12. Points out that in order for any international instrument to be effective, it must as a minimum
include the following provisions:
(a) a prohibition on the use, production, financing, transfer and stockpiling of cluster munitions;(b) a prohibition on providing anyone with assistance in relation to the use, production, transferor stock-
piling of cluster munitions;
(c) an obligation to destroy stockpiles of cluster munitions within a specified period of time, which must
be as short as possible;
(d) an obligation to mark, fence and clear contaminated areas as soon as possible, but no later than a
specified deadline, and to establish and maintain effective capacity to carry out these actions; an obliga-tion to provide assistance with marking, fencing and other warnings, with risk education, and withclearance; users of cluster munitions should be under special obligations to provide such assistance,including provision of timely and detailed information on use;
(e) an obligation to provide assistance to victims through, for example, the implementation of data collec-
tion, emergency and continuing medical care, physical rehabilitation, psychological support, socialinclusion, economic inclusion and/or reintegration, legal support and disability laws and policies;
13. Recommends sending representatives to the forthcoming conferences within the framework of the
Oslo Process;
14. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council, the Commission, the High Represen-
tative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the governments and parliaments of the EU MemberStates, the UN Secretary-General and the Cluster Munitions Coalition.
P6_TA(2007)0485
Production of opium for medical purposes in Afghanistan
European Parliament recommendation to the Council of 25 October 2007 on production of opium
for medical purposes in Afghanistan (2007/2125(INI))
The European Parliament ,
— having regard to the proposal for a recommendation to the Council tabled on behalf of the ALDE
Group on production of opium for medical purposes in Afghanistan (B6-0187/2007),
— having regard to its previous resolutions on Afghanistan, most recently that of 18 January 2006 (1);
— having regard to the 2006 UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)/World Bank report on ‘Afghanis-
tan's Drug Industry ’,
— having regard to the 2007 Annual Report issued by the UNODC in June 2007;
(1) OJ C 287 E, 24.11.2006, p. 176.16.10.2008 EN C 263 E/651 Official Journal of the European Union
Thursday 25 October 2007
— having regard to the UN's Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Resolution 2005/25 of 22 July
2005 on treatment of pain using opioid analgesics, in which the feasibility of a possible assistancemechanism that would facilitate such treatment is discussed, to ECOSOC Resolution 2004/40 of21 July 2004 on guidelines for psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of persons dependenton opioids, to ECOSOC Resolution 2005/26 of 22 July 2005 on demand for and supply of opiatesused to meet medical and scientific needs, to World Health Assembly (WHA) Resolution 58.22 of25 May 2005 on cancer prevention and control, to WHA Resolution 55.14 of 18 May 2002 onensuring accessibility of essential medicines, and to the final recommendations of the 12th InternationalConference of Drug Regulatory Authorities, held in Seoul from 3-6 April 2006, urging regulators towork for better access to narcotic painkillers;
— having regard to the mission reports of its ad hoc delegation to Afghanistan, in July 2005, and of its
election observation mission in September 2005;
— having regard to the final report of the European Union Election Observation Mission to the parlia-
mentary and provincial council elections held on 18 September 2005;
— having regard to Rule 114(3) of its Rules of Procedure;
— having regard to the report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (A6-0341/2007);
A. whereas international drugs policies are based on the United Nations Conventions of 1961, 1971 and
1988 that prohibit, in particular, the production, trafficking, sale and consumption of a whole range ofsubstances other than for medical or scientific purposes,
B. whereas the UNODC report entitled ‘Afghanistan Opium Survey 2006 ’stresses that the area under illicit
opium cultivation produced a record volume of about 6,100 tonnes in 2006, an increase of nearly50 % over 2004 figures,
C. whereas the Afghan National Drug Control Strategy adopted in January 2006 addresses supply as well
as demand reduction, alternative livelihoods and the strengthening of government institutions, and
whereas the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, established with the help of EU money, is the lead agencyin the implementation of the strategy,
D. whereas the Government of Afghanistan established a Drug Regulation Committee, which comprises
officials from the Ministries of Counter Narcotics, Health and Finance, in order to regulate the licensing,sale, dispensation, import and export of all drugs for licit purposes in the country,
E. whereas the EU should do more to bring about a drastic reduction in opium production (by participat-
ing in the Counter-Narcotics Trust Fund and the Good Performance Fund) since —according to the
UNODC's Afghanistan 2007 Annual Opium Poppy Survey —Afghanistan's opium production has now
reached a frightening new level, twice the amount produced just two years ago; whereas Afghanistanhas practically become the exclusive supplier of the world's deadliest drug, with 93 % of the globalopiates market, although it has to be noted that the number of opium-free provinces has more thandoubled, from 6 in 2006 to 13 in 2007 due to successful schemes supporting alternative livelihoodsand also expanded security in the north, as well as an effective awareness-raising programme includinga system of rewards for good performers, and that 50 % of the whole Afghan opium crop comes fromthe single province of Helmand,
F. whereas the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund estimate that almost 40 % of Afghanis-
tan's GDP is opium-related, and whereas the UNODC estimates that 3.3 million people (out of a popu-lation of over 31 million) are engaged in the poppy sector, producing an income of USD 1 965 a yearper family,C 263 E/652 EN 16.10.2008 Official Journal of the European Union
Thursday 25 October 2007
G. whereas in 2007 the farm-gate value of the opium harvest totalled USD 1 billion, or 13 % of the licit
GDP of Afghanistan of USD 7.5 billion, and whereas the total potential value of the country's 2007opium harvest accruing to farmers, laboratory owners and Afghan traffickers reached USD 3.1 billion,which represents almost half the country's licit GDP, or 32 % of the overall economy including theopium sector,
H. whereas the incentive for Afghan farmers to produce opiates is largely financial and whereas licensed
opiates will have to produce —in order to be economically attractive —an income higher than that
coming from illegal opiates,
I. whereas the European Union remains the biggest donor as regards efforts aimed at reducing the opium
supply through projects that promote alternative livelihoods —which are desperately needed as a way
to complement the national diet —as a substitute for illicit crops,
J. drawing attention to the Commission's recognition, as set out in the EC's Afghanistan Country Strategy
Paper (2007-2013), that the growing opium economy and the danger of ‘state capture ’by narco-inter-
ests pose a critical threat to development, state-building and security in Afghanistan,
K. whereas there are substantiated claims that insurgents, warlords, the Taliban and terrorist groups are
obtaining the major part of their funding through trade in illicit narcotics,
L. considering that on 25 June 2007, the Senlis Council, an international security and development think
tank, presented a detailed Technical Dossier that describes how a village-based ‘Poppy for Medicine ’
project could work in Afghanistan, including an Integrated Social Control system, the production ofAfghan medicines at village level, compulsory economic diversification and general rural development,
M. noting that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has indicated that 10 countries consume 80 % of
the opiates legally available worldwide, and that the remaining 180 states include the majority ofdeveloping countries that make up 80 % of the world's population; noting also that the InternationalNarcotics Control Board (INCB) has asked the international community to promote the prescription ofpainkillers, especially in poor countries, as severe under-treatment is reported in more than 150 coun-tries where hardly anyone who is in need of treatment is being treated, and, in another 30 countries,where under-treatment is even more prevalent or where no data are available,
N. Recalls that Article 23 of the 1961 UN Convention lays down conditions governing the cultivation,
production and distribution of opium under the supervision of a government agency, and insists thatthe Afghan Government satisfy those conditions, especially in respect of the southern provinces of thecountry, where there is excessive opium cultivation,
O. whereas the INCB has stated that there is a global oversupply of opiates for medical purposes, even if
this evaluation does not take into consideration potential demand,
P. whereas according to the report by the International Narcotics Control Board there is a global over-
supply of opiates for medical purposes,
Q. whereas the Afghan Constitution states that ‘the state shall prevent all types of cultivation and smug-
gling of narcotics ’and whereas Afghanistan's 2005 Counter Narcotics Drug Law provides for the even-
tual licensed production and distribution of controlled substances in Afghanistan,
R. convinced that, to promote and strengthen peace and security in Afghanistan, the international pre-
sence needs to be complemented by an increased civil cooperation, in order to foster socio-politicalprogress and economic development and also to win ‘the hearts and minds ’of the local population,16.10.2008 EN C 263 E/653 Official Journal of the European Union
Thursday 25 October 2007
S. considering, once again, the extremely high costs and serious flaws in terms of effectiveness of a
counter-narcotics strategy that does not take into account the regional, social and economic diversityof rural Afghanistan when developing and deploying measures on alternative livelihoods, and one thatis based only on eradication,
T. considering that the promotion of a process of institution-building, democratisation and affirmation of
the rule of law, a fair justice system and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms can onlyhappen through policies that do not impose violent solutions, such as forcible eradication of crops, onwhat are in themselves non-violent practices,
U. whereas the fight against drug production in Afghanistan should reflect a differentiated approach by
locality, whereas counter-narcotics efforts against farmers must be carefully limited to areas where licitlivelihoods are possible (places where access to land and water resources is better, there is proximity tomarkets and land-person ratios are higher), and whereas alternative livelihood programmes need tofocus especially on poorer regions with limited resources, which are the most dependent on opium inthe first place,
V. whereas the Country Strategy Paper for 2007-2013 has an appropriate focus on rural development and
governance, but more emphasis needs to be placed on the reform of the Afghan ministries in charge ofcontrolling drug production, especially the Ministry of the Interior,
1. Addresses the following recommendations to the Council:
(a) oppose, in the framework of integrated development programmes, recourse to fumigation as a means
of eradicating the poppy in Afghanistan;
(b) elaborate and submit to the Afghan Government, within the framework of EU-sponsored illicit supply
reduction programmes, a comprehensive plan and strategy aimed at controlling drug production inAfghanistan, by improving governance and tackling corruption at the highest levels of the Afghanadministration (with a special focus on the Ministry of the Interior), using existing international legalinstruments; targeting action against the key traffickers on the ground; improving comprehensive ruraldevelopment, particularly in the poorest areas and in those not yet producing opium on a large scale;carefully and selectively engaging in manual eradication; and looking at the possibility of pilot projectsfor small-scale conversion of parts of the current illicit poppy cultivation into fields for the production
of legal opium-based analgesics; that production should be subject to strict on-the-spot surveillance
which should in its turn be complemented with monitoring by an international organisation, such asthe UNDCP, which supervises that production and prevents any diversion of the product to other,illegal, markets such as the heroin market;
(c) offer its assistance in discussing the possibilities and the feasibility of a scientific ‘Poppy for Medicine ’
pilot project that will further investigate how licensing can contribute to the alleviation of poverty,diversification of the rural economy, general development and increased security, and how it canbecome a successful part of multilateral efforts for Afghanistan, ensuring that a mechanism is in placeto exclude regions where recent achievements in establishing the rule of law and the subsequent elim-ination or reduction of cultivation may easily be jeopardised;
2. Instructs its President to forward this recommendation to the Council and, for information, to the
Commission and the governments and parliaments of the Member States and of the Islamic Republic ofAfghanistan.C 263 E/654 EN 16.10.2008 Official Journal of the European Union
Thursday 25 October 2007