COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
COM(89) 369 final 
Brussels, 8 February 1990 
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL 
on 
"ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT" 
- 2 -C~> H?f 
Contents 
Page 
Executive Summary 3-4 
Introduction 5 
Part One - The Situation 6-14 
A. The Global Challenge 6-7 
B. Environmental Impacts of Energy 7-14 
a) Environment and the Fuel Cycle 7-8 
b) Emissions Into the Air from Fossil Fuel Use 9-14 
I) SO2 and N0X Emissions 10-12 
il) C02 Emissions 12-14 
Part Two - What to do and where to act 15-28 
A. Horizontal Guidelines 15-18 
a) Integration of the Environmental Dimension 15-16 
into Energy Pol Icy 
b) A Code of Conduct for Energy Industries 16-18 
B Specific Areas for Action 18-28 
a) Demand Side 18-21 
i) Energy Efficiency 18-20 
ii) Fiscal Considerations 20-21 
b) Supply Side 21-28 
i) Nuclear Energy 21-24 
II) Renewable Energies 24-26 
III) Fuel Substitution 26 
iv) Clean and more Efficient Technologies 26-27 
v) Regional Energy Planning 27-28 
Conclusions 28-31 
Executive Summary 
1. This Is the first time that Community energy policy addresses 
environmental problems In a global way. The objective of this 
Communication is to establish a broad common understanding 
between Member States and the Commission on main orientations 
concerning energy and the environment and to highlight the 
broad objectives In this field as well as the areas for action 
and the type of Community measures to be considered. Some 
proposals, like a Special Action Programme for Vigorous Energy 
Efficiency are already announced in the Communication. 
However, other necessary actions will be considered when 
proposing new Community Energy Objectives for the time after 
1995. This document does not aim at Influencing or Judging the 
national investment programmes in the energy sector, but wants, 
without prejudging future energy choices, to discuss in an 
objective manner the interface between energy and environment. 
2. The factual part of this Communication presents the impacts of 
energy cycles on the environment and in a more detailed manner 
the contribution from fossil fuel use to SO2. N0X and CO2 
emissions. SO2 emissions have been In decline since the 
beginning of the eighties and will continue to fall 
substantially In the future as a consequence of Community and 
national environmental legislation, energy efficiency 
Improvements and the use of cleaner fuels. N0X emissions will 
also be reduced up to the year 2010, however, less drastically 
than S02 emissions. C02 emissions are expected to grow 
continuously up to the year 2010 In the absence of necessary 
political choices to reduce this problem. 
3. The Commission Is at present analysing alternative energy 
policy options to reduce C02 emissions to cope with the 
Greenhouse Effect and Member States are invited to closely 
cooperate In the execution of this work. While the Commission 
accepts that there are still uncertainties on some scientific 
aspects of the Greenhouse issue, nevertheless we should already 
now pursue vigorously at Community and International level 
policies aimed at reducing C02 and other greenhouse gas 
emissions to satisfy environmental and energy requirements. In 
this context It is essential to define a policy which can face 
future energy demand without necessarily growing supply 
capacltles. 
4. The areas for such action are highlighted and it can be 
concluded that urgent measures to reinforce and expand efforts 
in energy efficiency improvements and In energy conservation 
combined with the use of more non fossil fuel energy sources 
are the priority areas for necessary environmental 
improvements. Such measures should be coupled with other 
environmentally friendly elements of energy policy, like the 
support of renewable energies, the introduction of cleaner and 
more efficient technologies and the substitution of high 
polluting fuels by natural gas. 
- 4 -
Some general guidelines are given to Member States on how to 
integrate the environmental dimension Into energy policy, which 
are mainly based on the requirements as introduced by the 
Single European Act In Its Articles 100a, and 130r to 130t. 
In addition energy Industries are Invited by the Commission to 
develop within their own responsibility codes of good conduct 
for energy and environmental responsible behaviour. 
INTRODUCTI ON 
6. The 1995 Community Energy objectives ask for balanced solutions 
as regards energy and environment. The November 1988 Energy 
Council again stressed the need to continue efforts for the 
realisation of this energy policy objective and welcomed the 
Commission initiative to present a coherent report on energy 
and environment. In the light of this Council reaction the 
Commission has undertaken the commitment to present such a 
report by mid 1989. 
7. This Communication, which underlines the Community and the 
wider international dimension of the problem on energy and 
environment, contains two main parts which firstly analyse the 
factual situation concerning energy and environment and 
secondly present guidelines for Member States and Energy 
Industries on "where to act and what to do". 
8. In the first part the general impacts of the energy cycles on 
the environment and an analysis on the contribution of energy 
use to air pollution is presented. This analysis focusses on 
S02, NOx and C02 emissions. It covers the time horizon from 
1980 up to 2010. The results presented have been elaborated in 
the frame of the ongoing Energy 2010 scenario exercise. 
9. The second part covers horizontal guidelines with regard to the 
integration of the environmental dimension in Community as well 
as national energy policies and Invites the Community's energy 
industries to elaborate specific codes of good conduct on the 
basis of guidelines, which preserve, protect and improve the 
quality of the environment and,at the same time, ensure a 
prudent and rational utilisation of national resources. 
Furthermore areas for action are highlighted where 
environmental Improvements could be realized by energy policy 
measures. 
10. The specific environmental problems related to the realization 
of the internal energy market as presented in the Commission's 
working document on "The Internal Energy Market" (COM (88)238) 
will be addressed in the frame of the ongoing work on the 
internal energy market. Analysis Is continuing on the question 
of whether different national environmental standards create 
barriers to trade or distortion of competition as already 
discussed by the Council in the case of the European refinery 
industry. In the latter case It has been agreed at the Energy 
Council of 11 May 1989 that the Commission, if necessary, will 
submit further proposals on the basis of the objectives of the 
Single Act. 
11. The objective of this document Is In no way to establish a 
scale of values between the different forms of energy 
necessary for our supply, nor to take sides - for or against -
such or such source of energy. It aims to present in a factual 
manner their essential characteristics - today and In the 
future - In such a way as to stimulate the necessary debate on 
the environment which is moreover already taking place In other 
International fora. 
. —6 -
First Part 
"The Situation" 
A. THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE 
12. Many of the most serious environmental problems are of a global 
nature, such as the depletion of the ozone layer and the 
greenhouse effect. Other problems, such as acid rain are of a 
more regional character but occur across borders of countries. 
The complexity and the magnitude of the problems make local or 
often even regional solutions Impossible. International 
concepts to be developed by multilateral approaches are 
required. International cooperation on energy related 
environmental problems with industrialized, developing and 
centrally planned countries need to be strengthened. The 
Community will have a key role to play in these developments. 
13. Both sufficient energy and environmental quality are essential 
for the survival of the human race. The field of energy and 
environment Interactions Is broad and is likely to grow In 
importance as results from scientific research improve and as 
energy demand grows. During the 1970's discussions about energy 
policy were dominated by security of supply problems. Now it 
has become clear that environmental constraints may become a 
very Influential parameter determining the Community's future 
energy balances. "Our Common Future", the report of the World 
Commission on Environment and Development, has highlighted that 
present energy consumption trends and policies cannot continue 
and that the concept of"sustainable development" needs to be 
accepted and followed. 
14. The Commission has always highlighted the close link between 
environmental protection and secure energy supply, which are 
objectives of comparable weighting In an overall policy towards 
economic, social and public welfare. Energy production and use 
must be carried out In an environmentally acceptable manner. 
The formulation of energy policy has to give due weight to 
environmental policy considerations, Just as environmental 
policy must give due weight to energy policy considerations1). 
The greenhouse problem accentuates the Importance of the 
environmental dimension in energy policy and can. In the long 
term, be the main constraint on energy use. Following the 
Commission's Communication to the Council on the Greenhouse 
Effect, the Council adopted the Resolution on the Greenhouse 
Effect on 9 June 1989. This Resolution Invites the Commission 
and the Member States to Inter alia, Increase energy efficiency 
and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. 
15. As energy production and use Impacts on the environment by air 
pollution, water discharges and waste generation, environmental 
regulations raise the costs of energy. Influence the 
competitive position of fuels or even exclude certain energy 
options, it is therefore essential to reconcile energy and 
environmental objectives and to promote policies which foster 
1) Communique of IEA Governing Board of Ministerial Level, 11th May 
1987 
- 7 -
the objectives of both energy and environment policy. 
B. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY 
a) Environment and the Fuel Cycle 
16. The environmental Impacts of energy production transformation 
and use extend far beyond local, regional or global air 
pollution although these are the most crucial problem areas at 
present. Additional concerns Include water demand and 
pollution, as well as waste generation and disposal. 
Furthermore impacts on land use and natural resource bases are 
InvoIved. 
17. Major energy-related environmental accidents have been at the 
centre of most recent discussions. Past events have shown that 
all large scale energy activities, necessary to meet human 
needs, bear a certain risk potential having different effects 
on man and the environment according to the respective source 
of energy. Blow outs, fires at refineries, maritime oil 
pollution, nuclear accidents, hydroelectric dam failures and 
coal mine accidents testify this fact. The full scale of all 
short, medium and long-term consequences of these accidents are 
not yet fully understood. It must be admitted however that the 
consequences of a possible nuclear accident cannot be compared 
with those of other accidents. 
18. Major environmental consequences of routine energy sector 
activities are summarized In the following table (see page 7a) 
From this table It can be seen that Impacts are manyfold, 
complex and often Interwoven. There are no simple solutions to 
the problems shown. 
19. With regard to the coventional energy sources the various fuel 
cycles show divergent environmental impacts. 
011 exploration and production may cause accidental spills, 
blow-outs and fires whereas the transport and storage of crude 
and refined oil can cause maritime and territorial oil 
pollution as well as emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and 
volatile organic compounds. Oil refining Impacts mainly on the 
environment by the disposal of waste waters and the emission of 
various airborne pollutants. 
As natural gas Is often produced In association with crude oil 
It is often difficult to differentiate between the 
environmental Impacts of these two fuel cycles. At the 
production stage blow-outs are the most severe risks. As 
regards transport and storage pipeline accidents and methane 
releases have an impact on the environment. 
Coal mining may cause dust, noise and health effects as well as 
ground water pollution. Land rehabilitation schemes are often 
required. The handling and storage of coal results in dust 
releases and coal treatment often causes waste water problems. 
The combustion of coal and oil Is, If not controlled by 
appropriate technologies, linked to major S02 and N0X 
emissions. Solid fuels emit the highest amount of C02 per 
unit of energy. 
7A 
Table 1. SELECTED ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE ENERGY SECTOR 
ENERGY SOURCES 
~ E 
X 
t 
r 
a 
c 
t 
i 
F ° n u 
s J 
* r 
• a 
1 a 
t 
t n\ 
u • 
e n 
1 l 
1 T 
r 
a 
n 
P 
o 
r 
t COAL 
W 
a 
s 
i 
• PETROLEUM 
PROOUCTS 
d 
i 
s 
p 
o 
s 
a 
' CAS 
URANIUM FUEl CYCLE 
AND ELECTRICITY FROM 
NUClEAR POWER PLANTS 
R 
a 
n • 
• 2 
r 
• 
b o 
, V 
• HYimnrottfH 
OTHERS 
Btomui 
gaullieiinal wind 
and ioUi anaigioi 
HfLlRlCirY GENERATION 
(ROM fOSSli FtlHS 
ieicluihng nuclear eneigy) AIR 
- SO, NO.. 
panic ulaies 
- 102 
* 
- H.S pioductron 
- SO. NO. CO 
CO, HC. 
ammonia 
particulates tiaic 
elements 
- \[)> 
- HC emission 
(mainly mellu'ir 
- liace metal 
emission 
- H S and 
comlMistmri 
emissions 
- Radioactive dust 
- Gaseous effluent 
Iradionuckdei F 
NO.) 
- Noble gas H 3 
l 131 C M 
- local ckmetic 
impact ol cooling 
towers WATERS 
Isurlacs. 
under ground/mlend 
and mannel 
- Acid TMfte 
di image 
Mine bqwd waste 
disposal 
- Water everiebriity 
- Wash water 
treatment 
- Water rjotution 
lium storage 
heaps 
- Oil sprits 
- Water avariabrbty 
IHJUHI icsidual 
disposal 
Mine drainage 
- Underground 
water 
coni animation 
- Water averiabwiy 
rnctmal releases 
- liquid radtonuckde 
emission (H 3. 
Co 60 Si 90. 
1 13V Ru 106. 
Cs 136 and 1371 LAND AW sons 
- land subsidence 
- land use lot 
mnes and heaps 
- land radamalion 
of opan cast 
iwnos 
- land ma (or 
lactams and peats 
- land use lor 
facilities and pipes 
- land subsidence 
Inane! 
- land reclamation 
ol opaa cast 
runes 
- land use lor 
•anas 
- Oecontamnation end decommissioning el nuclear power giants 
- (tamest 
combustion m 
poDulion 
particulates 
- Gaoiheimel. aw 
pollution 
- SO.. NO. CO 
CO. Hf. lute 
elements 
l)4i lie utiles 
udtonucudes 
long iany* 
transport and 
iteposttiuii ill 
pollutants 
Climatic impacts 
ol cooling towefs tiled un 
hyiliuiugM.«l cycles 
Water ouabty and 
resources 
- Harness 
convwiioa. WIIH 
pollution, wain 
avail ebritty 
- GeothermaJ: water 
podution 
- Water evedaoaiy 
Thermal releases land wrevarsdriy 
Handed 
- landslide risks 
- land use tor 
energy psamations 
- lend reouNomoM 
al solar energy 
- land requwomeni WHO LIFE 
- Natural habitat 
disturbed 
- Eiplottairon ol 
wilderness or 
natural areas lor 
surface mining 
- Natural habitat 
drslurbed 
- PejeUne impact on 
wM kle 
- Wad Me poetised 
through leaks at 
soils 
- Natural habitat 
disturbed 
- Impacts ol 
pipelines on wdd 
Me 
- Secondary effects 
ol impacts en 
walar. land and 
err 
Wdd He lubiiai 
al rivers 
- Change » 
ecosystem 
- Fish rragrauon 
affected 
- Biomass 
ecosystem 
disruption by 
energy plantations 
. , 
- Secondaiy el tec is 
on wain an «nd 
iand OTHERS: 
Sobd waste, 
risks, human 
health, noise. 
visual 
- Noise ol rail 
transport ol coal 
- Oust emission 
- Visual impact ol 
coal heap-. 
- Occupational risks 
- Blowouts 
- Explosions and 
lues 
- Odour 
— npebno keeks 
- Spas (accidental 
and operational) 
- Visual impacts ol 
pipelines 
- Blowouts 
- High leak potential 
- Genera! safety 
- Sprits and 
esptosrens 
- Visual impacts ol 
ptpaimaf 
- Radioactive 
products 
- Mme water 
- Mai lading water 
(tonic metal liquid 
and sobd chemcal 
wastes. 
radiologic el 
wastes! 
- Recycled fission 
products 
- High level 
radroectrve wastes 
- Visual impact ol 
coobng lowers 
end power knes 
- Noise 
- Occupational nsks 
• Visual impel is 
Risk al dam 
rupture 
- Noiee of wind 
ganxaioti 
- Visual impact ol 
wind general on 
- Biomess risk to 
workers 
- Photovoltaic tosic 
pollution when 
decommissioning 
- Visual impact ul 
coobng toweis 
and powei tmes 
Solid wastes 
- Ash cispowl 
Noise 
*l/f I *l t II 
Wee OKU Mirny ••>»!«» u\» m iiMtimii j^uutiwa un t>«wt<> m li«ita«Ki and AencuNiifal <M »lh* mas tkaating in • 
W0449M 
- 8 -
Uranium mining bears the risks associated to all mining 
operations together with the release of airborne radon. 
Certain fuel fabrication processes may cause radiological as 
well as non radiological impacts. Normal reactor operation 
produces low-1 eve I emissions which are not considered to be 
harmful. The major focus of environmental concern is the risk 
of accidental releases of radioactivity Into the environment 
and the problem of nuclear waste disposal which Involves 
varying degrees of hazards depending on the characteristics of 
the wastes. Environmental damage does not occur as long as the 
waste Is Isolated from the biosphere. Experience is limited as 
regards the decommissioning of nuclear power plants and the 
related environmental consequences. 
20. While all energy cycles have some environmental Impact, a 
distinction can be made between conventional energy sources and 
renewable energies. One of the main differences Is that 
renewables have a relatively low energy density. This implies 
that significant exploitation, of these renewables has to 
Involve large scale operation, with Impacts generally confined 
to visual intrusion. However, In an overall comparison it can 
be concluded that generally environmental Impacts from 
renewable energies are more localised and of a lesser dimension 
than the use of conventional fuels. Therefore, renewables are 
widely perceived as being "clean" technologies. 56% of 
Community citizens consider renewables as the least polluting 
energy sources2^. 
21. Substantial parts of the abovementloned environmental impacts 
and accidental risks can be limited to an acceptable degree if 
proper environmental Impact assessments of energy projects are 
undertaken in advance. As regards big energy projects this is 
guaranteed by the Council Directive on the assessment of the 
effects of certain public and private projects on the 
environment (85/337/EEC)3*. This covers in Its Annex I for 
example crude oil refineries, thermal and nuclear power 
stations and radioactive waste storage facilities. Further 
energy activities are the subject of Annex II of the same 
DirectIve. 
22. Additional factual analysis of the energy sector In Its 
totality with regard to environmental impacts will be 
undertaken when proposing new Community energy objectives, for 
the time after 1995. 
2) Public opinion in the European Community on Energy in 1987. 
3) OJ L175 of 5 July 1985 
- 9 -
b) EMISSIONS INTO THE AIR FROM FOSSIL FUEL USE 
23. This chapter presents an analysis of the most important 
emissions Into the air (SO2, NOx and C02) from energy 
consumption covering the time span from 1980 to the year 2010. 
Any emission analysis needs to be based on fossiI fuel 
consumption data for combustion purposes as only this category 
of energy use Is contributing to SO2, N0X and C02 
emissions. The corresponding energy consumption figures 
referring to scenario one of the ongoing 2010 exercise (for 
explanations see Annex I) are as follows: 
^ameMKHTV FOSSIL FUEL USE FOR COMBUSTION PURPOSES 
Mtoe 
[So I i d Fue I s 
JO I I 
bas 1980 
Total 
Total Primary 
Energy 
(Commun ity 
Foss i i FueI 
Use for 
Combust ion 
as Percentage 
lof TPER 235 
494 
184 
913 
1025 26 
54 
20 1987 
230 
419 
207 1995 
856 
1062 27 
49 
24 247 26 
480 50 2000 
236 
89 963 
1226 24 
81 275 
466 
250 28 
47 
25 2010 
79 991 
1277 322 
428 
276 
78 1026 
1375 31 
42 
27 
75 
- 10 -
24. From these figures it can be seen that emission relevant foss11 
fuel use Is growing at slower rates than the Community's total 
primary energy requirements. A major contribution to this 
development Is the growing use of nuclear power In the 
Community. A break down by sector of fossil fuel consumption 
is contained In Annex II. Power generation and transport are 
the most important sectors of fossil fuel use followed by the 
residential/commercial sector and Industry. 
i) SO? and N0Y Emissions 
25. SO2 and N0X are mainly related to combustion of fossil 
fuels and contribute to acid deposition. Energy activities 
contribute to about 90% of man-made SO2 and N0X emissions. 
Stationary combustion sources are the largest source of SO2 
emissions whereas transport Is the major contributor to N0X 
emissions. 
26. Technologies for the control of these emissions are available 
and Improvements have been achieved as regards coal-cleaning 
processes, the fuel combustion process and post-combust ion 
cleaning of exhaust gases. SO2 and NOx emission control Is 
technically feasible but cannot be achieved free of costs and 
sometimes without energy consumption penalties. The IEA has 
recently estimated that capital costs of Flue Gas 
DesulphurIsation (FGD) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) 
account for 15% and 6%, respectively, of a new base load coal 
facility4). Retrofit costs are substantially higher. 
27. Legislation in Member States and In the Community has been 
adopted to limit S02 and NOx emissions from energy use. As 
regards the Community a major breakthrough on stationary 
sources has been achieved with the adoption of the Council 
Directive on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants 
Into the air from large combustion Installations above 50 MW 
thermal (88/609/EEC),5^ High sulphur coal and oil should now 
be directed to this category of controlled combustion plants 
whereas low sulphur fuels could be used in plants below 50 MW 
thermal. As regards mobile sources substantial emission 
reductions have been Initiated by legislation on the 
introduction of clean cars and cleaner automotive fuels. 
28. However from an energy and environmental point of view the 
transport sector remains an area of concern. Fuel consumption 
continues to grow and efficiency as well as legal and 
technological automotive Improvements to reduce emission are 
counterbalanced by a growing car population and bigger car 
engines. 
4) IEA, Emission controls, Paris 1988. 
5) 0J, L336 of 7 December 1988 
- 11 -
29. From the following two graphs based on assumptions and 
provisional results of scenario one of the ongoing 2010 
exercise it can be seen that SO9 emissions from fossil fuel 
use will decline substantially In the time period between 1980 
and 2010 (about minus 70%). However N0V emissions 
same time period will be reduced at a more modest 
20%. over the 
rate of about 
[Mtfy] S02 emissions for EUR12 by sector 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
2000 2010 
year 
[Mt/y] 12-1 NOx emissions for EUR12 by sector 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
1980 1990 2000 2010 
year 
- 12 -
30. Drastic SO2 emission reductions will take place In the power 
generation sector (1980-2010 - minus 90%) and by the year 2010 
SO2 emissions from industry will have grown In Importance 
and will be four times higher than S02 emissions from power 
generation. The transport sector will continue to dominate 
N0X emissions and especially the growing car population as 
well as still largely uncontrolled emissions from lorries and 
vans make N0X emission reductions difficult (detailed S02 
and NOx emission figures are contained In Annex III). 
11) CO9 Emissions 
31. Fossil fuels are contributing to green house gas emissions like 
C02, CH4 and N20. C02 is presently thought to be 
responsible for slightly more than 50% of the greenhouse effect 
and most anthropogenic C02 emissions are due to commercial 
fossil fuel burning. In its Communication to the Council on the 
Greenhouse Effect and the Community (C0M(88)656) the Commission 
has given an extensive set of factual Information. All this is 
not repeated In this Communication on Energy and Environment. 
Furthermore the Commission has decided to carry out a three 
year work programme concerning the evaluation of policy options 
to deal with the greenhouse effect. The funds estimated as 
necessary for the Implementation of this programme amount to 6 
Million ECU. The Environment Council of 8 June has welcomed 
this Commission initiative and has adopted a corresponding 
Résolut Ion. 
32. Within this overall work programme the Community's energy 
sector is of special Importance as It is energy which is the 
major source of greenhouse gas emissions. A specific work 
programme on the analysis of alternative policy options to 
reduce C02 has been defined. Four consecutive Interlinked 
work phases are foreseen: 
Future Community C02 emission trend analysis and the 
definition of suitable C02 emission reduction targets; 
Identification of possible C02 emission control options 
and their technical-economic reduction potential; 
Cost-efficiency analysis of available control options by 
system analysis (Identification of most cost efficient 
energy policy approach); 
Analysis of effects of identified cost-efficient policy 
options on the economy» social structure, International 
competition and security of energy supply. 
The Council is invited to collaborate closely with the 
Commission in the execution of this Important work. Methane and 
N20 emissions wilt be the subject of a separate study. 
33. As in the case of S02 and N0X the following table Is based 
on Scenario I of the ongoing 2010 study. 
13 
34 
35 [Mt/yl 4000i 
3000 H C02 emissions for EUR12 by sector 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
2000 
1000 
1980 1990 2000 2010 
year 
It can be seen that CO9 emissions from fossil tuei comoustlon 
have slightly decreased up to 1986 but will increase again 
gradually up to the year 2010. By 2010 Community CO2 
emissions will be originated by 39% from solid fuels, by 41% 
from oil and by 20% from natural gas. The ratio of C02 
emissions per unit of energy consumption for lignite, hard 
coal, oil and natural gas is about 121-100-88-58. 
As actual worldwide C02 emissions*»re estimated 
about 21,000 million tons, the Community share at 
the order of 13%. However with Increasing 
consumption In the developing world this share 
about 10% by the year 2010. to amount to 
present Is In 
fosslI fuel 
may fa 11 to 
36. Some sensitivity cases were studied to see how various energy 
policy measures (more natural gas use in power stations, 
relaunch of nuclear, more energy efficiency gains in all 
sectors) could influence the development of future C02 
emissions First preliminary results show that possible 
decreases below the 1987 situation only occur In the cases 
where stronger efficiency gains were assumed (decrease of 2.2% 
per annum in energy Intensity) and where this Is combined with 
an Increase of gas (to 100 Mtoe by 2010) 
Mtoe in 2010) for electricity generation. and nuclear (to 291 
37. With such a combined strategy being based on the above 
sensitivity case assumptions, C02 emissions in the 
Community in the year 2010 would be about 20% lower than In the 
case of scenario I and would even fall 5% below present 
emission levels despite growing overall energy consumption. 
Actions in the field of energy efficiency Improvements seem to 
be the most promising single policy tool with the most 
significant C02 reduction potential showing Immediate 
results. However if certain ambitious C02 reduction 
objectives need to be achieved reduction efforts on the supply 
side have to be added. 
To calculate CO2 emissions as expressed in tons 
of carbon figures have to be divided by 3.67 
- 14 -
38. In connection with C02 emissions one should also be aware of 
CO emissions, ma iniy originating from combustion engines in the 
transport sector. In the first Instance, CO emissions are 
gradually converted to CO2 and In the second Instance, and 
perhaps more significantly, the presence of a certain amount of 
CO In the atmosphere may play a part in preventing the 
oxidation of CH4 to C02, thus resulting In higher 
concentrations of CH4 which Is a more powerful greenhouse gas 
than C02. 
- 15 -
Second Part 
"What to do and where to act" 
A Horizontal guidelines 
a) THE INTEGRATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION INTO ENERGY POLICY 
39. The Single European Act requests In its Article 130R the 
Integration of the environmental dimension Into energy policy: 
"Environmental protection requirements shall be a component of 
the Community's other policies". 
Furthermore action by the Community relating to the environment 
will have "to ensure a prudent and rational utilisation of 
natural resources". The Community's environment policy follows 
the objective of attaining a high level of protection, which 
Is reflected in Article 100A, para 3 and the fourth 
environmental action programme. These objectives, together 
with the other provisions of the Single European Act, need to 
be taken into account when translating the objective of 
Integration into more specific energy policy considerations. 
40. A high level of environmental protection requires stringent 
legal measures to be applied in all Member States. Because of 
differences In environmental conditions of Member States and 
because of differing Industry structures this may result 
sometimes in unequal cost burdens especially for peripheral 
Member States, where concentrations of air pollutants are often 
lower than In the centre of Europe and where different 
environmental challenges, like soil erosion and forest fires 
are of prime importance. The need for an accelerated 
Introduction of energy sources with less environmental impact 
than conventional systems based on solid fuels or oil is 
reflected in the priorities of the Community Support Frameworks 
for objective 1 regions. Nevertheless, an appropriate mix of 
loan and grant finance Is necessary. In this way grant aid can 
be focussed to a greater extent on the prevention of pollution 
than in the past. 
41. It should not be forgotten that other major elements, like 
economic consequences, security of supply and the priority 
objective of the Internal energy market need to be considered 
when formulating energy policy. For these reasons It Is 
necessary to evaluate overall economic impacts of any 
integration strategy and to establish as far as possible 
adequate cost/benefit analysis as a basis for new policy 
proposals. The competitive position of the Community vis a vis 
other Industrialized countries need to be taken Into account. 
- 16 -
42. When assessing the costs of the various energy options it is 
not sufficient to shnply take Into account fuel costs and the 
economics of technology solutions. As far as possible 
environmental costs have to be Integrated Into the overall 
analysis. With regard to environmental control devices, be It 
FGD, SCR* or the desulphur I sat Ion of fuels It is already 
feasible to quantify the additional costs Involved. However 
difficulties still exist when trying to quantify the overall 
social/environmental costs of an energy option, be It coal, 
oil, natural gas or nuclear. Nevertheless efforts should be 
made to have a broader cost/benefit approach that Integrates 
the environmental dimension of the problem. 
43. Member States should aim for closer Institutional links and 
coordination from the earliest stages of analysis and policy 
definition to assist progress towards meeting both 
environmental and energy objectives. At present there are 
still barriers, real or perceived, which result in a lack of 
joint assessment and political Initiatives. To contribute to a 
better coordination the Commission should at least once a year 
Invite high officials for energy and environment affairs of 
Member States to have a common meeting of reflection and to and 
to examine the interrelations between Energy and Environment. 
Such meetings might even lead to the convening of common 
Informal Councils giving the necessary policy guidelines for 
future actions. 
44. Member States as well as the Community should apply the 
principles when defining energy policy. This would favour 
cbalanced solutions as regards energy and the environment, 
support a common approach with regard to the creation of the 
Internal energy market and guarantee the smooth realization of 
future energy investment. Clear and stable frame work 
conditions need to be established by public authorities so that 
energy Industries are in a position to react In an efficient 
and responsible manner. 
b) A CODE OF CONDUCT 
45. As shown below there are various energy policy areas for action 
to improve both the Community's energy and environment 
situation. However policy action is not enough. We will only 
be successful If industry and all citizens contribute to a 
process of sustainable development. This chapter addresses the 
energy industries to undertake commitments which would make 
industry an integral part of the solution to the Community's 
energy and environmental problems Instead of being considered 
as an un involved contributor to them. In supplement to 
existing or sti11 required Community legislation in this field 
industry would be invited to do more than Just fulfil these 
legal requirements. Such commitments could take the form of 
Community wide codes of conduct. Such voluntary industrial 
commitments should indicate clear objectives and appropriate 
calendars. 
46. Energy use has - Justifiably - given rise to public concern. 
This is due to the fact that several energy sectors have been 
too slow in understanding and then accepting the Impact of 
* Flue gas DesulphurIsation and Selective 
Catalyt ic ReductIon 
- 17 -
their activities on the environment. The energy Industry 
could contribute to a process of better understanding and 
acceptance by demonstrating that It is working diligently to 
protect human health and the environment as well as to ensure a 
prudent and rational utilization of natural resources. 
Specific codes of conduct accepted by the Community's energy 
Industries would demonstrate such a commitment. 
47. Such industrial codes of conduct do already exist. The 
Canadian Chemical Industry for example has engaged In such a 
commitment called "Responsible Care". The European Energy 
Industry (according to the specific situations in the major 
branches) should o'o likewise and should develop Community codes 
of conduct based on specific Guiding Principles setting clear 
objectives and calendars. Such codes of conduct could be part 
of a convention to be concluded by the Community's energy 
Industries. Industry would undertake the engagement to respect 
this convention on a voluntary basis. 
48. From the Commission's point of view such Guiding Principles 
could cover the following elements which are already partly 
contained in Community legislative requirements: 
Environmental impact and safety assessments going beyond 
the Community's legal requirements; 
Use of the best economically available technology to 
preserve, protect and Improve the quality of the 
environment as well as to ensure a prudent and rational 
utilization of energy; 
Examination of existing plants and Installations under the 
perspective of major Incidents as well as the development 
of appropriate emergency response procedures; 
Assessment and limitation of risks associated with the 
transport of energy products; 
Communication with the public and communities concerned on 
environmental and safety risks; 
Workforce hazardous materials Information systems. 
49. This listing is not exhaustive but will be completed in 
consultation with the Industries concerned. The energy 
Industries of the Community are invited to develop such codes 
of conduct within their own responsibility and in cooperation 
with national authorities and the Commission. Such action 
would demonstrate to the public that the energy industry is 
founded on strong ethical principles and that the industries 
Intend to take the actions necessary to live up to them. In 
parallel to this the Commission will have to reflect on other 
appropriate measures including binding requirements in case of 
failure of industries to develop such codes of conduct. 
50. However it Is obvious that measures to Introduce greater self-
- 18 -
discipline by Industry or even emission control legislation 
will be ineffective if not combined with appropriate 
enforcement mechanisms. Unsocial human behaviour Is a fact of 
life and past experience has shown that for example, automotive 
catalysts can be bypassed, antipollution devices may not be 
effectively used and environmental legislation Is not always 
respected. Therefore It needs to be ensured by national 
authorities that agreed environmental rules are respected and 
that Infringements of laws are heavily sanctioned. 
B. SPECIFIC AREAS FOR ACTION 
a) DEMAND SIDE 
I) Energy efficiency 
51. The cornerstone of Integration of the environmental dimension 
into energy policy must be a Community commitment to energy 
efficiency and energy conservation, which can then be coupled 
with measures In other areas. In terms of environmental 
benefit there Is no doubt that energy efficiency is the best 
strategy. The improvement of energy efficiency contributes at 
the same time to sound energy policy and environmental 
protection. The Importance of energy efficiency Improvements 
has not only been stressed in various Council decisions but 
also by other International fora, like the World Commission on 
Environment and Development which believes "that energy 
efficiency should be the cutting edge of national energy 
policies for sustainable development". 70% of EEC citizens are 
still prepared to save more energy.6)PublIc 
52. Improvement of energy efficiency affects both the production 
and end-use of energy, although the potential for further gains 
is far greater on the demand side than on the supply side. It 
seems to be more useful to Invest In end use efficiency 
improvements than on the supply side. Numerous studies confirm 
this conclusion, e.g. a Canadian study of 1984 shows that real 
costs to save a certain amount of energy are half of the costs 
to produce the same amount of energy. An enquiry of US 
electricity distributors has shown that in the coming ten years 
an additional electricity supply of 30 000 MW would represent 
an Investment of 19 billion (109) US $ and costs to avoid 
this additional electricity growth by more efficient end use 
appliances would be In the order of 6 billion (109) US 
dollars. Shifting emphasis in energy planning from expanding 
supply to Improving the efficiency of end-use Is therefore a 
central element for consideration. The pursuit of a "least cost 
planning approach" as already Implemented by utilities in the 
United States would support such a shift. It must be 
emphasized that the aim of a Community strategy to improve 
energy efficiency is to reduce wasteful use of energy, without 
necessar11y entai Iing any cut in comfort or production. 
53. The main findings of the Commission's review of Member States' 
energy policies (COM (88) 174 Vol I) clearly highlight that "If 
no new policy measures are introduced at Community and/or 
national level It now seems to be clear that the achievement of 
a minimum 20% energy efficiency Improvement by 1995 will not be 
6)Publlc opinion In the European Community on Energy in 1987. 
- 19 -
realized". This statement Is still fully valid today. The 
Impressive Improvements of the past (more than 20% Improvement 
between 1973 and 1982) have slowed down to a meagre 3% between 
1982 and 1987. 
54. Low energy prices acting as a disincentive to energy efficiency 
Investments, have not changed fundamentally in recent years and 
energy is still available in abundant quantities, although this 
situation is not in line with long term expectations. In this 
situation security of supply, the realisation of the internal 
energy market and the commitment for environmental improvements 
require a more vigorous Community policy on energy efficiency 
improvements. The Council Decision of 11 May 1989 on a 
Community action programme for Improving the efficiency of 
electricity use Is a valuable contribution for the Improvements 
needed. 
55. The Commission will propose a coherent global programme on 
energy efficiency Improvements and energy conservation to be 
presented as a follow up of this Communication by early 1990. 
This special Action Programme for vigorous energy efficiency 
(SAVE) will cover a multlannual period and will have to address 
priority areas of concern, as well as actions that can quickly 
yield results. Measures need to be identified which represent 
the most efficient way of action at Community level and which 
give the highest value added results. The ongoing non nuclear 
energy research programme (JOULE) supports a significant action 
In the field of energy conservation covering both the 
generation and use sectors. 
The following type of measures may be considered In this 
context : 
least cost planning, 
efficiency standards for energy technologies, 
energy efficiency standards for appliances, 
speed IImits, 
automotive fuel consumption standards, 
measures to Improve transport systems, like the support of 
public transport In cities etc, 
assessment of criteria for building Insulation standards 
taking into account the different climatic conditions in 
the Community, 
elimination of legal and economic barriers to facilitate/ 
increase sales of power/heat to energy distributors and to 
end users, 
minimisation of methane leakages from natural gas 
distribution systems. 
- éiO -
The proposed THERMIE Programme (C0M89(121) will foster 
technologies supporting energy efficiency Improvements. Member 
States should be committed for action where Community 
intervention does not seem to be appropriate. 
56. In addition to these more sector specific considerations the 
realization of the Internal energy market will improve the 
overall efficiency of the total energy system In the Community 
and thereby yield positive effects for the environment. A 
better integration of the Community energy systems, the 
optimisation of existing structures and efforts to better use 
e.g. transport systems by reducing truck movements without load 
(suppression of "quotas routiers" and of the interdiction of 
cabotage) should result In more efficient energy use. In order 
to reduce vehicular traffic across the Community, the role of 
railways should be reexamined to see If technology would assist 
in making that system more competitive In time and costs with 
transport by truck. For the electricity sector alone it has 
been estimated that a substantial amount of production capacity 
would be avoided by Information and mutual consultation on the 
future investments* 
iI) Fiscal Considerations 
57. The most direct means of allowing markets to Incorporate the 
risk of environmental stress Is to assure that energy prices 
reflect their full social costs. If the latter would be the 
case energy prices would be raised thus supporting a more 
rational use of energy and a quicker market penetration of 
renewables. As there are a number of practical problems in 
fully internalizing environmental costs (difficulty of putting 
environmental damage Into monetary terms, future value to 
protect the environment etc.) In the past only selective fiscal 
Instruments, like effluent charges, tax differentiations or 
fees on polluting products, have been used to partly 
internalise environmental costs. The use of fiscal Instruments 
which take into account both energy and environmental 
objectives is therefore an established well known concept. 
58. In the frame of the realization of the internal market a series 
of communications and proposals were submitted to the Council 
(COM (87) 320-328; COM (89)260) with the aim to abolish fiscal 
frontiers through the approximation of Indirect tax regimes. 
The Commission has on the other hand adopted on 25th October 
1989 proposed directives modifying the 1987 proposals on the 
approximation of excise taxes. 
* see COM (89) 336 final and COM (89) 335 final 
- 21 -
These proposals insofar as energy products are concerned have 
been drawn up to reflect the majority practice in Member States 
so as to ensure that the minimum amount of changes necessary to 
national fiscal regimes are required. The proposal on the 
approximation of excises on mineral oil, moreover, takes into 
account to some extent, the Imperatives of energy and 
environment policies. These concerns find expression in fact 
In the level of proposed rates (the fixing of the minimum rate 
for petrol, the Increased differential in favour of unleaded 
petrol, the level of the narrower range for automotive gasoil). 
Nevertheless, in order not to prejudge the guidelines which 
will be proposed in this area, the Commission has not yet fixed 
the level of these objective rates. It will do this in a 
proposal before 31st December 1990. It should be recalled 
however that the Commission has agreed that the issue of 
fiscal Ity and the environment will be the subject of study and 
subsequent proposals. 
59. At this stage a global approach of raising existing taxes on 
energy products has been used. No change to these practices is 
foreseable in the short run. In the longer term, the 
introduction of new taxes, like the publicly-discussed C02 
levy, the modulation of existing taxes, for example on energy 
efficiency Investments, for the achievement of energy and 
environment policy objectives cannot be excluded. But the 
analysis on the possible introduction of a C02 levy has to be 
undertaken with a long term perspective and within a broad 
global context surpassing the Community frame. The subject 
of countercyclical taxes to support energy efficiency 
improvement In times of low energy prices and to reduce 
taxation in high energy price phases would be of specific 
importance. All such taxes however would have to be In 
conformity with the Single European Act and in particular avoid 
giving rise to the need for frontier controls. 
60. If the Community were to move towards higher energy taxes on 
the basis of energy and environmental policies, it would be 
advisable to examine, in parallel, the use which should be made 
at Community level of the additional resources eventually thus 
released. 
b) Supply Side 
I) Nuclear energy 
61. This document does not intend to Influence or to judge the 
national investment programmes In the energy sector. With 
regard to the specific objective of this Communication, which 
Is to have a neutral and objective discussion on the interface 
between energy and environment, one has to underline that the 
main contribution made by nuclear energy to improving the 
environment is In the fight against the greenhouse effect. 
None of the greenhouse gases, particularly C02, is emitted 
from nuclear power sources. However radioactive wastes are 
created with the nuclear fuel cycle and when demantling nuclear 
installations at the end of their life span. The problems 
related to the transport and storage of this waste are extra 
difficult to resolve. Furthermore there Is a risk of 
radioactive releases resulting from possible nuclear accidents, 
of which the long term consequences are not yet fully 
understood and which may be more damaging than the Immediate 
casualt ies. 
62. Nuclear energy Is now the major source of electricity 
production In the Community, accounting for 34%. If the 140 or 
so nuclear reactors In operation In the Community were closed 
down and the electricity they generate had to be obtained from 
coal, this would result in C02 emissions of around 550 
million tonnes. This represents 70% of the 786 million tons of 
C02 emissions in 1986 In the Community from fuel combustion 
for electricity production. If nuclear energy was replaced by 
gas C02 emissions would Increase by 242 million tons. 
Nuclear energy makes a significant contribution towards 
combating the greenhouse effect on the global scale too. If 
the 430 nuclear power stations would produce electricity from 
coal, this would result in C02 emissions of about 1 600 
million tonnes per year, of C02 which represents 8% of the 
21 000 million tonnes produced globally by the burning of 
fossil fuels.7) 
63. At present nuclear base load electricity has the lowest marginal 
costs. However, in the long term nuclear cost calculations 
bear a certain element of uncertainty as no practical 
experience has been gained so far with the precise amount of 
decommissioning costs. Decommissioning of nuclear facilities 
has so far mainly concerned research reactors. 
Market forces are In existence that tend to make in the short-
term more extensive use of these power plants without any new 
Investments. In the mid and long term, however, the 
contribution of nuclear energy cannot be possible without new 
InstaliatIons. 
Use of nuclear energy varies considerably between the Member 
States and only two of them are building nuclear power stations 
at present. Nuclear power is a controversial issue in most 
countries, with the debate focusing on safety, waste and the 
transportation of radioactive substances. 
64. After the Chernobyl accident, the Commission examined the whole 
range of Its activities in the field of nuclear safety and 
adopted several measures. 
The Commission has sent the Council and European Parliament a 
report providing an overview of all the measures taken.8) It 
covers health protection measures, for which legal mechanisms 
under the Euratom Treaty have been reinforced, and a whole 
range of measures of a cooperative nature on various Issues, 
Including the Improved technical safety of nuclear 
InstalIat ions. 
7) Source IAEA 
8) COM (89) 203 final of 25/04.1989 
- 23 -
On the basis of this overview and the discussions arising from 
it, the Commission will be looking at how it can extend and 
step up its measures to help ensure that optimum safety 
conditions are observed in the further development of nuclear 
energy. 
65. Nuclear power production leads, as other industrial activities, 
to production of waste and Included In this Is also the so-
called decommissioning waste. Moreover the use of radioactive 
substances for non energy purposes (médecine, industry, 
research) leads equally to a risk of exposure to radiation as 
well as the production of radioactive waste In large quantity 
but which in general has low radiation levels. 
The European Community monitors regularly the situation In the 
field of radioactive waste management and promotes research and 
common policies through its action plan 1980-1992 (Council 
Resolution of 18 February 1980, OJ C51). The second report on 
an analysis of the present situation and prospects in this 
field has been forwarded by the Commission to the Council in 
1987.W In this report, the Commission underlines that 
radioactive waste management Is an important feature of safety 
and environmental protection and assigns a particular priority 
to the selection and opening of disposal sites. A third report 
on the situation in this field will be prepared in 1990. 
Furthermore the Community Is conducting research on the 
decommissioning of nuclear Installations. 
Research and technical development in the Community In the 
field of management and storage of radioactive waste is 
supported through direct research (JRC 1988 -1991 Research 
Programme) and cost-shared research programme; for the latter -
the Commission has recently proposed a fourth programme 1990-
1994.(1°) it must be underlined that the cost-shared programme 
devotes an Important part of its funding to the work on deep 
underground pilot facilities: HADES, test drift facility in 
clay formation at Mol In Belgium and HAW, pilot facility in the 
Asse salt mines in the Federal Republic of Germany. For high 
level waste (waste containing the highest amount of 
radionuclides of all types), the Commission has initiated a 
multinational assessment of disposal methods, named PAG IS 
(Performance Assessment of Geological Isolation System), the 
final report has recently been published* and has been 
presented to the decision-makers In this field In Madrid on 30 
June 1989. According to the PAG IS report, "It may be stated, 
that with due consideration to all the PAGIS results, there are 
no reasonable doubts about the possibility of achieving safe 
disposal of vitrified high level waste in any of the formation 
examined, provided that appropriate sites are selected and 
repositories are designed and built according to sound 
engineering practice". 
66. Since 1982, and following a Resolution of Parliament, a 
Commission Working Party has been responsible for advising the 
Commission on the drafting of Community measures and examining 
issues raised by the transportation of radioactive substances. 
At the end of 1988 the Working Party finalized a second report, 
(9) COM (87) 312 final 
(10) COM (89) 226 final. 
* EUR 11775 
which will serve as a suitable point of reference over the next 
few years for Community action In this field, which is 
integrated on the global scale by the International Atomic 
Energy Agency (IAEA). 
Following this report, the Commission has Just adopted a 
Community action programme to ensure that the application of 
International rules complies with the aim of the internal 
market.11^ This is being coordinated with measures concerning 
the safety of transporting hazardous substances In general. It 
Is also useful to highlight that the Commission Is preparing a 
proposal on the administrative follow-up of radioactive waste 
transfers. 
67. As to new capacity and the replacement of old electricity 
generating plants, the situation is different in the various 
Member States. A few are facing capacity shortfalls whereas 
others have a significant overcapacity on top of that which Is 
needed to meet peak demand at any time. An expansion of the 
generating capacity, while not taking into account the vast 
potential for electricity savings and the optimisation 
possibilities resulting from the Internal energy market, does 
not seem compatible with a policy of putting a high priority on 
the efficient use of energy. In future capacity planning the 
full potential for energy efficiency Improvements should be 
reflected. Outdated capacity will be replaced by new plants 
with higher efficiencies. This replacement process will in 
general contribute to the reduction of emissions Into the air. 
iI) Renewable Energies 
68. To maintain the development of renewable energies, as stated by 
the Community's 1995 energy objectives will not only further 
the diversification of the Community's energy supplies but also 
contribute to a limitation of emissions Into the air from 
fossil fuel combustion. However this contribution to 
environmental improvement has up to today, only managed to 
make a contribution of limited importance. Even if In 
certain Member States their share Is more important than the 
average, commercialised renewable energies - which means that 
waste and wood for combustion In particular are excluded from 
the statistics - only currently represent 3% of gross internal 
energy consumption in the Community. To estimate the future 
potential of renewable energies Is especially difficult, as 
these energies cover such varying sectors like blomass, use of 
solar energy, hydro, especially mini hydro, geothermal and 
wind energy. However, even in the most favourable scenarios, 
this type of consumption would not exceed 8% in the year 2010. 
69. Among renewable energies, a larger use of energy derived from 
blomass could contribute to meeting a part of the energy needs 
of the Community. 
it is estimated that the total amount of blomass capable of 
being exploited In the Community, essentially In the form of 
waste, Is in the order of 5% of primary energy demand. 
Forecasts made In the framework of the FAST* programme (1984-
1987) show however that blomass In Its totality - that Is 
11) SEC (89) 801 final 23 May 1989 
* FAST - "Forecast and Assessment in Science and Technology" 
c>- 25 -
Including waste and the use of agricultural products for non­
food purposes - could cover In theory 5-10% of Community energy 
consumption before the year 2000. 
It Is this order of magnitude which It would therefore be 
appropriate to have In mind when considering the share that 
these forms of renewable energies should take. 
70. Various studies, Including FAST projects, suggest that an 
Integrated and complementary system for the use of blomass 
(Agro-Chemo-Energy Complex I.e. multipurpose farms, bio-
factory, biomass refineries, agro-refineries, etc) could be a 
technically, economically and socially feasible concept, with 
energy use again being an important parameter. However, any 
such form of activity would have to be Judged on the basis of a 
multimedia approach, e.g. not creating problems in ground water 
from nitrates or Indeed producing another greenhouse gas -
N20 - by applying excessively nitrates to soils. 
The production of clean automotive fuels from blomass is 
another possible route. Municipal wastes could also be 
exploited more intensively as energy sources. More detailed 
studies will be carried out to assess the economic viability of 
these opt Ions. 
71. These studies will have to reflect the results of the 
Community's research programmes In this area as well as the 
experience of non Community countries, notably the USA. 
Especially the environmental consequences from biomass energy 
use and the energy Implications of the whole production cycle 
need to be assessed In detail. Distinctions need to be made 
between biomass production that substitutes for agricultural 
use of land (such as short rotation forestry) and production 
which maintains the agricultural use of land (such as straw, 
ethanol, grape seed oil). Such analysis, setting out the pros 
and cons of blomass use for energy purposes should provide the 
basis for final judgement. 
72. The Community will continue to support the development of 
renewable energies by its non nuclear energy research and 
development (JOULE) as well as by its R&D programme ECLAIR, 
the latter for the production of blomass on agricultural land, 
and by Its demonstration programme, which Is proposed to be 
followed by the THERMIE- programme (C0M(89)121). However 
present conventional energy prices do not provide sufficient 
incentives for rapid market penetration. The Commission 
undertakes certain actions to create favorable conditions for 
the increase in exploitation of renewable energies in addition 
to the technological development supported by the 
abovementloned programmes. These actions for example aim at 
the simplifIcation of procedures, the information of users or 
sectorial strategies. Nevertheless the financial means for the 
support of these actions are limited, in future more vigorous 
action should be developed with appropriate financial means, 
- 26 -
including fiscal Incentives. Measures taken at present also 
Include the improvement of the statistical database for 
renewables, which Is necessary to better evaluate the potential 
of these energies and to monitor their progress. 
73. The potential for the exploitation of renewable energies, for 
example solar energy, Is especially promising in developing 
countries and technical as well as economic breakthrough would 
help to reduce emissions Into the air In these countries. It 
cannot be expected that for a long time nuclear energy would be 
an appropriate, large scale option for the developing world. 
Industrialised regions like the Community bear therefore an 
obligation for continued R D & D support of renewables and need 
to ensure that economically proven technologies are 
transferred to developing countries. 
I 11)Fuel Substitution 
74. The switch from high to low emitting fuels is an efficient 
energy measure to reduce emissions Into the air, especially for 
those emissions, like C02, where economic control 
technologies are not available. In comparison with solid 
fuels or oil, natural gas Is the cleanest fossil fuel which 
does not produce any ash, dust or smoke and only negligible 
amounts of S02. In addition, gas produces only about half as 
much C02 as coal for the same unit of energy. However methane 
leakages contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and of course 
the mining of coal releases equally significant volumes of 
methane to the atmosphere. Gas combustion only produces 
significant N0X emissions which are however lower than 
N0Xemissions from coal or oil and which can be controlled 
technologically. 
75. An Increased use of gas for heating purposes, Industrial 
applications or electricity generation In the Community to 
replace other fossil fuel use would have positive effects for 
the environment. However before such a substitution process Is 
launched on a large scale the economic and security of supply 
implications need to be analysed very carefully. The 
Commission will analyse all these aspects In detail in the 
context of the abovementloned work programme on alternative 
energy policy options to reduce C02 emissions. Furthermore 
the Commission has already announced the review of Directive 
(75/404 EEC) on the use of gas In power stations when proposing 
new energy policy objectives. Only after this work has been 
undertaken will the Commission be In a position to make 
detailed proposals. 
iv) Clean and more Efficient Technologies 
76. The Community's 1995 energy policy objective on energy and the 
environment underlines that balanced solutions as regards 
energy and environment should be researched, by making use of 
the best available and economically justified technologies. 
- 27 -
The rapid introduction of new and more efficient technologies 
will not only contribute to a more rational use of energy but 
can also meet major environmental concerns, such as air 
pollution arising from stationary and mobile sources. 
Furthermore the development of emission control technologies, 
like catalysts to withhold N0X emissions, continues to be of 
importance for the Community. Market oriented support of these 
technologies Is a major element of any environmentally 
conscious energy policy and the Community will face this 
challenge by Its ongoing research and development energy 
programme (JOULE), energy demonstration programme and In the 
future by the recently (Commission) proposed THERMIE programme, 
which will have a key role to play in meeting the environmental 
challenge by making It possible to reduce energy consumption, 
by developing new and renewable sources and by ensuring the 
clean use of coal. The new Framework Programme for Research 
and Technological Development (1990-1994) will generally 
provide the technological base for progress in those matters. 
77. The obligation to ensure a prudent and rational utilisation of 
natural resources makes it necessary to keep the use of fossil 
fuels as low and as efficient as possible. There are various 
advanced energy generation technologies which offer 
environmental advantages and/or higher efficiency performance. 
Fluidised bed combustion, advanced coal gasification and use of 
natural gas In combined cycle turbine systems are we 11 known 
examples to reduce acid emissions per unit of energy generated. 
78. The use of Combined Heat and Power, be it cogeneration by 
public utilities or industry, has overall beneficial effects, 
both from the rational use of energy and the environmental 
point of view. At present only a fraction of the potential for 
cogeneration Is exploited in the Community. Where economically 
favourable conditions exist the more extensive use of combined 
heat and power therefore still needs to be encouraged. On 8 
November 1988 the Council adopted a Recommendation (88/611/CEE) 
to promote cooperation between public utilities and auto-
producers of electricity. Other specific actions to support 
the development of combined Heat and Power will be considered 
under the already mentioned SAVE programme. One should consider 
in the case of new plants mandatory solutions which prevent all 
the residual heat being simply released Into the environment. 
v) Regional Energy Planning 
79. In the frame of town and city renovation activities, 
construction planning and energy supply planning the choice of 
fuels, especially for heating purposes, is of paramount 
importance. The use of low emitting fuels and investment for 
new and more efficient energy technologies are tools to improve 
the quality of the environment as well as to ensure a rational 
utilisation of energy resources. The integration of 
environment and energy in city planning for the transport 
sector has also been Identified as an essential exercise to 
counteract the trend to more vehicles by providing an efficient 
public transport system. Energy planning be it on a regional or 
a city level, is of prime Importance to foster these 
developments. 
- 28 -
80. Envi onmental degradation has become most alarming in big 
cities, especially In the developing world. For the year 2000 
the UN predicts that there will be about sixty cities with more 
than 5 million inhabitants. In the year 1900 no city with this 
amount of inhabitants existed and In 1950 only 6 cities with 
more than 5 million people existed. Fast urbanisation is 
already having an Impact on the environment on a global scale 
and it is now a matter of planning to mitigate the negative 
environmental effects of uncontrolled urbanisation. 
81. The Community too is affected by this problem. The Commission 
has already gained substantial experience on regional energy 
planning be It In the Community or In the Third World. It is 
necessary to further exploit this experience and to develop a 
Community integrated work programme for the improvement of 
Energy/Environmental systems in cities. Such a programme will 
be submitted to the Council early 1990. The experience gained 
from this programme needs to be disseminated on a largescale, 
especially to developing countries to reduce global 
environmental degradation. 
Conclusions 
82. As shown in part one, based on a "business as usual scenario", 
emissions Into the air from fossil energy use will only 
decrease substantially In the case of S02. N0X emissions 
will be reduced by about 20% In the time period 1980 to 2010 
and C02 emissions will increase. This Is an inevitable 
consequence of growth, not only economic growth but also basic 
growth of population. With the realization of the Community's 
internal market additional economic growth combined with 
Increasing energy demand may result In accelerated pollution if 
not counterbalanced by appropriate control and saving measures. 
Action for environmental improvement In the energy sector is 
necessary and some of the measures and Initiatives highlighted 
could be financed through the additional economic gains 
resulting form the realization of the internal market or 
through new tax systems taking Into account both energy and 
environment. The creation of the Internal market for energy 
should help to positively Influence the Community's environment 
by optimisation of existing energy structures resulting in a 
more efficient energy Industry. 
83. From the Commission's point of view, four major Initiatives 
could be undertaken to address energy related environmental 
IS8ues. 
- The first Initiative - THERMIE - concerns the promotion of 
energy technology In Europe and will be based on a 
Regulation presently before the Council. 
- 29 -
The second Initiative called - Special Action Programme 
for vigorous Energy Efficiency (save) -will be mainly 
concerned with, inter alia, legal measures at Community 
level . 
The third initiative will be the drawing up of "codes of 
conduct" with the energy industries in the Community. 
These codes of conduct should in addition to existing 
Community legislation establish on a voluntary basis how 
energy Industries should react on environmental issues. 
The fourth Initiative will be the establishment of a 
Committee of national experts with the mandate of assisting 
the Commission in analysing taxation regimes which satisfy 
at the same time energy, environmental and fiscal 
requirements. 
All these initiatives will be Integrated with the Commission's 
proposals for new Community energy objectives for the period 
after 1995. Furthermore the Commission has proposed a 
strengthening of R & D concerning fossil and renewable 
energies, the use and modeling of energy in its proposal for a 
Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development 
(1990 - 1994). 
84. Recognising the Increasing importance of the environmental 
dimension in energy policy both Member States and the 
Community's energy Industries should follow environmentally 
friendly energy strategies. Such strategies should be based 
on the following guidelines: 
Balanced approach as regards energy and environment by 
making use of the best aval table technologies not 
entailing excessive costs; 
Broad environmental Impact and risk assessments In the 
energy sector to reduce the environmental Impacts of 
existing and new equipment in the fuel cycle, from the 
extraction, production, transport and use of energy to the 
disposal of energy wastes; 
Economic analysis of energy projects and strategies which 
ensure that energy costs reflect, as far as possible, the 
full environment costs and stimulate a more efficient use 
of energy; 
Definition and harmonisation of policies on the basis of 
the requirements of the Single European Act which at the 
same t i me respect a high level of environmental protection 
and the specific environmental conditions of Member States, 
especially in peripheral regions; 
Setting of flexible but stable législative framework 
condi t ions to give to industry a secure basis for 
compliance and to ensure a smooth realisation of energy 
Investments; 
- 30 -
Improved Institutional links and cooperation between 
administrations responsible for energy and the snvlronment; 
Continued scientific research as regards energy and 
environment, especially on the Greenhouse lt'?ue without 
delaying necessary preventive or adaptive actions. 
Collection and development of statistical Information on 
the relationship between energy and environment. 
85. The respect of these guidelines should contribute to the 
realisation of energy conditions which ensure a prudt it and 
rational utilisation of finite energy resources as well as a 
high level of environmental protection. 
However Improvements will not be realized without spec!fie 
actions. Energy measures having positive environmental 
consequences should be Initiated in the following areas: 
Energy efficiency: the Improvement of energy efficiency, 
especially as regards the end use is already now 
contributing to the Community's energy, environmental and 
economic objectives and needs continued and intensified 
support. A coherent global programme on energy efficiency 
improvements will be proposed by the Commission early 1990. 
In a period of low energy prices it has to be analysed 
whether the conditions are met to launch a policy also 
based on fiscal instruments to obtain significant results 
in the area of energy efficiency. This analysis should 
equally strive to exercise the macroeconomic Implications, 
notably on Inflation and economic growth of such a 
polIcy. 
Clean fuels: the Increased use of renewable energies and 
environmentally premium fuels, such as natural gas or 
blomass based fuels, low-sulphur oil and coal, and 
electricity produced from non-fossil fuel generating plants 
are Important elements of an environmentally friendly 
energy strategy. The Commission will consider specific 
follow up actions and will reflect on a programme to 
support the production and use of agricultural energies 
from blomass. 
Nuclear Energy: Nuclear power can contribute to a 
limitation of emissions from fossil fuel combustion. A 
debate on the safety, transport and waste (Including that 
arising from the de-commlsslonlng process) from nuclear 
energy should be launched In a broad political framework. 
Energy technologies: The techniques needed to meet certain 
major environmental concerns, such as SO2, NOx and 
particulates control from coal, oil and gas use in 
stationary Installations have been mastered and available 
technologies need to be put In operation at a broad scale. 
Technologies to withhold C02 emissions are not yet 
available. The rapid introduction of new and more 
efficient energy technologies will substantially contribute 
to a more rational use of energy thereby reducing emissions 
and the production of waste. The proposed THERMIE 
- 31 -
-Programme will have a major role to play to support these 
technologies In a market orientated way . 
86. The Commission will consider the elaboration of specific 
proposals to advance balanced solutions as regards energy and 
environment where national actions are Insufficient because of 
the global dimension of problems involved and where the 
Inclusion of the wider Community dimension will give the 
highest value added results. For the near future it is 
necessary to establish a common understanding in the Community 
on the problems raised in this Communication so that progress 
can be quickly realized on the basis of broad consensus. To 
achieve this the Council Is invited: 
to support the Commission's work to deepen the analysis on 
past and future emission trends; 
to collaborate with the Commission In the execution of the 
work programme on alternative policy options to reduce 
C02 emissions and other energy related greenhouse gas 
emissions; 
to take Into account the horizontal guidelines concerning 
the integration of the environmental dimension Into energy 
po I Icy -, 
to support the Initiative proposed by the Commission on the 
analysis of taxation regimes which satisfy at the same time 
energy, environmental, fiscal and macroeconomlc 
requirements; 
to support the Commission in its call for the establishment 
of a code of conduct with energy Industries; 
to agree on the areas identified for action to Improve the 
environment ; 
to cooperate with the Commission In setting priorities for 
follow-up action, based on the guidelines In the 
Commun!cat Ion. 
-3î--
- / -
Annex l 
SCENARIO ASSUMPTIONS 
The energy balances presented in annex III and the corresponding 
emission estimates in annex IV have been prepared as part of the 
report "Major Themes In Energy to 2010" and are derived from the 
scenario "ConventionaI Wisdom". The key components of this 
scenario are.--
SCENARIO I "CONVENTIONAL WISDOM-
DEFINITION 
1. INTERNATIONAL SETTING 
1.1. ENERGY PRICES (1987 US dollars): 
Oil $17.5/bbl In 1995; S20/bbl in 2000 and $30/bbl in 
2010; 
Gas indexed to oil up to 2000 and to coal thereafter ; 
Coal $49/tce in 1995; $50/tce in 2000 and $60/tce in 
2010. 
Economic out took: 
1.2. GDP World at 3.2% average annual growth from 1990 to 
2010; 
CPEs at 2.7% average annual growth from 1990 to 
2010; 
LDCs at 4.0% average annual growth from 1990 to 
2010; 
OECD at 2.8% average annual growth from 1990 to 
2010. 
2. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 
2.1. INTERNAL MARKET 
moderate, but positive macroeconomic effect. The economic 
outlook up to 1993 is similar to that indicated in the 
report "Europe in 1993" prepared by 8IPE et al (2.6 % 
annual GDP growth rate). 
2.2. GDP 
2.6% average annual growth from 199C to 2010 {that for 
.1968-88 averaged 2.8 %). 
2.3. SECTORS 
Industry some industriat growth; stability of energy-
intensive branches ; 
Tertiary strong growth of services; 
Domestic 2.5% growth in private consumption from 1990 
to 2010. 
- 2 -
3. ENERGY-RELATED ASPECTS 
3.1 RESOURCES; assumes that over the next 20 years there are 
no physicaI resource Iimitâtions. 
3.2 TECHNOLOGY 
further pénétrât ion of new (although exi st i ng) i ndustr i ai 
processes (e.g. electric furnace, continuous casting); 
pénétrât ion of more efficient industr ial equipment (10% 
Improvement); efficiency of domestic thermal uses 
improving by 10%; renewal of equi pment at end of normal 
life time; penetration of electric appi i ances at a 
faster rate thus improving efficiency . 
3.$. BEHAVIOUR 
i ndustr i al energy demand following economic climate; 
wealthier people facing relatively low prices leading to 
reversible behaviour (e.g. car mi Ieage-, higher space 
heating) up to 1995 and more rational behaviour 
thereafter. 
4. POLICY ASPECTS 
4.1. ENERGY INTERNAL MARKET 
following most of current views in Member States and 
uncertainties about final decisions of tne Council, there 
is no explicit assumption of a complete internal market 
in energy, such as in the fields of tax harmonisât ion and 
electricity and gas trade; some convergence of both pre 
tax fuel and investment costs between Member States is 
anticipated. 
4.2. ENVIRONMENT 
appi I cat ion of Communi ty legist at ion ; this is not 
expected to significantly constrain the energy demand and 
supply system (balance and fuel mix). 
4.3. ENERGY 
no special concern on energy, allowing market forces to 
drive the whole system within the existing policy 
framework. 
ANNEX I I 
CONSUMPTION OF FOSSIL FUEL FOR COMBUSTION PURPOSES 
Break down by Sector 
•m: Mtoe 
9ower Generat ion 
So 11d fue1s 
ON 
Gas 
Dther Transformations 
So 11d fue1s 
Oil 
Gas 
Energy Sector 
Solid fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Industry 
So 1i d fueIs 
Oil 
Gas 
Res i dent Ia 1/Commerc1 a 1 
Sol Id fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Transport 
So 11d fue1s 
Oil 
Gas 
TOTAL , $ 1980 
243.8 
140.5 
71.1 
32.2 
36.4 
30.2 
6.2 
0 
45.7 
1.3 
33.9 
10.5 
195.4 
41.1 
90.9 
63.4 
223.8 
21.6 
124.9 
77.3 
167.8 
0.2 
167.4 
0.2 
912.9 1987 
211.5 
146.3 
36.3 
28.9 
27.8 
24.7 
3.1 
0 
40.3 
0.6 
28.3 
11.4 
159.1 
40.8 
50.3 
68.0 
221.3 
17.3 
105.4 
98.6 
195.9 
0.1 
195.6 
0.2 
855.9 
x vtea* v-w 1995 
259.3 
170.8 
55.3 
33.2 
27.7 
23.4 
4.3 
0 
39.5 
0.6 
29.9 
9.0 
170.2 
38.1 
54.1 
78.0 
232.9 
13.9 
103.7 
115.3 
233.0 
0.1 
232.7 
0.2 
962.6 2000 
287.4 
203.0 
46.5 
37.9 
25.8 
21.9 
3.9 
0 
39.4 
0.5 
29.5 
9.4 
170.2 
37.9 
51.4 
80.9 
227.3 
11.5 
93.8 
122.0 
240.9 
0.1 
240.6 
0.2 
991.0 
- '^ztgJ&J* - •!*#-/1 2010 
319.0 
250.8 
21.0 
47.2 
24.6 
21.7 
2.9 
0 
37.9 
0.8 
27.5 
9.6 
177.2 
39.7 
49.5 
88.0 
219.2 
9.2 
79.3 
130.7 
247.5 
0 
247.3 
0.2 
-.1025.4* 
«r- • ^•v^fas- ;•%&• -*•• 
^55, 
ANNEX m 
[Mt/y] S02 emissions for EUR12 by sector 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
0 transport 
H tert-dom 
g industry 
Q p.plants 
1980 1990 2000 2010 
year 
[Mt/y] S02 emissions for EUR12 by fuel 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
1980 1990 2000 2010 
year 
- »JIO-
[Mt/yl NOx emissions for EUR12 by sector 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
2000 2010 
year 
lMt/y| 12 NOx emissions for EUR12 by fuel 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
1980 1990 2000 2010 
year 
ot-
[Mt/yJ 40001 
3000 H 
2000 
1000 C02 emissions for EUR12 by fuel 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
1980 1990 2000 2010 
year 
[Mt/yJ 4000 n 
3000 H 
2000 
1000 C02 emissions for EUR12 by sector 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
1980 2010 
year 
4.09.89 
Emissions by sector, by fuel category and by pollutant 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
CEE 1000 tons 
Power 
Other 
Energ' 
Indus) 
reside 
Trans 
Total 1980 
generation 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
transformations 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
f sector 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
try 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ntial/commerclal 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
port 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas S02 
9 946 
5 896 
4 022 
29 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 49S 
39 
1400 
55 
4 243 
457 
3 743 
43 
2 307 
571 
1735 
1 
615 
1 
614 
0 
18 606 
6 964 
11 514 
128 NOx 
2 578 
1782 
607 
189 
0 
0 
0 
0 
270 
8 
228 
34 
904 
106 
550 
248 
662 
76 
426 
160 
5 488 
0 
5 488 
0 
9 903 
1972 
7 300 
630 C02 
870 700 
568 405 
201 917 
100 378 
0 
0 
0 
0 
124 039 
4 979 
89 445 
29 615 
626 593 
159 401 
272 239 
194 954 
620 223 
78 012 
382 834 
159 377 
514 947 
0 
514 947 
0 
2 756 502 
810 797 
1 461 381 
484 323 \ 
Lr± 
4.09.89 
Emissions by sector, by fuel category and 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
CEE 1000 tons 
1986 
Power 
Other 
Energ; 
Indus! 
reside 
Trans 
Total generation 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
transformations 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
v sector 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ry 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ntial/commerclal 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
port 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas S02 
8 610 
6 508 
2 081 
21 
0 
0 
0 
0 
819 
23 
758 
39 
2 116 
657 
1404 
55 
1 296 
501 
794 
1 
559 
0 
559 
0 
13 400 
7 690 
5 594 
116 by pollutant 
NOx 
2 395 
1 894 
337 
164 
0 
0 
0 
0 
210 
5 
172 
32 
718 
164 
314 
241 
611 
69 
345 
197 
5 621 
0 
5 621 
0 
9 556 
2 132 
6 790 
634 C02 
786 414 
590 119 
107 226 
89 069 
0 
0 
0 
0 
93 320 
3 228 
63 422 
26 669 
496 479 
167 994 
157 687 
170 798 
606 715 
68 945 
338 947 
198 824 
577 527 
0 
577 527 
0 
2 560 455 
830 286 
1 244 810 
485 359 r 
4 
CP 
4.09.89 
Emissions by sector, by fuel category and by pollutant 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
CEE 1000 tons 
Power 
Other 
Energ 
Indus! 
reside 
Trans 
Total 1990 
generation 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
transformations 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
v sector 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
n 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ntlal/commercial 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
port 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas S02 
8 301 
6 012 
2 270 
19 
0 
0 
0 
0 
714 
15 
699 
0 
2 473 
544 
1871 
58 
1 131 
447 
685 
0 
669 
0 
669 
0 
13 288 
7 017 
6 194 
77 NOx 
2 513 
1927 
429 
157 
0 
0 
0 
0 
214 
4 
198 
12 
772 
149 
333 
290 
539 
52 
263 
223 
6 580 
0 
6 580 
0 
10 617 
2 133 
7 802 
682 C02 
871 576 
658 290 
137 521 
75 765 
0 
0 
0 
0 
83 964 
1887 
75 903 
6 173 
528 143 
154 252 
157 785 
216 106 
611 449 
66 579 
321 836 
223 034 
671 616 
0 
671 616 
0 
2 76*5 748 
881008 
1 364 661 
521 078 I 
X 
c 
4.09.89 
Emissions by sector, by fuel category and by pollutant 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
CEE 1000 tons 
Power 
Other 
Energ' 
Indusl 
reside 
Trans 
Total 1995 
generation 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
transformations 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
f sector 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
try 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ntlal/commercial 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
port 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas S02 
6 495 
4 410 
2 072 
13 
0 
0 
0 
0 
752 
13 
739 
0 
2 516 
584 
1 879 
52 
1 064 
390 
675 
0 
719 
0 
719 
0 
11 546 
5 398 
6 083 
65 NOx 
2 303 
1 746 
392 
165 
0 
0 
0 
0 
229 
3 
212 
14 
795 
160 
331 
304 
545 
45 
259 
241 
5 716 
0 
5 716 
0 
9 589 
1954 
6911 
724 C02 
966 047 
711 397 
164 430 
90 219 
0 
0 
0 
0 
90 312 
1723 
81 744 
6844 
533 090 
155 214 
155 482 
222 394 
611 403 
57 749 
312 634 
241 020 
715 134 
0 
715 134 
0 
2 915 986 
926 083 
1 429 425 
560 478 i 
4.09.89 
Emissions by sector, by fuel category and by pollutant 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
CEE 1000 tons 
Power 
Other 
Energ 
Indusl 
reside 
Trans 
Total 2000 
generation 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
transformations 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
v sector 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ry 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ntial/commerclal 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
port 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas S02 
3 855 
2 561 
1287 
7 
0 
0 
0 
0 
760 
12 
748 
0 
2 415 
620 
1746 
49 
925 
309 
616 
0 
750 
0 
750 
0 
8 705 
3 502 
5 148 
56 NOx 
1 735 
1383 
213 
139 
0 
0 
0 
0 
231 
3 
213 
15 
797 
170 
309 
318 
528 
35 
237 
255 
4 595 
0 
4 595 
0 
7 884 
1591 
5 567 
727 C02 
1 085 234 
846 418 
151 724 
87 092 
0 
0 
0 
0 
88 356 
1518 
79 569 
7 269 
531 647 
154 646 
145 579 
231 422 
582 750 
45 483 
282 242 
255 025 
739 746 
0 
739 746 
0 
3 027 732 
1 048 065 
1 398 860 
580 808 J 
t 
4.09.89 
Emissions by sector, by fuel category and by pollutant 
(Scenario 1, Energy 2010) 
CEE 1000 tons 
Power 
Other 
Energy 
Indus) 
reside 
Trans 
Total 2010 
generation 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
transformations 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
f sector 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ry 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
ntial/commerclal 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
port 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas 
Solid Fuels 
Oil 
Gas S02 
552 
487 
61 
4 
0 
0 
0 
0 
721 
9 
712 
0 
2 394 
732 
1 616 
46 
775 
248 
526 
0 
790 
0 
790 
0 
5 232 
1476 
3 706 
50 NOx 
1 298 
1085 
45 
169 
0 
0 
0 
0 
247 
2 
231 
14 
846 
201 
290 
356 
504 
28 
204 
273 
4 804 
0 
4 804 
0 
7 700 
1316 
5 573 
811 C02 
1 202 582 
1 032 470 
59 896 
110 216 
0 
0 
0 
0 
86 781 
1 108 
78 780 
6 892 
553 113 
162 699 
138 951 
251 462 
547 187 
36 300 
238 003 
272 883 
760 891 
0 
760 891 
0 
3 150 552 
1 232 577 
1 276 521 
641 453 
ISSN 0254-1475 
COM(89) 369 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 12 is 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-89-574-EN-C 
ISBN 92-77-55597-1 
Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 
L-2985 Luxembourg