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COM (80)222
Vol.1980/0072

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COMMISSION OF THE -EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(80)222 final
Brussels ,7thMay1980
PROGRESS MADE INCONNECTION WITH THE
ENVIRONMENT ACTION PROGRAMME AND ASSESSMENT
OFTHE WORK DONE TOIMPLEMENT IT
(Communication from the Commission tothe Council )
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C0MC80 )222 final

•DISCUSSION AND WORKING PAPER OF
PROGRESS MADE INCOMEC1TON WITH THE ENVIRONMENT ACTION
PROGRAMME AND ASSESSMENT OPTHEWORK DONE TOIMPLEMENT IT
• ■ . ..
I. .BackOTound
In1971,theCommission sent totheCouncil aMemorandum ontheenvironment
pointing totheneed totake account ofnatural resources andthequality
oflife indefining andorganizing economic development intheComlnunity
andoutlining Community action inthis field *
V- " .1
Closely followed "bymemoranda from several acceding States ,this
initiative was soon toderive aconsiderable political boost from the :
declarations made attheParis Summit inOctober 1972 and ,led ,in
November 1973 »totheadoption bytheCouncil ofaCommunity policy and
Action Programme ontheenvironment which were confirmed andupdated in
1977 . ;
Prom theoutset ,theCommunity interpreted theterm "environment "fairly
broadly ,regarding itasencompassing allthenatural resources (the
natural environment ,land ,energy andrawmaterials )damaged orover- '
exploited asaresult ofeconomic andsocial development ,andthequality
oflife -which isgreatly influenced bytheway inwhich these natural
resources areexploited * , 7 /
Environment policy ,which "isintended tocontribute toharmonious economic
development ,thus hasatwo-fold objective !(i)toensure sound
management ofnatural resources –which are economic assets ofincreasing -
importance andcommon toallmankind nowand inthe future –and
(ii)tobring <rualitative aspects ,into theplanning andorganization of
economic andsocial development .TheCommunity 'senvironment policy aims
atachieving this twin objective byassigning totheMember States and
totheCommunity thecarrying-out ofactivities broken down ,inthe
1977-81 Action Programme ,into four main objectives : .
(i) -toreduce ,bymeans ofremedial or-ifpossible –preventive
action ,pollution andnuisancesdetrimental tonatural resources ,
thebiosphere andthequality oflife : "

-2-
(ii)toprotect natural resources andthenatural environment ,and
improve thequality oflife ,"bymeans ofmeasures regulating
certain activities and ,inthelonger term ,bynewinstruments ofa
preventive nature ;
(iii)toorganize back–upmeasures (research ,thespreading ofknowledge ,
economic studies ,educational andinformation campaigns andthe
like ):
•■•
(iv)tolook forinternatidnal solutions tocertain problems .
#
This policy must observe eleven principles ,chief among which are t
– thePolluter Pays Principle ,whereby thepolluter ismade
financially responsible formaking good anydamage hedoes to
theenvironment ;
– theprinciple that priority istobegiven toprevention –which
ismore efficient and less expensive than cure ;
– theprinciple that themost appropriate geographical level (local ,
regional ,national ,Community orinternational level )must be6ought
foreach type ofaction .More specifically ,theCommunity will
step inonly ifaction atnational level needs tobeplaced ina
wider perspective tobecome fully effective orifitinvolves a
common interest (safeguarding ofwater ,forexample )orwhen the
adoption ofdivergent national measures would cauBe major economic
orsocial problems .
II•The results sofar
Annex Iprovides aprogress report on,andadetailed assessment ("by
Chapter oftheProgramme )of,theaction taken orunder way ,the
obstacles encountered and thefuture prospects asregards Community
action .
Itshows that substantial results have been achieved invarious fields in
avery short space oftime :
– Themain endeavours have been inthe form oflegislative and
regulatory action toreduce pollution .Itisnoteworthy that inless
than seven years theCommunity hasadopted 58legislative texts in
this field ,fifteen onwater pollution ,tenonthereduction ofair
pollution ,seven onwaste ,eight onnoise ,pollution andfour onthe
protection oftheenvironment ,land and -natural resources .Annex II
lists the environmental legislation adopted bytheCouncil orthe
Commission .
– The implementation orstudy ofnewinstruments foraction isunder ,
way ,including : .
= Thedevelopment ofamethod of"ecological mapping'now being
used experimentally intenCommunity regions .Itisawayof
describing theenvironment inarational and scientific manner
and ofreflecting itsdiversity in .terms oflevels ofsuitability
forarange ofeconomic orsocial uses .

« Theimplementation ofenvironmental impact assessment
procedures ,onwhich theCommission will besubmitting
aproposal inthenear future ,concerning development
projects likely tohave significant effects onthe
environment . I
e> Theestablishment ofEuropean Conventions ontheQuality of
Life nowbeing tried outexperimentally inrespect of
asbestos and chlorofluorocarbons . , . , -
= Thepromotion oftechnologies which cause less pollution and
generate less waste . " '
Research onimproving theenvironment isbeing carried outor-
coordinated under theresearch programme .Financial support ..
of21million u.a .wasearmarked foraction in.this area in1979 *
forfour main topics :research toestablish pollution criteria
(doses andeffects );prevention orreduction ofpollution ; '
preservation ofthenatural environment andinformation '
management (data banks ).
■·- ■■■■-■■ ' ' ■ - .·"π .·- :
Various training campaigns andcampaigns tomake thepublic more
«aware ofenvironmental matters have been successfully completed .
Inparticular ,anetwork ofpilot schools interested inteaching
environment-related subjects has ,been set ,upinall theMember
States ,aninventory ofenvironmental documentation andresearch
centres hasbeen drawn upanduniversity studies andresearch
have been encouraged .
In1975 *aRegulation created theEuropean Foundation forthe *>
Improvement ofLiving andWorking Conditions which hasbeen set
'upinDublin . -•
!<λ
TheCommunity isaContracting Party to*andaotively participates
in,theimplementation ofinternational 'ragreements ontheprotection
oftheseaagainst pollution ,theconservation ofanimal andplant
species threatened with extinction andaction tocombat trans -
frontier pollution . , . r,
' ■ fl ' . '•
TheCommission iscooperating closely with theinternational
organizations dealing with environmental problems such astheOECD ,
theCouncil ofEurope ,the .United Natioris Environment Programme (UHEP )
.andtheUnited Nations Economic Commission forEurope (ECE).
Finally ,there areregular exchanges of ,information between the
Commission andthird countries such astheUSA ,"Canada ,Japan ,
Switzerland ,Austria andSweden . , .
•;r»
III «How Community environment policy interacts with national policies
Community environment policy ,fulfils several functions inrelation to
Member States *policies : :i
– Ithelps todefine acommon approach to :>environment policy andto
work outcommon objectives andprinciples .

-a-
– Itharmonizes Member States' policies vjhenever ,inisolation ,they
might cause economic difficulties (barriers totrade ordistortions
ofcompetition )orcannot deal effectively with thekind of
problems involved such astrans-i rentier pollution .
– The very fact that itexists atall gives encouragement andacts
asadriving force .Itprovides afocus for dialogue and allows
regular meetings and exchanges ofviews and experience betx^een
national administrators ,MP1s,industrialists ,ecologists ,etc.
The Information Agreement signed inMarch 1973 plays animportant
role here .Insigning the Agreement ,the Member States undertook
tosend the Commission their draft national environmental legislation
before adoption .
This procedure not only ensures that the Commission has advance
notice ,but also enables ittoask the Member States topostpone
adoption for ashort while toallow the Commission time topropose
Community measures for adoption bythe Council intheparticular
field .There isthus akind ofosmotic interaction between the
various national laws through the agency ,ofCommunity regulations
designed toextend totherest ofthe Community national schemes
toimprove the environment .Since 1973 "the Commission has received
over 250 such notifications .
«
– Itcan give specific measures the most appropriate geographical and
political dimension .This applies tomeasures toreduce trans -
frontier pollution ,coordinate research and increase public
awareness .Italso applies tocases where environmental protection
measures affect international trade patterns .Anexample ofthis
can beseen inthe discussions currently inprogress with the
American authorities ontheapplication ,ofthe "Toxic Subs tances
Control Act"tochemical products from the Community and application
oftherelevant Community rules (Sixth lAraendjnent ).
- Itstrengthens theposition ofthe Meirfoer States atinternational
level (OECD ,Council ofEurope ,TOTSP ,ECE,international agreements )
"byputting forward aCommunity position oracommon position ,as
the case may be.
IV.Obstacles and difficulties encountered '
1. Without doubt ,the main hurdle which has had tobesurmounted in
implementing the programmes has been ,.andstill is,the considerable
imbalance between the vast amount ofwork involved and the small staff
complement available todoit.This has considerably slowed down some
programmes (e.g. reducing water andairpollution ,setting upan
environmental impact procedure ),seriously hampered others (waste )and
ismaking itdifficult tofulfil the obligations the Commission has taken
onwith theDirectives already adopted (e.g. theSixth Amendment ).
2. With regard tocombating pollution ,four main types ofdifficulties
have been encountered :

- The first isthescientific information available .Depending onthe
state ofscientific knowledge reliable andunchallengeable data on
theproperties ofpollutants andtheir effects onmanandthe
environment isnotalways available *Unanimous agreement isalways
difficult ,soth•»«often remain *considerable scope for
interpretation ,with theresult that itmay "betempting insome cases .
touse this asareason forrestricting the severity .ofthemeasures
proposed .This results indifferences ofopinion between Member
States ,which in ,turn delays theadoption ofthemeasures .The
research programmes should ,give ahigh priority tothese problems .
- Another difficulty isthat ofobtaining clear andaccurate information
about thecosts andbenefits ofaparticular measure .Much progress .
hasstill tobemade inthis area although ,ofcourse ,thesituation of
thevarious firms intheCommunity cannever bethesame andany
measure ,however modest ,will affect afirm differently according
tothekind offirm which itisandaccording toitsgeographical
and economic situation . '
– Athird difficulty arises because different Member States approach
thesame problems indifferent ways .Thebest example ofthis
concerns thereduction ofwater pollution ,where twoalternative
^approaches were provided forinDirective 454 ,even asregards the .
toxicity ,persistence andbioaccumulation ofsubstances .The : ' -
differences between thetwoapproaches aresuch that they could of
course lead todifferent reisults and thus tomeasures ofunequal
stringency . -•
This disparity leads inturn tosuspicion ofthe ;Commission 's
proposals orbetween Member States ,each ofwhich tends toconsider that
its approach results inmeasures which aremore stringent for •,
•its industry . ; .
TheCommission hopes that thediscussion ^involved intheadoption of
.theDirective onmercury andthe "drins ";will -serve toclear theair
and expedite future work onother substances .
– Lastly ,thedifferences between measurement techniques andmethods
sometimes make itdifficult toarrive atcommon standards (e.g. for
SOg"andparticulates suspended intheair). .
3.Difficulties mayalso sometimes arise ifthepolitical will isuncertain .
This wasthecase with measures toprevent' ancj .combat thepollution ofthe
seabyoil. ,• >f ;;
Thehalf-hearted political response arose only because ofasuccession of
catastrophies .TheCommission earnestly hopea formore support than inthe
past fortheproposals itintends topresent following onfrom theCouncil 's
decisions ofJune 1978 . . irn ■M-
4.Difficulties relating tothescientific Iinformation mentioned above
andthedifferent geographical ,political andeconomic circumstances ofthe
different Member States inevitably mean that itheir responsiveness to
environmental issues varies ,andthis may in'turn result indifferent "
attitudes tocertain problems .

This isthe case,' forexample ,with thepolicy tobeadopted on
chlorofluorocarbons ,airpollution bysulphur orlead ,pollution ofthe
seaasaresult ofthewilful discharge ofindustrial wastes ,etc .
These difficulties arenot insuperable .They have tobesolved in
compliance with therules relating tothecommon market and ,ifnecessary ,
byphasing thetimes andvarying theareas for -theapplication ofthe
common rules adopted#
5»Recourse toArticle 235 ,either onitsownorinconjunction with
another Article oftheTreaty ,hasnotcaused anyparticular difficulties ,
apart from afewcases relating totheprotection ofwildlife .
TheCommission hopes that reservations inthis sphere will bewithdrawn
since theinternational character ofthematters involved ,their effects
onvarious policies (commercial policy ,agricultural policy andfisheries
policy )andpublic sensitivity onthese matters arein ,themselves
sufficient tojustify theaction undertaken bytheCommunity inthis respect .
6.!More recently ,theexternal effects ofcertain common rules ,combined
with the fears arising from thedifferent attitudes mentioned in
paragraph Aabove ,have resulted insome Community action being blocked .
Itshould bestressed here that thebenefits ,ofadhering toaCommunity
policy ,weighed against thefewslight disadvantages involved ,should be
assessed asawhole and that there isnochance ofmaking headway with
such apolicy ifeach Member State only wishes toaccept those aspects which
are toitsadvantage .
Intheparticular case ofthewilful discharge ofwaste atsea ,which is
likely toincrease substantially because ofprogress made incombating
pollution elsewhere ,thecost ofmonitoring waste storage sites onland
and theincreasing difficulty infinding suitable sites because ofthe •,
limited space available andlocal opposition ,theCommission considers
that theCommunity should armitself with aconsistent policy andhopes
that thematter .will shortly bediscussed intheCouncil .
\7»Theimplementation ofCommunity environment policy and oftherexated
Directives (seetheappropriate section inAnnex t)cannot fail tobe
affected byinstitutional andadministrative differences between the
Member States ,differences inprocedures asregards regulations andthe
division ofresponsibilities between national ^ndregional authorities .
' ' ,>'
V. The direction inwhich environment policy ,:isnow heading -
The early years ofevolving anenvironment policy were spent atboth
national andCommunity level inshaping this policy anddovetailing itinto
traditional policies and increating therequisite institutional machinery .
TheUnited Nations Conference ontheEnvironment inStockholm inJune 1972 ,
with themuch–quoted theme "Only OneEarth ",waBanexpression ofthese
objectives ,aswere theconcerns oftheMinisters oftheEnvironment ofthe
Member States meeting inBonn inOctober ofthat year .;Action atboth

-7-
national and Community level wasprimarily concerned with Betting upthe
necessary administrative machinery ,drafting the roost urgent laws and
introducing an"environment dimension "into traditional policies ..
During these exploratory years ,national and Community policy focused
onmeasures toremedy themost striking examples ofpollution .There
isnow,however ,anestablished trend tGpursue preventive polioies ,
wherever possible ,based onthe development ofclean technologies and
the use ofrenewable rawmaterials .Environment policy has also taken on
anewsignificance :sensible andcareful management ofnatural resources
including land-use planning .Concern about the conservation ofour
resources inspired byadesire topreserve the Planet Earth and safeguard
itforfuture generations isnow accompanied byanincreasingly persistent
call for development which ismore concerned with quality - "towhich
environmental protection and planning can contribute .Toensure
qualitative development there needs tobegreater public involvement
inlocal decision-making -which affects the quality oflife ,living
conditions andlife style ofeach and every individual .
' Λ
Since 1975-76 ,environment policies have had totake account ofthe
unfavourable trend ineconomic growth ,features ofwhioh are energy
proble .gher costs ,need toreduce dependence onimported oil bymeans
ofanintensive energy-savings anddiversification programme )persistent
inflation ,rising unemployment andbalance ofpayments deficits ,*
Increasing attention hastherefore been paid (particularly bythe OECD )
tothe economic consequences ofenvironment policies .Ithas been
established that the costs ofenvironmental protection aremarginal in
terns ofeconomio aggregates {seeDoc.OECD ENV/kin(79)5 6April 1979 )*
(i)Theoverall short-term impaot ofenvironment polioies onemployment
seems tohave been anetcreation ofjobs .This netpositive effect ,
however ,includes gains andlosses from one region andindustry to
another .
1 ' / ,V •.
(ii)Theinflationary effeot ofenvironment policies has,,onaverage ,been
around 0.2% to0.3% each year using the consumer price index asa
basis for measurement .ThePolluter Pays Principle has generally
had agood effect onthe structure ofprices byencouraging greater
efficiency . r -
(iii)Public authorities' environmental expenditure generally accounts for
aminimal proportion (1%to2%)ofthe GDPwhereas -according toOECD
estimates ^damage caused bypollution accounts for 3to5i°ofGDP
(seethe OECD document mentioned above ). *. / ^
(iv)International cooperation has sought tominimize ornullify anybad
effects which environment policies might have onexternal trade or
international oapital flows .The action being undertaken
concerning chemical products isagood example ofinternational
work inthis area .

Itcan beconolided from available information that theeconomic impact
ofenvironment policies hasnot sofargiven rise toaconflict "between
environmental s-"deconomic objectives or "between thepolicies pursued
toachieve these objectives .
CONCLUSIONS
Itisparticularly striking that despite theproblems described above ,
Community policy ,andnational environment policies asawhole have
made substantial progress inashort space oftime ,andthat public opinion
isstill extremely concerned about environmental problems and still
supports environmental protection measures despite current economic
problems .
What form and .direction should future action take ?
TheCommission canonly give afew initial thoughts onthematter -atthis
rather early stage (thecurrent programme does notenduntil next year ):
(1)Oneofthefirst things tobedone isto^finish thevast amount of
work under thecurrent Programme which ,forvarious reasons ,ithas
notbeen possible tocomplete .
(2)TheFramework Directives must beimplemented andthelegislative and .
regulatory action already undertaken consolidated .
(3)'Alist ofpriorities (some ofthem newones )must bedrawn upin
thelight oftheeconomic changes which have occurred ,with
precedence tobegiven topreventive policy instruments .These might
include : s -
– Control oftoxic substances discharged into theenvironment
(their manufacture ,transport anduse).
– Combating pollution oftheseas byoil .
– Control ofatmdspheric pollution ,particularly trans-frontier
pollution . ,
– .Measures designed toensure greater consistency between the
exigencies ofenvironment policy and ;those ofother policies .
such asagricultural policy ,regional policy ,energy policy
andtransport policy ,bydovetailing environment policy into
these policies more effectively .
– Measures toprotect certain types ofland :*0r .
=areas ofspecial interest forcertain types ofhabitat ,or
certain type offlora andfauna , '
=vulnerable areas , .
=derelict land . _•
–'Assessment' oftheeconomic impact ofenvironment policies (costs
audbenefits ). .
– Implementation ofawaste management policy (protective measures
affa-iniH daxxger-ras waste ,andreclamation andrecycling ofwaste ).
DeviLvnent ofrowtechnologies which pollute lees oruseless
noix-ronawable x^ourees . - '
3aor*'-90+5 . A'm&x Icontains some *'p?ths n .which need tobetoplor -id.ir .
gra-^t^r rtetai ...

Inaddition ,"the environment alresearch programmes should becontinued and
stepped up(seethe conclusions ofthe 619th Council meeting held on
20December 1979 )*
The Commission isinvestigating thepossibility ofusing new instruments for
action ,inparticular the employment offinancial resources foroperations of
ageneral interest orserving asexamples ,inorder todiversify Community
action onthe environment .Some preliminary thoughts onthe matter are
set out inthe seotion oneconomic aspects .
The Commission will beshortly sending appropriate proposals tothe
Council containing the relevant budgetary requests . «
X
Apurposeful environment policy seems tothe Commission tobeanappropriate
way for the Community toplay afull part insecuring truly harmonious and
balanced economic development ..This involves amore circumspect approach
toresources ,greater concern toimprove living conditions (notjust
living standards ),greater attention tothesocial andenvironmental .
consequences ofdecisions ,amore reoeptive and imaginative approach and ■.
the promotion ofinnovations which will beofgenuine benefit tomankind ..,

?ROS.R.£SS *UDE INCONNECTION' WITH ,THE
ENVIRONMENT ACTION PROGRAMME ANDASSESSMENT
-0?'THE WOSK DONE -TOIMPLEMENT IT

TABLEOFCONTENTS
ANNEX1 Page
Reductionofpollution andnuisances 1
Watermanagement ~ 1
Atmospheric pollution 9
Noisepollution :, 13
Chemicalproducts ,16
The•picionandrationalmanagement ofland,theenvironment
qndnaturalresources 20
Theprotection andrationalmanagement ofland _ ,20
-"Ecological Mapping". 21
-Ruralareasandforestry 23
-Urbanareas •• 28
-Coastalareas 31
-Mountainareas 33
-Protected areas • 34
Protection offloraandfauna 35
Protection andmanagement ofnaturalresources 38
-Protection andmanagement ofwaterresources 38
anti-wastage measures ..L.
-Wastemanageme^^•• 40
-Cleanorlow-polluting technologies ' 44
Generalaction 47
Environmental impactassessment 47
Economicimplications ofenvironmental protection - 49
Dissemination ofinformation '53
Promotionofawarenessofenvironmental problemsandeducation 55
Implementation ofdirectives 57

REDUCTION OFPOLLUTION AND NUISANCES
MATER MANAGEMENT
I.OBJECTIVES ' '
The measures toreduce fresh water and marine pollution centre onsix .
priority areas - ■
-thedefinition ofquality objectives forfresh water and seawater ;
-theprotection oftheaquatic environment against pollution by
dangerous substances ;
-theprotection ofthe seaagainst oilpollution ;
-thesurveillance andmonitoring ofwater quality ;
-measures specific tocertain branches ofindustry ;
-activities under international agreements andorganisations .
The general objective ofthese measures hasbeen toreduce oreliminate
pollution atsource ,asfaraspossible .Thevarious Directives and
Decisions presented and adopted consider both the type ofpollutant and
theenvironment into which itisdischarged .
TheCommunity hasadopted several methodological approaches andvarying -
measures inline with the specific nature ofthepollutants inquestion .
Most Community rivers andseas arethreatened bygenerally degradable
pollutants from scattered sources .
Inorder tocontain this pollution andenable water tobeput toits
various uses ,theCommission hasproposed -andtheCouncil has
adopted -anumber ofDirectives establishing quality objectives for' .
water asafunction ofits use . ,,
Other pollutants which aremore harmful becabse oftheir toxicity ,
persistence andbioaccumulation require more specific measures .Itis
this Which brought theCouncil toadopt theDirective ontheprotection .
oftheaauatic environment against polluti^ih bydangerous substances .
Oil isaspecial case where *pollution isconcerned .Itcan bedischarged
from fixed sources such asrefineries or piIrigs orwhen being trans­
ported .Theaccident ontheEkofisk rig in1977 andthesinking of
theAmoco Cadiz in1978 revealed theweakness and inadequacy ofthe
existing possibi lities forobtaining information andtalnng steps to
combat such pollutants .TheCouncil therefore adopted"Wi Action
Program .,entrusting theCommission with certain activities .
Inorder toapply the Council Directives and ,thenational laws and
regulations concerning water protection ,surveillance andmonitoring
systems must' oeset up.*These arrangements should permit assessment of
theeffectiveness ofmeasures toreduce oreliminate pollution .The
monitoring andsurveillance measures must lead tocomparable results
atCommunity level . -

Poltution causedbycertainindustrialactivitiesissometimesless
harmfulbecauseofthenatureofthepollutants butisseriousbecause
ofthelargevolumedischarged;thisisthecasewiththetitanium-
dioxideandwood-pulpindustries.
Becauseoftheinternational natureofwaterpollution,Communitymeasures
alonearenotsufficient.Forthisreason,andwithinthescopeofits
powers,theCommunityisaContracting Partytoseveralinternational
agreements;italsotakespartintheactivities ofvariousinternational
bodies. •*
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
(a)Qualityobjectives
TheCouncilhas-adoptedfourDirectives onqualityobjectives :
-thequalityrequiredofsurfacewaterintendedfortheabstract­
ionofdrinkingwaterintheMemberStates; 1
-thequalityofbathingwater; fi'
-thequalityoffreshwatersneedingprotection orimprovement in
ordertosupportfishlife;
-thequalityrequiredofshellfishwaters.^'
« /* ... '
Asregardssurfacewater,theCommission hasonlyoncereceived ajustification forusingwaterofqualityI'dwerthanA3^;itisnow
sendingitsreplytotheGovernment concerned.
NoMemberStatehasinformedtheCommissionofitsplansfornational
measurestopurifysurfacewaterorappliedforderogation under
Article8oftheDirective.
TheCouncilhasadoptedaDirectiveconcerning themethodsofmeasurement
andfrequencies ofsamplingandanalysisofsurfacewaterintendedfor
theabstraction ofdrinkingwaterintheMemberStates. ^
TheCommissioniscurrentlydrawingupasummaryreportonbathing
watersandtheirmost^ignificantfeatures;onthebasisoftheinform­ationreceivedfromtheMemberStates.TheCommission hasreceivedno
applications forderogation anddoesnotconsideritnecessaryat
presenttoproposeamendments toadaptthi§Directivetotechnical '
progress.
. ■ '' ,fl-i::'' •
TheCommission hasnotyetdrawnuppropositi?onqualityobjectivesfor
aquaticlife,agricultural waters,"industrial waters,theminimumsatis­
factorylong-termqualityofwaters,orseepagewater.
vWinimumqualityforsurfacewaterwhichmaybeusedfortheabstraction
ofdrinkingwaterafterappropriate treatment.

(b)Dangerous substances
Theadoption bytheCouncil oftheDirective ondangerous substances
in1976 .was .followed upbythepresentation t.otheCouncil oftwopropo­
sals concerning theelimination ofpollution caused bydischarges of
mercury bythechloralkali electrolysis industry andpollution caused by
aldrin ,dieldrin andendrin .TheCouncil isdiscussing these proposals .
TheCouncil hasalso adopted aDirective ontheprotection ofground­
water . 1 ""
TheCommission iscontinuing itsstudies into dangerous substances
(scientific ,technical andeconomic aspects )and ispreparing proposals
for Directives on:
-thedischarge ofmercury byother branches ofindustry not included
intheabovementioned proposal ; *
-cadmium ;
-Another group ofdangerous substances among them 7pesticides :
».chlordane
.heptachlor andheptachlor epoxide
.DDT (and metabolites DDD and DDE )
.hexachlorobenzene (HCB) j
.hexachlorocyclohexane HCHandHCHisomers
.PCB and PCT
.endosulfan
.hexachlorobutadiene
.pentachlorophenol
.trichlorophenol . ,,
TheCommission ,following upthestudies which ithasconducted ,has
sent theMember States alist of1500substances qualifying for
inclusion inList IoftheDirective ondangerous sybstances .
Additional work has been carried out inthe meantime and the Commission
will shortly submit acommunication inwhich itwill list asmaller
number ofsubstances which require priority .action because oftheir
toxicity ,persistence andbioaccumulation .This list will bedrawn up
inline with thequantities produced andused and^ieirpresence in
Community waters .
TheCommission ,with the .collaboration of^tbenational experts ,iscon­
tinuing toimplement theinventory ofsubstances inList Iprovided for
bythe same Directive .
Forthepast twoyears theCommission hasasked theMember States to
send ittheir reduction programmes concerning thesubstances onList II.
Only twoStates have ,replied andtheCommission hasnottherefore been
."Hetocompare theprogrammes toensure triform implementation ,as
provided byArticle 7oftheDirective . ,, *
?>1 •
The CuwHsion j>as notputforward ,proposals toregulate thepollution
oftr-rr'to ":Iwaters byoperational discharges from ships , ,

(c)OiLpollution
TheCommission hasconductedthestudiesprovidedforintheAction
Programme onpollution causedbyo-i1discharged atseaandispreparing
toactonthefindings.Forthispurpose/itisdrawingupthefollow­
ingproposalswhichwillbepresentedtotheCouncilinthecoming
months: .
-thecreationofanadhoccommittee asapermanentstructurefor
theexchangeofviewsandforcoordination ; -
-theestablishment ofaninformation systemonthemeansofcombating
thedischargeofoilatseaandonoiltankersandoilrigswhichmay
bethecauseofthesedischarges .Thissystemshouldallowthe
nationalauthoritiesto: ,.
.reactasquicklyaspossibletooilspillsbypinpointing the
appropriatefacilitiesfordealingwithpollution;
.takepreventive measuresagainstshipswhichdonotconform'to
international agreements;' '
'•haveinformation onthecharacteristics ofthevarioustypesofoil
andtheappropriate treatment methods;,
theharmonization ofcertainfeaturesofequipmenttocombatoil
pollutioninordertoensurecompatibility andconformity withthe
specifications whichmaybelaiddownbytheCouncil;
-Communityparticipation intheoperationofcentrestotestequipment
forcombatingoilpollution andthesharingofthecostofacquiring
andmaintaining expensiveequipment suchastheaircraftusedfor
spreadingdispersants orotherchemicalproductsonoilslicks.
TheCommissionwillproposetheexchangeofinformation onthecombat
methodsandthepromotionofpilotschemesofcommoninterestinorder
toincreasetheeffectiveness ofemergency -operationsfollowingthe
accidental dischargeofoilatsea.Itmayproveusefultocoordinate
emergencyplansdrawnupatnationallevelorharmonize someoftheir
features.TheCommissionwillalsoexamihe 'howit'cansupportcertain
measuresto:
.trainpersonneltousetheinformation systemwhichitwillpropose
totheCounciI;*■■. *τ·
.organizepracticealertstotesttheeffectiveness ofnationalemer­
gencyplans,particularly asregardscross-frontier pollution;
.exchange .information betweenseveralStates..1
•J'■--•' -r:i'-''n-
SomeofthesemeasurescouldbeextendedbeyondtheCommunityinorder
tomakethemmoreeffectiveforregionalseas.Itshouldalsobemen­
tionedthattheCommission hasalreadylaunchedaresearchprogramme
concerning theeffectsofoilpollution andwaysofdealingwithit.

(d)Surveillance andmonitormg
In1977 theCouncil adopted aDecision establishing acommon procedure
fortheexchange ofinformation onthequality ofsurface fresh water
intheCommunity .Inaccordance with this Decision ,theCommission
hasdrawn upthefirst summary report onthequality ofwater inthe
Community ,covering themeasures taken in1976 ;thefinal version will
beready inthesecond half oftheyear .Thesecond report -for1977 -
isinpreparation .
TheCommission hasalso had astudy conducted onthequality ofthe
Community 'scoastal waters ;thefindings have been sent toeach Member
State andexamined atarecent meeting ofexperts .This study will be
published inasummary version .
(e)Certain branches ofindustry
Asregards certain branches ofindustry ,theCouncil hasadopted a
Directive onwaste from thetitanium dioxide industry .This Directive
calls ontheMember States todraw upprogrammes forthegradual reduct­
ionofpollution andtosend them totheCommission by1July this year ;_
TwoMember States have asked theCommission forpermission not todraw
upprogrammes forsome oftheir companies .rTheCommission hasgiven
itsagreement asregards twoofthese companies in ,view ofthepollution -
reducing processes which have already been introduced .Intheother
cases ,itbelieves that pollution-reduction programmes should bedrawn up.
TheCommission 'sopinion hasbeen contested bytwocompanies which have
brought anaction before theCourt ofJustice .Thecase isstill in
progress . ' . .
TheCommission iscurrently drawing upaproposal for aDirective onthe
methods forthesurveillance andmonitoring ofsites where waste from
theproduction oftitanium dioxide isdischarged .
1M I
InJanuary 1975 ,theCommission presented tptheCouncil aproposal for
aDirective onthereduction ofwater pol^tion caused bywood pulp
mills .This proposal wasexamined anddiscussed atlength bytheCouncil ,
butnoagreement wasreached .Meanwhile ,theCommission hasasked a
consultant tostudy theecological effect ^-ofwaste discharged bythis
industry into the sea . , . ~
- iwi ■ :
Because ofthedifferences intheCouncil *theCommission sawnopoint in
continuing itsactivities inthis sector andpresenting specific proposals
forother branches ofindustry .
<f)International activities :
(
•i.C-.-ifr^ijn.'ity 'isrepresented bytheCommission ,within thescope ofits
do *^•ininternational agreements dealing ,with problemas ofwater
■ ""l'- . ' ' .. , 'q

TheCommissionisplayingan-activeroleintheactivities ofthe
International CommissionfortheProtection oftheRhineagainst
Pollution.Inparticular,aCommission representative ischairmanof
theworkingpartyresponsible forimplementing theConvention onchemical
pollution.Theactivitiesundertaken underthisConvention canthusbe
;siignedwiththeworkgoingonatCommunitylevel.
ThisConvention hasbeensignedbyfourMemberStates(Germany,
Luxembourg,France^and theNetherlands),Switzerland andtheCommunity.
Itsprovisions aresimilartothoseoftheCouncilDirective onthe
protectionoftheaquaticenvironment againstpollutionbydangerous
substances.In1979theInternational Commission,following upthe
activities conductedwithinthisgroup,putforwarditsfirstproposals
totheContracting PartiestotheConvention concerning theelimination
ofpollution causedbythemercurydischarged bythechlor-alkali
electrolysis industry.Otherproposals ontheelimination orreduction
ofcadmiumandchromiumpollutionareinpreparation .Thedange'rs
represented bythedischargeofcertaincarcinogenic substancesintothe
aquaticenvironment arebeingstudied.. ■
AlthoughtheCommunity hasnotsignedtheabovementioned Convention,the
Commissionisattentively followingtheInternational Commission'sact-'
ivitiesinthissector.
TheBarcelonaConvention ontheprotection oftheMediterranean Seais.
anoutlineconvention whichcontainsanumberofproposalsforcombating
specifictypesofpollution.Negotiations havealmostbeencompleted on
theProtocolconcerning theProtectionoftheMediterranean against
PollutionfromLand-based Sources.TheCommission hasputforwarda*'
recommendation ,foraCouncilDecisionauthorizing theCommunitytosign
thisProtocolatthenextmeetingoftheContracting PartiesatAthens -
inMay1980. "• .
r'! ■•,
TheCommissionisalsotakingpartintheactivities oftheParis
ConventionforthePrevention ofMarinePollution fromLand-based Sources
intheNorth-East Atlantic.Ithascontributed totheworkofvarious
groupsandsub-groups,inparticular thosedealingwiththesurveillance
ofthemarineenvironment,mercurydischarges,oilapdtitaniumdioxide.
■'. ' './•;•" '' '
TheCommissionisalsotakingpartasanobserverinttheactivities of
theOsloConvention onthePreventionofMarinePollution byDumping
fromShipsandAircraft.
TheCommissioniscontinuingnegotiations itQconcludetheStrasbourg
ConventionfortheProtectionofInternational Watercourses against
Pollution.TheCommissionwillrepeatits;requestfortheOpeningof
negotiations onCommunityaccessiontothe,.Helsinki iConventiononthe
ProtectionoftheMarineEnvironmentintherPalticSeaArea.
'*it1 >M•• .-
TheCommissionisalsotakingpartinthewatermanagementactivitiesof.
theEconomicCommissionforEuropeandthe,;0ECD.
III.DIFFICULTIES *
;l'l.iho
Someofthedifficulties involvedinapplyingtheDirectivesalready
adoptedbytheCouncilonqualityobjectives (absence'ofplans ,

inseveral Member States toreduce pollution caused byList IIsubstances )
andtitanium dioxide (appeals made totheCourt ofJlistice )were already
mentioned intheprevious section .
The Council has not yetbeen able toadopt theproposal for aDirective
onwood pulp mills asithasnot reached agreement onthe limit values
proposed bytheCommission noronaparallel approach involving theuse
ofquality objectives .
Theestablishment ofimplementing Directives onthedischarge ofdanger­
oussubstances ,inparticular those concerning thedrins andmercury ,is
encountering various kinds ofdifficulties .Thefirst results from the
Council Decision itself ,which sets out twodifferent approaches :the
fixing oflimit values and,exceptionally ,theapplication ofquality
objectives .
These twoapproaches ar^etheresult ofapolitical compromise which ,when
applied intheform ofimplementing directives ,will ,hinder thecomparison
ofthepractical measures which must bedefinitively taken toeliminate
water pollution caused bytheList Isubstances *
The Commission andmost delegations tend' toconsider that ,because of
thecharacteristics ofthese substances ,thequality objectives forthem
should besetwithout taking into account thespecific uses towhich the
water isput,whereas theother delegations feel that these uses must be
known before theobjective canbedefined .
Thesecond difficulty arises from thevarying approaches toassessing the
ecological hazards ofcertain dangerous substances .Some Member States
consider that asubstance isharmful ifit ,hasnotbeen proved tobe
harmless .Other Member States consider that theharmfulness ofevery
substance must bescientifically proved before provisions areproposed .
Athird difficulty lies intheinstitutional andadministrative differ­
ences between theMember States .Some ofthem apply uniform measures for
reducing pollution throughout their territory whereas others vary their
practice from case tocase . j
J1
Another difficulty arises from thedisparities orshortcomings in'the
assessment ofthepollution problems inquestion .Insome cases ,abundant
scientific data areavailable ;inother cases ,there areserious gaps .
Inallcases >ascientific consensus isseldom achieved easily either on
specific statistics oronthemonitoring measures which should betaken .
Similarly ,theassessment ofthemeasures tobetaken asregards techno­
logy andtheeconomic effects iscomplicated bytheneed totake account
ofseveral factors such asthe differences the size ofthe industries
concerned ,theage oftheplant andprocesses used andtheir current
profitability . - ;n-
1 ' Ί!' 'π
ILy,.theextremely limited number ofsSa.ff available Hasnetbeen
cfjle •«occ,2s with all -the coracr tments arising -from -theResolutions ,
Dec -. , f.ncv recti ves -adopted bythe Cot#ci U Ithasnottherefore
• •v-' ■■toc?fry cv-itcertain measures ofb?rs -beve b«d tobeput
J'benoted inthis conn^c oolicy difficulties often
":-.k ' ''-"Q'J-Zsts .for co^o t :Y . F'CTOMS ' ' .
: ipj',;-.' !;5idC,it*°or .?.Li-ork : tha n

IV.PROSPECTS
The Commission would Like the Council toformally adopt the Directive
relating tothequality ofwater forhuman consumption approved in
principle on19December 1978 .
The Commission will continue toconcentrate its activities onthe
implementation oftheDirective onpollution caused bycertain dangerous
substances discharged into theaquatic environment .
Tospeed upimplementation ofthis Directive ,first priority hasbeen
given tosubstances which are recognised tobethemost dangerous ;future
work will turn tosectors manufacturing or ,using several substances at
once . > *
Theelimination ofpollution caused byList Isubstances and the reduction
ofpollution caused byList IIsubstances will become fully effective when
theCommission proposes measures which also cover the indirect and
diffuse discharges ofthese substances .
Stricter control ofdirect discharges into theaquatic environment may
lead toanincrease inindirect discharges into theatmosphere orsoil ,,
thus transferring pollution from oneenvironment toanother .
Ontheother hand ,many oftheList Isubstances areused aspesticides ,
herbicides ,fungicides andbiocides inagriculture ,andcontribute tothe
diffuse discharges .
Asaresult ,theCommunity 'sfuture activities inthis sector should ,
seek toexercise more effective control of ,indirect ,diffuse discharges .
Otherwise ,application oftheDirective todirect discharges alone will
not lead tofull achievement ofitsobjectives .
TheCommission 'sactivities asregards pollution caused byoiIdischarged
intheseawill concentrate onimplementing ^thespecific measures indicated
intheprevious section .
TheMember States must display greater force inimplementing thequality
objectives for fresh -water and sea water .Aspecial effort will bemade
toencourage them todraw upprogrammes for-cleaning upthese waters .
: ' - * · ::Π'
The reports onthequality offresh water andbathing water wiI},be
published regularly andchanges maybeproposed tomake theresults more
meaningful andcomparable . ic _ ""
TheCommission will continue andintensify itsactivities under inter­
national agreements ,inparticular theBarcelona andParis Conventions .

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
I. OBJECTIVES
IntheSecond Action Programme theemphasis isoncontinuing theaction
provided for inthe First Action Programme of1973 ,namely :
-thedetermination ofcriteria ,particularly forfirst category
pollutants ,andthestandardization andharmonization ofmeasuring
methods ; ,
•- <I
-theestablishment ofquality objectives forfirst category
pollutants ;
-the laying down ofprovisional common standards when urgent reasons
based ontheprotection ofhuman health orprotection oftheenviron­
ment sorequire ,without waiting forcriteria andquality objectives
tobeestablished atCommunity level ;
-exchange ofinformation between thesurveillance andmonitoring
networks ;
-♦theestablishment ofstandards forproducts ;
-the implementation ofaction specific tocertain industrial sectors
and toenergy production ; ' ■
ι: τ>.
-the implementation ofaction fortheprotection oftheenvironment
infrontier zones .
- • '*"■ ;! 1• '
Inaddition ,intheResolution of3March 1975 onenergy andtheenviron­
ment ,theCouncil invited theCommission toimplement aprogramme of
specific action onthermal discharges ,sulphur dioxide andnitrogen
oxides .
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
r n
The Council has adopted anumber ofDirectives concerning measures to
counteract airpollution caused bymotor vehicles (petrol ordiesel )and
agricultural tractors ,relating tothebiotdgical screening ofthe
population forlead ,limiting thesulphur content ofcertain liqujd
fuels andthe lead content ofpetrol . 1. v .
Ithasalso approved aDirective onLimit and!guideline values for
sulphur dioxide andsuspended pacticles vttheatmosphere .' • .
Π!'
II
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r.r.'M
C
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'ir•mm/i

Hcommonprocedurefortheexchangeofinformation betweenthemeasuring
networksforsulphurdioxideandparticlesinsuspension hasbeen
established .Twosummaryreportsonthe1976and1977activities have
beenpublished andathirdonenowbeingpreparedwillcover1978.
InadditiontheCouncilhasauthorised theCommunitytosignthe
GenevaConvention onLong-range Transboundary AirPollution..
Ontheresearchfront,concertedactiononthephysico-chemical
behaviourofsulphurdioxideandatmospheric pollutantsisunderway
andaMulti-annual Climatology Programme hasbeenadoptedbythe
CounciI. _ '
TheCouncilisalsoexaminingotherproposalsforDirectives .These
concerntheuseoffueloilswiththeaimofdecreasing sulphurous
-emissions andalsoairqualitystandardsforlead.
MeanwhiletheCommission hasstartedworkaimedatacquiringthescien-.
tificknowledgerequiredtoassesstheeffectsofatmospheric pollution
andat_harmonizing themethodsformeasuringatmospheric pollutants.;
III.DIFFICULTIES •'
Oneofthedifficulties istheverysmallnumberofstaffavailable.
ThishasmeantthattheCommission hashadtomakeaselection from
theactivities envisagedintheActionProgramme.Preference hashad
togotoremedialratherthanpreventiveaption,exceptwherethe
establishment ofqualitystandardsforairisconcerned.
*- c> ' ' i«
Anotherdifficultyisthelackofscientific andtechnicalinformation .
TheMemberStatesacceptthegeneralobjectives butthebasicdata
whichshouldhavebeenprovidedbyepidemiological surveysandareapre1
requisitefordraftingprecisestandardsareoften"inadequate .This
raisesthequestionwhether,whenthescientific approachwasadopted
intheActionProgrammes,thepossibility ofestablishing validscienti­
ficcriteriainashorttimeforalargenumberoffirstcategoryair
pollutants wasnotoverestimated .Theestablishment andsubmission to
theCouncilofcriteriaforSO2andparticlesinsuspensionhighlighted
thisdifficulty .Othercountries,particularly theUnitedStates,have
encountered thesameproblems,asevidenced bythenumberofproceed­
ingsintheAmericancourts.Thislackofinformationisoftenusedas
apretextforpreventing ordelayingparticular 'conservation' measures
likelytohavecommercialorfiscalconsequences of.somemagnitude.

OnamoregeneralLeveltherearetheproblemscausedbythedifferences
betweenthepolicies.^ftheMemberStates.Thelatterhavetoallow
for..individualsituations,forinstanceasregardsthecoststobeborne
bythepolluter,theeffectsoncompetition,employment andregional
development andtherequiredincreaseinttfeuseofindigenousresources
Thecompromises proposedbytheCommission haveoftenhadtobebasedon
thelowestcommondenominator .
IV,"PROSPECTS
Workonthesettingofairqualitystandardstoservenationalpolicies
asguidelines tothecommonobjectives shouldcontinue.General
qualitystandardsforwidely-occurring pollutants,basedonexisting
orplannedcriteria,shouldbefixed.Asecondtypeofairquality
standardshouldbesetforlimitedapplication intheimmediateenvirons
off$hemainsourcesofthepollutantemissionsconcerned (CO,afebestos,
heavymetalssuchasCdandHgand,wherenecessary,othersecond
categorypollutants).
Industrialaction(suchasstandardsforproducts,industrial standards)
should£eintensifiedtosupporttheactivepoliciespursuedbysome
MemberStatesinthisfield.Inthisconnection we.shouldmention
thefollowing:thesulphurcontentandutilisationoffueloils,the
sulphurcontentanduseofcoal,afurtherreductioninmotorvehicle
emissions andlimitingandreducingemissionsfromgasturbines.
Allthisworkshouldgohandinhandwithadetailedevaluationof
theeffectsoftheproposedactionontheeconomyandontheenergy' *
situation.Asstated>nthe1980ProgrammeAddress,alarge'
proportion oftheCommission'sactivities ;,willbeconcernedwith
energyconservation .TheRUE(RationalUtilisation ofEnergy)
programmewhichhasbeenconductedinthis-field.forsomeyearswill
probablyalsoimprovea'irquality.However,thethreatstothe
Community'senergysuppliesimplymakingmqreuseofindigenous
energyresources,chieflycoal,withall,tl^atimpliesinthewayof
harmfulconsequences totheenvironment,particularly theair,unless
appropriate stepsaretaken..
1r ^
Inthisconnection thebest.medium-andlong-termiObjective as
regardsairpollutionwouldbetoadoptaflrairpollutionpolicythat
aimsatstabilization tobeginwith,followedbyagradualreduction
oftotalemissionsforalimitednumberofpollutants .

Among the ways ofachieving this objective are:
-continuing the RUE Programme ;
-making use ofrenewable forms ofenergy and ofnuclear energy ,
taking all the precautions required inthe case ofthe latter ;
-creating astandard framework within which authorizations should
begranted nationally for building and operating certain types
offixed installation which contribute towards atmospheric
pollution ; ' . -
-harmonizing the scope ofthe emission standards forcertain fixed
installations and pollutants ; "
-developing and introducing emission inventories and measurement
networks asatechnical support measure ;
promoting theintroduction oftechniques giving rise tolittle
"ornopollution .
Generat backup activities and research should becontinued asset
out inthe Programme guidelines .
Itshould also bepointed out that voluntary industrial agreements
for specific industries /orappropriate "economic incentives ,could .
also -help,the aim always being tocontinue nimplementing the Programme
with the emphasis onprevention . ,, ,H

-13- ,
NOISE POLLUTION
I.OBJECTIVES
...Theincrease innoise pollution suggests that solutions tothegeneral .
problem are tobesought through theimplementing ofanoverall
Programme tocombat noise ,drawn upingeneral terms ataCommunity
level /anddefined specifically andapplied atthe level appropriate
tothe intended type ofmeasure .
•>TheEnvironmental Action Programme made theCommission responsible for
defining theoverall approach ,taking into consideration (a)thetypes
ofactivities that itwould bedesirable toprotect from noise ,orto
regulate inorder toreduce thenoise they cause ,and (b)notonly the
sources ofnoise emission butalso theconditions governing noise propa­
gation andreception .
TheProgramme intends theCommission tomake proposals with regard to:
' ' '
-guidelines fordetermining quality objectives forcertain areas
'ofactivity ;
-noise measurement methods ;
i ,\r
-spécifications fornoisy products ;
o•*
-noise-insulation standards ; .
.-permissi-ble noise levels atthework pla,ce . .
II.ACHIEVEMENTS ^
' n
SixDirectives have been adopted i)ythe Council .They concern the
measurement method fornoise emitted byconstruction plant andequip­
ment andthespecifying oflimit values andtheir measurement methods
formotor vehicles ,motorcycles ,agricultural tractors andsubsonic
aircraft .
Seven other proposals forDirectives arebeing examined bytheCouncil .
They concern certain types ofconstruction plant -andequipment including
pneumatic picks ,compressor sets ,andmotor-mowers . ,Theproposals
specify reductions inthemaximum graded levels ofnoise emission and
make itcompulsory formanufacturers tolabel products fortheuser 's
information andtomake iteasier forofficial inspections tobecarried
out .
Anumber ofproposals forDirectives onot.her noise sources ,including
earth *moving equipment andtrains ,arebeing drawn upbytheCommission .
Γ>Π ·?.
ιπ η-
ίI π?
-Λ:ϊ *·?·· ···/·
' ! ■
!■'
'» »
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V ρ

Particular attention isbeing given tonoise inthe home ..The -►
Commission ispreparing asetofproposals forDirectives designed
toinform theconsumer oftheacoustic standards ofdomestic equip­
ment bymeans pflabelling .There isalso adraft being prepared
with regard toacoustic standards inhousing with particular account
being taken ofnoise made byequipment inlarge blocks 4offlats
("lifts ,ventilation fans ,etc.).
The Commission hasproposed that the Council amend the Directive con­
cerning noise measurement methods forconstruction plant andequipment
inorder totake account ofthenoise emitted atthedriving position .
With regard toguidelines forestablishing quality objectives ,the
Commission has launched astudy inorder toestablish objective bases
fordescribing anacoustic environment (standard indicator ).
III .DIFFICULTIES
Two types ofdifficulties became apparent when some proposals for
Directives are discussed .
Firstly ,there istheproblem ofaccess totheCommunity market ,for
products from non-member -countries .Some ,Member States consider -
that theCommunity Directives mayhave theeffect ofopening upthe .
Community market tothird countries without thenecessary counter -/
concessions . ,
Secondly ,there is.thequestion ofharmoni;Zationi OneMember State
isstrongly opposed tothetotal harmonization solution proposed by
the Commission .Most ofthe other Member States share the Commission 's
view that total harmonization isnecessary ;forDirectives concerning -
noise emission bynoisy products . . N .
Itshould bestressed that there are far too few staff available to
carry out theProgramme successfully ,orforthenecessary steps to
betaken under thedraft Laws putforward bytheMember States .
': ' - ' '-' --■' ■■VïhV - '
IV.PROSPECTS • -
The Commissi onintends toinclude inits Third Environmental Actions
Programme theoverall approach determining measures that should be
taken attheappropriate levels (Community ,relational ,regional or
Local )• rv, + i
Atthesame time ,thework will bedirected towards determining
parameters forestablishing quality objectives forareas where a
particular activity predominates . * i

Atthe same time ,measurement methods andmethods forassessing the
effect ofnoise will be'harmonized inclose collaboration with the
ISO1andtheECAC2 .
The Commission considers that itwill beimportant toteach and tra
thepublic inthese matters .Everyone 'sliving conditions could
benoticeably improved bymeasures which cost very little .
1
ISOInternational Organization forStandardization
ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
I. OBJECTIVES
AsthetwoEnvironmental Action Programmes of1973 and1977 state ,
protection ofmanand hisenvi ronment requires that particular attention
bepaid tochemical products ^
Over the last twoyears thepublic authorities have increasingly found
themselves faced with difficulties caused Jsytheuseofchemical com­
pounds ,theeffects ofwhich onmanandtheenvironment were not,or
notsufficiently ,tested beforehand . .
Atthe same time ,the fact that these risks areassessed indifferent
ways from oneMember State toanother may result inobstacles prejudicial
tothe smooth functioning ofthe .common market .
TheAction Programmes provide for work tobedone either onharmonization
ofthe specifications for certain chemical products oronthecomposition
purpose andutilisation ofproducts causing pollution .
*
II.ACHIEVEMENTS ,
These Programmes have ledtotheadoption "ofDirectives which maybe
divided into three categories :
-Directives establishing Community standards inrespect ofcertain
types ofchemical product . .,'i -
; ■ ,A
These are,'inparticular ,Directives concerning thebiodegradabi lity of
detergents andDirectives ontheclassification ,packaging and label­
ling ofpesticides ,solvents ,paints andvarnishes .
-Directives regulating theuseofcertain substances andpreparations
which prove dangerous inindividual cases .
This category includes theDirective on,|limitation ofthe useand sale
ofcertain dangerous substances andpreparations (forexample /PCBs ,
VCM,"Tris "),theDirective onbanning themarketing andutilisation
ofphytopharmaceuti catproducts containing certain active substances
and the Council Decision onfluorocarbons .

-Preventive measuresintroducing generalcontrdlprocedures .This
istheSixthAmendmenttothe1967Directive ondangerous .substances
whichprovidesthelegalbasisforsystematicscrutinyofnew
chemicalsbeforetheyaremarketed.ThisDirectiveintroduces the
principle,accompanied byanappropriate procedure,thatthe
development ofanewchemicalsubstance mustbeaccompanied byan
assessment ofitsimpactonmanandhisenvironment,acriterion
whichmusthenceforth carrythesameweightasitstechnical and
commercial value.
Generallyspeaking,theseDirectives wereasatisfactory response
totheobjectives setbythe1973and1977Programmesforthis
sector.Atthesametime,particularattention wasgivento
findinginternational solutionstotheproblemscausedbythe
differences betweentherulessetupintheindustrialised countries
inrespeqtofenvironmental policyandinternational tradein
chemicalproducts.TheDirectives havestrengthened theposition
oftheCommunityininternational bodies,particularly theOECD.
Pursuanttotheinstructions itreceivedfromtheCouncilon
May301978,theCommission openednegotiations withtherelevant
Americanauthorities inanattempttocometoanagreement on
detailedarrangements forapplication oftheToxicSubstances
ControlActtoCommunityproductsandaf.Communitylegislation to
'American'products.
Finally,aDirectiveisnowunderdiscussion bytheCouncilonthe,
risksofmajoraccidentsarisingfromcertainindustrialactivities.
Thisproposal,whichtheCommission drew.upaftertheaccidentat
Seveso,aimsatpreventing accidentsinvolvingdangeroussubstances
andatlimitingtheconsequences shouldanysuchaccidentoccur.
III.DIFFICULTIES '■- ,
η ι"
Amongthedifficulties encountered,thenvainoneisthelackofstaff.
ThishasobligedtheCommission tocarry,outanadfoocratherthana
comprehensive policy.Thisdifficulty hasbeenheightened bythe
needtotakepriorityactiononthenotifications bytheMemberStates
ofregulations theyarecontemplating ,so,astoprepareactionat
Communitylevel.V –

Infuture ,this shortage ofstaff will have serious effects onthepace
ofimplementation oftheDirectives ,inparticular oftheSixth Amendment
tothe1967 Directive ondangerous substances .
Inasector particularly sensitive tothe international trading
conditions created bythe' laws oftheindustrialised countries , .
shortage ofstaff makes itimpossible tocoordinate satisfactorily -
theposition ?oftheMember States ininternational bodies and
vis-a-visnon-Community countries . '
Another difficulty istobefound inthetime-lag between thedraft­
ingofRegulations and thesearch bytheeconomic sectors concerned
for substitute products which are less dangerous forman and his
environment . <
Itwould bebetter ifindustry developed substitute products even before
Regulations were introduced .Itwould likewise bedesirable ifsuch
Regulations were planned in^such awayastoavoid excessively harsh
economic consequences .Tomitigate this difficulty ,itwould beagood .
icJea .»tosetupmachinery for adialogue and foranexchange ofscientific
andtechnical information atCommunity level bet-ween thevarious sectors
concerned . ,
IV.PROSPECTS ,,
The first thing istoput into operation the .numerous Laws which have ,
been adopted .
TheCommission itself will have tocope with ,amajor administrative task .
Inthe specific instance ofthe Sixth Amendment tothe 1967 Directive on
dangerous substances ,the Commission will have todeal with obligations
thescope ofwhich goes well beyond those .which normally devolve upon -it
inimplementing aDirective .•Inparticular ,ithas todraw up alist of
existing substances ,define methods ofdetermining theproperties of
substances ,and put together aclassification and labelling guide .
Furthermore ,the Commission will have toact asmoderator and conciliator
inafield where major economic and commercial interests are atstake .
M.' 'Î <
Inaddition ,theCommission will continue its endeavours aimed at:
-developing preventive measures which more effectively reflect theaims
ofaconsistent environment policy andmojr^easily fitinwith economic
.developments ;
-assessing ,bymeans ofresearch work the'iJnpact of"chemical substances
onman and hisenvironment .With the help oftheScientific Advisory
Committee forexamining thetoxicity andecotoxicity ofchemical com­
pounds ,which theCommission setupin1979 ,theCommission will ,where
appropriate ,propose control measures for rthemost dangerous substances

stepping upactivities likely toproduce international agreements
on -toxic substances ,for itisnecessary toseek and achieve
■conditions conducive toreciprocal recognition oftest data and,
where necessary ,ofadministrative procedures ..These activities
can bepursued eit+ier bilaterally with some countries orwithin
international bodies such astheOECD ;
developing anew form ofaction recommended bythe Council by
drawing up,onanexperimental basis ,"European Conventions on
theQuality ofLife "forchlorof luorocarbons andasbestos ,which
could make acontribution tothesmooth application oflegislation
inthis sector ; - -
promoting the search for less pollutant substitute products ,
inparticular bymeans ofeconomic incentives . . •

20
THEPROTECTION ANDRATIONAL MANAGEMENT OFLAND,
THEENVIRONMENT ANDNATURAL RESOURCES
InitsResolution of17May1977onthecontinuation andimplement­
ationoftheActionProgrammeoftheEnvironment,theCouncilemphasised
thatthepreventive natureoftheenvironment policyshouldbestrength­
enedandspecialattentionshouldbegiventotheprotection andrational
management ofland,theenvironment ,andnaturalresources.
ThemostrecentCouncilsofEnvironment Ministers havetakengreat
painstorestatethisaim,andhavestressedthatthepreventive manage­
mentofnaturalresources,whichareeconomicassetsofincreasing
importance,andtheinclusionofqualitative aspectsinthepLanning :
andorganization ofeconomicandsocialdevelopment areessential
conditionsforfurthergrowthinaperiodwhenresources mustbeused
moresparingly. "
Inordertoimplementthischangeof-po|licy whichreflectstheneedto
reconcileeconomicdevelopment withenvironmental protection,the
Commission hasundertaken workinthefollowingareas:
A.TheProtection andrationalmanagement ,ofland;
B.Theprotection offaunaandflora;
■in
'C.Theprotection andmanagementofnaturalresources.
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A.THEPROTECTION ANDRATIONAL MANAGEMENT OFLAND
-. ■: n-
LandintheEuropeanCommunityisavery^limitednaturalresourcewhich
ismuchsoughtafter.Toalargeextentsland-useplanningdecisions
determinethefuturequalityoftheenvironment,,frequentlyforaconr
iderablenumberofyears.Physicalplanningisthereforeoneofthe
areaswhereapreventive environment policywilliprove verynecessary ..
andverybeneficial .ItisforthisreasonthatmostoftheMember
Stateshaveincreasedtheireffortsinthisfieldoverthelastfew
years.\ ',ii
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WorkhasbeengoingonatCommunitylev^tinthreecomplementary -areas,
thefirstofwhichisthepreparation ofaninstrument("ecological
mapping")whichwillmakeitpossibletpftakethe<environmentmore
fullyintoaccountinphysicalplanning.Developments intheothertwo
willhelptoidentify apolicyfortheCommunitywithregardfirstlyto
ruralareasandforestryandsecondlytocertain ,zoneswherephysical
planningencountersparticular environmental problems.
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-21-
A.1."ECOLOGI CAL MAPPING "
I. OBJECTIVES
TheProgramme provides for thedevelopment ofan"ecological mapping "
system infour phases .
Phase one isstill inprogress and consists indeveloping amethod
whereby data andvalues relating tothenatural environment are
incorporated into physical planning and economic and social demand is
matched asmuch aspossible with ecological supply .
Inthesucceeding phases ,procedures forapplying theecological mapping
method will "beaddressed totheCouncil inorder gradually tocreate a
data "base onthestate oftheenvironment intheCommunity .
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
Incollaboration with the agencies concerned intheMember States and after
frequent consultation ofthemany interested bodies intheCommunity and
atinternational level ,theCommission hasdrawn upapreliminary draft
method ofecological mapping ,which hasbeen tested innine case studies
in^the Member States ,andadapted where necessary .
Asummary report isnowbeing written .
Therelevance ofremote sensing anddata processing totheimplementation
ofthis system hasbeen studied .
Itshould also benoted that theCommission ,while avoiding any
duplication ofeffort ,hasplayed its role inthe discussion of
related issues byinternational organisations ,inparticular theOEGD
(thestate oftheenvironment )andtheECE (land use).
III .DIFFICULTIES
Thepreparation ofinstruments which can contribute effectively towards
thegeneral inclusion onapreventive basis ofenvironmental factors in
physical planning means that discussions must beheld with various
administrative and scientific bodies .
Asaresult ,inorder totake theexperience ofthedifferent parties
into account -(inparticular theMember States andinternational
organizations ),theCommission hasfound itself faced with a
particularly complex consultation process which raises considerable
problems ofcoordination .
Itseems unlikely that these difficulties ,which arebound upwith the
nature oftheproblems examined ,will besolved intheimmediate future .

•22-
IV.PROSPECTS -
In1981 theCommission will address adraft ecological mapping method
together with aproposal ontheprooedure for itspraotioal application
totheCouncil foradoption .
Itnow .seems that ,iftheproposed method isadopted "bytheCouncil ,its
application bytheMember States will mean that aninstrument is
available for the continual evaluation ofthe state ofthe environment
onaCommunity "basis .Highlighting thenatural potential ofthe
environment andanyecological imbalances ,such aninstrument could :
– beuseful inorientating Community environment policy andmonitoring
itsimplementation .Acase inpoint would betheprovision ofan
overall vector forenvironmental statistics enabling more detailed
information tobeintegrated andcoordinated (e.g. aninventory of
wetlands ,exchanges ofinformation onthequality of.airand
water ,etc.); , ,
– give rise tospecific Community measures (e.g. .ontheprotection
,ofthecountryside ,orinatural risks ,ontherestoration ofdeclining
industrial areas ,etc. ); 7 ,
* /
– make iteasier toinclude anenvironment dimension inCommunity
policies forvarious sectors (e.g. agricultural ,regional and
transport policies ). . i-
Eoological mapping could also : _n :j
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– help theMember States todevelop consistent andcompatible
systems forproviding information onandevaluating the ,
environment ; ' i
– provide given countries orregions intheCommunity (noworafter
enlargement )which asyetdonothave theappropriate information
toenable them toinclude environmental factors intheir physical
planning ,with amethodological basis which will allow them to
develop aninformation system fulfilling both their ownneeds and
theproposed Community objectives .Talks with therelevant ;
authorities inthecandidate countries have shown that there isa
great deal ofinterest insuch ameasure ontheir part .
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-23-
A.2RURAL AREAS A2TD FORESTRY
I. OBJECTIVES
TheAction Programme states that although ,through their activities ,farmers
perform useful functions inconserving theland ,andlandscape ,agriculture
andforestry also have certain consequences forthenatural environment ,
owing inparticular tomodern production techniques .Ittherefore specifies
that work will heorganized with thefollowing twofold aiminmind :onthe
onehand ,toaccentuate thegood effects ofagriculture andforestry onthe
environment and onthe other toreduce its adverse effects .
To "bring this about five series ofprojects areplanned covering pesticides ,
intensive stock-rearing ,mineral fertilizers ,rural land useandforests .
Itshould "bepossible toprevent andreduce nuisances arising from
pesticides "byappropriate controls onmarketing anduse ,"bydeveloping
alternative methods and "bymonitoring pesticide residues infoodstuffs .
With regard tointensive stock –rearing ,tworegulations areplanned
covering thetechnical and health requirements applicable tothe
collection and storage ofeffluent and the technical rules andmaximum
permissible limits onthespreading oflivestock effluent oncultivated
land .Itisalso planned tostudy theproblems caused bythespreading
ofother types oforganic waste .
With regard tomineral fertilizers ,studies areplanned onthetransfer
ofnutrient elements into watercourses and on ,thechanges that might be
needed infarming methods .
The ecological consequences ofland development andwater engineering
projects inagriculture and thepossible alternative uses ofless-
favoured agricultural areas have been examined with aview tomaking
better use ofrural areas . -i
Studies arealso planned onthesize andcomposition offorests ,involving
examining their chief functions anaseeking thebest ways ofreconciling
them . " ■
II.ACHIEVEMENTS :
Γ"
TheCouncil has adopted theDirective prohibiting theplacing onthe
market anduse ofplant protection products containing certain active
substances .With afewexceptions ,therefore ,thesale anduse inthe
Community ofspecific pesticides (persistent organochlorine and
organomercury compounds )arebanned from nowon.
Theproposal foraDirective concerning theplacing ofEEC–accepted
plant protection products onthemarket –whi-ch waslinked totheone
mentioned above –isstill under discussion within theCouncil .Still
unresolved istheprocedure tobefollowed where there isdisagreement
onapproval .

-24-
Astudy has "been carried outanditsfindings published onthespreading
oflivestock effluent oncultivated land .Noteworthy among these
findings isamethod tocalculate the'permitted amounts which may "be
spread ,accompanied layrecommendations onuseandaninventory of
problem areas asfaraslivestock effluent dsooncerned .Ajoint research
programme now "being carried outalso covers thespreading oflivestock
effluent oncultivated land . ,!
TheCommission iscurrently carrying outanumber ofpilot studies to
evaluate theenvironmental impact ofmajor drainage and irrigation projects .
The sites chosen are located within areas ofWestern Ireland and Southern
Italy where Community water engineering projects are "being carried butwith
aid from theEAGGF . ..
-Thefindings ofthese studies -which arebeing carried out atthesame time
asCommunity rules -are "being drawn uponimpact assessment -will "be
communicated totheMember States .TheCommission will "beconsulting the
Member States onthemeans oftranslating these findings into practical
action atanearly date . 1 ,r. ., , '
iI - ■
.TheCommission has also included anenvironmental protection clause in
the ,context of .thenewmeasures tospeed upagricultural development in
certain less-favoured areas .Thedevelopment programme to "bedrawn up
pursuant tothese measures must carry aguarantee that theaction proposed
isenvironmentally acceptable .
TheCommission has sent totheCouncil aCommunication onforestry
policy .Itisaimed atensuring that anyforestry policy iscompatible
with themain functions that aforest isrequired tofulfil (timber
production ,environmental value ,recreational use)andthat there is *•
consistency between theforestry policies oftheMember States .The
proposed Resolutions areunder consideration within theCouncil .
TheCouncil hasalso adopted aRegulation establishing acommon measure
forforestry incertain Mediterranean zones i,oftheCommunity .The -
Regulation aims toimprove theprotection pf^the particularly fragile
natural environment intheMediterranean region byaprogramme of
re-afforestation andforestry improvement inareas facing particular
difficulties concerning erosion andthe wate^T economy ofsoils .This
programme isnowinthecourse ofimplementation .TheCommission will
ensure that adequate account istaken ofthe'natural hazards concerning
water . :• .• ,
TheCommission hastaken anactive part inthework carried outby"
international organizations ,forexample theifrecent Council ofEurope
Conference ofMinisters oftheEnvironment onthe environmental
compatibility ofagricultural activities .«n
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-25-
III . DIFFICULTIES
Over the last twodecades agriculture intheCommunity hashad to
make aconsiderable effort toadjust tothepattern ofdevelopment in
other sectors oftheeconomy .The effort made toimprove productivity
and income hasresulted invast changes inproduction systems onfarms .
Under thecombined pressure ofeconomic ,social andpolitical conditions
this process has ,to "besure ,led toextensive rationalization butalso
toamarkedly increased level ofintensification .This hasundoubtedly
resulted ,inanumber ofcases ,insituations which areclearly
environmentally unacceptable .Such problems maysometimes beobserved
andresolved locally .
Anadditional difficulty that arises isthat pollution isoften
difficult topinpoint exactly .Farming covers large areas –60/&of
the land intheCommunity –and there are some five million farms .
Individual causes ofpollution may therefore pass unnoticed ,buttheir
effects combine toproduce overall repercussions some ofwhich maybe
felt only onalarger scale .
Astrategy more inkeeping with this sort ofsituation must therefore
beformulated and implemented .Action isrequired concerning both
individual farms and themachinery foragricultural development ona
larger scale .Shortage ofstaff has obliged theCommission togive
priority toactivities concerning species conservation rather than to
measures inthis sector .
IV. PROSPECTS
Despite thedifficulties mentioned above ,theoutlook isbynomeans 0
bleak ,since environmental protection maybefurthered bythevery
economic constraints which ledagriculture toendanger theenvironment .
There canbelittle doubt that theincrease ininput costs ,theneed to
beatoneand the same time avery thrifty consumer and anenergy
producer ,andresponsibility foressential natural resource conservation
functions allprompt agriculture ingeneral and farms inparticular to
seek newequilibria ,inparticular bymaking substantial changes in
production systems and technologies . ;
Inthis evolving process ,farming interests andenvironmental protection
arebound tocoincide onmany points .Itwill therefore bepossible
topursue sound measures common tothese twomajor Community policies
and concentrate prevention andcontrol activities onasmall number
ofsituations where there may beconflicting economic interests .Where
theCommunity isconcerned ,itisultimately aquestion ofshouldering
itsresponsibilities byensuring –inall thedecisions itiscalled
upon totake -consistency between these twodirectly interdependent
common policies .
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Action atfarm level
■ ! – ' \ .
Significant progress should beachieved byadopting andimplementing the
Directives relating tothemarketing ofpesticides but such measures do
nothing tosolve theproblems arising from theoonditions inwhioh
pesticides areused bythefarmers themselves .
Onthebasis ofrecent studies and the findings ofreports submitted by
commissions ofenquiry inseveral Member States ,inparticular the
United Kingdom ai;dtheFederal Republic ofGermany ,theCommission
considers that more stringent measures should betaken .
ITheCommission intends tocarry outorcontinue thefollowing measures :
- toencourage research into andthedevelopment andapplication of
integrated crop protection methodB resulting inwiser pesticide use
– toadvise farmers onproduct choice ,methods andequipment for
applying pesticides and thebenefits ofintegrated protection
.methods :
– tomonitor more closely themethods andequipment used toapply'
%pesticides ; (.
– torestrict theuse ofproducts not offering complete environmental
safety tospecific cases andmake them jsubject toasystem of
charges . i -n
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With regard tointensive stock-rearing ,theCommission intends tocarry
putthefollowing measures : •/
: ■ '-- • \ 1•<. ■ ."
–to pursue theinvestigation into effluent treatment methods with
aview -todrawing upaproposal orarecommendation ontheir use ;
■ " ;iL' . .,< i. '
– tosubject intensive stock-rearing -beyond acertain level –\to
environmental impact assessment procedures ; :~
-• ' j " !i
– topromote pilot projects ontheredistribution ofeffluent to
bring about anenvironmentally acceptable use ofsuch effluent on
■soils .- Hv: .
Action tocounter the repercussions oflarge-scale agricultural
activities ; ;■.-
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Here emphasis should beplaced onpreventive measures ,aimed at ,
preventing themisuse orintensified use ;;; ofthesoil and
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Inorder to "bring this about ,usemay "bemade ,ofimpact studies ,systems
toensure that environmental protection 'forms part ofagricultural
development programmes forspecific regions andoverall guidelines
concerning environmental protection .TheCommission intends tocontinue
tosystematically incorporate theenvironment dimension asearly asthe
project orprogramme definition stage rather than have tomake
corrections just before theimplementing decision .Pilot agricultural
development projects could heused todevelop suitable methods .
Special attention must 'also hepaid toprotected andsensitive areas of
theenvironment byensuring that activities arecompatible with the
environmental objectives forthese zones andbyencouraging the
development offarming techniques which take account ofthese objectives .
Where necessary ,provision should bemade forasystem ofcompensation
forfarmers ifthecompatible farming techniques referred tocause
financial hardship .This approach hasalready been followed asregards
theaward ofcompensatory allowances insmall areas inwhich
environmental protection does notenable farmers toovercome existing
handicaps . x
Finally ,inrelation toforests ,theCommission intendB toestablish
better information onthepossible effects on'theenvironment ofintensive
production andexploitation methods andonthemanagement ofthe forests ,
theprime aimofwhich isnotproduction .r

-28-
A.3.URBAN AREAS /. :
I. 'OBJECTIVES -
Intheparagraphs dealing with urban areas ,theCommission stated its
intention ofputting appropriate proposals totheCouncil ,oforganizing
aconference onurban problems ,ofproposing aconcerted research action
onthegrowth oflarge urban concentrations andofreviewing itsrole
intheconservation oftheCommunity 'sheritage . ■> '
II.ACHIEVEMENTS -
Allofthese tasks have been completed ,with theexception ofthefirst
theCommission considered itnecessary toknow theoutcome ofthe other
action before consulting apanel ofnational experts onurban problems ,
with aview tomaking proposals totheCouncil .
TheConference onUrban Problems intheEuropean Community ,organized
inassociation with theCouncil of .European Municipalities andthe
International Union ofLocal Authorities ,Liverpool City Council and
Merseyside County Council ,washeld inLiverpool on6-9November 1979 *
It-was attended bymore than 300elected representatives oflocal and
regional authorities intheMember States .Affinal declaration was
adopted ,which reviewed thepresent andpotential contributions ofthe
Community 'senvironmental ,social ,employment andregional policies
tothesolution ofurban problems andconcluded that :
H .! - .
- Within itspolicies ,theEuropean Community should give major
attention tothevitality ofthelarge old ^industrial urban areas .
'- ." ' ' ; *v
- There should bemore cooperation anddirect contact between the
Community andlocal andregional authorities tofind solutions
fortheproblemsof such urban areas . r
– Resources from theSocial Fund andtheRegional Development Fund
\ should bemade available topilot projects inthose urban areas ,
theresults ofwhich mayalso beofuse !taother inner cities and
urban areas intheCommunity . .
– IULA andCEMshould urbanize andstimulate theexchange ofviews
.between those urban areas intheCommunity ,inparticular inthe
form ofsmall study groups onspecific problems oftheinner areas .
Thefindings ofthese study groups should bemade available tothe
-other cities inthe'Community . tjh ':
' I'■
– IULA andCEMshould form asmall committee inwhich they would
invite officials oftheCommission and officials oflocal and
regional authorities andofthenational governments toparticipate
inorder tofollow uptheimplementationnof theabove conclusions .
This committee should report before theiendof1980 toIULA andCEM
ontheimplementation ofthese conclusions .
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The c \1*ecIdsd on7•2»1978 toestablish a -mcerted research
act .i.onmxls .growth oflarge urban concentrations ,for aperiod
oftwo ;<-virc »23research projects in8Member States participated
int-V-." .'-v.c,■„:;naddition toCARjsldtintj tu «irwnr©&®sirch projeote ,
the .researchers metregularly inthree groups ,each ofwhich prepared
ao.y r.ri 'aireport .Acomprehensive report onTheconcerted research
action isbeing prepared and will becirculated toMember States .
The Commission hasasked aconsultant toexamine theCommunity 'srole
intheconservation oftheCommunity *sarchitectural heritage .His
report hasrecently been received andhisrecommendations arebeing
studied .Acongress onthearchitectural heritage ,organized by
EuropaNostra andsponsored bytheCommission ,theCouncil ofEurope
andtheGovernment ofBelgium washeld inBrussels on27–29 March 1980 .
IntheAction Programme theCommission undertook tostudy indicators of
environmental quality .Onthebasis ofprevious work inMember States
and ininternational organizations theCommission hasdeveloped adraft
system ofindicators ofurban environmental quality .Ithasbeen
designed tobecompatible -with and tocomplement theecological mapping
system .Thesystem will betested indifferent cities intheCommunity ,
starting with Rouen (France )in1980 .When perfected ,thesystem will
beput atthedisposal oflocal authorities inMember States fortheir
ownuse and ,inaddition ,itcould beused tocompare environmental
quality intheurban zones oftheCommunity . -.
III .PROSPECTS
TheCommission believes that theprimary responsibility fordealing with
urban problems lies with local ,regional andnational authorities .It
considers that itsrole ought tobe (l)tostudy theeffects ofeconomic
integration and ofCommunity policies onthe cities and totake action
under itsexisting powers andresources toreduce negative effects and to
multiply positive effects ;(2)toaidlocal ,regional andnational
authorities todischarge their responsibilities ,and (3)topromote
coordination when necessary oftheview ofMember States participating
inthework ofinternational organizations ,such astheCouncil of
Europe ,OECD ,U.N. Economic Commission forEurope and'theU.U. Commission
onHuman Settlements and todraw conclusions fortheCommunity from the
results ofwork done bythese organizations .- 1
More specifically theCommission believes that itsaction could develop
along thefollowing lines :
- Information :monitoring thesituation bystudies andresearch ,
publishing theresults : ,
■'·:η
– Exchange ofexperience :organizing orassisting exchange of
information andexperiences between various levels ofgovernment
indifferent Member States andbetween .organizations intheprivate
sector also :

-30-
Projects :identification oftypes ofurban improvement and
renewal which should "bepartially financed from Community sources
andstimulating public authorities toundertake projects which
would qualify forassistance ; -
Research ,training andtechniques :preparation ofasecond
urban research programme isnow inprogress andaproposal will be
submitted totheCouncil inmid-1 980 . .

A.4. COASTAL AREAS
I. OBJECTIVES
TheProgramme calls forproposals to "bemade totheCouncil to
implement principles ofintegrated coastal planning defined at
international level ,inparticular bytheCouncil ofEurope andthe
OECD ,intheCommunity .
II.ACHIEVEMENTS '
TheCommission hascarried outtwocase studies inBrittany andPuglia
toinvestigate what problems areinvolved inthepractical implementation
ofintegrated coastal planning principles .Anappropriate programme of
measures 1fortheCommunity has "been drawn upinthelight oftheresults
ofthese studies .Themagnitude oftheproblems involved has "been
confirmed and the line taken "bytheCommission sofarendorsed inthe
talks held "bytheCommission tocheck theresults ofitsstudy .
III .DIFFICULTIES
S
Noparticular difficulties have "been encountered sofar .
% • «
TheCommission does ,however ,expect tohave thesame difficulties in
coordinating work inthis area aswith ecological mapping ,which it
resembles .Not only arethere alarge number ofbodies which are
concerned with protecting ourbeaches but there arealso some which axe
specifically concerned with protecting themarine environment .
i •
IV.PROSPECTS V h, -
Our current work hastwofuture objectives which aretobeachieved
simultaneously : • i
V '' .1m
- Since themany factors which influence coastal areas aretoalarge
extent interconnected andtheCommunity 'senvironment policy overlaps
with other sectoral policies inthis area more often than inothers ,
itisessential tohave ageneral strategy within which anyfuture
Community measures canbecoordinated .This could take theform
ofaEuropean charter forcoastal areas embodied inaCouncil
Resolution inwhich itsfinancial implications might also be
incorporated . I
■fU
– Anumber ofmeasures could betaken atCommunity "level tosolve
problems regarded ashaving priority . nr "n

-32-
Twofields have "been particularly favoured "bytheCommission :
• "information acquisition "(e.g. aEuropean data "bank onthe
coastal environment ;fostering aEuropean network ofresearch
centres );
• "information supply /sensitization "forthegroups concerned
(e.g. management manuals forenvironmental impact assessments
incoastal areas ;orcodes ofconduct fortourists inEurope ,etc.)
Anumber ofMember States areparticularly concerned ahouttheproblem
ofcoast erosion .Itmight benecessary totake steps toobtain andmake
available more information about this problem andtoprovide Community
funding forpreventive measures . '' ,

-3>
A.5 .MOUNTAIN AREAS
I."OBJECTIVES
The Directive' onfarming inmountain ,hill andcertain less-favcured
areas cannot onitsowndirectly solve theproblems involved in
conserving thenatural environment ofmountain areas .TheAction
Programme therefore calls ontheCommission toexamine thevarious
aspects oftheproblems ofmountain areas and ,ifnecessary ,topresent
appropriate proposals totheCouncil .
II.ACHEVEMENTS
TheCommission hasstudied theimplications ofpromoting theintegrated
.development ofmountain areas inorder toconserve what isaparticularly
sensitive environment and tosatisfy thelegitimate aspirations oflocal
people aswell astherecreational needs ofthose from other European
regions ,particularly urban areas . .
Asummary report ofthework undertaken hasbeen drawn up;itattempts
todefine ageneral strategy forthe integrated development ofmountain
areas and todefine priority measures tobetaken atCommunity and
national level .Thereport will bepublished shortly .
III .DIFFICULTIES . ,
¥0particular problems have been encountered sofar .
■IV.PROSPECTS
•.
Ageneral plan ofaction should beworked outformountain areas ,as
forcoastal areas ,based onanoverall strategy forintegrated
development .Special attention should bepaid tothemany functions
which theareas concerned have tofulfil from thepoint ofview of
theenvironment ,inparticular mountain areas notonly because oftheir
importance forthelocal heritage butalso because oftheir influence
ontheentire catchment area .Similarly ,additional development
opportunities relating totourism should "beused wisely .
Anumber ofpriority measures could betaken concurrently :
– todetermine andpromote types offarming which aremost
compatible with conservation ofthemountain environment }
– todefine thecriteria forand toimprove themethods of
assessing theimpact onthemountain environment ,e.g. ofenergy
production ortransport infrastructure plans ordevelopment
projects : .
j- todraw upmanagement manuals forenvironmental impact
assessments (e.g. guide fortourist developments inmountain
areas -nowbeing drafted ):
' 1'
1

-34-
– toprevent natural risks inmountain areas ;
– toestablish aEuropean network ofprotected areas typical of
Europe *8mountain terrain ,with ^the Community fsfinancial support ;
– togive financial and technical support tointernational
.cooperation topromote integrated development .
A.6. PROTECTED AREAS
I. OBJECTIVES . , ■ :
The Programme calls onthe Commission togive aspecial place to
protected areas inits environmental policy along thelines ofits
past work andtoparticipate intherelated work ofinternational
organizations . . . *
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
The Commi has paid particular attention ,toprotected areas inits
work onwild-life conservation ,ecological mapping and coastal and
mountain areas .
Ithas also compiled anupdated survey ofthe ,various types ofprotected
areas inthe Member States (reserve ,national park ,protected landscape ,
etc)with theassistance ofthenational departments ooncemed and ...
international vorganizations .Thesurvey provided thebasis fora
"common method ofclassifying protected areas andwill bepublished
shortly . i '
III.DIFFICULTIES .
Uoparticular problems have been encountered sofar. -
-IV.PROSPECTS
The Commission intends todraw upaproposal tothe Council onthe use
ofacommon classification ofprotected areas ;inthe Community to
establish abasis ofcomparison for future Opminunity "action inthis
sector . ,
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B. PROTECTION OPFLORA MD FAUNA
I. OBJECTIVES
TheAction Programme draws attention tothe fact that flora and .fauna
arepart ofmankind Tscommon heritage .They constitute reservoirs
ofnon–renewable genetic material andareelements inanoverall
ecological '"balance .Theprotection andconservation measures must
therefore "beapplied tothis natural heritage asawhole andnotsolely
toindividual species ofplants andanimals .
, !
Ithas "been established that the environmental conservation measures
taken have ,inmost cases ,hadbeneficial results fortheflora ,and
fauna ;inaddition ,wehave toconsider theeffects ofland ' .
utilization andspatial planning ontheconservation status of
endangered species ofplant andanimal .Thesteps toprotect our
heritage should therefore hepart ofanintegrated approach ,aimed at
conserving theendangered species offlora and ]fauna and atsafeguarding
their habitat . "
Toimplement these projects theCommission hasbeen requested todraw
largely onthework ofinternational organizations -especially the
Council ofEurope –and tosubmit appropriate proposals relating to
thedifferent problems involved inprotecting thewild .fauna and .flora
andconserving thegenetic heritage .More specifically theProgramme
calls upon theCommission todirect itsefforts andproposals towards
theprotection ofbirds ,therestriction and ^stringent control of
international trade incertain endangered species ofwild flora and
fauna ,theprotection ofmigratory species and ofmarine andfreshwater
fauna ,theexamination ofshooting andhunting laws ,andtheprotection
ofwetlands ofinternational' importance . nr.
j'1
'II .ACHIET /EMENTS ■ nn ,-
Π;<
On2April theCouncil adopted aDirective concerning the -
protection oftheavifauna .'This Directive l$ys down rules for
protection ofageneral nature ,restricts thenumber ofspecies which
canbehunted ,shot ortrapped ,orwhich canbetraded in,aswell as
themethods ofhunting ,shooting ortrapping -permitted ,itsets out
principles ofadministration forhunting ,and ;rules of-ageneral nature
fortheMember States concerning habitat conservation . :
Atthesame time ,theCouncil hasinvited theCommission andtheMember
States totake certain steps towards preserving biotopes . - ,
Atinternational level ,theCommunity hassigned (ashave allthe
Member States )theConvention oftheCouncil ofEurope ,ontheConservation
ofEuropean Wildlife andNatural Habitats . r,. r>i­
:• ! s
TheCommission hasalso participated innegotiations relating tothe
formulation ofanInternational Convention on ;theConservation ,of
Migratory Species ,andhassucceeded inhaving inserted therein aclause
which grants ittheright toaccede totheConvention -induecourse .

-36-
TheCommission will inthenear future submit totheCouncil aproposal
foraRegulation concerning theuniform application throughout the ,
Community oftheConvention onInternational Trade inEndangered Species
ofWild Flora andFauna (Washington Convention )*TheCommission will
furthermore make appropriate proposals for theCommunity assuch to
accede tothe Convention .
Apart from conservation measles covering species offish ,carried out
under thepolicy onfishing ,theCommission hasorganized major studies
ofsaltwater mammals .Atthe last Conference ofthe Parties -tothe
Convention onInternational Trade inEndangered Species oxWild Flora ; ..
andFauna ,theCommission supported theproposal from theUnited
Kingdom that all species ofcetaceans hecovered "bythis Convention .
Inview ofthe known ineffectiveness ofaction under the International
Whaling Commission –andfollowing aBritish suggestion –theCommission
hasproposed a "banoncommercial imports ofthemain whale products ,-
inorder tolessen thepressure imposed by "commercial interests onthe
whale population .
This mea^r,.will heed to "beapproved laytheCouncil assoon aspossible
inorder togive theconsumers of.these products areasonable period for
adjustment .Atthesame time theCouncil should ensure that action in
this area iscoordinated ,byempowering theCommunity asawhole to
join theI.W.C. inorder tostrengthen itsconservation measures .
III .'DIFFICULTIES '
Thelaunching ofthis .Programme wassmooth ;theProgramme canbe .
expected toachieve itsobjectives within the ;proposed time limits .
However ,oneproblem isthat only five Member States have ratified the
Washington Convention ;theresultant failure ,toapply theConvention
uniformly within theCommunity creates difficulties,' both onthe
administrative side .and inrespect ofthe ta^Jc ofconservation itself .
* ri •'
IV.PROSPECTS .
TheCommission hopes that certain hesitations which have become apparent
astothescope oftheCommunity 'spowers –which have hindered the
adoption ofimportant andurgent measures –'-will beovercome inthe
future . " !
. <-, "Tf
The implementation ofthevarious measures will mark theachievement of
-theessential !aims o,ftheAction Programme inrespect oftheprotection
ofthe wild fauna and flora . 1/
However ,itshould beemphasized that itis-becoming 'increasingly clear
-sthat it .will bepossible toavoid theextinction ofBeveral species only
ifgreater efforts aremade topreserve theixabitats ofthese species ;
indeed ,thescale ofthemeasures tobetaken ,especially bythe
Commission ,isgreater than wasoriginally proposed .^
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Itistherefore onthis aspect that future action must heprimarily -
concentrated .;itisnecessary toidentify therequirements -both in
terms ofthetotal area needing protection and oftheadministration of
thedifferent zones ,and .toestablish aframework which will guarantee
thepermanent protection ofthose biotopes which areconsidered tobeof
Community importance .
Toachieve this end ,theenactment ofgeneral rules andtheevaluation of
the impact ofcertain developments onthehabitat oftheendangered species
will notsuffice .Itwill also benecessary tohave available all the
means which can .make itpossible tocope with thepressures exerted by
economic development ,including those which arise froih Community policies .
Such means would beincomplete without therequisite funds .-
This fact ,aswell asthecomplex patterns ofthedistribution ofpowers
andresponsibilities ,foreshadows that soundly-based ,effective Community
action will encounter certain difficulties .However itappears to'the
Commission that such action isanessential prerequisite toanyattempt
tocombat thegradual extinction ofendangered species ,and toputan
end tothebiological impoverishment oftheenvironment .
The ^Council mayperhaps wish todiscuss this fundamental policy .
Asfar astheprotection aridmaintenance ofwild species isconcerned ,
theDirective ofApril 1979 will besupplemented bythecreation and
maintenance ofanetwork ofsufficiently large protected zones which will
beprotected andadministered under common rules andprinciples .If
this aimistobeachieved ,byinforming andinteresting thepublic ,the
Community will doubtless have tointroduce legislation andprovide funds .
Theprocedures forassessing theenvironmental impact ofpublic and
private developments must expressly require ,theexamination oftheir
effects onthe fauna and flora .
'"i
Atinternational level ,itwill benecessary fortheCommunity andthe ,
Member States toratify assoon aspossible theConvention oftheCouncil
ofEurope andtheInternational Convention ontheConservation of
Migratory Species . 1
Thesigning bytheCommunity ofthis Conventi(51n will insure that it
comes into force more quickly .Infact theCommission would beable to
make anactive contribution tothedevelopment andachievement of
regional agreements covering species ofparticular interest tothe
Community itself ,especially byreason ofits ^relatione )with .alarge
number ofAfrican and Mediterranean countries * : > .
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C. PROTECTION AND MflJTAGEMENT OF •
.' NATURAL RESOURCES
TheAction Programme ontheenvironment lays particular emphasis on
measures toprotect natural resources and tocombat wastage .These
measures deal with theproblems ofprotecting andmanaging water
resources andwith waste management byacomprehensive policy of
prevention ,reclamation anddisposal# '- '
C.1. PROTECTIOIT AMD MANAGEMENT OFWATER RESOURCES • ■
AMTI -WASTAGE MEASURES
I. OBJECTIVES
TheEnvironment Programme calls foranumber ofstudies tobecarried
out inthe field ofrational management ofwater resources aimed at : .
a)improving theuseofavailable resources ,andidentifying potential
resources' with aview toguaranteeing minimum water supplies in
those ^asoftheCommunity where there' isapermanent orseasonal
she i 5 •' :" '
b)'protecting allwateiv-resources –especially those of .high quality ^.
c)improving thepresentation andcomparibility ofstatements on
available water resources andforeseeable water requirements .
These measures relate essentially ,tospecific' problems such asthe
campaign against wastage ofwater ,thepromotion ofgreater consumer •
awareness inthis field ,therecycling 'andre-use ofwater ,the
combined use ofall .thevarious types ofavailable water resources ,the
desalination ofseawater ,protection ofgroundwater andimproving
knowledge about underground water resources j-etc. -1->
'II.ACHIEVEMENTS i ' - .
'r.' ■ ln
Inimplementation ofthis programme ,*anumber iofstudies have been
carried outontheavailability ofwater resources in-theCommunity ..
These studies .have yielded information on : . ■ •
– themain administrative bodies responsible forwater management .in
,each Member State .Inthecase ofFrance ,theinvestigation also
covered smaller units ;this enabled adetailed study tobemade
ofregional problems orthose specific towater-oat chment areas :
H*i <r:.
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39-
-thewater resources ofeach country inanaverage year ;
-thepercentage annual increase indemand and theestimated freshwater
requirements forthepopulation ,agriculture industry andthermal
power stations uptotheyear 2000 .
x/
Copies ofthese studies were sent tothenational experts concerned and
their findings have formed thebasis ofacommunication which the
Commission submitted tothe United Nations Conference onWater held in
1977 atMar del Plata .
Other studies inthis field have dealt with theintegrated management
ofwater resources .
The "drought of1975 /76-inhighlighting thevulnerabi lity ofthewater
supply infrastructure oftheMember States -provided aforceful reminder
oftheneed forgreater understanding and better use ofgroundwater
resources .Itwastherefore decided totake specific action tosafeguard
these supplies and togain abetter understanding ofgroundwater pollution
phenomena . ' . - .
C V . •
One recently-terminated project was aimed atproviding acomprehensive
picture ofthe European Community 'sgroundwater resources .This
involved anevaluation ofthe resources avai lable under present conditions
ofabstraction andsupply ,the areas forpotential development andthe
additional resources needed ,allbased onaninventory ofacquifers ,an
estimate oftheir size and theway inwhich th^y arereplenished .This
project canalso provide environmental data serving totest thevalidity
ofthe results obtained from theecological mapping programme asapplied
togroundwater *The resultant balance sheet will form thebasis ofva
forthcoming publication bytheCommission . -• .. .
The Community 'spolicy ontheprotection ofgroundwater found direct
expression with theadoption oftheCounci IDirective ontheprotection' 1
ofgroundwater igainst pollution caused bycertain dangerous substance .
■.' ·11
Inpreparing this Directive ,,discussions with experts revealed theneed
for abetter understanding ofthemeasures takesn byeach Member State
regarding thebanning orauthorization ofdischarges .Accordingly ,the
Commission hasundertaken «.study onthescientific andtechnical aspects
ofprotected areas andonthetechnical criteria governing thedischarge
authorization procedure intheMember States ., ,
Another recently-completed project investigated theways andmeans of •
achieving savings ofpotable water through reduced consumption in
conventional uses and areduction intheamount ofwastage .
f!'1
Oneoutcome ofthis project hasbeen thepreparation of ,aspecimen
brochure forgeneral distribution containing hijnts andpractical ideas
tocutdown thedomestic consumption ofwater ,. ,This brochure isto
bepublished shortly . ~ -in'
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III.DIFFICULTIES
Staffingshortageshavemeantthatthispartoftheprogrammehashad
tobecarriedoutbyoutsideconsultants .Forthesamereason,the
findingsandsuggestions putforward1nthesestudiesandthecampaign
topromotetherationalmanagement ofwaterresourcesintheCommunity
havebeenonlypartlyimplemented . •
IV.PROSPECTS
Futureactionwillconcentrate on,thegatheringof-datatoimprovethe
monitoring andachievement oftheprovisions containedintheDirective
ongroundwater protection. L ■
Tothisend,itisplannedthatthestudyonthequantitative evaluation
ofgroundwater resourcesintheEuropeanCommunityshouldbebackedup
byaqualitative studyonthevulnerability ofthesewaters.
Thecorpusofdatawillberepresented inmapformandshouldhelp
orientatedecisionstowardsamorerationalexploitation ofgroundwater
resources ,and,inaddition,highlightthepriorityareastobestudied
inorderto'-reasepresentknowledge andtopromotewatermanagement
projectsel.olefordirectCommunityaid.
C.2WASTEMANAGEMENT
I>.1. .1_I.. t
I.OBJECTIVES
TheActionProgrammestressestheneedforactivecontrolofwastesin
ordertoprotecttheenvironment againstpollution,ensurethesound.
economicmanagement ofresources,maketheCommunitylessdependent on
importedrawmaterials andestablishtherationallong-term management
ofnaturalresources . ;
TheCommunityisdirectly .involvedinthesemeasureswhichhavetobe
carriedoutatconsumer,industryandlocalandnationalauthoritylevel.
TheProgrammeprovidesforworktobeundertaken onthepreventionof
wastegeneration,onrecyclingandre-useand-(theharmlessdisposalof
unreclaimed waste.

Asregardstheprevention ofwastegeneration,anotableprovisionin
theProgrammeisforstudiestobecarriedoutonthepossibleuseof
substitute materials,andonencouraging industrytoavoidwasteandto
promotetherecoveryofrawmaterials.
Withregardtorecycling andre-use,theCommission wasinstructed,
takingtheopinionsoftheWasteManagement Committee asaguide,to
carryoutcertainstudiesoneconomicaspects,organization and
recovery,possibleadministrative measuresandinformation schemes.
Moreparticularly ,theprogrammeprovidesforproposalstobesubmitted
onprioritywastematerials.
Finally,thereisprovisionfortheproblemsarisingfromtheharmless
disposalofnon-recoverable wastetobeexamined,especially with
regardtocertainprimaryindustrial residues,andstudiestobedone
onmonitoring thedumpingoftoxicproducts. -
Inshort,thepurposeofthispolicyistotrytoavoid,oratleast
reduce>theproductionofwaste,thepollutionwhichitcauses,and
wastageofenergyandrawmaterials. -
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
ThetouncilhasadoptedaframeworkDirective onwast£andanotheron
toxicanddangerouswastes.Ithasalsoadoptedthreespecific
Directives onwasteoils,PCBsandPCTsandwastesarisingfromthe
titaniumdioxide,industry. ,
Proposalsbeingdrawnuprelate,inparticular,totheuseofrecycled
paper,to,beveragecontainers andtothepretreatment ofwasteoils..
\
Il' i
TheCommission hasalsobegunotherexercises,.,whichareplannedfor
completion inthelongerterm:thepreparation ofaninventory and
guidelines -oncleantechnologies ,takingaccount,inparticular,of
workdonebytheECE,andpreparation ofawhitepaperonenergyfrom
waste.Alsounderinvestigation aretheproblemsconnectedwiththe
spreadingofsewagesludge,thesetting-upof)-adatabankaboutwaste
andthepreparation ofmanualsforwastemanagers.•;
TheCommission hasnotbeenabletomakemuchprogresson,orinsome
casesevenbegin,theotherthingsintheActionProgramme,sinceit
doesnothaveeaoughstaff. n
Inaddition,theCommissionisnowcarryingQ|uttworesearchand
development programmes,oneconcerning therecyclingofurbanand
industrial wasteandtheotherconcerningtherecyclingofpaperand
board.- .ri

-42-
«
III.DIFFICULTIES
Onedifficulty has been the lack ofimpetus from the highest authorities
Solving waste-management problems most often requires large outlays in
addition toadministrative and economic reorganization .The spending
may beconsidered tobetoo much,ifaview istaken which ignores the
fact that economies resulting from the use ofrecycled raw materials
have animportant part toplay inthe medium and long term .
Afurther difficulty istodecide what level and type ofaction would
bemost appropriate inafield where regulations must often provide
only aframework ,and where even that issometimes notdesirable .
Difficulties ofthis kind result from the diversity andmultiplicity of
experiments which have been started atvery different levels of .
responsibility and which require agreat deal ofconsultation ofall
kinds .Such consultation ,moreover ,isessential ifwhat has already
been orisstill inthe process ofbeing achieved istobeknown ,
reported and discussed ;_itwill ,inshort ,require staff who are
currently not available .This isundoubtedly the major difficulty in
this area *Itisnot possible ,for instance ,for the Waste Management
Committee 0vich the Commission set upin1976 tohelp inthis sector )
tomeet tw.,j-a year asplanned .The staff available cannot formulate
proposals tosubmit tothe Committee and at ;the same time provide
secretarial services .Only ifregular meetings are held twice ayear,
however ,will the Committee beable tooperate usefully ,giving its
opinion onmeasures taken orimpending and -jits own-view ofthe Member
States' different outlooks ,achievements ,experience ,priorities and
legal frameworks .Nor isitpossible toextend coordination
arrangements relating tothe Waste Management Committee and meetings
ofexperts tothe industries concerned arid -tolocal ,^and regional
authorities ,highly necessary asthis is.^.
-• ; ■ -V .
IV.PROSPECTS ~:
First ,afew general facts .The Community currently produces about
1800 million tonnes -ayear ofwaste ofall ;descriptions ,or
approximately 5million tonnes aday.Ofrtfois ,;950 -million tonnes are
agricultural ,350 million industrial and 90imi llion municipal in
origin .The protection ofman and the environment areaffected ,asis
the economy (recycling ,investment and the ,resulting jobs,etc.),to .
varying degrees .The problems areparticularly complex ,since ,in
addition tohousehold waste (which isvery varied imcomposition and in
theproblems itcauses ),there areasmanyj ^ypes of^industrial waste asthere are major industries .
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Inview oftheabove ,itisbest toindicate first ofallwhat the
prospects areformeasures which have already been carried out in
certain sectors :exercises toround off what hasalready been done in
respect ofwaste oil .Animportant question which has not yetbeen
settled ishowwaste oilshould bere-used -byburning orre-refining .
Oil price trends since 1973 have ledtoasituation where waste oils
areincreasingly burnt bysmall producers andholders (garages ,etc.)
orare sold bythe latter todirect' consumers .Burning without
pretreatment involves large quantities ofheavy'metals andincreases
atmospheric pollution .TheCommission therefore feels obliged to
prepare aproposal for aDirective onthepretreatment ofwaste oils .
Work ontoxic anddangerous waste isalso inpreparation .Much
attention ispaid inallindustrialized countries toproblems connected
with this waste .Attheexpress request oftheCouncil ,theCommission
will continue tostudy concentrations oftoxic anddangerous substances
review the list ofthese substances andendeavour tofind practical
solutions totheproblems together with theparties concerned .
Certain "Member States ,where concentrations ofthese substances provide
theonly basis forlegislation ,arerunning into difficulties .A
more pragmatic approach would enable them ,.for instance ,subject to
certain conditions tomix anumber oftoxic >nddangerous wastes with
domestic refuse andshould therefore beconsidered .
The rules foridentifying andtransporting these wastes need tobe
extended . ,v. ;
h■; .
Finally ,aproposal for aDirective should bedrawn upwhich will
define conditions forthetipping ofwaste nofthis type .This would
enable man andtheenvironment toreceive better protection andthe '
role oftreatment centres vis-a-vistipping tobebetter understood .
With regard towaste paper ,theCommission^wi 11putforward initially
arecommendation designed toencourage theconsumption ofrecycled
paper bythepublic services ,which canthus :help toset anexample .
Thereafter ,from 1981 onwards ,anddepnding onthe results ofthe
necessary studies ,itwill take measures where appropriate which are
designed torestrict contaminants inwaste paper inview ofthe
resulting problems during recycling . ! '
-• . r •'r>
Astopackaging ,theCommission hascarried :outstudies onseveral -"'•=>-
containers .Aproposal for aDirective will setout theobjectives
fortheMember States with regard toincreasing the -utilization of
beverage containers either bysimply re-using them or,failing this ,by
recycling .Certain provisions ofagenera ),nature will also
encourage standardization . '- .,,

Regarding theutilization ofwaste infarming ,aproposal governing the
spreading ofsludge isbeing prepared ,which will concern soil
enrichment andprotection (classification problems caused bytheheavy
metal content ,forinstance ,andthepurpose forwhich sludge isused ).
Aproposal oncompost istobedrawn upatalater stage .
C.3 .CLEAN ORLOW-POLLUTING TECHNOLOGIES ■"
I. OBJECTIVES
TheProgramme plans -towork outtechnical orother measures which coul
reduce ,eliminate orprevent thepollutant emissions ornuisances
stemming from each ofthepolluting industries ".Moreover ,during its
meetings of18December 1978 and 9April 1979 ,the Council paid
particular attention tothepreventive aspect ofenvironmental policy .
Clean technologies were given particular emphasis ,inparticular 'in
three complementary objectives :
-tocause less pollution i.e. discharge fewer effluents into
thenatural environment ; >'r' •
% r , >
-toproduce less waste bymeans oftechnologies with little or
nowaste ; ,
'■ ' -It
-tousenatural resources more sparingly (Water ,energy ,raw
materials inparticular ).
Atitsmeeting of9April .1979 theCouncil invited theCommission to' •
carry outasurvey oftheprinciple secto.rs cconcerned ,incooperation
with national authorities andrespresentatiyes ofindustry .This
survey should make itpossible todetermin^the types ofmeasure to
betaken ,andmore generally ,tostudy theipotential fordeveloping
anexchange ofscientific andtechnical information .^
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
■ Ί ί ''
Following theguidelines intheProgramme ,theCommission hastaken a
number ofsteps .One ofthem istoinclude "clean "industrial
technologies asatopic intheenvironment research anddevelopment
programmes ,revised ataCouncil meeting on9October 1979 .Acall
forsubmissions forthis project waspublished intheOfficial
Journal of2November 1979 . •<r< ,j

Inconjunction withtheDutchMinistryofHealthandtheEnvironment,
theCommissionisalsoorganizing aEuropeanSymposium onClean
Technologies ,tobeheldinNovemberthisyear.TheCommission -is
expecting anextensiveexchangeoftechnical andeconomicinformation
onthisoccasion.
ThechiefpurposeoftheSymposiumxillbetoreviewthetechnical
problemsinvolvedincleantechnologies inindustryandtheir
economicimpact,andtopointupthestateoftheartintheCommunity
andintheotherindustrialized countries.Itwouldthusbepossible
todetermine hownewprocedures shouldbedevelopedtoreduceor
eliminatepollution,producelesswasteandmakebetteruseof
naturalresources.
therehaveasyetbeennoRegulationsdirectlyrelatedtothe
promotionofcleantechnologies .However,anumberofprovisions
doatpresentfacilitate development .Thisconcerris,inparticular,
theDirectiveof15July1975onwaste.
III.PROSPECTS
TheCommission intendstofindouthowmanyActionProgrammes are
beingcarriedoutinthecleantechnologyfieldbythevarious
MemberStates,andtocomparethem.Theresultsofthisanalysis
willbeforwardedto,anddiscussedwith,,-therepresentatives
responsible forpromotingtheconcept.Thisstepwillmakeit
possibletoimprovetheeffectiveness oft,henationalprogrammes,ifonlybecausethevariouscountries *effortswouldbebetter
coordinated,andtheirregulations andproposedfinancialincentives *^
harmonizedtoagreaterextent.
TheCommission considersthatitwouldbertnoreeffective atfirst
toconcentrate effortsonalimitednumber ,ofindustrial sectors
whichcouldserveaspilotschemes.Once-thecleantechnologies
applicabletothesesectorshavebeenidentified,itwillbe
necessarytodetermine howimportanttechnical,economic,financial
orinstitutional barriersareinpreventing themfrombeingpromoted;
then,ataisecondstage,variouspossiblemeansofactionwillhave.
tobedefinedandcompared.TheMemberStatescouldbeassistedin
extending andcoordinating their"CleanTechnologies "ActionProgrammes
inthepilotsectors.
M
Atthesametime,theCommunityActionProgramme canbeextendedon
thebasisofspecificexperiments .Inorder;tohavetestcasestohand,
theCommissionintendsstudyingtheagri-foodstuff ,metalsurface
treatment andcementindustries . rn.

Thechoiceofpilotsectorscouldbemadeaccordingtothefollowing
criteria: ■■''
-sectorsdischarging pollutants whichareontheCommunity's
blacklist; J'
-sectorsproducinglargeamountsofwaste,wherecleantechnologies ,
couldbeapplied;
-sectorsobligedtomakeshort-term investments tocombatpollution.
Othercriteriatobetakenintoaccountcouldbewhetherornotthe
industryisfragmented,and/orcoveredbyanumberofnational
programmes,whetheritneedstoreneworincreaseits-production
capacity,andwhatarethequalityandquantityofresourcesused.
Inordertoguarantee asextensive anexchangeofinformation as,
possibleandmoreeffectivecoordination ofMemberStates'
guidelines withregardtocleantechnologies,theCommission intends
tocarryoutthisworkunderaWorkingPartyonCleanTechnologies
bringingtogethernationalexperts. ^

GENERAL ACTION
TheEnvironment Programme includes general action ontheenvironment
covering environmental impact assessments /economic aspects ,
dissemination ofinformation relating toenvironmental protection ,
promotion ofawareness ofenvironmental issues ,training ,andmeasures'
toensure compliance with legislation .
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
I.OBJECTIVES______ / _ S
The Programme states that theapplication attheappropriate
administrative levels ofenvironmental impact assessments isa
practical expression oftheobjectives andprinciples ofaCommunity
environment policy .The Commission iscalled upon toundertake
whatever studies arenecessary todetermine whether and towhat
extent the laws and regulations oftheMember States need tobe *
harmonized andwhether this isnecessary ^tCommunity level .The
Commission will present appropriate proposals totheCouncil in
the light oftheresults ofthestudies undertaken .,
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
The Commission has carried out anumber ofstudies and held talks
with theadministrative and industrial circles concerned toanalyse
the legal ,administrative ,technical andeconomic problems of
introducing environmental impact assessments (EIA)into national
administrative systems .
This preparatory work hasconvinced the Commi ssion ,that rational
Management oftheenvironment makes itultimately essential toassess
any ofman'sactivities which might have asignificant impact onthe
environment ,e.g. public orprivate development projects ,land-use
planning ,regional development planning ,economic planning ,new
products ,newtechnologies andpractically alllegislation .However ,
itisalso convinced that Community action inthis area should
concentrate ontheintroduction ofEIAs fornewindustrial ,
infrastructure oragricultural projects .
Itisatthis level that effects aremost easily detected ,methods have
been satisfactorily developed andabove ail that national laws aretoo
divergent andmayhave direct repercussions oninvestors *decisions and
hence ontheproper functioning ofthecommon market ,.

48-
Environmental impactassessment canbeintroducedintoadministrative
authorization andapprovalprocedures atthislevelwithoutcreating
newonesbecausetheyare.fairlysimilar.
TheCouncilheldageneralpolicydebateontheCommission'swork,of
whichithadreceivedafullreport,atitsmeetingon9April1979.
Itwasgenerallyagreedthatthevariousformsofenvironmental impact
studieswhichalreadyexisted "orwerebeingconsidered intheMember
Statesshouldbedeveloped asapreventive environment policyinstrument
TheCouncilcalledupontheCommission,inthelightoftheresults
ofitsstudies,tosubmitproposalswhichtookdueaccountoftheideas
putforwardinthepolicydebate.
TheCommission wi11"shortlybepresentingitsproposalsintheform
ofaDirectivelayingdownanumberofcommonprinciplesfor
environmental impactassessment intheadministrative procedures
whichareusedbytheMemberStatesfortheauthorization orapproval
ofprivateandpublicdevelopment projectswhichmayhavesignificant
effectsontheenvironment . >
III.PROSPECTS - '
TheadoptionofthisDirectivewillbean.importantsteptowardsthe
achievement ofapreventive environment policytheaimofwhichisto
giveanenvironment dimensiontoeconomicdecisions .andthusensure
harmonious economicdevelopment .
Farfromencumbering orprotracting administrative procedures the;
proposalsput.forward,whichareexperimental andgradualist,shoulda
helptostreamline themwhiLemakingthemmoretransparent .Greaterv
transparency shouldhelptoimprovethepublic'sacceptance of
investments nowsubjecttohold-ups.... j
TheCommission wi11onlyconsiderwhether (j1;shouldmakeproposals
toapplyEIAsmorewidelyinthelightofpracticalexperienceof
themonactualprojects. )
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ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OFENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
I.OBJECTIVES
AsindicatedintheCommunityActionProgramme ontheenvironment
ithasbeenrecognizedthatenvironmental protectionisrequiredin
ordertoreducethesubstantial andrising"costssocietyhasbeen
bearingasaresultofeconomicandindustrial development causing
increasedpollution andenvironmental degradation .
Inrelationtogeneraleconomicpolicyconsiderations therequirements
forenvironmental improvement canbeappraised asbeingasimportant
assucheconomicvariables asinflation,unemployment andthebalance
ofpayments,whichalllimitthechoiceofactionforeconomicpolicy
decisionmaking.Inparticular,environment policyhasalreadyhad
acertainimpactonthedevelopment ofindustrialstructures,andthis
impactcanbeexpectedtobeevenmoreimportantinthefuture.
Themainissueforenvironmental policyispossibly ;toidentifyhowfar
toextendenvironmental regulations inrelationto"thecorresponding
costs.Theobjectiveistoreduceso-calledexternalcostscreatedby
economicactivities,whicharenotpaidfordirectlythroughthe
production process.Itisclearthatexternalcostscanbereduced
andtheirburdenredistributed bylegislation andthepricemechanism.
Butexternalcostscannotbeentirelyeliminated,sincethiswould
eliminatealsomosteconomicactivity.
II.ACHIEVEMENTS
Intheabsenceofpublicaction,thefullcoststo,societyofindustrial
production arenotreflectedinthepricesofgoodssincesociety
ratherthantheproducerbearsthecostsofenvironmental degradation .
Environmental regulations areameansto"internalize"thesecosts,
byrequiringproducerstobearthecostsofpollutionabatement and
improveduseofnaturalresources.Aspripeschangetoreflectthese
costs,consumers canbeexpectedtoshifttheirpurchasestorelatively
lessexpensivegoodswhichareproducedwith,forexample,lower
pollutionabatementcosts.Hence,morelowpollution andfewerhigh
pollutionproductswillbeproduced.Asaresult,lesspollutionwill
becreated,fewerresourceswillberequiredforpollutionabatement
andmoreresourceswi11beavailableformeetingsociety*s demandsfoe
othergoodsandservices.
Thiswayofusingthemarketforcestocreatenewindustrialstructures
compatible withenvironmental mattersandconsumerprotection requirements
istheessentialobjectiveofthe"PolluterPaysPrinciple".This
principle wasadoptedbytheCouncilofMinisters on3March-1975
asabasicprinciplefortheenvironment policyin,theCommunity andin
theMemberStates.

-50-
III.DIFFICULTIES
Themaindifficulties wearefacedwithinthisrespectcanthusbe–
summarized as:
-ontheone,handthecostofimprovingtheenvironment canusually
bemeasured,but
-ontheotherhand,thevalueofthebenefitsismoreoftendifficult
-tomeasure.
,Consequently ,assessingthepriorityforenvironmental measureshas.
becomeanessentiallypoliticalprocess,inwhichtheonefixedpoint»
maybethatatthemarginthecostoffurtherimprovements inthe
environment risesfasterthanthecorresponding benefits.
Experience duringthe1970shasconfirmedthataCommunityenvironment ,
policyhasprovednecessary andisthereforetobeconsidered arl
integralandcomplementary partofCommunityindustrial economicpolicy,
andnotaconflicting orcontradictory measureforindustrial and
economicdevelopment . ^
IV.PROSPECTS ; .
Inviewofpastresultsandtheissuesitispresentlyfacedwith,the
Commission,inaccordancewiththeguidelines giveninChapter9of
theActionProgrammeof22November1973,willgiveprioritytothe'
followingareasofworkconcerning tnerelationship betweenindustrial
andeconomicdevelopment andenvironmentalpolicyduring1980and
followingyears: • ■
1.evaluation ofcostsandbenefitsfromenvironmental protection
andimprovement measures;
2.proposalsforthedevelopment ofenvironmental policyinstruments of
aneconomicnature. >
ad1)Studiesonpollutioncontrolcostsandbenefitsareexpectedto
becomeavailable bothfromCommission sourcesandfromstudieson
pollutioncontrolcostsundertakenintheMemberStatesinaccordance
1withthe1978Councilrecommendation concerning methodsforevaluating
thecostsofpollutioncontroltoindustry e
TheCommission considersthattheprocessofreallocating society's
economicresourcesinordertocreateanimprovedindustrialstructure
compatible withenvironmental ,healthandconsumers'protection
requirements mayintheshorttermhaveadverseaswellaspositive--
impactsontheeconomy.Byusingtheavailablecoststudiesandby
undertaking newstudiestheCommissionbelievesthattheseimpactscan
bebetteridentifiedbeforenewpolicy^measuresare.introduced.In
particular theCommission wantstobeabletoidentifythepossibility
forincreasedgrowthandemploymentin:

(a)industries producing pollution abatement equipment andservices ;
(b)industries using less polluting technologies ,renewable or
recyclable natural resources ormaking more efficient useof
natural resources .
The Commission isalso concerned about identifying other positive
impacts atthe macroeconomic level such as
(a)productivity increases where environmental regulations stimulate
technological developments (e.g. less polluting industries using
natural resources more efficiently );
i
(b)increases inthe average level ofproductivity insome industries
asenvironmental regulations result inthe closing ofplants that
are inefficient intheir use ofnatural resources .
ad2)The development ofenvironmental policy instruments ofaneconomic
nature includes such measures as: „ nr ' *
(a)State aids ; * , .
.1" . "-T(b)use ofCommunity funds ;
* ,
(c)use ofpollution charges .
The Commission ispresently considering extending the existing Community
framework allowing the granting ofState aids for environmental
protection investments according toits 1974 Communication tothe Member
States onthe subject .The existing system toexpire on31.12.80
allows for the granting ofaids toinvestments inexisting plant in' »
order toensure fast implementation ofnew environmental protection
measures inindustry . . , .
The use ofCommunity funds for environmental protection isalready
possible both inthe .form ofgrants and loans from existing Community
financial instruments .But inseveral situations this isnot considered
adequate .Following proposals from the European Parliament ,the
Commission will very soon present proposals for aregulation to
introduce anew Community Environmental Financial Instrument .Actions
benefiting from this new Community instrument will include :
 
1.Expenditure forfacilitating the implementation ofCommunity
environmental protection legislation ;
•1 '
2.Aids infavour ofdeveloping less polluting technologies consuming
less natural resources ; t- ...
1 .t" ••i
3.Actions for environmental protection and nature ,conservation ;
'I•t
4.Actions forenvironmental protection ihrelation tomajor new
economic developments . .

Thepurposeofpollutionchargesistoencouragethepollutertotake
thenecessarymeasurestoreducepollution ascheaplyaspossible
and/ortoletthepolluterpaytheshareofthecostsofcollective
.measuresforpollutionprevention.
Chargesmaybeleviedontheloadofcontaminants releasedintothe
environment byadischarger .EffluentchargesareleviedinFrance .
andTheNetherlands andareplannedfortheFederalRepublicofGermany
andItaly.Thesechargesrelatetotheeffluentload(orconcentration )
discharged byindustryormunicipalities towaterwaysortheseaandthe
fundsareusedtoprovidefinancefortreatmentfacilities andother
environmental improvement andservices.Thereareatpresentnotaxes
leviedonemissionsofairpollutants .
TheCommissionrealizesthattherearebothadvantages -anddisadvantages
connectedwithpollutionchargingsystems.
Ingeneral,theadvantages ofpollutionchargesare:
-ifsetatthecorrectlevel,chargesshouldprovideanincentive
forthedischargertoreducehisdischarge (and,undersomeschemes,
^hewillreceiveagranttowardsthecostofanyabatementmeasures);.
-thepolluterpaysto'use'theenvironment todispose .ofhiswastes;
hispaymentsmaythenbeusedtoforma/fund'toassistothersto
installtreatmentortoassisttheauthorities topayforother
environmental projects. ■i
Thedisadvantages are: ^ - •
-thatsuchschemesmaybecostlytooperateunlessthenecessarycontrols
andthemechanismsforcollecting chargesarealreadyinplace.•
Furthermore,theeffects .onindustryofintroducing chargingschemes'
have.notyetbeenfullyclarified.TheCommissionis,however,concerned
abouttheexistenceofandthepossibility offurtherintroduction of
waterpollutionchargingschemesintheMemberStateswhicharetoo
differentfromeachother.Suchasituationisnotidealfortheproper
functioning ofthecommonmarket.TheCommissionisalsoconcernedto
avoidtheintroduction oftoodifferentnationalchargingschemesfor
tynesofpollutionotherthanwaterpollution.
Pollutionchargesarealreadyenyisagedinthecontextofthecommon
transportpolicy.Theymakeuppartofthecostsy/hichaccordingto
theCommission'sproposalshouldbepaidby!usersoftransport
infrastructure .Morespecifically thedraftdirective onthe'
adjustment ofnationaltaxationsystemsforcommercial vehiclesadopted *
inprinciplebytheCouncilin1980,providesforthepossibilityof
environmental chargesbeingleviedonheavygoodsvehicles.
ItmightbeofinterestiftheCouncilwouldexchangeviewsonthis
subject. .~

DISSEMINATION OFINFORMATION
ï.OBJECTIVES
Th.eEnvironmental ActionProgrammeemphasized theneedtocoordinate at
CommunityLevelpresentendeavoursintheCommunitytosetupmachinery
toprovidethescientific technical andeconomicinformation necessary
forEnvironmental Protection Programmes -tobecarriedout.The
Commission wasthereforegiventhefollowingprioritytasks:
-makinganinventoryofallsourcesofinformation onenvironment
mattersintheCommunity (documentation services,specialist centres
andindependent experts,researchprojects); i
-carryingoutstudieswithaviewtosettingupacoordinated body
ofinformation services;
-settingupaninformation systemonenvironmental legislation;*
-analysingthepossiblity ofsettingupandoperating aninformation
systemonpollution-control technology;
-creatinganinformation systemonconferences ofenvironmental interest
-evaluating theECDINpilotprojectcarriedoutundertheresearch
programme .
II.ACHIEVEMENTS "\\!
Thepiloteditionoftheinventoryofdocumentation andinformation *v
centresconcernedwithenvironmental matterspublishedin1978waswell
received(over550copiessold).Thefinalversionwillbeavailable
onmagnetictapenextAprilandpublication ,1sdueinJune.
Alistofresearchprojectshasbeendrawnupandisavailable on.
magnetictape.Itcontains10000sourcesofinformation andthe
partcoveringresearchonsolidwasteistobepublishedinthe
verynearfuture.TheCommunity'scontribution toINFOTERRA,the
International Reference SystemsetupunderUNEP/ismaderegularly -
fromthislist.Technicalcooperation withthoserunningINF0TERRA
ishighlyproductive . .,„v-'

-54-
The list ofspecialist centres and independent experts has notbeen
drawn up,despite theCouncil Decision of8December 1975 .
TheCommission has .had aguide compiled forusers ofbibliographic
data banks onenvironmental topics ,giving practi cal .information
,onthem inorder toencourage their use ..Theguide isnowbeing
published . *
. .. \ ' ' '
On8February 1980 theCommission invited anumber ofCommunity
bodies totender forthepreparation ofanInformation System on
Environmental Legislation .Submissions are toreach theCommission
not later than 9June 1980 . 1 ;
Work onthenetwork forproviding information onanti-pollution
technology hasnotbeen started .Also ,asregards thesystem for ,
providing information onenvironment conferences ,thenational
experts consulted onthesubject advised theCommission ,against
setting upaspecialized system forenvironmental matters . <
•ri ■ •
Work onevaluating theECDIN pilot project;;has not ,yetbegun .
III ..DIFFICULTIES AND PROSPECTS .,~ .! .
, ι:
tTheCommission hasfound that theMember States give alowpriority
towork relating tothedissemination ofinformation .
The Commission would draw the attention ofthe Member States tothe
importance .pftheadministrative body charged with gathering andchecking
the information which will be .contained inthe inventories mentioned
above .Certain Member States lack such administrative structures ;
inothers there are difficulties due towant ofresources .
.Itwould bevery much easier tocompile and update these inventories
iftheresponsibilities andremits ofthe 'competent .national bodies
were c-learly defined .
Before embarking onanynewprojects ,theCommission will make every
effort todraw uptheinventory ofspecialist centres andindependent
experts and thesurvey oflaws . i
Π
M"
i;i
i ■;
•r

PROMOTION OFAWARENESS OFENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ANDEDUCATION
I
I.OBJECTIVES
Thesuccessofanenvironment policypresupposes thatallcategories
ofthepopulation andallthesocialforcesoftheCommunity become
awareofitsimportance andhelptoprotectandimprovetheenvironment
Thisimpliesacampaigntopromoteawareness andtoeducate.
TheAction ,ProgrammethereforecalledupontheCommissiontocontinue
withtheactivities carriedoutsince1973namely:
-periodically publishing reportsonthestateoftheenvironment
intheCommunity;
-preparingeducational brochuresforteachers;
»-Communitysupportforuniversityactivities;r
-cooperating withnon-governmental organizations .
TheCommission wasalsoaskedtostartanewprojectofpublishing
popularized editionsofreportsofstudies;,rtosetupanetworkfor
theexchangeofinformation onexperience gainedinpilotprimary
schools,totakestepstomakethegeneralpublicmoreawareofthe
needtoprotecttheenvironment,toprovide ,.specific .information
andtoissueenvironment stickers.
.Ail
II.ACHIEVEMENTS - :. .
InFebruary1977theCommission setupanetworkofpilotprimary ,
schoolsteachingenvironment asasubject.Theaimofthenetwork
istoextendthenumberofschoolsinwhichthesubjectistaught,
tocooperateinimprovingmethodsofteachingabouttheenvironment
andtomakegenerallyavailabletheexperience gainedbytheschools.
Afurtheraimisfortheschoolstogather,tryoutanddisseminate
educational material ontheenvironment for.useinotherschoolsin
theirowncountry.Thereare1now25schoolstakingpartinthe
pilotprojectandthefirstresultshavebeenpublished.
TheCommission'strainingschemewasalsoaimedatpeopleinthe
professions andatuniversitystaffandtooktheformofsupportfor
furthertraining(conferences,seminars,scholarships )andthetype
ofsummercourseintendedtoprovidescientists andengineerswithan
overallviewoftheproblemsconnectedwithpollution.
Therewerevariousoperations aimedatprovidingthegeneralpublic
andinterested circleswithmoreinformation .TheFirstandSecond
ReprtsontheStateoftheEnvironment werepublishedin1977and
1979;theThirdReportwillbepublishedin1980.

-56-
Therewasalsofurtherclosecooperation withthenon-governmental
organizations belongingtotheEuropeanEnvironment Bureau.Studies,
reportsandpopularized editionsofpapersontheCommunities'
environmental activities havebeenpublished andsenttomanybodies
connectedwithenvironmental matters.Supportwasgiventothe
creationofenvironment trainingcentresandcontributions madeto
nationalandinternational teachingandinformation projects(seminars,
workshops,etc.).
Otherlarge-scalepublicityprojects(Europeanstampsrepresenting
differentaspectsofthequalityoflife,mobileexhibitionunits)
havehadtobeabandoned astheyweretooexpensive.Becauseof
thelimitedmeansavailabletheCommission hasnotyetbeenableto
commenceworkonenvironment stickers.
III.PROBLEMS ANDPROSPECTS
Theschoolsprojectisundoubtedly thebiggestandmosteffective
projectundertaken bytheCommissioninconnection withteachingon
environmental matters.ItisanexcellentexampleofEuropean '
cooperation,evenifthesuccessispartlyduetotheconceptof
environment notyethavingafixedplacei.nnthecurriculaofschools
intheMemberStates.
Thedifficulties encountered inadministering andextendingthenetwork
ofschoolsareessentially financial.Theycouldberesolvedbyadding
aspecificbudgetheadingwithsufficient funds.
•n •'
Oncetheexperiment hasreachedanadvancedoperational level,the
competentauthorities intheMemberStatesshouldtakeovernational,
coordination (whichisinanycasethesecondaimofr.theproject),
whiletheCommunitywouldcontinuetolookaftertheEuropeanaspect
oftheexperiment.Itisalsointendedthattheexperiment should
beextendedtosecondaryschoolsandvocationaltrainingcolleges.
TheCommission'spolicyoninformingthepublicandmakingitmore
awareofenvironmental mattershasnotbeenaswelIorganized ,'
asitmighthavewished.Thisispartlyduetoth^t)verymodest
fundsallocated. s
' : ■'.!
FromthisitfollowsthattheCommunity'saction,althoughwell
received,isnecessarily onlypartialandinadequate.Clearly,the
Community canonlyrefineandimprovethequalityoftheinformation
availablebutitcannotcreateinformation . ,,
TheCommission'sinformation policyonenvironmental problemscould\
definitely bemoreincisiveandeffectiveif,itwenthand'inhandwith
actionbynationalauthorities whichreflected Commi|n.ity-levelaction
moreclosely. :-ii'-
|U:IP
I
\
■t
nr

Itwould also bedesirable for the national authorities -inparallel
with discussions inthe Council relating tothe adoption ofnew
regulations -toundertake projects tomake specialist circles more
aware ofthe problems .The Commission would provide assistance onthe
Community aspect ofsuch projects .
IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECTIVES
I. OBJECTIVES
The implementation ofthe Directives ismonitored inorder toc,heck
that Member States are introducing the laws,regulations and
administrative provisions necessary tocomply within the given time-
limits with the various Directives adopted bythe Council .
Tothis end,the Commission examines theessential provisions of
national law sent inbythe Member States and where necessary
initiates the procedure provided for inArticle 169 ofthe EEC Treaty .
II.' ACHIEVEMENTS ^
Apart from the Directives onmotor vehicles which were adopted bythe
Council aspart ofthe'General Programme toremove technical barriers
totrade inindustrial products ,eight environment Directives were to
have been embodied innational law by 1February 1980 .
These include two Directives onwater quality (surface water intended
for theabstraction ofdrinking water and bathing water ),four
Directives onwastes (waste oils,wastes *PCBs,waste from the
titanium dioxide industry )and two Directives onatmospheric pollution
(the sulphur content ofgasoils and the^lead content ofpetrol ).
After checking the implementation ofthese eight Directives ,the
Commission served thirty-three notices ,published-nineteen reasoned
Opinions and brought one case before the -Court of'Justice .
Progress inimplementing these Directives varies considerably from one
Member State toanother .Three Member States have complied completely
oralmost completely with theobligations imposed upon them bythe
provisions ofthese Directives .Four Member States have not enacted
all ofthem,although they are inthe process ofdoing so.Finally ,
two Member States have yettobegin implementation .

-58-
III.DIFFICULTIES AND PROSPECTS
There aredifferent -reasons for delays inenacting the Directives ;
they may beinstitutional ,,administrative ortechnical .
Belgium isinthethroes ofinstitutional reform involving the
transfer ofresponsibilities from the State tothe regions ,among them
responsibility for various aspects ofthe environment .Political
difficulties incarrying through this regiona lization have generally
had theeffect ofdelaying the implementation ofenvironment Directives
InItaly ,Parliament has tobeinvolved inenacting Directives .
Further problems have arisen because each time Parliament isdissolved ,
draft legislation isrendered null and void and the whole procedure
has tobegin again .
The Commission has already made these two Member States aware ofthe
need tobring their laws into line asquickly *aspossible .The
B&lgian Ministry ofthe Environment has asked the Commission for one
year 'sgrace (until December 1980 )togive Belgium time toenact these
Directives .The Italian Government has submitted adraft Law to
Parliament authorizing the Government topass regulations toimplement
eighty Directives ,including the environment Directives .
■' ' · ι · ■
Other Member States ,like Ireland and Luxembourg ,have set upnew
administrative structures combining the responsibilities previously
assigned toother ministries .Framework legislation has been worked
outafter carrying out surveys toaccurately define the extent of
the problems tobesolved .This reorganization and the fact that 6nly
modest sums were allocated foritwere the main reasons for the delays
inenacting Directives . ,*, 'r
i r .<-! y
Although the United Kingdom has generally passed its laws ingood time
asfarasEngland and Wales are concerned ,the corresponding laws
relating toScotland and Northern Ireland were late ;reaching the
Commission . -,. ; , ,
·.
Lastly ,the main reason why the Netherlands was late inenacting
Community environment Legislation isitspractice ofpassing very
extensive framework legislation and then implementing the various
parts ofitgradually . .r L.
Tosumup,theCommission finds theMember -States very willing to
apply environment Directives .Itispleaded tonote that there are
close links between the Commission departments and /the national
authorities inorder tomonitor implementation .It ,would neverthe­
less like tosee Member States sending intheir dra (ftlegislation
earlier sothat ithassufficient time tocheck that itcomplies with
the Community Directives .

Annex II
TEXTS ADOPTED BYTHE COUNCIL ORTHE COMMISSION •
CONCERNING ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS ,
Position on1February 1980
I
\

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANNEX 2
Texts adopted bythe Council orthe Commission concerning
environmental matters -Position on 1February 1980
I.General texts 1
II.Water pollution .5
III.Air pollution 10
IV.Noise pollution 13
V .Waste , " • 16
VI.Chemical products ,20
»
'VII.Protection and management ofthe environment ,land 22
and natural resources .

I.GENERAL TEXTS

DATE2.
No , TITLEadoptedbrought
into forcçOJ
NoPURPCS2
;Declaration ofthe Council ofthe European
Communities ajnd ofthe Representatives ofthe
Governments ofthe Member States meeting in
the Council onthe Action Programme ofthe
European Communities onthe environment . 1-22.11.73 22.11.73 OJ C112
20.12.73
Î • :Tolay down theobjectives andprinciples
ofaCommunity environment policy .To
describe measures tobetaken toreduce
pollution andnuisance andtoimprove
the environment .
Resolution ofthe Council ofthe European
Communities and ofthe Representatives ofthe
Governments ofthe Member States meeting in
theCouncil onthecontinuation and implemen­
tation ofaEuropean Community policy
Action Programme onthe environment .17.5.77 17.5.77
»!
tOJ C139
13.6.77Torestate thepolicy objectives and
principles .„Todescribe measures tobe
undertaken toreduce pollution and nuisance
protect and manage 'land ,thenatural
environment andresources ,and improve the
environment ;
\Agreement ofthe Representatives ofthe
Governments ofthe Member States meeting in
the Council oninformation forthe Commission
and for the Member States with aview to
possible harmonization throughout the
Communities ofurgent measures concerning the
protection ofthe environment .,
1 ■ a - ? a5.3.73 5.3.73 OJ C9
15.3.73
■\'
»Toinform the Commission and the other
Member States ofdraft environmental
legislation .Toenable the Commission to
extend the scope ofthe.intended .measure .
totherest ofthe Community ,incertain
conditions .
3
<1 . -
Agreement ofthe Representatives ofthe
Governments ofthe Member States ofthe
European Communities meeting inthe Council
of15;-Julf 1974 supplementing the Agreement
of5March 1973 oninformation for the
Commission andforthe Member ,States with a,
view toapossible harmonization throughout
the Communities ofurgent measures concerning
theprotection ofthe environment .15.7.74
Λ15.7.74
\OJ C86
20.7.74
/1
Toelaborate on.the previous Agreement .
1 ^ • •
I
I
IResolution onenergy andthe environment .
"1 '.
t
; * ■ .\3.3.75 3.3.75 OJ C168
25.7.75
,/Taset out anAction Programme with regard
tothermal discharges ,sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides .

Γ ΑΤΕ 3.
Ko TITLE . 'adopted
I 3brought
Iinto forceOJ
No- PURPOSE
75/436/
Euratom ,
ECSC ,ESCCouncil Recommendation ofcost allocation
andaction "bypublic authorities on
environmental matters .3.3.75 3*3.75 OJ L194
25.7.75Toset outindetail theprocedures for
applying thePolluter Pays Principle ,and
toprovide for some exceptions which may
bemade tothis principle .
1365A5 Regulation onthecreation ofaEuropean
Foundation forthe Improvement ofLiving
and Working Conditions .
*26.5.75 26.5.75
/OJL139
30.5.75Tocreate aFoundation for "the Improvemenl
ofLiving andWorking Conditions ,to
specify itstasks ,itsworking bodies
andtheadministrative andbudgetary ■
procedures relating toit.
Resolution concerning arevised list of
second-category pollutants tobestudied as
part oftheAction Programme ofthe European
Communities onthe environment .24.6.75 24.6.75 OJ C168
25.7.75Tocomplete theAction Programme by
listing second-category pollutants which
should beassessed interms ofrisks to
human health and the environment .
Resolution onthe adaptation totechnical
progress ofDirectives orother Community
rules ontheprotection and improvement of
the envirpnment . . ,15.7.75 15.7.75 OJ C163
25.7.75
' . IToadopt asasolution inprinciple the
establishment ofcommittees onadaptation
totechnical progress responsible for
revising certain provisions ofCommunity
Directives orRegulations .Todefine
the operating conditions ofthese
committees .
76/l6î)fcsC3 ,3 ••Decision establishing acommon procedure for
thesetting upandconstant updating ofan
inventory ofsources ofinformation onthe
environment inthe EEC.8.12.75 -8.12.75 OJL31
5.2.76Todefine procedures forcreating and
updating three inventories :
(a.)documentation centres and services
(b)specialist centres andindependent
experts
(c)research projects .
79/3/EEC
iCouncil Recommendation tothe Member States
regarding methods ofevaluating thecost of
pollution control toindustry .
\9.12.78 9.12.78 OJ L5
9.1.79Todefine the principles and methods to
befollowed bythe Member States in
assessing the cost ofpollution control
toindustry .

No TITLEDJ
adoptedLTE
brought
into force»
OJ
No4.
PURPOSE
I
\
" '~ •'■Co^-irunity approach toState aids in
environmental matters .
(C&amission Memorandum tothe Member States )
3 :_ 3 3 3 .
-:-.3 1_ ' 3 (.. ■3
- 3„ : . .3 - . 3 3
: 3 3 -3 ■' '3
V * "7.11.74 7.11.74 Toinform the Member States ofthe
general 'criteria that the Commission
will apply inassessing whether ornot
existing orplanned State aidis
compatible with the provisions ofthe
Treaty . - -
/ ·
V
-: 3
3
I
* . i
■/ .-' ' ''
I

II.WATER POLLUTION

Ρ ν
DATE .6.
No TITLEadoptedbrought
into forceOJ
NoPURPOSE
75/440/feEC Directive concerning thequality required of
surface water intended forthe abstraction
ofdrinking water inthe Member States .
I • '16.6.75 18.6.77 OJ L194
I25.7.75
ÎTodefine thequality requirements for
surface fresh water used for orintended
fortheabstraction ofdrinking water .
Provision ofplans toclean upwater .
Todefine the requirements with which
thequality measurements must comply .
75/437/EEC ;Decision concluding the Convention forthe
Prevention ofMarine Pollution from Land-
based Sources .3.3.75 OJL194
25.7.75Ratification bythe Community ofthe
Paris Convention forthePrevention of
Marine Pollution from Land-based Sources .
75/438/EEC Decision concerning Community participation
inthe Interim Commission established onthe
bases ofResolution NoIII ofthe Convention
for the Prevention ofMarine Pollution from
Land –based Sources .3.3.75/
OJL194
25.7.75Toauthorize the Commission to .
represent the Community inthe Interim
Commission responsible foradministering •
the Paris Convention .
■-V "- ■-;3 : 3Resolution onthe Convention forthe ->• a
Prevention ofMarine Pollution from Land-
based Sources •3.-3.751 -
OJ C168
25.7.75T®invite the Member States tosign
the Paris .Convention .
*
76/16O/EEC3 3' - • 3 , ' .3
Directive 3concerning the -quality ofTsathirig
water . vS.42-.75 10.12.77 OJ L31
5.2.76Todefine the quality requirements for
bathing water .~ -
IΛ " ·
'; " ':Λ ■
•-"' - V : rb
sTodefine the sampling frequency ,the
measuring methods and the requirements
with which these measurements must
comply .Tolay down theconditions
inwhich this quality istobe
achieved .

Ko TITLE
S \
I
76/51/EEC |Recommendation *totheMember States
|invited toattend theintergovernmental
Imeeting inBarcelona .-
76/,!64/esc Directive onpollution caused bycertain
dangerous substances discharged into the
aquatic environment oftheCommunity .
7?/585/ESC
Γί/536/ΖΕϋDecision concluding -theConvention for -tWe'
Protection oftheMediterranean Seaagainst
Pollution andthe Protocol for the
Prevention ofthe Pollution ofthe
Mediterranean Bea "byDumping from Ships 3
arid Aircraft . 3 1 3
Decision concluding theConvention forthe
Protection ofth&Rhine against Chemical
Pollution andanAdditional Agreement tothe
Agreement ,signed inBerne on29*4.1 963 ? '
concerning the -Intornational Commission for
theProtection oftheRhine against
Pollution .
iCommission .Act .DATE
adoptedbrought
into forceOJ
NoPURPOSE
19.12.75
4.5.76 4.5.78OJL9
16.1.76
OJL129
18.5.76
25.7.77
25.7.77OJL240
19.9.77
OJL240
19.9.77Toensure that theProtocol onthe
prevention ofMarine Pollution from ,land-
based Sources ismodelled onthe .presdsionE
ofthe Paris Convention .
Toprovide asystem' ofauthorizations for
thedischarge ofdangerous substances into
water .
Toprovide limit values orquality
objectives andmonitoring procedure for
List Isubstances .
T<jprovide quality objectives for Liet II
substances .
Toadopt anti-pollution programmes far
both types ofsubstance andcommunicate
them tothe Commission .
Todraw upalist ,ofdischarges ^
involving List Isubstances .
Conclusion bytheCommunity cfthe
Barcelona Convention and its First
Protocol .
Conclusion bytheCommunity oftheBonn
Convention .

Γ ΑΤΕ.'ν :8/ '.
Ko 'TITLE .
' .... ■ ■ Iadoptedbrought
into forceOJ
NoPURPOSE
77/795/EEC Decision establishing acommon procedure ,
for the exchange ofinformation onthe
quality ofsurface fresh Water inthe
Community . -12.12.77 12.12.77 OJL334
24.12.77Todesignate acoordinating body .To
designate thestations taking part in}the
exchange ofinformation .Todefine the
parameters tobemeasured .
Toprovide forthepublication ofa
summary report . - .
Resolution setting upanAction Programme of
the European Communities onthecontrol and
reduction ofpollution caused byhydro­
carbons discharged atsea.26.6.78 26.6.78 OJ C162
8.7.78Tolay down asix-point study programme
tobecarried out bythe Commission to
determine the gaps tobefilled inthis
sector bymeans ofmeasures atCommunitylevel . ' ,
78/659/EEC Directive onthequality offresh waters
needing protection orimprovement inorder
tosupport fish life .
.3 3• 3 3..18.7.78 20.7.80 OJ L222
14.8.78
1Tolay down thequality requirements for
waters intended tosupport fish life .
Tolaydown sampling frequency ,.measuring
methods andthe requirements with which
themeasurements must comply .
Tolay down the conditions inwhich this
quality istobeachieved .
79/869/EEC Directive concerning the methods of
measurement andfrequencies ofsampling
andanalysis ofsurface water intended for
theabstraction of:drinking water inthe a:
Member States . v9.10.79 9.10.81 OJL271
29.10.79Tolay down reference measuring methods
for the parameters contained in
Directive 75/440/EECandsampling
frequencies .
Tolay down the requirements with which
these measurements must comply .
79/923/EEC
•.Directive onthequality required of
shellfish waters .
■ ■ \ •\30.10.79 30.10.81 OJL281
10.11 79Tolay down the quality requirements for
shellfish waters .
Tolay down the sampling frequencies ,
measuring methods and "the requirements
with which these measurements must comply .
Tolay down the conditions inwhich this
quality istobeachieved .

t
No TITLE
I.W
adoptedLTE
brought
into forceOJ
No.' ■ . 9.
PURPOSE
80/68/EJEC Directive ontheprotection ofgroundwater
against pollution caused bycertain
dangerous substances .
s
- >
" 3 '3'• ■>
'- 3 3 ,
3'
••- 3 . 3 '' ",
Λ 3 ' 3 ■■ ί ■ 1
ν^-·
-\17.12.79Λ
19.12.81
ιOJ L20
26«1i80
ι
hToprevent the discharge ofList I
substances andrestrict that ofList II
substances .
Toset upasystem ofauthorizations
and lay down the conditions for
derogations .
Toprepare aninventory ofdischarge
authorizations granted .
.ι.
••:i
y
I

-10.-
III.AIR POLLUTION "
\

DATE11.
No TITLE
/adopted .brought
into forceOJ
NoPURPOSE
70/22O/EEC Directive relating tomeasures tobetaken
against airpollution bygases from positive
ignition engines ofmotor vehicles .20.3.70 1.10.71 OJL76
6.4.70Tolay down requirements relating tothe .
type approval ofmotor vehicles .
74/290/EEC
77/IO2/EEC
78/665/feEGAmendments : First
I
Second *
Third *28.5.74
30.11.76
14.7.781.10.74
1.1.77
1.1.79OJL159
15.6.74
OJ L32
3.2.77
OJ L223
14.8.78I
Todefine specifications foracceptancetests .
Tofix permissible values for carbon
monoxide ,hydrocarbon fuels andnitrogen
oxides anddetermine materials ,conditions
andmethods foruseinmeasuring levels
ofthese substances .
72/306/EEC Directive onmeasures tobetaken against
emissions ofpollutants from diesel engines
for use inmotor vehicles .2.8.72 10.2.74 OJL190
20.8.72£
Tolay down requirements relating tothe .
type approval ofdiesel motor vehicles .
.Amendment I'• 3 -1
' - a 2
'- 3 1 "3
:' 3 3 • J 3_.\
» xOJL215
6.8.74Todefine standards for acceptance
tests .
Tofixpermissible values for fumes ,
anddetermine materials ,conditions
and methods for measuring levels of
the fumes .
75/441/EEC Decision establishing acommon procedure
forthe exchange ofinformation between the
surveillance andmonitoring networks based
ondata relating toatmospheric pollution
caused bycertain compounds andsuspended
particulates .24.6.75 OJL194
25.7.75Toset upaprocedure for exchanging
information between the Member States *
measuring stations .
Tonominate acoordinating body .
Toarrange for the publication ofa
summary report .
*
Adopted bythe Commission .
:,· ' 'V''
\.

Γ ΑΤΕ 12.
No TITLEadoptedbrought
into forceOJ
NoPURPOSE
i
75/716/EEC Directive relating tothe sulphur content
ofcertain liquid fuels .24.II.75 26.8.76
/OJL307
27.11.75Todefine twotypes ofgasoil.To
provide forareduction intheBulphur
content ofthese gasoils intwo
stages .
Toprovide forexemptions where
appropriate .' •
Toprovide forspot checks onthesulphurcontent ofthe fuels .
77/537/feEC Directive relating tomeasures tobetaken
against the emission ofpollutants from
diesel engines for use inwheeled
agricultural forestry tractors .28.6.77
j30.12.78 OJ L220
29.8.77\
Tolaydown requirements relating tothe
type approval ofsuch vehicles . '
Tofixpermissible values forthe fumes ,
anddetermine materials ,conditions and
methods formeasuring levels ofthe
fumes .
78/611/EEC Directive concerning the lead content of
petrol .
■ '·■■· 3·'- ^. ·· , , ·.-
■ j 3 .3 ■ ,5
•:-■■3. ^ " ■. '
3 ,3 , 3 129.6.78 5.1.80 OJL197
22.7.78
1.'V • •
Tofixthelead content ofsuper gradepetrol at0.4g/l.
Tolay down areference measuring
method .
Toprovide *forIreland tobeexempted .
Toprovide for other exemptions where
appropriate . , j
Decision authorizing the Community to
sign the Convention onLong-range • .
Transboundary AirPollution#
\15*10 .79 Seetitle .
■ -, ■ • . . !
• !
' ' , - 1
I
■"-'' ''''' •' i
. 1 ^ '!
» . !

IV.NOISE POLLUTION' -

DATE'3> - - |
1A. .
yNo J
î – iTITLEadoptedbrought -
into force0J
NoPURPOSE
' _
70/157/EEC
I
•7.
73/350/feEC
7'i
77/212/EEC
7'Directive relating tothe permissible sound
level andthe exhaust system ofmotor
vehicles
,..Adaptation
J/ ij
Amendment6.2.7O
7.11.73
8.3.77 ,*
10.8.71
1.3.74
1.4.77 -OJL42 .
23.2.70
OJ L321
22.11.73
OJ L66
12.3.77Tofix the permissible limits for the
sound level ,the equipment ,conditions
and methods for measuring this level .
Toprescrite meàsures forexhaust Systems .
1
•74/151/EEC
■.7
T .■Directive relating tocertain parts and
characteristics ofwheeled agricultural or
forestry tractors .4.3.74 7.4.75\
OJL84
28.3.74Tofix the permissible limits for the
sound level ,the equipment ,conditions
and methods for measuring this level .
77/311/EEC Directive relating tothedriver-perceived
noise level ofwheeled agricultural or
forestry tractors .29.3.77 1.10.79 OJL105
28.4.77Tofix the permissible limits for the
sound level ,the equipment ,conditons ^
and methods for measuring this level .
78/IOI5/EEC Directive relating tothe permissible sound
level an^exhaust py'stem ofmotorcycles .123.11.78
....1 3I •
1.10.80 OJL349
13*12.78
. 1_.$ <
Tofix the permissible limits for the
"sound level ,the equipment ,conditions
and methods for measuring this level .
Toprescribe measures forexhaust systems .
79/113/EEC
;1 ■.J 0 .3 a
Directive relating tothedetermination of
thenoise emission ofconstruction plant
and equipment . -
^ '..\Λ ~
; Y,
' \t9.12;78
*'21.6.80 -OJ -li33
8.2.79Todefine the sound level for
construction plant and equipment' .
Todefine the criteria touse for
expressing results ,equipment and
conditions forcarrying out measurements ,
and calculation method .
1
/ . · ·

Ko TITLEDJ
adoptedITE
brought
into forceOJ
No15. ,
PURPOSE
80/51/SEC
! ■ *
fDirective relating tothelimitation of
iioise emissions from subsonic aircraft .
j
' *
- 3 -3 : 3
....a ■ 3
- 3 1 ' . 3
: 3 3 ; 3•
''' ' - •\20.12.79
I ..
«
*».21.6.80 OJL18
24.1.80
1Tomake itcompulsory forthe Member
States toapply Annex 16tothe
Chicago Convention onSubsonic Aircraft .
Toestablish mutual recognition of
validity certificates .
Todetermine exemptions .
«

16
Φ ■
WASTE

No TITLE
fcfitVil J|| ■M.1 .
75/439/EEC Directive on "thedisposal ofwaste oils .
75/442/EEC Directive onwaste .
3
:
76/403/EEC Directive onthedisposal ofpoly -*
chlorinated biphenyls andpolychlorinated
•? . terphenyls . 3. -.33.
3adopted
16.6,75
15.7.75
6.4.76
\LTE
brought
into forcéOJ
No17 .
PURPOSE
18.6,77 OJL194
25.7.75
18.7.77 OJL194
25.7.75
9.4.78 OJL108
26.4.76Todetermine the arrangements tobemade
forthecollection andharmless disposal
ofwaste oils .
Torecommend that waste oils bere-used .
Toprovide asystem ofauthorizations for
firms responsible forcollection and
disposal .
Toprovide aregister ofwaste oils .
Toencourage the prevention and
recycling ofwaste .
Todetermine the arrangements tobemade
for the harmless disposal ofwaste .
Toprovide administrative provisions for
management and control .•
Toprovide asystem ofauthorizations
for firms responsible forcollection ,
recycling ordisposal .
Toprohibit their discharge ,discarding
and unsupervised dumping *
Tomake the harmless disposal -ofused
PCBs compulsory .
Topromote the reclamation ofPCBs .
Toprovide asystem ofauthorization®
for firms responsible for the disposal
ofPCBs .

i • " ! "*' "' ■
v
DATE 18.
Ko - • • TITLEadoptedbrought
into forceOJ '
NoPURPOSE
76/431/EEC
I •" .Decisiort *setting upaCommittee onWaste
Management .21.4.76 I.5.76 OJL115
1.5.76Toset upthe Committee .
Todefine itsterms ofreference ,
composition andrules ofprocedure .
ι'
|76/912/ΕΈΰ ,*Decision appointing the members ofthe
Committee onWaste Management .23.12.76 23.12.76 OJL354
24.12.76Toappoint the members ofthe WMC.
78/176/EEC ;
. «
hDirective onwaste from the titanium
dioxide industry . '
'•'= -'3 ■ 2 1
; ^ 3ν- ■ ... 3. · 3
3 •-.- "V * :i
3 •J .. :-, 3
\ • ''2O.2.78 22.2.79 OJ L54
25.2.78
1Topromote theprevention andrecycling
ofsuch waste .
Toensure its harmless disposal .
Toprovide asystem ofauthorizations
fordisposal operations .
Tolay down provisions governing
immersion ,discharge ,storage and
dumping . 5 r'
Toenact provisions formonitoring long-
established industries andtoprovide
decontamination programmes with
possible exceptions for new industries .
Toprovide asystem ofauthorization
which will include apreliminary
impact assessment .
Todetermine the information tobe
notified tothe Commission .
M
.78/319/eec Directive ontoxio and dangerous wastes .
*Commission Act.
...V
Λ20.3.78 22.3.80 OJL84
31.3.78'Topromote theprevention andrecycling
ofsuch wastes .
Tolay down the arrangements tobeaade
forits harmless disposal .
Toprovide administrativo measures for
management andcontrol .
/

No TITLEVI
adoptedITE
brought
into forcéOJ
No19.
ν
PURPOSE
j
> i3 3 -, 3
: ' 1 3 »
: 3 : , a
:. ■.j 3 = a
- ♦
\ '
'V♦Toprovide for asystem ofauthorization
forfirms responsible foritscollection ,
recycling anddisposal .
Toprovide fordisposal programmes ,which ,
shall benotified tothe Commission ,and
for exemptions .Todraw upregisters of
the waste . -

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

DATE\
21.
No TITLEadoptedbrought
into forceOJ
NoPURPOSE
Resolution onfluorocarbons inthe
environment •30.5.78 30.5.78 OJ C133
7.6.78Tolimit the production ofCFCs inthe
Community .
Toencourage the search forsubstitute
products .
Topromote the elimination ofCFCs .
778/618/EEC*Decision setting upaScientific Advisory -
Committee toexamine thetoxicity and
ecotoxicity ofchemical compounds .28.6.78\
28.6.78 OJL198
22.7.78Toset upsuch aCommittee .
Toestablish its terms ofreference and
its composition .
Todefine its method ofworking .
779/831/EECI ' «
Directive amending forthesixth time
Directive 67/548/EEC ontheapproximation
oflaws ,regulations andadministrative
provisions relating totheclassification ,
packaging andlabelling ofdangerous
substances . : ^ ^
3 :• : ' 3
i -• 1
j -• 3
, . . I18.9.79 19.9.81 OJL259
15.10.79
1Toprovide for asystem ofnotification
before placing any new chemical substance
onthe market .
Toprovide administrative measures for
managing and monitoring such notifications .
Toprovide procedures forinforming the .
Commission and the Member States .
Todefine rules ofconfidentiality .
Toinstruct the Commission todraw upan
inventory ofsubstances already onthe
market .
Tocombine inone Directive the provisions
ofDirective 67/548anditsfive
subsequent amendments .\
*
Commission Act.
.\

PROTECTION AED MAMGMENT OFTHE EWIROHMEM 1,
LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES

I; ■Γ
DATE 23.
No TITLEadoptedbrought
into forceOJ
NoPURPOSE
75/65/EEC
■-J
1ι
Recoromendation toMember States concerning
the protection ofthearchitectural and
natural heritage .20.12.74 OJ L21
28.1.75Torecommend that the Member States sign
andratify swiftly the Convention onthe
World Cultural andNatural Heritage .
75/66/EEC Recommendation toMember States concerning
theprotection ofbirds andtheir habitats .2A.12.74 OJ L21
28.1.75Torecommend that the Member States accede
tothe Convention ofRamsar onthe
Conservation ofWetlands andthe Convention
ofParis for theProtection ofBirds .
78/150/ta Decision adopting anEEC concerted research
project onthe growth oflarge urban
concentrations . J7.2.78 16.2.78 OJL45
16.2.78Toadopt atwo-year concerted research
project .
Tolay down theconditions concerning
management andfinancing oftheproject .
79/409/EEC Directive onthe conservation ofwild birds .
: * ...3
-- # 3 ' 3
..– : ' 5 .3 ..
\ '- - 3 )2.4.79 6.4.81 OJL103
25.4.79Todefine the measures tobetaken to
maintain the !populations ofall wild
species atanappropriate level .
Toprovide special conservation
measures for some species .
Toimpose agénéral ban onmarketing .
Decision authorizing the Community tosign
the Convention onthe Conservation of
European Wildlife andthe Natural
Environment .
(Convention ofStrasbourg )
■18.9.79 Seetitle .
/
* \Commission Act.
...'A ' ■