COMMISSION OF THE EUKQPEAN COMMUNITIES 
COM(90)600 final 
Brussels, 23 October 1990 
ararasacw opimasr 
CF 21 OCTOBER 1990 
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TOH A 7331TO KEJHCAL tOOGR 
COMMISSION OPINION ON PCLITIGAL UNION 
At its meeting of 28 April 1990, -Qse European Council confirmed its 
commitment to political union and took the following decision: 
"A detailed examination will be put in hand forthwith on 
the need for possible Treaty changes with the aim of 
strengthening the democratic legit imacy of the union, 
enabling the Community and its inst i tut ions to respond 
efficiently and effectively to the demands of the new 
situation, and assuring unity and coherence in the 
Community's international action". 
It went on to issue the following instructions: 
"Foreign Ministers will undertake this examinât ion and 
analysis, and prepare proposals to be discussed at the 
European Council in June with a view to a decision on the 
holding of a second intergovernmental conference to work 
in parallel with the conference on economic and monetary 
union with a view to ratification by Member States in the 
same time-frame." 
Following a further in-depth discussion on the basis of an examination 
oonduoted by the Foreign Ministers, the President of the European Council, 
at its meeting in Dublin on 28 and 26 June, 
"noted the agreement to convene such a Conference under 
Article 236 of the Treaty. The Conference will open on 
14 December 1990. It will adopt its own agenda and 
conclude its work rapidly with the objective of 
ratification by Member States before the end of 1992". 
The European Council also agreed that: 
"Foreign Ministers will prepare the Conference. 
Preparatory work will be based on the results of the 
délibérât ions of Foreign Mini st er s {Annex l) and on 
contributions from national government s and the 
Commission, and will be conducted in such a way as to 
permit negot iat ions on a concret e basis to begin from the 
start of the Conference. 
"Close dialogue will be maintained with the European 
Parliament both in the preparatory phase and in the 
conference phase on Political Union as well as on Economic 
and Monetary Union. 
"The European Council considered that the necessary 
coherence in the work of the two Conferences should be 
ensured by the General Affairs CounciI." 
«*« 
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Before defining the main lines of the approach that the Commission will ~& 
defending at the Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union, it ie 
appropriate to review the factors behind the growing awareness of the nest), 
to give the Community a genuine political dimension in the light of 
experience from the recent past. These factors are closely linked to 
recent or ongoing developments in Europe and the world. 
1. The twelve Member States have gradually come to accept the need for a 
higher profile on the international scene to enable them to give a 
collective response to a clear demand for Europe, to work together to 
defend their interests, and to contribute to the creation of a fairer, 
more efficient world order which respects the values they share, ±B 
paticular human rights. 
2. The successes achieved through the impetus given by the 1992 deadline, 
the implementation of the common policies enshrined in the Single Act 
and the February 1988 agreement, raise the question of how the people 
of Europe can be genuinely Involved in the shared adventure cf 
European integration or, to put it another way, how the challenge of 
democratic legitimacy can be met. 
3. Despite general recognition and sometimes even envy of these successes 
there is stni room for legitimate disappointment at the Ctorammity's 
overall progress, which falls short of the expectations for European 
integration over the last forty years. Furthermore, the tosmanity's 
decision-making process needs improvement given the rapidly changing 
world. 
The convening of the Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union 
provides a golden opportunity to (a) broaden the Community's powers and 
(b) improve decision-making. 
This basio conclusion lies at the heart of the Commission's reflections and 
its contribution to the proceedings of the intergovernmental conference. 
The Italian Presidency has asked it for its opinion on the basis of a 
proposal for amendment of the Treaty pursuant to Article 236 EEC. 
The Commission clearly welcomes the convening of the conference. 
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I. A STNPirfl OTMMUNTTÏ 
In the first place the Commission will strenuously defend the thesis - as 
it did when the Single Act was being negotiated - that both the historic 
legacy of the founding fathers and the cumulative commitment to European 
integration argue in favour of concentrating the revision of the Treaty on 
the integration of new objectives into a single Community. 
The osmosis between economic, social, financial and monetary policy on the 
one hand and foreign policy on the other is and should continue to be the 
underlying philosophy of a European Union, as affirmed in the preamble to 
the Single Act. 
Only a single Community with a single institutional structure can bridge 
the gap that has opened up between progress on common policies on the one 
hand and advances on political cooperation on the other. Indeed, the 
challenges that the quickening pace of history have presented to the 
Community have highlighted the existence of a "grey area" where the role of 
the institutions is less than dear. For the Comounity this points to the 
need for consistency between the positions it adopts on the world st^ge and 
the conclusions it draws In the areas of external eoonomio policy and 
relations with developing countries. 
A single Community implies a single Institutional structure flexible enough 
to take account of: 
(a) the state of publio opinion on the future of European integration, 
which varies considerably from country to country, and the way Member 
States perceive the Joint exercise of pooled sovereignty; 
(b) the need for caution, which militates against defining the final shape 
of European Union at this early stage and in favour of keeping to the 
course charted by the Treaty of Borne, leading eventually to a 
federal-type organization; 
(o) the likelihood of further Institutional change to accommodate 
enlargement of the Community. Common sense dictates that in a much 
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larger Community the institutions will have to be radically reformed 
to prevent Europe degenerating into a mere free trade area with loose 
arrangements for foreign policy consultation. 
II. ENSPKENG UNITy AND OQBEKBKE PT gffi ÇTmmTÏ^JXMW/m£M&J£33m 
The Commission is optimistic about the Community's ability to meet the 
historic challenge of ensuring unity and coherence In the Community's 
international action. 
Three fundamental questions have to be answered In this context: 
- Do the Member States consider that they share vital common Interests and 
do they wish to act together to pursue them? 
- What are the ambitions of the Community and its Member States and are 
they prepared to accept all the eoonomio and financial consequences of 
their decisions? 
- Should a common foreign policy also cover security matters, given that 
defence Is an essential element of security? 
The Commission's answer to all three questions Is In the affirmative. And 
although it feels that the establishment of a common foreign and security 
policy will require a flexible and pragmatlo approach, it nevertheless 
believes that the Treaty should outline the procedures and methods for a 
common policy leading towards European Union. 
The term "common policy" has been chosen deliberately. In these matters it 
would be unreal 1stio to speak of political union when it is quite dear 
that, traditionally, Member States have special relations with certain 
parts of the world and geopolitical positions which are firmly anchored in 
their history. More Importantly, the Twelve do not yet share the same 
assessment of their responsibilities or of their general and specific 
commitments in various parts of the world. 
The same considerations have led the Commission to recommend a speciflo 
approach to security matters. The Treaty should include a reference to 
this subject and might Incorporate the undertaking contained In Article 5 
of the 1948 Brussels Treaty on the WEQ which specifies that, in the event 
- Q _ 
of an armed attack against one of the contracting parties, the others are 
obliged to provide aid and assistance. 
More than that, the new Treaty should, in general terms, point the way 
towards a common security policy, including defence. 
It is also in the common Interest to bring defenoe equipment production and 
trade fully under the discipline of the ooramon market, which would invdve 
lïïtiffr *1iA the removal of Article 223. 
However, security is more than just a matter of military defenoe. It now 
covers all means of guaranteeing cohesion at national and Community level, 
from the preservation of a common model of society to the protection of 
citizens against terrorism, serious crime and the other scourges of the 
modern world. 
The definition and implementation of a common foreign policy raises four 
questions: 
Who will prepare the decisions? 
- Who will take the decisions? 
- Who will Implement the decisions? 
- How can the expression of popular sovereignty, first and foremost the 
European Parliament, be involved In this process? 
1. The preparation of decisions should be based on the experience of the 
existing Community system whereby an adJaoo. Institution would act 
simultaneously as a focus for Community action and as the guarantor of 
consistency between the common foreign policy and the other common 
policies. 
This observation, drawn from experience, does not mean that the 
Commission Intends to lay olaim to a monopoly of the right of 
initiative in this area. In fact, the very specific nature of foreign 
and security policy implies that the right of initiative must be 
shared between the Council Presidency, the Member States and the 
Commission, if only because of the close links between foreign policy 
on the one hand and external economic policy and development 
coopération policy on the other. 
For this reason, the body responsible for preparing decisions should, 
include the present political secretariat - which will be 
strengthened - and representatives of the Commission, so that they can 
work together, with the necessary discrétion, to draw up decisions on 
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this new common policy. It would be attached to the General 
Secretariat of the Council. 
At the same time, COKBFER would be reorganized so that it could be 
apprised of foreign policy matters before the Council takes a 
decision. 
2. The method of decision-making depends on the scope of foreign policy. 
T^i« must be broadened gradually but it also needs to be consolidated 
quickly by joint action. 
Should the scope of foreign policy be dearly defined In the Treaty? 
The Commission feels that this would not be the right approach. Any 
attempt to compile a list of areas considered to be of vital common 
interest would come up against insurmountable difficulties of 
Interpretation. This being so, it would be preferable to leave it to 
the European Council to decide on the areas to be transferred from the 
scope of political cooperation to that of a common or Community 
policy. 
Once these areas had been defined by the European Council, the Foreign 
Ministers, meeting within the Council, would take decisions by a 
qualified majority - except on matters directly related to security. 
However, this would be an augmented qualified majority requiring the 
votes of 8 Member States. 
In other areas, the oonsensus rule would apply as it already does for 
political coopération. 
3. As regards implementation of the most Important decisions, it would be 
for the Council to choose from a number of formulas depending on the 
drcumstanoes, all of them involving Commission participation, as in 
the past. 
The essential requirement Is that once a common position has been 
decided on, the Community must speak with one voice. 
4. Involvement of the European Parliament in foreign and security policy 
is less a matter of strict institutional rules than of general working 
practice. It would be up to those responsible for the common policy 
to consult Parliament on a regular basis and to keep It Informed of 
the Implications for the Community of the most important foreign 
policy developments either at a plenary session or in the relevant 
Committees. 
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The revision of the Treaty should clarify the scope for application of 
the assent procedure to the most Important agreements - in particular, 
association and cooperation agreements - whose purpose would be to 
define, within an overall framework, the political, economic, 
financial and cultural dlmsnslnns of the Community's relations with 
its main partners. 
On the other hand, this prooedure would not apply to ordinary trade 
agreements which involve implementation in strict compliance with 
Treaty provisions, notably Article 113, of broad principles of 
external economic policy defined by the Community's institutions. 
III. gTRENjEftamE DEMOCRATIC IffiTTIMrVTT: KBIATCTfft BETWEEN THE 
iMsmsnoNS AND THE PEOPLE OP EPBQPE 
Further democratization of the running of the Community must be seen from 
the twin standpoint of its institutions and its citizens. 
1. Without losing sight of the paramount need to reconcile democracy and 
efficiency, the objective as far as the institutions are concerned 
must be twofold: 
- to strengthen the powers of the European Parliament; 
- to Increase the involvement of national parliaments. 
(a) Aside from its involvement In foreign policy and joint security, 
the powers of the European Parliament must be strengthened 
vis-à-vis the Council and the Commission. 
Notwithstanding the fears expressed in certain quarters, the 
coopération prooedure introduced by the Single Act has not led to 
disputes between Parliament and the Council or made 
decision-making more cumbersome. Parliament has shown that It is 
wining and able to play its full part as joint legislator. The 
Commission considers that a radical reform of the Treaty, such as 
that now under way, should involve an increase in Parliament's 
legislative powers. It therefore proposes: 
- increasing the part played by Parliament in the coopération 
prooedure; one formula which would guarantee that a decision was 
taken would be a provision to the effect that, following 
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Parliament's second reading, the Commissi on proposal Incorporating 
Parliament's amendments would be deemed adopted unless the Council 
rejected it by a simple majority; 
extending the coopération prooedure to all the new areas where 
qualified majority voting would apply; 
strengthening the role of Parliament in the budget prooedure and 
giving it joint responsibility for Community revenue/1 
With regard to the appointment of Commission, the only political 
body genuinely accountable to it, Parliament has consistently 
demanded the power to appoint, or at least to be involved in the 
appointment of, Members of the Commission. The formula which 
seems to have the most support would be a two-tier investiture: 
the first stage would involve Investiture of the President of the 
Commission, who would be appointed by Parliament on a proposal 
from the European Council; and the second stage, following the 
appointment of the Members by agreement between the Member States 
after consultation of the President, would involve Investiture of 
the Commission as a whole on the basis of its programme. In this 
way Parliament would be able to confirm the appointment of the 
entire Commission. 
(b) A great deal of confusion still surrounds the request for more 
involvement of national parliaments in Community affairs. This 
needs to be dispelled. 
In the case of décisions to transfer sovereignty by amending the 
Treaty, national parliaments are completely sovereign and, when a 
vote is taken on whether to ratify amendments to the Treaty, 
approve the principle and extent of such transfers in full 
knowledge of the facts. The use of mflohanlsms involving 
association in decision-making would conflict with the solemn, 
oondusive nature of ratification. 
In the case of assessing the use made of powers transferred to the 
Community, It should not be forgotten that In the Community system 
it Is national governments, sitting in the Council, that take the 
1 Cf. section on public finances (page 14). 
- 9 -
major decisions. Since national governments are accountable to 
national parliaments, it is for them to Involve elected 
representatives In Cammunity affairs in a manner which respects 
national traditions. 
Having said this, the Commission nevertheless recognizes that a 
number of proposals nave been made for improving relations between 
the European Parliament and national parliaments. 
Should new arrangements prove to be essential, the QD^dsslosu. 
would favour the introcac^J on of an information prooedure, whereby 
a delegation from catlooeJ parliaments would be given an 
opportunity to hear an explanation from the Oounci-1 Presidency and 
the Commission before major decisions are taken. 
But the Ctmùj HS:1 .on believes the-t it .1B first- and foremost for the 
European Parliament, in onaosultation with national parliaments, to 
oonciner what is the best my to ijcrprcve relations betoier th^ 
dected representatives of the paople. 
Lastly, the Goaimissicn notes that on the evidence of experience 
over the last few years, Parliament is still dissatisfied with the 
quality of its bilateral relations with the Cuunoil of Mlnist&fs, 
2, In the Commission's view, strengthening the Institutions 'dll not co 
enough of itself to ensure that citizens are genuine!y involved in thf* 
Community's activities at erery stage of the definition of policies i.-;* 
fields directly affecting them. That is why the CommissiOD f*!>ck/cses 
the proposal put forwea^ by the Spanish Prltre Minister, 
Fdipe Gonzales, for the inin^oduotioi! of the notion of European 
dtlzenship. This would take shape gradually, without encro&ctiitjg in 
any way on national citizenship, which it would supplement rather than 
replace. In short, the object would be to encourage a feeling of 
involvement in European integration. 
The basis for European citizenehip along these lines could be a 
statement of rights and obligations focusing on: 
- basic human rights, with a referenoe to the Strasbourg Convention; 
- the rights of European citizens to be written into the Treaty, 
Indudlng: 
- 10 -
. the right of residence and movement whether the Individual te 
ecxsncudoally active or not, 
. voting rights In European and local deotions; 
- the setting of targets for the definition of the individual's civic, 
economic and social rights and obligations at a later stage. 
It must not be forgotten that dtisens are also involved in ©ooncfcio 
and social development. That is why, as far back as 1985, the 
Commission took the step of encouraging social dialogue at Community 
levd between representatives of employers' organizations and trade 
unions. That process Is now enshrined in the Single Act. But 1 
should be given greater emphasis and its organization improve.1. T&LH 
presupposes, totfT ffl]*,, enhancing the status of the Econome ao:* 
Social Committee and of its members. 
Lastly, the Commission considers that the Intergovernmental Conference 
must take account of the demand for the creation of a body to represent 
the Community's regions. This is an important parameter of suhsl/iia-rity. 
The wide variety of regional structures In the Member States preoltd&s -
and will probably continue to do so - the invdvement of suet-, a body ID 
the dedsion-maklng process. The Commission's suggestion therefo^ is 
that, pending fresh developments, It should hold regular consul étions 
with a body representing all the regions of Europe. 
IV. iMPaoync TFTR KWH.n'ivEMRfifi re» TRK TWf?nwrmHS 
Four questions arise when considering ways of improving the effectiveness 
of the institutions: 
- the question of broadening the Community's powers; 
- the question of subsidiarity; 
- the question of Ijmproving the way the Institutions operate while 
maintaining a general balance; 
- the question of the status of the Community's public finances. 
-11-
l. Powers. 
As In the case of the Single Act, the question of powers must not be 
seen In general terms but rather in terms of sdeoting the means of 
action the Community needs to ensure the balanced devdopment of 
common poll des. 
As part of this sdeotive approach, the Commission proposes that any 
Increase in the Community's powers should concentrate on social 
affairs, major infrastructure networks and the free movement of 
persons, all three having a bearing an the optimum devdopment of the 
single market. As far as the environment, research and taxation are 
concerned, it feels that the question is one of improving 
decision-making, In other words the use made of qualified majority 
voting, rather than redefining powers. 
(a) For social affairs, the Commission's proposal Is that the 
provisions of the Treaty be expanded and clarified, in the light 
of the principles laid down in the Community Charter of 
Fundamental Social Rights, to allow the Council to adopt 
directives by a qualified majority in areas such as: 
- improvement of living and working conditions, In particular the 
duration and organization of working time, forms of employment 
other than open-ended contracts and other aspects of employment 
regulations which have a bearing on the protection of workers' 
fundamental rights, particularly in the case of cross-frontier 
operations; 
- basic and further vocational training;1 
- Information and consultation for workers. 
Finally, a legal basis should be provided to allow the Community 
to devdop programmes to prevent and combat major threats to 
health such as oanoer and Aids, as it has already done at the 
request of the European Pound!. 
1 Among other things, this would make it possible to devdop programmes 
similar to Erasmus, Comett and Yes for Europe. 
-18-
(b) The development of major infrastructure networks to facilitate the 
movement of goods, services, persons, capital and information 
should be encouraged by making It possible for the Council to take 
appropriate action and adopt programmes. 
(o) Although the Single Act introduced the concept of a frontier-free 
area, the Community's powers In relation to the free movement of 
persons raise difficulties which need to be reedved. The 
principle that freedom of movement, and the equality of treatment 
needed to exercise it, are rights enjoyed by Community nationals 
should be enshrined in the Treaty once and for all, as should the 
possibility of adopting the necessary measures by a qualified 
majority. This does not mean that all the rules would need to be 
standardized. Coordination or approximation should suffice. 
Expérience has shown that the provisions of the Single Act are 
less than satisfactory as far as non-Community nationals entering 
or residing in the Community are concerned. The Commission also 
notes that the Intergovernmental method, which it supported, has 
failed to produce any meaningful results. The Commission suggests 
that this delicate Issue, which undermines relations with 
non-Community countries, notably In the areas of immigration and 
the fight against drug abuse and serious crime, should be resdved 
by one or other of the following sdutions: 
- an explidt reference in the Treaty to a Community competence, 
which would require unanimity Initially at least, in relation 
to ncn-Oommunity nationals to the extent needed for the free 
movement of persons and the creation of a frontier-free area; 
- recognition of the problems raised by the status of 
nonH3ommunity nationals, again to the extent to which these 
lnvdve the free movement of persons» as one of the questions 
of vital COMBO» Interest in foreign and common security policy. 
2. -13-
(d) In the case of the environment and research and technology, the 
Treaty will have to be rewritten to increase the effectiveness of 
operations cxanduoted at Community level and make It possible to 
create new financial Instruments where appropriate. These could 
also be used for devdoping major infrastructure networks (see (b) 
above). 
(e) In the area of taxation the aim must be to facilitate the adoption 
of measures linked to the completion and effective functioning of 
the single market. 
(f) As far as energy is concerned, the treaties could be consolidated 
Into a single chapter making it possible to implement a common 
energy policy or at least a common energy market. 
(g) In line with the principle of subsidiarity, cultural affairs 
should continue to be a matter for the Member States and the 
regions. It would be a good Idea, however, to include an artlde 
on the cultural dimension of Community activities.1 
The question of subsidiarity is dosdy linked to the redefinition of 
certain powers. The Commission considers that this commonsense 
principle should be written into the Treaty, as suggested by 
Parliament in its draft Treaty on European Union. It should serve as 
a guideline for the institutions when, under a new Article 235 freed 
from its purdy eoonomlo purpose, they have to take a unanimous 
decision of principle on new Community action In pursuit of general 
Treaty objectives. Compliance with the principle could be checked by 
a retrospective control of the Institutions' activities to ensure that 
there is no abuse of powers. 
1 In particular, this would highlight the importance of the action taken to 
ensure the free movement of audiovisual works, to encourage creative 
artists In Europe, to promote high-definition television, and to expand 
the Media programme, to quote just a few examples. 
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3. Efffietiyjaaeea 
m the Commlsdon's view, Improving the effectiveness of the 
institutions largdy depends on extending the use of qualified 
majority voting. In theory, this should apply to all areas of 
Community competence except "ooiistitutianal" questions, and with 
possible restrictions In the areas of taxation, social security and 
the status of non-Community nationals. 
Assuming that the cooperation procedure would be extended In line with 
the wider use of qualified majority voting» it would be important to 
define the time limits within which the Council and the European 
Parliament would be required to act. This is a precondition for 
improving the way our démocratie procedures operate. 
In general terms, with a view to simplifying and clarifying Community 
legislation the Commission believes that the common polides can only 
devdop satisfactorily if a clear distinction is made between 
legislative and regulatory measures. 
As far as the delegation of powers to the Commission Is oonoerned, 
ef f icdency demands that both the letter and the spirit of the Single 
Act be fully applied in practice. Hare a distinction has to be made 
between the Implementation of decisions and the decisions themsdves, 
whether they are legislative or regulatory. The Commission takes the 
view that only two formulas should be allowed under the Treaty: the 
advisory committee and the management committee. 
One disturbing fact remains: in the absence of sanctions, Court of 
Justice rulings are not always implemented. The Commission may 
consider proposing a system of sanctions to ded with this type of 
situation. 
4. Status Of -Khg rWnmmil-hy'fl pi^ln flrwimftB 
This subject has to be considered in the light of the progress made 
since the adoption of interinstitutional agreement proposed by the 
Commission in 1986, which has brought home a number of lessons: 
(a) the need to reconsider the distinction between compulsory and 
nonHDompulsory expenditure, so as to combine the retention of 
certain guarantees with greater flexibility In budget management; 
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(b) the need to restore the institutional balance to allow the 
Commiodon to play its full part in the budgetary process; 
(o) the possibility of Parliament being given some influence on a 
limited portion of revenue to increase not only its powers but 
also its responsibility towards electors. 
(d) incorporation of the prindplee of budgetary disdpllne into the 
Treaty. 
* • * 
The ijoprovements put forward by the Commission are designed to maintain the 
current balance of the institutional triangle, since the most sensible 
course in making any substantial changes Is to build on the existing model. 
In other words, we should base oursdves on the existing institutional 
structure, since Its dynamio power is already proven. 
The main advantage of the present system lies in its success in maintaining 
a balance between the institutions. It should therefore be preserved, but 
adapted to meet the needs of ever doser Community integration. And with 
the possibility of Parliament being given new legislative powers and the 
Council having wider deoidan-making powers In foreign and security 
policy,1 it will be Important to safeguard the Commission's right of 
initiative, which has proved to be one of the key factors in the 
Community's dynamism.2 
At all events, the accountability of the executive to Parliament is a 
vital dement in the equation, even if the executive does not have the 
right to dissdve it. 
Alongside the traditional institutional triangle, the Community's new 
ambitions in terms of eoonomio and monetary union as well as foreign and 
security policy highlight the need to formalize the "motor" role of the 
European Council, which has proved so invaluable In revitalizing the 
process of European Integration over the past six years. 
1 As in the area of eoonomio and monetary union, which is discussed In 
SBC(90)1659 final (20 August 1900). 
2 The same should apply to eoonomio and monetary union (see reference 
above). 
-16-
Buildlng and expanding on the Treaty of Borne, political union would have 
the task of gradually creating the foundations of a future European Union 
through the process of eoonomlo and monetary Integration, the furthering of 
social development, the implementation of eoonomlo and social oohedon and 
the pursuit of a common foreign and security policy. 
Besides the amendments to Artides 2 and 3 on the principles underlying the 
Treaty, the introduction of a title on economic and monetary union, the 
extendon of certain powers and the strengthening of democratic legitimacy 
and efficiency, the revidon of the Treaty will involve the inclusion of a 
new title on a common foreign and security policy - quite clearly the 
primary driving force behind the new revitalizaticn. 
This common policy will have to comprise three sets of providons: 
- a framework for decisions and action in the foreign policy field and 
providons on security; 
- a new grouping of modified Treaty articles on the common caaneroial 
policy; 
- providons strengthening the objectives and Instruments of coopération 
and devdopment aid to make It more effective. 
In this way the Community, given genuine political will, will be able to 
face up to Its worldwide responsibilities, however varied the 
circumstances. 
Set firmly on the foundations of eoonomlo, social and monetary union, its 
success and Impact will be all the more assured, enabling it to satisfy the 
expectations placed In it. 
Political Union and eoonomlo, social and monetary union are thus 
inextricably linked. 

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