COMMON POSITION (EC) No 1/95 adopted by the Council on 20 February 1995 with a view to adopting Directive 95/. . ./EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of . . . on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (95/C 93/01)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 100a thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1),

Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee (2),

Acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 189b of the Treaty (3),

Whereas the objectives of the Community, as laid down in the Treaty, as amended by the Treaty on European Union, include establishing an ever closer union among the people of Europe, fostering closer relations between the States belonging to the Community, ensuring economic and social progress by common action to eliminate the barriers which divide Europe, encouraging the constant improvement of the living conditions of its people, preserving and strengthening peace and liberty and promoting democracy on the basis of the fundamental rights recognized in the constitutions and laws of the Member States and in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

Whereas data-processing systems are designed to serve man; whereas they must, whatever the nationality or residence of natural persons, respect the fundamental freedoms and rights of individuals, notably the right to privacy, and contribute to economic and social progress, trade expansion and the well-being of individuals;

Whereas the establishment and functioning of an internal market in which, in accordance with Article 7a of the Treaty, the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured require not only that personal data should be able to flow freely from one Member State to another, but also that the fundamental rights of individuals should be safeguarded.

Whereas increasingly frequent recourse is being had in the Community to the processing of personal data in the various spheres of economic and social activity; whereas the progress made in information technology is making the processing and exchange of such data considerably easier;

Whereas the economic and social integration resulting from the establishment and functioning of the internal market within the meaning of Article 7a of the Treaty will necessarily lead to a substantial increase in cross-border flows of personal data between all those involved in a private or public capacity in economic and social activity in the Member States; whereas the exchange of personal data between undertakings in different Member States is set to increase; whereas the national authorities in the various Member States are being called upon by virtue of Community law to collaborate and exchange personal data so as to be able to perform their duties or carry out tasks on behalf of an authority in another Member State within the context of the area without internal frontiers as constituted by the internal market;

Whereas, furthermore, the increase in scientific and technical cooperation and the coordinated introduction of new telecommunications networks in the Community necessitate and facilitate cross-border flows of personal data;

Whereas the difference in levels of protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, notably the right to privacy, with regard to the processing of personal data afforded in the Member States may prevent the transmission of such data from the territory of one Member State to that of another Member State; whereas this difference may therefore constitute an obstacle to the pursuit of a number of economic activities at Community level, distort competition and impede authorities in the discharge of their responsibilities under Community law; whereas this difference in levels of protection is due to the existence of a wide variety of national laws, regulations and administrative provisions;

Whereas, in order to remove the obstacles to flows of personal data, the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals with regard to the processing of such data must be equivalent in all the Member States; whereas this objective is vital to the internal market but cannot be achieved by the Member States alone, especially in view of the scale of the divergences which currently exist between the relevant laws in the Member States and the need to coordinate the laws of the Member States so as to ensure that the cross-border flow of personal data is regulated in a consistent manner that is in keeping with the objective of the internal market as provided for in Article 7a of the Treaty; whereas Community action to approximate those laws is therefore needed;

Whereas, given the equivalent protection resulting from the approximation of national laws, the Member States will no longer be able to inhibit the free movement between them of personal data on grounds relating to protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and in particular the right to privacy; whereas Member States will be left a margin for manoeuvre, which may, in the context of implementation of the Directive, also be exercised by the business and social partners; whereas Member States will therefore be able to specify in their national law the general conditions governing the lawfulness of data processing; whereas in doing so the Member States shall strive to improve the protection currently provided by their legislation; whereas, within the limits of this margin for manoeuvre and in accordance with Community law, disparities could arise in the implementation of the Directive, and this could have an effect on the movement of data within a Member State as well as within the Community;

Whereas the object of the national laws on the processing of personal data is to protect fundamental rights and freedoms, notably the right to privacy, which is recognized both in Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and in the general principles of Community law; whereas, for that reason, the approximation of those laws must not result in any lessening of the protection they afford but must, on the contrary, seek to ensure a high level of protection in the Community;

Whereas the principles of the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, notably the right to privacy, which are contained in this Directive, give substance to and amplify those contained in the Council of Europe Convention of 28 January 1981 for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data;

Whereas the protection principles must apply to all processing of personal data by any person whose activities are governed by Community law; whereas there should be excluded the processing of data carried out by a natural person in the exercise of activities which are exclusively personal or domestic, such as correspondence and the holding of records of addresses;

Whereas the activities referred to in Titles V and VI of the Treaty on European Union regarding public safety, defence, State security or the activities of the State in the area of criminal law fall outside the scope of Community law, without prejudice to the obligations incumbent upon Member States pursuant to Article 56 (2), Article 57 or Article 100a of the Treaty establishing the European Community; whereas the processing of personal data that is necessary to safeguard the economic well-being of the State does not fall within the scope of this Directive where such processing relates to State security matters;

Whereas, given the importance of the developments under way, in the framework of the information society, of the techniques used to capture, transmit, manipulate, record, store or communicate sound and image data relating to natural persons, this Directive should be applicable to processing involving such data;

Whereas the processing of such data is covered by this Directive only if it is automated or if the data processed are contained or are intended to be contained in a filing system structured according to specific criteria relating to individuals, so as to permit easy access to the personal data in question;

Whereas the processing of sound and image data, such as in cases of video surveillance, does not come within the scope of this Directive if it is carried out for the purposes of public security, defence, national security or in the course of State activities relating to the area of criminal law or of other activities which do not come within the scope of Community law;

Whereas, as far as the processing of sound and image data carried out for purposes of journalism or the purposes of literary or artistic expression is concerned, in particular in the audiovisual field, the principles of the Directive are to apply in a restricted manner according to the provisions laid down in Article 9;

Whereas, in order to ensure that individuals are not deprived of the protection to which they are entitled pursuant to this Directive, any processing of personal data in the Community must be carried out in accordance with the law of one of the Member States; whereas, in this connection, processing carried out under the responsibility of a controller who is established in a Member State should be governed by the law of that State;

Whereas establishment on the territory of a Member State implies the effective and real exercise of activity through the means of a stable set-up; whereas the legal form of such an establishment, whether a simple branch or a subsidiary with a legal personality, is not the determinate factor in this respect; whereas, when a single controller is established on the territory of several Member States, particularly by means of a subsidiary, he must ensure, in order to avoid any circumvention of national rules, that each of the establishments fulfils the obligations imposed by the national law applicable to its activities;

Whereas the fact that processing is carried out by a person established in a third country must not stand in the way of the protection of individuals provided for in this Directive; whereas, in these cases, the processing should be govened by the law of the Member State in which the means used are located, and there should be guarantees to ensure that the rights and obligations provided for in this Directive are respected in practice;

Whereas this Directive is without prejudice to the rules of territoriality applicable in criminal matters;

Whereas Member States shall more precisely define in the laws they enact or when bringing into force the measures taken pursuant to this Directive, the general circumstances in which processing is lawful; whereas in particular Article 5, in conjunction with Articles 7 and 8, allows Member States, independently of general rules, to provide for special processing conditions for specific sectors and for the various categories of data covered by Article 8;

Whereas Member States are empowered to ensure the implementation of the protection of individuals both by means of a general law on the protection of individuals against the processing of personal data and by sectorial laws such as those relating, for example, to institutes for statistics;

Whereas the legislation concerning the protection of legal persons with regard to the processing of data which concern them is not affected by this Directive;

Whereas the principles of protection must be reflected, on the one hand, in the obligations imposed on persons, public authorities, enterprises, agencies or other bodies responsible for processing, in particular regarding data quality, technical security, notification to the supervisory authority, and the circumstances under which processing can be carried out, and, on the other hand, in the rights conferred on individuals, the data on whom are the subject of processing, to be informed that processing is taking place, to consult the data, to request corrections and even to object to processing in certain circumstances;

Whereas the principles of protection must apply to any information concerning an identified or identifiable person; whereas, to determine whether a person is identifiable, account should be taken of all the means likely reasonably to be used either by the controller or by any other person to identify the said person; whereas the principles of protection shall not apply to data rendered anonymous in such a way that the data subject is no longer identifiable; whereas codes of conduct within the meaning of Article 27 may be a useful instrument in providing guidance as to the way in which data may be rendered anonymous and retained in a form in which identification of the data subject is no longer possible;

Whereas the protection of individuals must apply as much to automatic processing of data as to manual processing; whereas the scope of this protection must not in effect depend on the techniques used, otherwise this would create a serious risk of circumvention; whereas, nonetheless, as regards manual processing, this Directive covers only filing systems, not unstructured files; whereas in particular the content of a filing system must be structured according to specific criteria relating to individuals allowing easy access to the personal data; whereas, in line with the definition in Article 2 (c) the different criteria for determining the constituents of a structured set of personal data, and the different criteria governing access to such a set, can be laid down by each Member State; whereas files or sets of files as well as their cover pages, which are not structured according to specific criteria, shall under no circumstances fall within the scope of this Directive;

Whereas any processing of personal data must be lawful and fair to the individual concerned; whereas, in particular, the data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they are processed; whereas such purposes must be explicit and legitimate and must be determined at the time of collection of the data; whereas the purposes of processing further to collection shall not be incompatible with the purposes as they were originally specified;

Whereas the further processing of personal data for historical, statistical or scientific purposes is not generally to be considered incompatible with the purposes for which the data have previously been collected provided that Member States furnish suitable guarantees; whereas these guarantees must in particular rule out the use of data for taking measures or decisions regarding any particular individual;

Whereas, in order to be lawful, the processing of personal data must in addition be carried out with the consent of the data subject or be necessary with a view to the conclusion or performance of a contract binding on the data subject, or be required by law, by the performance of a task in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority, or by the interest of a natural or legal person provided that the interests or the rights and freedoms of the data subject are not overriding; whereas, in particular, in order to maintain a balance between the interests involved while guaranteeing effective competition, Member States remain free to determine the circumstances in which personal data may be used or disclosed to a third party in the context of the legitimate ordinary business activities of companies and other bodies; whereas Member States may similarly specify the conditions under which personal data may be disclosed to a third party for the purposes of marketing whether carried out commercially or by a charitable organization or by any other association or foundation, of a political nature for example, subject to the provisions allowing a data subject to object to the processing of data regarding him, at no cost and without having to state his reasons;

Whereas the processing of personal data must equally be regarded as lawful where it is carried out in order to protect an interest which is essential for the data subject's life;

Whereas it is for national legislation to determine whether the controller performing a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority should be a public administration or another national or legal person governed by public law or by private law or such as a professional association;

Whereas data which are capable by their nature of infringing fundamental freedoms or privacy should not be processed unless the data subject gives his explicit consent; whereas, however, derogation from this prohibition must be explicitly provided for in respect of specific needs, in particular where the processing of these data is carried out for certain health-related purposes by individuals subject to a legal obligation of professional secrecy or in the course of legitimate activities by certain associations or foundations the purpose of which is to permit the exercise of fundamental freedoms;

Whereas Member States must also be authorized, when justified by grounds of important public interest, to derogate from the prohibition on processing sensitive categories of data where important reasons of public interest so justify in areas such as public health and social protection, especially as regards the assurance of quality and cost-effectiveness, and as regards the procedures used for settling claims for benefits and services in the health insurance system, scientific research and government statistics; whereas it is incumbent on them, however, to provide specific and suitable safeguards so as to protect the fundamental rights and the privacy of individuals;

Whereas, moreover, the processing of personal data by official authorities for achieving aims, laid down in constitutional law or international public law, of officially recognized religious associations is carried out on important grounds of public interest;

Whereas where, in the course of electoral activities, the operation of the democratic system requires in certain Member States that political parties compile data on people's political opinions, the processing of such data can be permitted for reasons of important public interest, provided that appropriate safeguards are established;

Whereas the processing of personal data for purposes of journalism or for purposes of literary or artistic expression, in particular in the audiovisual field, should qualify for exemption from the requirements of certain provisions of this Directive in so far as this is necessary to reconcile the fundamental rights of individuals with freedom of information and notably the right to receive and impart information, as guaranteed in particular in Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; whereas Member States should therefore lay down exemptions and derogations necessary for the purposes of balance between fundamental rights as regards general measures on the legitimacy of data processing, measures on the transfer of data to third countries and the powers of the supervisory authority; whereas this should not, however, lead Member States to lay down exemptions from the measures to ensure security of processing; whereas the supervisory authority responsible for this sector should also be provided at least with certain ex-post powers, e.g. to publish a regular report or to refer matters to the judicial authorities;

Whereas, if the processing of data is to be fair, the data subject must be in a position to learn of the existence of a processing operation and, where data are collected from him, must be given accurate and full information, bearing in mind the circumstances of the collection;

Whereas certain processing operations involve data which the controller has not collected directly from the data subject; whereas, furthermore, data can be legitimately disclosed to a third party, even if the disclosure was not anticipated at the time the data were collected from the data subject; whereas, in all these cases, the data subject should be informed when the data are recorded or at the latest when the data are first disclosed to a third party;

Whereas, however, it is not necessary to impose this obligation if the data subject already knows the information; whereas, moreover, this obligation is not provided for if the recording or disclosure are expressly provided for by law or if the provision of information proves impossible or involves disproportionate efforts, which could be the case where processing is for historical, statistical or scientific purposes; whereas, in this regard, the number of data subjects, the age of the data, and any compensatory measures adopted may be taken into consideration;

Whereas any person must be able to exercise the right of access to data relating to him which are being processed, in order to verify in particular the accuracy of the data and the lawfulness of the processing; whereas, for the same reasons, every data subject must also have the right to know the logic involved in the automatic processing of data concerning him, at least in the case of the automated decisions referred to in Article 15 (1); whereas this right must not adversely affect intellectual property and in particular the copyright protecting the software; whereas these considerations must not, however, result in the data subject being refused all information;

Whereas Member States may, in the interest of the data subject or so as to protect the rights and freedoms of others, restrict rights of access and information; whereas they may, for example, specify that access to medical data may be obtained only through a health professional;

Whereas restrictions on the rights of access and information and on certain obligations of the controller may similarly be imposed by Member States in so far as they are necessary to safeguard, for example, national security, defence, public safety, or important economic or financial interests of a Member State or the Union, as well as criminal investigations and prosecutions and action in respect of breaches of ethics in the regulated professions; whereas the list of exceptions and limitations should include the tasks of monitoring, inspection or regulation necessary in the three last-mentioned areas concerning public security, economic or financial interests and crime prevention; whereas the listing of tasks in these three areas does not affect the legitimacy of exceptions or restrictions for reasons of State security or defence;

Whereas Member States may also be led, by virtue of the provisions of Community law, to derogate from the provisions of this Directive concerning the right of access, the obligation to inform individuals and the quality of data, in order to safeguard certain purposes among those referred to above;

Whereas, in cases of processing lawfully data pursued on grounds of public interest, official authority or the legitimate interests of a natural or legal person, any data subject should nevertheless be entitled, on legitimate and compelling grounds relating to his particular situation, to object to the processing of any data relating to himself; whereas Member States nevertheless have the possibility of laying down national provisions to the contrary;

Whereas the protection of the rights and freedoms of data subjects with regard to the processing of personal data requires that appropriate technical and organizational measures be taken, both at the time of the design of the processing system and at the time of the processing itself, particularly in order to maintain security and thereby to prevent any unauthorized processing; whereas it is incumbent on the Member States to ensure that controllers comply with these measures; whereas these measures must ensure an appropriate level of security, taking into account the state of the technology and the cost of its use in view of the risks inherent in the processing and the nature of the data to be protected;

Whereas where a message containing personal data is transmitted by means of a telecommunications or electronic mail service, the sole purpose of which is the transmission of such messages, the controller in respect of the personal data contained in the message will normally be considerd to be the person from whom the message originates, rather than the person offering the transmission services; whereas, nevertheless, those offering such services will normally be considered controllers in respect of the processing of the additional personal data necessary for the operation of the service;

Whereas the notification procedures are designed to ensure disclosure of the purposes and main features of any processing operation for the purpose of verification that the operation is in accordance with the national measures taken pursuant to this Directive;

Whereas, in order to avoid unsuitable administrative formalities, exemptions from the obligation to notify and simplification of the notification required may be provided for by Member States in cases where processing is unlikely to adversely affect the rights and freedoms of data subjects, provided that it is in accordance with a measure taken by a Member State specifying its limits; whereas in an equivalent way exemption or simplification can similarly be provided for by Member States where a person appointed by the controller ensures that the processing carried out is not likely adversely to affect the rights and freedoms of data subjects; whereas such an official, whether or not an employee of the controller, must be in a position to exercise his functions in complete independence;

Whereas exemption or simplification could be provided for in cases of processing operations whose sole purpose is the keeping of a register intended, according to national law, to provide information to the public and open to consultation by the public or by any person demonstrating a legitimate interest;

Whereas, nevertheless, simplification or exemption from the obligation to notify shall not release the controller from any of the other obligations resulting from this Directive;

Whereas, in this context, ex post facto verification by the competent authorities must in general be considered a sufficient measure;

Whereas, however, certain processing operations are likely to pose specific risks to the rights and freedoms of data subjects by virtue of their nature, their scope or their purposes, such as the purpose of excluding individuals from a right, benefit or a contract, or by virtue of the specific use of new technologies; whereas it is for Member States, if they so wish, to specify such risks in their legislation;

Whereas with regard to all the processing undertaken in society, the amount posing such specific risks should be very limited; whereas Member States must provide that the supervisory authority, or the data protection official in cooperation with the authority, check such processing prior to it being carried out; whereas following this prior check, the supervisory authority may, according to its national law, give an opinion or an authorization regarding the processing; whereas such checking may equally take place in the course of the preparation of a legislative measure adopted by the national parliament or on the basis of such a measure, defining the nature of the processing and specifying suitable safeguards;

Whereas, if the controller fails to respect the rights of data subjects, national legislation must provide for a judicial remedy; whereas any damage which a person may suffer as a result of unlawful processing must be compensated for by the controller, who may be exempted from liability if he proves that he is not responsible for the damage, in particular in cases where he reports an error on the part of the data subject or in a case of force majeure; whereas sanctions must be imposed on any person, whether governed by private or public law, who fails to comply with the national measures taken pursuant to this Directive;

Whereas cross-border flows of personal data are necessary to the expansion of international trade; whereas the protection of individuals guaranteed in the Community by this Directive does not stand in the way of transfers of personal data to third countries which ensure an adequate level of protection; whereas the adequacy of the level of protection afforded by a third country must be assessed in the light of all the circumstances surrounding the transfer operation or set of transfer operations;

Whereas, on the other hand, the transfer of personal data to a third country which does not ensure an adequate level of protection must be prohibited;

Whereas provision should be made for exemptions from this prohibition in certain circumstances where the data subject has given his consent, where the transfer is necessary in relation to a contract or a legal claim, where protection of an important public interest so requires, for example in cases of international transfers of data between tax or customs administrations or between services competent for social security matters, or where the transfer is made from a register established by law and intended for consultation by the public or persons having a legitimate interest; whereas in this case such a transfer should not involve the entirety of the data or entire categories of the data contained in the register and, when the register is intended for consultation by persons having a legitimate interest, the transfer should be made only at the request of the same persons or if the latter are the recipients;

Whereas particular measures may be taken to compensate for the lack of protection in a third country in cases where the person responsible for the processing offers appropriate assurances; whereas, moreover, provision must be made for procedures for negotiations between the Community and such third countries;

Whereas, in any event, transfers to third countries may only be effected in full compliance with the provisions adopted by the Member States pursuant to this Directive, and in particular Article 8 thereof;

Whereas Member States and the Commission, in their respective spheres of competence, must encourage the trade associations and other representative organizations concerned to draw up codes of conduct so as to facilitate the application of this Directive, taking account of the specific characteristics of the processing carried out in certain sectors, and respecting the national provisions adopted for its implementation;

Whereas the establishment in Member States of supervisory authorities, exercising their functions with complete independence, is an essential component of the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data;

Whereas such authorities must have the necessary means to perform their duties, including powers of investigation and intervention, particularly in cases of complaints from individuals, and powers to engage in legal proceedings; whereas such authorities must help to ensure transparency of processing in the Member States within whose jurisdiction they fall;

Whereas the authorities in the different Member States will need to assist one another in performing their duties so as to ensure that the rules of protection are properly respected throughout the European Union;

Whereas, at Community level, a working party on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data must be set up and be completely independent in the performance of its functions; whereas, having regard to its specific nature, it must advise the Commission and, in particular, contribute to the uniform application of the national rules adopted pursuant to this Directive;

Whereas, with regard to the transfer of data to third countries, the application of this Directive calls for the conferment of powers of implementation on the Commission and the establishment of a procedure in accordance with the procedures laid down in Council Decision 87/373/EEC (4);

Whereas the principles set out in this Directive regarding the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, notably their right to privacy, with regard to the processing of personal data may be supplemented or clarified, in particular as far as certain sectors are concerned, by specific rules based on those principles;

Whereas Member States should be allowed a period of not more than three years from the entry into force of the national measures transposing this Directive in which to apply such new national rules gradually to all processing operations already under way; whereas, in order to facilitate cost-efficient implementation, a further period expiring 12 years after the date on which this Directive is adopted will be allowed to Member States to ensure the conformity of existing manual filing systems with certain of the Directive's provisions; whereas data contained in such filing systems actively processed during this extended transition period should nevertheless be brought into conformity with these provisions at the time of such further active processing;

Whereas it is not necessary for the data subject to give his consent again so as to allow the controller to continue to process, after the national provisions taken pursuant to this Directive enter into force, any sensitive data necessary for the performance of a contract concluded on the basis of free and informed consent before the entry into force of these provisions;

Whereas this Directive does not stand in the way of a Member State's regulating marketing activities aimed at consumers residing in its territory in so far as such regulation does not concern the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data;

Whereas the Directive allows the principle of public access to official documents to be taken into account when implementing the principles set out in this Directive,

HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1

Object of the Directive

1. In accordance with this Directive, Member States shall protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons, and in particular their right to privacy, with respect to the processing of personal data.

2. Member States shall neither restrict nor prohibit the free flow of personal data between Member States for reasons connected with the protection afforded pursuant to paragraph 1.

Article 2

Definitions

For the purposes of this Directive:

(a) 'personal data' shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ('data subject'); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity;

(b) 'processing of personal data' ('processing') shall mean any operation or set of operations which is performed upon personal data, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection, recording, organization, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, blocking, erasure or destruction;

(c) 'personal data filing system' ('filing system') shall mean any structured set of personal data which are accessible according to specific criteria, whether centralized, decentralized or dispersed on a functional or geographical basis;

(d) 'controller' shall mean the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data. Where the purposes and means of processing are determined by national or Community laws or regulations, the controller or the specific criteria for his nomination may be designated by a national or Community law;

(e) 'processor' shall mean the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which processes personal data on behalf of the controller;

(f) 'third party' shall mean the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body other than the data subject, the controller, the processor and the persons who, under the direct authority of the controller or the processor, are authorized to process the data;

(g) 'recipient' shall mean the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body to whom data are disclosed, whether a third party or not; however, authorities which may receive data in the framework of a particular inquiry shall not be regarded as recipients;

(h) 'the data subject's consent' shall mean any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed.

Article 3

Scope

1. This Directive shall apply to the processing of personal data wholly or partly by automatic means, and to the processing otherwise than by automatic means of personal data which form part of a filing system or are intended to form part of a filing system.

2. This Directive shall not apply to the processing of personal data:

- in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope of Community law, such as those provided for by Titles V and VI of the Treaty on European Union and in any case to processing operations concerning public security, defence, State security (including the economic well-being of the State) and the activities of the State in areas of criminal law,

- by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household activity.

Article 4

National law applicable

1. Each Member State shall apply the national provisions it adopts pursuant to this Directive to the processing of personal data where:

(a) the processing is carried out in the context of the activities of an establishment of the controller on the territory of the Member State; when the same controller is established on the territory of several Member States, he must take the necessary measures to ensure that each of these establishments complies with the obligations laid down by the national law applicable;

(b) the controller is not established on the Member State's territory, but in a place where its national law applies by virtue of international public law;

(c) the controller is not established on Community territory and, for purposes of processing personal data makes use of equipment, automated or otherwise, situated on the territory of the said Member State, unless such equipment is used only for purposes of transit through the territory of the Community.

2. In the circumstances referred to in paragraph 1 (c), the controller must designate a representative established in the territory of that Member State, without prejudice to legal actions which could be initiated against the controller himself.

CHAPTER II GENERAL RULES ON THE LAWFULNESS OF THE PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA

Article 5

Member States shall, within the limits of the provisions of this chapter, determine more precisely the conditions under which the processing of personal data is lawful.

Section I Principles relating to data quality

Article 6

1. Member States shall provide that personal data must be:

(a) processed fairly and lawfully;

(b) collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes and not further processed in a way incompatible with those purposes. Further processing of data for historical, statistical or scientific purposes shall not be considered as incompatible provided that Member States provide appropriate safeguards;

(c) adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they are collected and/or for which they are further processed;

(d) accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date; every reasonable step must be taken to ensure that data which are inaccurate or incomplete, having regard to the purposes for which they were collected or for which they are further processed, are erased or rectified;

(e) kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which the data were collected or for which they are further processed. Member States shall lay down appropriate safeguards for personal data stored for longer periods for historical, statistical or scientific use.

2. It shall be for the controller to ensure that paragraph 1 is complied with.

Section II Principles relating to the reasons for making data processing legitimate

Article 7

Member States shall provide that personal data may be processed only if:

(a) the data subject has given his consent unambiguously; or

(b) processing is necessary for the performance of a contract to which the data subject is party or in order to take steps at the request of the data subject prior to entering into a contract; or

(c) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject; or

(d) processing is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject; or

(e) processing is necessary for the performance of a task carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in the controller or in a third party to whom the data are disclosed; or

(f) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by the third party or parties to whom the data are disclosed, except where such interests are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection pursuant to Article 1 (1).

Section III Special categories of processing

Article 8

The processing of special categories of data

1. Member States shall prohibit the processing of personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, trade-union membership, and the processing of data concerning health or sex life.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where:

(a) the data subject has given his explicit consent to the processing of those data, except where the laws of the Member State provide that the prohibition referred to in paragraph 1 may not be waived by the data subject giving his consent; or

(b) processing is necessary for the purposes of carrying out the obligations and specific rights of the controller in the field of employment law in so far as it is authorized by national law providing for adequate safeguards; or

(c) processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject or of another person where the data subject is physically or legally incapable of giving his consent; or

(d) processing is carried out in the course of its legitimate activities with appropriate guarantees by a foundation, association or any other non-profit-seeking body with a political, philosophical, religious or trade-union aim and on condition that the processing relates solely to the members of the body or to persons who have regular contact with it in connection with its purposes and that the data are not disclosed to a third party without the consent of the data subjects; or

(e) the processing relates to data which are manifestly made public by the data subject or is necessary for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims.

3. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where processing of the data is required for the purposes of preventive medicine, medical diagnosis, the provision of care or treatment or the management of health-care services, and where those data are processed by a health professional subject under national law or rules established by national competent bodies to the obligation of professional secrecy or by another person also subject to an equivalent obligation of secrecy.

4. Subject to the provision of suitable safeguards, Member States may lay down for reasons of important public interest, exemptions in addition to those laid down in paragraph 2 either by national law or by decision of the supervisory authority.

5. Processing of data relating to offences, criminal convictions or security measures may be carried out only under the control of official authority, or if suitable specific safeguards are provided under national law, subject to derogations which may be granted by the Member State under national provisions providing suitable specific safeguards. However, a complete register of criminal convictions may be kept only under the control of official authority.

Member States may provide that data relating to administrative sanctions or civil trials shall also be processed under the control of official authority.

6. Derogations from paragraph 1 provided for in paragraphs 4 and 5 shall be notified to the Commission.

7. Member States shall determine the conditions under which a national identification number or any other identifier of general application may be processed.

Article 9

Processing of personal data and freedom of expression

Member States shall provide for exemptions or derogations from the provisions of this chapter, Chapter IV and Chapter VI for the processing of personal data carried out solely for journalistic purposes or the purpose of artistic or literary expression which prove necessary to reconcile the right to privacy with the rules governing freedom of expression.

Section IV Information to be given to the data subject

Article 10

Information in cases of collection of data from the data subject

Member States shall provide that the controller or his representative must provide a data subject from whom data relating to himself are collected with at least the following information, except where he already knows:

(a) the identity of the controller and of his representative, if any;

(b) the purposes of the processing for which the data are intended;

(c) any further information such as:

- the recipients or categories of recipients of the data,

- whether replies to the questions are obligatory or voluntary, as well as the possible consequences of the failure to reply,

- the existence of the right of access to and the right to rectify the data concerning him,

in so far as they are necessary, having regard to the specific circumstances in which the data are collected, to guarantee fair processing in respect of the data subject.

Article 11

Information where the data have not been obtained from the data subject

1. Where the data have not been obtained from the data subject, Member States shall provide that the controller or his representative must at the time of undertaking the recording of personal data or if a disclosure to a third party is envisaged, no later than the time when the data are first disclosed provide the data subject with at least the following information, except where he already knows:

(a) the identity of the controller and of his representative, if any;

(b) the purposes of the processing;

(c) any further information such as:

- the categories of data concerned,

- the recipients or categories of recipients,

- the existence of the right of access to and the right to rectify the data concerning him,

in so far as they are necessary, having regard to the specific circumstances in which the data are processed, to guarantee fair processing in respect of the data subject.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply where, in particular for processing for statistical purposes or for the purposes of historical or scientific research, the provision of information proves impossible or involves a disproportionate effort or if recording or disclosure is expressly laid down by law. In these cases Member States shall provide appropriate safeguards.

Section V The data subject's right of access to data

Article 12

Right of access

Member States shall guarantee for every data subject the right to obtain from the controller:

1. without constraint at reasonable intervals and without excessive delay or expense:

- confirmation as to whether or not data relating to him are processed and information at least as to the purposes of the processing, the categories of data concerned, and the recipients or categories of recipients to whom the data are disclosed,

- communication to him in an intelligible form of the data undergoing processing and of any available information as to their source,

- knowledge of the logic involved in any automatic processing of data concerning him at least in the case of the automated decisions referred to in Article 15 (1);

2. as appropriate the rectification, erasure or blocking of data, the processing of which does not comply with the provisions of this Directive, in particular because of the incomplete or inaccurate nature of the data;

3. notification to third parties to whom the data have been disclosed of any rectification, erasure or blocking carried out in compliance with paragraph 2, unless this proves impossible or involves a disproportionate effort.

Section VI Exemptions and restrictions

Article 13

Exemptions and restrictions

1. Member States may adopt legislative measures to restrict the scope of the obligations and rights provided for in Articles 6 (1), 10, 11 (1), 12 and 21 when such a restriction constitutes a necessary measure to safeguard:

(a) national security;

(b) defence;

(c) public security;

(d) the prevention, investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, or of breaches of ethics for regulated professions;

(e) an important economic or financial interest of a Member State or of the European Union, including monetary, budgetary and taxation matters;

(f) a monitoring, inspection or regulatory function connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority in cases referred to in (c), (d) and (e);

(g) the protection of the data subject or of the rights and freedoms of others.

2. Subject to adequate legal guarantees, in particular that the data are not used for taking measures or decisions regarding any particular individual data subject, Member States may restrict, by a legislative measure, the rights provided for in Article 12 when data are processed solely for purposes of scientific research or are kept in personal form for a period which does not exceed the period necessary for the sole purpose of creating statistics.

Section VII The data subject's right to object

Article 14

The data subject's right to object

Member States shall grant the data subject the right:

(a) at least in the cases referred to in Article 7 (e) and (f), to object at any time on compelling legitimate grounds relating to his particular situation to the processing of data relating to him, save where otherwise provided by national legislation. Where there is a justified objection, the processing instigated by the controller may no longer involve those data;

(b) to object, on request and free of charge, to the processing of personal data relating to him which the controller anticipates being processed for the purposes of direct marketing; or

to be informed before personal data are disclosed for the first time to third parties or used on their behalf for the purposes of direct marketing, and to be expressly offered the right to object free of charge to such disclosures or uses.

Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that data subjects are aware of the existence of the right referred to in the first subparagraph of (b).

Article 15

Automated individual decisions

1. Member States shall grant the right to every person not to be subject to a decision which produces legal effects concerning him or significantly affects him and which is based solely on automated processing of data intended to evaluate certain personal aspects relating to him, such as his performance at work, creditworthiness, reliability, conduct, etc.

2. Subject to the other Articles of this Directive, Member States shall provide that a person may be subjected to a decision of the kind referred to in paragraph 1 if that decision:

(a) is taken in the course of the entering into or performance of a contract, provided the request by the data subject has been satisfied, or that there are suitable measures to safeguard his legitimate interests, such as arrangements allowing him to defend his point of view; or

(b) is authorized by a law which also lays down measures to safeguard the data subject's legitimate interests.

Section VIII Confidentiality and security of processing

Article 16

Confidentiality of processing

Any person acting under the authority of the controller or of the processor, including the processor himself, who has access to personal data must not process them except on instructions from the controller, unless he is required to do so by law.

Article 17

Security of processing

1. Member States shall provide that the controller must implement appropriate technical and organizational measures to protect personal data against accidental or unlawful destruction or accidental loss and against unauthorized alteration, disclosure or access, in particular where the processing involves the transmission of data over a network, and against all other unlawful forms of processing.

Having regard to the state of the art and the costs of their implementation, such measures shall ensure a level of security appropriate to the risks represented by the processing and the nature of the data to be protected.

2. The Member States shall provide that the controller must, where processing is carried out on his behalf, choose a processor who provides sufficient guarantees in respect of the technical security measures and organizational measures governing the processing to be carried out and must ensure compliance with those measures.

3. The carrying out of processing by way of a processor must be governed by a contract or legal act binding the processor to the controller and stipulating in particular that:

- the processor shall act only on instructions from the controller,

- the obligations set out in paragraph 1, as defined by the law of the Member State in which the processor is established, shall also be incumbent on the processor.

4. For the purposes of keeping proof, the parts of the contract or the legal act relating to data protection and the requirements relating to the measures referred to in paragraph 1 shall be in writing or in another equivalent form.

Section IX Notification

Article 18

Obligation to notify the supervisory authority

1. Member States shall provide that the controller or his representative, if any, must notify the supervisory authority referred to in Article 28 before carrying out any wholly or partly automatic processing operation or set of such operations intended to serve a single purpose or several related purposes.

2. Member States may provide for the simplification of or exemption from notification only in the following cases and under the following conditions:

- where, for categories of processing operations which are unlikely, taking account of the data to be processed, to affect adversely the rights and freedoms of data subjects, they specify the purposes of the processing, the data or categories of data undergoing processing, the category or categories of data subject, the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the data are to be disclosed and the length of time the data are to be stored, and/or

- where the controller appoints, in compliance with the national law which governs him, a data protection official, responsible in particular:

- for ensuring in an independent manner the internal application of the national provisions taken pursuant to this Directive,

- for keeping the register of processing operations carried out by the controller, containing the items of information referred to in Article 21 (2),

thereby ensuring that the rights and freedoms of the data subjects are unlikely to be adversely affected by the processing operations.

3. Member States may provide that paragraph 1 does not apply to processing whose sole purpose is the keeping of a register, which according to laws or regulations is intended to provide information to the public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person demonstrating a legitimate interest.

4. Member States may provide for an exemption from the obligation to notify or a simplification of the notification in the case or processing operations referred to in Article 8 (2) (d).

5. Member States may stipulate that certain or all non-automatic processing operations involving personal data shall be notified, or provide for these processing operations to be subject to a simplified notification.

Article 19

Contents of notification

1. Member States shall specify the information to be given in the notification. It shall include at least:

(a) the name and address of the controller and of his representative, if any;

(b) the purpose or purposes of the processing;

(c) a description of the category or categories of data subject and of the data or categories of data relating to them;

(d) the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the data might be disclosed;

(e) proposed transfers of data to third countries;

(f) a general description allowing a preliminary assessment to be made of the appropriateness of the measures taken pursuant to Article 17 to ensure security of processing.

2. Member States shall specify the procedures under which any change affecting the information referred to in paragraph 1 must be notified to the supervisory authority.

Article 20

Prior checking

1. Member States shall determine the processing operations likely to present specific risks for the rights and freedoms of data subjects and shall check that these processing operations are examined prior to the start thereof.

2. Such prior checks shall be carried out by the supervisory authority following receipt of a notification from the controller or by the data protection official, who in cases of doubt must consult the supervisory authority.

3. Member States may also carry out such checks in the context of preparation of a measure decided on by the national parliament or based on such a decision, defining the nature of the processing operation and laying down appropriate safeguards.

Article 21

Publicizing of processing operations

1. Member States shall take measures to ensure that processing operations are publicized.

2. Member States shall provide that a register of processing operations notified in accordance with Article 18 shall be kept by the supervisory authority.

The register shall contain at least the information listed in Article 19 (1) (a) to (e).

The register may be inspected by any person.

3. Member States shall provide, in relation to processing operations not subject to notification, that controllers or another body appointed by the Member States make available at least the information referred to in Article 19 (1) (a) to (e) in an appropriate fashion to any person on request.

Member States may provide that this provision does not apply to processing whose sole purpose is the keeping of a register, which according to laws or regulations is intended to provide information to the public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person who can provide proof of a legitimate interest.

CHAPTER III JUDICIAL REMEDIES, LIABILITY AND PENALTIES

Article 22

Remedies

Without prejudice to any administrative remedy for which provision may be made, inter alia before the supervisory authority referred to in Article 28, prior to referral to the judicial authority, Member States shall provide for the right of every person to a judicial remedy for any breach of the rights guaranteed him by the national law applicable to the processing in question.

Article 23

Liability

1. Member States shall provide that any person who has suffered damage as a result of an unlawful processing operation or of any act incompatible with the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive is entitled to receive compensation from the controller for the damage suffered.

2. The controller may be exempted from this liability, in whole or in part, if he proves that he is not responsible for the event giving rise to the damage.

Article 24

Sanctions

The Member States shall adopt suitable measures to ensure the full implementation of the provisions of this Directive and shall in particular lay down the sanctions to be imposed in case of infringement of the provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive.

CHAPTER IV TRANSFER OF PERSONAL DATA TO THIRD COUNTRIES

Article 25

Principles

1. Member States shall provide that the transfer to a third country of personal data which are undergoing processing or are intended for processing after transfer may take place only if, without prejudice to compliance with the national provisions adopted pursuant to the other provisions of this Directive, the third country in question ensures an adequate level of protection.

2. The adequacy of the level of protection afforded by a third country shall be assessed in the light of all the circumstances surrounding a data transfer operation or set of data transfer operations; particular consideration shall be given to the nature of the data, the purpose and duration of the proposed processing operation or operations, the country of origin and country of final destination, the rules of law, both general and sectoral, in force in the third country in question and the professional rules and security measures which are complied with in those countries.

3. Member States and the Commission shall inform each other of cases where they consider that a third country does not ensure an adequate level of protection within the meaning of paragraph 2.

4. Where the Commission finds, under the procedure provided for in Article 31 (2), that a third country does not ensure an adequate level of protection within the meaning of paragraph 2 of this Article Member States shall take the measures necessary to prevent the transfer of data of the same type to the third country in question.

5. At the appropriate time, the Commission shall enter into negotiations with a view to remedying the situation resulting from the finding made pursuant to paragraph 4.

6. The Commission may find, in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 31 (2), that a third country ensures an adequate level of protection within the meaning of paragraph 2 of this Article, by reason of its domestic law or of the international commitments it has entered into, particularly upon conclusion of the negotiations referred to in paragraph 5, for the protection of the private lives and basic freedoms and rights of individuals.

Member States shall take the measures necessary to comply with the Commission's decision.

Article 26

Derogations

1. By way of derogation from Article 25 and save where otherwise provided by domestic law governing particular cases, Member States shall provide that a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country which does not ensure an adequate level of protection within the meaning of Article 25 (2) may take place on condition that:

1. the data subject has given his consent unambiguously to the proposed transfer; or

2. the transfer is necessary for the performance of a contract between the data subject and the controller or the implementation of precontractual measures taken in response to the data subject's request; or

3. the transfer is necessary for the conclusion or for the performance of a contract concluded in the interest of the data subject between the controller and a third party; or

4. the transfer is necessary on important public interest grounds, or for the establishment, exercise or defence of legal claims; or

5. the transfer is necessary in order to protect the vital interests of the data subject; or

6. the transfer is made from a register which according to laws or regulations is intended to provide information to the public and which is open to consultation either by the public in general or by any person who can demonstrate legitimate interest, to the extent that the conditions laid down in law for consultation are fulfilled in the particular case.

2. Without prejudice to paragraph 1, a Member State may authorize a transfer or a set of transfers of personal data to a third country which does not ensure an adequate level of protection within the meaning of Article 25 (2), where the controller adduces sufficient guarantees with respect to the protection of the privacy and fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals and as regards the exercise of the corresponding rights; such guarantees may in particular result from appropriate contractual clauses.

3. The Member State shall inform the Commission and the other Member States of the authorizations granted pursuant to paragraph 2.

If a Member State or the Commission objects on justified grounds involving the protection of the privacy and fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, the Commission shall take appropriate measures in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 31 (2).

Member States shall take the necessary measures to comply with the Commission's decision.

4. Where the Commission decides, in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 31 (2), that certain standard contractual clauses offer sufficient guarantees required by paragraph 2, Member States shall take the necessary measures to comply with the Commission's decision.

CHAPTER V CODES OF CONDUCT

Article 27

1. The Member States and the Commission shall encourage the drawing up of codes of conduct intended to contribute to the proper implementation of the national provisions adopted by the Member States pursuant to this Directive, taking account of the specific features of the various sectors.

2. Member States shall make provision for trade associations and other bodies representing other categories of controllers which have drawn up draft national codes or which have the intention of amending or extending existing national codes to be able to submit them to the opinion of the national authority.

Member States shall make provision for this authority to ascertain, among other things, whether the drafts submitted to it are in accordance with the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive. If it sees fit, the authority shall seek the views of data subjects or their representatives.

3. Draft Community codes, and amendments or extensions to existing Community codes, may be submitted to the working party referred to in Article 29. This working party shall determine, among other things, whether the drafts submitted to it are in accordance with the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive. If it sees fit, the authority shall seek the views of data subjects or their representatives. The Commission may ensure appropriate publicity for the codes which have been approved by the working party.

CHAPTER VI SUPERVISORY AUTHORITY AND WORKING PARTY ON THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS WITH REGARD TO THE PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA

Article 28

Supervisory authority

1. Each Member State shall provide that one or more public authorities are responsible for monitoring the application within its territory of the provisions adopted by the Member States pursuant to this Directive.

These authorities shall act with complete independence in exercising the functions entrusted to them.

2. Each Member State shall provide that the supervisory authorities are consulted when drawing up administrative measures or regulations relating to the protection of individuals' rights and freedoms with regard to the processing of personal data.

3. Each authority shall in particular be endowed with:

- investigative powers, such as powers of access to data forming the subject-matter of processing operations and powers to collect all the information necessary for the performance of its supervisory duties,

- effective powers of intervention, such as, for example, that of delivering opinions in accordance with Article 20, before processing operations are carried out and ensuring appropriate publication of such opinions, or that of ordering the blocking, erasure or destruction of data, or of imposing a temporary or definitive ban on processing, or that of warning or admonishing the controller or that of referring the matter to national parliaments or other political institutions,

- the power to engage in legal proceedings where the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive have been violated or to bring these violations to the attention of the judicial authorities.

Decisions by the supervisory authority which give rise to complaints may be appealed against through the courts.

4. Each supervisory authority shall hear claims lodged by any person, or by an association representing that person, concerning the protection of his rights and freedoms in regard to the processing of personal data. The person concerned shall be informed of the outcome of the claim.

Each supervisory authority shall, in particular, hear claims for checks on the lawfulness of data processing lodged by any person when the national provisions adopted pursuant to Article 13 of this Directive apply. The person shall at any rate be informed that a check has taken place.

5. Each supervisory authority shall draw up a report on its activities at regular intervals. The report shall be made public.

6. Each supervisory authority is competent, whatever the national law applicable to the processing in question, for exercising, on the territory of its own Member State, the powers attributed to it in accordance with paragraph 3. Each authority may be requested to exercise its powers by an authority of another Member State.

The supervisory authorities shall cooperate with one another to the extent necessary for the performance of their duties, in particular by exchanging all useful information.

7. Member States shall provide that the members and staff of the supervisory authority, even after their employment has ended, are to be subject to a duty of professional secrecy with regard to confidential information to which they have access.

Article 29

Working party on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data

1. A working party on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data, hereinafter referred to as 'the working party', is hereby set up.

It shall have advisory status and act independently.

2. The working party shall be composed of a representative of the supervisory authority or authorities designated by each Member State and of a representative of the authority or authorities established for Community institutions and bodies, and of a representative of the Commission.

Each member of the working party shall be designated by the institution, authority or authorities which he represents. Where a Member State designates more than one supervisory authority, they shall nominate a joint representative. The same shall apply for the authorities established for Community institutions and bodies.

3. The working party shall take decisions by a simple majority of the representatives of the supervisory authorities.

4. The working party shall elect its chairman. The chairman's term of office shall be two years. His appointment shall be renewable.

5. The working party's secretariat shall be provided by the Commission.

6. The working party shall adopt its own rules of procedure.

7. The working party shall consider items placed on its agenda by its chairman, either on his own initiative or at the request of a representative of the supervisory authorities or at the Commission's request.

Article 30

1. The working party shall:

(a) examine any question covering the application of the national measures adopted under this Directive in order to contribute to the uniform application of such measures;

(b) give the Commission an opinion on the level of protection in the Community and in third countries;

(c) advise the Commission on any proposed amendment of this Directive, on any additional or specific measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on any other proposed Community measures affecting such rights and freedoms;

(d) give an opinion on codes of conduct drawn up at Community level.

2. If the working party finds that divergences likely to affect the equivalence of protection for persons with regard to the processing of personal data in the Community are arising between the laws or practices of Member States, it shall inform the Commission accordingly.

3. The working party may, on its own initiative, make recommendations on all matters relating to the protection of persons with regard to the processing of personal data in the Community.

4. The working party's opinions and recommendations shall be forwarded to the Commission and to the committee referred to in Article 31.

5. The Commission shall inform the working party of the action it has taken in response to its opinions and recommendations. It shall do so in a report which shall also be forwarded to the European Parliament and the Council. The report shall be made public.

6. The working party shall draw up an annual report on the situation regarding the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data in the Community and in third countries, which it shall transmit to the Commission, the European Parliament and the Council. The report shall be made public.

CHAPTER VII COMMUNITY IMPLEMENTING MEASURES

Article 31

The committee

1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee composed of the representatives of the Member States and chaired by the representative of the Commission.

2. The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter.

The opinion shall be delivered by the majority laid down in Article 148 (2) of the Treaty. The votes of the representatives of the Member States within the committee shall be weighted in the manner set out in that Article. The chairman shall not vote.

The Commission shall adopt the measures envisaged if they are in accordance with the opinion of the committee.

If the measures envisaged are not in accordance with the opinion of the committee or if no opinion is delivered the Commission shall, without delay, submit to the Council a proposal relating to the measures to be taken. The Council shall act by a qualified majority.

If within three months of the referral to it the Council has not acted, the proposed measures shall be adopted by the Commission.

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 32

1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive at the latest at the end of a period of three years from the adoption of the Directive.

When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such reference shall be laid down by the Member States.

2. Member States shall ensure that processing already underway on the date the national provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive enter into force, is brought into conformity with these provisions within three years of this date.

By way of derogation from the preceding subparagraph, Member States may provide that the processing of data already held in manual filing systems on the date of entry into force of the national provisions adopted in implementation of this Directive shall be brought into conformity with Articles 6, 7 and 8 within 12 years of the date on which this Directive is adopted. Member States shall, however, grant the data subject the right to obtain, at his request and in particular at the time of exercising his right of access, the rectification, erasure or blocking of data which are incomplete, inaccurate or stored in a way incompatible with the legitimate purposes pursued by the controller.

3. By way of derogation from paragraph 2, Member States may provide, subject to suitable safeguards, that data kept for the sole purpose of historical research are not brought into conformity with Articles 6, 7 and 8 of this Directive.

4. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.

Article 33

The Commission shall report to the Council and the European Parliament at regular intervals, starting not later than three years after the date referred to in Article 32 (1), on the implementation of this Directive, attaching to its report, if necessary, suitable proposals for amendments. The report shall be made public.

The Commission shall examine, in particular, the application of this Directive to the data processing of sound and image data relating to natural persons and shall submit any appropriate proposals which prove to be necessary, taking account of developments in information technology and in the light of the state of progress in the information society.

Article 34

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Done at . . .

For the European Parliament

The President

For the Council

The President

(1) OJ No C 277, 5. 11. 1990, p. 3 and OJ No C 311, 27. 11. 1992, p. 38.

(2) OJ No C 159, 17. 6. 1991, p. 38.

(3) Opinion of the European Parliament of . . . (not yet published in the Official Journal), common position of the Council of . . . (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the European Parliament of . . . (not yet published in the Official Journal).

(4) OJ No L 197, 18. 7. 1987, p. 33.

STATEMENT OF THE COUNCIL'S REASONS

I. Introduction

On 18 July 1990 the Commission submitted a proposal for a Directive on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data; the proposal was based on Articles 100a and 113 of the Treaty.

The European Parliament delivered its opinion on first reading on 11 March 1992, suggesting a large number of amendments to the Commission proposal.

The Economic and Social Committee delivered its opinion on 24 April 1991.

In the light of those opinions the Commission submitted an amended proposal for a Directive on 15 October 1992.

On 20 February 1995 the Council adopted its common position in accordance with Article 189b (2) of the Treaty.

II. Objective

The proposal for a Directive forms part of the clear and stable legal framework which is essential for the information society to develop in a manner acceptable to the European citizen.

More specifically, it is designed to ensure that personal data can move freely throughout the Community, and to prevent the distortions of competition and risks of relocation of undertakings that might ensue by establishing an equivalent high level of protection for individuals in all Member States with regard to processing of such data.

This high level of protection will be achieved, on the one hand, by imposing obligations on the persons, public authorities, undertakings or associations which engage in processing under their own responsibility, and on the other hand, by establishing rights for the natural persons whose data is being processed.

The obligations on controllers will relate, amongst other things, to the quality of data, which must be used for specific and legitimate purposes; legitimate as regards the basis for the processing, which may include the consent of the data subjects, technical security to prevent unauthorized access, and notification of processing to the national supervisory authority.

The rights for natural persons will consist of the right to be informed, in various circumstances, when data relating to them is to be processed, to be able to find out what the data are and have them corrected if it should prove inaccurate, or to object to processing.

III. Analysis of the common position

A. General comments

The common position gives considerable weight to the concerns expressed by the European Parliament on first reading.

In particular, it takes on board a major amendment suggested by Parliament for abolition of the formal distinction between the rules governing the public and private sectors, requiring a complete restructuring of the text (amendments 7 to 29, 39 to 41, 118 and 119).

The common position also takes on board Parliament's idea of adopting a broad concept for implementing protection, covering the various uses to which data may be put. The concept of 'processing' has been adopted for this purpose. The concept 'filing system' will be used for manual data only from now on. The European Parliament felt that the concept 'filing system' was outdated and not relevant in the context of the development of computerization and telecommunications.

A number of amendments have also been made to clarify or simplify the text or to introduce a measure of flexibility which guarantees equivalent protection in the Member States but does not lead to any lowering in the level of protection; they allow the general principles to be applied in an efficient and non-bureaucratic way in keeping with the wide variety of ways in which personal data are processed.

It should further be pointed out that the Council and the Commission felt Article 100a was an adequate legal basis for the Directive, and so removed Article 113, which the Commission had also proposed as a legal basis in its amended proposal. The Council felt that Articles 25 and 26 of the Directive, which dealt with the transfer of personal data to third countries, did not pursue a trade policy objective as such; they were merely a corollary to the other Articles of the Directive of which they formed an integral part, in that they were designed to make the system 'water-tight' by avoiding any 'laxity' as regards the transfer of data to third countries.

B. Specific comments

1. European Parliament amendments taken into account in the common position

(i) Definitions (Article 2)

The data collection stage and the various forms of data transfer have been included in the definition of processing (amendments 10, 15, 16 and 34).

Personal data have been defined in greater detail (amendment 12).

Definitions of 'third party' and 'processor' have been included (amendments 18 and 134).

(ii) Principles relating to data quality (Article 6)

An exception to the principle of maximum data storage time, depending on the purpose of processing, has been introduced for data stored for historical, statistical or scientific purposes (amendment 60).

The purpose for which data are to be collected must be known before they are collected (amendment 59).

(iii) Special categories of processing (Article 8)

The processing of personal data by non-profit-seeking associations with a political, philosophical, religious or trade-union aim will be given a special exemption where it relates to sensitive data on their members which ought otherwise to be banned (amendment 149).

The European Parliament's desire for more flexibility in respect of data processing relating to offences and criminal convictions, etc. is covered by the existing text (amendment 65).

(iv) Rights of data subjects (Articles 10, 11 and 22)

The rights of data subjects have been strengthened and clarified, in particular:

- the right to information has been extended to the source of the data and to the logic underlining certain automatic processing operations (amendments 46 and 48),

- the right of access must be able to be exercised without any constraint from third parties (amendment 132),

- the right to object may be exercised at any time, particularly in respect of processing for marketing purposes (amendments 30 and 145),

- the opportunities for appeal to be provided by Member States have been extended to all the rights guaranteed by the Directive; in this context it should be noted that the European Parliament's requirement that sanctions should also be applied to persons responsible in the public sector has been included in recital 55 (amendments 52 and 77).

(v) Notification of processing and prior checking by the supervisory authority (Articles 18, 19 and 20)

In order to meet the concern for less bureaucracy and more efficiency, the notification procedure has been made more selective; Member States have been allowed to provide for exemptions from the obligation to notify or for simplification of the notification, particularly where processing is not such as to prejudice the rights and freedoms of data subjects or where processing is carried out by a political, philosophical, religious or trade-union association (amendment 149). In practice, a whole series of processing operations may be eligible for these exemptions or simplifications (in particular those referred to by the European Parliament in its amendment 23).

In addition, the principle that processing operations involving specific risks for the rights and freedoms of the individual should be checked beforehand by the supervisory authority has been taken on board; examples of such operations, referred to by the European Parliament, are given in the recitals, for guidance (amendments 40, 42, 118 and 119).

This approach should enable Member States to adjust procedures to special national characteristics which are inevitably linked to the many and varied practices and differences in the development of data processing.

Public inspection of the register of processing operations notified, kept by the supervisory authority, has been adopted (amendments 37 and 39).

(vi) Codes of conduct (Article 27)

The drawing up of codes of conduct at both national and European levels is encouraged with a view to implementation of the principles of the Directive in a manner geared to the specific features of the various sectors; in addition, the supervisory authorities, the working party on the protection of individuals referred to in Article 29 and the data subjects or their representative may be involved in drawing up these codes (amendments 72 and 91).

(vii) Supervisory authorities (Article 28)

Each Member State must provide for one or more supervisory authorities, in particular to take account of the federal structure of certain Member States, to be responsible for monitoring the application of the provisions adopted pursuant to the Directive (amendment 84). The powers of the supervisory authority may include ordering the blocking, erasure or destruction of data or imposing a ban on processing (amendment 86). Supervisory authorities must publish their regular reports (amendment 87).

(viii) Working party on the protection of individuals (Article 29)

The following tasks, proposed by the European Parliament, have been taken on board:

- opinion on the application of the national measures adopted under the Directive,

- opinion on the level of protection in the Community and in third countries and on measures to safeguard the rights and freedoms of individuals,

- possibility of issuing opinions on its own initiative.

The Commission is to draw up and publish a report to inform the working party of the action it has taken on its opinions; this report is also to be forwarded to the European Parliament and the Council (amendments 90, 91 and 92).

(ix) Final provisions (Article 36)

The report which the Commission regularly sends to the Council and the European Parliament must be published (amendment 95).

2. Other amendments to the proposal made in the Council's common position

(i) Definitions (Article 2)

A definition of the recipient, which is useful for ensuring the transparency of processing as regards data subjects has been included.

(ii) Data in manual filing systems (Articles 2 and 33)

To pave the way for implementation of the Directive in Member States which have not so far covered manual filing systems, a transitional period of 12 years has been provided to allow application of some of the provisions of the Directive.

(iii) National law applicable (Article 4)

The Council confirmed the usual internal market criterion proposed by the Commission: that of the place of establishment of the controller. It also made some useful clarifications to the concept of the establishment of the controller (recital 19), to the security obligations of the processor in Article 17, and to the powers of the supervisory authorities as regards processing operations carried out on their territories in Article 28.

(iv) Processing of sensitive data (Article 8)

Exceptions to the ban on data revealing racial or ethnic origin or opinions and data concerning health or sex life have been added to cover properly substantiated needs, mainly in the medical or employment fields, subject to suitable safeguards.

Exemptions laid down for reasons of important public interest and exemptions from the rules governing the processing of criminal data must be notified to the Commission.

(v) Freedom of expression (Article 9)

The Council has confirmed the Commission's approach of including processing for journalistic purposes in the scope of the Directive; there will be special arrangements for such processing and also for processing carried out for the purpose of artistic or literary expression in order to reconcile the right to privacy with the right to freedom of expression necessary in this area. These arrangements will be implemented by the Member States.

(vi) Processing for statistical, historical or scientific purposes

While keeping the 'framework' character of the Directive, the Council has added useful clarification to the exemption to the maximum data storage time introduced for data for statistical, historical or scientific use (Article 6 (1) (e)), in particular in Article 6 (1) (b) on the compatibility of processing operations for these purposes with those of data collected for other purposes and in Article 11 on the provision of information to individuals. The scope to the optional exemption from the right of access to data processed for these purposes has been extended (Article 13 (2)).

(vii) Transparency of processing (Articles 10, 11 and 21)

Obligations relating to the provision of information to data subjects on the processing of data relating to them have been made more flexible to cater for the multiplicity of circumstances in which such processing may be carried out (Articles 10 and 11). In addition, the obligation on Member States to ensure that any person is entitled to know of the existence of such processing, provided for in former Article 10 of the amended proposal, has been incorporated in Article 21 in the form of an obligation to ensure that processing operations are publicised.

(viii) Exemptions and restrictions (Article 13, formerly 14)

The exemptions and restrictions provided for in the Articles on obligations to provide information and on transparency of processing (formerly Articles 11, 12 and 21; new Articles 10, 11 and 21), which referred to Article 14, which was originally reserved for exemptions to the right of access, have been inserted in this former Article.

The scope of the exemptions and restrictions to preserve the interests referred to in this Article has been extended to the principle of the purpose of the processing, laid down in Article 6.

It has also been specified that exemptions and restrictions must be adopted by legislative measures.

The compensatory measure of checking by the supervisory authority, at the data subject's request, where right of access has been restricted, has been incorporated into Article 28.

(ix) Security of processing (Articles 16 and 17)

The provisions on confidentiality have been put into a separate Article (Article 16); the drafting of those on security affecting both the controller and the processor (Article 17) has been simplified. The consideration of the costs of the measures to be taken has been reintroduced, while maintaining the criterion of risk for assessing the suitability of the measures taken.

(x) Notification and prior checking (Articles 18, 19 and 20)

In addition to the exemptions from notification for categories of processing operations which are unlikely to affect adversely the rights and freedoms of data subjects (Commission proposal), provision is made for derogations where a data protecion official has been appointed to carry out the tasks described and thus to ensure that the processing operations are unlikely adversely to affect data subjects' rights and freedoms.

Prior checking of processing operations potentially involving specific risks for data subjects' rights and freedoms may be carried out either by the supervisory authority (Commission proposal) or by the data protection official in collaboration with the supervisory authority. In accordance with their national laws, supervisory authorities may issue an opinion or grant authorization after the prior check.

These rules on notification and checking represent a compromise in that they ensure parity between two types of procedure, both of which have been tested in the Member States.

(xi) Third countries (Articles 25 and 26)

The Council has confirmed the general approach proposed by the Commission, viz. the principle that there must be an adequate level of protection in third countries, with Member States ensuring that that principle is adhered to. However, provisions have been included to ensure that Community policy in this area is uniformly implemented. The Council has spelled out the aspects to be taken into consideration in assessing the level of protection and with regard to derogations.

(xii) Supervisory authorities (Article 28)

Provision is made for the supervisory authorities to be consulted systematically when national administrative measures or regulations are being drawn up. The supervisory authorities' powers of intervention are described in indicative fashion only, so as to allow Member States the requisite leeway in this area. Lastly, the provision regarding cooperation between the supervisory authorities on cross-border data flows has been made more detailed.

(xiii) Committee (Article 31)

With regard to the transfer of data to third countries, requiring implementing powers to be conferred on the Commission, the Council adopted procedure III (a) pursuant to Article 2 of Decision 87/373/EEC of 13 July 1987.

(xiv) Final provisions (Articles 32 and 33)

Apart from laying down the transitional measures referred to earlier for bringing manual files into conformity, it seemed necessary to extend the time limit for transposing the Directive into national law to three years from the date of adoption of the Directive.

In order to take account of developments in technology, in particular in the context of the state of progress of the information society, the Commission, in its regular report, is to examine inter alia the application of the Directive to the processing of personal data in sound and image form.