EN Official Journal of the European Union L 42/1

Only the original UN/ECE texts have legal effect under international public law. The status and date of entry into force of this Regulation should be checked in the latest version of the UN/ECE status document TRANS/WP.29/343, available at:

http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29fdocstts.html

Regulation No 43 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of safety glazing materials and their installation on vehicles

Incorporating all valid text up to:

Supplement 2 to the 01 series of amendments — Date of entry into force: 3 November 2013

CONTENTS

REGULATION

1. Scope

2. Definitions

3. Application for approval

4. Markings

5. Approval

6. General requirements

7. Particular requirements

8. Tests

9. Modification or extension of approval of a type of safety glazing material

10. Conformity of production

11. Penalties for non-conformity of production

12. Transitional provisions

13. Production definitively discontinued

14. Names and addresses of Technical Services responsible for conducting approval tests, and of Type Approval Authorities

ANNEXES

1 Communication

1A Communication

2 Arrangements of approval marks for components

2A Arrangements of approval marks for vehicles

3 General test conditions

4 Toughened-glass windscreens

5 Uniformly-toughened glass panes

6 Ordinary laminated-glass windscreens

7 Laminated-glass panes

8 Treated laminated-glass windscreens

9 Safety glazing faced with plastics material (on the inside)

10 Glass-plastics windscreens

11 Glass-plastics panes

12 Multiple-glazed units

13 Grouping of windscreens for approval testing

14 Rigid plastic panes

15 Flexible plastic panes

16 Rigid plastic multiple-glazed units

17 Measurement of the height of segment and position of the points of impact

18 Procedure for determining test areas on windscreens of vehicles in relation to the ‘V’ points

19 Procedure for determining the ‘H’ point and the actual torso angle for seating positions in motor vehicles

20 Checks on conformity of production

21 Provisions regarding the installation of safety glazing on vehicles

1. SCOPE

This Regulation applies to:

(a) Safety glazing materials intended for installation as windscreens or other panes, or as partitioning, on vehicles of category L with bodywork, M, N, O, and T (1);

(b) Vehicles of category M, N and O with regard to the installation of these materials;

In both cases, to the exclusion of glazing for lighting and light-signalling devices and instrument panels, of special bullet-proof glazing and of double-windows.

2. DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Regulation:

2.1. ‘Toughened-glass’ means glazing consisting of a single layer of glass which has been subjected to special treatment to increase its mechanical strength and to condition its fragmentation after shattering.

2.2. ‘Laminated-glass’ means glazing consisting of two or more layers of glass held together by one or more interlayer of plastics material; it may be: 2.2.1. ‘Ordinary laminated glass’, when none of the layers of glass of which it is composed has been treated; or 2.2.2. ‘Treated laminated glass’, when at least one of the layers of glass, of which it is composed, has been specially treated to increase its mechanical strength and to condition its fragmentation after shattering;

2.3. ‘Interlayer’ means any material designed to be used to hold together the component layers of laminated-glass.

2.4. ‘Safety-glass faced with plastics material’ means glazing as defined in paragraphs 2.1 or 2.2 with a layer of plastics material on its inner face.

2.5. ‘Glass-plastics’ means glazing consisting of any glazing material that comprises one layer of glass and one or more layers of plastic in which a plastic surface of the product faces the inner side.

2.6. ‘Plastic glazing’ is a glazing material that contains as an essential ingredient one or more organic polymeric substances of large molecular weight, is solid in its finished state and, at some stage in its manufacture of processing into finished articles, can be shaped by flow. 2.6.1. ‘Rigid plastic glazing’ means a plastic glazing material which does not deflect vertically more than 50 mm in the flexibility test (Annex 3, paragraph 12). 2.6.2. ‘Flexible plastic glazing’ means a plastic glazing material which deflects vertically more than 50 mm in the flexibility test (Annex 3, paragraph 12).

2.7. ‘Double window’ means an assembly of two panes separately installed within the same opening of the vehicle.

2.8. ‘Multiple-glazed unit’ means an assembly of at least two parallel panes permanently assembled in manufacture and separated by one or more gap(s). 2.8.1. ‘Symmetrical multiple-glazed unit’ means a multiple-glazed unit where all component panes are identical (e.g. all uniform toughened glass). 2.8.2. ‘Asymmetrical multiple-glazed unit’ means a multiple-glazed unit other than a symmetrical multiple-glazed unit).

2.9. ‘Bullet resistant glazing’ or ‘Bullet-proof glazing’, means glazing constructed so as to be resistant to firearms.

2.10. ‘Principal characteristic’ means a characteristic that appreciably modifies the optical and/or mechanical properties of a safety glazing material in a way not without significance to the function which it is intended to perform in a vehicle. The term also covers the trade names or marks as specified by the holder of the approval.

2.11. ‘Secondary characteristic’ means a characteristic capable of modifying the optical and/or mechanical properties of a safety glazing material in a way which is of significance to the function which it is intended to perform in a vehicle. The extent of such modification is assessed in relation to the indices of difficulty.

2.12. The term ‘indices of difficulty’ covers a two-stage grading system applying to the variations observed in practice in each secondary characteristic. A change from index ‘1’ to index ‘2’ indicates the need for additional tests.

2.13. ‘Windscreen’ means the glazing in front of the driver through which the driver views the road ahead.

2.14. ‘Developed area of windscreen’ means the minimum rectangular area of glass from which a windscreen can be manufactured.

2.15. ‘Inclination angle of a windscreen’ means the angle included between on the one hand a vertical line and on the other hand a straight line passing through the top and bottom edges of the windscreen, both lines being contained in a vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of the vehicle; 2.15.1. Measurement of the inclination angle shall be performed on a vehicle standing on level ground, and in the case of a passenger-transport vehicle the vehicle shall be in running order, shall be fully charged with fuel, coolant and lubricant, and shall be equipped with tools and the spare wheel or wheels (if they are provided as standard equipment by the vehicle manufacturer); allowance shall be made for the mass of the driver, and also, in the case of a passenger-transport vehicle, for that of one front-seat passenger, the mass of the driver and that of the passenger each being deemed to be 75 ± 1 kg; 2.15.2. Vehicles equipped with hydropneumatic, hydraulic or pneumatic suspension or with a device for automatic adjustment of ground clearance according to load shall be tested in the normal running conditions specified by the manufacturer.

2.16. ‘Group of windscreens’ means a group comprising windscreens of differing sizes and shapes subjected to an examination of their mechanical properties, their mode of fragmentation and their behaviour in environmental-aggression resistance tests. 2.16.1. ‘Flat windscreen’ means a windscreen exhibiting no normal curvature resulting in a height of segment greater than 10 mm per linear meter; 2.16.2. ‘Curved windscreen’ means a windscreen exhibiting a normal curvature resulting in a height of segment greater than 10 mm per linear meter.

2.17. ‘Pane’ means any single piece of glazing other than a windscreen; 2.17.1. ‘Curved pane’ means a pane with a height of segment ‘h’ greater than 10 mm per linear meter; 2.17.2. ‘Flat pane’ means a pane with a height of segment equal to or less than 10 mm per linear meter.

2.18. ‘Height of segment “h” ’ means the maximum distance, measured at right angles approximately to the glazing, separating the inner surface of the glazing from a plane passing through the ends of the glazing (see Annex 17, Figure 1).

2.19. ‘Type of safety glazing material’ means a glazing as defined in paragraphs 2.1 to 2.7 not exhibiting any essential differences, with respect, in particular, to the principal and secondary characteristics defined in Annexes 4 to 12 and 14 to 16; 2.19.1. Although a change in the principal characteristics implies that the product is of a new type, it is recognised that in certain cases a change in shape and dimension does not necessarily require a complete set of tests to be carried out. For certain of the tests prescribed in the individual annexes, glazings may be grouped if it is evident that they have similar principal characteristics; 2.19.2. Types of glazing exhibiting differences only as regards their secondary characteristics may be deemed to be of the same type. Certain tests may however be carried out on samples of such glazings if the performance of those tests is explicitly stipulated in the test condition;

2.20. ‘Nominal thickness’: means the manufacturer's design thickness with a tolerance of ± (n × 0,2 mm) where n equals the number of glass layers in the glazing.

2.21. ‘Curvature “r” ’ means the approximate value of the smallest radius of arc of the windscreen as measured in the most curved area.

2.22. ‘HIC (Head Injury Criteria)’ value means a value for the characteristics of skull-brain injury arising from the deceleration forces which result from a blunt perpendicular impact with the glazing.

2.23. ‘Safety glazing material requisite for driver visibility’ 2.23.1. ‘Safety glazing material requisite for the driver’s forward field of vision’ means all the glazing situated in front of a plane passing through the driver's R point and perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle through which the driver can view the road when driving or manoeuvring the vehicle. 2.23.2. ‘Safety glazing material requisite for the driver’s rearward field of vision’ means all glazing situated behind a plane passing through the driver's R point and perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle through which the driver can view the road when driving or manoeuvring the vehicle.

2.24. ‘Opaque obscuration’ means any area of the glazing preventing light transmission, including any screen-printed area, whether solid or dot-printed, but excluding any shade band.

2.25. ‘Shade band’ means any area of the glazing with a reduced light transmittance, excluding any opaque obscuration.

2.26. ‘Transparent area of the windscreen’ means the glazing area contained within the design glass outline, excluding any allowed opaque obscuration (see Annex 18), but including any shade band.

2.27. ‘Design glass outline’ means the design maximum unobstructed vehicle aperture designated to be glazed, before the glazing is installed or mounted, including all trims, but excluding obscuration bands.

2.28. ‘Optical distortion’ means an optical defect in a windscreen that changes the appearance of an object viewed through the windscreen.

2.29. ‘Secondary image’ means a spurious or ghost image, in addition to the bright primary image, usually seen at night when the object being viewed is very bright in relation to its surroundings, for example, the headlights of an approaching vehicle.

2.30. ‘Secondary image separation’ means the angular distance between the position of the primary and secondary images.

2.31. ‘Regular light transmittance’ means light transmittance measured perpendicularly to the glazing.

2.32. ‘Design seat-back angle’ means the angle between the vertical line through the R point and the torso line defined by the vehicle manufacturer.

2.33. ‘Sample’ means a specially prepared piece of glazing representative of a finished product or a piece cut from a finished product.

2.34. ‘Test piece’ means a sample or a finished product of glazing.

2.35. ‘Type of vehicle’, as regards the installation of safety glazing, means vehicles belonging to the same category which do not differ in at least the following essential respects: (a) The manufacturer; (b) The manufacturer's type designation; (c) Essential aspects of construction and design.

2.36. ‘Central driving position’ is defined when Y co-ordinate of the R point is in Y0 position within + or – 60 mm.

3. APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL

3.1. Approval for a type of glazing

The application for approval of a type of glazing shall be submitted by the manufacturer or by his duly accredited representative in the country where the application is made.

3.2. For each type of glazing the application shall be accompanied by the undermentioned documents in triplicate and by the following particulars:

3.2.1. A technical description comprising all principal and secondary characteristics, and

3.2.1.1. In the case of glazings other than windscreens, diagrams in a format not exceeding A4 or folded to that format showing: The maximum area, The smallest angle between two adjacent sides of the piece, The greatest height of segment, where applicable.

3.2.1.2. In the case of windscreens, 3.2.1.2.1. A list of the models of windscreens for which approval is sought, specifying the name of the vehicle manufacturer and the type and category of the vehicle. 3.2.1.2.2. Drawings on a scale 1:1 for M1 category and 1:1 or 1:10 for all other categories, and diagrams of the windscreen and its positioning in the vehicle in sufficient detail to show: 3.2.1.2.2.1. The position of the windscreen relative to the R point of the driver’s seat, where applicable, 3.2.1.2.2.2. The inclination angle of the windscreen, 3.2.1.2.2.3. The inclination angle of the seat-back, 3.2.1.2.2.4. The position and size of the zones in which the optical qualities are verified and, where appropriate, the area subjected to differential toughening, 3.2.1.2.2.5. The developed area of the windscreen, 3.2.1.2.2.6. The maximum height of segment of the windscreen, 3.2.1.2.2.7. The minimum radius curvature of the windscreen (for windscreen-grouping purposes only).

3.2.1.3. In the case of multiple-glazed units, diagrams in a format not exceeding A4 or folded to that format, showing, in addition to the information referred to in paragraph 3.2.1.1: The type of each component pane, The type of sealing, The nominal width of the gap between the two panes.

3.3. In addition, the applicant for approval shall submit a sufficient number of test pieces and samples of the finished pieces of the models considered, the number being if necessary determined by agreement with the technical service responsible for conducting the tests.

3.4. Approval for a type of vehicle

The application for approval of a vehicle type with regard to the installation of its safety glazing shall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or by his duly accredited representative.

3.5. It shall be accompanied by the under mentioned documents in triplicate and the following particulars:

3.5.1. Drawings of the vehicle on an appropriate scale showing:

3.5.1.1. The position of the windscreen relative to the R point of the vehicle,

3.5.1.2. The inclination angle of the windscreen,

3.5.1.3. The inclination angle of the seat back;

3.5.2. Technical details concerning the windscreen and all other glazings, in particular:

3.5.2.1. The materials used,

3.5.2.2. Approval numbers,

3.5.2.3. Any additional markings, as described in paragraph 5.5.

3.6. A vehicle representative of the vehicle type to be approved shall be submitted to the technical service responsible for conducting the approval tests.

4. MARKINGS

4.1. Every piece of safety glazing material, including the samples and test pieces submitted for approval, shall bear a trade name or mark of the manufacturer as listed under item 3 of Annex 1. Manufactured parts shall bear the UN/ECE Regulation No 43 number allocated to the prime manufacturer. The marking shall be clearly legible and indelible.

5. APPROVAL

5.1. Approval for a type of glazing

If the samples submitted for approval meet the requirements of paragraphs 6 to 8 of this Regulation, approval of the pertinent type of safety glazing material shall be granted.

5.2. An approval number shall be assigned to each type as defined in Annexes 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16 or, in the case of windscreens, to each group approved. Its first two digits (at present 01 for the Regulation in its original form) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval. The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to another type or group of safety glazing material.

5.3. Notice of approval or extension of approval or refusal of approval of a type of safety glazing material pursuant to this Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation, by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 1 — and its appendices — to this Regulation.

5.3.1. In the case of windscreens, the notice of approval shall be accompanied by a document listing every windscreen model in the approved group, together with the characteristics of the group pursuant to Annex 1, Appendix 8.

5.4. There shall be affixed conspicuously to every piece of glazing and multiple-glazed unit conforming to a type approved under this Regulation, in addition to the marking prescribed in paragraph 4.1, an international approval mark. Any specific approval mark assigned to each pane forming a multiple-glazed unit may also be affixed. This approval mark shall consist of:

5.4.1. A circle surrounding the letter ‘E’ followed by the distinguishing number of the country which has granted approval (2);

5.4.2. The number of this Regulation, followed by the letter ‘R’, a dash and the approval number to the right of the circle prescribed in paragraph 5.4.1.

5.5. The following additional symbols shall be affixed near the above approval mark:

5.5.1. In the case of a windscreen:

I for toughened glass

II for ordinary laminated glass

III for treated laminated glass

IV for glass-plastics glazing.

5.5.2. V in the case of safety glazing having a regular light transmittance less than 70 percent.

5.5.3. VI in the case of multiple-glazed unit

5.5.4. VII in the case of uniformly-toughened glass glazing which can be used as windscreens for slow-moving vehicles which, by construction, cannot exceed 40 km/h.

5.5.5. VIII In the case of rigid plastic glazing. In addition the appropriate application will be signified by: A for forward facing panes B for side, rear and roof glazings C in locations where there is little or no chance of head impact

In addition, for plastic glazing which has been submitted to the abrasion resistance tests described in Annex 3, paragraph 4, the following markings shall also be applied as appropriate:

/L for glazing with a light scatter not exceeding 2 per cent after 1 000 cycles on the outer surface and 4 per cent after 100 cycles on the inner surface (see Annexes 14 and 16, paragraph 6.1.3.1)

/M for glazing with a light scatter not exceeding 10 per cent after 500 cycles on the outer surface and 4 per cent after 100 cycles on the inner surface (see Annexes 14 and 16, paragraph 6.1.3.2)

5.5.6. IX in the case of flexible-plastic glazing

5.5.7. X in the case of a rigid plastic multiple-glazed unit. In addition, the appropriate application will be signified by:

/A for forward facing panes

/B for side, rear and roof glazings

/C in locations where there is little or no chance of head impact

For plastic glazing which has been submitted to the abrasion resistance test described in Annex 3, paragraph 4, the following markings shall also be applied as appropriate:

/L for glazing with a light scatter not exceeding 2 per cent after 1 000 cycles on the outer surface and 4 per cent after 100 cycles on the inner surface (see Annex 16, paragraph 6.1.3.1.)

/M for glazing with a light scatter not exceeding 10 per cent after 500 cycles on the outer surface and 4 per cent after 100 cycles on the inner surface (see Annex 16, paragraph 6.1.3.2.).

5.5.8. XI in the case of a laminated-glass panes.

5.5.9. XII in the case of glass-plastic panes

5.5.10. /P in the case of a safety glazing made of glass, with a layer of plastics material on its inner face

5.6. The approval mark and symbol shall be clearly legible and be indelible. Additional symbols shall be combined within the approval marking.

5.7. Annex 2 to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks.

5.8. Approval for a type of vehicle

If the vehicle submitted for approval pursuant to this Regulation meets the requirements of Annex 21 to this Regulation, approval of that vehicle type shall be granted.

5.9. An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved. Its first two digits (at present 01 for the Regulation in its original form) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval. The same Contracting Party shall not assign the same number to another vehicle type as defined in paragraph 2.35 above.

5.10. Notice of approval or of extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or production definitely discontinued of a vehicle type pursuant to this Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the 1958 Agreement which apply this Regulation by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 1A to this Regulation.

5.11. There shall be affixed, conspicuously and in a readily accessible place specified on the approval form, to every vehicle conforming to a vehicle type approved under this Regulation an international approval mark consisting of:

5.11.1. A circle surrounding the letter ‘E’ followed by the distinguishing number of the country which has granted approval (3);

5.11.2. The number of this Regulation, followed by the letter R, a dash and the approval number to the right of the circle prescribed in paragraph 5.11.1.

5.12. If the vehicle conforms to a vehicle type approved, under one or more other Regulations annexed to the Agreement, in the country which has granted approval under this Regulation, the symbol prescribed in paragraph 5.11.1 need not be repeated; in such a case the additional numbers and symbols of all the Regulations under which approval has been granted in the country which has granted approval under this Regulation shall be placed in vertical columns to the right of the symbol prescribed in paragraph 5.11.1.

5.13. The approval mark shall be clearly legible and be indelible.

5.14. The approval mark shall be placed close to or on the vehicle data plate affixed by the manufacturer.

5.15. Annex 2A to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks.

6. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

6.1. All glazing materials, including glazing material for the manufacture of windscreens, shall be such that, in the event of shattering, the danger of bodily injury is reduced as far as possible. The glazing material shall be sufficiently resistant to the incidents likely to occur in normal traffic, and to atmospheric and temperature conditions, chemical action, combustion and abrasion.

6.2. Safety glazing materials shall in addition be sufficiently transparent, shall not cause any noticeable distortions of objects as seen through the windscreen, and shall not give rise to any confusion between the colours used in road-traffic signs and signals. In the event of the windscreen's shattering, the driver shall still be able to see the road clearly enough to be able to brake and stop his vehicle safely.

7. PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS

All types of safety glazing shall, depending on the category to which they belong, comply with the following particular requirements:

7.1. As regards toughened-glass windscreens, the requirements contained in Annex 4;

7.2. As regards uniformly-toughened glass panes, the requirements contained in Annex 5;

7.3. As regards ordinary laminated-glass windscreens, the requirements contained in Annex 6;

7.4. As regards ordinary laminated-glass panes, the requirements contained in Annex 7;

7.5. As regards treated laminated-glass windscreens, the requirements contained in Annex 8;

7.6. As regards safety glazing faced with plastics material, in addition to the relevant requirements listed above, the requirements contained in Annex 9;

7.7. As regards glass-plastics windscreens, the requirements contained in Annex 10;

7.8. As regards glass-plastics panes, the requirements contained in Annex 11;

7.9. As regards multiple-glazed units, the requirements contained in Annex 12;

7.10. As regards rigid plastic panes, the requirements contained in Annex 14;

7.11. As regards flexible plastic panes, the requirements contained in Annex 15;

7.12. As regards rigid plastic multiple-glazed units, the requirements contained in Annex 16.

8. TESTS

8.1. The following tests are prescribed in this Regulation:

8.1.1. Fragmentation test

The purpose of this test is:

8.1.1.1. To verify that the fragments and splinters produced by fracture of the glass pane are such as to minimise the risk of injury, and

8.1.1.2. In the case of windscreens, to check residual visibility after shattering.

8.1.2. Mechanical strength test

8.1.2.1. Ball-impact test

There are two forms of tests, one using a 227 g ball and one using a 2 260 g ball.

8.1.2.1.1. 227 g ball test: The purpose of this test is to assess the adhesion of the interlayer of laminated glass and the mechanical strength of uniformly-toughened glass and plastic glazings.

8.1.2.1.2. 2 260 g ball test: The purpose of this test is to assess ball-penetration resistance of laminated glass.

8.1.2.2. Headform test

The purpose of this test is to verify the compliance of glazing with the requirements relating to the limitation of injury in the event of impact of the head against the windscreen, laminated glass and glazing of glass-plastic and rigid plastic other than windscreens, together with the multiple-glazed units used in the side windows.

8.1.3. Test of resistance to the environment

8.1.3.1. Test of resistance to abrasion

The purpose of this test is to determine whether the resistance of a safety glazing to abrasion exceeds a specified value.

8.1.3.2. Test of resistance to high temperature

The purpose of this test is to verify that no bubbles or other defects occur in the interlayer in laminated glass or glass-plastics glazing when exposed to high temperatures over an extended period of time.

8.1.3.3. Resistance-to-radiation test

The purpose of this test is to determine whether the light transmittance of laminated-glass panes, glass-plastics glazing or glass glazing faced with plastics material when exposed to radiation over an extended period of time is significantly reduced thereby or whether the glazing is significantly discoloured.

8.1.3.4. Resistance-to-humidity test

The purpose of this test is to determine whether laminated-glass panes, glass-plastic panes, glass glazing faced with plastic material and rigid plastic material will withstand, without significant deterioration, the effects of prolonged exposure to atmospheric humidity.

8.1.3.5. Resistance-to-temperature-changes test

The purpose of this test is to check that plastics material(s) used in safety glazing above will withstand the effects of prolonged exposure to extremes of temperature without significant deterioration.

8.1.3.6. Resistance to simulated weathering test

The purpose of this test is to verify that plastic safety glazing is resistant to simulated weathering conditions.

8.1.3.7. Cross cut test

The purpose of this test is to examine whether any abrasive resistant coating of a rigid plastic glazing has sufficient adherence.

8.1.4. Optical qualities

8.1.4.1. Light-transmission test

The purpose of this test is to determine whether the regular transmittance of safety glazing exceeds a specified value.

8.1.4.2. Optical-distortion test

The purpose of this test is to verify that the distortion of objects as seen through the windscreen is not of such extent as to be likely to confuse the driver.

8.1.4.3. Secondary-image-separation test

The purpose of this test is to verify that the angular separation of the secondary image from the primary image does not exceed a specified value.

8.1.5. Burning-behaviour (fire-resistance) test

The purpose of this test is to verify that a safety glazing material has a sufficiently low burn rate.

8.1.6. Test of resistance to chemicals

The purpose of this test is to determine whether the safety glazing material will withstand the effects of exposure to chemicals likely to be normally present or used within the vehicle (e.g. cleaning compounds) without significant deterioration.

8.1.7. Flexibility and fold test

The purpose of this test is to determine whether a plastic glazing material falls within the rigid or flexible category.

8.2. Tests prescribed

8.2.1. Safety glazing materials shall be subjected to the tests listed in the following tables: 8.2.1.1 and 8.2.1.2.

8.2.1.1. Safety glazing shall be subjected to the tests listed in the following table:

Tests Windscreen Glasspanes Toughened glass Ordinary laminated glass Treated laminated glass Glass-plastics Toughened glass Laminated glass Glass-plastics I I-P II II-P III III-P IV Fragmentation: A4/2 A4/2 — — A8/4 A8/4 — A5/2 — — Mechanical strength — 227 g ball — — A6/4.3 A6/4.3 A6/4.3 A6/4.3 A6/4.3 A5/3.1 A7/3 A11/3 — 2 260 g ball — — A6/4.2 A6/4.2 A6/4.2 A6/4.2 A6/4.2 — — — Headform test (4) A4/3 A4/3 A6/3 A6/3 A6/3 A6/3 A10/3 — — — Abrasion Outer face — — A6/5.1 A6/5.1 A6/5.1 A6/5.1 A6/5.1 — A6/5.1 A6/5.1 Inner face — A9/2 — A9/2 — A9/2 A9/2 A9/2 (5) A9/2 (5) A9/2 High temperature — — A3/5 A3/5 A3/5 A3/5 A3/5 — A3/5 A3/5 Radiation — A3/6 A3/6 A3/6 A3/6 A3/6 A3/6 — A3/6 A3/6 Humidity — A3/7 A3/7 A3/7 A3/7 A3/7 A3/7 A3/7 (5) A3/7 A3/7 Light transmission A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 A3/9.1 Optical distortion A3/9.2 A3/9.2 A3/9.2 A3/9.2 A3/9.2 A3/9.2 A3/9.2 A3/9.2 (6) — — Secondary image A3/9.3 A3/9.3 A3/9.3 A3/9.3 A3/9.3 A3/9.3 A3/9.3 A3/9.3 (6) — — Resistance to temperature changes — A3/8 — A3/8 — A3/8 A3/8 A3/8 (5) A3/8 (5) A3/8 Fire resistance — A3/10 — A3/10 — A3/10 A3/10 A3/10 (5) A3/10 (5) A3/10 Resistance to chemicals — A3/11.2.1 — A3/11.2.1 — A3/11.2.1 A3/11.2.1 A3/11.2.1 (5) A3/11.2.1 (5) A3/11.2.1

8.2.1.2. Plastic glazing materials shall be subjected to the tests listed in the following table:

Plastics other than windscreens Rigid plastics Multiple glazing Test Motorised vehicles Trailers and unoccupied vehicles Motorised vehicles Trailers and unoccupied vehicles Flexible plastics Flexibility A3/12 A3/12 A3/12 A3/12 A3/12 227 g ball A14/5 A14/5 A16/5 A16/5 A15/4 Headform (7) A14/4 — A16/4 — — Light transmission (8) A3/9.1 — A3/9.1 — A3/9.1 Fire resistance A3/10 A3/10 A3/10 A3/10 A3/10 Chemical resistance A3/11 A3/11 A3/11 A3/11 A3/11.2.1 Abrasion A14/6.1 — A16/6.1 — — Weathering A3/6.4 A3/6.4 A3/6.4 A3/6.4 A3/6.4 Humidity A14/6.4 A14/6.4 A16/6.4 A16/6.4 — Cross-cut (8) A3/13 — A3/13 — —

8.2.2. A safety glazing material shall be approved if it meets all the requirements prescribed in the relevant provisions referred to in the paragraphs 8.2.1.1 and 8.2.1.2.

9. MODIFICATION OR EXTENSION OF APPROVAL OF A TYPE OF SAFETY GLAZING MATERIAL

9.1. Every modification of a type of safety glazing material, or in the case of windscreens every addition of a windscreen to a group, shall be notified to the Type Approval Authority which approved the type of safety glazing material. The department may then either:

9.1.1. Consider that the modifications made are unlikely to have an appreciable adverse effect and, in the case of windscreens, that the new type comes within the approved group of windscreens, and that in any case the safety glazing material still complies with the requirements; or

9.1.2. Require a further test report from the technical service responsible for conducting the tests.

9.2. Communication

9.2.1. Confirmation or refusal of approval (or extension of approval) shall be communicated by the procedure specified in paragraph 5.3 above to the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation.

9.2.2. The competent authority which has granted an extension of approval shall enter a serial number on each communication of extension.

10. CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

10.1. The conformity of production procedures shall comply with those set out in the Agreement, Appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2), with the following requirements:

10.2. Special provisions

The checks referred to in paragraph 2.2 of Appendix 2 of the Agreement shall include compliance with the requirements of Annex 20 to this Regulation.

10.3. The normal frequency of inspection as referred to in paragraph 2.4 of Appendix 2 of the Agreement shall be one per year.

11. PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

11.1. The approval granted in respect of a type of safety glazing material pursuant to this Regulation may be withdrawn if the requirement laid down in paragraph 10.1 above is not complied with.

11.2. If a Party to the Agreement which applies this Regulation withdraws an approval it had previously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties applying this Regulation thereof by means of a copy of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.

12. TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

12.1. As from the official date of entry into force of Supplement 12 to this Regulation, no Contracting Party applying this Regulation shall refuse to grant approval under this Regulation as amended by Supplement 12 to the Regulation in its original form.

12.2. As from 24 months after the date of entry into force, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall grant approvals only if the type of component or separate unit to be approved meets the requirements of Supplement 12 to the Regulation.

12.3. As from 24 months after the date of entry into force of Supplement 12, the Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to recognise the approval of safety glazing not bearing the symbols prescribed in paragraph 5.5 of this Regulation.

12.4. As from the official date of entry into force of the 01 series of amendments, no Contracting Party applying this Regulation shall refuse to grant approval under this Regulation as amended by the 01 series of amendments.

12.5. As from 24 months after the date of entry into force, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall grant approvals only if the type of safety glazing material to be approved meets the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 01 series of amendments.

12.6. Even after the entry into force of the 01 series of amendments to this Regulation, approvals of safety glazing materials to the 00 series of amendments to this Regulation shall remain valid and Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall continue to accept them, and Contracting Parties shall not refuse to grant extensions of approvals to the 00 series of amendments to this Regulation.

12.7. Even after the date of entry into force of the 01 series of amendments, approvals of a vehicle type to the 00 series of amendments to this Regulation shall remain valid and Contracting Parties applying the Regulation shall continue to accept them, and Contracting Parties shall not refuse to grant extensions of approvals to the 00 series of amendments to this Regulation.

13. PRODUCTION DEFINITIVELY DISCONTINUED

If the holder of the approval completely ceases to manufacture a type of safety glazing material approved in accordance with this Regulation, he shall so inform the authority which granted the approval. Upon receiving the relevant communication, that authority shall inform thereof the other Parties to the Agreement which apply this Regulation by means of a copy of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.

14. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICAL SERVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTING APPROVAL TESTS, AND OF TYPE APPROVAL AUTHORITIES

The Parties to the Agreement which apply this Regulation shall communicate to the United Nations Secretariat the names and addresses of the technical services responsible for conducting approval tests and of the Type Approval Authorities which grant approval and to which forms certifying approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval, issued in other countries, are to be sent.

The Technical Services responsible for conducting approval tests shall comply with the harmonised standards concerning the operation of testing laboratories (ISO/CEI Guide 25). In addition they should be designated by the Type Approval Authority for which they carry out the approval tests.

(1) As defined in the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3), document ECE/TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.2, para. 2

(2) The distinguishing numbers of the Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement are reproduced in Annex 3 to Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3), document ECE/TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.2/Amend.1.

(3) See footnote 2.

(4) Furthermore this test shall be carried out on multiple-glazed units pursuant to Annex 12, paragraph 3 (A12/3).

(5) If coated on the inner side with plastics material.

(6) This test shall only be carried out on uniformly-toughened glass-panes to be used as windscreens of slow-moving vehicles which, by construction, cannot exceed 40 km/h.

Note: A reference such as A4/3 in the table indicates the Annex 4 and paragraph 3 of that annex, where the relevant test is described and the acceptance requirements are specified.

(7) Test requirements are dependent on the location of the glazing within the vehicle.

(8) Applies only if the glazing is to be used in a location requisite for driving visibility.

ANNEX 1 COMMUNICATION (Maximum format: A4 (210 x 297 mm)) Appendix 1 Toughened-glass windscreens (Principal and secondary characteristics as defined in Annex 4 or Annex 9 to Regulation No 43) Appendix 2 Uniformly-toughened glass panes (Principal and secondary characteristics as defined in Annex 5 or Annex 9 to Regulation No 43) Appendix 3 Laminated-glass windscreens (Principal and secondary characteristics as defined in Annexes 6, 8 or 9 to Regulation No 43) Appendix 4 Laminated-glass panes (Principal and secondary characteristics as defined in Annex 7 or Annex 9 to Regulation No 43) Appendix 5 Glass-plastics windscreens (Principal and secondary characteristics as defined in Annex 10 to Regulation No 43) Appendix 6 Glass-plastics panes (Principal and secondary characteristics as defined in Annex 11 to Regulation No 43) Appendix 7 Multiple glazed units (Principal and secondary characteristics as defined in Annex 12 or Annex 16 to Regulation No 43) Appendix 8 Rigid plastic panes (Principal and secondary characteristics in accordance with Annex 14) Appendix 9 Flexible plastic panes (Principal and secondary characteristics in accordance with Annex 15) Appendix 10 Contents of the list of windscreens (1) For each of the windscreens covered by this approval, at least the following particulars shall be provided: Vehicle manufacturer Type of vehicle Vehicle category Developed area (F) Height of segment (h) Curvature (r) Installation angle (α) Seat-back angle (β) R-point coordinates (A, B, C) relative to the centre of the upper edge of the windscreen. (1) These particulars shall be attached to appendices 1, 2 (if applicable), 3 and 5 to this annex.

ANNEX 1A COMMUNICATION (Maximum format: A4 (210 × 297 mm))

ANNEX 2 ARRANGEMENTS OF APPROVAL MARKS FOR COMPONENTS (See paragraph 5.5 of this Regulation) Toughened-glass windscreens The above approval mark affixed to a toughened-glass windscreen shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Toughened-glass windscreens faced with plastics material The above approval mark affixed to a toughened-glass windscreen faced with plastics material shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Ordinary laminated-glass windscreens The above approval mark affixed to an ordinary laminated-glass windscreen shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Ordinary laminated-glass windscreens faced with plastics material The above approval mark affixed to an ordinary laminated-glass windscreen faced with plastics material shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Treated laminated-glass windscreens The above approval mark affixed to a treated laminated-glass windscreen shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Glass-plastics windscreens The above approval mark affixed to a glass-plastics windscreen shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Glass panes having a regular light transmittance < 70 per cent The above approval mark affixed to a glass pane to which the requirements of Annex 3, paragraph 9.1.4, are applicable shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Multiple-glazed units having a regular light transmittance < 70 per cent The above approval mark affixed to a multiple-glazed unit shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Uniformly-toughened glass to be used as windscreen for slow-moving vehicles which by construction cannot exceed 40 km/h The above approval mark affixed to a uniformly-toughened glass shows that the component concerned intended to be used as a windscreen on a slow-moving vehicle which, by construction, cannot exceed 40 km/h, has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Uniformly toughened glass panes having a regular light transmittance ≥ 70 per cent The above approval mark affixed to a glass pane to which the requirements of Annex 3, paragraph 9.1.4, are applicable shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Rigid plastic panes The above approval mark affixed to a rigid plastic pane for forward facing panels with a light scatter not exceeding 2 per cent after 1 000 cycles on the outer surface and 4 per cent after 100 cycles on the inner surface shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Flexible plastic panes The above approval mark affixed to a flexible plastic pane shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Rigid plastic multiple-glazed units The above approval mark affixed to a rigid plastic multiple-glazed unit shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Laminated glass panes The above approval mark affixed to a laminated glass pane, shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. Glass-plastic panes The above approval mark affixed to glass-plastic pane, shows that the component concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments.

ANNEX 2A ARRANGEMENTS OF APPROVAL MARKS FOR VEHICLES MODEL A (See paragraph 5.11 of this Regulation) The above approval mark affixed to a vehicle shows that the vehicle type concerned has, with regard to installation of glazing, been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No 43 under approval No 012439. The approval number indicates that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 43, as amended by the 01 series of amendments. MODEL B (See paragraph 5.12 of this Regulation) The above approval mark affixed to a vehicle shows that the vehicle type concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulations Nos 43 and 52. The approval numbers indicate that, at the date when the respective approvals were given, Regulation No 43 included the 01 series of amendments and Regulation No 52 included the 01 series of amendments.

ANNEX 3 GENERAL TEST CONDITIONS 1. FRAGMENTATION TEST 1.1. The glass pane to be tested shall not be rigidly secured; it may however be fastened on an identical glass pane by means of adhesive tape applied all round the edge. 1.2. To obtain fragmentation, a hammer of about 75 g or some other appliance giving equivalent results shall be used. The radius of curvature of the point shall be 0,2 ± 0,05 mm. 1.3. One test shall be carried out at each prescribed point of impact. 1.4. The examination of the fragments shall be made using any method validated on its accuracy of the counting itself and on its ability to find the correct location where the minimum and the maximum counting shall be done. Permanent recording of the fragmentation pattern shall start within 10 seconds and shall end within 3 minutes after the impact. The technical service shall keep the permanent recordings of the fragmentation pattern. 2. BALL-IMPACT TESTS 2.1. 227 g ball test 2.1.1. Apparatus 2.1.1.1. Hardened-steel ball with a mass of 227 g ± 2 g and a diameter of approximately 38 mm. 2.1.1.2. Means for dropping the ball freely from a height to be specified, or a means for giving the ball a velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. When a device to project the ball is used, the tolerance on velocity shall be ± 1 per cent of the velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. 2.1.1.3. Supporting fixture, such as that shown in Figure 1, composed of steel frames, with machined borders 15 mm wide, fitting one over the other and faced with rubber gaskets about 3 mm thick and 15 mm wide and of hardness 50 IRHD. The lower frame rests on a steel box about 150 mm high. The test piece is held in place by the upper frame, the mass of which is about 3 kg. The supporting frame is welded onto a sheet of steel of about 12 mm thick resting on the floor with an interposed sheet of rubber about 3 mm thick and of hardness 50 IRHD. Figure 1 Support for ball tests 2.1.2. Test conditions Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C Pressure: 860 to 1 060 mbar Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent 2.1.3. Test piece The test piece shall be a flat square of side 300 + 10/–0 mm or shall be cut from the flattest part of a windscreen or other curved pane. Alternatively a curved pane may be tested. In this case care shall be taken to ensure adequate contact between the safety glazing and the support. 2.1.4. Procedure Condition the test piece at the specified temperature for at least four hours immediately preceding the test. Place the test piece in the fixture (paragraph 2.1.1.3). The plane of the test piece shall be perpendicular, within 3°, to the incident direction of the ball. In the case of flexible plastic glazing the test piece shall be clamped to the support. The point of impact shall be within 25 mm of the geometric centre of the test piece for a drop height less than or equal to 6 m, and within 50 mm of the centre of the test piece for a drop height greater than 6 m. The ball shall strike that face of the test piece which represents the outside face of the safety glazing pane when mounted on the vehicle. The ball shall be allowed to make only one impact. 2.2. 2 260 g ball test 2.2.1. Apparatus 2.2.1.1. Hardened-steel ball with a mass of 2 260 g ± 20 g and a diameter of approximately 82 mm. 2.2.1.2. Means for dropping the ball freely from height to be specified, or means for giving the ball a velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. When a device to project the ball is used, the tolerance on velocity shall be ± 1 per cent of the velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. 2.2.1.3. The supporting fixture shall be as shown in Figure 1 and identical with that described in paragraph 2.1.1.3. 2.2.2. Test conditions Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C Pressure: 860 to 1 060 mbar Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent. 2.2.3. Test piece The test piece shall be a flat square of side 300 + 10/–0 mm or shall be cut out from the flattest part of a windscreen or other curved pane of safety glazing. Alternatively, the whole windscreen or other curved pane of safety glazing may be tested. In this case care shall be taken to ensure adequate contact between the safety glazing pane and the support. 2.2.4. Procedure Condition the test piece at the specified temperature for at least four hours immediately preceding the test. Place the test piece in the fixture (paragraph 2.1.1.3). The plane of the test piece shall be perpendicular, within 3°, to the incident direction of the ball. In the case of glass-plastics glazing the test piece shall be clamped to the support. The point of impact shall be within 25 mm of the geometric centre of the test piece. The ball shall strike that face of the test piece which represents the inward face of the safety-glass pane when the latter is mounted on the vehicle. The ball shall be allowed to make only one impact. 3. HEADFORM TEST 3.1. Headform test without deceleration measurement 3.1.1. Apparatus Headform weight with a spherical or semi-spherical headform made of laminated hardwood covered with replaceable felt and with or without a cross-beam made of wood. There is a neck-shaped intermediate piece between the spherical part and the cross-beam and a mounting rod on the other side of the cross-beam. The dimensions shall be in accordance with Figure 2. The total mass of the apparatus shall be 10 kg ± 0,2 kg. Figure 2 Headform weight 3.1.2. Means for dropping the headform weight freely from a height to be specified, or means for giving the weight a velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. When a device to project the headform weight is used, the tolerance on velocity shall be ± 1 per cent of the velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. 3.1.3. Supporting fixture, as shown in Figure 3, for testing flat test pieces. The fixture is composed of two steel frames, with machined borders 50 mm wide, fitting one over the other and faced with rubber gaskets about 3 mm thick and 15 mm ± 1 mm wide and of hardness 70 IRHD. The upper frame is held pressed against the lower frame by at least eight bolts. 3.1.4. Test conditions Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C Pressure: 860 to 1 060 mbar Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent. 3.1.5. Procedure 3.1.5.1. Test on a flat test piece The flat test piece, having a length of 1 100 + 5/–2 mm and a width of 500 + 5/–2 mm, shall be kept at a constant temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C for at least four hours immediately preceding the test. Figure 3 Support for headform tests Fix the test piece in the supporting frames (paragraph 3.1.3); the torque on the bolts shall ensure that the movement of the test piece during the test will not exceed 2 mm. The plane of the test piece shall be substantially perpendicular to the incident direction of the weight. The weight shall strike the test piece within 40 mm of its geometric centre on that face which represents the inward face of the safety glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle, and shall be allowed to make only one impact. The impact surface of the felt cover shall be replaced after 12 tests. 3.1.5.2. Tests on a complete windscreen (used only for a drop height of less than or equal to 1,5 m) Place the windscreen freely on a support with an interposed strip of rubber of hardness 70 IRHD and thickness about 3 mm, the width of contact over the whole perimeter being about 15 mm. The support shall consist of a rigid piece corresponding to the shape of the windscreen so that the headform weight strikes the internal surface. If necessary the windscreen shall be clamped to the support. The support shall rest on a rigid stand with an interposed sheet of rubber of hardness 70 IRHD and thickness about 3 mm. The surface of the windscreen shall be substantially perpendicular to the incident direction of the headform weight. The headform weight shall strike the windscreen at a point within 40 mm of its geometric centre on that face which represents the inward face of the safety glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle, and shall be allowed to make only one impact. The impact surface of the felt cover shall be replaced after 12 tests. 3.2. Headform test with deceleration measurement 3.2.1 Apparatus In the case of headform tests with simultaneous determination of HIC-values the drop body is the phantom head as in Figure 2.1. The total mass of the phantom head should be 10,0 + 0,2/ – 0,0 kg. In the middle of the base plate (24) the triaxial mounting block (26) is mounted in the centre of gravity to receive the acceleration gauges (27). The acceleration gauges should be arranged vertically to each other. The basin (18) and cover (19) situated under the base plate (24) share, to a great extent, the elastic properties of the human skull. The elastic properties of the phantom head on impact are determined by the hardness and the thickness of the intermediate ring (13) and the basin. Figure 2.1 10 kg Headform List of pieces for the 10 kg headform concerning Figure 2.1 Position No Number of pieces Standard notation Material Remarks 1 1 Magnetic holding device Steel DIN 17100 — 2 1 Vibration damper Rubber/steel Diameter: 50 mm Thickness: 30 mm Thread: M10 3 4 HF connector BNC — — 4 1 Hexagonal nut DIN 985 — — 5 6 Disc DIN 125 — — 6 3 Transition piece — — 7 6 Cylinder screw DIN 912 — — 8 3 Hexagonal nut — — 9 3 Disc Steel DIN 17100 Hole Diameter: 8 mm Outer Diameter: 35 mm Thickness: 1,5 mm 10 3 Rubber ring Rubber, hardness 60 IRHD Hole Diameter: 8 mm Outer Diameter: 30 mm Thickness: 10 mm 11 1 Damping ring Packing with paper Hole Diameter: 120 mm Outer Diameter: 199 mm Thickness: 0,5 mm 12 — — — — 13 1 Intermediate ring Butadien-rubber, hardness IRHD about 80 Hole Diameter: 129 mm Outer Diameter: 192 mm Thickness: 4 mm 14 3 Guide tube Polytetra-fluorethen (PTFE) Inner Diameter: 8 mm Outer Diameter: 10 mm Length: 40 mm 15 3 Hexagonal nut — — 16 3 Threaded bolt DIN 976 — — 17 3 Screwed insert Cast alloy DIN 1709-GD- CuZn 37Pb — 18 1 Basin Polyamid 12 — 19 1 Cover Butadien-rubber Thickness: 6 mm Rib on one side 20 1 Guide bush Steel DIN 17100 — 21 4 Counter sunk screw — — 22 1 Damping disc Packing with paper Diameter: 65 mm Thickness: 0,5 mm 23 — — — — 24 1 Base plate Steel DIN 17100 — 25 1 Set screw with hexagonal socket Class of strength 45H — 26 1 Triaxial mounting block — — 27 3 Acceleration gauge — — 28 1 Wood component Hornbeam, glued in layers — 29 1 Cover plate Alloy (AlMg5) — 30 1 Protective cap Polyamid 12 — 3.2.2. Adjustment and calibration To perform the headform test the phantom head is fixed to the cross arm of the guide system (Figure 2.2) and moved to the required drop height by means of a lifting device. During the headform test the cross arm with the phantom head is released. After passing the height adjustable light barrier the phantom head is released from the cross arm, the cross arm's fall is dampened and the phantom head falls onto the sample. No impulse may be given to the phantom head by the drop appliance or by the measuring cable, so that it is accelerated only by gravity and falls vertically. Figure 2.2 Test apparatus for the headform experiment with deceleration measurement 3.2.2.1. Measuring device which allows determining HIC-values with the headform described under paragraph 3.2.1. 3.2.2.2. Equipment to calibrate the phantom head The drop appliance shall allow drop heights between 50 mm and 254 mm to be adjusted exactly to within 1 mm. A guide system is not necessary for these small drop heights. A steel impact plate which is made of steel is 600 mm × 600 mm in size and at least 50 mm thick. The impact surface shall be polished: surface roughness Rmax = 1 μm, flatness tolerance t = 0,05 mm. 3.2.2.3. Calibration and adjustment of the phantom head Before each test series and no later than each 50 tests within a series, the phantom head shall be calibrated and adjusted if necessary. The impact plate shall be clean and dry and during the test shall lie non-positively on a concrete base. The phantom head is allowed to hit the impact plate vertically. The drop heights (measured from the lowest point of the phantom head to the surface of the impact plate) are 50, 100, 150 and 254 mm. The deceleration curves should be recorded. The greatest deceleration az from the various drop heights on the z-axis shall lie within the limits given in the table: Drop height mm Greatest deceleration az as a multiple of acceleration due to gravity g 50 64 ± 5 100 107 ± 5 150 150 ± 7 254 222 ± 12 The deceleration curves should be based on a unimodal vibration. The deceleration curve of the drop height of 254 mm shall run at least 1,2 ms and at most 1,5 ms over 100 g. If the requirements given in paragraph 3.2.2.3 are not met, the elastic properties of the phantom head shall be adjusted by varying the thickness of the intermediate ring (13) in the base plate (24). Corrections can be carried out by adjusting the three self-locking hexagonal nuts (8) on the threaded bolts (16) with which the basin (18) is fixed to the base plate (24). The rubber rings (10) under the hexagon nuts (8) should not be brittle or cracked. The cover (19) of the impact surface and the intermediate ring (13) should always be replaced immediately if damaged, especially when the phantom head can no longer be adjusted. 3.2.3. Supporting fixture for testing flat test pieces is as described in paragraph 3.1.3. 3.2.4. Test conditions are specified in paragraph 3.1.4. 3.2.5. Tests on complete glazing (used for a drop height between 1,5 m and 3 m). Place the glazing freely on a support with an interposed strip of rubber of hardness 70 IRHD and thickness of about 3 mm. The glazing shall be clamped to the supporting structure by means of appropriate devices. The surface of the glazing shall be substantially perpendicular to the incident direction of the headform weight. The headform weight shall strike the glazing at a point within 40 mm of its geometric centre on that face which represents the inward face of the plastic glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle, and shall be allowed to make only one impact. Starting from a selected initial drop height, the drop heights should be raised by 0,5 m respectively in each further experiment. The deceleration curves occurring on impact on the sample for ax, ay and az should be recorded according to time t. After the headform test, it should be checked whether a glazing edge has moved more than 2 mm in the mount and whether the requirement for the point of impact was met. The acceleration components ax and ay should be smaller for vertical impact than 0,1 az. 3.2.6. Evaluation The deceleration curves should be evaluated as follows: The resulting deceleration ares(t) in the centre of gravity according to equation (1) from the measured deceleration curves ax(t), ay(t) and az(t) is to be compounded as multiples of the acceleration due to gravity. (1) The time for which a deceleration of 80 g with ares is continually exceeded and the greatest deceleration of ares should be determined. The HIC-value should be calculated as a measurement of the danger of blunt skull-brain-injuries using the following equation (2): (2) The integral limits t1 and t2 should be selected in such a way that the integral takes a maximal value. 4. TEST OF RESISTANCE TO ABRASION 4.1. Apparatus 4.1.1. Abrading instrument (1) shown diagrammatically in Figure 4 and consisting of: A horizontal turntable, with centre clamp, which revolves counter-clockwise at 65 to 75 rev/min.; Figure 4 Diagram of abrading instrument Two weighted parallel arms each carrying a special abrasive wheel freely rotating on a ball-bearing horizontal spindle; each wheel rests on the test specimen under the pressure exerted by a mass of 500 g. The turntable of the abrading instrument shall rotate regularly, substantially in one plane (the deviation from this plane shall not be greater than ± 0,05 mm at a distance of 1,6 mm from the turntable periphery). The wheels shall be mounted in such a way that when they are in contact with the rotating test piece they rotate in opposite directions so as to exert, twice during each rotation of the test piece, a compressive and abrasive action along curved lines over an annular area of about 30 cm2. 4.1.2. Abrasive wheels (2), each 45 to 50 mm in diameter and 12,5 mm thick, composed of a special finely-screened abrasive embedded in a medium-hard rubber. The wheels shall have a hardness of 72 ± 5 IRHD, as measured at four points equally spaced on the centreline of the abrading surface, the pressure being applied vertically along a diameter of the wheel and the readings being taken 10 seconds after full application of the pressure. The abrasive wheels shall be prepared for use by very slow rotation against a sheet of flat glass to ensure that their surface is completely even. 4.1.3. Light source consisting of an incandescent lamp with its filament contained within a parallelepiped measuring 1,5 mm × 1,5 mm × 3 mm. The voltage at the lamp filament shall be such that the colour temperature is 2 856 ± 50 K. This voltage shall be stabilised within ± 1/1 000. The instrument used to check the voltage shall be of appropriate accuracy. 4.1.4. Optical system consisting of a lens with a focal length f of at least 500 mm and corrected for chromatic aberrations. The full aperture of the lens shall not exceed f/20. The distance between the lens and the light source shall be adjusted in order to obtain a light beam which is substantially parallel. A diaphragm shall be inserted to limit the diameter of the light beam to 7 mm ± 1 mm. This diaphragm shall be situated at a distance of 100 mm ± 50 mm from the lens on the side remote from the light source. 4.1.5. Equipment for measuring scattered light (see Figure 5), consisting of a photoelectric cell with an integrating sphere 200 to 250 mm in diameter. The sphere shall be equipped with entrance and exit ports for the light. The entrance port shall be circular and have a diameter at least twice that of the light beam. The exit port of the sphere shall be provided with either a light trap or a reflectance standard, according to the procedure described in paragraph 4.4.3 below. The light trap shall absorb all the light when no test piece is inserted in the light beam. The axis of the light beam shall pass through the centre of the entrance and exit ports. The diameter b of the light-exit port shall be equal to 2 a.tan 4°, where a. is the diameter of the sphere. The photoelectric cell shall be mounted in such a way that it cannot be reached by light coming directly from the entrance port or from the reflectance standard. The surfaces of the interior of the integrating sphere and the reflectance standard shall be of substantially equal reflectance and shall be matt and non-selective. The output of the photoelectric cell shall be linear within ± 2 per cent over the range of luminous intensities used. The design of the instrument shall be such that there is no galvanometer deflection when the sphere is dark. The whole apparatus shall be checked at regular intervals by means of calibration standards of defined haze. If haze measurements are made using equipment or methods differing from those defined above, the results shall be corrected, if necessary, to bring them into agreement with those obtained by the apparatus described above. Figure 5 Hazemeter 4.2. Test conditions Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C Pressure: 860 to 1 060 mbar Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent. 4.3. Test pieces The test pieces shall be flat squares of side 100 mm having both surfaces substantially plane and parallel and having a fixing hole 6,4 mm + 2/ – 0 in diameter drilled in the centre, if necessary. 4.4. Procedure The abrasion test shall be carried out on that surface of the test piece which represents the outside face of the glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle and also on the inner face if of plastics material. 4.4.1. Immediately before and after the abrasion, clean the test pieces in the following manner: (a) Wipe with a linen cloth under clear running water, (b) Rinse with distilled or demineralised water, (c) Blow dry with oxygen or nitrogen, (d) Remove possible traces of water by dabbing softly with a damp linen cloth. If necessary, dry by pressing lightly between two linen cloths. Any treatment with ultrasonic equipment shall be avoided. After cleaning, the test pieces shall be handled only by their edges and shall be stored to prevent damage to, or contamination of, their surfaces. 4.4.2. Condition the test pieces for a minimum time of 48 hours at 20 °C ± 5 °C and 60 ± 20 per cent relative humidity. 4.4.3. Immediately place the test piece against the entrance port of the integrating sphere. The angle between the normal (perpendicular) to the surface of the test piece and the axis of the light beam shall not exceed 8°. Take four readings as indicated in the following table: Reading With test piece With light-trap With reflectance standard Quantity represented T1 No No Yes Incident light T2 Yes No Yes Total light transmitted by test-piece T3 No Yes No Light scattered by instrument T4 Yes Yes No Light scattered by instrument and test piece Repeat readings for T1, T2, T3, and T4 with other specified positions of the test piece to determine uniformity. Calculate the total transmittance . Calculate the diffuse transmittance Td as follows: Calculate the percentage haze, or light, or both, scattered, as follows: Measure the initial haze of the test piece at a minimum of four equally-spaced points in the unabraded area in accordance with the formula above. Average the results for each test piece. In lieu of the four measurements, an average value may be obtained by rotating the piece uniformly at 3 rev/sec or more. For each type of safety glazing, carry out three tests with the same load. Use the haze as a measure of the subsurface abrasion, after the test piece has been subjected to the abrasion test. Measure the light scattered by the abraded track at a minimum of four equally-spaced points along the track in accordance with the formula above. Average the results for each test piece. In lieu of the four measurements, an average value may be obtained by rotating the piece uniformly at 3 rev/sec or more. 4.5. The abrasion test will be carried out only at the discretion of the laboratory conducting the test with due regard to the information already at its disposal. Except for glass-plastics materials, changes in the interlayer or materials thickness will not normally necessitate further testing. 4.6. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics No secondary characteristics are involved. 5. TEST OF RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE 5.1. Procedure Heat to 100 °C three samples or three square test pieces of at least 300 mm × 300 mm which have been cut by the laboratory from three windscreens or three glass panes as the case may be, one edge of which corresponds to the upper edge of the glazing. Maintain this temperature for a period of two hours, then allow the samples or test pieces to cool to room temperature. If the safety glazing has both external surfaces of inorganic material, the test may be carried out by immersing the sample vertically in boiling water for the specified period of time, care being taken to avoid undue thermal shock. If samples are cut from windscreens, one edge of each such sample shall be part of an edge of the windscreen. 5.2. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics Colourless Tinted Colouring of the interlayer 1 2 The other secondary characteristics are not involved. 5.3. Interpretation of results 5.3.1. The test for resistance to high temperature shall be considered to give a positive result if bubbles or other defects are not formed more than 15 mm from an uncut edge or 25 mm from a cut edge of the test piece or sample or more than 10 mm away of any cracks which may occur during the test. 5.3.2. A set of test pieces or samples submitted for approval shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the test for resistance to high temperature if all the tests have given a satisfactory result. 6. RESISTANCE-TO-RADIATION TEST 6.1 Test method 6.1.1. Apparatus 6.1.1.1. Radiation source consisting of a medium-pressure mercury-vapour arc lamp with a tubular quartz bulb of ozone-free type; the bulb axis shall be vertical. The nominal dimensions of the lamp shall be 360 mm in length by 9,5 mm in diameter. The arc length shall be 300 mm ± 4 mm. The lamp shall be operated at 750 W ± 50 W. Any other source of radiation which produces the same effect as the lamp specified above may be used. To check that the effects of another source are the same, a comparison shall be made by measuring the amount of energy emitted within a wavelength range of 300 to 450 nanometers, all other wavelengths being removed by the use of suitable filters. The alternative source shall then be used with these filters. In the case of safety glazing for which there is no satisfactory correlation between this test and the conditions of use it will be necessary to review the test conditions. 6.1.1.2. Power-supply transformer and capacitor capable of supplying to the lamp (paragraph 6.1.1.1) a starting peak voltage of 1 100 V minimum and an operating voltage of 500 V ± 50 V. 6.1.1.3. Device for mounting and rotating the test pieces at 1 to 5 rev/min about the centrally-located radiation source in order to ensure even exposure. 6.1.2. Test pieces 6.1.2.1. The size of the test pieces shall be 76 mm × 300 mm. 6.1.2.2. The test pieces shall be cut by the laboratory from the upper part of the glazing in such a way that: In the case of glass panes, the upper edge of the test piece coincides with the upper edge of the glass pane. In the case of windscreens, the upper edge of the test piece coincides with the upper limit of the zone in which regular transmittance shall be measured, determined in accordance with paragraph 9.1.2.2 of this annex. 6.1.3. Procedure Check the regular light transmittance, determined according to paragraphs 9.1.1 to 9.1.2 of this annex, of three test pieces before exposure. Protect a portion of each test piece from the radiation, and then place the test pieces in the test apparatus 230 mm from and parallel lengthwise to the lamp axis. Maintain the temperature of the test pieces at 45 °C ± 5 °C throughout the test. That face of each test piece which would constitute a glazed exterior part of the vehicle shall face the lamp. For the type of lamp specified in paragraph 6.1.1.1 the exposure time shall be 100 hours. After exposure, measure the regular light transmittance again in the exposed area of each test piece. 6.1.4. Each test piece or sample (total number 3 pieces) shall be subjected, in accordance with the procedure above, to radiation such that the radiation on each point of the test piece or sample produces on the interlayer used the same effect as that which would be produced by solar radiation of 1 400 W/m2 for 100 hours. 6.2. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics Colourless Tinted Colouring of glass 2 1 Colouring of interlayer 1 2 The other secondary characteristics are not involved. 6.3. Interpretation of results 6.3.1. The test for resistance to radiation shall be deemed to have given a positive result if the following conditions are fulfilled: 6.3.1.1. The total light transmittance when measured pursuant to paragraphs 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 of this annex does not fall below 95 per cent of the original value before irradiation and in any event does not fall: 6.3.1.1.1. Below 70 per cent in the case of windscreens and other glazing located in a position requisite for driving visibility. 6.3.2. A set of test pieces or samples submitted for approval shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the resistance to radiation test if all the tests have given a satisfactory result. 6.4. Resistance to simulated weathering 6.4.1. Test method 6.4.1.1. Apparatus 6.4.1.1.1. Long arc xenon lamp The exposure apparatus (3) shall utilise a long arc xenon lamp as the source of irradiation, but other methods giving the required level of ultraviolet radiant exposure shall be allowed. The long arc xenon lamp is advantageous in that it can, when correctly filtered and maintained, yield a spectrum most closely approximating that of natural sunlight. To this end, the quartz xenon burner tube shall be fitted with suitable borosilicate glass optical filter(s) (4). The xenon lamps employed shall be operated, from a suitable 50 or 60 Hz power supply suitable reactance transformers and electrical equipment. The exposure apparatus shall include equipment necessary for measuring and/or controlling the following: (a) Irradiance (b) Black standard temperature (c) Water spray (d) Operating schedule or cycle The exposure apparatus shall be made from inert materials which do not contaminate the water employed in the test. Irradiance shall be measured at the surface of the test piece surface and shall be controlled according to the recommendations of the exposure apparatus manufacturer. Total ultraviolet (5) radiant exposure (Joules per square metre) shall be measured or computed and shall be considered the primary measure of test piece exposure. 6.4.1.2. Test pieces The dimensions of the test pieces shall normally be those specified in the appropriate test method for the property or properties to be measured after exposure. The number of control and test pieces for each test condition or exposure stage shall be determined, in addition to those required for visual evaluations by the number required by the test methods. It is recommended that visual evaluations be conducted on the largest test pieces tested. 6.4.1.3. Procedure Measure, according to paragraph 9.1 of this annex the luminous transmission of the test specimen(s) to be exposed. Measure, according to paragraph 4 of this annex, the resistance to abrasion of the surface(s) of the control piece(s). That face of each test pieces, which would represent the surface glazed to the exterior of the road vehicle, shall face the lamp. Other exposure conditions shall be as follows: 6.4.1.3.1. The irradiance shall not vary more than ± 10 per cent over the whole test specimen area. 6.4.1.3.2. At appropriate intervals, clean lamp filters by washing with detergent and water. Xenon arc filters shall be replaced according to the recommendations of the equipment manufacturer. 6.4.1.3.3. The temperature within the exposure apparatus during the dry portion of the cycle shall be controlled by circulation of sufficient air to maintain a constant black standard temperature. In the xenon arc exposure apparatus, this temperature shall be 70 °C ± 3 °C as indicated by a Black standard thermometer or equivalent. The black panel thermometer shall be mounted in the test specimen rack and readings shall be taken at the point where maximum heat is developed due to light exposure. 6.4.1.3.4. The relative humidity within the exposure apparatus shall be controlled at 50 ± 5 per cent during the dry portions of the cycle. 6.4.1.3.5. The deionized water used in the spray cycle shall contain less than 1 ppm silicon dioxide solids and shall leave no permanent deposit or residue on the test specimens which would interfere with subsequent measurements. 6.4.1.3.6. The pH of the water shall be between 6,0 and 8,0, and the conductivity shall be less than 5 microsiemens. 6.4.1.3.7. The temperature of the water in the line where it enters the exposure apparatus shall be the ambient water temperature. 6.4.1.3.8. The water shall strike the test specimens in the form of a fine spray in sufficient volume to wet the test specimens uniformly, immediately upon impact. Water spray will be directed only against the test specimen surface facing the light source. No recirculation of the spray water or immersion of the test specimens in the water shall be permitted. 6.4.1.3.9. The test specimens shall be rotated about the arc in order to provide uniform distribution of the light. All positions in the exposure apparatus shall be filled with test specimens or surrogates to ensure that a uniform temperature distribution is maintained. Test specimens shall be held in frames with backs exposed to the cabinet environment. However, reflections from cabinet walls shall not be permitted to strike the back surface of specimens. If necessary, samples may be backed to block such reflections so long as free circulation of air at the specimen surface is not impeded. 6.4.1.3.10. The exposure apparatus shall be operated to provide continuous light and intermittent water spray in 2 h cycles. Each 2 h cycle shall be divided into periods during which the test specimens are exposed to light without water spray for 102 minutes and to light with water spray for 18 minutes. 6.4.1.4. Evaluation After exposure, the test pieces may be cleaned, if necessary, by a practice recommended by their manufacturer to remove any residues present. Evaluate the exposed test pieces visually with respect to the following properties: (a) Bubbles (b) Colour (c) Haze (d) Noticeable decomposition Measure the luminous transmission of the exposed test pieces. 6.4.1.5. Expression of results Report visual evaluations of exposed test pieces, comparing the appearance of each with that of the unexposed control. The regular light transmittance measured shall not differ from the original test on unexposed samples by more than 5 per cent and shall not fall below: 70 per cent in the case of a windscreen and other glazing that is located in a position requisite for driving visibility. 7. RESISTANCE-TO-HUMIDITY TEST 7.1. Procedure Keep three samples or three square test pieces of at least 300 mm × 300 mm in a vertical position for two weeks in a closed container in which the temperature is maintained at 50 °C ± 2 °C and the relative humidity at 95 ± 4 per cent. In the case of rigid plastic glazings and rigid plastic multiple-glazed units, the number of samples shall be ten. The test pieces shall be prepared in such a way that: (a) At least one edge of the test pieces coincides with an original edge of the glass pane, (b) If several test pieces are tested at the same time, adequate spacing shall be provided between them. Precautions shall be taken to prevent condensate from the walls or ceiling of the test chamber from falling on the test pieces. 7.2. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics Colourless Tinted Colouring of interlayer 1 2 The other secondary characteristics are not involved. 7.3. Interpretation of results 7.3.1. Safety glazing shall be deemed to be satisfactory from the point of view of resistance to humidity if no significant change is observed more than 10 mm from the uncut edges and more than 15 mm from the cut edges after ordinary and treated laminated glass glazing have been maintained for two hours in the ambient atmosphere, and plastics-faced and glass-plastics glazing have been maintained for 48 hours in the ambient atmosphere. 7.3.2. A set of test pieces or samples submitted for approval shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the test for resistance to humidity if all the tests have given a satisfactory result. 8. TEST OF RESISTANCE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES 8.1. Test method Two test pieces 300 mm × 300 mm shall be placed in an enclosure at a temperature of – 40 °C ± 5 °C for a period of 6 hours; they shall then be placed in the open air at a temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C for one hour or until temperature equilibrium has been reached by the test pieces. These shall then be placed in circulating air at a temperature of 72 °C ± 2 °C for 3 hours. After being placed again in the open air at 23 °C ± 2 °C and cooled to that temperature, the test pieces shall be examined. 8.2. Indices of difficulty of secondary characteristics Colourless Tinted Colouring of the interlayer or of the plastics coating 1 2 The other secondary characteristics are not involved. 8.3 Interpretation of results The test for resistance to temperature changes shall be considered to have given a satisfactory result if the test pieces do not show any evidence of cracking, clouding, separation of layers or other apparent deterioration. 9. OPTICAL QUALITIES 9.1. Light transmission test 9.1.1. Apparatus 9.1.1.1. Light source consisting of an incandescent lamp with its filament contained within a parallelepiped measuring 1,5 mm × 1,5 mm × 3 mm. The voltage at the lamp filament shall be such that the colour temperature is 2 856 K ± 50 K. This voltage shall be stabilised within ± 1/1 000. The instrument used to check the voltage shall be of appropriate accuracy. 9.1.1.2. Optical system consisting of a lens with a focal length f of at least 500 mm and corrected for chromatic aberrations. The full aperture of the lens shall not exceed f/20. The distance between the lens and the light source shall be adjusted in order to obtain a light beam which is substantially parallel. A diaphragm shall be inserted to limit the diameter of the light beam to 7 mm ± 1 mm. This diaphragm shall be situated at a distance of 100 mm ± 50 mm from the lens on the side remote from the light source. The point of measurement shall be taken at the centre of the light beam. 9.1.1.3. Measuring equipment The receiver shall have a relative spectral sensitivity in substantial agreement with the relative spectral luminous efficiency for the ICI (6) standard photometric observer for photopic vision. The sensitive surface of the receiver shall be covered with a diffusing medium and shall have at least twice the cross-section of the light beam emitted by the optical system. If an integrating sphere is used, the aperture of the sphere shall have a cross-sectional area at least twice that of the parallel portion of the beam. The linearity of the receiver and the associated indicating instrument shall be better than 2 per cent of the effective part of the scale. The receiver shall be centred on the axis of the light beam. 9.1.2. Procedure The sensitivity of the measuring system shall be adjusted in such a way that the instrument indicating the response of the receiver indicates 100 divisions when the test piece is not inserted in the light path. When no light is falling on the receiver, the instrument shall read zero. Place the test piece at a distance from the receiver equal to approximately five times the diameter of the receiver. Insert the safety-glass pane between the diaphragm and the receiver and adjust its orientation in such a way that the angle of incidence of the light beam is equal to 0 ± 5°. The regular transmittance shall be measured on the test piece, and for every point measured the number of divisions, n, shown on the indicating instrument, shall be read. The regular transmittance τr is equal to n/100. 9.1.2.1. In the case of windscreens, alternative test methods may be applied using either a test piece cut from the flattest part of a windscreen or a specifically-prepared flat square with material and thickness characteristics identical to those of the actual windscreen, the measurements being taken normal (perpendicular) to the glass pane. 9.1.2.2. For the windscreens of M1 vehicles (7) the test shall be carried out in test area B defined in Annex 18, paragraph 2.3, excluding any opaque obscuration impinging on it. For the windscreens of N1 vehicles, the manufacturer may request that the same test may be carried out either in test area B defined in Annex 18, paragraph 2.3, excluding any opaque obscuration impinging on it, or in the zone I defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2.3 of this annex. For windscreens of other categories of vehicles, the test shall be carried out in the zone I defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2.3 of this annex. However, for agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles for which it is not possible to determine zone I, the test shall be carried out in zone I' as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.3 of this annex. 9.1.3. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics Colourless Tinted Colouring of the glass 1 2 Colouring of the interlayer (in the case of laminated windscreens) 1 2 Not included Included Shade and/or opaque obscuration 1 2 The other secondary characteristics are not involved. 9.1.4. Interpretation of results The regular light transmittance shall be measured according to paragraph 9.1.2 of this annex and the result shall be recorded. In the case of a windscreen, it shall not be less than 70 per cent. In the case of glazing other than a windscreen, the requirements are specified in Annex 21. 9.2. Optical distortion test 9.2.1. Scope The method specified is a projection method which permits evaluation of the optical distortion of a safety glazing. 9.2.1.1. Definitions 9.2.1.1.1. ‘Optical deviation’ means the angle between the true and the apparent direction of a point viewed through the windscreen, the magnitude of the angle being a function of the angle of incidence of the line of sight, the thickness and inclination of the windscreen, and the radius of curvature ‘r’ at the point of incidence. 9.2.1.1.2. Optical distortion in a direction M-M': The algebraic difference in angular deviation Δa measured between two points M and M' on the surface of the glass pane, the distance between the two points being such that their projections in a plane at right angles to the direction of vision are separated by a given distance Δα (see Figure 6). Anti-clockwise deviation should be regarded as positive and clockwise deviation as negative. 9.2.1.1.3. Optical distortion at a point M: The optical-distortion maximum for all directions M-M' from the point M. Figure 6 Diagrammatic representation of optical distortion 9.2.1.2. Apparatus This method entails the projection of an appropriate slide (raster) onto the display screen through the safety glazing being tested. The change caused in the shape of the projected image by the insertion of the safety glazing in the line of light provides a measure of the distortion. The apparatus shall comprise the following items, arranged as shown in Figure 9. 9.2.1.2.1. Projector, of good quality, with a high-intensity point light source, having for example the following characteristics: focal length at least 90 mm, aperture approximately 1/2,5, 150-W quartz halogen lamp (if used without a filter), 250-W quartz halogen lamp (if a green filter is used). The projector is shown schematically in Figure 7. A diaphragm of 8 mm in diameter is positioned approximately 10 mm from the front lens. Figure 7 Optical arrangement of the projector 9.2.1.2.2. Slides (rasters) consisting, for example, of an array of bright circular shapes on a dark background (see Figure 8). The slides shall be of sufficiently high quality and contrast to enable measurement to be carried out with an error of less than 5 per cent. In the absence of the safety glazing to be examined, the dimensions of the circular shapes shall be such that when the circular shapes are projected they form an array of circles of diameter , where Δx = 4 mm (see Figures 6 and 9). Figure 8 Enlarged section of the slide Figure 9 Arrangement of the apparatus for the optical distortion test 9.2.1.2.3. Support stand, preferably one permitting vertical and horizontal scanning, as well as rotation of the safety glazing. 9.2.1.2.4. Checking template for measuring changes in dimensions where a rapid assessment is required. A suitable design is shown in Figure 10. Figure 10 Design for a suitable checking template 9.2.1.3. Procedure 9.2.1.3.1. General Mount the windscreen on the support stand (paragraph 9.2.1.2.3) at the designed rake angle. Project the test image through the area being examined. Rotate the windscreen or move it either horizontally or vertically in order to examine the whole of the specified area. 9.2.1.3.2. Assessment using a checking template When a rapid assessment with a possible margin of error of up to 20 per cent is sufficient, calculate the value of A (see Figure 10) from the limit value ΔαL for the change in deviation and the value of R2, the distance from the safety glazing to the display screen: The relationship between the change in diameter of the projected image Δd and the change in angular deviation Δα is given by where: Δd is in millimetres, A is in millimetres, ΔαL is in minutes of arc, Δα is in minutes of arc, R2 is in metres. 9.2.1.3.3. Measurement using a photoelectric device Where a precise measurement with a possible margin of error of less than 10 per cent of the limit value is required, measure Δd on the projection axis, the value of the spot width being taken at the point where the luminance is 0,5 times the maximum spot-luminance value. 9.2.1.4. Expression of results Evaluate the optical distortion of the windscreen by measuring Δd at any point of the surface and in all directions in order to find Δd max. 9.2.1.5. Alternative method In addition, a strioscopic technique is permitted as an alternative to the projection techniques, provided that the accuracy of the measurements given in paragraphs 9.2.1.3.2 and 9.2.1.3.3 is maintained. 9.2.1.6. The distance Δx shall be 4 mm. 9.2.1.7. The windscreen shall be mounted at the same angle of inclination as on the vehicle. 9.2.1.8. The projection axis in the horizontal plane shall be maintained approximately normal to the trace of the windscreen in that plane. 9.2.2. The measurements shall be performed: 9.2.2.1. For vehicle category M1 in test area A, extended to the median plane of the vehicle, and in the corresponding part of the windscreen symmetrical to it about the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, and also in the reduced test area B according to paragraph 2.4 of Annex 18. 9.2.2.2. For vehicles of categories M and N other than M1: (a) In zone I as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2 of this annex for M2, M3, N2 and N3 vehicles; (b) Either in zone I as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2 of this annex or in test area A, extended to the median plane of the vehicle, and in the corresponding part of the windscreen symmetrical to it about the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, and also in the reduced test area B according to paragraph 2.4 of Annex 18 for N1 vehicles. 9.2.2.3. For agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles for which it is not possible to determine zone I, in zone I' as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.3 of this annex. 9.2.2.4. Vehicle type The test shall be repeated if the windscreen is to be fitted to a vehicle of a type in which the forward field of vision differs from that of the vehicle type for which the windscreen has already been approved. 9.2.3. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics 9.2.3.1. Nature of the material Polished (plate) glass Float glass Sheet glass 1 1 2 9.2.3.2. Other secondary characteristics No other secondary characteristics are involved. 9.2.4. Number of windscreens Four test pieces shall be submitted for testing. 9.2.5. Definitions of zones 9.2.5.1. Zones A and B of windscreens for vehicle category M1 and N1 are defined in Annex 18 to this Regulation. 9.2.5.2. Zones of windscreens for vehicles of categories M and N other than M1 are defined on the basis of: 9.2.5.2.1. The ‘eye-point’ or the ‘‘‘O’’ point’ means the point located 625 mm above the R point of the driver’s seat in the vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle for which the windscreen is intended, passing through the axis of the steering wheel. 9.2.5.2.2. The straight line OQ which is the horizontal straight line passing through the eye point 0 and perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. 9.2.5.2.3. Zone I is the windscreen zone determined by the intersection of the windscreen with the four planes defined below: P1 — A vertical plane passing through 0 and forming an angle of 15° to the left of the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle; P2 — A vertical plane symmetrical to Pl about the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. If this is not possible (in the absence of a symmetrical median longitudinal plane, for instance) P2 shall be the plane symmetrical to Pl about the longitudinal plane of the vehicle passing through point 0. P3 — A plane passing through the straight line OQ and forming an angle of 10° above the horizontal plane; P4 — A plane passing through the straight line OQ and forming an angle of 8° below the horizontal plane. 9.2.5.3. For agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles for which it is not possible to determine zone I, zone I' consists in the whole surface of the windscreen. 9.2.6. Interpretation of results A windscreen type shall be considered satisfactory with respect to optical distortion if, in the four windscreens submitted for testing, optical distortion does not exceed the values given below for each zone or test area. Vehicle category Zone Maximum values of optical distortion M1 and N1 A - extended according to paragraph 9.2.2.1 2' of arc B - reduced according to paragraph 2.4 of Annex 18 6' of arc M and N categories other than M1 I 2' of arc Agricultural vehicles etc. for which it is not possible to determine zone I I' 2' of arc 9.2.6.1. No measurements shall be made in a peripheral area 25 mm inboard of the design glass outline and of any opaque obscuration, provided that it does not impinge into the extended zone A or zone I. 9.2.6.2. For agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles, no measurements shall be made in a peripheral area 100 mm wide. 9.2.6.3. In the case of split windscreens, no measurements shall be made in a strip 35 mm from the edge of the windscreen, which is adjacent to the dividing, pillar. 9.2.6.4. A maximum value of 6' of arc is permitted for all portions of zone I or zone A in a peripheral area 100 mm inboard of the design glass outline. 9.2.6.5. Slight deviations from the requirements may be allowed in the reduced test area B according to paragraph 2.4 of Annex 18 provided they are localised and recorded in the report. 9.3. Secondary-image-separation test 9.3.1. Scope Two test methods are recognised: Target test, and Collimation-telescope test. These test methods may be used for approval, quality-control or product-evaluation purposes, as appropriate. 9.3.1.1. Target test 9.3.1.1.1. Apparatus This method involves viewing an illuminated target through the safety glazing. The target may be designed in such a way that the test can be carried out on a simple ‘go-no go’ basis. The target shall preferably be of one of the following types; that is to say, either (a) An illuminated ‘ring’ target whose outer diameter, D, subtends an angle of n minutes of arc at a point situated at x metres (Figure 11(a)), or (b) An illuminated ‘ring and spot’ target whose dimensions are such that the distance D from a point on the edge of the spot to the nearest point on the inside of the circle subtends an angle of n minutes of arc at a point situated at x metres (Figure 11(b)), where n is the limit value of secondary-image separation, x is the distance from the safety glazing to the target (not less than 7 m), D is given by the formula: D = x. tg n The illuminated target consists of a light box, approximately 300 mm × 300 mm × 150 mm, whose front is most conveniently constructed of glass masked with opaque black paper or coated with matt black paint. The box shall be illuminated by a suitable light source. It may be convenient to use other forms of target, such as that shown in Figure 14. It is also acceptable to replace the target system by a projection system and to view the resulting images on a screen. 9.3.1.1.2. Procedure Mount the windscreen at the specified rake angle on a suitable stand in such a way that the observation is carried out in the horizontal plane passing through the centre of the target. The light box shall be viewed in a dark or semi-dark room, through each part of the area being examined, in order to detect the presence of any secondary image associated with the illuminated target. Rotate the windscreen as necessary to ensure that the correct direction of view is maintained. A monocular may be used for viewing. 9.3.1.1.3. Expression of results Determine whether, When target (a) (see Figure 11(a)) is used, the primary and secondary images of the circle separate, i.e. whether the limit value of n is exceeded, or When target (b) (see F