ARCHIVES HISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(81)64
Vol.1981/0019

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(81)64 final
Brussels.23rdFebruary 1981
REVIEW OFENERGY POLICY OBJECTIVES FOR1990
ANDMEMBER STATES' INVESTMENT PROGRAMMES
(Communication fromtheCommission totheCouncil )
/Vν·^Α/Δ^m
rI25■jçy
fujecfétarlet/W
COM(81)64final

REVIEW OFENERGY POLICY OBJECTIVES FOR 1990
AND MEMBER STATES' INVESTMENT PROGRAMMES .
Pages
COVER NOTE I-V
NOTICE a-b
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II.EXAMINATION OFTHE GUIDELINES 1
A.PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 1
B.CRUDE OILCONSUMPTION '' 3
C.ELECTRICITY GENERATION 6
D.RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 10
E.ENERGY PRICING AND TAXATION 13
III .ENERGY SAVING ' 16
IV.INVESTMENT > -|o
ANNEXES :ENERGY DEMAND AND SUPPLY LONG-TERM FORECASTS

COVER NOTE
Theattached reportanalyses progress towardsthe1990Community
objectives ,andtheadequacy ofinvestment plans,onthebasisofan
examination ofnational programmes ,someofofwhichareincourse
ofrevision .
I
2)Inbothareas,thereareinevitable uncertainties .Supply
anddemandfigures,andhenceprogress towardsobjectives ,areaffec­
tedbyeconomic growthassumptions .Withoutentering intoasterile
debateoverthemeritsordemerits ofpresentplansthepaperseeksto
showfirstlythatsomeplansmaynotbeachieved,andsecondly that
thereisscopeforfurtherinvestment incertainareas,notably
energysaving/rational use,andcoal.
3)Thefollowing generalfindings emergeinrelation tothe"guide­
lines"agreedbytheCouncilinMay1980:
(a)theratioof0.7orlessbetween energygrowthandeconomic
growthislikelytobeachieved;
(b)oilconsumption islikelytobearound43%oftotal
energyconsumption insteadof"about40%".This,and
afailuretoachievethenuclear andcoalobjectives mentioned
below,couldentailsignificant additional oilconsump­
tion-perhaps asmuchas50milliontonnesperyear
(1millionbarrelsperday)intheearly1990's;

-II-
c)production of70to75%ofelectricity fromcoaland )
nuclearshouldbeachieved/butonlyifinvestment
programmes arefulfilled .Thereisinfactsomedoubt
whetherallMemberStateswillsucceed inthis.This
questionisexamined incjreaterdetailinaseparate
report <COM/81/65); ,
c|)althoughbiggerthanatpresent,theproportion ofenergy
consumption covered byrenewable sourceswillinevitably
t
remainsmall(2.2A);
e)thoughprogress isbeingmadeinadapting energyprices
tptheattainment ofobjectives ,pricingpoliciesstill
varywidelywithintheCommunity .
4)TheCommission suggeststhattheCouncilshouldfocusdiscussion
onthefollowingquestions :'
> 'ν 1
a)Investment .Ifeconomicactivity remainsbelowpresent
v / ■
forecasts forthenextdecade,whatcanbedoneat
Community leveltomaintain energyinvestment ?_
Ifaverageannualgrowthis(say)2.5%rather
thantheoverall3.2%nowforecast byGovernments ,
investment willbediscouraged ,particularly in
countries with,thelowestgrowthrates.Disparities
between Membercountries willgrowandtherewillbe
Ihigheroilconsumption whensatisfactory economic '
growthisfinally resumed.Thelowerdemandfor
energyintheshorttermarisingfromthelowergrowth
ratecouldleadtoafalsefeelingofsecurity .
TheCouncilshouldtherefore consider asaprimary
objective^hemaintenance ofenergyinvestment atthe
levelsplanned,in particular becauseofthedamage
failurewoulddototheprospects foreconomic growth.

-III -
b)Saving .Doconsumers (domestic ,commercial ,industrial )
have sufficient incentives forinvestment inoil/energy
saving ?Will thefull possibilities beexploited ?
Pricing policies will play akey role .But inthecurrent
recession ,with slack demand ,profits andhigh interest
rates ,not allcompanies andprivate consumers will beprepared
togive high priority toenergy saving ;selective incentives will
therefore benecessary both toexploit the full possibilities and
torecognise theoverall national interest (greater than
the interest ofindividual citizens ).Much ofthe action
required must beatnational level .But this must beac­
companied bygreater coordination atCommunity level ,
within theframework ofagreed Community strategy .
TheCommunity makes animportant contribution totheinvestment
effort inthe energy sector .Community action must asapriority
help tosupport coherent programmes ,instigating andreinforcing
action incertain areas which would not occur without external
financial support .This isespecially thecase forinvestment
intended toincrease energy saving ,particularly intheindustrial
sector .
TheCommunity must useitsexisting lending instruments (notably
EIB ,NCIandECSC )aswell asinstruments ofinterest rebate
already available toittoachieve thevarious priorities more
effectively .
Itwill beappropriate' tostudy ,alongside different proposals
oninvestment andtheir financing ,what would bethebest use
& ofthese Community instruments andhowthey could possibly
bedeveloped inthe future .
Coal .Should more bedone toencourage coal consumption ?Should
Community coal production beincreased intheinterests of
security ofsupply ?
There isadanger that thenecessary investments
forcoal transport ,handling andconsumption bythe
electric utilities ,andbyindustry ingeneral will be
delayed ,ordiscouraged byenvironmental andplanning
problems .Here again .Community incentive could help to
accelerate investment .Maintaining coal production under
acceptable economic conditions should beacontinuing task forboth
interested national governments andtheCommunity assuch .,
~Investment ineconomic coal production would increase security
ofsupply andoffer some ./...

-IV-
protection fortheCommunity fromrisingworldcoalprices.
AtthesametimetheCommunity mustensurethatitcan
increase andguarantee long-term coalimports.TheCommi-ssion
hasanalysedcoalprospectstotheyear2000tc0M(80)117 final)
apdwillshortlytableapaperontheuseofcoalinindustry.
(d)Otheralternatives tooil.WhatcanbedoneatCommunity levelto
Ν
<i>ensurethatthereisnofurtherslippage innuclearprogrammes ,
(ii)speeduptheintroduction ofnewenergies ?
Insomecountries ,nuclearinvestment mayfallbehind
I
becauseoflowshort-term electricity demandandlackof
publicappreciation oftheneed.Policyshouldbeto
increase nuclearwithinprudentlimits(recognising
andseekingtoallaythecontinuing publicconcernover
nuclearsafety),anddiscourage theuseofoil .forelectricity
generation .Otherwise anyrecovery inelectricity growthwill
tendtoincrease demandforoil(alreadyhigh).Newenergies
shouldbeencouraged atCommunity levelthroughcontinued and
broadened programmes ofsupportforresearch anddemonstration
projects.Inordertofacilitate publicacceptance ofnuclear
investment theCommission willcontinuetoensuretheapplication
,oftheArticles oftheEuratomTreatydealingwithhealth
protection ;itwillpursueresearch anddevelopment inthenuclear
field,especially thestorageofnuclearwaste,bothatthe
JointResearch Centreandthroughcontractresearch ;andin
generalitwillincrease thecoherence ofallitsactions on
*.nuclearsafety.
(e)Domestic production ofoilandgas.Istherescopeforincrease ?
' » (
Abalance mustbestruckbetweenoverreliance onex­
ternalsources,anduneconomic production of'theCommuni­
ty'sownresources .
*
(f)Prices.IstheCouncilsatisfied thatenergypricesadequately
reflectconditions inworldmarkets,inaccordance withthe
energypricingprinciples agreedbytheCouncilinMay1980,and
asfurtherconsidered byEconomics andFinanceMinisters inthe
lightoftheCommission 'spaperon"EnergyandEconomic Policy"?
(COM(80)583).

-ν-
Howfardoes "theCouncilbelieveithasbeensuccessful inimplementing
agreedprinciples ofactioninensuringthatincreases intheprices
ofprimaryenergyarepasseddirectly ontothefinalconsumer ,butwithout
encouraging corresponding increases inwagesandsalaries ?
Whatprogress maybeenvisaged inreducing theexcessive disparities
inpricesthatcontinuetoexistamongMemberStatesorinimproving
therelationship betweenpricesofcompeting fuels?
TheCommission hasbeeninvitedbytheCouncil (Economics andFinance)
tomakeacommunication onthepricingpolicyneededtomeetenergy
objectives *.
Thiswillbesubmitted totheCouncilshortly.
\

NOTICE
Thereportisbasedoninformation supplied byMemberStatesduringthe
courseofthesecondhalfof1980.Thequantitative dataarepresented
onaconsistent basisaccording totheconventions oftheStatistical
OfficeoftheEuropean Communities ,whichexplainscertainsmall
discrepancies withinformation published bynational sources.
Sincethereportwasdrafted someMemberStateshaveprovided complementary
ornewinformation .ThisdoesnotalterthepicturefortheCommunity
asawholebutitpointstosomechangeintheassessment ofindividual
nationalpolicies .Inparticular : '
Belgium
Mostrecentforecasts arebasedonalowergrowthrateassumption and
aconsequent fallinprimaryenergyconsumption from64to58mtoe
in1990.
Thenewforecasts pointtoreducedoilconsumption especially in
industry (19%insteadof33%)andinnort-energy uses(80%instead
of100%),aswellasgreaterpenetration ofelectricity inconsumption
asawhole(30%insteadof27%)..
Theshareofsolidfuelsinelectricity production isexpectedtorise
(33-7%insteadof23%)whilethatofnuclearisexpectedtoremain
broadlyunchanged (46%)•
Denmarx
A"1981EnergyPlan"isinpreparation whichcouldmeanchangestocertain
forecasts .
France
A"programme carburols "(useofnon-oil-basedmotorfuels)waslaunched
atthebeginning of1981.
Ireland
Theenergysavingsprogramme hasbeenintensified through,forexamples
-aquadrupling inthepublicfinanceavailable (£4.76min1981;
£1.06min1980):
χ ■
-increases inthepriceofoilproductsin1980,proposedincreases in
motorfueltaxesin1981.

-b-
Germany
More recent forecasts ,based onaslightly lower growth rate assumption ,
suggest reductions ingross energy consumption (-36mtoe or10$)and
inoilconsumption (-19mtoe or12$)in1990 .This would constitute
appreciable progress inthedissociation ofeconomic growth andgrowth
inenergy demand .The share ofoilinenergy consumption isexpected
tofall to39$ (instead of41$),reflecting increased substitution
inthe industrial and domestic sectors . '
Reduced forecasts fornuclear output (38mtoe instead of41.5 )and -
fortheuseofnatural gasinpower stations (9.3%instead of11.4$ )
reflect anassumption ofreduced electricity demand .The share taken
bysolid fuels andnuclear together isexpected toreach 85$ ,as
initially forecast .
Luxembourg
Anumber ofdecisions designed toencourage energy saving were taken
towards theend of1980 .

-1-
I.INTRODUCTION
1.Atitsmeetingon13May1980,theCouncil(Energy)decidedon
1newCommunity energypolicyobjectives for1990•
InitsResolution ,theCouncilrequests theCommission toassessthe
MemberStates' ^energypolicyprogrammes ,tosubmitanannualreport,
andtomakerecommendations andproposals withaviewtoincreasing
theconvergence oftheMemberStates'energypolicies ,ensuringthat
thatCommunity'senergyobjectives areachieved andadapting themto
long-term economictrendsandenergysupplyconditions .Inaddition ,
theCouncil(Economics andFinance),recognising therelevance of
theproblemsidentified bytheCommission initscommunication on
energyandeconomic policy,hasinvitedtheCommission andtheEconomic
PolicyCommittee toexaminewhetherthefinancial andstatutory
measures adoptedbyMemberStatesareadequatetoensuretherealization
oftheirenergyprogrammes .Thisexamination willbethesubjectof.
acommunication fromtheCommission totheCouncilinthenearfuture.
2.Thisisthefirstannualreportanditincludes Greece,whichhas
adoptedtheCommunity'senergypolicyguidelines *Although Greece
hasbeenamemberoftheCommunity onlysince 1January 1981the
analysisthatfollowsincludesfiguresdatingbackto1979•'
II.EXAMINATION OFTHEGUIDELINES
3.Severalbasicguidelines havebeenlaiddownfortheattainment
bytheCommunity ofitsenergypolicyobjectives for1990*
Although theseguidelines basically relatetotheCommunity asawhole
andnottoeachindividual MemberState,theassessment whichtheCouncil
hasaskedtheCommissibn tocarryoutalsonecessitates acomparison
oftheMemberStates *programmes withtheCommunity guidelines ,
especially withaviewtoidentifying weakpointsandpossible
scopeforimprovement .
A.PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANDGROSSDOMESTIC PRODUCT
4.Thefirstobjective is:
"toreduceto0.7orlesstheaverageratioforthewholeCommunity of
therateofgrowthingrossprimaryenergyconsumption totherateof
growthofthegrossdomestic product".
SeeCouncilResolution of9*6.1968 ,OJNoC149°f18.6.1980 ,p.1.

TheMemberStates*forecasts fortheperiod19°5-90pointtoaCommunity
averageofaboutO.65/O.66..However,afundamental problemwhereelasticities
areconcernedisthattheyareaffeotedindifferent waysttyranumberofspecific
faotors(e.g.theupsanddownsoftheeoonomiccyole,structural changesin
theindustrial sector,changesinfueltax,technological progress).
5.Thequestion ofeconomic growthalsocomplicates mattersagreatdeal.
MemberStates'expectations asregardseoonomicdevelopments vary,sotheyhave
basedtheirforecasts ongrowthrateswhichinsomecasesdifferconsiderably
fromoneanother,rangingbetween1.9and5*3$.However,differences in
economicactivity meanthattheintensity ofenergyusealsovaries,withthe
resultthattheindicative valueoftheelasticities isagainimpaired.
ιInadditiontheassumptions aboutworldeconomicactivity (e.g.oilprice
levels,tradeflows)underlying thenationalforecasts aretoovariedto
provideacoherent macro-economic scenariofortheCommunity .
6.Furthermore ,MemberStatesforecast growthrates,averaging around3.2$
ayearforthe1980s,seemtobeforthemostpartonthehighside.Economic
modelling bytheCommission services suggestthatanaveragegrowthrateof
2.5$ayearwouldbemorerealistic.Thiswouldhaveeffectsontheenergy
economy,someofthemcontradict ory.Ontheonehand,thelevelofenergy
savingwouldbeadversely affeoted byalessfavourable investment climate,
thusperhapsreinforcing theeffectsofrecession andleadingtohigher
oilconsumption .Ontheotherhandlowereconomic growthwouldmeanreduced
capacityutilization andaconsequent reduction inenergyandoiluse.At
present wecannotgiveamoreprecisequantification oftheseandother
effectsofareducedrateofgrowth.Butthepossibility oflowergrowthis
animportant qualification tothebasiceconomicassumptions underlying national
forecasts .
7.Thefollowing tableusestheratiobetweenspecific energyconsumption and
grossnationat productasanalternative meansofmeasuring futuretrends:

-3-
Table 1
Economic Growth and Growth inEnergy -Consumption
(1973 =100 )
Energy Consumption perUnit ofGross
National Product
Β1979 1990 Change
92 86 -6
DK •94 F-20
D 94 o3 -11
Ρ 90 Ö0 -10
HE 105 124 +19
IRL 98 96 -2
I 95 87/(96 ) -8/+1
L 79 78 -1
NL 96 92/95 -4/-1
DK_l95_1 s_80/72
-11 ;EC 93 82
8.Thefollowing trends emerge with regard tothetime horizons 1973 »1979 and1990 *
-considerable progress inDenmark andtheUnited Kingdom ,
-particularly poor figures forGreece ,
■'worse than average trends inIreland ,theNetherlands ,
Italy andBelgium ,which should therefore endeavour torestrain thegrowth
inenergy consumption between nowand 1990# However ,amore detailed
analysis would also have totake account ofthespecific structural features
incountries such asGreece and Ireland where economic and industrial
development inevitably entails higher energy demand .
B. CRUDE OIL CONSUMPTION
9.Another target for 1990 setintheCouncil Resolution is;
"toreduce oilconsumption intheCommunity toalevel ofabout 40$
ofgross primary consumption ".
Table 2indicates theforeseeable development inthelight ofpresent conditions :
Table 2
Crude Oil Consumption asaProportion
ofTotal Primary Energy Consumption
11° mtoe
1979 1990 1979 1990
Β 52 48 25 30
DK 77 53 16 13
D 51 40 142 143
Ρ 62 31/36 115 76/88
HE 75 54 12 16
IRL 74 * 65 6 9
I 71 54/(59) 96 97/(117 )
L 33 36 1 2
NL 45 47/49 31 38/45
UK 42 39/40 93 90/99
EC1 54 42/43 537 514/542
Ignoring theless favourable variant forItaly .

-4-
According tothesefigures,themampositiveresultoftheoilsubstitution
andconservation policyoftheeighties wouldbethatoilrequirements
wouldremainmoreorlessoonstant,comparedwithanincreaseofaround25$
intotalgrossenergydemand(representing about250milliontonnesoil
equivalent (mtoe)).However,theCommunitytargetof40$wouldbeexoeeded
in1990by24to42mtoe.
According totheforecasts ,Belgium,Denmark,Greece,Ireland,Italyand
theNetherlands wouldbeabovethe40$markin1990.Itisnecessaryto
takealookatthesituation foreachoountryindividually .
10.InBelgium,demandforcrudeoilisexpectedtoriseconsiderably in
absolute termsbetween nowand1990.Oneofthepossible weakpointsin
Belgium'senergybalancesheetintheeightiesislikelytobeaninadequate
shifttowardssolidfuels(increasefrom11.4to13mtoeonly).Astriking
featureofthestructure offinalenergyconsumption inBelgiumisthe
disproportionate increaseinoilconsumption intheindustrial sectorfrom
3mtin1979to7mtin1990.Inthedomesticsectortoo,oilconsumption
isexpectedtoremainatafairlyhighlevelbetween nowand1990,accounting
in1990for44$oftotaldemandcomparedwiththeCommunity averageof31$.
11.Denmarkismakingaconsiderable efforttoreduceitsveryhighlevel
ofdependence onoil(in1979»oil'ssharewas77$,thehighestfigure
withintheCommunity).Denmarkintends!
-toreduceoilimportsby30$(4»6mt)by1990,
-toincreaseimportsofsolidfuelsbynearly8mtoe,
-tobuildupanaturalgassupplysystemsupplied fromitsowngasreserves ,
-toexpanddistrict heatingsupplies.
Thelessfavourable aspectsofDenmark'senergybalancesheetareasfollows:
-thehighlevelofoilconsumption intheindustrial sector,
-thefaotthattherearenoplansfortheuseofnuclearenergy.
12.LikeDenmark,Greeceisplanningaconsiderable reduction inits
extremelyhighlevelofoildependence ,whichshouldfallfrom75$to54$*
Thisistobeachieved almostexclusively bymeansofaplannedtripling of
domestic coalproduction to9*5ntoeby1990.

\-5-
TheweakpointsintheGreekenergybalancein1990areaboveall:
-thatoiluseisexpectedtogrowbynearly40$;
-amuchhigherrelativelevelofoiluseinindustry andthedomestic
sectorthantheCommunity average,despiteprojected falls;
-nouseofnaturalgasasasourceofprimaryenergy;
-,theuseofnuclearenergyistoolimited;and
-thelowlevelofprojected clomestic production ofhydrocarbons whichcouldsuggest
-insufficient exploration activity.
13.Irelandisplanningtocutbackoil'ssharetobelow65$by,1990,
butoveralltheeffortsatoilsubstitution donotappeartobeadequate .,
asyet.Aconsiderable inoreaseinooalburnisplanned,butthereare
alsoanumberofnegativefactors:
-oilimportsaretobeincreased "byover50$f
-energyconsumption'isgrowingrelatively quicklyandenergyconservation measures,
though ,recentlystrengthened ,willneedtimetotakeeffect;
-oil'sshare(over71$)intheindustrial sectorwillremainparticularly high(67y.)
thoughbelowthefigurefor1979;, ■
-Irelandisanothercountrywhichdoesnotyetusenuclearenergy. >
However,anoverallassessment ofenergypolicyinIrelandwouldalso
havetotakeintoaccountthecountry'sspecifioeffortsintheindustrial
polioyfield.
14*Italyisprojecting 54$to59$fororudeoilconsumption asashare
oftotalprimaryenergyconsumption :afterIrelandthesecondhighest
figuresfortheCommunity .AtthesametimethenewItalianenergy
programme isveryambitious inseveralrespects :
-extensive energyconservation measures (theaimbeingtoreduceoil
requirements byupto20mtin1990),
-massiveincreaseintheuseofcoal,
-furtherintensive development ofnaturalgassupplies ,
-considerable progress withtheuseofnuclearenergy.
However,itremainstobeseenwhethertheseplanscanactually beimplemented .
15.TheNetherlands istheonlyCommunity countrywhichisplanning notonly
toincreaseitsoilimportsinabsolute termsbetween nowand1990,butalso
toraiseoil'srelativeshareabove40$.ThetrendexpectedintheNetherlands
therefore clearlyrunsoountertotheCommunity'soilsubstitution policy,
though theNetherlands hasconsiderable naturalgasreserves andis
therefore betterplacedthansomeoftheothercountries .

-6-
Theaspects of "theNetherlands *energy balance that aredifficult toreconcile
with agreed Community guidelines oratleast raise serious questions canbe
summarized asfollows :
-although anincrease intheuseofcoal isplanned (9to11.5mtoe )
in1990 ,itisnotenough (bycomparison ,thefigures forDenmark ,
France andItaly are8mt,27to32mtand29mtrespectively ),
-stagnation oftheuseofnatural gas ,reduction ofover 25$in
Dutoh natural gasproduction by1990 »
-considerable increase inthe amount oforude oil used inthe industrial
.(especially nonrenergy industrial use )sector 'from 45 "to52% (compared with theCommunity average of25to20$),
-high andrising proportion ofcrude oilused forelectricity generation
(seepoint 25)»
-stagnation intheuseofnuclear energy (seepoint 25)»whereas an
inorease could bring therather lowdegree ofelectricity penetration
(20$by1990 )toalevel comparable with other Member Countries
(Community average by1990 =35$)»thereby reducing oilconsumption
andenabling abetter use ofgasresources .
C. ELECTRICITY GENERATION
16.Thetarget agreed tointhis respect bytheCouncil initsResolution of
9June 1980 is:
"tocover 70to75$ofprimary energy requirements fortheproduction of
electricity bymeans ofsolid fuels andnuclear energy ".
Asshown intable 3»theMember States *forecasts indicate arise inthe
proportion ofelectrioity generated bymeans ofsolid fuels andnuclear
energy from 60$to76to77$between 1979 and1990s
Table 3
..___ . 1Electricity generated bymeans ofeolid fuels andnuclear energy
1Including coke oven
and blast furnace gas
(2.4$ in1979).(%)
1979199°
Β 51 73
DK 65 80
D 72 85
Ρ 58 87
HF. 55 ÔÕ
IRL 25 37
I 12 48Λ44 )
L 44 43
•NL 14 33/41
UK 82 86
EC 60 77
\

-7-
Broadly speaking ,theCommunity electrioity generation target would thus
beattained ,butasthefollowing table shows theactual position maybe
less favourable
Table 4
Sources ofenergy used for electricity generation
Community (9)1979 1990 ,
mtoe t mtoe %
Solid fuels 125.4 45 163/168 38/39
Petroleum 67.8 24 59/60 14
Gasi *) 35.7 13 29 7
Nuclear enerar 37.2 13 160 38/37
Ifydro ,geothermal ,
other14.0 5 ,14 3
TOTAL 280.1 100
21=23 sssssss :■lJg3 /431_100
Proportion ofnuclear
energy andcoal (*)169.3 60 305/310 77
Electricity's share inthe
coverage oftotal energy
consumption29 35
(*) Inoluding coke oven andblast furnace gas (5*8mtoe in1979 )
17.Itemerges from this survey ,fortheCommunity asawhole ,that
-onaverage ,thequantity ofsolid fuels isexpected toincrease by
approximately 3»5mtoe perannum ;asaresult ,theproportion
represented bysolid fuels intotal electricity generation would diminish
try6to7percentage points ;
-atbest ,theamount ofpetroleum used asapower station fuel would
fally byonly 9mtwithin 11years ;atleast 59mtoe would still beused
forelectricity generation in -1990 ,split between countries asfollows :
£ DK D Ρ Η IRL I Ν UK EC
Mio t 2.4 1.8 4-9 5.2 1.0 2.623-9/
(29.4 )6.1 11.058.9/
(64.4 )
i 4 3 8 9 2 4 41 .10 19 100
–theexpansion ofnuclear energy isstill unsatisfactory ,allthemore
sointhat half ofthis isattributable toonecountry (Prance );

-8-
-theslowdeclinein"theuseofnaturalgasinpowerstations onoe
againoastsdoubtontheseriousness ofthedeclaredintentions ofthe
MemberStatestousenaturalgasinthedomesticsector,smallindustry
andcertaintypesofindustrial production inwhichitscharacteristics
(lowpolluting ,easytouse)canbefullyexploited ,ratherthanin
powerstationsinwhichtheseadvantages arewasted.
18.InBelgium,theincreaseinelectricity generation isexpectedtobe
coveredlargelybynuclearenergyandcoal.Although aconsiderable
reduction inoil'sshareisexpected ,itwillstillrepresent 2.4mtin
1990. The
proportion ofnaturalgasconsumedinpowerstationsisexpectedtorise
–although toacomparatively smallextent–andtocoverover of
theelectricity generated inBelgiumin1990*
19.InDenmarktheCommunity guidelines shouldbemetandexceeded through
increased coaluse.Nopositive decision hasyetbeentakenonnuclear
energy.Thusoilusedinpowerstationsisexpectedtoremainvirtually
constantinthe80*8.
20.ApartfromtheUnitedKingdom,theFederalRepublic ofGermanyisthe
onlycountrywhiohhadalreadyattained the.Community electricity generation
targetfor1990in1979*Oil'sshareinelectricity generation isexpected
tofallto4$by1990,butevensothiswouldstillrepresent nearly5mtoe.
Critical comments arewarranted concerning !>•
-theverylargeamountofnaturalgasusedinpowerstations (in1979»
Germanyacoounted aroundhalthetotalamountofnaturalgasusedfor
electricity generation intheCommunity ,andthisislikelystilltobe
thecasein1990),
-sluggishdevelopment ofnuclearenergy,asaresultofwhiohitis
opentoquestionwhethertheforecaststo1990(development ofcapacities
from9to30GW)canbeachieved.
21."InFrance,nuclearenergyistobethemainsourceforthegeneration
ofelectricity .Theamountofcoalusedforelectricity generation isatthe
sametimeexpeotedtofallfromaround14mtoeatpresentto7mtoe,which
couldthrowdoubtsonthebalanceoftheelectrioity programme .Anadded
factoristhatin19905mtofoilcouldberequiredinthissector.Andafteran
increase insolid-fuel burningcapacity inpowerstations between1980and1985
(from12,750to15,900 MW),capacityisexpectedtofallbackthereafter to
13,100 MW.

-9-
22.Onthebasisoftheremarkable effortsplannedtoincrease the
contribution fromsolidfuelsandthe–albeitmorehesitant–introduction
ofnuclearpowerby1990Greeoecouldhavethehighestcoverage ofelectricity
production fromthesetwosourcesintheCommunity (88$).Atthesametime
oiluseisexpected tohalveto1mtons.
23.Theeleotricity generation situation inIrelandis,ontheotherhand,
unsatisfactoiy .Although theplanistotriplecoalinputbetween 1979
and1990,oilinputisalsoexpectedtoincreasefurther,andwillstill
oover50$ofelectricity requirements in1990*Theplannedincreaseinthe
amountofnaturalgasusedtogenerateelectricity isnotinlinewithagreed
Community guidelines althoughitmaybejustified byspecialcircumstances .
Theprolonged delayinthedecisiontousenuclearenergyisanotherweak
(point»
24*According tothemostrecentItalianeleotricity plans,theintention
istoalterasquicklyaspossiblethestructure ofproduction ,whichhas
> -,
sofarfooused onpetroleum .Significant effortsareplannedinthecoal
andnuclearfieldswhi6hhavepreviously largelybeennegleoted .Nevertheless
afurtherinoreaseinoilinputinpowerstationsisunavoidable .The
proportion ofelectricity plannedtobegenerated in1990fromcoaland
nuclearenergyCatmost48%)istoolow,andoil'sshare(atleast40%)is
toohigh.Eventhesefiguresrequirefullimplementation ofthecoaland
nuclearenergyplansbetween nowand1990whichmustberegarded as
uncertain .
/
25.Onthepositive side,therearesignsofanincreaseinthequantities ,
ofsolidfuelsusedforthegeneration ofelectrioity intheNetherlands .
However,thereareseveralweakpoints:
-highnaturalgasinput(49sharein1979)*whichistobereduced
between nowand199®tortwillstilltotalaround5mtoe;
-furtherriseinoilinput(30to38$shareplannedfor1990compared '
withaCommunity averageof14$)»
-stagnation intheuseofnuclearenergyatalevelofonly1mtoe
(adiscussion paperonthebuildingofthreeadditional nuclearpower
stationsisatpresentbeforetheDutchParliament).

-10-
Asaresult,theDutchforecasts for1990indicatethattheNetherlands
willhavethelowestproportion (33to41$)foreleotricity generated
fromsolidfuelsandnuclearenergy,sotheNetherlands willhealong
wayfromtheCommunity targetdespiteconsiderable progress compared with
thepresentlevelof14$*
26.TheUnitedKingdomalreadygenerates about82%ofitselectricity
fromsolidfuelsandnuclearenergy.TheUnitedKingdomistherefore
thebestplacedofalltheCommunity countries inthisrespect.Where
theestimates for1990areooncerned ,positivefactorsaretheinorease
ofnuclearenergycapacity to19mtoeandextensive substitution ofnatural
gas.Ontheotherhand,thereisnosignificant reduction plannedinthe
amountofoilused,whichisexpectedstilltobeatalevelof10to
12mtin1990.
27* dealsingreaterdetailwithelectricity generation
intheCommunity andoilburninpowerstations.
D.RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
28.InitsResolution of9June1980,theCouncilsetthefollowing target:
"toencourage theuseofrenewable energysourcessoastoincreasetheir
contribution totheCommunity'senergysupplies".
Theroleofrenewable energysourcesinthecoverage oftheCommunity's
totalenergyrequirements canbeseenfromthefollowing table:
Table5
1Roleofrenewable energysources
1979 I9902
mtoe %(3) mtoe %(3)
Β 0.08 0.2 0.1 0.2
DK (0.26)(1.3) 0.6 2.5
D 2.53 0.9 4.0 1.1
F' 5.92 3.2 14.5 6.0
HE 0.3 1.9 0.5 U6
IRL 0.07 0.8 0.1 0.7
I 4.37 3.2 6.5 3.6
L 0.02 0.5 0.03 0.6
NL 0.34 0.5 0.2 0.2
UK 0.37 0.2 0.4 -0.2
EC 14.00 1.4 26.9 2.2
Hydro,geothermal ,biomass,solar,wind,wave.
2"Averagevalues.
^Renewableenergysourcesproduced,asapercentage oftotalgros &y
consumption .

-11-
29.Public spending onthepromotion ofrenewable energy sources was asfollows
in1974 and 1978 :'
ι
Table 6:Research ,Development andDemonstration :Renewable energy sources
•1974 1978 (prov .)
MEUA % MEUA . %
Β . 2.0 3.5 4.2 · 2.1
DK n/a- 6.0 3.0
D , 26.2 45.7 55.6 27.7
F 15.1 λ 26.4 62.8 ' 31.3
HE n/a n/a n/a n/a
IRL .- - 0.5 . 0.2
I 2.0 3.5 32.5 16.2
L- - - -
NL 4.3 7.5 - 18.2 9.1
UK 7.7 ' 13.4 21.0 10.4
'ToU 57.3 100.0 '200.8 100.0
EEC 22.4- 72.1-
Οι'«' . 79.7- 272.9-
30.Thefollowing points emerge from thetwotables given above :
-Thecontribution ofrenewable energy sources tothecoverage of
energy demand in1990 isexpected tobejust over 2$onaverage for
theCommunity asawhole ;theincrease each year incomparison with
1979 islikely tobefairly small ; ,
-Only inthecase ofPrance arethere clear expectations ofsignificant
achievements inthis connection asearly as1990 ;
-Apart from Prance ,theonly significant improvement islikely tobe
inItaly and–although only where research activities areconcerned –•
theNetherlands andGermany ;
-Belgium ,Ireland ,Luxembourg ,theNetherlands ,theUnited Kingdom
andGermany areclearly below theaverage where production isconcerned .
(inthis context itshould benoted however that itisinpractice
impossible forsome countries toincrease their useofhydro power ).
31.Ascanbeseen from Table 6,there hasbeen aconsiderable upsurge
inresearch anddevelopment activities inrecent years .However ,the
very small contribution expected ,andthestill unbalanced distribution of
research expenditure asbetween theMember States point toaneed to
intensify theefforts still further .Recent Btudies intheagricultural
y
■ _ . 'Nofigures available forGreece .Totals include hydrogen andnuclear fusion .
(**) Source :XII/1000 /79-EN ,prepared bytheEnergy R&DSubcommittee ofCREST .

-12-
sectorhaveshownthataround100mtoeofusablebio-wastes ariseeaoh
yearintheCommunity countries .Evenifitwaspossibletoexploitonly
atenthofthispotential inthemediumtermthiswouldstill
reduce'theCommunity'soilimportbillby2%.
32.Moregenerally ,itisdifficult toassesstheMemberStates'
policies onrenewable energysourcesbecauseinsufficient information
isavailable .Itwillbenecessary togointothisaspectingreater
detailinfuturereports.

-11-
" 1 1
29.Public spending onthepromotion ofrenewable energy sources wasasfollows
in1974 and 1978 : •
Table 6:Research -Development andDemonstration :Renewable energy sources (*)(**)
1974 1978 (prov .)
MEUA % MEUA %
Β 2.0 3.5 , 4.2 2.1 ,
DK n/a- 6.0 3.0
D 26.2 45.7 55.6 27.7
F 15.1 26.4 62.8 31.3
HE n/a n/a n/a n/a
IRL- - 0.5 0.2
I 2.0 3.5 32.5 16.2
L
NL 4.3 7.5 18.2 9.1
UK 7.7 13.4 21.0 10.4
TcUí 57.3 100.0 200.8 100.0
EEC 22.4 - 72.1 V
Gi".i-YIcfaû . 79.7- 272.9-
30.Thefollowing points emerge from thetwotables given above : <
-Thecontribution ofrenewable energy sources tothecoverage of
energy demand in1990 isexpected tobejust over 2$onaverage for
theCommunity asawhole ;theincrease each year incomparison with
1979 islikely tobefairly small ;
-Only inthecase ofPrance arethere clear expectations ofsignificant
achievements inthis connection asearly as1990 ;
-Apart from Prance ,theonly significant improvement islikely tobe
inItaly and–although only where research activities areconcerned –
theNetherlands andGermany ;
-Belgium ,Ireland ,Luxembourg ,theNetherlands ,theUnited Kingdom
andGermany areclearly below theaverage where production isconcerned .
(inthis context itshould benoted however that itisinpractice
impossible forsome countries toincrease their useofhydro power ).
31.Ascanbeseen from Table 6,there hasbeen aconsiderable upsurge
inresearch anddevelopment activities inrecent years .However ,the
very small contribution expected ,andthestill unbalanced distribution of
research expenditure asbetween theMember States point toaneed to
intensify theefforts still further .Recent studies intheagricultural
 
■ ./
(*) .. .. . _ .Nofigures available forGreece .Totals include hydrogen andnuclear fusion .
(**) Source :XII/1000 /79-EN ,prepared bytheEnergy R&DSubcommittee ofCREST .

-12-
sectorhaveshownthataround100mtoeofusablebio-wastes ariseeaoh
yearintheCommunity countries .Evenifitwaspossibletoexploitonly
atenthofthispotential inthemediumtermthiswouldstill
reduce'the Community'soilimportbillby2%.
32.Moregenerally ,itisdifficult toassesstheMemberStates'
policies onrenewable energysourcesbecauseinsufficient information
isavailable .Itwillbenecessary togointothisaspectingreater
detailinfuturereports.

->73-
1
E„.ENERGY PRICING AND TAXATION
35rTheCouncil Resolution commits member states "topursue
an«nergy pricing policy geared toattaining Community energy
objectives' *.Energy pricing should bebased onthe following
principles .' ~
-consumer prices should reflect representative conditions
onworld markets ;
-one ofthe factors determining consumer prices shouldc
bethe cost ofreplacing and developing energy resources :
I
' '' \
.-greatest possible degree oftransparency .
34.All member states are now convinced that the consumer prices
ofenergy must reflect the long term cost ofenergy supply ,
since : ',
w
-realistic pricing isthe best instrument for encouraging
'energy saving , . ,
-itisessential toprotect /investment insubstitutes
which isindispensable for our future supplies ,
-Subsidising energy prices from public funds isnolonger
<financially tolerable .
/
35.The -response ofconsumer prices within the Community to
the sudden increase inoil prices in1973 -^wasvery uneven .
Insome countries (egGermany )andfor some fuels (especially
oilproducts )prices were quick torespond to .changed
conditions inworld markets ,andinsome countries (egItaly )
excise taxes were also adjusted inline with the increase in
pjre-tax prices .But during the following period ofrelaxation
ontheworld oil market ,from 1975-8 ,andwith widely varying
rates ofinflation within the Community there was amarked
disparity inthe extent towhich real price levels were sustained .
Inmost countries ,and especially inthe case ofdomestic gas
and electricity ,prices were held down under price control
regimes ofvarying degrees ofSeverity .

Uptill 197° the differences between the prices charged within
the community both within and between member states tended in
the main toincrease both inabsolute and inrelative terms .
Since the renewed increase inoil prices in1979 the general
tendency within the Community has been toabandon price controL
The differentials are still ofthe same general order
asin1973 inrelative terms ;though much larger inabsolute
terms ,and are still probably greater than can beaccounted
for bydifferences inthe cost ofraw materials ,labour ,and
processing and distribution costs .The incidence oftaxation
remains well below 1973 levels .
Some ofthe more striking features ofenergy pricing within
the Community are reviewed below *
36.InDenmark energy consumption has for many years been
highly priced and -with the exception ofdiesel fuel -tax
rated are among the highest inthe Community .This isamajor
factor indetermining the exceptionally high energy efficiency
ofthe Danish economy .
37•InGermany free market pricing ,which ofits nature must
cover costs ,has always been the rule .Anadditional measure
likely toencourage conservation inthe electricity field
took effect on 1April 1980 with the reduction ofthe -degressivity
oftariffs for heavy consumers .The Government 'sdecision to
concentrate on (notafoly indigenous )coal forelectricity
generation and for nuclear power totake second place
isbound tohave aneffect onthe prices charged tothe final
consum er. -
38.InGreece energy prices aregenerally low ,reflecting the
low cost ofprocessing ,and .distribution ..Amajor exception is
gasoline which isamong themost expensive inthecommunity®
39.Afeature ofenergy pricing inIreland isthat whil »pre-
taxprices aregenerally high ,taxrates remain generally low
despite recent steep increases .Non-oilfuels areentirely
exempt from tax .
1 '•/•••

-4Γ-
40.Substantial progress has been made xnItaly inrecent years
Inall the main sectors of"energy pricing .Taxes onpetroleum
products have been increased and refinery margins have been
brought closer tothe community average .Inthe electricity
sector welfare assistance for low-income earners has been
reduced ,and insome cases progressive tariffs have been
introduced for domestic electricity and gas .
41.InLuxembourg ,oil products are still priced and taxed
well below thelevels prevailing elsewhere intheCommunity ,
despite recent increases .
42.Inthe Netherlands the long-terra aim istoalign natural
gas prices for the domestic consumer ongas oil prices .But
atpresent price adjustments arerelated tothe price of
fuel oil ,and gas prices are below those inother community
pountries .However progress has been made onelectricity
prices where the degressivity oftariffs has been reduced .
.\
45.InFrance there has been atendency for market prices to
prevail .With the growing proportion ofelectricity generated
from nuclear electricity prices are already tending torise
less rapidly than those ofother fuels and the Sovernment
predicts amarked strengthening ofthis trend .
44.Inthe United Kingdom there has been areversal ofenergy
pricing policy and with the abolition ofprice control ,steep
increases intaxes onoil products ,and the strength ofthe
pound against other Community currencies UKprices ,which
have generally been low byCommunity standards are ingeneral
well uptocommunity levels .AsinIreland ,notax ischarged
onnon-oil fuels ,though the imposition ofstrict financial
targets onthe nationalised gas and electricity undertakings has
aneconomic impact somewhat similar totaxation .
f'/#»•

-16-
III.ENERGY SAVING
Theprésentsituation
45.TheCouncilhasLaiddowndetailedguidelines fortheCommunity'senergy
1savingprogramme inaResolution accompanying theResolution onenergypolicy
objectives for1990.Inaseparatereport(C0M(80)899final),theCommission
hasmadeadetailed comparison ofMemberStates'energysavingprogrammes with
thebasicprogramme annexedtotheResolution .Afullimplementation ofthe
Council'sResolution onenergysavingisessential forthesuccessofthe
Community'senergypolicyasawhole,andmustbeensureddespitethepresent
economic circumstances .
46.IntheSeventies,afterverysubstantial earlysavings,essentially due
totheelimination ofwastewithoutsignificant investment ,ratherslow
progress wasmadeintheCommunity asawhole.
Table7:Energyconservation since1974
1 (cumulative %savings )
EEC1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
3 7.5 7.4 8.7 10.4 10.7
Estimates arebasedonthedifference between alevelofenergyconsumption p
projected onthebasisofrelationships priorto1973,buttakingaccountof
economic cyclesandtheclimate andobserved energyconsumption .
47.Toachieve amoresatisfactory rateofprogress inthenextdecade,it
willbeessential tomaintain ahighlevelofinvestment onthebasisof
carefulanalysis ofcost-effectiveness .Inviewofthelikelyloweconomic
growthanddifficult investment climate,incentives willberequired at
Community levelorMemberStatelevel.
OJN°C149,18June1980,page3.

Priorities forimmediate action
48.Thefirstpriority mustbetoensurethateveryMemberStatehasa
basicprogramme inplaceonthegenerallinessuggested intheannextothe
CouncilResolution onenergysaving.
BelgiumandItalyhaveyettoadoptcomprehensive proposals submitted totheir
national Parliaments earlyin1980.Luxembourg hasstilltopropose a
qomparable programme toitsParliament ,
i
49.SomeMemberStatesstilldonothavemandatory standards forthe
construction ofnewbuildings .Othershavestandards whichonlycoverapart
qfnewconstruction activity,orareoverdueforreview.Thedifference in
levelsofrequirement betweenstandards inMemberStatesismuchgreaterthan
esqbejustified bydifferences ofclimateorenergyprices.The
Commission 'sserviceswillshortlybemakinga?tudyonthissubjectavailable
toMemberStates,and,ifnecessary,willpropose Community legislation in
1981. v
50.Recentstudieshaveshownthatsignificant savingsremaintobeachieved
inenergy-intensive industries .However,manyoftheseindustries arein.
financial difficulties andareinreceiptoffinancial supportfromgovernments

toassisttheirrestructurat ion.Itisvitalthatfulladvantage betaken
oftheopportunity toimprovetheefficiency ofenergyuseandintroduce
substitutes foroil.Equally,EnergyAudit (Servicesforsmallandmedium
companies arealsoofprovenvalue;manyMemberStatescouldbemore
activeinencouraging thedevelopment ofanappropriate databaseand
software system (3)readilyaccessible toallinterested firms.
51.MemberStateswithimportant automobile industries haveagreedwiththeir
industries voluntary guidelines forthefuelperformance ofnewmotorcars
butmorestringent targetswillberequiredforthefuture.InmostMember
States,thereisroomforgreatereffortstoimprovedrivingbehaviour,and
themaintenance ofexisting cars.
_ /theNetherlands
3^.Withtheexception ofFrance,andGermany,noMemberStatehasyetintroduced
anysignificant measures topromotetherational useofenergyinagri­
culture andfisheries .
53.ManyMemberStatesarepressing aheadwithprogrammes forthemorerational
production anduseofenergy,especially low-grade heat.Howeverthesuccess
ofsuchprogrammes willdependuponcontinued support fromGovernments .
54.ingeneral,comparisons ofpublicspending onenergyconservation showswide
divergencies between France,Germany,Denmark,theNetherlands andother
MemberStates (4).TheUnitedKingdom,whichwasamongsttheforemost in
thisrespect,isnowintermediate betweenthehighandlowspenders .The
Commission recognizes thatlevelsofpublicspending willbekeptunder
reviewtoensurecost-effectiveness ,butconsiders thatthefullbenefitof
higherenergypricescanonlybeobtainedifanappropriate marketframework
isinplace.Thisinevitably requires somepublicexpenditure ,probably
atleastoftheorderofthatnowobserved inFrance,Germany,Denmark and
theNetherlands .
(3)SeetheCommission 'sRecommendation toMemberStatesconcerning theRational
UseofEnergyinIndustry",July1980(doc.COM(80)954),whichrelatesto
theenergybus.
(4)COM80/899final.

-19-
IV.INVESTMENT
55.Intheperiod1981-90,theCommunity countries areplanning toinvestaround
500thousandmillion EUAintheenergysector,80%ofthisfigurebeingdevoted
tosupplyandtheremainder beingintendedforinvestment toimproveenergy
productivity .Thefollowing changes canbeobserved compared withtheestimates
madeattheendof1978:
-wheresupplyisconcerned ,a50%increase ininvestment inthecoalandnon­
nuclearelectricity sectors,and
-wheredemandisconcerned ,an80%increase ininvestment inenergysavings.
Table8-Investment inEnergyProduction andConservation ,1981-90
1Thousand million EUA
Solidfuels 41 8
Hydrocarbons 105 21
Electricity 231 47
nuclear . 95■'
conventional ' 63
transmission anddistribution 73
Nouvelles sources 14 3
Energyconservation ^ 90 18
2District heating 13 3
-494 100
(1)Prixettauxdechangede1980
(2)Estimations desservices delaCommission .
Table9isparticularly significant ofcomparison ofenergyinvestment proposed
inrelation toenergyconsumption in1979.
Table9-Proposed investment intheperiod1981-90inEUApertoeconsumed
in.1979
D FI NL Β L UK IRL DK HE EC
483 575 521 319 332 42474 562 612,707 488
Thissectionreviewsenergyinvestment plans(publicandprivate),forecasts
andopportunities inthelightof:
(a)MemberStates'repliestotheCommission's investment questionnaire ,and
(b)thebilateral discussions onenergyinvestment whichtheCommission and
MemberStatesheldduringthesummer "of1980.

-2o-
56.This volume ofinvestment would represent 2.1% ofGDPand9.3% ofgross fixed
capital formation -assuming 3.2% economic growth -compared with 1.5% and6.8%
intheperiod 1968-80 .Alower ,andmore realistic ,rate ofeconomic growth of
around 2.5% would bring the figures forenergy investment to2.2% and9.7% res­
pectively ,onthebasis ofthe same volume ofinvestment .The level would be
lower ifthe investment programmes ,particularly those forcoal andelectricity ,
were not carried out infull .Inaddition ,alowrate ofgrowth would have a
serious effect oninvestment inenergy conservation ,which ismore sensitive to
cyclical fluctuations andshort-term andmedium-term economic policy options .
/
Overall ,these orders ofmagnitude would entail a40%increase inenergy invest­
ment 'sshare ingross fixed capital formation compared with theperiod 1968-80 .
Combined with an -increase inindustrial restructuring efforts ,this could cause
some serious financing problems inthe case ofprojects offering amarginal return
and result insubstantial transfers between GDP uses .
Table 10-Energy supplies andGDP
(%)
1968-1980 1981-1990 (1)
Energy investment /
GDPEnergy investment /
GDPEnergy imports /
GDPInvest .+Imports /
GDP
D 1,28 1,90 3,8 5,7
F 1,42 1,88 3,45 5,33
I 1,24 2,11 6,0 8,11
NL 1,80 1,71 4,1 5,81
Β 1,3 1,64 6,12 - 7,76
L not available 0,41 11,5 ' ,11,91
UK 2,3 2,63 0,13 2,76
IRL 2,0 2,67 7,8 10,47
DK 0,65 1,88 3,5 5,'38
HE not available 3,23 7,2 10,43
EC 1,52 2,06 3,64 5,70
(1)1980 prices andexchange rates .

-d4-
57.Thereareconsiderable differences fromcountrytocountry.Iftheprogrammes
areimplemented asplanned,Greece,Ireland,theUnitedKingdom andItalywill
devotebetween 2and3.2%oftheirGDPtoenergyinvestment .Withtheexception
oftheUnitedKingdom,thesecountries willalsobespending themostonenergy
.imports.Thesecountries willhavetomakeaconsiderable effort,butoverthe
periodconsidered andincomparison withothers,thereislittlelikelihood that
theexternalposition willeasesignificantly .Thisisparticularly trueinthe
' .caseofItalywhereenergyinvestment 'sshareinGDPisexpected todoublecom­
paredwiththeperiod1968-80.Partofthereasonforthistrend,inItalyand
certainothercountries,isthelowlevelofenergyinvestment inthepast.

-S.J -
5b.These figures need tobeinterpreted with caution .Replies
totheCommission 'squestionnaire were patchy ,and theforecasting
ofinvestment poses very great difficulties .Governments are
not privy totheinvestment intentions ofallenergy suppliers ,
and investment behaviour ishighly sensitive tothe state of
the economy ,and toother political and psychological factors
which create the investment climate .The difficulty of
forecasting isparticularly acute inrelation toinvestment by
consumers inenergy saving and fuel substitution .Nor isit
equally clear inall countries that policy isadequate toensure
that forecast orplanned investment will inpractice berealised .
59.The bilateral discussions with Member States suggested that
among the most serious obstacles toenergy investment ,particular
attention needs tobegiven to:
Public unease about -nuclear ,and toalesser extent coal
development .
Uncertainty about energy market developments .
High interest rates and constraints inpublic expenditure .
Consumer inertia inrelation toenergy saving .
Atasectoral level the main issues are seen asfollows :
!
63.Energy Efficiency iswidely regarded asbeing the most
promising area for extra investment effort .But although the
rate ofreturn oninvestment inenergy efficiency isnow
comparable with that oninvestment onthe supply side ,the
forecast level ofinvestment inenergy saving isonly about 18%
ofthe total .Itistrue that the difficulties ofmeasurement
are particularly acute inthis area and the forecast intable
6isbased inthemain onprojections bythe Commission ,It
isalso true that many forms ofinvestment inrenewal of
buildings and machinery have apositive effect onenergy
efficiency.' -Nevertheless ,onpresent plans itseems that
investment even inthe simplest and cheapest forms ofinsulation
andheating control will continue tofall short ofpotential in
many countries , '

Recent increases inenergy prices have provided astimulus to
investment ,which appears tohave increased rapidly insome
member states (egFrance andGermany )in1979-80 .Butin
others (egtheUK),theeffects ofRecession seem tohave
outweighed the price stimulus ,and observed savings inthese
countries are due more toreduced levels ofindustrial activity
and domestic comfort than toimproved energy efficiency .There
istherefore arisk that aneconomic upturn will lead toasharp
expansion ofconsumption asseen in1978 and 1979 »
/
Against this background most member states are reviewing
/their energy saving polici.es *Atcurrent prices many energy
saving investments have become highly attractive ontheir own
merits ,and there isageneral tendency toplace increased
reliance onmarket mechanisms .There isevidence however
that strong public suppoEt isnecessary tosustain and augment
efforts toachieve the rational use ofenergy .Where public
support has been reduced ,asintheUKrthe impact onenergy
saving investment has been unfortunate .One approach ,which
has proved very succesful inFrance ,istoshift the emphasis
inpublic spending towards assistance tothe energy saving
industry ,in'the form oftechnical -and commercial education
(andincertain cases financial support )soastoenable itto
respond adequately tothe potential demand for energy saving
equipment arising from developments inenergy pricing .It
istherefore amatter ofsome concern that Belgium ,Italy ,
Ireland and Luxembourg have yet topass legislation providing
for significant levels of ,public support for energy saving 1#
61. Renewable Pesources Most member states continue togive
ahigh priority toresearch ,development and demonstration in
the field ofrenewable resources .However itisgenerally
)
agreed that the contribution ofrenewables tocommercial
energy generation and distribution will remain small atleast
uptill 1990 ,and table &shows investment inthis area at
around 3$of*thetotal .Themost important areas forinvestment
are geothermal heat ,the generation ofheat from low-value .
non-conventional fuels and the generation ofelectricity ,
especially from wind ,for remote rural areas .The scope is

greater atthe level ofthe individual household orfirm ,eg
solar hot water ,the recycling ofwastes either bydirect
combustion orprocessing into synthetic fuels ,and marginal
hydroelectricity .Here the problems and possibilities ,aswell
asthe economic impact are virtually identical tothose for
energy saving ;policies for energy efficiency should beeven -
handed intheir treatment ofany technique that reduces the
individual 'sdemand for commercially generated energy .
62.Heat The economics ofdistrict heating raise special
problems .Asatisfactory rate ofreturn oninvestment can be
obtained inthe long term inmany cases ,especially where
the marginal cost ofheat production orrecovery islow .But
the initial investment indistribution iscostly ,penetration
ofthe heat market after anetwork isinstalled isslow ,and
itmay never reach aneconomic level inthe presence ofalow-
price competitor such asnatural gas »'For all these reasons
most member states recognise that government support is
normally necessary tolaunch adistrict heating investment .
But the advantage ofdistrict heating gobeyond pure economics ,
since itisthe only technique sofar developed for the commercial
distribution ofawide variety oflow-value heat sources .It
isthe best means ofincreasing the use ofcoal for domestic
heating inurban areas ,andthe only practicable way ofusing
low-grade geothermal heat and waste heat from industrial processes
including electricity generation .District heating therefore
provides aflexible insurance policy for anuncertain future
through its unique ability toharness awide range offorms of
energy which would otherwise bewasted .Denmark ,France and
Germany have strong district heating programmes ;the Netherlands
and Italy have ambitious plans that have yet tobetranslated
into effective action and in ,these and other member states
there isscope for amarked acceleration ofinvestment plans .

-z -
63.Coal Switching tocoal isnow becoming amain emphasis
*
inthe programmes ofmany member states toagreater extent than
issuggested bythe8$allocated tocoal investment intable 8f
This isbecause plans for Community coal production are already
close to ;the limit offeasibility ,and the main emphasis
isoncoal imports .This isnot tobelittle the very substantial
investment required tomaintain and rationalise domestic
production .Existing arrangements for public support ofthe
European coal industry have contributed substantially tothe
realisation ofinvestment plans ,but high ,interest rates and
pressure onpublic spending seem likely tocause increasing
difficulty atatime when themarket will not bear prices that
fully reflect the cost ofproduction and the scale ofpublic
support therefore needs tobeexpanded .There may also be
scope for encouraging the development ofdeposits outside the
traditional coal producing regions ,asinthe pithead electricity
generation projects inItaly and Ireland .
The most immediate outlets for coal inEurope are for electricity
district heating and for use incertain sectors ofgeneral ^
industry . Member States lay particular
emphasis ontwo factors :
a) .Facilities for theimport anddistribution ofcoal in
the Community are insuf ficient .tomeet the forecast growth
indemand .Substantial investments incoal infrastructure
will beneeded ,especially inareas (egIreland andItaly )
where coal has never
been animportant industrial fuel .The role that public
support might play inrealising the required support in
coal ports ,railways and shipping has been aconsistent
theme ofthe bilateral discussions ;
b)The price advantage ofcoal isatpresent such that firms
insuitable industries who have toreplace furnaces and
boilers inthe normal course ofevents have astrong
incentive toconvert tocoal .But because ahigh proportion
ofoil fired plant was installed inthe 1960 'sand 1970 's
the normal rhythm ofequipment replacement will defer
conversion tocoal inmany cases until the IQ^O 's.There is

– n/U
for fiscal ordirect incentives such as
France and Ireland toaccelerate conversion -
1
There is aneed toexpand the scale ofeffort oncoal
technology particularly asregards the demonstration ofadvanced
combustion techniques ,gasification and liquefaction .
64.Electricity Table 8shows investment inelectricity at
k7°Jo oftotal forecast investment ,ofwhich 20$ isallocated to
nuclear power .But there isserious uncertainty astowhether
nuclear programmes will infact proceed atthe planned rate .
Compared with the political difficulties associated with nuclear
energy ,financial problems are relatively small for the
electricity sector .Access tocapital isnot ageneral problem ,
and the long-term economies ofelectricity supply are favourable ,
even inrelation tothe massive capital requirements for nuclear
and other electricity development .
But although there isnolong-term difficulty ,stagnating
demand could slow the process ofconversion away from oil .For
itismuch easier tofinance aprogramme ofnew coal and nuclear
power stations inresponse torapidly increasing demand for
electricity than asameans toaccelerate the retirement of
oil-fired plant .Ageneral policy ofenlarged financial support
for nuclear electricity does not seem tobecalled for atthis
stage .But there isaneed for selective assistance for the
conversion ofexisting oil and gas fired plant tocoal .
65.Hydrocarbons account for21$ oftheplanned investment
shown intable 8". The market seems fully capable ofgenerating
the required investment inhydrocarbon production and handling
without public support ..
There may beaneed toexpand work onthe development and
demonstration ofhydrocarbon technology ,including deep water
and tertiary recovery techniques ,the development ofrefining
techniques for heavy oil and shale ,and liquefaction and handling
technology for gas from unfamiliar sources such asthe Arctic .therefore aneed
already apply in

-i7-
Ifthe Community istoincrease reliance ongas imports without
running the same risks that already exist inrelation tooil ,
■there will beaneed toensure that the Community asawhole
does not become excessively dependent onany single source of
supply .There may beaneed toestablish significant reserves v
within the Community ,tostrengthen interconnection ofnational
networks ,and perhaps toestablish reserve pipeline capacity on
individual import channels .Investment ofthis kind isdesirable
for security rather than commercial reasons and will therefore
require public support .
*Conclusions
66.■The conclusions onEnergy Investment are asfollows s
Onthesupply side theestablished energy industries (oil ,coal ,
gasandelectricity )have ambitious plans forinvestment ^and
inmost cases the scope for the enlargement of'ambition is
limited }the major exception isnuclear energy where many
member states are still planning acautious ornil rate of
development .Assuming sensible pricing policies ,obstacles
toinvestment inenergy supply are not normally ofafinancial
character (coal production isanexception )5butthere isareal
danger inthe current investment climate that low growth could
cause areduction ininvestment plans ,thereby exacerbating oil
dependence ,and leading tostill lower growth .Amajor priority
for energy policy inthe 1980 *swill betobreak out ofthis
vicious circle and ensure that the energy supply industries are
able torealise ,and where possible toenlarge ,their investment
plans ,despite the unfavourable climate for investment asawhole .
Onthe demand side ,onthe other hand ,the scope for increased
investment inenergy efficiency and fuel substitution isvery
large and ifthe means could befound torealise these
investments the economic prospects for the Community would be
improved . Investment inenergy efficiency not only improves
the energy balance ,but creates employment ,isenvironmentally

-J.S -
benign ,and expands the base ofaninnovatory industry with
great export potential .But there isanurgent need todevelop
new policy approaches toovercoming consumer inertia and
motivating investors atthe level ofthe individual household
and firm .
I

rension 1
COMMISSION
DES
COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNESBjr.vucslJLe.a ,
Bilanrésumédesprévisions àlongterme
dedemandeetd'offred'énergie '
(Communauté etEtatsMembres )
Annexe
% •'•>...a ■v
-' tl'ExamendesProgrammes desEtatsMembres
(1980)
Adresseprovisoire :RuedelaLoi200,B-1049Bruxelles–Téléphone 7350040/7358040–Adressetélégraphique :"COMEUR Bruxelles"–
Télex :"21877COMEU B"

O('.l.L1:OJ.OiiI?J.;CCUMi'!UNAU i'<Lii
rection^Qvj':r^leénergie -2– révision 1
Bruxelles ,décembre 1?2o
Prévisions alongtermededemandeetd'offred'énergie(*)
Energydemandandsum^lylon.r-termforcéest.?(*)
Pays/Country :COMMUNAUTE"
(enm50teν·/:iηto*'
EUR-10 1-979 !19S5 f ·:·.·=.·0
I.Indicateurs pér.éraux General indicators (79/73)(t5/79) (90/<o)
Tauxcroissance PIB GDPgrowth ,ratee +2#3%+3.2#/+3.3# +3.W+3.2*
PISlO^UCE (1) GDPIO?EUA(1)1285#3 .-^¿/i566„__169_3/ί^?..Ί
Tauxcroissance énergie Energygrov/thrates +1.1% +2.0&/+2.2# +2·0£/+2β.1%
.Ratioénergie(?) ____Ener_gv _ratio(2)___ .._86.6/87^0_82«0/82.4
Coefficient E/'PIΒ E/GDPcoefficient 0.48 0.63/0.67 ÖÄ^/Ο,Μ __
II#'Demande d'énergie Energyder,and■■■■■■"
A.Consommation intérieure Energygross .inland985.7 1112/1125 122.5/1250 .'bruted'énergie consumption
Idemcorrigée pour Idemcorrected for
conditions climatiques climatic conditions .*
soitî ofwhich :"" I
Combustibles solides - Solidfuels 224.1 244 28-5/285Pétrole Oil 536.6 542/554 514/542
Gaznaturel Natural gas 172.4 211/212 239/23s 1Electricité primaire etc»Primary electr® etc ,^2.6 115 18*3/107
B«Soutes Bunkers27.5 33/34 35/36',(produits pétroliers )(oilproducts )
II.Production ,intérieure Inlandenergy458.1 .533/576 577/627d'energie production
soit: ofwhich í
Houille Coal149.2 "149/152 151/157
Ligniteettourbe Lignite andpeat 31.0 35 '39 ;Pétrole Oil 89.3 108/147 §4/123
Gaznaturel Katural gas 137«5 127/128 115/122
Energienucléaire Nuclear energy 370.2 97 160
,Hydro«+géothe Hydro# +gecth# 12.1 13>14
Autres (nouv#sources )Others (newsources' 1,84 1/12
_
IV#Importation nette Energynetimports
d'énergie (3) (3) 559.3 612/583 J683/659
soit; ofwhich ;
Combustibles solides Solidfuels 33.8 60/57 93/89
Pétrole Oil 457.8(*)467/441'!465/455
Gaznaturel - Natural gas 36„2 84 12H/
Electricit s Electricity 1.,5 1 s
II■■ 1·1–
V.Mouvements destocks (4)Stockchanges (k)I-4*2 ! I
«Mn»»«M«M.«a»mm,«y– ««*.*mmcwM» «·r.^ J•«■■1II<MIM*J Ο»»«Μ«– .
soit;' ofwhich :1i
Combustibles solides Solidfuels +10«1-?
Pétrole Oil -13.0
Gaζ Gas -1.3.i
('Sov'rces:1979 „sEurostafco
1985et1990:Frérigions/Forecasts-1S80Nationalpregrannes P-tviov ?••
Donnéesadaptées auxconventions statistiques de1*iuroc»-.-
(1)Auxprixde1975.(2)Indice1973=100/Index1973=100.
(3)Uiisigne*négatifindiqueuneexportation nette/Négativeeignmeansnece.wu:wt?--
(4)~misesenstocks/increaseofstocks# +reprises auxstocks/daeiease01^k&*
(°)Cbjectif Tokyo19-85(4&8.5est.- .
1985Tokyotarget

Prévisions àlong terme dedemande d'energie
Energy demand long-terra forecasts(suite )
(continued )Bruxelles ,décembre
Pavs/Country t COMMUNAUTE
EUR-10J2Z2 . 1990
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d·énergie /Final consumption ofenergy(m.toe ) (mio tep ) ■- (m.toe )
Energy |ofwhich :
I oilEnergie ' ,dont :
: pétroleEnergy |.ofwhich :
I cil
246.1 ι95.7
.65.1 ι50.3
148.8 ι146.0
284.6 ι137.OI-
„288/293 !'94/99
80/81 70
166/169 !162/166
299/300 !115312/323 ι 78/91
'■88/90ι76/78
182/188 ι 176/183
316/318 !95/99.Industrie /Industry
Usages nonénergétiques /Nonenergy uses
Transports
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.
TOTAL ,'j 744.6 I429.0 833/843j441/450 898/919j425/451
•*
'* s '
VII .Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique /Coverage ofelec­
trical energy production
Combustibles solides /Solid fuels -
Pétrole /Oil -
Gaz (*)/Gas (*)'
Energie nucléaire /Nuclear energy
Hydro ,géotho etautres /andothers(mio tep )
125.4
67.8
35.7
37.2
14.0(m.-toe )
.136/135
69/74
,32 «
97
13(mio tep )
163/168
59/60
29
160
14
TOTAL 280 .1 ' ; 3^7/351 * 425/431
Part des combustibles solides +nucléaire
Share ofsolid fuels +,nuclear energy
Ratio électricité /Energie
Electricity /Energy ratio ' N'60.5%
28.6%.~69SlS/689é:
k'31.3 %;77%
' I
•35%
(*)Ycompris gazdecokeries etdehauts fourneaux .
(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas .-

C'... a.CCN jNAUTwS 1.1,0
1jirccticv.ror:'■r,j.IoSnevpie
Prévisions along terme dedemande etd'offre d'énergie (*)
Fner .vVderand ar.dsupply loi;p;- -terr 1forecfists .(*)
Pay^/Country îHELLAS.1
1979(enmio teu/inmtoo )
1985 j IC-90
I. Ι:ι.ί jr.ateurs généraux General indicators (79/73) (öV79 ) (9υ/ίο)
Taux croissance Pili GDP growth rates +3.7% +4.5# +>+.5%
PIB1û9DR (1) GDP109DR (1) 815.8 1060.5 1321.3
Taux croissance énergie Energy growth rates +>*.5% +6.8# +5.3%
Ratio énerrie (2) Energy ratio (2) 10^.8 ..__1VL-Z ._ 124 .1
Cosf ficient '¿/ri'à E/GDP coefficient 1.22 1.51 1.18
!II.Demande d'énergie Energy demand
A.Consommation intérieure Energy gross inland
brute d'énergie consumption
'Idem corrigée pour Idem corrected for
conditions climatiques climatic conditions
seit : ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz naturel Natural gaç
Electricité primaire etc. Primary electr .etc15.^
(--)
3.6
11.522.87
8.16
14.3
0.1
0.3129.5 ^
12.17
16.0
0.1
1»27
Β.Soutes Bunkers
(produits pétroliers ) (oil .products )1.0 1.6 2.0
II»Production intérieure Inland energy
d'énergie production .
soit ï ofwhich î ,
Houille Coal
Lignite ettourbe Lignite and peat
Pétrole Oil
Gaz naturel ' Natural gas
Energie nucléaire . Nuclear energy
Hydro .+géoth . Hydro .+geoth .
Autres (nouv. sources ) Others (new sources'3Λ
3.1
0.37J&7
6.46 -
1.0
0.1
0.3111.14
9-47 i
0.3 · ;
0.1
0.8
0.47
IV.Importation nette , Energy netimports
d'énergie (3) (3)13.5 16.6 20.4
soit : :'ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz naturel Natural gas
Electricité Electricity0.5
13.0
0,01.7
14.92.7
17.7
•V.Mouvements destocks (4·)Stock changes (4)
soit î -of which î
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gas Gas-0o5
0.0
-0.5
(*)Sources :1979 :Euroatat .
1985 et1990 îPrévisions /Forecasts -198Q National programmes Heview -
Données adaptées auxconventions statistiques del'Eurostat
(1)Aux prix' de1975 . (2)Indice 1973 =100 /Index 1972 =100»
(3)Unsigne négatif indique uneexportation nette /Négative sign means netexperts »
(4)-mises enstocks /increase ofstocks .+"reprises auxstocks /decrease 01stocks .
(°)Objectif Tokyo 1985 (Tgcffit.
1985 Tokyo target (A\J.X/ j/ .v,
.-km
Bruxelles ,décembre 13&0

Prévisions àlong terme dedemande d'énergie (suite )
Energy 'demand long-term forecasts (continued )Bruxelles ,"décembre 1ÇS0
Pays/Country :HELLAS
1979
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie /Final consumption ofenergy
Industrie /Industry " .
Usages nonénergétiques /Nonenergy uses
Transports \
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.(m.toe )
Energy |ofwhich :
I oil
k.2
0.5
3.7
2.72«8
0.4
3.7
2.01985
(mio .tep )
Energie » dont
6,2
0.7
4.6
4.5uetrole
4.0
0.4
4.6
3.2•coe)
Energy ofwhrch
"oil
8.1
0.7
5.4
5.64.5
0.4
5.4
3.8
TOTAL 11.1 8.9 16»0 t'12.2 19.8 14.1
(mio tep ) (m»toe ) (mio tep )
VII .Couverture delaproduction d^ner -
gieélectrique /Coverage ofelec­
trical energy production
Combustibles solides /Solid fuels
Pétrole /Oil
Oaa(*)/Gas (*)
Energie nucléaire /Nuclear energy
Hydro ,géoth .etautres /andothers'· ;2.8
2JO
0.36.9 .
. ■■ . -1·3 ■
O..3I : ' . .· ν
10.2 ;■V
1j0 . ' '
"0.8 '
0.47
TOTAL 5.1 - .8.51 -12.47
Part des combustibles solides +nucléaire
Share ofsolid fuels +nuclear energy\55% 81% 88%
Ratio électricité /Energie
Electricity /Energy ratio 33% , 37%t
42%
: _ ι
(•)Ycompris gazdecokeries etdehauts fourneaux . ~ <
(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas.
-' \n

;:Arr-rqleEr.^rrie -b- révision 1
Annexe Bruxelles ,décembre
Prévioiors àlongtermededemandeetd'offred'énergie(*)
Kner~vdenardandsupr»lylon^-terr :forr.c.Gt'!(*)
Pays/Country :COMMUNAUTE (enrloter./lnmtoi'
EUR-9 1979 ·19-0 1 '--C
ï.Indicati -urspónéraux Generalindicators
Tauxcroissance PI3 -GDPgrowthrates
PI310^UCE (1) GDP109EUA(1)
Taux ■croissance énergie Energygrowthrates
_Ratioénergie (2)_^Ener_gv ,£_a¿Í£(ßX_
Coefficient E/PI3 E/GD?coefficient(79/73)
+2,2%
1264.^
+1.J0#
.™2.2a7_.
0.45(Ö-5/79)
+3.2#/+3.3#
1528.5/15^^5
+1.9&/+2..1#
._ßkQ/8£i3__
0-59/0.64+3.0#/+3.2#
177^._2/_ι8θ2.5^
+1.95ÉÃ2-15É
0-63/0.66
-
II.-Demande .S»énergie .Enerrv demand
Λ.Consommation intérieure Energygrossinland
bruted'énergie consumption
Idemcorrigée pour Idem'corrected for
conditions climatiques clirr.atic conditions
soit: ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solidfuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaznaturel 'Natural gas
Electricité nrimaire etc.Primarvelectr.etc.970.29
(952.4)
220.51
525.04
172.44
52.301088.7/1102.2
235.6/235.8
527.1/539.4
211.2/212.2
114.81195.2/1220.5
270.5/273.Ο
if97.8/525.7
238.6/235.5
188.3/186«,3
3.Soutes Bunkers
(produits pétroliers )(oilproducts )26-51 -3I.I/32.I 32.7/33.7
II.Production intérieure Inlandenergy
d'énergie production
soit: ofwhich :
Houille Coal , '
Ligniteettourbe Lignite andpeat
Pétrole Oil
Gaznaturel Naturai gas
Energienucléaire Nuclearenergy
Hydro.+géoth. Hydro.+geoth.
Autres (nouv.sources )Others (newsources'454.74
149.20
27.88
89.27
137.49
37.19
11.88
1.8052^.5/567.8
1^9.3/152.3
28.5
106.7/1^6.0
126.8/127.8
96.5
12.3
4.4565.8/615^9
I5O.9/T56..9
29.9
83.6/122.9
114.6/121.4
159.4
13.2
14.P/1?.P
IV.Importation nette Energynetimports
d.*énergie (3) (3)
soit: ofwhich:
Combustibles solides Solidfuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaznaturel -Natural gas
Electricité Electricity545.68
33.29
474.75
36.21
1-43595.3/566.5
57.8/55.0
451.5/425.5
84.4
1.6662.1/658.3
89.7/86.2
446.8/436.4
124.1/114.2ι·? !
V.Mouvements destocks (4)Stockchanges (4)-3.59
soit: ofwhich ;
Ccmbuètibles solides Solidfuels +10.14
Pétrole Oil -12.47
Gaz Gas -1.26-
(*)Sources :1979 :Eurostat. , [,
1985et1990:Prévisions/Jorecasts -1980National programmes Seview ~
Donnéesadaptées auxconventions statistiques del'Eurostat ;
(1)Auxprixde1975.(2)Indice1973=100/Index1973=100. j
(3)Unsignenégatifindiqueuneexportation nette/Négativesignmeansnetexports.;
(4)-misesenstocks/increaseofstocks.+reprises auxstocks/decreaseofstocks.
(°)Objectif Tokyo1985(i^72 "t.
>1965Tokyotarget (ÉMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTÉS européennes
^Djrecio.rtir^rc-rsleEr,r>rrie –6–
Annexe

Prévisions àlongtermededemanded'energie
Energydemandlong-tera forecaats(suite)
(continued )Bruxelles ,décembre IÇeO
Pays/Country COMMUNAUTE
EUR-9 . 1979
t ..
VI·Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie/Finalconsumption ofenergy
Industrie/Industry ^
Usagesnonénergétiques /Nonenergyuses
Transports
Secteurs domestiques ,etc«/Households ,etc.(m.toe) (miotep) (m.tee) ]
Energy |ofwhich:
IoilEnergie 'dont ,:
pétroleEnergy jofwhich:¡
icil
■'I
241-90 I92.85
64.57 I49.87
145.12 I142.32
281.87 11^.04I
281.4/286.9,90.5/94.7
<79.7/80.4 69.3/69.8
160.9/164.4 J157.8/161.3
2Q4.6/PQ^.7 !111.ς/ΐ11.£I
!
303.9/315.0 I73.3/86.5
87.3/89.5I75.5/77.3
176.5/182.1 !171.1/177.7310.3/312.61<31.4/95.1
TOTAL 733.^6 j420.08 816.6/827.4¡429.1/437.4 -878-0/899I411.3/436·£
VII·Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique/Coverage ofelec­
tricalenergyproduction
Combustibles solides/Solidfuels
Pêtrole/Oil
Gaz(*)/Gas(*) ·*·
Energienucléaire/Nuclearenergy
Hydro,géothoetautres/andothers(miotep).
122.62
65-83
35.67
37.19
13.69(m.toe)
129.1/128.3 .
67.7/72.7
32.6 .
96.5
12.7'(miotep)
152.6/157.6
V 57.4/58.4',
29.1
159.4
13.5
TOTAL 275.00 338.6/342.8 412.0/418.0
Partdescombustibles solides +nucléaire
Shareofsolidfuels+nuclearenergy -
Ratioélectricité/Energie
Electricity/Energyratio /■_.60.5%
28.5%68.3#/67.3%
3177%
34.5#
(*)Ycomprisgazd»cokeriesetdehautsfourneaux.)1979j6.66mtep
(*)Including cokeroven gasandblast-furnace gas.)

COMMISSION DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES
Direction générale Energie-8- xyn/359/80-FH/SNrévision 1
Bruxel3.es ,décembre 1930
Prévisions àlong terme dedemande etd'offre d'énergie (*)
Energy demand and supnly long-term forecasts ()
Pays/Country :BELGIQUE
1979 19ο5(enmio tep/inmtoe ^
1990
I.Indicateurs généraux General indicators (79/73) (85/79) (90/05)
Taux croissance PIB GDP growth rates *2.3% (+3#) (*3%)
PIB109BFR (1)
Taux croissance énergie
_Ratio__é ner.g i.e_(_2 )
Coefficient Ξ/ΡΙΒGDP109BFR.(1)
Energy growth rates
_Energv ratio (βY_
E/GDP coefficient2545 '
'Λ.ψΧΓ "
92.0
'- *3039
88.2
õ".5"33523"- Γ2Γ4sT
85.5
o."BcT
II· Demande d'énergie Energy demand
A.Consommation intérieure Energy gross inland
48.61brute d'énergie consumption 55.6 62.5
Idem corrigée pour Idem corrected for
(46.4 )\
conditions climatiques climatic conditions
soit : ofwhich :
11.36 Combustibles solides Solid fuels 12.5/10.7 13.Ο
Pétrole Oil 25.19 26.2/28.0 30.C
Gaz naturel Natural gas9.32 10.8 11.7
Electricité -primaire etc· Primarv electr .-etc.2.7*·· 6.1 7.8
Β.Soutes Bunkers
2.51(produits pétroliers ) (oilproducts )3.0 3.0
II*Production intérieure Inland energy7.38d'énergie production11.0 12.7
et>it : ofwhich :
Houille Coal 4.50 4.7 4.7
Lignite ettourbe Lignite and peat'
Pétrole Oil•
Gaz naturel Natural gas0.03 0.0 0.0
Energie nucléaire Nuclear energy2.77 6.2 7.9
Hydro .+géoth . Hydro *+geoth .0.02 0.1 0.1
Autres (pouv .sources ) Others (new sources'O.O6 – -
IV.Importation nette Energy netimports
d'énergie (3) (3) 45.01 47.6 52.8
soit : ofwhich :
Combustibles solides' Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaznaturel Natural gas
Electricité Electricity6.76
28.99
9.37
-0.117.8/6.0
29.2/31.0(· )
10.8
-0.28.3
33.0
11.7
-0.2
■
V.Mouvements destocks (H)Stock changes (4)
soit : ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz Gas-1.27
+0.10
-1.29
-O.O8r
()Sources :1979 :Eurostat .
1985 et1990 :Previsions /Forecasts -19^0 National programmes Heview -
Données adaptées auxconventions statistiques dei^urosla ;
(1)Auxprix de1975 . (2)Indice 1973 =100 /Index 1973 =100 .
(3)Uneigne negatif indique uneexportation nette /Negative sign means netexports .
(*0-mises enstocks /increase ofstocks .+reprises auxstocks /decrease ofstocks •
(°)Objectif Tokyo 1985 ( 31mt,
1985 Tokyo target (

Prévisions àlongternededemanded'energie
Energydemandlong-term forecasts(suite)
(continued )
Pays/Country îBELGIQUE
1979Bruxelles ,décembre 1980
1990
*
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie/Finalconsumption ofenergy
Industrie/Industry
Usagesnonénergétiques /Nonenergyuses
Transports
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.(m·toe) (miotep) ' (m.toe)
Energy |ofwhich:
IoilEnergie Jdont:
pétroleEnergy |ofwhichï
Ioil
13.86!3*1^
3.18 .2.39
5.75,5.66
14.46 ,8.0219.1 I6.5
3.0 ι3.0
7.1 I7.0
14.4 I7.021.4 !7.0
3.5 3.5
8.6 8.5
15.3 ¡6.8
TOTAL 37.25j19.21 43.6 I23.5 48.8 ¡25.8
VII·Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélec'trique/Coverage ofelec­
tricalenergyproduction
Combustibles solides/Solidfuels
Pétrole/Oil
Gaz(*)/Gas(*)
Energienucléaire/Nuclearenergy
Hydro,géoth.etautres/andothers(miotep)
2.71
4.18 ''
2.68
2.77
0.08(m*toe)
/4.6/2.8-
O.9/2.7
2.7
6.2
0.1(miotep)
4.0
2.4
2.8 r
7.9
0.1
TOTAL 12.42 14.5 17.2
Partdescombustibles solides +nucléaire
Shareofsolidfuels+nuclearenergy(*)
Satioélectricité/Energie
Electricity/Energyratio51%
25%79%67%
26%73%.
27%
(*)Ycomprisgazdecokeries etdehautsfourneaux
(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas-?1979:0.81

COMMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES _10- XVII/35S/80-FR /EN
Direction générale Energie révision 1
Bruxelles »décembre 19?0
Prévisions àlong terme dedemande etd'offre d'énergie (*)
Energy demand and supnlv long-term forecasts ()
Pays/Country :DANMAEK (enmiotep/inmtoe )
1979 I 1985 I 1990
I.Indicateurs généraux General indicators
Taux croissance PIB GDP growth rates
PIB109DKR (1) GDP109DK (1)
Taux croissance énergie Energy growth rates
Ratio énergie (2) Energv _ratio (2)
Coefficient E/PIB E/GDP coefficient(79/73)
+1.7#
2^2.8
+0.6%
92*7
O.35(85/79)
+3.9#
305.7
+0.556
77.8 _
O.13(90/05)
+*f.0%
372.1
-0.70
II.Demande d'énergie Energy demand
A.Consommation intérieure Energy gross inland
brute d'énergie consumption
Idem corrigée pour Idem corrected for
conditions climatiques climatic conditions
soit : ofwhich :
Combustibles solidee Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz naturel Natural gas
Electricité -primaire etc. Primary electr .etc.20.31
(19.5 )
<u35
15.67
O.2921.23
6.^5
13.28
1.20
0.302k.1+2
7.85
12.9*+
3.O3
O.6O
B.Soutes Bunkers
(produits pétroliers ) (oil product's )O.te 0.5 0.5
II.Production intérieure Inland energy
d'énergie production
soit : ofwhich :
Houille Coal
Lignite ettourbe -Lignite and peat
Pétrole Oil
Gaz naturel Natural gas
Energie nucléaire Nuclear energy
Hydro .+géoth . Hydro .+geoth .
Autres (nouv. sources ) Others (new sources'0.43
0.^3
0.004.30
2.80
1.20
O.3O6.Ό
2.80
3.03
ο.βο
IV.Importation nette Energy netimports
d'énergie (3) (3)20.20 17.^3.18.<+9 j
soit : ofwhich "*:
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaznaturel Natural gas
Electricité Electricityif.62
15.29
0.296.^5
(·)10.987.85
10.6*»·
V.Mouvements destocks (^)Stock chanres (k)
soit : ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz Gas+0.10
-0.27
+0.37
(*)Sources s1979 :Eurostat .
1985 et1990 ÎPrévisions /Forecasts -1980 National programmes Review -
Données adaptées auxconventions statistiques del'Eurostat
(1)Auxprix de1975 . .(2)Indice 1973 =100/Index 1973 =100- I
(3)Unsigne negatif indiqu'e uneexportation nette /Negative sign means netexports .
(*0-mises enstocks /increase ofstocks .+reprises auxstocks /decrease ofstocks .
(°)Objectif Tokyo 1985 ( 11mt.
1985 Tokyo target ( - j

Prévisions àlong terme dedemande d'energit »
Energy demand long-term forecasts(suite )
(continued )Bruxelles ,décembre 19^0
Pays/Country : .DANMARK
1979 1985 1990
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie /Final consumption ofenergy
Indus trie/lndustry
Usages -nonénergétiques /Nonenergy uses
Transports ,
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.Energy(m.toe )
Iofwhich :
3.32
0.^1
3.^1
9.^601I
2.23
0.^1
3.39
7.25Energie(mio tep ) (m.toe )
3.76
0.61
k,Z\
8.58dont :
pétrole
2.42
0.61
4.20
^.09Energy
4.48
0.71
5.11
9.84ofwhich
oil
2.27
0.71
5.05
2.80 .
TOTAL 16.60 13.28 17.16 11.32 20.14 10.83
- (mio tep ) (m.toe ) (mio tep )
VII .Couverture delaproduction d·éner­
gieélectrique /Coverage ofelec­
trical energy production
Combustibles solides /Solid fuele .
Pétrole /Oil
Gaz (*)/Gas (*)
Energie nucléaire /Nuclear energy
Hvdro ,géothe etautres /andothers3.62
1.91 ..o
^ \
0.00·,■ 5.7^ ·
1.617.04
ν'1.76
TOTAL 5.53 7.35 8.80
Part des combustibles solides +nucléaire
Share ofsolid fuels +nuclear energy
■65% 78%
\.· 80%
Ratio électricité /Energie
Electricity /Energy ratio. 28.7 %
1•·,55%36%
(*)Ycompris gazdecokeries etdehauts fourneaux
(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas

COMMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES
Direction générale Energie -12-XVll/359/80-FR/irevision 1
Bruxelles ,décembre I9S0
Prévisions àlongtermededemandeetd'offred'énergie(*)
Pays/Country :DEUTSCHLAND-
(enmiotep/inmtee"*
. 1979 1985 '1990
I.Indicateurs généraux General indicators (79/73).(85/79) (90/65)
Tauxcroissance PIB GDPgrowthrates +2.3# +3.5* +3.0#
J>JTB_109_DM__02
Tauxcroissance énergie
'Rati_o_énergi €_(_£) _
Coefficient E/'PIB_GDP_109_DM_O)
Energygrowthrates
_®üe£.KZ,ratio(2·)__
E/GDPcoefficient1203
+1.2#
.JbZ._.
0.521478
Γ2ΛîT""
87.6
Õ."^91712
+1.95?
"82.8
~0.^3~'
II.Demande d'énergie Energydemand
A.Consommation intérieure Energygrossinland
bruted'énergie consumption 280.86 322.9 354.3
Idemcorrigée pour Idemcorrected for
conditions climatiques climatic conditions (273.9)1
soit: /ofwhich :
80.21 Combustibles solides Solidfuels '90.9 101.9
Pétrole Oil 142.00 142.5 142.5
Gaznaturel Naturalgas' 45.34 60.9 62.8
Electricité -primaire etc.Primarv electr.etc.13.31 28.6 47.1
B.Soutes Bunkers
(produits pétroliers )(oilproducts ) 2.97 3.0 3.0
II.Production ,intérieure
d'énergieInlandenergy
production121.86 134.2 154.4
soit:
Houille
Lipniteettourbe
Pétrole
Gaznaturel
Energienucléaire
Hydro.+géoth.
Autres (nouv.sources )ofwhich :
Coal
Lignite andpeat
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear energy
Hydro.+geoth.
Others (newsources61.75
26.09
5.08
15.68
10.73
1.46
1.0763.1
26.0
4.5
13.4
25.4
1.864.0
27.4
4.5
13.O
41„5
1.9
2.1
IV.Importation nette
d'énereie (3)Energynetimports
(3)_
;oi;
Combustibles solides
Pétrole
Gaznaturel
Electricitéofwhicn:
Solidfuels
Oil
Natural gas
Electricitv162.^6
-12.13
144.09
30.45
0.05191.7
1.8
(°)141.0
47.5
1.4202.9
10.5
141.0
49.8
1.6
V»Mouvement s'destocks (h)Stockchan^es(4)
fsoit:
Combustibles solides
■Pétrole
IGaz-0.49
ofwhich :
Solidfuels
Oil
Gas+4.50
-4.20
-0.79
(*)sources
Review-
e1'Euros 1:^'o0urcp :"'''979 :Euro3tat . .
1985et1990:Prévisions/Forecasts -1930National programmes Reviéw-
Donnéesadaptées auxconventions statistiques de1'Euros
(1)Auxprixde1975.(2)Indice1973="'00/Index1973=100.•
(3)Unsignenégatifindiqueuneexportation nette/Négativesignmeansnetexporte «.
(4)--minesenstocks/increase ofstocks.+reprises auxstocks/decrease ofstocKs.
(c)Objectif Tokyo1985(-iklmt.
1985Tokyotarget ( '

Bruxelles ,décembre 1980
Prévisions àlongtermededemanded'énergie (suite)
Energydemandlong-term forecasts (continued )
Pays/Country :DEUTSCHLAND
1979 I 1985 1.990
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie/Finalconsumption ofenergy
Industrie/Industry
Usagesno*nénergétiques /Nonenergyuses
Transports - m,
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.(m.toe) (miotep) (m.toe)
Energy |ofwhich:
IoilEnergie jdont:pétroleEnergy |ofwhich:
Ioil
67.21 ..21.13
21.79 ..19.23
38.21 I37*27
85.2k ,50.21I
■I
75.8 'ι18.0
26.6.!.23.0-
39.2 38.0
96.4 ι48.0I !
82.1jI8.O
28.7 I24.0
41.7 I40.5
100.9 145.0
TOTAL 212.45 I127.84238.O j127.O 253.V¡127.5
VII.Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique/Coverage ofelec­
tricalenergyproduction
Combustibles solides/Solidfuels
Pétrole/Oil
Gaz(*)/Gas(*)
Energienucléaire/Nuclearenergy
Hydro,„géoth.etautres/andothers..(miotep)
48.62
6.55
17.36
10.73
2.53(m.toe)
V' 53.3 '"
6.8
-15.2
25.4
.1.8 ·(miotep)
61.2
<U9
14.2
-v41.5
1.9
TOTAL . - 85.79 102.5 123.7
Partdescombustibles solides +nucléaire
Share-ofsolidfuels+nuclearenergy(*)
Ratioélectricité/Energie »
Electricity/Energyratio 172%
30.5%79%
32%
:: " .%85#
35£. ..'
(*)Ycomprisgazdecokeries etdehautsfourneaux )-ana ->c-z(+)estimations delaCommission
».s _ v17ryS'-•JJ ,«„... ...(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas -) (+)Commission 'sestimates

COMMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES
Direction générale Energie-14-XVII/359/80-FR/EH!
revision 1 j
Bruxelles ,décembre 198c
Prévisions alongtermededemandeetd'offred'énergie(*)
Energydemandandsur>T>lylong-term forecasts (*)
Pays/Country :'FRANCE
1979(enmiotep/inmtoe
1985 I1990
I.Indicateurs généraux General indicators (79/73)(85/79) (90/05)
Tauxcroissance PIB GDPgrowthrates +2.9SÉ +3.3% +3.5#
PIB109FF (1)
Tauxcroissance énergie
Ra_ti_°_éne£gïe_(.2 ) ·_
Coefficient E/PI3GDP109FF(1)
Energygrowthrates
_Ener¿rvrat_io _
E/GDPcoefficient1672
+1.1ir
89.7
'-7.38' ■2055
+7.53Γη
8^.5
ö".71""~2441
Í2.T5T--
80.2--Τ>Γ5f--
II.Demande d'énergie Energydemand
A.Consommation intérieure Energygrossinland .
bruted'énergie consumption 185.30 214.5 241.6
Idemcorrigée pour Idemcorrected for
conditions climatiques climatic conditions (182.6)
soit: ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solidfuels 31.80 33.1 32.4/27.*+
Pétrole Oil 1 114*88 98.2 75.7/87.7
Gaznaturel Natural gas 21.25 27.1 38.4/33.^
Electricité primaire etc.Primaryelectr «-etc.17*37 56.1 95,1/93.1
B.~Soutes
(produits pétroliers )Bunkers
(oilproducts )'^.72
«5-0 5.0
II.Production intérieure
d'énergieInlandenergy
production 38.45.73-5 109i2/107.2
12.04 10.1 7*1
Ο..82 1.0 1.0
2.19 1.8 3.0
6.52 4.5 2.6
10.96 46.9 80.0
5.79 5.8 6.2
0.13 3Λ 9.3/7.3soit:
Houille
Ligniteettourbe
Pétrole
Gaznaturel
Energienucléaire
Hydroo +géoth.
Autres (nouv.sources )ofwhicn :
Coâl'
Lignite andpeat
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear energy
Hydro# +geoth.
Others (newsources
IV.Importation nette Energynetimports
d'énergie (3) (3) 1>4.60 146.0 J137»'+/Τ39Λ
soit: 'ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solidfuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaznaturel Naturalgas
Electricité Electricity17.98
121.41
14.72
O.4922.0 24.?/19.3
(°)101.4 77-7/89.7
2206 35-8'30.8
-0.4
V.Mouvements destocks (4)·Stockchanges (4)
soit; ofwhich -:
Combustibles solides Solid ,fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz Gas-3.03
+0.96.
-4.00
+0.01 J
(*)Sources :1979 :Eurestât.
1985et1990:Prévisions/Forecasts–1980National programmes Review–
Donnéesadaptées auxconventions etatistiques del'Eurosta
(1)Auxprixde1975»(2)Indice1973=100/Index1973=100.
(3)Unsignenégatifindiqueuneexportation nette/Negati\'3signneansnetexpor.s.
(4)-misesenstocks/'increfise ofstock3.+.reprises auxstocks/decrease oAstocks.
(°)Objectif Tokyo1985('-j51mtii
1985Tokyotarget (

Prévisions àlongtermededemanded'energie
Energydemandlong-terra forecasts(suite)
(continued )Bruxelles ,décembre 19SO
Pays/Country :FRANCE
1979 1985 1990
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale '
dfénergie/Finalconsumption ofenergy
Industrie/Induçtry
Usagesnonénergétiques /Nonenergyuses
Transports -
Secteurs domestiques .etc./Households ,etc.(m.toe)
Energy Iofwhich:
I'oil
46.36
12.75
31.18
54.0821.13
10.17
30.57
31.^2Energie(miotep)
jdontîpétrole
52.1
11.2
35.9
53.917.5
11.2
35.1
21*3(m.toe)
EnergyΤofwhich
oil
56.6
12.9
39.7
57.04.8/10.8
12.9
36.9/37.9
10;1/13.6-
TOTAL 144.37 93.29 153.1 85.1 166.2 64.7/75.2
X- ,·■ .(miotep) (m»tee) (miotep)
VII.Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique/Coverage ofelec­
tricalenergyproduction
Combustibles solides/Solidfuels
Pétrole/Oil ¡
Gaz(*)/Gas(·*)
Energienucléaire/Nuclearenergy
Hydro,géotheetautres/andothers14.40
11.82
3.29
10.96 .
5.9111.5
5.9 ';
-3-9 .
-46.9 -'
6.2^
' 7.0
'.5.2
1»9
80.0
.-,6-5 · ■
TOTAL ' -46.38 100.6 ,
Partdescombustibles solides +nucléaire
Shareofsolidfuels+nuclearenergy(*)58% 81jé .· *87%
Ratioélectricité/Energie
Electricity/Energyratio25.3% * 35* .
■" 'x'·'· /41.5% .
(*)YcomprisTtazdecokeriesetdehautsfourneaux )1979.152*(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas )'*"

COMMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES 16 ' XVH/359/80-FR /EN !
Direction générale Energie ' ~ . révision 1 j
Bruxelles ,décembre 1980
Prévisions àlongterme dedemande etd'offre d'énergie (*) !
Energy demand and supply long-term forecasts (*) • !
Pays/Country :IHELAND (enmiotep/inmtoe 1
1979 1985 1990
I.Indicateurs généraux General indicators (79/73) (85/79) (90/05)
Taux croissance PI3 GDP growth· rates +3.6# +5.3# +5.0#
PIB109IR£ (1)
Taux croissance énergie
Ratio én_er_gi_e_(_2 )_.
Coef ficient E/PIBGDP109IRÉ (1)
Energy growth rates
__En_er_gv >r_at_i_o
E/GDP coefficient^.293
+3-3%
._98.0__
0.9*2 """5.857
+5.2 56
97.Jf
"οΓςδ "7Λ?β
96.2
0»9^
II· Demande d'énergie Energy demand
A.Consommation intérieure Energy gross inland'
brute d'énergie *consumption 8«A.9 '11.5 1^.5
Idem corrigée pour Idem corrected for
conditions climatiques climatic conditions (8.if)
soit î ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solid fuels 1.70 2.b 3.9
Pétrole Oil 6.28 7.9 9·^
Gaz naturel Natural gas O.kk 1.1 1.1
Electricité primaire etc. Primary electr .etc. O.O7 0.1 0.1
B.Soutes Bunkers
(produits pétroliers ) (oilproducts ) O.O5 0.1 0.1
II· .Production intérieure Inland energy
1.18 d'énergie production 2.5 2.5
soit : ofwhich :„ »
Houille Coal 0.03 0.1 0.1
Lignite ettourbe Lignite and peat0.6^ 1.2 . 1.2
Pétrole Oil- - -
Gaz naturel Natural gasO.Mf 1.1 1.1
Energie nucléaire Nuclear energy- - -
Hydro .+géoth . Hydro .+geoth .0,07 0.1 0.1
Autres (nouv. sources ) Others (new sources–
IV.Importation nette Energy net imports
>d'énergie (3) (3)7.10 9.1 12.1
soit s ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz naturel Natural gas
Electricité Electricity0.79 '
6.3I
:1.1
(°)8.0
:2.6
;9.5 ·
Y.Mouvements destocks (t)Stock changes (*0
soit ; ofwhich : ,
Combustibles solides Solid fuels
Pétrole Oil
Gex2 Gas+0.2β
+0.2^
+0»02■
(*)Sources :1979 ;Eurostat . |
1985 et1990 sPrevisions /Forecasts -1980 National programmes Review -
Données adaptées auxconventions statistiques del'Eurcstê -
(1)Auxprix de1975 . (2)Indice 1973 =100 /Index 1973 =100.
(3)Unsigne negatif indique uneexportation nette /Negative sign means netexports .
(V)-mises enstocks /increase ofstocks *+reprises auxstocks /decrease ofstocks .
(°)Object ifTokyo 198$ ( .8mt.
1985 Tokvo target ( .1 ,

Bruxelles ,décembre 1930
Prévisions àlong terme dedemande d'énergie (suite )
Energy demand long-term forecasts (continued )
Pays/Country :IRELAND 1
1979 1985 . 1990
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie /Final consumption ofenergy
Industrie /Industry
Usages nonénergétiques /Nonenergy uses
Transports
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.(m.4toe ) (miotep ) (m.toe )
Energy |ofwhich :
I oilEnergie Idont :
îpétroleEnergy |ofwhich :
I oil
2.10 1.50
0.20 ι0.20
1*81 ι.1*81ζΛο ,0.85I
3.1 I 2.3
0Λ I _
2.6 I2.6
2.9 I 0.7k.2 j2.8
0.4 , -
3-3 , 3.3
3.2 , 0.7
TOTAL 6.51 I^.36
I9-0 I5.6
I11.1 I6.8
ι
VII· Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique /Coverage ofelec­
trical energy production
Combustibles solides /Solid fuels
Pétrole /Oil
Gaz (*)/Gas (*)
Energie nucléaire /Nuclear energy
Hydro ,géothe etautres /andothers(mio tep )
O.65
1.69
0.19
0.07(m.toe )
0.9
2.3
0.6
0.1(mio tep )
1
1.9
2.6
'0.6
0.1
TOTAL 2.60 3.9 5.2
Part des combustibles solides +nucléaire
Share ofsolid fuels +nuclear energy
Hatio électricité /Energie
Electricity /Energy ratio25%
31%23%
3k%37%
36%
(*)Ycompris gazdecokeries etdehauts fourneaux
(")Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas

COMMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES
Direction générale Energie -18-XVII/359/SO-FIÎ/EN,révision 1 j
Bruxelles ,décembre 193o ;
Prévisions àlongtermededemandeetd'offred'énergie(*)
Pays/Coùntry ITALIAEnerp-ydemandandsupplylong-term forecasts (*)
(enmioten/inrrt'
1979 1985 1950
I•Indicateurs généraux
Tauxcroissance PÏB
_PIB_109__LIT {V*
Tauxcroissance énergie
Rati°_é,ner_gie__(_2 )_
Coefficie ntE/PIBGeneral indicators
GDPgrowthrates
_GDP_109LIT(_1)__
Energygrowthrates
_Energv _rati_o(2)^_
E/GDPcoefficient(79/73)
+2.5%
*+5062
+1.73»
95.1
Ο.δΒ(85/79)
+3.5%
178325
91.9
~"οΓΒ5"(90/05)
+3.5%
211797
+2.3%(+"5.5%Τ'
86.7(96.^)
"δ."ζιΓ(1~29Γ'
II.Demande d'énergie Energydemand
A.Consommation intérieure Energygrossinlandί
bruted'énergie consumption 13^.88 160.2 179.6(199.6)'
Idemcorrigée pour Idemcorrected for
(13^.5)1
conditions climatiques climatic conditions1
soit: ofwhich :
10.1^ Combustibles solides Solidfuels 15.3 29.3
Pétrole Oil 96.33 109.^ 96.8(116.8 )
Gaznaturel Natural gas 22.79 28.9 37.0
Electricité primaire etc.Primaryelectr.etc.5.62 6.6 16.5
E.Soutes Bunkers
(produits pétroliers )(oilproducts ) 5.19 6.0 6.6
II»Production intérieure
d'énergie
soit:
Houille
Ligniteettourbe
Pétrole
Gaznaturel
Energienucléaire
Hydro.'+géoth.
Autres (nouv.sources )Inlandenergy
production18.29 16.2 27.O
0.3 1.0
0.33 Ò.3 0.3
1.71 2.3 2.5
11.09 6.7 6.7
0.79 2.0 10.0
V.17 *f.1 ^.5
0.20 0.5 2.0ofvhich s
Coal
Lignite andpeat
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear energy
Hydro.+geoth.
Others (newsources
IIV.Importation nette Energynetimports
d'énergie (3) (3)121.00 150.0 159.2(179.2 )
soit: ofwhich :
ÍCombustibles solides Solidfuels
!Pétrole Oil
Gaznaturel -Natural gas
Electricité Electricity8.7^
99.70
12.10
0.^+6I*f.7
(°)113.1
22.228.O
100.9(120.9 )
30.3
V.Mouvements destocks (*+)Stockchanges (H-)
soit: ofwhich :
Combustibles solides Solidfuels
Pétrole Oil
Gaz Gas+0.78
+1.07
+0.11
-ΟΟΛΟ
(*)Sources :1979 :Eurostat .
1985et1990:Prévisions/Foreçasts-1980National programmes .-îeview-
Donnéesadaptées auxconventions statistiques de1*E::ros;c•
("0Auxprixde1975.(2)Indice1973=100/Index.1973=100.
(3)'Jnsignenegatifindiqueuneexportation nette/Negative signmeansnetexi-crts.
('0•-irisesenstocks/increase ofstocks.+reprises auxstocks/decrease ofstocks.
(°)Objectif Tokyo19&5( mt.
1985Tokyotarget (

'*'Bruxelles ,décembre -'1930
Prévisions àlongtermededemanded'énergie (suite)
Energy demand long-term forecasts (continued )-
Pays/Country :ITALIA ' " •' ' '
1979 •I- 1985 1990 !
VI·Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie/Finalconsumption ofenergy
Induetrie/Industry
Usagesnonénergétiques /Nonenergyuses
Transports -
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.(m.toe). (miotep) (m.toe)
Energy |ofwhich:
IoilEnergie .-Jdont:pétroleEnergy |ofwhich:
Ioil
38.22 ,16.18
8.65ι6.2024.04 .23.^0
34.55 ,20.80I
I
44.4"I15.1...
10.0 I6.8
27.5 I26.6
37.1 I-17.8^-I „
47.7(53.1 ),10.9(15.2 )11.7(12.0 )8.3(8.6)
31.6(34.7 )30.5(33.6 )
41.8(48.4 )¡15.0(20.6 )
TOTAL 105.^6 .!66.58 119.0 I66.3 132.8(148.2 )I64.7(78.0 )^
VII·Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique/Coverage ofelec­
tricalenergyproduction '
Combustibles solides/Solidfuels
Pétrole/Oil ■ ,·
Gaz(*)/Gas(*) ,
Energienucléaire/Nuclearenergy
Hydro,géothoetautres/andothers(miotep)
'2.59'
22.51
3*12
0.79
4.36(m.toe)
1y" '
'5.0
3^.4
'> -3.2
12.0 ,
4.1(miotep)
18.O
•,23.9(29.4 )
3.7
10.0
4.5·'
TOTAL·' 33.37 48.7 60.1(65.6 )
»
Partdescombustibles solides +nucléaire
Shareofsolidfuels+nuclearenergy(*)
Ratioélectricité/Energie
Electricity/Energyratio12.3%
25%•'16%
30%48 -
3356
(*)Ycomprisgazdecokeriesetdehautsfourneaux ')-Qr7Q ()^esdonnéesentreparenthèses pour199Qne
(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furhace gas ') ** "sontpasincluses dansletotalcommunautaire .
()Figuresbetweenbrackets for1990arenot
included intheCommunity totals.
> . ->

COMMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES 2Q XVII/359/8O-FR/SN>Direction générale Energie *–– revision 1
Bruxelles ,décembre 1980
Prévisions àlongtermededemandeetd'offred'énergieC)
Energydemandandsupplylong-term forecasts (*)
Pays/Country :LUXEMBOURG (enmiotep/inπtoei
I1979 1985 1990
I.Indicateurs généraux General indicators (79/73)(83/79) (90/65)
Tauxcroissance PIB GDPgrowthratea +1.056 +3.056 +3.056
PIB109LFR(1) GDP109LFR(1)9*+.57 112.92 130.90
Tauxcroissance énergie Energygrowthrates-2.9s +3.3#
Ratioénergie (2) Energyratio(2)79.0 80.¿ 78.0
Coefficient E/PIB E/GDPcoefficient 1.1 οΓΒ
II.Demande d'énergie Energydemand
A.Consommation intérieure Energygrossinland
bruted'énergie consumption 3.8*+ 4.67 5.25
Idemcorrigée pour Idemcorrected for
conditions climatiques climatic conditions (3.7)
soitί ofwhich :
1.84 1.85 Combustibles solides Solidfuels 2.16
Pétrole Oil 1.28 1.90 1.90
Gaznaturel Natural gas 0.47 0.55 0.70
Electricité primaire etc.Primarv electr.etc.0.25 0.37 0.49
B.Soutes Bunkers•
(produits pétroliers )(oilproducts )
II.Production intérieure Inlandenergy
d'énergie production0.02 0.03 0.03
soit: ofwhich :
Houille ν Coal- - -
Ligniteettourbe Lignite andpeat. - - -
Pétrole Oil - - -
Gaznaturel Natural gas- - -
Energienucléaire Nuclearenergy- - -
Hydro.+géoth. Hydro· +geoth. 0.01 0.02 0.02
Autres (nouv.sources )Others (newsources' 0.01 0.01 0.01
IV.Importation nette Energynetimports
d'énergie (3) (3) 3.90 4.64 5.22
soit: ofwhich ï
Combustibles solides Solidfuels 1.88 1.85 2.16
Pétrole Oil 1.32 (°)1.90 1.90
Gaznaturel Natural gas.0.47 0.55 0.70
Electricité Electricity 0.23 0.34 0.46
V.Mouvement sdestocks (4)(Stockchanges (4)-0.08
soit: ofwhich :
-0.04 Combustibles solides Solidfuels
Pétrole Oil -0.04
Gaz Gas-
(*)Sources :1979 :Eurostat .
1985et1990:Prévisions ^Forecasts-1980Nationalprogrammes Review-j
Donnéesadaptées aux'conventions statistiques de1'Eurostat »
(1)Auxprixde1975»(2)Indice 1e,73=100/Index1973=100» j
(3)Uneignenegatifindiqueuneexportation nette/Negativesignmeansnetexports.
.('+)-rrisesenstocks/increaseofstocks.+reprises auxstocks/decreaseofstocks *
(°)Ob.jectif Tokyo1985(2mt.
1985Tokyotarget (

, ' , ' (;Bruxelles ,décembre 19°0
Prévisions àlong terme dedemande d'énergie .(suite )
Energy demand long-term forecasts "(continued )
Pays/Country îLUXEMBOURG • - "'' ':- "' ' ■ ' -
I 1979 l~ 1989 I 1990
I ·
1
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie /Final consumption ofenergy(m.toe ) (miotep ) (m.toe )
Energy Iotwhich :
1 oilEnergie 'dont :.
'pétroleEnergy |ofwhich :
1~ oil
1 '
2.*7 ^0.35
0.Ό4 ι0.04
O.V? }0.46
0.63 ,0.43I
3.02 , 1 0.72
0.0 *+ 1 0.04
0.51 ¡ 0.51
0.82 I 0.56I ;
3.44 ι 0.60
0.04 ι 0.04
0.57 I 0.57
0.93 '1 0.62Indus trie/Indus try -
Usages nonénergétiques /Nonenergy uses
Transports 1 ~ ·*
.Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.
TOTAL 3.61 j1.26 4.39 ¡ 1.834.98 ; ι 1.83
Vili Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique /Coverage ofelee - .
trical energy production
Combustibles solides /Solid fuels
Pétrole /Oil -
Gaz (*)/Gas (*) / v
Energie nucléaire /Nuclear energy
Hydro ,géotho etautres /andothers•(mio tep ) .
.M
0
O.Cf .
0.26
0.02(m.toe )-
* '■·' <'
0.20
O.O3(mio tep )
0.20
:O.O3
TOTAL 0.32 O.23 O.23
Part des combustibles solides +nucléaire
Share ofsolid fuels +nuclear energy (*)
Ratio électricité /Energie
Electricity /Energy ratio44#
14#43*/./
12%;43#
y 13% '.
i· % .
(*)Ycompris gazdecokeries etde.hauts fourneaux )1979 :0.
(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas )

COMMIS.' -IONDEL"COXy.UN-UTE :;EUROPEENNES
'UrtVtiengénér ?1o''nerrie -22-mi/359/£o-F./;•:;!
'évision 1 !
*Bruxelle >tdécembre 1980
i
Prévision !àlongtermededemande etd'offred'énergie(*)
Payo/Ccunt·γ:NEDERLAND (enmiotep/inmtoe
•
Í1979 1905 ι1990
I.Ind:icat?urr ;généra· ,χGeneral indicator ;;(79/73)(¿3/79) (90/05·
Tauxcrois .ancePIB GDPgrowthrates +2.6# +2.7'//+3.2; +1.9^/+2i■%
PIB10'HiL (1) GDP109HFL(1)238.1 278.2/28801306.1/328.6
Tauxcrois ;anceénerg :oEnergygrowthrates +1-956 +2·5'«/+3·6'■'>+1.1£/+1.>■%
Ratiorner-ie(2) _Ener_gv _rat_io _ißX_.«2^9--. ..__ai..5/2'ti_«
Coeffi'ier .E/PIB "/GDPcoefficient 0.73 0.93/1.13 0.58/0.7
II.Der.and;d'énevrrie Energy demand
Λ.Con.'.oma'.ticriinter:eur·?Energygrossinland
bruied'énergie consumption 67.^6 78.3/83.5 82.7/91.;.
Iderico'rieéeDour Idemcorrected for
confitijnsclimatiques climatic conditions (65.3),
soit: ofwhich :
Coiiibus '.ibl-ostolides Solidfuels 3.29 7.1 9.0/11.)
Pétrole Oil 30.5^36o 1»638.7Λ5·.'
G;<.¿natureI Natural gas 32.38 33.6 33.8
E'l.ectr :cit'·Primaire -;tc·Pri^arv electr.etc. 1.25 1.2 Î.2
Β.SoUi .PE Bunkers
(produi ν.spétroliers )(oil'products ) 8.05 TO.5 11.5
II»Production interi -,ure
d'énergieInlandenergy
production 73.60 .
Τ65·.δ 55.9
soit:
Houille
Lignite ettourbe
Pétrole
Gaznaturei
Energie m';léaire
Hydro.' +(ïoth.
A.jtres (ncJV.sources )ofwhich :
Coal
Lignite andpeat
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear energy
Hydro.+geoth.
Others (newsources1.58
70.78
0.90
0.3^2.0
62.6
1.0.
0.22.0
52.7
1.0
0.2
17,Irrporiitiunnette
d1onei-;ic(3)bnergynetimports
(3) •
Foit:
Combustibles solides
Pétrole
Gaznetur<1
KiLectrciofwhich :
Solidfuels
Oil
Natural gae
Electricity3.82
3.^9
38.71
.38.39
0,0123.0/28.2
7.1^°9/50.1
-29.038.3/^7.:
9.0/11.',
48.2/5^
-18.9
V.Kouve.nintsdertoc .s(*+)Stockchances (4)
r.oit:
Combustib".esbolides
Petrole
Gv.7.ofwhich :
Solidfuel''
Oil
Gaô-1.91
-0*20
-1.70
.0.011
I
(*)Soirc;;1979
1985et
(1)Auxp:ixde1975»
(3)Uncinenégatif:Eurostat .
1990:Previsions/Forecasts-1980National programmes
Donnéesadaptées auxconventions statistiques de
(2)Indice1973=100/Index1973=100.
ndiquouneexportation nette/Négative signmfansr.-îv,
.»• _<,-- 1''<;r(;ar.eofHcviev
]'Eu:o
expor
r,tocl''.•

Prévisions àlong terme dedemande d'energie
Energy dernand long-term forecasts(suite )
(continued )Bruxelles ,décembre 1Ç80
Pavs/Country sNEDERLAND
[ 1979 I 1990
VI»Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie /Final consumption ofenergy
Industrie /Industry
Usages nonénergétiques /Nonenergy use3
Transports
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.Energy(m.toe )
|ofwhich :
21.39
(8.75 )
7.45
21.93Oll
9.27
(6.95 )
7.36
3.58(miotep )
Energie }dont
28.6/32.5
10.8/11.5
9.9/10.4
26.0/26.1petrole
13.V17.0
7.6/8.1
9.8/10.3
4.0/4.1(m.toe )
Energy Τ
31.6/38.0
11.4/12.6
10.9/11.5
25.8/26.2ofwhich
oil
14.3/19.7
8.0/8.8
10.8/11.4
3.4/3.6
TOTAL 59.52 27.16 75.3/80.5 «34.8/39.5
J :79.7/88.3 36.5Λ3.5
• (mio tep ) (m.toe ) (mio tep )
VII .Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique /Coverage ofelec­
trical energy production
Combustibles solides /Solid fuels
Pétrole /Oil
Gaz (*)/Gas (*)
Energie nucléaire /Nuclear energy
Hydro ,géotho etautres /andothers0.74
4.89
7.45
O.9O
0.342.7
5.4/6,2
6.3
1.J0♦
4.1/6.0
6.2/6.0
5.2
1.0
TOTAL 14.32 -15.4/16.2 16.5/18.2
Part des combustibles solides +nucléaire
Share ofsolid fuels +nuclear energy (*)14% 27#/25% 33tf/41% - .
Ratio électricité /Energie
Electricity /Energy -ratio21% 20 Já/19% 2036/2O%
(*)Ycompris gazdecokeries etdehauts fourneaux )1979 •038
(*).Including coke-oven gasandIslast-furnace gas ), **
ν*
·.

COMMISSION DESCOMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES
Direction générale Energie'-2k-XVII/359/80-FR/EI:
révision 1' j
Bruxelles ,décembre ■198c
Prévisions àlongtermededemandeetd'offred'énergie(*)
Energydemandandsupplylong-term forecasts (*) •
Pave/Country :UNITED KINGDOM
1979(enmiotep/inmtoe
19Β5 ί1590
I.Indicateurs généraux
Tauxcroissance PIB
_ΡΙ3_10_υΚ£___0)__ ■
Taux'croissance energie
^JLti°_énergie (2)_Coefficient E7PIBGeneral indicators
GDPgrowthrates
.-G2p„1£9_uiS£_1U_.
Energygrowthrates
.__En.er.gil£_at_i£(2)
E/GDPcoefficient(79/75)
+1.0# .
~+ô.o%~
~0(55/79)
+l.9#/+2.5Sé
I26_.yr50.9 _
-0,0%/+0»G%
84.1/8^.3
~~0/0.2k".(90/65)
+2.0%/+2.9%
J22'JÙ51*2
+0.9%/+1.6#
_72«i-{Z8.8
""0.^+5/0.55"""
II.Demanded'énergie Energydemand
A.Consommation intérieure Energygrossinland¡v :
bruted'énergie consumption 220.52219.8/228.1 230.3/2^6.5
Idemcorrigée pour' Idemcorrected for
donditions climatiques
seit: 'climatic conditions (217.9)
ofwhich :
Combustibles solides
PétroleSolidfuels
Oil ,,75.81
92.8666.0/68.0
91.3/96.671.0/76.0
89.8/99.1
Gaznaturel ►.. Natural gas ^0Λ4Λ7.1Λ8.1 50.1/52..0
Electricité primaire etc.Primaryelectr.,etc. 11.¿n 15.^ 19.^
B.Soutes
(produits pétroliers )Bunkers
(oilproducts ) 2.60 3.0Λ.0 3.0Λ.0
II.Production -intérieure
'd1énergie -Inlandenergy
production <193.51.217.O/260.3 197.6/2^9.7
soit:-
Houille
Ligniteettourbe >
Pétrole
Gaznaturel
Energienucléaire
Hydro.+géoth..·-
Autres (nouv.sources )■ofwhich :
Coal
Lignite andpeat
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclearenergy
Hydro.+geoth.
Others (newsources70.88
78.27
32.95
11.0^
0.3771.0/7^.0
93.3/132.6
37.3/38.3 :
15.O
0.^7^.0/80.0
68.8/108.1,
35ΛΛ2.2
19.0 '
o.k
IV.Importation nette
d'énergie (3)Energynetimports
(3) 27.58 5.8Λ28.235.7/0.8
soit:
Combustibles solides
Pétrole
Gaznaturel
Electricitéofwhich :
Solidfuels
Oil
Natural gas
Electricity'1.1-5
18.9^
7.^9-5.0/-6.0
(°)1.0/-32.0
9.8-3.0/-Λ.0
24.0/-5.0
1^.7/9.8
V.Mouvements destocks (H)Stockchanges (k)+2.03
+3.78
-1.75soit:
Combustibles solides
Pétrole
Gaz ' '·ofwhich :
Solidfuels
Oil
Gas
(*)Sources :1979 :Eurostat .
1985et1990:Prévisions/Forecasts -1980National programmes Review-
Donnéesadaptées auxconventions statistiques del'Surost
(1)Auxprixde1975.(2)Indice1973=100/Index1973=100.
(3)Unsignenégatifindiqueuneexportation nette/Négativesignmeansnetexports »
(^)-misesenstocks/increaseofstocks.+reprises auxstocks/decreaseofstocks.
(°)ObjectifTokyo1985(_5rat. - '
1985Tokyotarget ( '

v Bruxelles ,décembre 1980
Prévisions àlongtermededemanded'énergie (suite)
Energydemandlong-term forecasts (continued )
Pays/Country :UNITED KINGDOM
1979 1985 1 1990
VI.Secteurs deconsommation finale
d'énergie/Finalconsumption ofenergy(m.toe) j (miotep) (m.toe)
Energy |ofwhich:
1oilEnergie |dont:
pétroleEnergy |ofwhich:
Ioil
^6.98,17.9^
13.80 ,9.27
32.80 ,32.39
59.12 ,12.^8I
51.5/53.1 1H.6/15.2
17.0 I'17.0
3^.0/37.0{3^.0/37.05^.5/55.5 I8.052.4/57.1 ι12.6/14.^18.0/19.0 .18.O/19.O
35.0ΛΟ.Ο .35.ΟΛΟ.Ο
55.5/57.^j7.0Industrie/Industry
Usagesnonénergétiques /Nonenergyuses
Transports · ■
Secteurs domestiques ,etc./Households ,etc.
TOTAL , 152.70 I72J08
«157.0/162.6 I75.6/77.2160.9/173.5 I72.6/80.^
* (miotep) (m»toe) (miotep)
VII.Couverture delaproduction d'éner­
gieélectrique/Coverage ofelec­
tricalenergyproduction
Combustibles solides/Solidfuels
Pétrole/Oil
Gaz(*)/Gas(*)
Energienucléaire/Nuclearenergy
Hydro,géothoetautres/andothers^9.30
12.25
-1.33
H.O^f
•0.37^5.3/^6.3
IO.V12.8
0.5
15.0
OA^9.V52.5
1Õ.V11.6
0.5
19.O
OA
TOTAL 7^.29 71.6/75.0 79.7/8^.0
Partdescombustibles solides +nucléaire
Shareofsolidfuels+nuclearenergy(*)82% 85%/82% 86%
Hatioélectricité/Energie
Electricity/Energyratio3^% 33% 35*/3^%
(*)Ycomprisgazdecokeriesetdehautsfourneaux ) ce
(*)Including coke-oven gasandblast-furnace gas ) "
fo
VJ1
i