*** * * * * * * *** COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 03.09.1997 
COM(97)437 final 
Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament 
Annual Report 1996 on 
Humanitarian Aid 

Table of contents 
Executive summary 4 
1. Institutional framework 5 
1.1. Council regulation and coordination with Member States 5 
1.2. Financial basis 5 
2. Means of Action 6 
2.1. Framework Partnership Agreement 6 
2.2. Databases and management systems 6 
3. Humanitarian Operations 7 
3.1. Statistical overview 7 
I 3.2. Operations overview -General issues 12 
3.3. Former Yugoslavia 13 
3.4. African, Caribbean and Pacific countries 15 
3.4.1. Great Lakes Region 15 
3.4.2. ECHO-Flight 16 
3.4.3. Angola 16 
3.4.4. Somalia 17 
3.4.5. Sudan and northern Uganda 17 
3.4.6. Liberia 17 
3.4.7. Haiti 18 
3.4.8. Sierra Leone 18 
3.4.9. Mali 19 
3.5. Russia and the CIS 19 
3.5.1. Russian Federation 19 
3.5.2. Tajikistan 19 
3.5.3. Kyrgyztan 20 
3.5.4. Southern Caucasus 20 
3.6. Asia 21 
3.7. North Africa and the Middle East 22 
3.8. Latin America 22 
4. ~ Horizontal activities 23 
4.1. Information activities 23 
4.2. Cooperation and coordination 23 
4.2.1. Inter-service coordination 24 
4.2.2. European Parliament 24 
4.2.3. NGOs 25 
4.2.4. United Nations 26 
4.2.5. The United States 27 
4.2.6. Other third countries 27 
4.3. Evaluation 28 
4.4. Disaster-preparedness 28 
5. Prospects for 1997 29 
Statistical Annexes 
Annex S1 
Annex S2 
Annex S3 
Annex S4 
Annex S5 
Annex S6 
Figures in the text 
Figure 1 
Figure 2 
Figure 3 Overview of Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid by 
Source of Finance 1992-96 
Summary of Financial Decisions by Countries Benefitting from 
Humanitarian Aid 1994-95-96 ' 
Financial Decisions for Humanitarian Aid by Region 
in 1995 and 1996 
EC contracts for Humanitarian Assistance 1992-93-94-95-96 
European Commission (ECHO) Financial Decisions in favour oft 
he affected Burundi/Rwanda population since the 21st October 
1993 until December 1996 
Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former Yugoslavia, 
1991-1996 by Republic; by Relief Items, 1996 
Humanitarian Aid Financial Decisions by Source of Finance 
1994-1995-1996 (page 9) 
Financial Decisions for Humanit_arian Aid by Region 
1995 and 1996 (page 10) 
Total Humanitarian Assistance 1992 -1993 -1994 -1995 -1996 
(page 11) 
Executive Summary 
In 1996 the humanitarian assistance provided by the Commission amounted to ECU 656 
million, which represented a slight decrease as compared to ECU 692 million in the 
previous year, and brought the· grand total of Commission humanitarian aid in the last 
five years to ECU 3084 million. The main humanitarian theaters in 1996 continued to be 
former Yugoslavia and the Great Lakes region. Overall, humanitarian was provided in 
some 60 countries, notably in Afghanistan, Angola, Sudan, Somalia, Sierra Leone, 
Liberia, the Russian federation (Chechnya), Georgia, Armenia, Azerbadjan, Tadjikistan, 
Kyrgyzstan, Iraq and Haiti. 
In 1996, the fourth year of ECHO's activities, a Council regulation governing 
humanitarian aid entered into force and a management committee of Member States was 
set up. The activity of the committee was intense and by' the end of the year it had met 
five times, giving favorable opinions on draft proposals for humanitarian aid and 
discussing various policy issues. 
Violent conflicts and their consequences continued to be the main cause of most 
humanitarian crises during 1996. As a result of these crises, there was an unprecedented 
number of refugees and internally displaced persons worldwide. They often became 
entirely dependent on outside help for their survival. While attending to the immediate 
life-saving needs of the victims of such crises, the humanitarian community as a whole 
saw clearly that political solutions to the underlying problems were urgently needed. The 
Commission continued to attach great· importance to coordinating its humanitarian 
activities with the longer term work undertaken in rehabilitation and development. In 
terms of strengthening these linkages between shqrt ~nd long term efforts, the 
Commission in 1996 initiated the process of setting up a number of interservice task 
forces for countries and regions moving out of emergency conditions into a situation 
characterized by rehabilitation and longer term development. 
ECHO stepped up its internal activities in evaluation over the year, using its own 
working methods and the Operational Manual published in 1995, focusing primarly on its 
progra£¥S but also on other specific operations. 
Information activities and transparency continued to be high priority in 1996, with 
publications, information and facilities for press and broadcasting media as well as joint 
activities with Member States, NGOs and international organizations. 
4 
I. Institutional framework 
1.1. Council regulation and coordination with Member States 
The Council of Ministers adopted on June 20, 1996 the (EC) Council regulation 
concerning humanitarian aid 1
, which entered into force on July 5, 1996. The Council 
regulation defines the scope of humanitarian aid action, coordination arrangements and 
the. ways in which the Community, Member States, international organizations and non­
governmental organizations can cqoperate. 
Hence, it addresses questions relating to the type of disaster situations which qualify for 
humanitarian aid from the Community, what type of assistance can be financed as well as 
how humanitarian relief links up with~· disaster preparedness, rehabilitation and 
reconstruction. It also deals with relations with implementing partners and with 
cooperation with EU Member States, and includes provisions for regular eyaluations of 
humanitarian aid. 
The entry into force of the EC Council Regulation has brought significant changes in the 
decision-making process in setting up a committee, made up of representatives of 
Member States and chaired by the Commission, which assists the latter in the exercise of 
its implementing powers. 
The humanitarian aid committee is entitled to deliver an opinion on certain Commission 
proposals and notably on humanitarian aid global plans and non-urgent projects for 
amounts exceeding ECU 2 million. The activity of the committee has been very intense 
and by the year end it had met five times since the entry into force of the Regulation. All 
Commission draft proposals referred to the committee received a favorable opinion. 
The committee has also examined various more horizontal issues in the field of 
humanitarian aid, thus helping to develop further Commissjon dialogue with Member 
States and seeking improved coordination in continuity with the pattern of informal 
quarterly meetings which preceded the Regulation. The issues treated ranged from NGO 
eligibility criteria, systems for improving coordination and exchange of information, to 
evaluation. 
1.2 Financial basis 
The great majority of the Commissions's operations through ECHO are financed from 
the General Budget of the EU. To a small extent, and in 1996 much less than in previous 
years, operations to be carried out in ACP countries have also been financed under the 
financial protocol to the Lome Convention ( ECU 3 million). 
In the last six years humanitarian operations carried out by the Commission on behalf of 
the Union have grown sevenfold, making the Commission the biggest single public 
source of humanitarian aid. From ECU 114 million in 1991, the figure reached ECU 692 
million in 1995, and in 1996 stood at around ECU 656 million. For 1997, initial 
1Official Journal of the European Communities L 163 of July 2, 1996 (page 1) 
5 
appropriations under the humanitarian aid chapter of the EU budget (B7-21) were ECU 
315 .2 million. A reserve ~d other funds may be made available during the year 
depending on developments to which the Commission may be called upon to respond. 
The financial position of EC humanitarian aid is nonetheless less than satisfactory in 
some ways. The main problem is the lengthy procedure required to release appropriations 
from the reserve part of the EU budget, coupled with the requirement first to have 
disbursed 80% of the funds initially attributed. These administrative requirements have 
sometimes proved to be at variance with crisis needs. 
2. Means of Action 
2.1 Framework Partnership Agreement 
Following the adoption of the EC Council Regulation concerning humanitarian aid, 
discussions for a revision of the Framework Partnership Agreement were suspended 
during the second half of.1995. They were resumed in April when ECHO met with the 
·representatives of its Partners. Since then, work on a revised proposal has continued at 
technical level within a working group in ECHO taking account of preliminary 
discussions and accumulated experience. Modifications envisaged concern the General 
Conditions, the model of the operations contracts as well as its appendices. With this 
exercise ECHO seeks to conciliate Partners' wishes for more flexibility with the 
continued need to ensure proper control of the use of Community funds. The revision 
intended will therefore be based on the following guidelines or principles, the need to: 
(a) balance flexibility against adequacy of control; 
(b) ensure that controls produce real improvements. 
The Commission has also informed the committee as to changes envisaged in the 
Framework Partnership Agreement such as the need for better qualitative operational 
information in order to monitor operations, as well as the format and content of reports. 
2.2 Databases and management systems 
Humanitarian assistance embraces a wide variety of scenarios, conditions, actors and 
requirements, spread across the entire surface of the planet. Proper communication is a 
must -if all the various factors are to be mobilised in a coordinated way to help the 
massive victim population and make best use of the available resources. Modem 
electronic databases and informatics-based communication and management systems 
have an increasingly key role to play. 
Since mid-1996, ECHO's database related to financial management, the Humanitarian 
Office Programme Environment (HOPE)· is operational, including the contract 
management module. New modules are planned for 1997, for the humanitarian aid 
actions evaluation, for the financial audits analysis and reporting, and for the operational 
6 
actions follow-up. The Members States report on humanitarian aid, the 14 points fax-, is 
scheduled for introduction into the HOPE database. 
New pages have been added on the Commision's World Wide Web server (EUROPA) 
with topics such as _statistical information exported from the HOPE database. 
The address of the home page is: 
http://www. cec. lulenlcommlecho/echo. html 
Since January 1996, the X400 Commission e-mail facility (Route 400) has opened up 
advanced scope for electronic communication within and between services, between 
institutions of the Union and above all with the outside world: ECHO's partners and 
theaters of operations posted on Internet. 
The address of ECHO's officials is: 
name.sumame@echo.cec.be 
3 Humanitarian Operations 
3 .1 Statistical overview 
The year 1996 can be regarded as a period of consolidation in the process of producing 
comprehensive and sound statistics. Such statistics are a vital management tool, and also 
serve important information, coordination and transparency needs. ECHO Statistics 
bulletins are produced on a quarterly basis and refugees statistics from the PISG database 
are available on a semester basis. A number of the statistical reports ECHO produces are 
mmexed to the present report (Statistical Appendices S 1 to S7). 
Operations in 1996 were on a comparable scale to those in 1995, the decisions adopted 
reached a total of ECU 656 million. 
While statistics by country are available for the entire sum committed during the year , it 
should be noted that contracting inevitably continues, in some cases into the following 
year. Statistics by partners are based on amounts contracted by the end of the year and 
therefore come to a lower figure. 
\ 
A list of funding decisions by country is provided in Appendix S2 and S3 and by partner 
in Appendix S4. These figures are summarized in figures 2 and 3 overleaf. In order to 
avoid repetitiveness, the amounts are not always mentioned in the country sections which 
follow. 
7-8 
 FIGURE 1 
Humanitarian Aid Financial Decisions by Source of F.inance 1994-1995-1996 
800.00 
700.00 
600.00 
U) 500.00 
I 111111111111111 :::::::::··'·::::-' 
Bl 1994 
400.00f . ~~I;;.~~~~;;~;'.; .. -Iii /f /-: ! :-:-:-·-:.:::-·::·. : :::r:H• I 1995 
1996 I/ .•··-:::::,:::•:::::::::-
300.00 
200.00 
100.00 
0.00 
MECU EDF BUDGET TOTAL 
• FIGURE 2 
1.-----F-I_N_A-NC_I_A_L_D_E_C_IS_I_O_N_S_F_O_R_H_UM-A-NI_T_A-RI_A_N_A_I_D_B_Y_R_E_G_IO_N _____ _ 
ACP 
43% EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
33% 
IRAQ 
4% ASIA 
8% 
10 IRAQ 
4% 
ASIA 
5% 
NORlli AFRICA 
2% 
LATIN AMERICA 
4% 
GLOBAL 
EASiERN EUROPE 
0% C.I.S 1% 
NORlli AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
3% 
GLOBAL 
2% 
EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
29% 
~ 
::... 350,000,00 
300,000,00 
250,000,00 
CEC DIRECT Total Humanitarian Assistance 
MEMBER STATES 
GOVNTS OTHER 
GOVNTS FIGURE 3 
D 1992 01993 ~ 1994 ~ 1995  1996 
ECNGO'S 
UNITED NATIONS 
OTHERNGO'S LOCALNGO'S 
3 .2 Operations overview -General issues 
In the following section a general account is given of humanitarian assistance provided in 
different parts of the world, with brief accounts of the political situation in the countries 
and regions of main concern from a humanitarian point of view. From these country-by­
country reports, some issues stand dut as being of general relevance to humanitarian 
assistance and those involved in it throughout the world today. 
One characteristic of the changing international environment where humanitarian 
assistance is provided is the increase in the number of conflicts, many of which are 
internal crises with international repercussions. At the origin of these crises we often find 
political, economic and ethnic tensions. The character of conflicts themselves has also 
changed in that they increasingly affect, or even target, the civiiian population. The 
consequences have been all too obvious; unprecedented numbers of refugees and 
inter!-1-ally displaced persons in the world in need of massive humanitarian assistance. 
The provision of humanitarian assistance in such highly politically charged 
circumstances raises a number of basic and difficult questions as to the neutrality and 
impartiality of aid. Humanit;uian supplies such as food and medicines are highly valuable 
resources for those in conflict. This is evident from the examples of looting of stocks e g 
in Zaire and Liberia, and in the many examples of attacks on humanitarian aid staff. 
Warring sides or governments denying access to victims is another feature of problems in 
providing urgently needed aid. As a consequence of these security problems, the military 
is increasingly called in for assistance, both in ensuring the safe arrival of supplies and 
staff, as well as for direct peacekeeping tasks. Among the dilemmas facing the 
humanitarian community in such politically difficult circumstances are: 
-how do humanitarian organisations address human rights abuses when risking expulsion 
and consequent withdrawal of aid? · 
-how do humanitarian organisations address the problems related to providing aid in war 
conditions, avoiding manipulation and looting by warring factions? 
-how do humanitarian organisations cooperate with military authorities and how does 
such cooperation affect neutrality and impartiality of aid? 
-how do humanitarian organisations protect aid workers? 
Many·of these questions, which are raised daily in humanitarian operations, are not likely 
to receive a clearcut answer from the humanitarian community as a whole. It is however 
essential that the debate continues among donors, NGOs and the UN, and that lessons are 
learned continuously from practical experiences in the field. 
The importance of coordination between donors and executing agencies has been 
increasingly emphasized as a consequence of the large number of organisations involved 
in humanitarian aid and the complexity of the situations they face. Coordination should 
ideally encomp~ss several dimensions of international assistance, including both 
institutional and substantial aspects. Inter-institutional coordination should aim at 
11 
creating an effective combination of measures, based on thorough assessments of-needs 
and taking the respective roles and competences of each institution into account. An 
example of how such close coordination can be successful in avoiding manipulation of 
humanitarian aid by warring factions is shown in the experience of field-level 
coordination in Liberia.· 
Another crucial issue brought out from the experiences of humanitarian operations is the 
need for close targetting of aid to those in real need. This is essential, not only in the 
interests of using funds in the most effective fashion, but also in order to maintain public 
and political support fpr providing humanitarian aid and for the accountability of 
institutions involved in this work. 
The gender aspect of humanitarian aid was highlighted in 1996, not least due to events in 
Afghanistan, where Taliban fundamentalists who took control of Kabul issued decrees 
prohibiting women from working. This had serious negative effects, not only on 
thousands of households where women were the "breadwinners" who could riot earn their 
own living but also on public institutions and humanitarian activities, such as hospitals 
where women previously formed a very significant part of the work force. The majority 
of organisations present in the region however continued to supply aid despite daily 
· infringements of human rights, trying to cover urgent humanitarian needs in terms of 
food, medical and sanitary assistance to ·those most vulnerable. These events as well as 
others have sparked a debate in the EU and gender issues have been discussed in both the 
Council and in seminars gathering NGOs, UN organisations and gender experts during 
the year. There was an emphasis on the need to mainstream gender aspects into all 
policies and interventions dealing with crisis prevention, emergency response and post­
emergency rehabilitation, including situations of armed conflict. 
Another important feature of the work initiated in 1996 is in Linking Relief, 
Rehabilitation and Development which aims at strengthening the coordination of 
assistance undertaken in the sphere of humanitarian relief with longer term rehabilitation 
and development aid. To this end a number of task forces at headquarters and field level 
are being set up to prepare strategies and funding, as well as coordination with other 
parties, in order to improve links between the different phases of assistance to countries 
and regions moving out of emergency conditions. 
3.3 Former Yugoslavia 
In 1 ~i96, the European Commission allocated ECU 187 million to humanitarian aid for 
the victims of the conflict in former Yugoslavia. The Dayton/ Paris Peace Agreements, 
signed in December 1995, ended more than four years of violent conflict in former 
Yugoslavia. While the threat of resuming hostilities has been successfully subdued 
during all of 1996, major civilian aspects of the peace accord remain unaccomplished. 
The political unity of Bosnia and Herzegovina has yet to be established. Freedom of 
movement has not yet been achieved and the protection of human rights remains weak. 
Local authorities in many parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina still strongly oppose the 
return of minority populations and follow a policy of forcible resettlement, seeing ethnic 
13 
separation as one of the main achievements of the conflict. The harassment and expulsion 
of remaining minorities is still on-going. 
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in its first repatriation 
plan forecast the· return of 870,000 displaced persons and refugees in Bosnia and 
Herzegovina during 1996. This plan has proven too optimistic. Current-estimates range 
from 220,000 to 240,000 returns for 1996, leaving more than 700,000 refugees from 
Bosnia and Herzegovina outside former Yugoslavia and 1.5 million displaced persons 
and ·refugees in the region. The advent of peace has not yet led to a significant 
improvement in the humanitarian situation in the areas formerly affected by conflict. 
Much of the population is still living under exceptional and difficult circumstances in 
collective accommodation or make-shift housing. Many remain without employment and 
income, and thus dependent on humanitarian -aid. At present, local government lacks the 
necessary resources and management capacity to assume responsibility for these 
populations. 
ECHO has continued to provide essential humanitarian aid to war-affected and displaced 
persons throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina. Improved access following the cessation of 
hostilities has led to the identification of needs previously uncovered, in particular in 
Republika Srpska where authorities refused access to international assistance until the 
end of 1995. Generally, increased and more selective targeting has allowed humanitarian 
assistance to reach the most vulnerable beneficiaries, often in areas not accessible during 
the conflict. 
Increasing emphasis has been put on emergency rehabilitation of basic and social 
infrastructure, in particular in areas of possible return of displaced persons and refugees, 
while projects involving income generation and psy~ho-social assistance have been 
reduced in the wake of economic and social normalisation. 
To ensure a smooth transition between emergency relief and reconstruction, ECHO has 
during 1996 intensified cooperation with other Commission services to ensure the 
complementarity and coherence of implemented programmes. The inter-service 
coordination has been particularly intensive in the return of refugees, where initiatives 
emanating from Member States have been accommodated within the framework of on­
going programmes. 
The situation in Croatia in 1996 has been characterised by the consolidation of the 
economy and the search for political stability in formerly Serb-held areas of Krajina and 
West~rn Slavonia after the Croatian offensive in August 1995. The return of displaced 
persons and refugees to these regions began in 1996, and according to official statistics, 
some 40,000 have returned to their places of origin so far. 
ECHO has maintained its Direct Food Aid programme in Croatia during 1996, supplying 
380,000 refugees and displaced persons with basic food aid. A special effort was made to 
assist the Bosnian refugees in the Kuplensko camp until its closure in July, as well as the 
Serb population in Krajina that remained after the Croatian offensive in August 1995. 
14 
Despite the lifting of economic sanctions, the situation in the Federal Republic- of 
Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro -FRY) hardly improved during 1996. The number of 
refugees from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina remains considerable, and so far only 
a few have returned to their countries of origin. A census carried out in July jointly by 
UNHCR and the Serb authorities· showed that the number of refugees in the Federal 
Republic was 566,000. Of these, only 10% expressed a willingness to return to their 
region of origin. 
During 1996, ECHO supplied 400,000 refugees in need in the Federal Republic with 
basic assistance, principally through the Direct Food Aid programme, and maintained a 
significant presence in Kosovo, where medical and psycho-social assistance has 
benefitted the most vulnerable. 
As foreseen, ECHO closed its office in Skopje, Former Yugoslav Republic of 
Macedonia in September 1996, while ECHO-funded operations continued until the end 
of the year. Continued European Community assistance will be ensured by ·the PHARE 
programme implemented by. DG IA. 
3 .4 African, Caribbean arid Pacific countries. 
3.4.1 Great Lakes Region 
For over two years now, 1.7 million Rwandan and Burundian refugees have been living in 
the Great Lakes Region (mainly in Zaire and Tanzania), with fresh upheaval on the 
humanitarian aid front occurring towards the e~d of the year. 
In mid-November, the whole of Kivu region saw clashes between a movement of armed 
rebels made up mostly of Banyamulenge (Zaireans of Tutsi origin) and soldiers of the 
former FAR (Rwandan Armed Front), lnterhamwe and Zairean soldiers. Refugee camps 
were brutally attacked and the towns of Goma, Bukavu and Uvira swiftly taken by the 
rebels. Humanitarian agencies were forced to withdraw in haste, after being looted, mainly 
by routed Zairean soldiers on the rampage. 
In the panic, the majority of refugees were forced into western Zaire (Walikale, Kisangani, 
Shabunda and Fizi) along with hundreds of thousands of Zairean locals. Since then, the 
disorder has made it almost impossible to get aid to the refugees scattered throughout Kivu 
or to the Zairean locals. For them, the situation is turning into a humanitarian nightmare. 
Nevertheless, in December 600 000 Rwandan refugees in Goma (Zaire) and a further 500 
000 in Tanzania were able to return to Rwanda in relative normality. They are now 
gradually being settled back home. 
In Burundi, the political and military situation worsened further, leading to a weekly exodus 
of 1 500 to 2 000 Burundians to Tanzania, where there are still 200 000 refugees in the 
camps. 
15 
Over the year, ECHO continued to support the humanitarian aid programmes being carried 
out by NGOs and international organizations, channelling funds through the UNHCR for 
refugees in the camps and supporting NGO efforts for the neediest in Burundi and Rwanda. 
Following both the events of November and the sudden return of refugees· to Rwanda, the 
Commission moved swiftly in December to grant an extra ECU 168 million, bringing total 
Commission assistance to the Great Lakes Region since October 1993 to ECU 560 million. 
Security and access permitting, 1997 should see ECHO continue its humanitarian assistance 
for refugees and locally displaced nationals in Zaire. 
In Rwanda, special support has been provided for the emergency repair of housing, health 
and medical facilities and for lone children and prisoners. The Commission's priority now 
is to shift from humanitarian aid to development programmes. .. 
In Burundi, emergency assistance will continue to provide medicines, food and drinking 
water. ECHO also plans to keep up its funding for Burundian refugees in Tanzania. 
3.4.2 ECHO-Flight 
ECHO-Flight, set up in 1994, continued to operate in the Hom of Africa. Seven aircraft, 
based in Nairobi, Djibouti, Mandera and Lokichoggio are currently being used for 
humanitarian operations in Somalia, Kenya and southern Sudan. 
Between May 1994 and the end of 1996, ECHO-Flight transported over 75 000 people and 
over 30 000 tones of supplies and worked UP, more than 27 000 flying hours. ECU 12 
million was granted over the year to keep the service operational. The sum included 
fundingfor a Belgian Air Force Hercules C-130, based in Nairobi. 
3 .4.3 Angola 
Implementation of the Lusaka accords, signed in November 1994, is well behind schedule. 
Humanitarian aid programmes, targeted primarily at those regions deprived of appropriate 
assistance and now under UNIT A control, are still proving difficult to carry out because the 
mines and bandits make some areas unsafe. In addition, the free movement of people and 
goods stipulated in the Lusaka Protocol remains largely w1realized. 
The Commission granted a total of ECU 14 million in humanitarian aid to the country over 
the year, most of it going on health care, the distribution of basic necessities, logistics and 
mine~clearance. The aim was twofold: to bring relief by reducing death and sickness rates 
rapidly and to provide an international presence, so encouraging the peace process, national 
unity and a return to confidence. 
ECHO and DG VIII conducted an overall assessment of health care in the country in order 
to frame Community support to the sector. They agreed that DG VIII would concentrate its 
rehabilitation activities, _ including support for the health sector, in the provinces of 
Benguela, Bie, Huambo, Huila and Luanda while ECHO would step up its support for the 
other provinces. 
16 
3.4.4 Somalia 
The political situation in southern Somalia continued to be marked by squabbling between 
the leaders of the different clans and factions for control of the whole country. In the north 
west, the self-proclaimed -independent- Somalian state did enjoy a degree of economic 
recovery despite the ongoing political uncertainty. 
ECHO gave a total of ECU 5 million in humanitarian aid over the year, with two main 
aims: to meet emergency needs nationally ( cholera, therapeutic nutrition) and to cover the 
essential needs of the neediest in those sectors not yet deemed sufficiently strong to benefit 
from DG VIII's rehabilitation projects. 
3.4.5 Sudan and northern Uganda 
Prospects of a settlement to the conflict in southern Sudan looked shakier than ever in 1996 
despite the fact that some small factions signed a "political charter" with the government to 
join forces against the Sudan People's Liberation Arn1y (SPLA). Other emergency needs, 
not directly born of the fighting, emerged over the year, with two outbreaks of cholera and a 
flood in Pochalla region. 
ECHO aid to the region totaled over ECU 13 million. The Office's operational areas 
included northern Uganda, regions under the control of the Sudanese government and those 
controlled by factions in the south. However, ECHO also started to withdraw its support to 
the settlement programme for Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda, which was being 
severely undermined by the disorder. 
Overall, security and logistical problems coupled with a landing ban by the Sudanese 
government at certain airstrips meant humanitarian aid operations were severely curtailed. 
Where necessary, ECHO supported flexible key operations in the most difficult sectors. 
This was a prerequisite for more structured projects. The Office also focused on other areas, 
providing equipment and fishing tackle to veterinary and food security programmes. 
3 .4.6 Liberia 
Under pressure from the international community, the peace process resumed, with the 
signing of Abuja II in August. Since then, the warring factions have been bound by a fragile 
peace. Demobilization got under way on 22 November, without too many problems so far. 
On the humanitarian front, the main event was the wholesale looting of aid and aid agencies 
when Monrovia was sacked in April. In reaction to the misappropriation of aid by the 
warring groups, agencies and donors jointed forces to adopt a "minimalist approach" to 
protect staff and equipment and prevent aid from being diverted to fuel the war. The 
approach depended on close coordination between agencies and donors, pinpoint targeting 
and monitoring of the aid and preventive action, enabling all needs to be met from funds 
pared down to the absolute minimum necessary. 
17 
Following the overall plan approved at the end of 1995, ECHO adopted only one financing 
decision -for ECU 1.9 million -to meet needs emerging from areas previously cut off. A 
number of coordination meetings with donors and agencies were held. The close 
coordination between ECHO and DG VIII was maintained in Brussels and in Liberia and, 
through a clear division of responsibilities, gave the operations financed by both maximum 
impact. 
3.4.7 Haiti 
Haiti remains the poorest country in the northern hemisphere, with per capita income of 
only USD 270. The state is still dependent on international aid and the programme of 
privatization and structural adjustment reforms would be impossible without donor help 
and operational aid from private organizations. 
After the emergency which followed the end of the embargo, ECHO is now faced with a 
widespread crisis: 40% of the population has no access to primary health care while 
malnutrition and diarrhea remain the main causes of child mortality. 
This year, an ECU 10 million overall plan was approved, mainly for spending on health. 
The plan covers the whole country but focuses more especially on three departments not 
specifically covered by the other donors involved (Member States, World Bank, USAID 
and the IDB). In all, twenty European and local partners (NGOs, the Red Cross and UN 
agencies) are involved in implementing the plan, which is being coordinated by the ECHO 
office in Haiti. Although there are no reliable health indicators to measure the impact of the 
aid,· it is ce1iainly helping to bring a degree of political and social stability by providing an 
immediate response to the most pressing needs of the Haitian people. 
3.4.8 Sierra Leone 
1996 will stand out as a year of hope and peace, with two major political developments. 
First was the handing over of power by the military junta to a civilian government headed 
by President Kabbah after free elections in February. Second was the signing of the peace 
agreement on 30 November in Abidjan, after lengthy peace talks with the rebel movement. 
The improvement on 1995 was striking: most needs, particularly food and health 
requirements, can now be met and the delivery of aid on both sides of the front line is also 
better despite the ongoing danger from armed gangs. 
However, the return and resettlement of 500 000 -800 000 internally displaced people and 
300 000 refugees from Guinea has not yet begun as people are adopting a 'wait-and-see' 
attitude to the peace and want their safety guaranteed. Despite the start of many 
rehabilitation programmes and ECHO's keenness to seG such operations begin, the total of 
ECU 6.3 million it gave in humanitarian aid was still needed in view of the continued 
presence of displaced groups in camps and the opening-up of new areas. 
ECHO was very active in coordinating local effo1is to improve the targeting of food aid and 
reducing dependency. The programmes supported proved decisive in improving the 
humanitarian situation overall. 
1~ 
3.4.9 Mali 
In March, the peace agreement between the government and the Tuareg rebel movements 
was officially ratified. After five years of civil war, most of the basic infrastructure in the 
north had been damaged and the whole fabric of inter-communal relations now needs to be 
rebuilt. Demobilization has proven difficult to implement. 
On the humanitarian front, the main event has been the spontaneous return of over 100 000 
refugees and displaced people. Delays in organizing and implementing programmes to 
resettle these people and get rehabilitation under_ way have seriously disrupted the drive to 
regenerate the socio-economic fabric, jeopardizing stability in the north. 
Given the need to respond quickly to basic requirements (water, food and health care), 
ECHO adopted an ECU 1 million humanitarian assistance programme, which started in 
February. The programme covers the three "sensitive" areas of the north, where people are 
returning and resettling and is still operational thanks to a further ECU 1.1 million in 
funding. The programme forms part of a continuum and is being coordinated with the 
activities of DG VIII. ECHO plans to maintain its presence until the end of 1997 in order to 
see through the return and resettlement phase. 
3 .5 Russia and the CIS 
3. 5 .1 Russian Federation 
The year 1996 witnessed intense fighting between Russian troops and Chechen rebels 
until the peace agreement was signed in August and Russian troops staiied withdrawing. 
Despite the agreement, the situation in the Northern Caucasus remains volatile. Tens of 
thousands of civilians remain internally displaced in Chechnya or in the neighbouring 
republics of Ingushetia and Daghestan. 
Throughout 1996, ECHOs priority remained assisting the victims of the war within 
Chechnya with urgently-needed humanitarian relief, and reaching out to vulnerable 
groups among the displaced Chechen in Daghestan and Ingusheti~. The aid granted to 
this region in 1996 amounted to ECU 8.8 milEon and focused on support to medical 
structures, including essential repairs to some key structures, well-targeted food 
programmes, sanitation and water supplies, aiming at preserving lives during the fighting, 
facilitating the return of IDPs and promoting reintegration. Security problems continued 
to affect all partners of ECHO and there were serious difficulties with _access to 
populations in need. 
3 .5 .2 Tajikistan 
Given the ongoing severe economic crisis with a further decline of all socio-economic 
indicators, the volatility of the political situation, the instability of the regime and the 
recent escalation of armed conflict at a level of fighting unprecedented since the civil war 
in 1992/93, which resulted in some 25,000 to 30,000 newly-displaced people, 
humanitarian needs increased drastically and are to be found in all sectors. The most 
vulnerable have seen their already desperate situation deteriorate even further over -the 
last year. 
ECHO concentrated its actions, in total ECU 14.1 million, on supplementary food rations 
for the most vulnerable people··throughout the country (585,000 beneficiaries) and on 
providing medical assistance to district and subdistrict hospitals whose activities rely 
heavily on international medical assistance. In the eastern half of the country, which 
suffers from the most difficult climatic and geographical constraints, an integrated 
programme of food, medical and heating assistance was financed for schools and 
hospitals. In addition, primary health care and epidemiological preparedness 
programmes were undertaken in the south. ECHO also initiated a pilot development 
programme in the agricultural sector aimed at improving the food situation of some 
regions. DG VIII participates actively in this programme. 
3.5.3 Kyrgyzstan 
Humanitarian needs in Kyrgyzstan relate mainly to the serious economic decline from the 
beginning of the 1990s. After five years of deep recession, GDP will at last register 
positive growth in 1996, although both inflation and the trade deficit are rising. In terms 
of overall food security, the situation seems to have improved considerably, which would 
mean that Kyrghyzstan may reach its break-even point in terms of food self-sufficiency at 
a macro level. Nevertheless, this growth starts from a very low base, and will not -at 
least in the short term -enhance the living conditions of the most vulnerable. 
In 1996, ECHO allocated ECU 3. 92 million and continued to provide food assistance to 
the most food-insecure families and groups as well as medical assistance to selected 
medical structures and fragile regions where infant mortality rates are still unacceptable. 
Because of economic trends described above, it has been agreed with DG VIII that 
ECHO will phase out its general food programmes next year. If such actions are still 
necessary, DG VIII will give support. 
3. 5 .4 Southern Caucasus 
Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia 
With. the exception of Abkahzia and Nagorno-Karabagh, the violent hostilities 
characterizing the situation in the Transcaucasus at the beginning of the 1990s have 
abated. Economic decline in all three countries has halted. Meanwhile, reforms based on 
IMF and World Bank recommendations have resulted in deep cuts in the social network, 
price increases and the collapse of the state-funded health system. Consequently, needs 
have increased among certain groups such as the elderly, in particular in the food and 
health sectors. The number of refuger~s and internally displaced persons the region is still 
well over a million. Some, but not all, people in these groups require assistance. ECHO 
allocated ECU 23 million to the three countries and continued to emphasize the need for 
a pro-active strategy based on needs assessments. Programs not specifically targeting the 
20 
most needy are no longer supported, whereas projects attempting to link relief and 
development have ~riority. 
In the food sector, an average of nearly 750,000 people continued to receive some 40% of 
their daily food needs-from-·NGOs supported by ECHO. Where possible, food assistance 
aimed to avoid dependency. In several rural areas, families have been provided with 
seeds and tools and food aid has been phased out. Assistance in the · medical sector is 
aimed at increasing accessibility for those who cannot afford to pay for medical care. 
Only carefully selected hospitals and basic health care programs receive support, whi,le 
nation-wide programs of drug distribution have been phased out. Emergency repairs in 
most· temporary shelters for internally displaced persons are completed and have : 
improved living conditions for some 80,000 internally displaced persons in Georgia and 
Azerbaijan. In Azerbaijan, an additional 30,000 displaced persons were provided with 
new temporary shelters. 
3.6 Asia 
As Asia is particularly susceptible to natural disasters, it is very hard to predict what type of 
humanitarian aid activity will be needed. 1996 was a perfect example of this. For the first 
time, ECHO went into China, providing medical and food aid on three separate occasions 
following an earthquake in February, blizzards in March and flooding in July. The Office 
also financed initial relief operations after an earthquake in Indonesia and two severe 
typhoons, which hit Bangladesh in April and India in November. Food aid was provided for 
the victims of the 1995 floods in Laos and the same amount allocated to those affected by 
similar disasters in North Korea and Vietnam. With the situation in Sri Lanka worsening all 
the time, ECHO continued to fund aid for victims of the ~ghting. 
In Afghanistan, ECHO went on with its aid programme for victims of the civil war, which 
continued to tear the country apart. The aims were to help the neediest meet their most 
pressing food, health, medical and orthopedic requirements, carry out emergency repair 
work and clear mines. On top of the effects of the fighting, the civilian population now has 
to deal with decrees imposed by the new leaders, which, among other things, prevent 
women from working or earning any income. The situation is particularly tough for 
widows, 25 000 of whom find themselves in charge of households they cannot feed. 
ECHO decided to continue supporting the artificial limb programme being undertaken by 
Handicap International in various parts of Cambodia. In Thailand, ECHO has for the past 
two years been financing operations to help Karen refugees along the border with Burma. 
In Iraq, the Commission continued its humanitarian work in Kurdish, central and southern 
parts of the country. It is still easily the biggest donor in the region. Efforts focused on 
providing food aid for the neediest such as pregnant women, widows, children and the 
elderly in the wake of Operation Anfall and local wars and for displaced groups generally. 
A second round of assistance is providing support for health and education, which are of 
strategic economic importance. 
21 
3.7 North Africa and the Middle East 
Relations between the Polisario and Morocco have not improved and there is little 
immediate prospect of Sahrawi -refugees- in Algeria being able to return. ECHO launched a 
food aid programme for the refugees, who are entirely dependent on international 
assistance, and a number of emergency repair projects and medical/health schemes at a total 
cost of ECU 7 million. 
The situation in Palestine still gives cause , for concern. Relations with Israel are 
jeopardizing the peace process and exposing the Palestinian population to serious economic 
and social problems. After the Territories were sealed off by the Israeli army, ECHO 
approved an emergency food aid package. The Office also continued its assistance for 
medical and health facilities, which, owing to a lack of any outside support, face major 
funding shortages and cannot provide even basic care. ECU 9 million was made available 
for emergency repair work to public and private clinics and hospitals and· for a major 
vaccination campaign. 
In southern Lebanon, humanitarian aid was provided to those left most vulnerable by the 
Israeli operations last April. Lebanon also shelters Palestinian refugees, who live in 
particularly poor conditions. ECU 4.4 million was granted to support medical and health 
facilities in the camps and to provide access to rudimentary care. 
3. 8 Latin America 
ECHO' s activities in Latin America in 1996 have followed similar patterns as those in 
199 5. While the main recipient of humanitarian aid continued to be Cuba, uprooted 
populations in Guatemala, Colombia and Peru were given special attention. 
In Guatemala, the focus has been on the return of the population that fled Mexico and 
the large numbers of internally displaced persons uprooted by the civil conflict. ECHO' s 
activities in Guatemala have contributed to peacebuilding by reintegration of these 
people. In Peru, ECHO also supported the return of internally displaced people to their 
home areas. In Colombia, ECHO financed basic assistance to victims of violence, 
particularly to widow mothers and orphans. 
In Cuba, humanitarian activities · were implemented by European NGOs which 
coordinated their operations in providing food aid and health care to the most vulnerable: 
pregnant women, children and the aged. In Nicaragua, European NGOs carried out a 
program of prevention of epidemics. Throughout the region, assistance was given to 
victims of natural disasters. In 1996, two earthquakes hit the region (Ecuador and Peru) 
and Costa Rica and Honduras suffered floods subsequent to hurricanes. ECHO partners 
were ready to provide immediate relief to the affected population. 
22 
4. Horizontal activities 
4.1 Information activities 
ECHO's communications strategy comprises information and facilities for the press and 
broadcasting media, publications, audio-visual productions, joint activities with 
non-governmental and international organisations, and joint activities with Member 
States. 
o Media: press releases were issued via the Spokesman's Service. Facility visits were 
made available for journalists to enable them to visit theaters of ECHO operations. Some 
visits of this type were arranged ·on the initiative of ECHO partner NGOs and UN 
agencies. 
o ECHO TV and radio awards: ECHO launched prizes for imaginative coverage of 
humanitarian issues, paying tribute to winners at a ceremony in Dublin in December 
attended by President Mary Robinson. This is intended to be a yearly event. 
o Audio-visual productions: Co-funding of a number of videos and short feature films 
made on behalf of NGOs to enable them to present their work to domestic audiences, 
incorporating the ECHO dimension. Most were broadcast by TV Stations in the Member 
States. 
o Publications: ECHO's Annual Review, produ~ed in six languages· including Russ.ian. 
ECHO News, a quarterly newsletter in English and French, ECHO Fjles, briefings on 
specific crises, were published on Cambodia and on the war in Chechnya, leaflets and 
specialised publications were produced in connection with specific. actions, for instance, 
the Olympic Aid vaccination campaign, and psycho-social assistance in Yugoslavia. 
The cost of these visibility actions amounted to about ECU 2 million. These actions 
made a significant contribution to raising public awareness about ECHO's activities 
worldwide, though there is still far to go in developing that awareness to a level 
commensurate with ECHO's significance as a donor. 
4. 2 Cooperation and coordination 
Drawing on experiences from the major emergency situations in recent years, the need 
for improved coordination of international humanitarian, rehabilitation and development 
assistance has been increasingly emphasized. The multitude of donors, international 
organizations and NGOs active in providing assistance, as well as the complexity of the 
emergency situations they face, has made such coordination both more important and 
challenging. 
)' ~.) 
4.2.1 Inter-service coordination 
The Commission continues to attach great importance to coordinating its humanitarian 
activities with the longer-term work-undertaken in. rehabilitation and development. The 
Commission in April presented a communication COM(96) 153 on Linking Relief, 
Rehabilitation and Development. Later in the same year a Joint Instruction Note was 
issued to the relevant services on the intensified coordination to be undertaken in this 
context. In terms of strengthening the linkages between short and long term efforts, the 
Commission in 1996 initiated the proce,ss of setting up a number of interservice task 
forces for countries. and regions moving out of emergency conditions into a situation 
characterized by rehabilitation and longer-term development. 
The work initiated in 1994 in the permanent inter-service group on coordination of 
assistance toward refugees, internally displaceq persons and returnees in third countries 
has continued, mainly by way of consultations on refugees activities between the various 
Commission services. Within the group, preparations are also made for the regular 
meetings between the EC, the US and UNHCR, which have been organized twice in 
1996. 1996 also saw the appearance of a publication "Refugee issues", describing the 
refugee problem on a global level and the Commission contributions to alleviate the 
situation for refugees and IDPs worldwide. 
International humanitarian law plays an important role in respect of victims of conflict 
and ECHO facilitates its dissemination i.a. by publishing two books on " Law in 
Humanitarian crises" in January 1996. 2 
In 1996, ECHO also continued to support the NOHA Diploma. This initiative was 
launched jointly by ECHO and DG XXII in 1993 with the aim of improving the 
qualifications of humanitarian staff. An evaluation of the programme was carried out in 
the autumn of 1996 and based upon positive results, ECHO will decide on further 
development of NOHA in 1997. 
ECHO chairs the inter-service group for disaster preparedness and has continued to play 
an active part in the inter-service Relex coordination groups for external relations set up 
to ensure consistency in the Commission's external relations policies. 
ECHO has taken part in the permanent Inter-service group on human rights, which has 
continued to meet regularly, chaired by DG 1 A. Among the activities in the field of 
human rights a few highlights are: ECHO contribution to a conference about human 
rights at the Hague in December 1996 as well as to a European Parliament report on 
Human rights in the World 1995/96. 
4.2.2 European Parliament 
During 1996 the European Parliament carried out a significant legislative programme on 
subjects related to humanitarian aid. A successful second reading under the cooperation 
2Office of Publications, ISBN 92-827-5337-9 
24 
procedure paved the way for the adoption by the Council of the Regulation -on 
Humanitarian aid. Parliament gave its assent to the reform of the 4th Convention 
ACP/EC and to the ratification of the 9th Convention EC/UNRWA. 
The Commission's communication on Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development 
was debated in the Committees on Development, Foreign Affairs and External Economic 
Relations. ECHO has played an active role in these debates. 
Parliament followed the ongoing crisis in the Great Lakes region very closely. A number 
of initiatives, such as urgent resolutions passed this year on this subject, the ad hoc 
meetings of the Committees on Foreign Affairs, Development and the ACP-EU Joint 
Assembly as well as the debates in Plenary show Parliament's deep concern with events. 
Commissioner Bonino has kept Parliament informed of latest developments in the crisis 
with regular appearances before the Plenary and the relevant committees. She has taken 
part in debates on the situation in Nigeria, Zaire, Somalia, Sudan, Armenia, Ex­
Yugoslavia, China, Georgia,. El Salvador and others. 
At its sitting in Windhoek in March the ACP-EU Joint Assembly adopted a Resolution 
on the situation of refugees in the ACP countries in the context of humanitarian aid 
policy. ECHO took part in the preparatory work as well as in the debate in Plenary. In 
Luxembourg in September, the Assembly adopted a Resolution on the establishment of 
the Permanent International Criminal Court. Commissioner Boniao sent this resolution 
together with a personal letter to all the NGOs partners of .ECHO requesting their 
support. 
ECHO services followed with great interest the public hearings organized by the 
Parliament on Coordination of development and cooperation policies in January, on 
Reconstruction in the Ex-Yugoslavia in April, on Impunity: the need for an international 
response in October and lastly on the Future of EU development cooperation and the 
effects of the IGC on this policy in December. In January, ECHO's director took part in 
the meeting of the European F arum for Active Conflict Prevention devoted to the 
situation in Rwanda and Burundi. 
Finally, ECHO appointed a parliamentary liaison officer in order to facilitate contacts 
with Members and relevant parliamentary bodies. 
4.2.3 NGOs 
In 1996, about half of ECHO funding went to NGOs. ECHO continued to develop 
cooperation and contacts with NGOs, both directly in day-to-day contacts on operational 
issues, as well as through NGO networks and discussions on various policy issues. Such 
policy discussions were held on several occasions, often jointly organized with the NGO 
community. Activities included seminars on gender and emergencies. The Red Cross 
remains a major partner of ECHO. In 1996 The Commission contributed ECU 10 million 
(preliminary figure) towards ICRC activities in aid and protection programmes in 
emergency situations worldwide. Policy discussion has continued with ICRC and IFRC, 
as well as national Red Cross societies participating in seminars and workshops, 
25 
coordination meetings for regions and countries and through contacts at the operational 
level. In December 1996 the first FORUM ECHO-NGOs was held in Dublin to discuss: "Ethics 
in Humanitarian Aid". The discussion targetted practical exaµiples of ethical dilemmas 
facing humanitarian operators, such as how to act on human rights abuses, how to avoid 
humanitarian aid being .. abused -in ·a · war economy etc. Commissioner Mrs Bonino 
highlighted the basic humanitarian mission to save lives, urging at the same time the 
humanitarian community to commit to "political advocacy". 
4.2.4 United Nations 
The Commission remains a major donor to the UN system, not least in the field of 
humanitarian assistance. About 24% of ECHO funding (preliminary figure) went to the 
UN system which is about the same proportion as in the previous year. UNHCR 
accounted for about 18% and WFP for 5%. Adding on EU Member States contributions, 
the EU as a whole represents a very substantial part of the overall humanitarian aid 
provided through the UN~ Against this background, the Commission follows the 
decisions taken by the UN organisations, both at operational and at policy level. The 
Commission takes active part as observer in the policy work of governing bodies of the 
relevant UN funds and programmes and endeavours to keep up-to-date on the operations 
it contributes to financing in day-to-day contacts on operational issues. 
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) represents one of the major 
providers of humanitarian aid, assisting the large nup:ibers of refugees and internally 
displaced persons worldwide. The Commission has contributed a substantial share of the 
humanitarian aid programmed by UNHCR, notably in the Great Lakes and in former 
Yugoslavia. Operational contacts with UNHCR are kept on a continuous basis and policy 
level contacts are developed by way of organising regular meetings with UNHCR and 
other UN organisations such as the trilateral meeting in June 1996 between the EC, the 
United States and UNHCR. An extended version of this trilateral group, including WFP, 
held a meeting in November 1996. The agenda was devoted specifically to food policies 
and practices related to refugee operations, registration procedures as well as 
environmental issues and the discussions proved very useful. 
World Food Programme (WFP) has responded to increasing international demands for 
relief food by devoting more of its resources to emergency operations. By virtue of its 
Memorandum of Understanding with UNHCR it became more directly involved large 
scale refugee feeding operations. The Commission takes active part as an observer in the 
WFP. Executive Board meetings and its deliberations on various policy issues, not least 
the on-going discussion of how to strengthen coordination of humanitarian aid provided 
by the UN system. The joint discussions held with WFP, UNHCR and the US on food 
related policy issues have, from the Commission's perspective, proved very useful. In the 
second half of 1996, WFP set up a representation office in Brussels and appointed an 
officer in charge, which will further facilitate contacts and strengthen cooperation 
between the Commission and WFP in the future. 
Commissioner Bonino met with Under-Secretary General Akashi of the UN Department 
of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) in Brussels in June 1996 to discuss the current situation 
26 
in the Great Lakes as well as ECHO support for and cooperation with DHA on varieus 
subjects. 
The Commission continues to follow the on-going work, carried out under the leadership 
of DHA, in the follow-up· to :the ECOSOC resolution 1995/56 on ~trengthening the 
coordination of humanitarian assistance of the UN. ECHO has had ongoing relations with 
DHA in 1996 in support and promotion of ReliefWeb, which made good.progress during 
the year, and has also followed the work on the Military and Civil Defense Assets 
(MCDA) project, including the setting up of a Military and Civil Defence Unit (MCDU) 
within DHA under the aegis of the Inter Agency Standing Committee (IASC). The 
Commission has participated in DHA's Emergency Assessment and Field Coordination 
Training Course which has been of great value to ECHO operational units' work. 
ECHO has continued to cooperate with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) 
notably in the field of health and nutrition. Vaccination programmes, health services are 
prominent among projects implemented by UNICEF. Towards the end ·of 1996, a 
UNICEF office was set up in Brussels and a new Director appointed, which will 
contribute to further facilitating the contact and cooperation with the Commission 
services. 
4.2.5 The United States 
The Commission has endeavoured to keep close contacts with the United States 
regarding humanitarian issues and activities, both at the political and operational level, 
throughout the year. In April 1996, Commissioner Bonino and USAID Administrator 
Atwood travelled to Rwanda to assess the regional effects of the refugee emergency and 
to support international efforts to resolve the crises in that region. Sµccessful annual 
high-level consultations have been held within the framework of the EU-US New 
Transatlantic Agenda, where the humanitarian group has discussed and exchanged 
information on the situation in emergencies and agreed to hold consultations twice yearly 
on programs and plans. As noted in section 4.2.4, the US have participated in the tri-and 
quadrilateral meetings held twice during the year with UNHCR, WFP and the 
Commission. 
4.2.6 Other third countries 
Contacts with other major donors such as Canada and Japan have been further developed 
during the year by way of exploratory missions to Ottawa and Tokyo which established 
the basis for exchange of information on humanitarian operations as well as the 
beginning of a dialogue on policy matters. The European Union and Canada have jointly 
agreed to undertake consultations in order to improve the provision of multilateral 
humanitarian aid and have envisaged joint initiatives to this end. 
At the 07 Summit at Lyons, The Commission joined with its 07 partners in affirm1ng 
that humanitarian emergencies were of particular concern to the G 7 and in urging closer 
cooperation between international organisations and bilateral donors in the delivery of 
humanitarian assistance and in facilitating the transition between the emergency 
intervention phase and the rehabilitation phase. 
27 
4.3 Evaluation 
ECHO's internal evaluation activity got into full swing over the year. Using its own 
working methods, based on the.operational manual published in 1995, ECHO stepped up its 
evaluation, mainly of its programmes but also other specific operations. 
One such evaluation was of all ECHO action in the ~ormer Yugoslav Republic of 
Macedonia (FYROM) between 1993 and 1996, consisting of over 32 projects costing ECU 
45.25 million. The evaluation enabled the Commission to consider new policies to take the 
place of humanitarian aid in FYROM. 
In some parts of Central and West Africa (Burkina Faso, Niger, .Benin, Zaire and the 
Central African Republic), ECHO also evaluated the impact and relevance of the 
humanitarian food aid given to certain groups i_n a bid to learn lessons from this type of 
operation. 
Ten years on from Chernobyl, ECHO completed its evaluation of the humanitarian aid 
granted to victims of the disaster, particularly children being treated in the hospitals of Kiev 
and Minsk. 
The Office is very keen to improve its working methods and share its experiences with all 
those involved in the humanitarian aid field. As a result, two seminars were organized 
during the year -the first for ECHO partners, the second for Member States -to tell them 
about the evaluation procedure and discuss this area of ECHO activities. 
4.4 Disaster-preparedness 
ECHO developed a new proactive, mainly regional approach to disaster prevention, 
limitation and preparedness, which it will implement through DIPECHO (Dlsaster 
Preparedness ECHO). The two-year programme, 1996-98, covers the Caribbean, Central 
America, south-east Asia and Bangladesh. It will be prepared in two stages, consisting of an 
analysis of each region followed by an action plan. it will be conducted in close cooperation 
with other bodies, including the Member States and UN. Analysis work, which has been 
put in the hands of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster, began at the 
end of the year. The action plans should be ready for implementation by the end of 1997. 
The Commission's disaster-preparedness activities take full account of the 1994 Yokohama 
recorrimendations for action plans, approved as part of the UN International Decade for 
Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Through them, human resources continue to be 
developed, response capabilities improved and demonstration microprojects implemented. 
28 
5. Prospects for 1997 
Despite the hopeful signs of peaceful settlement of conflicts in many regions of the world 
in 1996, it is nevertheless clear that-substantial humanitarian needs remtt.in in the year to 
come, notably in the former Yugoslavia and the Great Lakes . 
This is the case in former Yugoslavia, not least in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where a 
military presence will continue, as agreed by the Security Council in December 199~ 
with the mandate for a period of 18 months. The consolidation of peace and security in 
the region is a sine qua non for strengthening of democratic government and 
reconciliation, as well as rehabilitation and resumption of economic activity. Full respect 
for freedom of expression, freedom of movement and protection of the rights minorities 
remain to be fulfilled. Meanwhile, substantial humanitarian needs in basic necessities, 
shelter rehabilitation and infrastructure must be covered. These are basic conditions to be 
fulfilled in order to make it possible for the refugees and displaced people who so wish to 
return to their areas of origin. ECHO will continue work in cooperation with other 
services of the Commission and Member States as well as UN organisations and other 
donors to coordinate efforts in assisting the communities concerned. 
The massive return of refugees and displaced persons to Rwanda late in 1996 is a 
promising sign for the future, but the political solution to the situation in the Great Lakes 
remains to be found. The situations in Burundi and Zaire still give cause for concern. The 
remaining dispersed refugees and displaced persons in Eastern Zaire are still in large part 
out of reach of humanitarian aid. The reintegration of returning refugees and displaced 
persons in Rwanda is the immediate task for the government, with the support of the 
international community involving both humanitarian aid and longer term development 
assistance for rehabilitation of infrastructure, government institutions and the judiciary 
system. 
Many other countries and regions are likely to continue to need humanitarian assistance 
in the year to come, as is clear from this account of activities during 1996. The 
Commission will continue to respond to these needs as swiftly and effectively as 
previously. The efforts at linking relief with rehabilitation and development aid, m 
countries where such progress is feasible, will continue in the year to come. 
29 
• ANNEX S1 
lovERVIEW OF FINANCIAL DEc1s10Ns FOR EC HUMANITARIAN AID BY souRcE OF FINANCE 1992-1996 
Source of 
finance/ 
Budget Line 
t.OMEi: 
FEOGA Description 
B7-6O0O PHARE 
LOME>IV . ART 1~ iarid ART 254 (Z) 
B7-51O 
B7-21O 
B7-511 
B7-211 
B7-514 
B7-214 
87:,515 
B7-215 
87-516 
B7-216 
B7-517 
B1-2 1 
B7-219 
B7-644 
TOTAL 
FOOTNOTES: HUMANITARIAN .WTO C & E EUROPE.: 
. . .... 
HUMANITAAIAN NOT EX-USSR 
HUMANITARIAN ACTION IN SRO COUNTRIES : 
OPERATIONAi. SUPPORT, OISASTER?REPAR. 
HUMANITARIAN AID TO WESTERN SAHARA POP. 
(1) NATIONAi. iNDiCATiVE PROGR'-MME FOR SOMALIA 
(2) ~YEAR Al.LOCATION (1991-95) UNDER LOME rv IS 250,000,000 ECU 
(3) DEClDED ON A CASE-BY-CASE BASIS 1992 
DECISIONS 
(lnECU) 
368 042 297 1993 
DECISIONS 
(lnECU) 
604 814 195 
(4) IN 1995, THE BUDGET CHAPTER THAT CORRESPONDS TO ECHO BECOMES 87-200 INSTEAD OF 87-500 1994 
DECISIONS 
(lnECU) 
764 169 424 1 9 9 5 
DECISIONS CONTRACTS PAYMENTS 
(lnECU) (lnECU) (lnECU) 
4,591748 3 117;318 
692 092 512 680 227 873 559 963 638 As per: Ot/01197 
1 9 9 8 
DECISIONS CONTRACTS PAYMENTS 
(In ECU) (In ECU) (In ECU) 
6 288. 500 · 938Hi7 337 500 
2 000,000 1 730 000 625 000 
656 655 500 340 384 103 148 038 907 
(5) IN 1995, A 5 MECU DECISION WAS CANCELLED AND DE-COMMITTED UNDER BUDGET LINE 87-214. HENCE, NET DECISIONS IN 1995 FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AMOUNTED TO 229.6 MECU. 
8 
§.. 
(I) z 3 
~ PAYMENTS 
a CONTRACTS 
800,000,000 
700,000,000 
600,000,000 
500,000,000 
400,000,000 
300,000,000 
200,000,000 
100,000,000 
1992 Financial Decisions for EC Humanitarian Aid 1992-1996 
1993 1994 1995 1996 
~·-----------~--------------------~ 
. ., .::,0 
• ANNEX S2 
Summary of Financial Decisions by Countries Benefiting from Humanitarian Aid 1994-95-96 
As Der'. 09/01197 
LOMEN 1994 1995 1996 LgMEIII 1992 1993 BUDGET 1994 1995 1996. 
DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS DECISIONS 
(inECU) (in_~C\!). -(inEcy}_ •. (inECU) (in ECU) (inECU) (inECU) (inECU) 
/IFRICA 1000000 1 SOMALIA 40000000 7 796000 /IFGI-W-IISTAN 12 315 000 12 695 000 41100 000 
WRICAeu-u-><tR•~- 13500000 .-i.BANlA 1675000 1150000 1650000 
/IFRICA 8u'u-><t & --. Re,U,, 151000000 25 000000 N..GERIA 2 935 000 5000000 7000000 
f'HG(X.A 18000000 PNGOI.A 6000000 17000000 14 000 000 
f!ENIN AAl,£N1A 19089000 23 955 218 5070 000 
fll~MFASO 300 000 ~ 18850000 28831010 9450000 
fllllt.N)I 16 000 000 BANGlADESH 500000 2100 000 300000 
CN'!:YEROE 220000 BELAAUS 3 520000 2 735000 .500000 
CI-\OD 447 000 . 700000 BOLIVIA 1115000 1150 000 
D.Jl001JTI 355000 BRAZIL 600000 
ERITREA 1000000 BU.GARIA 1004000 
ElHIOl'IA 60000 ~Jt-01 5000000 
FIJI CAMBODIA 2 236 000 5 960000 2 490000 
Gl-wio. 1000000 CJ>l'EYEROE 220 720 
Gllll.EA 300000 540 000 CHINA 2450000 
GUl?,EE 81S$.'V 100000 COLOMEIIA 700000 2 320,000 1 060000 
~Tl 1 010000 COSTA RICA 400000 
IVORY COAST 950 000 Cl&. 14 054 500 15000000 8 600000 
KENYA 1 204163 581 000 42000 ECUADOR 450 000 300 ODD 
LIBERIA 7 473 550 2 125 000 EGYPT 630 000 
M'IDAGASCAR 1170000 115000 El S.O..VADOR 340 000 750000 
EASTERN and CENlR!>l AFRICA 4 500 000 20 595000 14 000 000 
MALAWI 300000 ETHIOPIA 236100 646000 
IN't.l 1100 000 EX-YllGOSlAVIA 269 376 000 234 670 000 187 000 ODO 
MAI.IRITIWIA 400 000 GEORGIA 17 806 000 27 469772 10 205 000 
M'IYOITT 500 000 GHANA 140.000 
MONTS€=T 380 000 Gll'ITEMALA 830 000 2770000 4 690000 
MOZAl.fllOI.!; 1180 000 GUINEA 160 ODD 
NIGER 70000 465 000 GREAT LAKES REGION 12 000 000 82 000 000 205 430 000 
NIGERIA 340 250 400,000 850 000 ~Tl 17 000 000 11580000 10 000 000 
P/\F'1_1'\ NEW GI_HNEA 123 440 HOM)I_AA_<; 450 000 
RWl'JOA 15 500 000 INOIA 570 000 
S€NEGN.. INOOt,ESIA 100 000 120 000 
SIEF-'RA LEONE 2 773 200 4 520000 IAA0 22 515 000 24 873 500 29 520 ODO 
$T ll.lCIA 125 000 IVORY C:01\ST 1000000 340000 
$1.0/lJ'.J 18 507 000 9 950000 KENYA 300000 
TANZANIA 1810000 KIRGYZSTAN 6.250 000 8 050 000 3 920 000 
TOGO 200000 LAOS 1,500 000 1180,000 500 000 
,.,GIV-CJA 500.000 lEfi/WON 1,875 000 4,400,000 
ZAIRE 7,320,000 ... LlftERIA 4 000,000 1.900,000 
Cant,t,.ean f.•e:11,;,n 1,005 000 MADAGASCAA 200 000 
Fk,r:'li:fs in Benin C".'!'VJI) ani:i Mav:-i1z.:11a 700 000 MN.I 1.000.000 
M'-I.IRITIWIA 80.000 
MEXICO 1,050 000 1.225.000 
MOLDOVA 2.500,000 320.000 
MONGOLIA 1,000 000 
MOROCCO 500,000 
MOZAMBIQ/_IE 317 000 
MYANMAR /Ell.IF/MAI 240 000 300 000 
NEf'Al 950,000 
NICAAAGIIA 500000 1 990.000 1750000 
NIGER 100,000 
NIGERIA 200 000 
NORTH KOREA 290 000 500 000 
f'AKISTIW 200 000 200.000 
PAlE:STINE/ISR/>El 4 700 000 5,350.000 9 000 000 
i'J>NIWA 200 000 
PERI.I 2 320 000 1 730.000 1260000 
f'HILIPf'INES 550,000 2 619 578 
FltWINI/I 500000 
Rl}SS!A 9 870 000 29 525 000 8 849 000 
SENEGAi. 550 000 
SIERRA LEONE 1,900 000 7 000 000 
S0W\I.IA 8 338 359 6 010 000 5 000 000 
SRIL..ANl<A 615 000 3125 000 1.175 000 
SI.OIW 8 000 000 11 450,000 13 375 000 
lA.Jtk:IST.AN 9 825 000 16 105 000 14 156,000 
1CHAD 150 000 
n~-.,uwo 2.320000 3 420000 
11.IRKtY 250 000 
l.'KRAINE 3,300 000 500,000 800 000 
VIETNAM 750 000 500,000 200 000 
YEMEN 1220000 200.000 150 ODD 
ZAIHE 145 000 
Gener al Siu 11 es 100 000 1 940,000 
F0c,f'.1 a11j l0r ".)s~ NV1 relu'J (several cntr l 2.000 000 
O,saster F'reQt1redness 3 481 962 4 000.614 5 012 500 
D,rtlthflna1nEM0r11-'. Lotvla l1thu 1000000 
Cvclr.r"te 1r1 tne CaoN.,~an LA.nl1')t1i\. l-.arnu,1c1\ 900 000 
[)11 ec.l Ar hr>n Aini: i:, $1'1uth Amen< i, 8 570.000 
C0·N'l1nt1f1on ;-1rv:l MC"ntlr.nn') 4,290,000 4.500 000 
l rtwmr,! ,vi nw lf-N l"\IS,'\S!Pr 500 000 
Msrel1a1H.>(,us 278 ODO 
Totals 263,268,603 46,456,000 3,487,000 To1als: 40.000,000 7,796,000 Totals: 500,900,821 645,636,512 653,168,500 
Grand 1o1al 1994: 7641169 424 I ECU 
Grand total 1995: s92.092.s12 I ECU 
Grand total 1996: 656.655.500 I ECU 
(1) IN 1995, A 5 MECU DECl~,ION WAS CANCELLED AND DE-COMMITTED UNDER BUDGET LINE B7-214 HENCE. NET DECISIONS lti 1995 FOR rnE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AMOUNTED TO 229.6 MECU 
• !FINANCIAL DECISIONS FOR HUMANITARIAN AID BY REGION IN 1995 AND 1996 
COUNTRY/REGION 
EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
ACPTOTAL 
Af~1~::~a.~tiB'~•·· 
AFRICA: Food Aid ~\:/(/: .. 
CAPE VERDE ~~~~.~~i>tj:/••••:···•:•>••:·······• 
EASTERN & CENTRAL AFRICA fl~i®,{:.~."~n/~~Lritanif• • 
GUINEA 
fW:rt:})<:••··•··• 
tv6Rvcost 
¥$NYA\/• 
LIBERIA 
NiGEif/'< NIGERIA. 
Sie:RRAi..f:ONE · · soMAi.·IA···· 
SI.JDAN'·•·· 
C.I.S (1) 
ARMENIA••• 
AZERBAljAN 
sELAA.US 
cieoRc;iA 
KiRGYlS'l'AN • 
MOLDOVA 
ROSSIANfED 
TAJIKISTAN 
VKRA1NE 
EASTERN EUROPE 
ALBANiA 
Baltic States 
RUMANIA 
TURKEY 
IRAQ 
ASIA(2) 
AFGHANiSTAN 
BANGLADESH 
CAM8001A· 
INOON.ESIA 
tAOS ::• •::':' : . 
NEPAL .. 
NORTH KOREA 
PAKISTAN., 
PHiLIPPINi:$ ·. 
SRI LANKA 
THAILAND::. 
VIETNAM 
YEMEN 
NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
ALGERIA 
LEBANON 
f>ALESTINE/ISRAEL 
LA TIN AMERICA 
BOLIVIA 
COLOMBIA 
CUBA 
ECUADOR 
EL SALVADOR 
GUATEMALA 
MEXICO. 
NICARAGUA 
PERU 
Co-ordination & Monitoring 
Disaster Preparecriess 
GRANO TOTAL 
FOOTNOTE 
(1) COMM~ TH Of NlEPENlENT SlA1ES 1995 
DECISION IN EC\I No-ti CONTRACTS COUNTRY/REGION 
234,670,000 
211,781,720 
137,491,000 
~M~s~1~ 
28,831,010 
2:1~s.9oq 
27,469,772 
s;c,~O;()Q(}, . 
320,000 
2~.526;{)00 
16,105,000 
500;000 
2,900,000 
1;150,()()0 
1,000,000 
soo;ooo 
250,000 
24,873,500 
32,239,578 
12;69MCJO 
2,100,000 
•s.~i:iMO. 
100,000 ;;1~M¢· 
950,000 
·••29(:i,OOO 
200,000 
. 2;~1M!B 
3,125,000 
2,320.®() 
500,000 
200,000 
12,225,000 
5,000,000 
1,875,000 
5,350,000 
27,385,000 
1,150,000 
2,320,000 
1s,<>00;000 
450,000 
750,000 
2,770,000 
1,225,000 
1,990,000 
1,730,000 
4,290,000 
4,236,714 
692 092512 2sa EX-YUGOSLAVIA 
333 ACP TOTAL 
322 C.I.S (1) 
.· : 62 ARMENiA ::• 
63 . AZERBAIJAN 
·· ·••·.· ... \! • ·~~cet·••:::: .... ••· 
<:z4: KIRGVZ$.l'AN 
.. 1 · RUSSIAN i=Eti 
:44 TAJJKiS'rAN . · ·.·.·. ·.·•·.·• 
45 TCHERNOBYL Disaster 
>1 UKRAINE 
5 EASTERN EUROPE 
4 ALBANIA 
1 
1 
1 
36 IRAQ 
es ASIA(2) 
•.· • >:zg;: Af'mtANiSTAN :::: . · 
10 BANGLADESH 
···••••••••• •::tf•: :CAMBODIA:/•••·•·• ····,· ci-,1NA .. · 
< : 3 iNOoNEsiA . 
.. i5 INDLA . 
... •••••:t: lAbS : ••. ••• · .. , ... 
1 MYANMAR 
> • .8 • NO~TH KOREA / 6 SRi LANKA.•' .. 
5 • THAilANo· 
3 VIETNAM 
·:•1.•:YEMEN·• 
27 NORTH AFRICA/MIDDLE EAST 
9 ALGERIA 
10 LEBANON 
8 MOROCCO 
PALESTINE/ISRAEL 
63 LATIN AMERICA 
2 COLOMBIA 
5 COSTA RICA 
23 CUBA· 
2 ECUADOR 
1 GUATEMAlA 
9 HONDURAS 
:3 MONTSERRAT < 
6 NICARAGUA 
12 PANAMA 
PERU 
General studies 
Food aid (several coootries) 
6 Co-ordnation & Monitoring 
26 Disaster Preparedness 
MISCELLANEOUS 
1171 GRAND TOTAi. 
~:~~~ME~~~vsws:s c.ANCELUOAN(l [lf.(OMlr,,ITll;[l l.J«l{R 8\.ll1Gf1 lM; H7-1U H(NCE, N(t NastOHS N 1!'!1!> FOR THE f()J.;MER VUGOSl,A\,\,A..AMOVNTEP 107796MCCU 1996 
DECISION IN EC\I 
187,000,000 
278,040,000 
53,450,000 
.... •5;070000 · 
9,450'.00C> 
· 19;~05,00() 
500,000 
3;920;90Cl> 
8,849,000 
H;15s,ooo 
500,000 
800,000 
29,520,000 
53,275,000 
41,100.000 • 
. 300,000 
2;~;000, 
2,450,000 
.· .. •.120;000• 
570,000 
500,000 
300,000 
500,000 
1,17!(000 
3,420,0QCi 
200,000 
150,000 
20,900,000 
·7,000,000 
4,400,000 
500,000 
9,000,000 
19,090,000 
1,060,000 
400,000 
8,600,000. 
300,000 
4,690,000 
450,000 
380,000 
1,750,000 
200,000 
1,260,000 
1,940,000 
2,000,000 
4,500,000 
5,012,500 
278,000 
656655 500 ANNEX S3 
Ac per:OQJOf /07 
No-fl CONTRACTS 
108 
131 
12 
16 
7 
3 
1 
5 
22 
4 
2 
2 
40 
4 
20 
9 
5 
510 
EC CONTRACTS FOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE 1992. 93. 94. 95 • 96 
TYPE OF 
..CONTRACT 
EC COMMISSION-DIRECT 1992 
ECU 1993 1994 
ECU ECU ,1995 
ECU · N%0F 
TOTAL ANNEX S4 
/'$.PER Oll/Ol/117 
1996 
ECU N%0F 
TOTAL 
SUBTOTAL 11,361,142 55,114,HI 111,225,415 19,511,217 14.1% 50,010,511 14.7% 
MEMBER STATES SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 
~it::::::-:·-
j:iwa,<;:/ GERMANY .. 
n"~f{'/(:C 
NETHERLANDS 
$:P~f? 
SWEDEN uit::::::::::::,:·:· 
SUBTOTAL 21,521,340 5,246,195 11,773,000 23,390,000 3.4% 2,340,000 0.7% 
OTHER GOVERNMENTS 
~-~~~· MOZ.AMBIQUE ~~:: 
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO w~:~;:o~t®:·.· 
NEW CALEDONIA ~---::: :-· ,· ·.·.·.·.·.·.·.· ._._. 
.·.·.-··:.::.·: ·:·:•: 
.·.·.· . .-.···.·.·. 
<· ·.··. ·:-· 300;l!(IO [::/':/ . ::/> ·::::-<: ::-: ,.-:, · . .-: <:. 
<: :?::'::'. :C: ·: 
'ttooo 
25_0,000 
400,000 FIJI 
t:ROATWMACED<>NIA .: .· ·,::::::::: 241011'000 :•:::,:::::-:::.10000:000· ::,::, ·. ·1 aoo"a 
SUBTOTAL 
EC NGOs (11 
AUSTRIA 81:L~:-::· 
DENMARK 
FKNi:f:::C 
FRANCE 
c.ti!:tMNY: 
GREEciE 
iRe~: 
ITALY 
LUXEMBOURG 
NETHERLANDS 
PORTUGAL 
SPAIN. 
SWEOEN 
UK 
SUBTOTAL 
OTHER NGOs 11\ 
NORWAY•' 
AUSTRALIA 
SWITZERLAND us•··· .: ·.-: 
SUBTOTAL 
LOCAL NGOs 111 
ANGQ(;l.:,: . .• ·. · 
BANGUDESH ao~:::,:-
cHiLi: ·· 
ElSALVADoR 
ETHIOPIA G~::: 
IRAQ· MSC· 1190 JAMAICA. 
LEBANON 
OCC,T£RttlTORV tlSRL) · 
PAKISTAN 
PMILIPPINES 
SUDAN 
TURKEY·· 
SUBTOTAL 
UNITED NATIONS 
WFP 
FAO 
WHO 
UNDRO 
UNHCR 
UNICEF 
UNDP 
UNRWA 
UNOHA 
PAHO 
SPECIAL UN OPERATIONS IIOMI 
SUBTOTAL 
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORG. 
ICRC ·. 
FIRC ·. 
CARITAS INTERNATIONAL 
INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT GROUP 
LUTHERAN WORLD FEDERATION 
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES 
THE WORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES 
SUBTOTAL 
Decomilmments 
Othrrs 
TOTAL :::_.: 25,325,000 10,400,000 1,100,000 
NA NA , :u;o,s;3J3 
. '8,724,057 :·:-.·,::; :io,1.ai,t$i> 
. ii,313,000 . ·., -: >.NA:·.:·\<< 
3i,579,700 ·· ,, , :.m.;1{ 
:460;°1Ji 
··•u.u,cioo · ·t1os;ooo 
·1,943,500 
0 I: 
· 9,314,040 
244,000 . h;OJt;fOO ·,ii,scio 
1,02',000 
11,4iii;9&1 
0 
15,212,715 625,000 . > < :,;a.~;~;1:1~ 
27,121,000 -·: ::}/) 
110,942,799 
•: < Z:t,7_$1i~O 
110,000 
.··2.»5;25' 
· 1i;,01,231 
.::·-:'45'"2Jil 
" 24,&i-i:113 1;~;~. 
1,110;000 
NA:•: \ I : ••t••o 19,021,132 
~: 21,516,375 : ::m~oo 
340~',·2:i 
I . 2.394 500 
111,446,577 
320,000 
• 1232-000 
1,552,000 23 606 851 
262,550,750 302,929,733 
4it7MO• 
250,000 
744,612 1,237,140 
1·111 siis •:• :-: ·· 1'ru oiJci .. : 
2,424,257 1,112,140 
. ·. ·· ... · ... .-} 
10,~11 > m;eoo .:::: ., 
<< 
. 
: ... ·. . 51,000 
.·. 
50,000 I 
500,000 
41,000 I 
~,520,~oo I < . 
100,000 , . 
i;245,00CI I.· 
:· ·:.< 70126 I > .· :,:· .::. 
1,089,626 4,740,000 
35,131,581 . 71,311,711 
0 861,000 
3,809,500 9,250,000 
110,000 0 
:.: 71,232,580 17,95.5,354 
4,127,000 13,631,598 
:· 470,500 0 
0 6,000,000 
0 0 
262,000 0 
. . e · .. ·· 700 000 
122,143, 166 181,723.733 
35,073,IOD .··: 38,001,120 
1,666,000 26,001,135 
70,000 "91,510 
3,160,440 
1 000 000 
36,109,900 68,659,955 
(985,681) 
331961251 597 954 168 ~oo,ooa ·· 
·.·._.·-: ·'.-.. 
600,000 
47,355,716 I: 
0 
500,000 
0 
177,33&;429 
11,901,135 
0 
450,000 
.402,175 I 
2,149,450 
570100 
240,672,705 
32,327,000 
37,163,&03 
2.152,105 
107,730 
92 104 
72,S42,542 
753 525,535 
(1) INCLUDING NATIONAL RED CROSS ASSOCIATIONS ·: .D •. 01/o :,:.::,::,:,:::::,:::_ 
0.0% 
·11.0% < 
0.0% -.::::11.~ 
0.0% 
··:--::::o:o;c. 
0.0% 
·::D •. 01/o :,:-: ·- ·::.:-::::::o:~ 
0.0% 
: : '11f,~7t' : : :>ci,0% !/: (/:: 
0.0% 
:-:-•u.ll'lil.: :::: .. -: ••·· :: 
119,571 0.0% 0.0% 
.,,0% 
0.0% 
•:•-:o:t'J'. 
0.0% 
1,110,000 0.2% 1,550,000 0.5% 
:::' 34,140;00~<: :-:s;w. ,: · 20,11,.000 : ·· t1% 
11,3'3,000 1.7% 4,555,000 1.:i•,4 
: /~Iii,;~~::<) o.~ / i5s;cioo > :-o:'2% 
110,102,014 11.2-i. . ie,114,soa .. 1ij;•,4 
.·.· -: : 22;51;;000:: : : 3~•4 . : :'/11.,227,000 : . ·>3j•ll, 
i1s;:;so . 0.1% . 600,000 0.2% 
~;41:s;ooo:· .,> o:w.,, 1.,2,000- u% 
28,137,556 . i.1% 15,218,000 4.5% 
1;0,5,7~ : 0.2% . 218,207' 0,1'/, 
2i,501,i1ci 4.2% 11,m,000 3.5% 
:-3;3jl);720 .. q;s,;. : 1;016,t!>0 G.3% 
22.01 :i,scio 3.2% • 11,434,100 5.4',4 
1.,~11~000 · : :o.iv.: . : z,,,s,ti4: u•;; 
42 497.755 6.2% 25 037 000 7.4% 
312,124,926 45.9% 112,575,419 53.6% 
cc 1,542,944 
0 
3,211,500 
•:1525 000 
6,271,444 
13,444 
1,500,000 :-
.·. . . 
1,513,444 
· 32,675,000 
493,500 
500,000 
0 
115,595,500 
7,939,000 
575,000 
240,000 
541,156 
910,000 
550 000 
160.026,166 
53,21~000 
22,215,066 
1,069,286 
636,676 
77,256,028 
680 227,873 0.2,r, •• :.:· 
0.0% 
0.5% 
.-·0:2\' .. : 
0.1% 1,805,000 
0 
1,030,000 
2217,130' 
5,122,830 
0.0%1.:- .:• 
0.0% 
·. ~-O•~i> 
·.·.·d:!~1, 
0.0% ···o:0% 
0.0% 
o;ooi. 
::!!··· 
0.0% 
0.0% > 
0.0% 
0.0'V, :· .. ·. :-
0.2•,4 
4.1% 18,252,496 
0.1'1', 
0.1•,4 
o.o•,<, 
17.0% 61,400,000 
1.2% 3,065,000 
0.1%: 
0.0% 460,000 
0.1% 
0.1% 
·. 0.1•,4 
23.5% 13,177,496 
7.8% 10,425,000 
3.3% 5,660,000 
0,0',(, 
500,000 
0.2% 571,770 
0.1•1, 
0.0% 
11.4% 17,156,770 
100.0% 340.384103 0.5% 
0.0% 
0.3',(, 
·<·o.7% 
1.5% 
,o;o~ 
0.0% 
~:l>"I. 
0.0% 
li.0".4 
0.0% 
~:~•,<, 
0.0% 
0.0'1, 
0.0% 
0.11% 
0.0% 
O.O.% 
0.0% 
/·0.1>"1, 
0.0% 
5.4% 
0.0% 
0.0•1. 
0.0% 
18.0% 
0.9'/, 
0.0•1, 
0.1% 
0.0',(, 
0.0'/, 
0.0¾ 
24.4',4 
3.1'1, 
1.7'/, 
0.0'/, 
0.1¾ 
0.2•1, 
0.0% 
0.0¾ 
5.0'/, 
0.0 
100.0% 
(7J THI,..,.._,,.~ .... 'Hl"JII ,,., 'nil! l'Y'>H1'AAC't >,U(I\JN"n (17l Mfn>'' Aki S\Jll:rTANTlAUYIO\lr"l.R THAN™' l"'::-t51otf A.M0U~ ('Ml MfC\1;t5 NAT 7) ·' MF:"\.I MA.3 lt([)( (~tlfCT'l.,Y AloMINl!:iJJtEJ, 11r l-JVI (1f0".lA) 
IN A(:C'!Jflf1Aw:t Vo1ll4 TH[C'OMMl:S:SIOHllfC'l31':'N ~""f lJVlr '"'' )4(.H<...~(."'('ltf'T'JtM'!MAVllll'.D{SIIJHll1JYhJV] P<Jli ntCSAMC"JHT ANl•,.QTf(:)4':J nn P<V-1"lr<lH\Jl'Hfl.MS".N' ... (l~!MJi:'\!)C'OJ,l~:-:TsN' 
A'X'\JMIJlA!'U'ANl'VNV"!l'.U-•N3lk¥£$FM".lM Al.AR'1f MUMIIO'.C'lf At"TIQMSIII 1"1 WHUI ft::HOWCAMf PVl.l .. Y0M"AATl'.)HAl INIAf!L'I' 1"'1M~/ftCiW[J(lll.lMDIIA'tl.J YT Ar.DC f(,f~kl THAT AU. lOSf~vo 
Akf ElltUt t.rnUStl• ::'\fl: 'fC(,MMIITU• ,0 TlAT nu Qt•crr!ON (.lf S\lkknltllMIJRJ::SfjCVO: WlU NC.•T Af/15'1 AOAIN 
* * * * •• * •.M: * •• ~ 
EUROPEAN COMMISSION {ECHO) FINANCIAL DECISIONS IN FAVOUR OF THE AFFECTED 
BURUNDI/RWANDAN POPULATION since the 21st October 1993 until December 1996 
AMOUNTS IN ECU 
COUNTRY DATE Reason for Contribution PARTNER AMOUNT 
BURUNDI 25/11/93 Displaced Population ICRC/ONG 1,000;000 
25/11/93 Displaced Population UN 1,000000 
25/11/93 Displaced Population ONG 1,000 000 
22/12/93 Displaced Population ONG 1,000,000 
3/02/94 Displaced Population ONG/UN 1,000,000 . 
28/03/94 Displaced Population ONG/UN 14,000,000 
17/05/94 Burundi Repatriates and Rwandan Refugees ONG 1,000,000 -
15/12/94 Displaced Population ONG 5,000,000 
REGIONAL 21/12/93 Burundi Refugees ONG/UN/IFRC 18,300,000 
16/03/94 Burundi Refugees ONG/UN 13,500,000 
27/05/94 Rwandan, Burundi, Tanzania Refugees UNHCR/ICRC 12,000,000 
21/06/94 Rwandan, Burundi, Tanzania Refugees UNHCR 19,000,000 
20/07/94 Rwanda, Burundi.Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania UNHCR/ONG/ICRC 12,000,000 
27/07/94 Rwanda, Burundi.Zaire, Uganda, Tanzania UN/ONG/ICRC 75,000,000 
21/09/94 Refugees & Disp. pop. in CentraVEast Africa ONG 4,500,000 
20/12/94 Rwandan/Burundi Populations ONG/UN/IF RC 45,000,000 
9/03/95 Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania WFP 12,000,000 
25/D7/95 Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania UNHCR/NGO 25,000,000 
21/11/95 Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania UN/ONG/ICRC 70,000,000 
26/07/96 Rwandan/Burundi Populations UN/NGO 10,000,000 
26/07/96 Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania UN/NGO 26,500,000 
22/11/96 Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania UN/ICRC/IFRC 10,000,000 
11/12/96 Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire.Tanzania UN/NGO/ICRC/IFRC 158,930,000 
RWANDA 28/10/93 Burundi Refugees ONG 1,000,000 
28/10193 Burundi Refugees ONG 1,000,000 
28/10/93 Displaced population ONG/UN 1,000,000 
10/11/93 Burundi Refugees UN 1,000,000 
15/12/93 Burundi Refugees ONG 1,000,000 
4/02/94 Refugees and displaced population ICRC/ONG 8,000,000 
9/04/94 Conflict ONG 500,000 
12/04/94 Conflict & Drought ONG 1,000,000 
11/05/94 Conflict ONG/ICRC 1,000,000 
17/10/94 Rehabilitation-Electricity & Water GTZ 5,000,000 
TANZANIA 15/11/93 Burundi Refugees ONG 1,000,000 
11/11/93 Burundi Refugees UN/ONG 1,000,000 
29/04/94 Rwandan Refugees ONG 680,000 
29/04/94 Rwandan Refugees ONG 450,000 
ZAIRE 15/11/93 Burundi Refugees UN/ONG 500,000 
TOTAL 1993-December 1996 ANNEX S5 
AA per: otAl1197 
TOTAL 
25,000,000 
511,730,000 
20,500,000 
3,130,000 
500,000 
560,860,000 
ANNEX s-s-
Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former 
Yugoslavia, 1991-1996 by Republic· 
Republic % 
Bosnia-Herzegovina 55.6% 
Croatia (+UNPAS) 20.0% 
Serbia and Montenegro 17.2% 
Slovenia 0.6% 
FYR. ofMacedonia 3.6% 
All Republics 2.7% 
Turkey and Hungary 0.2% 
Total 100% 
Breakdown of Community Aid to the Former 
Yugoslavia, 1996 by Relief Items 
Relief Items % 
Food & Hygiene 32.7% · 
Medical· 14.8% 
Local Capacity Building 4.4% 
Psychosocial 3.0% 
Winterisation 1.1% 
Rehabilitation 15.8% 
Miscellaneous 28.2% 
Total 100% 
35 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(97) 43 7 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 05 01 11 
Catalogue number · CB-C0-97-443-EN-C 
ISBN 92-78-23925-9 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg