ARCHIVESHISTORIQUES
DELACOMMISSION
COLLECTION RELIEEDES
DOCUMENTS "COM"
COM(82)385
Vol.1982/0133

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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
COM(82)385 final
Brussels .1July1982
INITIAL GUIDELINES FORACOMMUNITY POLICY
ONTOURISM
(Communication fromtheCommission tothe
Council)
1
I
V':M
COM(82)385final

/•T?/rSOPTHE COWlralCAÏIOÎJ
TheCommission issending acommunication tothe Council ontourism
because ithasobserved theextraordinary expansion oftourist
activity intheCommunity andtheinterrelationship between tourism
andalarge number ofCommunity activities .Ittherefore felt it
useful toemphasize theimportance oftourism totheCommunity and
consider how itrelates toother Community activities .These twoaims
areelaborated inthestudy "TheEuropean Community andTourism "
annexed tothis communication .
Thepaper reveals the areas inwhich Community action islikely to
stimulate theharmonious development oftourism within theCommunity
andindicates totheCouncil which oftheproposals nowbefore it
would ,when adopted ,promote thedevelopment oftourism inthe
Community orimprove theconditions inwhich those involved inthe
tourist industry tvork .
Finally theCommission seeks .toidentify thepriority areas inwhich
action bytheCommunity ,either inaddition toorasameans of
coordinating wha,t isdone atnational level ,could help solve some
oftheproblems oftourism intheCommunity .
I. THE IMPORTANCE OPTOURISM TOTHE COMMUNITY
Article 2oftheTreaty ofRome assigns totheEuropean Community the
task ofpromoting closer relations between theStates which belong to
it.Tourism canassist theCommunity toachieve this goal and ,by
cringing thepeoples ofEurope into contact ,itbuttresses theedifice
ofEuropean integration .
Tourism isalso animportant economic activity inthespirit of
Article 2oftheTreaty .Itprovides jobs for4million people in
theCommunity anditsindirect effect onemployment isconsiderably
greater .Itcontributes tobalance ofpayments stability between

-2-
thenorthern European countries anaxhose ofthesouth andassists
inthedevelopment ofthepoorest regions oftheCommunity . Spaoial
attention should therefore hepaid topromoting itsharmonious
development throughout theCommunity .
Afurther measure oftheimportance oftourism totheCommunity is
thelarge number ofCommunity policies which ,directly orindirectly ,
have abearing onit.These range from thefree movement of
persons andthefreedom toprovide tourist services ,through passenger
transport toregional development andtheprotection ofthe
environment .Togive further stimulation totourism within the
Community ,a"tourist dimension "should begiven tothese sothat the
needs oftourism are taken into account when decisions are taken and
ι
Community actions implemented .Thefollowing headings show theareas in
which tourism can betaken into account .
II.FREEDOM OFMOVEMENT AND THEPROTECTION OFTOURISTS
Anumber ofmeasures help toencourage tourism within theCommunity by
making iteasier fortourists tocross frontiers and stay inother
Member States .
1.Easing ofcustoms checks
With theabolition ofcustoms duties within theEuropean Community
the nramber ofchecks has been reduced and itistherefore easier for
allCommunity citizens ,including tourists ,tocross internal
frontiers .However ,,since VAT rates differ between theMember
States ,random checks enthe goods imported bytravellers are carried
out atfrontiers .Thesystem of"duty–free allowances "allows goods
tobeimported uptocertain limits fixed bytheCouncil .If
these allowances were more generous ,therisk ofinfringement
would belessened anacustoms checks could becorrespondingly reduced .

-3-
Thiswouldxo~ior ...--arthecitizens oftheiiooiberStatesthesc.;so
ofbelonging totheConsruaity#
–TheComission therefore intendstoproposetotheCcancilinthe
nearfuture -thatanochonism should "beintroduced toensurefiat
thedujy–fveeallowances areincreased regularly ^
–TheCossdesiicn alsoproposed totheCouncil on2?,January 198Oa
Ce^unity procedure ontheprovisioning cf"boats,aeroplanes arid
international trains*whichwouldalso"bebeneficial fortouxdszu >
2•Redncticnofmalicechecksatfrontiers
Inaddition tocustomsinspections ,policechecksarestillcarried
outatfrontiers withintheConsisunity despitethefactthatin
Leceabcr 1974theHeadsofStateorGovernment advocated apassport
unionentailing auniformpassport andtheabolition offrontier
checks.Although thesechecksareretained onthegroundsofpjblie
orderandpublicsafety(terrorism ,drugstruggling )itdoesseen
possibletouiriplify thenforallmodesoftransport .
–TheCcaaaiusioa hasrecently proposed totheCouncilaresolution on
theS-Liiiplix2«o«wc«onofcneckijontnecxti«j0ns o<£theMenbcrStages
2whocrossfrontiers withintneCcsaaiaaxty •
3.Sociale^corltr fertonrSet.s
Personsinsuredunderthesocialsecuritylegislation ofensKcn'-er
StateoftheCcss&unity areentitledtomedicalservicesinanyI-Ie-bcr
Statewhichih*yarevisitingastourists orholidaymakcrs .Cfcisputs
touricawithinthoCo^unity atagreatadvantage overthatin
ncn-cw^or c«un*';ric-3 .2utthisfactisn;,-twidelyknownandtraveller ?
toanother lTCv.be*.'Stat.' ,donotalv?ay3obtainthe"Certificate of
&nti"cleiii0n"'j utne«.r^j.c~vn*ussxnsurance or^anlz&txon auu.GO0
tixo or-thiafacilixy *
*00K(¿¿)400.

-4-
–TheCoaaissicn -riMdiscuss wxththerelevant authorities inthe
KcsiborStatestheiaw-*autiaa ofsimplersadmoreeffective
procecl..-rci ii,
–Itwillstopupitsinformation csx^paigatoencourage allinsured
personstomalcefulluseoftheirrights*
4*Tovrit-:t£:;slstanceandc~rin^xrance
Harmonizing theternsunderwhichassistance isprovided totourist ;;
whohaveanaccident duringajourneywithintheCcacxaity andensuring
thatthevictimsofcaraccidents enjoyecjualprotection inall
Cosaunity countries areimportant totourisa® theCosnission has
proposed anumberofzieasures inthesefields: ,
–Cn13January1981,itsenttotheCouncilaproposalfora
Sxi.%v>ciiVOco•k^ifjTOvkuco i*nx±Ojl'iuconat*.o**sxorto*–>–■«a*-%*>**>stanv-
throughcuttheCcmuicr-nty *";
–On7August198OitLenttotheCouncilaproposalforaDirect:!-...:
ontheharmonization of-«helegislation oftheJie-iaberStatesconcerning
2cxvii.Aiaaility insurance foraotorvehicles ;
–On8January1981itrecommended totheIlenoerStatesaccelerated ,
settlementofclaimsundercivilliabilityinsurance^.
5.The-protectionoftourists *interests
Theprotection oftourists' interests againstanyshortcomings inthe
servicesofferedbytravelagents,againstthesometimes saisleading
advertisements a"bouttheaccomodation offeredandagainstsafetyha^-'.;c.v
intheplaces;;horetheyarestayingrequires strengthening .
mx'hecm.–om .0presenttooouncxlaorcn *c –*-■■-
consumerprojection incorrection vdtidinclusive holidays.
2^0G5**-4-*-0*«
*.GoC .~»
OJL57y4*3.19ely/*.21,

-5-
-It.willstudynon-structural aspectsofhotelsafety.
-Itwillendeavour to•tnndardiao thepresentation ofinformation about
hotels.
III.KOEKINGCONDITIO ITSFORTHOSEENGAGED INTOURISM
TheEuropean Community has "broughtaboutacommonmarketintouristservices
bypermitting freedomofestablishment foreconomic operators andbyenabling
themtoprovideservices inanyMemberState.Itcanfurtherimprove
conditions forthoseworkingintourismbytakingactioninthefollowing areas.
1.Theriphtofestablishment andfreedomtoprovidetouristservices
Thesetworights,whichareguaranteed bytheEECTreaty,areimportant toan
international activity suchastourism.Theprinciple ofregarding other
Community citizens asonthesomefooting ,asthoseofthehostcountryis
generally recognized .Buttheexistence ofvaryingnationalrulesonthe
conditions ofaccesstoatouristprofession mayformabarriertofreedomof
establishment andthefreedomtoprovideservices .
-In1965theCommission proposedtotheCouncilaDirective onmeasuresto
encourage exerciseoftherighttofreedomofestablishment andfreedomto
provideservices byself–employed workers,including pertaintransport
auxiliaries andtravelagents^.
2.Vocational training andthemutualrecognition ofqualifications
5:
Themobility ofworkersinthetouristindustry ,whichisoftenessential tothe
exercise oftheirprofession ,frequently depends ontherecognition of
qualifications acquired orperiodsofstudycompleted inotherMemberStates.
ojc239,4.10.1967 ,P-15

~The Cor:uui scion isconsidering maxtero relating "tothis profession inthe
broader conteirfc ofwork onthemutual recognition ofdiplomas *
\
–Provided they are setupattheinitiative o\theMember States ,common
study prosrrjuraac ontourism involving institutions ofhigher education in
theMember States will belocked at favourably bytheCommission .
3..Aid from the Euro^er-vr Social Fnnd
T'he improvement ofconditions ofwork intourism ,which isalabour-intensive
■industry beset with theproblems ofseasonality ,requires particular attention .
–TheEuropean Social Fund will consider favourably any schemes designed to
improve jobprospects and geographical andvocational mobility for those
employed intourism .
4.Staggered holidays
The concentration ofschool and industrial holidays inashort period ofthe
year reduces theefficiency ofindustry ,especially thetourist industry ,and
theeffectiveness ofregional development# Itentails increased high-season
prices andadegree ofcongestion which ,isuncomfortable forthetourists
themselves .The Commission considers this matter asoneofhigh priority .
–Itwill study without delay the'pattern 01school andindustrial holidays
inthe Member States and consider what can bedone toextend the tourist
season .
–Inthis connection itwill payparticular attention toways ofencouraging
social ,cultural andfarm tourism .

5."'nzzmatters connected vnth tourism
TheVAT rates which apply -toservices provided byhotels andrestaler ants
differ widely from oneMember State toanother .However theCommunity
hasnotyet tackled theharmonization ofVATrates andcould notdoso
for one sector inisolation .
–Itistherefore fortheMember States toapply VAT rates which talce
account ofthe needs oftheir tourist industries and international
competition inthis sector .
–TheCommission ,for itspart ,will establish towhat extent
disparities inthetaxation imposed bytheMember States ontourism
divert the flow oftourism .
6.Sner /tVmatters relating :totourism
Theprice ofenergy isofgreat concern totourism :itaffects the
cost oftransport andthe cost ofheating orairconditioning inhotels
andother buildings fortourist purposes . 2
–Measures proposed bytheCommission inthe context ofitsenergy policy
cannot butbeofassistance totourism ^".
–TheCommission takes equally into account the tourist aspects of
energy –saving demonstration projects andprojects toexploit
alternative energy sources forwhich Community aidisrequested .
IV.TRANSPORT AND TOURISM
Since tourism involves mobility ,transport isofprime importance .
Economic integration hashadabeneficial effect oncommunications
within theCommunity .
OJC55,3.3.1982 ,p.4

This has "been particularly true ofroad transport soattention shouxd
nowbegiven toother modes ofpassenger transport andinfrastructure
ofbenefit totheCommunity ingeneral .
–The Commission intends tostimulate reflection ofrailway undertakings
astohow they canmake their passenger services more attractive .
–Inthefield ofairtransport ,tourism hasmuch togain from the
draft Directive sent bythe Commission tothe Council on
26October 1981 ,which includes theaims ofincreased transparency
andgreater flexibility intariffs forregular servioes between the
1Member States .
–This isalso true oftheRegulation proposed totheCouncil on
27November 198O ,which isdesigned toimprove regular regional air
2
services .
–More generally inthefield oftransport infrastructure ,theCommission
proposed inNovember 1979 that support should begiven toinvestment
projects ofCommunity interest ^;thismayalsoassist tourist traffic
between the Member States .
V. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AMD TOURISM
Thepromotion oftourism canhelp thedevelopment ofpoorer regions with
tourist potential andhere theCommunity canassist intwoways :by
finance from theEuropean Regional Development Fund andbyfinance from
the EAGGF Guidance Section . "
1.Assistance from the European Regional Development Fund
TheCommunity sees tourism asone ofthe economic sectors that could
help inthedevelopment ofthepoorer regions .TheERDF therefore
makes acontribution inthis field both from itsquota anditsnon-quota
pCOKf 81)590.fcOM (80)624 . ^com(80)624 .Supplement 8/79–Bulletin oftheEuropean Communities .

-9-
sections;. •Touristprojects submitted "bytheMemberStates
musthowever formpartofadevelopment programme forthe
regioninquestion .
–TheCommission give'sconsideration tooperations tosupportthe
development oftourism,especially inruralareas,whichcan"be
financed bytheERDF* " ■"V- ''
2.Assistance fromtheEuropean Agricultural Guidance andGuarantee
Fund
TheEAGGFGuidance Sectioncanaidthedevelopment oftouristactivities
thatcomplement agricultural activities .Itcanalsohelpcreatethe
conditions requiredforthesuccessofruraltourism,particularly in
mountainous andotherless–favoured regions.
–TheCommission givesconsideration toprojects fort}iedevelopment
ofruraltourismsubmitted bytheMemberStatesforEAGGFfinancing .
VI.SAFEGITARPHTG EUROPE'SHERITAGE AMDTOURISM
Nature andculturalheritage ,particularly architecture ,constitute
Europe *stouristresources .Touristic interest ofEuropeisits
variegated landscapes ,historicsitesandartistic monuments .The
workundertaken topreservethissharedheritage therefore also-hasa
moredirectly economic aspect.
1.Environment alprotection andtourism
Alargenumberof■Community measures concerning seaandairpollution
andnoiseareofbenefittothetouristindustry ,butinitsturn
tourismmusttakeenvironmental requirements intoaccount.

-10-
ν
–ThedraftActionProgramme oftheEuropean Communities onthe
Environment (1982-86),adoptedbytheCommission on28October1931
andsenttotheCouncilexplicitly mentions thefactthatgreater
attention mustbepaidtoenvironmental considerations inthe
1development oftourist andotheractivities *
ι
–ThedraftDirective concerning theassessment oftheenvironmental
effectsofcertainpublicandprivateprojects ,whichwasadopted by
theCommission on16June1980andsenttotheCouncilforadecision ,
2alsoconcerns touristactivities .
2.Thearchitectural heritage andtourism
Thearchitectural heritageisbehindsuchinternational tourism
andassuchitisavaluable assetwhichbringsconsiderable dividends
tomanyareasoftheCommunity .Ittherefore deserves tobepreserved
asasourceoftheirwealth.
–TheCommission ispreparing acommunication totheCpuncil on
strengthening Community actioninthecultural sector,partofwhich
willdealwiththeCommunity'scontribution tothepreservation of
itsarchitectural heritage .
–TheCommission intendstoproposeaprogramme ofexchanges ofyoung
workers ,lfhichwillalsodealwiththeuseofvoluntary servicesfor
thepreservation ofthearchitectural heritage.
2OJc305,25.11.1981.
OJc169,9.7.1980.

VII.CGTCLUS :.:ç
ThisstudyoktnetouristaspectsofvariousCcz^ranity activities
o-i-kj-iC-Jt*ic*theGv.*.^uu}ii*tyi»as*#03aotj-vec–tw\*ox•JL
irnctworkactivelyforthedevelopment oftourisaintheI:caber
Statesandit-rustselectanustberofpriorities#
1#T.T"rlcl'-' •gotr.velyforthodevelopment oftov.-.-isn
Themainresponsibility fortourismlieswiththeIlexaberStates# The
pasttwentyyearshaveshoirnthat "boththepublicandtheprivate
sectoroftheeconomyinthoHeatherStateshavesucceeded inadapting
the^solvoa toatouri^r .whosoexpectations havegrov/ainlinewithits
mjahers.IJhiloitistruethattheexist©noaoftheCcscusity has
giventho:aafavourable contearfcwhichitcouldimprovestillfurther
"byadopting anunberofccaiacnrulesand"by"bettercoordination ofits
activities inthefieldoftcurisn sitshouldnotgotoofarinseeking
tocoordinate rational policies "becauseeachofthesereflects the
verydifferent situations oftheMemberStates,Itforshouldittrytosolve
problemsthatcould "better "bedealtwithatnational orevenregional
level.
AtCommunity level seasoftheworktofurthertourismalsodepends
principally oninitiatives "bythelieuberStates#Itisuptotheato
presenttouristprojects whichqualifyforCommunity supportfrcathe
Regional ,SocialorAgricultural Ponds#
Otherinporta.it operations inthefieldoftourismaretheresponsibility
oftheCcunc:.l„SomeoftheCommission *sproposals have "been "beforethe
Councilforaconsiderable timeandtheirrapidadoption wouldencourage
tourismwithintheCdisunity andimproveconditions forthoseworking
inthetouristindustry#

-1.2-
Yetotheroperations aretheconcernoftheCoir,missionwhichwinexamine
theoptionsavailable andinjAuappropriate proposals .ItistheCommission
whichinthefirstinstance isresponsible forcoordinating operations with
theCommunity financial instruments available tostimulate tourism .
TheCommission will'ensurethatnational aidstotourism ,asinevery
otherareaofeconomicactivity ,conformtothecompetition rulesset
oatintheTreatyaridensurethattheconsiderable liberalization oftourist
movements withintheCommunity whichhasbeenachievedisnotjeopardized
byprotectionist measures stimulated bytheeconomicrecession from
whichalltheMemberStatesaresuffering .
2.Selection ofpriorities
TheCommission isreadytoconsider withtheMemberStatesanumberof
priority matterswhichcouldbebetterdealtwithbyconcerted national
andCommunity action.Initsviewtheseincludethelengthening ofthe
touristseason,thepreservation ofthearchitectural heritage indisadvantaged
regionsandthepromotion ofsocial,cultural andruraltourism .These
issuesarelinkedandcanbereducedtothesinglequestion ofhowbest
tousethetouristinstallations andlabouravailable ,especially in
ruralareas,whileencouraging theleastprivileged sections ofthe
population tobecometourists .
TheCommission isgoingtodiscussthequestion ofstaggering schooland
industrial holidays withtheappropriate authorities .Itishowever con­
vincedthatinthiscaseanormative solution isnotsufficient .Thehabitof
regarding oneortwomonthsoftheyearastheholidayseasonwillhave
tobeovercome andthismeansthatthepublicmustbeoffered new"products "
andthepoorersections ofsocietyencouraged totakeadvantage of.off-season
prices.

-13-
Thegrowthoftourisminrecentyearsshould ,not "beallowedtohidet,v3
factthit'I,Ir/.i't-"•iorr.ofsocietystillhaveinsufficient incometc
"benefit frc-iux'-.Specialattention shou-r' 1tStoresfore "bepaidtocertftin
sectior.s offocietysuchinyoungworkers andpensioners ,whocovlc,
ifenco »r«*jed,takv.holidays duringthelows-aason.Theyarethe
priae "targetforthestaggering ofthetouristseason,whichwillenable
betteruseto"bern:,deofinvestments intourism .
Thessmeai;iicoaldbeachieved "bytheencouragement ofout–of–season
tourismofapredominantly cultural naturewhichwouldtherefore 'be
lesscloselylinkedtothesummerperiodthanothertypes.Cultural
circuits ,perhapsextending overanumberofMemberStates,couldbe
encouraged byanappropriate pricingpolicy.
Thesearchformoreattractive pricescanalsoleadtoanewconceptof
holidays :farmtourismorruraltourismusingthenatural andcultural
environment ofthecountryside ,rurallabourandthetypicalfoodsof
thevariousregions .Theencouragement ofthistypeof
tourismwouldfurnishextrajobsfortherurallabourforce,assistthe
development ofdisadvantaged regionsoftheCommunity andenabletheir
natural andcultural heritage tobepreserved .
***
TheCo'incilisrequested toapprovetheseinitialguidelines fora
Community toxristpolicy.Inthelightofthediscussion ofthemwhich
willtakeplaceinboththeCouncilandParliament ,theCommission will
presentconcrete proposals ontourismtotheCouncil .

TKEEUROPEAHCGIL7JÏÏTÏY AÎ1DTOURISî

CONTEETS
I.Theimportance oftourismtotheCcranunity
II.Freeron;ofmove":entandthe -protection oftourists
1.Crossingfrontiers withintheCommunity
2.Socialsecurityfortourists
3.Carinsurance andtouristinsurance
4-Theprotection oftourists *interests
III.Workingconditions forthoseengaged "intourism
1.Therightofestablishment andfreedomtoprovideservices
2.Vocational training andthemutualrecognition ofdiplomas
3.AidfromtheEuropean SocialFund
4.Staggered holidays
5.Taxmattersconnected withtourism
6.Energymattersrelatingtotourism
IV.Transport andtourism
1.Passenger transport "byroad
2.Railwaypassenger transport
3.Airtransport andtourism
4.Transport infrastructure
V.Regional development andtourism
1.Assistance fromtheEuropean Regional Development Fund
2.Assistance fromtheEuropean Agricultural Guarantee and
Guidance Fund
VI.Safs -p-nardingetheEuropean heritage andtourism
1.Enviyamewàlprotection andtourism
2.Thaarchitectural heritage andtourism
Annex;Cuauaunity legislation relatedtotourism

-2-
^s
I.THE IMPORTANCE OFTOURISM TOTHE COMMUNITY
Inthepreamble totheTreaty ofRome theMember States express their determination
toLaythefoundations ofanever closer union among thepeoples ofEurope and
Article 2oftheTreaty assigns tothe European Community the task ofpromoting
closer relations between the States which belong toit.Although this isnot the
Community 'sonly task ,itiscertainly themost important andtheonewhich is
most basic tothevery existence oftheCommunity .Tourism canassist the
Community toachieve this goal .Indead ,the leisure aspect oftourism often
pushes into thebackground thecultural andpolitical aspects which arenonthe
less real and ofgreat importance .
Tourism enables peoples ofEurope todiscover that ,farfrom being asource of
dissension ,thecultural variety within their shared civilization canbeasource
ofrichness and interest .Since itsestablishment ,the Council ofEurope hasbeen
very concerned toencourage this process .TheCommunity hopes that this aspect of
the Council 'swork wi11flourish and that it-Is own activities will help achieve
this goal .
Once thepreserve of*a.privileged few ,during *fch.esixriies andseventies "tourism
acquired ,mass appeal ,"becoming animportant source ofjobs andameans of
developing disadvantaged regions .Italso became oneofthemajor sectors of
economic activity intheCommunity .
Table 1illustrates therapid expansion ofinternational tourism intheCc.»imunity
countries during those decades –anexpansion which makes italmost unique
csTiOng economic activities .While thecontribution ofinternational tourism to
revenue andexpenditure intheCommunity asawhole grew more than tenfold during
this period ,theincrease incertain countries wasconsiderably higher .

Table 1-3-
REVENUE FRCMANDEXPENDITURE ONINTERNATIONAL TOURISMINTHE
MEMBER STATES
(millionsofcurrentdollars)
1960 1970 1975 198O
GermanyR 481 1.024 2.84ε 6.639
E 679 2.493 8.502 20.827
Belgium/ R – "348 ;880 1.810
Luxembourg Ξ94 492 1.416 3.272
DenmarkR 107 314 '746 1.337
E74 273 642 1«56O
PranceR525 1.191 -- 3.449 8.23^
E325 1.057 3.062 6.027
GreeceR47 194 621 1.733
E19 55 P9 IS/0
IrelandR
E119
42193
91(1)216
171<2)611
519o)
ItalyR 642 1.639 2.5O2'8.914 .
E 92 727 1.051 1.907
NetherlandsR 128 421 1.108 1.640
•Ξ 127 598 1.666 4-637
UnitedKingdomR 109 1.040 2.442 6.932
E 93 924 1.921 6.454
R-revenue
E«expenditure
(1)1969
(2)1974
(3)1979
Source*QECD,Toiwismpolicy

-4-
TourismwithintheCommunity accounts formorethan5^/°oftouristexpenditure
andmorethan60/ioftouristrevenueandsoplaysanimportant partin
*Κ
redistributing wealthwithintheCommunity .AsTable1shows,whilerevenue
moreorlessmatchesexpenditure inDenmark,IrelandandtheUnitedKingdom,
GermanyandtheBeneluxcountries areheavynetspenders andFrance,Greece
andItalyshowasubstantial surplus.Sincethecountries ofnorthern Europe
generally haveapositive tradebalance,tourismcontributes towardsbalance
ofpaymentsstability ,whichisbeneficial fortheCommunity asawholeand
helpsitachieveitsfundamental aimofbalanced growth.
Table2showstherelative importance oftourismfortheMemberStates 5balances
ofpayments .Although ,takingallgoodsandservicesintheNinetogether ,
tourismaccountsforalmost4%ofcreditsandalmost5%ofdebits,itsshare
inthecreditsordebitsofcertainMemberStatesismuchgreater.Tourism
makesamajorcontribution tothepayments balances ofcountries suchas
Greece,Italy,Ireland,andevenFrance.Theimportance ofthismaybejudged
fromthefactthatinMarch1982theTourismCommittee oftheOECDnotedthe
growingresurgence ofprotectionist measures hindering tjaedevelopment of
international tourism .
Aroundtenyearsago,nationaltouristorganizations intheEECsetupa
workingpartywhichperiodically analyses theeconomic importance oftourism
intheCommunity .Itsfourthreport(1981)contained ampleevidenceofthe
growingimportance ofthissectorofeconomicactivity foreachof-the
MemberStatesandfortheCommunity asawhole.
In1979,nationals ofthenineMemberStatesspentmorethan77000million ECU
ontourism,afigurewhichrepresents morethanjfooftotalprivateconsumption .
RevenuefromtourismintheCommunity countries exceeded 72000million ECUormor<

-5-
TABLE
THE SHARE OPTOURISM INTHE BALANCES OFPAYMENTS
OFTHE MEMBER STATES
(%oftotal goods andservices ^
•1965 1970 1975 1980
GermanyC
D2,9
6,03,1
.7,12,6
8,62,7
8,5
Belgium /
LuxembourgC
D"3,0
4,32,7
4,22,5
4,22,0
3,4
DenmarkC
06,2
5,16,9
5,46,2
5,15,5
5,9
FranceÇ
0 ·.7,6
•8,3 ,,5,4 .
4,7 ;5,0
•4,64,5
3,2
GreeceC
D-17,6
3,017,7
2,920,7
2,7
Ireland C
D18,1
6,911,5
.5,26.7
4.86,0 , .
4,5a
ItalyC
D12,2
2,68,7
4,07,2
2,08,5
•1,7
NetherlandsC
D4,1
4,0·· ..2,9
4,02,6
4,01.7
4.8
United KingdomC
D2,5
3,93,3
3,24,1
• .3,0 '4,2
4,2
EUR92C
D5.0
5.14,4
4,94,0 *
4,93,9 ·
4,8
C=Credit
D=Debit
11979 .
2-Greece notincluded "because itwasnotamember oftheCommunity in1980 .
Source :Eurostat

-6-
than 4>ofCommunity GDP .If,however ,themultiplier effect oftourist
revenue spent inthe Community andproducing further revenue istaken into
account ,direct andindirect revenue from tourism could amount tomore than
10%oftheNine 'sGDP .
The same report noted that in1979 saore than 4million people were directly
employed full-tise intourism inthe Community andthat this figure was
continually rising .Here tooaccount must betaken oftheeultiplier effect
oftourist revenue and itshould also "beremembered that ,because ofthe lack
ofsufficiently detailed statistics ,anumber ofjobs which depend ontourism
appear inother sectors .Here weareintherealm ofconjecture ,butthe
national tourist organizations ofthe Tenhave estimated that ifalltourist
activity were suddenly tocease ,between 10^and12%oftheCommunity 's
workforce would lose their jobs .
Inanycase ,itcannot bedenied that tourism isalabour-intensive industry
andonewhich hasnotyetbeen hitbythe unemployment which hasaffected
other sectors inEurope -this means that itdeserves special attention
tokeep itfree from these problems .Themost serious threat totourism in
aperiod ofrecession isthereturn ofprotectionism .Asexplained below ,
theEuropean Community hastaken anumber ofmeasures tomake tourism within
itsboundaries easier andthese have certainly contributed toitsexpansion
over the last twenty years . Itisnowuptothe Community topreserve what
hasbeen achieved andtoencourage tourism still further both asacreator of
jobs and asafactor ofdevelopment .

-7-
II.FREEDOM OFMOVEri-MT AM?TH5 PROTECTION OFTOURISTS
Theimportance oftouricis totheCoanunity derives froa itspolitical and
cultural effects anditseconomic consequences forthe "balance ofpayments ,
employment andregional development .TheCossrunity encourages orcould encourage
tourism bycsrtsin actions orinitiatives :byeasing frontiers crossings ,extending
social security provisions tonationals oftheMember States ,harmonizing car
insurance andtourist assistance andprotecting theinterests oftourists in
the Community .
1.Crossing frontiers within the Connunity
Before theTreaty ofRone establishing theEEC came into force ,frontiers
constituted real "barriers tothemovement oftravellers from onecountry to
another *There were careftil customs andpolice checks ,large quantities of
paper andlong crueues atcustoms posts .None ofthese factors encouraged
foreign travsl .
There isnodoubt that since 1958 thesituation hasimproved considerably .
Customs duties between theMember States have gone ,ashaspaperwork ,atleast
fortravellers whoarenottransporting goods .Nevertheless ,customs and
police checks arestill carried outatfrontiers and ,25years after the
signing oftheTreaty ofRome ,wemust nowaskourselves whether thepresent
situation isacceptable orwhether itdoes not constitute insome respects
anobstacle tothefurther development ofthetourist industry .
(a)Taxbarriers
Since 19&9 there hasbeen asystem ofduty-free allowances based onaseries
ofdirectives ^".These permit thetourist ,likeanyother traveller ,to
import ,inaddition tohispersonal belongings ,goods acquired inanother
Member State uptoalimit fixed bytheCouncil ofMinisters . Itisbecause
ofthis limit that some frontier formalities still have toexist .

-8-
•There isaclose link between the limits onduty-free allowances andthe
tightness offrontier checks .Community lawdoes ,admittedly ,saythat '*"
travellers are entitled toindicate tacitly or "byasimple statement that
they have nomore than their allowances andthe consequence isthat inall
theMember States only random checks areperformed .There is,however ,no
doubt that these checks could bemore flexible and less freeracnt ifthe
allowances were sore generous andtherisk ofinfringement consecruently
reduced .
For allthese reasons and sothat the existence oftheCommunity canbebrought
home totheCommunity citizen through theadvantages ofacommon market ,it
isvital that the Council should adopt theCommissions proposals forraising
thelimits onthese allowances .This isaside allthemore urgent bythedaily
erosion oftheir real value byinflation andcurrency depreciation ;oneof
themost important freedoms ofthe Community citizen isbeing increasingly
whittled away .
There arenomajor problems concerning thepersonal effects that tourists
bring with theia .Adraft directive onthe abolition ofall formalities
concerning means oftransport (cars ,oaravans andpleasure boats )isbefore
the Council .Thepresent situation isthat most Member States nolonger
impose anyformalities although acaravan imported foralong period can
still create difficulties .Thedefinition ofatraveller 'spersonal effects
changes astime goes by:itisnownotuncommon tofind atelevision setin
acaravan oravideo recorder inatraveller *sluggage .Insuch cases ,
problems areusually resolved bytheadjustment ofadministrative "practices
asaresult ofrepresentations bytheappropriate bodies (e.g. automobile
olubs )totheauthorities .

-9-
Theimplementation ofafurther Community measure ,thedraftdirective on
Community arrangement afortheprovisioning of"boats,aeroplanes and
international trains,wouldalsoencourage tourism.
(b)Policechecks
Identity checksontravellers crossing afrontierwithintheComcrunity are
usuallycarriedoutonarandombasis.Crossings atroadfrontier posts
have "beenconsiderably easedbytheabolition ofchecksontheinternational
motorvehicleinsurancecertificate (greencard),inaccordance withthe
2CouncilDirective of24April1972.Thelifeofdriversinthecountries
theyvisitwillalsobemadeeasierbytheintroduction oftheComnunity
drivinglicenceinaccordance withtheCouncilDirectiveof4December1980^.
Travellers usingothermeansoftransport are,however,gtillsubjecttomore
rigorouspolicechecks.Despitethemanyappealsaddr|ssedtogovernments
byboththeEuropeanParliament andtheCommission thosecrossingfrontiers
bytrain,busandcoachandbyairarestillsubjectto-systematic checks
(disembarkation cards).
Themainargument advanced bytheMemberStatesinsupportoftheirmaintenance
ofpolicecheckswithintheCommunity isthedefenceofpublicorderandpublic
safety(thefightagainstterrorism anddrugsmuggling).Itis,however,
difficult forCommunity citizenstounderstand whytheseverity ofchecks
shoulddependonthemeansoftransport used.TheCommission h=sjust
i
proposedtotheCouncilaresolution seekingtosimplifypolicecontrolsatall
frontiers withintheCommunity andforallmodesoftransport .
ItshouldbenotedthatwhentheHeadsofStateorGovernment netinParisin
Deoember 1974theyadvocated apassportunioncomprising threebasicelements :
auniformpassport ,theabolition ofchecksonindividuals atinternalfrontiers
andequaltreatment ofthenationals oftheMemberStatesbynon-member
countries .AfirststeptowardsapassportunionwastakenwiththeCouncil

-10-
resolution ontheintroduction ofauniformpassport whichtheMemberStates
willendeavour tostartissuingnolaterthan1January1985*Thiswill
haveconsiderable political andpsychological impactsincetheuniforapass-Dart ,
willhethefirstdocument forallcitizens oftheMemberStateswhichbears
thenameoftheEuropean Community .
Although someprogress hasbeenmade,itcanbesaidinconclusion that
customs andpolicechecksstillconstitute abarriertotourismwithinthe
Community .Intheshortterm,theadoption bytheCounciloftheCommission 's
proposal toraisethetax-free allowances from180to210EUAswouldshowa
certainimprovement .TheCommission intendstoproposeinthenearfuture
amechanism forregularadjustment .
Sincefrontier postsstillremain,theyshouldalsohavetouristinformation
officescloseby,whichcouldprovideinformation onhotelsandlocalplaces
oftouristinterest-thiswouldatleastgiveawelcoming aspecttothe
Community'sinternal frontier areas.
Inthelongerterm,muchwouldbegainedifapassport unionamongtheMember
StatesoftheCommunity wascreated.Ifthisweredone,passport checks
couldbeconfinedtotheCommunity'sexternalfrontiers -amodelhasbeen
provided sinceI960bytheBeneluxcountries' convention .
2.Socialsecurity fortourists
TheCouncilregulations onsocialsecurityforemployed andself-employed
migrantworkersandpensioners andmembersoftheirfamilies^applyto
tourists andholidaymakers whoarenationals oftheMemberStates.Forthe
purposesoftheseregulations ,tourists (including holidaymakers andthose
visitingrelatives )areregardedasmigrantworkersandareentitledto
medicalservicesiftheyaresoentitled underthelegislation oftheMember
Stateinwhichtheyareinsured.Thisrightisevidenced bya"Certificate
ofentitlement "(formE111)issuedbytheirsicknessinsurance organization
beforetheirdeparture-thisisthenpresentedifnecessary toasickness
insurance bodyinanother MemberState.Itistherefore important for
travellers toobtainthisdocument beforeleavingtheirowncountry.'

-11-
j.h.0regulations *provide "that insured persons rcayreccivo "urgent ^icflical
■treatment -consuitationavrflth general practi oners orspecialists ,rxdicinos ,
dental troat.u,;-n ;,hospitaj.trcatuent ,etc.–in .accordance irith the re,~,"alciticiis
ejioLpractices citha »wl3Gjc S-sate providing *theservzecs andanycash .benefits
(sickness andrnatcrru-ty allowances ,etc.)tovrhichthey r.ay "boentitled .
Hence ,provided they have theform E111 ,tourists whofall sick orhave an
accident inanother Corasiunity country should notexperience anyproblems#
This puts tourists within theCoanunity atagreat advantage over that in
non-s:c:_u orcount rics.
Nevertheless ,exoiMence has shown that many tourists either donot know or
donotunderstand the administrative rules governing theapplication of
Community regulations ,while information onprivate insurance schemes is
often more readily available .The Commission hastheexisting arrangements
under review with the competent authorities inthe Member States with aview
tointroducing new,simpler andmore effective procedures .TheCommission will -
also intensify itsinformation campaign onthe subject .
3.Carinsurance saidtourist assistance
Oneresult oftherecant growth intourisa has "been thesetting upoffirras
specializing ininsurance cover forvarious types ofaccidents which mayoccur
during ajourney .Automobile clubs have also broadened their scope from
breakdown services toinclude other fors3 ofassistance .This maytake the
form ofservices inkind ("breakdown services ,repatriation incase ofaccident ,
etc.),forwhich thesupplying body uses only itsownstaff andeouipment ,or
itmaybeactual insurance cover .Thedraft directive ontourist assistance
which theCosnission sent totheCouncil on13January 1981 isintended to
make theactivities ofsuch insurers subject totheinspection measures which
Council Directive 73/239/EEC (coordination ofindemnity insurance )laysdown
forinsurance companies andsotointroduce uniform conditions fortourist
assistance throughout theCommunity .

-12-
Withtheaimofreducingcertainvariations betweentheMesfoerStates
concerning compulsory civilliability insurance formotorvehicles andin
»i„ordertoensurethatvictimsofaccidents enjoyequalprotection througnout
theCommunity ,theCoanission senttotheCouncilon7August1930adraft
directive ontheharmonization ofthelegislation oftheKenberStates
concerning civilliability insurance formotorvehicles .
FinallyaCommission Recommendation of8January1981onaccelerated
settlement ofclaimsunderinsurance againstcivilliability inrespectof
theuseofmotorvehicles wasintended tofacilitate ,incasesofaccident ,
thecoEJEunication toinsurers covering againstcivilliability inrespectof
theuseofmotorvehicles ofpolicereportsandotherdocuments necessary for
thepaymentofcompensation .
4.Theprotection oftourists *interests
Aspartofitsconsumer information andprotection policy,theCorsnission has
carriedoutanumberofstudies ontourismand,inparticular ,theservices offered
totourists bytravelagentsandtouroperators® Itsfirststudycoveredthe
International Convention onTravelContracts ,whichwasdrawnupin1970but
whichisappliedintheCoszsunity onlybyBelgiumandIreland.Tills
convention suffersfroiaanumberofshortcomings andasaresultthe
International Institute fortheUnification ofPrivate Law,whichproducedit,
proposeditsrevisioninI98O.
TheCozsaission hasalsohadtworeportsprepared byexperts ,onein1979"^7
A.Eorstontheresponsibility oftouroperators andtravelagentsandone
inI98IbySOFRESontheEuropean marketforinclusive tours.TheSOFRES
reportshowedthatanappreciable percentage ofcustomers weredissatisfied ,
tosomeextentbecauseofthetravelagent'sfailuretorespecttheternsof
thecontract andalsobecauseofmisleading descriptions inthetour
operators' brochures concerning suchmattersaspriceincreases after

-13-
reservation ,changes intheservices offered (e.g. change ofhotel orflight
departure time ),unsatisfactory accor:,r.cdation,cancellation penalties and
failure toindicate clearly theresponsibilities ofthevarious suppliers .
Folloxfing these studies ,the Coaiaission intends topresent tothe Council a
draft outline directive onthe protection ofconsumers inconnection uitli
inclusive holidays .This directive would setoutanumber ofbasic principles
fortheMember States toimplement .
TheEuropean Parliament has expressed itsconcern about hotel safety ona
number ofoccasions .Toremedy some ofthedeficiencies ofnational rules ,
ithasasked foraCommunity directive tobeprepared dealing mainly vjith
theposting ofinstructions ,theprovision offire ertinguishers andthe
narking ofemergency exits .InDecember 1981 theConsumers Consultative
Conjaittoe issued anopinion emphasizing theneed forCommunity action inthis
area .Itasked the Commission toconsider theproblea and ,asafirst step ,
draw upacode ofpractice .
TheCommission therefore intends tohave studies carried outandtomake
proposals onthenon-structural aspects ofsafety such asinhotels ,forexample ,
thetraining ofstaff infire prevention andfire fighting techniques ,periodic
inspections byqualified staff .
Finally ,intheinterests oftravellers inthe CejEsunity ,misleading
advertising must becombated andtheindication outside hotels ofprices
andother standard iteas ofinformation -using symbols wherever possible -
should bemade normal practice .

-14-
III .WOHONG CONDITIONS FOP THOSE ENCAGED INTOURISM
v* i
TheEuropean Community hasnotsimply encouraged ,tourism through theiree
movement ofpersons within itsfrontiers ;ithasestablished acommon
market intourist services "byintroducing freedom ofestablishment for
economic operators andbyenabling them toprovide services inanyMember
State .Itcanstill domuch toimprove conditions forthose working in
tourism byharmonizing training levels ,imposing themutual recognition of
qualifications andbysupporting vocational training programmes through the
European Social Fund .Furthermore ,itcan ,inconjunction with theMember
States ,seek solutions totheproblems ofstaggering holidays ,taxation and
energy questions relating totourism .
1.The right ofestablishment and freedom toprovide tourist services
Theright ofnationals ofoneMember State toestablish themselves onthe
territory ofanother and towork there are basic features ofthe European
Economic Community .They allow the self–employed tohave access toand
practise their profession andthe right tosetupandmanage firms and .
companies subject tothe conditions laid down bynational legislation for
thecitizens ofthat country (Articles 52and59oftheEECTreaty ).
Other Community citizens arenowgenerally accepted asbeing onthesame
footing ascitizens ofthehost country ,especially asfarasthetourist
sector isconcerned ,and .nospecial measures arerequired .Two judgments
bytheCourt ofJustice (Reyners andVanBinsbsrgen ,both in1974 }asserted
thedirect applicability oftheTreaty provisions concerning theright of
establishment andthefreedom toprovide services .Consequently ,every
citizen ofaMember State hasapersonal right guaranteed bytheTreaty to
establish himself and carry out independent activities inanyMember State
onthe same conditions asanational ofthehost country .Any Community

-15-
citizen who suffers discrimination canassert his rights inthenational
courts ,where Community rules will prevail over anyopposing national
provision .
Some Member States do,nevertheless ,make access toaprofession subject
torules ofvarying degrees ofseverity concerning guarantees ofgood
repute orpractical ortheoretical knowledge asdemonstrated bydiplomas ,
certificates orother qualifications .Thevariations between national
rules may form abarrier tofreedom ofestablishment andthefreedom to
provide services .
Anumber ofCommunity directives onvarious sectors ofactivity have been
adopted toovercome these obstacles .Two ofthese inparticular concern
tourism .Thefirst istheCouncil Directive of15October 1968 concerning
self-employed activities inrestaurants ,taverns ,rooming houses and
similar establishments andcarnps ^anathesecond istheCouncil Directive
of16June 1975 which includes within itsscope couriers andinterpret er-
7guides .insuch cases ,thehost country must accept theproof of
professional ability andgood repute that isconsidered sufficient in
the country oforigin oftheperson concerned .Ontheother hand ,certain
activities inthetourism sector ,such astourist guides ,are notcovered
byany such directives .Inorder todothis type ofwork amigrant must
possess thequalifications required bythe legislation ofthehost country .
TheCouncil iscurrently considering adraft directive ,transmitted in19^5 »
onmeasures toencourage exercise ofthe right tofreedom ofestablishment
andfreedom toprovide services byself-employed workers ,including certain
transport auxiliaries andtravel agents .

Itshouldberememoered tnatalargepartofatravelagent'sworkis
"basedontrust:suppliers givehimcredit "byhonouring thetransport ,M>.
accommodation andmealvouchers whichheissuestohisclients andfor
•whichhedoesnotpayuntilamonthortwolaterandhisclients payin
advance andhavetotakeontrustthevalueoftheservices whichhe
willprovide *ThisiswhymostCommunity countries protectthepublic
bymakingrecognition asatravelagentsubjecttorulesofvarying
severity.Thedifferences betweenthesystemsinthevariouscountries
areahandicap totravelagentsandasourceoferrors,misunderstandings
andconfusion for-thepublic.Thisiswhythedraftdirective mentioned
aboveshouldbeadoptedrapidly.
2.Vocational training andtherratualrecognition ofqualifications
Itisobviousthatthemobility ofskilledworkersin-chetouristindustry ,
whetherinthehotelandrestaurant sector,theorganization andmanagement
oftravelandtourismoranyotheractivity directly orindirectly
connected withtourism,reliesontherecognition ofqualifications acquired
or.periodsofstudycompleted inotherMemberStates.
Althoughspecialized vocational training coursesinthetraditional hotel
andrestaurant sectorsexistinalltheMemberStates,highereducation or
training coursescoveringtheorganization andmanagement oftourismareles
common.
Levelsoftrainingforemployment inthehotelandrestaurant sectorarc
beingevaluated incollaboration withtheEuropean CentreforVoc&*ie:-.c .-
Training.WorkonothersectorshasshownthatalltheKemberStates
broadlysimilarrequirements asregardsthepractical professional
requirements fortheiobsconsidered .Hencetheknowledge andskills

-17-
aworker requires toperiorm ajobforwhich hehasteen trained orin
which hehas experience will also bebroadly similar .
Ittherefore follows that theresults oftraining received ,asattested
"byvarious certificates ineach oftheMember States ,must' allow workers
inalltheMember States tosatisfy the same agreed professional
requirements .This isparticularly important inthe case ofthetourist
industry ,whose workforce hasarelatively high degree ofinternational
mobility .Thequestion ofthemutual recognition ofqualifications is
being considered inthebroader context oftheCommissions work onthe
recognition ofdiplomas asalegal condition ofaccess toaprofession
andofdiplomas giving access toahigher level ofeducation (academic
recognition )orattesting professional qualifications without constituting
alegal requirement .
TheResolution ofthe Council andoftheMinisters ofEducation meeting
within theCouncil of9February 1976 provides fortheimplementation of
common study programmes between institutions ofhigher education inthe
various Member States .Sofaronly twoprogrammes concerning tourism
have been assisted ,oneinvolving Germany andtheUnited Kingdom andthe
other involving France ,Germany andItaly .
Requests from institutions ofhigher education wishing toestablish
common study programmes ontourism andthose from teachers ,researchers
andadministrators inhigher education whowish tomake short -t-ermstudy
visits toanother Member State will continue tobeexamined ontheir merits .
TheCommission will consider thepossibility ofgiving special emphasis to
this sector inthe next fewyears .

3.Aidfrom-theEuropean SocialFur.d
»\
AidfromtheSocialFondonaco–financing "basisisavailable totourism
andthoseemployedinthetouristindustrytoimprovejobprospects and
geographical andvocational mobility.Themaintypeofaidinvolves
vocational training andretraining ofthosewhoareemployed orwhofind
ajobinanypartofthetouristindustry.Anumberofstudiesdealing
withthedevelopment oftouristactivities arealsofinanced .
Sofar,mostaidfromtheSocialFundtotourismhasbeenconcentrated
onvocational training forbothtraditional andadministrative jobsi,nthe
hotelandrestaurant sector.Fundaidhasalsobeenrequested atan
increasing ratetoco–financetraining projects concerning leisure
activities inmountainareas(wintersports,mountaineering ,etc.).Rural
tourismcanalsoreceiveaidfromtheFundtotrainagricultural workers
orpeoplewhohaveleftagriculture invariousaspectsoftourismas
alternative employment orasawayofincreasing farmworkers *incomes.
Theguidelines forthemanagement oftheEuropeanSocialFundfrom1982
to1984givespecialprioritytonewexperimental programmes whichcombine
employment andtraining.Exceptionally ,thesemayextendoverthreeyears
insteadofthenormalone-year periodlaiddownbyE3FRegulations .
Tourismisanareasuitedtotraining/workexperience schemes.
TheFundcanalsoassistprojectsforthetrainingofcraftsmen (often
agricultural workersortheirwives)whoproducecraftwork ,souvenirs ,etc.
forthotouristindustry.Thiscanhelpcheckthedepopulation of;.l
area-.Thetraining ofrestorers &;idpreservers ofr.onujr«orr.s &r.dhi.ji.-r :..
buil.dir.33 ,vorksofart,etc.isalsoeligibleforassistance fro;«
Sociali1

-19-
The current level ofunemployment intne Community andthe labour -
intensive nature ofthetourist industry mean that theSocial Fund ,
■whose main purpose istoimprove jobopportunities ,will look favourably
onanymoves which promote stable employment inthis area .
4*Sta^ered holidays
The concentration ofschool and industrial holidays inashort period
oftheyear means that thetransport andtourist infrastructure is
overloaded during that time andunderused forthe rest oftheyear# This
works against theinterests ofregional development ,stable employment andan
efficient tourist industry and leads toincreased prices inthe high season
and adegree ofcongestion which isuncomfortable forthetourists themselves .
This isadirect result ofthe custom inalmost all the Member States of
concentrating school andhigher education holidays inJuly andAugust and
thepractice ofcommerce and industry ,which prefer tomake maximum
savings byclosing do_»mcompletely during thesame period .TheEducation
Committee setupbythe 1976 Resolution oftheCouncil andoftheMinisters
ofEducation ofthe Member States held aninitial discussion ofthis
subject inJanuary 1978 .Although thegeneral problems were identified
andanumber ofsolutions proposed ,theproblem ha3 notbeen looked at
again since .
Inresponse toanumber ofwritten parliamentary questions ,theCommission
hasjointly financed twopreliminary studies :oneonthefuture ofthe
European tourist industry from 1980 to1990 an<i "theother onstaggered
holidays .The Commission nowintends tolook atthepattern ofschool
holidays inthe Member States inrelation toholiday periods andperiods
oftotal shutdown inindustrial and commercial firm 'sand tolook atthe
various options which would lead tostaggered holidays .

-20-
Theproblem ofstaggering holidays atCommunity level cannot "beconsidered
■until theresults ofthis study areavailable .Community action is >t,,
particularly appropriate since staggering ,which isearnestly desired by
those working inthetourist industry andbytourists themselves ,must be
implemented simultaneously byanumber ofcountries ifitistosucceed
without causing competition problems .
5*Taxmatters connected with tourism
Tourism isaffected bythe Sixth Council Directive ontheharmonization
9ofthelaws oftheMember States relating toturnover taxes of17May 1977 »
which inparticular excludes thepossibility ofexempting from VATthe
provision ofaccomodation -asdefined inthe legislation oftheKembar
States -byhotels orsimilar establishments including holiday camps and
camp sites .Article 26oftheSixth Directive deals with thespecific
problems oftravel agents bymaking thetaxable base theagent 'smargin
with theresult that VATconstitutes only asmall proportion ofthetotal
cost .
Itshould benoted that taxharmonization inthe Community does notgo
beyond what isrequired forthecreation andoperation ofthe common
market –that is,itdeals with the indirect taxbase butnotwith rates
oftaxation .On27March 1980 theCommission ,initsreport tothe
Council ontheprospects forfurther harmonization oftax systems inthe
Community ,stated that itwas extremely difficult toremove inequalities
affecting thestructure ofthetaxsystem ,theoverall taxburden anathe
distribution ofrevenue between different taxes .
Table 3shows thelarge number ofdifferent VAT rates applied toservices
provided byhotels andrestaurants intheCommunity ,excluding Greece
which has notyet introduced avalue added taxsystem .

-21-
Ta"ble3
VATratesintheMemberStatesof"theCommunity (excluding Greece)at
1January 1982
B»Ik|FjIRLIL!»!.UIC~
Hotelaccommodation 6* 22/vif·.vjf,8*2.5*4Λ>ï5%
Restaurant 17#Mi 17,60^15# 5$4$1 ■
III•
j»
17.60fointhecaseofluxuryhotels.
215$in"thecaseofluxuryhotels.
^Qf/ointhecaseoffoodanddrinknotconsumedonthepremises.
Although theCommission isawareoftheproblems posed "bythisvarietyof
taxratesonhotelsandrestaurants intheCommunity ,forthereasonsgiven
aboveitdoesnotintendtoproposesectoral measures whichwouldhavean
impactonnational taxreceipts unlesstheseareessential forthe
achievement ofacommonpolicyadoptedbytheCouncilortodealwith
particularly seriousproblems.
Nevertheless itwouldbeusefuliftheCommission couldexamine towhat
extentdisparities inthetaxation imposedbytheMemberStatesthrough VAT
onhotelsandrestaurants andexcisedutiesonfueldiverttheflowof
tourism.

-22-
6.Ener?ry matters relating totourism
Energy matters affect tourism intwoways :theprice offuel has avery
large impact onthecost oftransport andthecost ofheating and/orair
conditioning inhotels andother buildings fortourist purposes forms a
considerable proportion oftheir costs .
The 1973 oilcrisis amply demonstrated the dangers which ashortage of
fuel andasharp rise initsprice could cause totheeconomy ingeneral
andtotransport andtourism inparticular .Fortunately ,this crisis carae
atthebeginning oftheslack season (theendofOctober )andatatine
when tourism wasbooming .The second oilshock in1979 and onerise in
energy prices after another have increased transport andtourism costs
still further tolevels atwhich further increases will cause very serious
damage .
This iswhymeasures toLimit theeffects ofamomentary oil shortage are
important totourism .These cover avariety ofpossibilities which the
Commission hasproposed after finding inrecent years that the economy
could beseriously affected bymarket difficulties ,even ifthese amounted
tonomore than aslight short-term shortage ,oreven ,inextreme cases ,
byascare and alack ofinformation .Inthefuture asharp rise inprices
must beavoided ,andobviously itsnegative consequences ontourism ,by
taking appropriate steps assoon astheprecursors ofmarket tensions are
observed .Concern toanticipate problems isthe keystone ofth*e energy
strategy advocated bythe Commission .
In1981 theCommission sent totheCouncil twofurther cozazruni cc-ions cr.
energy price ;;andthetaxation ofoilproducts which were intended to
increase market transparency andgosome waytowards rationalizing the
taxation oftr.ese products inline with energy policy goals .

-23-
Themeasures proposed inthesetwodocuments wallhavesomeimpacton
tourismsincetheyshouldhelppromotestability andreduceuncertainty
a"boutpricingstructures andthetaxation ofoilproducts.
Itshouldalso "benotedthat,onthe"basisoftworegulations adopted
"bytheCouncilin1978?"theCommunity givesfinancial aidamounting to
"between25$and49$oftheirtotalcosttoprojectstoexploitalternative
10energysources andtodemonstration projectsinthefieldofenergy
11saving •Anumberoftheseprojects ,suchastheheatingofhotels,
leisurecentres,community facilities andswimming poolshavealready
received assistance .Noticesinviting applications forfinancial
assistance arepublished intheOfficial JournaloftheEuropean
Communities .Anyperson,firm,institution orgroupintheterritory
oftheMemberStatescansubmitanapplication forfinancefora
demonstration projectinthefieldofenergy–savingortheutilization
ofnewsourcesofenergy.Furthermore ,anypersonorcompanyinthe
Community mayobtainanduse,onnon–discriminatory commercial terms,
theresultsofprojects financed bytheCommunity whichhaveproved
successful intherationalutilization ofconventional energyorthe
utilization ofalternative sourcesofenergy.

-24-
IV.TRANSPORT ANDTOURISM
Since "tourismisanactivityinwhichmobilityplaysthekeyrole,developments
intransport areamatteroffundamental concerntothetourist.Inthisrespect
theCommunity hasalreadydoneagreatdealfortourism.Economic integration
hashadamarkedeffectoncommunications withintheCommunity .Road,
railandairlinksare"becomingbetteradaptedtotheneedsofthe
continent andmotorways nolongerstopafewkilometers fromthefrontier
andgiverisetobottlenecks ,aswasformerlytheirwont.Tobesure,
muchstillremainstobedone,astheCommission pointedoutinits
communication ofNovember 1979ontheCommunity'sroleinthedevelopment
oftransport infrastructures ,butwemustnotunderstate whathas
alreadybeenaccomplished forthevarious modesoftransport .
1.Passenger transport byroad
Freeaccesstothemarketforpassenger transport byroadisanobjective ofthe
transport policyoftheCom-nunity .AsLongagoasJuly1966,Regulation No117/66
ontheintroduction ofcommonrulesfortheinternational carriage of
passengers bycoachandbusprovided thatoccasional coachandbus
services shouldbeexemptfromtherequirement ofauthorization byany
MemberStateexcepttheonewherethevehicleisregistered .Since
occasional servicesarepreeminently touristservices ,Regulation No117/66
12hasplayedavitalroleinthedevelopment oftourismwithintheCommunity .
Regulation No517/72of28February 1972laiddowncommonrulesforregular
andspecialregularservicesbycoachandbusbetweenMemberStates1"^.
Itstandardized theprocedures fordrawingupandissuingauthorizations
tooperatesuchservices ,andprovided theauthorities withstandard
meansofcheckingthedevelopment ofthemarketandobtaining theinformation
neededtoassessapplications fortheoperation ofaservice.Ina
Regulation of20December 1977amendingRegulation No5^7/72,theCouncil

-25-
also simplified theadministrative formalities governing regular services
14between port are^s served "byaregular seatransport service
Also on28February 1972 ,inRegulation No516/72,theCouncil laid
down common rules forshuttle services "bycoach and "busbetween
Member States .This Regulation ,too ,isvery important forthetourist
industry ,since shuttle services arethose services that carry pre­
arranged groups ofpassengers from thesame place ofdeparture tothe
15same destination inrepeated outward andreturn journeys .
Farther afield ,theagreement between theCommunity ,Austria ,Spain ,
Finland ,Norway ,Portugal ,Sweden ,Switzerland and Turkey
(ASOR )signed inMay1982 will have apositive effect ontourism between
those countries with respect tooccasional international services carrying
passengers bycoach orbus .That agreement isdesigned toeliminate
existing differences ofadministration ,tofacilitate andrationalize
theorganization ofservices andtosimplify controls .Byliberalizing
theadministrative systems ,theagreement will domuch tofurther the
development oftourism .Itisthefirst measure inthis field that
goes beyond thegeographical frontiers oftheCommunity andlays down
rules that arebinding fornon-member countries aswell .
2.Railway passenger transport
TheEuropean railway networks aremaking asteady andintensive effort toimprove
their international passenger transport facilities byincreasing commercial speed ,
improving passenger service andcomfort ,stepping uptrain frequencies and
establishing direct connections .Innovations inthefield ofpassenger transport
include accompanied cartrains andseasonal trains .

-26-
',1
Bycomparison with pre-war years ,the tourist market hasbroadened its
scope tocater for the relatively modest means ofthe working-class
holidaymaker -hence aremarkable upsurge intravel .Whether heis
interested inindividual ,family orgroup travel facilities ,theordinary
customer stands agood chance offinding something tomeet his
requirements intherailway tariff spectrum ,e.g. the EURAIL formula for
overseas customers ,the 40%reduction onthe individual group ticket
(BIGE system )orthe flat-rate season ticket forpensioners and young
people (Inter-Rail formula ). ,
One oftheaims ofaCouncil Resolution of15December 1981 isto
promote high-speed international passenger services which will "benefit
tourism .TheCommission ,moreover ,proposes toencourage further
action bytherailways tomake their passenger services more attractive
(closer collaboration with thetravel agencies andtheestablishment of
reception facilities inandaround thestations ).
3.Airtransport andtourism
Initsmemorandum of4July 1979 °n"theEuropean Communities *contribution
tothedevelopment ofairtransport services ,theCommission noted that
thegeneral level oftariffs among theregular airlines wastoohigh ,
andthat private passengers didnothave enough alternatives .Although
charter transport hadgained astrong foothold inairtravel within Europe
andhadbrought about price competition between thecharter companies ,this
haddone nothing tostimulate competition between thecompanies providing
scheduled flights inEurope .Those companies sti.T. ?.geared their tariff
policy primarily tobusiness travel ,anarea inwhr..ch tariffs were not
necessarily adecisive factor ,whereas acutinprices would probably attract
other passengers andfill theaircraft .

Toimprove airtransport services intheCommunity andmeet user
requirements ,theCommission recommended theestablishment ofanefficient
European network which would not "behindered "bynational barrier :;and
would offer thevarious categories the lowest possible fares .Kith
this inview ,thememorandum proposed changes inthetariff structure
ofregular services toprovide more attractive fares forthetourist
market and for inter-regional transport .
Twoproposals directly affecting tourists arecurrently under consideration
bytheCouncil ,namely thedraft directive of26October I98I on
tariffs forregular flights between member countries ,and the
draft Council Regulation of27November I98O ontheauthorization of
regular interregional airservices forpassengers ,postal articles
andfreight between Member States .One aim of the
draft directive istoincrease transparency inthe setting oftariffs ,
make theprocedure more flexible arid give the airline ^more latitude
inthis field .Itisofinterest tothetourist ,whoattaches iraporxance
toamore flexible andmore individual service .The second proposal
aims atimproving airservices totheregions andstimulating competition .-
which will have considerable effect ontourist traffic .
4.Transport infrastructure
Theimportance oftransport infrastructure fortourist traffic isa
point that scarcely needs emphasis sitisviatheroads andmotorways
that thegreat majority oftourists reach their holiday destinations
inthemountains orbythesea .Hence they canbethemeans of
relieving thepressure onsome ofthetourist centres andholiday
resorts andgive access toother places andregions intheCommunity .

-28-
Anumber ofCommunity financial instruments arealready contributing to
thefinancing oftransport infrastructures :theEuropean Regional Development Fund ,
theNewCommunity Instrument (NCl),theinterest subsidies available
tocertain countries participating intheEuropean Monetary System ,
»»'
andabove alltheEuropean Investment Bank which alone has co–financed
over 1600kmofmotorway intheCommunity .Nevertheless ,thespecial
criteria governing theuse ofthese instruments sometimes prevent
their being used forthebenefit oftransport infrastructures ,especially
inthemore developed regions oftheCommunity ,through which thegreat
flood ofCommunity tourist traffic passes ..
Itwas for this reason that theCommission ,inits Communication of
November 1979 on "thedevelopment oftransport infrastructures ,suggested
th?t aninstrument should beintroduced todeal specifically with
transport infrastructures ,i.e. toprovide support tailored totheexact
requirements ofeach project ofCommunity interest adopted .This specific
financial instrument isthecornerstone ofthepolicy ontransport infrastructures
recommended bythe Commission ,
Theshort–term objectives ofthis policy arethedetermination of
bottlenecks liable tohinder traffic between themember countries ,the
pinpointing ofinvestment projects ofinterest totheCommunity ,international
links between important centres ,links with theperipheral regions ,
links affected bytheaccession ofnewmember countries androutes that
pass across natural obstacles .Twoofthepriority projects examined by
theCommission areapermanent link between France andtheUnited Kingdom
andamotorway linking Germany with Greece viaAustria andYugoslavia .
Thevalue ofthese objectives oftheCommunity 'stransport infrastructure
policy fortourist traffic within theCommunity isatonce apparent .

v.regional development akdtourism
Conscious of"theneedtoreduce "thedisparities "betweenitsregions aixd
toassistitsfarmersineverywaypossible ttheEuropean Community
seesthepromotion oftourismasonemeans "bywhichitcanhelpthe
development ofpoorerregionswithtouristpotential andenablefarmers
tosupplement theirincomebycateringfortouristsalongside their
mainactivities .HencetheCommunity isparticipating financially
intwotypesofschemes :
–schemesaimedatthedevelopment oftouristactivities intheless-
favouredregionsandzonesoftheCommunity withfinancing "bythe
European Regional Development Fund;
–schemestopromotefarmtourism,financed bytheEAGGFGuidance resources .
Theseschemesdifferfromthosementioned aboveinthatthey
coverthewholeCommunity butareconcerned onlywithfarmtourism.
1,Assistance fromtheEuropean Regional Development Fund
Inthecontextofitsregionalpolicy,theCommunity seestourismas
oneoftheeconomic sectorsthatcouldhelpinthedevelopment ofthe
poorerregions.TheEuropeanRegionalDevelopment Fund(ERDF)"^
therefore makesacontribution inthisfieldinitsquotasection,which
operates according toasystemofnatiqnal quotasandenablesthe
Community toincreasethefundingofregional development projects
undertaken bytheMemberStates.Applications foraidfromtheFund
areputforwardbythenationalauthorities ,whohavemadeanadvance
selection ofeligibleprojects .Italsocontributes throughitsnon-quota
section,which,inassociation withthenationalauthorities ,fundsspecific
Community regional development schemes,thebroadlinesofwlr?hhave
beendefinedbytheCommunity inagreement WiththeMemberStatesconcerned .
Intheperiod1975–81 »theERDF,underitsquotasection,jointlyfinanced
withtheMemberStates359touristprojectsinregionsqualifying for
regionalaid;thetotalinvestment was48Imillion ECU.TheERDFaid
was69million ECUbrokendownasfollows:
–Inthecaseofprojectsrelatingtothecreation,expansion ormodernization

30-
ofaccommodation –whether hotels ,hostels ,motels ,holiday villages
orcamping andcaravan sites *•theaidamounted to10million ECU .
Forprojects ofthiskind ,theERDF cancontribute upto20$ofthe
investment costs aslong asthis does notexceed 5C$oftheaidgranted
toeach investor bythenational authorities ;
–Inthecase ofinfrastructure projects directly associated with
*
tourism ,theERDF contributed 59million ECU .itcanprovide
upto30$oftheamount contributed bythepublic authorities toassist
this type ofproject .Therate israised to40$incases where
theproject isofspecial importance forthedevelopment oftheregion
(50$intheproposals fortherevision oftheERDF ).This category
includes projects such asthefollowings transport infrastructure
aimed atopening uptheregion totourist traffic (e„g .ontherailways ,
theprovision offacilities forloading andunloading motorail trains ,
andinharbour areas ,landing facilities toaccommodate tourist craft );
thelayout ofmarinas ,stretches ofwater andrivers forboating ;
investments toprovide sports andother recreational orcultural
facilities for the entertainment oftourists .
Foraproject tobeeligible foraidunder thequota section oftheERDF ,
itmust form part ofthedevelopment programme fortheregion .The
transition from single project financing tothefinancing ofinfrastructure
investment programmes andsystems ofState aidasproposed inthe
revision oftheERDF should emphasize theintegration ofthese projects
within coherent sets oftourist investment programmes .
With regard tothenon-quota section oftheERDF ,measures aimed atthe
promotion ofrural tourism were adopted bytheCouncil in1980 inthecontext
oftwospecific Community projects .These measures relate first "tothe
French regions ofAquitaine ,Languedoo-Rousi lion andMidi–Pyrenees andthe
Mesaogiomo regions ofItaly^,andsecond -though differing slightly
Multipurpose projects notconcerned solely with tourism such asthe
co-financing bytheERDF oftheBreton motorway scheme arenotincluded
inthis figure «

-31-
withrespecttothemeasuresdescribed ,"below-roneoft.'icfrc.v.ir.er
areasofIrelandandNorthernIreland .
Theaimofthesespecific contributions ,whichtheCommission has
ι
suggested shouldbeincreased inthecontextoftherevisionofthe
ERDF,istodevelopanylocalpotential whichisstillunder-used .
TheMediterranean regions ,forinstance ,haveimportant assets
intheirclimate (sunshine),geography (seaandlandscape )andculture
(historyandarchitecture ).Theseadvantages areputtolittleuse
owingtotheinadequacy ofaccommodation inbothquantity andquality
andthelackofdriveinpromoting tourism,advertising tourist
attractions andmanaging theaccommodation capacities .Inviewof
theadvantages enjoyedbythecoastalareasandtheneedforamore
balanced development ,theCommunity effortisdirected tothepromotion
ofruraltourism,inparticulars
-thebuilding ofconversion ofsmallerhotelsandtheprovision of
ruralaccommodation andcampingorcaravansites.Unlikethe
EAGGFprojectconsidered below,thisprojectcaninvolvefarmers ,
craftsmen andindeedg.nyoccupational group.Wheretheinvestments
arelinkedwithagricultural activities ,theaidmaybeasmuchas
50$oftheinvestment aidgrantedfrompublicfunds.Inothercases
thereisanadditional limitof30$oftheinvestment cost;
-thesetting^-up anddevelopment ofcommonservices orbodiesresponsible
forpromotion andadvertising ,touristactivities andthecoordinated
management ofaccommodation capacities .Inregionswherethedistribution
oftouristtrafficisheavilyweightedinfavourofthecoastalareas,
thesebodiescanbemaderesponsible forprojects aimedatrestoring the
balance.Forinstance ,theycanbegiventhetaskoforganizing "tours,
holidaycampsorcountry-life classes.Foroperations suchasthese,Community
aidcanbegrantedtocoverpartoftherunningcostsofthecommonservices
orbodies.Theaidiaonadeclining scaleoverthreeyears,andcancover
70$ofthecostsforthefirstyear,thoughitmustnotexceed557°of
thetotalcostsoverthethreeyears;
-thesetting-up offacilities andinfrastructure directlyrelatedtothe
development oftourism,including recreational andculturalactivities
(aid50$ofpublicexpenditure );

-32-
-thedevelopment oftransport undertakings toenable tourists
staying onthecoast toreach inland tourist areas more easily
andtohandle theoutings associated with holiday camps and 1'1
i
country-life classes .Inthefirst year ,Community aidmaybo
asmuch as50$ofthepublic contribution tothenetoperating
costs ofthetransport services .Itis'spread over three years
onadeclining scale .
Intheproposal itsent totheCouncil on26Octobe .r1981 foramending
theERDF Regulation theCommission setoutcertain provisions affecting
tourism .Initsquota section ,theERDF should concentrate onthe
regions seriously affected bystructural underdevelopment :theCreak
regions other than Athens andThessaloniki ,theItalian Mezzogiorno ,
Ireland ,theassisted areas oftheUnited Kingdom inNorthern Ireland ,
Scotland ,Wales andthenorth-west ofEngland ,Greenland andthe
French overseas departments .Forthese regions ,moreover ,provision
ismade fortheERDF tooperate more flexibly inthequota section by
financing schemes designed todevelop theinherent potential ofthe
regions .Here explicit reference ismade torural tourism ,andaid
csnbeassigned totheoperating costs ofbodies concerned with its
promotion andwith thecoordinated management ofaccommodation inmuch
thesame way aswasoutlined earlier inconnection with thenon–quota
section ;itcancover 7C$>ofthecosts forthefirst year ,butmust
notexceed 55%ofthetotal costs over thethree years .
Other projects arebeing prepared .Forinstance ,initscommunication
totheCouncil of23October I98I ontheMediterranean programme 's
proposed inconnection with themandate of30MayI98O ,theCommission
suggested asonepossible scheme amore vigorous development oftourism ,
especially inrural areas .Thecurrent thoughts ,which should result
informal proposals before theendoftheyear ,aretending towards
strengthening interest indeveloping those actions which improve
accommodation capacities and tourist initiatives inrural areas .
2,Assistance from theEuropean Apricultural Guidance and Guarantee Rind
TheEAGGF Guidance Section canaid thedevelopment oftourist activities
that complement agricultural activities within theframework ofthe
agricultural structures policy and onthebasis ofthesocio-structural
Directives ,three ofwhich were adopted in1972 and one in1975 *

-33-
ThethreebasicDirectives 011972areinterdependent ,their
objective "beingtoenablealnrgenumberoffarmstoachieve
profitability bywayofstructural improvements .Directive 7?/i59
relatestothemodernization offarms1^.Directive 72/l60laysdown
measures toencourage thecessation offarming andthereallocation
ofutilizedagricultural areaforthepurposes ofstructural
improvement ^^.Lastly,Directive 72/l6lisconcernedwithsocio-economic
21guidance andtheacquisition ofoccupational skillsbyfarmers
ThoughCommunity aidinthecontextofDirective 72/159relates
onlytoagricultural investment inrespectoffarmswithadevelopment
plan,andexcludes investment intheruralhabitat ,theMemberStates
areauthorized toaidinvestment inthehabitat andthustoencourage
investment directed tothedevelopment ofruraltourism .
Directive 72/l6l,ontheotherhand,canmakearealcontribution to
ruraltourism.Itrequires MemberStatestolaunchschemesto
encourage thevocational advancement andadaptation offarmersand
farmworkers ,bothhiredandfamilymembers.UnderthisDirective ,
theMemberStatecanobtainCommunity aidtoorganizetraining courses
forfarmerswishingtotakeupworkinconnection withtourismasa
sideline .
Directive 75/268relatestomountainous andotherless-favoured regions
whereparticularly unattractive workingconditions giverisetoamass
exodusofthelocalinhabitants ,resulting intheabandonment offarmland
andthedepopulation ofthearea.UndertheDirective theless-favoured
regions maybegivenalargersliceofinvestment aidandanannual
indemnity proportionate totheirpermanent naturalhandicaps withaview
toimproving theeconomicsituation oftheinhabitants andkeepingthemin
thearea.Bycarrying onwiththeiragricultural work,theycanhelp
22tomaintain theeconomiofabricoftheregionandprotecttheenvironment .

-34-
ThisDirective provides expressly forfinancial aidtodevelopfarra
■tourismandthecrafttrades *intheless-favoured agricultural areas
withtouristpotential ,investments carriedoutonafarmundera
development planwithaviewtotourismorcrafttradeactivities
can "beencouraged uptoanamountof12000ECUwithCommunity ,,t
participation inthefinancing .
Alongwiththesedirectaidstofarmtourism,thereistheindirect
effectofprojectscarriedoutinthecontextofthesocio-structural
Directives .Persons whogiveupfarmingundertheprovisions of
Directive 72/l60cantakeuptouristwork,andthelandreleasedby
themcanbeused .forparks,relaxation areasorspoftsandrecreation
grounds,therebyincreasing theattraction oftheruralareasfor
tourists.Asmentioned above,Directive 72/159allowsMemberStates
toassistthedevelopment ofafarmforthepurposes oftourismin
parallelwithmodernization subsidized bytheEAGGF.Directive 75/?58
requires MemberStatestoundertake investment ininfrastructures and
territorial improvements inthemountain regions andotherless-favoured
regions .Thisscheme,together withtheindemnity payabletoless-favoured
farmersareessential tomaintainagricultural activity intheseregions
andtocreatesuitable conditions forfarmtourism .
Similarly ,specific programmes directedattheMediterranean regionsand
certainotherless–favoured regionsincludemeasures forthedevelopment
ofruralinfrastructure ,therebyhelpingtocreatetherightconditions
fortheeconomic development oftheareasconcerned andindirectly to
promotetourism .
Asidefromtheindirect effectsofthesocio-structural Directives and"the
commonagricultural policyingeneral,theactualsupportgiventofarm
tourism,asitappearsinreportsfromtheMemberStates,isveryslight.It
istruethattheCommission hasnoexaotinformation ontheallocation of
investment fundsbythemembercountries .Aswesawinthefirstpartofthis
report,itiscertainthatsomeofthemaremakinganeffortoftheir *own

inconnection with therural habitat andfarm tourism ,whilst reserving
Community financial aidforstrictly agricultural investments ,especially
asthe latter issubject toatime limit .
Thefact remains ,however ,that asyetlittle useisbeing made by
theMember States oftheexisting Community instruments topromote
farm tourism .Ifwearetoencourage thedevelopment oftourism in
thecountryside ,itmight beaswell todraw theattention ofthe
farmers concerned tothefacilities offered ,within theframework
ofthecommon agricultural policy ,byDirectives 75/268/EECand72/l6l/EEC .
Itshould beborne inmind that theapproach adopted bytheCommunity
initspolicy onagricultural structure istooffer farmers solutions
uhicii can helD them increase their incomes .
Thedevelopment oftourism asasideline for farmers canbeassisted by
various schemes depending ontheparticular circumstances inthe region :
publicity drives andinformation for thepublic onexisting facilities
foraccommodation among the farmers ;feasibility studies ontherestoration ,
improvement and conservation ofthe rural environment characteristic
ofdifferent regions ;ananalysis oftherequirements andwishes of
fr>rm tourists toenable farmers toadjust their offer andmodify their
accommodat ion.
Lastly ,itneeds tobepointed outthat ,although thecommon agricultural
policy ,pursuing theprime objective ofmaintaining agriculture ,creates
theessential basic conditions forrural tourism toprosper ,there is
also aneed forageneral infrastructure (roads ,electrification ,water
supplies ,etc.)andforactual tourist facilities such asrestaurants ,
recreational facilities ,camping andcaravan sites andthelike .Hence the
aids afforded bytheEAGGF andtheERDF must beproperly coordinated bythe
Member States andtheCommission with aview tothedevelopment oftourism
inpromising areas .

-36-
.ι>*
VI.SAFEGUARDING THE EUROPEAN HERITAGE AND TOURISM
Nature and itscultural heritage constitute Europe' stourist resources .
Acomparatively small geographical area contains avast variety of
climates ,landscapes ,monuments and historic sites .These
landscapes and these .historic and artistic monuments are themagnet
formillions oftourists every year .They are not simply our heritage
but resources which must beiusbanded for the future .
1.Environment alprotection and tourism
Pollution and the destruction ofthe environment are two ofthe
greatest barriers totourism .Hence Community measures toprotect the
environment cannot butassist tourism .Since 1973 >theCouncil of
Ministers hasadopted 63legal instruments concerning water andair
pollution ,noise ,waste ,chemical products andtheprotection ofnature .
Although allthese measures aredesigned toimprove theenvironment for
everybody ,some are ofparticular concern totourism .Examples are
thedirectives onthequality ofbathing water andwater andair
pollution ,andnoise .
TheCouncil Directive of8December 1975 twhich lays down quality
standards forrunning and still fresh waters and seawater where
23bathing isauthorized orpermitted isparticularly important for
tourism .Since themain aim istha,t bathing water should notbe
polluted bysewage ,theDirective sets minimum standards for such
water andprovides for checks onbacteria which transmit infectious

-37-
diseases .Besidesbacteriological purity,otherqualitycriteria ,
suchastheappearance ofthewateranditsacceptability tobathers,
areofimportance fortourism.The1975Directive dealswiththis
aspectbyproviding forthecontrolofsubstances givingtaste,odour
oranunpleasant colourtowatersuchasphenols andhydrocarbons
whichinfiltrate bathingwaterfromchemical plantsandoilrefineries
situated oncoastsornearriversandcanals.
Forthesewaterqualitystandards tobeachieved andmaintained ,
pollution mustbereduced andthisistheaimofotherCommunity
directives .ACouncilDirective of4May1976onpollution causedby
certaindangerous substances discharged intotheaquaticenvironment
24oftheCommunity seekstocheckthedeterioration ofthequalityof
waterbyprohibiting orlimiting thedischarge oftoxicsubstances on
a"blacklist"ora"greylist".Thereareanumberofother
Community directives designed toreducewaterpollution whichare
therefore ofinterest totourism.Themostimportant arethatof
22November 1973°n"theapproximation ofthelawsoftheMemberStates
25relatingtodetergents Jandthatof20February 1978ontheprogressive
reduction andeventual elimination ofpollution oftheseabywaste
26fromthetitanium dioxideindustry .
Although agreatdealofseapollution iscausedbywastefrom
land–basedsources,anotherimportant sourceisshipping .The
pollution oftheBretoncoastearlyin1978bythewreckofthe
supertanker AmocoCadizisstillfreshineveryone *smindandinan
attempttoforestall suchcatastrophes theCouncilsetupaCommunity
actionprogramme inJune1978onthecontrolandreduction ofpollution
27causedbyhydrocarbons discharged atsea.
Clearlypollution oftheseaisnotsomething thattheCommunity can
fightalone-itrequiresinternational action.Consequently the
Community negotiated accession totheBonnAgreement of9June1969

-38-
i,\
forCooperation inDealing with Pollution oftheNorth SeabyOiland
on17May 1980 signed theAthens Protocol fortheprotection ofthe
Mediterranean Seaagainst pollution from land–based sources .This
protocol ,which forms anannex totheBarcelona Convention of
16February 1976 fortheprotection oftheMediterranean Seaagainst
pollution aims toclean upthewhole seagradually bylimiting
pollution and soisofvital importance tocountries with Mediterranean
coastlines .
Preventing thepollution ofbathing waters isnotthe only area in
which theCommunity 'swork onthe environment isparticularly relevant
totourism . There has been awhole series ofdirectives onair
pollution ,aparticularly acute problem inurban areas ,which have
imposed increasingly strict limits onexhaust emissions from motor
vehicles and sohelped keep theair intourist regions breathable .
TheDirective of15July 1980 onairquality standards forsulphur
\ ι ..... ,\28dioxide (S0„;andsuspended particulates (black smoke )together with
29aresolution ontransboundary airpollution bythese pollutants and
the Directive of29June 1978 onthereduction oflead (asubstance
which isharmful tohuman health )inpetrol^areparticularly
important inthis context .
Turning finally tothefight against noise ,which may also bedamaging
totourism ,aCouncil Directive of6February 1970 »amended inthe
light oftechnical progress in1973 and .1981 ,fixed permissible sound
31levels forvarious categories ofmotor vehicles ,theDirective of
23November 1978 dealt with thepermissible sound level of
32motorcycles andthat of20December 1979 -concerned noise emissions
from aircraft
Turning totheprotection
adopted ontheprotection
protecting their habitatsofflora andfauna ,adirective hasbeen
ofwildbirds^andworkonidentifying and
isinprogress .

-39-
Although Community measures ontheprotection oftheenvironment areof
assistance totourism,tourismmustalsotakeenvironmental
considerations intoaccount.Besidescombating pollution and
nuisances ,Community environment policyisalsoconcerned withthe
wisemanagement ofnaturalresources asafoundation foreconomic
development andtheimprovement oflivingconditions .
ThedraftActionProgramme oftheEuropean Communities ontheEnvironment
(1982-86),approvedbytheCommission on28October 1981andsenttothe
Councilexplicitly mentions thefactthatgreaterattention mustbe
paidtoenvironmental considerations inthedevelopment oftourist
andotheractivities .
Thelogicalconsequence isthatboththeactualworkrequired andthe
effectsofplannedtouristactivities assuchinanyfuturelarge-scale
touristdevelopment willfirsthavetobeconsidered fromthepoint
ofviewoftheirenvironmental impact.Similarly ,apriorassessment
oftheimpactofanylargepublicorprivateproject onthenatural
andman-fliade environment ,andhencealsoontourism ,willhavetobe
made.Thisassessment isprovided forintheproposal foraCouncil
Directive concerning theassessment oftheenvironmental effectsof
certainpublicandprivateprojects whichwasadopted bythe
Commission on16June1980andsenttotheCouncilforadecision .
Inthisconnection specialstressmustbelaidontheeffectsof.
campingandcaravaning .Intheinterests oftheenvironment ,the
localinhabitants ,othertourists andthecampers andcaravaners
themselves ,measures mustbetakentolimitcamping andcaravaning
toapprovedsitesandtostopsuchsitesbeingoperjedinareasof
naturalbeautyconsidered tobevaluablepartsofthenational or
Community heritage .
Itisalsoobviousthatanyrealattempttotakeenvironmental
considerations intoaccountrequires a"commonlanguage "bothforuse
bythosewhoha^otomakesocio-economic development choicesandto
enablethepublictotakepartinthedecision-making progress .This

-40-
iswhy-theCommission hasadoptedamethodological approachtothe''
gradualimplementation ofaEuropean information systemonthestate
oftheenvironment knownas"ecological mapping"whichwillprovide
information atCommunity level'usingastandard presentation onfive
targetareas:landscape andnature,land,air,waterandnatural
hazards.Thiswill,forexample,permittheidentification ofareas
whichareparticularly important orrarefromaCommunity pointof
viewandofecological imbalances requiring actionatEuropean level.
Becauseofthedelicate balanceoftheirenvironments andthemany
pressures theysufferasaresultofhumanactivities ,especially
tourism,theCommission regardscoastalandmountain areasas
particularly important .TheCommunity planstodealwiththemin
twomainways:"bydesigningitssectoralpolicies (e.g.its
agricultural andregionalpolicies )totakeaccountofthe
environmental factorspeculiar totheseareasandbypreparing
manualsoractionguidestomakeavailable toallthoseconcerned
withthemanagement oftheseregionsthefullrangecfknowledge and
experience available intheMemberStates.Asfarascoastalregions
areconcerned ,Community actionisbasedontheEuropean Coastal
Charter whichwasprepared incooperation withtheCommission and
adopted bytheConference ofPeripheral Maritime Regionsofthe
European Community ;Parliament hasexpressed itsdesiretoseethis
programme implemented rapidlyinallcoastalareas.Apractical
exampleofwhathasbeendoneformountain areasisthemanualfor
carrying outstudiesoftheimpactoftouristdevelopment onsuch
areaswhichhasbeenprepared incollaboration itfiththeappropriate
Frenchadministrative departments andanumberofEuropeaninstitutes .

41
2.The architectural heritage and tourism
Thecultural heritage ,andparticularly thearchitectural heritage ,is
thebasis ofmuch international tourism inEurope .Tourists from
outside Europe come tosee our civilization .Architecture makes an
important contribution totheEuropean cultural identity andso
represents avital element ininternational tourism inthis part of
theworld .Assuch ,itisavaluable asset which pays considerable
dividends tomany areas oftheCommunity .Ifitwere better
known ,asitdeserves ,itwould bebetter appreciated andbetter
preserved forfuture generations ofEuropeans both asarepository
oftheir culture and asource oftheir wealth .
Unfortunately alarge part ofEurope 'sarchitectural heritage is
now inasorry state .Formerly town centres not only housed
craftsmen ,traders and thearts but were also high-class residential
areas ;now they have been taken over bypublic and private offices
and have lost both their natural social cohesion and their social
and cultural life .
These testimonies ofEurope 'shistory ,wherever they areaccessible
tothepublic ,inattracting visitors toareas which would notother­
wise bevisited bymany .They canalso beused toaccommodate tourists
andholidaymakers and asworkshops forcraftsmen .Since therestoration
andpreservation ofoldbuildings require theskilled work and services
ofsuch people ,anarea ofavaillage could berestored with theassistance
ofthe craftsmen who live there and soattract tourists who would come to
see thework done aswell asthe oldbuildings .

-42-
>>Ν
Itshould "beemphasized that restoration andpreservation work and
related activities are some ofthemost labour-intensive ;the present
persistent unemployment makes this particularly important .Restoration
andadaptation fortourist purposes require the skills ofateam of
architects ,town planners andtourist promotion specialists .Aswas
pointed out inastudy ontheCommunities and thepreservation ofthe
architectural heritage which theCommission financed ,this will help
create jobs inthe areas where they aremost needed .
AlltheCommunity authorities have recognized the importance ofthe
preservation oftheEuropean cultural heritage .First ofallthe
Heads ofState orGovernment ,meeting atthe Hague Summit in
December 19^9 stated that they considered Europe tot*. "exceptional
seat "ofculture which had tobepreserved . -–
More explicitly ,initsresolution of17Kay 1977 onthecontinuation
andimplementation ofaEuropean Community policy andaction programme
ontheenvironment ,thaCouncil stated :"Ourarchitectural andnatural
heritage isa»non–renewal e*resource oftheCommunity ...andthe
major physical manifestation ofthecultural andhistorical identity
ofEurope ".Itnoted that thi\heritage wasthreatened with
deterioration anddestruction ana coi>sidvred that theCommunity should
35
■take action
TheCommission isconvinced that apreservation policy implies giving special
attention tothetraining orrestorers ,thefinancing ofwork ,thetaxing of
historic houses andtheeffects ofairpollution onbuildings .

Commission report ontheestablishment ofthe Jiuropean tfovr-dation
sen 1-totheEuropean Council on17November 1977 stated that or.;,aim
whicrt theFoundation could begiven was thepromotion ofthe cultural
aspect oftourism forthebenefit oftheEuropean Community .Inthe
Commission 'sview ,this could beaway ofsecuring public support for
measures topreserve ourartistic heritage .Thereport also
emphasized theneed topromote joint 'exhibitions inmuseums and
cultural centres inthe Community sothat the citizens ofSurope can
distinguish their common links from amongst'the wealth oftheir
cultural diversity ,links which despite theadversities andenmities
oftheir history make them joint inheritors .
TheParliament isparticularly interested inmeasures toprotect theEuropean
cultural heritage .Initsresolution of13May 1974 ,itstated itsconcern
about v-ioimpoverishment of .this heritage andasked theCommission topropose
measures toapproximate national laws onitsprotection ,oncooperation
inthetraining ofrestorers and onthe setting upofafund toprovide
financial support forthemost urgent restoration work .Inanother
resolution passed on18January 1979 »Parliament regretted that the
Commission had nottaken action onitsrequest for thecreation ofa
European Fund formonuments and sites andhoped that this task would
beassumed bytheEuropean Investment Bank . Italso attached special
importance tothetraining ofcraftsmen able torestore aonuments using
traditional techniques .
The ar»?." *•>oftheCormun'ty institutions forthepreservation ofthe
a.-ch i :.kuer -'tage ,comparatively little hasbeen done andthen only on
asmall sc*.' n.v;':.?■action hastoken thefcrm offinancial support lor
tm 5.-prsi*y i?nv •spf?cializi?iy inpreservat ion,and,while this support
snould becor-; .indincreased inthefuture ,itdoes notyetconstitute
■af.'o;inunity col .U/onthepreservation ofitshistoric ,buildings .Concerted
action of :h<?f-osnmunity furirJs snould beenvisaged for thefinancing of
'•o .:tor -.it!.r?r;no*/,especially the less developed regions oftheCommunity .

ActionbytheEuropeanInvestment Bank(EIB)couldcertainly help
achievethis.InreplytoarequestfromtheCommission ,theBar^c ^
statedinJune1980thattherewasnoreasonwhyitshouldnot
contribute tocertainprojects forthepreservation ofthearchitectural
heritage provided theysatisfied threeconditions :thattheywere
genuineinvestments andnotsimplyroutinemaintenance ;thattheyvro-jld
increase generaleconomicproductivity ;andthattheywerefoundto
beeligible underArticle 130oftheTreatyofRome–acondition which
couldbesatisfied iftheproject waspartofaprogramme todevelop
thetouristpotential ofaregion.
Besidesassistance fromtheEIBandtheRegional Fund,theSocialFund
couldalsoassistinthepreservation ofthearchitectural heritage .
Ithasalreadycontributed tothetraining ofrestorers andthose
working onthepreservation ofhistoric orartistic monuaents and
buildings andcoulddosoagaininthefuture.•
Itshouldberemembered inthisregardthatArticle 'yOofthe
TreatyofRomerequires theMemberStatestoencourage ,withinthe
framework ofajointprogramme ,theexchange ofyoungworkers.Souse
wasmadeofthisArticleforaconsiderable timeandthesecondjoint
programme wasnotadopted bytheCounciluntil1979.Thisprovides
forshort–andlong-term exchanges andsupplementary aidforlanguage
training fortraining periodsoflongduration .Youngworkershave
expressed considerable interest inthisprogramme andagrowing number
ofparticipants arefromtheservicesector,particularly tourism.
Thewholequestion ofdeveloping acoordinated Community ap*-roach t:-
exchanges involving youngpeople,mainlythosebetKeen14ana.28,:!r
currently V.-oi«.gsiuuj.ed.Thinapproach couldnotonlyinclude
development ofeycb&.nso ].ro;r:-aminosforyoungworkersInnalsoeonnic.or
hewtheirvnunt.!■'/-.crvlcc-?eculobestbeused.It-,sc,uite Iikeiyths.t
youngum>!pjo„'od ;ntheconstruction andrelalidindustries
cculdfindnrrestoration ofmonuments ,townsandvillages intoo
Cw/am-umtyanxnu-pir :r»gactivity whichwouldaffordthemuseful
r:qjr-r'ence andcreateemploynv.t,iinthetouristsectorthroughthe
atti'actiona of'restored eultura 5property .TheCouaaiHsionintendsto
sendacommunication containing appropriate proposals onthissubject
totheCouncil .

-45-annex
community provisions ontourism
fourth Council Directive 7fl/l033/EECof19December 1970 amending
Directive 69/U'9/EECon -theharmonization ofprovisions laid down "bylaw,
regulation -orad.:'r.istrati veaction relating toexemption from turnover
taxandexcise dv'V c-imports ininternational travel ,
0JL366 ,28.12.197° »>'31 .
^Council Directive 72/l66/is^Qf24H.pril 1972ontheapproximation ofthelaws
oftheMember States relatiil^sv 0insw^nce against civil liability inrespect
oitheuseofmotor vehicles , totiS.enforcement oftheobligation to
insure against such liability ,0«^Tj103 ,Jj.1972 .
First Council Directive of4December I98O Oi.-..Heintroduction ofaCommunity
driving licence ,0JL375 »31.12.1980 . v
\
^Council Regulation (EEC)No1390/81of12May1981 :-.xtendi;.\cr toself-employed
persons andmembers oftheir families Regulation (EEC)No1408/71onthe
application ofsocial security schemes toemployed persons andtheir families
moving within theCommunity ,0JL143 ,29.5-1981 ,p.l .
-^Commission Recommendation of8January I98I onaccelerated settlement of
-laims under insurance against civil liability inrespect oftheuse ofmotor
vehicles ,OJL57,4-3.1981 ,P-27.
^Council Directive 68/367/EECof15October 1968laying downdetailed provisions
concerning transitional measures inrespect ofactivities ofself-employed
persons inthepersonal services sector (ISIC exMajor Group 85);
1.Restaurants ,cafes ,taverns andother drinking andeating places
(ISIC Group 852 )2.Hotels ,rooming houses ,camps andother lodging places
(ISIC Group 853),OJL260 ,22.10.1968 .
7Council Directive 75/368/EECof16June 1975 °nmeasures tofacilitate the
effective exercise offreedom ofestablishment andfreedom toprovide services
inrespect ofvarious activities (exISIC Division 01to85)and ,in
particular ,transitional measures inrespect ofthose activities ,
OJL167 ,30.6.1975 ,p.22.
8_ .
Resolution oftheCoincil andof"theMinisters ofEducation meeting within
theCouncil of9February I976 comprising anaction programme inthefield
ofeducation ,OJC38,19.2.1976 ,p.l .
% ■oixhh Council Directive 77/.}88/EECof17May1977 ontheharmonization ofthe
laws oftheMentor Stages relating toturnover taxes -Common system ofvalue
added tax :uniform bvuus ofassessment ,OJL145,13-6.1977 ,p.l.
10.,. _..
oounci1Regulation (EEC)No1303/78of12June 1978 onthegranting offinancial
support fordemonstration projects toexploit alternative energy sources ,OJL158 ,16.6 .1978 ,p.3.
LCouncil Regulation (EEC)No1303/78of12June 1978 onthegranting offinancial
support fordemonstration projects inthefield ofenergy saving ,OJL158,
16.6.1978 ,p.6.

1?ComcilRegulation (EEC)No117/66of28JulyI966ontheintroduction of
commonrulesfortheinternational carriage ofpassengers bycoachandbus,
OJL147,9.8.1966 ,p.2688.
^CouncilRegulation (EEC)No517/72of28February1972ontheintroduction
ofcommonrulesforregularandspecialregularservices bycoachandbus
between MemberStates,OJL67,20.3.1972 ,p.l9»
^CouncilRegulation (EEC)No3022/77of20December1977amending
Regulation No517/72of28February 1972,OJL35^,31.12.1977 ,p.l.
^CouncilRegulation (EEC)No516/72of28February1972ontheintroduction
ofcommonrulesforshuttleservices bycoachandbusbetween MemberStates,
OJL67,20.3.1972 ,p.13.
^CouncilRegulation (EEC)No724/75establishing aEuropeanRegionalDevelopment
Fund,OJL73,21.3.1975,p.l.AmendedbyCouncilRegulation (EEC)No214/79
of6February 1979,OJL35,9*2.,1979,p.l.
^CouncilRegulation (EEC)No2615/80of7OctoberI98Oinstituting aspecific
Community regional development measurecontributing tothedevelopment of
certainFrenchandItalianregionsinthecontextofCommunity enlargement ,
OJL271,15.10.1980 .
1HCouncilRegulation (EEC)No2619/80of7OctoberI98Oinstituting aspecific
Community regional development measurecontributing totheimprovement ofthe
economic andsocialsituation oftheborderareasofIreland andNorthern Ireland
OJL271,15.10.1980 .
^CouncilDirective 72/159/EEC°f17April1972onthemodernization offarms,
OJL96,23.4.1972 .
20CouncilDirective 72/I60/EECof17April1972concerning measurestoencourage
thecessation offarmingandthereallocation ofutilizedagricultural area
forthepurposesofstructural improvement ,OJL96,23.4-1972 .
21CouncilDirective 72/l6l/EECof17April1972concerning theprovision of
socio-economic guidanceforandtheacquisition ofoccupational skillsby
personsengagedinagriculture ,OJL96,23.4.1972 .
22
■"CouncilDirective 75/268/EECof28April1975onmountainandhillfarmingin
certainless-favoured areas,OJL128,I9.5.I975 .
9^CouncilDirective 76/160/EECof8December 1975concerning thequalityof
bathingwater,OJL31,5.2.1976 ,p.l.
^CouncilDirective76/464/EECof4May1976onpollutioncausedbycertain
dangerous substances discharged intotheaquaticenvironment oftheCciwr.uni i.,vf
OJL129,18.5.1976 ,p.23.

-47-
^Council Directive 73/404/EECof22November 1973ontheapproximation of
thelaws oftheMember States relating todetergents .OJL347 .17*12.1973 ,
p.51.
^Council Directive 78/176/EECof20February 1978onwaste fromthetitanuim
dioxide industry ,OJL54,25.2.1978 .P»19*
27Council Resolution of26June 1978 setting upanaction programme ofthe
European Communities onthecontrol andreduction ofpollution caused by
hydrocarbons discharged into thesea ,OJC162 ,8.7.1978 ,p.1.
^Council Directive 8o/779/EECof15July1980onairquality limit values
andguide values forsulphur dioxide andsuspended particulates ,OJL229 ,
30.8.1980 ,p.30.
29„ .„„ , ..Council Resolution of15July 1980 ontransboundary airpollution bysulphur
dioxide andsuspended particulates ,OJC222 ,30.8 .1980,p.1.
^Council Directive 78/611/feECof29June 1978ontheapproximation ofthe
laws oftheMember States concerning thelead content ofpetrol ,OJL197,
22.7.1978 ,p.19.
Council Directive 70/157/EECof6February 1970 ontheapproximation of
thelaws oftheMember States relating tothepermissible sound level and
theexhaust system ofmotor vehicles ,GJL42,23.2.1970 ,p.16
-amended byCouncil Directive 77/212/EECof8March 1977 ,OJL66,
12.3.1977 ,P.33
-adapted byCommission Directive 73/350/EECof7November 1973 ,OJL321,
22.11.1973 ,p.'33
andbyCommission Directive 8i/334/eECof13April1981,OJL131,
18.5.1981 ,p.6
Council Directive 78/10I5/EECof23November 1978 ontheapproximation
ofthe laws oftheMember States onthepermissible sound level and
exhaust system ofmotorcycles ,OJL349 ,13.12.1978 ,p.21.
^Council Directive 80/51/EECof20December 1979onthelimitation ofnoise
emissions from subsonic aircraft ,OJL18,24.1.1980 ,p.26.
^Council Directive 79/409/EECof2April 1979ontheconservation of
wild birds ,OJL103 ,25.4.1979 ,p.1.
^Resolution oftheCouncil oftheEuropean Communities andofthe .
Representatives oftheGovernments oftheMember States meeting within
theCouncil of17May1977 onthecontinuation andimplementation of
aEuropean Community polioy andaotion programme ontheenvironment ,
OJc139 ,13.6.1977 ,P.1.