COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) 2015/208

of 8 December 2014

supplementing Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to vehicle functional safety requirements for the approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

Having regard to Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 February 2013 on the approval and market surveillance of agricultural and forestry vehicles (1), and in particular Article 17(5) and Article 49(3),

Whereas:

The internal market comprises an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured. To that end, a comprehensive EU type-approval system and a strengthened market surveillance system for agricultural and forestry vehicles and their systems, components and separate technical units as defined by Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 apply.

Agricultural and forestry vehicles falling under the definition of ‘tractor’ set out in Article 3(8) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013, on which machinery is mounted, should be type-approved in accordance with Article 77 of that Regulation.

That mounted machinery enables tractors to be used for a wide variety of agricultural and forestry purposes, including special purpose works. Therefore, that mounted machinery should be subject to Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2) , as set out in Article 77 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013.

By Council Decision 97/836/EC (3) , the Union acceded to the Agreement of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted to and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions (‘Revised 1958 Agreement’). In its communication CARS 2020: Action Plan for a competitive and sustainable automotive industry in Europe, the Commission highlighted that the acceptance of international regulations under the 1958 UNECE Agreement is the best way to remove non-tariff barriers to trade.

By Decision 97/836/EC, the Union also acceded to UNECE Regulations Nos 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 19, 23, 31, 37, 38, 43, 71, 79, 98 and 99.

In the Union, some of the requirements under regulations on vehicle parts are taken over from the corresponding UNECE regulations. As technology progresses, UNECE regulations are constantly amended and the relevant Union regulations have to be regularly updated to keep them in line with the content of the respective UNECE regulations.

The possibility to apply UNECE regulations for the purpose of EU vehicle type-approval as a basis to Union legislation is provided for in Regulation (EU) No 167/2013. According to that Regulation, type-approval in accordance with UNECE regulations which apply on an equal basis to Union legislation is to be considered as EU type-approval in accordance with that Regulation and its delegated and implementing acts.

Using UNECE regulations on an equal basis to Union legislation helps to avoid duplication not only of technical requirements but also of certification and administrative procedures. In addition, type-approval that is directly based on internationally agreed standards should improve market access in third countries, in particular in those which are contracting parties to the Revised 1958 Agreement, thus enhancing the competitiveness of Union industry.

It is appropriate to include UNECE Regulations Nos 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 19, 23, 31, 37, 38, 43, 71, 79, 98, 99, 106, 112, 113 in Annex I to this Regulation, which lists the UNECE regulations that apply on an equal basis to Union legislation.

Article 17 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 and Annex I to that regulation lay down functional safety requirements previously covered in Directives repealed in that Regulation. While the requirements laid down in this Regulation have to a large extent been carried over from those repealed directives, important modifications should be introduced where necessary to update to technical progress, extend the scope to further vehicle categories or to increase the level of safety as regards, for example: steerability, glazing, dimensions and masses, tyres and mechanical couplings are deemed paramount for the functional safety of agricultural and forestry vehicles. Requirements regarding the maximum design speed, speed governor and speed-limitation devices should be introduced to address specific characteristics of agricultural and forestry tractors that are designed for off-road use but that travel also on hard-paved public roads.

For the purposes of national type-approval, national authorities may not, on grounds relating to the functional safety, refuse to approve types of vehicles, systems, components and separate technical units which are compliant with the requirements provided for in this Regulation, with the exception of the requirements on certain subjects, as some Member States have stricter requirements at national level.

Where manufacturers may choose to apply for national type-approval in accordance with Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013, Member States should, for all subjects covered in this Regulation be free to set requirements for the purposes of national type-approval which are different from the requirements of this Regulation.

Member States should prohibit the making available on the market, registration, or entry into service of new vehicles not complying with the requirements of this Regulation as from the same date as provided for in Regulation 167/2013 and the other delegated acts adopted thereunder.

In order to allow for a uniform application date of all new type-approval rules, this Regulation should apply as from 1 January 2016, date of application of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013,

HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:

CHAPTER I

SUBJECT MATTER AND DEFINITIONS

Article 1

Subject matter

This Regulation establishes the detailed technical requirements and test procedures regarding functional safety, except with respect to braking performance, for the approval and market surveillance of agricultural and forestry vehicles and the systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 167/2013.

Article 2

Definitions

The definitions of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall apply. In addition, the following definitions shall apply:

‘Towing device’ means a component on the tractor designed to provide a mechanical link between the tractor and a towing vehicle to tow the tractor away in case it cannot be self-propelled;

‘Unladen mass in running order’ of a vehicle means the mass of the unladen vehicle ready for normal use and including the standard equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications, coolant, lubricants, fuel, tools and driver (considered equal to 75 kg) and excluding optional accessories;

‘Steering control’ means the part directly operated by the driver in order to steer the tractor;

‘Steering effort’ means the force exerted by the driver on the steering control in order to steer the tractor;

‘Tyres normally fitted’ means the type or types of tyre provided by the manufacturer on the vehicle type in question and specified in the information document the template of which is set out in Article 68(a) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013;

‘Tracks normally fitted’ means the type or types of track provided by the manufacturer on the vehicle type in question and specified in the information document the template of which is set out in Article 68(a) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013;

‘Rear-view mirror’ means any device intended to give, within the field of vision geometrically defined in point 5 of Annex IX, a clear view to the rear which, within reasonable limits, is not blocked by component parts of the tractor or by the occupants of the tractor itself;

‘Interior rear-view mirror’ means a rear-view mirror which is fitted inside the cab or frame of a tractor;

‘Class of rear-view mirror’ means all rear-view mirrors having one or more common characteristics or functions;

‘Tractor wheelbase’ or ‘Vehicle wheelbase’ means the distance between the vertical planes perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the tractor or of the vehicle passing through the axles of the tractor or of the vehicle;

CHAPTER II

VEHICLE FUNCTIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

Article 3

Fitting and demonstration requirements related to functional safety

1. Manufacturers shall equip agricultural and forestry vehicles with systems, components and separate technical units affecting their functional safety that are designed, constructed and assembled so as to enable the vehicle in normal use and maintained according to the prescriptions of the manufacturer to comply with the detailed technical requirements and testing procedures laid down in Articles 5 to 38.

2. Manufacturers shall demonstrate by means of physical demonstration testing to the approval authority that the agricultural and forestry vehicles made available on the market, registered or entering into service in the Union comply with the functional safety requirements laid down in Article 17 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 and Annex I to that Regulation and comply with the detailed technical requirements and test procedures laid down in Articles 5 to 38 of this Regulation.

3. Manufacturers shall ensure that spare parts that are made available on the market or are entering into service in the Union comply with the detailed technical requirements and test procedures laid down in this Regulation.

4. Manufacturers shall submit to the approval authority a description of the measures taken to prevent tampering with, and modification of, the powertrain management system, including the functional safety electronic control computers, where fitted.

Article 4

Application of UNECE regulations

The UNECE regulations and amendments thereto set out in Annex I to this Regulation shall apply to type-approval of agricultural and forestry vehicles.

Article 5

Technical specifications on functional safety requirements and test procedures

1. The functional safety performance test procedures shall be performed in accordance with the test requirements laid down in this Regulation.

2. The tests shall be carried out or witnessed by the approval authority or, where authorised by the approval authority, by the technical service.

3. The measurement methods and test results shall be reported to the approval authority in the test report format set out in Article 68(f) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013.

Article 6

Requirements on vehicle structure integrity

The performance requirements applying to vehicle structure integrity referred to in Article 17(2)(a) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be verified in accordance with Annex II to this Regulation.

Article 7

Requirements on the maximum design speed, speed governors and speed-limitation devices

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to speed, speed governors and speed-limitation devices referred to in Article 17(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex III to this Regulation.

Article 8

Requirements on steering for fast tractors

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to steering for fast tractors referred to in Article 17(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex IV to this Regulation.

Article 9

Requirements on steering

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to steering referred to in Article 17(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex V to this Regulation.

Article 10

Requirements on speedometers

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to speedometer referred to in Article 17(2)(b) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex VI to this Regulation.

Article 11

Requirements on the field of vision and windscreen wipers

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to field of vision and windscreen wipers referred to in Article 17(2)(c) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex VII to this Regulation.

Article 12

Requirements on glazing

The test procedures and requirements applying to glazing referred to in Article 17(2)(c) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex VIII to this Regulation.

Article 13

Requirements on rear-view mirrors

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to rear view mirrors referred to in Article 17(2)(c) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex IX to this Regulation.

Article 14

Requirements on driver information systems

The test procedures and requirements applying to driver information systems referred to in Article 17(2)(c) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex X to this Regulation.

Article 15

Requirements on lighting, light-signalling devices and their light sources

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to lighting, light-signalling devices and their light sources referred to in Article 17(2)(d) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XI to this Regulation.

Article 16

Requirements on lighting installations

The test procedures and requirements applying to lighting installations referred to in Article 17(2)(d) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XII to this Regulation.

Article 17

Requirements on vehicle occupant protection, including interior fittings, head restraints, seat belts, vehicle doors

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to occupant protection, including interior fittings, head restraint, seat belts and vehicle doors referred to in Article 17(2)(e) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XIII to this Regulation.

Article 18

Requirements on vehicle exterior and accessories

The test procedures and requirements applying to vehicle exterior and accessories referred to in Article 17(2)(f) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XIV to this Regulation.

Article 19

Requirements on the electromagnetic compatibility

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to electromagnetic compatibility referred to in Article 17(2)(g) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XV to this Regulation.

Article 20

Requirements on audible warning devices

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to audible warning devices referred to in Article 17(2)(h) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XVI to this Regulation.

Article 21

Requirements on heating systems

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to heating systems referred to in Article 17(2)(i) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XVII to this Regulation.

Article 22

Requirements on devices to prevent unauthorised use

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to devices to prevent unauthorised use referred to in Article 17(2)(j) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XVIII to this Regulation.

Article 23

Requirements on registration plates

The test procedures and requirements applying to registration plates referred to in Article 17(2)(k) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XIX to this Regulation.

Article 24

Requirements on statutory plates and markings

The requirements applying to statutory plates and marking referred to in Article 17(2)(k) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be verified in accordance with Annex XX to this Regulation.

Article 25

Requirements on dimensions and trailer masses

The test procedures and requirements applying to dimensions and trailer masses referred to in Article 17(2)(l) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXI to this Regulation.

Article 26

Requirements on the maximum laden mass

The test procedures and requirements applying to the maximum laden mass referred to in Article 17(2)(l) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXII to this Regulation.

Article 27

Requirements on ballast masses

The test procedures and requirements applying to ballast masses referred to in Article 17(2)(l) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXIII to this Regulation.

Article 28

Requirements on the safety of electrical systems

The requirements applying to electrical systems referred to in Article 17(2)(m) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be verified in accordance with Annex XXIV to this Regulation.

Article 29

Requirements on fuel tanks

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to fuel tanks referred to in Article 17(2)(a) and (m) and 18(2)(l) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXV to this Regulation.

Article 30

Requirements on rear protective structures

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to rear protective structures referred to in Article 17(2)(n) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXVI to this Regulation.

Article 31

Requirements on lateral protection

The test procedures and requirements applying to lateral protection referred to in Article 17(2)(o) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXVII to this Regulation.

Article 32

Requirements on load platforms

The test procedures and requirements applying to load platforms referred to in Article 17(2)(p) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXVIII to this Regulation.

Article 33

Requirements on towing devices

The performance requirements applying to towing devices referred to in Article 17(2)(q) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be verified in accordance with Annex XXIX to this Regulation.

Article 34

Requirements on tyres

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to tyres referred to in Article 17(2)(r) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXX to this Regulation.

Article 35

Requirements on spray-suppression systems

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to spray-suppression systems referred to in Article 17(2)(s) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXXI to this Regulation.

Article 36

Requirements on the reverse gear

The requirements applying to the reverse gear referred to in Article 17(2)(t) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be verified in accordance with Annex XXXII to this Regulation.

Article 37

Requirements on tracks

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to tracks referred to in Article 17(2)(u) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXXIII to this Regulation.

Article 38

Requirements on mechanical couplings

The test procedures and performance requirements applying to mechanical couplings referred to in Article 17(2)(v) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall be conducted and verified in accordance with Annex XXXIV to this Regulation.

CHAPTER III

OBLIGATIONS OF THE MEMBER STATES

Article 39

Type-approval of vehicles, systems, components and separate technical units

With effect from 1 January 2018, national authorities shall, in the case of new vehicles that do not comply with Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 and this Regulation on functional safety, prohibit the making available on the market, registration, or entry into service of such vehicles.

Article 40

National type-approval of vehicles, systems, components and separate technical units

National authorities shall not refuse to grant national type-approval to a type of vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit on grounds relating to functional safety where the vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit complies with the requirements set out in this Regulation, with the exception of requirements on the following:

mean ground contact pressure and maximum load per track roller for tractors of category C set out in Article 37;

signalling panels and foils, set out in Article 16, of S-category vehicles with width exceeding 2,55 m.

CHAPTER IV

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 41

Entry into force and application

This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

It shall apply as of 1 January 2016.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.

(1) OJ L 60, 2.3.2013, p. 1.

(2) Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (OJ L 157, 9.6.2006, p. 24).

(3) Council Decision 97/836/EC of 27 November 1997 with a view to accession by the European Community to the Agreement of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted to and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions (Revised 1958 Agreement) (OJ L 346, 17.12.1997, p. 78).

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex Number Annex title Page No. I List of applicable UNECE regulations 12 II Requirements on vehicle structure integrity 16 III Requirements on the maximum design speed, speed governors and speed limitation devices 17 IV Requirements on steering for fast tractors 19 V Requirements on steering 20 VI Requirements on speedometers 23 VII Requirements on the field of vision and windscreen wipers 25 VIII Requirements on glazing 26 IX Requirements on rear-view mirrors 28 X Requirements on driver information systems 30 XI Requirements on lighting, light-signalling devices and their light sources 31 XII Requirements on lighting installations 32 XIII Requirements on vehicle occupant protection, including interior fittings, head restraints, seat belts, vehicle doors 70 XIV Requirements on vehicle exterior and accessories 76 XV Requirements on the electromagnetic compatibility 78 XVI Requirements on audible warning devices 123 XVII Requirements on heating systems 124 XVIII Requirements on devices to prevent unauthorised use 125 XIX Requirements on registration plates 126 XX Requirements on statutory plates and markings 128 XXI Requirements on dimensions and trailer masses 130 XXII Requirements on the maximum laden mass 132 XXIII Requirements on ballast masses 134 XXIV Requirements on the safety of electrical systems 135 XXV Requirements on fuel tanks 136 XXVI Requirements on rear protective structures 137 XXVII Requirements on lateral protection 140 XXVIII Requirements on load platforms 145 XXIX Requirements on towing devices 146 XXX Requirements on tyres 147 XXXI Requirements on spray-suppression systems 154 XXXII Requirements on the reverse gear 155 XXXIII Requirements on tracks 156 XXXIV Requirements on mechanical couplings 159

ANNEX II Requirements on vehicle structure integrity 1. Vehicles shall be designed and constructed in order to be sufficiently robust to withstand their intended use over their normal lifetime, taking into account regular and scheduled maintenance and specific equipment adjustments clearly and unambiguously set out in the operator’s manual provided with the vehicle. The vehicle manufacturer shall provide a signed statement to this effect. 2. Vehicle assembly and construction in the assembly plants, in particular the processes relating to the vehicle frame, chassis and body and the drivetrain, shall be covered by a quality assurance system to ensure that essential mechanical connections, such as welds and threaded connections, as well as other relevant material characteristics, are checked and verified as appropriate. 3. The approval authority shall verify the quality assurance system as part of the conformity of production arrangements referred to in Article 28 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013. 4. The type-approval authority shall verify that in the event of a recall due to a serious safety risk, specific analysis of vehicle structures, components and/or parts by means of engineering calculations, virtual testing methods and/or structural testing can upon request be made available without delay to the approval authority and the European Commission. 5. Vehicle type-approval shall not be granted if there is reason to doubt that the vehicle manufacturer is able to make available the analysis referred to in point 4. This doubt could relate either to the accessibility or the existence of such analysis (e.g. application for type-approval of a limited batch of vehicles from a non-established manufacturer represented by a party unlikely to have any meaningful access to such analysis).

ANNEX III Requirements on the maximum design speed, speed governors and speed limitation devices 1. Definitions For the purposes of this Annex: 1.1. ‘Speed governor’ means a device used to measure and regulate the speed of the engine and/or vehicle. 1.2. ‘Powertrain’ means a group of components that generate power and deliver it to the road surface, including the engine, transmission, drive shafts, differentials and drive wheels or tracks. 1.3. ‘Tampering’ means unauthorised modifications which may prejudice functional safety, in particular by increasing vehicle performance, and damage the environment. 1.4. ‘Speed limitation device’ means a device whose primary function is to control the fuel feed to the engine in order to limit the vehicle speed to the specified value. REQUIREMENTS 2. Maximum design speed 2.1. For the type-approval tests, the average speed shall be measured on a straight track, which the tractor shall traverse in both directions from a flying start. The soil of the track shall be stabilised; the track shall be flat and at least 100 metres long; however, it may include slopes of not more than 1,5 %. 2.2. During the test, the tractor shall be unladen and in running order without ballast weights or special equipment and the tyre pressures shall be those specified for road use. 2.3. During the test the tractor shall be fitted with new pneumatic tyres having the greatest tyre rolling radius, expressed by the speed radius index, intended by the manufacturer for the tractor. 2.4. The gear ratio used during the test shall be that producing the maximum vehicle speed and the throttle shall be fully open. 2.5. In order to take account of various unavoidable errors due, in particular, to the measuring technique and to the increase in running speed of the engine with a partial load, a measured speed exceeding the value for the maximum design speed by 3 km/h shall be acceptable for the type-approval test. An additional 5 % tolerance shall be permitted in order to take into account variations due to tyre size. 2.6. In order for approval authorities may calculate their maximum theoretical speed, the manufacturer shall specify as a guide the gear ratio, the actual forward movement of the powered wheels corresponding to one complete revolution, and the rpm at maximum power output with the throttle fully open and the speed governor, if fitted, adjusted as laid down by the manufacturer. The maximum theoretical speed shall be calculated without the tolerances referred to in point 2.5. 3. Speed governor 3.1. If a speed governor is fitted as standard by the manufacturer, it shall be installed and designed in such a way that the tractor complies with point 2 the above provisions on maximum design speed. 4. Requirements on speed limitation device and on powertrain and speed limitation device tampering prevention measures (anti-tampering) 4.1. Requirements on speed limitation device Vehicles of categories T and C, with maximum design speed exceeding 60 km/h, shall be equipped with adjustable speed limitation devices that comply with the requirements set out in this Annex. 4.1.1. Adjustable speed limitation devices shall comply with the requirements for N2 and N3 vehicles set out in points 1 and 2, Part II point 13.2, Part III points 21.2 and 21.3, Annex 5 point 1 and Annex 6 to UNECE Regulation No 89, as referenced in Annex I. 4.2. Anti-tampering of powertrain and speed-limitation device 4.2.1. Purpose and scope The powertrain tampering prevention measures are aimed at ensuring that a vehicle which meets the environmental and propulsion performance requirements, the vehicle construction requirements as well as the functional safety requirements at type approval remains compliant over its useful life and that adverse changes to the vehicle’s powertrain which have negative impacts on functional safety and/or on the environment are discouraged. 4.3. General requirements 4.3.1. The manufacturer shall ensure that the approval authority and technical service are provided with the necessary information and, where appropriate, the necessary vehicles, propulsion systems, components and separate technical units to enable them to verify that the requirements set out in this Annex have been met. 4.3.2. The manufacturer shall declare in the application for type approval its commitment not to market the interchangeable components which could involve an increase in the propulsion performance above that applicable to the relevant variant. 4.4. The manufacturer shall ensure that the approved vehicle complies with the following points on electronic system security limiting the vehicle’s performance. 4.4.1. For vehicles equipped with (an) electrical/electronic device(s) which limit its propulsion performance, the vehicle manufacturer shall provide data and evidence to the technical services to demonstrate that modification or disconnection of the device or its wiring system will not increase the propulsion performance. 4.4.2. Any vehicle equipped with electronic control shall include features to prevent modification, except as permitted by the manufacturer. The manufacturer shall permit modifications if those modifications are necessary for the diagnosis, servicing, inspection, retrofitting or repair of the vehicle. 4.4.3. Any reprogrammable computer codes or operating parameter shall be resistant to tampering. 4.4.4. Computer-coded propulsion operating parameters shall not be changeable without the use of specialised tools and procedures, e.g. soldered or potted computer components, sealed or soldered computer enclosures. 4.4.5. Any removable calibration memory chips shall be potted, encased in a sealed container or protected by electronic algorithms and shall not be changeable without the use of specialised tools and procedures. 4.4.6. Manufacturers using programmable computer code systems (e.g. electrical erasable programmable read-only memory, EEPROM) shall deter unauthorised reprogramming. Manufacturers shall include enhanced tamper-protection strategies and write-protect features requiring electronic access to an off-site computer maintained by the manufacturer, to which independent operators shall also have adequately protected access. 4.4.7. Stored on-board diagnostic trouble codes in the powertrain or engine control unit(s), that is numeric or alphanumeric identifiers which identify or label a malfunction in them, shall not be erased by disconnection of the on board computer from the vehicle power supply or by disconnection or failure of the vehicle battery or ground.

ANNEX IV Requirements on steering for fast tractors 1. The requirements set out in sections 2, 5 and 6 and in Annexes 4 and 6 to UNECE Regulation No 79, as referenced in Annex I, for the steering of motor vehicles apply to vehicles of categories Tb and Cb with maximum design speed exceeding 60 km/h. 1.1. The requirements of ISO 10998:2008, Amd 1 2014 apply to the steering of vehicles belonging to categories Tb and Cb with maximum design speed exceeding 40 km/h and not exceeding 60 km/h. 1.2. The steering action of Cb tractors is in accordance with point 3.9 of Annex XXXIII. 2. The requirements on steering effort for the vehicles referred to in point 1 shall be the same as the requirements for vehicles of N2 category set out in section 6 of UNECE Regulation No 79 as referenced in Annex I. For a vehicle equipped with a straddle seat and handlebars, the same steering effort should apply at the middle of the grip.

ANNEX V Requirements on steering 1. Definitions For the purposes of this Annex: 1.1. ‘Steering equipment’ means all the equipment the purpose of which is to alter the direction of movement of the tractor. The steering equipment may be considered to include the steering control, the steering gear, the steered wheels, and, where applicable, special equipment to produce additional or independent power. 1.2. ‘Steering gear’ means all the components between the steering control and the steered wheels, with the exception of the special equipment defined in point 1.3. The steering gear may be mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electric or a combination of any of these. 1.3. ‘Special equipment’ means the part of the steering equipment by which additional or independent power is produced. Additional or independent power may be produced by any mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical system, or by any combination of these (for example by an oil pump, air pump or battery, etc.). 1.4. ‘Assisted steering equipment’ means the equipment in which the power for the deflection of the steered wheels is provided both by the muscular power of the driver and by the special equipment; this includes steering equipment where the steering power is normally provided solely by the special equipment, but which in the event of failure of the special equipment enables the muscular power of the driver to be used for steering. 1.5. ‘Servo-steering equipment’ means the equipment in which the power for the deflection of the steered wheels is provided solely by the special equipment. 1.6. ‘Differential steering’ means a method of steering on wheels or on tracks where the orientation of the tractor is done by creating a different rotational speed between the left and the right hand wheels or track assemblies. 1.7. ‘Steered wheels’ means one of the following: (a) the wheels the alignment of which may be altered directly or indirectly in relation to that of the tractor in order to obtain a change in the direction of movement of the tractor, (b) all wheels of articulated tractors, (c) wheels on the same axle, the speed of which may be varied in order to obtain a change in the direction of movement of the tractor. CONSTRUCTION, FITTING AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS 2. General requirements 2.1. The steering equipment shall ensure easy and safe handling of the tractor and shall comply with the detailed requirements set out in point 3. 2.2. The steering action of C-category tractors is in accordance with the requirements set out in point 3.9 of Annex XXXIII. 2.3. The requirements set out in point 2.2 are not applicable to C-category tractors with steel tracks equipped with differential steering. The rotational speed difference, as referred to in point 1.6, is either realised by a combination of mechanical components, such as brakes and a differential, or by a separate transmission path to the left and the right hand side, such as separated hydrostatic transmissions. If the steering system is combined with the braking system, the requirements laid down on the basis of Article 17(2)(b) and (5) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 shall apply. 3. Detailed requirements 3.1. Steering control 3.1.1. The steering control shall be easy to use and grip for the foreseeable range of adult operators in terms of variations in their size and strength. It shall be designed in such a way as to permit gradual deflection. The direction of movement of the steering control shall correspond to the desired change in the direction of the tractor. 3.1.2. The steering effort required to achieve a turning circle of 12 m radius, starting from the straight ahead position, shall not exceed 25 daN. In the case of assisted steering equipment that is not connected to other equipment, if the auxiliary power supply fails the steering effort required shall not exceed 60 daN. 3.1.3. In order to check compliance with point 3.1.2, the tractor shall describe a spiral movement at a speed of 10 kilometres per hour, starting from the straight ahead position, on a dry, flat road surface offering good tyre adhesion. The steering effort on the steering control shall be noted until it reaches the position corresponding to the tractor entering a turning circle of 12 m radius. The duration of the manoeuvre (time between the moment when the steering control is first operated and the moment when it reaches the position where the measurements are taken) shall not exceed five seconds in normal cases and eight seconds if the special equipment fails. One manoeuvre shall be made to the left and one to the right. For the test, the tractor shall be loaded to its technically permissible maximum mass; tyre pressures and mass distribution between the axles shall conform to the manufacturer’s instructions. The tracks pressure in particular shall not exceed the value provided for in point 3.3 of Annex XXXIII. 3.2. Steering gear 3.2.1. The steering equipment may not include either electrical or wholly pneumatic steering gear. 3.2.2. The steering gear shall be so designed as to meet any operational requirements. It shall be easily accessible for maintenance and inspection. 3.2.3. In the case of steering gear which is not wholly hydraulic, it shall be possible to drive the tractor even in the event of failure of the hydraulic or pneumatic components of the steering gear. 3.2.4. Steering gear which is operated purely hydraulically and the special equipment shall meet the following requirements: 3.2.4.1. One or more pressure limitation devices shall protect the whole or part of the circuit against excess pressure; 3.2.4.2. The pressure limitation devices shall be set so as not to exceed a pressure T equal to the maximum operating pressure stated by the manufacturer; 3.2.4.3. The characteristics and dimensions of the pipe work shall be such that the pipes withstand four times the pressure T (permitted by the pressure limitation devices), and shall be protected in places and arranged in such a way that the risks of damage by impact or interference are reduced to a minimum, and the risks of damage by rubbing can be considered negligible. 3.3. Steered wheels 3.3.1. All the wheels may be steered wheels. 3.4. Special equipment 3.4.1. The special equipment, used in the types of steering equipment, shall be acceptable in the following circumstances: 3.4.1.1. If the tractor is equipped with assisted steering equipment, it shall be possible to drive it even in the event of failure of the special equipment. If the assisted steering equipment does not have its own source of power, it shall be fitted with a power reservoir. This power reservoir may be replaced by a self-contained device providing power supply to the steering equipment with priority over the other systems which are linked to the common energy source. Without prejudice to the requirements laid down on the basis of Article 17(2)(b) and (5) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 and of Annex I(3) to Regulation (EU) No 167/2013, if there is a hydraulic connection between the hydraulic steering equipment and the hydraulic braking equipment, and if both are supplied from the same energy source, the force required to activate the steering equipment shall not exceed 40 daN if either of the systems should fail. If the source of power is compressed air, the air reservoir shall be protected by a non-return valve. Where the steering power is provided solely by the special equipment, the assisted steering equipment shall be fitted with a device such that if, in the event of failure of the special equipment, the steering effort exceeds 25 daN, a visual or acoustic signal shall give warning of such failure. 3.4.1.2. If the tractor is fitted with servo-steering equipment and provided that such equipment has a wholly hydraulic steering gear, it shall be possible, should the special device or motor fail, to carry out the two manoeuvres specified in point 3.1.3 using a special additional device. The special additional device may be a compressed air or gas reservoir. An oil pump or compressor may be used as the special additional device if that device is worked by the rotation of the tractor wheels and cannot be disconnected from them. In the event of failure of the special equipment, a visual or acoustic signal shall give warning of such failure. 3.4.1.2.1. If the special device is pneumatic, it shall be fitted with a compressed air reservoir protected by a non-return valve. The capacity of the compressed air reservoir shall be calculated so that at least seven complete turns (from lock to lock) are possible before the reservoir pressure falls to half its operating pressure; the test shall be carried out with the steered wheels off the ground. 4. Manufacturers may choose whether to apply either the requirements set out in this Annex or the requirements set out in Annex IV.

ANNEX VI Requirements on speedometers 1. Definitions For the purposes of this Annex: 1.1. ‘Normal running pressure’ means the cold inflation pressure specified by the vehicle manufacturer increased by 0.2 bar. 1.2. ‘Speedometer’ means that part of the speedometer equipment which indicates to the driver the speed of his vehicle at any given moment. 2. Requirements 2.1. All tractors with maximum design speed exceeding 30 km/h shall be equipped with a speedometer according to the requirements set out in this Annex. 2.1.1. Tractors of the categories T4.1 and C4.1 with a maximum design speed not exceeding 30 km/h shall be equipped with a speedometer according to the requirements set out in this Annex. 2.1.2. The speedometer display shall be situated in the driver’s direct field of vision and shall be clearly legible both by day and by night. The range of speeds indicated shall be large enough to include the maximum speed given by the manufacturer for the type of vehicle. 2.2. Where the speedometer has a scale, as distinct from a digital display, it shall be clearly legible. 2.2.1. The graduations shall be of 1, 2, 5 or 10 km/h. The values of the speed shall be indicated on the dial as follows: 2.2.1.1. when the highest value on the dial does not exceed 40 km/h, speed values shall be indicated at intervals not exceeding 10 km/h and graduations not exceeding 5 km /h; 2.2.1.2. when the highest value on the dial exceeds 40 km/h, the speed values shall be indicated at intervals not exceeding 20 km/h and graduations not exceeding 5 km /h. 2.2.2. Member States in which vehicle speed is, at the date of entry into force of this Regulation, measured in miles per hour, shall be permitted to require speedometer equipment fitted to vehicles sold in their countries to be marked both in kilometres per hour and in miles per hour, in accordance with Directive 2009/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (1). In the case of a speedometer manufactured for sale in any Member State where imperial units of measurement are used, the speedometer shall also be marked in mph (miles per hour); the graduations shall be of 1, 2, 5 or 10 mph. The values of the speed shall be indicated on the dial at intervals not exceeding 20 mph. 2.2.3. The indicated speed value intervals need not be uniform. 2.3. The accuracy of the speedometer equipment shall be tested in accordance with the following procedure: 2.3.1. the vehicle is equipped with one of the types of tyre or track normally fitted; the test shall be repeated for each of the types of speedometer specified by the manufacturer; 2.3.2. the load on the axle driving the speedometer equipment shall correspond to the part of mass in running order undertaken by that axle; 2.3.3. the reference temperature at the speedometer shall be 23 ± 5 °C; 2.3.4. during each test the pressure of the tyres shall be the normal running pressure; 2.3.5. the vehicle is tested at the following three speeds: 20, 30 and 40 km/h, or 80 % of the maximum speed specified by the manufacturer, for fast tractors; 2.3.6. the test instrumentation used for measuring the true vehicle speed shall be accurate to ± 1,0 %; 2.3.6.1. the surface of a test track when used be flat and dry, and shall provide sufficient adhesion. 2.4. The speed indicated shall never be less than the true speed. At the speeds specified for the test in 2.3.5 above and between these speeds, there shall be the following relationship between the speed indicated on the dial of the speedometer (V 1 ) and the true speed (V 2 ): . (1) Directive 2009/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 amending Council Directive 80/181/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement (OJ L 114, 7.5.2009, p. 10).

ANNEX VII Requirements on the field of vision and windscreen wipers Vehicles of categories T and C shall comply with the following requirements: 1. ISO 5721-1:2013 on the field of vision forward and the windscreen wipers; 2. The part concerning the vision beside the tractor, in ISO 5721-2: 2014 on the field of vision to the side and to the rear of agricultural tractors.

ANNEX VIII Requirements on glazing 1. Definitions For the purposes of this Annex: 1.1 ‘Driver’s eyes reference point’ means the position, fixed by convention, of the tractor driver’s eyes notionally located at a single point. That point is situated in the plane parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the tractor and passing through the centre of the seat, 700 mm vertically above the line of intersection of that plane and the surface of the seat and 270 mm in the direction of the pelvic support from the vertical plane passing through the front edge of the surface of the seat and perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane of the tractor (Figure 1). The reference point thus determined relates to the seat when unoccupied and fitted in the central position specified by the tractor manufacturer. 1.2 ‘Safety glazing material requisite for the driver’s rearward vision’ means all glazing situated behind a plane passing through the driver’s eyes reference point perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle through which the driver can view the road when driving or manoeuvring the vehicle. 2. Requirements 2.1. Glazing of vehicles of category T shall comply with the requirements of UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I to this Regulation, except for Annex 21 to that UNECE Regulation. 2.2. Glazing of vehicles of category C shall comply with the same requirements set out for the corresponding vehicles within T category. 2.3. Safety glazing installation on vehicles of category T and C with a maximum design speed exceeding 60 km/h shall comply with the provisions for vehicles of category N in Annex 21 to UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I. 2.4. Safety glazing installation on vehicles of category T and C with a maximum design speed not exceeding 60 km/h. 2.4.1. Safety glazing shall be installed in a way to ensure a high level of safety for the occupants and, in particular, to provide the driver with a high degree of visibility in all use conditions, not only forwards but also rearwards and laterally. 2.4.2. Safety glazing shall be fitted in such a way that, despite the stresses to which the vehicle is submitted under normal operating conditions, it remains in position and continues to afford visibility and safety to the occupants of the vehicle 2.4.3. Safety glazing shall bear the appropriate component type-approval mark specified in paragraph 5.4. of UNECE Regulation No 43, as referenced in Annex I, followed, when required, by one of the additional symbols provided for in paragraph 5.5 of UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I. 2.4.4. Safety glazing for windscreens 2.4.4.1. The regular light transmittance shall not be less than 70 %. 2.4.4.2. The windscreen shall be correctly fitted with reference to the driver’s eye reference point. 2.4.4.3. Vehicles of categories T and C, with maximum design speed not exceeding 40 km/h, shall be fitted with one of the types of safety glazing material specified in Annex 4, Annex 5, Annex 6, Annex 8 or Annex 10 to UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I. 2.4.4.4. Vehicles of categories T and C, with maximum design speed exceeding 40 km/h, shall be fitted with one of the types of safety glazing material referred to in point 2.4.4.3 with the exception of Annex 5 to UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I. 2.4.5. Safety glazing other than windscreens 2.4.5.1. The safety glazing shall have a regular light transmittance of at least 70 %. 2.4.5.2. Plastic safety glazing material requisite for the driver’s rearward vision shall bear a symbol A/L or B/L, as specified in paragraphs 5.5.5 and 5.5.7 of UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I, in addition to the component type-approval mark specified in point 2.4.3. 2.4.5.3. Safety glazing material not needed for the driver’s rearward vision or driver’s vision to the sides shall bear the symbol V specified in paragraph 5.5.2. of UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I, in addition to the component type-approval mark specified in point 2.4.3, if the light transmittance is below 70 %. 2.4.5.4. Plastic safety glazing material not needed for the driver’s forward or rearward vision shall bear one of the symbols specified in paragraphs 5.5.5, 5.5.6 and 5.5.7 of UNECE Regulation No 43 as referenced in Annex I, in addition to the component type-approval mark specified in point 2.4.3. 2.4.5.5. In the case of plastic safety glazing, the provisions related to abrasion resistance referred to in point 2.4.5.2 do not apply to sunroofs and glazing located in the roof of a vehicle. No abrasion test/symbol is required. Figure 1 Driver’s eyes reference point

ANNEX IX Requirements on rear-view mirrors 1. Equipment requirements All tractors shall be equipped with two exterior rear-view mirrors and optionally with an interior rear-view mirror. 2. General 2.1. Interior rear-view mirrors are grouped in class I. Exterior rear-view mirrors are grouped in class II. Tractors shall be fitted with two rear-view mirrors of class II and optionally with a rear-view mirror of class I, bearing the type-approval mark of UNECE Regulation No 46 as referenced in Annex I, in accordance with Article 34 of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013 and Annex XX to this Regulation. 2.2. Rear-view mirrors shall be fixed in such a way that they remain steady under normal driving conditions. 2.3. Vehicles equipped with a straddle seat and handlebars are required to comply with the requirements set out in UNECE Regulation No 81, as referenced in Annex I, instead of the requirements set out in points 2.1 and 2.2, and points 3 to 6. 2.4. The additional mirrors and rear-view mirrors designed in order to monitor the implements while working in the fields are not necessarily open to component type-approval but shall be located in accordance with the setting requirements contained in points 3.1 to 3.5. 3. Position 3.1. The exterior rear-view mirror of class II shall be so placed that the driver, when sitting on the driving seat in a normal driving position, has a clear view of the part of the road specified in point 5. 3.2. The exterior rear-view mirror shall be visible through the portion of the windscreen that is swept by the windscreen wiper or through the side windows if the tractor is fitted with them. 3.3. The external rear-view mirrors shall not protrude beyond the external bodywork of the tractor or the tractor-trailer combination more than is necessary to obtain the fields of vision specified in point 5. 3.4. Where the bottom edge of an exterior rear-view mirror is less than 2 m above the ground when the tractor is laden, this rear-view mirror shall not project more than 0,20 m beyond the overall width of the tractor or tractor-trailer combination measured without rear-view mirrors. 3.5. Subject to the requirements set out in points 3.3 and 3.4, rear-view mirrors may project beyond the tractor’s permissible maximum width. 4. Adjustment 4.1. Any interior rear-view mirror shall be adjustable by the driver from his driving position. 4.2. The driver shall be able to adjust the exterior rear-view mirror without leaving the driving position. The mirror may, however, be locked into position from the outside. 4.3. The requirements set out in point 4.2 do not apply to exterior rear-view mirrors which, after being displaced, are returned automatically to their original position or can be restored to their original position without the use of tools. 5. Fields of vision for rear view mirror of class II 5.1. The field of vision of the left hand or right hand exterior rear-view mirror shall be such that the driver can see to the rear at least that level part of the road, as far as the horizon, which is to the left or to the right, respectively, of the plane parallel to the vertical longitudinal median plane and which passes through the leftmost or rightmost, respectively, point of the overall width of the tractor or tractor-trailer combination. 5.2. Manufacturers may choose whether to apply either the requirements set out in point 5.1 or the requirements of ISO 5721-2: 2014.

ANNEX X Requirements on driver information systems 1. Requirements 1.1. ‘Virtual terminals’ means electronic on-board information systems with display screens to provide an operator with visual information on the performance of the vehicle and its systems, and that allow the operator to monitor and control various functions via a touch screen or keypad. 1.2. Operator controls associated with virtual terminals shall comply with ISO 15077:2008 (Annex B). 1.3. Driver Information Systems shall be designed so as to minimise distraction of the driver whilst conveying the necessary information.

ANNEX XI Requirements on lighting, light-signalling devices and their light sources 1. Lights and light-signalling devices, if fitted to vehicles of categories T and C, shall comply with all the relevant requirements set out in UNECE regulations applicable to those vehicles, as referenced in Annex I. 2. Filament lamps, gas discharge lamps and LED for lights and light-signalling devices, fitted on vehicles of category R shall comply with all the relevant requirements set out in UNECE Regulations Nos 37, 99 and 128, respectively, as referenced in Annex I. 3. Lights and light-signalling devices, if fitted to vehicles of category R and S, shall comply with all the relevant requirements of the O category vehicles in UNECE regulations, as referenced in Annex I.

ANNEX XII Requirements on lighting installations 1. Definitions For the purposes of this Annex: 1.1. ‘Transverse plane’ means a vertical plane perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle; 1.2. ‘Independent lamps’ means lamps having separate lenses, separate light sources, and separate lamp bodies; 1.3. ‘Grouped lamps’ means lamps having separate lenses and separate light sources, but a common lamp body; 1.4. ‘Combined lamps’ means lamps having separate lenses but a common light source and a common lamp body; 1.5. ‘Reciprocally incorporated lamps’ means lamps having separate light sources (or a single light source operating under different conditions), totally or partially common lenses and a common lamp body; 1.6. ‘Variable position lamps’ means lamps installed on the vehicle which can move in relation to the vehicle, without being detached; 1.7. ‘Main-beam headlamp’ means the lamp used to illuminate the road over a long distance ahead of the vehicle; 1.8. ‘Dipped-beam headlamp’ means the lamp used to illuminate the road ahead of the vehicle without causing undue dazzle or discomfort to oncoming drivers and other road-users; 1.9. ‘Concealable lamp’ means a headlamp capable of being partly or completely hidden when not in use. This result may be achieved by means of a movable cover, by displacement of the headlamp or by any other suitable means. The term 'retractable' is used more particularly to describe a concealable lamp the displacement of which enables it to be inserted within the bodywork; 1.10. ‘Front fog-lamp’ means the lamp used to improve the illumination of the road in case of fog, snowfall, rainstorms or dust clouds; 1.11. ‘Reversing lamp’ means the lamp used to illuminate the road to the rear of the vehicle and to warn other road-users that the vehicle is reversing or about to reverse; 1.12. ‘Direction-indicator lamp’ means the lamp used to indicate to other road-users that the driver intends to change direction to the right or to the left; 1.13. ‘Hazard-warning signal’ means the device permitting the simultaneous operation of all of a vehicle’s direction indicator lamps to draw attention to the fact that the vehicle temporarily constitutes a special danger to other road-users; 1.14. ‘Stop lamp’ means the lamp used to indicate to other road-users to the rear of the vehicle that the longitudinal movement of the vehicle is intentionally retarded; 1.15. ‘Rear registration plate lamp’ means the device used to illuminate the space intended to accommodate the rear registration plate; it may consist of several optical components; 1.16. ‘Front position lamp’ means the lamp used to indicate the presence and the width of the vehicle when the latter is viewed from the front; 1.17. ‘Rear position lamp’ means the lamp used to indicate the presence and the width of the vehicle when the width is viewed from the rear; 1.18. ‘Rear fog-lamp’ means the lamp used to make the vehicle more easily visible from the rear in dense fog; 1.19. ‘Parking lamp’ means the lamp used to draw attention to the presence of a stationary vehicle in a built-up area. In such circumstances, it replaces the front and rear position lamps; 1.20. ‘End-outline marker lamp’ means the lamp fitted to the extreme outer edge as close as possible to the top of the vehicle and intended clearly to indicate the vehicle’s overall width. This signal is intended, for certain vehicles, to complement the vehicle’s front and rear position lamps by drawing particular attention to its bulk; 1.21. ‘Work lamp’ means a device for illuminating a working area or process; 1.22. ‘Retro-reflector’ means a device used to indicate the presence of a vehicle by reflection of light emanating from a light source unconnected with the vehicle, the observer being situated near that source. For the purposes of this Annex, the following are not considered as retro-reflectors: — retro-reflecting number plates, — other plates and retro-reflecting signals which shall be used to comply with a Contracting Party’s specifications for use as regards certain categories of vehicles or certain methods of operation. 1.23. ‘Side marker lamp’ means a lamp used to indicate the presence of the vehicle when viewed from the side; 1.24. ‘Daytime running lamp’ means a lamp facing in a forward direction used to make the vehicle more easily visible when driving during daytime; 1.25. ‘Cornering lamp’ means a lamp used to provide supplementary illumination of that part of the road which is located near the forward corner of the vehicle at the side towards which the vehicle is going to turn; 1.26. ‘Exterior Courtesy lamp’ means a lamp used to provide supplementary illumination to assist the entry and exit of the vehicle driver and passenger or in loading operations. 1.27. ‘Manoeuvring lamp’ means a lamp used to provide supplementary illumination to the side of the vehicle to assist during slow manoeuvres. 1.28. ‘Adaptive front lighting system’ means a lighting device, type-approved in accordance with UNECE Regulation No. 123, as referenced in Annex I, providing beams with differing characteristics for automatic adaptation to varying conditions of use of the dipped-beam (passing-beam) and, if applicable, the main-beam (driving-beam). 1.29. ‘Illuminating surface’ means the orthogonal projection of the full aperture of the reflector, in the case of the main-beam headlamp with reflector, dipped-beam headlamp with reflector, front fog-lamp with reflector, or in the case of headlamps with an ellipsoidal reflector of the projection lens, on a transverse plane. If the light emitting surface of the lamp extends over part only of the full aperture of the reflector, the projection of that part only is taken into account. In the case of a dipped-beam headlamp, the illuminating surface is limited by the apparent trace of the cut-off on to the lens. If the reflector and lens are adjustable relative to one another, the mean adjustment should be used. 1.30. ‘Illuminating surface’ means the orthogonal projection of the lamp in a plane perpendicular to its axis of reference and in contact with the exterior light-emitting surface of the lamp, this projection being bounded by the edges of screens situated in this plane, each allowing only 98 % of the total luminous intensity of the light to persist in the direction of the axis of reference in the case of rear position lamp, parking lamp, and of main-beam headlamp, dipped-beam headlamp, front fog-lamp, which are without reflector. In the case of a light-signalling device whose illuminating surface encloses either totally or partially the illuminating surface of another function or encloses a non-lighted surface, the illuminating surface may be considered to be the light emitting surface itself. 1.31. ‘Illuminating surface’ of a retro-reflector or of a signalling panel or of a signalling foil means, as declared by the applicant during the component approval procedure for the retro-reflectors, the orthogonal projection of a retro-reflector in a plane perpendicular to its axis of reference and delimited by planes contiguous to the declared outermost parts of the retro-reflectors’ optical system and parallel to that axis. For the purposes of determining the lower, upper and lateral edges of the device, only horizontal and vertical planes shall be considered. 1.32. ‘Exterior light-emitting surface’ means the part of the exterior surface of the transparent lens that encloses the lighting or light-signalling device and allows it to emit light. 1.33. ‘Apparent surface’ for a defined direction of observation, means the orthogonal projection of either the boundary of the illuminating surface projected on the exterior surface of the lens or the light-emitting surface in a plane perpendicular to the direction of observation and tangential to the most exterior point of the lens. 1.34. ‘Axis of reference’ means the characteristic axis of the light signal determined by the manufacturer of the lamp for use as the direction of reference (H = 0°, V = 0°) for photometric measurements and when fitting the lamp on the vehicle. 1.35. ‘Centre of reference’ means the intersection of the axis of reference with the exterior light-emitting surface, specified by the manufacturer of the lamp; 1.36. ‘Angles of geometric visibility’ means the angles which determine the field of the minimum solid angle in which the apparent surface of the lamp is visible. That field of the solid angle is determined by the segments of the sphere of which the centre coincides with the centre of reference of the lamp and the equator is parallel with the ground. These segments are determined in relation to the axis of reference. The horizontal angles β correspond to the longitude and the vertical angles α to the latitude. 1.37. ‘Extreme outer edge’ on either side of the vehicle means the plane parallel with the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle and coinciding with its lateral outer edge, disregarding the projection: (1) of tyres near their point of contact with the ground and connections for tyre-pressure gauges and tyre inflating/deflating devices/ducts; (2) of any anti-skid devices which may be mounted on the wheels; (3) of rear-view mirrors; (4) of side direction indicator lamps, end-outline marker lamps, front and rear position lamps, parking lamps and side retro-reflectors; (5) of customs seals affixed to the vehicle and devices for securing and protecting such seals. 1.38. ‘Overall width’ means the distance between the two vertical planes defined in the definition of the extreme outer edge, above. 1.39. ‘A single lamp’ means: 1.39.1. a device or part of a device having one lighting or light-signalling function, one or more light source(s) and one apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis, which may be a continuous surface or composed of two or more distinct parts; or 1.39.2. any assembly of two independent lamps, whether identical or not, having the same function, both approved as type ‘D’ lamp and installed so that: 1.39.2.1. the projection of their apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis occupies not less than 60 % of the smallest quadrilateral circumscribing the projections of the said apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis; or 1.39.2.2. the distance between two adjacent/tangential distinct parts does not exceed 15 mm when measured perpendicularly to the reference axis; or 1.39.3. any assembly of two independent retro-reflectors, whether identical or not, that have been approved separately and are installed in such a way that: 1.39.3.1. the projection of their apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis occupies not less 60 % of the smallest quadrilateral circumscribing the projections of the said apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis; or 1.39.3.2. the distance between two adjacent/tangential distinct parts does not exceed 15 mm when measured perpendicularly to the reference axis. 1.40. ‘Two lamps’ means a single light- emitting surface in the shape of a band or strip if such band or strip is placed symmetrically in relation to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle, extends on both sides to within at least 0,4 m of the extreme outer edge of the vehicle, and is not less than 0,8 m in length; the illumination of such surface shall be provided by not less than two light sources placed as close as possible to its ends; the light-emitting surface may be constituted by a number of juxtaposed elements on condition that the projections of the several individual light-emitting surfaces on a transverse plane occupy not less than 60 % of the area of the smallest rectangle circumscribing the projections of the said individual light-emitting surfaces. 1.41. ‘Distance between two lamps’ which face in the same direction means the distance between the orthogonal projections in a plane perpendicular to the direction in question of the outlines of the two illuminating surfaces. 1.42. ‘Optional’ means that the installation of a light-signalling device is left to the discretion of the manufacturer. 1.43. ‘Operating tell-tale’ means a visual or auditory signal or any equivalent signal indicating that a device has been switched on and is operating correctly. 1.44. ‘Colour of the light emitted from a device’ means the colour of the light emitted as specified in UNECE Regulation No. 48 as referenced in Annex I. 1.45. ‘Conspicuity marking’ means a device intended to increase the conspicuity of a vehicle, when viewed from the side or rear or in the case of trailers, additionally from the front, by the reflection of light emanating from a light source not connected to the vehicle, the observer being situated near the source. 1.46. ‘Circuit-closed tell-tale’ means a tell-tale showing that a device has been switched on but not showing whether it is operating correctly or not. 1.47. ‘SMV rear marking plate’, a triangular plate with truncated corners with a characteristic pattern faced with retro-reflective and fluorescent material or devices (class 1); or with retro-reflective materials or devices only (class 2) (see e.g. UNECE Regulation No. 69 as referenced in Annex I). 1.48. ‘Pair’ means the set of lamps of the same function on the left- and right hand side of the vehicle. 1.49. ‘H plane’ means the horizontal plane containing the centre of reference of the lamp. 1.50. ‘Lighting function’ means the light emitted by a device to illuminate the road and objects in the direction of vehicle movement. 1.51. ‘Light-signalling function’ means the light emitted or reflected by a device to give to other road users visual information on the presence, identification and/or the change of movement of the vehicle. 1.52. ‘Light source’ means one or more elements for visible radiation, which may be assembled with one or more transparent envelopes and with a base for mechanical and electrical connection. A light source may also be constituted by the extreme outlet of a light guide, as part of a distributed lighting or light-signalling system not having a built-in outer lens. 1.53. ‘Light emitting surface’ of a lighting device, light-signalling device or a retro-reflector means the surface as declared in the request for approval by the manufacturer of the device on the drawing. 2. Test procedure for EU type-approval The application for EU type-approval shall be accompanied by the documents referred to in points 2.1-2.4 in triplicate and the following particulars: 2.1. A description of the vehicle type with regard to the dimensions and exterior shape of the vehicle and the number and positioning of lighting and light-signalling devices; the vehicle type duly identified shall be specified. 2.2. A list of the devices intended by the manufacturer to form the lighting and signalling equipment; the list may include several types of device for each function; in addition, the list may include in respect of each function the additional annotation 'or equivalent devices'. 2.3. A diagram of the lighting and signalling installation as a whole, showing the position of the various devices on the vehicle. 2.4. A drawing or drawings of each lamp showing the illuminating surface of a lamp or a lighting device or a signalling lamp other than a retro-reflector or a reflex-reflector. The light emitting surface of a lighting device, light-signalling device or a retro-reflector shall be declared according to one of the following conditions: 2.4.1 In the case where the outer lens is textured, the declared light emitting surface shall be all or part of the exterior surface of the outer lens. 2.4.2 In the case where the outer lens is non-textured the outer lens may be disregarded and the light emitting surface shall be as declared on the drawing. 2.5. An unladen vehicle fitted with a complete set of lighting and signalling equipment and representative of the vehicle type to be approved shall be submitted to the technical service conducting approval tests. 3. Approval The templates of the documents referred to in points 2.1-2.4, to be submitted during the EU type-approval process, shall be those set out in Article 68(a) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013. 4. Approval number and markings Each vehicle approved in accordance with the requirements set out in this Annex shall be assigned an approval number and marking, according to the model set out in Article 68(h) of Regulation (EU) No 167/2013. 5. General Specifications 5.1. The lighting and light-signalling devices shall be so fitted that under normal conditions of use, and notwithstanding any vibration to which they may be subjected, they retain the characteristics laid down in points 5.2-5.21 and 6 and Appendices 1, 2 and 3and enable the vehicle to comply with the requirements set out in points 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 5.10.1, 5.11.1, 5.11.2, 5.11.3.2, 5.17.1.1, 5.18.3 and 6. In particular, it shall not be possible for the adjustment of the lamps to be inadvertently disturbed. 5.2. Vehicles shall be fitted with the permanently connected socket outlet specified in ISO 1724:2003 (Electrical connections for vehicles with 6 or 12 volt electrical systems applying more specifically to private motor cars and lightweight trailers or caravans), or ISO 1185: 2003 (Electrical connections between tractors and towed vehicles having 24 volt electrical systems used for international commercial transport purposes) or both when they have a connection for attaching trailed vehicles or mounted machines. In addition, vehicles may be fitted with the supplementary 7-pin connector according to ISO 3732:2003 (Connectors for the electrical connection of towing and towed vehicles — 7-pole connector type 12 S (supplementary) for vehicles with 12 V nominal supply voltage). 5.3. The illuminating main-beam headlamps, dipped-beam headlamps and front fog-lamps shall be so installed that correct adjustment of their orientation can easily be carried out. 5.4. For all light-signalling devices, the reference axis of the lamp when fitted to the vehicle shall be parallel with the bearing plane of the vehicle on the road; in addition it shall be perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle in the case of side retro-reflectors and of side-marker lamps and parallel to that plane in the case of all other signalling devices. In each direction a tolerance of ± 3° shall be allowed. In addition, any specific instructions as regards fitting laid down by the manufacturer shall be complied with. 5.5. In the absence of specific instructions, the height and orientation of the lamps shall be verified with the vehicle unladen and placed on a flat horizontal surface. 5.6. In the absence of specific instructions, lamps constituting a pair shall: 5.6.1. Be mounted symmetrically in relation to the median longitudinal plane; 5.6.2. Be symmetrical to one another in relation to the median longitudinal plane; 5.6.3. Satisfy the same colorimetric requirements; and 5.6.4. Have substantially identical photometric characteristics. 5.7. On vehicles whose external shape is asymmetrical, the requirements set out in points 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 shall be satisfied as far as possible. Those requirements shall be regarded as having been met if the distance of the two lamps from the median longitudinal plane and from the bearing plane on the ground is the same. 5.8. Grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated lamps 5.8.1 Lamps may be grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated with one another provided that all requirements regarding colour, position, orientation, geometric visibility, electrical connections and other requirements, if any, are fulfilled. 5.8.1.1. The photometric and colorimetric requirements of a lamp shall be fulfilled when all other functions with which this lamp is grouped, combined or reciprocally incorporated are switched OFF. However, when a front or rear position lamp is reciprocally incorporated with one or more other function(s) which can be activated together with them, the requirements regarding colour of each of these other functions shall be fulfilled when the reciprocally incorporated function(s) and the front or rear position lamps are switched ON. 5.8.1.2. Stop lamps and direction-indicator lamps are not permitted to be reciprocally incorporated. 5.8.1.3. Where stop lamps and direction-indicator lamps are grouped, the following conditions shall be met: 5.8.1.3.1. Any horizontal or vertical straight line passing through the projections of the apparent surfaces of these functions on a plane perpendicular to the reference axis, shall not intersect more than two borderlines separating adjacent areas of different colour; 5.8.1.3.2. Their apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis, based upon the areas bounded by the outline of their light emitting surfaces, do not overlap. 5.8.2. Where the apparent surface of a single lamp is composed of two or more distinct parts, it shall comply with the following requirements: 5.8.2.1. Either the total area of the projection of the distinct parts on a plane tangent to the exterior surface of the outer lens and perpendicular to the reference axis shall occupy not less than 60 % of the smallest quadrilateral circumscribing the said projection, or the distance between two adjacent/tangential distinct parts shall not exceed 15 mm when measured perpendicularly to the reference axis. This requirement shall not apply to a retro-reflector. 5.8.2.2. In the case of interdependent lamps, the distance between adjacent apparent surfaces in the direction of the reference axis does not exceed 75 mm when measured perpendicularly to the reference axis. 5.9. The maximum height above the ground shall be measured from the highest point and the minimum height from the lowest point of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis. Where the maximum and minimum heights above the ground clearly meet the requirements of the Regulation, the exact edges of any surface need not be determined. Lamps shall be installed in such a way that the vehicle complies with applicable legislation concerning its maximum height. 5.9.1. For the purposes of reducing the geometric visibility angles, the position of a lamp with regard to height above the ground, shall be measured from the H plane. 5.9.2. In the case of dipped-beam headlamp, the minimum height in relation to the ground is measured from the lowest point of the effective outlet of the optical system (e.g. reflector, lens, projection lens) independent of its utilisation. 5.9.3. The position, as regards width, will be determined from that edge of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis which is the furthest from the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle when referred to the overall width, and from the inner edges of the apparent surface in the direction of the reference axis when referred to the distance between lamps. Where the position, as regards width, clearly complies with the requirements set out in this Regulation, the exact edges of any surface need not be determined. 5.10. In the absence of specific instructions, the photometric characteristics (e.g. intensity, colour, apparent surface, etc.) of a lamp shall not be intentionally varied during the period of activation of the lamp. 5.10.1. Direction-indicator lamps and the vehicle-hazard warning signal shall be flashing lamps. 5.10.2. The photometric characteristics of any lamp may varying relation to the ambient light, as a consequence of the activation of other lamps, or when the lamps is being used to provide another lighting function, provided that any variation in the photometric characteristics is in compliance with the technical provisions for the lamp concerned. 5.11. No red light which could give rise to confusion shall be emitted from a lamp in a forward direction and no white light which could give rise to confusion, shall be emitted from a lamp in a rearward direction. No account shall be taken of lighting devices fitted for the interior lighting of the vehicle. In case of doubt, this requirement shall be verified as follows: 5.11.1. For the visibility of red light towards the front of a vehicle, with the exception of a red rearmost side-marker lamp, there shall be no direct visibility of the apparent surface of a red lamp if viewed by an observer moving within Zone 1 as specified in Appendix 1; 5.11.2. For the visibility of white light towards the rear, with the exception of reversing lamps and white side conspicuity markings fitted to the vehicle, there shall be no direct visibility of the apparent surface of a white lamp if viewed by an observer moving within Zone 2 in a transverse plane situated 25 m behind the vehicle (see Appendix 1); 5.11.3. In their respective planes, the zones 1 and 2 explored by the eye of the observer are bounded: 5.11.3.1. In height, by two horizontal planes 1 m and 2,2 m respectively above the ground; 5.11.3.2. In width, by two vertical planes which, forming to the front and to the rear respectively an angle of 15° outwards from the vehicle's median longitudinal plane, pass through the point or points of contact of vertical planes parallel to the vehicle's median longitudinal plane delimiting the vehicle's overall width; if there are several points of contact, the foremost shall correspond to the forward plane and the rearmost to the rearward plane. 5.12. The electrical connections shall be such that the front and rear position lamps, the end-outline marker lamps, if they exist, the side-marker lamps, if they exist, and the rear registration plate lamp can only be switched ON and OFF simultaneously. This condition does not apply: 5.12.1. When front and rear position lamps are switched ON, as well as side-marker lamps when combined or reciprocally incorporated with said lamps, as parking lamps; 5.12.2. To front position lamps when their function is substituted under point 5.13.1. 5.13. The electrical connections shall be such that the main-beam and dipped-beam headlamps and the front fog lamps cannot be switched on unless the lamps referred to in point 5.12 are also switched on. This requirement shall not apply, however, to main-beam or dipped-beam headlamps when their luminous warnings consist of the intermittent lighting up at short intervals of the main-beam headlamp or the intermittent lighting up at short intervals of the dipped-beam headlamp or the alternate lighting up at short intervals of the main-beam and dipped-beam headlamps. 5.13.1. The dipped-beam headlamps and/or the main-beam headlamps and/or the front fog lamps may substitute the function of the front position lamps, provided that: 5.13.1.1. Their electrical connections are such that in case of failure of any of these lighting devices the front position lamps are automatically re-activated; and 5.13.1.2. The substituting lamp/function meets, for the respective position lamp, the requirements set out in points 6.8.1. to 6.8.6., and 5.13.1.3. appropriate evidence demonstrating compliance with the requirements set out in point 5.13.1.2 is provided in the test reports of the substituting lamp. 5.14. The function of the circuit-closed tell-tales may be fulfilled by operating tell-tales. 5.15. The colours of the light emitted by the lamps (1) are the following: 5.15.1. main-beam headlamp: white; 5.15.2. dipped-beam headlamp: white; 5.15.3. front fog lamp: white or selective yellow; 5.15.4. reversing lamp: white; 5.15.5. direction-indicator lamp: amber; 5.15.6. hazard warning signal: amber; 5.15.7. stop lamp: red; 5.15.8. rear registration plate lamp: white; 5.15.9. front position lamp: white; 5.15.10. rear position lamp: red; 5.15.11. rear fog lamp: red; 5.15.12. parking lamp: white in front, red at the rear, amber if reciprocally incorporated in the side direction indicator lamps or in the side-marker lamps; 5.15.13. side-marker lamp: amber; however, the rearmost side-marker lamp can be red if it is grouped or combined or reciprocally incorporated with the rear position lamp, the rear end-outline marker lamp, the rear fog lamp, the stop lamp or is grouped or has part of the light emitting surface in common with the rear retro-reflector; 5.15.14. end-outline marker lamp: white in front, red at the rear; 5.15.15. daytime running lamp: white; 5.15.16. rear retro-reflector, non-triangular: red; 5.15.17. rear retro-reflector, triangular: red; 5.15.18. front retro-reflector, non-triangular: white or colourless; 5.15.19. side retro-reflector, non- triangular: amber; however the rearmost side retro-reflector can be red if it is grouped or has part of the light emitting surface in common with the rear position lamp, the rear end outline marker lamp, the rear fog lamp, the stop-lamp, the red rearmost side-marker lamp or the rear retro-reflector, non- triangular; 5.15.20. cornering lamp: white; 5.15.21. conspicuity marking: white or yellow to the side; red or yellow to the rear; 5.15.22. exterior courtesy lamp: white; 5.15.23. manoeuvring lamp: white. 5.16. Concealable lamps 5.16.1. The concealment of lamps shall be prohibited, with the exception of main-beam headlamps, dipped-beam headlamps, and front fog-lamps. 5.16.2. An illuminating device in the position of use shall remain in that position if the malfunction referred to in point 5.16.2.1 occurs alone or in conjunction with one of the malfunctions described in point 5.16.2.2. 5.16.2.1. The absence of power for manipulating the lamp; 5.16.2.2. A break, impedance, or short-circuit to earth in the electrical circuit, defects in the hydraulic or pneumatic leads, Bowden cables, solenoids or other components controlling or transmitting the energy intended to activate the concealment device. 5.16.3. In the event of any failure affecting the operation of the concealment device(s) the lamps shall remain in the position of use, if already in use, or shall be capable of being moved into the position of use without the aid of tools. 5.16.4. Illuminating devices which are manipulated by power shall be brought into the position of use and switched on by means of a single control, without excluding the possibility of moving them into the position of use without switching them on. However, in the case of grouped- main-beam headlamps and dipped-beam headlamps, the control referred to above is required only to activate the dipped-beam headlamps. 5.16.5. It shall not be possible deliberately, from the driver's seat, to stop the movement of switched-on headlamps before they reach the position of use. If there is a danger of dazzling other road users by the movement of headlamps, they may light up only when they have reached their final position. 5.16.6. At temperatures of – 30 °C to + 50 °C an illuminating device which is manipulated by power shall be capable of reaching the position of use within three seconds of initial operation of the control. 5.17. Variable position lamps 5.17.1. The position of all lamps may be varied except main-beam headlamps, dipped-beam headlamps and at least one pair of rear reflectors, provided that: 5.17.1.1. These lamps remain attached to the vehicle when their position is altered; 5.17.1.2. These lamps shall be capable of being locked in the position required by traffic conditions. Locking shall be automatic. 5.18. General provisions relating to geometric visibility 5.18.1. There shall be no obstacle on the inside of the angles of geometric visibility to the propagation of light from any part of the apparent surface of the lamp observed from infinity. However, no account is taken of obstacles, if they were already presented when the lamp was type-approved. 5.18.2. If measurements are taken closer to the lamp, the direction of observation shall be shifted parallel to achieve the same accuracy. 5.18.3. If, when the lamp is installed, any part of the apparent surface of the lamp is hidden by any further parts of the vehicle, proof shall be furnished that the part of the lamp not hidden by obstacles still conforms to the photometric values prescribed for the approval of the device. 5.19. Number of lamps 5.19.1. The number of lamps mounted on the vehicle shall be equal to the number indicated in the individual specifications of this Regulation. 5.20. General provisions relating to the illuminating surface of reversing lamps, hazard-warning signals, rear position lamps, rear fog-lamps, parking lamps, daytime running lamps and of main-beam headlamps, dipped-beam headlamps, front fog-lamps, reversing lamps and cornering lamp, the last five ones being without reflector: To determine the lower, upper and lateral limits of the illuminating surface only screens with horizontal or vertical edges shall be used to verify the distance to the extreme edges of the vehicle and the height above the ground. For other applications of the illuminating surface, e.g. distance between two lamps or functions, the shape of the periphery of this illuminating surface shall be used. The screens shall remain parallel, but other orientations are allowed to be used. 5.21. Retro-reflectors shall likewise be regarded as lamps and thus will comply with the requirements of this Annex. 6. Individual specifications 6.1. Main-beam headlamps (UNECE Regulations Nos 98, 112 and 113, as referenced in Annex I) 6.1.1. Presence: Tractors may be equipped with main-beam head lamps. Prohibited on R- and S-category vehicles. 6.1.2. Number: Two or four. 6.1.3. Arrangement: No individual specifications. 6.1.4 Position in: 6.1.4.1. Width: The outer edges of the illuminating surface shall in no case be closer to the extreme outer edge of the vehicles than the outer edges of the illuminating surface of the dipped-beam headlamps. 6.1.4.2. Height: No individual specifications. 6.1.4.3. Length: At the front of the vehicle. This requirement shall be deemed to be satisfied if the light emitted does not cause discomfort to the driver either directly or indirectly through the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflecting surfaces of the vehicle. 6.1.5. Geometric visibility: The visibility of the illuminating surface, including its visibility in areas which do not appear to be illuminated in the direction of observation considered, shall be ensured within a divergent space defined by generating lines based on the perimeter of the illuminating surface and forming an angle of not less than 5° with the axis of reference of the headlamp. 6.1.6. Orientation: Towards the front. Apart from the devices necessary to maintain correct adjustment and when there are two pairs of main-beam headlamps, one pair, consisting of headlamps functioning as main-beam headlamp only, may swivel, according to the angle of lock on the steering, about an approximately vertical axis. 6.1.7. Electrical connections: The main-beam headlamp may be switched on either simultaneously or in pairs. For changing over from the dipped to the main-beam at least one pair of main beams shall be switched on. For changing over from the main to the dipped-beam all main-beam headlamps shall be switched off simultaneously. The dipped beams may remain switched on at the same time as the main beams. 6.1.8. Circuit closed tell-tale: Mandatory. 6.1.9. Other requirements: 6.1.9.1. The aggregate maximum intensity of the main beams which can be switched on simultaneously shall not exceed 430 000 cd, which corresponds to a reference value of 100. 6.1.9.2. This maximum intensity shall be obtained by adding together the individual maximum reference marks which are indicated on the several headlamps. The reference mark ‘10’ shall be given to each of the headlamps marked ‘R’ or ‘CR’. 6.2. Dipped-beam headlamps (UNECE Regulations Nos 98, 112 and 113, as referenced in Annex I) 6.2.1. Presence: Tractors shall be equipped with dipped-beam headlamps. Dipped-beam headlamps are prohibited on R- and S-category vehicles. 6.2.2. Number: Two (or four - see point 6.2.4.2.4). 6.2.3. Arrangement: No individual specifications. 6.2.4. Position in: 6.2.4.1. Width: No individual specifications. 6.2.4.2. Height: 6.2.4.2.1. Minimum 500 mm; this value may be reduced to 350 mm for vehicles with a maximum width not exceeding 1 300 mm. 6.2.4.2.2. Maximum 1 500 mm 6.2.4.2.3. The above value may be increased to 2 500 m where the shape, structure, design or operational conditions of the vehicle prevent compliance with the 1 500 mm value. 6.2.4.2.4. In the case of vehicles equipped for the fitting of portable devices at the front, two dipped-beam headlamps in addition to the lamps positioned according to the requirements of points 6.2.4.2.1-6.2.4.2.3 shall be allowed at a height not exceeding 4 000 mm if the electrical connections are such that two pairs of dipped-beam headlamps cannot be switched on at the same time. 6.2.4.3. Length: As near to the front of the vehicle as possible; however, the light emitted shall not in any circumstances cause discomfort to the driver either directly or indirectly through the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflecting surfaces of the vehicle. Geometric visibility : Defined by angles of geometric visibility α and β. α= 15° upwards and 10° downwards, β= 45° outwards and 5° inwards. Within this field, virtually the whole of the apparent surface of the lamp shall be visible. The presence of partitions or other items of equipment near the headlamp shall not give rise to secondary effects causing discomfort to other road users. 6.2.6. Orientation: Towards the front. 6.2.6.1. Vertical orientation: 6.2.6.1.1. If the height of the dipped-beam headlamps is equal to or greater than 500 mm and equal to or less than 1 500 mm, it shall be possible to lower the dipped beam by between 0,5 and 6 %; 6.2.6.1.2. The dipped-beam headlamps shall be aligned in such a way that, measured at 15 m from the lamp, the horizontal line separating the lit zone from the unlit zone is situated at a height equivalent to only half the distance between the ground and the centre of the lamp. 6.2.6.2. Dipped beam headlamp levelling device (optional) 6.2.6.2.1. A headlamp levelling device may be automatic or manually adjustable. 6.2.6.2.2. Devices which are adjusted manually, either continuously or non-continuously, shall have a stop position at which the lamps can be returned to the initial inclination by means of the usual adjusting screws or similar means. These manually adjustable devices shall be operable from the driver's seat. Continually adjustable devices shall have reference marks indicating the loading conditions that require adjustment of the dipped-beam. 6.2.6.2.3. The dipped-beam shall not assume a position in which the dip is less than it was at original adjustment. 6.2.7. Electrical connections: The control for changing over to the dipped beam shall switch off all main-beam headlamps simultaneously. The dipped-beam headlamps may remain switched on at the same time as the main beam headlamps. In the case where the pair of additional dipped-beam headlamps is installed (as in point 6.2.2), electrical connections shall be such that two pairs of dipped- beam headlamps are never switched on at the same time. 6.2.8. Circuit closed tell-tale: Optional. 6.2.9. Other requirements Dipped-beam headlamps with light source(s) producing the principal dipped beam (as defined in UNECE Regulation No 48, as referenced in Annex I) and having a total objective luminous flux which exceeds 2 000 lumens are prohibited 6.3. Front fog lamps (UNECE Regulation No 19, as referenced in Annex I) 6.3.1. Presence: Optional on tractors. Prohibited on R- and S-category vehicles. 6.3.2. Number: Two. 6.3.3. Arrangement: No individual specifications. 6.3.4. Position in: 6.3.4.1. Width: No individual specifications. 6.3.4.2. Height: No less than 250 mm above the ground. No point on the illuminating surface shall be higher than the highest point on the illuminating surface of the dipped-beam headlamp. 6.3.4.3. Length: As near to the front of the vehicle as possible; however, the light emitted shall not in any circumstances cause discomfort to the driver either directly or indirectly through the rear-view mirrors and/or other reflecting surfaces of the vehicle. Geometric visibility : Defined by angles of geometric visibility α and β. α= 5° upwards and downwards; β= 45° outwards and 5° inwards. 6.3.6. Orientation: Towards the front. They shall be directed forwards without causing undue dazzle or discomfort to oncoming drivers and other road users. 6.3.7. Electrical connections: It shall be possible to switch the fog lamps on or off independently of the main-beam headlamp and dipped-beam headlamps and vice versa. 6.3.8. Circuit closed tell-tale: Optional. 6.4. Reversing lamps (UNECE Regulation No 23, as referenced in Annex I) 6.4.1. Presence: Optional. 6.4.2. Number: One or two. 6.4.3. Arrangement: No individual specifications. 6.4.4. Position: 6.4.4.1. Width: No individual specifications. 6.4.4.2. Height: Not less than 250 mm and not more than 1 200 mm above the ground. However, if the shape, structure, design or operational conditions of the vehicle makes it impossible to keep the lamp within 1 200 mm it is allowed to increase the height up to 4 000 mm. In the latter case the lamp shall be installed with an downwards inclination of at least 3° for a mounting height larger than 2 000 mm and not more than 3 000 mm and at least 6° for a mounting height larger than 3 000 mm and not more than 4 000 mm. No inclination is needed for mounting height up to 2 000 mm. 6.4.4.3. Length: At the back of the vehicle. Geometric visibility : Defined by angles of geometric visibility α and β. α= 15° upwards and 5° downwards; β= 45° to right and to left if there is only one lamp; β= 45° outwards and 30° inwards if there are two lamps. 6.4.6. Orientation: Rearwards. 6.4.7. Electrical connections: It can only be lit up or remain alight if the reverse gear is engaged and if: — either the engine is running, — or one of the devices controlling the starting and stopping of the engine is in such a position that operation of the engine is possible. 6.4.8. Tell-tale: Optional. 6.5. Direction-indicator lamps (UNECE Regulation No 6, as referenced in Annex I). 6.5.1. Presence: Tractors and vehicles of R- and S-category shall be equipped with direction-indicator lamps. Types of indicators fall into categories (1, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b and 5) the assembly of which on one tractor constitutes an arrangement (A to D). Arrangement A shall be allowed only on tractors whose overall length does not exceed 4,60 m and in the case of which the distance between the outer edges of the illuminating surfaces is not more than 1,60 m. Arrangements B, C and D shall apply to all tractors. For trailers and towed machines category 2 lamps shall be used. Vehicles may be equipped with additional direction-indicator lamps. 6.5.2. Number: The number of devices shall be such that they can emit signals which correspond to one of the arrangements referred to in point 6.5.3. 6.5.3. Arrangement: The number, position and horizontal visibility of the indicator lamps shall be such that they can give indications corresponding to at least one of the arrangements defined below (see also Appendix 2). The angles of visibility are hatched on the diagrams; the angles shown are minimum values which may be exceeded; all the angles of visibility are measured from the centre of the illuminating surface. 6.5.3.1. A Two front direction-indicator lamps (category 1, 1a or 1b), Two rear direction-indicator lamps (category 2a). These lamps may be independent, grouped or combined. B Two front direction-indicator lamps (category 1, 1a or 1b), Two repeating side direction-indicator lamps (category 5), Two rear direction-indicator lamps (category 2a). The front and repeating side lamps may be independent, grouped, or combined. C Two front direction-indicator lamps (category 1, 1a or 1b), Two rear direction-indicator lamps (category 2a), Two repeating side indicator lamps (category 5) D Two front direction-indicator lamps (category 1, 1a or 1b), Two rear direction-indicator lamps (category 2a). 6.5.3.2. For trailers and towed machines: Two rear direction-indicator lamps (category 2). 6.5.4. Position: 6.5.4.1. Width: Except in the case of category 1 direction indicator lamps of arrangement C and for additional direction indicator lamps, the edge of the illuminating surface fu