COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 
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Brussels, 08.07.1996 
COM(96) 333 final 
95/0078 (COD) 
Amended proposal for a 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL DECISION 
ESTABLISHING A COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME 
IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 
THE RAPHAEL PROGRAMME 
(presented by the Commission pursuant to Article 189 a (2) 
of the EC-Treaty) 

Explanatory memorandum 
RAPHAEL 
Amended proposal for a Parliament and Council Decision establishing a Community 
action programme in the field of cultural heritage - the Raphael Programme. 
1. On 6 April 1995, the Commission presented a proposal for a Parliament and 
Council Decision establishing a Community action programme in the field of 
cultural heritage - the Raphael Programme (COM(95) 110 final 95/0078 (COD)). 
On 12 October 1995 Parliament adopted a legislative resolution1 endorsing the 
Commission proposal, subject to the amendments it wished to make. 
This amended proposal incorporates the amendments the Commission accepted 
during its discussions with Parliament. More than half the proposed amendments 
have been included in one way or another, some in full and some only partially, 
while, for others, the spirit has been incorporated. This last category comprises 
amendments which are in keeping with the spirit of the Programme but which 
need to be reformulated or reorganized either because they are already contained 
in the original version or one of the other amendments or because they cover 
several points and are therefore a potential source of confusion. 
2. The amendments which have been accepted are, for the most part, additions 
providing greater detail on information measures (information for various target 
groups, including operators, on Community support and in relation to other Union 
policies) and on measures to increase cooperation both inside the Union and with 
non-member countries; other amendments which have been accepted help achieve 
the Commission's objective of promoting access, (virtual or otherwise) to culture 
for everyone (e.g. for particular groups, such as young people). 
OJ C 287, 30.10.1995. 
3. Amendments were rejected primarily for legal reasons or for reasons connected 
with the scope of the powers conferred by Article 128, as for instance with the 
amendments relating to budgetary matters, where Parliament's concerns have been 
taken into account, in full compliance with the Interinstitutional Agreement, and 
the amendments which come under other legal bases or other Community policies. 
Secondly, the ideas behind the rejected amendments were, in most cases, already 
contained in the version presented by the Commission, which used more standard 
legal phraseology. 
4. Thus the Commission has produced this amended version of the proposal taking 
account of the amendments and then "tidying up" the drafting and the legal 
aspects of the sections on budget matters and committee procedure. 
I<M. 
ANNEX 
Commission position on Parliament's amendments 
A. Amendments incorporated as they stand 
No 6 promoting virtual access to avoid risk of irreversible damage 
No 9 reference to cultural tourism 
No 11 stresses importance of information and education 
No 12 outcome of consultation conducted by Commission 
No 14 footnote reference to Parliament resolution 
No 15 need to reach wide audience with information on programme 
No 16 dialogue with non-member countries promotes tolerance 
No 23 modus vivendi 
No 25 reference to spirit of Programme (cooperation on restoration) 
No 29 presentation of Community logo and publicity for funds granted 
No 30 reference to Raphael's role in providing information on and protecting common 
cultural heritage 
No 36 keeping operators and networks informed 
No 38 reference to participation by non-member countries 
No 42 add "and restoration" to read "preservation and restoration of cultural heritage" 
A Î to 
B. Amendments accepted in part and amendments kept in "spirit" 
These amendments are in keeping with the spirit of the Programme but need to be 
reformulated either because their purpose is already partially served by other amendments, 
making them redundant, or because they cover several points, generating confusion. All 
these amendments require better phrasing, comparable to that of the amendments already 
incorporated as they stand. 
The amendments in questions are 1, 2, 8, 18, 20, 21, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 47, 50, 51, 
53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 67 and 69. 
C. Amendments rejected 
No 3 redundant - already covered by the existing proposal 
No 4 the Commission's wording embraces all categories while the amendment leaves 
some out 
No 5 the Commission's wording is broader 
No 7 references to the past are not appropriate in a Decision establishing a new 
programme 
No 10 rejected because it advocates the establishment of a foundation 
No 13 does not fit in with any part of the Decision 
No 17 already dealt with (opening up the programme to non-member countries) 
No 19 already dealt with 
No 22 the wording in the existing proposal uses the standard legal phraseology 
No 24 though Raphael is primarily a cultural programme, it goes without saying that 
economic and social factors should be taken into consideration 
No 26 wording in the initial proposal is broader 
No 27 already dealt with and preference for wording used in the Treaty 
No 28 the Commission stands by its initial proposal regarding the total amount; 
Parliament's concerns will be taken into account in accordance with the 
Interinstitutional Agreement. As for the transitional phase, the Commission agrees 
with the spirit of the amendment. 
No 31 will be taken into consideration when the Programme is implemented 
No 32 the Commission took all groups into account, not just young people 
\c 
No 35 committee procedure 
No 37 amendment contains two separate paragraphs - one on the interplay between the 
Programme and other common policies (already dealt with in the initial proposal) 
and the other on activity reports (dealt with elsewhere) 
No 40 the first date put forward (30 June 1998) is not as realistic as the initial proposal, 
though the second (30 March 2001) is acceptable to the Commission. The report 
must refer to the objectives of the Programme. 
No 43 too early to say, but current projects can be brought within the scope of the 
Programme 
No 44 application of the Interinstitutional Agreement (see No 28) 
No 45 detailed proposals to be examined by the Committee 
No 46 our studies will be European in scope 
No 48 the phrase "cooperation between countries" is not acceptable 
No 49 the Commission stands by its initial wording 
No 52 not the right place for this study proposal 
No 54 most of the section on training is already dealt with in the proposal 
No 57 too specific for the main body of the Decision, but will be taken into account at 
implementation stage 
No 60 proposal covered by other Community programmes 
No 61 no, because all professionals must be covered; no particular group, should be 
singled out 
No 62 not within the scope of this programme (more to do with free movement) 
No 63 not within the scope of this programme (more to do with research) 
No 65 already dealt with in less specific way 
No 66 initial wording is better - does not specify in advance which studies are to be 
done 
No 68 beyond the scope of the Programme 
No 70 allocation of resources between various countries will depend on the assessment 
of the quality of the projects submitted and the criteria laid down in Programme 
No 71 not covered by Article 128 
Nos 72 and 73 already covered by the initial text, with broader wording. 
e~ 
Proposal for 
A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL 
DECISION ESTABLISHING A 
COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME 
IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL 
HERITAGE - THE RAPHAEL 
PROGRAMME 
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN 
UNION, A mended proposal for 
A EURpPEAN_PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL 
DECISION ESTABLISHING A 
COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME 
IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL 
HERITAGE - THE RAPHAEL 
PROGRAMME 
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN 
UNION, 
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European 
Community, and in particular Article 128 thereof, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the 
European Community, and in particular Article 128 
thereof, 
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, 
Having regard to the Opinion of the Committee of 
the Regions, 
Acting in accordance with the procedure provided for 
in Article 189b of the Treaty, Having regard to the proposal from the 
Commission, 
Having regard to the Opinion of the Committee of 
the Regions, 
Acting in accordance with the procedure provided 
for in Article 189b of the Treaty, 
Whereas Title IX of the Treaty is devoted specifically 
to Culture and states that the Community shall 
contribute to the flowering of the cultures of the 
Member States, while respecting their national and 
regional diversity and at the same time bringing the 
common cultural heritage to the fore; 
Whereas Article 128 of the Treaty identifies cultural 
heritage as a specific field of action and that cultural 
heritage is the expression of national and regional 
identities and the links between peoples; whereas it 
must be preserved and the public's access to it 
improved (including for those who face particular 
problems of access) in order to contribute to greater 
mutual understanding and respect; Whereas the most tangible and influential reality of 
Europe as a whole is not merely its geographical, 
political, economic and social features, but also 
essentially, its culture; 
Whereas Title IX of the Treaty is devoted 
specifically to Culture and states that the 
Community shall contribute to the flowering of the 
cultures of the Member States, while respecting 
their national and regional diversity and at the same 
time bringing the common cultural heritage to the 
fore; 
Whereas Article 128 of the Treaty identifies 
cultural heritage as a specific field of action and 
that cultural heritage is the expression of national 
and regional identities and the links between 
peoples; whereas it must be preserved and the 
public's access to it improved (including for those 
who face particular problems of access) in order to 
contribute to greater mutual understanding and 
respect; 
É 
Whereas Community action can contribute to 
better preservation of the cultural heritage by 
promoting the exchange of experiences and 
expertise and encouraging operational synergies 
and partnership; 
Whereas, because of its socioeconomic 
dimension, the preservation of the cultural 
heritage is an element in a design for society and 
can contribute significantly to job creation and 
regional'development and to improving the 
quality of life and the day-to-day environment of 
ordinary people; 
Whereas the culture is an important area for 
action in the context of the information society, 
as highlighted in the Commission communication 
entitled Europe's way to the information society: 
an action plan]; 
Whereas Community action in research, 
technological development and demonstration is 
undertaken in accordance with the technological 
research and development 
Framework-Programme,2 which could be of 
benefit to this programme; Whereas consideration must be given to the 
irreversible damage caused to certain monuments 
and/or sites by an excessive number of visitors; 
whereas provision must be made for greater use 
of new technologies in order to enable everyone 
to have virtual access; 
Whereas Community action can contribute to 
better preservation of the cultural heritage by 
promoting the exchange of experiences and 
expertise and encouraging operational synergies 
and partnership; 
Whereas, because of its socioeconomic 
dimension, the preservation of the cultural 
heritage is an element in a design for society and 
can contribute significantly to job creation and 
regional development and to improving the 
quality of life and the day-to-day environment of 
ordinary people; 
Whereas the enhancement of the cultural heritage 
encourages the development of a type of tourism 
which, if properly managed, will be a source of 
enrichment since it allows people to come more 
into contact with and learn about different ways 
of life and different customs; 
Whereas the culture is an important area for 
action in the context of the information society, 
as highlighted in the Commission communication 
entitled Europe's way to the information society: 
an action plan]; 
Whereas Community action in research, 
technological development and demonstration is 
undertaken in accordance with the technological 
research and development 
Framework-Programme,2 which could be of 
benefit to this programme; 
COM(94) 347 final COM(94) 347 final 
Parliament and Council Decision 1110/94/EEC of 
26 April 1994 concerning tlie fourth framework 
programme of the European Community activities 
in the field of research and technological 
development and demonstration (1994 to 1998), 
OJ n° L 126 from 18.05.1994, p. 1-33. Parliament and Council Decision 1110/94/EEC of 
26 April 1994 concerning the fourth framework 
programme of the European Community activities 
in the field of research and technological 
development and demonstration (1994 to )998).OJ 
n' L 126 from 18.05.1994, p. 1-33. 
Whereas the Commission has gained experience 
through the activities undertaken to date in the 
field of architectural heritage; Whereas the theft of cultural assets and 
vandalism are among the most serious causes of 
impoverishment of the European cultural 
heritage, a heritage which cannot be replaced; 
whereas serious consideration should be given to 
the best way of combating these problems, with 
particular emphasis on measures in the field of 
information and education which could help to 
increase respect for Europe's cultural heritage; 
Whereas the Commission has gained experience 
through the activities undertaken to date in the 
field of architectural heritage and the results of 
consultations it has held with all the parties 
concerned; 
Whereas the European Parliament attaches 
importance to Community action in favour of 
heritage, and in particular to training, research, 
raising the awareness of young people and 
adolescents, cooperation with non-member 
countries and the Council of Europe and links 
with other Community policies, particularly as 
regards training and regional development3; Whereas the European Parliament attaches 
importance to Community action in favour of 
heritage, and in particular to training, research, 
raising the awareness of young people and 
adolescents, cooperation with non-member 
countries and the Council of Europe and links 
with other Community policies, particularly as 
regards training and regional development3; 
European Parliament resolution on protecting the 
European cultural heritage, OJ No C 62, 
30.5.1974, p. 5-7. 
European Parliament resolution on the protection 
of the architectural and archaeological heritage, 
OJ No C 267. 11.10.1982, p. 25-29. 
European Parliament resolution on the 
conservation of the Community's architectural and 
archaeological heritage, OJ No C 309. 5.12.1988, 
p. 423-427. 
European Parliament resolution on preserving the 
architectural heritage and protecting cultural 
assets, OJ No C 72, 15.3.1993, p. 160-166. European Parliament resolution on protecting the 
European cultural heritage, OJ No C 62. 
30.5.1974, p. 5-7. 
European Parliament resolution on the protection 
of the architectural and archaeological heritage, 
OJ No C 267, 11.10.1982, p. 25-29. 
European Parliament resolution on the 
conservation of the Community's architectural and 
archaeological heritage, OJ No C 309, 5.12.1988, 
p. 423-427. 
European Parliament resolution on preserving the 
architectural heritage and protecting cultural 
assets, OJ No C 72, 15.3.1993, p. 160-166. 
Whereas the European Parliament has passed 
resolutions on the contribution of the Community 
to work on restoring outstanding examples of the 
architectural heritage4; 
Whereas the Council has expressed an interest in 
closer cooperation in the areas of architectural 
heritage, works of art, artefacts and archives, in 
particular as regards the exchange of knowledge, 
documentation and training and in view of the 
important role of networks of cultural 
organizations in cultural cooperation in Europe5; Whereas the European Parliament has passed 
resolutions on the contribution of the Community 
to work on restoring outstanding examples of the 
architectural heritage4; 
Whereas the Council has expressed an interest in 
closer cooperation in the areas of architectural 
heritage, works of art, artefacts and archives, in 
particular as regards the exchange of knowledge, 
documentation and training and in view of the 
important role of networks of cultural 
organizations in cultural cooperation in Europe5; 
European Parliament resolution on economic aid 
to Mount Amos (monastery region), OJ No C 144, 
15.6.1981. p. 92. 
European Parliament resolution on aid for the 
reconstruction of the Chiado district of Lisbon, 
OJNo C 262, 10.10.1988, p. 110. 
European Parliament resolution on the 
conservation of the Community's architectural and 
archaeological heritage, OJ No C 309, 5.12.1988, 
p. 423-427. 
European Parliament resolution on the fire at the 
Gran Teatro del Liceo (Barcelona), OJ No C 61, 
28.02. 1994, p. 184. European Parliament resolution on economic aid 
to Mount Athos (monastery region), OJ No C 144, 
15.6.1981, p. 92. 
European Parliament resolution on the 
participation of Community financial instruments 
in the restoration of the historic centre of the citv 
of Palermo, OJ C 187, 18.7.1988. p.160. 
European Parliament resolution on aid for the 
reconstruction of the Chiado district of Lisbon, 
OJNoC262, 10.10.1988, p. 110. 
European Parliament resolution on the 
conservation of the Community's architectural and 
archaeological heritage, OJ No C 309, 5.12.1988, 
p. 423-427. 
European Parliament resolution on the fire at the 
Gran Teatro del Liceo (Barcelona), OJ No C 61, 
28.02. 1994, p. 184. 
Resolution of the Ministers responsible for 
Cultural Affairs meeting within the Council of 13 
November 1986 on the protection of Europe's 
architectural heritage, OJ No C 320, 13.12.1986, 
p. 1. 
Resolution of the Ministers with responsibility for 
Cultural Affairs meeting within the Council of 13 
November 1986 on the conservation of works of 
art and artefacts, OJ No C 320, 13.12.1986, p. 3. 
Resolution of the Council and the Ministers of 
Culture meeting within the Council of 14 
November 1991 on arrangements concerning 
archives. OJ No C 314, 5.12.1991, p. 2. 
Council conclusions of 17 June 1994 concerning 
greater cooperation in the field of archives, 
OJNo C 235, 23.8.1994, p. 3. 
Resolution of the Council and the Ministers of 
Culture meeting within the Council of 14 
November 1991 on European cultural networks, 
OJNoC 314, 5.12.1991, p. 1. Resolution of the Ministers responsible for 
Cultural Affairs meeting within the Council of 13 
November 1986 on the protection of Europe's 
architectural heritage, OJ No C 320, 13.12.1986, 
p. 1. 
Resolution of the Ministers with responsibility for 
Cultural Affairs meeting within the Council of 13 
November 1986 on the conservation of works of 
art and artefacts, OJ No C 320, 13.12.1986. p. 3. 
Resolution of the Council and the Ministers of 
Culture meeting within the Council of 14 
November 1991 on arrangements concerning 
archives, OJ No C 314, 5.12.1991, p. 2. 
Council conclusions of 17 June 1994 concerning 
greater cooperation in the field of archives, 
OJNoC235, 23.8.1994, p. 3. 
Resolution of the Council and the Ministers of 
Culture meeting within the Council of 14 
November 1991 on European cultural networks, 
OJNoC314, 5.12.1991, p. 1. 
Whereas in its communication "New prospects 
for Community cultural action"6 the Commission 
states that Community action should be extended 
to the movable heritage and steps taken to 
promote dialogue and cooperation between those 
involved and encourage the dissemination of 
experiences and specialized information; whereas 
the European Parliament and Council have 
encouraged this approach7; Whereas in its communication "New prospects 
for Community cultural action"6 the Commission 
states that Community action should be extended 
to the movable heritage and steps taken to 
promote dialogue and cooperation between those 
involved and encourage the dissemination of 
experiences and specialized information; whereas 
the European Parliament and Council have 
encouraged this approach7; 
Whereas the European institutions have stressed 
the importance of integrating the different 
aspects of cultural heritage in a coherent 
Community action8 which takes account of the 
richness and diversity of the movable and 
non-movable heritage and supports the work of 
the numerous parties involved; Whereas the European institutions have stressed 
the importance of integrating the different 
aspects of cultural heritage in a coherent 
Community action8 which takes account of the 
richness and diversity of the movable and 
non-movable heritage and supports the work of 
the numerous parties involved; 
COM(92) 149 final. COM(92) 149 final. 
European Parliament resolution on the 
Commission communication entitled 'New 
prospects for Community cultural action', 
OJNoC42, 15.2.1993, p. 173-181. 
European Parliament resolution on Community 
policy in the field of culture, OJ No C 44, 
14.2.1994. p. 184-188. 
Conclusions of the Council and Ministers of 
Culture meeting within the Council of 
12 November 1992 on guidelines for Community 
cultural action, OJ No C 336. 19.12.1992, p 1-2. European Parliament resolution on the 
Commission communication entitled 'New 
prospects for Community cultural action', 
OJ No C 42, 15.2.1993, p. 173-181. 
European Parliament resolution on Community 
policy in the field of culture, OJ No C 44, 
14.2.1994, p. 184-188. 
Conclusions of the Council and Ministers of 
Culture meeting within the Council of 
12 November 1992 on guidelines for Community 
cultural action, OJ No C 336, 19.12.1992, p. 1-2. 
European Parliament resolution on preserving the 
architectural heritage and protecting cultural 
assets, OJ No C 72, 15.3.1993, p. 160-166. 
Council conclusions of 17 June 1994 on drawing 
up a Community Action Plan in the field of 
cultural heritage, OJ No C 235, 23.8.1994, p. 1. European Parliament resolution on preserving the 
architectural heritage and protecting cultural 
assets, OJ No C 72, 15.3.1993, p. 160-166. 
Council conclusions of 17 June 1994 on drawing 
up a Community Action Plan in the field of 
cultural heritage, OJ No C 235, 23.8.1994, p. 1. 
Whereas Community action should take account 
of the changing nature of the definition of 
heritage and include all types of heritage by 
encouraging multidisciplinary approaches; Whereas it remains necessary to communicate to 
as wide a public as possible, by means of general 
information, the importance of protecting the 
cultural heritage; 
Whereas Community action should take account 
of the changing nature of the definition of 
heritage and include all types of heritage by 
encouraging multidisciplinary approaches; 
Whereas the Commission has organized 
consultations with all interested parties, 
particularly the departments in the 
Member States, the professionals, 
non-governmental organizations, foundations and 
associations, with a view to preparing an action 
programme in the field of cultural heritage; Whereas the Commission has organized 
consultations with all interested parties, 
particularly the departments in the 
Member States, the professionals, 
non-governmental organizations, foundations and 
associations, with a view to preparing an action 
programme in the field of cultural heritage; 
Whereas cultural dialogue between the European 
Union Member States and third countries, both 
European and non-European, plays a key role in 
promoting mutual understanding, cooperation, 
tolerance and peace; 
Whereas there are numerous links between the 
cultural heritage in Europe and other 
non-Community countries; whereas, therefore, 
this area is ideally suited to developing forms of 
cooperation with non-member countries and the 
competent international organizations, in 
accordance with the requirements of the Treaty 
and the conclusions of the resolutions cited 
above; 
Whereas the conclusions of the Copenhagen 
European Council of 21-23 June 1993 call for 
Community programmes to be opened up to the 
countries of Central and Eastern Europe that are 
party to association agreements; whereas the 
Community has signed cooperation agreements 
that include a section on culture with certain 
third countries; Whereas there are numerous links between the 
cultural heritage in Europe and other 
non-Community countries ; whereas, therefore, 
this area is ideally suited to developing forms of 
cooperation with non-member countries, the 
Council of Europe and the competent 
international organizations in the field of the 
cultural heritage (for example UNESCO), in 
accordance with the requirements of the Treaty 
and the conclusions of the resolutions cited 
above; 
Whereas the conclusions of the Copenhagen 
European Council of 21-23 June 1993 call for 
Community programmes to be opened up to the 
countries of Central and Eastern Europe that are 
party to association agreements; whereas the 
Community has signed cooperation agreements 
that include a section on culture with certain 
third countries; 
Whereas the present decision establishes, for the 
total duration of the programme and in the spirit 
of point 1 of the declaration of 6 March 1995 by 
the Parliament, the Council and the Commission, 
a budgetary envelope which constitutes a 
privileged reference for the budgetary authority 
in the framework of the annual procedure; Whereas the present decision establishes, for the 
total duration of the programme and in the spirit 
of point 1 of the declaration of 6 March 1995 by 
the Parliament, the Council and the Commission, 
a budgetary envelope which constitutes a 
privileged reference for the budgetary authority 
in the framework of the annual procedure; 
Whereas the importance accorded to protecting 
the cultural heritage, which has been heightened 
by the Treaty on European Union, implies that 
adequate funding should be committed under the 
Raphaël programme, thereby making it possible 
to implement effective and coherent measures of 
support for Europe's cultural heritage; 
Whereas measures under this programme will 
also take account of the complementary nature of 
measures which may be taken under other 
Community policies; 
Whereas the implementation of the present 
programme relies on close cooperation with 
national authorities, with a view to ensuring that 
Community action supports and supplements 
activities at national level in confirming respect 
for the principle of subsidiary, as it is defined by 
Article 3b of the Treaty; 
Whereas that, in the execution of its tasks, the 
Commission is assisted by an advisory 
committee consisting of representatives of the 
Member States; Whereas the implementation of the present 
programme relies on close cooperation with 
national authorities, with a view to ensuring that 
Community action supports and supplements 
activities at national level in confirming respect 
for the principle of subsidiary, as it is defined by 
Article 3b of the Treaty; 
Whereas that, in the execution of its tasks, the 
Commission is assisted by an advisory 
committee consisting of representatives of the 
Member States; 
Whereas an agreement on a modus vivendi 
between the European Parliament, the Council 
and the Commission with regard to the 
implementing measures of the acts adopted in 
accordance with the procedure referred to in 
Article 189b of the Treaty was reached on 
20 December 1994; 
HAVE DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: 
Article 1 
A Community action programme in the field of 
cultural heritage, to be known as the Raphael 
Programme, is hereby established, with the aim 
of encouraging and supplementing action taken 
by the Member States. The Programme shall run 
from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2000. HAVE DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: 
Article 1 
A Community action programme in the field of 
cultural heritage, to be known as the Raphael 
Programme, is hereby established, with the aim 
of encouraging and supplementing action taken 
by the Member States. The Programme shall run 
from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2000. 
Article 2 
The specific objectives of the Raphael 
Programme shall be to: 
- contribute to the development and promotion 
of cultural heritage; 
- encourage cooperation and the European-level 
pooling of knowledge, expertise and practices 
in matters of heritage preservation; 
- improve access to heritage and the supply of 
information on it for the public at large so as 
to contribute to the affirmation of a European 
citizenship through greater knowledge of 
heritage; 
- support the stepping-up of research and 
common practices in the heritage field in order 
to realize Europe's potential; 
- foster cooperation with non-member countries 
and other competent international 
organizations, in particular the Council of 
Europe. Article 2 
The specific objectives of the Raphael 
Programme shall be to: 
- contribute to the development and promotion 
of cultural heritage; 
- encourage cooperation and the European-level 
pooling of knowledge, expertise and practices 
in matters of heritage preservation and 
restoration; 
- improve access to heritage and the supply of 
information on it for the public at large so as 
to contribute to the affirmation of a European 
citizenship through greater knowledge of 
heritage; 
- support the stepping-up of research and 
common practices in the heritage field in order 
to realize Europe's potential; 
- foster cooperation with non-member countries 
and other competent international 
organizations, in particular the Council of 
Europe. 
Article 3 Article 3 
The Raphael Programme shall cover the movable 
and non-movable cultural heritage and consist of 
five types of action: 
I. Development and promotion of cultural 
heritage; 
II. Networks and partnerships; 
III. Access to heritage; 
IV. Innovation, training and professional 
mobility; 
V. Cooperation with third countries and 
international organizations. 
The total appropriation for the implementation of 
this programme shall be ECU 67 million for the 
period 1996-2000. 
Annual appropriations shall be authorized by the 
budgetary authority within the limits of the 
financial perspectives. 
The measures described in the Annex shall be 
applied to achieve the objectives laid down in 
Article 2. They shall be implemented on the 
basis of the priorities set by the annual work 
plans adopted in accordance with the procedure 
provided for in Article 6. 
The programme shall run for five years. It shall 
enter into force on 1 January 1996. The Raphael Programme shall cover the movable 
and non-movable cultural heritage and consist of 
five types of action: 
I. Development and promotion of cultural 
heritage; 
II. Networks and partnerships; 
III. Access to heritage; 
IV. Innovation, training and professional 
mobility; 
V. Cooperation with third countries and 
international organizations. 
The total appropriation for the implementation of 
this programme shall be ECU 67 million for the 
period 1996-2000. 
Annual appropriations shall be authorized by the 
budgetary authority within the limits of the 
financial perspectives. 
The measures described in the Annex shall be 
applied to achieve the objectives laid down in 
Article 2. They shall be implemented on the 
basis of the priorities set by the annual work 
plans in accordance with the procedure provided 
for by the second paragraph of Article 5. 
The programme shall run for five years. It shall 
enter into force on 1 January 1996. 
Article 3a bis 
All projects receiving financial support under the 
Raphael programme shall be required to display 
the European Union flag and acknowledge 
funding. 
Article 4 
In order to achieve the stated objectives, projects 
undertaken in the framework of the Raphael 
Programme must: Article 4 
In order to achieve the stated objectives, projects 
undertaken in the framework of the Raphael 
Programme must: 
have a European dimension and offer genuine 
added value with respect to action taken in the 
Member States; 
help to promote cultural heritage; 
contribute to the development of better 
practices and greater knowledge and expertise 
in matters of conservation; 
be of relevance at Community level because 
of their exemplary or innovative and 
informative nature, or have a multiplier effect 
in cultural, educational or socioeconomic 
terms. - have a European dimension and offer genuine 
added value with respect to action taken in the 
Member States; 
- help to promote cultural heritage; 
- help to provide infonnation on and promote 
the common cultural heritage; 
- contribute to the development of better 
practices and greater knowledge and expertise 
in matters of conservation; 
- be of relevance at Community level because 
of their exemplary or innovative and 
informative nature, or have a multiplier effect 
in cultural, educational or socioeconomic 
terms. 
Article 5 Article 5 
The Commission shall be assisted by an 
Advisory Committee, provided for in Article 4 
of the European Parliament and Council 
Decision establishing a programme to support 
artistic and cultural activities having European 
dimension (Kaleidoscope 2000 Programme), 
consisting of one representative from each 
Member State and presided by a representative 
of the Commission. 
The Committee may consider any matter relating 
to the implementation of the programme. The 
Commission may consult the committee on 
general guidelines and on any other matter not 
provided in Article 6. 
Article 6 The Commission shall be assisted by an 
Advisory Committee, provided for in Article 4 
of the European Parliament and Council 
Decision establishing a programme to support 
artistic and cultural activities having European 
dimension (Kaleidoscope 2000 Programme). 
The representative of the Commission shall 
submit to the committee a draft of the measures 
to be taken. The Committee shall deliver its 
opinion on the draft, within a time limit which 
the chairman may lay down according to the 
urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a 
vote. The opinion shall be recorded in the 
minutes; in addition, each Member State shall 
have the right to ask to have its position 
recorded in the minutes. 
The Committee may consider any matter relating 
to the implementation of the programme. 
Article 6 (new) 
The representative of the Commission shall 
submit to the committee a draft of the measures 
to be taken and specifically the annual plan of 
work for Actions II, 112, III3, 1114, V. The 
Committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, 
within a time limit which the chariman may lay 
down according to the urgency of the matter, if 
necessary by taking a vote. 
The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in 
addition, each Member State shall have the right 
to ask to have its position recorded in the 
minutes. 
The Commission shall take the utmost account of 
the opinion delivered by the Committee. It shall 
inform the Committee of the manner in which its 
opinion has been taken into account. The Commission shall give priority to publicity 
and the dissemination of information on this 
programme so as to ensure that all cultural 
operators and networks are informed about and 
aware of the activities which concern them. 
11 
Article 7 Article 7 
The Commission shall ensure that the Raphael 
Programme is compatible with and complements 
other Community programmes and policies on 
cultural heritage. The Commission shall ensure that the Raphael 
Programme is compatible with and complements 
other Community programmes and policies on 
cultural heritage. 
Article 7 a 
The associated countries of Central and Eastern 
Europe may participate in this programme in 
accordance with the conditions set out in the 
additional protocols to the association agreements 
relating to participation in Community 
programmes which have been concluded or will 
be concluded with those countries. Cyprus and 
Malta may participate in this programme and 
other non-member countries which have 
concluded association or cooperation agreements 
including cultural clauses may cooperate with it, 
on the basis of additional appropriations to be 
provided in accordance with procedures to be 
agreed with those countries. 
Article 7 b 
The Community shall encourage cooperation 
with the Council of Europe and other relevant 
international organizations in the field of the 
cultural heritage (for example UNESCO) while 
ensuring that the instruments employed 
complement each other in keeping with the 
identity and freedom of action of each institution 
and organization. 
12 
Article 8 Article 8 
Three years after commencement of the Raphael 
Programme or by 30 September 1999, whichever 
shall be the earlier, the Commission, having 
consulted the Committee, shall present a report 
to the European Parliament, the Council and the 
Committee of the Regions evaluating the results 
achieved, together with appropriate proposals, 
where necessary, for adapting the programme in 
line with requirements arising in the course of 
implementation. Two years and six months after commencement 
of the Raphael Programme and within six 
months following that period, the Commission 
shall present a report to the European 
Parliament, the Council and the Committee of 
the Regions evaluating the results achieved, 
together with appropriate proposals, where 
necessary, for adapting the programme in line 
with requirements arising in the course of 
implementation. This report shall evaluate in 
quantative and qualitative terms to what extent 
the programme has made it possible to achieve 
the objectives listed in Article 2. 
After the end of the Raphael Programme but no 
later than 30 September 2001, the Commission, 
acting in accordance with the procedure laid 
down in Article 5, shall present a report on the 
implementation and results of the programme to 
the European Parliament, the Council and the 
Committee of the Regions. After the end of the Raphael Programme but no 
later than 30 September 2001, the Commission, 
acting in accordance with the procedure laid 
down in Article 5, shall present a report on the 
implementation and results of the programme to 
the European Parliament, the Council and the 
Committee of the Regions. 
Article 9 
This Decision shall enter into force on the 
twentieth day following its publication in the 
Official Journal of the European Communities. Article 9 
This Decision shall enter into force on the 
twentieth day following its publication in the 
Official Journal of the European Communities. 
Done at Brussels. Done at Brussels, 
For the European Parliament, 
The President For the European Parliament, 
The President 
For the Council, 
The President For the Council, 
The President 
13 
ANNEX 
COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAMME 
IN THE FIELD OF CULTURAL HERITAGE 
THE RAPHAEL PROGRAMME 
The aim of the Raphael Programme is to support The aim of the Raphael Programme is to support 
actions at European level in all heritage 
disciplines - non-movable heritage, 
archaeological heritage, including archaeological 
sites, underwater heritage, movable heritage, 
museums and collections, archives, etc. actions at European level in all heritage 
disciplines - non-movable heritage, 
archaeological heritage, underwater heritage, 
movable heritage, museums and collections, 
archives, etc. 
Action I - Development and promotion of 
cultural heritage 
- The aim of this action is to contribute to the 
development and promotion of cultural 
heritage and to encourage the development 
and pooling of better conservation practices, 
by creating an environment conducive to the 
preservation of cultural heritage. 
The action involves the following measures: 
1. Support for projects to preserve the 
movable or non-movable heritage that qualify 
as "European heritage laboratories" by virtue 
of the interest or exemplary value of their 
content. The conservation work must relate to 
works, monuments or sites of exceptional 
historic importance which are special 
landmarks in Europe. The projects will be 
spread over several years and will seek to 
recruit the most highly-skilled staff, by 
appointing a multidisciplinary European team 
to study particularly difficult conservation 
problems and develop appropriate approaches, 
methods and/or techniques. Particular attention 
will be paid to sharing the experience gained 
in the course of this work. Action I - Development and promotion of 
cultural heritage 
- The aim of this action is to contribute to the 
development and promotion of cultural 
heritage and to encourage the development 
and pooling of better conservation practices, 
by creating an environment conducive to the 
preservation and restoration of cultural 
heritage. 
- The action involves the following measures: 
1. Support for projects to preserve the 
movable or non-movable heritage that qualify' 
as "European heritage laboratories" by virtue 
of the interest or exemplary value of their 
content. The conservation work must relate to 
works, monuments or sites of exceptional 
historic importance which are special 
landmarks in Europe. The projects will be 
spread over several years and will seek to 
recruit the most highly-skilled staff, by 
appointing a multidisciplinary European team 
to study particularly difficult conservation 
problems and develop appropriate approaches, 
methods and/or techniques. Particular attention 
will be paid to sharing the experience gained 
in the course of this work. 
14 
2. Support for "European heritage sites" 
concerned with common themes related to the 
preservation of the movable and/or non-movable 
heritage. The projects must have exemplary 
value and a multiplier effect. They may be 
spread over several consecutive years. The 
experience gained with regard to the 
management and/or conservation problem in 
question will be widely disseminated among the 
professionals. Themes will be selected according 
to the concerns of the various heritage 
disciplines. 2. Support for "European heritage sites" 
concerned with common themes related to the 
preservation of the movable and/or non-movable 
heritage. The projects must have exemplary 
value and a multiplier effect. They may be 
spread over several consecutive years. The 
experience gained with regard to the 
management and/or conservation problem in 
question will be widely disseminated among the 
professionals. Themes will be selected according 
to the concerns of the various heritage 
disciplines. 
3. Support for the development of European 
standards and/or recommendations with a view to 
improving good heritage conservation and 
management practice and, where appropriate, 
encouraging exchanges. The aim is to develop 
standards and/or recommendations at European 
level on, for example, documenting cultural 
goods, the conditions for loans of works of art 
for exhibitions, the passive conservation of 
works of art, fire protection for works of art, 
monuments, etc. Community support could be 
used for surveys, seminars, studies, etc. 
organized in the context of this work. 
4. Support on an experimental basis for the 
acquisition and joint management of major 
works of art by several European partners, in 
order to keep these works in Europe and present 
them to the public. 3. Support for the development of European 
standards and/or recommendations with a view to 
improving good heritage conservation and 
management practice and, where appropriate, 
encouraging exchanges. The aim is to develop 
standards and/or recommendations at European 
level on, for example, documenting cultural 
goods, the conditions for loans of works of art 
for exhibitions, the passive conservation of 
works of art, fire protection for works of art, 
monuments, etc. Community support could be 
used for surveys, seminars, studies, etc. 
organized in the context of this work. 
4. Support on an experimental basis for the 
acquisition and joint management of major 
works of art by several European partners, in 
order to keep these works in Europe and present 
them to the public. 
5. Development of projects and studies with a 
cultural focus to complement other Community 
activities. Financial support could be given to 
projects that back up or complement Community 
action already taken pursuant to other Treaty 
provisions and are of particular interest to the 
heritage sector, to round tables and comparative 
studies aimed at collecting factual information on 
the situation in the Member States, and to impact 
assessments carried out as part of the preparation 
for new Community measures. 5. Development of projects and studies with a 
cultural focus to complement other Community 
activities. Financial support could be given to 
projects that back up or complement Community 
action already taken pursuant to other Treaty 
provisions and are of particular interest to the 
heritage sector, to round tables and comparative 
studies aimed at collecting factual information on 
the situation in the Member States, and to impact 
assessments carried out as part of the preparation 
for new Community measures. 
15 
Action II - Networks and partnerships Action II - Networks and partnerships 
The aim of this action is to encourage the 
development of networks and partnerships to 
enhance transnational cooperation and 
contribute to exchanges, the pooling of 
experiences and the presentation of the 
European dimension of heritage. 
The action involves the following measures: The aim of this action is to encourage the 
development of networks and partnerships to 
enhance transnational cooperation and 
contribute to exchanges, the pooling of 
experiences and the presentation of the 
European dimension of heritage. 
The action involves the following measures: 
1. Support for the creation of networks of 
"European heritage sites". The networks will be 
organized by theme and will, where necessary, 
bring public and private institutions, research 
centres and private companies with a special 
interest in heritage into contact with those 
responsible for managing the sites. The aim of 
the networks is to encourage the exchange of 
experience between project managers themselves 
and between them and other interested parties. 
Community support could, for example, be used 
to set up networks, organize seminars on the 
problems encountered on site and the work 
planned, and to disseminate the results to other 
interested parties. 1. Support for the creation of networks of 
"European heritage sites". The networks will be 
organized by theme and will, where necessary, 
bring public and private institutions, research 
centres and private companies with a special 
interest in heritage into contact with those 
responsible for managing the sites. The aim of 
the networks is to encourage the exchange of 
experience between project managers themselves 
and between them and other interested parties. 
Community support could, for example, be used 
to set up networks, organize seminars on the 
problems encountered on site and the work 
planned, and to disseminate the results to other 
interested parties. 
2. Collection and dissemination of specialized 
information aimed at the heritage sector, using 
appropriate information channels or relays 
(competent authorities, professional and 
non-governmental organizations, associations, 
etc.) and suitable media (paper, CD-ROM, CD-I, 
on-line). The information will relate to the 
drafting of comparative studies of practices and 
systems in the Member States that might be of 
common interest, European cultural statistics and 
indicators, practical guides, manuals, directories 
and listings of innovative projects and 
Community activities of relevance to the cultural 
heritage. 2. Collection and dissemination of specialized 
information aimed at the heritage sector, using 
appropriate information channels or relays 
(competent authorities, professional and 
non-governmental organizations, associations, 
etc.) and suitable media (paper, CD-ROM, CD-I, 
on-line). The information will relate to the 
drafting of comparative studies of practices and 
systems in the Member States that might be of 
common interest, European cultural statistics and 
indicators, practical guides, manuals, directories 
and listings of innovative projects and 
Community activities of relevance to the cultural 
heritage. 
3. Support for transnational cooperation projects 
between museums and/or monuments using 
multimedia or other forms of communication to 
highlight the European dimension of heritage and 
to show visitors to museums, monuments or sites 
examples of other related works, monuments or 
sites in other European countries. 3. Support for transnational cooperation projects 
between museums and/or monuments using 
multimedia or other forms of communication to 
highlight the European dimension of heritage and 
to show visitors to museums, monuments or sites 
examples of other related works, monuments or 
sites in other European countries. 
16 
Support for the creation of multinational 
networks linking museums or sites with 
cultural or historic similarities in order to 
promote a better understanding of each 
cultural heritage, in particular in order to 
reconstruct the common roots of the European 
regions. 
4. Support for cooperation projects between 
training institutes and/or research centres 
involved in heritage work. The measure is 
intended to develop the necessary instruments for 
setting up networks and/or partnerships, 
strengthening cooperation between them and 
pooling their experience. The financial aid 
awarded under these cooperation projects could 
be used for: 
- drawing up inventories, by discipline, of 
further training courses; 
- developing methods for evaluating training 
courses and carrying out joint analysis; 
- conducting comparative studies on diplomas 
and qualifications in the field of cultural 
heritage and access to the heritage professions 
in the Member States; 
- setting up networks and keeping their 
members informed; 
- grants and exchanges for teachers, students 
and/or researchers; 
- disseminating information about ongoing or 
completed research, particularly to people 
working in the heritage field; 
- information on and/or access to new 
technologies and their use in the field of 
cultural heritage, etc. 4. Support for cooperation projects between 
training institutes and/or research centres and 
archaeological and/or scientific institutes 
involved in cultural heritage work. The measure 
is intended to develop the necessary instruments 
for setting up networks and/or partnerships, 
strengthening cooperation between them and 
pooling their experience. The financial aid 
awarded under these cooperation projects could 
be used for: 
drawing up inventories, by discipline, of 
further training courses; 
- developing methods for evaluating training 
courses and carrying out joint analysis; 
- conducting comparative studies on- diplomas 
and qualifications in the field of cultural 
heritage and access to the heritage professions 
in the Member States; 
- setting up networks and keeping their 
members informed; 
- grants and exchanges for teachers, students 
and/or researchers; 
- disseminating information about ongoing or 
completed research, particularly to people 
working in the heritage field; 
- information on and/or access to new 
technologies and their use in the field of 
cultural heritage, etc. 
Synergies with other Community programmes, in 
particular in the fields of education and training, 
research and technological development should 
be clearly indicated. Synergies with other Community programmes, in 
particular in the fields of education and training, 
research and technological development should 
be clearly indicated. 
17 
Action III - Access to heritage Action III - Access to heritage 
The aim of this action is to improve public 
access to the common heritage by encouraging 
projects to raise awareness that have a 
European dimension and by promoting the use 
of advanced information and communication 
technologies and services. 
The action involves the following measures: - The aim of this action is to improve public 
access to the common heritage by encouraging 
projects to raise awareness that have a 
European dimension and by promoting the use 
of advanced information and communication 
technologies and services. 
- The action involves the following measures: 
1. Inclusion of steps to raise public awareness in 
all projects receiving Community support under 
the Raphael Programme. Project sponsors will be 
asked to present ongoing or completed work to 
the public. The Commission will pursue the 
initiatives already developed in this field, such as 
the travelling exhibition and the audiovisual 
material to be devoted particularly to the 
European heritage laboratories and sites. 
2. Support for events to raise public awareness at 
European level, such as the European Heritage 
Days, events to mark Europe Day (9 May), the 
Mies van der Rohe European Architecture Prize, 
Europan, etc. 
3. Support for multilingual presentations in 
museums, monuments and sites aimed at 
nationals of other Member States. Projects might 
relate to presentational material, brochures, 
exhibition panels, electronic guide systems, 
audiovisual or multimedia products, etc. 
4. Support for applications of advanced 
information and communication technology and 
services giving professionals and the general 
public greater access to heritage. Projects must 
be of interest at European level and serve as 
models. 1. Inclusion of steps to raise public awareness in 
all projects receiving Community support under 
the Raphael Programme. Project sponsors will be 
asked to present ongoing or completed work to 
the public. The Commission will pursue the 
initiatives already developed in this field, such as 
the travelling exhibition and the audiovisual 
material and the multimedia to be devoted 
particularly to the European heritage laboratories 
and sites. 
2. Support for events to raise public awareness at 
European level, such as the European Heritage 
Days, events to mark Europe Day (9 May), the 
Mies van der Rohe European Architecture Prize, 
Europan, etc. 
3. Support for multilingual presentations in 
museums, monuments and sites aimed at 
nationals of other Member States. Projects might 
relate to presentational material, brochures, 
exhibition panels, electronic guide systems, 
audiovisual or multimedia products, museums' 
educational programmes, etc. etc. 
4. Support for applications of advanced 
information and communication technology and 
services giving professionals and the general 
public access to heritage. Projects must be of 
interest at European level and serve as models. 
Community support could be used for studies or 
seminars on a particular problem relating to the 
use of such technologies and services in the 
heritage sector or for pilot projects for studying 
and introducing practical applications. Community support could be used for studies or 
seminars on a particular problem relating to the 
use of such technologies and services in the 
heritage sector or for pilot projects for studying 
and introducing practical applications. 
Action IV - Innovation, further training and 
professional mobility 
- The aim of this action is to encourage the 
exchange of experiences and promote 
cooperation, professional mobility and training 
for professionals in the heritage field. Action IV - Innovation, further training and 
professional mobility 
- The aim of this action is to encourage the 
exchange of experiences and promote 
cooperation, professional mobility and training 
for professionals in the heritage field. 
The action involves the following measures: - The action involves the following measures: 
1. Support for identifying requirements for 
heritage research at Community level, for the 
dissemination of the results of research to 
professionals in the heritage field and the 
development of practical applications for use by 
professionals working in the field. The measures 
will be conducted in conjunction with the 
framework programme on research, technological 
development and demonstration; any research 
measures will be carried out as part of the 
research and technological development 
framework programme in accordance with the 
provisions governing that programme. 
2. Support for the organization of conferences 
and colloquia or other similar training activities 
with a European character. 1. Support for identifying requirements for 
heritage research at Community level, for the 
dissemination of the results of research to 
professionals in the heritage field and the 
development of practical applications for use by 
professionals working in the field. The measures 
will be conducted in conjunction with the 
framework programme on research, technological 
development and demonstration; any research 
measures will be carried out as part of the 
research and technological development 
framework programme in accordance with the 
provisions governing that programme. 
2. Support for the organization of conferences 
and colloquia or other similar training activities 
with a European character. 
3. Support for projects setting a European 
professional exchange programme for the various 
heritage disciplines and enabling people who 
already have solid professional experience to 
work for several months in an equivalent 
professional setting in another European country. 
Community support would cover organizing 
exchanges and the additional costs incurred, such 
as travel and accommodation. 
4. Support for basic and further training for 
professionals in the heritage field on the use of 
advanced information and communication 
technology and services. 3. Support for projects setting a European 
professional exchange programme for the various 
heritage disciplines and enabling people who 
already have solid professional experience to 
work for several months in an equivalent 
professional setting in another European country. 
Community support would cover organizing 
exchanges and the additional costs incurred, such 
as travel and accommodation. 
4. Support for basic and further training for 
professionals in the heritage field on the use of 
advanced information and communication 
technology and services. 
19 
Action V - Cooperation with third countries 
and international organizations 
- The aim of this action is to develop projects 
with third countries and create synergies with 
, activities undertaken by other international 
organizations, in particular the Council of 
Europe. 
- The action would involve the following 
measures: 
1. Support for projects to preserve the movable 
and non-movable heritage, relating in particular 
to monuments and sites on the World Heritage 
List; 
2. Participation in projects related to the 
networks and partnerships or the extension of 
certain projects, such as comparative studies, to 
non-Community countries; 
3. Participation in projects to make the heritage 
more accessible to the public, such as European 
Heritage Days; Action V - Cooperation with third countries 
and international organizations 
- The aim of this action is to develop projects 
with third countries and create synergies with 
activities undertaken by other international 
organizations, in particular the Council of 
Europe. 
- The action would involve the following 
measures: 
1. Support for projects to preserve the movable 
and non-movable heritage, relating in particular 
to monuments and sites on the World Heritage 
List; 
2. Participation in projects related to the 
networks and partnerships or the extension of 
certain projects, such as comparative studies, to 
non-Community countries; 
3. Participation in projects to make the heritage 
more accessible to the public, such as European 
Heritage Days; 
4. Encouragement for professionals in the 
heritage field to participate in activities to 
promote research, further training and 
professional mobility. 
- Community support for cultural cooperation 
projects with third countries is organized in a 
similar way to that for projects relating to 
countries in the European Union, on the basis 
of the agreements in force. 
Efforts will be made to achieve synergies with 
the competent international organizations, 
particularly the Council of Europe, while 
respecting the identity and freedom of action 
of each institution and organization. 4. Encouragement for professionals in the 
heritage field to participate in activities to 
promote research, further training and 
professional mobility. 
- Community support for cultural cooperation 
projects with third countries is organized in a 
similar way to that for projects relating to 
countries in the European Union, on the basis 
of the agreements in force. 
Efforts will be made to achieve synergies with 
the competent international organizations, 
particularly the Council of Europe, while 
respecting the identity and freedom of action 
of each institution and organization. 
20 

ISSN 0254-1475. 
COM(96) 333 final 
DOCUMENTS 
EN 16 n 
Catalogue number : CB-CO-96-333-EN-C 
ISBN 92-78-06040-2 
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