COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER

Accompanying the document

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL

PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO OBJECTIVES (required under Article 5 of Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol)

1. Detailed analysis of emission trends in the main sectors

1.1. Energy supply and use, excluding transport

Table 1: GHG emissions from energy supply and use, excluding transport (1990-2010)

|| Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2010 total GHG || Change 1990-2010 || Change 2000-2010

EU-15 || 60.8% || 58.9% || -13.4% || -7.9%

EU-27 || 63.2% || 60.0% || -19.7% || -7.9%

· Total GHG emissions from energy supply and use decreased in the period 1990-2010 by 13.4% in EU-15 and by 19.7% in EU-27.

· Energy, responsible for about 60%, is the largest sector in terms of GHG emissions in the EU.

· CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the largest key source in the EU-15 accounting for 26% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2009 and for 86 % of greenhouse gas emissions of the energy industries sector. Between 1990 and 2010, CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production decreased by 6 % in the EU-15. Differences in the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions of heat and electricity production between the Member States are to a large extent explained by the mix of fuels combusted.

· CO2 emissions from public electricity and heat production did not increase in line with fuel consumption. The main explanatory factors at the EU-15 level during the past 20 years are fuel switching from coal to natural gas and improvements in energy efficiency.

· Between 1990 and 2010 in the EU-15, greenhouse gas emissions from energy industries increased in seven Member States and fell in eight. The highest absolute increase was accounted for the Netherlands, Finland and Greece. Germany and the UK account for the largest part of reductions.

· The decoupling of fuel combustion and greenhouse gas emissions is also observed in the EU-27. The reduction in the use of coal for heat and power generation in the EU-27 accounted for two thirds of the net reduction in emissions from energy industries. In 2010, natural gas use increased more than coal use while oil consumption fell, resulting in reduced CO2 emissions per unit of fossil fuel energy generated. The steady increase in biomass use also served as a substitute for fossil fuels.

1.2. Transport

Table 2: GHG emissions from transport (1990-2010)

|| Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2010 total GHG || Change 1990-2010 || Change 2000-2010

EU-15 || 16,4% || 21,2% || 15,6% || -2,9%

EU-27 || 13,9% || 19,7% || 20,0% || 2,0%

· Between 1990-2010 total GHG emissions from transport increased by 16% in the EU-15 and by 20% in the EU-27. The trend of greenhouse gas emissions follows closely the trend of fuel combustion.

· CO2 emissions from road transport is the second largest key source of all categories in the EU-15. Between 1990 and 2010, CO2 emissions - mainly from fuel combustion - from road transportation increased by 17 % in the EU-15.

· In the EU-15 Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom contributed most to the CO2 emissions from road transport (77%). All Member States, except for Germany (-3%), increased emissions from road transportation between 1990 and 2010. The Member States with the highest increases in absolute terms were Spain, Italy, France and Austria. The countries with the lowest increase in relative terms were the United Kingdom, Finland, France and Sweden.

· Between 2009 and 2010 the total emissions from road transport decreased in the EU-15 as well as in EU-27 due to lower gasoline derived emissions. This was despite the recovery in diesel derived emissions after two consecutive years of decline. Diesel price inflation has outpaced the rapidly increasing gasoline prices for some years. Along with the start of economic recession in the second half of 2008 and the whole of 2009, this triggered a fall in freight transport demand, which was reversed in 2010. To a lesser extent, increased use of biofuels also contributed to the lower road transport emissions in 2010.

· Emissions from international aviation and maritime transport also fell for the third consecutive year. The decline in emissions from international shipping was much stronger, reflecting the severity of the economic recession and lower freight transport. Since 1990, however, international transport emissions have grown very rapidly, reaching 6 % of total EU greenhouse gas emissions.

· CO2 emissions from rail transportation account for 0.13 % of total EU-15 GHG emissions in 2010. Between 1990 and 2010, CO2 emissions from rail transportation decreased by 38% in the EU-15. CO2 emissions from navigation account for 0.5 % of total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions in 2010. Between 1990 and 2010, CO2 emissions from navigation increased by 9 % in the EU-15.

1.3. Agriculture

Table 3: GHG emissions from agriculture (1990-2010)

|| Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2010 total GHG || Change 1990-2010 || Change 2000-2010

EU-15 || 10,2% || 9,8% || -13,8% || -9,8%

EU-27 || 10,6% || 9,8% || -22,3% || -8,3%

· In 2010, total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture were 13.8 % below 1990 levels. In the EU-27 emissions were 22.3 % below 1990 levels.

· Agriculture contributes 9.8 % to total EU-15 GHG emissions, making it the second largest sector. The most important GHGs from agriculture are N2O and CH4 accounting for 5.5 % and 4.4 % of the total GHG emissions respectively.

· Enteric fermentation from cattle is the largest single source of CH4 emissions in the EU-15 accounting for 3.2 % of total GHG emissions in 2010. Between 1990 and 2010, CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation from cattle declined by 12 % in the EU-15.

· N2O emissions from agricultural soils account for 4.9 % of total GHG emissions. N2O emissions from this source decreased by 18 % between 1990 and 2010. All EU-15 Member States show decreased emissions.

· The decrease in emissions is largely a consequence of efficiency improvements (in particular more efficient fertiliser use and increased animal productivity) and the reform of the EU common agricultural policy (CAP) decoupling direct support from production, strengthening the link to environmental legislation (cross-compliance), introducing climate change objectives into the CAP (under the Health Check Reform) and increasing support to climate friendly measures included in agri-environmental programmes. Further, the implementation of the Nitrates Directive has been enhanced.

1.4. Industrial processes

Table 4: GHG emissions from industrial processes (1990-2010)

|| Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2010 total GHG || Change 1990-2010 || Change 2000-2010

EU-15 || 8,3% || 7,0% || -25,1% || -14,8%

EU-27 || 8,3% || 7,3% || -26,3% || -12,9%

· Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from industry were 25 % below 1990 levels in 2010. In the EU-27 emissions were 26 % below 1990 emissions in 2010.

· Industrial processes is the third largest sector contributing 7 % to total EU-15 GHG emissions in 2010. The most important GHGs from this sector are CO2 (5 % of total GHG emissions), HFCs (1.5 %) and N2O (0.8 %).

· In 2010, the emissions increased by 3 % compared to 2009, due to the recovery from the economic recession.

· Cement production dominates the trend until 1997. Factors for declining emissions in the early 1990s were low economic activity and cement imports from Eastern European countries. Between 1997 and 1999 the trend is dominated by reduction measures in the adipic acid production in Germany, France and the UK. In addition, between 1998 and 1999 large reductions were achieved in the UK due to reduction measures in hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) production. The large decrease in 2009 was driven by reductions in cement production and a significant drop in the iron and steel production asa consequence of the economic crisis.

· Large emission reductions occurred in adipic acid production (N2O) mainly due to reduction measures in Germany, France, the UK and Italy, and in production of halocarbons (HFCs) and SF6. Additional N2O emission reductions were achieved in nitric acid production. Large HFC emission increases can be observed from consumption of halocarbons and SF6. Figure 4.2 shows that the three largest key sources account for about two thirds of total process-related GHG emissions in the EU-15.

1.5. Waste management

Table 5: GHG emissions from waste management (1990-2010)

|| Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2010 total GHG || Change 1990-2010 || Change 2000-2010

EU-15 || 4,0% || 2,8% || -36,7% || -25,4%

EU-27 || 3,6% || 3,0% || -30,4% || -21,4%

· In 2010 total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from waste were 37% below 1990 levels and 30% below 1990 in EU-27.

· Waste is the fourth largest sector in the EU-15, contributing around 3% to total GHG emissions. In 2010, emissions decreased by 3 % compared to 2009.

· CH4 emissions from from solid waste disposal on land decreased by 42 % between 1990 and 2010 in the EU-15. 11 EU-15 Member States reduced their emissions from this source; however France[1], Greece, Portugal and Spain did not.

· Between 1990 and 2010, CH4 emissions from managed landfills declined by 41 % in the EU-15. Between 1990 and 2010, CH4 emissions from managed landfills declined by 41 % in the EU-15. Ten EU-15 Member States reduced their emissions from this source during that period, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain did not. In 2010, CH4 emissions from landfills decreased by 2 % compared to 2009. A main driving force of CH4 emissions from managed waste disposal on land is the amount of biodegradable waste going to landfills. Total municipal solid waste disposal on land declined by 44 % between 1990 and 2010. In addition, CH4 emissions from landfills are influenced by the amount of CH4 recovered and utilised or flared. The share of CH4 recovery has increased significantly in EU-15 since 1990.

· The Member States with most emissions from managed waste disposal on land in 2010 were France, the UK, Italy and Spain. These MS account for 69 % of EU-15 emissions in this year. The largest reductions in absolute terms during 1990 and 2010 were reported by the UK and Germany. The emission reductions are partly due to the (early) implementation of the landfill directive or similar legislation in the Member States.

2. GHG emissions in the EU candidate countries

The Republic of Croatia is a Party to the UNFCCC from April 1996 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in May 2007 committing to a 5% reduction of GHG compared to the base year (1990)14. Between 1990 and 2010 Croatia's GHG emissions decreased by 9% and comparing to 2009 decreased by 2%. GHG emissions per capita are at 6.5 tons and GHG intensity of GDP is 16% higher than that of the EU-27. According to GHG emission projections included in the 5th National Communication, Croatia may to face difficulties with achieving its Kyoto target with the current set of policies and measures.

Iceland ratified the UNFCCC in June 1993 and the Kyoto Protocol in May 2002 committing itself to keep the increase of GHG emissions within 10% compared to the base year (1990). Iceland's GHG emissions between 1990 and 2010 increased by 30% and in 2010 were 4% lower than in 2009 which reflects the impact of the economic recession. GHG emissions per capita are at 14.3 tons and GHG intensity of GDP is 37% higher than in the EU. According to latest projections included in the 5th National Communication and taking into account decision 14/CP.7 (allowing Iceland to exclude emission from the heavy industry from the commitment level under the Kyoto Protocol in the period 2008-2012), Iceland is on track to meet its Kyoto target.

Turkey became an Annex I Party to the UNFCCC in May 2004 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in May 2009 (however has no GHG limitation/reduction commitment). Turkey’s first National Communication to the UNFCCC was submitted in January 2007. According to the recent GHG inventory, in 2010 Turkey’s emissions amounted to 369.6 MtCO2-eq, so an increase of 97.6% was noted compared to 187 MtCO2-eq. in 1990. The emissions also increased between 2009 and 2010, by 9%. Between 1990 and 2010, per capita GHG emissions have increased in Turkey. However, at 5.5 tonnes, the per capita emissions in Turkey are about half of the average EU-27 per capita emissions. Turkey's emissions intensity is 20% than in the EU.

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia became a Party to UNFCCC in January 1998 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in November 2004. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is considered a developing country under the Convention and its Protocol. In January 2009 the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat its 2nd National Communication, including inventory of GHG emissions for 1990-2002. According to available data for 2005, total GHG emissions decreased by around 19% since 1990. In 2005, CO2 emissions per capita are at level of 5.4 ton and GDP per capita amounted to 2300 €. Currently, there is no information on GHG projections available for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

Figure 1: GHG total emissions and emissions per capita in the EU candidate countries

Note: no 2010 data available for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2005 data come from the EDGAR database

Source: UNFCCC submissions, EDGAR database (see: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php)

Table 6: GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008–12

|| 1990 || Base year (1) || GHG emissions 2010 || Change 2009-2010 || Change 2010 relative to base year || EU burden-sharing or Kyoto target || EU burden-sharing or Kyoto target

Mt CO2 || Mt CO2 || Mt CO2 || % || % || % || Mt CO2

Austria || 78,2 || 79,0 || 84,6 || 6,1% || 7,0% || -13,0% || 68,8

Belgium || 143,3 || 145,7 || 132,5 || 5,8% || -9,1% || -7,5% || 134,8

Bulgaria || 114,3 || 132,6 || 61,4 || 4,3% || -53,7% || -8,0% || 122,0

Cyprus || 6,5 || no target || 10,8 || -2,4% || no target || no target || no target

Czech Republic || 195,8 || 194,2 || 139,2 || 3,3% || -28,4% || -8,0% || 178,7

Denmark (3) || 68,6 || 69,3 || 61,1 || 0,6% || -11,9% || -21,0% || 55,8

Estonia || 40,9 || 42,6 || 20,5 || 25,2% || -51,9% || -8,0% || 39,2

Finland || 70,4 || 71,0 || 74,6 || 12,8% || 5,0% || 0,0% || 71,0

France || 559,0 || 563,9 || 522,4 || 1,5% || -7,4% || 0,0% || 563,9

Germany || 1246,1 || 1232,4 || 936,5 || 2,7% || -24,0% || -21,0% || 973,6

Greece || 105,0 || 107,0 || 118,3 || -5,1% || 10,6% || 25,0% || 133,7

Hungary || 97,3 || 115,4 || 67,7 || 1,2% || -41,4% || -6,0% || 108,5

Ireland || 55,2 || 55,6 || 61,3 || -0,7% || 10,3% || 13,0% || 62,8

Italy || 519,2 || 516,9 || 501,3 || 2,0% || -3,0% || -6,5% || 483,3

Latvia || 26,6 || 25,9 || 12,1 || 10,2% || -53,4% || -8,0% || 23,8

Lithuania || 49,4 || 49,4 || 20,8 || 4,3% || -57,9% || -8,0% || 45,5

Luxembourg || 12,8 || 13,2 || 12,1 || 4,9% || -8,3% || -28,0% || 9,5

Malta || 2,0 || no target || 3,0 || 0,6% || no target || no target || no target

Netherlands || 212,0 || 213,0 || 210,1 || 5,6% || -1,4% || -6,0% || 200,3

Poland || 457,4 || 563,4 || 400,9 || 5,0% || -28,9% || -6,0% || 529,6

Portugal || 60,1 || 60,1 || 70,6 || -5,1% || 17,4% || 27,0% || 76,4

Romania || 253,3 || 278,2 || 121,4 || -1,6% || -56,4% || -8,0% || 256,0

Slovakia || 71,8 || 72,1 || 46,0 || 4,1% || -36,2% || -8,0% || 66,3

Slovenia || 18,5 || 20,4 || 19,5 || 0,3% || -4,1% || -8,0% || 18,7

Spain || 282,8 || 289,8 || 355,9 || -2,8% || 22,8% || 15,0% || 333,2

Sweden || 72,8 || 72,2 || 66,2 || 11,0% || -8,2% || 4,0% || 75,0

United Kingdom || 763,9 || 776,3 || 590,2 || 3,1% || -24,0% || -12,5% || 679,3

EU-15 || 4249,3 || 4265,5 || 3797,6 || 2,1% || -11,0% || -8,0% || 3924,3

EU-27 (2) || 5583,1 || no target || 4720,9 || 2,4% || no target || no target || no target

Notes:

(1) For EU-15 the base year for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide is 1990; for the fluorinated gases 12 Member States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990. As the EU-15 inventory is the sum of Member States’ inventories, the EU-15 base year estimates for fluorinated gas emissions are the sum of 1995 emissions for 12 Member States and 1990 emissions for Austria, France and Italy. The EU-15 base year emissions also include emissions from deforestation for the Netherlands, Portugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide for Bulgaria is 1988, for Hungary is the average of 1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986, for Poland 1988, for Romania 1989; for the fluorinated gases Slovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year and Romania 1989 all other central and eastern European members states have selected 1995.

(2) EU-27 does not have a common Kyoto Protocol target.

(3) The target includes a base-year compensation of 1 million AAU per year as agreed under Decision 2010/778/EU.

(4 )Malta and Cyprus do not have Kyoto targets.

Table 7a: Kyoto targets for non-ETS sectors for 2008–2012, compared with emission projections

|| Base-year emissions (BY) || Kyoto or burden-sharing target || Total allowed emissions of non-ETS sectors (approximation) || Projections of non-ETS emissions with existing measures || Projections of non-ETS emissions with additional measures || Removals (-) or emissions (+) from carbon sink activities || Use of Kyoto mechanisms at government level || Projections of non-ETS emissions with existing measures, with carbon sink removals and use of Kyoto mechanisms || Projections of non-ETS emissions with additional measures, with carbon sink removals and use of Kyoto mechanisms

Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Gap between projections and target || Annual average 2008-2012 || Gap between projections and target || Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Gap between projections and target || Annual average 2008-2012 || Gap between projections and target

Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || % change from BY || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. || % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. || % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || % of BY emissions

Austria || 79,0 || 68,8 || -13,0% || 38,0 || 53,4 || 15,4 || 19,5% || 53,0 || 15,0 || 19,0% || -0,7 || -0,9% || -16,0 || -20,2% || 36,7 || -1,3 || -1,6% || 36,3 || -1,7 || -2,2%

Belgium || 145,7 || 134,8 || -7,5% || 76,3 || 79,5 || 3,2 || 2,2% || 79,1 || 2,8 || 1,9% || 0,2 || 0,1% || -6,3 || -4,3% || 73,5 || -2,8 || -1,9% || 73,1 || -3,2 || -2,2%

Bulgaria (3) || 132,6 || 122,0 || -8,0% || 83,9 || 28,3 || -55,6 || -41,9% || 28,3 || -55,6 || -41,9% || -1,0 || -0,8% || 1,4 || 1,1% || 28,7 || -55,2 || -41,6% || 28,7 || -55,2 || -41,6%

Cyprus (2) || 5,3 || no target || no target || n.a. || 5,3 || na || na || 5,3 || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na

Czech Republic || 194,2 || 178,7 || -8,0% || 92,0 || 62,5 || -29,5 || -15,2% || 62,4 || -29,5 || -15,2% || -1,3 || -0,7% || 25,0 || 12,9% || 86,2 || -5,8 || -3,0% || 86,1 || -5,8 || -3,0%

Denmark (1) || 69,3 || 55,8 || -21,0% || 31,3 || 35,5 || 4,3 || 6,2% || 35,4 || 4,2 || 6,0% || -2,0 || -2,9% || -3,7 || -5,3% || 29,8 || -1,4 || -2,0% || 29,7 || -1,5 || -2,2%

Estonia || 42,6 || 39,2 || -8,0% || 27,4 || 6,1 || -21,3 || -50,0% || 6,1 || -21,3 || -50,0% || 0,2 || 0,4% || 1,2 || 2,8% || 7,5 || -19,9 || -46,8% || 7,4 || -19,9 || -46,8%

Finland || 71,0 || 71,0 || 0,0% || 33,4 || 32,8 || -0,7 || -0,9% || 32,7 || -0,7 || -1,0% || -0,6 || -0,8% || -1,0 || -1,4% || 31,2 || -2,2 || -3,2% || 31,1 || -2,3 || -3,3%

France || 563,9 || 563,9 || 0,0% || 431,9 || 398,0 || -33,9 || -6,0% || 395,4 || -36,5 || -6,5% || -3,2 || -0,6% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 394,8 || -37,1 || -6,6% || 392,2 || -39,8 || -7,0%

Germany || 1.232,4 || 973,6 || -21,0% || 522,1 || 480,2 || -42,0 || -3,4% || 474,5 || -47,7 || -3,9% || -10,1 || -0,8% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 470,0 || -52,1 || -4,2% || 464,4 || -57,8 || -4,7%

Greece || 107,0 || 133,7 || 25,0% || 65,4 || 60,2 || -5,2 || -4,9% || 59,9 || -5,5 || -5,1% || -0,6 || -0,6% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 59,5 || -5,9 || -5,5% || 59,3 || -6,1 || -5,7%

Hungary || 115,4 || 108,5 || -6,0% || 81,8 || 44,0 || -37,8 || -32,7% || 43,9 || -37,9 || -32,8% || -2,2 || -1,9% || 4,0 || 3,5% || 45,9 || -35,9 || -31,1% || 45,8 || -36,1 || -31,2%

Ireland (4) || 55,6 || 62,8 || 13,0% || 41,8 || 44,2 || 2,4 || 4,4% || 44,0 || 2,3 || 4,1% || -2,9 || -5,2% || -1,6 || -2,9% || 39,7 || -2,1 || -3,8% || 39,5 || -2,2 || -4,0%

Italy || 516,9 || 483,3 || -6,5% || 281,7 || 311,1 || 29,4 || 5,7% || 311,6 || 30,0 || 5,8% || -16,3 || -3,2% || -2,0 || -0,4% || 292,8 || 11,1 || 2,2% || 293,4 || 11,7 || 2,3%

Latvia || 25,9 || 23,8 || -8,0% || 20,4 || 8,8 || -11,6 || -44,9% || 8,8 || -11,7 || -45,0% || -1,3 || -5,1% || 8,4 || 32,4% || 15,9 || -4,5 || -17,6% || 15,8 || -4,6 || -17,7%

Lithuania || 49,4 || 45,5 || -8,0% || 36,9 || 15,6 || -21,3 || -43,1% || 15,3 || -21,6 || -43,6% || -1,1 || -2,3% || 14,1 || 28,6% || 28,6 || -8,3 || -16,8% || 28,3 || -8,6 || -17,3%

Luxembourg || 13,2 || 9,5 || -28,0% || 7,0 || 9,9 || 2,9 || 21,9% || 9,8 || 2,9 || 21,7% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -2,9 || -22,2% || 7,0 || 0,0 || -0,3% || 6,9 || -0,075 || -0,6%

Malta (2) || 2,0 || no target || no target || n.a. || 1,1 || na || na || 1,1 || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na || na

Netherlands || 213,0 || 200,3 || -6,0% || 112,8 || 119,8 || 7,1 || 3,3% || 119,4 || 6,6 || 3,1% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -10,0 || -4,7% || 109,9 || -2,9 || -1,4% || 109,4 || -3,4 || -1,6%

Poland || 563,4 || 529,6 || -6,0% || 323,9 || 196,6 || -127,3 || -22,6% || 196,6 || -127,3 || -22,6% || -12,4 || -2,2% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 184,2 || -139,7 || -24,8% || 184,2 || -139,7 || -24,8%

Portugal || 60,1 || 76,4 || 27,0% || 41,6 || 46,1 || 4,5 || 7,6% || 46,1 || 4,5 || 7,6% || -4,7 || -7,8% || -1,5 || -2,5% || 39,9 || -1,6 || -2,7% || 39,9 || -1,6 || -2,7%

Romania (3) || 278,2 || 256,0 || -8,0% || 181,9 || 78,5 || -103,4 || -37,2% || 78,5 || -103,4 || -37,2% || -3,0 || -1,1% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 75,5 || -106,4 || -38,3% || 75,5 || -106,4 || -38,3%

Slovakia || 72,1 || 66,3 || -8,0% || 33,7 || 24,0 || -9,8 || -13,5% || 23,9 || -9,8 || -13,6% || -0,3 || -0,4% || 5,4 || 7,5% || 29,1 || -4,6 || -6,4% || 29,1 || -4,7 || -6,5%

Slovenia || 20,4 || 18,7 || -8,0% || 10,4 || 11,8 || 1,4 || 6,8% || 11,7 || 1,2 || 6,0% || -1,3 || -6,5% || -1,0 || -4,9% || 9,5 || -0,9 || -4,5% || 9,3 || -1,1 || -5,4%

Spain || 289,8 || 333,2 || 15,0% || 181,0 || 229,8 || 48,8 || 16,9% || 229,6 || 48,6 || 16,8% || -11,4 || -3,9% || -38,8 || -13,4% || 179,6 || -1,4 || -0,5% || 179,4 || -1,6 || -0,5%

Sweden || 72,2 || 75,0 || 4,0% || 52,6 || 42,5 || -10,0 || -13,9% || 42,5 || -10,0 || -13,9% || -2,1 || -3,0% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 40,4 || -12,2 || -16,9% || 40,4 || -12,2 || -16,9%

United Kingdom || 776,3 || 679,3 || -12,5% || 433,7 || 345,5 || -88,2 || -11,4% || 345,5 || -88,2 || -11,4% || -3,4 || -0,4% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 342,0 || -91,7 || -11,8% || 342,0 || -91,7 || -11,8%

EU-15 || 4.265,5 || 3.924,3 || -8,0% || 2.353,4 || 2.288,6 || -64,8 || -1,5% || 2.278,8 || -74,7 || -1,8% || -57,9 || -1,4% || -83,8 || -2,0% || 2.146,9 || -206,5 || -4,8% || 2.137,1 || -216,4 || -5,1%

EU-27 || 5.767,1 || no target || no target || n.a. || 2.771,4 || na || na || 2.760,7 || na || na || -81,6 || -1,4% || -25,3 || -0,4% || 2.664,5 || na || na || 2.653,9 || na || na

Notes: (1) Denmark's burden-sharing target and allowed non-ETS emissions include a base-year compensation of 1 million AAUs per year of the first commitment period.

(2) No commitment under the Kyoto Protocol, therefore no base year and no emission target. 1990 emissions are used in the column "base year"..

(3) Projection data for Bulgaria and Romania from Primes/Gains

(4) For Ireland, the use of unused ETS allowances from the new entrants reserve is taken into account in the non-ETS target.

Table 7b: Aggregate of total GHG projections for the various scenarios

|| Base year emissions || Projections of total emissions "with existing measures" || With Kyoto mechanisms || With carbon sink removals and use of Kyoto mechanisms || With carbon sink removals, use of Kyoto mechanisms and impact of the EU ETS cap || Projections of total emissions "with additional measures", carbon sinks, ETS trade and Kyoto mechanisms

Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year || Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year || Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year || Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year || Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year

Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || % || Mt CO2-eq. || % || Mt CO2-eq. || % || Mt CO2-eq. || % || Mt CO2-eq. || %

EU-15 || 4.265,5 || 3.785,4 || -11,3% || 3.701,6 || -13,2% || 3.643,7 || -14,6% || 3.726,8 || -12,6% || 3.707,9 || -13,1%

EU-27 || 5.767,1 || 4.717,9 || -18,2% || 4.692,6 || -18,6% || 4.611,0 || -20,0% || 4.747,9 || -17,7% || 4.728,0 || -18,0%

EU-27 (1990) || 5.588,8 || 4.717,9 || -15,6% || 4.692,6 || -16,0% || 4.611,0 || -17,5% || 4.747,9 || -15,0% || 4.728,0 || -15,4%

Table 8: Comparison of historic GHG emissions and AAUs budgets

|| Burden sharing or KP target || Cumulative AAU budget 2008-2011 || Cumulative total GHG emissions 2008-2011 (2) || Cumulative use of sink activities 2008-2011 || Cumulative gap between relevant AAU budget including sink activities and emissions 2008-2011 (1)

Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || %

Austria || 68,8 || 275,1 || 333,2 || -2,8 || 63,2 || 23,0%

Belgium || 134,8 || 539,2 || 515,7 || 0,8 || 3,5 || 0,6%

Bulgaria || 122,0 || 488,0 || 256,9 || -4,1 || -230,5 || -47,2%

Cyprus || no target || no target || 42,8 || 0,0 || no target || no target

Czech Republic || 178,7 || 714,8 || 558,6 || -5,1 || -121,5 || -17,0%

Denmark || 55,8 || 223,1 || 241,4 || -8,0 || 7,3 || 3,3%

Estonia || 39,2 || 156,9 || 77,5 || 0,7 || -84,7 || -54,0%

Finland || 71,0 || 284,0 || 278,2 || -2,4 || -5,6 || -2,0%

France (3) || 563,9 || 2.255,7 || 2.071,7 || -12,9 || -107,0 || -4,7%

Germany (3) || 973,6 || 3.894,5 || 3.741,3 || -40,5 || -250,4 || -6,4%

Greece || 133,7 || 534,9 || 492,8 || -2,5 || -30,7 || -5,7%

Hungary || 108,5 || 433,9 || 273,5 || -8,7 || -163,7 || -37,7%

Ireland || 62,8 || 251,3 || 248,0 || -11,6 || -3,2 || -1,3%

Italy || 483,3 || 1.933,0 || 2.028,1 || -65,1 || 64,4 || 3,3%

Latvia || 23,8 || 95,3 || 46,9 || -5,3 || -47,6 || -50,0%

Lithuania || 45,5 || 181,8 || 86,5 || -4,5 || -91,5 || -50,3%

Luxembourg || 9,5 || 37,9 || 47,9 || 0,0 || 11,4 || 30,0%

Malta || no target || no target || 12,1 || 0,0 || no target || no target

Netherlands || 200,3 || 801,0 || 809,4 || 0,1 || 21,5 || 2,7%

Poland || 529,6 || 2.118,5 || 1.593,3 || -49,6 || -558,6 || -26,4%

Portugal || 76,4 || 305,6 || 292,8 || -18,7 || -12,4 || -4,1%

Romania || 256,0 || 1.023,9 || 515,1 || -12,0 || -436,5 || -42,6%

Slovakia || 66,3 || 265,1 || 186,2 || -1,1 || -41,9 || -15,8%

Slovenia || 18,7 || 74,9 || 80,0 || -5,3 || -0,4 || -0,6%

Spain || 333,2 || 1.333,0 || 1.482,1 || -45,6 || 155,4 || 11,7%

Sweden || 75,0 || 300,2 || 252,3 || -8,5 || -47,4 || -15,8%

United Kingdom || 679,3 || 2.717,2 || 2.342,5 || -13,8 || -375,7 || -13,8%

EU-15 || 3.924,3 || 15.697,1 || 15.177,4 || -231,4 || -517,4 || -3,3%

EU-27 || no target || no target || 18.906,7 || -326,4 || no target || no target

Notes:

(1) includes the impact of the EU ETS cap

(2) 2011 data based on proxy data developed by the EEA2

(3) ETS effect includes corrections for allowances issued (through free allocation or auctioning) for Germany and France. For Germany and France corrections for allocated allowances have been included. Germany distributed additional 8.1 Mt in 2008 to finance its auctioning mechanism and in 2009 and 2010 Germany received 4 Mt from operators due to back requirements that are not inluded in the CITL. France distributed in 2008 and 2009 additional 9.4 Mt to operators that are not included in the CITL. In 2011 the CITL data showed additional 9.6 Mt that are yet not included in the EEA EU ETS viewer.

Table 9: Summary of implemented and planned policies and measures

Cross-cutting measures

Policies and measures ‘Cross-cutting’ || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments

EU Emission Trading Scheme || N/a || N/a || In force

Revision of the monitoring mechanism || N/a || N/a || In force

Link Kyoto flexible mechanisms to emissions trading || N/a || N/a || In force

Energy Supply

Policies and measures || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments ||

‘Energy supply’ ||

Promotion of electricity from RES-E (2001) || 100-12518 || || In force ||

(New) Renewable energy Directive (Directive 2009/28/EC) || || 600-90019 || In force ||

CCS Directive || N/a || 0.87520 || In force ||

||

NER300 laying down criteria and measures for the financing of commercial demonstration projects for CCS and innovative renewable energy technologies under the revised EU ETS || || || First call for proposals ongoing ||

Directive on promotion of cogeneration || 6521 || || In force until mid-2014. To be replaced by the new Energy Efficiency Directive. ||

Further measures on renewable heat (including biomass action plan) || 36-4822 || || Biomass Action Plan, Dec 2005, over 20 further actions planned. Renewable heat included in proposed new Directive on renewable energy ||

Intelligent Energy for Europe: programme for renewable energy || N/a || || Programme for policy support in renewable energy ||

Developing the internal energy market || 80-120 18 || || Amendments to a number of directives28 to continue to help complete the internal energy market. ||

Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || || || 6 European Industrial Initiatives and 10 Integrated Research Programmes that address the development and market roll-out of new generation of renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, nuclear and smart grids technologies are in force since 2010/11. At EU level these initiatives are supported by FP7. ||

Energy demand

Policies and measures || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation / timetable /comments ||

‘Energy demand’ ||

Directive on the energy performance of buildings || 2024 || || Replaced by the recast Directive below. ||

Directive on the energy performance of buildings (recast) || || 160-21025 || Adopted in May 2010 with implementation deadline by June 2012. ||

Directive on ecodesign requirements for energy-related products Directive on labelling of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products || || 400 || Product policy under implementation. 14 implementing measures adopted on ecodesign and 9 on energy labelling. Some 20-30 more measures are expected by 2014/2015. ||

Regulation on the labelling of tyres with respect to fuel efficiency and other essential parameters || || 1.5-4.0 || Product policy under implementation ||

Regulation on energy efficiency labelling programme for office equipment (Energy Star) || || 11.2 (2009-2014) || Product policy under implementation ||

Directive on energy end use efficiency and energy services || 9226 || || In force until mid-2014. Afterwards to be (almost fully) replaced by the new Energy Efficiency Directive; National Energy Efficiency Action Plans adopted in all EU-27. ||

Action Plan on Energy efficiency as a follow-up to the Green Paper || N/a || || Launched Oct 200627. Identifies 10 priority actions to achieve the to 20% energy efficiency target of 368 Mtoe primary energy savings in 2020 (or 740 MtCO2-eq). Reinforced in March 2011 (see below). ||

Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 || || || Launched March 2011. Aims at closing the gap to the 20% energy efficiency target in 2020 by delivering 150 Mtoe primary energy savings in 2020 ||

New Energy Efficiency Directive || || || Recently adopted. To be implemented by mid-2014. Estimated primary energy savings of 100 Mtoe in 2020. ||

Action under the Industrial emission directive || Not known || || Reference document on Best Available Techniques regarding Energy Efficiency finalised. ||

Intelligent Energy for Europe programme (incl. Covenant of Mayors, ELENA) || N/a || || Programme for policy support in energy efficiency ||

European Energy Efficiency Fund || || || Launched in July 2011. Estimated investment potential of EUR 265 million for energy efficiency, renewables and sustainable urban transport projects. ||

Public procurement || 25-40 18 || || EU Handbook developed for guidance for increased energy efficient public procurement ||

||

Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || || || Launch in 2012 of the Smart Cities and Communities European Innovation Partnership addressing the demand side of low carbon technologies in energy, transport and ICT sectors. ||

Transport

Policies and measures ‘Transport’ || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation / timetable / comments

Strategy on CO2 from light duty vehicles; Regulation on CO2 emissions from passenger cars, Regulation on CO2 emissions from light commercial vehicles, car labelling directive || || || Labelling: in force Regulations in force Communication on fiscal measures: in implementation

Fuel quality Directive || || 62.528 || First implemented in 1998. Revised in 2009

Directive on the promotion of transport bio-fuels || 35-4018 || || In force

Voluntary agreements with European, Japanese and Korean car manufacturers. || || || Implemented

75-8018

Framework Directive Infrastructure use and charging || N/a || || In implementation, in relation to heavy road duty transport only, amendment of "Eurovignette" has been proposed

Infrastructure charging for heavy goods (revised Eurovignette) || N/a || || Adopted

Shifting the balance of transport modes || N/a || || Package of measures in implementation

Fuel taxation || N/a || || In force

Currently focus on EU harmonisation of taxation, not on CO2 reduction; ongoing review of the Energy Tax Directive

Directive on mobile air conditioning systems: HFCs || See regulation on fluorinated gases || || In force

Inclusion of Aviation in EU ETS || || 18330 || Adopted. Includes all flights since 1/01/2012

Public procurement of vehicles || || 1.931 ||

Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || || || One Joint technology Initiative on Fuel cells and Hydrogen in force since 2009 and one European Industrial Initiative and Integrated Research Programme on bioenergy in force since 2010/11. At EU level these initiatives are supported by FP7.

Industry & non CO2 gases

Policies and measures || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation / timetable / comments

‘Industry’

Regulation on fluorinated gases (including Directive on mobile air conditioning systems) || 2332 || 4640 || In force

IPPC & non-CO2 gases || 60-7018 || || In force

In 2008 the Directive was codified and in 2010 amended by the Industrial Emissions Directive

Waste

Policies and measures || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation / timetable / comments

‘Waste’

Landfill Directive || 4118 || || In force

Waste Framework Directive || || || Adopted.

Launched December 200533, including a revision of the original waste directive of 1975, revised in 2008.

Thematic Strategy on waste || || || Launched in 2005

Directives on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) || 3534 || || In force. Revised directive in 2008

Integration Research & Development

Policies and measures || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments

R&D framework Program || N/a || || In force. Under the 7th Framework program (FP7), which runs from 2007 to 2013, a budget of 50.5 billion euros will be allocated over the entire period. Over 2.3 billion to energy related R&D activities.

Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) || || || CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 with a total budget of 3.6 billion euros. The CIP is divided in three operational programmes two of which are related to energy and climate change.

Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || || || In force since 2007 and implemented at EU level through FP7.

Integration Cohesion Policy

Policies and measures || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments ||

Integration climate change in structural funds &cohesion funds || N/a || N/a || For the budgetary period 2007-13 sustainable transport, adaptation, renewable energy and energy efficiency have been indentified as eligible areas for support. ||

Agriculture

Policies and measures || Emission reduction potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Emission reduction potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments

‘Agriculture’

CAP reforms (2003 and 2008 Health Check Reform) || 1235 || || Adopted. Major reforms of the CAP were implemented in 2000, 2003 and 2008.

Reduction of CH4 and N2O from animal manure || 1.7 || || Possibility for support through Rural development programmes

N2O from soils || 0.9-1036 || || Possibility for support through Rural development programmes and from an improved implementation of the nitrates Directive

CAP reform post 2013 || || || In November 2011, the Commission proposed the introduction of new climate related measures into the CAP as of 2014. These comprise the introduction of new mandatory "greening measures" (ecological focus areas, maintenance of permanent grassland, crop diversification), strengthened conditions for good agricultural and environmental conditions (GAEC), and re-enforced agri-environment-climate measures under rural development. Resource efficiency and the shift towards a low carbon and climate resilient economy is introduced as a specific priority for rural development.

Forests and soils

Policies and measures || Sequestration potential in 2010 in EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Sequestration potential in 2020 in EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments

‘Forests’

EU Forest Strategy and EU Forest Action Plan || N/a || N/a || Implemented. The Forest Action Plan was presented in June 2006. Its timeframe was 2006-2011. It builds on the EU’s Forestry Strategy adopted in 1998. The EU Forestry Stategy and the EU Forest Action Plan are currently being revised and a new EU Forest Strategy is foreseen for Spring 2013.

Afforestation and reforestation: || 1418 || || Possibility for support through forestry scheme of rural development. New forest related measures are proposed by the Commission to be introduced in rural development policy post 2014.

- Afforestation programmes

- Natural forest expansion

Restoration of forests damaged by natural disasters, fires, pests damage and forest fire prevention action || || || Possibility for support through Rural development programmes, specific measure for restoring forestry potential and introduction of prevention actions

Forest management (various measures) || 19 18 || || Possibility for support through forestry scheme of rural development, dependent on national implementation.

Proposed soil directive || N/a || N/a || The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) Working Group on Sinks Related to Agricultural Soils estimated this potential at equivalent to 1.5 to 1.7% of the EU’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions during the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol37

Proposed decision on accounting rules and action plans on greenhouse gas emissions and removals resulting from activities related to land use, land use change and forestry || N/a || N/a || The proposal was adopted by the Commission in March 2012.

Table 10: Key figures of the emissions trading scheme for 2005-2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 for EU-27(1)

|| Number of installations (2) || Freely allocated allowances (MtCO2-eq. / year) || Verified emissions (MtCO2-eq. / year) || Difference between verified emissions and allocated allowances (%) (5)

|| 2005-07 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2005-07 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2005-07 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2005-07 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2010

1. Combustion installations || 7.214 || 7.320 || 7.340 || 7.392 || 8.480 || 1.508 || 1.255 || 1.264 || 1.285 || 1.285 || 1.529 || 1.508 || 1.379 || 1.412 || 1.377 || 1,4% || 20,2% || 9,1% || 9,9% || 7,2%

2. Mineral oil refineries || 162 || 155 || 154 || 152 || 170 || 165 || 154 || 154 || 159 || 159 || 155 || 156 || 147 || 144 || 142 || -6,1% || 1,0% || -4,9% || -9,3% || -10,4%

3. Coke ovens || 21 || 21 || 22 || 22 || 22 || 23 || 23 || 23 || 23 || 23 || 21 || 21 || 16 || 20 || 20 || -8,5% || -6,9% || -30,1% || -12,8% || -14,8%

4. Metal ore roasting or sintering || 30 || 28 || 28 || 28 || 32 || 33 || 22 || 22 || 22 || 22 || 24 || 18 || 11 || 13 || 13 || -27,2% || -19,8% || -49,8% || -39,9% || -40,3%

5. Pig iron or steel || 239 || 238 || 234 || 232 || 256 || 156 || 185 || 185 || 185 || 185 || 131 || 133 || 95 || 114 || 113 || -15,5% || -27,9% || -48,4% || -38,6% || -38,7%

6. Cement clinker or lime || 567 || 557 || 558 || 553 || 600 || 201 || 212 || 215 || 216 || 216 || 194 || 191 || 153 || 154 || 152 || -3,6% || -10,0% || -28,9% || -28,6% || -29,3%

7. Glass including glass fibre || 436 || 438 || 427 || 426 || 478 || 24 || 25 || 26 || 26 || 26 || 21 || 23 || 19 || 20 || 21 || -9,1% || -9,7% || -23,8% || -20,9% || -18,6%

8. Ceramic products by firing || 1.173 || 1.085 || 1.058 || 1.030 || 1.313 || 19 || 19 || 19 || 19 || 19 || 15 || 14 || 9 || 9 || 9 || -17,9% || -27,7% || -52,1% || -52,5% || -52,7%

9. Pulp, paper and board || 830 || 826 || 801 || 796 || 910 || 38 || 39 || 40 || 41 || 41 || 30 || 32 || 28 || 30 || 29 || -20,2% || -18,1% || -29,0% || -25,1% || -28,5%

99. Other activity opted-in || 489 || 542 || 549 || 552 || 611 || 16 || 25 || 26 || 24 || 24 || 23 || 25 || 22 || 22 || 27 || 45,3% || -1,0% || -17,1% || -5,7% || 13,7%

All EU installations || 11.160 || 11.210 || 11.171 || 11.183 || 12.872 || 2.182 || 1.958 || 1.974 || 1.999 || 1.999 || 2.144 || 2.120 || 1.880 || 1.939 || 1.904 || -1,7% || 8,2% || -4,8% || -3,0% || -4,7%

Notes:

(1) Please note that due to changes in the application of the scope (i.e. the coverage by the EU ETS of installations or emissions) in some Member States between the 2005-2007 and the 2008-2012 trading period, one can not perfectly compare data (whether it is allocated allowances or verified emissions) that relate on the one hand to the 2005-2007 trading period, and on the other hand to the 2008-2012 trading period.

(2) All installations which have participated in the scheme are included, even if their account is already closed.

(3) The exact figure is 293019 allowances but appearing as 0 due to rounding.

(4) For RO and BG data for 2007 is added on top of EU-25 2005-2007 average and not divided by three for 2005-2007 average. For CY no verified emissions are available for 2011.

(5) Positive value = emissions above free allocation. Negative value = emissions below free allocation.

Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer (June 2012)

Table 11: Overview on the EU ETS verified emissions and 2nd NAPs(1)

|| 2005-2007 average emissions || 2008-2012 EU ETS cap || Freely allocated allowances average 2008-2011 || 2008 verified emissions || 2009 verified emissions || 2010 verified emissions || 2011 verified emissions || 2010 verified emissions compared to average annual EU ETS cap || 2011 verified emissions compared to average annual EU ETS cap || Share of EU ETS in total GHG emissions in 2009 || Share of EU ETS in total GHG emissions in 2010 || Share of CER in total verified emissions 2008-2011 || Share of ERU in total verified emissions 2008-2011

Mt CO2-eq. / year || %

Austria || 32,5 || 30,7 || 31,9 || 32,1 || 27,4 || 30,9 || 30,6 || 0,6% || -0,4% || 34,3% || 36,5% || 3,8% || 0,0%

Belgium || 54,3 || 58,5 || 56,0 || 55,5 || 46,2 || 50,1 || 46,2 || -14,3% || -21,0% || 36,9% || 37,8% || 4,3% || 0,3%

Bulgaria || 39,2 || 38,1 || 37,4 || 38,3 || 32,6 || 33,8 || 40,0 || -11,3% || 5,0% || 55,4% || 55,0% || 5,8% || 3,7%

Cyprus || 5,2 || 5,2 || 5,2 || 5,6 || 5,3 || 5,0 || NA || -5,0% || NA || 48,0% || 46,0% || 6,0% || 0,0%

Czech Republic || 84,6 || 86,7 || 86,0 || 80,4 || 73,8 || 75,6 || 74,2 || -12,9% || -14,5% || 54,8% || 54,3% || 4,1% || 1,3%

Denmark || 30,0 || 24,5 || 23,9 || 26,5 || 25,5 || 25,3 || 21,5 || 3,1% || -12,4% || 42,0% || 41,4% || 2,3% || 2,3%

Estonia || 13,4 || 11,8 || 11,8 || 13,5 || 10,4 || 14,5 || 14,8 || 22,7% || 25,2% || 63,3% || 70,7% || 0,0% || 0,3%

Finland || 40,1 || 37,6 || 37,4 || 36,2 || 34,4 || 41,3 || 35,1 || 10,0% || -6,6% || 52,0% || 55,4% || 5,0% || 0,6%

France || 128,3 || 132,0 || 138,6 || 124,1 || 111,1 || 115,7 || 105,1 || -12,4% || -20,3% || 21,6% || 22,1% || 8,4% || 0,9%

Germany || 480,1 || 451,5 || 394,4 || 472,7 || 428,3 || 454,9 || 450,4 || 0,8% || -0,2% || 47,0% || 48,6% || 6,9% || 2,1%

Greece || 71,3 || 68,3 || 64,1 || 69,9 || 63,7 || 59,9 || 58,8 || -12,3% || -13,9% || 51,1% || 50,7% || 4,5% || 1,1%

Hungary || 26,3 || 26,7 || 25,1 || 27,2 || 22,4 || 23,0 || 22,5 || -13,7% || -15,7% || 33,5% || 34,0% || 5,9% || 1,3%

Ireland || 21,8 || 21,1 || 20,5 || 20,4 || 17,2 || 17,4 || 15,8 || -17,6% || -25,2% || 27,9% || 28,3% || 3,9% || 1,8%

Italy || 226,6 || 201,6 || 205,3 || 220,7 || 184,9 || 191,5 || 189,7 || -5,0% || -5,9% || 37,6% || 38,2% || 5,5% || 0,7%

Latvia || 2,9 || 3,4 || 4,4 || 2,7 || 2,5 || 3,2 || 2,9 || -5,1% || -14,4% || 22,7% || 26,8% || 7,4% || 0,4%

Lithuania || 6,4 || 8,6 || 7,8 || 6,1 || 5,8 || 6,4 || 5,6 || -25,5% || -34,6% || 29,0% || 30,7% || 10,7% || 7,6%

Luxembourg || 2,6 || 2,5 || 2,5 || 2,1 || 2,2 || 2,3 || 2,1 || -9,5% || -17,5% || 18,9% || 18,7% || 6,3% || 0,0%

Malta || 2,0 || 2,1 || 2,1 || 2,0 || 1,9 || 1,9 || 1,9 || -12,4% || -9,9% || 62,9% || 61,9% || 0,0% || 0,0%

Netherlands || 79,0 || 87,5 || 82,6 || 83,5 || 81,0 || 84,7 || 80,0 || -3,1% || -8,6% || 40,7% || 40,3% || 2,2% || 0,3%

Poland || 207,5 || 205,7 || 203,6 || 204,1 || 191,2 || 199,7 || 203,0 || -2,9% || -1,3% || 50,1% || 49,8% || 6,0% || 1,0%

Portugal || 33,6 || 34,8 || 31,6 || 29,9 || 28,3 || 24,2 || 25,0 || -30,6% || -28,2% || 38,0% || 34,2% || 7,2% || 0,4%

Romania || 69,6 || 74,1 || 73,9 || 63,8 || 49,0 || 47,3 || 51,2 || -36,1% || -30,8% || 39,7% || 39,0% || 5,1% || 3,0%

Slovak Republic || 25,1 || 32,5 || 32,3 || 25,3 || 21,6 || 21,7 || 22,2 || -33,3% || -31,7% || 48,9% || 47,2% || 9,6% || 0,1%

Slovenia || 8,9 || 8,3 || 8,2 || 8,9 || 8,1 || 8,1 || 8,0 || -2,0% || -3,7% || 41,4% || 41,6% || 4,4% || 3,6%

Spain || 183,3 || 152,2 || 151,6 || 163,5 || 136,9 || 121,5 || 132,7 || -20,2% || -12,9% || 37,4% || 34,1% || 10,6% || 1,9%

Sweden || 19,4 || 22,5 || 22,2 || 20,1 || 17,5 || 22,7 || 19,8 || 0,8% || -11,8% || 29,3% || 34,2% || 4,3% || 0,0%

United Kingdom || 250,1 || 245,6 || 218,1 || 265,1 || 231,9 || 237,4 || 220,9 || -3,3% || -10,1% || 40,5% || 40,2% || 3,2% || 0,3%

EU-27 || 2.071,5 || 2.074,1 || 1.974,6 || 2.100,2 || 1.860,9 || 1.919,9 || 1.884,6 || -7,4% || -9,1% || 40,4% || 40,7% || 5,8% || 1,3%

Notes: (1) Please note that due to changes in the application of the scope (i.e. the coverage by the EU ETS of installations or emissions) in some Member States between the 2005-2007 and the 2008-2012 trading period, one can not perfectly compare the verified emissions data that relate on the one hand to the 2005-2007 trading period, and on the other hand to the 2008-2012 trading period. (2) Data on the EU ETS cap may differ from final values yet to be determined by the European Commission due to the fact that issues such as the treatment of the new entrant reserves are still pending. (3) For Ireland, the ETS cap is reduced by the expected leftover units in the new entrants' reserve at the end of the trading period which will not be distributed to operators but used for Kyoto compliance. (4) For Romania and Bulgaria data for 2007 is added on top of EU-25 2005-2007 average and not divided by three for 2005-2007 average. (5) For Germany and France corrections for allocated allowances have been included. In 2009 and 2010 Germany received 4 Mt from operators due to back requirements that are not inluded in the CITL. France distributed in 2008 and 2009 additional 9.4 Mt to operators that are not included in the CITL. In 2011 the CITL data showed additional 9.6 Mt that are yet not included in the EEA EU ETS viewer.

Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer, CITL, UNFCCC

Table 12: Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms

|| Planned use of Kyoto mechanisms || Type of Kyoto mechanisms (IET, CDM, JI) (1) || Achievement of Kyoto target planned through domestic action only || Actual use of flexible mechanisms (AAUs, CERs and ERUs) at government level || Projected emission reduction 2008-2012 through the use of Kyoto mechanisms || Budget (2)

Mt CO2-eq. / year || M€ for 2008-2012

Austria || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 1,2 || 16,0 || 611

Belgium || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 0,6 || 6,3 || 276

Bulgaria || No || - || Yes || -2,7 || -1,4 || -

Cyprus || Not applicable || Not applicable || Not applicable || - || Not applicable || Not applicable

Czech Republic || No || - || Yes || -23,5 || -25,0 || -

Denmark || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 2,5 || 3,7 || 217

Estonia || No || - || Yes || -11,6 || -1,2 || -

Finland || Yes || JI, CDM || No || 0,3 || 1,0 || 80

France || No || - || Yes || -0,2 || - || -

Germany || No || - || Yes || 1,6 || - || -

Greece || No || - || Yes || -0,3 || - || -

Hungary || No || - || Yes || -0,8 || -4,0 || -

Ireland || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 1,6 || 1,6 || 290

Italy || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 1,8 || 2,0 || -

Latvia || No || - || Yes || -6,8 || -8,4 || -

Lithuania || Yes || JI || Yes || -8,7 || -14,1 || -

Luxembourg || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 1,5 || 2,9 || 250

Malta || Not applicable || Not applicable || Not applicable || - || Not applicable || Not applicable

Netherlands || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 6,6 || 10,0 || 500

Poland || No || - || Yes || -4,4 || - || -

Portugal || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 0,0 || 1,5 || 106

Romania || No || - || Yes || -0,4 || - || -

Slovakia || No || - || Yes || -4,3 || -5,4 || -

Slovenia || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 0,0 || 1,0 || 80

Spain || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 14,3 || 38,8 || 382

Sweden || No || - || Yes || 0,1 || - || 178

United Kingdom || No || - || Yes || 0,2 || - || -

EU-15 || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 31,8 || 83,8 || 2.890

EU-27 || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || -31,5 || 25,3 || 2.970

Notes:

(1) IET: International Emissions Trading; JI: Joint Implementation; CDM: Clean Development Mechanism.

(2) The figure for budget does not include the revenue from the sale of AAUs

(3) Cyprus and Malta have no emissions targets for the period 2008-2012 under the Kyoto Protocol.

Source: Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under the greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism, SEF tables (25 May 2012) and the EEA EU ETS data viewer

Table 13: Projected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first commitment period

|| Article 3.3 || Article 3.4 || Total

|| Net carbon stock change during 2008–12 || Election of activities (1) || Net carbon stock change during 2008–12 (3) || Maximum allowance for forest management

|| Mt CO2 / year || Mt CO2 / year || Mt CO2 / year

Austria || -0,7 || None || NA || NA || -0,7

Belgium || 0,2 || None || NA || NA || 0,2

Bulgaria || -1,0 || None || NA || NA || -1,0

Cyprus || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0

Czech Republic || -0,1 || FM || Removals likely larger than CAP || -1,2 || -1,3

Denmark || -0,1 || FM, CM, GM || FM: 0.42 CM+GM: -1.7 || -0,2 || -2,0

Estonia || 0,2 || None || Not estimated || NA || 0,2

Finland (2) || 4,0 || FM || > -10 to -20 || -0,6 || -0,6

France || 5,0 || FM || NA || -3,2 || -3,2

Germany || -5,6 || FM || -7,3 || -4,6 || -10,1

Greece || -0,3 || FM || -1.50 to -2.00 || -0,3 || -0,6

Hungary || -1,1 || FM || -4.24 || -1,1 || -2,2

Ireland || -2,9 || None || NA || NA || -2,9

Italy || -6,1 || FM || -10,2 || -10,2 || -16,3

Latvia || -0,1 || FM || Removals likely larger than CAP || -1,3 || -1,3

Lithuania || -0,1 || FM || -1,0 || -1,0 || -1,1

Luxembourg || 0 || None || NA || NA || 0

Malta || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0

Netherlands || 0,0 || None || NA || NA || 0,0

Poland || -9,4 || FM || Removals likely larger than CAP || -3,0 || -12,4

Portugal || -3,4 || FM, CM, GM || FM: -0.81 CM+GM: -0.50 || -0,8 || -4,7

Romania || 0,7 || FM, Revegetation || -3,7 || -4,0 || -3,0

Slovakia || -0,3 || None || NA || NA || -0,3

Slovenia || 0,3 || FM || -1.32 || -1,3 || -1,3

Spain || -6,3 || FM, CM || FM: >-2.46 CM: -2.6 || -2,5 || -11,4

Sweden (2) || 1,5 || FM || -38,5 || -2,1 || -2,1

United Kingdom || -2,1 || FM || -1,4 || -1,4 || -3,4

EU-15 || -14,8 || Not applicable || -30,6 || Not applicable || -57,9

EU-27 || -25,8 || Not applicable || -38,4 || Not applicable || -81,6

Note:

Consistent with the reporting of emission inventories a negative sign '-' is used for removals and a positive sign '+' for emissions. NA: not applicable; NE: not estimated.

(1) FM: Forest Management; CM: Cropland Management; GM: Grazing Land Management.

(2) In addition to accounting for forest management up to the maximum allowance, Parties may account for removals from forest management to compensate net emissions under Art. 3.3. In Finland and Sweden, removals from forest management are projected to exceed the sum of emissions under Art. 3.3. and the maximum allowance for forest management.

(3) The sum for EU-15 and EU-27 includes emissions and removals from Article 3.4 actvities as indicated by Member States with application of the cap for Forest Management. Note that the net carbon stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 3.3 activities plus net carbon stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 3.4 activities for EU-15 and EU-27 does not result in their totals, as net emissions from Art. 3.3 in Finland and Sweden could be completely compensated with net removals from Art. 3.4 in these Member States.

Source: Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism; The European Community's initial report under the Kyoto Protocol (EEA Technical report No 10/2006); Initial reports under the Kyoto Protocol of Greece and Romania; Decisions 16/CMP.1 and 8/CMP.2 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.

Figure 2: Greenhouse gas emissions (tCO2-eq.) per capita of Member States for 1990 and 2010

Source: EEA

Table 14: comparison of EU-27 GHG total emissions and projections under the Kyoto Protocol and under the Climate and Energy Package

The EU uniteral 20% reduction commitment by 2020 includes also CO2 emissions from international flights from the EU. The Kyoto Protocol covers only GHG emissions from domestic aviation. The table below presents the quantitative differences. Reductions achieved by the EU-27, so far, when the emissions from international aviation are also taken into account, amount to -14% compared to 1990 levels39.

Emissions (MtCO2-eq.) covered by the Kyoto Protocol

|| 1990 || 2005 || 2010 || 2020

Total GHG emissions || 5583.1 || 5148.7 || 4720.9 ||

of which domestic aviation || 14.1 || 19.1 || 17.4

Projections as compilation of MS data, WEM scenario || 4509.6(1)

-20% compared to Kyoto base year(2) || 4617.4

Emissions (MtCO2-eq.) covered by the Climate and Energy Package

|| 1990 || 2005 || 2010 || 2020

Total GHG emissions || 5652.2 || 5279.8 || 4852.5 ||

of which domestic aviation || 14.1 || 19.1 || 17.4

of which international aviation CO2 || 69.1 || 131.1 || 131.6

Projections based on PRIMES/GAINS model, baseline scenario || 4794.1

-20 % compared to 1990 || 4521.8

Note: (1) This projected value is based on aggregated national projections3. It includes a value for Germany which is based on projections completed in the first half of 2009. Therefore a sensitivity analysis based on more recent European projections, the PRIMES/GAINS baseline, has been carried out. Using this result would lead to 27 Mt or 0.5% higher EU total emissions. (2) The Kyoto base year emissions is different from 1990 emissions level and amount to 5771.7 Mt CO2 eq. (3) data on historic emissions based on EU GHG inventory submission 2012; (4) figures for emissions from domestic aviation cover CO2, CH4, N2O; figures for emissions from international aviation cover CO2 only.

Table 15: Monitoring of the implementation of the White Paper - Joint Action Plan

Action || EU Action – status and planned

1) Developing the knowledge base ||

Establish by 2012 a Clearing House Mechanism (CLIMATE-ADAPT – European Climate Adaptation Platform) || COMPLETED - CLIMATE-ADAPT, a web-based tool which will help decision makers at national, regional and local level to establish adaptation strategies, has been launched on March 23rd 2012. CLIMATE-ADAPT is presently hosted and managed by the EEA and is publicly accessible here: http://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/.

Develop methods, models, data sets and prediction tools by 2011 || Under the EU's 7th Framework Program for Research / FP7 (2007-2013) climate change remains a key priority including research on climate change adaptation. A number of projects funded under FP 7 will contribute to the improvement of the assessment framework by improvement of the understanding of the climate system and its processes, the quantification of climate change impacts on human and natural systems (including extreme events), and to the identification and assessment of mitigation and adaptation options including their costs. These research projects also serve as a knowledge basis for the development and support of international climate policies as well as policies on e.g. disaster reduction (including hydrometeorological hazards). Most relevant FP7 projects: ClimateCost: Full costs of inaction and adaptation of climate change; CLIMSAVE: Climate change integrated assessment methodology for cross-sectoral adaptation and vulnerability; RESPONSES: European responses to climate change: deep emission reductions and mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation; MEDIATION: Methodology for effective decision-making on impacts and adaptation; CCTAME: Climate change, Terrestrial adaptation and mitigation; ClimateWater: Bridging the gap between adaptation strategies of climate change impacts and European water policies; ACQWA: Assessing climatic change and impacts on the quality and quantity of water; IMPRINTS: Improving preparedness and risk management for flash floods and debris flow events; CLIWASEC: Cluster - Climate-Water-Security; IMPACT2C: Quantifying projected impacts under 2°C warming; ArcRisk: Impacts on health in the Arctic and Europe owing to climate-induced changes in contaminant cycling; CLEAR: Climate change, environmental contaminants and reproductive health Viroclime: Impact of Climate Change on the Transport, Fate and Risk Management of Viral Pathogens in Water; EDENext: Biology and control of vector-borne diseases in Europe; DROUGHT-R&SPI: Fostering European Drought Research and Science-Policy Interfacing; KULTURISK: Knowledge-based approach to develop a culture of risk prevention

Develop indicators to better monitor the impact of climate change, including vulnerability impacts, and progress on adaptation by 2011 || A set of studies and contributions from research projects will be used to convert the generic concept of vulnerability promoted by the Impact Assessment A (in the line of IPCC AR4) into an operational instrument to be used for raising awareness, guiding adaptation policy design (e.g. funding requirements), assessing the effectiveness of adaptation measures. EEA published a report on urban vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in May 2012 and is preparing 2 reports to be published in autumn 2012: 1) 2012 indicator based report on climate change impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2) 2012 report on adaptation to climate change in Europe

Assess the cost and benefit of adaptation options by 2011 || A database on adaptation measures will be the backbone of this action. It will be integrated into CLIMATE ADAPT and will gather information available from existing FP7 projects and other on-going projects. A methodological study has been launched that will conduct an extensive review of available information on costs of adaptation on adaptation measures within the EU and a review of existing methodologies for identifying these costs. It will also assess and compare such methodologies, identify the methodological and data challenges associated with calculating the expenditure on adaptation. It will propose a set of criteria for classifying different projects, programs or budget lines and calculating the expenditure on and propose a system to estimate the "adaptation share" for projects not exclusively intended for adaptation as well as producing a list of frequently occurring cases and borderline cases. The PESETA II project, i.e. a multi-sectoral, bottom-up high-resolution impact and adaptation assessment using most recent high-resolution regional climate projections for Europe (IPCC/SRES in ENSEMBLES project) and operational physical impact models was initiated. Results will be publicly available by the end of the year.

Implement, by 2015, the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) || Currently in the process of being built, GEOSS will aim at encompassing all areas of the globe, and to cover in situ, airborne, and space-based observations. GEOSS will meet the need for timely, quality long-term global information as a basis for sound decision-making. The data and information include Climate change with the strategic target to achieve effective and sustained operation of the global climate observing system and reliable delivery of climate information of a quality needed for predicting, mitigating and adapting to climate variability and change, including for better understanding of the global carbon cycle.

2) Integrating adaptation into EU policies || ||

a) Health and social policies || ||

Develop guidelines and surveillance mechanisms on the health impacts of climate change by 2011 || The EU has explored with the WHO and EU agencies means of ensuring adequate surveillance and control of the impact of climate change on health, such as epidemiological surveillance, the control of communicable diseases and the effects of extreme events. The Parma Ministerial Declaration brings new priorities in the environment and health process with one pillar dedicated on protecting health and environment from climate change. The Health Programme of the EU has been the key financing mechanism for projects, setting up networks and initiatives to support the work of the Health Security Committee. Funding of projects to address adaptation to climate change has been foreseen under the work plans for 2009-2011, including: PHASE will provide the public health sector with prevention guidelines to promote resilience and reduce health risk associated to extreme weather events, their environmental consequences and development of tools to select vulnerable subgroups most at risk to specific extreme weather events; CLIMATE TRAP: Impact assessment, surveillance and preparedness guidelines, training, will play a pivotal role in assisting the process of strengthening the implementation of existing warning systems and plans and in strengthening the Health Sector in preparedness in facing the health impact of climate change; HIALINE aims at evaluating the effects of climate diversity and change on airborne allergen exposure, and to implement an outdoor allergen early warning network; EUROSUN aims at monitoring ultra violet exposure in the EU and its effects on incidence of skin cancers and cataracts; EUROMOMO aims at developing and operating a coordinated approach to real-time mortality monitoring across Europe such as pandemic influenza, emerging infections as well as environmental conditions with an impact on public health, i.e. heat waves and cold spells; CEHAPIS: Impact assessment, policy options and indicators on health and climate change aims at providing an evaluation of policy option impacts for successful health adaptation to climate change and monitor trends and policies over time; EDEN (Emerging diseases in a changing European environment) contributed to this effort. Atopica: Atopic diseases in changing climate, land use and air quality EFSA is developing scientific reports on vector-borne diseases and has already issued a general overview of the geographical distribution of tick species and an update on the role of tick vectors in the epidemiology of African Swine Fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Eurasia.

Development of a new Animal Disease Information System (ADIS) || The development of ADIS will provide better and more comparable epidemiological data to risk managers, enabling them to better identify, evaluate and respond to changing or emerging disease situations.

Develop a new EU Plant Health Law addressing phytosanitary consequences of climate change || The EU Plant Health Regime (PHR) concerns pests and diseases that impact on plant production in agriculture, forestry and the natural environment. The regime´s objective is to contribute through plant health to sustainable production. The evaluation of the PHR has been the starting point for a fundamental review of the regime for addressing the phytosanitary consequences of globalisation and climate change. A legal proposal for the new EU plant health law is foreseen by 2012. CLIMPEST is a project about the establishment of harmful organism due to climate change.

Assess the impacts of climate change and adaptation policies on employment and on the well-being of vulnerable social groups || The social dimension of adaptation policies needs to be pursued within existing EU processes in the social and employment fields, and all social partners need to be involved. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) is mapping EU vulnerability on climate change and has developed a Handbook for National Vulnerability, Impact, and Adaptation Assessments. See also PHASE project.

Step up existing animal disease surveillance and control systems || The ECDC – as well as EFSA - are conducting many projects which contribute to the strengthening of the knowledge base on climate change health impacts, vulnerability and adaptation, such as setting up of the European Environment and Epidemiology Network, development of a Handbook for National Vulnerability, Impact, and Adaptation Assessments and risk assessment for the water-, food- and vector-borne diseases. Within the frame of the EU Animal Health Strategy (2007-2013) a Commission proposal for a new Animal Health Law is scheduled for adoption by the end of 2012. It will consolidate the exhaustive existing animal health legislation and put more emphasis on preventive measures such as surveillance activities and biosecurity. The rules will be flexible allowing for adaptation of disease control measures to changes in disease patterns including those resulting from climate change.

b) Agriculture and forests ||

Measures for adaptation and water management in rural development national strategies and programmes for 2007-2013 || The EU regulation on rural development 2007-2013 contains explicit references to the need to anticipate the likely effects of climate change on agriculture. After the "Health check" of the CAP in 2008, additional funds to measures that target new challenges faced by agriculture, such as climate change and the need for better water management, were made available. The revised RD programmes have been approved by the Commission within 6 months and the additional resources used as from 2009. A share of 15% of the new funds made available has been allocated to mitigation and adaptation measures. In addition, some measures aiming at improving water management (22% of funds allocated) and biodiversity (34%) will have some positive impact on adaptation.

Integration of adaptation into 3 strands of rural development, adequate support for sustainable production, contribution of the CAP to the efficient use of water in agriculture || A number of actions with adaptation potential have been programmed by Member States and regions. Almost 70% of the RDP include actions to renovate irrigation equipment to improve the efficiency of water use. Half of the RDP supports waste water treatment installations on farms and water saving production techniques. Around 40% of the programmes also include the development/improvement of farm water storage capacity. Due to the Health Check better water management objectives have been included in the scope of cross compliance with a new GAEC issue relating to protection and management of water.

Examine the capacity of the Farm Advisory System to reinforce training, knowledge and adoption of new technologies that facilitate adaptation || The Farm Advisory System (FAS) is an important tool to improve farm management. It requires national authorities to offer advice to farmers, at least for the rules included into cross compliance. Member States may use the FAS for advising farmers on the respect of standards going beyond cross compliance, e.g., water commitments under agri-environmental measures. RDP provides the possibility to co-finance the setting-up of the FAS and its use by farmers. The Commission proposal for the CAP post-2013 foresees to extend its scope to climate-related aspects, such as information on prospective impacts of climate change in the relevant regions, impact on GHG emissions of the relevant farming practices and on the contribution of the agricultural sector to mitigation.

Update forestry strategy and launch debate on options for an EU approach on forest protection and forest information systems || The 1998 EU Forestry Strategy established a framework for forest-related actions in support of sustainable forest management (SFM) which is currently being revised. A Green Paper on forest protection and forest information (preparing forests for climate change) was adopted in 2010 with a view to strengthening EU action on forest protection and forest information systems; currently a follow-up of the Green Paper on forest protection and information is ongoing. Two recent studies have links to adaptation: "Disturbance of EU forests by biotic agents" and "Influences of EU forests on weather patterns". The European Forest Fire Information System EFFIS helps decreasing GHG emissions of forest fires. It is the most up to date information on forest fires in Europe and in the Mediterranean area. The EU’s rural development policy for the period 2007–2013 provides a basis for the full integration of forestry. In the context of the review of Rural Development Policy post 2013 the further development of the forestry measures will be examined. A new EU Forest Strategy is expected to be adopted in Spring 2013.

European Consortium for Modelling of Air Pollution and Climate Strategy || Linkage of many sectoral models. Baseline and Forecasts on non CO2 emissions. Providing scientific and economic analyses for the revision of the EU Thematic Strategy on Air and the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP).

LULUCF Accounting tool || Modelling tool for international negotiations on LULUCF CO2 sink/source.

An analysis of potential and costs of LULUCF use by EU MS || This study is aimed at developing projections for LULUCF emissions by 2020 and 2030, covering forests, agricultural soils and wetlands. A next step will include policy scenarios deviating from BAU, taking account of the Copenhagen agreement and further policy options to be implemented at EU level. Finally, potential and costs for reducing net emissions from LULUCF will be estimated at MS level.

Options for including LULUCF in the Community reduction commitment and instruments for increasing GHG mitigation efforts in the LULUCF and agriculture sectors || This study assessed and proposed policy options for including LULUCF in the Community reduction commitment. It presented four options for inclusion and three options for accounting of these options, altogether 12 possible scenarios. However, the accounting scenario was developed prior to the Durban decision on LLULUCF accounting rules, which more or less made several accounting options obsolete. The policy options included no action, inclusion of LULUCF in the Effort Sharing Framework and a separate framework with or without a target. Using this input among other, the Commission developed its proposal for LULUCF accounting rules which are currently in co-decision procedure.

Evaluation of livestock sector's contribution to EU greenhouse gas emissions - phase II || COMPLETED - The objective of the GGELS project was to provide an estimate of the net emissions of GHGs and ammonia (NH3) from livestock sector in the EU-27 according to animal species, animal products and livestock systems following a food chain approach. The project provides a quantification of GHG and NH3 emissions both ex-post for the year 2004 and ex-ante according to the latest CAPRI projections for the year 2020. A new FP7-funded research project AnimalChange will be working on mitigation and adaptation options for livestock.

CC mitigation potential of EU Farm || COMPLETED – The objective of this study is to better understand the GHG profile of common farm practices in the EU, and how these practices fit into the major farming systems; understand how changes to these practices can improve the GHG profile. To propose a tentative model for a whole-farm assessment of GHG profile and to understand the potential synergies between the different practices discussed.

Assessing Agriculture Vulnerabilities to design Efficient Measures for Adaptation to Climate Change - AVEMAC || COMPLETED - The objective of the study is to provide an improved estimate of the main vulnerabilities of the European crop productions in the main producing regions in the short and medium term (2020, 2030), assess the possible impacts (at macro level and at micro level using farm type) and adaptation potential in order to define the more efficient adaptation measures to be recommended. The JRC-IES will continue developing expertise to assess potential impacts of climate change on agriculture by developing the current modelling platform. The full report is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/avemac/index_en.htm.

Identification and Elaboration of Methodology for classification and costing of projects/programmes for adaptation to climate change || To conduct an extensive review of available information on costs of adaptation within the EU (and when appropriate neighbouring countries) and a review of existing methodologies for identifying these costs. To assess and compare such methodologies identifying the methodological and data challenges associated with calculating the expenditure on adaptation. To propose a set of criteria for classifying different projects, programs or budget lines and calculating the expenditure and propose a system to estimate the "adaptation share" for projects not exclusively intended for adaptation. The scope of adaptation options does not include small-scale private autonomous adaptation measures (e.g. farm-level adaptation practices, air conditioning).

Inventory of certification schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs marketed in the EU member states || COMPLETED - A new inventory compiled (in 2010) counted 441 schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs marketed in the EU. It provides a broad picture of existing schemes in the EU-27. Voluntary certification schemes for agricultural products provide assurance that certain aspects of the product or its production method, as laid down in a specification, have been observed. ( http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/certification/inventory/inventory-data-aggregations_en.pdf

c) Biodiversity, ecosystems and water || ||

Explore the possibilities to improve policies and develop measures which address biodiversity loss and climate change in an integrated manner to fully exploit co-benefits and avoid ecosystem feedbacks that accelerate global warming || Climate change was one of the four key policy areas identified in the Communication on "Halting the loss of Biodiversity by 2010 – and beyond" and the Biodiversity Action Plan includes the objective "to support biodiversity adaptation to climate change". The EU Biodiversity Strategy up to 2020 reiterates that biodiversity loss and climate change are intrinsically linked and states that "Ecosystem-based approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation can offer cost-effective alternatives to technological solutions, while delivering multiple benefits beyond biodiversity conservation". Green Infrastructure is seen as an essential means of integrating biodiversity and climate change adaptation, a Green Paper on Green Infrastructure shall be presented in autumn 2012.

Develop guidelines and a set of tools (guidance and exchange of best practices) by the end of 2009 to ensure that the River Basin Management Plans (RBMP) are climate-proofed || COMPLETED - The Water Framework Directive provides European countries with a common basis to address water challenges posed by climate change. In particular, the Directive’s river basin approach to water management – centred on the establishment and review of river basin management plans every six years, including a Programme of Measures to bring waters to good status, establishes a mechanism to prepare for and adapt to climate change. The first river basin management plans were required by 22 December 2009. The ClimWatAdapt study, completed in 2011, looked into how key sectors, i.e. agriculture, industry, tourism, can adapt in order to counterbalance the effects of floods, water scarcity, droughts and changes in water quantity and aims to provide a sound basis for the assessment of vulnerability and of adaptation measures in the context of water policy, but also other environmental and sectoral policies.

Ensure that climate change is taken into account in the implementation of the Floods Directive. || Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks requires Member States to assess if water courses and coast lines are at risk from flooding, then to map flood risks and to take adequate and coordinated measures to reduce the risk. Work is progressing on a catalogue of good adaptation measures and on the improvement of the information on past floods. Most Member States reported their preliminary flood risk assessments by March 2010. Member States must by 2013 develop flood hazard maps and flood risk maps for areas where potential significant flood risk exists.

Assess the need for further measures to enhance water efficiency in agriculture, households and buildings || The 2007 Communication on addressing the challenge of water scarcity and drought in the EU set out a number of policy options for addressing water scarcity, including the important roles played by water pricing and land-use planning in incentivising efficient water use. The Policy Review for Water Scarcity and Droughts will be integrated into the "Blueprint to safeguard European waters" to be presented by the Commission by November 2012. A set of completed studies helped bridging important knowledge gaps as regards water scarcity & droughts in the EU and assessed what measures are needed to improve water efficiency in various sectors: agriculture, buildings, water distribution networks, product labelling.

Explore the potential for policies and measures to boost ecosystem storage capacity for water in Europe || The Water Framework Directive (WFD) will contribute strongly to improving and maintaining ecosystems and works in order to deliver guidance on the relationship between inland river waterways and Natura 2000, selecting best-practice examples for integrated management, combining nature protection, climate change adaptation and transport navigation measures are ongoing. A service contract for the analysis of costs, benefits and climate proofing of natural water retention measures, as part of the "green infrastructure" approach for flood and water scarcity & droughts prevention was completed in April 2012. Modelling of the land-use, hydrological, and economic impacts of the natural water retention measures is undertaken by JRC in the context of the impact assessment of the Blueprint Communication, which will address the need and potential options for unlocking the potential of these measures.

Draft guidelines by 2010 on dealing with the impact of climate change on the management of Natura 2000 sites || As the establishment phase is nearing completion the focus is increasingly on the management and restoration of sites in the network, and on its overall ecological coherence. A study on Biodiversity and Climate Change in relation to Natura 2000 was conducted. The guidelines on Natura 2000 and climate change will assess current knowledge of risk from climate change to species and habitats of EU conservation concern protected by the network, as well setting out on approaches to reduce, mitigate and adapt to such impacts, both within the sites and at broader network level. They will also look at the benefits arising from management and restoration of Natura 2000 sites to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Further assisting guidelines will help dealing with the impact of climate change on the management of Natura 2000. Scheduled issuing autumn 2012.

Explore the potential for policies and measures to boost soil storage capacity for both carbon and water in Erope || The fight against soil degradation and, in particular, the loss of soil organic matter and soil biodiversity, is dealt with via the Soil Thematic Strategy (STS) and the proposed Soil Framework Directive (SFD). CLIMSOIL shows the inter-relationship between soil and climate change and SOCO assessed a range of soil conservation practices, including from the perspective of keeping organic matter levels. Possible ways of strengthening and supporting soil measures within the framework of the CAP will be addressed as part of the post-2013 reform. Guidelines have been produced to provide competent authorities in Member States as well as stakeholders with a useful tool containing relevant information which could be used from awareness raising to planning, from implementing mitigation measures to providing a check-list for development projects. It is based on the approach consisting of limiting, mitigating, and compensating the effects of soil sealing.

d) Coastal and marine areas ||

Ensure that adaptation in coastal and marine areas is taken into account in the framework of the Integrated Maritime Policy, in the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and in the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy. || When addressing maritime activities from a cross-sectorial perspective, the EU Integrated Maritime Policy provides a comprehensive framework for better understanding the impacts of climate change with coastal and marine areas and to integrate measures on climate change adaptation at EU level. The EU Integrated Maritime Policy is implemented at the level of marine regions and specific Sea Basin strategies have already been developed for the Baltic, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Sea Basin. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive will facilitate adaptation to climate change by ensuring that climate change considerations are incorporated into Member States’ marine strategies while providing a mechanism for regular updating of the marine strategies to take account of new information. The Common Fisheries Policy is currently subjected to a root-and-branch overhaul with a view, in particular, to rebuild stocks to levels capable to produce maximum sustainable yield. Increasing the size of fish stocks and their productivity will make them less vulnerable to external factors like climate change. A more coherent and integrated approach to coastal and maritime planning and management through integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) and maritime spatial planning (MSP) will benefit adaptation in coastal and marine areas. The ICZM Recommendation (2002/413/EC) provides for Member States to take a strategic approach to the management of their coastal zones. The proposal for an EU framework on ICZM and MSP is expected towards the end of 2012.

Develop European guidelines on adaptation in coastal and marine areas || The Commission is committed to developing guidelines on best practice in coastal and marine areas which will contribute to ensuring a coordinated and integrated approach to climate change adaptation in these areas. This could be addressed as part of the EU Communication on a strategy on adaptation to climate change to be adopted in 2013. The guidance will take account of and build on existing studies, research and relevant policy initiatives, in particular the Community strategy on disaster prevention, the Floods directive, the EUrosion study and the study on the Costs of coastal defence and adaptation. OURCOAST is an initiative to support and implement sustainable coastal planning and management. It includes a database of coastal planning and management practices, with a key focus on adaptation to risks and climate change.

e) Production systems and physical infrastructure ||

Take account of climate change impacts in the Strategic Energy Review process || The EU’s agenda for 2020 has set out the essential first steps in the transition to a high-efficiency, low-carbon energy system. The EU needs to develop a vision for 2050 and a policy agenda for 2030. The fundamental technological shifts involved in decarbonising the EU electricity supply, ending oil dependence in transport, low energy and positive power buildings, a smart interconnected electricity network will only happen with a coordinated agenda for research and technological development, regulation, investment and infrastructure development. In addition, the transition to a high efficiency, low-carbon energy system needs to be promoted not only in Europe but worldwide. The Energy Roadmap towards 2050 was adopted in December 2011.

Develop methodologies for climate-proofing infrastructure projects and consider how these could be incorporated into the TEN-T and TEN-E guidelines and guidance on investments under Cohesion policy in the current period || The 2008 Green Paper on infrastructure was designed to encourage a reflection on how energy networks should develop in the coming years, amongst others, to reflect the new climate change and energy policy. The Commission is currently working on a comprehensive energy infrastructure package. Elements such as increasing resilience of energy transmission infrastructure to cope with extreme weather condition, positioning of over-head power lines, impacts of climate change on LNG infrastructure will be examined in the TEN-E revision process. The TEN-T programme consists of hundreds of projects whose ultimate purpose is to ensure the cohesion, interconnection and interoperability of the trans-European transport network, as well as access to it.

Explore the possibility of making climate impact assessment a condition for public and private investment || In the discussions on the future Cohesion Policy the inclusion of climate proofing as a horizontal condition for all investments is ongoing. Including climate proofing provisions in EU co-financed programmes could be exemplary for national and local public investments and for private sector take-up.

Assess the feasibility of incorporating climate impacts into construction standards, such as Eurocodes || The Eurocodes are currently taken up by Member States and several have already fully replaced their previous national codes with the Eurocodes. In principle Member States are supposed to have the Eurocodes in place since the beginning of 2011.

Assess the effect of climate change on the transport network || The objective of the ECCONET project (http://www.tmleuven.be/project/ecconet/home.htm) is to gather the expertise of partners from different fields related to meteorology, hydrology, infrastructure operation, transportation and economics in order to assess the effect of climate change on the transport network, taking the inland waterway network as case-study.

Develop guidelines by 2011 to ensure that climate impacts are taken into account in the EIA and SEA Directives || The Commission has decided to develop practical guidance and recommendations for integrating climate change and biodiversity into EIA/SEA procedures to assist EIA/SEA practitioners in taking full advantage of EIA and SEA in achieving EU climate change and biodiversity goals. It is expected that the Commission Guidance should be made publicly available by the end of 2012.

3) Instruments – Financing ||

Estimate adaptation costs for relevant policy areas so that they can be taken into account in future financial decisions || CLIMATECOST will include estimates of adaptation costs and benefits for Europe in the following sectors: Coasts and tourism, Agriculture and water, Energy consumption and production, Infrastructure and extremes (floods & storms), Health, Ecosystems and forests. A methodological study finalised at the beginning of 2011 addresses the typology of adaptation actions, the methodology to project future adaptation costs and the methodology to estimate spending on adaptation.

Further examine the potential use of innovative funding measures for adaptation || The Commission is exploring possibilities for the future LIFE+ instrument to address adaptation issues. The instrument would among other issues finance adaptation actions and would be managed in an innovative manner.

Explore the potential for insurance and other financial products to complement adaptation measures and to function as risk sharing instruments || A study on applying economic instruments for adaptation to climate change was finalised in 2011 which explored the application of the following instruments: Risk Management Instruments, Market Based Instruments, Public Private Partnerships. The application of the instruments is analysed from two perspectives: Promoting adaptation to climate change and sharing (transferring) the risks of climate change.

Encourage Member States to utilise the EU ETS revenues for adaptation purposes || The possibility of using revenue generated from auctioning allowances under the EU ETS for adaptation purposes should be utilised. The revised Directive governing the scheme from 2013 provides that at least 50% of the revenue generated from auctioning allowances should be used, inter alia for adaptation in Member States and developing countries. This additional revenue will be crucial for sharing adaptation costs between the public and private sector.

Examine the feasibility of collecting data on climate change expenditure (mitigation and adaptation) as part of the system of environmental accounts || The information on national expenditure related to climate change adaptation can be useful in evaluating the measures taken by Member States to address adaptation. Eurostat is investigating the feasibility of identifying such information on the basis of existing statistical classifications and administrative data in environmental protection expenditure accounts. The results of the study are to be used as a basis for further elaborating the precise statistical methodology for setting up an account on adaptation expenditure.

4) Partnership with the Member States ||

Establish an Impact and Adaptation Steering Group (IASG) to step up cooperation on adaptation || In order to assist the Commission in developing its approach to dealing with adaptation, the Adaptation Steering Group was established in September 2010. This Group brings together Member States and a diverse range of stakeholders and is giving guidance about the work on mainstreaming of Adaptation into various EU policies and other issues. The Group is also supposed to assist the COM in the establishment of the 2013 Adaptation Strategy.

further development of National/Regional Adaptation Strategies considering mandatory strategies from 2012 || The Commission is currently in the process of establishing an EU Adaptation Strategy which is supposed to be adopted in 2013. Currently 12 Member States have adopted a national adaptation strategy; other Member States are in the process to do so.

5) External dimension and UNFCCC ||

Step-up efforts to mainstream adaptation into all EU external policies and strengthen dialogue with partner countries on adaptation issues || Bilateral and regional financial assistance programmes will aim to integrate adaptation considerations into all relevant sectors. The proposed review of the EU Environment Integration Strategy presents a good opportunity to emphasise the need for integrating adaptation needs, as will the Mid-Term Review of EC cooperation strategies. The EU is strengthening its analysis and early warning systems and integrating climate change into existing tools such as conflict prevention mechanisms and security sector reform. Adaptation is also being brought into the dialogue with European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) partner countries and the regular "Energy, Transport, Environment" sub-committees offer a forum for structured dialogue.

Framework for Action on Adaptation in the UNFCCC || The EU is taking an active role in the negotiations to ensure adaptation issues are adequately dealt with in a post 2012 agreement.

Table 16: Policy actions beyond mainstreaming activities as mentioned in the White Paper of Adaptation

Policy option/Action || Timeline || Related Policy documents || Related adaptation measures

Commission Recommendation on Research joint programming initiative ‘Connecting Climate Knowledge for Europe’ || tentative: Adoption end of Oct. 2011, targeted for Council meeting 5 Dec 2011 || Commission Recommendation and Staff Working Paper || 1) Improve climate predictability, 2) Developing climate services, 3) Understanding societal transformation and 4) Improving decision-making

Set up of a GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) Climate Service. The service will be based on satellite and in-situ monitoring data, Modelling of the entire Earth system, including Model reanalysis and data assimilation. Specific services for Impact assessment (Indicators) and Attribution will be included || Definition of the service is still on going as part of the preparation of the GMES Operations from 2014 onwards. Developements activities are planned through the last call of the FP7 Space theme. || Documents related to GMES activities || No adaptation measures, but the Service will support Adaptation policy (i.e. the European Climate Adaptation Platform – CLIMATE ADAPT)

Reform of the Common Agricultural policy for the period 2014-2020 (on-going) || 2012 || Commission Communication on the CAP towards 2020 (November 2010) and Legal proposals for the CAP after 2013 (October 2011), currently being discussed with the Member States and the European Parliament (http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/legal-proposals/index_en.htm) || Enhancing farmers' resilience to the threats posed by climate change features among the three main objectives of the next CAP for the period 2014-2020. A climate resilient agriculture is one of the six key priorities for the future rural development policy and MS will be requested to plan actions related to all priorities. Adaptation is also an aspect to be taken into account when assessing the specific needs of the other five priorities. The future RD will offer a wide range of possibilities to support actions that are targeted or relevant for preparing for climate change impacts, particularly for water management.

Green Paper on Marine Knowledge || 2012 || 2007 Blue Book on Integrated Maritime Policy || No specific adaptation measures, but the Service is developing a study on Marine Knowledge that will explore the benefits, for both bussiness and public autorithies, of reducing the uncertainty in the behaviour of the sea. Improving marine knowledge will contribute to take better adaptation measures to Climate Change.

|| || 2010 Report from the EU Parliament on the EU Integrated Maritime Policy ||

Technical notes

(1) The Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2010 and inventory report 2012 (EEA, Technical report No 3/2012).

(2) For further information see the EEA website: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate

(3) Based on MS submissions until May 2012 under the Monitoring Mechanism Decision 280/2004/EC and PRIMES/GAINS projections for Bulgaria, Portugal and Romania.

For further details on PRIMES-GAINS projections and its underlying methodology see COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT accompanying the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the risk of carbon leakage {COM(2010) 265 final}. Background information and analysis, Part II. SEC(2010) 650, Brussels, 26.5.2010; Höglund-Isaksson, L., W. Winiwarter, F. Wagner, Z. Klimont and M. Amann: Potentials and costs for mitigation of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union until 2030. Update 2010, May 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/climat_action/non_co2emissions_may2010.pdf; European Commission, DG Energy: EU energy trends to 2030 — UPDATE 2009, September 2010.

(4) The six corresponding legislative acts were published in the Official Journal of the European Union in June 2009 (5.06.2009 L 40), and are already in force.

Directive 2009/29/EC expands, strengthens and improves the functioning of the EU ETS post-2012. From 2013 an emission cap will be set at EU level and cut each year to reach -21% in 2020 (comparing to 2005 levels). The auctioning system of allowances will be increased and ambitious ex-ante benchmark for free allocation will be introduced. Industrial installations not subject to carbon leakage will be required to buy 20% of allowances in 2013 rising to 70% in 2020 and 100% in 2027, while those identified to be exposed to the risk of carbon leakage will receive 100% of the quantity determined by benchmarks for free. Use of offset credits from outside of the EU is allowed but this amount remains below half of the reduction effort in order to ensure a sufficient level of emissions reductions inside the EU. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)

Decision 406/2009/EC sets national commitments to reduce GHG emissions which are outside the scope of the EU ETS (small-scale emitte