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COM (79)158
V ol.1979/0070

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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION
adopting afive-year research andtraining programme
(1980-1984 )oftheEuropean Atomic Energy Community
inthefield ofbiology -Health Protection
(Radiation Protection Programme )
(submitted totheCouncil bytheCommission )COM (79)158 final
Brussels ,30March 1979
XV :-
COM 79)158 final .

CONTENTS
Page
0.Summary 1
1.Introduction 3
e
2.Role ofthe Radiation Protection Programme ofthe Commission 3
2.1.Objectives ofresearch activities 3
2.2.Coordination inradiation protection 4
-aCommunity responsibility
3.Present situation inradiation protection research andits 4
consequences
3.1. The Community 'spresent research programme 4
3.2. ICRP and UNSCEAR 5
3.3. Consequences for the Community programme 5
3.3.1 .Scientific reorientation 5
3.3.2 .Organisational improvement :arolling programme 6
4.TheRadiation Protection Programme Proposal 1980-1984 8
4.1.Proposed research activities 8
4.1.1 .Radiation dosimetry anditsinterpretation 9
4.1.2 .Behaviour andcontrol ofradionuclides inthe environment 13
4.1.3 .Short-term somatic effects ofionizing radiation 16
4.1.4 .Late somatic effects ofionizing radiation 18
4.1.5 .Genetic effects ofionizing radiation . 22
4.1.6 .Evaluation ofradiation risks 27
4.2.Implementation 29
4.2.1 .Participating laboratories 29
4.2.2 .Management 29
4.2.3 .Coordination 30
4.2.4 .Evaluation 30
4.2.5 .Dissemination ofresults 32
4.3. Funds 32
4.3.1 .Staffing 32
4.3.2 .Financial allocation 32
4.3.3 .Financial breakdown 34
APPENDIX I Scientific achievements 35
APPENDIX II Proposai for aCouncil decision +ANNEX 48
APPENDIX III Opinion ofthe ACPM "Radiation Protection " 51
APPENDIX IV Opinion oftheScientific andTechnical Committee 52

Summary
Thepresent proposat for anextension ofthe Commission 'sRadiation Protection
Programme issubmitted pursuant toarticle 7ofthe EAEC Treaty .Itis
proposed asarolling programme and covers theperiod from 1.1.1980 to
31.12.1984 .Scientific andadministrative reasons have guided the Commission
topropose such arolling programme totake rapid advantage ofrecent progress
inradiation protection research and ofthe changing requirements forradiation
protection inthe Community ,andfurthermore tofacilitate the management of
the programme .The year 1980 isthe last ofthepresent programme (1976-1980 )
and would thus become thefirst year ofthe new programme .
The Programme isdesigned togain adequate understanding and control of
radiation risks with two main objectives :
improvement ofscientific andtechnical knowledge with aview toupdating
basic standards for the health protection ofthe general public and
workers against the hazards arising from ionizing radiation ;
-evaluation ofthe biological and ecological consequences ofnuclear
activities and ofthe use ofnuclear energy and ionizing radiation ,in
order toensure anadequate protection ofman and ofthe environment
whenever unacceptable harm could otherwise becaused tothem .
The Programme will consist ofsix major closely integrated activities or
sectors which -arbitrarily but conveniently -serve toindicate itsoverall
structure :
-radiation dosimetry anditsinterpretation ,
-behaviour and control ofradionuclides inthe environment ,
-short-term somatic effects ofionizing radiation ,
late somatic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-genetic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-evaluation ofradiation risks .
The implementation ofpast programmes has shown that itsexecution inresearch
contracts with National Institutions and Universities ("indirect action ")
combined with anefficient management with thehelp ofthe ACPM and based on
objective procedures forevaluation aretheappropriate means forthe

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execution ofthis Community research programme .Improvements tothe
mechanism bywhich the programme ismanaged areconstantly sought and
implemented asappropriate .Ingeneral itkeeps theadministrative charge
forcontractors andscientists aslow asreasonably achievable ,while
guaranteeing asfar aspossible that theobjectives ofthe programme are
reached .
The Commission estimates theglobal needs for the whole duration ofthe
Programme (1980-1984 )tobe68,2 million EUA and 64staff .10million EUA
ofthetotal 68,2 million EUA arealready covered bythe programme decision
1976-1980 .
Acompilation ofsome important achievements isgiven inAppendix I.

-3-
1.Introduction
On15March 1976 theCouncil adopted aresearch andtraining programme
forthe European Atomic Energy Community inthefield ofBiology-Health
Protection (Radiation Protection Programme )forthe5-year period from
1.1.1976 to31.12.1980 .The budget allocation was 39million EUA.
The present proposal for anextension ofthe Commission 'sRadiation
Protection Programme issubmitted pursuant toarticle 6ofthe EAEC
Treaty ,taking into account recent progress ofknowledge andthe changing
requirements forradiation protection inthe Community which arefactors
leading toanevolution ofthescientific content ofthe programme .
2.Role ofthe Radiation Protection Programme ofthe Commission
2.1.Objectives ofresearch activities
The useofenergy ofnuclear origin ,including the probable useof
thermonuclear fusion inamore distant future ,thehandling ofwaste ,
effluent and fuels throughout their cycles and the various uses of
ionizing radiation andradioisotopes ,including medical diagnosis and
therapy ,areallfactors calling for adequate prevention and control
measures toensure protection against ionizing radiations .
The role ofthis scientific research programme istosupply suffi­
cient information tocontribute toaframework for making informed
decisions onissues onwhich public opinion has become very sensiti­
ve.Therefore ,the Radiation Protection Programme ofthe Commission
isdesigned togain adequate understanding and control ofradiation
risks with two main objectives :
-improvement ofscientific andtechnical knowledge with aview
toupdating basic standards for the health protection ofthe
general public and workers against the hazards arising from
. .. *ionizing radiation .
-evaluation ofthebiological andecological consequences of
nuclear activities andofthe useofnuclear energy andionizing
radiation ,inorder toensure anadequate protection ofman and
ofthe environment whenever unacceptable harm could otherwise'
becaused tothem .
*Thepreparation ofbasic safety standards forprotection against
ionizing radiation isone ofthe tasks incumbent onthe Commission
resulting from the Euratom Treaty .

_A-
Itisevident that these objectives directly concern Community
policies ofundisputed importance :thesocial ,theenvironment
and theenergy policies .
2.2 .Coordination inradiation protection ~aCommunity responsibility
Radiation hazards donot stop atnational boundaries and the
problems towhich they give rise arebasically similar inevery
Member State .Limited scientific manpower andfinancial resources
contrast severely with thecomplexity and theextent ofthe
problems tobesolved .From the start ofitsactivities inthis
area ,theCommission accordingly made efforts toestablish co­
operation between theappropriate national institutes onwork
concerning the focal points oftheprogramme .Thesuccess ofthese
efforts isevidenced today bythe fact that themajority ofthe
national institutions andmany oftheuniversity institutes active
inthis field aretobefound among theparticipants inthe
Community programme .Unnecessary redundancy ofwork hasbeen
avoided andthebest useoftheavailable limited capacities is
being achieved through dovetailing oftheprojects and joint
planning arrangements .
This programme does notduplicate national efforts .Itstimulates
andcomplements them intopics ofcommon interest .Joint planning
and coordinated projects have appreciably improved theeffective­
ness ofradiation protection research intheMember States .
3.Present situation inradiation protection research and itsconsequences
3.1 .TheCommunity 'spresent research programme
Theprogramme hasyielded various types ofresults corresponding
toimportant scientific progress .Statistically ,during 1977 ,more
than 600scientific publications have resulted from this programme ,
andabout 550scientists belonging inalmost allcases tonational
institutes ,have joined inthis work (corresponding to300scien -
tists-years ).From thepublished work afewexamples ofachievements
arelisted inAppendix I,although acomplete evaluation ofthe
present programme 1spremature since results areavailable only
from thefirst twoyears ofthe5-year period .

-5-
Besides thecontribution from the present andearlier research
programme tothe worldwide compilation andevaluation ofUNSCEAR
and ICRP,the Commission 'sservices have prepared monographs on
special research subjects (e.g. treatment ofacute radiation in­
jury,risk evaluation ofRa~22^,collection ofneutron dosimetry
data,intercomparisons ).Furthermore ,thescientific data produced
have been evaluated through thecontinuous activities ofstudy
groups ineach ofthe programme sectors .
3.2.ICRP and UNSCEAR
Two important events characterize the present situation inradia­
tion protection .Onthe one hand avery complete and updated
compendium ofscientific information onradiation effects ,sources
andrisks,hasbeen recently published byUNSCEAR *.This report
evaluates ,inview ofrisk estimates ,research results onlong-term
somatic and genetic effects available upto1977 .Itsinfluence
onfuture radiation protection research will beconsiderable ,
especially asitsheds newlight onmany problems .
Moreover ICRP has issued new recommendations .Following these ,
arevision ofthe basic radiation protection standards ofEuratom
isunder way.Detailed guidance fortheir application has yettobe
produced ,especially asregards theintroduction ofnew concepts
such asdetriment ,collective dose equivalent ,optimization and
justification ofirradiation .
Scientists who areactively involved inthe Community 'sRadiation
Protection Programme have participated inthepreparation ofboth
documents ,and research results from this programme have contributed
tothe considerable increase ofknowledge inradiation protection .
3.3.Consequences for the Community programme
3.3.1 .Scientific reorientation
Itisclear from theprevious paragraphs that such changing
concepts inradiation protection ,should bereflected in
any future programme .Asaresult changes inthescientific
content proposed can beseen under point 4,where new
subjects andpriorities have been introduced .
* United Nations Scientific Committee ontheEffects ofAtomic Radiation .
**International Commission onRadiological Protection .

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3.3 =2.Orgamsational improvement :arolling programme
Among consequences forthemanagement oftheprogramme ,
attention has tobedrawn totheproposal ofmaking arolling
programme ,1980 being anoverlapping year .This isbased on
the following considerations :
-Modification and insome cases reorientation ofresearch
projects isanecessary consequences ofthepresent situation .
However such major reorientation could not bedone easily
during the last year ofaprogramme .Considering the long
duration ofwork needed inradiation protection research ,
itwould seem better toallow aphased period toreorient
for anewmultiannual programme .
-Thecompulsory detailed evaluation ofresearch projects ,
taking into account actual contracts andnewproposals ,
would greatly benefit from anoverlapping year ,assuring
thus evolution aswell ascontinuity oftheprogramme .
Present contracts could come totheir normal end ortobe
extended atthe end oftheoverlapping year whilst new
contracts could bestarted during its course .
-Inthe past the initial phase ofcontract negotiations was
often very difficult for the contractors aswell asfor the
Commission .For instance ,due totheprogramme decision in
March 1976 ,afirst review ofproposals bytheACPM could be
done only inMay 1976 ,andthis then had tobefollowed by
negotiations with contractors .Thus signing ofcontracts ,
which were tostart on1.1.1976 ,wasdelayed until the end
of1976 .
-Thenumber ofexcellent scientists working inradiation
protection isvery limited and ittakes many years to
build upgood andserious research projects .Maintaining
collaboration with excellent groups isavital part ofthe
programme .Thus itisregrettable that theCommission 's
services have toask and try toconvince contractors at
theend ofafive-year period tokeep their research groups
atwork forabout another year attheir ownfinancial risk
until thesigning ofcontracts legalizes thesituation .

-Moreover ifdecisions onapossible continuation are not
taken well inadvance oftheendofacontract ,there is
often moral pressure brought tobear onthe services of
the Commission and the ACPM tocontinue the contract .In
fact ,alate Council decision tends tolimit unduly the
possibilities ofthe ACPM toadvise rejection orreorient­
ation ofproposed projects and ofthe contractors todis­
mantle research groups ortouse them forother projects .
Social problems forthe research personnel engaged in
contracts should beminimized .
All these factors point towards adecision for arolling
programme including 1980 asanoverlapping year .Thebudget
oftheyear 1980 will becompletely covered within theupper
limit of39million EUAoftheperiod 1976-1980 .Existing
contracts will continue in1980 until the date oftermination
which wasoriginally foreseen inthecontract orwhich would
become necessary forother reasons .New contracts can becon­
cluded in1980 with aduration ofupto5years tothe end of
1984 ,following the lines ofthenewscientific programme .

-8-
4.The Radiation Protection Programme Proposal 1980-1984
4.1.Proposed research activities
The proposed Radiation Protection Programme ofthe Community
endeavours ,through aco-operative European effort ,toincrease
knowledge inradiation protection while taking into account
particular problems andskills available inEurope .
The programme will consist of'six major activities orsectors which
-arbitrarily but conveniently -serve toindicate itsoverall
structure *:
radiation dosimetry anditsinterpretation ,
-behaviour and control ofradionuclides inthe environment ,
-short-term somatic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-late somatic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-genetic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-evaluation ofradiation risks .
The information obtained from previous Commission research
programmes and from research conducted elsewhere inthe world in
comparable fields has been examined ,the present state ofknowledge
reviewed ,especially aspresented inthe UNSCEAR report ,future
needs forpractical protection measures and guidelines have been
designed and the necessary research subjects identified .
The programme proposed bythe Commission isbased onforeseeable
requirements ofradiation protection inthe Community and onthe
updating and adaptation oftheactivities already inprogress ,
inthe light ofthe expected development ofnuclear facilities and
other sources ofionizing radiation and oftheir possible effects
onman and the environment .Itisnecessary tostimulate research
onvarious subjects which are ofcrucial importance for the future
and proposals tothis effect are outlined inthe following pages .
Nosuch subdivision can adequately define the complex scientific content
ofabalanced radiation protection programme .There isanapparent over­
lapping between sectors andthere are subjects related toall orseveral of
thesectors .Dosimetry ,for example ,isabasic requirement forall
sectors ,synergistic effects are observed under many different conditions
and the problems oflow doses orlow dose rates ,aswell asofthe fundamental
mechanisms ofthe observed effects orthe need for epidemiological studies
manifest themselves inseveral sectors .

9
4.1.1 .Radiation dosimetry and its interpretation
Application ofregulations for radiation protection and research on
effects ofionizing radiation can only becarried out properly ifit
ispossible todetermine absorbed dose and/orother exposure
parameters and interpret them interms ofbiological effects and the
risks towhich they give rise .Furthermore the directives ofEuratom
onBasic Standards require the measurement and recording ofcertain
exposure data which should becarried out inacomparable manner
within the Community .Thus the following subjects require
further investigation insupport ofthe Radiation Protection
Programme asawhole .
-Physical aspects ofradiation effectiveness (Microdosimetry )
Biological effects ofionizing radiation are dependent on
different irradiation parameters ,especially onthe radiation
quality ,interpreted asthe spatial and temporal distributions
ofradiation energy absorption andtransfer tobiological tissues ,
thedistribution ofenergy deposition within sensitive sites ,as
well asthe immediate biochemical effects .Despite the
considerable progress made inthe acquisition ofthe necessary
physical data ,more detailed investigations are required to
establish convincing relationships between the form of
radiation interaction and the dose-effect curves for external
radiation and incorporated radio-nuclei .Microdosimetric research
ontumour induction and defects oforgan function should beable to
contribute tothe solution ofsuch urgent problems inradiation
protection as whether therelative risks from lowdoses and
dose rates ofboth low and high-LET-radiations have been over
orunder-estimated ,and any changes needed inQuality Factors ,
with all the impact that such changes might have onshielding
design and personal dosimetry .
-Internal dosimetry
Research isneeded todevelop further quantitative methods to
assess the effective radiation dose inthe case ofincorporation
ofradioactive isotopes such astritium and the transuranic
elements and the inhalation ofradioactive aerosols .The

-10-
improvement ofdosimetric models used byICRP for the lung,the
gut and the bone ,estimation oflung and body content ofalpha -
emitting radionuclides bywhole body counter and excretion
measurements respectively ,and effects oflabelled DNAprecursors
inthe cell nucleus are of particular relevance for radio­
logical protection .
Dosimetry incase ofexternal irradiation
External irradiation usually gives rise toquite inhomogeneous
dose distributions ortopartial body irradiation making it
sometimes difficult toestablish the dose inirradiated organs
ortissues under risk .Therefore physical methods have tobe
improved inorder torelate field characteristics ofexternal
radiation ,such asexposure and quality and differences in
tissue densities ,more accurately tothe organ dose .
Personal dosimetry and area monitoring
Following the recommendations inrecent ICRP publications the
revision ofradiation protection standards needs tobebacked up
byresearch into methods aimed atapplying and evaluating these
recommendations .The introduction ofthe effective dose
equivalent and the dose equivalent index means that existing
measuring methods have tobeadapted and conversion factors and
functions have tobetheoretically and experimentally established
for thedifferent quantities ,especially asregards instrument
calibration .
There are various ways ofcarrying out personal dosimetry inthe
individual countries .Ananalysis will bemade ofparameters
such asinternal and external irradiation ,contamination ,
incorporation andexcretion which must bedetermined ,inorder
tomake decisions onrisk estimates both for acute and chronic
exposures andtherapeutic measures .Measuring methods will be
developed and coordinated .Research isrequired onprotection
standards forbeta-particles and onthe information needed for
this purpose .Information from intercomparison programmes and
field studies will complement the research results .

-11-
-Dosimetry ofhigh -LET-radiation and neutrons
Concerted support ispresently necessary toachieve data onhigh-
LET-radiations including neutrons ofselected energies ofpractical
importance .Although many physical data and measuring methods
forneutrons have been published orelaborated inrecent years ,
completely satisfactory methods inpersonal neutron dosimetry
aswell asforneutron and high-LET-dosimetry forradiobiological
experiments have yet tobedevised .One problem will certainly
betocollect and evaluate data that will enable ageneral
consensus tobereached onneutron dosimetry itself .Inthis
area also intercompar isons require acontinuing effort ,since
those which have been carried out have revealed unexpected
discrepancies indosimetry procedures and accuracy .
Aprogramme ofcontinuing development and adaptation forall
dosimetric methods -ashas taken place inthe past -isrequired to
deal with changing needs ofradiation protection .Forthis ,some
flexibility ofapproach isneeded totackle mission oriented problems
ortocarry out exploratory studies ofactual needs ,ortodevelop
new instruments ,thus guaranteeing flexibility andcapability for
innovation inthe future .
-One such problem will beenvironmental dosimetry . Amore realistic
.estimate should bemade ofthe .dose tothe public resulting from
natural radioactivity and enhanced natural exposure .This forms
part ofthe proper assessment ofthe risk from man-made radiation
sources .
-Another problem ofincreasing concern isexposure inmedical
diagnosi s.This makes thegreatest contribution ofany man-made
radiation source tothe general population .Dosimetric research
will aim atreducing the non-essential dose from this exposure
while maintaining thequality ofthe diagnostic information .
Itwill also examine the usefulness ofsuch data for epidemiolo­
gical studies ofradiation effects .

Still another problem isthepossibility ofusing biologi cal
dosimetry for accidents toprovide important additional
information ontheeffective dose received .Unfortunately
these methods have not proved entirely sufficient incertain
accidental situations .Research isneeded onthe improvement
ofreliable biological dosimetric methods and onthe influence
ofawide range ofdose rates andnon-uniform spatial dose
distributions onthebiological indicators .

-13-
4.1.2 .Behaviour and control ofradionuclides inthe environment
The programme ofthis sector isdirected totheacquisition and impro­
vement ofdata onthe behaviour ofparticular radionuclides invarious
parts ofthe environment .Such data are anessential input toassess­
ments oftheradiation detriment interms ofpotential harm tohealth ,
ofroutine activities and events (such asaccidents )which result in
the release ofradioactive materials tothe environment (see section
4.1.6.). Important subjects ,unconnected with nuclear power ,which
will beincluded inthe programme are those human activities which
cause mantobeexposed tonatural background radiation toanenhanced
degree .
The assessment ofthe detriment requires theestimation ofindividual
andcollective doses inthe exposed population ,usual lybymeans ofmo­
dels which represent the wayinwhich radionuclides aretranferred
along various andoften complex environmental pathways .
Inaddition ,theacquisition ofthese data will assist those who are
responsible forauthorizing the discharge ofradioactive materials and
setting suitable limits for such discharges tothe environment andit
will also improve thescientific basis ofenvironmental monitoring
programmes .
Many data have already been accumulated onthe behaviour ofseveral
radionuclides inparticular sectors ofthe environment ,for example ,
from studies offallout from the atmospheric testing ofnuclear weapons
and from laboratory experiments .However ,many gaps remain and many
ofthe data which areavailable need tobeimproved inquality .
Inthe conduct ofthis programme areasonable balance between labora­
tory andfield experiments will benecessary ;although there isan
increasing need forfield work toconfirm thevalidity oftransfer
coefficients derived from laboratory experiments .
Useful information onthereliability oftransfer coefficients and on
any unexpected sources ofcontamination might also bederived from
data recently collected inseveral monitoring programmes .

-14-
Priority will begiven tothose .radionuclides andenvironmental path­
ways which arelikely tobeimportant innuclear power programmes in
thecoming decades orasaresult ofradioactive materials that may be
introduced into theenvironment from other sources .Incompiling the
detailed programme ,account will betaken ofother Community program­
mes (seefootnote )relevant tonuclear safety andenvironmental protec­
tion thus ensuring that appropriate liaison will beestablished .
Reviews ofexisting data andanticipated practices atvarious stages of
thenuclear fuel cycle indicate that the following are important acti­
vities inthe context ofthe programme :
-Uranium mining andmilling
-uranium enrichment plants
-reprocessing ofirradiated fuels
-recycling ofuranium andplutonium and thefabrication ofmixed -
oxide fuels
-theintroduction ofadvanced reactor systems
-thepossible introduction ofalternative fuel cycles
-decommissioning ofnuclear reactors
-themanagement ,including disposal ,ofthe liquid ,gaseous andsolid
wastes that may begenerated byall theabove activities .
Particular attention will bepaid tomethods ofestimating contamination
levels ,demarcating contaminated areas andreducing oreliminating radio­
nuclides transfers inaccident situations .
Radionuclides which presently appear themost important are thetrans­
uranic elements andalso H-3,C-14 ,S-35 ,Kr-85 ,Tc-99 ,Ru-106 ,1-129 ,
1-131 aswell assome activation products (Mn-54 ,C0-60 )andnatural
radioisotopes (radium ,thorium anddaughter products ).Thechemical
toxicity ofsome ofthese nuclides (Tc-99 ,1-129 )must also beconsi­
dered .
-Programme onmanagement andstorage ofradioactive waste
-Programme onplutonium utilization
-Programme onuranium exploration andextraction
-Programme ondecommissioning ofnuclear power plants
-Programme onsafety oflight water reactors .

-15-
Themain environmental transfer processes requiring further investiga­
tion are summarised below :
-resuspension ofradionuclides from theseasurface ,silts andtypi­
calEuropean land surfaces (particularly for Np,Pu,Amand Cmand
long lived fission products );
-thetransfer ofradionuclides deposited onthe surface ofagricultu­
ral land tosoil ,water ,plants andanimals (particularly forthe
transuranium nuclides ,members ofthethorium andradium decay chains
andother radionuclides including S-35 ,Tc-99 ,Ru-106 ,1-129 ).
Theway inwhich thesystemic contamination ofanimals might be
influenced bythe incorporation ofradionuclides inbiological mate­
rials andbychronic exposure conditions needs special attention ;
-themigration andretention ofradionuclides inarange ofrocks and
soil types typical ofCommunity countries (particularly for thetrans­
uranium nuclides and long-lived fission products );
-the transfer tosediments ofradionuclides released totheaquatic
environment ,andtheir possible remobi lisation (particularly the
transuranium nuclides and long-lived fission products );
-theregional distribution andbehaviour oflong lived radionuclides
(e.g. C-14 ,Tc-99 ,1-129 )with particular reference totheir exchan­
gebetween different sections oftheenvironment (e.g. exchange
between theaquatic andterrestrial environments );
-theuptake byaquatic species ofparticular radionuclides (e.g. Tc-99 )
where more information isneeded ;
-theinvestigation ofpossible synergistic effects ofradionuclides
andconventional pollutants released totheenvironment ,with parti­
cular reference touptake ofradionuclides into food chains ;
-theexchange ofC-14 andHTObetween theatmosphere andterrestrial
environment ;
-theatmospheric dispersion anddeposition processes inurban areas .

-16-
4.1.3 .Short~term somatic effects ofionizing radiation
Radiation injury occurs atthe time ofexposure .ALL subsequent
bioLogicaL effects depend essentiaLLy onthe rapid changes occurring
during anextremeLy short period oftime foLLowing theenergy
absorption . AdetaiLed knowLedge ofthese events wouLd aLLow
tounderstand the mechanism ofthe radiation effects .
For many years ithas been known that free radicals andtheir reaction
products play anessential role during the early phase ofthe radio­
logical damage but only recent technological advances made itpossible
tomeasure andtoidentify them inbiological material .Inrelatively
few years great progress was made and nowadays ,the reaction ofradio -
induced free radicals with nucleic acids which arethe main biological
target ofradiation arefairly well known .Further studies inthis
field ,ifwell coordinated ,should give usaclear understanding of
the primary mechanism ofthe radiation damage which would beinvalu­
able for the comprehension andpossible control ofthe consequences of
irradiation onliving matter .
The study ofthe early cellular andtissue effects ofradiation injury
from internal orexternal origin will beintensified inview oftheir
increasing importance inindustry ,research and clinical medicine .
Lesions which are amenable totreatment include mainly localized radio -
lesions and damage tothe lympho-hemOpoieti csystem .These pathogenic
studies will beofbasic importance for the development oftherapeutic
strategies .
Because ofthe high incidence ofacute ,subacute orchronic local
radiation injuries ,the study oftheir mechanism ,prognosis ,compli­
cations andtreatment will begiven special attention .Depending on
thegreat variety inthemodalities ofirradiation ,including external
aswell asinternal irradiation (absorption ofradioactive material by
ingestion ,inhalation orwound ),they may involve notonly theskin
but also internal surfaces like those ofgastro-intestinal tract ,the
respiratory tract and many other organs .The connective andvascular
tissue which ispresent almost everywhere inthe body deserves parti­
cular studies with regard topossible late effects .The high inci­
dence ofcancerous transformation following the healing process is

-17-
also typical forradiation burns .Therefore ,thepathogenesis of
these Lesions ,ofthe complicating factors and ofthe mechanism and
thekinetics ofcellular repopulation will bethoroughly investigated .
Also the study will consider thecharacteristics ofantigenic changes
andpossible neoplastic alterations ofthe damaged tissue ,the role
ofdamage tothe immune system andthe specific problems encountered
when skin-graft therapy isapplied .
Early effects ofradiation injury tothe hemopoietic system bytotal
orsubtotal body irradiation and the therapy ofthose injuries have
been studied inprevious programmes and considerable progress has
been made inunderstanding andtreating the "bone marrow syndrome ".
However ,assessment ofthe impairment and regeneration potential of
the hemopoietic function byexisting methods ofdiagnosis isnot yet
optimal particularly with regard tothe diagnosis ofdamage tostem
cells andtocertain populations oflymphocytes .Therefore ,the use
ofchromosomal preparations andother monitors ofradiation damage
will bestudied .Asfar astherapy isconcerned several problems
continue torequire attention .New radioprotectors have recently
been discovered which ,iffurther investigated ,could bevaluable
for human application .Problems ofanimmunological nature remain
amajor difficulty ,although advances inimmunology have greatly
improved thefeasibility ofmarrow transplantation inman.These
advances include :the removal ofimmunologically reactive lympho­
cytes from the marrow suspension (stem cell separation );vastly
improved tissue typing and cryopreservation ofstem cells (marrow
banks )andthefeasibility of"manipulating "the immune reactivity
which plays acentral role inthefate ofpatients whoaretreated
with amarrow graft (immune-deficiency isthe most serious late
complication ).This part oftheresearch programme will therefore
emphasize immunological problems such as:
a.further improvement ofmatching for newly discovered tissue
antigens ;
b.separation andcryopreservation ofstem cells ,including a
standardized method ofassessing their viability ;
c.monitoring andenhancing the immune reactivity ofthe marrow
treated recipient toprevent late complications (infections
andpossible radiation-induced neoplasia ).

-18-
4.1,4 ,Latesomatic effects ofionizing radiation
Two types ofharmful effects may beinduced byradiation and some of
these mayonly become manifest long after initial exposure .Inone
type,involving theso-called "stochastic effects ",thefrequency with
which theeffect occurs depends typically upon the size ofradiation
dose,buttheseverity oftheeffects does notingeneral depend upon
the dose .The induction ofmalignant disease constitutes the most
important example ofsuch effects .
Intheother type,involving "non-sotchasti ceffects ",nosignificant
harm isordinarily detectable below acertain dose butthe
severity oftheeffect which isthen produced may vary with the size
ofthe dose .The induction ofcataract orofreduced fertility ,and
the impairment oforgan function orblood supply represent changes of
this type .
-Induction ofstochastic effects
a.Human observations :Malignant changes induced byradiation areof
particular importance inregard toradiation protection .The Com­
mission therefore emphasizes the continuing need forassessing the
frequency with which different types ofmalignancy occur inexcess
ofnormal expectation ingroups ofpeople who have been irradiated
(for medical orother reasons )atknown dose levels ,and have been
orcan befollowed upcomprehensively for long periods oftime,
ideally forseveral decades ,during which further radiation induced
tumours may become detectable .
Special attention should begiven todosimetry ,length andeffi­
ciency offollow up,comparability ofthe control series ,influ­
ence ofsex,ofage atthetime ofexposure ,mortality resulting
from radiation-induced tumours ,the wayinwhich thelatent inter­
val between irradiation and detection oftumours varies with dose
orwith other factors ,theinfluence ofthequality oftheradia­
tion (LET),variation ofthis influence (RBE)with dose,andthe
form ofdose-effect relationship .
Groups ofpatients who have received repeated orextensive diagnos­
ticradiological investigations will bestudied whenever full
records such asthefrequency ofdeath from malignant disease are
obtainable .

-19-
Statistical studies ofpatients who had received internal orextern­
alradiotherapy atmoderate dosage ,particularly inthe treatment of
non malignant disease should yield additional risk estimates for
cancer induction inrelevant organs .These results will only be
meaningful ifcontrol values can beestablished for the incidence
ofcancer inpatients with the same diseases but who had not been
treated byradiation .Such studies should also give some guidance
onthe safety requirements for these forms oftherapy .Similar
studies ontheeffects ofradiotherapy for malignant disease ,
whether given alone orincombination with chemotherapy ,could also
assist indefining the possible after-effects and the appropriate
forms oftreatments tominimize the frequency ofsuch hazards .In
addition ,these studies may throw light onpossible synergism
between radiation and chemical agents ,oragreater sensitivity to
radiation carcinogenesis ofparticular tissues incertain diseases .
'b.Animal studies :inorder toelucidate the mechanism ofcancer
induction ,there isanevident need for fundamental experimental
studies ofthe nature ofthis phenomenon ,and ofthe frequency
with which malignant changes are likely tobeinduced especially
bylow doses and low dose rates .Such information can form a
basis onwhich valid inferences can bemade onthe frequency of
malignant change tobeexpected following the even lower doses
involved inoccupational orother exposure toradiation .
Dose effect relationships atlow doses ,microdosimet ricstudies ,
comparison ofhigh and low LETradiation and ofdose protraction
will becarried out .
Studies concerned with events after incorporation ofradionuclides
will take into account the following parameters :uptake (byinges­
tion,orinhalation ),radiation quality ,biological half life,
organ distribution ,affinity toparticular tissues ,inhomogeneity
ofdeposition ,metabolism andexcretion andstudies on
thebenefit orpossible harm ofchelating agents .
Special emphasis will also beplaced onthevariation offactors
which arelikely toinfluence thecarcinogenic process .These
factors include age,sex,hormones ,viruses ,,the immune system
and local tissue reactions asendogenous ,?ndsome aspects of
cocar cinogenesi sandsynergistic effects asexogenous factors .

-HU-
The exact identification ofthe cells atrisk andofthe early
and intermediate sequence ofevents during carcinogenesis will
necessitate the development ofnew methods (including biochemical
and immunological markers ). Furthermore ,the link between muta­
genic and carcinogenic effects should beelucidated .
Standardization ofanimal experiments ,oftumor nomenclature and
quantification ofmorphological endpoints will becontinued .
-Induction ofnon-stochastic effects
Indetermining the procedures andthe dose limits appropriate in
radiation protection itisimportant toknow the types ofnon-
stochastic effects which may beinduced byradiation inman,the
severity ofthese various effects ,and the dose level atwhich
they are liable tobeinduced .Itisparticularly important tohave
information onthose effects which might beinduced bydoses amount­
ingtoafewtenths ofasievert each year continued over many years
ordecades .
This practical requirement applies especially for those tissues or
organs inwhich therate offatal cancer induction per unit absorbed
dose islikely tobelow since fortissues like bone ,skin andthyroid
the annual dose limit isless likely tobedetermined bythepossible
induction ofmalignancies than bythat ofharmful non-stochastic
changes .
Information will besought inman and inanimals onthetotal accumu­
lated dose delivered over asubstantial proportion ofahuman oran
animal 'slifetime which'would cause the same effects asare produced
byasingle dose .
Guidance onthese questions needs therefore tobeobtained from a
review both ofeffects caused inman and those induced inanimals
experimentally .Inmanitisimportant tosurvey the dose above
which various non-stochastic effects are observed ,particularly in
the course ofradiotherapy atwhich theappropriate dose levels are
reached ,butincluding where possible ,theeffects ofradiation at
high LET andthose oftreatment with radionuclides where relevant .
Study ofthepathogenesis ofthese effects islikely tothrow light

w •
onthe importance ofmechanisms ofrepair .
Inthis connection itisalso necessary toassess
the nature ofany differences between the reactions ofnormal and
diseased tissues toradiation .Inmany cases itistobeexpected
that the accumulated doses which give rise tomalignant changes in
atissue will also have caused orinitiated non-malignant changes .
Anyinteractions between the development ofthese two types of
effects orthe influence ofnon-malignant changes onthe frequency
ofcancers are important .The examination ofthe early phase in
development oflate non-stochastic effects could also prove important
for assessing the probability ofsuch late effects .
Inrelation tothe hazard involved inanyradiation exposure during
pregnancy ,teratogenic effects will bestudied ,particularly with
regard tothe following :possible existence ofathreshold ,influ­
ence ofLET,possible inacti vation ,recovery orrepair ofembryonic
cells ,relationship between damage tosingle cells ofthe embryo ,
major failures indevelopment ofthe foetus ,dose /effects relation­
ship atvarious stages ofembryologi cal development .
The frequencies with which different types ofdevelopmental defect
(most commonly ofthe nervous system )are induced byradiation inman
and inany experimental model should beasclose aspossible .
Anon-specific shortening ofthelife span byionizing radiation still
remains uncertain ,butits mechanism would call for study ifits
existence were experimentally proven .

-22-
4.1.5 *Genetic effects ofionizing radiation
The study ofradiation effects ongenetic material isimportant
because radiations may increase the incics..ce ofchromosomal syndromes
and ofhereditary diseases and because detailed analyses arerequired
ofthe complex pathways through which the irradiated cell deals with
pre-mutagenic and pre-carcinogenic lesions® ThuB ,the general objec­
tives inthis sector are toprovide the information needed for :
-assessing ,through the use ofthe methods currently available
(direct estimation method anddoubling dose method .),thegenetic
damage induced byradiation inman.The knowledge required for
this purpose includes estimates onthebirth frequencies ofgenetic
diseases ,determination ofthe values ofdoubling doses and .an
evaluation ofyields ofgenetic defects per rad.
-understanding the factors which govern ,modify orprevent the
establishment ofdamage .The research carried out inthe past now
renders possible the genetical and biochemical characterization of
some ofthe processes ofDNA repair inhuman cells .Astimulation
ofthe research onthe elucidation ofmechanisms may not only allow
acontinuation ofthis work but,ultimately ,itcould provide new
means forpredicting interactions andeffects ,forestablishing
relationships between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis and for pre­
venting orprotecting against radiation damages .Itshould also
accelerate the development ofmethods for the detection ofsensitive
individuals and,among these ,ofindividuals who are heterozygous
for genetic diseases involving arepair deficiency and have an
increased sensitivity tomutagens and carcinogens .
For reaching these objectives ,inthe programme proposed below ,
emphasis isplaced ,whenever possible ,onthedirect analysis of
human systems .However ,the use ofexperimental species ismaintained
inall instances where there isnoreliable alternative .

-23-
-Assessment and analysis ofgenetic damages ineukaryotes
The gene mutations and chromosome aberrations which occur spontaneous­
lyinmanareasource ofconsiderable hardship ,being responsible for
asubstantial fraction ofallspontaneous miscarriages and,infull-
term survivors ,congenital malformations ,mental andphysical disorders .
Theincidence ofnaturally occurring hereditary defec' -anddiseases
inhuman populations hasbeen calculated byUNSCEAR sobeapproximately
1.0percent fordominant andX-linked diseases ,j„lpercent for
recessive diseases ,0.4percent forchromoscaal diseases and9.0per
cent forcongenital malformations ,multifactorial andirregularly
inherited conditions .Itisthus particularly important ,inview of
"thefact that irradiation isknown toinduoe mutations and chromosomal
anomalies ,toimprove asmuch aspossible thepresent methods of
detection ofgenetic radiation effects andtoestablish ,through an
analysis ofthe mechanisms ofinduction ,thelist ofvarious factors
and circumstances which may contribute toanenhancement ofincidence
rates .
Since human systems areusually not amenable todetailed genetic
analyses ,asubstantial portion ofthe research effort will becarried
outthrough theuseofother eukaryotic material where thesimilarity
ofchromosomal organisation (HJA,histones .«.) andofcellular orga­
nelles implies that many oftheinduction mechanisms for damage in
the nucleus and inthe cytoplasm areidentical tothose ofman.The
programme involves s
a)the improvement anddevelopment ofassay system endexperimental
methods with increased resolving power for the detection ofindu­
cedalterations inboth pomatic and gerra cells ofman,
b)elucidation ofthemechanism lea-ing tochromosomal non–dis junction
andother aberrations including str-Vies oftherelationship between
chromosome structure andbehavi our 'aeterochrouatin ,synaptlnemal
complex andsatellite association ;
e;study ofposeible associat :-onn v>. •radiosa ,- -:±\y 9rfip&ir
and segregai ;ional moiùali ,

_24_
d)specifio studies ontheinteractions andrelationships between the
"biological effects ofradiation andother environmental agents p
e)eluoidation through afewselected studies ,oftheeffeots of
irradiation onthe mitochondrial genome andits implication for
oellular survival *
Dose-ef feet relationship
Itisparticularly difficult toestablish therelationship between
dose and effect inman beoause insufficient human data are available
and because thequantitative extrapolation cfexperimental results to
man poses serious problems .Inview ofthe importance ofdose-effect
relationships forthe assessment ofradiation risk ,the programme
includes t
a)epidemiological surveys which focus attention ontherelationship
between the dose reoeived ,the frequencies ofaberrations in
lymphocytes and the long term biological consequences ofthe expo­
sure (aplasia Ingerminal cells and induced effeots inlive–bom
andstill-born children ),
b)determination oftheinvivo kinetics oflymphocytes with theview
offacilitating the interpretation ofdoses from non uniform expo­
sures ,
o)investigations with mammalian experimental species (inoluding prima­
tes when possible )designed tocollect more data (genetic aswell
ascytogenetic )which will beuseful forquantitative extrapolation
ofradiation genet iohazards toman,
d)studies aimed attheappraisal ofthemethods andassumptions invol­
ved inrisk assessment inextrapolating from somatic togerm oells
and from experimental species toman,
e)studies ontheinduction ofmutations ingorra oells andsomatic
oells atvery low doses and dose-ralee end the development of
techniques tofacilitate such studies *

-25-
~Biochemistry ar^d ;;.:;net;.cs of iosy-itivityrrdrepai r
Asaoonsecrn-noe tothyslucid ^Hon ,no*?wall inprogress ,ofUfAre­
pair pathw ;/» -Inmioroorgani irns,research involving -the j&eofiraaan
oella having mutations leading torepair deficiencies has ehr-nthat
th.® neahanxsraa lor rep& ..ving 1KA d&sne.g'e a.rsofgrwt rel.'' ".,109tohuman
healtJu Several speoix'io factors affooi ,..^iroapao -1'1„<band anumber
ofhereditary diseases that are aocotripaKi sc.c:fani;- sensitivi­
tytor&dintion and inoidsnt?© cfeanoer sre aaao&.at© :?with defects
inUFA repair ,
Alargs part oftheenvisaged r3e«*«\rch t*?b©executed or .ffi&raaaXian ,
andpariicral&rly hvrasr .,syst^a )vy.tth«u?sof&<m*4Mwa*lign material
will "benecessary ftrthesr.iJ^e;.a «r."c^pih ar.dtk*stwulliiig «f
ooapl«x biochenloal --viidgenetici surohre lar*.•
£n© programme will include ?
a)surveying th©rad\i>tsneitiviiy ofo ofb^-ar (fibro­
blasts ^lyraphocyiee »«toc®®)taken fr-n r-ora&l " £jaup rb
veil ssfro® rej..r©& srat&t it oftht -.-1-.'.jr/x-idisea -. ?htiyfcjg enhan­
cedsaneiiivity t?anTi'ron.meital Whsnev r.Dasi'ble ,a-detailed
ar-'i ^fsis ofvariation *inra&ioaaif :;.ti b*tw •»"!^&lvi3stfcl*i v,ill
b«T£nd«r»ak«aa f
Is)idsr;'"j fication -and g-arveiica ! ..wibir ,cv ch^.i ".:.. .>Ti<©n of
variant isamnalian coll B'fcri*ir$ c\f ^ir'rrr:.g H;:n9i '■:,,-.~sb.>& dafiiisro +-
inrspiir ofMA datiag® .
o)inres £cationofthedet -;.lied ensGyrRolog /ofIJfArepair ®athw»js
(this isbeat e'.'tiiffd atpresent in *->f« vk*s :."3fortsal
hio<heads tryand gc»et$.x »a.rewell e*-:T ,>*>isfc«:?} &ri..V or-iss# c»£tho
Moch^tifa ?.specificity -^u '-sw»c.«.of*•*& lesions
in eywtwe *1"' vi-l'I 5r.-ui ••'•.- -a© of^.-tsina i'r^th
re-30^JI8® Sp3SÍ.fX.J Ãe^i^iS *;?■! ■'.■:■■" -Z"":bs8 7":.
r«»~<eir andth«rs,.^'£icr:Rhip ff t"
r«^;.oa'bk*fc'ii,an and ch^oa :?;;--"T'ea»>err-»i ^

-26-
d)studiea ofmutagenesis andtherole ofconstitutive andinducible
repair pathways inmammalian oells 0Usewill also bemade ,inthis
part oftheprogramme ,oftheseveral UNArepair deficient mutants
recently isolated inDrosophila which provide anopportunity for
studying therole ofENA repair pathways intherealization ofra­
diation induced genetio damage inaneukaryotic model Bystem ,
e)analysis oftherelationships ofUNArepair andrelated mechanisms
tocarcinogenesis e

-27-
4.1.6 .Evaluation ofradiation risks
Concepts used inradiation protection are Liable tobeapplied in
different ways inthe Member States .Forthis reason ,itisnecessary
toattempt toestablish common methods forassessing asaccurately
and objectively aspossible the consequences ofirradiation for man
and his environment .The results ofsuch exercise are also needed
for decision making onsiting and onchoices for energy supply .
The newprinciples ofoptimization and limitation inradiation protec­
tion ,which have been recommended in1977 byICRP ,are based ona
risk and detriment concept and require the assessment ofrealistic
relationships between dosimetric quantities and genetic and carcino­
genic risks .New dosimetric quantities and concepts have been
developed ;among them are the effective dose equivalent and the dose
equivalent index for thedescription ofindividual exposure ,and
the collective dose and the collective dose commitment for the assess­
ment ofthe collective health detriment .The practical application
ofthese new terms has tobetested andtheir relationship tomeasur­
able quantities has tobedetermined .
Three groups ofproblems must beconsidered .
The first isthe assessment ofthe individual and collective doses
resulting from normal discharge and accidental releases ofradio­
active substances .This assessment ofdoses must rely ondata obtain­
edbystudying the movements ofradionuclides inthe environment
asdescribed under 4.1.2.,and should lead toabetter determination
ofthe dose distribution among the population and the magnitude of
the collective dose taking account with the natural background .
Models are required also for any likely pathways ofaccess toman
and his environment ,and involving theentire nuclear fuel cycle .
Asregards optimization inradiation protection which iscurrently
advocated ,account must betaken also ofall the risks arising from
human activities which make use ofionizing radiations orinfluence
irradiation ,such asthose involving medical applications and
technologically enhanced radioactivity .The programme will comprise
successive phases ofidentifying the points tobestudied ,ofassess­
ingthe doses received byworkers and bythe public ,and ofresearch

-28-
into possible protection measures and their cost .
The second problem ismethodological research onthe assessment of
the detriment .Itmust make use ofdata obtained through experiment­
aland epidemiological research described inthe relevant sectors of
the programme .Two groups ofproblems should beconsidered .Firstly ,
those ofthe assessment ofthe detriment inthe case ofmedium and
high level irradiation ,applicable inthe event ofanaccident .
Secondly ,those related tolow .doses ,which areparticularly relevant
forall occupationa lyexposed persons .
The third problem isthe assessment ofthe economic and social
consequences ofirradiation .This isanew subject which should be
developed inorder toestablish guidelines for "optimization "of
radiation protection activities based onthe attainment of"aslow
asreasonably achievable (ALARA )"levels under conditions which apply
inEurope .

29-
4.2.Implementat ion
The implementation ofpast programmes has shown that an"indirect
action "combined with anefficient management with the help ofthe
ACPM and based oncareful evaluation are the appropriate means
for carrying outthis Community research programme .Some aspects
ofthis system can beimproved ,but inany case italways hasto
keep the administrative charge for contractors andscientists as
low asreasonably achievable .•
4.2.1 .Participating laboratories
Continuing thepolicy which has operated from the very
beginning ofthe programme ,the Commission will endeavour
toorganize co-operation through cost-shared contracts
with the appropriate national anduniversity institutes
working onthe various focal points ofthe programme .
Co-operative action and anorganized distribution oftasks
are necessary inview ofthe limited resources ,the great
number ofdifferent scientific aspects ofradiation
protection research ,and the geographical scattering of
those research groups which have the necessary specific
competences .Inaddition ,the work ofthe Commission 's
Biology Group atIspra will continue tobeanintegral ,
but small part ofthe programme ,supplementing and
supporting certain research carried out inthe contract
programmes .
4.2.2 .Management
The Commission with the advice ofthe ACPM will be
responsible for the management ofthe programme andits
contracts and will ensure aclose liaison with the
corresponding research and development carried out inthe
Member States .Obviously the ACPM has adirect influence
onthe management ofthe Community 'sRadiation Protection
Programme and,owing tothe national status ofits
members ,indirectly onthat ofthe Member States .

-30-
A.2.3.Coordination
The best possible implementation and coordination isa
main concern ofthe ACPM when itevaluates research
proposals and contracts and advises ontheir relevance
andintegration into the programme and theselection of
laboratories towhich the work istobeentrusted .
Particular attention will begiven to coordination
throughout the programme .Study group meetings /symposia
and conferences have proved tobe amost effective means
ofcoordination because they arenaturally adapted to
scientific work andeasily accepted bythescientist .
These meetings /focussing onthe evaluation ofparticular
subject areas ofthe programme /will beattended by
research workers involved inthecontract programme /as
well asscientists from non-participating laboratories or
organizations andscientific staff members ofthe
Commi ssion .
Existing facilities for exchange ofinformation and
experience between thecontractual partners should be
supplemented byarrangements forworking visits oflimited
duration byresearch workers engaged onthe contract
programme .Past experience has shown thebenefit tothe
Commission 'spartners ofimproving themobility ofresearch
workers byenabling them towork forperiods ranging from
afew months totwo years inlaboratories taking part in
the programme .
Working relatiore with the main international organizations
active inthefield ofradiation protection will be
maintained .
4.2.4 .Evaluation
Since thecreation ofthe ACPM in1968/mechanisms for
evaluating programmes have been developed but ahigher degree

-31-
offlexibility was necessary toapply them toradiation
protection research .Universities and national institutions
are collaborating inthe programme ,indisciplines asdifferent
asimmunology andstatistics .Evaluation will beundertaken
bythe ACPM and the Commission 'sservices onthree levels :
The evaluation ofresearch proposals before the beginning
ofaproj ect :Accepting orrejecting them,changing and
adapting the proposed projects inaccordance with the agreed
programme guidelines .
Annual evaluation inthe course ofaproject ,for approval ,
modification ,reorientation orpossible new suggestions for
contractors :
Results achieved are examined andevaluated annually when 1
the Commission presents the Progress Report on"Radiation
Protection "detailing the results ofthe previous year
ofallprojects .Inthis respect thescientific publica­
tions ,drawing attention tothe results inthe Community
programme ,ofwhich reference ismade inthe Progress
Reports ,constitute amajor element for evaluation .
-Likewise annually the planned activities for the coming
year are evaluated when discussing the "Work Programme of
the Next Year ".
Finally ,special subject areas are evaluated instudy
group meetings'and direct individual contacts .
The evaluation ofresults atthe end ofprojects :Final
reports and synthesis reports such asmonographs are used to
this end.

A.2.5.Dissemination ofresults
Thescientific research results ofthe programme arepresented
inarticles published inscientific journals ,inEuratom reports ,
inmonographs issued bythe Commission ,and intheproceedings
ofsymposia and seminars .
Funds
The Commission will aim for maximum efficiency inthe use ofthe funds
entrusted for the execution ofthis programme .Asitisessentially an
indirect action programme ,the contracts must beallocated the major share
ofthe funds .
4.3.1 .Staffing
The Commission proposes astaffing of64officials for the period
1980-1984 .Inthis respect ithas toberecalled that in1973
97staff were authorized and in1976 68staff inaddition to
which 10local agents for the Biology Group atIspra were foreseen
inthe budget .
4.3.2 .Financial allocation
The Commission has evaluated the global needs for the programme at
58,2 million EUA for the period 1981-1984 towhich will beadded
about 10million EUA for the year 1980 ,which are already covered
bythe budget allocation of39million EUA for theperiod 1976-1980 .
This iscertainly asubstantial increase inabsolute figures as
compared with the actual programme .However ,inview ofthegenerally
accepted great social relevance ofradiation protection ,its
importance for energy production ,and the resulting high requirements
inradiobiological research ,this amount isestimated necessary to
establish awell balanced programme covering allpriority aspects .
Its content isbased onareorientation and evolution ofthe present
programme ,anevolution which accentuates new aspects asthe
evaluation ofradiation risks and the treatment ofacute irradiation ,
particularly when local .
Expansion will belimited and will affect only the contractual
activities ,which will beallocated more than 81 %ofthetotal
funds (less than 7%for management and administration ofthe
programme ).
Thefollowing particular elements have been used asabase for
the budget estimate of58,2 million EUA :

 -33-
-theexpenditure oftheyear 1980,originally planned as
t'-.'last year ofthecurrent programme (1976-1980 )
(10million EUA);
-theneed totake account ,insome measure ,oftheincrease
ofcosts (+6%peryear);
-therestoration ofthe Commission 'sparticipation in
contract expenditure from anactual mean of33%toits
previous level of40%.This guarantees asignifi­
cant Commission presence inthecombined effort being
made inEurope inradiation protection research andin
particular allows the mobility ofresearch workers in
European laboratories ;
-alimited expansion (+15%ofthe cor' >actual activities ).
The amount of10million EUAforthe year 1980 iscomplete­
lycovered bythe budget allocation of39million EUAfor
the period 1976-1980 .Itcorresponds to
-staff expenditure ,recurring administrative expenditure
andexpenditure relating tothe use bytheBiology Group
ofthescientific andtechnical services oftheIspra
Joint Research Establishment ,asrequested for the 1980
budget ,
-the Community 'sfinancial contribution tocontracts
relating tothe year 1980 orasappropriations outstanding
from earlier years authorized within theceiling of
39million EUA ofthe 1976-1980 programme ;
The amount of10million EUAfortheyear 1980 istheresult ,
notofanyreal expansion ,butofthefollowing factors :
-inflation rated during the period 1976-1980
-the influence of"gross salaries "asopposed to
"net salaries "which were previously taken into account .

-34-
The summarized calculation isasfollows :
Budget 1980 10,0 million EUA
Budget 1981-84 based onbudget 1980
+6%increase per year 46.4 million EUA
Restoration of40Xmean participation
incontracts +6,9 million EUA
Expansion ofcertain activities based on
anincrease of 15 %ofthe contracts +4,9 million EUA
TOTAL 1981-1984 58,2 million EUA
TOTAL 1980-1984 68,2 million EUA
Financial breakdown
Asaguideline ,expenditure bycategories isbroken down inthe
following manner :
million EUA
1980 1981-84 Total V.
Contractual activities : 7,770 47,800 55,570 81
expenditure for contracts ,
cash (5,8S0 ) (38,9 )
expenditure for Commission
personnel working under
the contracts (1,920 ) (8,9)
I
Biology Group atIspra : 1,410 6,500 7/910 12
expenditure for research (0,110 ) (0,5)
infrastructure and
technical support (0,330 ) <1,5)
personne l (0,970 ) <4,5)
Management and administration : 0,830 3,900 4,730 7
expenditure for experts'
fees,meetings ,etc. i(0,140 ) (0,7)
headquarters personnel (0,690 )I<3,2)
TOTAL M0,010 58,200 68,210

-35-APPENDIX I
RESEARCH WORK 1976-1978
– Asurvey ofsome scientific achievements -
The research results obtained from the European Communities' Radiation
Protection Programme help toextend thescientific basis onwhich areliable
evaluation ofthebiological andecological consequences ofusing ionizing
radiation andofactivities inthefield ofnuclear technology can bemade
andthebest possible protection can beprovided for man andhis environment .
These research projects contribute toobtaining amore accurate assessment
ofthe radiation risk andtoreduction ofuncertainties artd contradictions .
The programme currently comprises 130contracts with about 240 research
projects ;more than 500 research workers areparticipating oneither a
full-time orapart-time basis .
Inthefirst three years ofthe current programme ,about 1.800 individual
articles have been published ;numerous monographs ,proceedings andtechnical
reports onradiation protection subjects provide evidence ofintense scientific
activity .
Every year,about 40symposia ,seminars and meetings ofstudy groups ,experts
and committees with about 1000 participants ensure coordination and stimulation
and have acatalytic effect onnational ,bilateral andmultilateral programmes .
Inexecuting the programme ,the Commission bore inmind thefacts that :
-sociopolitical objectives are increasingly becoming criteria
for radiation protection research policy ;
-the individual research activities should bemore closely
harmonized inabroader context .
With the means atitsdisposal ,therefore ,the Commission has :
-developed long-term research programmes ;
intensified research inareas ofgreat significance to
the public (e.g. evaluation ofthe radiation risk);
-promoted thepractical application ofscientific results
(e.g. development ofpersonal dosimeters ,diagnosis and
treatment ofacute radiation injury ,execution ofinter -
comparison programmes );

-36-
-prepared longer-term forecasts (e.g. tritium study );
-given itsbacking tothe rapid translation ofscientific
knowledge into decision-making processes (e.g. establishment
ofbasic safety standards -formulation ofcriteria for
siting-deci sions ).
Inapproach toitswork ,theCommission employed thefollowing criteria which
have had abeneficial influence onresearch intheCommunity :
intensification ofinterdisciplinary fields ofresearch
andco-operation intheprojects being promoted (e.g. group
contracts ,EULEP ,CENDOS ,Primary effects group );
improvement ofinformation exchange andco-operation between
scientists engaged insimilar fields ofwork (e.g. study
groups ,conferences ,exchanges ofscientists );
-adaptation ofresearch projects toscientific progress
(apermanent task inco-operation with theACPM ).
Only afewindividual projects ofthewide range ofscientific results
obtained over the last years can bebriefly described for the sake of
example .Forthis reason ,anumber ofdetails from theareas ofdosimetry ,
environmental contamination ,somatic andgenetic radiation effects and
risk analysis have been selected andpresented .

-37-
Radiation dosimetry anditsinterpretation
The main objective ofdosimetry istoobtain reliable measurements and
calculations ofabsorbed dose and dose distributions .They arenecessary
toimprove understanding ofthebiological effects inorder tomake a
proper assessment oftheradiation hazard andthey areessential toassure
protection ofexposed workers .
-Co-operative research inradiation protection depends largely onthe
degree ofstandardization ofexperimental methods andmaterials .
Anumber ofdosimetric intercompari sons have therefore been carried out,
for instance onpersonal dosimeters ,onX-ray dosimeters andwith
neutrons .All these intercompari sons revealed quite anumber of
imperfections inexperimental arrangements ,differences inthe basic
values used todetermine the absorbed dose,anddiscrepancies in
dosimetry procedures .The intercompari sons induced aconsiderable
improvement inresearch procedures ,and increased the accuracy and
reproducibility ofthe measurements .For example ,inthe last X-ray
intercompari sonseries itwas found that previously-observed large
standard deviations ofresults from several laboratories could be
eliminated ,especially after visits had been made tothe laboratories .
The measurement andcalculation ofunderlying parameters indosimetry
have made important progress .Alow-energy electron transport simulation
(10eV-30KeV)inwater wassatisfactorily terminated ;cross-sections ,
stopping powers and W-values fordifferent materials anddifferent
particles were measured and thecross-section library intransport codes
improved .Some problems ofmeasurement ofthe components ofamixed
neutron and gamma radiation field were solved ;the track structure of
electrons and charged particles and theproduction ofsecondaries and
their radial distribution were investigated .Microdosimetric quantities
were established and extended totissue regions of10to100 nmdiameter ;
they have been used indefining ameasure ofradiation quality andin
microdosimetric models developed for theinterpretation ofmutation and
survival data from mammalian cells .
Theinvestigation offundamental mechanisms inradiation physics has
indicated interesting possibilities inthe useoflyoluminescence in
radiation accident dosimetry ,since some human tissues have lyoluminescent
properties .

-38-
Fundamental aspects ofthe mathematical analysis oftumour induction by
ionizing radiations have been investigated .Statistical methods for the
assessment oftumour rates and oftumour prevalences asafunction of
time after irradiation were tested .Itwaspossible toprove a
statistically significant increase inthe development ofmammary tumours
inSprague-Dawley rats atfast neutron doses aslow as0,1 rad.The
relative biological effectiveness (RBE)ofthese neutrons seems toreach
values of100 ormore atlow doses .Athigher doses the RBE decreases
tovalues already known from other experiments .
Radionuclides with lowenergy beta-particle orAuger electron emission
incorporated invarious organs ,cells orsubcellular structure were
shown tocause biological effects which largely depend onthespatial
overlapping ofthesite ofdecay and ofthe radiosensitive structure .
Thecritical microvolume for late effects appeared tobethe nucleus of
stem cells .Based onmeasurements ofthe rate ofstem cell turnover ,
the update ofthe radionuclide into the stem cell nucleus ,and dose
calculations forparticular microdistributions ,different modifying
factors were defined andcalculated inorder toestimate thebiological
effect perunit intake .Itwas thus possible tocompare the radiation
effects ofcertain tritiated or1-125 labelled organic compounds with
those from inorganic tritium or1-125 with aview todefining limits
ofintake .
Although completely satisfying personal dosimeters for neutrons donot
yetexist ,progress has been made indeveloping the albedo dosimeter
»
andnuclear track detectors .With newetching techniques itisnow
possible tomake visible tracks oflowenergy recoil nuclei and
alpha-particles .
Asmall beta-dosimeter for measurement ofdose atthe surface of
beta-sources has been developed ,allowing precise dose evaluation for-
fingers ,hands and forearms .

-39-
Behaviour and control ofradionuclides inthe environment
The main objective ofthe present programme istoacquire the necessary data
tobeintroduced into the various models describing thetransfer ofradio­
nuclides inthe environment ,used toestimate radiation detriment .Another
aim istofind methods ofestimating thepossible damage caused tothe envi­
ronment andits components ,together with methods ofcontrolling it.
-Numerous results have been collected onthe radiochemical ,chemical ,biolo­
gical andoceanographical aspects ofvarious radionuclides and onthetrans­
ferofassociated pollutants indifferent marine ecosystems .Special atten­
tion has been given tothe long-term behaviour ofthe transuranic elements ,
the possible synergistic effects ofradionuclides and conventional pollu­
tants (heat,chlorine compounds ,etc.)and the behaviour ofstable and radio­
active isotopes .Mathematical models evaluating the cycling ofchemicals
inthe marine environment have been considerably amended .These studies
have improved thepredictive capability needed forcontrol ofthe areas sur­
rounding reprocessing plants and incase ofaccidental releases .
-Research onradiocontamination ofterrestrial and freshwater ecosystems was
centred mainly onactinides but also onsome important radioi sotopes with .
long half-lives such asH-3,Tc-99 ,1-129 ,Pu-239 and Pu-240 .Asensitive
method for Pudetermination inlarge soil samples isnow available .Never­
theless many ofthe data atpresent available need tobeimproved inquality ;
for instance ,the observed modification ofPutransfer factors asaresult
ofageing must bequantified andexplained .Initial observations onthe
properties oftechnetium have stressed both itsmobility anditstoxicity
forliving organisms .
~Research conducted ontritium has revealed that there might bean enhanced
risk where thetritium isincorporated into living organisms before itbe­
comes diluted into the environment .
-Work on1-129 isinprogress and theextraction method developed isnow
applied tothyroid samples collected inselected areas ofthe Community .
-Studies onpossibilities ofdecontaminating agricultural areas after an
accident have been performed and several methods ofdecontamination were
investigated .Application ofchelating polyamine tosoils already offers
prospects ofgreatly reducing thesoil plant transfer ofsome activation
products .

-40-
Short-term somatic effects ofionizing radiation
The main objectives ofthe 1976-1980 programme inthis sector arediagnosis
andtreatment ofacute radiation injury .
-After total-body irradiation atrelatively high dose,the stem cells of
thehemopoietic system arethefirst toshow severe damage .Inman,
these cells arepresent inthe bone marrow .Inprinciple ,thetrans­
plantation ofacertain amount ofmarrow from ahealthy donor should cure
theheavily irradiated individual .Inpractice however ,experiments have
shown that this procedure presents many difficulties which areprogres­
sively being overcome byacontinuous research effort .For example ,the
donor andthe acceptor need tobegenetically asclose aspossible ,
otherwise thetransplanted marrow reacts against therecipient and might
even cause death .This isthe so-called graft -versus -host reaction .
The minimum number ofbone marrow cells which isrequired for acomplete
recovery ofthepatient has now been established .Through extensive
experimentation with human and monkey bone marrow cells ,preservation
ofthe regenerative capacity ofthese cells after storage can now be
guaranteed .The minimum whole-body dose ofradiation which will permit
a"take "ingiven conditions has also been established .Several methods
have been developed toprevent ortreat thegraft -versus -host reaction .
Recently ,progress has been made inthecollection and useofhemopoietic
stem jcells from th6peripheral blood .
Considerable progress has also been achieved regarding theelucidation of
damage induced in deoxyribonucleic acid CDNA )byionizing radiation .
Physical ,chemical andbiological techniques have been successfully applied
toprobe the major radiation-induced lesions innucleic acids andtheir
constituents .Abroad knowledge has been gained about thesites and
structural properties offree radicals asreactive species mediating the
pathway tostable chemical alterations .Thelatter have been analysed in
detail ,thus providing aclue toalterations which areofimportance in
biological malfunctions .Biologically viable damage ,such asbase alte­
rations and strand-breaks ,has been well characterized insuitable model-
systems .

-41-
Late somatic effects ofionizing radiation
Inthe current programme special attention isgiven tolate somatic
effects after acute orchronic irradiation orincorporation ofradio -
isotopeS ;Studies are concentrated onirradiation levels inmedical
diagnostics and onthose radioisotopes which arepotentially among the most
harmful ,such asplutonium andtheother actinides .Epidemiological studies
ofirradiated human groups with aview toformulating risk estimates in
radiobiological protection areofgreat practical importance .
-EULEP has continued itseffort on asuccessful coordination ofresearch
inthe area oflate somatic effects ,with Emphasis onstandardization of
experimental conditions inthe laboratories involved inlate effects
research ,oncoordination oftheplanning ofthe corresponding coope­
rative research projects ,onthe execution ofspecific projects inthe
area ofcarcinogenic andnon-carcinogenic late effects and ontheradio -
toxicity ofincorporated radionuclides .Intercomparisons were performed
indosimetry ,andfirst steps were taken towards standardization oflabo­
ratory animals .Semi-annual workshops onthepathology ofradiation -
induced lesions succeeded instandardizing terminology ,especially on
tumour classification .Results arepublished inthe EULEP pathology
atlas ,animportant source ofreference .
-Also inthe context ofEULEP ,amultidi sciplinary research group has con­
tinued itscoordinated investigation into the importance ofvascular eff­
ects inthe development oflate radiation damage .Quantitative biological
measurements inthe cerebral Cortex indicated that thegross vascular
abnormalities are preceded byasignificant increase invascularity .
These changes were notassociated with any marked ultrast ructural changes
andtherefore are considered asaprimary effect ofradiation .Theslight
increase inthetotal deoxyr ibonuclei cacid (DNA}content ofthebrain
over the same time period might indicate the increase invascularity tobe
anactive process .

-42-
Achelating agent was shown tobeeffective inremoving plutonium from the
Lung .Toxicity studies have shown that itismore toxic than other known
agents like DTPA but asingle injection may besufficient treatment .The
importance ofthis research isthat itcould lead toremoval ofintracel­
lular plutonium .The clearance ofplutonium nitrate from intramuscular
retention sites has been measured .
Am-241 ispresent inirradiated nuclear fuel .Realistic levels ofpermis­
sible exposure toairborne Am-241 can only beset ifadequate data onits
retention anddistribution within the body are available .The behaviour
ofAm-241 innine men with long-standing burdens after accidental inhala­
tion was investigated .This work was later extended toinclude studies
241 ._ .238ofthecomparative retention of AmO^and PuO^inthelungs ofa
subject more recently exposed .This study isofparticular importance ,
notonly because ofinterest inthelung clearance ofPuC^,butalso
because the detection ofthe 60-keV gamma rays from associated Am-241 is
frequently used for determining pulmonary deposits ofplutonium .
Data onthe various steps involved inthe production ofradiographs are
important for the optimization ofimage quality (i.e. diagnostic value ).
Such data were obtained byspect romet ricand dosimetric investigations
ofX-ray spectra and bydetermination ofthe spectral sensitivity of
the various image-recording systems .The influence ofdifferent posi­
tioning ,geometrical and exposure factors onthe organ doses wasesti­
mated .inorder toreduce the risk tothepatient .
t
Asignificant protection against late effect has been demonstrated inmice
treated with amixture ofchemical protectors and then exposed toX-rays .
Theprotection waseffective mainly against thymic lymphoma ,myeloid
leukemia ,sarcoma ,glomerulosclerosis and non-cancerous lung lesions .
Studies with ashort-lived alpha-emitting osteotropic Ra-224 have shown
that dose protraction byfractionated application results inahigher
incidence ofosteosarcoma (increasing with protraction time andtotal
dose ).

-43-
The highest osteosarcoma incidence ofmore than 90percent was observed
after amean skeletal dose totalling 1080 rad over aperiod of36weeks .
Other recent results have indicated that the bone tumour incidence after
incorporation ofashort-lived beta emitter (Lu-177 )can also beenhanced
ifthe dose isgiven infractions over anextended period rather than in
asingle amount .
Theprocess ofcancer induction byionizing radiation islikely tobe
influenced byviruses .Comparative studies ofvarious populations of
viruses inradiation-induced leukemia were performed and two lines of
splenotropic viruses have been isolated andcharacterized onaphysico­
chemical basis and identified asendogenous murine viruses .After in­
corporation ofRa-224 inmice,atransient expression ofC-type RNA
viruses immediately after thestart ofirradiation and asecond type
ofvirus expression during the time oftumour development (11to12
months after irradiation )have been observed inthe skeleton .
Synergistic effects between radiation andother environmental factors
will have tobetaken into account inrisk evaluation because they may
influence the biological radiation effects .Research wastherefore
recently begun onsynergistic effects .
One effect can bereported asexample :the development ofradiation -
induced osteosarcoma seems tobeaccelerated byapplication during the la­
tency period ofcyclophosphamide ,awidely used antimitotic agent .
"Epidemiological studies onpatients treated with Thorotrast orRa-224
are inprogress .Preliminary results were achieved regarding risk
coefficients for Ra-224 .Further statistical analysis will still be
necessary when all relevant data have been collected .

-t>L-
Genetic effects oflonizlr ?radiation
The objectives ,inthis sector ,aim essentially atthe analysis in
depth ofthe mechanisms governing the evolution ofinduced genetic
lesions inirradiated cells and atestablishing methods for
assessing the nature and frequencies ofcytogenetic damage inexposed
individuals .
–Research onsensitivity andrepair inexperimental species ,and
particularly bacteria ,yeast ,and Tetrahymena greatly contributed
toour understanding ofthe very complex ways through which the
irradiated cell copes with its lesions .Many ofthe enzymatic and
regulatory processes involved inrepair ,and among others "S.O.S. "
induction (anemergency syndrome which activates acomplex metabolic
pathway asaresponse tounrepaired DNA lesions and isprobably
involved both inmutagenesis and inmalignant transformation of
mammalian cells ),have been identified andthemajor pathways for
mutagenesis reconstituted .
-Onthe basis ofresults and clues obtained from research onmicro­
•organisms ,various biochemical techniques ,gene localization methods ,
screening tests and procedures forprenatal diagnosis have been
successfully developed forthe purpose ofdetecting andspecifying
WA repair defects inhumans and thereby establishing amodern
molecular approach tothe protection ofman against radiation .
Among many significant achievements ,the work carried out
allowed the isolation and characterization ofthe first human
mutant cells affected inpost-replication repair and contributed
tothe revelation ofthe existence ofthefirst human cell line abnormally
sensitive toionizing radiation .Various relationships ofradiation
sensitivity tosister chromatid exchange ,mutagenesis and predispo­
sition tocancer were established for oertain repair deficient lines ;
for the disease Xeroderma pigmentosum seven genetically different
forms were detected bymeans ofcomplementation analyses .Prom
research carried out onmonkeys ,the conclusion was reached that
adose of85O rad severely affects the primate ovary and evidence
was obtained which suggests the existence ofinducible repair
systems similar tothe S.O.S. repair mechanism found inbaoteria *

-45-
-Inthearea ofradio cytogenetics ,advances have been made with re­
gard toourunderstanding ofthemechanisms bywhich ionizing radia­
tion produces chromosome aberrations andofthedependence ofdose-
effect relations onradiation quality anadifferent sets ofexperimen­
talconditions 9Evidence hasbeen obtained ,through ananalysis
ofmutation inoidence at13X-chrornosome loci inDrosophila ,which
suggests proportionality between spontaneous andinduced mutation
rates ,,The dose-response relationship after X-irradiation hasbeen
established for anomalies inthe distribution ofsex-chromosome in
mammalian germ-cells «Successful approaches towards theanalysis
ofradiation effects onhuman meiosis were carried out intwo diffe­
rent directions ,through thedevelopment ofculture techniques and
bythree-dimensional reconstructions ofhuman nuclei from electron
micrographs •

-46-
Evaluation ofradiation risks
The perception and evaluation ofthe "radiation risk "have evolved tosuch
anextent that ithas become necessary toanalyse thoroughly all its aspects .
Work has been initiated inthis direction during the present programme ,with
the intention ofdetermining the optimal conditions for the implementation
ofnuclear energy .Therefore ,research was started onthe economic and social
consequences ofirradiation ,onthe assessment ofthe radiological detriment ,
i.e. the global deleterious effects for apopulation which could arise from
radiological exposure ,and onthe assessment ofthe individual and collective
doses inrespect ofnormal discharges ofnuclear power installations and in
the event ofanaccident .
-Values are now available concerning certain parameters tobeused for
the assessment ofthe collective dose .Inparticular ,along-distance
atmos-pheric dispersion model (MESOS model )has been developed which enables
the atmospheric contamination tobeevaluated onthe basis ofgaseous ef­
fluents atintermediate distances .Inaddition ,mapping ofthe geographical
distribution ofthe populations inthe nine Community countries has been
completed and isbased onaprogramme which provides data relating tothe
■population distribution for aunit grid mesh of10 km x10 km.Itshould
6enoted that this work,which wascarried outwith the aimofobtaining
anaccurate idea ofthe collective dose received bythe European popula­
tion ,can also beused for many other purposes .Moreover ,amodel ofthe
dispersal ofcontaminated products associated with the distribution and
marketing networks has been compiled for marine products inFrance .It
can beapplied tothe other Community countries .
-Asregards the attempts toassess the radiological detriment ,agreat
many studies ,both bibliographical and experimental are atvery advanced
stage ;however anew line ofthought emerges from the epidemiological
studies concerning individuals that have been irradiated either aspart
ofmedical treatment orasaconsequence oftheir occupational activity .
Inthelatter case,afeasibility study has been initiated onthe pre­
paration ofaEuropean irradiation register for workers directly assigned
totasks inwhich they are exposed toirradiation .
-Asregards the application ofmethods for evaluating the economic and
social consequences ofirradiation ,research has been directed towards the

-47-
determination ofLevels that are 'as low asreasonably achievable "
(ALARA ).Various methods ,bywhich radiation protection can beoptimized ,
have been indexed insuch away astohighlight their respective advantages
and disadvantages .First ofall,themulticriteria method was applied for
aselected objective (fuel cycle for aprogramme of100 1-GWe PWR reactors );
this method ,which requires acertain amount ofweighting inrelation to
the various criteria onthe basis ofwhich itisintended toassess the
options ,brings out thevariability ofthe choice ofoptions (inother
words the "ALARA "levels )inthe light ofthepriorities put forward by
the decision-makers .
*
 *
This selection ofresults from current projects inthe Radiation Protection
Programme clearly shows that definite results have been achieved inseveral
are'as ,which toalarge extent are already ofsignificance asregards
practical application .Simultaneously ,itcan beseen that there are many
interim results which require further intensive work ;itisprecisely these
which will beofconsiderable value inthe coming months and years .Part of
the research programme isonalong-term basis ,and results can only be
expected inamore distant future .Itisanticipated that this work will ,
inparticular ,provide basic data onthe radiation effects oflow and very
low doses ,which isanextremely important radiation protection problem .
Finally ,itshould bementioned ,that theresults ofresearch inthefield
ofradiation protection often have effects extending into other ,related
fields .The example ofbone-marrow transplantation istypical ofthe close
relations between radiation protection and medical therapy .This complex
method ,being deve loped for treatment ofsevere radiation accidents is
presently attempted for clinical treatment ofleukemia .

-48- APPENDIX II
PROPOSAL FOR ACOUNCIL DECISION ADOPTING AFIVE-YEAR RESEARCH AND TRAINING
PROGRAMME (1980-1984 )OFTHE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY INTHE FIELD
OFBIOLOGY -HEALTH PROTECTION (RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAMME )
The Council ofthe European Communities ,
Having regard totheTreaty establishing theEuropean Atomic Energy
Community ,and inparticular Article 7thereof ,
Having regard totheproposal from theCommission ,submitted after consulting
the Scientific and Technical Committee
Having regard totheopinion oftheEuropean Parliament ,
Having -regard totheopinion oftheEconomic andSocial Committee ,
Whereas itisinthe interest ofthe Community tosupplement ,broaden and
deepen the information necessary for anobjective evaluation ofthe effects
ofandthehazards arising from ionizing radiation inorder toguarantee an
adequate protection ofman and theenvironment ,
Whereas ascientific collaboration ,exchange ofinformation andmobility or
interchange ofscientists atCommunity level isanecessity inradiation
protection .
Whereas theprogress ofknowledge ,thenewconcepts inradiation protection
andtheneed formanagerial improvement call forthereplacement
ofthepresent 1976-1980 programme byanew1980-1984 programme ,with 1980
asanoverlapping year ;whereas Council Decision 76/309/Euratom^should
therefore berepealed ;
Whereas the research dealt with bythis Decision isanappropriate way of
pursuing such action ,and itistherefore inthecommon interest toadopt
amultiannual programme inthe field ofradiation protection ,
OJNoL74 ,20.3.76 ,p.32

-49-
HAS DECIDED ASFOLLOWS :
•>
Article 1
Aresearch andtraining programme inthefield ofradiation protection as
defined intheAnnex ishereby adopted for afive-year period beginning
1January 1980 .
Article 2
The total amount required fortheduration oftheprogramme isestimated
at68.2 million EUA,asdefined inArticle 10oftheFinancial Regulation
of21December 1977 ,andthestaff allocation at64persons .These figure
are merely intended asaguide .
Article 3
Decision 76/309/Euratom isrepealed with effect from 1January 1980 .
»
Done atBrussels . FortheCouncil
The President

-50-
ANNEX
RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAMME
(indirect action ) ■
The aim ofthe programme is,through aco-operative European effort ,to
increase knowledge inradiation protection while taking into account
particular problems andskills available inEurope .Itisdesigned to
gain adequate understanding and control ofthe radiation risks encountered ,
with two main objectives :
-improvement ofscientific and technical knowledge with aview of
updating basic standards for the health protection ofgeneral public
and workers against the hazards arising from ionizing radiation ;
-evaluation ofthebiological and ecological consequences ofnuclear
activities and ofthe use ofnuclear energy and ionizing radiation ,
inorder toensure anadequate protection ofman and ofthe environ­
ment whenever unacceptable harm could otherwise becaused tothem .
1The programme will consist ofsix major areas .They are :
#
-radiation dosimetry anditsinterpretation ,
-behaviour and control ofradionuclides inthe environment ,
-short-term somatic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-late somatic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-genetic effects ofionizing radiation ,
-evaluation ofradiation hazards .
Theactivities shall becarried out mainly under research contracts
andpartly bythe Commission 'sBiology Group atthe Ispra Establishment
ofthe Joint Research Center .

APPENDIX III
Opinion oftheAdvisory Committee onProgramme Management
"Radiation Protection "onaproposal ofthe Commission for
aResearch andTraining Programme (1980-1984 )forthe
European Atomic Energy Community inthefield ofBiology -
Health Protection (Radiation Protection Programme )
During itsmeetings of17October 1978 and13/14November 1978 ,the
Advisory Committee onProgramme Management "Radiation Protection "has
examined indetail theproposal ofthe Commission .for aResearch and
Training Programme (1980-1984 )fortheEuropean Atomic Energy Community
inthefield ofBiology-Health Protection (Radiation Protection Programme )
and inparticular the steps taken toassure coordination between national
and Community activities inthis field .
TheACPM stated unanimously that itisintheinterests oftheCommunity
tosupplement ,broaden anddeepen theinformation necessary foranobject­
iveevaluation oftheeffects ofandthehazards arising from ionizing
radiations inorder toguarantee anadequate protection ofmanandthe
environ ment .
»
TheACPM agreed unanimously that thescientific content oftheproposal
isbased onasound assessment ofthe current and foreseeable research
requirements oftheCommunity inradiation protection .
TheACPM proposed unanimously toagree onarenewed multi annual programme
asanappropriate wayofpursuing research inradiation protection .
J.W. HARMAN
Président ofthe ACPM

52- APPENDIX IV
Opinion ofthe
Scientific and Technical Committee of19January 1979
onthe
Proposal for a"BIOLOGY-HEALTH PROTECTION .
Radiation Protection "Programme for 1980-8 ^
The Scientific andTechnical Committee ,atthemeeting of
19January 1979 ♦examinated the draft proposal for a"Research
andTraining Programme (1980-198*0 fortheEuropean Atomic Energy
Community inthe field ofBiology-Health Protection (Radiation
Protection Programme )",tobesubmitted totheCouncil bythe
Commission .
The S.T.C. endorses the view already expressed bytheA.C.P.M.
namely that "itisinthe interest oftheCommunity tosupplement ,
'broaden and deepen the information necessary for anobjective
evaluation ofthe effects ofand the hazards arising from ionizing
radiations inorder toguarantee anadequate protection ofman and
the environment ".
The S.T.C. also noted that the scientific and technical information
arising from this programme will assist significantly inupdating
basic radiation protection standards .
The S.T.C. very strongly supports the proposal oftheCommission
toimplement anoverlapping programme for both scientific and
organizational reasons and expresses afavorable opinion onthe
proposed programme .

FINANCIAL RECORD
BIOLOGY AND HEALTH PROTECTION
RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAMME
1. RELEV ANT BUDGET HEADING
–Item *3352
–Title :Biology andhealth protection (radiation proteotion )
1.1 TITLE OPTHE PROJECT
Biology and health proteotion
Radiation protection
2. LEGAL BASIS
–Application ofArticle 1oftheTreaty establishing the EAEC and
Annex 1thereof ;
–Council Decision of
3.DESCRIPTION OPTHE PROJECT
3.1 Description
Continuation ofacoordinated research programme onradiation protection ,
implemented inparticular through shared –cost contracts .
3»2 Objective
Study and assessment ofthe dangers arising from ionizing radiation ,under
two main tasks :
–improvement ofscientific and technical knowledge ,inorder toupdate
the Basic Safety Standards for the protection ofthe health ofworkers
and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing
radiation ;
–assessment ofthe biological and ecological consequences ofnuclear
activities and ofthe use ofnuclear energy andionising radiation ,
inorder toprovide sufficient protection ofman and the environment
inthe event ofexposure tounacceptable hazards®
4.JUSTIFICATION OFTKE PROJECT
This project comes under three policies whose importance isatpresent
undisput eds
–social affairs
–the environment
–energy •
5.FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OPTHE PROJECT INRESPECT OF EXPENDITURE
(including staff expenditure andadministrative andtechnical operatingexpenditure )

;5*1 Overall coat for -thevhoio oVitsexpacsted duration I143210000EUA
5*2 Chargeable totheCommunity Budget s 68210000EUA
Caargeable tonational budgets i V
) 75000000 EUA
Cnargeable toother sectors atnational levels )
5.3 MJIil'IAjîNUAL TIMS.TA.BLJ3
APPiyiPRIATIO::S FORCQyXIT^W (0JA)
i
I
i1980
Old proq .1980
(New prog •1981 1982 1983I
1984 j1985
Staïf
Admin *and
tech »operati
Cont raote3.583.000
an 579.000
(5.848.000
1\15.000.000
23.797.000
615.CÛ0
16.0Û0.0Û0Α.025 .000
650.000
5.000.0004.267.000
689.000
2.900.0004.526.000
731.000
Total 4.162.000
(*5.84g .QOC '
VIO.OIO.OOCL1.15.000 .0C0 20.412.C00 9.675.000 7.856.000 I5.257.000J
ï V
Λ *58.200.000
5.3.1.2 APPROPItT ATION'SFORPAYT-EOT (EUA)
1980 I
Oldproq .1980
Ko»proç .1981 1982 .. 1983 1984 1985
Staff
Ariadii »and
tech.
operation
Contracts3.583.000
579.000
4.100.0003.797.000
615.000
6.900.000
(1.756.000 )
j4.025.000
650.000
9.150.0004.267.000
689.000
9.750.0004.526.000
731.000
10.400.000 2.700.000
Tot*I 8.262.000VT
11.312.000 j13.825.000 114.706.000 15.657.000 2.700.000
y
=58.200.000
Theamount of5848000 clfAistneCotouiunity 'sfinancial contribution to
thecontracts in19B0 ,covered byprevious oontmi ttsontB which areetill
outstanding andappropriations forcommitment remaining from theold
programme .
2Theappropriations for coraraitment amounting to15000000EUAwill enable
contracts with anearliest starting date of1January 1981 tobeprepared ,
committed andsigned in19&).
3This figure represunt6appropriations forpayment from theoldprogramme .

-3-
11312 000 HJAinappropriations for payment from the new programme
+1756000 EGAinappropriations for payment from the old programme
13068 000 EUA
*4045 000 EUA ofwhich tobecovered byappropriations for the old
programme which have not yet been included inthe budget and 117 000 EUA
ofwhich tobecovered byremaining appropriations for commitment#
5»3»2 Mothod ofcalculation
Inestimating expenditure fortheyears 198l-84 »arate ofincrease of6%
has been assumed .
(a)Staff expenditure
Staffing needs have been calculated onthe baBis ofastaff of64
for the programme :41Category Astaff ;
12Category Bstaff ;
10Category Cstaff ;
1Category Dstaff .
Thetotal staff of64and the breakdown into grades corresponds to
the staffing situation inthe 1979 Budget .
(b)Administrative and/ortechnical operating expenditure
This heading covers expenditure connected with missions and the
organization ofmeetings ,the technical operating expenditure ofthe
Ispra Biology Group and the use ofthe scientific and technical
support ofthe JRC*s Ispra Establishment .
(e)Contract expenditure
Since the type ofsubject and the contractors *qualifications vary ,it
isnot possible toestablish auniform method ofcalculation .However ,
anaverage contribution ofAOfotothecontractual partners *total
costs has been taken asabasis for the estimate® Atall events the
Advisory Committee onProgramme fenagaraent will beconsulted when the
amount ofCommunity participation isfinally determinedo
6.FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS ONTHE STAFF AND FORMAL OPERATING APPROPRIATIONS
(Seeunder paragraph 5above )
7.FINANCING
Appropriations tobeentered under future budgets «
8.FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OFTHE PROJECT IN RESPECT OF REVENUE
–Community tax onofficials *salaries o
Officials *contributions tothe pension scheme .
9.TYPE OF COÎfPROL TO BEAPPLIED
–Scientific control bythe Associations Management Committee ,theAdvisory Committee onProgramme Manage merit (ACPI' !)and theresponsibleofficials in DGXII .
•*Admini strative^cont rol bythe Directorate~General forFinancial Control
with regard totheimplementation oftheBudget andtocheck that the
expenditure isinorder andconforms totherelevant provisions ;and
bythe Contracts Department of DGXII.