directive (WFD) measures and Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) measures. Other measures aim to identify gaps, share data, revise monitoring programmes to collect more useful, cost-effective data, etc. These actions will have no direct effects on pressures but is rather contributing to increasing knowledge. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed Urban areas, industry and shipping are addressed. However, the United Kingdom is currently planning a sewage treatment plant, without which pressures can be considered partially addressed. ES Partially addressed Agriculture, urban areas, aquaculture and industry are addressed. Yet fishing, which Spain identified as relevant to its marine waters and contributing to eutrophication, is not addressed. FR Partially addressed Agriculture, urban areas, shipping and industry are addressed. Aquaculture and recreational activities, identified as relevant by France in Article 8, are not addressed via the reported measures. IT Addressed Agriculture/forestry, industry, tourism, urban areas, aquaculture are addressed. MT Addressed Agriculture, urban areas, aquaculture and shipping are addressed. In relation to the measure on waste water, there is currently an infringement case on the performance of the plants in the framework of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD). The contribution of this measure to the MSFD programme and how it can address pressures on the marine environment directly depends on the outcome of this infringement case and if Malta ensures the acceptable performance of those plants. HR SI EL CY Addressed Agriculture, urban areas, industry, aquaculture and shipping are addressed. Black Sea BG Partially addressed Aquaculture, industry, and shipping are addressed. Based on the reporting style of the Member State, existing measures are likely to address several other activities as well (e.g. agriculture and urban areas), yet based on the information reported these cannot be identified. RO Table 3 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for D5 Conclusions D5 — Eutrophication Strengths Member States report measures that are consistently based on the WFD. Measures for eutrophication draw from Member States’ River Basin Management Plans. Under the MSFD, most are considered likely to be sufficient to address pressures of nutrient and organic matter enrichment in the marine environment and cover relevant human activities (i.e. mainly agriculture, industry, waste water and flood risks). However, considering the extent to which the MSFD programme relies on WFD measures, this statement is true provided that the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) are assessed as adequate under the upcoming WFD assessment. Most Member States also utilise synergies with the UWWTD, the Nitrates Directive, Industrial Emissions Directive, the National Emission Ceilings Directive, and the processes through the Regional Sea Conventions. For most if not all Member States, the achievement or not of ‘Good’ or higher status in WFD coastal waterbodies appears to have been the principal factor determining whether new measures were developed for the MSFD. Most Member States refer to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO (MARPOL)) legislation when regulating shipping, particularly on NOx emissions. Weaknesses Member States that have applied for an exception under Article 14(1)(a), (b), (e) or Article 14(4) have not always provided fully grounded justifications for doing so (e.g. even if the nutrient load targets are reached, recovery of the state of the marine environment will take a long time because the concentrations in marine waters can persist for a very long time). Some Member States do not address atmospheric deposition of nutrients. Most Member States do not consider additional aspects, such as improved aquaculture management practices. Recommendations Member States should establish measures that consider nutrient inputs from atmospheric deposition and, where relevant, aquaculture. If applied, exceptions should be justified better.



4.Descriptor 7 — Hydrographical changes Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of the measures in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for hydrographical changes (D7) is assessed to be moderate across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against measures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. The measures also tackle interference with hydrological processes and marine acidification, due to diverse marine activities such as dredging, marine mining (sand, gravel, rock extraction). It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. EE LV Not addressed The measures reported by Latvia are not D7-specific and do not appear to tackle any relevant pressure / activity. Latvia did not previously report the pressures associated to hydrographical changes as relevant in its Article 8 report due to a lack of existing data. As such, the programme does not address relevant D7 pressures. LT PL Partially addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. However, little detail is provided on the measures to address the pressures. The activities of waste disposal, shipping and tourism are not addressed. It is also not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. DE Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. Germany addresses cumulative impacts which is positive. DK SE Addressed Measures link to the implementation of MSP, water regulations, and the Swedish Planning and Building Act (PBA). The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Even though Sweden did not previously report hydrographical changes (D7) as a pressure in its marine waters (in either of its subregions), it defined existing and new measures to tackle this issue. One of the new measures particularly targets urban activities. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Addressed Measures link to the implementation of MSP, water regulations, as well as the Swedish PBA. The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Even though Sweden did not previously report hydrographical changes (D7) as a pressure in its marine waters (in either of its subregions), it defined existing and new measures to tackle this issue. One of the new measures particularly targets urban activities. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. DK DE Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. Germany addresses cumulative impacts which is positive. NL Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. It should be noted that it is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. BE Partially addressed No measures are reported specifically for hydrographical changes (D7). Nevertheless, Belgium reports a WFD measure that may address D7 in the coast (where most hydrographical changes occur), although, given the level of detail reported, this cannot be checked. UK Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA Directives. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. IE Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA Directives. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. FR Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. France addresses cumulative impacts which is positive. ES Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. PT Not addressed Activities causing pressures are not addressed. The reported measures aim to collect data for the parameters relevant for D7 or establish management plans for maritime and coastal activities in order to control pressures in the future. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA Directives. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. ES Partially addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. Nevertheless, no clear measure about desalination in the Mediterranean Sea has been reported (an activity identified by Spain as relevant to its Mediterranean water). It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. FR Partially addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. Nevertheless, it is not clear how agriculture and changes in thermal regimes due to discharges from powerplants (reported as relevant by France in its Article 8 report) are addressed. France addresses cumulative impacts which is positive. IT Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA Directive. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. MT Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. HR SI EL CY Partially addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Still, industrial, coastal defence and port activities are only covered by one horizontal measure linked to EIAs and SEAs, but no specific D7 measure has been reported to address these activities. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA and SEA Directives. Desalination activities are also addressed. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. Black Sea BG Addressed The measures are likely to address most pressures and activities since all projects which could adversely impact hydrological conditions are subject to the existing regulatory procedures. Measures refer to the implementation of the EIA Directive. It is not clear if and how cumulative impacts are addressed. RO Table 4 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for D7 Conclusions

D7 — H ydrographical changes Strengths Most Member States refer to existing measures stemming from other legal acts. As such, all projects that are subject to existing authorisation and regulatory procedures are addressed in terms of hydrographical changes. Most Member States use synergies with the EIA and SEA Directives, as well as with the WFD. Desalination activities are also addressed by all Member States where this is relevant. Weaknesses Most Member States do not explain how they will address the issue of cumulative impacts, i.e. impacts from different/multiple human activities on hydrography. Cumulative impacts are a major issue for the MSFD. Assessing cumulative impacts would require Member States to consolidate results of individual assessments together to assess the overall scale of hydrographical changes. This is not currently being done by most Member States. As there is much overlap with the WFD in coastal waters, some Member States tend to consider — without sufficient justification — that MSFD requirements (of achieving GES and targets) can be fully met by WFD measures only. Very often, Member States just transfer these measures to the MSFD programme but do not clearly explain how these will contribute to meeting MSFD objectives. Many national initial assessments show that past and existing activities did and do impact GES. There is a strong trend in the programmes to consider that the present state is at GES, and as such to focus measures to address only new activities and projects, without assessing the scale of past impacts. Few measures have been reported to address hydrographical changes beyond new individual projects. Most measures focus on implementing EIA procedures, and less so SEA procedures. MSP and Integrated coastal zone management processes could also contribute to D7, but are not referred to by most Member States. Recommendations Member States should use synergies with MSP for addressing cumulative impacts for D7. Member States should address pressures from activities not subject to local/project scale EIAs (e.g. fishing, maritime transport) better. In some cases (e.g. hydrological changes where local dimension is important) this gap hampers the assessment of cumulative effects. Member States should apply SEA procedures, in addition to EIA procedures, more consistently to ensure that hydrographical changes are tackled at a strategic level, rather than at the project level.



5.Descriptors 8 & 9 — Contaminants and Contaminants in seafood Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of the measures in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for contaminants (D8) is assessed to be moderate to high across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Addressed Industry, urban activities, and agriculture/forestry as sources of hazardous compounds are addressed. Although no specific measures have been defined to address accidental pollution due to industry and urban activities (which are identified by Finland as relevant activities contributing to the pressure in their Article 8 report), these activities associated with this pressure are likely to be covered by existing measures on the introduction of hazardous compounds through urban and industrial activities. Some further measures also for shipping and accidental pollution are reported. EE LV Addressed Industry and urban activities, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as shipping and port operations, as responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. LT PL Addressed Industry and urban activities, as sources of hazardous compounds, are addressed. Agriculture is also covered. Accidental pollution is also addressed through measures targeting shipping. DE Addressed Agriculture, as source of synthetic compounds, and shipping, responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. Various other activities are also covered (e.g., marine mining or urban activities). DK SE Partially addressed Industry and urban activities as sources of non-synthetic compounds and shipping, responsible for accidental pollution are addressed. Agriculture, another source of non-synthetic compounds, does not appear to be covered by the reported measures. It could be addressed by the general measures (which do not specify which activities they address), but this cannot be checked based on the information reported. North-East Atlantic SE Partially addressed Industry and urban activities as sources of non-synthetic compounds and shipping, responsible for accidental pollution are addressed. Agriculture, another source of non-synthetic compounds, does not appear to be covered by the reported measures. It could be addressed by the general measures (which do not specify which activities they address), but this cannot be checked based on the information reported. DK DE Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities and shipping, as sources of hazardous compounds, are addressed. Accidental pollution is also addressed through measures targeting urban areas and shipping. NL Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities and shipping as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as marine hydrocarbon extraction and shipping, as responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. BE Addressed Marine-based renewable energy generation, as responsible for accidental pollution, as well as shipping, as both a source of hazardous compounds and accidental pollution are addressed. UK Addressed Industry, tourism/recreational activities (probably associated with shipping) and shipping, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as marine hydrocarbon extraction and shipping, as responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. IE Addressed Industry, urban activities and shipping, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as fisheries and shipping, as responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. Several other activities are covered such as aquaculture. FR Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and solid waste disposal, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as dumping of munitions and shipping, other sources of both hazardous compounds and accidental pollution, are addressed. ES Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and shipping, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as industry, port operations and shipping, as responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. PT Partially addressed Shipping, as the main source of hazardous compounds, is addressed. Marine hydrocarbon extraction, as responsible for accidental pollution, is not addressed. Riverine discharge or atmospheric deposition are not addressed. Accidental pollution is addressed through measures targeting shipping. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Addressed Industry, agriculture, and shipping (point and diffuse discharges), as sources of hazardous compounds and accidental pollution, are addressed. ES Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and shipping, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as marine hydrocarbon extraction, industry, port operations and shipping, as responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. FR Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and solid waste disposal, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as dumping of munitions and shipping, other sources of both hazardous compounds and accidental pollution, are addressed. Pollution coming from shipwrecks is also covered. IT Partially addressed Industry and offshore structures as sources of hazardous compounds are covered. However, other sources of contaminants such as urban activities and port operations, reported by neighbouring Member States as important sources of pressures, do not appear to be covered. Accidental pollution is addressed. MT Addressed Industry and urban activities, as well as desalination/water abstraction and aquaculture, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as industry, port operations and shipping, as responsible for accidental pollution, are addressed. Other activities, such as marine hydrocarbon extraction, are covered. HR SI EL CY Addressed Industry, agriculture, and urban activities, as sources of hazardous compounds, as well as shipping, another source of hazardous compounds and accidental pollution, are addressed. Black Sea BG Partially addressed Industry, agriculture, and urban activities, as sources of hazardous compounds, are addressed. Port operations and shipping as responsible for accidental pollution are addressed. Industry, another source of accidental pollution, is not addressed. RO Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of the measures in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for contaminants in seafood (D9) is assessed to be high across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Addressed Finland reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9. Industry, urban activities, and agriculture/forestry as sources of hazardous compounds are addressed. Although no specific measures have been defined to address accidental pollution due to industry and urban activities (which are identified by Finland as relevant activities contributing to the pressure in their Article 8 report), these activities associated with this pressure are likely to be covered by existing measures on the introduction of hazardous compounds through urban and industrial activities. Some further measures also for shipping are reported. EE LV Addressed Latvia reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9. Industry, urban activities, as well as shipping and port operations are addressed. LT PL Addressed Poland reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9, in addition to some D3 and D10 measures. Industry and urban activities are addressed. Other activities such as agriculture and fisheries as relevant sources of hazardous compounds are also covered. DE Addressed Agriculture and shipping are addressed when combined with the D8 programme. The D9 programme addresses the key pressures but only focuses on the dumping of munitions and does not cover additional activities. DK SE Partially addressed Sweden reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9. Industry, urban activities and shipping are addressed. Agriculture does not appear to be covered by the reported measures. It could be addressed by the general measures (which do not specify which activities they address), but this cannot be checked based on the information reported. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Partially addressed Sweden reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9. Industry, urban activities and shipping are addressed. Agriculture does not appear to be covered by the reported measures. It could be addressed by the general measures (which do not specify which activities they address), but this cannot be checked based on the information reported. DK DE Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban areas and shipping are addressed when combined with the D8 programme. The D9 programme addresses the key pressures but only focuses on the dumping of munitions and does not cover additional activities. NL Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities and shipping as well as marine hydrocarbon extraction are addressed, when combined with the D8 programme. The D9 related measure does not make reference to any specific human activity. BE Addressed Marine-based renewable energy generation and shipping are addressed, when combined with the D8 measures. Most of the measures in the D9 programme have indirect effects on the D9-related pressure because they are either monitoring or governance measures, that focus on fisheries, except one direct measure that only targets recreational fishing. UK Addressed Industry, tourism/recreational activities (probably associated with shipping) and shipping, as well as marine hydrocarbon extraction are addressed. IE Addressed Industry, urban activities and shipping, as well as fisheries are addressed. FR Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and solid waste disposal, as well as dumping of munitions and shipping, are addressed, when combined with the D8 programme. ES Addressed Spain reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9, except one existing D9-specific measure. Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and shipping are addressed. PT Partially addressed Shipping is addressed, when combined with the D8 programme. Marine hydrocarbon extraction is not addressed. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Addressed The United Kingdom reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9. Industry, agriculture and shipping (point and diffuse discharges) are addressed. Even though Gibraltar has no fishing fleet, it conducts tests on imported seafood, as required under other EU legislation as well as to meet D9 objectives. ES Addressed Spain reports the same set of measures for D8 and D9, except one existing D9-specific measure. Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and shipping, as well as marine hydrocarbon extraction, are addressed. FR Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and solid waste disposal, as well as dumping of munitions and shipping, are addressed, when combined with the D8 programme. IT Partially Addressed Industry and offshore structures are addressed, when combined with the D8 programme. The D9 programme includes several measures to tackle the issue of contaminants, targeting several sources such as aquaculture (through the D9-specific measures), agriculture, industry and shipping (through measures also relevant for D8). Even though offshore structures are not covered by any D9 measure, it is still likely to be addressed by D8-related measures. However, other sources of contaminants such as urban activities and port operations, reported by neighbouring Member States as important sources of pressures, are not covered. MT Addressed Industry, urban activities, desalination/water abstraction and aquaculture, as well as port operations and shipping, are addressed, when combined with the D8 programme. The measures address the relevant pressures as they will ensure the identification of potential risk of contaminated seafood and notification of the competent authorities. Concentration levels in marine water are addressed under D8 and will contribute towards reducing pressures under D9. HR SI EL CY Addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities and shipping are addressed when combined with the D8 programme. A D9-specific measure has been defined to address contaminants in seafood (it however does not focus on a specific activity). Black Sea BG Partially addressed Industry, agriculture, urban activities, port operations and shipping, as sources of hazardous compounds, are addressed when combined with the D8 programme. Industry as responsible for accidental pollution, is not addressed. RO Table 6 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for D9 Conclusions D8 and D9 — Contaminants and contaminants in seafood Strengths Contaminants in the sea are addressed by all Member States through measures that target land-based (e.g. industry, urban areas), as well as sea-based sources (e.g. shipping). Most Member States address accidental pollution. Measures link to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (IMO-MARPOL). Most Member States make use of synergies with existing legal acts targeting contamination which are extensively referenced in their programmes of measures (i.e. WFD, National Emission Ceiling Directive, Industrial Emissions Directive, Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive and EC Regulation on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships among others). For D9, Member States have a coherent approach in the way they address this descriptor. Most Member States do not report D9 specific measures, but rather refer to their D8 measures that are relevant to D9 as well. This approach is logical (as log as seafood origin can be traces to a specific area), as reducing the input levels of contaminants to the sea will inevitably reduce the level of contaminants in seafood. For D9, Member States that have applied for an exception under Article 14(1)(a) and (e) have provided fully grounded justifications for doing so (e.g. concentrations of hazardous substances in marine waters from transboundary sources. The issue cannot be solely addressed by a single Member State’s programme of measures). Weaknesses Unlike other sources of contaminants, most Member States do not address atmospheric deposition. The Member States that address this type of pollution mainly refer to the Industrial Emissions Directive and the National Emission Ceiling Directive. Some but not all Member States address biological effects by contaminants. For D9, most Member States do not make sufficient references to relevant EU policies such as EU rules on setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. In addition, most Member States do not explain how their D8 measures will contribute in addressing pressures for D9. For D8, Member States that have applied for an exception under Article 14(1)(a), (e) or Article 14(4) have not always provided fully grounded justifications for doing so (e.g. few highlight historical contamination, others refer to transboundary sources of contaminants, while one refers to disproportionate costs of removing contaminants). Recommendations Member States should address atmospheric deposition (from sea-based and land-based sources) better. The manner in which the D8 measures contribute to D9 targets should be better explained in the Member State programmes. If applied, exceptions should be justified better.





6.Descriptor 10 — Marine litter Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of pressures addressed by the programmes for marine litter (D10) is assessed to be moderate to high across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Addressed Fisheries, tourism/recreational activities and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is also addressed. EE LV Addressed Even though marine litter has not been reported as a pressure in Latvia’s Article 8 report, retail sector, tourism/recreation activities and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is indirectly addressed. LT PL Addressed Tourism/recreational activities are addressed. Several other activities are covered (e.g., port operations or urban activities). Micro-litter is indirectly addressed. DE Addressed Industry, tourism/recreational activities, and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is also addressed through measures on urban activities (municipal waste water discharge). DK SE Partially addressed Fisheries and shipping are addressed. Tourism/recreational activities might be targeted indirectly (mainly through measures against littering), although no specific measure focusing on these activities have been reported. Micro-litter is also addressed through measures on industry (discharges, emissions, cosmetics) and urban activities (municipal waste water discharge). North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Partially addressed Fisheries and shipping are addressed. Tourism/recreational activities might be targeted indirectly (mainly through measures against littering), although no specific measure focusing on these activities have been reported. Micro-litter is also addressed through measures on industry (discharges, emissions, cosmetics) and urban activities (municipal waste water discharge). DK DE Addressed Fisheries, offshore structures, and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is addressed through measures on several activities, including urban ones (sewage treatment plants). NL Addressed Fisheries, tourism/recreational activities, and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is addressed through measures on industry (cosmetic). BE Addressed Fisheries, tourism/recreational activities, and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is indirectly addressed. UK Addressed Fisheries, industry, and tourism/recreational activities are covered. It is not clear if micro-litter is addressed (no data). IE Addressed Fisheries, urban, tourism/recreational activities and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is directly addressed by a measure on the implementation of the UWWTD and also indirectly. FR Addressed Fisheries, aquaculture, industry, urban, port operations, tourism/recreational activities and shipping are addressed. These measures will also address micro-litter from secondary sources (that derive from the degradation of products during their lifecycle or from the degradation of macro-litter). ES Addressed Fisheries, aquaculture, urban, tourism/recreational activities, and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is addressed through measures on industry (discharges, emissions). PT Partially addressed Fisheries, port operations and shipping are addressed. Urban areas and tourism are not addressed. It is not clear if micro-litter is addressed (no data). Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed Urban, industry, tourism/recreational activities and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is likely to be addressed. ES Addressed Fisheries, urban, tourism/recreational activities, and shipping are addressed. Micro-litter is addressed through measures on industry (discharges, emissions). FR Addressed Fisheries, aquaculture, industry, urban, port operations, tourism/recreational activities and shipping are addressed. Even though, fisheries, aquaculture and shipping do not seem to be covered by specific measures in the Western Mediterranean Sea, these activities are very likely to be addressed by the measures targeting various sectors (that have not been specified in the reported measures). These measures also address micro-litter from secondary sources (that derive from the degradation of products during their lifecycle or from the degradation of macro-litter). IT Partially addressed Fisheries, urban activities and shipping are addressed. Tourism/recreational activities are indirectly addressed. Micro-litter is addressed. MT Addressed Fisheries, tourism/recreational activities, and shipping are addressed. Malta also addresses dredging, which it considers relevant to its marine waters. It is not clear if micro-litter is addressed (no data). HR SI EL CY Partially addressed Urban and tourism/recreational activities are addressed. Industry and shipping are not addressed. It is not clear if micro-litter is addressed (no data). Black Sea BG Addressed Fisheries, urban activities, and shipping are addressed. It is not clear if micro-litter is addressed (no data). RO Table 7 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for D10 Conclusions D10 — Marine litter Strengths Measures cover both the reduction of marine litter input in coastal areas and in the open sea, as well as the removal of existing litter. Efforts are mostly directed towards macro-litter, through measures such as the introduction of tracking devices on fishing nets to avoid having them lost in the sea, banning the use of plastic bags, the organisation of beach clean-up days and fishing for litter initiatives targeting fisherman. Most Member States report measures that are linked with regional actions and coordinated by contracting parties of relevant Regional Sea Conventions. These mostly link to regional action plans for litter, such as under OSPAR, HELCOM and UNEP/MAP. Most Member States also report awareness raising efforts targeting not just the public, but also professional sectors that can be a source of litter (e.g. fishermen) Transboundary impacts of marine litter are acknowledged by most Member States. All Member States are aware of the problem of marine litter, including micro-litter, and most Member States have a good understanding of the main sources contributing to this problem. Weaknesses Micro-litter is not yet fully covered by all Member States. Some report indirect measures to address knowledge gaps for this type of litter, which while not yet fully addressing the problem, will positively contribute to better characterising the pressure and its potential impact on fauna. Very few Member States report direct measures on micro-litter. Although many Member States refer to ‘degradation products’ in their GES and target definitions (in a general way), no direct measures are in place to tackle these degradation products. Due to the lack of knowledge and reporting on the effects of marine litter on biota, it is often unclear how Member States will interpret the issue of ‘not cause damage on the marine environment’ or ‘significant impacts on the marine ecosystem’, even though these aspects have been included in many of the GES definitions or in specific targets. Even though transboundary impacts of marine litter are acknowledged by most Member States, no specific actions (e.g. governance efforts) are reported. One Member State applied for an exception under Article 14(1)(a) but did not provide a fully grounded justification for doing so (transboundary nature of marine litter not sufficiently explained). Recommendations Member States should address micro-litter better, through direct measures, in addition to indirect measures, in line with recommendations of TG Litter, to ensure coherence of approaches at the EU level. Member States should establish additional research efforts to address data gaps, increase knowledge and pave the way for direct action to address this litter segment as soon as possible. Member States should develop efforts to prevent, identify and tackle pollution hot spots (e.g. from plastic pellets, lost fishing gear, single-use plastics, aquaculture, etc.). Member States should develop targeted measures for products responsible for beach litter coming from both sea-based and land-based sources (such as single-use plastic items).



7.Descriptor 11 — Underwater noise & Energy Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of programmes in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for underwater noise and energy (D11) is assessed to be low to moderate across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Partially addressed Shipping is addressed. Port operations are indirectly addressed. EE LV Partially addressed The programme includes one indirect measure. Latvia does not report underwater noise as a pressure in its marine waters, and does not report measures that will directly contribute to decreasing the pressure. Nevertheless, the reported research measure will contribute to addressing knowledge gaps for this descriptor. Still, most of the neighbouring Member States report marine-based renewable energy and shipping as key activities contributing to underwater noise. LT PL Partially addressed Shipping is addressed. Marine based renewable energy generation, fisheries are only covered by licensing and EIA measures and most new measures are indirect. While the reported measures do not yet directly address the pressures, they contribute to better characterise them, understanding risks and to the work of defining thresholds at the EU/(sub)regional level. DE Addressed Marine based renewable energy generation, marine hydrocarbon extraction, marine mining, tourism/recreational activities and shipping are addressed. Heat and light inputs are also addressed through measures on marine based renewable energy generation, industry, submarine cable/pipeline operations and offshore activities. DK SE Partially addressed Marine based renewable energy generation, fisheries, offshore activities, marine research and shipping are indirectly addressed through knowledge increase efforts and coordination actions. These will contribute to better understanding the pressures. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Partially addressed Marine based renewable energy generation, fisheries, marine research and shipping are indirectly addressed through knowledge increase efforts and coordination actions. These will contribute to better understanding the pressures. DK DE Addressed Marine based renewable energy generation, marine hydrocarbon extraction, fisheries, marine mining, defence operations, marine research and shipping are addressed. Heat and light inputs are also addressed through measures on marine based renewable energy generation, industry, submarine cable/pipeline operations and offshore activities. NL Addressed Marine based renewable energy generation, marine hydrocarbon extraction, offshore structures, marine research and shipping are addressed. Light inputs are also addressed through measures targeting offshore activities. BE Partially addressed Marine based renewable energy generation is addressed. Shipping is indirectly addressed by a measure that develops communication and awareness raising effort. UK Partially addressed Marine based renewable energy generation, marine hydrocarbon extraction, dredging, land claim/coastal defence and shipping are addressed. Marine research (impulsive noise) is not addressed. Continuous underwater noise is also not yet fully covered. IE Addressed Marine hydrocarbon extraction, fisheries, dredging, marine research and shipping are addressed. Fisheries and dredging are likely to be covered by various measures covering EIA and guidance documents. FR Addressed Marine mining, offshore activities, marine research and shipping are addressed. Marine-based renewable energy generation is also covered by the completely new D11 measure. ES Partially addressed Submarine cable/pipelines, recreational activities (linked to shipping), marine research and shipping are addressed. Fisheries are only indirectly addressed through a measure that aims to raise awareness about various pressures on the marine environment. Marine hydrocarbon extraction, port operations and solid waste disposal are not addressed. PT Partially addressed The programme includes one D11-specific indirect measure, two other new indirect measures that are also relevant for other descriptors and eight horizontal new measures. While the reported measures do not yet directly address any pressures, they contribute to better characterising pressures, understanding risks and defining thresholds at the EU/sub divisional level. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed Maintenance dredging is addressed. Tourism/recreational activities and shipping are not addressed. EIA and Appropriate assessments (AA) measures will contribute to reducing noise pressures, but they will not be sufficient to cover noise impacts from all activities within the region. ES Partially addressed Submarine cable/pipelines, recreational activities (linked to shipping), marine research and shipping are addressed. Fisheries are only indirectly addressed through a measure that aims to raise awareness about various pressures on the marine environment. Marine hydrocarbon extraction, port operations and solid waste disposal are not addressed. FR Addressed Port operations, marine research and shipping are addressed. IT Addressed Marine hydrocarbon extraction, marine research and shipping are addressed. Both impulsive and continuous noises are covered. MT Partially addressed Marine hydrocarbon exploration and extraction is addressed (impulsive noise). Shipping is not addressed (continuous noise). HR SI EL CY Partially addressed Marine hydrocarbon extraction is addressed. Fisheries, industry, tourism/recreational activities, marine research and shipping are not addressed. Black Sea BG Partially addressed Marine hydrocarbon extraction is addressed. Dredging, land claim/coastal defence, port operations, tourism/recreational activities and shipping are indirectly addressed through measures on data collection for monitoring purposes and filling knowledge gaps. While one of the reported measures does not directly address the pressures, it contributes to better characterise them, understand risks and define thresholds at the EU/(sub)regional level. RO Table 8 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for D11 Conclusions

D11 — Underwater noise and energy Strengths Most Member States report research efforts, which aim to collect additional data and conduct studies to better characterise the pressure of noise, and impact on fauna (mainly marine mammals) in line with the TG Noise recommendation. Some Member States have started addressing impulsive noise through measures directly targeting this pressure. Few Member States have also reported measures tackling other energy inputs (such as heat and light). Most Member States report measures that aim to implement a register for impulsive sounds. Some Member States have started monitoring initiatives to model / measure continuous noise, which can be seen as a progress. The pressure of underwater noise is at least partially addressed by most Member States. Activities covered include shipping, renewable energy generation, hydrocarbon extraction, seismic studies and marine research. Weaknesses The programmes of Member States are often very unclear concerning D11. It is often difficult to distinguish between planned measures and those already undertaken. Much of what is being described appears to be intentions for future actions. Few Member States have established synergies with existing legal acts. Some measures refer to the implementation of EIA procedures. Recommendations Member States should make more efforts to address data gaps and consolidate research results to move closer to characterising the noise pressure across the EU (or (sub)regionally), in line with the TG Noise recommendation. This will allow them to then define more concrete and direct measures to address underwater noise in the second MSFD implementation cycle. Member States should establish direct measures to address activities that are known to produce high levels of noise, as soon as possible. All Member States not having done so should establish a register for impulsive low-mid frequency noise. Those Member States should also ensure that data gaps are addressed for continuous low frequency sounds in line with TG Noise recommendations, to ensure coherence of approaches at the EU level. Member States should also establish measures that address additional aspects of this descriptor, such as heat and light. Member States should more consistently use synergies with relevant existing EU legal acts, such as the EIA Directive; as well as implement measures in line with relevant IMO guidelines for the reduction of underwater noise from commercial shipping to address adverse impacts on marine life.



8.Descriptors 1, 4, 6 — Biodiversity I.General biodiversity The coherence of the programmes in addressing biodiversity is detailed in the respective sections for birds, fish and cephalopods, mammals and reptiles, water column habitats and seabed habitats. Conclusions D1, 4, 6 — General biodiversity Strengths Member States’ programmes of measures for the Descriptor themes of birds, mammals and reptiles (D1, 4) and seabed habitats (D1, 4, 6) are mostly coherent. Pressures are covered within the programmes, in particular for the priority pressures for particular species groups and habitats, such as by-catch (birds, mammals), noise (mammals) and trawling (seabed habitats). The majority of Member States use synergies with the Birds and Habitats Directive, by including relevant measures from these legal acts into their MSFD programmes. Some Member States also refer to the WFD and the CFP. Weaknesses The programmes of Member States for the Descriptor themes of fish and cephalopods (when relevant) (D1, 4) and water column habitats (D1, 4) are moderately coherent. Pressures of by-catch are addressed for fish and cephalopods, yet most Member States focus on commercial species, rather than a broader range of species. Member States do not explicitly report which measures in their programmes will contribute to addressing pressures on water column habitats. It is thus not always clear how measures will contribute to progress towards targets and GES (as defined by each Member State). For the most part, D4 is considered in measures related to specific species (indicator species). There is little consideration to the broader functioning of the foodweb, which would logically consider key species or functional types at various trophic levels. In some instances, this information is being gathered as part of D1, but is not considered within the framework of D4. Some Member States indicate that they do not currently know enough about the functioning of the foodweb to develop meaningful measures. Although links with existing legislation, conservation initiatives and projects are made, there is little linkage provided between the biodiversity descriptors and relevant pressure descriptors, which makes it difficult to assess whether certain pressures that affect biodiversity are being sufficiently addressed. In the case of non-indigenous species, for example, there is rarely any cross-referencing between strategies to address impacts of non-indigenous species within the biodiversity descriptors. Eutrophication also requires further synthesis within the biodiversity framework. Other important descriptors not considered within the framework of the biodiversity descriptors include contaminants and marine litter. There is rarely enough information within the programmes to determine progress towards ‘addressing’ pressures (i.e. stopping the pressure from damaging key features). Most measures indicate that actions to ‘address’ pressures will likely continue beyond 2020, but do not specify a timeline. The spatial measures reported do not always provide clear and specific information of the management efforts that were/are expected to be put in place. Information gaps include the representation of species and habitats within the MPAs, the size, number and location of MPAs, the conservation objectives of the MPAs, their coherence and the policies and measures that will be in place within these areas. Links with the other measures in the Member States’ programmes is not always evidenced either. Data gaps are normally defined in the measures for biodiversity descriptors and it is stated that the time required to conduct research and fill the identified gaps will subsequently move the achievement of GES beyond the 2020 target and into subsequent cycles. There are also many inconsistencies between targets, GES definitions and the programmes of measures; some examples include indicator or protected species being identified for protection in the GES and targets, which are not specifically discussed within the programmes. In a number of instances for the biodiversity descriptors the targets do not adequately link with the programmes, making an assessment of progress towards GES very difficult in the future. In some instances, it appears that a completely different method of ecological appraisal has been developed for the targets and for the programmes. An example of this is the reference to target or indicator species within the targets, which are subsequently not referenced again within the programmes. Pressures on marine species and habitats are often addressed mainly through spatial protection measures (including MPAs), which limits the spatial scope of the measures and the potential benefits on species groups and habitats. Furthermore, some Member States do not have a sufficient distribution of MPAs (particularly into open sea areas away from the coast. Recommendations Member States should consider establishing additional measures beyond spatial protection efforts to address species and habitats. It is important that pressures are addressed across the broader territory of each Member State. Member States should more clearly explain how measures for species groups contribute to D4, D3 and D6 (and vice versa). Clearer reporting on D4 in the future would improve the understanding on how food webs in particular are addressed by the programme. Member States should provide more specific information on measures for the biodiversity descriptors, in terms of what will be done to ensure that GES will be achieved by 2020 and if not, how and when GES is to be achieved beyond the 2020 target. Member States should provide more information on estimating the reductions of pressures that are expected from the measures and how this will benefit species and habitats. Many of the monitoring programmes included detailed ecological information on the dynamics of species and habitats and deviations from natural trends and it is important that this information is put in context with the programmes and when such measures will allow for GES to be achieved for species and habitats.



II.D1, 4 Birds Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of the programmes in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for birds (D1, 4) is assessed to be moderate to high across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. EE LV Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. General, non-bird specific biodiversity measures are likely to address pressures on birds. But it remains unclear if important pressures are covered. LT PL Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Also, oil pollution originating from ships is addressed. DE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. MPA and fisheries management measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Also, visual light disturbances from man-made structures are addressed. DK SE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Also, impacts of collisions with boats and marine litter are addressed. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Also, impacts of collisions with boats and marine litter are addressed. DK DE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Also, visual light disturbances are addressed. NL Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Impacts on breeding and refuge areas and biological disturbance caused by various activities (e.g. land claim, dredging, civil aviation) are covered. BE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Also, collisions with shipping vessels and oil pollution are addressed. UK Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Visual light disturbance is indirectly addressed. Also, the measures cover impacts from non-indigenous species. IE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Also, contaminants are covered. FR Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. ES Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Visual light disturbance is addressed in the Canary Islands. Also, oil pollution and non-indigenous species impacts are addressed. PT Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed only in the Continental subregion. Nesting areas are protected in the Continental and Azores subdivisions. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Also, impacts on bird nests will be reduced. Impacts from hunting and recreational activities are addressed. ES Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Also, oil pollution and non-indigenous species introductions in relation to birds are addressed. FR Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Visual light disturbance and noise are covered. Also, activities attracting predation (from rats and invasive species) are addressed. IT Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. MT Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Also, visual light disturbances from man-made structures and noise impacts are addressed (incl. from recreational boating). Also, activities attracting predation (from rats) in SPAs are addressed. HR SI EL CY Partially addressed By-catch is not specifically addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. Black Sea BG Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on bird habitats. RO Table 9 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for birds (D1, 4) Conclusions

D1, 4 — Birds Strengths By-catch for birds is addressed by almost all Member States through fisheries management measures. Several Member States complement their direct measures with indirect measures on awareness-raising on the impact of by-catch on birds for stakeholders of the fisheries industry and the general public. Weaknesses Only certain Member States address pressures beyond by-catch for birds, covering physical disturbances such as light pollution, oil pollution, effects of non-indigenous species on seabirds, the disturbance of nesting sites by predation, noise, contaminants and litter ingestion. Overall, birds are the most studied species group. However, bird food sources have been poorly addressed in the programmes. Recommendations Member States should consider establishing additional measures to address pressures on birds beyond by-catch (e.g., light and noise disturbances, disturbances on nesting sites by predation, effects of non-indigenous species, contaminants, and litter ingestion), if not already done so.



III.D1, 4 Fish and cephalopods Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of the programmes in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for fish and cephalopods (D1, 4) is assessed to be moderate to high across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Partially addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is indirectly addressed. Impacts on functional fish habitats, such as breeding sites and migratory fish habitats, are addressed. EE LV Partially addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. General, non-fish specific biodiversity measures are likely to address pressures on fish. But it remains unclear if important pressures are covered. LT PL Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on fish habitats. Impacts on functional fish areas are addressed (i.e. from bottom trawling). DE Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Longitudinal continuity is addressed for migratory species. The impact of underwater noise is considered. DK SE Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Also, the pressures contaminants, marine litter and eutrophication are addressed. North-East Atlantic SE Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries and hunting is addressed. Contaminants and eutrophication are addressed for fish. DK DE Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Longitudinal continuity is addressed for migratory species. The impact of underwater noise is considered. NL Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Longitudinal continuity is addressed for migratory species. Impacts on fish habitats through various activities are addressed (e.g. shipping, dredging, recreation). BE Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Contaminants are addressed for fish. UK Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries and non-commercial fisheries is addressed. Threatened and vulnerable fish species are particularly targeted (e.g. elasmobranches and migratory fish). IE Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on fish habitats. Contaminants are addressed for fish. FR Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Also, fishing impacts on fish habitats are covered. Longitudinal continuity is addressed for migratory species. ES Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Also, impacts of aquaculture are covered. PT Partially addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on fish habitats. Nevertheless, there is a lack of coverage of non-commercial fish species. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on fish habitats. But, illegalfishing activities, which cause by-catch for fish, are not addressed. ES Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Also, impacts of aquaculture are covered. FR Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Longitudinal continuity is addressed for migratory species. Contaminants are addressed for fish. IT Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on fish habitats. Contaminants are addressed for fish. MT Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Also, injury and mortality from ghost fishing (marine litter) are addressed. Specific actions to protect vulnerable elasmobranch species are reported. Malta refers to pressures such as changes to hydrological processes and contaminants, but claims to cover these under D7 and D8. HR SI EL CY Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on fish habitats. Artificial reefs have been reported to improve functional fish habitats. Black Sea BG Addressed The pressure extraction of species from commercial fisheries and recreational fisheries is addressed. RO Table 10 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for fish and cephalopods (D1, 4) Conclusions D1, 4 — Fish and cephalopods Strengths Some Member States complement commercial fish and shellfish (D3) measures with spatial protection measures aiming to also protect non-commercial species. In addition to protecting fish species, some Member States also protect functional fish habitats through spatial protection measures. Weaknesses Overall, fish are considered to have the weakest coverage of the biodiversity species groups. Most targets and GES definitions consider non-commercial fish species in their text, but only limited actions are provided in the measures (beyond those for commercial stocks). The programmes of measures do not include specific measures or plans for cephalopod species. Commercial fish species are more broadly considered within the programmes through measures under the CFP, and the Member States make only limited reference to non-commercial fish stocks (and cephalopods when applicable). In addition, further MPAs need to be considered for open sea areas to protect non-commercial fish and cephalopods species and their habitats from pressures that affect them such as non-indigenous species, by-catch, noise and contaminants. Even though area-based protection is considered within the programmes, there is little information on where fish and cephalopod species present within Member States’ territorial waters are protected and how they are protected. Member States that have applied for an exception under Article 14(1)(e) have not always provided fully grounded justifications for doing so (e.g. time-lags for biomass increase but details are missing). Recommendations Member States should establish measures that extend beyond CFP, Habitats Directive and WFD related efforts, and address additional fish and cephalopod species, which are non-commercial species in open sea areas. The Member States should therefore establish more measures targeting non-commercial fish and cephalopods (when relevant) in these areas. Member States should establish measures that include additional MPAs in open sea areas to protect non-commercial fish and cephalopods species from various pressures (non-indigenous species, by-catch, noise and contaminants). Information on existing MPAs and the level of protection they provide for fish (commercial and non-commercial) and cephalopods species should be more clearly reported where fish and cephalopods species occur within Member States’ territorial waters, are protected and how they are protected.



IV.D1, 4 Mammals and reptiles Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of the programmes in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for mammals and reptiles (D1, 4) is assessed to be moderate across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on mammal habitats. Underwater noise is indirectly addressed. The Member State covers contaminants. EE LV Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is indirectly addressed. Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on mammal habitats. LT PL Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on mammal habitats. Contaminants from oil pollution are covered. Underwater noise is not covered. DE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on mammal habitats. Underwater noise is addressed. DK SE Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on mammal habitats. Underwater noise and contaminants are not addressed. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on mammal habitats. Underwater noise and contaminants are not covered. DK DE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Underwater noise is covered. NL Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. Shipping impacts are addressed. BE Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. But, underwater noise and other shipping impacts on mammal habitats are not covered. UK Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Also, underwater noise, contaminants and collisions with ships are covered. IE Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. Underwater noise and contaminants are covered. FR Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. Underwater noise and contaminants are covered. ES Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. Also, underwater noise and collisions with ships are covered for mammals. PT Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. But underwater noise is not covered. Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed Spatial protection and MSP measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. But, underwater noise and collisions with ships are not addressed. ES Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. Underwater noise is covered. Also, mammal collisions with ships are addressed. FR Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. Underwater noise and contaminants are covered. IT Addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Contaminants from pollution are covered. Also, mammal collisions with ships are addressed. MT Partially addressed Incidental by-catch from fisheries and hunting, as well as impacts from tourism and mortality of cetaceans from collisions with ships are addressed. Only impulsive underwater noise (seismic activities) is covered and continuous noise (from shipping) is not. HR SI EL CY Partially addressed By-catch of turtles from fisheries is not addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal and turtle habitats. Underwater noise will be addressed. Black Sea BG Partially addressed By-catch from fisheries is addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on mammal habitats. Underwater noise will be addressed for oil and gas exploitation activities. No measure has been reported to address pressures from shipping. RO Table 11 Assessment conclusions of coverage of pressures by Member States for mammals and reptiles (D1, 4)

Conclusions D1, 4 — Mammals and reptiles Strengths By-catch from fisheries activities affecting mammals and reptiles (where relevant) is addressed by all Member States. Most Member States also report spatial protection measures to address several pressures such as underwater noise due to shipping, by-catch and habitat damage/loss. Furthermore, several Member States go beyond by-catch, and also address underwater noise or contaminants and their direct effects on mammals and reptiles (where relevant). Weaknesses Most Member States do not address other direct pressures on mammals, such as collisions with ships or underwater noise. Measures addressing ingestion and entanglement from marine litter are not extensively reported. This can be considered as a shortcoming in the reporting by Member States, as marine litter measures reported by all Member States are likely to address this issue. Most measures heavily rely on the Habitats Directive. Very little information is provided on the suitability and status of these existing, often species-specific measures. There is little reference to any additional work on species not covered within the Habitats Directive (although the majority of marine mammals and reptiles are considered under this Directive), as well as the areas not covered by the Natura 2000 network (e.g., open sea areas) where all kinds of cumulative impacts can still affect species. Recommendations Member States should consider establishing additional measures to address relevant pressures on mammals and reptiles beyond by-catch (e.g. collisions with ships, noise, entanglement, and ingestion of litter), if not already done so. Member States should establish measures beyond the remits of the Habitats Directive to strengthen marine mammal and reptile protection. V.D1, 4 Water column habitats Have the pressures been covered by Member States? Coherence of the programmes in the coverage of pressures and associated activities for water column habitats (D1, 4) is assessed to be moderate across the EU. Region Member State Assessment against pressures Explanation Baltic Sea FI Partially addressed Nutrient enrichment is covered by the measures. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). Marine litter will be addressed indirectly. EE LV Partially addressed Nutrient enrichment and contaminants are addressed. General, non-water column specific biodiversity measures are likely to address pressures on water column habitats. But it remains unclear if important pressures are covered. LT PL Partially addressed Nutrient enrichment is covered by the measures. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats. No other pressures are directly addressed. DE Partially addressed Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats (incl. improving seabed habitat conditions and reduce waste water runoff). No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species (even though these measures are reported under D2 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). DK SE Addressed Nutrient enrichment and contaminants are addressed. Also, non-indigenous species and hydrographical changes pressures are covered. North-East Atlantic Ocean SE Addressed Nutrient enrichment and contaminants are addressed. Also, non-indigenous species and hydrographical changes pressures are covered. DK DE Partially addressed Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats (incl. improving seabed habitat conditions and reduce waste water runoff). No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species (even though these measures are reported under D2 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). NL Partially addressed No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, eutrophication, hydrographical changes or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2, D5, D7 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). BE Partially addressed No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, eutrophication or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2, D5 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). UK Partially addressed The Member State refers to commercial fish and shellfish (D3) and eutrophication (D5) measures to address pressures on water column habitats (but does not specify which measures are relevant. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). IE Partially addressed Contaminants are covered. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, eutrophication or marine litter (even though these measures are reported under D2, D5 and D10 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). FR Partially addressed Extraction of species from commercial fisheries is covered, in addition to aquaculture impacts. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, eutrophication or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2, D5 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). ES Addressed Nutrient enrichment, contaminants, non-indigenous species, marine litter and hydrological conditions are addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats. PT Partially addressed Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, commercial fish and shellfish, eutrophication or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2, D3, D5 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). Mediterranean Sea UK (Gibraltar) Partially addressed The Member State refers to commercial fish and shellfish (D3) and eutrophication (D5) measures to address pressures on water column habitats (but does not specify which measures are relevant. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). ES Addressed Nutrient enrichment, contaminants, non-indigenous species, marine litter and hydrological conditions are addressed. Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats. FR Partially addressed Extraction of species from commercial fisheries is covered. The impact of noise is covered. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, eutrophication or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2, D5 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). Marine litter will be addressed indirectly. IT Partially addressed No water column habitat measures have been reported. But spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, commercial fisheries, eutrophication or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2, D3, D5 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). MT Partially addressed Nutrient enrichment is covered by the measures. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species or contaminants (even though these measures are reported under D2 and D8 and will contribute to reducing the pressure). HR SI EL CY Partially addressed Spatial protection measures will reduce pressures on water column habitats. No links are made between water column habitats and measures addressing non-indigenous species, eutrophication or contaminants (even though these measures