Regulation No 124 of the Econom ic Commission for Europe of the United Nati ons CON/ECE) 
– Uniform provisions concerning the approval of wheels 
for passenger cars and their trailers 
 
1. SCOPE  
This Regulation covers new replacement wheels designed for vehicles in categories M
1, 
M1G, O 1 and O 2 1/.  
 It does not apply to original equipment wh eels or vehicle manufact urer’s replacement 
wheels as defined in paragraphs 2.3. and 2.4.1.  It does not apply to "Special wheels", as 
defined in paragraph 2.5., wh ich shall remain subjecte d to national approval. 
 This Regulation comprises requirements for wheel ma nufacture and installation. 
 
2.  DEFINITIONS   For the purpose of this Regulation:  2.1.  "Wheel
" means a rotating load-carrying member between the tyre and the axle.  It usually 
consists of two major parts: 
 
(a) the rim;  (b) the wheel disc. 
   The rim and wheel disc may be integr al, permanently attached, or detachable. 
 2.1.1.  "Disc wheel
" means a permanent combination of a rim and wheel disc. 
 2.1.2.  "Wheel with demountable rim
 " means a wheel so constructe d that the demountable rim is 
clamped to the wheel disc. 
 2.1.3.  "Rim
" means that part of the wheel on wh ich the tyre is mounted and supported. 
 2.1.4.  "Wheel disc
" means that part of the wheel whic h is the supporting member between the 
axle and the rim. 
 2.2.  "Wheel type"
 means a wheel which does not differ in the following essential characteristics: 
  the wheel manufacturer; 
  wheel or rim size designation (according to ISO 3911:1998); 
 _____________  L 375/568 EN Official Journal of the European Union 27.12.2006
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1
/  Categories M and O as define d in Annex 7 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of 
Vehicles (R.E.3) (document TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2).  
 
2.2.3.  construction materials;  2.2.4.  wheel attachment holes;  2.2.5.  maximum load capacity;  2.2.6.  recommended maximum inflation pressure; 
 2.2.7.  method of production (w elded, forged, cast,…). 
 2.3.  "OE-wheels
" means wheels which are authorized to be fitted, to the vehicle model, by the 
vehicle manufacturer during th e production of the vehicle. 
 2.4.  "Replacement Wheels
" means wheels which are intended to replace the OE wheels during 
the service life of the vehicle.  Replacement wheels may belong to one of the following category: 
 2.4.1. "Vehicle manufacturer's replacement wheels
" being wheels supplied by the vehicle 
manufacturer; 
 2.4.2.  "Identical replacement wheels
" being wheels which are manufactured using the same 
manufacturing equipment and mate rial as that used for repl acement wheels supplied by the 
vehicle manufacturer.  They differ from vehicl e manufacturer’s replacement wheels only by 
the absence of vehicle manufacture r’s trademarks and part number; 
 2.4.3.  "Replica replacement wheels
" being wheels which are repli cas of vehicle manufacturer’s 
replacement wheels but produced by a manufactu rer who is not a supplier of the vehicle 
manufacturer with the specified wheel.  With regard to the design (basic contour, dimensions, inset, material type and quality and so on) and service life they fully correspond to vehicle manufactur er’s replacement wheels;  
  2.4.4.  "Pattern part replacement wheels
" being wheels produced by a manufacturer who is not a 
supplier of the vehicle manufacturer with the specified wheel.  With regard to the design, inset, rim designation wheel fixing PCD and spigot mounting diameter, correspond to that 
of an OE-wheel, but wheel contour, ma terial and so on, may be different; 
 2.5.  "Special wheels
" means wheels which are not OE-wheels and which do not fulfil the 
criteria for wheels described in paragraph 2.4. (for example wheels with different rim width or diameter).  
 2.6.  "Inset
" means the distance from the attachment face of the disc to the centre line of the rim 
(that can be positive, as shown in Figure 1 below, zero, or negative). 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/569
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Figure 1  
 
2.7.  "Dynamic radius " means the dynamic loaded radius defined as the theoretical rolling 
circumference divided by 2 R of the largest tyre to be used on the wheel as specified by the 
wheel manufacturer. 
 2.8.  "International Tyre  and Rim Standards
" mean documents concerni ng wheel standardization 
issued by the following Organizations: 
 
(a) The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2 /; 
 (b) The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization (ETRTO) 3
/: 
     "Standards Manual";  (c) The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization (ETRTO) 3
/: 
      "Engineering Design Information - obsolete data";  (d) The Tyre and Rim Association Inc. (TRA) 4
/: "Year Book"; L 375/570 EN Official Journal of the European Union 27.12.2006
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(e) The Japan Automobile Tyre Ma nufacturers Association (JATMA) 5
/: 
    "Year Book”;  
(f) The Tyre and Rim Association of Australia (TRAA) 6
/:"Standard 
    Manual";  
(g) The Associação Latino Americana de Pneus e Aros (ALAPA) 7
/: 
    "Manual de Normal Technicas”;  (h) The Scandinavian Tyre a nd Rim Organisation (STRO) 8
/:"Data 
    Book” 
 
2.9.  "Technical crack " is a material separation with a propagation of more than 1 mm occurring 
during a dynamic test (defects caused by the production process are not  to be taken into 
account). 
 
2.10.  "Wheel calliper " is the rotating profile shape, formed by the internal wheel contour (see 
Annex 10, figure 1). 
 2.11.  "Tyre size designation
" means a designation showing the nominal section width, the 
nominal aspect ratio and the conventional num ber that denotes the nominal rim diameter 
(these terms are further de fined in Regulation No. 30). 
 3.  APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL  3.1.  The application for approval of a wheel type  shall be submitted by the manufacturer, or by 
his duly accredited representative, and shall be accompanied by: 
 ________________  The tyre standards can be obtaine d from the following addresses: 
 2
/ ISO, 1, rue de Varembé, Case pos tale 56, CH-1211 Genè ve 20 – Switzerland 
 3
/ ETRTO, 32 Av. Brugmann - Bte 2, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium 
 4
/ TRA, 175 Montrose West Avenue , Suite 150, Copley, Ohio, 44321 USA 
 5
/ JATMA, NO.33 MORI BLDG. 8th Floor  3-8-21, Toranomon Minato-Ku, Tokio  
    105-0001, Japan  6
/ TRAA, Suite 1, Hawthorn House, 795 Glenferrie Road, Hawthorn, Victoria, 
    3122 Australia  7
/ ALAPA, Avenida Paulista 244-12° Andar, CEP, 01310 Sao Paulo, SP Brazil 
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8/ STRO, Älggatan 48 A, Nb, S-216 15 Malmö, Sweden  
 3.1.1.  Drawings, in triplicate, sufficiently detailed to  permit identification of the type.  They shall 
also show the position intended for the a pproval mark and for the wheel markings; 
 3.1.2.  Technical description including at least the following  characteristics: 
 3.1.2.1. Category of replacement wheels – see paragraphs 2.4.2., 2.4.3. and 2.4.4.; 
 3.1.2.2. rim contour designation - wheel inset - wheel attachment details; 
 3.1.2.3. tightening torque for studs and nuts;  3.1.2.4. fixing method of balancing weights; 
 3.1.2.5. necessary accessories (i.e. a dditional mounting components); 
 3.1.2.6. International Sta ndard reference; 
 3.1.2.7. suitable for tubeless tyre mounting;  3.1.2.8. suitable valves types;  3.1.2.9. maximum load capacity;   maximum inflation pressure; 
 3.1.2.11. detail of material including ch emical composition (see Annex 4). 
 3.1.2.12. tyre size designations specified for orig inal equipment by th e vehicle manufacturer. 
 3.1.3. Documentation in accordance with paragr aph 1. of annex 10 to  this Regulation: 
 
- vehicle characteristics (Annex 10, paragraph 1.2.); 
 - additional characteristic s (Annex 10, paragraph 1.3.); 
 - fitting instructions details  (Annex 10, paragraph 1.4.); and 
 - additional requirements (Annex 10, paragraph 2.). 
 3.1.4.  Sample wheels representative of the wheel type necessary for the execution of laboratory 
tests or test reports issued by the Type Approval Authority. 
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3.2.  In case of application for approval of an iden tical wheel, the applicant shall satisfy the type 
approval authority that the wheel is indeed an  "identical replacement wheel" as defined in 
paragraph 2.4.2. 
4.  APPROVAL 
 4.1.  If the wheel submitted for approval in accordance with paragraph 3. above meets the 
requirements, then approval for this  type of wheel shall be granted. 
 4.2.  An approval number shall be assigned to each type approve d.  The first two digits (at 
present 00 for the regulation in its original form) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval.  The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to another type of wheel. 
 4.3.  Notice of approval or refusa l or extension of approval of  a type of wheel under this 
regulation shall be communicated to the par ties to the 1958 Agreement which apply this 
regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in annex 1 to this Regulation. 
 4.4.  Every wheel conforming to a type approved under this  regulation shall bear, in addition to 
the markings prescribed in paragraph 5., a clearly legible and i ndelible international 
approval mark consisting of: 
 4.4.1.  circle surrounding the letter E followed by th e distinguishing number of the country which 
has granted approval (see Annex 2). 9
/ 
 4.4.2.  The number of this Regulation, followed by the letter R, a dash and the approval number 
according to paragraph 4.2. 
 ________________ 9
/   1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for 
Hungary, 8 for the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Yugoslavia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for 
Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Po rtugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for 
Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slove nia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for 
Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are 
granted by its member States using their resp ective ECE symbol), 43 for Japan,44 (vacant), 45 for 
Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 fo r South Africa, 48 for New Zeeland, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta 
and 51 for the Republic of Korea.  Subsequent numbers sha ll be assigned to other countries in the 
chronological order in which they ratify or acced e to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of 
Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the C onditions for Reciprocal Recognition of Approval 
Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and th e numbers thus assigned shall be communicated 
by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement. 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/573
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 4.5.  The approval mark shall be pe rmanent, visible and clearly legible, when the tyre is fitted 
on the wheel. 
 4.6.  Annex 2 to this regulation gives an exam ple of the arrangement of the approval mark. 
 4.7.  The wheel manufacturer's fac ilities may be used for test pur poses provided that the Type 
Approval Authority or a designated representative witnesses the tests. 
 5.  WHEEL MARKINGS  5.1.  The wheel shall be permanently and legibl y marked as follows, in a position chosen by 
the manufacturer, but visible when the tyre is fitted on the wheel: 
 5.1.1.  manufacturer name  or trade mark; 
 5.1.2.  the wheel or rim contour designation;  5.1.2.1. It shall be expressed according to the pres cription of one Intern ational Tyre and Rim 
Standards and includes at least: 
   rim size designation comprising:  
rim contour designation nominal rim diameter, 
 
the symbol "x" if one piece rim, 
 
the symbol "-" if multipiece rim  
 
letter "A" if the well is located asymmetrically (optional),  
 
the letter "S" if the well is located symmetrically (optional).  
 5.1.3.  the wheel inset;   date of manufacture(at l east the month and year); 
 5.1.5.  the wheel/rim part number.   5.2.  Annex 3 to this regulation gives an exampl e of the arrangement of the wheel markings. 
 6.  GENERAL REQUIREMENTS  6.1.  Rim contour shall conform to the International St andard specified by the wheel 
manufacturer. 
6.2.  Rim contour shall ensure the co rrect fitting of tyres and valves. L 375/574 EN Official Journal of the European Union 27.12.2006
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6.2.1.  Wheels designed for use with tube less tyres shall ensure air retention. 
 6.3.  Materials used for the construction of the wheel shall be analysed according to Annex 4. 
 6.4. In the case of identical repl acement wheel as defined in pa ragraph 2.4.2., there shall not be 
any requirement for physical testing as given in paragraph 6.5. or vehicle fitment checking 
as given in paragraph 2. of Annex 10 to this Regulation. 
 6.5.  The replica replacement wheels and pattern part replacement wheels shall satisfy the 
following tests: 
 6.5.1.  Steel wheels  6.5.1.1. Disc wheels    (a) rotating bending test as per Annex 6;  
(b) rolling test as per Annex 7. 
 6.5.2.  Aluminium alloy wheels  6.5.2.1. One piece wheels   
(a) Corrosion test as per Annex 5.  If the process within a production line is 
always the same, only one representa tive test is to be carried out. 
 
 (b) Rotating bending test as per Annex 6; 
 
 (c) Rolling test as per Annex 7.     (d) Impact test as per Annex 8. 
 
6.5.2.2. Demountable rim wheels  
(a) Corrosion test as per Annex 5;  (b) Rotating bending test as per Annex 6;  (c) Rolling test as per Annex 7;  (d) Impact test as per Annex 8;  (e) Alternating torque test as per Annex 9. 
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6.5.3.  Magnesium alloy wheels  6.5.3.1. One piece wheels  
(a) Corrosion test as per Annex 5;  
 (b) Rotating bending test as per Annex 6;   (c) Rolling test as per Annex 7;   (d) Impact test as per Annex 8.  6.5.3.2. Demountable rim wheels   
(a) Corrosion test as per Annex 5;  (b) Rotating bending test as per Annex 6;  (c) Rolling test as per Annex 7;  (d) Impact test as per Annex 8;  (e) Alternating torque test as per Annex 9. 
 
6.6. Where a wheel manufacturer submits applicati on for type approval for a range of wheels, it 
is not considered necessary to carry out all tests on every type of wheels in the range.  
Worst case selection may be made at the disc retion of the type appr oval Authority or the 
designated Technical Service (see Anne x 6 paragraph 4. of this Regulation). 
 6.7.  Pattern part replacement wheels shall satis fy the following requirements to guarantee 
proper fitment on the vehicle:  
 6.7.1.  The nominal rim diameter, nominal rim width and nominal in set of ECE-approved 
wheels shall be the same as the manufacturer’s replacement wheel. 
 6.7.2. Wheels shall be suitable for tyres of the tyre  size designations specified initially by the 
vehicle manufacturer for the pa rticular model concerned.   
 6.7.3.  The checks and documentation relevant to the wheel/vehicle fitme nt are described in 
Annex 10. 
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7.  MODIFICATIONS AND EXTENSION OF APPROVAL FOR WHEEL 
 7.1.  Every modification of the wheel type sha ll be notified to the a pproval authority which 
granted the type approval.  Th e approval authority may then: 
 7.1.1.  either consider that the modifications ma de are unlikely to have  appreciable adverse 
effects and that in any case the type of wheel still complies with the requirements; 
 7.1.2.  or require a further test.  7.2.  Confirmation or refu sal of approval, specifying the alte rations, shall be notified by the 
procedure specified in paragraph 4.3. above to the parties to the agreement applying this 
regulation. 
 7.3.  The competent authority issuing the extens ion of approval shall a ssign a series number 
to each communication form draw n up for such an extension. 
 8.  CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION  8.1.  The conformity of producti on procedures shall comply with those set out in the 
Agreement - E/ECE/324-E/EC E/TRANS/505/Rev.2, Appendix 2. 
 8.2.  The authority which has granted type a pproval may at any time verify the conformity 
control methods applied in  each production facility.  Th e normal frequency of these 
verifications shall be once every two years. 
 9.  PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION  9.1.  The approval granted in respect of a type of wheel pursuant to this regulation may be 
withdrawn if the requirements set forth above are not met or if a wheel bearing the 
approval mark does not conf orm to the type approved. 
 9.2.  If a Contracting Party to the Agreement a pplying this regulation withdraws an approval 
it has previously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties applying this regulation, by means of a co mmunication form conforming to the model in 
Annex 1 to this Regulation. 
 10.  PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED 
 If the holder of an approval completely ceases to manufacture a wheel approved in accordance with this regulation, he shall so  inform the authority which granted the 
approval.  Upon receiving the relevant communication, that authority shall inform the 
other parties applying this regulation by means of a comm unication form conforming to 
the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation. 
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11.  NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICA L SERVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR 
CONDUCTING APPROVAL TESTS AND OF ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS  The Contracting Parties to the Agreement applying the regulation shall communicate to the United Nations secretariat the names and addresses of the Technical Services responsible 
for conducting approval tests a nd of the administrative depa rtments which grant approval 
and to which forms certifying approval or extensi on or refusal or withdr awal of approval, or 
production definitely discon tinued issued in other countries, are to be sent. 
 
 
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Annex 1  
 
COMMUNICATION 
 
(Maximum format: A4(210 x 297 mm)) 
  
issued by: Name of administration: 
......... ......................... .........   
concerning: 2
/   APPROVAL GRANTED 
    APPROVAL EXTENDED     APPROVAL REFUSED     APPROVAL WITHDRAWN     PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED  of a wheel type, pursuant to Regulation No. XY  Approval No. ......      Extension No. ......   Wheel manuf acturer: ........................................................................................................... ... 
 Wheel type designation:  
 Category of repl acement wheels:............................................................................................ 
 Construction material:......................................................................................................... .... 
 Method of production:  
 Rim contour designation:   
 Wheel inset: .................................................................................................................. ......... 
 Wheel attachment: ...................................................................................................... 
 Maximum load capacity   
3. Address of the manufacturer: ........................................................................................... 
4. If applicable, name and address of manufactur ers representative:.................................... 
5. Date on which the wheel was s ubmitted for approval tests: ............................................ 
6. Technical Service responsible for carrying out the approval test: ................................... 
7. Date of test report issued by the Technical Service: ........................................................ 
8. Number of test report issued by the Technical Service: ................................................... 
9. Remarks: ................................................................................................................... ....... 
10. Approval granted/refuse d/extended/withdrawn 2
/:........................................................... 
11. Reason(s) for the extens ion (if applicable): ..................................................................... 
12. Place: .................................................................................................................... ............ 
13. Date: ..................................................................................................................... ............ 
14. Signature/Name: ........................................................................................................... .... 
 Annexed is a list of documents making up th e approval file, deposited with the competent 
authority which granted approval, a copy can be obtained on request. 
___________________ 1
/ Distinguishing number of the country granting the approval. 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/579
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2/ Strike out what does not apply. 
Annex 2  
 
ARRANGEMENT OF THE APPROVAL MARK 
  
 
 
.  
 The wheel bearing the above approval mark is a wh eel that has been approved in Italy (E3) under 
approval number 001148.  The first two digits of the approval number indicate that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of Regulati on No. XY in its original form. 
 
The marking of approval mark, the Regulation number and approva l number may be at a distance 
from each other respecting the sequence.   
   
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Annex 3
 
 
ARRANGEMENT OF THE WHEEL MARKINGS 
  Example of markings which sh all be applied to a wheel conforming to this Regulation: 
  ABCDE     5 ½ J x 14 FH     36     01 99     ab123    This example of marking defines a wheel:   manufactured by ABCDE   having a rim contour  designation (5½ J) 
  having a one piece construction(x)   having a nominal rim diameter code (14)   having a non symmetrical lo cation of the well (no mark) 
 
having a flat hump configuration of the b ead-seat area on one side only (FH) – optional 
marking  
 having a wheel inset of 36 mm   manufactured in January 1999 (0199)   the manufacturer’s part number (ab123)   The rim designation shall include in the following order the rim contour desi gnation, the construction, 
the nominal rim diameter code, the location of th e well and the bead-seat configuration, as in the 
example 5½ J x 14 FH.  It is also permitted to reverse the order for the first three elements as in the example 14 x 5½ J FH.  The marking of the wheel inset, the date of produc tion and manufacturer’s name  may be at a distance 
from the rim designation.  
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Annex 4  
 
MATERIAL TEST 
 The following metallurgical analysis shall carried out and reported
:  
 
 Material   
Tests 
Aluminium alloy  a, c, e 
Magnesium alloy  a, c, e 
Steel  a, b, d 
  Chemical analysis of the raw-material. 
  Check of the following mechanical characteristics ( R
p0,2, Rm, and A) relevant to the materials: 
 
 - percentage elongation after fracture  (A) : Permanent elongation of the gauge length after 
fracture (L u – L o), expressed as a percentage  of the original length (L o).  
 
     Where       original gauge length ( L
o) : Gauge length before application of force. 
      final gauge length  (L
u) : Gauge length after rupture of the test piece. 
 
 -  proof strength, non-pr oportional extension  (Rp) : Stress at which a non-proportional extension 
is equal to a specified percentage of the extensometer gauge length ( Le).  The symbol used is 
followed by a suffix giving the prescribed percen tage of the extensometer gauge  length, for 
example: R p0,2. 
 
 -  tensile strength ( Rm) : Stress corresponding to the maximum force ( Fm). 
  Check of the mechanical characteristics ( R
p0,2, Rm, and A) of test-pieces taken from the hub 
mounting area and in the disc to rim transition area or in the failure zone if any. 
  Analysis of the metallurgic defects and of the raw material structure. 
  Analysis of the metallurgic defects and of the test-pieces structure take n from the hub mounting area 
and in the disc to rim transition area or in the failure zone if any. 
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Annex 5
 
 
CORROSION TEST 
 1.  Carry out a salt-spray test as per ISO 9227 for 384 hours.  1.1.  Sample preparation  
A surface treated sample, taken from production, shall be damaged by cross engraving and 
stone impact (ISO 565) to represent damaging situations during the normal usage of vehicle (damage shall be in the area of the rim flange and inside the wheel). 
 1.2.  Test development  
The surface treated sample shall pass a salt-spray test, in which the sample and any components with which is normally in contact are put in upright position into the salt-spray 
test equipment.  The wheel is turned through 90° every 48 hours. 
 1.3.  Evaluation  
Individual measures which may affect the corrosion are to be evaluated (covers, crews, zinc or cadmium buses, alloy insulating covers, etc.)  
 
The test documentation shall include photos s howing the main corrosion points which have 
been mechanically washed in orde r to show the material defects. 
 
There shall not be any significant corrosion after a test duration of 192 hours.  After 384 
hours the wheel functionality, the mounting compone nts and the tyre bead seat shall not be 
adversely affected by corrosion.  This shall be  confirmed by a rotatin g bending test as per 
Annex 6 or by a rolling test as per Annex 7, depending on the location of the corrosion.  
  
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Annex 6  
 
ROTATING BENDING TEST 
 1. Test Description  
  During the rotating bending test, the lateral forces acting on wheel in driving around a curve 
are simulated.  Four wheel samples shall be tested, two at 50% and two at 75% of the 
maximum side force.  The wheel rim is fixe d rigidly to the test bench, and a bending 
moment M
b is applied to the hub mounting area (i.e. through a loading arm with a flange 
having the same pitch circle diameter as the vehicle for which the wheel is intended).  Light alloy wheels are fixed using the internal rim flange by two semicircular flanges. 
 
Should other fixing devices be used, it is necessary prove their equivalence. 
 Screws or fixing nuts are tightened to the to rque stated by the vehicle manufacturer and 
retightened after 10,000 cycles approximately. 
 2.  Formula for the bending moment calculation  
Cars and off-road vehicles :  M
bmaX = S * FV ( o* rdyn + d)  
 
MbmaX      = maximum reference bending moment ]Nm_ 
 F
V        = maximum load capacity of wheel ]N_ 
 r
dyn       = dynamic radius of largest tyre recommended for wheel ]m_ 
 d         = inset ]m_ 
 
  o         = coefficient of friction  
 
S         = factor of safety  
 
3.  The test is carried out with two percentage  values (50 per cent and 75 per cent) of the max 
moment and on the basis of the following standards 
 
Coefficient of friction  0.9 
Factor of safety  2.0 
Nominal cycles per minute  The number of cycles per minute can be the maximum 
possible but outside the tes ting rig resonance frequency.
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 Aluminium / Magnesium  Steel  
Vehicle category  M1 and M 1G O1 and O 2 M1 and M 1G O1 and O 2 
Min cycles with 75 
per cent MbmaX 2.0*105 0.66*105 6.0 * 104 2.0*104 
Min cycles with 50 per cent M
bmaX 1.8*106 0.69*106 6.0*105 2.3*105 
Shaft displacement less than 10 per cent greater than the displacement measured after approximately 10,000 cycles.  Acceptance limits  
Technical cracks are not accepted. - 
Allowable loss of tightening torque initially applied to the wheel fixing studs and nuts 1
/ Maximum 30 per cent 
 4.  Test schedule for range of wheel types  
Wheels of the same type (paragraph 2.2.) but with different inset values can be grouped 
using the highest value of test bending moment according to the following test schedule.  Wheel versions having a larger  centre hole shall be included in the test.  In the case of a 
failure further samples shall be tested.  
 
Necessary tests: 
 
Number of wheels to be te sted Rotating bending test 
 Short test Long test 
Minimum PCD  Maximum PCD if only one PCD 1 1 2 1 1 2 
Inset variations up to 2 mm  From 2 mm to 5 mm  
@ 5 mm -- 
 
1 
 
1 -- 
 
-- 
 
1 
 
 
Tests to be carried out should the maximum pe rmitted wheel load subsequently increase.  
____________  
1/ Check loss of tightening torque of wheel fixing s by retightening, not by measuring torque to 
loosen fixings.    27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/585
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If the resulting test bending moment increases up to 10 per cent max. 1 1 
 Short test  = rotating bending test with 75 per cent of l M
bmax  
  (calculated for the max wheel load) 
Long test  = rotating bending  test with 50 per cent of Mbmax 
Should the testing moment be increased of more  of 10 per cent, when compared to the first 
approval, the whole progra mme shall be repeated. 
                                  
Example of a rotating bending test rig. 
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Annex 7
 
 
ROLLING TEST 
 1. Test Description 
 
In the rolling test the stress on the wheel when driving straight ahead is simulated by testing a wheel rolling against a drum which has a minimum outside diameter of 1.7 m, in the case of an 
external rolling test, or a minimum internal diameter equal to the dynamic radius of the tyre divided by 0.4 in the case of an internal rolling test.  Two wheel s shall be tested. 
 2. Formula for calculation of the test load  
All types of vehicles  F
P  =  S * FV 
 
FP = testing load [N] 
FV = wheel maximum load capacity of the wheel [N] 
S = factor of safety 
 
3. Tests Procedure and Requirements 
Tests are carried out on the basis of the following specifications: 
 
 M 1 and M 1G O 1 and O 2 
Rolling direction  Straight 
Factor of safety - S 2.5 
2.25 1 / 2.0 
Tyres  Taken from normal (series) production and, if possible, of the 
maximum nominal section width recommended for the wheel  
Testing speed in km/h The max. allowed by the tyre given by the speed index, usually 
60-100 km/hour  
Equivalent rolling distance 2,000 km 
1,000 km 1 / 2,000 km 
1,000 km 1 / 
Tyre pressure at st art of test (nor 
checked or controlled during the 
test)  Normal usage:                 rolling test pressure Up to         160 kPa             280 kPa  More than 160 kPa             min. 400 kPa 
Limits of acceptance  Technical cracks a nd/or air leakage are not accepted.   
Allowable loss of tightening torque initially applied to the wheel fixing studs and nuts 2
/   30 per cent 
______________ 
1/  For passenger cars steel disc wheels. 
2/  Check loss of tightening torque of wheel fixing s by retightening - not by measuring torque to 
loosen fixing.  27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/587
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Examples of rolling test rigs. 
 
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Annex 8
 
 
IMPACT TEST 
 
 Test Description  
 
Wheel strength with regard to the fractures on edges and other critical points when the wheel strikes an obstacle shall be checked.  In order to show the sufficient resistance to fractures it is 
necessary carry out an impact te st as per Annex 8 - Appendix 1. 
 
2. Formula for the calculation of test load   
D = 0.6 * F
V / g + 180 [kg] 
D = value of falling mass [kg] F
V = maximum wheel load capacity [N] 
g = acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s2 
 
3. Test Procedure and Requirements 
 
 M1 and M1G 
Procedure and 
requirements As per Annex 8 – Appendix 1  
Tyre pressure The tyre pre ssure recommended by the tyre manufacturer based on the load 
index and the max. vehicle speed, but at least 200 kPa. 
Tyres Tyres taken from nor mal (series) production w ith the minimum nominal 
section width and minimum rolling circumference on the range of tyres recommended for the particular wheel. 
Acceptance criteria  The test shall be considered satisfactory if there is not any visible fracture 
penetrating through the wheel surface and if there is not any loss of inflation pressure within one minute of completing the test.  Fractures and indentations caused by the direct contact with  the falling weight are acceptable. 
In the case of wheels with demountable rims or other components that can be 
dismantled, if threaded fastenings that  are close to the spoke or ventilation 
holes fail the wheel is to be cons idered as having failed the test.  
Number of samples to be tested One for each impact position. 
Impact positions  One in the area connecting spoke s to rim and further one in the area between 
two spokes, very close to the valve hole. If possible, the impact direction shall not coincide with the radial line between a fixing hole and the wheel centre. 
 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/589
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4. Tests schedule for range of wheel types    Tests necessary:  
Wheels to be tested 
Impact test 
Minimum PCD of fixing holes 
Maximum PCD of fixing holes One for each impact position One for each impact position 
 
 L 375/590 EN Official Journal of the European Union 27.12.2006
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Annex 8 - Appendix 1 
 
 
PASSENGER CARS - LIGHT ALLOY WHEELS - IMPACT TEST 
 
1. SCOPE 
  This annex specifies a laboratory test procedure to evaluate the axial (lateral) kerb impact 
collision properties of a wheel manufactured either wholly or partly of light alloys.  It is intended for passenger car applications, with the purpose of screening and/or quality control of the wheel. 
 2.  TEST EQUIPMENT  2.1.  New wheels,  fully processed, representative of wheels intended for passenger car 
application, fitted with a tyre. 
 2.2.  Impact loading test machine with a vertically acting striker having an impacting f ace at least 
125 mm wide and at least 375 mm long and sharp edges broken by radius or chamfer, in 
accordance with figure 1.  The falling mass, D, within a tolerance of  2 per cent, expressed 
in kilograms, shall be as follows: 
 
 D = 0.6 * F
V / g + 180 [kg] 
  where F
V / g is the maximum static wheel loading, as specified by the wheel and/or vehicle 
manufacturer, expressed in kilograms. 
 2.3.  Mass of 1,000 kg.  3.  CALIBRATION   Ensure, by means of a test calibration ad apter, that the 1,000 kg mass (paragraph 2.3.) 
applied vertically to the centre of the wheel fixing as shown in figure 2 causes a deflection of 7.5 mm ± 0.75 mm when measured at the centre of the beam. 
 4.  TEST PROCEDURE  4.1. Mount the test wheel (paragraph 2.1.) and tyre in  the test machine (paragraph 2.2.) such that 
the impact loading is applied to the rim flange  of the wheel.  The wheel shall be mounted 
with its axis at an angle of 13°  1° to the vertical with its highest point presented to the 
striker.  
  The tyre mounted on the test wheel shall be  the smallest nominal section width tubeless 
radial-ply tyre intended for use on that wheel.  The inflation pressure shall be that specified 
by the vehicle manufacturer or, in the absen ce of such specification, it shall be 200 kPa. 
 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/591
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 The temperature of the test environment shall remain within a range of 10 °C to 30 °C 
throughout the test period. 
 4.2.  Ensure that the wheel is mounted on the hub fixture with dimensionally representative 
fixings such as would be used on a vehicle.  Manually tighten the fixings to a value or by a 
method as recommended by the ve hicle or wheel manufacturer. 
  Because the design of wheel centre members may vary, test a sufficient number of locations 
on the wheel rim circumference to ensure that the integrity of the centre members is assessed.  Use new wheels each time. 
  In case of test on the spoke, that spoke is to be chosen where the bolt hole is closest. 
 
4.3.  Ensure that the striker is over the tyre, and overlaps the rim flange by 25 mm  1 mm.  
Raise the striker to a height of 230 mm  2 mm above the highest part of the rim flange and 
allow it to fall. 
 
5.  FAILURE CRITERIA   The wheel is considered to have failed the test if any of the following apply: 
 
 (a) visible fracture(s) penetrate through a section of the centre member of the wheel 
assembly; 
  (b) the centre member separates from the rim;   (c) the tyre loses all air pressure within 1 min.   The wheel is not considered to have failed the test by deformation of the wheel assembly or 
by fractures in the area of the rim section struck by the face plate of the striker. 
 _______ Note
: Tyres and wheels used in the tests should not be used subsequently on a vehicle. 
  L 375/592 EN Official Journal of the European Union 27.12.2006
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Figure 1
 – Impact loading test machine 
 
   
 
Figure 1
  - Detail A 
 
27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/593
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Dimensions in millimetres    
 
   
Figure 2
 – Application of loading to centre of wheel mount 
 Dimensions in millimetres  
 
  
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Annex 9
 
 
ALTERNATING TORQUE TEST 
 2. Test Description  
 
In an alternating torque test the torque acting on wheel during braking and acceleration is simulated.  The sample wheels shall be tested at each percentage value (50 per cent and 75 per cent ) of the maximum calculated torque.  Each wheel flange is rigidly fixed on the test table and stressed by an alte rnating torque of ± M
T, introduced through the attachment face i.e. 
through a brake disc or through other components.  
 2. Formula for the calculation of the test torque  
M
T = S * FV * rdyn 
Where:  M
T = test torque  [Nm] 
S  = factor of safety  F
V  = maximum wheel load capacity [N] 
rdyn = dynamic radius [m] 
 
 
Tests are carried out on the basi s of the following parameters: 
 
Factor of safety S 1,0 
Min number of cycles with ± 90 per cent MT  2* 105 
Min number of cycles with ± 45 per cent MT  2* 106 
Acceptance criteria  Technical cracks not acceptable  
Allowable loss of the initial torque applied to wheel fixing studs and nuts  1
/ 30 per cent 
 
__________ 1
/ Check loss of tightening torque of wheel fixings by  retightening, not by measuring torque to loosen 
fixing.       
 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/595
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Annex 10  
 
VEHICLE FITMENT CHECKS AND DOCUMENTATION 
  
1. Application and fitting Information   
The type approval authority sha ll be supplied with a copy of  following information which 
shall also be supplied to th e consumer with the wheel. 
 
1.1.  Wheel characteristics: 
 ECE approval number, wheel type  and variant, international rim designation (for example, 
15 H2 x 5 ½ J) and inset. 
 1.2. Vehicle characteristics:  
Vehicle manufacturer, vehicle model name and desc ription, vehicle power and VIN range 
including at least WMI, VDS and first digit of VIS describing the model year (see ISO 
3779-1983).  
 1.3. Additional characteristics: Any particular requirements, special  fittings and so on that are 
specified when using the manufacturer’s re placement wheels or specific requirements for 
the ECE approved wheel.  
 1.4.  Fitting instruction detail: R ecommendations and safety precau tions when fitting the wheel; 
 Use of any additional or substitute wheel fixi ng components, for example, longer wheel 
bolts or studs with alloy wheels; 
 
Wheel fixing tightening torque; drawing attention to the importance of this aspect and the need to preferably use a calibrated torque wren ch;  Instruction regarding the necessity to re-
tighten the wheel fixing after 50 km of driv ing; References to the use and mounting of 
hubcaps, if applicable;  
 L 375/596 EN Official Journal of the European Union 27.12.2006
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1.5. Example of a possible stru cture of the Application a nd fitting Information table. 
 
Wheel characteristics (mandatory fields in bold characters) 
ECE approval 
number Wheel type Size Inset Pcd fixing holes 1
/ 
XY R-I 0001148 6014 6Jx14H2 38 mm 98 mm 4 
Wheel variant Control 
spigot location  Wheel marking centre ring 
marking Centre hole Dia. max. wheel load in N 
A Yes  98-38 120-98 58.1 mm 5500 
 
Vehicles' characteristics 
Vehicle 
manufacturers vehicle model name Vehicle type Power  In kW Identification (VIN) 
WMI VDS Year(s) 
FIAT    ALFA ROMEO 145/146 ALFA  ROMEO 930 66 - 95 
1C9 
Y817H3 4 
 
Additional characteristics  
 
Ref. Characteristic
1/ S pherical fastenin g screws  
  
 
 Additional requirements    
 Wheel calliper check  The design of the inner contour of the wheel (wheel calliper see Figure 1) must provide sufficient space for the brake, su spension and steering components. 
 In the case where the wheel calliper is outside of the vehicle manufacturer’s replacement wheel calliper, no verification is necessary.  In the case where the calliper is inside the vehicle manufacture r’s replacement wheel 
calliper, a check shall be carried out of wheel operating clearance with respect to brake, suspension and steering components and gene ral under body components, taking into 
account the effect of wheel balance weights.   As a rule, the following criteria have to be fulfilled:    minimum clearance for brake components (wor st case, for exampl e with new brake 
linings): 3 mm 1
/), 
minimum clearance for suspension components (e . g. upper and lower suspension arms): 4 
mm, 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/597
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page 31 
 
 minimum clearance for steering components (e. g. track rod and steering joints ): 4 mm, and  minimum clearance between balance weig hts and vehicle components:2 mm.  
 The check may be carried out statically or dynamically.  If the various clearances on the vehicle manufacturer’s replacement wheel are less than t hose given above, then these can 
be accepted.  
 2.2. Ventilation holes check    An approved wheel shall not reduce the brake efficiency in comparison with a 
manufacturer’s replacement wheel.  The heat tran sfer from the brakes into steel wheels is 
regarded as being more severe than that with of light alloy wheels.  In the case where the vehicle manufacturer’s replacement wheel is designed for a defined air circulation from the brake through the wheel ventilation holes (for example by "windmilling" effect) and where the area of the ventilation holes, in a pattern part replacement wheel, is smaller than the 
corresponding vehicle manufacturer’s repl acement wheel, a comparison test shall be carried 
out to evaluate the brake efficiency.  
  The test shall follow the requirements of  Regulation No. 13, a ppendix 4, paragraph 1.5. 
Type I - Fade test procedure.  The criterion is the brake temperature.  The maximum temperature measured (discs, drum) using the vehicle manufacturer’s replacement wheel must not be exceeded with the wheel to be approved.  
  Any hubcaps normally fitted ar e to be taken into account. 
 2.3. Wheel fixing 
 The use of vehicle manufacturer’s re placement wheel fixing components is 
recommended.  Any special wheel fixing com ponents shall allow f itting of the pattern 
part replacement wheel without  requiring any additional change.  The basic number of 
wheel fixings, for example 4 holes, 5 holes and so on, shall not be changed.  Wheel 
fixings shall not foul other components, fo r example, brake components.  Regarding 
wheel bolts, nuts and studs, the length of th read engagement shall be the same as 
achieved by the vehicle manufacturer’s replacement wheel and wheel fixings.  The profile of the bolts / nuts shall be compatible with the profile of the location hole in the approved wheel.  The material used for the wheel fixing components shall be at least 
equivalent to the vehicle manufacturer’s  replacement wheel fi xing components.  
 
________________ 1
/ Use of vehicle manufacturer brake component  profiles and wheel ca liper is recommended. 
However in-service monitoring is necessary because  of possible change of brake parts and/or OE-
wheel calliper during the vehicle production run. L 375/598 EN Official Journal of the European Union 27.12.2006
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page 32  
In the case where wheel accessories are provided, any necessary special tools for mounting and demounting sh all also be provided. 
 Where different wheel fixing  components are supplied, they  shall be detailed in the 
information required by para graph 1.2., and any necessary sp ecial fitting tools shall be 
provided.  
2.4.  External projections  
The approved wheel when fitted to the vehicle, together with any necessary wheel accessories, shall not create any danger.  Th e requirements of Regulation ECE-R26 shall 
be respected. 
 2.5.  Miscellaneous  
The test report shall contain th e details and results of the tests carried out.  It shall 
confirm that the tested wheel meets the requirements. 
                    
    
Figure 1
 : Wheel inner contour incl uding examples of inside 
 and outside situations. 
 
_____ 
Wheel Caliper contour  
line inside the Wheel Caliper contour
 Line outside the Wheel Caliper 
contour 
 27.12.2006 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 375/599