COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
C0M(92) 152 final 
Brussels, 14 April 1992 
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL 
The oil market and the refining Industry In the Community 
recent developments and prospects 
The oil market and the refining industry In the Community: 
recent developments and prospects 
(Communication from the Commission 
to the CounciI) 
Contents: page 
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 
A. I nt roduct I on and cone I us I ons I 
B. The international context Iv 
C. The Community context (completion of the iv 
Internal market, environmental protection and 
security of energy supply) 
D. The oil market and the refining Industry In vll 
the Community (recent developments and 
out look to 2000) 
SECTORIAL ANALYSIS 
A. WORLD SITUATION 3 
Markets & Refining 
Gulf CrIs is 
World Outlook 
B . COMMUN ITY S I TUAT I ON 8 
B1 Internal Market 8 
B2 Env I ronment 11 
Community Initiatives 
- Industry Initiatives 
B3 Market Developments 19 
Energy and Oil Outlook to 2000 
Crude OiI Supplles 
Trade in Products 
Integration of Eastern Germany 
B4 Ref i n i ng 27 
Trends in Capacity and Utilization 
Profitability 
B5 Industry Structure 32 
ANNEXES 35 
A*> 

The oil market and the refining industry in the Community 
recent developments and prospects 
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 
A. Introduction and conclusions 
1. This paper, with an accompanying analytical report, has been 
prepared following consultations with the Member States and 
representatives of the oil industry in the Community. It is one of 
a series of reports by the Commission to the Council on the recent 
developments In and the outlook for the oil market and the refining 
industry In the Community, the last of which was drawn up in 1988 
(C0M(88) 491). 
2. It summarizes the main findings to emerge from the analysis of the 
oil and refining Industries and sets out the resulting policy 
guidelines for Community action. 
3. The paper Is intended to serve as a basis for a pol icy debate 
within the Council. Clarification of the objectives In this key 
area of energy supply will undoubtedly make a valuable contribution 
to the wider debate on new energy policy guidelines for the 
Community which has already begun within the Commission. 
4. The conclusions drawn by the Commission from Its analysis of the 
energy and environmental Issues Involved are explained In this 
paper. 
5. Based on a "business as usual" projection, It is estimated that oil 
will continue to account for a major share - of the order of 45% -
of the Community's energy consumption up to 2000, a percentage 
which is higher than the 1995 target approved by the Council in 
1986. However, the Commission has proposed a number of measures and 
will propose others which, when adopted, will have the effect of 
reducing the Community's potential consumption of fossil fuels and 
help limit the level of CO2 emissions. 
6. Given this state of affairs, the challenge facing the Community is 
how to manage the situation successfully. To do this it will have 
to set itself three objectives, namely: 
to step up its efforts with regard to the management of energy 
consumption, and particularly oil consumption, in conjunction 
with the other main oil-consuming countries; 
-II-
to pursue an internal oil strategy, comprising crisis 
mechanisms and security stocks (In liaison with the IEA), 
coupled with an external strategy of cooperation with the oil-
producing countries including developing secure supplies, where 
appropriate, through agreements with them on hydrocarbon 
developments and supply; 
to achieve an efficient and competitive oil industry and a 
refining capacity enabling It to cope with unforeseen market 
imbalances. 
The main measures to be deployed in order to attain these three 
objectives are set out below. 
7. Measures related to the management of consumption should focus on 
avoiding the use of oil in power stations wherever possible, In 
keeping with Community legislation; 
stronger Incentives for energy saving (regulations, tax 
measures, subsidies, technology) by putting forward proposals, 
where necessary, for action In non-energy sectors which have a 
direct Impact on energy (e.g. transport). 
These measures can be taken either at Community or at national 
level (examples: the Thermie and SAVE programmes, Insulation 
standards, tax abatements and subsidies), consistent with the 
principle of subsidiarity. 
8. The Internal and external oil strategy consists in: 
Improving crisis mechanisms: in this regard, the Community's 
accession to the IEA will Increase our ability to react to 
events. Discussions are also under way on Improving the 
security stock arrangements Introduced in 1968 and, lastly, a 
debate has been initiated on how to ensure greater oil market 
stabiIity; 
strengthening the political framework of the cooperation 
strategy, particularly through efforts to promote producer-
consumer dialogue, such as the technical discussions held by 
the IEA on 24-26 February 1992, closer ties with the GCC and 
the Implementation of the European Energy Charter; 
welcoming the new forms of cooperation within the Industry via 
cross-Investment in exploration and production on the one side 
and in refining and distribution on the other; 
pressing ahead with the liberalization of the international oil 
trade and improving the operation of the world market, under 
the terms of the agreements reached within the IEA. 
III-
9. As regards the efficiency and competitiveness of the oil industry 
in the Community, it should be noted that so far the Industry 
itself has been able to develop the necessary technologies (e.g. 
conversion) and mobilize the investment required to keep pace with 
the changing structure of demand. Given the need for adequate 
production capacity and the scale of the investment that will be 
required In order, among other things, to comply with environmental 
regulations, if the Community wishes to maintain the 
competitiveness of this strategic industry It will have to 
promote better forecasting of trends In demand for oil 
products; 
strengthen the global approach to environmental Issues and 
continue to develop and employ more sophisticated methods of 
analysing the cost/benefit of proposed measures; 
improve the predictability of planned measures and phase them 
in so that the Industry can optimize the programming of the 
necessary Investment; these concerns, already taken Into 
account In the formulation of the Community strategy to limit 
CO2 emissions, will apply equally to the measures which need 
to be taken to Implement It, given the uncertainties that they 
would bring to demand and therefore investment needs; 
examine, in due course, the scope for Incorporating refining 
technology in the Community programme for the development of 
energy technologies (Thermie); 
involve the oil industry as far as possible and at the most 
appropriate time In the preparation of measures which affect 
It. 
10. The Commission will continue to hold regular talks with the Member 
States and the oil industry with the aim of Identifying, where 
necessary, Community measures which would: 
help maintain a proper balance on the oil market and in the 
refining industry in the Community wherever measures taken at 
Community level would be more effective, or which 
might prove necessary In order to guarantee the free movement 
of oil products on the Internal market, given the differences 
In the Indirect taxation arrangements for petroleum products 
from one Member State to another. The harmonization of excise 
duties must therefore remain an objective to be pursued. 
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B. The Internationa I context 
11. The main trends In the world oil situation are: 
- the increase in world demand for oil from 1985 to 1990 after 
falling during the period 1980-85; 
the fall in production In the main oI I-consumIng countries 
between 1985 and 1990, after the Increase during the period 
1980-85; 
OPEC's rising share of oil production from 1985 compared with 
the period 1980-85, when there was a rapid decline In OPEC 
production levels. 
These trends look set to continue to the end of this decade and 
world demand for oil could therefore be up by 5 to 10 million 
barrels per day by 2000; these additional quantities would have to 
come chiefly from the OPEC countries. 
12. Prices in the first half of the 1980s reflected the Impact of the 
increases in 1979, while the second half of the decade was 
characterized by much lower prices following the spectacular 
collapse in 1986, combined with ample supplies. 
The Gulf crisis saw price escalation combined with extreme 
volatility due to fears of a major disruption of supply, which were 
more or less Intense at different stages of the crisis, with the 
exception of certain short-lived regional imbalances supply and 
demand were for the most part In equilibrium. However, prices soon 
returned to their pre-crisis levels once these fears had subsided. 
13. The growth in demand also stimulated refining activity in the world 
during the second half of the 1980s, mitigating the problems of 
overcapacity and, In some countries, removing them altogether. 
C. The Community context 
Completing the Internal market 
14. The oil and petroleum products market is intrinsically competitive 
and therefore the completion of the internal market is unlikely to 
result in any major changes to the existing rules. 
However, a number of measures have been initiated under the general 
heading of the internal market (public contracts, standardization 
and approximation of Indirect taxation) or with specific reference 
to oil (bringing oil within the common commercial policy and 
looking at ways of Improving transparency and removing 
discrimination in the field of hydrocarbons exploration and 
product ion). 
- V -
15. The approach adopted on standardization and on the approximation of 
Indirect taxation enables the Member States to set more stringent 
environmental protection standards and higher taxes. The Commission 
will put forward further proposals if freedom of movement is being 
restricted or If it becomes apparent that differences in standards 
or tax arrangements are affecting the functioning of the Internal 
market. 
16. Previous or planned developments relating to the completion of the 
internal market are, by and large, unlikely to have a major impact 
on the demand for oil In the Community. 
Environmental protection 
17. The generally growing concern in our society about environmental 
issues Is acknowledged by and has major repercussions on the oil 
sector and refining activity; areas of concern include the 
production and transport of oil, the siting of refineries and the 
purity of oil products placed on the market. These issues were set 
out for the first time In a global way through the Commission 
Communication to Council on Energy and the Environment [COM (89) 
369 final of 8 February 1990]. 
18. AI I of these concerns have placed and will continue to place an 
Increasingly heavy burden on the oil Industry In general and on the 
refining Industry in particular, notably In the form of investment 
in refinery production. In the recent talks the Industry urged the 
Commission to give earlier notice of planned measures relating to 
the environment In view of the considerable cost of the Investment 
and the time needed to put it In place. The Industry also raised 
the matter of the cost-effectiveness of certain environmental 
measures. The Commission's recent adoption of the Community's Fifth 
Environmental Action Programme helps create a framework for medium 
and long term planning for industry. 
19. On top of these traditional concerns there is a further issue which 
has a global impact, namely the greenhouse effect caused by 
emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. 
The Community Is committed to stabilizing C02 emissions at their 
1990 levels by 2000. The Commission has recently suggested the 
introduction of a combined energy/C02 tax as a possible part of a 
global strategy. Other measures may also be considered, such as 
energy saving or restrictions on the use of certain fossil fuels 
and measures to encourage the use of renewable energy sources. 
It is difficult to gauge at this point in time what Impact the 
strategy of controlling CO2 emissions will have on the 
consumption of the various energy sources. The Commission will be 
contributing to this debate during 1992. 
- vl -
Security of energy SUDD Iv 
20. The oil crises of the 1970s demonstrated the vulnerability of the 
Community's energy supply and Its structural dependence on Imports 
from third countries, which account for over two-thirds of Its oil 
consumption. The energy policy the Community has pursued since then 
has focused on the diversification of energy supplies, with a view 
to striking a better balance between the energy products consumed 
and between the various countries from which they are obtained. 
In parallel with this diversification, the Community and the other 
o11-consumIng countries have created mandatory reserve stocks of 
oil and set up machinery for mutual assistance and crisis 
management, coordinated within the IEA. Certain measures were 
adopted under this mechanism during the recent Gulf crisis which 
helped to calm the market. 
21. In addition the Community supports the policy of cooperation with 
the oil-producing countries, as exemplified by the seminar co-
sponsored by France and Venezuela on 1 and 2 July 1991 In Paris, 
the signing of the European Energy Charter on 16 December 1991 In 
The Hague and the technical discussions between producer and 
consumer countries organized by the IEA on 24-26 February 1992. 
Against this backdrop the Commission is continuing Its negotiations 
for the conclusion of a free trade agreement with the countries of 
the GCC. 
This policy of cooperation is matched by cross-Investment activity 
by the industry, both upstream and downstream, In the oil-producing 
and consuming countries, which Is intended to help improve the 
operations of the international oil market. 
22. Blomass fuels (I.e. substitute fuels produced from surplus 
agricultural crops) also have a contribution to make, albeit 
limited in terms of relative value, to the diversification of 
supply. Moreover, blofuels are a renewable energy source which Is 
neutral In terms of Its impact on C02 emission levels 
(recyclIng). 
The Commission recently adopted a communication on the tax 
arrangements applicable to blofuels, proposing very substantial tax 
incentives to promote their production. 
- vl i -
D. The oil market and the refining industry In the Community 
Recent developments 
23. Demand for oil has tended to reflect the trends on the world 
market, that Is to say declining during the period 1980-85 and 
picking up again subsequently, although oil consumption In the 
Community In 1990 (530 million tonnes) was lower than In 1980. 
Trends In the various oil consumption sectors show a significant 
fall In the consumption of heavy fuel oil in industry and In 
electricity generation and a strong and fairly sustained increase 
In the consumption of fuel for transport. 
24. Markets were tested through the Gulf crisis and were found to have 
worked efficiently (by absorbing price shifts), aided by new and 
improved trading practices. The IEA Ministerial meeting of June 
1991 concluded that the unimpeded pass through of oil price changes 
played an important role In reducing overall demand and averting 
any sustained imbalance in the supply of products. 
25. Average prices of crude Imported Into the Community have mirrored 
the fluctuations of world prices. 
Consumer prices of oil products reflect the fluctuations on the 
European free markets. There are still significant differences 
nonetheless, which are mainly due to the market structures and the 
rates of tax applied by the Individual Member States. 
26. As regards the origin of crude oil supplies, the 1980s saw a 
favourable trend In terms of the diversification of the Community's 
supply, with Imports from OPEC down to 50% of the total supply in 
1990 (from 75% In 1980). 
Attention should also be drawn to the even spread of supplies among 
the various exporting countries, with none of the main suppliers 
(Saudi Arabia, Iran and Libya) accounting for more than 10% of 
total supplies in 1990. 
27. Net Imports of finished petroleum products (from third countries) 
stabilized at a low level, representing about 3% of demand. 
Worries about massive imports of finished products into the 
Community from refineries In the oil-producing countries did not 
materialize, bearing out the Commission's assessment in previous 
analyses that an open Community market should be maintained. 
- vlI I -
28. As far as the refining industry In the Community is concerned, 
primary distillation capacity fell steadily between January 1980 
and January 1990, although the bulk of closures occurred before 
1986. A number of plants were upgraded or brought back on stream 
during 1990, which resulted in a slight increase In capacity. At 
the beginning of 1991, making allowance for the additional capacity 
in the former German Democratic Republic, primary capacity In the 
Community was of the order of 600 million tonnes per annum. 
There was also considerable growth In conversion capacity as fuel 
oil consumption in the Community declined; conversion capacity was 
equivalent to 27% of primary capacity In 1990. 
Utilization rates showed a gradual improvement, with the Community 
average exceeding 80% in 1990; in some Member States the industry 
Is operating close to maximum capacity. 
Refining activity, which was highly unprofitable In the first half 
of the 1980s, has started to become profitable again In recent 
years as the utilization of available capacity has improved. 
outlook to 2000 
29. According to the evaluation of the trend In demand on the basis of 
the 'business as usual' scenario the growth In the Community's oil 
consumption Is expected to continue, but at a more moderate pace 
(under 1% a year) than during the period 1985-90. This estimate of 
demand makes allowance for an anticipated significant increase in 
the former German Democratic Republic's consumption of oil due to 
the move away from lignite for certain applications. 
30. The scenario for the refining industry In the Community Indicates 
that the situation In 2000 will be very similar to that of 1990. 
However, this argument is based on the assumption that most of the 
existing refining capacity in the eastern part of Germany will be 
maintained and/or brought back on stream and that the refinery 
plant will be upgraded to bring it up to the Community average. 
31. If demand in the Community were to grow faster, this would raise 
the question of a certain amount of growth in primary capacity, but 
the answer to that question will depend on developments in the 
refining Industry throughout the continent of Europe, taking Into 
account the agreement on the EEA and closer relations with the 
countries of central and eastern Europe and the CIS, as well as the 
scope for Importing finished products from producer countries in 
North Africa or further afield. 
- ix -
32. In view of the continued lightening of the barrel in the Community, 
the Industry will be required to continue to build up Its 
conversion capacity, while pursuing its efforts to adapt In order 
to produce products to more stringent quality and purity standards. 
This will oblige Industry to Invest heavily in plant, mainly for 
the production of lead-free petrol, which is enjoying a rapid 
increase In consumption, and low-sulphur gas oils and fuel oils. 
In addition to this Investment In Improved product quality, there 
Is also the Investment that will be needed in order to limit 
emissions at every stage of the manufacturing and marketing 
process. 

SECTORIAL ANALYSIS 
THE OIL MARKET AND THE REFINING INDUSTRY IN THE COMMUNITY: 
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND PROSPECTS 
IntroductIon 
In the course of the 1980's, the Commission has periodically reported 
to Council on the oil market and refining industry [COM(88) 491, 
C0M(86) 263, COM(85) 32]. Since Its last report (1988), the world oil 
market has continued to mature (there being more market-related 
pricing), supply and demand have expanded and it has been tested by a 
period of instability during the Gulf conflict. Over the same period, 
the Community has pursued the goal of creating a single market and 
developing further its environmental legislation. These developments 
have had an important bearing on the Community's oil and product 
markets and are the issues addressed in this technical report. 
In the preparation of this report, consultations were held with 
selected oil companies, the Community's Petroleum Industry Association 
(EUROPIA) and Member State experts. 
The report is structured as follows: 
A. WORLD SITUATION 
Markets & Refining 
Gulf CrIs is 
World Outlook 
B. COMMUNITY SITUATION 
B1 Internal Market 
B2 Environment 
- Community Initiatives 
Industry Initiatives 
B3 Market Developments 
Energy and ON Outlook to 2000 
Crude OiI Supplles 
Trade In Products 
Integration of Eastern Germany 
B4 Refining 
Trends in Capacity and Utilization 
ProfitablIity 
B5 Industry Structure 
AÏ 
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A. WORLD SITUATION 
Markets and Refining 
World demand for crude oil which had grown steadily since 1983 
continued to rise between 1988 and 1989 (up 1.7%) and then stagnated in 
1990 at 65.9 millions of barrels per day (mbd). The USA remains the 
world's largest consumer though Its proportion of total world demand 
has fallen from around 30% In the 1970's to 26% In recent years. Demand 
in Asia and the Pacific excluding Japan together with Africa grew from 
below 11% of the world total to almost 15% over the same period. 
Demand in the USSR and Eastern Europe has been in slow but relatively 
steady decline since 1980 and their combined share of world demand has 
been in marked decline since 1982 (20%) to slightly over 15% in 1990. 
Demand In the Community has remained steady at a little over 11 mbd 
(about 17 % of world demand) since 1988. 
World supply of crude oil grew from 64.7 mbd In 1988 to 66.9 mbd in 
1990. OPEC's volume increased from 21.7 mbd to 25.1 mbd over the same 
period increasing its share of world production from 34% to almost 38% 
though still a long way from Its historic maximum share of 54% in 1973. 
The Middle East registered the largest increase, though production also 
grew in Latin America. US production, since Its peak In 1985, continued 
to decline in 1988, 1989 and 1990 and is now estimated at 9.0 mbd. In 
the USSR where production reached a high of 12.6 mbd In 1988, output 
fell substantially In the two consecutive years to 11.5 mbd In 1990. 
Community production has fallen from over 3.1 mbd In 1985 to 2.4 mbd In 
1990. (See Table I.) 
In the period from 1988 up to the Invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces in 
August 1990, prices oscillated around $16/bbl (barrel) within a $3 
margin. Reaching around $40 In September/October 1990, prices were 
back at the end of 1991 around their pre-Gulf Crisis level I.e. around 
$18-19/bbl. 
There remain wide regional variations In the pattern of oil product 
consumption. Petrol represents between 40% and 45% of total product 
consumption in the USA, whereas this proportion is only 21% and 25% in 
Japan and Europe, respectively. Conversely, middle distillates, 
consisting of jet and heating kerosenes and gas and diesel oils, 
remain the largest product group in Europe and Japan (at 40% and 35%, 
respectively). The steady decline In the overall consumption in fuel 
oil (to 1987) was halted and reversed most notably In Japan where more 
than expected quantities were used to generate electricity In 1988 and 
1989. 
3-
Table 1 
World ON SUDDIV and Demand Balance 
(In mbd) 
DEMAND 
OECD 
USA 
Japan 
Europe 12* 
SUEE** 
USSR 
China 
Other Dev.Countrles 
TOTAL WORLD DEMAND 
SUPPLY 
OECD 
USA 
Europe 12* 
SUEE** 
USSR 
China 
Other Dev.Countrles 
of which OPEC*** 
Processing gains 
TOTAL WORLD SUPPLY 
Stock Changes and 
m I see 11aneous 1980 
39.0 
17.5 
5.0 
12.1 
10.9 
8.9 
1.8 
11.0 
62.7 
15.0 
10.2 
1.9 
12.6 
12.1 
2.1 
33.4 
27.6 
0.8 
63.9 
1.2 1985 
34.7 
16.0 
4.4 
10.5 
10.8 
9.0 
1.9 
12.7 
60.1 
17.1 
10.5 
3.1 
12.4 
12.0 
2.5 
26.1 
17.6 
1 .1 
59.2 
-0.9 1988 
37.5 
17.5 
4.8 
11.1 
10.8 
8.9 
2.2 
14.3 
64.8 
16.7 
9.8 
2.9 
13.0 
12.6 
2.7 
31 .0 
21 .7 
1.3 
64.7 
-0.1 1989 
37.8 
17.5 
5.0 
11 .1 
10.6 
8.8 
2.4 
15.1 
65.9 
15.9 
9.2 
2.4 
12.7 
12.3 
2.8 
33.2 
23.7 
1.3 
65.9 
0.0 1990 
37.9 
17.2 
5.2 
11 .2 
10.0 
8.4 
2.3 
15.7 
65.9 
15.9 
9.0 
2.4 
11.8 
11.5 
2.8 
35.1 
25.1 
1.3 
66.9 
1.0 
* ex-GDR data included 
** Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 
*** Crude + NGL 
Sources : OECD Statistics and Eurostat 
4-
World refinery capacity, which had grown steadily and strongly through 
the 1970*s (about 7% per annum) to almost 81 mbd In 1981 was forced 
Into a period of rationalisation In the 1980's as expectations in the 
growth of petroleum demand were not realised. The capacity cutback in 
the first half of the 1980's was particularly acute In the Community (-
38%) though was also significant in Japan, the US and Latin America. In 
the Community the rate of capacity reduction slowed In the second half 
of the 1980's. In the Middle East and South East Asia additional 
capacity was brought on stream. (See Annex A8) 
Throughput followed a similar but by no means Identical pattern to 
capacity over the same period in that It increased through the 1970's 
and fell or stabilised through the 1980's. Asia, Africa and the Middle 
East all witnessed increased throughput in response to either growing 
domestic demand (Asia and Africa) or export demand (Middle East). 
Utilisation rates have risen markedly in all OECD areas and are now 
above 85%. (Table 2) 
Conversion capacity (measured in Fluidised Catalytic Cracking 
equivalent) has continued to Increase through the decade reaching 20.62 
mbd in 1990. Capacity in North America, which represents more than half 
the world's total conversion capacity (excluding former centrally 
planned economies), expanded by 1.2 mbd representing over 40% of the 
world's growth in the second half of the 1980's. Europe, for Its part 
represents under 20% of the world's conversion capacity. (See Annex A8) 
The Gulf Crisis 
The Summer of 1990 witnessed the fifth postwar oil crisis (other crises 
Include (I) the Suez crisis 1956, (II) the six day war 1967, (III) the 
Yom Klppur war 1973, (IV) the Iranian Revolution, followed by the 
opening of the Iran-Iraq war 1979-1981). The Invasion of Kuwait by 
Iraqi forces on 2 August 1990 very quickly shut off over 4 mbd of oil 
to the rest of the world (about 7% of world demand). International 
efforts enforced the isolation of the iraq/kuwalt market through a UN 
embargo (adopted within days of the invasion) though very quickly the 
oil shortfall was mostly made up through, In particular, added supplies 
from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Effectively, 
OPEC decided at the end of August to "increase production in accordance 
with need". By the fourth quarter of 1990 the entire shortfall In 
supplies from Iraq and Kuwait had been made up In Increased production 
elsewhere. Events from August 1990 to February 1991 also demonstrated 
the ability of the IEA and industry to cope promptly and effectively 
with an imminent oil supply disruption. 
Since the mid 80's there has been a move to more market-related 
pricing which led to a certain level of instability in prices. 
Uncertainty in the movement of prices motivated traders to seek hedging 
opportunities. As with all other commodity markets, this demand was met 
by futures markets (trading in standardised lots of a precisely defined 
product In specified future months on a recognised bourse) and forward 
markets (a more informal off-exchange version). 
The Gulf war coincided with this more market-oriented oil world and 
represented the first opportunity to test the relatively new 
Instruments at the market's disposal. 
- s-
Table 2 
OECD Refinery Throughput and Utilisation 1988-1990 
US 
Canada 
France 
Germany(z) 
Italy 
Spain 
UK 
OECD Europe*"3) 
Japan 
Australasia 
Total OECD Gross Input to Cruder1) 
DistI1lation Units 
(thousand barrels/days) 
1988 
13447 
1603 
1516 
1508 
1689 
961 
1702 
10890 
2963 
599 
29502 1989 
13551 
1659 
1516 
1413 
1720 
1013 
1748 
10962 
3149 
612 
29933 1990 
13610 
1700 
1527 
1530 
1841 
1026 
1766 
11359 
3437 
628 
30734 Utl IIsation RateC2) 
(per cent) 
1988 
84.4 
84.1 
80.4 
88.0 
69.6 
76.9 
92.8 
78.2 
71 .1 
83.1 
80.6 1989 
86.3 
86.9 
85.4 
88.4 
73.2 
80.7 
95.0 
80.3 
76.9 
82.0 
82.9 1990 
87.1 
87.6 
89.1 
96.4 
79.0 
81 .4 
95.1 
83.9 
83.9 
83.2 
85.5 
( ) Gross input includes reported or estimated non-crude Inputs to distil lotion units. 
( ) Utilisation rate is based on reported or estimated average distillation capacity per calendar day. not end-year capacity. 
( ) Excludes eastern Germany. 
Since the basis for the calculation of utilisation rotes varies from one country to another (especially in the estimation of 
volumetric gross inputs), international comparisons ar« at best indicative. For example, if US distillation capacity were to be 
expressed on the seme basis as for other OECD countries, the utilisation rate in 1990 would be 91.6 per cent, not 87.1 per cent 
as shown above. 
- 6 -
Price Increases In crude oil, already seen In the 10 to 20 days prior 
to 2 August, steepened sharply as the world learned of the Invasion. 
Dated Brent, a marker price for a wide range of crudes moved from below 
$20/bbl on 1 August to $30/bbl on 7 August. From this point on, until 
the military initiative was taken to retake Kuwait by force In the 
second half of January 1991, the price of crude oil could best be 
described as volatile. By way of illustration, the price of dated Brent 
peaked at $41.33/bbl on 28 September 1990, dropped momentarily to 
$27/bbl on 22 October only to rebound to $36/bbl a week later. 
All product prices rose sharply more or less In parallel with crude oil 
prices and remained volatile throughout the crisis period. Further, 
Kuwait's export-oriented refineries, with an output of about 0.75 mbd, 
were unable to supply their traditional markets in South East Asia and 
the Far East. These refineries will take some time to come back on 
stream given the damage Inflicted during the conflict. Also, In August 
there was a temporary demand upsurge locally around the Gulf as a 
result of military operations. 
Differentials (crude to product prices) along with differentials 
between crude oils, between products and between market location also 
fluctuated throughout the crisis. In particular, Jet kerosene prices 
moved markedly out of line of what would normally be considered to be 
Its price band relative to other oil products. (See Annex B11) 
At the beginning of the crisis, stocks in OECD countries were very high 
by historical standards and adequate for all main products. This 
situation also held true for the Community. (See Annex B12) 
Only the US opted for a stock release early In the conflict. In fact, 
the decision to release a tiny proportion of the Strategic Petroleum 
Reserve (SPR) In late September must be considered as a test of the 
system rather than a genuine stock release. The decision was made to 
authorise the release of 5 mio bbl out of the 590 mlo bbl SPR and in 
fact actually resulted In putting only 4 mio bbl onto the market in 
ear I y October. 
A deadline of 15 January 1991 was set by the UN for the withdrawal of 
Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Within this framework, on 11 January the 
Governing Board of the IEA drew up a contingency plan. The plan was to 
make available 2.5 mbd of oil with emphasis on stockdraw for four 
fifths of the response. The other fifth consisted of demand restraint 
and fuel switching. 
- 7 -
At the commencement of the military Initiative to retake Kuwait on 
17 January, the IEA notified members that the contingency plan was 
effected. Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands offered oil to the 
market from security stocks, France reduced company stockholding 
requirements and the UK made arrangements with private companies for 
oil to be made available to the market. Outside the Member States of 
the Community, the US and Japan offered oil to the market and reduced 
company stockholding obligations, respectively. In the US just over 17 
mio bbl were taken up out of the 34 mio bbl made available from the 
SPR. More limited quantities were taken up In Denmark, Germany and the 
Netherlands. In any event, the successful military initiative of 17 
January saw prices fall from around $30/bbl to $20/bbl returning the 
world to the pre-crisis price levels thus reducing the interest of 
companies to take up the offer of purchasing government-controlled 
stocks. 
A number of studies were called for both during and after the conflict 
to see if the markets operated properly and to investigate whether 
market instruments relatively new to the oil market (including forward, 
paper and futures markets) had Introduced distortions. Deciphering 
market signals, even ex post facto, is not always a precise science 
consequently it is not surprising that there have been differences of 
view expressed. 
The generally accepted view shared by a consultant engaged by the 
Commission to study "The Operations of the Market" and the IEA was that 
the Industry had adapted quickly to the crisis, the markets had worked 
efficiently and that those operating in the market had been aided by 
new and improved trading practices. 
The IEA Ministerial Communiqué of June 1991 went on to state that the 
unimpeded pass through of oil price changes had played an Important 
role in reducing overall demand and In averting Imbalances In the 
supply of products and to underline the value of efficiently operating 
markets In emergency response. 
World Outlook UP to 2000 
Over the next ten years, with world economic activity expected to 
increase at about 2% to 3% per annum and oil prices fluctuating around 
$21/bbl (In 1990 dollars), world oil demand is expected to grow by up 
to 1.5% a year. There is expected to be considerable regional variation 
In this development with no or negative oil demand growth In the US, 
modest growth in Western Europe and strong growth in the Far East and 
certain LDC's. This implies that world demand could increase by 5 
to 10 mbd by the year 2000. 
It is this scenario, coupled with an assumption that non-OPEC sources 
would only make a modest contribution to this Increased demand (US and 
USSR production are predicted to continue falling), that leads most 
analysts to conclude that an increasing volume and share would be 
contributed by OPEC. 
- 8 -
B. COMMUNITY SITUATION 
P.1. THE INTERNAL MARKET 
Greater integration and an energy policy based on an internal energy 
market free from barriers to trade were adopted as principles by 
Council in 1986. An inventory to obstacles to achieving an internal 
energy market was published by the Commission in May 1988 [C0M(88) 238 
final] and in the light of Council discussion on that document, the 
Council was able to reaffirm that "The creation of a more fully 
integrated market in the energy field Is of fundamental importance for 
the Community's future". In the case of the oil market, the level of 
integration is more fully developed than in the case of electricity or 
gas. For example, regulations concerning price transparency were 
already in place prior to the single market initiative being launched. 
Nevertheless, there have been developments with regard to taxation, 
standardisation (in particular with regard to environmentally motivated 
measures) and the dismantling of monopolies, procurement rules in the 
E/P sector and the integration of oiI in the Common Commercial Policy. 
The Commission drew up a number of proposals for Directives on the 
harmonisation of excise duty rates on mineral oils giving rise to 
comments from both Member States and professional bodies. An agreement 
was made at the ECOFIN Council of June 1991. Minimum rates were fixed 
and will have to be implemented as from 1 January 1993. These rates are 
about ECU 337 per 1000 litres for leaded petrol, ECU 287 for lead-free 
petrol, ECU 245 for motor gas oil (diesel), ECU 0 for heating gas oil 
and ECU 13 per tonne for the heavy fuel oil. The Commission's proposal 
for a directive on excise rates will be amended to reflect this 
agreement. Legal adoption Is expected in the near future. (See 
Annex C2) 
They are already In force In most Member States. The agreement leaves 
latitude to Increase taxation which in turn could aggravate the 
existing disparities at the price level to consumers and distort 
compet i t ion. 
The Directives dealing with mineral oils were examined by the Council. 
In order to avoid any artificial (legal but distortive) or fraudulent 
transactions, the proposed Directive on detention and the movement of 
products subject to excise duty which lays down provisions to ensure 
that the transactions are bona-fide and that the appropriate excise 
duty had been paid was agreed by Council (92/12/EEC). The proposed 
Directive on harmonisation of the structures of excise duties remains 
under discussion in Council. 
- 9 -
These two Directives (one proposed, one adopted) were, In principle, 
welcomed by professional bodies. However, they hold that they do not go 
far enough in preventing artificial or fraudulent transactions. Until 
there Is complete harmonisation of excise duties for petroleum 
products, especially domestic heating oil, the risk of fraud remains. 
At the ECOFIN Council of June 1991, It was decided that as from 1 
January 1993, petroleum products will be subjected to the normal VAT 
rate which will be equal to or higher than 15%. For natural gas and 
electricity, Member States will be able to implement a VAT rate equal 
to or higher than 5%, subject to a favourable opinion of the 
Commission, taking account the need to avoid distortions of 
competition. (See Annex C3) 
Currently many Member States apply a normal rate for motor fuels 
(petrol - motor gas oil/dlesel) and a reduced rate for heating fuels 
(heating gas oil and heavy fuel oil). 
On 19 February 1992, the Commission made a proposal to substantially 
reduce excise duties on motor fuels of an agricultural origin. The 
benefit of reduced excise is designed to assist agriculture, by 
extending Its range of outlets and contribute to the Community's energy 
and environmental objectives. All bio-fuels would be covered Including 
ethanol, methanol and their blo-derI vat Ives as well as di-ester and 
vegetable oils for Incorporation with or substitution of diesel. 
On standardisation in the Energy sector, the Commission will soon 
submit to Council à separate Communication. It underlines that the "New 
Approach" adopted by Council in 1985 reduces the legislative burden by 
requiring Community legislation (In particular under Article 100a of 
the Treaty) when there Is need for safety or environmental reasons 
(this was the case with regard to lead content in petrol and sulphur 
content In gas oil). As a result a great deal of harmonisation of 
standards Is made possible without recourse to law. 
Article 37 of the Treaty and corresponding Articles of the Accession 
Treaties deal with the adjustment of exclusive rights as a result of 
monopoly power. In the case of Spain, the process of liberalising the 
market began in 1986 and was completed in 1991. As far as Portugal is 
concerned, the dismantling of the monopoly is also fully realised. In 
January 1992, Greece adopted a law which created a more liberal 
approach to the oil market relating particularly to product pricing. As 
far as compulsory storage is concerned, there have been certain changes 
and these are under examination by the Commission. 
A major step forward was made with the adoption of Council Directive 
90/531/EEC on procurement procedures for entities in the water, energy, 
transport and telecommunications sectors. It makes provision to remove 
discriminatory procurement practices of public or entrusted 
undertakings In, inter alia, the energy sector. The Commission recently 
adopted a proposal for a Council Directive which aims to introduce 
greater transparency and eliminate discrimination In the granting of 
authorisations for the exploration and production of oil and gas. 
- 10 -
On 19 December 1991, Council adopted an amendment to the Regulation 
establishing a common export régime. This amendment has the effect of 
Introducing oil Into the common export régime, except under defined 
circumstances in accordance with Member State obligations within the 
framework of the IEA. Council Is currently examining the proposal to 
withdraw the remaining national quantitative restrictions on 
hydrocarbons by placing them In the Common Import Régime [Reg. (EEC) 
N* 288/82]. 
In the same vein, CounclI also adopted on 25 February 1991 common rules 
of origin for those petroleum products Imported from non-preferential 
third countries and is expected to adopt In the course of 1992 common 
rules of origin for products imported from those countries with whom 
the Community has a preferential arrangement. 
- 11 -
B.2. ENVIRONMENT 
Environmental concerns and ensuing legislation have both a direct and 
Indirect Impact on the oil market and the refining Industry. In 
consultations with the Commission services, with a view to preparing 
this report, the oil/refining industry made clear that it shared the 
concerns over the need to protect and improve the fabric of the 
environment and would continue to play a full and active role to this 
end, but to do so effectively and In a way which made the best possible 
use of resources (particularly where legislative measures directly 
impact major investment decisions in the refining sector), it seeks 
consultation in the framing of legislation and particularly 
predictability (and programming) in its application. 
This section of the paper is divided into two parts. The first 
(Community Initiatives) outlines the principal measures (both adopted 
and under consideration) on the environment which have or would have an 
impact upon the oil market and refining industry. The second sets out 
initiatives adopted by the industry itself. 
Community Initiatives 
Exisiting environmental legislation directly Impacts upon the 
production and transportation of crude oil and its products as well as 
product quality, emissions from the manufacture or use of oil products 
and siting refineries. Further measures are under consideration. The 
major initiatives are discussed below, as follows: 
lead in petrol 
sulphur content In gas oil 
large combustion plants 
- technical rules and standards 
BATNEEC 
VOC 
French Memorandum 
Eco-Audit 
Motor-Fuels 
C02 
Directive on lead in petrol 
Council Directive 85/210/EEC really created the legal framework for the 
development of lead-free petrol and In the long term the disappearance 
of petrol with lead. The choice selected was lead-free petrol having a 
Motor Octane Number of 85.0 and Research Octane Number of 95.0 measured 
at the pump. Moreover, the Directive stipulates that all petrols may 
contain a maximum of 5% benzene. 
The critical choice of the octane numbers for unleaded petrol emerged 
as a result of In-depth discussions between the Industries concerned 
(refining and automotive) in the framework of ERGA (Environmental 
Regulation in a Global Approach). 
- 12 -
Because of the tax incentives for lead-free petrol and taking account 
of the dates of their entry Into force at the national level, the lead-
free petrol market developed In a differentiated way. The market shares 
of lead-free petrol (to the total petrol market) are 25% In Belgium, 
70% in Germany, 60% in Denmark, 20% In France, currently increasing In 
Greece, 20% in Ireland, 7% in Italy, 30% In Luxembourg, 50% in the 
Netherlands, 2% In Portugal and in Spain and 40% in the United Kingdom. 
These shares consist of Eurograde (85/95) and the other unleaded 
regular and unleaded premium (88/98) each of which is marketed in some 
Member States. The unleaded premium (88/98) is marketed on a voluntary 
basis by oil companies In Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg and 
United Kingdom. This grade, offered in general at a lower price than 
the leaded premium is attractive to consumers having cars tuned for 
leaded premium. 
From 1 January 1993 all new cars registered in the Community will have 
to be equipped with 3 way catalytic converters with the mandatory use 
of unleaded petrol. This will create an additional demand for unleaded 
petrol of about 8 to 10% per year. 
Sulphur content of gas oil 
Council Directive 87/219/EEC fixes a maximum sulphur content of 0.3% in 
diesel fuel and heating gas oil with the possibility for the Member 
States setting a lower value of 0.2%. These values entered in force 1 
January 1989. Industry had to invest in units of desulphurIsatIon to 
further reduce the sulphur content from previous values of 0.5% or 
0.3%. Currently, five Member States set the low value (0.2%) B, D, DK, 
L, NL, the others being at 0.3%. 
The choice between 0.3% and 0.2% sulphur in gas oil was the result in 
the mid-eighties of the concern for the protection of the environment 
which was more acute In the Northern than the Southern part of the 
Community. This compromise raises questions over trade between Member 
States at 0.3% and 0.2% sulphur In gas oil. 
In June 1991, the Commission adopted a proposal which sets a common 
value for the maximum content of sulphur In heating gas oil at 0.2% and 
0.05% for diesel fuel. Council reached a common position on this 
proposal on 26 March 1992. 
- Directive on the large combustion plants 
Council Directive 88/609/EEC limiting the polluting emissions of the 
large combustion plants has an Impact on refineries. Large combustion 
plants are defined as having a capacity higher than 50 MWth. All 
Community refineries fall within the field of application of this 
Directive. The pollutants concerned are SO2, N0x and dust. Within the 
framework of the reductions which are different depending on the Member 
States, National Authorities are drawing up programmes of regulations 
necessary to conform to the objectives on the three categories of 
poilutants. 
The adoption by the Council of this Directive took several years of 
discussions and negotiations resulting in SO2 and N0x reduction 
targets different amongst Member States. For SO2 emissions, for 
instance, reduction targets between 1980 and 2003 vary from 70% to 34%. 
Since they are global reduction targets, the Implementation is left to 
the Member States who can choose more severe abatements for given 
Industry sectors and less stringent ones for other sectors. 
- 13 -
Technical Rules and Standards 
The Council Directive 83/189/EEC requires the notification to the 
Commission by Member States of all measures envisaged In the field of 
Technical Rules and Standards. This procedure enables the Commission 
to inform the Member States concerned that they may adopt the proposed 
measures or to apply a 9 month standstill (preventing the adoption of 
the national measures envisaged) giving time to the Commission to 
propose a draft directive for application in the Community on the 
subject concerned. This directive is horizontal but has been very 
useful for the oil sector in general and for its refined products 
sector in particular. 
BATNEEC 
In the framework of Council Directive 84/360/EEC aimed at preventing or 
reducing air pollution from industrial sources, the Commission set up 
working groups of experts to examine various Industry sectors. Such a 
group of experts was formed to look at the Best Available Technologies 
Not Exceeding Excessive Costs (BATNEEC), for the refining industry. 
Work was completed In July 1991 as a Technical Note Intended to be used 
by the authorities competent for the Issue of permits, by the Industry 
and by the Commission as a source of information on air pollution 
reduction measures for the refining Industry. This Technical Note 
considers the Best Available Technologies for specific functions 
(Sulphur recovery units, Fluid Catalytic Cracking, Coke plants, ) as 
well as for the refineries as a whole (bubble concept). The oil 
industry participated actively In the drafting of this Technical Note. 
Evaporation losses of volatile organic compounds (VOC) 
At the time of storage, manipulation and transfer of the petroleum 
products there are evaporation losses of certain volatile organic 
compounds (VOC). These are particularly important In the case of 
petrol. 
As prescribed by Directive 83/189/EEC, a Member State has already 
notified to the Commission Its Intention to establish, on its 
territory, control measures on the evaporation losses of VOC. 
It Is estimated that VOC emissions due to human activities are of the 
order of 10 mio t/year for the Community. The evaporation losses of VOC 
of petrol during their storage, filling the means of transport 
(lorries, rail tankers, barges and boats) and filling storage tanks of 
the service station are estimated to be about 5% of this i.e.0.5 
mio t/year. Controlling these losses by a whole series of measures is 
called "Stage I". The services of the Commission are preparing a draft 
Directive on Stage I. The losses occurring at the time of filling car 
petrol tanks are smaller, about 2% or 0.2 mio t. Controlling these 
losses can be carried out at the level of a service station (known as 
"Stage II"), or by means of canisters with activated carbon Installed 
in the cars. 
- 14 -
It Is too early In the current discussions at the experts' level to 
quantify the costs of these measures exactly. At this stage, it may be 
noted that according to the degree of severity of the control measures 
adopted by the Commission in its proposals for a Directive to the 
Council, the Investments necessary for the Implementation of the 
measures for the Stage I will be approximately $0.9 billion 
(ECU 0.75 billion) if costs for changing from top to bottom loading are 
excluded and for Stage II. $1.6 billion (ECU 1.4 billion). 
- French memorandum 
In 1990, the French authorities submitted to the Council and the 
Commission a memorandum relating to the reduction of sulphur emissions 
due to the production and use of petroleum products. This memorandum 
aims at the reduction of S02 emissions by a "complete and 
Inseparable" number of measures. These cover old and new combustion 
plants not Including refineries, refineries themselves, the burning of 
heavy fuel, middle distillates (marine gas oil, diesel fuel heating 
gas oil), and bunkers. The anticipated effect of the measures proposed 
In the French memorandum would be reductions of S02 emissions from 
the oil chain of 0.6 mio t/year in the year 2000. The consequences for 
the oil Industry would be considerable. National experts and Industry, 
assisted by a consulting firm, are studying these measures and their 
Implications at the technical and economic level. This vast study 
should be finished by mid-1992. Its results and the evaluation by the 
Commission of the environmental effects and benefits will form the 
bases for decisions concerning possible further proposals. 
Eco-Audit Scheme 
The Commission has approved a draft Regulation establishing a Community 
ECO-Audlt Scheme for all industrial sectors. Companies will be given 
the choice to participate in such a scheme and If they choose to do so, 
to take and submit to certain auditing measures. 
- AU L,\ 
- Further work on Motor-Fuels 
Community legislation on the polluting discharges emitted by motor 
vehicles (cars, vans, heavy lorries), goes back to 1970 and since then 
has been the subject of numerous amending Directives. During these last 
years, the process accelerated, imposed stricter emission limits (CO, 
HC, NOx, particulates) and brought forward the dates of Implementation. 
In this context, the subject of quality of fuels, petrol and diesel, 
has been studied to see how improvement of their quality could 
contribute to a reduction in the polluting emissions of motor vehicles. 
A specific example is the Commission proposal for a Directive referred 
to above which, by fixing the sulphur content of the diesel fuel at 
0.05% (as opposed 0.2% or 0.3%), makes it possible to lower the levels 
of particulates emitted by the heavy lorry by about 12 to 15%. 
- 15 -
The Commission recently requested the two European associations, 
EUROPIA and ACEA (the European motor manufacturers' association) to 
start work on this matter, along with the Commission, without delay. 
For given limits of polluting emissions, lit Is advisable to find the 
optimum solutions, In terms of cost/benefil, I.e. what modifications to 
fuels and/or engines would minimise thé cost to the consumer, in 
particular, and the economy in general. This work should be completed 
by mld-1992. 
Within this framework, US regulations adopted under the Clean Air Act 
will also be studied to see whether the Act could serve as a model, and 
if so, In which form within Community legislation. A brief description 
of the 1990 Clean Air Act is given in Annex D1. 
C02 
After the agreement by Council (Joint meeting of Energy and Environment 
Ministers of 29 October 1990) to stabilise C02 emissions in the 
Community by the year 2000 at a their level of 1990, the Commission 
devoted itself tp a detailed examination of the measures that it 
considers necessary to achieve this objective. A first paper was the 
subject of a Communication to the Council [SEC (91) 1744 final on 15 
October 1991] where It was suggested that a series of measures 
Including Increased energy saving and Improvements in energy efficiency 
should be complemented by a tax based on carbon (fossil fuels) and 
energy contents as well as complementary national measures. The amount 
of such a tax would be equivalent to $10 per barrel of oil (for which 
the energy part would not surpass 50%). As envisaged in the paper, it 
would be introduced on 1 January 1993 at the level of $3 per barrel and 
would be Increased by $1 per barrel each year to the year 2000. 
The Energy/Environment Council on 13 December 1991 and the Ecofin 
Council on 16 December 1991 examined the Commission Communication and 
asked the Commission to continue its preparatory work on a Community 
strategy to enable the Council to decide by May 1992 and invited the 
Commission to put forward specific proposals. 
The Oil Industry Committee on the Environment, Health and Safety 
(CONCAWE) along with some Individual oil companies have estimated the 
magnitude of the refinery investments required to meet Community 
environmental requirements. These details are set out in Table 3. 
Initiatives taken by the Oil Industry 
In addition to measures taken or proposed by the Community, initiatives 
have been voluntarily adopted by the oil Industry In order to 
contribute to the Community's policy on the environment through the 
adoption of a general code of conduct and the financing of a study 
concerning oil spills in the Mediterranean Sea. 
- 16"-
Table 3(a) 
Investment estimates for current Environmental measures 
Measures Investments 
bill ions ecu 
Reduction of sulphur level In heating gas oil (0.1%) 5-7 
and diesel fuel (0.05%) 
Reduction of hydrocarbons (VOC) emissions by 0.74-0.75 
Stage I * 
Reduction of sulphur level in fuel oil and bunkers 9-10 
(French Memorandum proposal) 
Total 14.74 - 17.75 
Source : Concawe, oil companies, Consultant 
* Costs for changing from top to bottom loading excluded 
Table 3(b) 
Possible measures mentioned by National and/or European Bodies 
- Investment Estimates by Industry* 
Measures Investments 
bill Ions ecu 
Reduction of hydrocarbons (VOC) emissions 1.36 - 1.45 
Stage 11 
Lowering of aromatics (10%) and sulphur (0.02%) 26 
levels In diesel fuel 
Increase of cetane Index (52) In diesel fuel 2-5 
Lowering of final distillation point of diesel fuel 2.5 
(340*C max at 95%) 
Lowering of sulphur level in gasoline (0.05%) 2.5 
Lowering of volatility of gasoline by 1 psi 0.3 
Lowering of benzene level in gasoline (1%) 1.7 
Total 36.4 - 39.5 
* Estimates presented to the services of the Commission by selected 
OiI Companies 
- 17 
1. Code of conduct 
In Its Communication to the Council on Energy and Environment, the 
Commission expressed the view that the various energy' sectors, oil, 
gas, coal, electricity producers, should establish their own codes of 
conduct In the framework of environment protection to which member 
companies shall pledge compliance. For the oil sector, EUROPIA and E&P 
Forum adopted codes of conduct which reflect the concerns of Industry 
In preserving the environment. 
The principles expressed in these codes of conduct mark an Important 
change In the way environmental issues are dealt with within oil 
companies. These principles represent an external commitment which 
would be verifiable by the outside world. The Commission appreciates 
this reaction of the oil industry. 
2. Oil SplI Is 
Oil pollution is one of the priority concerns and although practical 
measures have been taken to reduce the risks of tanker collisions and 
groundings, there have been a number of serious incidents In recent 
years with large amounts of oil being spilled. Whereas contingency 
planning for the Atlantic and North Sea Is already established, the 
threat of potential oil spills In the Mediterranean Sea and the grave 
consequences this may have on marine life and for the population and 
the economics of neighbouring countries have been a major concern which 
requires the same attention. EUROPIA has recognised the need for a 
review of the existing preparedness and response capability to handle 
oil spills so that there is a structured approach to contingency 
planning by government and industry. EUROPIA, in jhe fall of 1990, 
requested the International Petroleum Industry Environmental 
Conservation Association (IPIECA) ON Spill Working Group to establish 
a Task Force to carry out the following for the Mediterranean: 
Prepare an Inventory of the current and anticipated future movement 
of crude oiI and petroleum products; 
Prepare a compilation of existing equipment capabilities and 
related plans; 
Prepare a summary of national government polIcles and agencies 
which will describe the role foreseen by government, Industry and 
others in the event of an oil pollution incident; 
Establish who Is doing what already, on planning future activity 
(to avoid duplication); 
Define credible scenarios; 
Assess existing state of preparedness and response 
- Develop recommendations on enhancement options with the emphasis on 
Technical Content of such Recommendations-, 
- Prepare a full report and a document suitable for review by senior 
management. 
-À1 y.< 
The assessment of existing response capabilities both of Industry and 
governments In the Mediterranean sea has been completed. Conclusions 
and recommendations are currently developed for review by senior oil 
industry management and should be available in 1992. 
- 1<£ -
B.3 MARKET DEVELOPMENTS 
This section of the paper addresses Community market developments for 
both crude oil and Its products. The crude oil market may now be 
considered International in the sense that prices are formed at the 
world level to changes In global supply and demand. Prices In the 
Community therefore follow those of the world market. The market for 
products may be considered as more regional. Product specifications 
differ throughout the world, transport is relatively expensive 
(requiring "clean" vessels) and there are no recognised "world" market 
prices from which to benchmark. 
An outline is given of expected Community demand of primary energy, oil 
In particular and the tendancies for oil products. This Is followed by 
some observations on Community oil supplies and trade in products. 
As a significant event on the Community market, a separate part of this 
section also highlights the Integration of former East Germany Into the 
Community from the perspective of the oil market and the refining 
industry. 
Energy and ON Outlook to 2000 
The outlook described In this section is based upon the work of the 
services of the Commission (see Special Issue of Energy In Europe 
"Energy for a new century: the European Perspective" July 1990) updated 
by incorporating the most recent data and by taking Into account the 
views of major oil companies and Member States of the Community. A more 
comprehensive study of the Community's energy situation and outlook is 
currently In preparation and Is expected to be finalised In the course 
of 1992. 
For the outlook in this paper, the Community GDP is assumed to continue 
growing on average between 2 and 3 per cent per annum and the world 
price of oil remain at around $21 per barrel (measured In 1990 
dollars). (See Table 4) 
No attempt is made to take Into account either the Impact of a possible 
C02/Energy tax, this is under more detailed examination and will be 
the subject of a separate report/publication, or the Implementation of 
any vigorous energy saving/conservation programme. In effect, the 
projections may be considered as an extrapolation of "business as 
usual" therefore tending to reflect an upper range of energy 
consumpt ion. 
Primary energy consumption for the Community excluding the former DDR 
is expected to continue growing at a little over 1 per cent per annum 
from 1150 mio t.o.e In 1990 to 1270 mio t.o.e In 2000. The consumption 
of natural gas will rise more quickly than other energy sources, 
probably at 2-2.5 per cent per annum. There Is expected to be some 
limited increase in the use of solid fuel, nuclear and renewable energy 
sources. (See Annex A1) 
Tabla 4 - 19 -
iUk-12 : MACROECOMOMIG TRENDS. EVOLUTJOH OF AVERAGE PRICES 
AMD OIL COHSUMPTIOM FROM 7985 A 1991 (ESTIMATED). 
Growth In 
G.D.P. (%) 
Rate of 
Inflation (t) 
(based on 
trends in 
cansuMsr 
prices) 
fCtf/US* 
exchange rate 
Average CtF 
price of' 
tsported crude 
Oil: 
. In US%fbarrel 
. in ECU/birrel 
Gross oil 
consuMptlon 
(In ale. toe) 198$ 
2,5 
$.0 
0*763 
27,5 
<•' 36. Î 
439 7936 
2.3 
3.5 
0,933 
14*5 
14,8 
604 1987 
2.8 
3.2 
7,754 
17,9 
75,5 
506 7983 
3.9 
3.6 
7.732 
14,3 
72,5 
578 7989 
3.2 
5.2 
1,102 
17.7 
76.0 
522 7990 
2.8 
5.6 
7.273 
22,9 
18.0 
530 7997 (*) 
ESTIMATED 
7.3 
4.9 
1,239 
79.5 
75.7 
557 
(*)Including the foraerGDR fros 1991. except for sur growth end rste of Inflation. 
Sources t . EUROSTAT. DO II end DG XVI1-82. 

- 21 -
Oil, representing around 45 per cent of the Community's primary energy 
demand, is expected to continue growing in absolute terms, at between 
0.5 and 1.0 per cent per annum, but decline marginally in relative 
terms. 
One of the major uncertainties concerning these projections Is the 
extent to which gas, solid fuels and oil (In particular fuel oil) will 
compete. Gas experts urge caution on the potential for Its growth, 
especially as a number of projects either to construct or convert power 
stations to gas remain on the drawing board. Similarly, as well as the 
pricing factor, the social and environmental constraints of continuing 
to import and use ever larger quantities of solid fuels may limit their 
contribution to primary energy demand. 
The development of ORIMULSION In Venezuela, the bitumen/water mix with 
similar characteristics to residual fuel oil in that it can be 
transported and burnt In power stations, represents potentially a. 
significant competitor to traditional fossil fuels In the future. 
Estimates of extractable reserves using current technology are huge 
(1200 billion barrels). Evaluations are under way on the best means of 
restricting emissions of noxious gases so as to make orlmulsion 
acceptable from an environment point of view when it is burnt in power 
stations or gasified. Initial contracts have been concluded with 
importing countries including Member States of the Community. 
In consultations with oil companies, there was general agreement that 
the Community market demand for oil products would strengthen at the 
lighter end of the barrel and continue to weaken at the heavier end. 
(See Figure 1) 
Demand, in particular for automotive fuels (petrol and diesel) is 
expected to continue growing quite strongly in all Member States except 
Denmark and West Germany where, on the one hand, the private vehicle 
population and number of kilometres travelled are expected to level off 
and on the other, vehicle fuel efficiency is expected to improve. 
Demand growth is likely to be particularly marked In eastern Germany 
and Spain. Between the two products, petrol and diesel, most consider 
that diesel demand will grow faster, partly because of the growth in 
road haulage and partly because as a more fuel efficient vehicle, the 
proportion of diesel cars in the total car population will continue to 
grow. 
Fuel oil and gas oil consumption (other than for the transport sector) 
are expected to fall. The magnitude of the drop in their consumption 
depends, in large part, on the competitive position of gas, to a lesser 
degree to the competitive position of other fuels and to the problems 
of removing sulphur from fuel oil so that it can be used in power 
generat ion. 
As far as the cut from other parts of the barrel Is concerned, an 
increase in the demand for jet kerosene, LPG and Naphtha is expected. 
Crude 01 I SUDPIies 
Since the mid 1980's, the Community demand for oil has increased. As 
domestic production fell between 1986 and 1989 from 149 mio t to 112 
mio t so the absolute quantities and the proportion of total supplies 
of crude oil imported into the Community increased. By 1990, having 
slumped in the first half of the 1980's, the level of Imports returned 
to that of a decade earlier (380 mio t) to represent over 80% of total 
crude oil demand. (See Annex B1) 
- 22 -
EUR-12 ORIGIN OF OIL IMPORTS 
BY REGION (THIRD-PARTY COUNTRIES) Figure 2 
ASIA 
AFRICA 
EUROPE 
AMERICAS 
AMERICAS EUROPE HH AFRICA ASIA 
EUR-12 ORIGIN OF OIL IMPORTS 
BY GROUP OF PRODUCERS * 
80 
60 
40 -\ 
20 
0 JÊ 
1981 1988 1989 
ACP 
GCC 
OAPEC 
OPEC 8 
47 
64 
74 9 
16 
44 
56 8 
18 
46 
57 
NOT CUMULATIVE.80ME INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES BELONOTO MORE THAN ONE GROUP OF PRODUCER8 
ACP GCC OAPEC OPEC 
SOURCE : EUROSTAT 
- 23 -
The UK contributes more than 80% of the Community's production and, of 
that, 98% is produced offshore. The accident on the platform Piper 
Alpha of 6 July 1988, investigated in detail by Lord Cul len led to 
tougher safety regulations. The combined effect of Increased 
maintenance (for operational and safety reasons) and reduced output 
from the more mature fields led to reduced production in 1989/90 over 
1988. 1990 marked a new record for exploration activity in the North 
Sea and though many of the large fields are past peak production, the 
combination of employing new technology to reduce costs and enhance 
recovery (such as 3D seismic, horizontal and deepwater drilling, 
improved lifting gear etc.) and new discoveries may well lead to a 
growth in oil outturn In the early part of the next decade. (See 
Annex D3) 
The sources of Imports changed radically through the 1970's and early 
1980's as demand was restrained by high prices and UK production came 
on stream. OPEC's market share in Community imports was cut from 94% in 
1974 to 44% In 1985 and in particular, Saudi Arabia and Iran's combined 
share fell from almost a half to a tenth. Since then, following the 
reduction in prices and the fall in the value of the US$, oil demand 
has risen and since 1986 imports have grown. In 1989 and 1990, annual 
imports from OPEC stood at 230 mio t (about 50% of Community supply or 
64% of third country Imports). The Community's supply structure is 
diversified in that it is less reliant on a single supplier with no one 
country contributing much more than 10% of total supplies. (See Annex 
B1 and Figure 2) 
The quality of crude supplies has not changed significantly. Both API 
gravity and sulphur content are at similar levels to 5 years ago. Fears 
expressed by some that the world is exhausting Itself of light, low-
sulphur crude oil and that therefore the refinery Industry would face 
the task of having to cope with heavy viscous crude oil with Increasing 
levels of sulphur have not been realised. As differentials in prices 
between qualities widen so the market signal Is there for crude 
producers to increase their output of light sweet crude and refiners to 
make the necessary adjustments to take advantage of the lower prices 
or, If the differential is expected to remain wide, invest in the 
appropriate technology and maximise throughput of heavier crudes. (See 
Annex A9 and A10) 
Though there is no universal opinion, the evidence would tend to 
suggest that for the next five and possibly even ten years there are 
adequate supplies of light, low-sulphur crudes to meet demand. In 
particular, as UK production picks up after a lull brought about by the 
need to do safety and maintenance work and as new discoveries in the 
Norwegian part of the N. Sea and Saudi Arabia come into production, 
there would seem to be little reason for predicting a significant 
change In the Community's crude slate. 
Trade In Products 
The Community has maintained an open policy on oil product imports from 
thIrd countrles. 
Crude oil and feedstocks for further refining and petro-chemicaI 
processing, as well as low sulphur (less than 0.2%) gasoil since 1 
January 1991, enter the Community duty-free. Finished products for 
consumption within the EC, however, remain subject to duties (3.5% for 
gasoil above 0.2% sulphur and heavy oils; 6% for lighter products). 
- 24 -
However, EC product Imports originating from countries covered by 
preferential arrangements (EFTA, Mediterranean Countries, ACP) enter 
duty free. Under the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP), products 
also enter duty free but subject to volume ceilings fixed annually for 
each of the three product categories (light, medium and heavy fuel 
oils) and then applied to each exporting country. GSP status applies, 
inter alia, to the major petroleum exporting countries such as 
Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Libya and has been extended in 
recent years to a number of East European countries (including Poland, 
Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Romania and in 1991 the Baltic States). If 
a ceiling is reached or exceeded, the Commission, either at its own 
initiative or at the request of an EC Member State, may reimpose the 
duty. In practice, however, though these levels have been breached many 
times since their introduction in 1979, duties have not been 
reintroduced to date. 
Sensitive to the risk of an increasing volume of imports destabilising 
the domestic refining industry, the Community, in parallel with other 
IEA/OECD countries, In July 1985, scrutinised more closely than before 
the source and volume of imports. Fears of large volumes entering from, 
in particular, the Middle East were not realised. In fact much of the 
capacity built in the Middle East went to supply Japan (which has had a 
more liberal Import régime In recent years) the Far East and the Indian 
Sub-ContInent. 
The three year trend since 1988 has seen increased product trade 
activity in the Community (Intra and extra). Imports increased (152.6 
mio t in 1988 to 166.4 mio t In 1990) as did exports (138.9 mio t to 
150.7 mio t over the same period). 
Imports from third countries (Extra trade only) have increased by about 
2 mio t each year since 1988 to almost 107 mio t In 1990. By product 
category, fuel oil remains the Community's largest import by volume 
(40% of EC product Imports) followed by gas oil (25%) and light oil 
(19%). Of these three product categories gasoil imports have grown 
(from 23 mio t In 1988 to 27 mio t In 1990) whereas Imports of fuel oil 
increased by 1 mio t between 1988 and 1989 then dropped by 2 mio t in 
1990 (to 43.5 mio t); imports of light oils have declined from over 
21 mio t in 1988 to 20 mio t In 1990. For imports of the remaining 
product categories "Other Products" (which include LPG) have also grown 
from 12.5 mio t in 1988 to 15 mio t in 1990 and medium oils (which 
include Jet kerosine) have grown substantially from a very small base 
but remain only 1% of the total product Imports. (See Annex B2) 
OPEC (in particular the Arab exporting countries) remains the 
Community's major supplier of products (representing 40% of total 
imports) though the volume and proportion have fallen in the last three 
years. Clearly, Kuwait's contribution fell sharply In 1990. 
Imports from the USSR and East European Countries rose then fell 
between 1988 and 1990 (remaining at 36% of total imports). Both the 
volume and contribution of the USSR increased (reaching 34 mio t in 
1990). Imports from Poland increased dramatically but from a very low 
base reaching almost 1 mio t in 1990. 
There has been an increase in the volume of imports from industrialised 
countries including EFTA (from 9.5 mio t in 1988 to 13 mio t in 1990) 
and the USA (by 2 mio t since 1988 to almost 10 mio t) so that now 
almost a quarter of the Community's Import requirements originate 
within this grouping. 
- 25 -
Net imports increased by 2 mio t between 1988 and 1989 to 15.7 mio t 
and has remained at that level in 1990, though overall it would be 
difficult to identify any discernible trend. It remains at below 4% of 
inland consumption. 
The picture of net Imports is not expected to change fundamentally 
though regional shifts In the trade balance are likely. In particular, 
there Is likely to be growth in trade with the US and the rest of 
Europe. 
Integration of Eastern Germany 
The integration of the former German Democratic Republic and its 16.5 
million population into the Federal Republic of Germany had various 
consequences for the energy sector. Primary energy consumption In the 
GDR was approximately 100 million t.o.e. a year, making It one of the 
highest per capita consumers of energy in the world (only the USA and 
Canada have higher rates). About 15% of this energy need was met by oil 
consumption, and since production is inconsequential it was necessary 
to import approximately 20 mio t oil annually. Practically all of this 
was Imported from the USSR (at Comecon prices) via the Friendship 
Pipeline to the Schwedt Refinery north-east of Berlin on the Polish 
border, from there It was further pumped to the southern refineries by 
an interna I pipe!ine. 
There are various Implications of this supply infrastructure for the 
maintenance of supply in eastern Germany. Firstly, the infra-structure 
is biased towards supply from the east and, secondly, the refining, 
storage and distribution facilities are both outdated and Inadequate to 
serve projected future needs. All these functions were performed by 
State monopolies which also controlled the distribution and marketing 
of petroleum products. 
The refining capacity Inherited on the 3 October 1990 was outdated. The 
central refinery and principal conduit from the Friendship Pipeline at 
Schwedt handled approximately one half of the imported oil and was 
built in 1963; the remainder of the oil being piped to other refineries 
which pre-dated the Second World War and are in fact re-constructed 
hydrogénation plants. The technological and capacity restraints meant 
that not only were a small range of products available, principally 
petrol, diesel and heavy fuel oil, but also that the products supplied 
were of a poor quality. The paucity of refining capacity and low 
quality has encouraged a plethora of feasibility studies and proposals 
for projects from the private sector, with particular interest being 
expressed by west German enterprises. 
The marketing of oil and oil products was previously controlled by the 
State through Minol. However, through various joint-ventures currently 
in operation, it is clear that the industry is re-shaping along the 
lines of Western market structures; one consequence of this has been 
that oil product prices In eastern Germany are now more In line with 
those in western Germany. It is clear that the market will continue to 
evolve in this manner, especially in light of the generally depressed 
state of Western markets which makes the new opportunities for refining 
and marketing projects in eastern Germany and the East European 
countries all the more interesting. 
- 26 -
Current capacity in eastern Germany Is approximately 20.2 million 
t.o.e., with west German capacity of about 80.6 million. Oil demand in 
eastern Germany Is expected to increase by some 60 to 80 % up to 
26 mio t in the year 2000 with the most significant increase expected 
in the light heating oil sector to replace the reliance on domestic 
lignite (over a third of the lignite mined in eastern Germany was made 
into briquettes for domestic use). Official estimates of future German 
refinery capacity predict that it will rise to some 109 mio t for 1992 
and that the overall capacity will not change by the end of the decade, 
although there will be fluctuations as oider and smaller refineries are 
closed and replaced by newer and bigger facilities. 
- 27 -
B.4, REFINING 
This section of the report outlines some of the major changes and 
immediate prospects In capacity, technology and returns for the 
Community's refining Industry. 
Trends in Capacltv/UtI IIsatIon 
There has been a continuous reduction In primary distillation capacity 
In the Community since 1976 (947 mio t) though In the last few years 
the rate has slowed. The primary capacity on 1 January 1991 stood at 
582 mio t almost 40% below Its 1980 level. 
Distillation capacity reduction was larger In the Northern part of the 
Community (excluding Denmark and Ireland) than the South. 
The rates of utilisation of primary capacities have Increased since 
1981 (59%) and are now at particularly high levels. At certain times of 
the year, these distillation capacities are utilised at 95%, raising 
questions of distillation shortages on a localised basis at those 
moments when for example cold weather combines with refinery shutdowns. 
Of course, with a more cohesive Internal market and a liberal trade 
policy, relatively brief localised shortfalls can be made up quickly by 
buying on the market. A change in the stockholding management can go 
some way to alleviating seasonalised demand peaks. (See Annex A3-A7) 
There are no plans to expand the Community's primary distillation 
capacity though "debottlenecklng" may bring about an Increase of 2.7 
mio t in the effective capacity by 1992. 
Apart from the de-mothbal I Ing of the refinery at Wl Ihelmshaven In 
Germany, which reintroduces 160 000 barrels per day of primary 
distillation capacity, there are no reported plans to close, reopen or 
construct further primary distillation units. Should this situation 
remain, utilisation rates should continue to rise In line with 
Increases in the Community's oil consumption. 
Conversion capacity (to convert primarily residual fuel oil into 
products for which there is a greater demand) almost doubled since 1980 
to 155 mio t/year (based on the catcracker equivalent). Further 
capacity is to come on stream, In particular In Italy, Belgium and 
Spain. This side of refining, including other conversion processes such 
as reforming petrol to Improve its anti-knock properties, IsomerIsation 
and alkylation to produce lead free petrol, Is driven to a large extent 
by changes in technology. (See Figure 3) 
The development In conversion capacity within the Community may be 
summarised as follows: 
the mature technology of thermal cracking (other than 
visbreaking and coking detailed separately) which relies on 
heat pressure and time to "crack" molecules, has increased very 
Iittle since 1980; 
- 28 -
Figure 3 
rÀwàm EEC 12 REFINING 
DISTILLATION CAPACITY 
MIO/TONS YEAR 
h98Ql98lh982h983H984fl985tl986tl987tl988ll989(l99b 1991 
FORMER E.GER. 
EEC 12 915 875 835 760 708 658 619 595 591 687 677 20 
582 
EEC 12 FORMER E.GER. 
Souro*:R«gulation 1056/72 
rWllgTffffl EEC 12 REFINING UPGRADING CAPACITY 
IN CAT. CRACKING EQUIVALENT 
1980 
1985 
1990 27 21 
—i 1 1 1 1 r~ 
35 30 25 20 15 10 6 
% 
LZZI % OF CDU CAPACITY 81 
135 
155 
—i 1 1 1 1 
30 60 90 120 150 180 
MIO/TONS YEAR. 
CAT. CRACKING EQUIV. 
Soure*: Regulation 1056/72 
- 29 -
marked growth between 1980 and 1985 of catalytic crackers, 
vlsbreakers, hydrocrackers and coking; 
continued growth between 1985 and 1990 of hydrocrackers and to 
a lesser extent vlsbreakers; 
Introduction between 1985 and 1990 of new technology in the 
form of hydroconversion (advanced catalytic process In which 
heavy residue feedstock is upgraded Into middle and heavy 
distillates for further processing) and fI exicoking (modifying 
earlier coking technology to dispose of the coke itself by 
means of gasification for use In electricity generation). (See 
Annex A6-A7). 
There Is expected to be reduced fuel oil use coupled with a growing 
demand for automotive fuels thus brining a further need for conversion 
capacity. Further, there is a growing need for higher octane in petrol 
as the Community continues to switch from leaded to unleaded and for 
lower sulphur levels in diesel. To meet the octane requirements there 
has been an expansion of isomerisation and alkylatlon capacity as well 
as capacity to produce MTBE and this is expected to continue. 
Environmental legislation is likely to continue to put pressure on 
refiners to remove sulphur from products. In particular, reduced 
sulphur Is already required In diesel and gas oil and further measures 
may be called for as a result. There Is discussion under way on the 
French Memorandum (see section B2). The capacity may prove tight, 
especially In countries where product demand Is expected to grow 
significantly over the decade (Greece, Spain, Portugal) and will 
require further investment in desulphurisation. To establish the costs 
of reducing the sulphur content of diesel fuel to 0.05%, C0NCAWE 
estimated the existing hydrodesulpurisatIon capacity (HDS) at 112.8 
mio t/year (Report no. 10/89)- to meet the sulphur levels of 0.2% for 
heating gas oil and 0.05% for diesel fuel, the additional new HDS 
capacity required Is evaluated at 30 to 46 mio t/year. 
As the process of refining becomes Increasingly complex, so balancing 
the streams for the various units In order to meet market demand will 
continue to place greater constraints on an Individual refinery system. 
To add fexlblllty within this ever demanding environment there is 
likely to be Increasing linkage between refineries, even If plants are 
owned by different companies, In order to make the most rational use of 
complementary facilities. 
Profitability 
Using Information communicated to the Commission under the Directive on 
price transparency [76/491/EEC] It is possible to calculate a 
theoretical gross refining margin resulting from the difference between 
the value of petroleum products sold on the Community's market and the 
supply cost in crude oil including refinery use. 
Between the period of the first quarter of 1988 and the second quarter 
of 1991, the gross margin for the Community tended to follow cyclical 
variations and the fluctuations of the dollar with respect to European 
currencies. In 1988 the average gross margin for the Community was 
$27/1. in the second half of 1989 the margin grew and continued to 
increase during 1990, up until the Invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces, 
reaching an annual average of $33/t. 
- 30 -
Figure A 
300 EUR-12 REFINERY NETBACK VERSUS 
COST OF CRUDE 
$/TONNE 
i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r 
123412341234123412341234123412 
I 84 I 85 I 86 I 87 I 88 I 89 I 90 I Oil 
EUR-12 REFINING GROSS MARGINS 
(EUR-10 TO 1/87) 
i—!—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r 
123412341234123412341234123412 
I 84 I 85 I 86 I 87 I 88 I 89 I 90 I Oil 
$ + ECU 
SOURCE:DATA FROM PRICE DIRECTIVES OF EC 
- 31 -
Since the beginning of 1991, the costs of crude oil supplies have 
fallen, the gross margin improved in the first quarter, then fell back 
slightly during the second quarter giving an average for the first six-
month period of 1991 of $51/t. The average gross margin during the last 
three years was about $32/t. I.e. ECU 26/t making it possible to cover 
assumed costs (variable, fixed, overhead expenses and return on the 
capital) of around $25/t i.e. ECU 21 /t for a complex refinery. (See 
Figure 4) 
There Is uncertainty over the projected drop In fuel oil consumption. 
If this turns out to be smaller than expected, for example because 
projects to expand the use of natural gas In power plants are not 
realised, the cracking margin (the price difference between light 
products and fuel oil) could well be reduced to below levels which 
could Justify heavy Investment In sophisticated conversion capacity. 
- 32 -
B.S. INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 
A number of forces have been brought to bear on the Community's 
refining Industry which have caused Its structure to evolve. This brief 
section firstly Identifies major catalysts to change, then goes on to 
describe the three developments which have taken place (reduced 
Involvement of the "majors", increased participation of oil-producing 
state-controlled companies and the gradual Internationalisation of the 
Community's national companies). 
The major catalysts to change in the structure of the Community's 
refining industry through the 1980's, which were to a large extent 
Influencing the changes In refining structure worldwide, are as 
foI Iows: 
surplus distillation capacity coupled with the decline In the 
demand for products weighed on product prices and adversely 
affected profitability particularly In the early 80's; 
- reduced profitability downstream led some major oil companies 
to divest themselves of capacity from that part of European 
business and in some cases opt for a strategy of becoming 
deficit refiners, meaning that a proportion of product needs Is 
met by the market or withdraw completely; 
crude oil exporters, particularly from OPEC, became 
Increasingly concerned about lost market volume and share and 
therefore sought guaranteed outlets; 
by and large, those same exporters had built up considerable 
financial reserves, especially In the period of high prices of 
1979-1981 ; 
sites to build new refineries In the Community are limited and 
where available would require a considerable lead time to 
acquire the necessary permits; 
traditional national oil companies based In the Community, 
spurred on by the need to secure access to crude, exploit 
domestic expertise and know-how outside their national 
boundaries and take advantage of an Increasingly cohesive 
internal energy market, widened their vision beyond national 
boundarles; 
as use of atmospheric distillation capacity tightened toward 
the end of the decade so projects to close refineries were 
shelved and "mothballed" refineries reopened (WiIhelmshaven, 
Germany); 
- 33 -
These factors have helped reduce the Involvement of the "major" 
oil companies in downstream operations, Increase the 
participation of producer country companies and change the role 
of the traditional Community-based national oil companies. 
It is the combination of will, opportunity and means that have 
encouraged some OPEC state-controlled companies to participate In 
Community downstream operations. Moreover, these state-controlled 
companies have seen the benefit In maintaining refineries near centres 
of consumption (rather than construct new ones near centres of oil 
production) thus reducing the need to transport products over long 
distances. In the case of Kuwait, the petroleum company (KPC) sought 
100% control but would now seem to be modifying Its approach In favour 
of Joint ventures. For others (Venezuela, Abu Dhabi, Libya, Mexico), 
companies seek a partnership or minority shareholding. In these cases, 
the growing internationalisation of national Community-based companies 
has provided an opportunity for constructive and complementary 
partnerships. Nevertheless, since the last report (COM (88) 491), there 
have been few reported developments consequently the scale of producer 
country participation in the Community has remained limited and stable 
over the last few years. Annex D2 sets out OPEC's refinery holdings as 
of 15 September 1991. 
The changing structure of the national companies can be highlighted as 
fol lows: 
- ENI , an Italian State company, through Its oil subsidiaries 
Agip and Agip Petrol! looked to secure crude oil supplies 
partly by increasing investments upstream and, in so doing, 
augmented Its level of equity crude. ENI had roots in the 
former USSR (a traditional supplier to ENI since the late 50's) 
and Is now nurturing and developing production, transport, 
refining and marketing within that area. Furthermore, Agip is 
conducting exploration production activities in Libya, Nigeria, 
Egypt, Angola, Congo, Tunisia, Norway, UK and China and has set 
agreements with Algeria (for oil and gas production). Agip 
Petrol! has developed Joint ventures with Saudi Arabia and 
Venezuela (MTBE production plants) and Mexico (MTBE plant for 
export to Europe and USA). Agip Petrol! is also present in 
the downstream sector In Austria, France, Switzerland and 
Germany. 
- Repsol of Spain was formed in 1987. Although its main assets 
are on Spanish soil, it Is already taking steps toward 
Internationalisation. One of its major shareholders Is Pemex of 
Mexico which, since the late 1970's, has been a major supplier 
of crude oil to Spain, Repsol being its largest customer 
worldwide. In 1989, Repsol acquired production assets in the UK 
related to the field of oil derivatives and a retail service 
station network with over 500 outlets (now under Anglo and 
Repsol brand names). In Portugal, Repsol is increasing its 
presence in asphalts, lubricants and the service stations 
market. 
- 34 -
Elf of France, has recently developed a more aggressive 
upstream and downstream strategy in the Community and 
worldwide. Its recent acquisition of a major stake in Cepsa and 
of the refining and marketing assets of Ertoil will now make 
Elf, In cooperation with Cepsa, one of the most active 
operators in the Spanish market. Elf also strengthened Its 
already significant positions in Great Britain with its 
purchase of the refining and distribution assets of Amoco, the 
distribution network of Heron and the acquisition of the 
upstream interests of Occidental In the UK sector of the North 
Sea. In January 1992, Elf, as part of a French-German 
consortium signed an agreement whereby they will acquire Minol 
MineralôhandeI AG, the refinery activities of Leuna-Werke AG 
and Hydrlwerke Zelfz GmbH in Eastern Germany. Elf will hold a 
majority stake in the refinery activities, as well as In the 
Minol distribution network and will make major investments, 
notably the building of a completely new refinery with a 
capacity of 0.2-0.25 mbd. 
There remains further potential for Investment by producing countries 
in the Community downstream Industry and the process is expected to 
continue. However, this will be limited on the one hand, by the 
willingness of companies currently owning refineries in the Community 
to divest themselves of capacity and/or share In ventures which, on the 
whole, are more profitable now than over the last ten years and on the 
other hand on opportunities for producing countries to invest at home 
or elsewhere in the world. 
. ANNEXES : TABLES AND GRAPHS 
Sect ion A : Annex A1 to A1 1 
Community Energy and Oil Consumption 
Community and World refining situation 
Sect ion B : Annex B1 to B^? 
EC Trade-Crude Oil and Products 
Soot market prices - basis Rotterdam 
F. C Oil stock levé Is 
Sect ion Ç : Annex C1 to C3 
Oil Price Regime and Fiscality in the Community 
Sect ion D : Annex D1 tp D3 
M i see I I aneous 
of which : - US Clean Air Act 
- OPEC's foreign refinery holdings 
- OPEC and non-OPEC oil production 
All t'C data exclude former East Germany unless otherwise specified 
^ 
AI 
CONSOUUATION D'ENERGIE PR IUAI RE DANS LA COMUNAUTE (EUR-12). 
EVOLUTION 1980 - 1990 ET PREVISIONS 2000. 
EN NILLIONS DE 
TEP 
Pétrole 
Combustibles 
sol ides 
Gaz naturel 
Electricité 
pr imaire, 
nucléaire et 
autres 
Consommation 
brute d'énergie 
primaire 1980 
589 
238 
171 
64 
1062 1985 
489 
239 
185 
143 
1056 1986 
504 
232 
187 
151 
1074 1987 
506 
231 
198 
157 
1092 1988 
518 
227 
192 
170 
1107 1989 
522 
231 
201 
175 
1129 19 9 0 
530 
232 
208 
176 
1146 ex-RDA 
12 
57 
7 
3 
79 PREVISIONS 
2 0 0 0 
560 
260 
260 
190 
1270 ex-RDA 
19 
30 
10 
1 
60 
Sources : EUROSTAT, DG XVII et Administration allemande 
J( 
A2 
CONSOMMATION DE PETROLE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE (EUR-12) 
Evolution de 1980 à 1990 
1. LIVRAISONS INTERIEURES 
. ESSENCES MOTEUR 
dont : essences sans plomb 
. PETROLE LAMPANT ET CARBUREACTEURS 
. GASOIL ET FUEL-OIL FLUIDE 
dont : gasoil transports 
. FUEL-OIL RESIDUEL 
. AUTRES PRODUITS 
2. BUNKERS 
dont : - gasoiI 
- fuel-oiI 
3. AUTO-CONSOMMATION 
dont : - fuel-oiI 
4. CONSOMMATION TOTALE 
(1+2+3) 1980 
510 
90,7 
( ) 
21,0 
171,5 
(51,2) 
154,8 
72,0 
29 
6 
23 
33 
18 
572 1985 
428 
91,3 
( ) 
22,1 
163,2 
(60,7) 
77,3 
74.1 
27 
7 
20 
25 
11 
480 1986 
442 
95,5 
( 0,9) 
23,0 
170,7 
(66,1) 
75,0 
77.8 
31 
8 
23 
28 
11 
501 •1988 
452 
101 ,6 
(13,4) 
26,6 
172,9 
(76,5) 
68,4 
82,5 
31 
7 
24 
28 
10 
511 en mill ions de tonnes 
1989 
455 
102,8 
(23,1) 
27,6 
167,6 
(81,2) 
73,3 
83,7 
31 
7 
24 
29 
10 
515 1990 
458 
105,0 
(33,7) 
27,3 
170,5 
(84.9) 
68,1 
87,1 
33 
7 
26 
30 
10 
521 Var iat ions 
1990/1980 
en % 
- 10,2 
+ 15,8 
( ) 
+ 30,0 
- 0,6 
(+ 65,8) 
- 56,0 
+ 21 ,0 
+ 13,8 
- 9,1 
8,9 
Sources : Eurostat et OCDE 
RAFFINAGE DANS LA COMMUNAUTE (EUR-12) 
BILAN PAR PRODUIT : EVOLUTION DE 1980 A 1990 
EN MILLIONS DE TONNES 
GAZ DE PETROLE 
LIQUEFIE (GPL) 
NAPHTA 
ESSENCES MOTEUR 
PETROLE LAMPANT 
t CARBUREACTEURS 
GASOIL ET FUEL-
OIL FLUIDE 
FUEL-OIL 
RESIDUEL 
AUTRES PRODUITS 19 8 0 
PRODUC­
TION 
12,3 
19,1 
94,8 
26,8 
178,4 
169,3 
31,3 DEMANDE 
15,1 
26.3 
90,7 
21,0 
177,1 
178,1 
30,7 19 8 5 
PRODUC­
TION 
12,1 
17.0 
96.7 
26,7 
146,6 
91,1 
31,8 DEMANDE 
17.4 
24,5 
91,3 
22,1 
170,6 
97,3 
31,8 19 8 6 
PRODUC­
TION 
12,4 
16,6 
101,5 
28,9 
159.2 
97,4 
31.0 DEMANDE 
17,9 
26.0 
95,5 
23,0 
178,8 
98,4 
33.4 19 8 8 
PRODUC­
TION 
13,1 
16.6 
110.5 
33.6 
161,1 
93,5 
36,6 DEMANDE 
18.4 
28.7 
101.6 
26.6 
179,7 
92.5 
35.5 19 8 9 
PRODUC­
TION 
12,6 
17.1 
112,3 
35.3 
159.5 
92,7 
36,5 DEMANDE 
18.2 
30,9 
102,8 
27.6 
174,7 
97,0 
34.8 19 9 0 
PRODUC­
TION 
12,6 
16,9 
115,5 
36,2 
163,9 
94,9 
40,0 DEMANDE 
18,1 
27,8 
105,0 
27,3 
177,9 
94,1 
40.8 VARIATIONS 
1990/1980 
en % 
PRODUC­
TION 
+ 2.4 
-11.5 
+21.8 
+35.1 
- 8,1 
-43.9 
+27.8 DEMANDE 
+ 19,9 
+ 5,7 
+15,8 
+30,0 
+ 0,5 
-47.2 
+32,9 DIFFERENCE 
PRODUCTION/ 
DEMANDE 
EN 1980 
(mio t.) 
- 2.8 
- 7.2 
+ 4,1 
+ 5.8 
+ 1.3 
- 8.8 
+ 0.6 DIFFERENCE 
PRODUCTION/ 
DEMANDE 
EN 1990 
(mio.t) 
- 5.5 
- 10,9 
+ 10,5 
+ 8,9 
- 14,0 
+ 0.8 
- 0.8 
TOUS PRODUITS 
PETROLIERS 532 539 422 455 447 473 465 483 466 486 480 491 - 9.8 - 8,9 - 7 - 11 
Sources : EUROSTAT et OCDE. 
Notes : Production =» Production nette des raffineries + produits associés. 
Produits associés = Produits finis (GPL et autres produits) obtenus lors de lo production de pétrole brut et de gaz naturel 
Demande = Livraisons intérieures + soutes internationales. 
VJ 
A4 
BILAN INDICATIF DU RAFFINAGE DANS LA COUUUNAUTE (EUR-12) 
EVOLUTION DE 1980 A 1990. 
EN UILLIONS DE TONNES PAR AN 
Consommât ion totale de 
pétrole, dont .-
* L ivra i sons Intér i eures 
' Soutes internat tonales 
* Consommât ion des 
raffinerles 
Approvisionnement net de 
produits pètroliers finis 
dont : 
' Importations nettes de 
pays tiers 
* Sources primaires (1) 
' Prélèvement sur stocks (2) 
Entrées en raffineries 
* Pétrole brut (condensats 
inclus) 
* Total (tous feedstocks 
i ne lus) 
Capacité de disti11 at ion 
primaire (au 1er janvier) 
T aux d'ut iIisation, 
par rapport .-
* au pétrole brut traité 
' au traitement total 1980 
572 
510 
29 
33 
10 
1? 
2 
4 
545 
577 
975 
60% 
63% 1985 
480 
428 
27 
25 
34 
24 
5 
5 
407 
463 
658 
62% 
70% 1986 
501 
44? 
31 
28 
23 
20 
5 
- ? 
439 
496 
619 
71% 
80% 511 
45? 
3/ 
28 
19 
14 
4 
1 
450 
511 
59/ 
76% 
86% 1989 
5 75 
455 
31 
29 
M 
45? 
5)6 
587 
77Î 
88% 1990 
521 
458 
33 
30 
21 
16 
3 
2 
465 
5?9 
Sources : EUROSTAT, OCDE, Règlement CEE 1056/72. 
(1) Produits associés directement ut iIisables, y compris ceux issus de la product ion 
de gaz naturel 
(?) Chiffres négatifs = stockage ; chiffres positifs = déstockage 
W 
A5 
RAFFINAGE DANS LA COUUUNAUTE (EUR-12): EVOLUTION DES CAPACITES 
DE DISTILLATION PRIUAIRE DE 1980 A 1997 (AU 1er JANVIER). 
EN UILLIONS DE 
TONNES/AN 
8ELGIUU 
DANUARK 
DEUTSCHLAND 
(ex-DDR) 
ELLAS 
ESPANA 
FRANCE 
IRELAND 
I TAL iA 
LUXEMBOURG 
NEDERLAND 
PORTUGAL 
UNITED IUNGDOU 
EUR - 12 
(t ex-DDR) 1980 
55 
J 7 
754 
20 
72 
167 
3 
180 
102 
19 
132 
975 7 985 
35 
8 
105 
78 
67 
710 
3 
7 30 
74 
14 
94 
658 1988 
35 
9 
81 
18 
62 
96 
3 
119 
65 
14 
89 
59 7 7 989 
35 
9 
82 
18 
62 
97 
3 
7 79 
65 
74 
89 
587 1990 
35 
9 
78 
18 
62 
90 
3 
179 
60 
74 
89 
577 7997 
35 
9 
87 
(20) 
18 
62 
90 
3 
779 
67 
74 
90 
582 
(602) % RED. (') 
199 7/7980 
37 % 
76 % 
48 % 
1? % 
14 % 
46 % 
34 % 
40 % 
23 % 
32 % 
- 36 % 
(*) sur la base de données exprimées en milliers de tonnes 
Sources . /nfor mat ions reçues par la Commission en application du règlement 1056/72 
Administrât ions nat ionales et sociétés petrolières. 
/, 
ËKC-12 : CONVERSION CAPACITY A6 
IN MIO. TONS/YEAR 
CATALYTIC CRACKERS 
VLSBREAKERS 
HYDROCRACKERS ) 
HYDROCONVERSION ) 
THERMAL CRACKERS) 
COKING ) 
ELEXICOKING > 
TOTAL CAPACITY 
CATCRACKER EQUIV* 
AS % CDU CAPACITY 1900 
47.6 
24.9 
5.0 
22.2 
100.5 
01 
9 1905 
03.1 
46.1 
10.6 
26.3 
166.1 
135 
21 1900 
01.2 
57.2 
16.9 
23.9 
179.2 
143 
24 1909 
02 1 
57.4 
17.6 
25.4 
101.3 
145 
d\~> 1990 
03.3 
57.5 
22. 1 
26.5 
109.4 
155 
27 
• BASED ON TOTAL DISTILLATE YIELD, AS A PERCENTAGE OF \ 
FEED , RELATIVE. TO THAT OF A CATALYTIC CRACKER. 
SOURCES.NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND INFORMATION RECEIVED BY THE COMMISSION 
UNDER REGULATION 1056/72 + OIL COMPANIES 
I n 
REFINING AND CONVERSION CAPACITY IN THE EEC 
IN MIO/TONS YEAR AT 1.1.1991 
B 
DK 
D 
EL 
ES 
FR 
IRL 
ITA 
NL 
PO 
UK DIST. 
35.3 
8.7 
80.6 
17.7 
62.0 
90.4 
2.9 
119.1 
61.0 
14.4 
90.2 * REF. 
3.8 
1.4 
14.0 
1.5 
7.8 
10.5 
0.6 
11.9 
8.2 
2.2 
15.5 
lEX-DDR 
TOTAL 20.2 2.6 
602.5 80.0 H.C C.C T.C. 
6.1 
1.4 
0.8 
0.7 
6.6 
3.3 
0.5 
3.0 5.3 
10.7 
2.6 
7.5 
17.4 
15.5 
6.9 
0.7 
22.8 1.4 
3.7 
3.8 
3.1 
2.3 
EEC! 582.3i 77.4 22.4 89.4 14.3 
1.8 
•A 1.9 
91.3 0 7 
15.0 VISB 
4.0 
2.4 
8.2 
2.3 
8.8 
9.4 
18.9 
4.1 
0.6 
2.9 
61.6 
2.9 
64.5 COK. 
4.9 
0.7 
2.5 
2.0 
2.9 
13.0 
13.0 
SOURCES' NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS AND INFORMATION RECEIVED BY THE COMMISSION 
UNDER REGULATION 1056/72. • OF WHICH 5.8 MIO. TONNES IN RESERVE AND IMMEDIATELY USEABLE 
World Distillation and Conversion C a p a c 11 > 1980-1990 
(excluding former CPEs) 
(year end, million barrels per calendar day) 
i9jo i»w I'M i»r iws \ni two 
DHL Con» OliL Con» OIlL Con» OliL Con. Dm Con» Din Co» Dm Co^-
NonhAmenci 20.77 9 38 17.48 10.2* 17.51 10 5^ 17 S3 1095 17 57 :0 79 -.7 43 iil3 17 65 ;!-< 
Europe"' 20.40 2.37 14.33 3.41 14 H 3 43 14 06 3 47 13 8^ 3 59 13 51 3 7C ',3 62 3 85 
;ap„n 5.35 0.33 4.48 0.57 4 38 061 4.23 0 66 4|0 07) 4 10 0 74 4.10 0 76 
AujirnUsia 0 81 0 16 0.72 0.18 0.75 0 20 0.72 0 20 0 73 0.20 0 76 C.2i 0.76 0 21 
Caribbean 2.34 0.29 1.40 0 15 144 0 15 1.39 0 1? 139 OP i 39 0 17 152 0 20 
CeniMl/Souih Amenca 5.71 1.27 5.44 1.67 5 44 163 5 60 173 5 65 181 5 81 187 5.98 198 
Middle Eau0' 3.15 0.43 4.15 0.64 4 23 0 68 4.31 0 70 4 64 0.95 4 92 095 5.30 0 96 
Asia01 4 04 0 20 4,84 0 65 4.93 0 67 4.95 0 7; 4 97 0 83 5.02 0 86 5.26 094 
Afnca 2.14 0 17 2.66 023 2 67 0 23 2 72 0 24 2 75 0 24 2 93 0 28 2 95 0 2S 
Total 64.71 14.59 55.50 17,74 55.4* 18 M 55 81 18 83 55 64 19.29 55 94 19 91 57 14 20.62 
!l ) inciwâei Cyprui but eicJudti eu g m Gerrr.i.T)' ind fcrnxi CPti 
;2) iro'wcfci victim Ku-1.1 ind N«V,T»J Ion uptciry in end I ?«0 fifu.Ti 
0! wrif in I Mi in nib- c/r-.tirrmi. S.iu'„V ËAJI Alii. SouCi Korci tnd Til»i.i 
Source : 0EC0/IEA 
> 
00 
J^ 
4s AVERAGE API VALUES OF CRUDE OIL SUPPLIES 
IN THE EEC 1985 - 1991 
40 
38 
36 -
34 
32 -
30 r~\ 
1 4 7101 4 7101 4 7101 4 7101 4 710 1 4 7101 4 
; 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 
SOURCE.CRUDE OIL REGISTER 
r 
A -10 
EEC12* CRUDE OIL REGISTER-SULPHUR 
CONTENT OF IMPORTED CRUDE OIL 
% SU LPII UU' 
( ) 
\ 
\ r s 
0.8 
0 6 
0 A 
0 ?. 
Or i i i i i •• i i ii 
81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88 89 90 91 
EEC 10 TO 1985 SOURCE:CRUDE OIL REGISTER 
K 
A 11 
Isomerization. AIky I at ion, Desulphurization and MTBE 
name plate capacities in the Community 
Situation at 1.1.1991 
MIO TONNES/YEAR 
Be I g ium 
Danmark 
Deutschland - Former West 
- Former East 
EM as 
Espana 
France 
Ireland 
Italia 
Luxembourg 
Nederland 
Portugal 
United Kingdom 
EUR-12 Isomer i 
zat ion 
o. 10 
0.39 
2.21 
0.49 
0.47 
0.10 
0.51 
2.60 
0.53 
2.00 
9.40 A Iky la-
t ion 
0.51 
0.40 
0.50 
0.09 
0.31 
0.40 
2.10 
0.58 
3.10 
7.99 Desulphu-
r izat ion 
of Middle 
distiIlat 
14.33 
2.24 
24.78 
3.38 
2.75 
22.52 
22.80 
0.27 
26.60 
14.83 
2.81 
14.58 
151.89 MTBE 
(ref inery 
plant 
0. 18* 
0.13 
0.05 
0.11 
0.26 
0.05* 
0.18 
0.15 
0.02 
0.10* 
1 .23 
* MTBE + TAME 
Sources : National Administrations or Arthur D. Little refining data base 
Approv I s I onnçmçn t pé t ro±±or_cU*_\j_gijÇom^nau t 6 : 
EvQlut Ion _dç_ _La_S1/LUC-t UfJ? _ dLlflPJP.! Ov I S I onnçmçn t çn pé t r Q LQ i?.rMl_t " J 
d.0...19_74.i.l99Q. ^^1 
roduction com-
mnaut a i re (brut 
NGL) 
mpor t at ions en 
irov . pays tiers 
i la CF" 
Jont 
'ays indust ria-
! i ses . dont 
Nor vége 
'ays en dévelop-
)ement 
Jont : 
.AIgér ie 
Arabie Saoud i te 
Egypte 
Emir . ar ab.un i s 
Irak 
Iran 
Koweit 
. L ibye 
.Mex i que 
Niger ia 
.Venezue la 
Pays à commerce 
d'Etat 
dont 
URSS LUR-9 EUR-10 
1974 
MIoT 
EP 
AEP(Egypte i ne I ) 
G 
E xpor t . à dest i n 
pays t iers à CE 
Approv.en brut 
marché comm.• 
(14 2-3-4) 13 
560 
555 
23 
169 
1 
31 
39 
100 
47 
'56 
O 
49 
9 
541 
384 
265 
O 
573 98 
97 
4 
29 
0 
5 
7 
17 
8 
10 
O 
9 
2 
1 
1 
94 
67 
46 1970 
MioT 
64 
470 
0 
100 44 7 
19 
121 
9 
30 
56 
77 
35 
36 
O 
34 
4 
15 
15 
424 
322 
197 
1 2 
522 1 2 
90 
86 
4 
23 
2 
6 
1 1 
15 
7 
7 
O 
7 
1 
3 
3 
81 
62 
38 
2 
100 1982 
Miol 
1 17 
302 
10 
10 
271 
16 
98 
9 
14 
1 1 
28 
3 
32 
9 
23 
7 
20 
20 
238 
191 
122 
29 
390 30 
77 
3 
3 
69 
4 
25 
2 
4 
3 
7 
1 
8 
2 
6 
2 
61 
49 
31 
7 
100 1985 
MioT 
146 
253 
21 
:• i 
196 
14 
23 
1 1 
4 
16 
20 
7 
31 
9 
34 
9 
20 
20 
164 
1 13 
36 
26 
373 39 
68 
53 
4 
6 
3 
1 
4 
5 
2 
8 
2 
9 
2 
5 
5 1986 
MioT 
149 
328 
25 
2Î> 
264 
16 
66 
10 
4 
24 
21 
10 
35 
13 
32 
9 
23 
23 
44 
30 
10 
7 
100 224 
173 
83 
33 
444 34 
74 
6 
(. 
59 
4 
15 
2 
1 
5 
5 
2 
8 
3 
7 
2 f.UR-1 ? 
1989 
MioT 
50 
39 
19 
7 
100 1 12 
365 
43 
4 1 
275 
17 
43 
14 
9 
25 
41 
14 
41 
13 
24 
8 
28 
28 
226 
171 
67 
21 
456 25 
80 
9 
9 
60 
4 
9 
3 
2 
5 
9 
3 
9 
3 
5 
2 
6 
6 
50 
38 
15 
5 
100 1990 
MioT 
1 13 
379 
43 
A? 
280 
18 
47 
1 1 
9 
19 
45 
9 
47 
15 
26 
8 
29 
29 
234 
171 
66 
26 
466 24 
81 
9 
9 
G? 
4 
10 
2 
2 
4 
10 
2 
10 
3 
6 
2 
50 
37 
14 
6 
100 
Compte non tenu des feedstocks et des variations de stocks 
Total des rubriques A. B. C ot Importations d'origine non déterminée 
jr ces . Importatlons/oxportat Ions : Nomenclature NIMLXI ot Nomenclature Combinée 
Product Ion : données Eurostat 
4? 
B2 
EUR-12 IMPORTATIONS DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS DE LA 
COMMUNAUTE EN PROVENANCE DES PAYS TIERS 
Importations de produits pétro-
I iers en provenance des pays 
t iers à la CEE 
Tous produits/tous usages, dont: 
- huiles légères 
- huiles moyennes 
- gasoiI 
- fuel-oiIs 
- autres produits 
Tous produits/tous usages, dont: 
- traitement défini ou 
transformation chimique 
- autres usages 
(mise à la consommation) 
Tous produits/tous usages 
en provenance de : 
- Pays tiers industrial..dont : 
AELE 
Etats-Unis 
- Pays en développement, dont : 
Kowe i t 
L ibye 
Alger ie 
Arabie Saoudite 
Venezuela 
OPEP 
OPAEP 
CCG 
- Pays à commerce d'Etat, dont: 
U.R.S.S. 
Rouman ie 
Pologne 
Tchécoslovaqu ie 1988 
102 500 
21 155 
818 
23 091 
44 984 
12 452 
102 500 
49 465 
53 035 
102 500 
20 833 
9 549 
7 836 
43 375 
8 485 
7 027 
8 123 
5 747 
2 478 
37 402 
38 539 
14 598 
38 292 
29 475 
6 158 
322 
860 en milliers de tonnes 
1989 
104 570 
20 173 
1 027 
24 037 
45 497 
13 836 
104 570 
47 478 
57 092 
104 570 
21 877 
10 577 
8 719 
42 389 
8 221 
7 156 
7 460 
5 376 
2 305 
35 669 
35 821 
13 981 
40 304 
30 561 
6 405 
644 
1 036 1990 
106 947 
20 064 
1 374 
26 950 
43 558 
15 001 
106 947 
43 934 
63 013 
106 947 
25 688 
13 188 
9 883 
42 265 
6 551 
7 497 
8 915 
6 646 
2 934 
34 653 
34 868 
13 426 
38 994 
33 872 
2 386 
840 
543 Var i at ions 
1990/1988 
% 
+ 4,3 
- 5.2 
+ 68,0 
+ 16,7 
- 3,2 
+ 20,5 
+ 4,3 
- 11,2 
+ 18,8 
+ 4,3 
+ 23,3 
+ 38,1 
+ 26,1 
- 2,6 
- 22,8 
+ 6,7 
+ 9,8 
+ 15,6 
+ 18,4 
- 7,3 
- 9,5 
- 8,0 
+ 1 ,8 
+ 14,9 
- 61 ,3 
+160,9 
- 36,9 
Source : Statistiques du Commerce Extérieur de la Communauté 
(déclarations en douane : nomenclature combinée) 
Feedstocks inclus 
EUR-10/EUR12 - SOLDE NET IMPORTATEUR (EXPORTATEUR) DES ECHANGES INTRACOMMUNAUTAIRES ET 
DES ECHANGES AVEC LES PAYS TIERS A LA CE DE TOUS PRODUITS PETROLIERS 
Evolution de 1984 à 1990 
en mill ions de tonnes 
France 
Be I g i que/Luxembourg 
Pays-Bas 
R.F.A. 
Ital ie 
Royaume-Uni 
Irlande 
Danemark 
Grèce 
Espagne 
Portugal 
EUR-10/EUR-12 
- feedstocks inclusd) 
- feedstocks exclus(2) 1984 
EUR-10 
Solde Solde 
intra- extra-
CE CE 
1.6 7,2 
(0,1) 3,4 
(28,6) 8,7 
21,3 12,0 
(1,3) 20,5 
0,7 11,5 
2,8 0,3 
(0,0) 3,6 
(0,5) (0,4) 
(4,0)* 66,9 
n.d.** 29,2 1985 
EUR-10 
Solde Solde 
intra- extra-
CE CE 
0,3 9,7 
0,8 3,9 
(29,0) 12,8 
24,9 13,3 
(1,6) 22,6 
(2,4) 9,7 
2,6 0,2 
0,3 3,6 
(0,7) (0,1) 
(4,6)* 75,5 
n.d.** 29,6 1986 
EUR-12 
So I de So I de 
intra- extra-
CE CE 
3,7 11,0 
0,8 2,6 
(32,0) 11,6 
31,1 13,5 
(4,5) 18,3 
(3,4) 8,1 
3,6 0,4 
0,2 3,2 
(0,2) (0,4) 
(6,8) 0,4 
1,2 0,3 
(6,3)* 68,9 
n.d.** 20,4 1987 
EUR-12 
Solde Solde 
intra- extra-
CE CE 
6,6 14,1 
0,6 0,2 
(31,0) 11,0 
29,2 12,6 
(2,4) 24,4 
(4,9) 8,9 
2,9 0,2 
(0,2) 3,3 
(0,7) (0,4) 
(4,7) 1,4 
1,4 0,2 
(3,2)* 75,9 
n.d.** 27,4 1988 
EUR-12 
Solde Solde 
intra- extra-
CE CE 
5,9 11,3 
0,1 1,6 
(28,3) 9,0 
24,5 10,2 
(1,2) 22,9 
1,1 10,1 
2,5 0,0 
(0,3) 2,4 
(0,5) (0,8) 
(3,9) 0,1 
1,1 0,4 
1,0 67,4 
n.d.** 13,7 1989 
EUR-12 
Solde Solde 
intra- extra-
CE CE 
7,1 11,2 
(1,0) 1,2 
(29,3) 9,3 
23,5 9,2 
(0,3) 23,9 
0,5 10,0 
2,4 0,2 
(0,8) 2,2 
(1,0) (0,7) 
(3,7) 0,3 
1,8 0,2 
(0,7) 67,0 
n.d.** 15,8 1990 
EUR-12 
Solde Solde 
intra- extra-
CE CE 
5,7 8,9 
0,6 1,6 
(26,4) 11,9 
23,2 9,5 
0,0 20,2 
2,2 12,1 
2 7 0,2 
(0,7) 2,0 
(0,8) 0,1 
(3,3) 0,4 
1,4 0,2 
4,7 67,2 
n.d.** 15,7 
Sources : (1) Statistiques du Commerce Extérieur de la Communauté et du Commerce entre ses Etats membres 
(déclarations en douane : nomenclatures NIMEXE et combinée) - Feedstocks inclus 
(2) Données nationales (banque de données CRONOS de l'EUROSTAT) - Feedstocks exclus 
* Erreur statistique : différence entre les déclarations à l'importation et à l'exportation au niveau intracommunautaire 
** n.d. : non disponible 
Note : Les données EUR-10/EUR-12 peuvent ne pas correspondre à la somme des données des Etats membres en raison des arron­
dissements (données exprimées en tonnes dans la NIMEXE et la nomenclature combinée). 
--Q> 
EUR-12 - IMPORTATIONS DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS EN PROVENANCE 
DES PAYS TIERS PAR ETAT MEMBRE ET POUR EUR-12 b4 
>ér iode : Année 1990 
en mill iers de tonnes 
Tous prod./tous usages 
en provenance des : 
-Pays tiers industrla-
Iisés, dont : 
AELE 
Etats-Unis 
-Pays en dévelop-
; peinent, dont : 
Kowe i t 
i Libye 
| Algérie 
| Arabie Saoudite 
Venezuela 
| OPEP 
OPAEP 
CCG 
-Pays à commerce 
! d'Etat, dont : 
| URSS 
! Roumani e EUR-12 
106 947 
25 688 
13 188 
9 883 
42 265 
6 551 
7 497 
8 915 
6 646 
2 934 
34 653 
34 868 
13 426 
38 994 
33 872 
2 386 R.F.A.* 
14 250 
5 000 
3 475 
1 343 
2 814 
234 
481 
1 247 
249 
167 
2 452 
2 287 
512 
6 435 
5 061 
16 France 
14 387 
3 767 
1 801 
1 563 
6 720 
601 
949 
1 294 
1 862 
211 
5 130 
5 842 
2 527 
3 900 
3 424 
388 Italie 
28 664 
5 851 
1 499 
3 088 
12 905 
1 935 
2 509 
2 413 
2 476 
45 
10 317 
11 334 
4 419 
9 908 
8 619 
1 206 Pays-Bas 
16 730 
2 674 
1 898 
550 
6 857 
1 982 
170 
1 485 
732 
1 628 
6 045 
4 706 
2 714 
7 199 
6 504 
379 Bel g/Lux 
5 064 
612 
181 
289 
1 714 
70 
343 
144 
238 
641 
1 610 
946 
337 
2 738 
2 558 Roy.-Uni 
14 131 
3 427 
2 426 
777 
5 652 
275 
1 995 
1 469 
465 
167 
4 613 
5 146 
832 
5 052 
4 692 
53 Irlande 
265 
256 
254 Danemark 
3 440 
1 933 
1 890 
43 
599 
514 
44 
20 
578 
598 
514 
908 
661 Grèce 
2 724 
313 
1 
237 
1 460 
569 
260 
7 
108 
1 355 
1 384 
677 
951 
622 
198 Espagne 
6 293 
2 003 
7 
1 938 
2 644 
323 
643 
445 
317 
76 
1 811 
1 861 
647 
1 646 
1 474 
146 PortugaI 
1 000 
99 
3 
55 
899 
48 
104 
389 
198 
739 
764 
246 
2 
2 
Source : Statistiques du Commerce Extérieur de la Communauté (déclarations en douane .- nomenclature combinée), feedstocks compris 
* Non compris les importations en provenance de R.D.A. 
^h 
EUR-10/6UR-12 - EVOLUTION DES IMPORTATIONS DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS PAR GRANDES ZONES ECONOMIQUES EN >. 
DES IMPORTATIONS TOTALES PAYS TIERS. 
en pourcentage (*/.) 
EUR - 10 
1984 1985 EUR-12 
1986 987 1988 1989 1990 
Days industrialisés 
dont AELE 
Etats-Unis 
Espagne 
Pays en développement 
dont Arabie Saoudite 
Kowei t 
OPEP 
OPAEP (*) 
CCG 
Pays à commerce d'Etat 25,8 
10,8 
6,6 
5,2 
39,3 
3,1 
9,7 
28,9 
26,9 
13,2 
3^,9 22,2 
8,7 
6,5 
4, 4 
45,1 
4,1 
10,0 
34,9 
33,2 
15,1 
32,7 20,2 
8,0 
9,7 
* * * 
s.o. 
44,1 
5,6 
9,5 
36,8 
37,4 
16,3 
35,7 20,4 
9,9' 
7,9 
s.o. 
4 1,8 
6,2 
8,8 
35,4 
37,4 
15,7 
37,7 20,3 
9,3< 
7,6 
s.o. 
^2,3 
5,6 
8,3 
36,5 
37,6 
14,2 
37.4 20,9 
10,1** 
8,3 
s .c. 
4C,5 
5,* 
7,9 
34,' 
34,3 
13,4 
38,5 24,0 
•2,3** 
9,2 
s.o. 
39,5 
6,2 
6,1 
32,4 
32,6 
'2,6 
36,5 
Source : Statistiques du Commerce Extér-eur de la Communauté et du Commerce e^tre ses Etat 
(Déclarations en douane : nomenclature NIMEXE et nomenclature combinée)- ;eeostoc 
(•/ Egypte inclus. 
(**) Portugal excepté. 
(*•*) s.o. : sans objet. s membres 
ks cornons 
'J. 
EUR-10/EUR-12 - ANALYSE DE L'EVOLUHON DES IMPORTATIONS DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS 
DE PAYS 'IERS EN FONCTION DE LA POLITIQUE DOUANIERE. 
. Importations effectuées 
à droit nul : 
- pour traitement défini 
Ou transformation 
chimique 
- en vertu d'accords 
préfèrent i e t s 
. Importations au titre 
du SPG 
. Importations soumises 
aux droits normaux du 
T.D.C. 
. Importations totales 
pays tiers EUR-10 
1984 
mio t 
59,8 
40,7 
19, 1 
16,1 
18,3 
94,2 63,5 
43,2 1985 
mio t 
69,2| 65,6 
49,2! 46,6 
20,3 ; 2C,C; 19,0 EUR-12 
1986 
mio t 
64,0 
48,1 63,0 
47,3 
15,9 j ": ,6 •1987 1988 
mio t '/, m i o t 
66,5*1 61,5 67,5 I 65,9 
48,4| u4,' 49,5 | 48,3 1989 •rVJ 
mio t 
66,1 '/. mio t 
63,2j 66,' 61, 
17,1 
19,4 
100,0 22,0| 20,8 
t 
j i i 
K,3J '3,6 
! 
105,51 *00,0 18,3 
19,3 
101,6 8, 17,6 
18,0 22,5: 20,5 '8,7 ; 18,2 47,5 45,4 <.3,v: 41,0 
1 
•8,6 j ^7,sj 22,2 20,8 j 
; i • 
19,5 j '8,6| ^5,8 '4,8 | 
00,0 108,2i *0:,Z '02,5 j *C0,0| 104,6{ 100,0| VCfc, 
Source • Statistiques du Commerce Extérieur de la Communauté et du Commerce entre ses Etats membres 
(Déclarations en douane : nomenclature NIMEXE et nomenclature combinée) - Feecstocks compris 19,0! 19,2] '?,7 16,3: 15,9; 19,0; 18,2; 25, : 23,4 
100,0 
J 
EUR -10/EUR 12 - EVOLUTION DE LA STRUCTURE DES IMPORTATIONS DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS DE PAYS TIERS 
Hui les légères 
Huiles moyennes 
Huiles lourdes : 
- gasoil 
- fuel-oils 
Autres produits (dont GPL 
et coke de pétrole) EUR - 10 
1984 
L_ 16,7 
0,6 
72,3 
(23,3) 
(49,0) 
10,4 1985 
17,2 
0,8 
73,4 
(26,6) 
(46,8) 
8,6 1986 198' 
20,7 
0,9 
66,6 
(28,8) 
(37,8) 
11,7 19,7 
',C 
67,8 
(28,2) 
(39,6) 
^,5 en pourcentage ('/.) 
EUS 
1988 ft 
20,6 
0,8 
66,4 
(22,5) 
(43,9) 
12,1 
Source : Statistiques du Commerce extérieur de la Communauté et du Commence entre ses Etats nemores 
(Déclarations en douane : nomenclature NIMEXE et nomenclature combinée) - feedstocks compris 19,3 
1,0 
66,5 
(23,0) 
(43,5) 
13,2 990 
1,3 
65,9 
(25,2) 
(40,7) 
14,0 
i h: 
v/y 
EUR 12 - IMPORTATIONS DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS EN PROVENANCE DE PAYS TIERS 
VENTILEES PAR CATEGORIE DE D R O D U I T S ET ETAT MEMBRE IMPORTATEUR 
989 
990 Comparaison Année 1989 - Année 1990 
en mill1ons de tonnes 
1. Trai tement déf ini/ 
Transformat ion 
chimique 
2. Autres usages 
3. Tous produits/tous 
usages (1+2) dont: 
huiles lég.S moyennes 
huiles lourdes 
(gasoil+fuel oils) EUR-12 
^7,5 
57,1 
1. Traitement défini/ 
Transformat ion 
chimique 
2. Autres usages 
3. Tous produits/tous 
usages (1+2) dont : 
huiles lég.& moyennes 
huiles lourdes(gasoi l 
+ fuel oi Is) 104,6 
(21,2) 
(69,5) 
43,9 
63,0 
106,9 
(21,4) 
(70,5) RFA 
7,3 
5,9 
13,2 
(4,2) 
a,2) 
5,6 
8,7 
H/3 
(4,6) 
(8,1) France 
3,7 
11,9 
15,6 
(4,1) 
(8,9) 
2,8 
11,6 
14,4 
(4,0) 
(7,8) Italie ; Pays-Basj Belg/Luxj R.u. j Irlande jDanemark j Grèce j Espagne I Portugal! 
13,7 
18,1 5,5 
8.7 3,2 
1 ,4 7,0 
4,8 -L. 0,0 
0,2 2,7 0,7 
0,8 4,1 
2,7 
31,8 
(2,6) 
(25,8) 
13,2 
15,5 14,2 
(2,5) 4,6 
(0,3) 
(10,6) j (3,7) '1,8 f 0,2 
(2,9) i (0,1) 
(7,3) i (0,1) 
28,7 
(2,5) 
(22,2) 4,4 
12,3 2,9 
2,2 8,6 
5,5 3,8 
(1,0) 
(2,6) i ^5 
! (0,1) 
! (1,2) f 
! 6,8 
I (2,4) 
i (2J) 
0,3 
16,7 | 5,1 i 14,1 
(3,0) i (0,2) i (2,9) 
(12,2) (4,2) i (9,2) 0,3 
(0,1) 
(0,1) 0,8 
2,6 | 1,2 
! 1,5 3,5 
2,8 
3,4 
(1,0) 
(2,3) 2,7 
(0,1) 6,3 
(2,1) 
*) Importations en provenance de R.O.A. non comprises 
Source : Statistiques du Commerce extérieur de la Communauté et du Commerce entre ses Etats memores 
(Déclarations en douane : nomenclature combinée) - Feedstocks compas. 0,9 
0,1 
1,0 
(0,9) 
(0,0) 
0,9 
0,1 
1,0 
(0,8) 
(2,3) i (2,1) i (0,1) 
te' 
Go 
EUR-10/EUR-12 - EVOLUTION GLOBALE DU COMMERCE EXTERIEUR DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS FINIS 
en miilions de tonnes 
- Importations 
totales de produits 
finis (*) 
- Exportations totales 
de oroduits finis (*) 
- Importations (exportations) 
nettes de produits finis EUR-10 
1984 
145,8 
116,6 
• 
29,2 1985 
145,3 
115,7 
29,6 EUR-12 
1986 
164,8 
144,4 
20,4 1987 1988 
164,6 
137,2 
27,4 152,6 
138,9 
13,7 ioSc ' -con (Variations 
j 11990/1989 
j ' en ^ 
160,4 
144,6 
J5,8 
-! ! 
i i 
166,4 * 3,7 j 
i i 
: i 
; 
153,7 j * 4,2 
i s 
'5,7 - C,6 
! - i 
i i 
Source : OSCE-Eurostat -SIRENE (données nationales) - ceedstccks e*:;us 
(*) Echanges intracommunautaires compris. 
**1 ! CP 
EUR-12 - EXPORTATIONS DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS VENTILES PAR CATEGORIE DE PRODUITS ET PRINCIPAUX PAYS T1ER? DESTINATAIRES, 
FvnlutIon 1989 - 1990 
-Inclpaux pays 
ors destina-
aires par 
'dro décrois­
ant d'Impor-
ance en 1990 
otal> 900.000T 
tats-Unls 
-isse. 
uède 
un Isle 
ut riche 
i bye 
anada 
utres dostIna. 
OTAL EXTRA-CE 
:ont : 
'ays tiers 
.ndustrlaiIsés 
;ays «n 
développement 
'ays â commerce 
d'Etat 
ays OPEP 
ays OPAEP 
ays CCG 
'OTAL INTRA-CE Hui les légères 
1989 
5 100 
2 433 
1 252 
44 
357 
577 
500 
1 477 
11 740 
10 471 
1 230 
39 
747 
675 
34 
23 959 1990 
4 721 
2 908 
998 
3 
336 
593 
186 
2 084 
11 829 
10 260 
1 080 
489 
686 
610 
2 
24 615 Hul les moyennes 
1989 
544 
780 
336 
126 
25 
15 
462 
2 328 
4 616 
3 138 
1 455 
23 
404 
266 
1 
6 364 1990 
618 
805 
152 
139 
16 
289 
1 845 
3 864 
2 227 
1 610 
27 
275 
267 
32 
6 949 Gas-oii 
1989 
361 
2 714 
421 
236 
297 
214 
34 
2 387 
6 664 
. 4 379 
2 172 
113 
427 
490 
2 
19 945 1990 
516 
3 600 
579 
415 
411 
286 
15 
2 307 
8 129 
5 766 
2 199 
164 
394 
778 
5 
19 597 Fuel-oiis 
1989 
5 009 
127 
168 
481 
292 
260 
323 
4 060 
10 720 
7 082 
3 381 
257 
937 
1 392 
149 
22 285 1990 
4 823 
73 
133 
985 
335 
195 
413 
4 928 
11 885 
7 257 
4 239 
389 
750 
1 713 
68 Autres produ1ts 
1989 
344 
379 
345 
70 
361 
64 
2 
2 270 
3 835 
2 053 
1 632 
150 
489 
462 
75 
21 413 1 8 246 
i 1990 
466 
376 
320 
95 
343 
60 
5 
2 355 
4 020 
2 103 
1 714 
203 
410 
513 
89 
8 163 en millIers de tonnes 
TOTAL 
Tous prodults pétroiIers 
1989 
11 356 
6 433 
2 523 
957 
1 333 
1 130 
1 321 
12 524 
37 577 
27 123 
9 871 
583 
3 003 
3 285 
260 
80 799 1990 
11 144 
7 763 
2 182 
1 637 
1 440 
1 135 
909 
13 516 
39 726 
27 612 
10 841 
1 273 
2 515 
3 881 
196 
i , var lat. 
90/89 
en % 
- 1,9 
• 20,7 
- 13,5 
• 71 ,1 
+ 8,0 
+ 0,4 
-31,2 
• 7,9 
• 5,7 
• 1 ,8 
• 9,8 
•118,4 
- 16,3 
•* 18,1 
- 24,6 
i 
80 738 I - 0,1 
! 
jLçe : Statistiques du Commerce Extérieur oe ta Communauté (déclarations en douane nomenclature combinée). 
; O 
SOURCE : PLAÎT'S OILGRAM 
USS/barrei 
65 
60 
55 premium 0.15 g/1 
*» jet kero 
gasoil 
— naphtha 
> regular 
fuel oil 1%S 
——.-fuel oil 3.5 % S 
50 
40 
be 
Jul Aug Sep Oci Nov Dec Jan' Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May 
1989 1990 
Bja 
f* 
c 
Régime de formation dos prix des produits pétroliers on vigueur dans 
les Etats membres. 
Belgique 
Un contrat de programme fixe depuis le 1.8.1974 les prix de vente 
maxima aux consommateurs des produits pétroliers. Les prix sont 
déterminés par comparaison entre une valorisation basse sur les 
cotations FOB Rotterdam et FOB Méditerranée et le prix de revient d'une 
tonne de pétrole brut raffiné sur le territoire national. 
La valorisation ne peut s'écarter de plus de 11 % du prix de revient et 
en général ce sont les cotations Internationales qui déterminent les 
prix maxima. Dans le calcul de ce prix sont pris également en 
considération les coûts de stockage obligatoire et les marges de 
d i st r i but ion. 
Espagne 
Actuellement 2 formules de prix déterminent les prix maxima (décret du 
6.7.1990) l'une pour les essences et les gasoils et l'autre pour les 
fuel-olls lourds; les prix des autres produits étant libres. 
Les prix maxima pour les essences et les gasoils sont calculés à partir 
des cotations Internationales FOB barges Rotterdam et FOB cargo Italy, 
et des prix hors droits et taxes publiés dans le bulletin pétrolier de 
la CEE de six pays (Belgique, Allemagne, France, italie, Pays-Bas et 
Royaume-Uni). Une marge d'aptatlon de 1 Peseta par litre est prise en 
considération. Les prix maxima pour les 3 catégories de fuel-olls 
lourds sont également fixés en fonction des cotations FOB barges 
Rotterdam et FOB cargo Italy et d'une marge qui diffère selon la 
qualité des produits. 
Grèce 
La réglementation en vigueur depuis Janvier 1989 permet de déterminer 
un prix de base qui est un prix maximum auquel les raffineries d'Etat 
peuvent vendre leurs produits aux distributeurs. 
Dans le calcul de ce prix de base sont pris en considération les 
cotations FOB Italie (9/10), FOB Rotterdam (1/10), les coûts de 
transport, le coût de stockage et le market trend qui peut fluctuer 
entre -20 % et +20 % des cotations Internationales prises en 
considération pour le calcul du prix de base. 
PortuqaI 
Un système en vigueur depuis le 1er Janvier 1991 détermine un prix de 
vente maxima pour l'essence super plombée, le gasoil et le fuel-oi l 
lourd > 1 % S. Les prix des autres produits ont été libérés. 
Les prix maxima sont fixés à partir des prix hors droits et taxes 
publiés dans le bulletin pétrolier de la CEE de cinq pays (Belgique, 
Allemagne, France, Danemark et Espagne). Un facteur de correction de 
2 Escudos par litre est pris en considération. 
4T? 
ACCISES APPLIQUEES AUX PRODUITS PETROLIERS au 1.4.1992 EN ECUS / 1000 
Types de produits 
Essence super plombée 
Essence sans plomb 
Gasoi1 automobile 
Gasoil chauffage 
Fuel oil lourd (2) Belgique 
391 
338 
269 Danemark 
366 
284 
222 (1) 
222 (1) 
250 (1) A11emagne 
450 
401 
266 
39 
15 Grèce 
259 
200 
206 
169 
46 Espagne 
429 
390 
288 
77 
13 France 
466 
413 
243 
62 
20 Irlande 
396 
362 
291 
49 
10 Italie 
591 
551 
406 
406 
58 Luxembourg 
273 
246 
155 
13 Pays-Bas 
497 
436 
210 
53 
24 Portugal 
511 
443 
341 
79 Royaume-Un 1 
388 
327 
319 
19 
13 
(1) L'accise est récupérée par les consommateurs assujetis à la TVA. 
(2) A la tonne. 
Taux minima en application à partir du 1/1/1993 (selon accord du Conseil ECO.FIN de juin 1991) 
Essence super 
Essence sons plomb 
GasoiI automobile 
Gasoil chauffage 
Fuel oil lourd 337 écus / 1000 litres 
287 écus / 1000 litres 
245 écus / 1000 I itrès 
0 
13 écus / Tonne 
SN 
O O 
r* 
TAUX DE TVA EN APPLICATON AU 1.4.1992 
Types de produits Belgique Danemark Allemagne Grèce Espagne France Irlande Italie Luxembourg Pays-Bas Portugal Royaume-Un I 
Essence super plombée 
Essence sans plomb 
Gas oiI automobile 
Gas oiI chauffage 
Fuel oil lourd 19.50 
19.50 
19.50 
19.50 
19.50 25.00 
25.00 
25.00 
25.00 
25.00 14.00 
14.00 
14.00 
14.00 
14.00 36.00 
36.00 
8.00 
8.00 
8.00 13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 
13.00 18.60 
18.60 
18.60 
18.60 
18.60 21.00 
21.00 
21.00 
12.50 
12.50 19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
19.00 
9.00 15.00 
6.00 
15.00 
6.00 
6.00 18.50 
18.50 
18.50 
18.50 
18.50 16.00 
16.00 
5.00 
5.00 17.50 
17.50 
17.50 
17.50 
Toux minimum de TVA en applicat ion au 1.1.1993. 
15 % sur l'ensemble des produits pétroliers (selon accord du Conseil ECOFIN de juin 1991) 
<3S (A) 
m 
CLEAN AIR ACT 
Çlpan Air Act. 
L'adoption aux Etats Unis par lo Président Bush dos amendements au 
Clean Air Act on novembre 1990 est uno étape majeure dans la 
législation américaine pour la protection de l'environnement. Sa 
portée est telle qu'il n'est pas possible do la résumer 
suce Internent . On peut néanmoins mettre en exorguo que cotte loi 
Impose au niveau fédérai dez conditions pour la production et la 
vente de carburants propres, destinés à rédulro los émissions de 
vapeurs d'ossonce par evaporation ou lors du remplissage dos 
voitures ainsi quo les émissions polluantes des gaz d'échappemont 
précurseurs do la formation d'ozone, de CO et autres substances 
toxiques. La loi couvre 7 domalnos : Smog urbain, sources mobllos, 
substances toxiques dans l'air, pluies acides, chloroflyocarbonos. 
permis d'exploitation ot contrôles. 
Au niveau dos carburants, toute une série de spécifications sera 
imposée : 
pour lo carburant diesel, à partir du 1er octobre 1993. teneur 
maximale on soufro do 0.05X ot un nombre do cétano supérieur 
à 40. 
- pour l'ossonce, la volatilité devra être réduite à un maximum 
do 64hPa pondant los saisons à formation élevée d'ozone et ceci 
à partir de 1992 ; Incorporation obligatoire d'additifs 
dôtorgonts dans l'essence (Janvier 1995). Dans los zones 
dépassant les concentrations limites "d'ozone. une essence 
roformuléo sora imposée ot devra ôtro oxc lus I vomont mise on 
vente. Il s'agit ossont loI1 ornent d'uno ossonco contenant au 
moins 2% d'oxygèno. 1% maximum de benzène, une faible 
volatilité ot un taux limite de 25X on aromatiques. Pour los 
zonos dépassant • los toneurs litnitos de C0, actuel lemont dans 41 
villes, la teneur on oxygène pondant la saison hivernale, 
c'ost—à—dire au maximum A mois, devra ôtro d'au moins 2.7X. 
Cot to condition ost à rospector dès novembre 1992 ot pourrait 
concerner un tiers de la demande totalo d'ossonce. 
fL 
J3 
OPEC s foreign refinery holdings: situation as at September 15, 1991 
" "' (in million b/d) 
1- Total overeeac refinery 
lnt*re«te (e) 
Abu Dhabi 
Iraq 
Iran 
Kuwait 
Libye 
Saudi Arabia 
Venezuela 
Total 
2- Controlled refinery 
capacity (b) 
Abu Dhabi 
Iraq 
Iran 
Kuweit 
Libye 
Saudi Arable 
Venezuela 
Total 
3~ Deliveries of OPEC 
crude oil (cj 
Abu Dhabi 
Iraq 
Iran 
Kuweit 
Libya 
Ceudi Arabia 
Venezuela 
Total Number 
of planta 
1 
1 
S 
3 
5 
13 Europe 
290 000 
232 500 
265 000 
546 000 USA 
625 000 
719 000 Othei 
10 ooo 
114 700 
26S 000 
820 000" î£l«l 
26 1 335 500 1 34< 000 1 209 700 
3 
3 
3 
11 
21 
2 
1 
1 
3 
3 
5 
12 
27 232 500 
265 000 
262 000 625 000 
719 000 
759 500 1 344 000 
80 000 
230 000 
165 000 
17 5 000 
670 000 600 000 
_47S 000 
1 075 000 10 000 
500 OQO 
510 000 
10 000 
4 8 000 
250 000 
200 000 
608 060 290 OOO 
10 OOO 
114 700 
232 500 
26S OOO 
690 OOO 
2 087 OOP 
3 889 2oo 
10 OOO 
232 BOO 
265 OOO 
625 OOO 
1 461 OOP 
2 253 OOO 
80 OOO 
10 Ooo 
4 8 OOO 
230 OOO 
185 OOO 
850 Ooo 
850 OOP 
2 253 OOO 
(a) All foreign refinery intereeta of OPEC member countries, includino minority holding» 
(b) Raflnerlee in which an OPEC country has a holding 6f 50% or mora. 
(c) Including swept and temporary crude «upply arrangeante with third partie». 
(d) Refineries at Freeport. Bahamas, closed (S00 000 b/d) and Curaçao (320 000 
b/<3) on leaOe . 
Eourcti: figure.» and estimates by PETROSTRATEOIES 
£? 
OPEC AND NON-OPEC (OF WHICH NORTH SEA) 
SHARES IN TOTAL WORLD OIL PRODUCTION 
PERCENT S/BARREL 
75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 
• OPEC PRODUCTION HM NON OPEC PROD. 
ZJ NORTH SEA PROD. -^" EC AVER.SUPPLY COST 
Lo 

ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(92) 152 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 12 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-92-179-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-43574-7 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
1^2985 Luxembourg