EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.12.2019 SWD(2019) 436 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Progress of implementation of Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT on progress of implementation of Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM and an inventory of radioactive waste and spent fuel present in the Community's territory and the future prospects {COM(2019) 632 final} - {SWD(2019) 435 final}



TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.INTRODUCTION 2.STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION 2.1.National policies and frameworks for the safe and responsible management of spent fuel and radioactive waste 2.1.1.National policies 2.1.2.National programmes, timeframes and key performance indicators 2.1.3.National legal and organisational frameworks 2.1.4.Regulatory framework and competent regulatory authorities 2.1.5.Shipments within EU and to third countries 2.1.6.Self-assessment and international peer reviews 2.1.7.Notification and reporting 2.2.Assuring the safety of spent fuel and radioactive waste management 2.2.1.Licence holder’s responsibilities 2.2.2.Concepts and plans (including post closure) 2.2.3.Safety demonstration 2.2.4.Cost assessment, financing mechanisms and available resources

2.2.5.Expertise and skills 2.2.6.Research and development 2.2.7.Transparency 3.CONCLUSION



LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ARTEMIS Integrated review service for radioactive waste and spent fuel management, decommissioning and remediation programmes EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ENSREG European Nuclear Safety Regulators Group EU European Union KPI Key Performance Indicators HLW High level waste IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ILW Intermediate level waste LLW Low level waste LTO Long-Term Operation IRRS International Regulatory Review Service NORM RAW Naturally Occuring Radioactive Material Radioactive waste SEA SF Strategic Environmental impact Assessment Spent fuel URL Underground Research Laboratory VLLW Very low level waste



1.INTRODUCTION This Staff Working Document presents details on the outcome of the Commission’s assessment of European Union (EU) Member States’ notifications on the implementation of Council Directive 2011/70/EURATOM on responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste (the “Directive”). This document is primarily based on the information provided in Member States' national programmes for the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste and national reports on the implementation of the Directive, as notified to the Commission by March 2019. It provides background information related to the main findings, progress, challenges, and trends presented in the Second Commission Report COM(2019) 632 to the Council and the European Parliament on progress of implementation of Council Directive 2011/70/Euratom and an inventory of radioactive waste and spent fuel present in the Community's territory and future prospects. All Member States submitted their second national reports to the Commission by March 2019 and a few Member States also notified to the Commission their final or updated national programmes during the reporting period. In the previous reporting cycle in 2015 most of the EU Member States notified their national programmes for the first time and submitted national reports on the implementation of the Directive at the same time. In most of the cases Member States focused in their national reports on national policies and principles, national frameworks, national programmes and their implementation. As this is the second time that Member States report on the implementation of the Directive, particular attention was given by the Commission to the progress made during the reporting period by the Member States in implementing the Directive. The second Commission report is based on the information provided in the Member States’ national programmes and their second national reports. Its intention is to provide the Council and European Parliament with the comprehensive overview on spent fuel and radioactive waste management in the EU. 2.STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION 2.1.National policies and frameworks for the safe and responsible management of spent fuel and radioactive waste

2.1.1.National policies Member States are required to establish and maintain national policies on spent fuel and radioactive waste management. It is a key provision for long term responsible and safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. According to the Directive each Member State shall bear ultimate responsibility for the management of the spent fuel and radioactive waste generated in it. It is up to the Member States to take a decision whether they will build a single disposal facility for all radioactive waste or a number of facilities for different waste types. Although the Directive requires that the radioactive waste be disposed of in the Member State in which it was generated, it introduces conditions under which the radioactive waste could be disposed of in another Member State or in a third country (Article 4(4) of the Directive). The export of radioactive waste for disposal in another Member State or in a third country is in practice considered by most Member States without a nuclear programme, or which have one or several research reactors and relatively small quantities of low level waste (LLW) and intermediate level waste (ILW). More details on shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel within the EU and to third countries is provided in section 2.1.5 of this Staff Working Document. Article 4(3) of the Directive defines a number of principles national policies shall be based on: ·Keeping the generation of radioactive waste to a minimum; ·Ensuring that the interdependencies between all steps in spent fuel and radioactive waste management are taken into account; ·Safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste and passive safety features for long term safety; ·Graded approach in implementation of measures for spent fuel and radioactive waste management; ·The costs for the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste shall be borne by those who generated those materials; ·Evidence-based and documented decision making process to all stages of spent fuel and radioactive waste management. Since the first Commission report few changes took place, however the situation remains broadly the same. Comprehensive national policies for management of spent fuel and radioactive waste are established in the majority of Member States. Since their first national report, three Member States have amended their national policy to include specific types of radioactive waste or spent fuel not included in the previous report, and two other Member States are performing studies on possible options for the final disposal of all their radioactive waste. With the submission of a revised national programme, Ireland has changed its policy by excluding development of a disposal facility. The development of a new policy and a new national programme is ongoing in Denmark. However, the national policy in a few countries still does not cover all types of their radioactive waste or spent fuel. Most Member States established clearly in their laws and regulations the ultimate responsibility of the State for management of the spent fuel and radioactive waste generated on its territory, however in most cases no details on the practical implementation have been provided. Although for most of the Member States, the default option set out in the national policy is the final disposal in the Member State’s territory, shared solutions or export of radioactive waste for disposal in another Member State or in a third country is considered as an option by most Member States without a nuclear programme and by some Member State with a relatively small nuclear programme. In this case long term storage (up to 100 years or more) in the Member States is foreseen as an interim step. Croatia is expected to take a decision by 2023 on whether to opt for a shared solution for disposal of spent fuel from the Krško nuclear power plant. In a few Member States with a nuclear programme, the spent fuel is sent for reprocessing while most of the Member States with a nuclear programme have opted for its direct disposal without reprocessing. A few Member States have kept open the decision to opt for reprocessing or direct disposal of the spent fuel. The majority of Member States manage radioactive waste on their territory, while a number of Member States send radioactive waste for processing abroad. In the latter case, as per Article 4(2) of the Directive, the Member State of origin remains responsible for the secondary waste as a by-product generated during the processing. All Member States have included the principles stated in Article 4(3) of the Directive in their legislation. However, although some Member States provide more information in the second national report than in the first, still limited information on the practical implementation of the policy principles have been provided. Over a third of Member States did not report on how all principles have been implemented in practice. Only a few Member States, mainly with large nuclear programmes, provided detailed examples on how the principles defined in Article 4(3) are applied in practice. 2.1.2.National programmes, timeframes and key performance indicators NATIONAL PROGRAMMES Member States are required to establish national programmes for spent fuel and radioactive waste management, which define the measures, timeframes and milestones for the practical implementation of national policies. They were also required for the first time to notify these programmes to the Commission before 23 August 2015.

Whereas in 2015 some national programmes were still draft versions, now 27 Member States have legally approved and adopted national programmes. The majority of the programmes have been adopted in the 2015-2016 period, while in one Member State the programme dates as of 2006. Submission of the updated programme (as per Article 13(1) of the Directive) is expected by the Commission. The most recent national programmes date from 2017 (5 Member States) and 2018 (4 Member States). As of September 2019, Italy is the only Member State without a legally approved and adopted national programme. The majority of the Member States have defined in their legal framework the responsibilities for review, update and implementation of the national programmes, as well as specific arrangements, deadlines and conditions fur such review and update (see Table 1). Incentives for reviewing and updating the national programmes are most often recommendations of IAEA IRRS and/or ARTEMIS missions, letters of formal notice of non-compliance with the Directive sent by the Commission, and/or national decisions taken on changes to the national policy or national programme, as well as the establishment in some cases of a fixed period for review and update. About one fourth of the Member States have established in their national framework a fixed maximum period of time to carry out the review or update of the national programme. Among the rest, several Member States have announced that their national programmes will be reviewed or updated in the near future. This shows that review mechanisms are an important tool leading (in most cases) to an improvement of the national programmes and national frameworks. Four of the national programmes that were notified by March 2019 are updates of programmes submitted to the Commission since the adoption of the Directive. Two out of these four have been revised to take account of significant changes in their national framework, whereas the other two were revised following a fixed frequency as established by their national framework. The Member States that have revised their national programmes to comply with the review periodicity established in their national framework usually include a thorough update of the milestones and timeframes, as well as a detailed description of the progress of the implementation of the programme. The main improvements of these two national programmes are the inclusion of long-term environmental risks, better quality in the estimation of the inventory, and improvements in the interim storage of radioactive waste and spent fuel. The Member States that have revised their national programmes to account for significant modifications of their national framework have made changes in the roles and responsibilities of the entities responsible for several aspects of the radioactive waste management, and have included legal or organisational changes, implementation of recommendations of international peer-review missions, significant improvements of the national programme, etc. Almost all of the national programmes cover all types of radioactive waste and spent fuel, but only a few have developed concrete plans from generation to disposal, including deep geological disposal for spent fuel and high level waste. A few Member States recognise the existence of exotic waste from research activities and remediation activities for which a management route needs still to be developed. Of the fourteen Member States with operating nuclear power plants, a few of them have not yet decided the long-term management option for their spent fuel. In some of these cases, the strategy is to continue implementing the national programme as if the spent fuel were to be disposed of directly, whereas in other cases, no irreversible activities will be implemented before the relevant decision is finally taken. Member States with nuclear programmes focus on the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste generated in the nuclear industry, and provide much less detail on the management of institutional radioactive waste. The amount of institutional radioactive waste is very small in comparison with the waste generated in the nuclear industry, and is incorporated in the radioactive waste management routes already established. The national programmes of Member States which have no nuclear power programmes, but have research reactors, address all types of radioactive waste and spent fuel generated from research reactor operation. Only two of these Member States intend to continue the operation of their training and research reactor beyond 2025 and 2040 respectively. The rest has already shut down their research and training reactors. Three of the Member States with research reactors have plans to ship their spent fuel back to the USA. Another one has shipped its spent fuel to the Russian Federation between 2005 and 2008. In addition, two Member States plan to dispose of their spent fuel from research reactors in their territory. One of them will explore the possibility of finding an international solution for the disposal. The national programmes of Member States with no nuclear programmes and no resarch reactors cover all types of radioactive waste, but these Member States have not yet defined a policy or a route for their disposal, (beyond centralised storage) except in one case. Notwithstanding, they have established decision-making milestones to progressively define more concretely the long term management and disposal of radioactive waste. Most of the Member States without nuclear power programmes consider finding a shared disposal solution. Luxembourg has recently concluded an agreement with Belgium for the management of part of its radioactive waste. The agreement has been ratified by the two Member States. To summarize, most Member States needs to improve both their reporting quality, as well as adopting more concrete policies in order to avoid postponing the important decisions and thereby placing burdens on future generations. Table 1 (below) gives an overview of all organisations in Member States responsible for developing the programme for managing radioactive waste and spent fuel, the entity approving it, as well as well as the frequency of their (national) review and update requirements. In some cases, the entity responsible for developing the programme and approving the programme is the same, which is not considered best practice.



Table 1. Member States' National Programmes under Directive 2011/70/EURATOM MS Organisation developing the programme Organisation approving SEA Review and latest update AT Federal Government Federal Government Yes No fixed periods or sets of conditions for review. Adopted in 2018. BE National Programme Committee comprised of representatives from the Federal Public Service responsible for Energy, the Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials (ONDRAF/NIRAS) and Synatom Federal Council of Ministers No Regular update when a national policy is adopted or amended. BG The review and update of the Programme are carried out by an interdepartmental working group which is appointed by the Minister for Energy and comprises representatives of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Environment and Water, the Ministry of Health, the Nuclear Regulatory Agency, the Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Kozloduy NPP EAD and the State Enterprise Radioactive Waste (SERAW). The Council of Ministers Yes Every 5 years. 2011 Strategy was revised in 2015. The next revision in 2019. CY Radiation Inspection and Control Service (RICS), Department of Labour Inspection (DLI), Minister of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance (MLWSI) MLWSI No Every 10 years at least by RICS. CZ Ministry of Industry and Trade Government Yes Once every 10 years. Last revision in 2014 and the next revision is planned in 2019. DE Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety Federal Cabinet Yes Costs and financing, radioactive waste inventory updated every 3 years. Periodicity of update of national programme not clearly stated. DK Danish Health Authority Ministry of Health No Not defined in the national programme. A new national policy and associated programme is to be established due to adoption of parliamentary resolution 890/2018 (currently under development). EE The updated National Programme has been coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, with participation of A.L.A.R.A. AS, Radiation Monitoring Bureau, QPRE OÜ, the Environmental Board, and experts. Ministry of the Environment, and coordinated with the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, and the Ministry of Finance. Yes Regular update at least every 10 years. Last revision in 2018. EL Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE) Minister responsible for the EEAE, the Minister for Education, Research and Religious Affairs No data At least once every 3 years and updated by EEAE, upon agreement of the National Committee for Radioactive Waste Management (EEDRA). First revision of the national programme by the end of 2019. ES ENRESA Government upon proposal by Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism, being heard the CSN and relevant Autonomous Communities Yes Periodic review. 2006 programme is being revised. FI Ministry on Employment and the Economy Ministry on Employment and the Economy No The national programme shall be updated on the basis of the results of the self-assessment/international peer-review (every 10 years). FR The national programme (PNGMDR) is reviewed and updated every three years by a pluralistic working group co-chaired by the DGEC (Directorate General for Energy and Climate) and ASN (French Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority), and integrated by waste producers and managers, environmental protection associations, administrations, experts, the HCTISN (French High Committee for Transparency and Information on Nuclear Safety) Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator (ASND), and IRSN. The Plan is based on the national inventory of radioactive materials and waste, periodically published by Andra. The Plan is later submitted to, and integrates the comments of the OPECST (Parliamentary Office for the Evaluation of Scientific and Technical Choices), Government Yes Every 3 years. HR State Office for Radiological and Nuclear Safety (DZRNS) Government of the Republic of Croatia Yes The Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Disposal Programme shall be reviewed every five years at least. The Decommissioning Programme shall be reviewed every five years at least. Adopted in 2018. HU Ministry of Innovation and Technology Government after SEA completion Yes Every 5 years IE Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE). Government No Update and revision as necessary. Last revision in 2018. IT Ministry of Environment and Protection of Land and Sea, Ministry of Economic Development Ministry of Environment and Protection of Land and Sea, Ministry of Economic Development Yes Every 3 years. LT Ministry of Energy on the proposal of a Radioactive Waste Management Organization Government Yes Every 7 years at least. LU No available information No data No information on periodicity of national programme update. LV Minister for Environmental Protection and Regional Development Council of Ministers Yes Every 10 years. MT Radiation Protection Commission Radiation Protection Commission No data No information. NL Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment Parliament No At least every 10 years. PL Ministry of Economy Council of Ministers Yes Every 4 years. The next revision in 2019. PT Regulatory Commission for the Safety of Nuclear Installations (COMRSIN) Council of Ministers Yes The next revision in 2019. RO Nuclear Agency and for Radioactive Waste (ANDR) No available information Yes Every 5 years. SE Swedish Radiation Safety Authority Ministry of the Environment and Energy No Every 10 years. SI Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (ARAO) and Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration (SNSA) National Assembly No Every 10 years. SK The administrative board of the National Nuclear Fund for decommissioning nuclear installations and managing spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste (NNF) Government Yes Every 6 years. The next revision in 2021. UK The Lead Document has been prepared by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) with the cooperation of the Devolved Administrations, waste management organisations and regulators Department of Energy and Climate Change No At least every 10 years. NORM WASTE Around half of all EU Member States addressed naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in their programmes, whereas the rest either explicitly exclude it from the scope of their national programmes, or do not mention it. This approach is in line with the Directive. TIMEFRAMES The Directive requires the national programmes to cover the whole period until disposal of all radioactive waste (Article 11(1)). The overall timescale of Member States' programmes for spent fuel and radioactive waste management vary significantly due to the scope and scale of the current nuclear programmes in each Member State, but can extend to more than one hundred years, excluding long term monitoring. This imposes challenges for the Member States, in particular the ones with nuclear programmes, to ensure long term safety measures for several decades to centuries in the future. About two thirds of the Member States have defined milestones and timeframes for their entire programme. A few Member States have developed milestones and timeframes only up to the period of validity of their national programme, or up to the point in which the policy for management of radioactive waste and spent fuel is no longer defined, which is not in line with the Directive. In general terms, the milestones and timeframes are better i.e. more precisely defined for the short-to-medium term, and become more diffuse as the programme progresses in time.

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Key performance indicators as required by the Directive allow monitoring the progress of implementation of the national programme. However, only a few Member States have defined key performance indicators in their national programmes. Around one fourth of the Member States use milestones and timeframes defined in their national programmes as means to measure the progress of implementation. This approach may allow monitoring the fulfilment of specific goals in the national programme, but cannot replace a set of well defined key performance indicators which provide more appropriate means to monitor the progress of implementation. One third of the Member States do not define key performance indicators at all in their national programmes. The long time frames and associated key performance indicators are a necessary tool, given the long-term nature of most radioactive waste and spent fuel management programmes. Radioactive waste and spent fuel is expected to be also generated from nuclear power plants when decommissioned (please see table 2 for the current schedule of decommissioning of EU nuclear power plants), which shows that the next few decades will see large amounts of such waste being generated. Table 2. Schedule for Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants in EU Member States MS Reactors/Units Start Shutdown Decommission-ing Comments BE Doel (unit 1) 1975 2025 End of operation dates by Phase-out Law of 31/01/2003 modified by the law of 28/06/2015. Doel (unit 2) 1975 2025 Same as for D1 Doel (unit 3) 1982 2022 Doel (unit 4) 1985 2025 Tihange (unit 1) 1975 2025 Same as for D1 Tihange (unit 2) 1983 2023 Tihange (unit 3) 1985 2025 BG Kozloduy (unit 1) 1974 2002 Ongoing Available data until 2030 Kozloduy (unit 2) 1975 2002 Ongoing Kozloduy (unit 3) 1980 2006 Ongoing Kozloduy (unit 4) 1982 2006 Ongoing Kozloduy (unit 5) 1987 2047 30 years LTO Kozloduy (unit 6) 1991 2021 (2051) Planned 30 years LTO CZ Dukovany (units 1-4) 1985-1987* 2038 - 2047 LTO Temelin (units 1-2) 2000-2002* 2060-2062 60 years operation Dukovany (unit 5) Planned No available data 60 years operation Temelin (unit 3) Planned No available data 60 years operation DE 10 reactors shutdown 1975-1984 2011-2017 7 reactors in operation 1984-1989 2019-2022 ES* 2 reactors undergoing decommissioning ( José Cabrera and Vandellos I) 1969-1972 2006 and 1989 Ongoing 1 reactor shutdown (Santa María de Garoña) 1971 2012 7 operating reactors* 1981-1988 2021-2027 Assuming 40 years operation FI Olkiluoto (unit 1) 1979 2049* 2080-2090 Olkiluoto (unit 2) 1982 2042* 2080-2090 Olkiluoto (unit 3) Planned 2019 2078* 2075-2085 Loviisa (unit 1) 1977 2027* 2030-2035 Loviisa (unit 2) 1981 2030* 2030-2035 Hanhikivi Planned 2028* 2085-2100 FR 58 reactors and 9 shutdown reactors and EPR Flamanville 1977 – 1999 (operating fleet) Between 2027 and 2078 After 2030 Operating lifetime of 50 years HU Paks (units 1-4) 1982-1987 2032-2037 2061 20 years LTO Paks (units 5-6) 2029-2030* Planned IT Caorso 1978 1990 Ongoing Enrico Fermi 1964 1990 Ongoing Garigliano 1964 1982 Ongoing Latina 1963 1987 Ongoing LT Ignalina (unit 1) 1983 2004 Ongoing until 2038 Ignalina (unit 2) 1987 2009 Ongoing until 2038 NL Dodewaard 1968* 1997* After 2045 Borssele 1973* 2033 PL New build 2024 2084 RO Cernavoda (unit 1) 1996 2026 2063 Possible LTO to 2046 Cernavoda (unit 2) 2007 2037 2055 Possible LTO to 2057 Cernavoda (units 3-4) Planned 2019-2020 Planned Immediate dismantling SE Barsebäck (units 1-2) 1975 1977 1999 2005 Forsmark (units 1-3) 1980 1981 1985 2023 2023 2025 Oskarshamn (units 1-3) 1972 1975 1985 2017 2015 2025 Ringhals (units 1-4) 1976 1975 1981 1983 2020 2019 2023 2023 Ringhals 1-2 planned shutdown before the end of 2020 SI Krško 1983 2023 2023 Option to extend lifetime operation up to 2043 SK Bohunice V1 (units 1-2) 1978* 1980* 2006 2008 Finished in 2025 Bohunice V2 (units 1-2) 1984* 1985* 2024 or 2044 2025 or 2045 2031-2048 (40 years operation) 2051-2068 (60 years operation) Possible LTO to 60 years of operation Bohunice A1 1972* 1979 2033 Bohunice (unit 3) Planned (2029) 2089 Mochovce (units 1-2) 1998* 1999* 2028 or 2046 2029 or 2066 2046-2063 (40 years of operation) 2066-2083 (60 years of operation) Possible LTO to 60 years Mochovce (units 3-4) Under construction (2021) 2062 2082 2062-2079 (40 years of operation) 2082-2099 (60 years of operation) Possible LTO to 60 years UK* 15 (14 AGR, 1 PWR) reactors in operation 1976-1989 2023-2035 (or 2055) 2023-2083 Possible PWR LTO to 60 years 30 reactors shutdown New build (Hinkley Point C, further 5 plants proposed) *Information from other sources to the Commission than the national programmes and national reports Most of the Member States have reported progress in the implementation of the national programmes in their national reports, mainly by describing what has been achieved since the last report, and many Member States have updated their milestones and timeframes. However, not even the few Member States that have defined key performance indicators in their national programmes report on the status of these indicators in their national reports. In general terms, and except for a few cases, the implementation of the national programmes is progressing according to the schedule. In some cases, some milestones have been delayed, in other cases they have been brought forward, but without jeopardising the overall implementation in the longer term. In a few cases, decision timeframes regarding the selection of sites for radioactive waste disposal (generally deep geological disposal for Member States with nuclear programmes, and centralised storage or disposal sites in Member States without a nuclear programme) have been postponed. Ensuring the sufficient storage capacity for radioactive waste and spent fuel until the disposal facilities are available has already been reflected by the Member States e.g. in their plans to monitor the generation of radioactive waste and spent fuel, and their plans to build interim storage facilities. Member States are expected to progressively define key performance indicators in their national programmes and report on the status of these indicators in the periodic national reports so that the progress of implementation of the national programmes, and the progress of radioactive waste management and spent fuel in the EU at large can be more easily assessed. 2.1.3.National legal and organisational frameworks Member States are required to establish and maintain a national legislative, regulatory and organisational framework (‘national framework’) for spent fuel and radioactive waste management that allocates responsibility and provides for coordination between relevant competent bodies (Article 5(1) of the Directive). Member States were required to transpose the Directive by 23 August 2013. This section of the report presents the status of Member States' legal and organizational frameworks, while the regulatory framework is detailed in Section 2.1.4 below. In the first report the Commission stated that all Member States have communicated to the Commission their transposition measures and declared full transposition. During the conformity assessment of the latest notified legal measures the Commission concluded that the transposition in several Member States is still incomplete. Some Member States already have indicated additional measures to ensure full transposition. In the second national reports Member States have presented their national framework with different level of details. Most Member States kept the same reporting approach as in the first national reports by listing the legal arrangements and the provisions for the national framework, and only in some cases the national reports have provided details on how those legal provisions are implemented in practice. While reporting changes and developments in the reporting period most Member States only provided a list of new or ammended legal acts without specifying what are the actual impacts of those changes (e.g. is there any change introduced by the new or amended legal acts to the allocation of responsibilities or to the coordination between relevant competent bodies). This approach diminishes the usefulness of the reports, and needs to improve. It can be noted that Member States with nuclear power plants are more advanced in establishing and maintaining national legal and organisational frameworks, since the main part of the legislation required in the Directive is already present in the Member States´ national laws. Some Member States without nuclear power plants struggle with transposing the Directive (Council Directive 2011/70/Euratom) as they are in the process of transposing the Council Directives 2014/87/Euratom (Nuclear Safety Directive) and 2013/59/Euratom (Basic Safety Standards Directive). Once a national framework is fully implemented a step-wise improvement of the national framework, through self-assessments and international reviews, can be effectively pursued. Most Member States require an update and improvement of the national framework as per Article 5(2) of the Directive, and establish the responsibilities for that. In general, improvements of the national framework are mainly made through international peer reviews (i.e. IAEA IRRS and ARTEMIS peer-review services). The Commission notes that Member States with nuclear power programmes are more inclined to make self-assessments of the national framework and implement these more rapidly. Almost half of the Member States hosted an IRRS and/or ARTEMIS peer-review during the reporting period (mainly in 2017-2018) and the resulting outcomes/recommendations’ implementation/improvements are expected in the following reporting period. Overall, IAEA IRRS and ARTEMIS peer-review missions significantly contribute to the national framework improvement of Member States without nuclear power programmes. Member States with nuclear power programmes already have a comprehensive national framework in place due to regular self-assessments and IAEA peerreviews in the past. All Member States have established laws or regulations requiring to take into account operating experience, insights gained from the decision-making process and the development of relevant technology and research. However, most Member States provide in their second national reports very little detail on how the development and review of the national framework takes into account operating experience or research in practice. All nuclear power and most of non-nuclear power Member States have dedicated radioactive waste management organisations. In their second national reports two Member States (Germany and Lithuania) reported significant changes. In most of the cases waste management organisations are public entities (see Table 3), while a few are established by the nuclear power plant operators. In both cases, funding of spent fuel and radioactive waste management activities is based on the principle that the generators of spent fuel and radioactive waste cover the costs associated with the management of this material. In addition to the responsibilities for spent fuel and radioactive waste management, in a number of cases, these organisations deal also with decommissioning. In some cases, it is foreseen that the responsibilities for the disposal facilities will be transferred from the radioactive waste management organisations to the State after the closure of the disposal facility. Several Member States reported recent reorganisations of their radioactive waste management organisations. The current list of the radioactive waste management organisations in the EU is given in Table 3.





Table 3. Radioactive waste management organisations in the EU MS Radioactive waste management organisation Public/ private Responsibilities AT Nuclear Engineering Seibersdorf GmbH (NES) Public/ private Collecting, processing, conditioning and storing radioactive waste, decontaminating installations and laboratories. BE Organisme national des déchets radioactifs

et des matières fissiles enrichies/Nationale instelling voor radioactief afval

en verrijkte splijtstoffen (ONDRAF/NIRAS) Public Managing radioactive waste from all sources, managing spent fuel when declared as radioactive waste, including disposal. BG State Enterprise Radioactive Waste (SE RAW) Public Radioactive waste and spent fuel management and decommissioning. CZ Radioactive Waste Repository Authority (SURAO) Public Operation of all low and intermediate level waste repositories. monitoring of the now closed Hostim repository, development of deep geological repository for disposal of HLW and spent fuel. DE Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal (BGE) Public/ private legal entity In July 2016, the Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE) was founded as a private-law entity under the sole ownership of the Federal Government. Its remit is to act as a project sponsor for the planning, construction, operation and decommissioning of final repositories, and manage the relevant funds. Operator responsibilities were transferred to BGE on 25 April 2017. Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Storage (BGZ) Public/ private legal entity Interim storage of irradiated fuel elements and radioactive waste generated by the operators referred to BGZ by the Act reassigning responsibility for radioactive waste management. Since August 2017, BGZ has operated the centralised interim storage facilities in Ahaus and Gorleben. On 1 January 2019, responsibility for the 12 decentralised interim storage facilities at the sites of the German nuclear power plants was transferred to BGZ. On 1 January 2020, responsibility for the 12 interim storage facilities for low-level and intermediate-level radioactive waste at the nuclear power plant sites (as referred to in the Act) will also be transferred. DK Danish Decommissioning (DD) Public Decommissioning and receiving, handling and storage of radioactive waste. Also licensed operator for all radioactive waste. EE A.L.A.R.A. AS Public Former Paldiski nuclear site and Tammiku radioactive waste repository management and decontamination. EL National Committee for Radioactive Waste Management (EEDRA) Public EEDRA is a collegiate body with advisory and supportive role towards the Minister on the implementation of the practical aspects of the national policy and national framework and on the coordination of the bodies involved in RW management. EEDRA can be interpreted as having a WMO-like role in the country by being independent from the waste producers, maintaining its autonomy in relation to the regulatory authorities due to its diverse composition, and having a flexible, optimal and effective form. ES National radioactive waste company (ENRESA) Public Management of radioactive waste and spent fuel, decommissioning nuclear power plants. FI POSIVA Private Radioactive waste management facilities - site selection, design, construction, commissioning, operation, rehabilitation and reconstruction, decommissioning and closure/post closure. FR National agency for management of radioactive waste (ANDRA) Public Long-term management of radioactive waste. HR Radioactive Waste Management Centre (RWMC) Public The Centre for the Management of Radioactive Waste is a unit of the Fund for financing the decommissioning of the Krško Power Plant and the management of the Plant’s radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel and comprises the facilities for the processing, conditioning, handling, long-term storage and disposal of radioactive waste and disused sources originating on the territory of the Republic of Croatia, including the central repository, and radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel which did not originate on the territory of the Republic of Croatia but for which there is a waste management obligation under the International Treaty. HU Public Limited Company for Radioactive Waste Management (PURAM) Public Management of all types of radioactive waste, decommissioning of nuclear facilities, as well as related to research and development. IT Company for the Nuclear Installations Management, Società Gestione Impianti Nucleari (SOGIN) Public Treatment and conditioning into certified form of all liquid and solid wastes, ready to be delivered to the National Repositor. Perform all the actions needed for managing spent fuel; contribute to the decommissioning of all nuclear facilities owned by other licensees. Implement the single phase decommissioning strategy in all nuclear installations, reactors and fuel cycle facilities, pending the realization in due time of the temporary and final repository of radioactive waste. LT State Enterprise Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant Public Assigned as sole entity which is responsible for safe management of all the Lithuanian radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, defined major requirements for the preparation of the final closure plan of the disposal facility. LV Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre (LEGMC) Public Processing, reprocessing, storage for an extended period of time (long-term storage) and disposal of radioactive waste. NL The Central Organisation For Radioactive Waste (COVRA) Public Implementing the Dutch policy with regard to radioactive waste in the Netherlands. Treatment and storage of all radioactive waste and spent fuel. PL Radioactive Waste Management Plant (ZUOP) Public Collection, segregation, and treatment, conditioning and interim storage/final disposal of all radioactive waste arising in the country. Operating the National Radioactive Waste Repository in Różan. PT Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) Public Collecting, segregating, conditioning and storing solid and liquid radioactive waste. RO Nuclear Agency for Radioactive Waste (ANDR) Public Promotion, development and monitoring of the nuclear activities. Coordination of the safe management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, including final disposal, at national level. SE Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB) Private Planning and construction of all facilities required for the management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes as well as for research and development programmes necessary for the provision of such facilities. SI Agency for Radwaste Management (ARAO) Public Collecting, transporting, treating, storing and disposing of low and intermediate level waste and for the disposal of HLW. Management of the closed uranium mine. SK Nuclear and Decommissioning Company (JAVYS) Public Management of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste. Decommissioning of the nuclear power plants. UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) Public Implementing Government policy on the long-term management of nuclear waste, including the decommissioning and clean-up of the civil public sector nuclear sites. 2.1.4.Regulatory framework and competent regulatory authorities Member States are required to establish and maintain a competent regulatory authority in the field of safety of spent fuel and radioactive waste management. This authority shall be functionally separate from any other body or organisation concerned with the promotion or utilisation of nuclear energy or radioactive material, or with the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. It shall and be given the legal powers, as well as human and financial resources necessary to fulfil its obligations (Article 6 of the Directive). As it was concluded in the first Commission report, all EU Member States have established national competent authorities with defined responsibilities and legal powers in the area of spent fuel and radioactive waste management (see Table 4). The majority of Member States have only one competent authority, while in others, two or more organisations have competence and regulatory functions in different aspects of spent fuel and radioactive waste management. In these cases, one of the authorities is competent for regulation and oversight of the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste originating from nuclear facilities, while another one is responsible for the safe management of institutional radioactive waste. In some Member States, there are regional regulatory authorities (such is the case of the United Kingdom and Germany), along with federal or national ones. As a general trend, Member States with nuclear programmes have provided more information and details on the authority that regulates nuclear energy than on the ones responsible for the regulation of the institutional waste. The Commission notes that there is insufficient information in the national reports on the local/regional competent authorities (when applicable) dealing with radioactive waste management. In order to strengthen regulatory supervision recently a few Member States have introduced changes to their competent regulatory authorities, such as the creation of new authorities, reorganisation or consolidation of functions and few Member States are planning changes to be introduced soon. Most of the Member States declare the independence of their regulatory authorities from any other organisation or body (i) promoting or using nuclear energy or (ii) managing spent fuel and radioactive waste. In most cases, functional or administrative independency is established in the relevant national law. The regulatory authority is in some cases embedded in a Ministry, and in others it is an autonomous body which reports to the national Parliament, the Council of Ministries, or the Government. Most of the Member States have successfully demonstrated functional independence of their competent regulatory authority. However, further efforts are needed to demonstrate and achieve functional independence of the competent regulatory authority in one fourth of the Member States. In general terms, regulatory authorities from countries without nuclear power programmes are usually small, corresponding to the radioactive waste inventories to be managed, and often form part of the administrative structure of the State. In one particular case, the national regulatory authority has neither staff, nor budget, and carries out its regulatory function through staff of other governmental bodies. In March 2019, the regulatory authorities of two EU Member States (Italy and Portugal) were being reorganised with the objective of reinforcing their functional independence, while the regulatory bodies of Germany and the Netherlands had been reorganised recently. In addition to the functional and administrative independence, technical and financial capacity are also necessary elements for an effectively independent regulatory authority capable of implementing its responsibilities within the licensing system put in place for the safety of radioactive waste and spent fuel. The national reports of most of the Member States have provided information on measures for ensuring technical and financial independence. Examples of such measures include, for instance, ensuring adequate human resources and sufficient funding by law, establishing fees to the licensees, negotiation of the budget, etc. The national reports of most of the Member States provided information on the human resources of the competent authority by indicating actual number of staff. However, information given by a few Member States was limited to a generic statement that resources are sufficient. Only in a few cases staff needs to fulfil regulatory functions were clearly indicated, thus in most of the cases it is difficult to evaluate sufficiency of human resources. Most of the Member States kept staff numbers stable during the reporting period and few Member States increased number of staff. Demonstration of the technical independence of the competent regulatory authorities still requires further improvements. Only half of the Member States provided information on the competence of their staff, availability of technical support organisations or other experts' support as well as on the mechanisms in place to maintain staff competence. A few Member States have not reported any information on competences of their staff or on mechanisms in place to maintain staff competence. Half of the Member States have clearly or partially reported financial resources available to their competent regulatory authorities (see Table 4). A few Member States provided information on how the management of the regulatory authority is appointed or dismissed, to show that management is not subject to undue influence in its regulatory mission. Member States (and in particular those without nuclear energy programmes) face challenges with respect to maintaining adequate human resources in the long term. Even if the total staff number remains stable, some Member States expressed concerns due to the high turnover rate of the staff and related challenges in knowledge preservation, training of new staff, and build up of competence. Only a few Member States have clearly indicated the available limited budget and/or human resources to perform the regulatory functions of the national competent authorities. It has to be noted that some Member States provided very limited information on their competent regulatory authorities in the national reports, while their Joint Convention reports provided significantly more information (e.g. on financial and human resources, mechanisms to maintain competence, etc.). Table 4. National Competent Authorities for spent fuel and radioactive waste management MS Competent authority Responsibilities for spent fuel and radioactive waste Reporting to Staff [year] AT Federal Ministry for Sustainability and Tourism (BMNT) Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF) BMNT-regulatory authority for the operation of facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste. BMNT is also competent as regards the enforcement of legal regulations and requirements applicable to facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste and also further obligations arising from licences. BMBWF – is the competent authority for the TRIGA research reactor. Federal Government Data not available BE Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) With regard to the safety of disposal facilities, the competent regulatory authority, i.e. the AFCN/FANC, retains all of its prerogatives. Ministry of Home Affairs ~160 [2018] BG Nuclear Regulatory Agency of the Republic of Bulgaria (BNRA) BNRA has been assigned responsibility for all regulatory matters concerning radioactive waste and spent fuel management facilities. Council of Ministers 103 [2015] 101 [2016] 94 [2017] HR State Office for Radiological and Nuclear Safety (DZRNS) Establishes the legislative framework in the area of radiological, nuclear and physical safety. Coordinates the drafting of the Strategy. Regulates spent fuel and radioactive waste management. Coordinates the drafting of the National programme for implementation of the Strategy. Participates in administrative procedures for obtaining permits and authorisations for management facilities included under the Strategy. Reporting and public information on the management of radioactive waste and spent fuel. The Government of the Republic of Croatia 22 [2015] 22 (49 positions foreseen) [2018] CY Radiation Inspection and Control Service – Department of Labour Inspection (RICS/DLI) The MLWSI, acting through the RICS/DLI, is the regulatory authority for radiation protection and nuclear safety and has the responsibility for the administration of the relevant legislation and authorisation of all sources and practices involving risks of exposure to ionising radiation or release of radioactive materials in the environment. Ministry of Labour, Welfare and Social Insurance (MLWSI) 5 [2015] 5 [2018] CZ State Office for Nuclear Safety (SUJB) State administration and supervision of the utilization of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation and in the field of radiation protection. Prime Minister 209 [2014] No data. Only qualitative statement [2018] DK The Danish Health Authority Regulates all use of radioactive substances, including management of radioactive waste in Denmark. Regulatory oversight of the nuclear installations at Risø. Minister of Health No data. Only qualitative statement [2018] The Nuclear Division of the Danish Emergency Management Agency Regulatory oversight of the nuclear installations at Risø. Minister of Health No data EE The Radiation Regulatory Authority in Estonia is exercised by the: Ministry of Environment The Environmental Inspectorate The Environmental Board The Environmental Board takes part in drawing up and implementing policies, development plans and programmes. It processes and issues radiation practice licences, assesses the radiation safety of planned and ongoing radiation practices, maintains radiation-related databases and cooperates with the Environmental Inspectorate to arrange supervision of radiation practice licences. The Environmental Board also organises the monitoring of radioactivity and the analysis of the results, undertakes laboratory analyses of the radioactivity of substances, conducts studies of natural exposure, assesses public exposure and ensures the functioning of the essential early warning service for radiation safety. State supervision of radiation safety, including of radioactive waste management, is conducted by the Environmental Inspectorate. Infringing the requirements of a licence and acting without a licence where a licence is required are both punishable offence. Ministry of the Environment 17 [2014] Environmental Board: 386 (16 in the Radiation Safety Department. The Environmental Inspectorate: 175 (116 inspectors, 15 of them involved in radiation supervision). [2017] FI Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) STUK is responsible for controlling that the Radiation Act and other regulations based on the Act are followed. STUK grants safety licences for the use of radiation. The regulatory rights of STUK are described in the Radiation Act. In May 2015 the Nuclear Energy Act and the Radiation Act were amended in such a way that the mandate of STUK was increased. Based on those legal changes STUK has the authority to issue binding regulations, which have replaced some of the lower level government decrees related to nuclear and radiation safety. Ministry of Economic affairs and Employment Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 342 [2014] 326 [2017] FR The Parliament, the Government and Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) Regulates, authorises, controls and helps the public authorities to manage emergencies, participate in the public information. The ASN submits regular reports on its activities to Parliament and in particular to the Parliamentary Office for the Evaluation of Scientific and Technological Choices (OPECST) and parliamentary committees 470 [2013] 500 [2018] DE The Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) Federal tasks relating to supervision and licensing in the area of nuclear energy, interim storage, repository site selection and repository monitoring were transferred from the BfS to the BfE. The BfS will concentrate on the federal radiation protection tasks, e.g. in the field of defence against nuclear hazards, medical research, mobile communication, UV protection or the measuring networks for environmental radioactivity. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) 188 [2014] No data [2018] Federal Office for the Regulation of Nuclear Waste Management (BfE) The regulation of the site selection procedure for a repository especially for high-level radioactive wastes and the co-ordination of the associated public participation that has to be organised. Nuclear licences for interim storage facilities and transports of nuclear fuels. Procedures under mining, water and nuclear law relating to radioactive waste disposal. Issues related to the safety of nuclear waste management. Task-related research in these areas. No data [2018] BfE is currently still in the construction phase. BMU, the Directorate-General Reactor Safety (RS) Competent authority for nuclear safety and radiation protection. Legal and technical supervision of the Federal Office for Radiation Protection and of the Federal Office for the Regulation of Nuclear Waste Management. Responsible for the obligations under the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management. 36 [2014] 36 [2017] 16 Länder Land Ministry is responsible for licensing and supervision of spent fuel treatment facilities. Federal government 270 [2014] 270 [2018] EL Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE) Control, regulation and supervision in the fields of nuclear energy, nuclear technology, radiological, nuclear safety and radiation protection. According to its statutory role EEAE has the legal power to exercise the regulatory control of facilities and activities in the fields of radiation protection and radiation and nuclear safety. As described in detail in Article 43, par. 4 of the new Law 4310/2014, the competencies (legal powers) of EEAE include: - development of safety procedures, regulations and legislation; - licensing and inspection procedures; - environmental radioactivity monitoring; - radiological surveillance; - emergency preparedness; - research in the fields of its competence; - public information; - international cooperation and national representations; - education and training; - personal dosimetry and calibration services Following IRRS mission findings, the new internal organisation of EEAE provides for the operational separation between its regulatory functions and scientific and technical services. Minister of Education, Research and Religious Affairs 74 [2014]* 75 [2018] HU Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority (HAEA) The supervisory and administrative regulatory competence relating to nuclear safety and physical protection regarding nuclear installations, radioactive waste disposal facilities as well as nuclear and radioactive materials lies with the HAEA in Hungary. The Atomic Energy Act authorises the HAEA to perform is supervisory activity. On 1 January, 2016, the HAEA took over additional regulatory tasks from the Chief Medical Officer’s Office of the National Public Health Service. The Minister appointed by the Prime Minister, the Minister of Innovation and Technology. 80 [2014] 167 [2017] Additional tasks IE Responsibility for nuclear safety policy is vested in the Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE), under the Radiological Protection Acts. DCCAE is assisted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to execute nuclear safety and radiation protection tasks. Regulates radioactive material including practices involving radioactive waste, and radiation sources through a licensing system. The EPA is an independent public body that reports to Government. Radiation Protection Regulation in EPA is under the overall responsibility of the Director with responsibility for the Office of Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring (ORM) who reports to the Director General and Board of the EPA. Government 34 in the Office for Radiological Protection [2015] 70 in the ORM Office of Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring [2018] IT National Inspectorate for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (ISIN) The assessment and the inspection activities on nuclear installations, as well as for approving detailed designs or activities related to the construction of nuclear facilities, which are part of the general construction licence granted by the Minister of Economic Development. Ministry of Economic Development Less than 60 [2018] LV Radiation Safety Centre of the State Environmental Service (VVD RDC) The VVD RDC ensures national supervision and control in the area of radiation and nuclear safety and also organises and coordinates training of the personnel whose work is related to radiation safety in order to increase the level of radiation safety in the country. Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development No data [2018] LT State Nuclear Power Safety Inspectorate (VATESI) Regulation and supervision of nuclear safety, radiation safety of nuclear energy activities involving sources of ionizing radiation, physical security of nuclear installations, nuclear materials and/or nuclear fuel cycle materials and accountancy and control of nuclear materials as well as supervision of requirements arising from international nuclear weapon non-proliferation obligations of Republic of Lithuania. The Cabinet of Government and the President 75 [2015] 66 [2018] Radiation Protection Centre (RPC) Coordinates actions of state and municipal institutions in the area of radiation protection. Ministry of Health 59 [2015] 59 [2018] LU Radiation Protection Division (RDP) The RPD is in charge of a) preparing the technical aspects of draft laws, regulations and orders b) lays down the conditions for licences. It has also published several guidelines. Minister for Health 9 [2015] 9 [2018]





MT Radiation Protection Commission (RPC) Develops policies and strategies to be followed by the Secretariat, and regulations relating to the protection against ionising and non-ionising radiation. Is the national body which gives effect to any decision of the UN Security Council or International Atomic Energy Agency, European Commission or internationally recognised entity or competent authority in the field of nuclear safety and radiation protection. Implement the regulatory requirements of Conventions and other EU legislation within the scope of this Act. Prescribe the fees to be paid in respect of the issue, validation, renewal, extension or variation of any certificate, licence or other document or the undergoing of any examination or test required by this Act or any regulations, directive or order made thereunder and in respect of any other matters in respect of which it appears to the Commission to be expedient for the purpose of the Act, regulations, directive or order to charge fees. Ministry of European Affairs and Equality 1 [2018] NL Authority for Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (ANVS) Preparing legislation and regulations and policy (including the national programme). Awarding licences and the accompanying review & assessment and evaluation Tasks. Supervision and enforcement; informing interested parties and the public. Participating in activities of international organisations. Maintaining relationships with comparable foreign authorities and national and international organisations. Supporting national organisations with the provision of knowledge; Having research in support of the implementation of its tasks. Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (I&M) 122 [2016] 130 (141 planned) [2018] PL Nuclear Atomic Energy Agency (PAA) Tasks that involve ensuring national nuclear safety and radiological protection, in particular: - supervision over activities; - promulgation of technical and organisational recommendations concerning nuclear safety and radiological protection; - performing the tasks involving the assessment of national radiation situation in normal conditions and in radiation emergency situations, and the transmission of relevant information to appropriate authorities and to the general public; - performing the tasks resulting from the obligations of the Republic of Poland - activities involving public communication, education and popularisation; - cooperation with governmental and local administration authorities in matters involving nuclear safety and radiological protection; - preparing opinions; - cooperation with appropriate foreign national entities and international organisations; - developing the drafts of legal acts; - giving opinions on the draft legal acts developed by authorised bodies. Minister competent for environmental matters 123 (including 26 nuclear regulatory inspectors) [2017] PT Regulatory Commission for the Safety of Nuclear Installations (COMRSIN) Licensing, evaluating, monitoring and inspecting facilities and activities relating to the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste (encompassing all phases, from initial choice of siting to decommissioning). COMRSIN is governed by three Commissioners, appointed by the Prime Minister for five year renewable terms, chosen on the basis of academic, scientific and technical merit. COMRSIN has no staff of its own (2018) 4 [2015] 3 [2018] RO National Commission for Nuclear Activities Control (CNCAN) Regulation, licensing, and control of nuclear activities. Prime Minister, through the General Secretariat of the Government No data [2014] 88 [2017]* Number of positions increased to 170 (amended Law 111/1996) SK Nuclear Regulatory Authority of the Slovak Republic (ÚJD SR) State regulatory activities in the field of nuclear safety of nuclear installations, including management of radioactive waste, spent fuel and other parts of the fuel cycle, as well as transport and management of nuclear materials including their control and record keeping system. It is responsible for the assessment of goals of nuclear energy programme and of quality of the classified equipment, as well as for commitments of the Slovak Republic under international agreements and treaties in the said field. The Government and subsequently to the National Council 108 [2014] 126 [2017] Public Health Authority (UVZ SR) Permanent and continuous state supervision over radiation protection in nuclear facilities and workplaces, where activities are carried out for which it has issued permit. UVZ SR authorisation is a condition for issuing a licence. Ministry of Health 30 [2017] SI Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration (URSJV) Nuclear safety of facilities and the safety of industrial radiation sources. Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning 41 [2014] 44 [2017] Slovenian Radiation Protection Administration (URSVS) Radiation protection in medicine and veterinary practice, medical surveillance of exposed workers, surveillance of workplaces, dosimetry and dose registers and education in the area of radiation protection. Ministry of Health No data ES Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) Reporting on nuclear safety and radiological protection and authorisations to nuclear and radioactive installations as well as carrying out inspection and control and issuing Instructions, which take the form of mandatory rules. Parliament 205 [2014] 448 (of which 214 in the Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection Corps) [2017] SE Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) SSM supervises the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB), the power plant operators and other licensees of nuclear activities in fulfilling their responsibilities for safe operation of facilities and transports as well as in planning for decommissioning and disposal. Ministry of the Environment 321 [2015] 302 [2017] UK Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR, UK) Regulates: - nuclear safety; - nuclear site health and safety; - nuclear security; - nuclear safeguards; - transport. Government Department of Energy & Climate Change accountable to Parliament for an appropriate budget for ONR 330 [2014] 372 [2017]* Environment Agency (EA, England) Responsible in England for regulating disposals of solid radioactive waste on or from nuclear licensed sites and for non-nuclear premises using radioactive substances. EA is the competent authority for authorising shipments of radioactive waste into and out of England in accordance with the Transfrontier Shipment of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel 2008. Government Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs EA: 70 nuclear specialists [2017]* SEPA: 1250 (around 20 involved directly in nuclear site regulation) [2017]* Natural Resources Wales (NRW) Regulating radioactive substances (disposal of solid radioactive waste from nuclear licensed sites and non- nuclear premises using radioactive substances). It is accountable to an independent Board appointed by and accountable to the Welsh Ministers. Welsh Government Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) Environmental regulator and is responsible in Scotland for regulating accumulation and disposals of radioactive waste from nuclear licensed sites and non-nuclear premises using radioactive substances. It is accountable through Scottish Ministers to the Scottish Parliament. Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) Regulates the accumulation and disposal of radioactive waste from non- nuclear premises. It is an Executive Agency within the Northern Irish Department of Environment and leads on advising on and implementing the Government’s environmental policy and strategy including radioactive waste management, in Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Assembly Health & Safety Executive (HSE) Regulates health and safety for England, Wales and Scotland. Regulates the use of ionising radiation in the non-nuclear sector. Government Department of Work & Pensions Environmental Agency Her Majesty’s Government of Gibraltar has appointed the Environmental Agency as the competent regulatory body (see Legal Notice 140 of 2018, published in the Gibraltar Gazette on 21 June 2018). The Environmental Agency Limited already fulfils statutory obligations under other legislation regarding waste and is functionally separate from any other body or organisation concerned with the promotion or utilisation of nuclear energy or radioactive material, including electricity production and radioisotope applications, or with the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. Her Majesty's Government of Gibraltar * Information from other sources to the Commission than the national programmes and national reports 2.1.5.Shipments within EU and to third countries Radioactive waste shall be disposed of in the Member State in which it was generated, unless an agreement with another Member State or third country is in force and the conditions set out in Article 4(4) of the Directive are met. The Directive imposes conditions prior to the shipment of radioactive waste regarding safety arrangements in the destination country, and availability, operation and management of appropriate disposal facilities. This requirement is not applicable to: (i) the repatriation of disused sealed sources to a supplier or manufacturer, (ii) the shipment of spent fuel of research reactors to countries that supply or manufacture research reactor fuel (and according to international agreements), or (iii) Krško nuclear power plant spent fuel or radioactive waste shipped between Slovenia and Croatia. Spent fuel and radioactive waste can be shipped to a Member State or third country for reprocessing and processing. In this case, the ultimate responsibility for the safe and responsible disposal of those materials, including any radioactive waste and by-products that could be generated, shall remain with the Member State from which the spent fuel or radioactive waste originates (Article 4(2) of the Directive). In the first report the Commission concluded that the majority of Member States have legal requirements in place for the spent fuel and radioactive waste sent for processing or reprocessing abroad, among which the allocation of the ultimate responsibility within the Member State originating the material. In most cases, the ultimate responsibility remains with the Member State or third country in which the spent fuel or radioactive waste was generated. For a few Member States issues on the transposition of Article 4(2) and 4(4) of the Directive were identified by the Commission. Most of these Member States are, however, well on the way to address the identified issues and to improve their national legislation. The majority of Member States with research reactors foresee the return of their spent fuel back to the supplier (USA and the Russian Federation) in the period 2019-2026, without returning the possible arising radioactive waste back to the originating countries (this is in line with the Directive). A few Member States with research reactors have plans to ship the spent fuel for reprocessing, and a number of Member States with training and demonstration reactors have not yet defined the strategy for the long term management of spent fuel. There are multiple transboundary movements of radioactive waste and spent fuel reported by Member States to the Commission under the Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom, which requires such movements to be duly authorized. Member States are sending radioactive waste for treatment/conditioning to other Member States. In all the cases return of the resulting radioactive waste is ensured. With few exceptions Member States provide almost no information on those shipments in their national reports. To date, seven Member States that have opted for spent fuel reprocessing will receive radioactive waste after reprocessing in the EU or outside the EU in the period 2018-2052 (see Table 5). One Member State (Hungary) has not yet taken the final decision on the reprocessing of the spent fuel. Table 5. Return of By-products from Spent Fuel Reprocessing to EU Member States MS Type of material Timeframe BE Around 16 % of the spent nuclear fuel from NPP has been reprocessed in the past at La Hague (France). Most has been returned and the remaining secondary waste will be returned in 2017. 2018 BG Return of HLW from Kozloduy NPP spent fuel reprocessing in Russia After 2025 CZ Return of residual waste from highly enriched Uranium (LRV-15 reactor) sent to Russia. First part in 2024 and second part after 2033 DE Radioactive waste from spent fuel reprocessing in the UK and France is expected to be returned to Germany. Vitrified fission products were already returned from France in the period 1996 - 2011 2019-2021 IT 98% of NPP spent fuel is shipped to the UK and France. The remaining 2% will be shipped to France in 2016. The return of radioactive waste from the UK is scheduled between 2020 and 2025. 2020-2025 NL Waste from spent fuel reprocessing in the UK returned. Part of vitrified HLW from France received and additional expected to be returned. latest in 2052 ES Products from reprocessing that need to be returned to Spain are vitrified high level waste located in France (spent fuel from Vandellos I NPP) and recovered U and Pu in the UK (spent fuel from Santa Maria de Garoña NPP). 2021 SHARED REPOSITORIES None of the Member States have reported any shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel for disposal. However, some cases of possible disposal of limited spent fuel and radioactive waste quantities in EU Member States is under clarification and discussion. About half of the Member States keep shared disposal solutions as an open option. However, none of the Member States has reported concrete plans or activities towards implementation of the shared disposal solution. Moreover, discussions on the shared disposal solution are jeopardized due to the fact that most Member States have forbiden by law import of radioactive waste into their territory (see Table 6). A few Member States do not expect progress in development of shared disposal solutions and decided to focus primarily on development of a national disposal facility. Member States are required to include in their national programmes any agreement(s) concluded with a Member State or a third country on management of spent fuel or radioactive waste, including on the use of disposal facilities (Article 12(1)(k) of the Directive). In the first report the Commission noted that only a few Member States submitted their agreement(s) with other Member States or a third country, while most Member States with no nuclear programmes did not notify having such agreements in place to date. As part of the second national reports only one member State (Luxembourg) notified a new agreement between Luxembourg and Belgium for management of small amounts of institutional waste. In addition, two Member States (Slovenia and Croatia) were working towards a common disposal solution for spent fuel and radioactive waste generated by the shared nuclear power plant and an agreement on a common solution was expected by 2023. However, it is reported in the second national report that a mutually satisfactory common solution is not achieved. Table 6. Radioactive waste import and shared disposal policy MS Import for disposal policy Shared solution for disposal policy AT Import of RAW into the Austrian federal territory is only authorised in the case of waste from material previously taken out of Austria for treatment purposes. Open option BE Not indicated. Import of disused sealed sources from Luxembourg within the framework of the existing convention between Luxembourg and Belgium. Not indicated BG The import of RAW into Bulgaria is banned. Open option HR The Act explicitly bans any import of RAW, disused sources or SF to the country, unless differently prescribed by international agreements. Open option CY The disposal of RAW is allowed only for RAW generated within the territory of the Republic of Cyprus and is accomplished in an authorised facility. Open option CZ The import of RAW is prohibited by Section (§) 7, paragraph 3 of the Atomic Act. Open option DK Not indicated Open option EE Import for final disposal forbidden by Radiation act paragraph 86. Not considered FI It is prohibited to import disused sources to Finland for the purpose of disposal. Not considered FR The Environment Code prohibits the disposal in France of RAW produced in other countries (except from Monaco). Not considered DE Not indicated Not considered EL The import of RAW within the country's borders for management, including disposal, is prohibited. HU Not indicated Not indicated IE Prohibition of the importation of RAW from third countries. Not indicated IT Not indicated Open option LV No RAW may be brought into Latvia from other countries. Open option LT Legislative provision of the Republic of Lithuania precludes the entry into the territory of the Republic of Lithuania of SF and RAW generated outside the territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Not considered LU Not indicated Waste disposal in Belgium MT Malta will not accept RAW to be imported into Malta for any purpose. Open option NL There are no statutory limitations on the importing of radioactive (RAW) substances from abroad, for storage and disposal in the Netherlands. Open option PL It is forbidden to import SF and RAW to Poland for the purpose of disposal. Open option PT Portugal does not authorise the entry into national territory of SF or RAW generated or resulting from activities carried out by or under the jurisdiction of other states. Not considered RO The import of RAW is prohibited. Not considered SK Disposal allowed only of RAW that is produced in its territory. Open option (Decision to proceed or abandon this option to be taken by 2030) SI Not indicated Open option ES Not indicated Not indicated SE Not allowed, except small quantities. Not considered UK General policy is not to import for disposal, exception possible for small quantities from small users Not considered 2.1.6.Self-assessment and international peer reviews At least every 10 years, Member States are required to arrange for self-assessments of their national framework, competent regulatory authority, national programme and its implementation, and to invite an international peer review of their national framework, competent regulatory authority and/or national programme. The aim is to ensure that high safety standards are achieved in the safe management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. It is the Member State's decision to define the scope, timing and type of international peer reviews as long it complies with provision of Article 14(3) of the Directive and is carried out by 2023. Member States are required to report the outcomes of these international peer reviews to the Commission and the other Member States, which may be made available to the public, unless there is a conflict with security and proprietary information.

The majority of the Member States address periodic self-assessments and international peer reviews in a general way in their national programmes and reports. Some Member States have clearly defined timeframes for review and update of the national programmes (which is assumed to cover the self-assessment requirement); however, only a few Member States provided information on selfassessment of the national framework for spent fuel and radioactive waste management. In most Member States self-assessment of the competent authorities has been established and carried out through the IRRS missions of the IAEA. While the majority of Member States reported IRRS missions, a few Member States provide details on the self-assessment outcomes related to spent fuel and radioactive waste management. Although the majority of IRRS missions’ reports are publicly available, details on the Member States' follow up actions addressing the outcomes of theses reviews for achieving higher level of safety have been reported by a few Member States. In comparison to the previous reporting period, there is no improvement to be highlighted. Therefore, the implementation of this Article still requires further attention in the future Member States’ reporting to the Commission. Since 2014 the Commission is supporting the IAEA in development of a self-assessment tool based on the IAEA safety standards and best practice to enable EU Member States to fulfil their obligations for periodic self-assessment (Article 14(3) of the Directive). During the 2017-2018 period the first ARTEMIS (Integrated Review Service for Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management, Decommissioning and Remediation) peer-review missions took place in Poland, France, Bulgaria, Luxembourg and Spain. The peer-review mission to Spain should be highlighted as this was the first time when a joint IRRS and ARTEMIS peer-review mission was requested by a host country. Most of the Member States indicate in their national programmes and national reports the planned international peer reviews related to their spent fuel and radioactive waste management only vaguely. At the time of submission of their second national reports only one third of the Member States presented specific timeframes of planned international peer-reviews. However, the Commission is aware through ENSREG that most Member States have specific plans to invite ARTEMIS peer review service and to host missions until 2023 (for details see Table 7). Assuming this planning is kept, Member States are on track to implementing the requirements of Article 14(3) of the Directive by 2023. Planning of ARTEMIS peer-review missions likely will need some finetuning, as the number of planned ARTEMIS peer-review missions varies significantly from year to year. At the moment preliminary plans indicate 7 ARTEMIS missions for 2021. This planning could be challenging to implement due to need and availability of large number of experts to take part in those peer-reviews. According to the Article 14(3) of the Directive, Member States are required to report the outcomes of the international peer reviews to the Commission and the other Member States. By March 2019 four Member States have reported to the Commission the outcomes of the conducted international peer-reviews of their national framework, competent regulatory authority, national programme and its implementation. Since then another two Member States notified their ARTEMIS peer review reports. Table 7. Recent and planned international peer reviews as per Article 14(3) of the Directive MS National programme and/or National framework Competent regulatory authority AT 2020 (ARTEMIS) 2018 (IRRS) BE 2022 (ARTEMIS) 2013 (IRRS), 2017 (IRRS follow-up) BG 2018 (ARTEMIS) 2013 (IRRS), 2016 (IRRS follow-up) HR 2021 (ARTEMIS) 2015 (IRRS), 2019 (IRRS follow-up) CY 2020 (ARTEMIS) 2017 (IRRS), 2021 (IRRS follow-up) CZ 2023 (ARTEMIS) 2013 (IRRS), 2017 (IRRS follow-up) DK 2020 (ARTEMIS) 2020 (IRRS) EE 2019 (ARTEMIS) 2016 (IRRS), 2019 (IRRS follow-up) FI 2022 (ARTEMIS) 2012 (IRRS), 2015 (IRRS follow-up), 2022 (IRRS full scope) FR 1996 and 2005, IAEA Review of specific waste management projects 2018 (ARTEMIS) 2014 (IRRS), 2017 (IRRS follow-up) DE 2019 (ARTEMIS) 2019 (IRRS) EL No data 2012 (IRRS), 2017 (IRRS follow-up) HU 2021 (ARTEMIS) 2012 (IRRS follow-up), 2015 (IRRS), 2018 (IRRS follow-up) IE 2021 (ARTEMIS) 2015 (IRRS), (IRRS follow-up requested in 2018) IT 2021 (ARTEMIS) 2016 (IRRS), 2021 (IRRS follow-up) LV 2019 (ARTEMIS) 2019 (IRRS) LT 2021 (ARTEMIS) 2016 (IRRS), 2020 (IRRS follow-up) LU 2018 (ARTEMIS) 2018 (IRRS) MT 2023 (ARTEMIS) 2015 (IRRS), 2020 (IRRS follow-up) NL 2023 (ARTEMIS) 2014 (IRRS), 2018 (IRRS follow-up), 2023 (IRRS) PL 2017 (ARTEMIS) after 2020 (ARTEMIS follow-up) 2013 (IRRS), 2017 (IRRS follow-up) PT No data 2020 (IRRS) RO 2019 (ARTEMIS) 2011 (IRRS), 2017 (IRRS follow-up), 2021 (IRRS) SK 2021 (ARTEMIS) 2012 (IRRS), 2015 (IRRS follow-up) SI 2021 (ARTEMIS) 2011 (IRRS), 2014 (IRRS follow-up), 2021 (IRRS) ES 2018 (ARTEMIS) 2008 (IRRS), 2011 (IRRS follow-up), 2018 (IRRS) SE 2022 (ARTEMIS) 2012 (IRRS), 2016 (IRRS follow-up), 2022 (IRRS) UK No data 2006, 2009, 2013 (IRRS), 2014 (IRRS follow-up), 2019 (IRRS) 2.1.7.Notification and reporting All Member States have submitted their second national reports to the Commission as required by Article 14(1) of the Directive. As part of their national report, three Member States (Czechia, Germany and Estonia) have notified to the Commission their Joint Convention reports (dated 2017) for the 6th Joint Convention review meeting held in May 2018. With exception of Italy, all Member States submitted to the Commission their final national programmes. Since the first Commission report, four Member States (Austria, Croatia, Czechia and Portugal) finalized their draft national programmes and submitted them to the Commission. In the first report the Commission noted that the national programme of Spain has been drawn-up in 2006 and therefore some of the information reported is out-dated. With the second national report Spain has presented updated information on the spent fuel and radioactive waste management activities, as well as an updated inventory of the spent fuel and radioactive waste. All this information has been used in the preparation of this report. During the 2016-2018 period several Member States have updated and notified to the Commission their national programmes. Almost half of the Member States plan to update their national programmes in the coming years. 2.2.Assuring the safety of spent fuel and radioactive waste management 2.2.1.Licence holder’s responsibilities Member States are required to ensure that the prime responsibility for the safety of spent fuel and radioactive waste management facilities and/or activities rests with the licence holder and that this responsibility cannot be delegated (Article 7 of the Directive). There are no significant changes reported in the second national reports. All Member States have measures in place to ensure that the primary responsibility for spent fuel and radioactive waste management is with the license holders and that it cannot be delegated. The provisions presented are mainly legal and focus on legal requirements, license conditions and enforcement actions in case of non-compliance. However, in several cases examples have been provided with regard to the practical implementation of these legal provisions (e.g. by explicitly referring to licence conditions and their application). The Commission has identified issues on incomplete transposition of Article 7(1) of the Directive in two Member States and the transposition issues are well on the way to be solved. Three Member States reported in the second national reports changes already implemented or planned to their legal framework to improve clarity on the application of Article 7(1) of the Directive. Licence holders shall establish and implement integrated management systems, which give due priority for overall management of spent fuel and radioactive waste to safety and are regularly verified by the competent regulatory authority. Overall the majority of Member States have reported their legal requirements for integrated management system or quality assurance for spent fuel and radioactive waste management that focus on safety. However, about a third of the countries provide only limited information in the national reports on how these requirements are implemented in practice. Many Member States provided more details on integrated management and quality assurance systems within their national operators, bodies or organisations related with nuclear facilities (through examples in some cases), and less or none within organisations dealing with institutional waste. A few Member States have not addressed management systems in their reports. Since the last report, a couple of Member States have amended their legislation to address issues related to the implementation of the requirements set out in the Directive and information on the integrated management and quality assurance systems of licence holders was provided by a few Member States that had not provided this information in the previous report. Licence holders have to provide for and maintain adequate financial and human resources to fulfil their obligations for safe long term management of spent fuel and radioactive waste. The majority of Member States have legally established requirements in this regard. For a few Member States issues on the transposition of Article 7(5) of the Directive were identified. Most of these countries are however well on the way to improving their national legislation.

The legal requirements such as, a license can be granted only in case the applicant does demonstrate sufficient human, technical and financial resources, are described in variable detail. The majority of Member States did not provide further information on licensees financial or human resources or provisions for bankruptcy cases. Only in very few cases Member States have provided very detailed figures on human and financial resources currently available in the licensees. 2.2.2.Concepts and plans (including post closure) National programmes are required to include the concepts or plans and technical solutions for spent fuel and radioactive waste management from generation to disposal (including the post-closure phase), in particular related to institutional control and preservation of knowledge in the longer term (see Article 12(1)(d) and Article 12(1)(e) of the Directive). Since the publication of the first Commission report and until March 2019, five Member States finalised and adopted their national programmes and four Member States revised their national programmes. The adopted/updated national programmes overall have not introduced significant changes and have not affected the overall EU situation with regards to the implementation of Article 12(1)(d) and Article 12(1)(e) of the Directive. During the reporting period, one Member State has appointed an Authority that will issue a recommendation regarding the disposal of radioactive waste, and one Member State has taken the decision to establish a surface and shallow-depth facility for the disposal of its low and intermediate level waste. Except these two cases, the situation in Member States remained broadly the same. All Member States have developed concepts or plans, and technical solutions for the management of radioactive waste and spent fuel in the shorter term. This includes in general predisposal concepts up to, and including interim storage. Disposal concepts, plans and technical solutions are in place for very low- and low-level waste, especially in Member States with nuclear power plants, while disposal of intermediate and high-level waste, as well as spent nuclear fuel, except in three cases, remains to be further developed. Only very few Member States have not described such concepts, plans and technical solutions, and state that they will be prepared and included in their next review of the national programme. In general, Member States with nuclear power or research reactors have described with different levels of detail the concepts, plans and technical solutions for the management of very low, low and intermediate radioactive waste up to interim storage, encompassing for instance, characterisation, sorting, decay, decontamination; volume reduction technologies such as compaction, supercompaction, smelting of contaminated metal, and incineration; as well as conditioning and immobilisation through cementation, and interim storage. Member States without nuclear reactors’ concepts, plans and technical solutions consist mainly in the control of disused radioactive sources, through an up-to-date inventory, the return to the manufacturer, if possible, and the interim storage in a centralised facility yet to be sited, designed and commissioned. Those Member States that have developed very low, low and intermediate level waste disposal concepts rely on surface or shallow-depth disposal facilities: landfills, trenches and vault type disposal facilities, and intermediate depth disposal facilities (a few tens to a hundred meters depth). Some Member States, especially those without nuclear programmes, keep open the possibility of exploring shared solutions for the disposal of their radioactive waste. In general, disposal of radioactive waste in these Member States are developed only at a conceptual level, and the pertinent activities (e.g. site selection, research, design etc) have been postponed in some cases. Table 8 lists the existing and planned near-surface and intermediate depth disposal facilities in EU. Over 30 dedicated disposal facilities for VLLW and LLW are in place in 13 Member States, and of these, 6 plan new facilities. Bulgaria and Lithuania categorised their past disposal facilities of RADON type as storage facilities, and a few Member States plan or consider remediation of existing disposal facilities and contaminated sites (e.g. Germany, Estonia). Five Member States are planning to build their first disposal facilities and capacities in the next decade. Table 8. Near surface and intermediate depth disposal facilities in EU MS Existing/ planned Siting Commissioning Operation (years) Closure Institutional Control (years) Responsible organization Comment BE Planned LLW (Category A waste) Dessel site 4 years after construction/operation license (2023) 54 years after construction/operation license (2073) 104 years after construction/operation license (2123) 300 ONDRAF/ NIRAS Surface disposal. Under licensing application review for construction. License expected by the end of 2019. BG Existing for LLW and ILW (institutional, short-lived waste) Novi han site 1964 SERAW Used for storage. Planned decommissioning by 2025. Planned near surface Radiana 2021 2086 SERAW CZ Dukovany (existing) Dukovany NPP 1995 95 2090 300 SÚRAO Capacity sufficient for all RAW from NPPs Dukovany and Temelín, including LTO Hostim (existing) Beroun 1959 5 1964 Ongoing (at least 50 yrs more) SÚRAO Closed. Final sealing 1997. Bratrstvi (existing) Jáchymov 1974 2025 (=start of closing process) 120 SÚRAO Capacity until 2020 for NORM waste Richard (existing) Litoměřice 1974 Not before 2025 120 SÚRAO First phase of refurbishment started 2018. Second phase planned 2020-2022. EE Planned 2019-2023 2040 2050 A.L.A.R.A. AS Concept for LLW and ILW disposal to be decided FI Loviisa NPP (existing) (LILW) Loviisa 1998 2060 Not foreseen TVO LLW and ILW in granite bedrock at 110 m depth Olkiluoto NPP (existing) Olkiluoto 1992 2080 or 2100 Not foreseen FORTUM LLW and ILW in granite bedrock at 60-95 m depth. Planned to be extended in 2030 for all LILW from OL 1-3. Hanhikivi (planned) Hanhikivi (Pyhäjoki) After 2035 2120 Not foreseen FVO LILW planned several tens of meter depth in bedrock FR Centre de L'Aube (existing) Aube district 1992 Later than 2050 300 ANDRA LLW and ILW-short lived Centre de La Manche (existing) Manche district 1969 1994 300 (since 2003) ANDRA LLW and ILW-short lived Cires (existing) Morvilliers 2003 Saturation in 2025 ANDRA VLLW disposal facility DE Konrad 2007 2027 Several decades BGE since April 2017 Under construction with delay in time schedule presumably to 2027 Morsleben (existing) Morsleben 1971 Until 1998 In progress BGE since April 2017 Closed. Decommissioning plan approval ongoing HU Radioactive Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility (RWTDF, (existing) Püspökszilágy 1976 2067 150 PURAM Institutional waste National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRWR, existing) Bataapati 2008 2084 50 PURAM Waste nuclear power plants IT National repository (planned) Ongoing 2026 SOGIN LT RADON (Existing) Maišiagala 1964 1989 Ignalina NPP from beginning of 2019 For institutional waste to be retrieved and facility remediated. Site release in 2023 Industrial landfill for VLLW disposal (planned) Ignalina NPP Decision to retrieve or leave 2018 - 2025 Ignalina NPP from beginning of 2019 Planned investigation for possible conversion of an existing industrial landfill to a VLLW disposal facility Landfill disposl facility (B19-1, B19-2 VLLW (planned) Ignalina NPP February 2019 2019 2038 Active 30 Passive 70 Ignalina NPP from beginning of 2019 Near Surface Repository (NSR)- B25 Short Lived LILW Ignalina (planned) Sabatiškė site 2021-2023 2023 2038 Active 100 Passive 200 Ignalina NPP from beginning of 2019 Bituminised Ignalina (planned) Ignalina NPP Decision in 2022 LV Baldone (existing) Baldone 1962 LEGMC Also used for storage PL NRWR (existing) Różan 1961 64 years 2025-2029 No data ZUOP Operating NNRWR (planned) Selection in 2018 2030 120 years 2144-2155 2144-2303 ZUOP Planned PT Pavilhão de Resíduos Radioativos (existing) CTN/IST campus IST Surface storage facility licensed as disposal facility in 2016 RO Baita Bihor (existing) 1986 Around 2040 100 active 200 passive ANDR DFDSMA (planned) 2017 2026 2090 100 active 200 passive ANDR SI LILW (Planned) Site selected: Vrbina in 2009 2020 After 2061 ARAO Pending agreement with HR HR Radioactive waste disposal (planned) Čerkezovac 2062 After 2065 ES LLW and ILW (existing) El Cabril 1992 2040 300 years ENRESA VLLW (existing) El Cabril 2008 2040 60 years ENRESA SK Mochovce LLW (existing) Mochovce 2001 After 2080 Extension to be decided in 2018 Several decades active; and 200-300 years passive JAVYS Existing facility; extension planned in 2018/19 next periodic safety review 2019 Mochovce VLLW (planned) Mochovce Module 1 (A1) in operation since 07/2016 Module 2 (V1) Construction ongoing JAVYS SE SFR (low and intermediate level waste) (existing) Forsmark 1983-1988 Extension requested in 2014 2070-2075 SKB AB Expected extension in 2023 SFL (long lived LLW and ILW) (existing) License to be submitted in 2030 Planned 2045 2075 SKB AB Forsmark NPP (VLLW) (existing) Forsmark 30 Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB Operational Oskarshamm NPP (VLLW, existing) Oskarshamm 30 OKG AB Operational Ringhals NPP (VLLW, (existing) Ringhals 30 Ringhals AB Operational Studsvik (VLLW, (existing) Studsvik 30 AB SVAFO Operational UK Drigg VLLW/LLW (existing vaults and trenches) Sellafield 1950 2050 100 Low Level Waste Repository Limited NDA Foreseen extension of capacity after 2050 for operation until 2129 CLESA (existing) Sellafield 2026 NDA Decommissioning waste and site clearance waste Calder landfill VLLW Sellafield NDA owner South landfill VVLW (existing) Sellafield NDA owner Dounreay shaft (existing) Dounreay 2005 NDA owner Closed Dounreay LLW (existing) Dounreay 2014 2028 Dounreay Site Restoration Limited (DSRL) NDA-owner Onsite pits and trenches (existing) Harwell, Springfield, Sellafield, and Dounreay Near-surface disposal in Scotland (planned) Concepts, plans and technical solutions for the management of spent fuel from nuclear power plants range from reprocessing to direct disposal. Two Member States have reported reprocessing their own spent fuel (France and the United Kingdom), and others have agreements with France, the UK or the Russian Federation. A few Member States have not y