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COMMISSION OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITI ^:
COM(81)212 final
Brussels,4May1981
414<\i1,ilt
«»V.-!
I■<11.I
Proposalfora
COUNCILDECISION
adoptingaprogrammeofresearchanddevelopmentinthefieldofscience
andtechnologyfordevelopment 1982-1985
(submittedtotheCouncilbytheCommission)
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CONTENTS
Page
-SUMMARY -
I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. International issues atstake . 1
B. Prospects for the development ofscientific and 2
technical potential between North and South
C. Aprogramme atthe interface oftwo Community 5
policies
0.Preparation and implementation ofthe programme 7
II. MANAGEMENT OF THE PROGRAMME AND MACHINERY FOR IMPLEMENTATION 10
III. THE PROGRAMME - 12
A. Tropical Agriculture 12
A.1.Improvement ofagricultural production 13
A.2.General areas ofresearch and utilization 16
ofthe environment
A.3.Post-harvest techniques 17
A.4.Training , , 18
8.Medicine -Health and Nutrition inthe Tropics 18
19
22
23
24
V . PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION 26
FINANCIAL RECORD Tropical Agriculture 30
FINANCIAL RECORD Medicine ,Health and Nutrition 34
Inthe Tropics6.1.Medicine and Health
B.2.Nutrition
B.3.Training
IV.PROPOSED BUDGET
* *

SUMMARY
Thisproposalconcerns afour-year Communityprogrammetosupportand
strengthen thescientificactivitiesoftheMemberStatesforScienceand
TechnologyforDevelopment . '
Theprogrammeoccupiesapositioninthegeneralcontextofthegradual
redefining ofthesharingofknowhowandscientific capacitybetweenNorth
andSouth.ItstandsattheinterfaceoftwoCommunitypolicies,viz.the
Communitypolicyforcooperation withthedeveloping countries <Lom$II
Convention,Agreements withtheMediterranean countries,Agreements with
non-member countries)andtheCommunitypolicyinthefieldofscienceand
technology .Itisnotintendedasaglobalresponsetothedemandsofthe
ThirdWorldcountriesbutservesrathertostimulate andcomplement the
nationalpolicieswhichitisseekingtosupportandstrengthen .
Tothisend,Communityactionisproposedintheforinoftwosubprogrammes .
Thefirstsubprogramme concernsTropicalAgriculture andcoversfour
researchsectors:Improvement pf.Agricultural Production,GeneralAreas
ofResearchandUtilizationoftheEnvironment,Post-Harvest Techniques
andTraining.Thesecondsubprogramme isconcernedwithMedicine,Health
andNutritioninthetropicsandcoversthreeresearchsectors:Medicine
andHealth,Nutrition andTraining.Theseresearchsectors,inturn,cover
variousresearchtopics.
Theprogrammeistobeimplemented onaindirect-action basisbymeansof
shared-expense contracts,i.e.contractsconcludedwithpublicandprivate/
bodiesintheMemberStates.Costsareestimatedat40MioECUand
implementation oftheprogrammewouldrequireastaffofnine(including
fourCategory Astaff)..

I. INTRODUCTION
A. International issues atstake
A.1.Over the last decade allaspects ofinternational economic and
political relations have undergone profound changes affecting not
only thedeveloping countries butalso thedeveloped ones .Ina
new-found awareness ofthe common nature oftheir positions ,
■.previously voiced through alarge number ofseparate international
bodies ,thedeveloping countries have been prompted todemand
global negotiations with theindustrialized countries aimed at
creating a"newinternational economic order ".Thecountries of
theThird World wish toberecognized asfull partners inthe
international community andthis presupposes equality and
sovereignty inthesharing andmanagement ofnatural resources ,
inthedistribution ofprofits accruing from growth and,lastly ,
inthe accumulation ofknowhow .
Thevoicing ofthis global demand hasbeen accompanied byadesire
forThird World unity ,asdemonstrated ateach international
meeting ofthe so-called Group of77.
A.2.More recently ,thecountries oftheThird World have become aware
oftheparamount importance ofscience andtechnology inthe
process ofeconomic and social development and have taken the
unequivocal step afgiving ahigh degree ofurgency andpriority
totheproblems connected with progress inthefield ofknowhow .
However ,notwithstanding itsattractiveness ataphilosophical
level ,this position clashes inreal terms with anumber of
important constraints which inevitably limit itschances of
implementation .
 JThese general themes dominated the UNCSTD II discussions and
left adeep imprint onthe filial consensus ,theso-called Vienna
Programme ,adopted bytheUnited Nations General Assembly inits
resolution (34/2T8)of23January 1980 .
Starting from thesupposition that thetechnological resources
andpotential necessary toenable thedeveloping countries to
catch uparealready tohand ,theVienna Programme sets outtwo
major objectives :
-strengthening ofthescientific andtechnical
resources ofthedeveloping countries ;
-reorganization ofexisting procedures governing
international relations inthe field ofscience
andtechnology . ' i • -
. ''' ■m/2 ,
*)UNCSTD :United Nations Conference forScience andTechnology for
Development •

-2-
A.3.The first objective isbased onthe responsibility oftheThird
World countries fortaking charge oftheir owndevelopment .In
point offact ,just asmuch priority isgiven totheeffort
needed toset upcoherent national scientific policies and institu­
tions responsible for ,thei rimplementation astotheendogenous
material and human resources which need tobemustered inorder to
reach the critical threshold ofscientific efficiency .
Thesecond objective ,which concerns international ,cooperation ,
gives urgent voice tothe call bythedeveloping countries onthe
industrialized world toplay itsfull part inthenecessary task
, ofstriking abalance vis-a-visscientific resources byresponding ,
asamatter ofpriority ,totheThird World 'sdemands asregards
thechannelling ,conception andexecution ofresearch activities .
Onthis basis ,theVienna Programme adopts three main lines of
approach tocooperation between thedeveloped andthedeveloping
countries :
making available totheinternational community the
research anddevelopment activity findings obtained
bythe rich countries ;
-significant stepping-up ofresearch efforts bythe
industrialized countries tofind asolution tothe ;
scientific problems ofpriority concern tothe
developing countries ;
'-assistance from thedeveloped countries andfrom the
international organizations totheefforts ofThird
World countries tocreate their own scientific
potential and totrain their research workers and
technicians .
Itisagainst this general background that theinitiative for a
Community programme should first beset.
B. Prospects for thedevelopment ofscientific andtechnical potential
between North and South
B.1.Itisanundeniable fact that ,inmany cases ,recent trends in
scientific cooperation with thedeveloping countries have occurred
inadvance ofageneral demand tothat effect .Anattempt has
been made ,intheform ofnumerous recent initiatives ,either
bilateral ormultilateral ,tocater individually forthemajor
trends indemands bytheThird World .
.11
TV '
(

-3-
B.2.Onabilaterallevelthereisevidenceofincreasingly clear
trendstowardsscientific-cooperation policiesnegotiated between
industrialized anddeveloping partners.Thesetrendsarereflect­
edbothbytherecentcreationoforiginalstructuresforscient*?-ificandtechnicalcooperation (e.g.,theCanadianRCID*^setup
in1970ortheSwedishSAREC**^setupin1974)andbygradual
changesinthemethodsofoperationofcountries wher$scientific
andtechnicalcooperation isbasedonalongertradition.This*
istrue,inparticular,ofanumberofCommunity MemberStates.
Inaddition,theindustrialized countriesaretakingclearer
notenowadaysoftheneedtogearcertaincooperation research
programme ?towardseconomicandsocialdevelopment objectives.
B03.Onamultilateral levelapatternhasalsoemergedoverseveral
yearsindicating adesiretocaterfortheaspirations ofThird
Worldcountries,i,e.,bystrengthening theinstitutions ,infra­
structures andresearchresourcesofthe-countries concerned *
Thisistrue,inparticular,oftheUnitedNationsSystemwhose
weakoverallimpactonscientific promotioninthedeveloping
countries wasunderlined inVienna.Therealization ofthis
lackofeffectiveness isoneofthefactorswhichledto'the
setting-up ofaUnitedNationsInterim^Fund forScienceand
TechnologyforDevelopment whichoperatesontheprincipleof
directintervention aimedatstrengthening nationalscientific
capabilities . •
TheEuropeanCommunity,moreover,canbecreditedwithanumber
ofimportantinnovations inthisarea.TheLom6Convention
exemplifies thenewtypeofrelationship whichhasbeenestablished
betweenindustrialized -anddevelopingcountries.Inthiswaythe
Commission,throughits"innovatingaction,isparticipating in
manyinstancesinthegeneralmovetowardstransferring scientific
initiatives,resources andexpertisetothedeveloping countries.
B.4.Thisgradualtransferiscertainlydesirablebut,morethanthat,
itisinevitable .However,thisfavourable aspectmustnotbe
allowedtocreateanillusionandtomask,ontheonehand,the
globalinsufficiency oftheeffortsoftheindustrialized
countriesvis-a-vistheneedsofthedeveloping countries and,
ontheother,toconcealthestagnation orevendeclineintheir
humancooperation resourcespotential (afactorjustasserious
initsconsequences ).
.Inthisrespect,thereisnomagicwandforstrengthening the
nationalscientific capacityofthedeveloping countries and,for
whatwillprobablybealengthytransitional period,thescientific
communityintheindustrialized countrieswillbeurgedtotrain,
theiroppositenumbers,toimpartandperfecttheappropriate
methodologies and.topassonappropriate scientific dataresulting
fromlongerexperience andgreaterresources.Bysuchaprocessitwillbepossibletoensuretherealistic andeffectivetransfer .
ofinformation andtoovercomethemorefar-reaching constraints
whichhevehithertoprovedanobstacle ,,
_ _-- .*>RCID-ResearchCentreforInternational Development "*
**>SAREC.s!SMedishAgencyforResearchCooperation withDeveloping Countries

Tfjequestion now iswhether thescientific institutions Mnthe
industrialized countries ,and inparticular tho$e intheMember
States ,will have thecapacity over thenext tenortwenty years
tomake aneven more effective contribution tothe effort
involving scientific cooperation with^the Third World .
B.5 .Itissimple tostate ,inreply ,that science isuniversal and
that anyprogress achieved inthedeveloped world canbeeasily
applied tothedeveloping world .Perhaps this statement is
justified inseveral fields oftheexact sciences orcertain
technologies .However ,itbecomes infinitely more arguable in
thecase ofthemajority ofdisciplines involving thenatural ,
biological and social sciences ,rooted as'they are inaknow­
ledge oftangible objects ,mechanisms orphenomena closely linked
toenvironmental conditions .
KThis environment isspecific .Flost developing countries are^in
thetropics where the subjects and areas ofinvestigation being
researched (atmosphere ,soil ,oceans ,flora andfauna ,cultivated
plants ,human groups ,diseases ,agricultural andother techno­
logies ,social andeconomic organizational methods ,etc.)differ
profoundly from those encountered inthe cold ortemperate regions
and also vary from onegeographical situation toanother .
Such specificity ,coupled with this wide diversity ,also represents
astimulating incentive for thepromotion ofknowhow forthe
benefit ofthe whole scientific community .This ,inturn ,pre­
supposes some degree ofspecialization onthepart oftheteams or
the research workers aswell asalevel ofexperience which is
often acquired with difficulty andover along period oftime .
B.6 .What istheposition asregards theexisting capacity ofthe Ten
'Member States inthe field oftropical research ?
/
For awhole complex ofreasons (mainly historical ),thepowerful
research apparatus setupbycertain European countries' forthe
benefit ofwhat then constituted their overseas possessions under­
went many fluctuations during theperiod covering the1950s and
theearly 1960s .Inthemajority ofcases ,however ,thefluctua­
tions resulted inaconsiderable reduction inthepotential ofthe
,research apparatus . - •
Inthis way,some important scientific establishments have been
relinquished tothenewindependent States and,atthesame time ,
specialized scientific institutions inseveral Member States
(i.e. ,thehome-based back-up support fortropical research )have
either hadtheir resources cutback or,insome cases ,have ceased
tofunction altogether . )
m/5

-5-
Thepool ofspecialized scientific personnel hasalso suffered a
certain amount ofdisruption owing toprogressive natural wastage ,
aggravated byascarcity ofrecruits ,thelack ofcareer guarantees ,
theabolition oftraining schemes andbydiminishing opportunities for
in-depth experience intheThirdWorld context .Incertain cases ,ithas
been possible tocushion theeffects ofinstitutional shortcomings
bymeans rfeconomic-contingency andshort-term solutions (e.g. ,
dispersal ofteams within theinternational scientific organiza­
tions ,applied-research support fordevelopment projects ).
Lastly ,asafinal consequence worthy ofmention ,therelative
proportion ofbasic research hasbeen whittled down inmany
scientific sectors ,thus jeopardizing theoverall quality ofwork
andlong-term prospects . H
Itiscertainly true that during the same period other Member
States which ,historically ,hadnotbeen active inthetropics
have developed newscientific activities which gosome waytowards
filling thevacuum seen tohave been left byothers .However ,
pending theoutcome ofamore subtle assessment required byvirtue
ofthediversity ,ofscientific effort onthepart oftheMember
States ,thegeneral diagnosis onEurope 'stropical research potent­
ialisworrying andthreatens tobecome even more worrying astime
goes by,byvirtue oftheparticularly serious difficulties engend­
ered bytheworld economic crisis .
C. Aprogramme atthe interface oftwoCommunity policies
C.1 .Atthis stage oftheanalysis ,attention should bedrawn tocertain
broad lines ofCommunity policy governing cooperation with the
developing countries .
This policy ,which hasevolved considerably with thepassage of
,time and which coexists alongside thepolicies oftheMember States ,
isbased onanobjective recognition oftheclose and lasting ,
interdependence oftheeconomies ofWorth and South .
I. .<
C.2 .Asregards itsownresponsibilities ,theCommunity hasadopted a
twofold approach involving ,ontheonehand ,privileged and ■_
contractual regional agreements and,ontheother ,measures onan
international scale .
Theregional contractual policy ,namely theLome IIConvention
concluded with 60African ,Caribbean andPacific countries ,the
cooperation agreements concluded with theSouthern Mediterranean
countries andwith ASEAN countries andtheagreements inthecourse
'ofnegotiation ,particularly with thecountries oftheAndean Pact ,
India etc...constitutes anunambiguous part oftheeffort to
implement anewinternational economic .order .Indeed ,atregional
level ,itestablishes apolicy ofcooperation between industrialized
nations anddeveloping countries based onanexplicit recognition of
.thedefacto inequalities between ,itssignatories .Itplaces gtthe
disposal ofthebeneficiaries ,whotake their owndecisions onwhat
usethey wish tomake ofthescheme ,asetofmeasures capable of
meeting avery wide fange ofdevelopment needs .
.76

6-
TheLome IIConvention which isconsistent ,moreover ,with the
other measures taken topromote development bytheCommunity , j
does not restrict itself merely toincreasing financial aidto
the Third World countries but also seeks tointroduce measures
designed toincrease the return onthose countri.es' own resources .
Itpays particular attention ,intheform ofmore advantageous
provisions ,tothe least developed countries andtolandlocked or
I island states ...Lastly ,itseeks toensure that theEuropean
I economies assimilate theconsequences ofitsactions inthe
industrial and commercial sectors .
Atinternational level ,Community policy seeks tostrengthen
cooperation with alldeveloping countries byimplementing awide
,range ofinstruments andmeasures ,e.g. ,various forms oftechnic­
alassistance ,trade promotion ,financing ofprojects ,food and
emergency aid .
! %
[ C.3.Forawide variety ofreasons ,notably theurgent need ofthe
I developing partners forinfrastructures andagricultural deve-
! lopment (which has hadtheeffect ofconcentrating Community
action inthese areas ),thescientific component hashitherto
been largely absent from theCommunity 'scooperation policy ,save
where ithasbeen integrated inprojects andhasconsequently
taken onahighly applied character .
Aswehave seen ,this state ofaffairs also results from the fact
that theThird World has recently become aware ofthe importance
ofscientific progress intheeconomic and social development
process .That iswhy,initsconclusions ,UNCSTD IIplaces such
emphasis ondefining national scientific policies andsetting up
endogenous research structures .
C.4,Moreover ,aspart ofitsscientific andtechnological policy ,the
Community istaking major steps tostrengthen theactivities of
theMember States incertain sectors regarded bycommon consent as
having toppriority .Among these sectors ,however ,research for
thebenefit oftheThird World has notbeen the subject ofCom­
munity initiatives ,despite thefact that for anumber ofyears
this matter hasbeen studied indepth both bytheCommission and
byCREST .Inparticular ,CREST setupanadhocWorking Party
in1976 tostudy theframework andcontent ofpossible measures
inthis sector .The recommendations ofthis Working Party have
notgiven rise toanytangible action ,owing tothefact that
this period marked thebeginning ofabroad debate atinter­
national level (UNCSTD )with aview toexamining thewhole complex
ofquestions connected with theaccelerated application ofscience
andtechnology todevelopment .This debate wastoculminate in
theadoption oftheVienna Programme .
Π

7-
C.5 .Inthemain ,therefore ,theprogramme proposed inthis paper should
occupy aposition atthe interface ofthese twoCommunity policies .
Theunderlying logic forthis emerges from amultiplicity of
complementary objectives : v
-tostrengthen significantly theMember States' scientific and
technical cooperation potential ,soastorender itcapable of
meeting newdemands (whether inabilateral orCommunity frame­
work );
-topromote increased cooperation among scientists inthe
various Member States ;tofacilitate thecomplementarity**of
research andmethodologies and toensure easier access tothe
different networks ofscientific relationships established by
theMember States with their Third World partners ;
-tohelp ensure that the entire scientific community inthe
Member States becomes aware ofthe importance oftheproblems
ofthedeveloping world and,inthis way,ensure the improved
distribution andmore effective application ,fordevelopment
purposes ,ofthescientific results obtained ;
, -tofacilitate the introduction ofthe scientific and technical
dimension ,either initsownright orwithin theintegral '
framework ofthedevelopment projects supported bytheCommunity ;
-toensure that the Community and theMember States can be
represented atinternational level inthe relevant scientific
policy making bodies .
Accordingly ,this programme does notpurport tobeaglobal
response tothedemands ofthe Third World countries but serves
rather tostimulate and complement the national policies which it
isseeking tosupport andstrengthen .
Theprogramme isasequel tothepreliminary examination carried
out in1976 bytheCREST adhocWorking Party .Assuch ,it
adopts themain ,recommendations set out inthe report ofthis
Working Party ,whileupdating andbroadening itsdeliberations by
placing them intheir new international context .
D« Preparation and implementation oftheprogramme
D.1 .Theneed torelocate the .programme precisely attheinterface of
the two .Community policies referred toabove served asthemain
guideline during theformative stage .
Briefly ,theobject was topromote the selective and lasting
reinforcement ofthose sectors ofEuropean research considered
most likely toprovide solutions totheeconomic ,social and .
health development problems ofthe countries ofthe Third World .
*)Initsresolution (doc .11453 /1/80,reV.2 of28.11.1980 ,Annex III,§5),
the Council stresses the importance ofdeveloping research capacity
geared inparticular tofood agriculture inthedeveloping countries and
ofensuring complementarity between theactivities ofresearch centres
intheCommunity andtheefforts undertaken inthis area bydeveloping
countries .

The choice ofscientific sectors which should receive priority support
naturally took account oftwoofthebasic principles oftheCommunity 's
general development policy :
-the first ,which isgeographically selective ,concerns the
promotion ofcooperation onbehalf ofthepoorest developing
countries ;
-the second ,arising from the first ,places emphasis onthose
sectors directly concerned with particularly serious and
pressing problems ,i.e. those associated with themost
fundamental needs ofthedeveloping countries .
Onthebasis ofthese principles ,thefollowing four priority areas of
scientific activity were identified :
-the first concerns the general problem offoodstuffs and
involves research aimed atimproving agricultural production
initsbroadest sense ,including live-stock ,fishing ,aqua­
culture ,forestry andtechniques forenhancing thevalue of
agricultural products ;
-the second sector ,relating tothegeneral problem ofhuman
health ,involves research into transmissible tropical
diseases and related nutritional sicknesses ; •
•-thethird ,concerned with theenergy shortages which have
become increasingly serious for alarge number ofpoor or
landlocked countries ,involves research into thediversifica­
tion ofenergy sources ;
-thefourth sector relates totheproblem oftheunexploited
potential ofthetropical environment andinvolves research
designed topromote theexploitation ofnatural andmineral
resources .
Even asuperficial examination ofthese sectors quickly reveals that
itwould beimpossible tomake asignificant contribution inallthese
areas inview oftheextent ofthemeasures required ,sothat priorities
must bedefined more clearly inorder toLimit these sectors further .
This could only beachieved bypromoting theareas ofresearch which
relate most directly tothetropical environment .
This iswhy itwasconsidered necessary toinclude intheproposed
programme thesectors ofagriculture andhealth ,which have special
characteristics associated with climatic andecological conditions and
inwhich there isnoscientific activity atCommunity level .
Itmust also bepointed outthat thespecialized laboratories and
research institutes oftheMember States inthese sectors have
considerably reduced their activities inrecent years andhave
consequently limited theaccess ofyoung European scientists to
specialization inthese fields .Furthermore ,thedeveloping countries
areendeavouring toundertake their ownagronomical andmedical research
with thehelp ofbilateral aidandofinternational organisations .
9

-9-
Thesituation isdifferent ,however ,inthesectors ofenergy and
mineral andother natural resources ,where the research effort in
theindustrialized countries hasbeen undimini shed .,
Furthermore ,these technologies ,which arecovered byactivities
atCommunity level ,donothave thesame specific character as
tropical agriculture andtropical medicine ;inmany cases ,admitted­
ly,thetechniques areunsuited tothegeographical ,economic and
social context ofdeveloping countries .
Thus ,instead oflaunching anewprogramme ,*itseems advisable to
consider adapting anddeveloping suitable industrial technologies
onthebasis ofrecent knowledge ,and inparticular oftheresults
**ofcurrent Community programmes .
Lastly ,inaddition tothechoice ofpriority research sectors ,a
final dimension must beadded tothegeneral programme outline bythe
inclusion ofafuture objective .Asfar aspossible ,the Commu­
nity programme should contribute tothe attainment ofabetter
balance between pure andapplied research and should strengthen
the research training resources oftheMember States ineach
priority sector inorder toensure the long-term existence ofthe
facilities forscientific cooperation.' ■
D.2 .Theprogramme wasprepared intwo successive stages .Initially ,
agroup ofindependent experts was asked toanalyse each ofthe
scientific sectors selected .Alist ofresearch institutes and
teams ineach Member State wasdrawn upinorder toevaluate
cooperative programmes from the standpoint oftheir significance
and scientific value ;in-some cases ,itproved necessary tocarry
out acorresponding examination ofextra-Community research
(conducted byother developed countries orinternational organiza­
tions )inorder todefine the terms ofreference ofEuropean
research more accurately andavoid theduplication ofactivities .
/'
Atthe same time ,ineach sector anattempt wasmade toevaluate
themain development pr'oblems facing the countries inquestion
bearing inmind thegeographical differences ,varying urgency and
economic and social effects associated with these problems .In
addition ,thepossible economic consequences for theMember States
ofresearch programmes incertain scientific fields were identified .
Theexperts were essentially required toprovide objective clari "?
fication oftheavailable options ,sothat selective priorities
could bedefined atone ormore levels ineach sector .
This task wasundertaken during thesecond stage atseveral y
consultative meetings attended byexperts ineach ofthe fields
concerned from alltheMember States .Asaresult ,after discus­
'sion andonthebasis ofinvestigative documents ,anumber of
general recommendations orspecific priority proposals were made
concerning support for aparticular research topic orline of
scientific inquiry .
This combined approach ,reflecting broad agreement among the
scientists consulted ,forms thegeneral background tothis
programme proposal .
./10

MANAGEMENT OFTHE PROGRAMME AND MACHINERY FOR IMPLEMENTATION
1. TheCommission isresponsible forthemanagement ofthe
programme .Itwill set upasmall internal team headed byan
official tobedesignated "Programme Coordinator ",which will
beconcerned with the scientific andadministrative implementa­
tion oftheprogramme . -
Inaddition ,inorder tocarry outtheprogramme ,theCommission
feels theneed for theassistance ofthe "Advisory Committees on
Programme Management "CACPM ). Itistherefore proposed toset
uptwocommittees ,one responsible for thesubprogramme on
"Tropical Agri culture "and theother responsible forthe sub-
programme on"Medicine ,Health andNutrition intheTropics ". ,
Thetasks andcomposition ofthese committees aredefined ina
Council Resolution of18July 1977*.
Itfollows from article 2ofthis resolution that the Advisory
Committees "principal tasks will betohelp theCommission
define priorities ,taking into account national policies and .
Community policy indevelopment matter .
Further ,in .order toavoid anyduplication andtoensure the
necessary complementarity ofactions tobelaunched with actions
already under way,itwould bedesirable forrepresentatives
from the"Standing Committee onAgricultural Research "(SCAR ),
the "Committee for Medical Research and Public Health "(CRM )and
the"Technical Centre forAgricultural andRural Cooperation "
(CTA )toparticipate inthework ofthese ACPM 's.
2. Itisproposed that this first -programme on"Science andTechnology
forDevelopment "should cover aperiod offour years with effect
from 1January 1982 .Areview isscheduled before theendofthe
third year .
*
*>0Jn°C192/1-/Il

Asregardsthedissemination ofresults,theCommissionbelievesit
advisable,inviewofthespecificity andtheobjectivesofthis
programmewhichiscarriedoutintheinterestofthedeveloping
countries,tolaydownspecialprovisions^forthetransferofthe
researchresults.Theseprovisions shouldthuspermitthedissemination
ofresultsofCommunityresearchtothedeveloping countriesparticular­
lytothosewithwhomtheEEChascooperation arrangements (agreements
andconventions).Inparticular withintheframeworkoftheLom£
Conventionthisdissemination canbeimplemented withtheaidofthe
TechnicalCentreforAgricultural andRuralCooperation (intheprocess
ofbeingcreated),whichischargedwithfacilitating accessforACP
countriestoinformation onresearchandinnovation inthesector-of
agricultural andruraldevelopment .
Thestaffnecessaryforthemanagementofthisprogrammeisestimated
atfourA-gradeofficials,twoB-gradeandthreeC-grade.

.|THEPROGRAMME|
V
TheproposaloftheCommissiorf coverstwosubprogrammes whichrelateto
thefollowingsectors:
-TropicalAgriculture .
-Medicine,HealthandNutritionintheTropics
Adescription oftheprojectsproposedinthesetwosectorsisgivenin
thefollowing pages.
A.TropicalAgriculture
-InviewofthetwobasicprinciplesoftheCommunity'sgeneral
development policyreferredtointheintroduction,namely:
.theneedtopromotecooperation forthebenefitoftheleast
developedcountries,and
..emphasisonsectorsdealingdirectlywithparticularly
seriousandpressingproblems,i.e.thoserelatingtothe
mostfundamental needsofthedeveloping countries,
-andinviewofthescientific measurestakeninabilateral
andmultilateral framework (CGIAR-Consultative Groupon
International Agricultural Research,FAO),
-andinviewofthescientific approachadoptedatexpertlevel
andoftheconclusions andrecommendations arisingfromthe
consultative meetingsbetweenscientists andtheMemberStates,
tropicalagriculture wouldappeartobethesectortowhichthe
Communityeffortmustbedirectedfirstandforemost.
Potentiallinesofpriorityresearchwereexaminedonaproduct-
by-product basis,sincethisseemedtobethemostefficient
approachandthebestwayofdefininggapsintheexistingknow­
ledgeandrequirements connectedwithdevelopment questions.
Nevertheless ,anumberoftopicswhichhavebeendescribed as
Vgeneralareasofresearch"andwhichformthebasisofproduct-
relatedresearch,Jmustbeexaminedsothatthelattercanhave
thedesiredeffectoneconomicandsociaUdevelopments .
/13

-13-
Moreover /post-harvest techniques were examined separately
because oftheir significance for the economies ofdeveloping
countries ,particularly atthe level ofsmall rural holdings .It
isestimated that products preserved byusing these techniques
could feed approximately 10% ofthe world 'spopulation iflosses
resulting from poor conservation measures could beeliminated .
Asaresult ,the proposed subprogramme inthefield oftropical
agriculture comprises four research sectors : •
-improvement ofagricultural production ,
general areas ofresearch andutilization ofthe environment ,
-post-harvest techniques .
-traimng .
These four research sectors are divided ,inturn,asfollows :
1.Improvement ofagricultural production
-food crops and industrial crops ,
protein products ofanimal origin ,
-forestry products
2./General areas ofresearch andutilization ofthe environment
-water resources and use,
-soil protection ,stabi lisation and regeneration
-crop protection ,
3.Post -harvest techniques
-product conservation -
-processing ofproducts
4.Training T
A.1.Improvement ofagricultural production
The implementation ofresearch projects designed toincrease food
production inthe developing countries remains one oftheprincipal
objectives tobeattained iftheir poverty istobereduced and
food supplies guaranteed .For alarge number ofthese countries ,
however ,industrial crops repre^nt one ofthe fundamental ways of
ensuring the inflow ofcurrency required for trade .Asaresult ,
the group responsible for implementing this programme will have to
make amore thorough examination ofpriorities which are laid down
only for guidance .
•/14

14
',Foodandmdustrial crops
a)Amongfoodcrops,theframeworkprogrammeshouldgiveprioritysupport
tocereals.Absoluteprioritywill,therefore,begiventorain-fed
rice,maizeandsorghum,althoughothercropssuchastriticalewill
notbeneglected.
Researchrelatingtotubersandrootsandtolegumeshasbeengivena
second-priority classification .Inthefirstgroup,specialattention
willbepaidtomanioc,whereasinthecaseoflegumesresearchshould
becharacterized byacertaindiversification goingbeyondthelimits
oftraditional crops.
Thepriorityresearchtopicrelatingtothesecropswill,essentially,
beconcernedwithgeneticimprovement since,notwithstanding the
effortsoftheinternational scientific community,thepotentialfor
geneticimprovement amongthesefoodcrops,is,ingeneral,farfrom
"exhausted.Thevarietyandscientific importanceoftheproblems
tobesolvedwarrantsasignificant increaseintheCommunity's
contribution totheresearchalreadyundertaken (geneticpool,genetic
structuresofspecies,increaseofexistingvariability,selection,
hybridization ,etc.).
Twoothertopicsare•considered asbeingofimportance :cropplant
physiology (photosynthesis ,utilisation ofsolarradiations andother
environmental resources...)andfertilization (Nitrogenfixation,
mycorrhiza...).
b)Ifspecificpriorityshouldbeattachedtofoodcrops,specialatten­
tionshouldequallybegiventoindustrial cropsandexportcrops,in
spiteoftheobjections sometimesraisedbyforeigninterests.In
developingcountrieswhichlacknaturalresources (minerals,power,
etc.),thesecropsrepresenttheonlysourceoftheforeigncurrency
whichisessentialforthedevelopment oftheireconomies,and
particularly forthemodernization oftheircropproduction system.
Moreover,thescientific advancesachievedbytheMemberStatesinthe
areaofindustrial cropproduction warrantthecontinuation ofresearch
inthissector.
Amongindustrialcrops,emphasisshould,ingeneral,begiventocotton
groundnutsandsoya.Researchshouldalsobeconductedinrespectof
asecondgroupofcropscomprising gumplantsandotheroil-producing
varieties(coconutpalm,.oiIpalm)inviewofthebenefitwhichthey
offertoboththedevelopingcountriesandtheCommunity.
Thepriorityresearchtopicrelatingtoindustrialcropsissimilarto
thatalreadymentionedinrespectoffoodcrops,particularly as
regardsgeneticimprovement (prospecting,geneticpool,selection-,
hybridization /etc.).
/15

-15-
Proteinjjroduçts_of_animat_origin
Products ofvegetable origin make upthegreater part ofthe food
resources -ofth6Third World populations ;they must ,however ,be
supplemented byprotein products ofanimal origin .
Formany developing countries ,moreover ,stock-farming istheonly
way ofutilizing acreages unsuited tocrop production and istheonly
activity which provides thepopulations ofthese regions with protein -
foods and the income required fortrade .
Forother countries ,fishing (river ,seaorlake )provides themain
source ofprotein .
Although there areopportunities forCommunity action inthese fields ,
research will initially belimited tothefollowing subjects :
-Stock-farming
.Improvement offodder-crop production
.Research inveterinary medicine (trypanosomiasis ,theileriasis and
resistance toticks )
-Fishing .
.Better utilization ofthetotal production through the reduction
ofafter-catch losses andthrough optimum useof"by-catches "
.Aquaculture (improvement oftropical -species ).
Forestr ^products ^
''ι - – - ·
Agreat deal isatstake inresearch into tropical forests and timber
forboth theproducer developing countries andtheEECraw-material
importing countries . .K '
The research requirements notified bythedeveloping countries differ
slightly depending ontheir geographical location .
Thecountries ofthetropical humid zones have already largely exhausted
thepotential oftheir natural forests ineneffort toachieve arapid
improvement intheir trade balance .Other economic objectives have been
defined more recently :local exploitation offorestry resources bythe
establishment ofindustrial facilities ,andthegeneral aimofregener­
ating natural resources ,which arefrequently endangered during the
earlier phases ofintensive exploitation .
•/16

-16-
Indryorarid tropical regions ,forestry development isaresponse to
increased concern forself-sufficiency inenergy and rawmaterials
(firewood ,ec.>. Inaddition ,theimportance offorestry plantations
inmaintaining anatural balance between thefactors ofagricultural
production hasbeen established forseveral years .Desertification
phenomena associated with anumber ofrecent climatic episodes (drought
intheSahel )have given rise tovasafforestation projects requiring
; rigorous scientific assessment ,andfollow-up ,
• Priority should belimited tothefollowing research topics :
-General intensification ofwork ongenetic improvement
(e.g. lowland tropical pines );
»
-Anintegrated approach tothemanagement oftropical forest eco­
systems andagri-forestry ;
-Intensification ofresearch concerning thetransformation of
tropical :forestry products into energy . .
A.2.General areas ofresearch and utilization ofthe environment
Priority should begiven tothe following areas ofresearch
relating toalmost all theavobementioned problems .
•i '
) I : '
Water resources and use
Thefeneral problem inthis area concerns theneed toachieve a
reasonable balance between these resources -and thegrowing
requirements ofthedeveloping countries ,resulting from the
increase inpopulation ,improvements inthestandard ofliving ,
theexpansion ofagricultural activities andrapid industrial
development . *
Itwill benecessary ,initially ,toevaluate water resources ,seek
newsources ofsupply andimprove methods ofutilizing existing
reserves (particularly irrigation techniques ),eliminate waste ,
protect water -quality and,ifnecessary ,recycle water .Itisalso
important towork outstudies ontheenvironmental <impact andthe
economic and social effects atirrigation projects .
Research should also deal with theproblems ofarid zones (adapta -_
tion ofthetechniques forutilization ofthewater available ).
./17

17-
$2Í'■_E£2Í££ÍÍ2D*SíifeÍiÍSãÍÍ2D.iDá-IS9SDS£âÍ12D
Soilsconstitute thebasisofallagricultural activity.Priority
attentionshouldbepaidtothepreparation ofsoilinventories and
soilstabiIisation,evaluationofsoilpotential,techniquesforits
useinallfarmingsystems,andpreservation andregeneration .
•»1
Inadditiontothemajorworkstobebuiltontheground,onaccount
oftheextremediversityoftheecological conditions,consideration
couldbegiventotheuseofadvancedtechnologies suchasremote-
sensing.
Cropprotection
Althoughmorethanhalfoftheworld'srapidpopulationgrowthareas
aretobefoundinthedeveloping countries,thelatteraccountfor
only30%ofworldfoodproduction.
Thelowproductivity oftropicalagriculture isdue,inpart,tothe
damagecausedbyinsectsandnoxiousplants(whichisaparticularly
seriousproblemforsmallfarmerslackingthebasicmeansofcontrol).
Forexample,itisestimatedthatlossescausedbyinsectsandnoxious
plantsaccountformorethan40%ofpotentialcerealproductionin
AfricaandAsia.Themanystudiesconducted onthissubjecthave
agreedonthesignificance ofthisproblemandontherolewhich
researchshouldplayinthisarea.
Priorityresearchtopicsint.hi,ssectorshouldrelatetobiological
andintegratedcontrolmeasures;aswellasto.thecriteriaof
resistancetodiseasesinconnectionwithgeneticimprovement .
Post-harvest techniques
Post-harvest techniques areoneofthesectorsinwhichresearchwould
beofsubstantial benefittodevelopingcountries.Increasedproduction
isnotenough;theproductsmustbestoredunderproperconditions and
puttobetterusethroughprocessing.
Productconservation ~–––––■–
Post-harvest lossesaresubstantial whereappropriate storage
facilities arelacking,asisfrequentlythecaseinsmallrural
farms.Underthemostelementaryconditions,lossesmayamountto
10-15%.,
ι
Thepriorityresearchtopicsrelatingtotheimprovement ofconserva­
tionfacilities concern:
«
-dryingtechniques,
-storagetechniques,
-productsprotection (mycotoxlns,parasites...)
• {
./18

-18-
P£2£î25lD9_2I^E£2^ti£Î5
Inthecontext ofenergy conservation measures ,research should seek
toImprove processing techniques andyields andenhance thevalue of
by-products andderivatives ,particularly foranimal feeds and for
energy production from biomass .
Inaddition ,research onthedesign ofsmaller processing units which
could beused onsmall andmedium-sized farms appears towarrant ■
priority attention .
A.4.Training
Forroughly ten years,' theEECcountries have been experiencing -
increasing difficulty inmeeting thedemand forqualified scientists
inthevarious sectors ofagronomical research concerned with rural
development intheThird World .**
Invarying degrees ,the inadequacy ofrecruitment and ofthenumbers
available affects bilateral projects undertaken bytheMember States ,
their involvement intheinternational agronomical research centres ,
andtheir ability tomeet thetraining requirements ofthedeveloping
countries themselves .
Ifaneffective scientific potential istobemaintained inEurope ,
assistance should mainly begiven tonational research workers in^the
Member States inthe first instance ,particularly inpriority areas
ofresearch (genetics ,crop protection ,etc.);inthe longer term ,
attempts toadapt training procedures tothe requirements ofthe
developing countries represent anequally significant objective ,which
should guarantee thecontinuity ofactive scientific collaboration
between theCommunity andThird World countries .
B. Medicine ,Health andNutrition intheTropics
This subprogramme hasbeen divided into three sections covering :
-Medicine andHealth >
-Nutrition ,
-Training
Inview ofthe research conducted atboth bilateral and multilateral
level ,itwasfelt that priority inthese three sectors should be
given toactivities forwhich adequate finance isnotavailable
under existing programmes .
*)Itisinthis context that theinitiative ofthe Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research (CGIAR )which ledtothecreation of
CIRA (International Course forDevelopment Oriented Research inAgriculture )
must beplaced . - „

-19-
B.1.Medicine andHealth
Satisfactory resultsinthefightagainsttransmissible tropical
diseasescanonlybeobtainedbyestablishing apermanentbalance
betweenfieldstudiesinthecountriesconcerned andsufficiently
advancedlaboratory work.Atpresent,mostofthisworkisconduct­
edinthedevelopedcountries,amongwhichtheCommunitystatesplay
animportantpart.
Inordertodefineprioritylinesofresearchinviewofthegreat
varietyofpotentialactivityinthissector,fourmainselection
criteriahavebeenadopted: ■
H
-Theseriousness ofaparticular diseaseanditssocialand
1economicimpactonthepopulation ofthecountriesconcerned;
-Geographical rangeofthedisease(global,continental,regional
orlocal);
-Assessment ofthescientific information obtainedinrespectof
diseasesandsimultaneous assessment oftheprophylactic methods
currentlyavailablefortheireffectivecontrol;
-Fundsavailablefromothersources(WHO,etc..).
Bycombiningthesefourcriteriaitwaspossibletoestablish two
ordersofprioritywhichcanbesummarized asfollows:
-Fi£st_griorit£:fatalorseriousillness,extremelywidespread
and,incertaincases,possiblyrecrudescent ;itaffectsor
threatens aLargeproportion ofthepopulation anditssocio­
economicimpactisveryconsiderable .Moreover,researchsofar
conductedinthisfieldhasbeenunabletoprovidereliablepro­
phylactic methodswhichcouldbeemployedonawidescale.
"Secondj^riorvt ^:Non-fatalillnesseshavingasignificant socio­
economicimpact.Sincetheyarelessserious,someofthese
diseaseshavebeenneglectedbyresearchers sothattherearemany
gapsintheknowledgerelatingtothem.
Thefollowingaretheproposedresearchtopics:
.720

-20-
1.Transmissible diseases
"IO_Eâ£âli£°l22Z
.malaria.
.humantrypanosomiases ,i.e.AfricanandAmercian(Chagas*
disease)varieties,
.twoformsoffilariasis :onchocerciasis ,Bancroftianfilariasis,
.schistosomiases ,
.leishmaniasis .
-Inbacteriology
.sexuallytransmitted diseasesofcosmopolitan importance
(particularly gonococcaldiseases,non-specific urethritis),
.infectious diarrhoea,
.tuberculosis .
-Invirologi
.haemorrhagic fevers**'
..infectioushepatititis
Thefollowingpointsweretakenintoaccountinrespectofeach
disease:
-First,researchdesignedtofillfiegapsinexistingepidem­
iologicalknowledge (inrespectorthepathogenic agentitself,
anyvectorandthechainoftransmission ,symptomsanddiagn­
ostic9methods,assessmentofsocio-economic consequences and
prophylactic methods);thesegapsvaryinaccordance withthe
different humanandecological environments andwiththe
seasons;
-Secondly,researchdesignedtodevelopprophylactic measures
whichcanbeemployedatdifferentpartsofthechain,e.g.
vectorcontrol,vaccination ,.therapyorintegrated formsof
treatmentcombiningseveralmethods;
-Thirdly,researchtowardstheadaptationofprophylactic
methodstothespecificrequirements ofthedeveloping
countries sclimateandecology^economicandfinancial
constraints,organizational levelofhealthservicesand
infrastructures ,acceptability ofvaccination programmesto
thepopulation,etc...
*)AllthesediseasesarecoveredbytheWHOSpecialProgrammeforResearch
andTraininginTropicalDiseases.20%+ofitsbudgetisalsodevoted
tostrengthen thecapacityoftheaffectedcountriestocarryouttheir
ownresearch.Thereishoweverneedtostrengthen thecapacityof
MeniberStatestocontributeeffectively tothisglobaleffort.Whilethe
Programmeinitiallysupported muchworkinMemberStatesthereisnow
strongpressuretospendintheThirdWorldandCommunityinstitutions
arebeingseriouslyaffected.
**)Thereisaneedforcapabilitytoputskilledteamsinthefieldtodeal
withemergencies andneedtobebackbyhigfblyspecialized laboratories
forverydangerouspathogens.
τ./21

-21-
Inorder toimplement this programme /account should betaken of
the true potential offered byavailable information andexperience .
Among possible methodologies ,with theexception ofoperational
research ,vector biology /chemotherapy andimmunology appear to
offer thebest prospects ofsuccess atpresent inthe fight
against transmissible tropical diseases .
Success inthis area will largely depend ontheadoption ofa
multidisciplinary approach which assumes that acboperative
system will beestablished between institutions /each ofwhich
will contribute itsown knowledge andexperience totheprogramme .
Itnow seems appropriate toencourage theapplication ofmodern
biological techniques such asgenetics /genetic engineering /
molecular biology andimmunology totheproblem oftransmissible
diseases together with study ofthepharmacology andpharmaco­
kinetics ofthemedicinal products used intropical medicine .
(2.Mother andchild care
Research inthefield oftropical child health with particular
reference totheaetiology ofgastroenteritis ininfants and
•chiIdren .
Aproject inthis area would require collaboration between a'
unit inatropical country /andunits with high expertise in
1microbiology /virology /andtropical child health inthe
Member States . ' '
3.Genetics v
Inthis field /studies should focus on :
-Genetic host factors which affect susceptibility toand
clinical expression ofcommunicable diseases .Ithasbeen
shown inEgypt forexample that certain' HLAtypes -aremore
susceptible toschistosomiasis mansoni infection (intestinal
form ofschistosomiasis );
-Genetics ofparasites andvectors andwork aiming toisolate
specific mutants ;
• •st 1•
-Newapproaches' (diagnostic andtherapeutic )tothecontrol of
genetic disorders with high prevalence (e.g. /sickle cell
anaemia /thalassaemia ).
Most projects inthese areas will require collaboration among
units capable ofcarrying out field work andunits intheMember
States having thenecessary expertise ingenetics andimmuno -
genetics . ......
- ■ ,-/22
!' I

-22-
4.Environmental hygiene
Very little expertise appropriate totheThird World inthis field
.isavailable intheMember States .Itcould bemade available by "
recruiting graduates from schools ofengineering some ofwhose
students could become motivated inlowtechnology problems .A
linkage with the social sciences andmedical field isessential
asisacareer structure .
Environmental hygiene hasfar-reaching consequences onWat^rbone
disease ,malaria ,schistosomiasis and theintestinal worm infec­
tions .Chemotherapy isacomplementary practical andfeasible
approach . *
»
B.2 .Nutrition
The importance ofdietary andnutritional factors ineconomic and
human development hasalready been adequately established .Inmany
regions ,however ,theactivity ofthe inhabitants hassurvival as
itssole objective ,since theprecariousness ofthe food resources
does notallow ofamore ambitious development project orofintegra­
tion into themarket economy ..Elsewhere ,ontheother hand ,the
activity devoted toexport crops competes with the food crops which
would make foranimprovement ofsupplies .
Twomajor effects ofnutritional insufficiency ,namely the low
capacity forwork andthephysiological ormental sequelae ofmal­
nutrition atcritical ages ,likewise play apart inrestricting
initiatives and retarding participation indevelopment projects . ,,
Furthermore ,malnutrition reduces thenatural capacity ofresistance
totransmissible diseases ,and inthecase ofcertain sensitive
groups (women andchildren )nutritional insufficiency combined with
certain socio-cultural behaviour forms andgenetic factors gives rise
toincreased mortality ormorbidity ,thecombination ofmalnutrition
with diarrhoea isparticularly lethal insmal I_chiIdren .
Forthese reasons ,thescientific approach toproblems ofnutrition
with aview todefining themeans ofprevention orcorrection
constitutes ageneral priority objective .
Inthesame way itisnecessary todevelop expertise intheformula­
tion ofeffective food policies inThird World countries .This
expertise isvery scarce inMember States .
./23

Research ontheproblems ofnutrition intropical environments
characterized bydeficiency isbeing conducted inatleast five
Member States .Itisdifficult todraw upthe balance-sheet ofthis
research since thesubjects dealt with arehighly diversified and
thescientific links are relatively weak .Inseveral' countries the
research activities are forthemost part fragmented and arethe
responsibility ofisolated university graduates orresearch workers.'
Action atCommunity level must therefore bedirected primarily
towards thestrengthening tofscientific contacts ,thecoordination
ofprogrammes and theadoption ofcommon methodologies .
Twoforms ofdeficiency ,namely theoverall protein-energy deficiencies
and iron deficiency ,have been classified asafirst priority on
account oftheir socio-economic impact andtheir very wide extension .
Twoother forms ,Aavitaminosis andiodine deficiency ,have been
selected asasecond priority . , ■ j . '-
Inaddition research onfood toxicology (aflatoxins andcyanogens
incassava .bacterial contaminations )should also becarried out .
Training
Atthemeetings ofexperts theneed to'train young people inthe
Member States oftheCommunity wasemphasized inevery field
discussed .This covered improved opportunities foroverseas
experiences forCommunity scientists ,training inbasic biomedical
research e.g. ,immunology ,pharmacology ,genetics ,training of
technicians ,training innutrition andenvironmental hygiene^and
operational research . ––r *
Theneed formore epidemiologists wasunderlined *Itwasalso
emphasized that training ofscientists andtechnicians from the
developing countries wasessential inorder forthem toachieve
self-reliance . .
Theexperts agreed that assistance towards better integration of
Member State institutions wasrequired .This would depend onworking
together such asintheplanning ofjoint teaching courses orinvolv­
ement incomplementary research programmes .Opportunities should be
provided for joint discussions ofproblem areas bysmall groups of
Community experts .
> »
Theexperts were unanimous that training would befutile unless a
career structure wasavailable toyoung men interested inthe
general field oftropical medicine research ,health andnutrition .
Inthis context ,unless action istaken atCommunity level ,and in
theMember States ,thepool ofexpertise inthese fields will not
bemaintained .
S
Teaching courses inschools intheCommunity should ,ifpossible ,
include experience inthefield inanappropriate developing country .
»/24

-24-
IV.PROPOSED BUDGET
Theappropriations estimated toexecute theCommunity programme tosupport
andstrengthen *the scientific activities oftheMember States for
Science and Technology forDevelopment total 40WioECU over four years .
The subprogrammes can beitemized asfollows :.<*)
A.TROPICAL AGRICULTURE 30MioECU
1.Improvement ofagricultural production 45%
-Food and industrial crops
-Protein products ofanimal origin
-Forestry products
2.General areas ofresearch and utilization of 20%
the environment . i ,
-Water resources and use
-Soil protection andregeneration
-Crop protection
3.Post-harvest techniques 35%
-Product conservation
-Processing ofproducts
4.Training
B.MEDICINE ,HEALTH ANDNUTRITION INTHETROPICS 10MioECU
1.Medicine and health 80%
-Transmissible diseases
-Mother and child care
-Genetics
-Environmental hygiene
2.Nutrition 20%
3.Training ~
(*)Thedivision ofcredits among different sub-programmes ,expressed in
percentages ,isgiven forinformation only .Itwill bedrawn upby
theCommission inconsultation with theACPMs ,aswill bethe
financial support foreach sub-programme under thetraining heading .

PROVISIONAL TIMETABLE OFEXPENDITURE
APPROPRIATIONS FORCOMMITMENT
1982 1983 1984 1985 TOTAL
A.TROPICAL AGRICULTURE· Mllég,M4.0IM
-Improvement ofagricultural production 4.0 5.0 t.7 1.8 13.5
rGeneralareasofresearchand
utilization oftheenvironment1.8 2.2 1.2 0.8 6.0
-Post-harvest techniques 3.2 3.8 2.1 1.4 10.5
-Training**-- - –
.
B..MEDICINE,HEALTHANDNUTRITION INTHE
TROPICS hã4,0 1.0IM
-Medicineandhealth 2.4 3.2 1.6 0.8 8.0
-Nutrition 0.6 0.8- 0.4 0.2 2.0
-Training'- -- -
PROGRAMME TOTAL 12*0 ILQ liQ há40,0
*)Trainingwillbefinancedfromthefundsoftheactualresearchsectors.

-26-
PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION
ADOPTING APROGRAMME OFRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
INTHE FIELD OFSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FOR DEVELOPMENT
1982 -1985•/
THE COUNCIL OFTHEEUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ,
Having regard totheTreaty establishing theEuropean Economic
Community ,and inparticular Article 235thereof ,
-Having regard to .theproposal from theCommission ,
Having regard totheopinion oftheEuropean Parliament *^,
Having regard totheopinion oftheEconomic and Social Committee ,
Whereas ,under Article 2oftheTreaty ,theCommunity hasinparticular the
task ofpromoting aharmonious development ofeconomic activities andconti­
nuous andbalanced expansion inthewhole Community ;whereas Article 3of
theTreaty provides that ,forthepurposes setoutinArticle 2,theactivities
oftheCommunity shall include inter alia increased trade andthejoint pro­
motion ofeconomic andsocial development inthedeveloping countries ;
Whereas theresolution adopted bytheCouncil atitsmeeting of18
November 1980 "underlines theimportance ofthedevelopment of
research capacities orientated -particularly towards food agriculture
ofthedeveloping countries andofthecomplementarity between the
activities oftheresearch centres established intheCommunity and
theefforts undertaken inthisdomain bythedeveloping countries ";
Whereas there is an awareness among thedeveloping countries
oftherole ofscience andtechnology intheprocess ofeconomic and
social development ;whereas this awareness dominated theUNCSTD II
discussions andprofoundly influenced thefinal consensus ,known as
theVienna Programme adopted bytheGeneral Assembly oftheUnited
Nations ;
Whereas oneofthemajor objectives oftheVienna Programme consists
insignificantly increasing theresearch effort oftheindustrialized
countries tofind asolution tothescientific problems ofpriority
concern tothedeveloping countries ;
Whereas ,therefore ,theresearch anddevelopment measures covered by
this Decision relate to particularly grave andurgent problems ,viz.
food andhealth ,whicf ^arebound upwith themost fundamental needs of
thedeveloping countries ;
Whereas thescientific institutions intheMember States require
increased support inorder tostrengthen their scientific andtechnical
cooperation potential andinorder toenable them torespond more
effectively tothetype ofnewdemands being made inabilateral or
Community framework ;

-27-
whereas itisnecessary toestablish greater cooperation amonq scientists inthe various
Member States with aview tofacilitating the complementarity ofresearch and
methodologies and ensuring easier access tothedifferent networks ofscien­
tific relationships established bythe Member States with their Third World
partners ;
Whereas itisimportant tofacilitate the introduction ofthescientific
and technical dimension inthe development projects supported bythe Community ;
Whereas the Treaty does not provide the powers necessary tothis end;
Whereas the Council adopted on 14January 1974 aResolution onaninitial outlint
programme ofthe European Communities inthefield ofscience and technology' ;
Whereas ,inview oftheobject andthespecificity ofthis programme ,which iscarried out inthe interest ofthe developing countries ,itisconsequently
advisable tolay down special rules forthedissemination oftheresults of
the programme :
Considering the opinion expressed bytheScientific and Technical Research .
Committee (CREST ); .
HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS : ■ ■ . ■ ■
Article 1 i
Aprogramme ofresearch and development tosupport and reinforce the scientific
activities ofthe Member States inthe field ofscience and technology for
development ,asset out inthe Annex .hereto ,ishereby adopted for aperiod of
four years commencing -1January 1982 .
Article 2
The financial requirement for theduration ofthe programme isestimated at
40MioECU and the staff requirement at9officials .The ECU isdefined in
accordance with the financial regulations inforce .
These figures are for information purposes only .
The internal breakdown offunds isgiven for information purposes atpoints
1)and 2)ofthe Annex hereto .
1)0Jn° C7of 29.01 .1974,p.6

Article 3
TheCommission shall beresponsible fortheexecution oftheprogramme .
TwoAdvisory Committees onProgramme Management shall besetup,oneforthe
sub-programme "Tropical Agriculture "andtheother forthesub-programme
"Medicine ,Health andNutrition intheTropics ".Thetasks andthecomposi­
tion oftheCommittees aredefined intheCouncil Resolution of18July 1977
onAdvisory Committees onProgramme Management' .Representatives ofthe
Standing Committee onAgricultural Research (SCAR)2 ),oftheCommittee on
Medical Research andPublic Health (CRM)3 >andoftheTechnical Centre for
Agricultural andRural Cooperation (CTA)^)will participate inthework of
these ACPM 's.
Article 4
During thethird year oftheprogramme ,theCommission _shall evaluate itandif
necessary propose appropriate modifications .
Article 5
I
Thedissemination ofinformation applicable tothepresent research programme
shall besubject tothe following conditions :
1.The information andinventions ,whether ornotpatentable ,resulting from
theexecution ofthis research programme ,shall belong totheCommunity ,on
-whose behalf theCommission shall ensure their protection .
2.Rules governing _ownership ,theobligations oftheCommunity ,and,should
theneed arise ,ofthecontractor ,with regard toinventions ,whether ornot
patentable ,resulting from research orwork done under contract ,shall be
defined case bycase inthe contracts .
3.The Commission shall communicate the information and inventions which it
hasthe right totransmit totheMember States aswell astopersons and
undertakings which pursue ,ontheterritory ofaMember State orina
developing country ,aresearch oraproduction activity justifying access
tosuch information .The Commission may also communicate this information
tothedeveloping countries ,particularly those with which theCommunity
hasconcluded association orcooperation agreements ,andtothenon-
associated developing countries which benefit from financial andtechnical -
aidfrom theCommunity ;itmayalso make communication ofthis information
subject toconditions which itshall laydown .
1)OJn°C192 of11.08.19 77,p.1
2)SCAR -created byCouncil Regulation no.1728 /74of27June 1974 -
OJNo.L182 of5July 1974
3)CRM -sub-committee created bytheCREST onthebasis ofarticle 5
oftheCouncil Resolution of14January 1974 -
OJNo.C7of29Janausry 1974
4>CTA -being created intheframework oftheLom6 IIConvention

29-
ANNEX
INDIRECT ACTION
Programme ofresearch anddevelopment
inthe field ofscience andtechnology
fordevelopment
Theprogramme incorporates thefollowing subprogrammes :
TROPICAL AGRICULTURE
Commitments foranexpenditure of30million Ecuareenvisaged for
this sub-programme .
Sector A. Improvement ofagricultural production
-Food and industrial crops
-Protein products ofanimal origin
-Forestry products
Sector B. General areas ofresearch and utilization ofthe
envi ronment
-Water resources and use
-Soil protection ,stabilisation and regeneration
-Crop protection
Sector C.Post-harvest techniques
-Product conservation
-Processing ofproducts
Sector D. Training
2.MEDICINE ,HEALTH ANDNUTRITION INTHE TROPICS
Commitments foranexpenditure of-10miIlion Ecuareenvisaged for
this sub-programme .
Sector A. Medicine and Health
-Transmissible diseases
-Mother and child care
-Genetics
-Envi ronmental hygiene
Sector 6.Nutrition
Sector C.Training

-30-
FINANCIAL RECORD
1.RELEVANT BUDGETHEADING
CHAPTER ITEM. FINANCIAL PLANCODE
2.TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING
ITEM:Scienceandtechnologyfordevelopment
FINANCIAL PLANCODE: -Tropicalagriculture
3.LEGALBASIS
ProgrammeproposalapprovedbytheCommission on
*
ι:
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVE ANDJUSTIFICATION OFTHEPROJECT
4.1.Description
Theprogrammetopicsareasfollows: (
-improvement of.agricultural production
-generalareasofresearchandutilization oftheenvironment
-post-harvest techniques
-traming.'
V
4.2.Objective
Coordination andparticipation intheresearchwhichisconducted on
thebasisofcontracts betweentheCommission andtheMemberState
bodiesspecializing intropicalresearch.
4.3.Justification -
FormanycountriesintheThirdWorldincreasedagricultural production
andproductpreservation representthefirststeptowardsensuring
theinitiationofthenecessary economicandsocialdevelopment to
guaranteetheprovisionofsuitablefoodfortheircitizens.
Inaccordance withthedecisionstaken bytheMemberStates,the
Commission'staskistoencourage,coordinate andharmonizeactivities
inthisareasoastogiveasignificant boosttotheresearchefforts
oftheindustrialized countriestofindasolutiontothescientific
problemsofpriorityconcerntothedevelopingcountries.

FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OF INTERVENTION APPROPRIATIONS
(including expenditure onstaff andadministrative andtechnical ex­
penditure ). ^
5.1. Total cost for the expected duration
5.2. Proportion financed from :
-the Community budget
-national budgets
-other sectors atnational level30.0 MioECU
30-0 MioECU
5.3 . Multiannual timetable
5.3.1 . Appropriations for commitment
ECU
Type of
Expenditure,1982 1983 •1984 1985-TOTAL
Staff
Administration
Contracts
Total271,000
61,000
8,668,000293,000
66,000
10,641,000317,000
72,000
5,611,000342,000 ·
78,000
3,580,000 .– 1,223,00q'
277,000
ft
28,500,000
I
9,000,000 11,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 ·-I
30,000,000
5.3.2 .Appropriations for payment
Type of
expen -
diture1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 TOTAL
Staff 271,000 293,000 317,000 342,000- - 1,223,000
Admini­
stration 61,000 66,000 72,000 78,000tm 277,000
Cont racts 2,168,000 5,000,000 7,000,000 ;6,900,000' 4,800,000 2,032,000 28,500,000
Total 2,500,000 5,359,000 7,389,000 7,320,000 4,800,000 2,632,000 30,000,000

-32-
5.4. Method ofcalculation
5.4.1 .Staff expenditure
,Requirements have been calculated onthe basis ofa,staff complement
offive persons ,i.e.
2category Aofficia Is • 1
1category Bofficial
2category Cofficials ,
Apart .from the actual staff complement ,thecalculations also take
account ofthe rates ofsalary increases ofCommission staff used to
estimate the appropriations entered inthe 1982 budget ;the estimated
overall increases for subsequent years are based onthe rate ofchange
inthe general Community price index used indrawing upthetriennial
- estimates ,i.e.,8%per annum .
5.4.2 .Admini strat 2ve_and /orMtechnica l_exEendi ture
This expenditure specifically covers the cost ofmissions and the
organization ofmeetings ,seminars and receptions .Ithas been
estimated onthe basis ofaverage requirements .
5.4.3 .Expenditure ,on..cont racts
This expenditure covers the financial participation ofthe Community
inresearch carried out under shared-cost contracts (studies ,research ,
etc:)tobeconcluded with undertakings and specialized laboratories
inthe Member State ,s»Since the specific nature ofthe various topics
and thequalifications ofthe contracting parties are likely ,tovary,
ithas not been possible todevise auniform method ofcalculation .
Consequently ,the estimate ofrequirements isahypothetical one
based onthe number ofcontracts tobenegotiated and onaverage
financial participation bythe Community approximating to50 %oftotal
costs .Atall events ,the Advisory Committee onProgramme Management
' will beconsulted over theallocation ofthe Appropriations and CREST
will beinformed accordingly .
6. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FOR STAFF AND
CURRENT ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE :
(see point 5above )
7. FINANCING OF EXPENDITURE
 
Appropriations tobeentered under future budgets

IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF REVENUE
-Community taxes onofficials' salaries
-Officials' contribution tothe pension scheme .
TYPE OF MONITORING TO BE APPLIED
-Administrative checks bythe DGfor Financial Control with regard
tothe implementation ofthe budget and toensure that the
expenditure has been incurred inaregular and proper manner
plus checks carried out bythe Contracts Service of DGXII.
-Scientific checks :Competent officials from DGXII '
ACPM

-34-
FINANCIAL RECORD
1.RELEVANT BUDGETHEADING
*CHAPTER ITEM
2.TITLEOFTHEBUDGETHEADING >
ITEM:Scienceandtechnologyfordevelopment
FINANCIAL PLANCODE: -Medicine/healthandnutrition
inthetropics
3.LEGALBASIS '
ProgrammeproposalapprovedbytheCommission on
4.DESCRIPTION ,OBJECTIVE ANDJUSTIFICATION OFTHEPROJECT
4.1.Description
Theprogrammetopicsareasfollows:
-Medicine andhealth
-Nutrition
-Training
t
4.2.Objective
Coordination andparticipation intheresearchwhTchisconducted
ontheb^sisofcontracts betweentheCommission and-theMemberState
bodiesspecializing intropicalmedicine-healthandnutrition.
4.3.Justification
Theresearchworkcarriedouttodateinthestruggleagainsttransmis
sibletropicaldiseasesaffectingthepopulations ofvastgeogra­
phicalareashavefafledtoproduceasureuniversalremedy.
Anadditionaleffortisnecessaryinviewoftheproblemsofgenetic
factorsaffectingpredisposition todisease,motherandchildcare,
andenvironmental hygiene.Lastly,thenutrition andhealthaspects
deservespecialattentionwith,aviewtodefiningtheprotein-energy
deficiences andmineraldeficiences which.causephysilogical ormental
after-effects atthevariousstagesofdevelopment ofthechildand
adult.FINANCIAL PLANCODE
I

-35-
5. FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFINTERVENTION APPROPRIATIONS
(including expenditure onstaff andadministrative andtechnical
expenditure )
5.1.Total cost fortheexpected duration 10.0 MioECU
5.2 .Proportion financed from :
-theCommunity budget 10-0 MioECU
-national budgets
-other sectors atnational level
' «•
5.3 .Multiannual timetable
5.3.1 .Aggrogrjat ions_for_çomm itment *
ECU
τ '
Type of
Expenditure1982 1983 1984 1985- - TOTAL
Staff 217,000 235,000 254,000 274,000- 980,000
Admini stration 49,000 53,000 57,000 61,000. -220,000
Contracts 2,734,000 3,712^000 1,689,000 665,000 8,800,000
Tota I 3,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000- 10,000,000
5.3.1 .Agprogriatjons forpayment
Type of
expen -
diture1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 TOTAL
Staff 217,000 235,000 254,000 274,000- - 980,000
Admini­
stration 49,000 < 53,000 57,000 61,000- - 220,000
Contracts 684,000 1,750,000 2,349,000 2,060,000 1,218,000 739,000 8,800,000
Total 950,000 2,038,000 2,660,000 2,395,000 1,218,000 739,000 10,000,000
•\

-36-
5.4.Methodofcalculation
5.4.1.Staffexpenditure
Requirements havebeencalculated onthebasisofastaffcomplement
offourpersons,i.e.
2category Astaff
-1category Bstaff .
1category Cstaff.
Apartfromtheactualstaffcomplement,thecalculations alsotake
accountoftheratesofsalaryincreasesofCommissionstaffused.to
^estimatetheappropriations enteredinthe1982budget;theestimated
overallincreasesforsubsequent yearsarebasedontherateofchange
*inthegeneralCommunitypriceindexusedindrawingupthetriennial
estimates,i.e.,8%perannum.
5.4.2.Administrativeand/ortechnicalexpenditure
Thisexpenditure specifically coversthecostofmissionsandthe
organization ofmeetings,seminarsandreceptions .Ithasbeenesti­
matedonthebasisofaveragerequirements .
5.4.3.Expenditure oncontracts
Thisexpenditure coversthefinancialparticipation oftheCommunity
inresearchcarriedoutundershared-cost c3ntracts (studies,research,
etc,)tobeconcludedwithundertakings andspecialized laboratories
intheMemberStates.Sincethespecificnatureofthevarioustopics
andthequalifications ofthecontracting partiesarelikelytovary,ithasnotbeenpossibletodeviseauniformmethodofcalculation ."
Consequently ,theestimateofrequirements is.ahypothetical one
basedonthenumberofcontractstobenegotiated andonaveragefinan­
cialparticipation bytheCommunityapproximating to50%oftotal
costs.Atallevents,theAdvisoryCommittee onProgramme Management
willbeconsultedovertheallocationoftheappropriations andCREST
willbeinformedaccordingly .
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS INRESPECT OFAPPROPRIATIONS FORSTAFFANDCURRENT
'ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURE ;
(seepoint5above)
7.FINANCING OFEXPENDITURE
y
Appropriations tobeenteredunderfuturebudgets

-37-
8.IMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF REVENUE
-Community taxes onofficials' salaries
-Officials' contribution tothe pension scheme
9. TYPE OF MONITORING TO BE APPLIED
-Administrative checks bythe DGfor Financial Control with
regard tothe implementation ofthe budget and toensure that
the expenditure has been incurred inaregular and proper manner
plus checks carried out bythe Contracts Service of DGXII.
-Scientific checks :Competent officials from DGXII
:ACPM ^
Λ
S
τ /