EN    EN EN 
EN    EN  COMMISSION OF THE E UROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
Brussels, 4.11.2008 
SEC(2008) 2741 
  
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
 
accompanying the 
COMMUNICATION FROM THE CO MMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 
 
The raw materials initiative — meeting our critical needs for growth and jobs in Europe 
{COM(2008) 699} 
 
EN 2   EN Annex 1 — Mineral raw material s value chain in EU27 (2005). 
Consumers of processed mineral 
materials:
Consumers of mineral raw materials: - Construction
Trade in mineral raw materials - Basic metals - Chemicals
- Non-metallic mineral products - Basic metals EU economy
- Mining of metal ores - Construction - Metal products- Other mining and quarrying - Chemical - Motor vehicles - GDP: 9,838.2 billion €
- Other mining and quarrying - Machinery and equipment n.e.c. - Persons employed: 216,464 th.
Imports: 28.1 billion € - Non-metallic mineral products
Exports: 14.0 billion € Total production: 2,551 billion € - Electrical machinery
Trade balance: -14.1 billion € Persons employed: 18,394.2 th.
Value added: 1,324.9 billion €
Persons employed: 29,650.8 th.
Domest ic minera l raw mater ials 
from miningTrade in:
- Basic metals
- Mining of metal ores - Non-metallic mineral products
- Other mining and quarrying - Chemical
- Other mining and quarrying
Production value: 45 billion €Persons employed: 295.6 th. Total exports: 209.9 billion €
Total imports:  156.1 billion €Trade balance: 53.8 billion €
Rec
ycling of:
- metal waste and scrap
Production value: 16.3 billion €
Persons employed: 70.4 th.
- non-metal waste and scrap
Production value: 10.5 billion €
Persons employed: 71 th.  
Notes : 
-The sectors in the various boxes are the se lected “clients” for the production of the sectors in the previous step of the valu e chain: “mining …” and “other mining …” sell their 
production to “basic metals”, “non-metallic mineral products”, et c., which, in turn sell their production to “construction”, “c hemicals”, etc.  
-Consumers of raw materials and processed minerals include intra-branch consumption: for example sales from “other mining and q uarrying” to “other mining and quarrying” 
-Only top consumers have been included, while Inter-industry transactions have been calculated from Input-Output tables for a s eries of EU countries 
-External trade: COMEXT; Recycling: NACE Rev1 code 37; Value added and employment: Eurostat SBS and National Accounts; Data on scrap trade value not available. 
 
EN 3   EN Annex 2.  
Table 1: Top three producing mining regions  for selected industrial minerals 2006).  
 First % Second % Third % Cum % 
Fuller’s earth USA  72 EU 12 Senegal  4 88
Graphite China  60 India  16 Brazil  10 86
Feldspar EU 60 Turkey  10 Thailand  7 77
Barite China  55 India  12 USA  7 74
Perlite EU 54 USA  19 Japan  10 83
Boron Turkey  53 USA  21 Argentina  12 86
Fluorspar China  51 Mexico  17 EU 7 75
Zircon Australia  49 South Africa  28 USA  10 87
Phosphate Morocco  49 China  18 Israel  4 71
Bentonite USA  44 EU 24 Russia  6 74
Vermiculite South Africa  43 USA  22 Ukraine  14 79
Talc China  37 EU 16 USA  11 64
Magnesite China  32 Turkey  22 EU 21 75
Kaolin EU 31 USA  28 Brazil  19 78
Diamonds 
(gemstones) Russia  30 Botswana  24 Canada  13 
67
Potash Canada  30 EU 17 Belorussia  16 63
Gypsum EU 23 USA  18 Iran  11 52
Salt EU 22 USA  20 China  18 60
Sulphur USA  19 Canada  17 China  16 52
Source: DG Enterprise and Industry calculations based on World Mining Data (2008). 
 
EN 4   EN Annex 2. 
Figure 1: Metal concentrates and ores — net imports as % of apparent consumption (*). 
0102030405060708090100
Antimony
Cobalt
MolybdenumNiobium Platinum
Rare earth minerals
Tantalum
Titanium minerals
Vanadium
Manganese oreIron ore
BauxiteTinZinc
Chromium ores and concentrates
Copper%
 
* Note: 
- metal concentrates produced at  or nearby mining site;  
- net imports = imports-exports; - apparent consumption calculated as EU27 (mine production + imports - exports). 
- source: DG Enterprise and Industry calculations base d on data from British Geological Survey (2008) and 
Bureau de recherches géologi ques et minières (BRGM; 2008) 
 
EN 5   EN Annex 2. 
Table 2: Top three producing mining regions for selected metallic minerals (2006).  
Metal First % Second % Third % Cum. % 
Rare Earth 
concentrates China  95 USA  2 India  2 99 
Niobium- Columbium Brazil  90 Canada  9 Australia  1 100 
Antimony China  87 Bolivia  3 South Africa  3 93 
Tungsten China  84 Canada  4 EU 4 92 
Gallium China  83 Japan  17 -   100 
Germanium China  79 USA  14 Russia  7 100 
Rhodium South Africa  79 Russia  11 USA  6 96 
Platinum South Africa  77 Russia  11 Canada  4 92 
Lithium Chile  60 China  15 Australia  10 85 
Indium* China  60 Korea  9 Japan  9 78 
Tantalum ** Australia  60 Brazil  18 Mozambique  5 83 
Mercury China  57 Kyrgyzstan  29 Chile  4 90 
Tellurium Peru  52 Japan  31 Canada  17 100 
Selenium* Japan  48 Canada  20 EU 19 87 
Palladium Russia  45 South Africa  39 USA  7 91 
Vanadium South Africa  45 China  38 Russia  12 95 
Titanium Australia  42 South Africa  18 Canada  12 72 
Rhenium** Chile  42 USA  17 Kazakhstan  17 76 
Chromium South Africa  41 Kazakhstan  27 India  8 76 
Bismuth China  41 Mexico  21 Peru  18 80 
Tin China  40 Indonesia  28 Peru  14 82 
Cobalt Congo D.R. 36 Australia  11 Canada  11 58 
Copper Chile  36 USA  8 Peru  7 51 
Lead China  35 Australia  19 USA  13 67 
Molybdenum USA  34 China  23 Chile  22 79 
Bauxite Australia  34 Brazil  12 China  11 57 
Zinc China  28 Australia  13 Peru  11 52 
Iron ore Brazil  22 Australia  21 China  15 58 
Cadmium China  22 Korea  16 Japan  11 49 
Manganese China  21 Gabon  20 Australia  16 57 
Nickel Russia  19 Canada  16 Australia  13 48 
Silver  Peru  17 Mexico  14 China  13 44 
Gold South Africa  12 China  11 Australia  11 34 
Data source: World Mining Data (2008). * = World refinery Production (USGS, 2008) ** = USGS (2008) 
 
EN 6   EN Annex 2 — Table 3: Selected “high-tech  materials” applications for “green 
technologies”. 
Problem Solutions Raw materials (application) 
Platinum, palladium 
REE* Fuel cells 
Cobalt 
Samarium (permanent magnets) 
REE: Neodynium (high performance magnets) 
Silver (advanced electromotor generators) Hybrid cars 
Platinum, palladium (catalysts) 
Silicon, gallium (solar cells) 
Silver (solar cells, energy  collection/transmission) Alternative energies 
Gold, silver (high performance mirrors) Future Energy 
supply 
Energy storage Lithium, zinc, tantalum, cobalt (rechargeable 
batteries) 
Advanced cooling technologies REE  
New illuminants REE, Indium, Gallium: LEDs, LCDs, OLED 
Energy saving tyres Various industrial minerals Energy 
conservation 
Super alloys (high 
efficiency jet turbines) Rhenium 
Emissions prevention Platinum, palladium Environmental 
protection Emissions purification Silver, REE 
High precision 
machines Nanotechnology Silver, REE 
Miniaturisation Tantalum, ruthenium (MicroLab solutions) 
Indium (processors) New IT solutions 
Wolfram (high performance steel hardware) IT limitations 
RFID (hand-held 
consumer electronics) Indium, REE, silver 
* = Rare Earth Elements (Scandium, Yttrium and lantha nides). DG-ENTR selection based on data provided by 
RWTH Aachen, 2008; BRGM, 2008 and USGS (2008). 
 
EN 7   EN Annex 3 — Major global producers of selected high-tech metals (2006). 
 
 
EN 8   EN Annex 4.  
Figure 1: Real price indices of meta llic minerals and crude oil — 1948-2007  
050100150200250300350400450
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Price indices constant $ (2000 = 100)Oil, mixed basket Metals
Falling 
world 
demand       Oil crisis
   1st            2nd
Korean war Vietnam warRising 
Asian 
demandPrivatizations and/or opening up to Foreign Direct Investment
Excess metal capacityDomination of the "Seven Sisters" cartelEntry of new oil producers
Second 
Iraq WarNationalizationsReal price indices of metallic minerals and crude oil - 1948-2007 
 
Source: Radetzki M (2008), A Handbook of Primary Commodities in the Global Economy, Cambridge 
University Press. Numbers until 2007 updated by the auth or; 2008 (dotted) represents estimates of Commission 
services as consolidated 2008 indices are not available (the values related to the 2008 indices are based on 
2008/Q2 and Sept 2008/2 data; see http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.asp ) . 
Note to the graph: UN’s Index of Manufactured Export Pr ices from Industrialised countries in US Dollars is used 
as deflator (base year 2000 = 100). Metal Price i ndex: Copper (26.64%); Alum inium (36.33%); Iron ore 
(12.46%); Tin (1.38%); Nickel (10.38%); Zinc (5.88%); Lead (2.08%); Uranium (4.84%). Oil index: Average of 
equally weighted U.K. Brent, Dubai and West Texas Intermediate. Sources: IMF, UNCTAD, United Nations, 
World Bank.  
Note: The cyclical nature of the metal industry can be observed throughout the 20th century. 
Since the mid-seventies, real metal prices have displayed a gradua lly declining trend, 
generally believed to be the result of exce ss capacity and the dematerialisation of the 
industrial economies. In periods of higher demand for raw materials, supply may not be able 
to keep pace, resulting in higher prices. In th e mining industry it t ypically takes many years 
between identifying economically viable deposits and the start up of actual mine production. 
This is due to many factors, su ch as raising sufficient invest ment capital, long planning and 
permit phases, potential bottlenecks in infrastructure , time lags in delivery of mine equipment, 
and lack of skilled staff. Once supply catches up with demand due to increased production, recycling, substitution and/or innovation, pric es usually decline again, and excess supply 
capacity may occur. 
 
EN 9   EN Annex 4. 
Figure 2. Global mining exploratio n expenditure (with 2008/2009 estimates) 
02468101214
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009billion US $
 
Source: Raw Materials Data, Stockholm, 2008 
 
EN 10   EN Annex 4. 
Table 1. Examples of non-energy ra w material export restrictions. 
Raw material Country 
Aluminium (ores, concentrates, unalloyed unwrought metal) China 
Cokes Ukraine, China 
Copper (ores, concentrates, interm ediates, unwrought metal, master 
alloys) China 
Ferroalloys of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and tungsten  China  
Ferrous scrap Russia, Ukraine 
High-tech metals (Rare earths, Tungsten, Indium) China 
Iron ore India 
Magnesium (ores, concentrates, intermediates, unwrought metal) China 
Manganese China 
Molybdenum (ores, concentrates, inte rmediates, unwrought metal) China 
Nickel (ores, concentrates, unwrought metal, electroplating 
anodes) China 
Non-ferrous scrap  e.g. China, India, 
Pakistan, Russia  
Raw hides and skins, wet-blue leather e.g. Argentina, 
Brazil, India, Pakistan 
Yellow phosphorus (chemical) China 
Wood Russia 
 
 
EN 11   EN Annex 4. 
Figure 3. Overview of mergers and acquisitions in the mining sector. 
050000100000150000200000250000300000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
H1Value MUSD
BHP & 
Rio Tinto
 
Source: Raw Materials Data, Stockholm, 2008 
Note: The possible merger between BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto is currently under investigation by the European 
Commission. A final decision is expected early January 2009. 
 
EN 12   EN Annex 5 — Market structure of  metal mining companies. 
 
Market structure metal mining companies (in numbers; left) and market control (in percentages; right).  
Source: Raw Materials Group, Stockholm (2008). 
Note: While companies specialising in constr uction minerals are notably SMEs supplying 
local or national markets, producers of industrial minerals and metallic minerals operate globally. The metal mining industry is largely dominated by privatel y owned Trans National 
Companies (TNCs), or mining “majors”
1. These “majors” represent only a small fraction of 
the 4000+ companies, with production facilitie s including mining, smelting and refining. The 
“majors” represent about 83% of  the total value of all non-fuel minerals production, whilst the 
remaining 17% is accounted for by about 100 0 medium sized and small companies. The 
majority of the metal mining companies c onsist of “junior” companies, essentially 
specialising in exploration. If juniors find a de posit, it is usually sold to a major mining 
company, capable of raising the necessary capi tal, experience and comp etence to invest in 
actual production.  
World top 10 companies in non-energy minerals mining in 2007. 
Rank 
world Company name Headquarters Share of company, % of 
value of world mine prod. 
of all minerals 2007% Cumulative 
share of World 
2007 % Revenue M$ 
2007 
1 Vale Brazil 5.45 5.45 33115 
2 BHP Billiton Group  Austr./UK 4.92 10.37 47473 
3 Anglo American plc  UK 3.76 14.13 25470 
4 Rio Tinto plc  UK/Austr. 3.59 17.73 33518 
5 Freeport McMoran  USA 3.28 21.01 16939 
6 Norilsk Nickel  Russia 2.91 23.92 17119 
7 Codelco Chile 2.88 26.80 16988 
8 Xstrata plc  Switzerland 2.72 29.52 28542 
9 Barrick Gold Corp  Canada 1.61 31.13 6332 
10 Grupo Mexico SA de CV  Mexico 1.56 32.69 7078 
Source: Raw Materials Data, Stockholm, 2008. Companies ranked by approximate share of total value of world 
mine production of non-energy minerals in 2007.
                                                 
1 World Investment report 2007, United Nations (2007). 
 
EN 13   EN Annex 6 — Resource-rich countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (2000-2005). 
 
 
EN 14   EN Annex 7 — Policies and programmes for securing non-energy raw materials — 
examples from US and Japan 
US 
According to the Strategic and Critical Materi als Stockpiling Act (50 U. S.C. 98 et seq.) the 
US is conducting i.e. “ scientific, technologic, and economic  investigations concerning the 
development, mining, preparation, treatment,  and utilization of ores and other mineral 
substances that (A) are found in the United States, or in its terr itories or possessions, (B) are 
essential to the national defence, industrial, and essential ci vilian needs of th e United States, 
and (C) are found in known domestic sources in inadequate quantities or grades. These 
investigations are carried out in order to (A) determine and develop new domestic sources of 
supply of such ores and mineral substances; (B) devise new methods for the treatment and 
utilization of lower grade reserves of such  ores and mineral substances; and (C) develop 
substitutes for such essentia l ores and mineral products” . 
In 2008 the US National Research  Council released a report2 on the criticality of non-energy 
raw minerals for the US economy. In order to determine criticality, the mineral’s importance 
in use and its availability (s upply risk) were assessed. Of th e 11 raw materials that were 
analysed, 5 were assessed as being ‘highly cr itical’: indium, manganese, niobium, rare earths 
and the platinum group metals. The proposed appr oach is presented as an aid to decision 
makers in taking appropriate steps to mitigate re strictions in the nonfuel mineral supply. It is 
important to note that the report only addressed in a limited way the mineral needs that are 
specific to the needs of the defence industry. The US Department of Defence maintains a 
stockpile of strategic materials to supply the needs of US nati onal defence. In the 1990s, the 
Congress authorised its disposal, but as a result of reported shor tages of certain raw materials, 
such as titanium, it recently dire cted the Department of Defence to review its cu rrent stockpile 
disposal policy, which may result in additiona l adjustments to inventory and sales plans 
(expected late November 2008). 
In another response to the growing need for mi nerals information, the U.S. Geological Survey 
(USGS) is conducting a cooperativ e international project to a ssess the world’s undiscovered 
nonfuel mineral resources, the Global Minera l Resource Assessment Project (GMRAP). It 
aims  “to develop and test methods of assessi ng undiscovered mineral resources on land ”. Its 
primary objectives are to “ outline the principal land areas in the world that have potential for 
selected undiscovered mineral resources and to estimate the probable amounts of those 
mineral resources to a depth of one kilometre below the Earth’s surface ”. The first three 
commodities for which global undiscovered resour ces will be assessed are copper, platinum-
group metals, and potash; others will follow. GM RAP is currently an 8-year project, which 
began in 2002. Geological surveys from around th e world are involved in this initiative, 
including the French Geological Survey (BRGM)3. 
                                                 
2 Minerals, critical minerals, and the US economy (2008), National Research Council, the National 
Academies Press. 
3 USGS Fact sheet FS-053-03. 
 
EN 15   EN Japan 
Early in 2008 the Japanese government published its “Guidelines for Securing National 
resources”4, which includes the statement that the Japanese Government “ will support key 
resource acquisition projects by promoting active diplomacy and helping th ese projects to be 
strategically connected to ec onomic cooperation measures, such  as official development 
assistance (ODA), policy fi nance and trade insurance ”. Potential projects must fulfil the 
criteria 1) “ projects to acquire explora tion or development interests ” and 2) “ projects related 
to long-term supply contracts that contribut e to supplying …resources to users in Japan ”. 
In 2004 the Japanese government  created the Japanese Oil,  Gas and Metals National 
Cooperation (JOGMEC)5. Among JOGMEC’s important activ ities are providing financial 
assistance to Japanese companies for mineral exploration and deposit development, gathering 
and analysing information on mineral and meta l markets to better understand supply risk, and 
managing Japan’s economic stockpile  of rare metals. JOGMEC de fines rare metals as those 
that (a) are essential to Japa nese industry, sectors such as iron and steel, automobiles, 
information technology, and home appliances  and (b) are subject to significant supply 
instability. JOGMEC took over and manages the Japanese rare-m etal stockpiles in 
cooperation with private companies,  with the goal of having stoc ks equivalent to 60 days of 
domestic industrial consumption. Stocks exis t for seven materials: chromium, cobalt, 
manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, and va nadium. JOGMEC is closely observing 7 
other raw materials.  
                                                 
4 http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/data/nBackIssue200803.html  
5 http://www.jogmec.go.jp/english/index.html  
 
EN 16   EN Annex 8 — Critical raw material s: a preliminary assessment 
In recent times, there have been more and mo re assessments of the importance and even 
criticality of the supply of non-energy raw materials to national economies, such as: 
• Minerals, Critical minerals and the US  economy. National Research Council, 2008. 
• Global commodities: a long term vision for stable, secure and sustainable global markets. 
HM Treasury, 2008. 
• Trends der Angebots - und Nach fragesituation bei mineralischen Rohstoffen. RWI Essen, 
ISI, BGR, 2007. 
• Perspectives on the environmental limits concept. DEFRA, UK, December 2007. 
• Material Security. Ensuring resource availabi lity for the UK economy. Resource Efficiency 
Knowledge Transfer Network, UK, 2008. 
Different methodologies are bei ng applied to determine the cr iticality of raw materials, 
making use of various criteria. What they have in common is that they consider a whole range 
of factors in rela tion to the importance of raw materials for the economy and in relation to the 
availability and reliability of supply. These s upply risk factors can have multiple dimensions: 
geological, technical, environmental and soci al, political and economic. Examples are: 
concentration of production at company or count ry level, increased demand, degree of import 
dependence, by-product or not, recycling potentia l, substitution possibilities, political and 
economic stability of producing countries, etc. It is usually a combination of these factors that 
is instrumental in defining the criticality of  a raw material, for a specific time scale.  
In some countries assessments are being carr ied out, but are not alwa ys publicly available6. 
However, it can be assumed that they are at the basis of such polic ies as stockpiling (e.g. 
Japan) or protectionist strate gies (e.g. China), so the selec tion of raw materials that are 
covered by these policies and st rategies could be interpreted as being “critical” for their 
economies. 
Analysis of the available information reveals th at various raw materials, such as aggregates, 
iron ore and copper, are considered to be essential for the economies of the developed countries, but not necessarily criti cal at this moment in time. However, it is noticeable that a 
number of assessments and policies consider in  particular “high tech” materials such as 
niobium, platinum and titanium as (potentially)  critical for the economies of developed 
countries. This is because they have a number of  high tech applications that are important for 
the economy and because they are marked by a higher degree of supply risk than the more 
“traditional” base and ferrous metals:  
First of all,  high tech metals are important for the EU economy  and are characterised by 
sudden demand peaks which are strongly driven by the production of new products based on a 
new technology ("disruptive techno logy"); for instance mobile phones use tantalum, and flat 
panel display TVs  (TV-LCD) use indium. It is expect ed that new Light-Emitting Diodes 
                                                
 
6 Study in the field of non-energy raw materials.  Prepared by RPA. RWI Essen for the European 
Commission. September 2008.  
 
EN 17   EN (LEDs) making use of gallium will consume 50 % less than incandescent light bulbs using 
tungsten wire, which would make possible low consumption lighting and a major potential 
reduction in global electricity consumption by 2025. High tech material s are increasingly at 
the basis of innovative “green techs”, associ ated with renewable energy (i.e. Cu-Indium-
Gallium-Selenium or CIGS photovoltaic "thin -film" technology for solar cells) and with 
minimising greenhouse gas emissions. For instan ce, platinum group metals are used for 
catalysts in car exhausts a nd future hydrogen-proton-excha nge fuel cell (PEMFC) cars, 
lithium-cobalt batteries for electric-hybrid cars, rhenium and ruthenium superalloys for the production of more energy-effici ent aircraft and land-based single-crystal turbine blade 
turbines, and titanium with composites in the next generation B787 or A 350 commercial 
aircraft. 
Secondly, there are  high supply risks . High tech metals are often by-products of 
mining/processing, which means that their av ailability is largely determined by the 
availability of the main product. Due to its low or very low elasticity (sometimes as a by-
product of a by-product, as in  the case of rhenium and ha fnium), production cannot adapt 
easily to demand, which increases the crisis risk, such as the rush for ta ntalum in 2000 due to 
the boom in mobile phones. For so me there is a high degree of c oncentration of production at 
country level, and they are s ubject to various protective meas ures taken by third countries.  
The need for Europe to focus part icularly on the critical role of high tech metals is confirmed 
by the French geological survey BRGM. The work  of the French geological survey focuses 
on the higher degree of criticality of high tech metals based on three criticality criteria: possibility (or not) of substitution, essential role, and potential supply risks. In their 
analysis
7,8,9,10 they identify short to medium risks to  their supply of a number of materials:  
antimony, chromite, cobalt, germanium, gallium, indium, lithium, magnesium, 
molybdenum, platinum, palladium, rhodium,  rare earths, rhenium, titanium, and 
tungsten.  
This list might be expanded to take in five more materials ( chromite, manganese, niobium, 
tantalum and vanadium ) which have also been targeted by the above-mentioned US-report 
and Japanese stockpiling policy and for which there is a high degree of concentration of 
producing countries.  
Conclusion:  Clearly, the above list is only illustrative. It should be assessed further on the 
basis of a methodology agreed by Member States and other stakeholders, and bearing in mind 
that criticality assessments are a dynamic concep t, which may lead to very different results 
depending on the timing of the analysis, the geographical scope, short, medium to long term view, technological developments, etc.  
                                                
 
7 Deschamps Y., Bailly L., Bouchot V., Gentilhomme Ph., Hocquard C., Lerouge C., Milesi J.P., Nicol 
N., Ollivier P., Pelon R., Salpeteur I. avec la collabo ration de Save M., Thomassin J.F. (2002) - Métaux 
rares à forte demande industrielle. Tantale, germaniu m, indium et gallium. État de l’art en économie, 
traitement des minerais, gîtologie. BRGM/RP-51558-FR, 284 p., 22 fig., 45 tabl., 32 ann; 
8 Hocquard, C. et Samama, J .C, 2006, Cycles et supercycles dans le domaine des matières premières 
minérales, analyse des risques et des comportements des acteurs, pp.63-81, in Les techniques de 
l’industrie minérale, Société de l’industrie minérale, n°29, mars 2006; 
9 Hocquard, C., 2008, Strategic metals, high-tech metals, environmentally green metals: A convergence. 
Abstract, 33rd International Geological Congress 2008 - Oslo, Norway, 6th-14th August; 
10 Hocquard, C., 2008, Les nouveaux matériaux stratégiques, métaux high tech, métaux verts, vers une 
convergence, Agence Rhône-Alpes pour la maîtrise des matériaux (A RAMM) in Mag'Mat, n°26, avril-
juin 2008, pp.18-30.