Official Journal of the European Union

COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION (EU) 2017/1442

of 31 July 2017

establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants

(notified under document C(2017) 5225)

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

Having regard to Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (1), and in partiular Article 13(5) thereof,

Whereas:

Best available techniques (BAT) conclusions are the reference for setting permit conditions for installations covered by Chapter II of Directive 2010/75/EU and competent authorities should set emission limit values which ensure that, under normal operating conditions, emissions do not exceed the emission levels associated with the best available techniques as laid down in the BAT conclusions.

The forum composed of representatives of Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection, established by Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 (2) , provided the Commission on 20 October 2016 with its opinion on the proposed content of the BAT reference document for large combustion plants. That opinion is publicly available.

The BAT conclusions set out in the Annex to this Decision are the key element of that BAT reference document.

The measures provided for in this Decision are in accordance with the opinion of the Committee established by Article 75(1) of Directive 2010/75/EU,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

Article 1

The best available techniques (BAT) conclusions for large combustion plants, as set out in the Annex, are adopted.

Article 2

This Decision is addressed to the Member States.

(1) OJ L 334, 17.12.2010, p. 17.

(2) OJ C 146, 17.5.2011, p. 3.

ANNEX

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT) CONCLUSIONS

SCOPE

These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU:

— 1.1: Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more, only when this activity takes place in combustion plants with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more.

— 1.4: Gasification of coal or other fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 20 MW or more, only when this activity is directly associated to a combustion plant.

— 5.2: Disposal or recovery of waste in waste co-incineration plants for non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 3 tonnes per hour or for hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day, only when this activity takes place in combustion plants covered under 1.1 above.

In particular, these BAT conclusions cover upstream and downstream activities directly associated with the aforementioned activities including the emission prevention and control techniques applied.

The fuels considered in these BAT conclusions are any solid, liquid and/or gaseous combustible material including:

— solid fuels (e.g. coal, lignite, peat),

— biomass (as defined in Article 3(31) of Directive 2010/75/EU),

— liquid fuels (e.g. heavy fuel oil and gas oil),

— gaseous fuels (e.g. natural gas, hydrogen-containing gas and syngas),

— industry-specific fuels (e.g. by-products from the chemical and iron and steel industries),

— waste except mixed municipal waste as defined in Article 3(39) and except other waste listed in Article 42(2)(a)(ii) and (iii) of Directive 2010/75/EU.

These BAT conclusions do not address the following:

— combustion of fuels in units with a rated thermal input of less than 15 MW,

— combustion plants benefitting from the limited life time or district heating derogation as set out in Articles 33 and 35 of Directive 2010/75/EU, until the derogations set in their permits expire, for what concerns the BAT-AELs for the pollutants covered by the derogation, as well as for other pollutants whose emissions would have been reduced by the technical measures obviated by the derogation,

— gasification of fuels, when not directly associated to the combustion of the resulting syngas,

— gasification of fuels and subsequent combustion of syngas when directly associated to the refining of mineral oil and gas,

— the upstream and downstream activities not directly associated to combustion or gasification activities,

— combustion in process furnaces or heaters,

— combustion in post-combustion plants,

— flaring,

— combustion in recovery boilers and total reduced sulphur burners within installations for the production of pulp and paper, as this is covered by the BAT conclusions for the production of pulp, paper and board,

— combustion of refinery fuels at the refinery site, as this is covered by the BAT conclusions for the refining of mineral oil and gas,

— disposal or recovery of waste in: — waste incineration plants (as defined in Article 3(40) of Directive 2010/75/EU), — waste co-incineration plants where more than 40 % of the resulting heat release comes from hazardous waste, — waste co-incineration plants combusting only wastes, except if these wastes are composed at least partially of biomass as defined in Article 3(31)(b) of Directive 2010/75/EU, as this is covered by the BAT conclusions for waste incineration.

Other BAT conclusions and reference documents that could be relevant for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions are the following:

— Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW)

— Chemical BREF series (LVOC, etc.)

— Economics and Cross-Media Effects (ECM)

— Emissions from Storage (EFS)

— Energy Efficiency (ENE)

— Industrial Cooling Systems (ICS)

— Iron and Steel Production (IS)

— Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED installations (ROM)

— Production of Pulp, Paper and Board (PP)

— Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas (REF)

— Waste Incineration (WI)

— Waste Treatment (WT)

DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:

Term used Definition General terms Boiler Any combustion plant with the exception of engines, gas turbines, and process furnaces or heaters Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) A CCGT is a combustion plant where two thermodynamic cycles are used (i.e. Brayton and Rankine cycles). In a CCGT, heat from the flue-gas of a gas turbine (operating according to the Brayton cycle to produce electricity) is converted to useful energy in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), where it is used to generate steam, which then expands in a steam turbine (operating according to the Rankine cycle to produce additional electricity). For the purpose of these BAT conclusions, a CCGT includes configurations both with and without supplementary firing of the HRSG Combustion plant Any technical apparatus in which fuels are oxidised in order to use the heat thus generated. For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, a combination formed of: — two or more separate combustion plants where the flue-gases are discharged through a common stack, or — separate combustion plants that have been granted a permit for the first time on or after 1 July 1987, or for which the operators have submitted a complete application for a permit on or after that date, which are installed in such a way that, taking technical and economic factors into account, their flue-gases could, in the judgment of the competent authority, be discharged through a common stack is considered as a single combustion plant. For calculating the total rated thermal input of such a combination, the capacities of all individual combustion plants concerned, which have a rated thermal input of at least 15 MW, shall be added together Combustion unit Individual combustion plant Continuous measurement Measurement using an automated measuring system permanently installed on site Direct discharge Discharge (to a receiving water body) at the point where the emission leaves the installation without further downstream treatment Flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) system System composed of one or a combination of abatement technique(s) whose purpose is to reduce the level of SOX emitted by a combustion plant Flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) system — existing A flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) system that is not a new FGD system Flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) system — new Either a flue-gas desulphurisation (FGD) system in a new plant or a FGD system that includes at least one abatement technique introduced or completely replaced in an existing plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions Gas oil Any petroleum-derived liquid fuel falling within CN code 2710 19 25 , 2710 19 29 , 2710 19 47 , 2710 19 48 , 2710 20 17 or 2710 20 19 . Or any petroleum-derived liquid fuel of which less than 65 vol-% (including losses) distils at 250 °C and of which at least 85 vol-% (including losses) distils at 350 °C by the ASTM D86 method Heavy fuel oil (HFO) Any petroleum-derived liquid fuel falling within CN code 2710 19 51 to 2710 19 68 , 2710 20 31 , 2710 20 35 , 2710 20 39 . Or any petroleum-derived liquid fuel, other than gas oil, which, by reason of its distillation limits, falls within the category of heavy oils intended for use as fuel and of which less than 65 vol-% (including losses) distils at 250 °C by the ASTM D86 method. If the distillation cannot be determined by the ASTM D86 method, the petroleum product is also categorised as a heavy fuel oil Net electrical efficiency (combustion unit and IGCC) Ratio between the net electrical output (electricity produced on the high-voltage side of the main transformer minus the imported energy — e.g. for auxiliary systems' consumption) and the fuel/feedstock energy input (as the fuel/feedstock lower heating value) at the combustion unit boundary over a given period of time Net mechanical energy efficiency Ratio between the mechanical power at load coupling and the thermal power supplied by the fuel Net total fuel utilisation (combustion unit and IGCC) Ratio between the net produced energy (electricity, hot water, steam, mechanical energy produced minus the imported electrical and/or thermal energy (e.g. for auxiliary systems' consumption)) and the fuel energy input (as the fuel lower heating value) at the combustion unit boundary over a given period of time Net total fuel utilisation (gasification unit) Ratio between the net produced energy (electricity, hot water, steam, mechanical energy produced, and syngas (as the syngas lower heating value) minus the imported electrical and/or thermal energy (e.g. for auxiliary systems' consumption)) and the fuel/feedstock energy input (as the fuel/feedstock lower heating value) at the gasification unit boundary over a given period of time Operated hours The time, expressed in hours, during which a combustion plant, in whole or in part, is operated and is discharging emissions to air, excluding start-up and shutdown periods Periodic measurement Determination of a measurand (a particular quantity subject to measurement) at specified time intervals Plant — existing A combustion plant that is not a new plant Plant — new A combustion plant first permitted at the installation following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a combustion plant on the existing foundations following the publication of these BAT conclusions Post-combustion plant System designed to purify the flue-gases by combustion which is not operated as an independent combustion plant, such as a thermal oxidiser (i.e. tail gas incinerator), used for the removal of the pollutant(s) (e.g. VOC) content from the flue-gas with or without the recovery of the heat generated therein. Staged combustion techniques, where each combustion stage is confined within a separate chamber, which may have distinct combustion process characteristics (e.g. fuel to air ratio, temperature profile), are considered integrated in the combustion process and are not considered post-combustion plants. Similarly, when gases generated in a process heater/furnace or in another combustion process are subsequently oxidised in a distinct combustion plant to recover their energetic value (with or without the use of auxiliary fuel) to produce electricity, steam, hot water/oil or mechanical energy, the latter plant is not considered a post-combustion plant Predictive emissions monitoring system (PEMS) System used to determine the emissions concentration of a pollutant from an emission source on a continuous basis, based on its relationship with a number of characteristic continuously monitored process parameters (e.g. the fuel gas consumption, the air to fuel ratio) and fuel or feed quality data (e.g. the sulphur content) Process fuels from the chemical industry Gaseous and/or liquid by-products generated by the (petro-)chemical industry and used as non-commercial fuels in combustion plants Process furnaces or heaters Process furnaces or heaters are: — combustion plants whose flue-gases are used for the thermal treatment of objects or feed material through a direct contact heating mechanism (e.g. cement and lime kiln, glass furnace, asphalt kiln, drying process, reactor used in the (petro-)chemical industry, ferrous metal processing furnaces), or — combustion plants whose radiant and/or conductive heat is transferred to objects or feed material through a solid wall without using an intermediary heat transfer fluid (e.g. coke battery furnace, cowper, furnace or reactor heating a process stream used in the (petro-)chemical industry such as a steam cracker furnace, process heater used for the regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in LNG terminals). As a consequence of the application of good energy recovery practices, process heaters/furnaces may have an associated steam/electricity generation system. This is considered to be an integral design feature of the process heater/furnace that cannot be considered in isolation Refinery fuels Solid, liquid or gaseous combustible material from the distillation and conversion steps of the refining of crude oil. Examples are refinery fuel gas (RFG), syngas, refinery oils, and pet coke Residues Substances or objects generated by the activities covered by the scope of this document, as waste or by-products Start-up and shut-down period The time period of plant operation as determined pursuant to the provisions of Commission Implementing Decision 2012/249/EU (*1) Unit — existing A combustion unit that is not a new unit Unit- new A combustion unit first permitted at the combustion plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions or a complete replacement of a combustion unit on the existing foundations of the combustion plant following the publication of these BAT conclusions Valid (hourly average) An hourly average is considered valid when there is no maintenance or malfunction of the automated measuring system





Term used Definition Pollutants/parameters As The sum of arsenic and its compounds, expressed as As C3 Hydrocarbons having a carbon number equal to three C4+ Hydrocarbons having a carbon number of four or greater Cd The sum of cadmium and its compounds, expressed as Cd Cd+Tl The sum of cadmium, thallium and their compounds, expressed as Cd+Tl CH4 Methane CO Carbon monoxide COD Chemical oxygen demand. Amount of oxygen needed for the total oxidation of the organic matter to carbon dioxide COS Carbonyl sulphide Cr The sum of chromium and its compounds, expressed as Cr Cu The sum of copper and its compounds, expressed as Cu Dust Total particulate matter (in air) Fluoride Dissolved fluoride, expressed as F– H2S Hydrogen sulphide HCl All inorganic gaseous chlorine compounds, expressed as HCl HCN Hydrogen cyanide HF All inorganic gaseous fluorine compounds, expressed as HF Hg The sum of mercury and its compounds, expressed as Hg N2O Dinitrogen monoxide (nitrous oxide) NH3 Ammonia Ni The sum of nickel and its compounds, expressed as Ni NOX The sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), expressed as NO2 Pb The sum of lead and its compounds, expressed as Pb PCDD/F Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans RCG Raw concentration in the flue-gas. Concentration of SO2 in the raw flue-gas as a yearly average (under the standard conditions given under General considerations) at the inlet of the SOX abatement system, expressed at a reference oxygen content of 6 vol-% O2 Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + V The sum of antimony, arsenic, lead, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, vanadium and their compounds, expressed as Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + V SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO3 Sulphur trioxide SOX The sum of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphur trioxide (SO3), expressed as SO2 Sulphate Dissolved sulphate, expressed as SO4 2– Sulphide, easily released The sum of dissolved sulphide and of those undissolved sulphides that are easily released upon acidification, expressed as S2– Sulphite Dissolved sulphite, expressed as SO3 2– TOC Total organic carbon, expressed as C (in water) TSS Total suspended solids. Mass concentration of all suspended solids (in water), measured via filtration through glass fibre filters and gravimetry TVOC Total volatile organic carbon, expressed as C (in air) Zn The sum of zinc and its compounds, expressed as Zn

ACRONYMS

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following acronyms apply:

Acronym Definition ASU Air supply unit CCGT Combined-cycle gas turbine, with or without supplementary firing CFB Circulating fluidised bed CHP Combined heat and power COG Coke oven gas COS Carbonyl sulphide DLN Dry low-NOX burners DSI Duct sorbent injection ESP Electrostatic precipitator FBC Fluidised bed combustion FGD Flue-gas desulphurisation HFO Heavy fuel oil HRSG Heat recovery steam generator IGCC Integrated gasification combined cycle LHV Lower heating value LNB Low-NOX burners LNG Liquefied natural gas OCGT Open-cycle gas turbine OTNOC Other than normal operating conditions PC Pulverised combustion PEMS Predictive emissions monitoring system SCR Selective catalytic reduction SDA Spray dry absorber SNCR Selective non-catalytic reduction

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Best Available Techniques

The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection.

Unless otherwise stated, these BAT conclusions are generally applicable.

Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs)

Where emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) are given for different averaging periods, all of those BAT-AELs have to be complied with.

The BAT-AELs set out in these BAT conclusions may not apply to liquid-fuel-fired and gas-fired turbines and engines for emergency use operated less than 500 h/yr, when such emergency use is not compatible with meeting the BAT-AELs.

BAT-AELs for emissions to air

Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations, expressed as mass of emitted substance per volume of flue-gas under the following standard conditions: dry gas at a temperature of 273,15 K, and a pressure of 101,3 kPa, and expressed in the units mg/Nm3, μg/Nm3 or ng I-TEQ/Nm3.

The monitoring associated with the BAT-AELs for emissions to air is given in BAT 4

Reference conditions for oxygen used to express BAT-AELs in this document are shown in the table given below.

Activity Reference oxygen level (OR) Combustion of solid fuels 6 vol-% Combustion of solid fuels in combination with liquid and/or gaseous fuels Waste co-incineration Combustion of liquid and/or gaseous fuels when not taking place in a gas turbine or an engine 3 vol-% Combustion of liquid and/or gaseous fuels when taking place in a gas turbine or an engine 15 vol-% Combustion in IGCC plants

The equation for calculating the emission concentration at the reference oxygen level is:

Where:

ER : emission concentration at the reference oxygen level OR; OR : reference oxygen level in vol- %; EM : measured emission concentration; OM : measured oxygen level in vol- %.

For averaging periods, the following definitions apply:

Averaging period Definition Daily average Average over a period of 24 hours of valid hourly averages obtained by continuous measurements Yearly average Average over a period of one year of valid hourly averages obtained by continuous measurements Average over the sampling period Average value of three consecutive measurements of at least 30 minutes each (1) Average of samples obtained during one year Average of the values obtained during one year of the periodic measurements taken with the monitoring frequency set for each parameter

BAT-AELs for emissions to water

Emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to concentrations, expressed as mass of emitted substance per volume of water, and expressed in μg/l, mg/l, or g/l. The BAT-AELs refer to daily averages, i.e. 24-hour flow-proportional composite samples. Time-proportional composite samples can be used provided that sufficient flow stability can be demonstrated.

The monitoring associated with BAT-AELs for emissions to water is given in BAT 5

Energy efficiency levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AEELs)

An energy efficiency level associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AEEL) refers to the ratio between the combustion unit's net energy output(s) and the combustion unit's fuel/feedstock energy input at actual unit design. The net energy output(s) is determined at the combustion, gasification, or IGCC unit boundaries, including auxiliary systems (e.g. flue-gas treatment systems), and for the unit operated at full load.

In the case of combined heat and power (CHP) plants:

— the net total fuel utilisation BAT-AEEL refers to the combustion unit operated at full load and tuned to maximise primarily the heat supply and secondarily the remaining power that can be generated,

— the net electrical efficiency BAT-AEEL refers to the combustion unit generating only electricity at full load.

BAT-AEELs are expressed as a percentage. The fuel/feedstock energy input is expressed as lower heating value (LHV).

The monitoring associated with BAT-AEELs is given in BAT 2

Categorisation of combustion plants/units according to their total rated thermal input

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, when a range of values for the total rated thermal input is indicated, this is to be read as ‘equal to or greater than the lower end of the range and lower than the upper end of the range’. For example, the plant category 100–300 MWth is to be read as: combustion plants with a total rated thermal input equal to or greater than 100 MW and lower than 300 MW.

When a part of a combustion plant discharging flue-gases through one or more separate ducts within a common stack is operated less than 1 500 h/yr, that part of the plant may be considered separately for the purpose of these BAT conclusions. For all parts of the plant, the BAT-AELs apply in relation to the total rated thermal input of the plant. In such cases, the emissions through each of those ducts are monitored separately.

1. GENERAL BAT CONCLUSIONS

The fuel-specific BAT conclusions included in Sections 2 to 7 apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions in this section.

1.1. Environmental management systems

BAT 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance, BAT is to implement and adhere to an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features: (i) commitment of the management, including senior management; (ii) definition, by the management, of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the environmental performance of the installation; (iii) planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunction with financial planning and investment; (iv) implementation of procedures paying particular attention to: (a) structure and responsibility (b) recruitment, training, awareness and competence (c) communication (d) employee involvement (e) documentation (f) effective process control (g) planned regular maintenance programmes (h) emergency preparedness and response (i) safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation; (v) checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to: (a) monitoring and measurement (see also the JRC Reference Report on Monitoring of emissions to air and water from IED-installations — ROM) (b) corrective and preventive action (c) maintenance of records (d) independent (where practicable) internal and external auditing in order to determine whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained; (vi) review, by senior management, of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness; (vii) following the development of cleaner technologies; (viii) consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the installation at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life including; (a) avoiding underground structures (b) incorporating features that facilitate dismantling (c) choosing surface finishes that are easily decontaminated (d) using an equipment configuration that minimises trapped chemicals and facilitates drainage or cleaning (e) designing flexible, self-contained equipment that enables phased closure (f) using biodegradable and recyclable materials where possible; (ix) application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis. Specifically for this sector, it is also important to consider the following features of the EMS, described where appropriate in the relevant BAT: (x) quality assurance/quality control programmes to ensure that the characteristics of all fuels are fully determined and controlled (see BAT 9); (xi) a management plan in order to reduce emissions to air and/or to water during other than normal operating conditions, including start-up and shutdown periods (see BAT 10 and BAT 11); (xii) a waste management plan to ensure that waste is avoided, prepared for reuse, recycled or otherwise recovered, including the use of techniques given in BAT 16; (xiii) a systematic method to identify and deal with potential uncontrolled and/or unplanned emissions to the environment, in particular: (a) emissions to soil and groundwater from the handling and storage of fuels, additives, by-products and wastes (b) emissions associated with self-heating and/or self-ignition of fuel in the storage and handling activities; (xiv) a dust management plan to prevent or, where that is not practicable, to reduce diffuse emissions from loading, unloading, storage and/or handling of fuels, residues and additives; (xv) a noise management plan where a noise nuisance at sensitive receptors is expected or sustained, including; (a) a protocol for conducting noise monitoring at the plant boundary (b) a noise reduction programme (c) a protocol for response to noise incidents containing appropriate actions and timelines (d) a review of historic noise incidents, corrective actions and dissemination of noise incident knowledge to the affected parties; (xvi) for the combustion, gasification or co-incineration of malodourous substances, an odour management plan including: (a) a protocol for conducting odour monitoring (b) where necessary, an odour elimination programme to identify and eliminate or reduce the odour emissions (c) a protocol to record odour incidents and the appropriate actions and timelines (d) a review of historic odour incidents, corrective actions and the dissemination of odour incident knowledge to the affected parties. Where an assessment shows that any of the elements listed under items x to xvi are not necessary, a record is made of the decision, including the reasons.

Applicability

The scope (e.g. level of detail) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) is generally related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.

1.2. Monitoring

BAT 2. BAT is to determine the net electrical efficiency and/or the net total fuel utilisation and/or the net mechanical energy efficiency of the gasification, IGCC and/or combustion units by carrying out a performance test at full load (2), according to EN standards, after the commissioning of the unit and after each modification that could significantly affect the net electrical efficiency and/or the net total fuel utilisation and/or the net mechanical energy efficiency of the unit. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.

BAT 3. BAT is to monitor key process parameters relevant for emissions to air and water including those given below. Stream Parameter(s) Monitoring Flue-gas Flow Periodic or continuous determination Oxygen content, temperature, and pressure Periodic or continuous measurement Water vapour content (3) Waste water from flue-gas treatment Flow, pH, and temperature Continuous measurement

BAT 4. BAT is to monitor emissions to air with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality. Substance/Parameter Fuel/Process/Type of combustion plant Combustion plant total rated thermal input Standard(s) (4) Minimum monitoring frequency (5) Monitoring associated with NH3 — When SCR and/or SNCR is used All sizes Generic EN standards Continuous (6) (7) BAT 7 NOX — Coal and/or lignite including waste co-incineration — Solid biomass and/or peat including waste co-incineration — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers and engines — Gas-oil-fired gas turbines — Natural-gas-fired boilers, engines, and turbines — Iron and steel process gases — Process fuels from the chemical industry — IGCC plants All sizes Generic EN standards Continuous (6) (8) BAT 20 BAT 24 BAT 28 BAT 32 BAT 37 BAT 41 BAT 42 BAT 43 BAT 47 BAT 48 BAT 56 BAT 64 BAT 65 BAT 73 — Combustion plants on offshore platforms All sizes EN 14792 Once every year (9) BAT 53 N2O — Coal and/or lignite in circulating fluidised bed boilers — Solid biomass and/or peat in circulating fluidised bed boilers All sizes EN 21258 Once every year (10) BAT 20 BAT 24 CO — Coal and/or lignite including waste co-incineration — Solid biomass and/or peat including waste co-incineration — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers and engines — Gas-oil-fired gas turbines — Natural-gas-fired boilers, engines, and turbines — Iron and steel process gases — Process fuels from the chemical industry — IGCC plants All sizes Generic EN standards Continuous (6) (8) BAT 20 BAT 24 BAT 28 BAT 33 BAT 38 BAT 44 BAT 49 BAT 56 BAT 64 BAT 65 BAT 73 — Combustion plants on offshore platforms All sizes EN 15058 Once every year (9) BAT 54 SO2 — Coal and/or lignite including waste co-incineration — Solid biomass and/or peat including waste co-incineration — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines — Gas-oil-fired gas turbines — Iron and steel process gases — Process fuels from the chemical industry in boilers — IGCC plants All sizes Generic EN standards and EN 14791 Continuous (6) (11) (12) BAT 21 BAT 25 BAT 29 BAT 34 BAT 39 BAT 50 BAT 57 BAT 66 BAT 67 BAT 74 SO3 — When SCR is used All sizes No EN standard available Once every year — Gaseous chlorides, expressed as HCl — Coal and/or lignite — Process fuels from the chemical industry in boilers All sizes EN 1911 Once every three months (6) (13) (14) BAT 21 BAT 57 — Solid biomass and/or peat All sizes Generic EN standards Continuous (15) (16) BAT 25 — Waste co-incineration All sizes Generic EN standards Continuous (6) (16) BAT 66 BAT 67 HF — Coal and/or lignite — Process fuels from the chemical industry in boilers All sizes No EN standard available Once every three months (6) (13) (14) BAT 21 BAT 57 — Solid biomass and/or peat All sizes No EN standard available Once every year BAT 25 — Waste co-incineration All sizes Generic EN standards Continuous (6) (16) BAT 66 BAT 67 Dust — Coal and/or lignite — Solid biomass and/or peat — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers — Iron and steel process gases — Process fuels from the chemical industry in boilers — IGCC plants — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines — Gas-oil-fired gas turbines All sizes Generic EN standards and EN 13284-1 and EN 13284-2 Continuous (6) (17) BAT 22 BAT 26 BAT 30 BAT 35 BAT 39 BAT 51 BAT 58 BAT 75 — Waste co-incineration All sizes Generic EN standards and EN 13284-2 Continuous BAT 68 BAT 69 Metals and metalloids except mercury (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Zn) — Coal and/or lignite — Solid biomass and/or peat — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers and engines All sizes EN 14385 Once every year (18) BAT 22 BAT 26 BAT 30 — Waste co-incineration < 300 MWth EN 14385 Once every six months (13) BAT 68 BAT 69 ≥ 300 MWth EN 14385 Once every three months (19) (13) — IGCC plants ≥ 100 MWth EN 14385 Once every year (18) BAT 75 Hg — Coal and/or lignite including waste co-incineration < 300 MWth EN 13211 Once every three months (13) (20) BAT 23 ≥ 300 MWth Generic EN standards and EN 14884 Continuous (16) (21) — Solid biomass and/or peat All sizes EN 13211 Once every year (22) BAT 27 — Waste co-incineration with solid biomass and/or peat All sizes EN 13211 Once every three months (13) BAT 70 — IGCC plants ≥ 100 MWth EN 13211 Once every year (23) BAT 75 TVOC — HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines — Process fuels from the chemical industry in boilers All sizes EN 12619 Once every six months (13) BAT 33 BAT 59 — Waste co-incineration with coal, lignite, solid biomass and/or peat All sizes Generic EN standards Continuous BAT 71 Formaldehyde — Natural-gas in spark-ignited lean-burn gas and dual fuel engines All sizes No EN standard available Once every year BAT 45 CH4 — Natural-gas-fired engines All sizes EN ISO 25139 Once every year (24) BAT 45 PCDD/F — Process fuels from the chemical industry in boilers — Waste co-incineration All sizes EN 1948-1, EN 1948-2, EN 1948-3 Once every six months (13) (25) BAT 59 BAT 71

BAT 5. BAT is to monitor emissions to water from flue-gas treatment with at least the frequency given below and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality. Substance/Parameter Standard(s) Minimum monitoring frequency Monitoring associated with Total organic carbon (TOC) (26) EN 1484 Once every month BAT 15 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) (26) No EN standard available Total suspended solids (TSS) EN 872 Fluoride (F–) EN ISO 10304-1 Sulphate (SO4 2–) EN ISO 10304-1 Sulphide, easily released (S2–) No EN standard available Sulphite (SO3 2–) EN ISO 10304-3 Metals and metalloids As Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 11885 or EN ISO 17294-2) Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn Hg Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 12846 or EN ISO 17852) Chloride (Cl–) Various EN standards available (e.g. EN ISO 10304-1 or EN ISO 15682) — Total nitrogen EN 12260 —

1.3. General environmental and combustion performance

BAT 6. In order to improve the general environmental performance of combustion plants and to reduce emissions to air of CO and unburnt substances, BAT is to ensure optimised combustion and to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Fuel blending and mixing Ensure stable combustion conditions and/or reduce the emission of pollutants by mixing different qualities of the same fuel type Generally applicable b. Maintenance of the combustion system Regular planned maintenance according to suppliers' recommendations c. Advanced control system See description in Section 8.1 The applicability to old combustion plants may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system d. Good design of the combustion equipment Good design of furnace, combustion chambers, burners and associated devices Generally applicable to new combustion plants e. Fuel choice Select or switch totally or partially to another fuel(s) with a better environmental profile (e.g. with low sulphur and/or mercury content) amongst the available fuels, including in start-up situations or when back-up fuels are used Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of suitable types of fuel with a better environmental profile as a whole, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State, or by the integrated site's fuel balance in the case of combustion of industrial process fuels. For existing combustion plants, the type of fuel chosen may be limited by the configuration and the design of the plant

BAT 7. In order to reduce emissions of ammonia to air from the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and/or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) for the abatement of NOX emissions, BAT is to optimise the design and/or operation of SCR and/or SNCR (e.g. optimised reagent to NOX ratio, homogeneous reagent distribution and optimum size of the reagent drops). BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for emissions of NH3 to air from the use of SCR and/or SNCR is < 3–10 mg/Nm3 as a yearly average or average over the sampling period. The lower end of the range can be achieved when using SCR and the upper end of the range can be achieved when using SNCR without wet abatement techniques. In the case of plants combusting biomass and operating at variable loads as well as in the case of engines combusting HFO and/or gas oil, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 15 mg/Nm3.

BAT 8. In order to prevent or reduce emissions to air during normal operating conditions, BAT is to ensure, by appropriate design, operation and maintenance, that the emission abatement systems are used at optimal capacity and availability.

BAT 9. In order to improve the general environmental performance of combustion and/or gasification plants and to reduce emissions to air, BAT is to include the following elements in the quality assurance/quality control programmes for all the fuels used, as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1): (i) Initial full characterisation of the fuel used including at least the parameters listed below and in accordance with EN standards. ISO, national or other international standards may be used provided they ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality; (ii) Regular testing of the fuel quality to check that it is consistent with the initial characterisation and according to the plant design specifications. The frequency of testing and the parameters chosen from the table below are based on the variability of the fuel and an assessment of the relevance of pollutant releases (e.g. concentration in fuel, flue-gas treatment employed); (iii) Subsequent adjustment of the plant settings as and when needed and practicable (e.g. integration of the fuel characterisation and control in the advanced control system (see description in Section 8.1)). Description Initial characterisation and regular testing of the fuel can be performed by the operator and/or the fuel supplier. If performed by the supplier, the full results are provided to the operator in the form of a product (fuel) supplier specification and/or guarantee. Fuel(s) Substances/Parameters subject to characterisation Biomass/peat — LHV — moisture — Ash — C, Cl, F, N, S, K, Na — Metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) Coal/lignite — LHV — Moisture — Volatiles, ash, fixed carbon, C, H, N, O, S — Br, Cl, F — Metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V, Zn) HFO — Ash — C, S, N, Ni, V Gas oil — Ash — N, C, S Natural gas — LHV — CH4, C2H6, C3, C4+, CO2, N2, Wobbe index Process fuels from the chemical industry (27) — Br, C, Cl, F, H, N, O, S — Metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V, Zn) Iron and steel process gases — LHV, CH4 (for COG), CXHY (for COG), CO2, H2, N2, total sulphur, dust, Wobbe index Waste (28) — LHV — Moisture — Volatiles, ash, Br, C, Cl, F, H, N, O, S — Metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V, Zn)

BAT 10. In order to reduce emissions to air and/or to water during other than normal operating conditions (OTNOC), BAT is to set up and implement a management plan as part of the environmental management system (see BAT 1), commensurate with the relevance of potential pollutant releases, that includes the following elements: — appropriate design of the systems considered relevant in causing OTNOC that may have an impact on emissions to air, water and/or soil (e.g. low-load design concepts for reducing the minimum start-up and shutdown loads for stable generation in gas turbines), — set-up and implementation of a specific preventive maintenance plan for these relevant systems, — review and recording of emissions caused by OTNOC and associated circumstances and implementation of corrective actions if necessary, — periodic assessment of the overall emissions during OTNOC (e.g. frequency of events, duration, emissions quantification/estimation) and implementation of corrective actions if necessary.

BAT 11. BAT is to appropriately monitor emissions to air and/or to water during OTNOC. Description The monitoring can be carried out by direct measurement of emissions or by monitoring of surrogate parameters if this proves to be of equal or better scientific quality than the direct measurement of emissions. Emissions during start-up and shutdown (SU/SD) may be assessed based on a detailed emission measurement carried out for a typical SU/SD procedure at least once every year, and using the results of this measurement to estimate the emissions for each and every SU/SD throughout the year.

1.4. Energy efficiency

BAT 12. In order to increase the energy efficiency of combustion, gasification and/or IGCC units operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combustion optimisation See description in Section 8.2. Optimising the combustion minimises the content of unburnt substances in the flue-gases and in solid combustion residues Generally applicable b. Optimisation of the working medium conditions Operate at the highest possible pressure and temperature of the working medium gas or steam, within the constraints associated with, for example, the control of NOX emissions or the characteristics of energy demanded c. Optimisation of the steam cycle Operate with lower turbine exhaust pressure by utilisation of the lowest possible temperature of the condenser cooling water, within the design conditions d. Minimisation of energy consumption Minimising the internal energy consumption (e.g. greater efficiency of the feed-water pump) e. Preheating of combustion air Reuse of part of the heat recovered from the combustion flue-gas to preheat the air used in combustion Generally applicable within the constraints related to the need to control NOX emissions f. Fuel preheating Preheating of fuel using recovered heat Generally applicable within the constraints associated with the boiler design and the need to control NOX emissions g. Advanced control system See description in Section 8.2. Computerised control of the main combustion parameters enables the combustion efficiency to be improved Generally applicable to new units. The applicability to old units may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system h. Feed-water preheating using recovered heat Preheat water coming out of the steam condenser with recovered heat, before reusing it in the boiler Only applicable to steam circuits and not to hot boilers. Applicability to existing units may be limited due to constraints associated with the plant configuration and the amount of recoverable heat i. Heat recovery by cogeneration (CHP) Recovery of heat (mainly from the steam system) for producing hot water/steam to be used in industrial processes/activities or in a public network for district heating. Additional heat recovery is possible from: — flue-gas — grate cooling — circulating fluidised bed Applicable within the constraints associated with the local heat and power demand. The applicability may be limited in the case of gas compressors with an unpredictable operational heat profile j. CHP readiness See description in Section 8.2. Only applicable to new units where there is a realistic potential for the future use of heat in the vicinity of the unit k. Flue-gas condenser See description in Section 8.2. Generally applicable to CHP units provided there is enough demand for low-temperature heat l. Heat accumulation Heat accumulation storage in CHP mode Only applicable to CHP plants. The applicability may be limited in the case of low heat load demand m. Wet stack See description in Section 8.2. Generally applicable to new and existing units fitted with wet FGD n. Cooling tower discharge The release of emissions to air through a cooling tower and not via a dedicated stack Only applicable to units fitted with wet FGD where reheating of the flue-gas is necessary before release, and where the unit cooling system is a cooling tower o. Fuel pre-drying The reduction of fuel moisture content before combustion to improve combustion conditions Applicable to the combustion of biomass and/or peat within the constraints associated with spontaneous combustion risks (e.g. the moisture content of peat is kept above 40 % throughout the delivery chain). The retrofit of existing plants may be restricted by the extra calorific value that can be obtained from the drying operation and by the limited retrofit possibilities offered by some boiler designs or plant configurations p. Minimisation of heat losses Minimising residual heat losses, e.g. those that occur via the slag or those that can be reduced by insulating radiating sources Only applicable to solid-fuel-fired combustion units and to gasification/IGCC units q. Advanced materials Use of advanced materials proven to be capable of withstanding high operating temperatures and pressures and thus to achieve increased steam/combustion process efficiencies Only applicable to new plants r. Steam turbine upgrades This includes techniques such as increasing the temperature and pressure of medium-pressure steam, addition of a low-pressure turbine, and modifications to the geometry of the turbine rotor blades The applicability may be restricted by demand, steam conditions and/or limited plant lifetime s. Supercritical and ultra-supercritical steam conditions Use of a steam circuit, including steam reheating systems, in which steam can reach pressures above 220,6 bar and temperatures above 374 °C in the case of supercritical conditions, and above 250 – 300 bar and temperatures above 580 – 600 °C in the case of ultra-supercritical conditions Only applicable to new units of ≥ 600 MWth operated > 4 000 h/yr. Not applicable when the purpose of the unit is to produce low steam temperatures and/or pressures in process industries. Not applicable to gas turbines and engines generating steam in CHP mode. For units combusting biomass, the applicability may be constrained by high-temperature corrosion in the case of certain biomasses

1.5. Water usage and emissions to water

BAT 13. In order to reduce water usage and the volume of contaminated waste water discharged, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Water recycling Residual aqueous streams, including run-off water, from the plant are reused for other purposes. The degree of recycling is limited by the quality requirements of the recipient water stream and the water balance of the plant Not applicable to waste water from cooling systems when water treatment chemicals and/or high concentrations of salts from seawater are present b. Dry bottom ash handling Dry, hot bottom ash falls from the furnace onto a mechanical conveyor system and is cooled down by ambient air. No water is used in the process. Only applicable to plants combusting solid fuels. There may be technical restrictions that prevent retrofitting to existing combustion plants

BAT 14. In order to prevent the contamination of uncontaminated waste water and to reduce emissions to water, BAT is to segregate waste water streams and to treat them separately, depending on the pollutant content. Description Waste water streams that are typically segregated and treated include surface run-off water, cooling water, and waste water from flue-gas treatment. Applicability The applicability may be restricted in the case of existing plants due to the configuration of the drainage systems.

BAT 15. In order to reduce emissions to water from flue-gas treatment, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below, and to use secondary techniques as close as possible to the source in order to avoid dilution. Technique Typical pollutants prevented/abated Applicability Primary techniques a. Optimised combustion (see BAT 6) and flue-gas treatment systems (e.g. SCR/SNCR, see BAT 7) Organic compounds, ammonia (NH3) Generally applicable Secondary techniques (29) b. Adsorption on activated carbon Organic compounds, mercury (Hg) Generally applicable c. Aerobic biological treatment Biodegradable organic compounds, ammonium (NH4 +) Generally applicable for the treatment of organic compounds. Aerobic biological treatment of ammonium (NH4 +) may not be applicable in the case of high chloride concentrations (i.e. around 10 g/l) d. Anoxic/anaerobic biological treatment Mercury (Hg), nitrate (NO3 –), nitrite (NO2 –) Generally applicable e. Coagulation and flocculation Suspended solids Generally applicable f. Crystallisation Metals and metalloids, sulphate (SO4 2–), fluoride (F–) Generally applicable g. Filtration (e.g. sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration) Suspended solids, metals Generally applicable h. Flotation Suspended solids, free oil Generally applicable i. Ion exchange Metals Generally applicable j. Neutralisation Acids, alkalis Generally applicable k. Oxidation Sulphide (S2–), sulphite (SO3 2–) Generally applicable l. Precipitation Metals and metalloids, sulphate (SO4 2–), fluoride (F–) Generally applicable m. Sedimentation Suspended solids Generally applicable n. Stripping Ammonia (NH3) Generally applicable The BAT-AELs refer to direct discharges to a receiving water body at the point where the emission leaves the installation. Table 1 BAT-AELs for direct discharges to a receiving water body from flue-gas treatment Substance/Parameter BAT-AELs Daily average Total organic carbon (TOC) 20–50 mg/l (30) (31) (32) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 60–150 mg/l (30) (31) (32) Total suspended solids (TSS) 10–30 mg/l Fluoride (F–) 10–25 mg/l (32) Sulphate (SO4 2–) 1,3–2,0 g/l (32) (33) (34) (35) Sulphide (S2–), easily released 0,1–0,2 mg/l (32) Sulphite (SO3 2–) 1–20 mg/l (32) Metals and metalloids As 10–50 μg/l Cd 2–5 μg/l Cr 10–50 μg/l Cu 10–50 μg/l Hg 0,2–3 μg/l Ni 10–50 μg/l Pb 10–20 μg/l Zn 50–200 μg/l

1.6. Waste management

BAT 16. In order to reduce the quantity of waste sent for disposal from the combustion and/or gasification process and abatement techniques, BAT is to organise operations so as to maximise, in order of priority and taking into account life-cycle thinking: (a) waste prevention, e.g. maximise the proportion of residues which arise as by-products; (b) waste preparation for reuse, e.g. according to the specific requested quality criteria; (c) waste recycling; (d) other waste recovery (e.g. energy recovery), by implementing an appropriate combination of techniques such as: Technique Description Applicability a. Generation of gypsum as a by-product Quality optimisation of the calcium-based reaction residues generated by the wet FGD so that they can be used as a substitute for mined gypsum (e.g. as raw material in the plasterboard industry). The quality of limestone used in the wet FGD influences the purity of the gypsum produced Generally applicable within the constraints associated with the required gypsum quality, the health requirements associated to each specific use, and by the market conditions b. Recycling or recovery of residues in the construction sector Recycling or recovery of residues (e.g. from semi-dry desulphurisation processes, fly ash, bottom ash) as a construction material (e.g. in road building, to replace sand in concrete production, or in the cement industry) Generally applicable within the constraints associated with the required material quality (e.g. physical properties, content of harmful substances) associated to each specific use, and by the market conditions c. Energy recovery by using waste in the fuel mix The residual energy content of carbon-rich ash and sludges generated by the combustion of coal, lignite, heavy fuel oil, peat or biomass can be recovered for example by mixing with the fuel Generally applicable where plants can accept waste in the fuel mix and are technically able to feed the fuels into the combustion chamber d. Preparation of spent catalyst for reuse Preparation of catalyst for reuse (e.g. up to four times for SCR catalysts) restores some or all of the original performance, extending the service life of the catalyst to several decades. Preparation of spent catalyst for reuse is integrated in a catalyst management scheme The applicability may be limited by the mechanical condition of the catalyst and the required performance with respect to controlling NOX and NH3 emissions

1.7. Noise emissions

BAT 17. In order to reduce noise emissions, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Operational measures These include: — improved inspection and maintenance of equipment — closing of doors and windows of enclosed areas, if possible — equipment operated by experienced staff — avoidance of noisy activities at night, if possible — provisions for noise control during maintenance activities Generally applicable b. Low-noise equipment This potentially includes compressors, pumps and disks Generally applicable when the equipment is new or replaced c. Noise attenuation Noise propagation can be reduced by inserting obstacles between the emitter and the receiver. Appropriate obstacles include protection walls, embankments and buildings Generally applicable to new plants. In the case of existing plants, the insertion of obstacles may be restricted by lack of space d. Noise-control equipment This includes: — noise-reducers — equipment insulation — enclosure of noisy equipment — soundproofing of buildings The applicability may be restricted by lack of space e. Appropriate location of equipment and buildings Noise levels can be reduced by increasing the distance between the emitter and the receiver and by using buildings as noise screens Generally applicable to new plants. In the case of existing plants, the relocation of equipment and production units may be restricted by lack of space or by excessive costs

2. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE COMBUSTION OF SOLID FUELS

2.1. BAT conclusions for the combustion of coal and/or lignite

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of coal and/or lignite. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

2.1.1. General environmental performance

BAT 18. In order to improve the general environmental performance of the combustion of coal and/or lignite, and in addition to BAT 6, BAT is to use the technique given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Integrated combustion process ensuring high boiler efficiency and including primary techniques for NOX reduction (e.g. air staging, fuel staging, low-NOX burners (LNB) and/or flue-gas recirculation) Combustion processes such as pulverised combustion, fluidised bed combustion or moving grate firing allow this integration Generally applicable

2.1.2. Energy efficiency

BAT 19. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the combustion of coal and/or lignite, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below. Technique Description Applicability a. Dry bottom ash handling Dry hot bottom ash falls from the furnace onto a mechanical conveyor system and, after redirection to the furnace for reburning, is cooled down by ambient air. Useful energy is recovered from both the ash reburning and ash cooling There may be technical restrictions that prevent retrofitting to existing combustion units

Table 2 BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for coal and/or lignite combustion Type of combustion unit BAT-AEELs (36) (37) Net electrical efficiency (%) (38) Net total fuel utilisation (%) (38) (39) (40) New unit (41) (42) Existing unit (41) (43) New or existing unit Coal-fired, ≥ 1 000 MWth 45 – 46 33,5 – 44 75 – 97 Lignite-fired, ≥ 1 000 MWth 42 – 44 (44) 33,5 – 42,5 75 – 97 Coal-fired, < 1 000 MWth 36,5 – 41,5 (45) 32,5 – 41,5 75 – 97 Lignite-fired, < 1 000 MWth 36,5 – 40 (46) 31,5 – 39,5 75 – 97

2.1.3. NOX, N2O and CO emissions to air

BAT 20. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air while limiting CO and N2O emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combustion optimisation See description in Section 8.3. Generally used in combination with other techniques Generally applicable b. Combination of other primary techniques for NOX reduction (e.g. air staging, fuel staging, flue-gas recirculation, low-NOX burners (LNB)) See description in Section 8.3 for each single technique. The choice and performance of (an) appropriate (combination of) primary techniques may be influenced by the boiler design c. Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) See description in Section 8.3. Can be applied with ‘slip’ SCR The applicability may be limited in the case of boilers with a high cross-sectional area preventing homogeneous mixing of NH3 and NOX. The applicability may be limited in the case of combustion plants operated < 1 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads d. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) See description in Section 8.3 Not applicable to combustion plants of < 300 MWth operated < 500 h/yr. Not generally applicable to combustion plants of < 100 MWth. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr and for existing combustion plants of ≥ 300 MWth operated < 500 h/yr e. Combined techniques for NOX and SOX reduction See description in Section 8.3 Applicable on a case-by-case basis, depending on the fuel characteristics and combustion process

Table 3 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (47) New plant Existing plant (48) (49) < 100 100–150 100–270 155–200 165–330 100–300 50–100 100–180 80–130 155–210 ≥ 300, FBC boiler combusting coal and/or lignite and lignite-fired PC boiler 50 – 85 < 85 – 150 (50) (51) 80 – 125 140 – 165 (52) ≥ 300, coal-fired PC boiler 65 – 85 65 – 150 80 – 125 < 85 – 165 (53) As an indication, the yearly average CO emission levels for existing combustion plants operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr or for new combustion plants will generally be as follows: Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) CO indicative emission level (mg/Nm3) < 300 < 30–140 ≥ 300, FBC boiler combusting coal and/or lignite and lignite-fired PC boiler < 30–100 (54) ≥ 300, coal-fired PC boiler < 5–100 (54)

2.1.4. SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air

BAT 21. In order to prevent or reduce SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Boiler sorbent injection (in-furnace or in-bed) See description in Section 8.4 Generally applicable b. Duct sorbent injection (DSI) See description in Section 8.4. The technique can be used for HCl/HF removal when no specific FGD end-of-pipe technique is implemented c. Spray dry absorber (SDA) See description in Section 8.4 d. Circulating fluidised bed (CFB) dry scrubber e. Wet scrubbing See description in Section 8.4. The techniques can be used for HCl/HF removal when no specific FGD end-of-pipe technique is implemented f. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) See description in Section 8.4 Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth, and for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr g. Seawater FGD h. Combined techniques for NOX and SOX reduction Applicable on a case-by-case basis, depending on the fuel characteristics and combustion process i. Replacement or removal of the gas-gas heater located downstream of the wet FGD Replacement of the gas-gas heater downstream of the wet FGD by a multi-pipe heat extractor, or removal and discharge of the flue-gas via a cooling tower or a wet stack Only applicable when the heat exchanger needs to be changed or replaced in combustion plants fitted with wet FGD and a downstream gas-gas heater j. Fuel choice See description in Section 8.4. Use of fuel with low sulphur (e.g. down to 0,1 wt-%, dry basis), chlorine or fluorine content Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State. The applicability may be limited due to design constraints in the case of combustion plants combusting highly specific indigenous fuels

Table 4 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO2 emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (55) New plant Existing plant (56) < 100 150–200 150–360 170–220 170–400 100–300 80–150 95–200 135–200 135–220 (57) ≥ 300, PC boiler 10–75 10–130 (58) 25–110 25–165 (59) ≥ 300, Fluidised bed boiler (60) 20–75 20–180 25–110 50–220 For a combustion plant with a total rated thermal input of more than 300 MW, which is specifically designed to fire indigenous lignite fuels and which can demonstrate that it cannot achieve the BAT-AELs mentioned in Table 4 for techno-economic reasons, the daily average BAT-AELs set out in Table 4 do not apply, and the upper end of the yearly average BAT-AEL range is as follows: (i) for a new FGD system: RCG × 0,01 with a maximum of 200 mg/Nm3; (ii) for an existing FGD system: RCG × 0,03 with a maximum of 320 mg/Nm3; in which RCG represents the concentration of SO2 in the raw flue-gas as a yearly average (under the standard conditions given under General considerations) at the inlet of the SOX abatement system, expressed at a reference oxygen content of 6 vol- % O2. (iii) If boiler sorbent injection is applied as part of the FGD system, the RCG may be adjusted by taking into account the SO2 reduction efficiency of this technique (ηBSI), as follows: RCG (adjusted) = RCG (measured)/(1-ηBSI). Table 5 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite Pollutant Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) Yearly average or average of samples obtained during one year New plant Existing plant (61) HCl < 100 1–6 2–10 (62) ≥ 100 1–3 1–5 (62) (63) HF < 100 < 1–3 < 1–6 (64) ≥ 100 < 1–2 < 1–3 (64)

2.1.5. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air

BAT 22. In order to reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) See description in Section 8.5 Generally applicable b. Bag filter c. Boiler sorbent injection (in-furnace or in-bed) See descriptions in Section 8.5. The techniques are mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control d. Dry or semi-dry FGD system e. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) See applicability in BAT 21

Table 6 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (65) New plant Existing plant (66) < 100 2–5 2–18 4–16 4–22 (67) 100–300 2–5 2–14 3–15 4–22 (68) 300–1 000 2–5 2–10 (69) 3–10 3–11 (70) ≥ 1 000 2–5 2–8 3–10 3–11 (71)

2.1.6. Mercury emissions to air

BAT 23. In order to prevent or reduce mercury emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability Co-benefit from techniques primarily used to reduce emissions of other pollutants a. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) See description in Section 8.5. Higher mercury removal efficiency is achieved at flue-gas temperatures below 130 °C. The technique is mainly used for dust control Generally applicable b. Bag filter See description in Section 8.5. The technique is mainly used for dust control c. Dry or semi-dry FGD system See descriptions in Section 8.5. The techniques are mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control d. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) See applicability in BAT 21 e. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) See description in Section 8.3. Only used in combination with other techniques to enhance or reduce the mercury oxidation before capture in a subsequent FGD or dedusting system. The technique is mainly used for NOX control See applicability in BAT 20 Specific techniques to reduce mercury emissions f. Carbon sorbent (e.g. activated carbon or halogenated activated carbon) injection in the flue-gas See description in Section 8.5. Generally used in combination with an ESP/bag filter. The use of this technique may require additional treatment steps to further segregate the mercury-containing carbon fraction prior to further reuse of the fly ash Generally applicable g. Use of halogenated additives in the fuel or injected in the furnace See description in Section 8.5 Generally applicable in the case of a low halogen content in the fuel h. Fuel pretreatment Fuel washing, blending and mixing in order to limit/reduce the mercury content or improve mercury capture by pollution control equipment Applicability is subject to a previous survey for characterising the fuel and for estimating the potential effectiveness of the technique i. Fuel choice See description in Section 8.5 Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 7 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for mercury emissions to air from the combustion of coal and lignite Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (μg/Nm3) Yearly average or average of samples obtained during one year New plant Existing plant (72) coal lignite coal lignite < 300 < 1–3 < 1–5 < 1–9 < 1–10 ≥ 300 < 1–2 < 1–4 < 1–4 < 1–7

2.2. BAT conclusions for the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1

2.2.1. Energy efficiency

Table 8

BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat

Type of combustion unit BAT-AEELs (73) (74) Net electrical efficiency (%) (75) Net total fuel utilisation (%) (76) (77) New unit (78) Existing unit New unit Existing unit Solid biomass and/or peat boiler 33,5–to > 38 28–38 73–99 73–99

2.2.2. NOX, N2O and CO emissions to air

BAT 24. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air while limiting CO and N2O emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combustion optimisation See descriptions in Section 8.3 Generally applicable b. Low-NOX burners (LNB) c. Air staging d. Fuel staging e. Flue-gas recirculation f. Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) See description in Section 8.3. Can be applied with ‘slip’ SCR Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads. The applicability may be limited in the case of combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads. For existing combustion plants, applicable within the constraints associated with the required temperature window and residence time for the injected reactants g. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) See description in Section 8.3. The use of high-alkali fuels (e.g. straw) may require the SCR to be installed downstream of the dust abatement system Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants of < 300 MWth. Not generally applicable to existing combustion plants of < 100 MWth

Table 9 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (79) New plant Existing plant (80) 50–100 70–150 (81) 70–225 (82) 120–200 (83) 120–275 (84) 100–300 50–140 50–180 100–200 100–220 ≥ 300 40–140 40–150 (85) 65–150 95–165 (86) As an indication, the yearly average CO emission levels will generally be: — < 30–250 mg/Nm3 for existing combustion plants of 50–100 MWth operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of 50–100 MWth, — < 30–160 mg/Nm3 for existing combustion plants of 100–300 MWth operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of 100–300 MWth, — < 30–80 mg/Nm3 for existing combustion plants of ≥ 300 MWth operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of ≥ 300 MWth.

2.2.3. SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air

BAT 25. In order to prevent or reduce SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Boiler sorbent injection (in-furnace or in-bed) See descriptions in Section 8.4 Generally applicable b. Duct sorbent injection (DSI) c. Spray dry absorber (SDA) d. Circulating fluidised bed (CFB) dry scrubber e. Wet scrubbing f. Flue-gas condenser g. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr h. Fuel choice Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 10 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO2 emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs for SO2 (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (87) New plant Existing plant (88) < 100 15–70 15–100 30–175 30–215 100–300 < 10–50 < 10–70 (89) < 20–85 < 20–175 (90) ≥ 300 < 10–35 < 10–50 (89) < 20–70 < 20–85 (91)

Table 11 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs for HCl (mg/Nm3) (92) (93) BAT-AELs for HF (mg/Nm3) Yearly average or average of samples obtained during one year Daily average or average over the sampling period Average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (94) (95) New plant Existing plant (96) New plant Existing plant (96) < 100 1–7 1–15 1–12 1–35 < 1 < 1,5 100–300 1–5 1–9 1–12 1–12 < 1 < 1 ≥ 300 1–5 1–5 1–12 1–12 < 1 < 1

2.2.4. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air

BAT 26. In order to reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) See description in Section 8.5 Generally applicable b. Bag filter c. Dry or semi-dry FGD system See descriptions in Section 8.5 The techniques are mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control d. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) See applicability in BAT 25 e. Fuel choice See description in Section 8.5 Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 12 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs for dust (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (97) New plant Existing plant (98) < 100 2–5 2–15 2–10 2–22 100–300 2–5 2–12 2–10 2–18 ≥ 300 2–5 2–10 2–10 2–16

2.2.5. Mercury emissions to air

BAT 27. In order to prevent or reduce mercury emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability Specific techniques to reduce mercury emissions a. Carbon sorbent (e.g. activated carbon or halogenated activated carbon) injection in the flue-gas See descriptions in Section 8.5 Generally applicable b. Use of halogenated additives in the fuel or injected in the furnace Generally applicable in the case of a low halogen content in the fuel c. Fuel choice Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State Co-benefit from techniques primarily used to reduce emissions of other pollutants d. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) See descriptions in Section 8.5. The techniques are mainly used for dust control Generally applicable e. Bag filter f. Dry or semi-dry FGD system See descriptions in Section 8.5. The techniques are mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control g. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) See applicability in BAT 25 The BAT-associated emission level (BAT-AEL) for mercury emissions to air from the combustion of solid biomass and/or peat is < 1–5 μg/Nm3 as average over the sampling period.

3. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUELS

The BAT conclusions presented in this section do not apply to combustion plants on offshore platforms; these are covered by Section 4.3

3.1. HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boilers

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1

3.1.1. Energy efficiency

Table 13

BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for HFO and/or gas oil combustion in boilers

Type of combustion unit BAT-AEELs (99) (100) Net electrical efficiency (%) Net total fuel utilisation (%) (101) New unit Existing unit New unit Existing unit HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired boiler > 36,4 35,6–37,4 80–96 80–96

3.1.2. NOX and CO emissions to air

BAT 28. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air while limiting CO emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Air staging See descriptions in Section 8.3 Generally applicable b. Fuel staging c. Flue-gas recirculation d. Low-NOX burners (LNB) e. Water/steam addition Applicable within the constraints of water availability f. Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads. The applicability may be limited in the case of combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads g. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) See descriptions in Section 8.3 Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr. Not generally applicable to combustion plants of < 100 MWth h. Advanced control system Generally applicable to new combustion plants. The applicability to old combustion plants may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system i. Fuel choice Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 14 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (102) New plant Existing plant (103) < 100 75–200 150–270 100–215 210–330 (104) ≥ 100 45–75 45–100 (105) 85–100 85–110 (106) (107) As an indication, the yearly average CO emission levels will generally be: — 10-30 mg/Nm3 for existing combustion plants of < 100 MWth operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of <100 MWth, — 10–20mg/Nm3 for existing combustion plants of ≥ 100 MWth operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr, or new combustion plants of ≥ 100 MWth.

3.1.3. SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air

BAT 29. In order to prevent or reduce SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Duct sorbent injection (DSI) See description in Section 8.4 Generally applicable b. Spray dry absorber (SDA) c. Flue-gas condenser d. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth. Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr e. Seawater FGD There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth. Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr f. Fuel choice Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 15 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO2 emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs for SO2 (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (108) New plant Existing plant (109) < 300 50–175 50–175 150–200 150–200 (110) ≥ 300 35–50 50–110 50–120 150–165 (111) (112)

3.1.4. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air

BAT 30. In order to reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) See description in Section 8.5 Generally applicable b. Bag filter c. Multicyclones See description in Section 8.5. Multicyclones can be used in combination with other dedusting techniques d. Dry or semi-dry FGD system See descriptions in Section 8.5. The technique is mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control e. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) See description in Section 8.5. The technique is mainly used for SOX, HCl and/or HF control See applicability in BAT 29 f. Fuel choice See description in Section 8.5 Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 16 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in boilers Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs for dust (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (113) New plant Existing plant (114) < 300 2–10 2–20 7–18 7–22 (115) ≥ 300 2–5 2–10 7–10 7–11 (116)

3.2. HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

As regards HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired engines, secondary abatement techniques for NOX, SO2 and dust may not be applicable to engines in islands that are part of a small isolated system (117) or a micro isolated system (118), due to technical, economic and logistical/infrastructure constraints, pending their interconnection to the mainland electricity grid or access to a natural gas supply. The BAT-AELs for such engines shall therefore only apply in small isolated system and micro isolated system as from 1 January 2025 for new engines, and as from 1 January 2030 for existing engines.

3.2.1. Energy efficiency

BAT 31. In order to increase the energy efficiency of HFO and/or gas oil combustion in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combined cycle See description in Section 8.2 Generally applicable to new units operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr. Applicable to existing units within the constraints associated with the steam cycle design and the space availability. Not applicable to existing units operated < 1 500 h/yr

Table 17 BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines Type of combustion unit BAT-AEELs (119) Net electrical efficiency (%) (120) New unit Existing unit HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired reciprocating engine — single cycle 41,5–44,5 (121) 38,3–44,5 (121) HFO- and/or gas-oil-fired reciprocating engine — combined cycle > 48 (122) No BAT-AEEL

3.2.2. NOX, CO and volatile organic compound emissions to air

BAT 32. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Low-NOX combustion concept in diesel engines See descriptions in Section 8.3 Generally applicable b. Exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) Not applicable to four-stroke engines c. Water/steam addition Applicable within the constraints of water availability. The applicability may be limited where no retrofit package is available d. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr. Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space

BAT 33. In order to prevent or reduce emissions of CO and volatile organic compounds to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combustion optimisation Generally applicable b. Oxidation catalysts See descriptions in Section 8.3 Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. The applicability may be limited by the sulphur content of the fuel

Table 18 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (123) New plant Existing plant (124) (125) ≥ 50 115–190 (126) 125–625 145–300 150–750 As an indication, for existing combustion plants burning only HFO and operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr or new combustion plants burning only HFO, — the yearly average CO emission levels will generally be 50–175 mg/Nm3, — the average over the sampling period for TVOC emission levels will generally be 10–40 mg/Nm3.

3.2.3. SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air

BAT 34. In order to prevent or reduce SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Fuel choice See descriptions in Section 8.4 Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State b. Duct sorbent injection (DSI) There may be technical restrictions in the case of existing combustion plants Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr c. Wet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD) There may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth. Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr

Table 19 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO2 emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs for SO2 (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (127) New plant Existing plant (128) All sizes 45–100 100–200 (129) 60–110 105–235 (129)

3.2.4. Dust and particulate-bound metal emissions to air

BAT 35. In order to prevent or reduce dust and particulate-bound metal emissions from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Fuel choice See descriptions in Section 8.5 Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State b. Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr c. Bag filter

Table 20 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for dust emissions to air from the combustion of HFO and/or gas oil in reciprocating engines Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs for dust (mg/Nm3) Yearly average Daily average or average over the sampling period New plant Existing plant (130) New plant Existing plant (131) ≥ 50 5–10 5–35 10–20 10–45

3.3. Gas-oil-fired gas turbines

Unless stated otherwise, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.

3.3.1. Energy efficiency

BAT 36. In order to increase the energy efficiency of gas oil combustion in gas turbines, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combined cycle See description in Section 8.2 Generally applicable to new units operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr. Applicable to existing units within the constraints associated with the steam cycle design and the space availability. Not applicable to existing units operated < 1 500 h/yr

Table 21 BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for gas-oil-fired gas turbines Type of combustion unit BAT-AEELs (132) Net electrical efficiency (%) (133) New unit Existing unit Gas-oil-fired open-cycle gas turbine > 33 25–35,7 Gas-oil-fired combined cycle gas turbine > 40 33–44

3.3.2. NOX and CO emissions to air

BAT 37. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Water/steam addition See description in Section 8.3 The applicability may be limited due to water availability b. Low-NOX burners (LNB) Only applicable to turbine models for which low-NOX burners are available on the market c. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr. Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space

BAT 38. In order to prevent or reduce CO emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combustion optimisation See description in Section 8.3 Generally applicable b. Oxidation catalysts Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space

As an indication, the emission level for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in dual fuel gas turbines for emergency use operated < 500 h/yr will generally be 145–250 mg/Nm3 as a daily average or average over the sampling period.

3.3.3. SOX and dust emissions to air

BAT 39. In order to prevent or reduce SOX and dust emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, BAT is to use the technique given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Fuel choice See description in Section 8.4 Applicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State

Table 22 BAT-associated emission levels for SO2 and dust emissions to air from the combustion of gas oil in gas turbines, including dual fuel gas turbines Type of combustion plant BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) SO2 Dust Yearly average (134) Daily average or average over the sampling period (135) Yearly average (134) Daily average or average over the sampling period (135) New and existing plants 35–60 50–66 2–5 2–10

4. BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR THE COMBUSTION OF GASEOUS FUELS

4.1. BAT conclusions for the combustion of natural gas

Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable to the combustion of natural gas. They apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1. They do not apply to combustion plants on offshore platforms; these are covered by Section. 4.3.

4.1.1. Energy efficiency

BAT 40. In order to increase the energy efficiency of natural gas combustion, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given in BAT 12 and below. Technique Description Applicability a. Combined cycle See description in Section 8.2 Generally applicable to new gas turbines and engines except when operated < 1 500 h/yr. Applicable to existing gas turbines and engines within the constraints associated with the steam cycle design and the space availability. Not applicable to existing gas turbines and engines operated < 1 500 h/yr. Not applicable to mechanical drive gas turbines operated in discontinuous mode with extended load variations and frequent start-ups and shutdowns. Not applicable to boilers

Table 23 BAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for the combustion of natural gas Type of combustion unit BAT-AEELs (136) (137) Net electrical efficiency (%) Net total fuel utilisation (%) (138) (139) Net mechanical energy efficiency (%) (139) (140) New unit Existing unit New unit Existing unit Gas engine 39,5–44 (141) 35–44 (141) 56–85 (141) No BAT-AEEL. Gas-fired boiler 39–42,5 38–40 78–95 No BAT-AEEL. Open cycle gas turbine, ≥ 50 MWth 36–41,5 33–41,5 No BAT-AEEL 36,5–41 33,5–41 Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) CCGT, 50–600 MWth 53–58,5 46–54 No BAT-AEEL No BAT-AEEL CCGT, ≥ 600 MWth 57–60,5 50–60 No BAT-AEEL No BAT-AEEL CHP CCGT, 50–600 MWth 53–58,5 46–54 65–95 No BAT-AEEL CHP CCGT, ≥ 600 MWth 57–60,5 50–60 65–95 No BAT-AEEL

4.1.2. NOX, CO, NMVOC and CH4 emissions to air

BAT 41. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from the combustion of natural gas in boilers, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Air and/or fuel staging See descriptions in Section 8.3. Air staging is often associated with low-NOX burners Generally applicable b. Flue-gas recirculation See description in Section 8.3 c. Low-NOX burners (LNB) d. Advanced control system See description in Section 8.3. This technique is often used in combination with other techniques or may be used alone for combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr The applicability to old combustion plants may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system e. Reduction of the combustion air temperature See description in Section 8.3 Generally applicable within the constraints associated with the process needs f. Selective non–catalytic reduction (SNCR) Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads. The applicability may be limited in the case of combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr with highly variable boiler loads g. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. Not generally applicable to combustion plants of < 100 MWth. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr

BAT 42. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from the combustion of natural gas in gas turbines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Advanced control system See description in Section 8.3. This technique is often used in combination with other techniques or may be used alone for combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr The applicability to old combustion plants may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system b. Water/steam addition See description in Section 8.3 The applicability may be limited due to water availability c. Dry low-NOX burners (DLN) The applicability may be limited in the case of turbines where a retrofit package is not available or when water/steam addition systems are installed d. Low-load design concept Adaptation of the process control and related equipment to maintain good combustion efficiency when the demand in energy varies, e.g. by improving the inlet airflow control capability or by splitting the combustion process into decoupled combustion stages The applicability may be limited by the gas turbine design e. Low-NOX burners (LNB) See description in Section 8.3 Generally applicable to supplementary firing for heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) in the case of combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) combustion plants f. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Not applicable in the case of combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. Not generally applicable to existing combustion plants of < 100 MWth. Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr

BAT 43. In order to prevent or reduce NOX emissions to air from the combustion of natural gas in engines, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below. Technique Description Applicability a. Advanced control system See description in Section 8.3. This technique is often used in combination with other techniques or may be used alone for combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr The applicability to old combustion plants may be constrained by the need to retrofit the combustion system and/or control command system b. Lean-burn concept See description in Section 8.3. Generally used in combination with SCR Only applicable to new gas-fired engines c. Advanced lean-burn concept See descriptions in Section 8.3 Only applicable to new spark plug ignited engines d. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Retrofitting existing combustion plants may be constrained by the availability of sufficient space. Not applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr. There may be technical and economic restrictions for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr

BAT 44. In order to prevent or reduce CO emissions to air from the combustion of natural gas, BAT is to ensure optimised combustion and/or to use oxidation catalysts. Description See descriptions in Section 8.3. Table 24 BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for NOX emissions to air from the combustion of natural gas in gas turbines Type of combustion plant Combustion plant total rated thermal input (MWth) BAT-AELs (mg/Nm3) (142) (143) Yearly average (144) (145) Daily average or average over the sampling period Open-cycle gas turbines (OCGTs) (146) (147) New OCGT ≥ 50 15–35 25–50 Existing OCGT (excluding turbines for mechanical drive applications) — All but plants operated < 500 h/yr ≥ 50 15–50 25–55 (148) Combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) (146) (149) New CCGT ≥ 50 10–30 15–40 Existing CCGT with a net total fuel utilisation of < 75 % ≥ 600 10–40 18–50 Existing CCGT with a net total fuel utilisation of ≥ 75 % ≥ 600 10–50 18–55 (150) Existing CCGT with a net total fuel utilisation of < 75 % 50–600 10–45 35–55 Existing CCGT with a net total fuel utilisation of ≥ 75 % 50–600 25–50 (151) 35–55 (152) Open- and combined-cycle gas turbines Gas turbine put into operation no later than 27 November 2003, or existing gas turbine for emergency use and operated < 500 h/yr ≥ 50 No BAT-AEL 60–140 (153) (154) Existing gas turbine for mechanical drive applications — All but plants operated < 500 h/yr ≥ 50 15–50 (155) 25–55 (156) As an indication, the yearly average CO emission levels for each type of existing combustion plant operated ≥ 1 500 h/yr and for each type of new combustion plant will generally be as follows: — New OCGT of ≥ 50 MWth: < 5–40 mg/Nm3. For plants with a net electrical efficiency (EE) greater than 39 %, a correction factor may be applied to the higher end of this range, corresponding to [higher end] × EE/39, where EE is the net electrical energy efficiency or net mechanical energy efficiency of the plant determined at ISO baseload conditions. — Existing OCGT of ≥ 50 MWth (excluding turbines for mechanical drive applications): < 5–40 mg/Nm3. The higher end of this range will generally be 80 mg/Nm3 in the case of existing plants that cannot b