COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION

of 8 December 2022

on access to affordable high-quality long-term care

(2022/C 476/01)

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 292, in conjunction with Article 153(1), point (k), thereof,

Having regard to the proposal from the European Commission,

Whereas:

(1) Accessible, affordable and high-quality long-term care allows people in need of care to maintain autonomy for as long as possible and live in dignity. It helps to protect human rights, promote social progress and solidarity between generations, combat social exclusion and discrimination and can contribute to the creation of jobs.

(2) In November 2017, the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission proclaimed the European Pillar of Social Rights (1), setting out 20 principles to support well-functioning and fair labour markets and welfare systems. Principle 2 promotes gender equality by fostering equality of treatment and opportunities between women and men in all areas. Principle 9 promotes the right to work-life balance for people with caring responsibilities. Principle 10 emphasises workers’ rights to a high level of protection of their health and safety at work. Principle 17 recognises the right of people with disabilities to inclusion, in particular to services that enable them to participate in the labour market and in society. Principle 18 on long-term care states that everyone has the right to affordable long-term care services of good quality, in particular home care and community-based services.

(3) Long-term care services organised by public authorities, at national, regional or local levels, are primarily considered social services of general interest as they have a clear social function. They facilitate social inclusion and safeguard fundamental rights of all people in need of care, including older people.

(4) Most carers are women according to the ‘2021 Long-term care report: trends, challenges and opportunities in an ageing society’ of the European Commission and the Social Protection Committee (2) (the ‘2021 Long-term care report’). The gender-based gap in the distribution of care work is one of the key drivers of gender inequality in the labour market. Women, on average, have lower incomes, including pensions, and are potentially less able to afford care, while at the same time living longer than men and thus being more in need of long-term care and exposed to a higher risk of poverty and social exclusion throughout their life time. Adequate and affordable formal long-term care services together with policies to improve working conditions in the sector and to reconcile paid employment with caring responsibilities could therefore be beneficial to gender equality.

(5) This Recommendation promotes the application of Articles 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 33 and 34 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (3) covering non-discrimination, equality between women and men, the rights of the child, the rights of the elderly, integration of persons with disabilities, fair and just working conditions, and the rights to family and professional life and social security and social assistance.

(6) This Recommendation respects the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which recognises the equal right of all persons with disabilities to live independently in the community, with choices equal to others.

(7) The European Pillar of Social Rights action plan, adopted by the Commission on 4 March 2021, announced an initiative on long-term care with the aim of setting a framework for policy reforms to guide the development of sustainable long-term care that ensures better access to quality services for those in need, and encouraged Member States to invest in the health and care workforce, improving their working conditions and access to training.

(8) The 2021 Long-term care report highlights that the demand for high-quality long-term care is set to rise and that increasing its provision can contribute to gender equality and social fairness. That report identifies access, affordability, and quality as key challenges in long-term care, an appropriate workforce as key to meeting the rising demand for high-quality services, while highlighting that informal care often comes with neglected costs.

(9) Population ageing is expected to increase the demand for long-term care, as decline in functional ability and the need for long-term care are associated with older age. According to the 2021 Long-term care report, the number of people aged 65 or over is projected to increase by 41°% over the next 30 years, from 92,1 million in 2020 to 130,2 million in 2050, while the number of people aged 80 or over is projected to increase by 88 %, from 26,6 million in 2020 to 49,9 million in 2050.

(10) The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected long-term care systems and exacerbated many pre-existing structural weaknesses, in particular the lack of quality services and worker shortages, and highlighted the urgent need to strengthen the resilience of long-term care systems and to step up efforts to improve personal autonomy and facilitate independent living.

(11) According to the ‘2021 Ageing Report – Economic and Budgetary Projections for the EU Member States (2019-2070)’ of the European Commission and the Economic Policy Committee, there are marked variations across Member States in terms of the level of public funding for long-term care, with some countries investing less than 1 % of GDP, and some others spending more than 3°% of GDP. In 2019, public expenditure on long-term care amounted to 1.7°% of the Union’s GDP according to that report, which is less than the estimated value of hours of long-term care provided by informal carers, estimated to be around 2.5°% of the GDP of the Union (4). In Member States with low public expenditure on long-term care, use of formal long-term care services is more limited. The growing demand for long-term care increases pressure on public expenditure, while also calling for improving the cost-effectiveness of long-term care provision, for example, via health promotion and preventive policies, better integration and targeting of services, collecting data and evidence, and using new and digital technologies. Policies conducive to the sustainable funding of long-term care are important for the sustainability of public finances, particularly in the context of an ageing population and decreasing workforce in the Union.

(12) Relying heavily on informal care will not be sustainable and formal care needs and pressure on public budgets are expected to increase.

(13) Social protection coverage for long-term care is limited and costs often represent a serious barrier to accessing long-term care. For many households, financial reasons are at the top for not using, or not using more, professional home-care services. Without adequate social protection, the estimated total costs of long-term care can often exceed a person’s income. While arrangements of social protection vary across Member States, in some, public support is available only to a small proportion of people with long-term care needs. Even when available, social protection is often insufficient, as even after receiving support, on average, nearly half of older people with long-term care needs are estimated to be below the poverty threshold after meeting the out-of-pocket costs of home care.

(14) Many people cannot access the long-term care they need due to, among other reasons, an overall low offer of services and to the limited range of long-term care options and territorial gaps. In many Member States the choice of long-term care is limited. Where there is a choice, it is mainly between informal care, mostly provided by women, and residential care. The supply of home and community-based long-term care is still low. In addition, territorial disparities in long-term care provision makes equal access to long-term care difficult, especially in rural and depopulating areas. The choice is even more limited for persons with disabilities due to uneven accessibility of care services. While acknowledging the diversity of long-term care arrangements across the Member States, strong public networks of long-term care services providers, with adequate human and financial resources, can contribute to improving access to long-term care services.

(15) In long-term care, quality depends on an effective quality assurance mechanism, which in many Member States is lacking or is under-resourced. Quality assurance is often insufficient in home and community-based care. While quality of residential care is more regulated, quality standards often focus on clinical outcomes and do not sufficiently address the quality of life of people receiving care and their ability to live independently. Even when quality standards are in place, their enforcement is not always effective, often due to an inadequate administrative set-up or lack of resources. Lack of high-quality standards applied strictly to both public and private care providers can lead to situations of neglect and abuse of care recipients and poor working conditions for carers A national quality framework for long-term care, adapted to national context and operational set ups, can help to address those challenges. Such a framework can be reflected into specific quality frameworks for various levels of provision and administration of long-term care or various care settings.

(16) Long-term care has an important social value and job creation potential, but Member States struggle to attract and retain care workers inter alia due to inadequate skills, difficult working conditions and low wages. There are untapped opportunities to address workforce shortages in the sector. Such measures could include, according to national needs and circumstances, targeting part-time workers who want to increase their working hours, unemployed and inactive former carers, formal long-term care workers who want to delay their retirement and students. Without prejudice to the competence of the Member States to regulate the admission, including the volumes of admission, of third-country nationals for the purpose of work, exploring legal and ethical migration pathways for long-term care workers could potentially contribute towards addressing workforce shortages.

(17) The skills required in the care sector are increasingly complex. Skills are a combination of knowledge, ability and attitude that enable an individual to perform a task or an activity successfully within a given context. In addition to traditional skills and competences, carers often need to have technological expertise relating to the use of new technologies, digital skills and communication skills, often in a foreign language, and skills to handle complex needs and work in multidisciplinary teams. Without appropriate education and training policies, including on-the-job training, the skills requirements can act for many as a barrier to enter or progress further in the sector.

(18) Professional carers often experience lack of training on occupational health and safety, non-standard work arrangements, irregular working hours, shift work, gaps in social protection, physical or mental strains and low wages. Low coverage by collective agreements of long-term care workers and limited public expenditure in long-term care can contribute to low wages in the sector.

(19) Certain groups of workers, including live-in care workers or domestic workers providing long-term care, face particularly difficult working conditions, including low wages, unfavourable working-time arrangements, undeclared work, inadequate social protection, and non-compliance with essential labour protection rules and irregular forms of employment. The 2011 Domestic Workers Convention (No. 189) of the International Labour Organization lays down basic rights and principles, and requires national competent authorities to take a series of measures with a view to ensuring decent working conditions for domestic workers.

(20) Informal care has been essential in long-term care provision, as informal carers, mostly women, traditionally carry out the bulk of caregiving, often due to a lack of accessible and affordable formal long-term care. On the other hand, many people also choose to provide or to receive informal care as a matter of preference. However, providing informal care can negatively affect carers’ physical and mental health and well-being and is a significant obstacle to employment, particularly for women. That has an immediate effect on their current income, and affects their old-age income due to a reduced accrual of pension rights, which can be even more significant for carers with additional childcare responsibilities. Therefore, a good work-life balance and better reconciliation of work and care duties are necessary for all informal carers, both men and women. In addition, in some cases, informal carers do not have access to adequate social protection and do not receive sufficient direct and/or indirect support for their caregiving activities, including financial support. Measures supporting the validation of their skills can help those interested to transition to formal care activities. Children and young people with a chronically ill family member tend to have more mental health problems and more adverse outcomes with long term effects on their income and inclusion in society.

(21) The organisation of long-term care differs across the Union. Long-term care is organised in an often complex system of services across health and social care and sometimes other types of support, such as housing and local activities. There are also differences in terms of the employment status of professional carers and in terms of the roles played by the national, regional and local levels of administration and by the public, private and cooperative sectors. Indicators used for monitoring long-term care also vary and administrative data are often not available or comparable at Union level.

(22) Long-term care stakeholders include those in need of long-term care, their family members and organisations representing them, relevant authorities at national, regional, and local levels, social partners, civil society organisations, long-term care providers, and bodies responsible for promoting social inclusion and integration and for the protection of fundamental rights, including national equality bodies. Social economy bodies, including cooperatives, mutual benefits societies, associations and foundations, and social enterprises are important partners for public authorities in the provision of long-term care.

(23) The European Semester process, supported by the Social Scoreboard, has highlighted the challenges in long-term care, resulting in some Member States receiving country-specific recommendations in that area. The guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States adopted by Council Decision (EU) 2022/2296 (5) underline the importance of ensuring availability of affordable, accessible and quality long-term care. The Open Method of Coordination for Social Protection and Social Inclusion aims to promote accessible, high-quality and sustainable long-term care and supports that objective through monitoring, multilateral surveillance of reforms, thematic work, and mutual learning. The Social Protection Committee developed a European quality framework for social services (6), including long-term care. However, there is still no Union comprehensive framework to guide national reforms in long-term care.

(24) The Union provides many funding opportunities for long-term care, targeting different investment priorities in accordance with the specific regulations of the various funding programmes, which include the European Regional Development Fund (with priority focus on non-residential family- and community-based services), the European Social Fund plus, and its Employment and Social Innovation strand, the Just Transition Fund, Horizon Europe, EU4Health Programme, the Digital Europe Programme, technical support to improve the capacity of national authorities to design, develop and implement reforms through the Technical Support Instrument and the Recovery and Resilience Facility for eligible reforms and investments in the context of the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic.

(25) This Recommendation builds on Union law regarding transparent and predictable working conditions, such as Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (7), Directive (EU) 2019/1152 of the European Parliament and of the Council (8) and Directive (EU) 2022/2041 of the European Parliament and of the Council (9), regarding work-life balance, such as Directive (EU) 2019/1158 of the European Parliament and of the Council (10), and regarding health and safety at work, such as Council Directive 89/391/EEC (11), Council Directive 89/656/EEC (12), Council Directive 90/269/EEC (13), Council Directive 98/24/EC (14), Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (15), Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (16), Directive 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (17) and Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (18), which is applicable and relevant to long-term care.

(26) In full respect of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality and taking into account the diversity and different organisational set-ups of long-term care systems, including decentralised ones, this Recommendation is without prejudice to the powers of Member States to organise their social protection systems and does not prevent them from maintaining or establishing provisions on social protection which go beyond those recommended,

HAS ADOPTED THIS RECOMMENDATION:

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

1. This Recommendation aims to improve access to affordable, high-quality long-term care for all people who need it.

2. This Recommendation concerns all people in need of long-term care, and all formal and informal carers. It applies to long-term care provided across all care settings.

DEFINITIONS

3. For the purpose of this Recommendation, the following definitions apply: (a) ‘long-term care’ means a range of services and assistance for people who, as a result of mental and/or physical frailty, disease and/or disability over an extended period of time, depend on support for daily living activities and/or are in need of some permanent nursing care. The daily living activities for which support is needed may be the self-care activities that a person must perform every day, namely activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed or a chair, moving around, using the toilet, and controlling bladder and bowel functions, or may be related to independent living, namely instrumental activities of daily living, such as preparing meals, managing money, shopping for groceries or personal items, performing light or heavy housework, and using a telephone; (b) ‘formal long-term care’ means long-term care provided by professional long-term care workers, which can take the form of home care, community-based or residential care; (c) ‘home care’ means formal long-term care provided in the recipient’s private home, by one or more professional long-term care workers; (d) ‘community-based care’ means formal long-term care provided and organised at community level, for example, in the form of adult day services or respite care; (e) ‘residential care’ means formal long-term care provided to people staying in a residential long-term care setting; (f) ‘informal care’ means long-term care provided by an informal carer, namely someone in the social environment of the person in need of care, including a partner, child, parent or other person, who is not hired as a professional long-term care worker; (g) ‘independent living’ means that all people in need of long-term care can live in the community with choices equal to others, have the opportunity to choose their place of residence and where and with whom they live on an equal basis with others, and are not obliged to live in a particular living arrangement; (h) ‘domestic long-term care worker’ means any person engaged in domestic work who provides long-term care within an employment relationship; (i) ‘live-in care worker’ means a domestic long-term care worker who lives with the care recipient and provides long-term care.

ADEQUACY, AVAILABILITY AND QUALITY

4. It is recommended that Member States ensure the adequacy of social protection for long-term care, in particular by ensuring that all people with long-term care needs have access to long-term care that is: (a) timely, allowing people in need of long-term care to receive the necessary care as soon as, and for as long as, needed; (b) comprehensive, covering all long-term care needs, arising from mental and/or physical decline in functional ability identified through an assessment based on clear and objective eligibility criteria, and in coordination with other support and welfare services; (c) affordable, enabling people in need of long-term care to maintain a decent standard of living and protecting them from poverty and social exclusion due to their long-term care needs as well as ensuring their dignity.

5. It is recommended that Member States continously align the offer of long-term care services to long-term care needs, while providing a balanced mix of long-term care options and care settings to cater for different long-term care needs and supporting the freedom of choice, and participation in decision-making, of people in need of care, including by: (a) developing and/or improving home care and community-based care; (b) closing territorial gaps in availability of and access to long-term care, in particular in rural and depopulating areas; (c) rolling-out accessible innovative technology and digital solutions in the provision of care services, including to support autonomy and independent living, while addressing potential challenges of digitalisation; (d) ensuring that long-term care services and facilities are accessible to persons with specific needs and disabilities, and respecting the equal right of all persons with disabilities to live independently in the community, with choices equal to others; (e) ensuring that long-term care services are well-coordinated with prevention, healthy and active aging and health services and that they support autonomy and independent living, restoring as far as possible, or preventing the deterioration of physical or mental conditions.

6. It is recommended that Member States ensure that high-quality criteria and standards are established for all long-term care settings, tailored to their characteristics and to apply them to all long-term care providers irrespective of their legal status. To that effect, Member States are invited to ensure a national quality framework for long-term care in accordance with the quality principles set out in the Annex and to include in it an appropriate quality assurance mechanism that: (a) ensures compliance with quality criteria and standards across all long-term care settings and providers in collaboration with long-term care providers and people receiving long-term care; (b) provides incentives to and enhances the capacity of long-term care providers to go beyond the minimum quality standards and to improve quality continuously; (c) allocates resources for quality assurance at national, regional and local levels and encourages long-term care providers to have financial ressources for quality management; (d) ensures, where relevant, that requirements regarding the quality of long-term care are integrated in public procurement; (e) promotes autonomy, independent living, and inclusion in the community in all long-term care settings; (f) ensures protection against abuse, harassment, neglect and all forms of violence for all persons in need of care and all carers.

CARERS

7. It is recommended that Member States support quality employment and fair working conditions in long-term care, in particular by: (a) promoting national social dialogue and collective bargaining in long-term care, including supporting the development of attractive wages, adequate working arrangements and non-discrimination in the sector, while respecting the autonomy of social partners; (b) without prejudice to Union law on occupational health and safety and while ensuring its effective application, promoting the highest standards in occupational health and safety, including protection from harassment, abuse and all forms of violence, for all long-term care workers; (c) addressing the challenges of vulnerable groups of workers, such as domestic long-term care workers, live-in care workers and migrant care workers, including by providing for effective regulation and professionalisation of such care work.

8. It is recommended that Member States, in collaboration, where relevant, with social partners, long-term care providers and other stakeholders, improve the professionalisation of care and address skills needs and worker shortages in long-term care, in particular by: (a) designing and improving the initial and continuous education and training to equip current and future long-term care workers with the necessary skills and competences, including digital ones; (b) building career pathways in the long-term care sector, including through upskilling, reskilling, skills validation, and information and guidance services; (c) establishing pathways to a regular employment status for undeclared long-term care workers; (d) exploring legal migration pathways for long-term care workers; (e) strengthening professional standards, offering attractive professional status and career prospects and adequate social protection to long-term care workers, including to those with low or no qualifications; (f) implementing measures to tackle gender stereotypes and gender segregation and to make the long-term care profession attractive to both men and women.

9. It is recommended that Member States establish clear procedures to identify informal carers and support them in their caregiving activities by: (a) facilitating their cooperation with long-term care workers; (b) supporting their access to the necessary training, including on occupational health and safety, counselling, healthcare, psychological support and respite care, as well as supporting them in balancing work and care responsibilities; (c) providing them with access to social protection and/or to adequate financial support, while making sure that such support measures do not deter labour market participation.

GOVERNANCE, MONITORING AND REPORTING

10. It is recommended that Member States ensure sound policy governance in long-term care, including an effective coordination mechanism to design, deploy and monitor policy actions and investments in that area, in particular by: (a) having in place a long-term care coordinator or another appropriate coordination mechanism, in accordance with national circumstances, supporting the implementation of this Recommendation at national level; (b) involving relevant stakeholders, for example, social partners, civil society organisations, social economy actors, professional training and education institutions, care recipients and other stakeholders, at national, regional and local levels in the preparation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of long-term care policies, and improving the consistency of long-term care policies with other relevant policies, including policies in the area of healthcare, employment, education and training, broader social protection and social inclusion, gender equality, rights of persons with disabilities and childrens’ rights; (c) ensuring a national framework for data collection and evaluation, underpinned by relevant indicators, where relevant and possible sex and age-disaggregated, collection of evidence, including on gaps in long-term care provision; (d) gathering lessons learned, successful practices and feedback on long-term care policies and practices, including from care receivers, care givers and other stakeholders, in order to inform policy design; (e) developing a mechanism for forecasting long-term care needs at national, regional and local levels and integrating it into the planning of long-term care provision; (f) strengthening contingency planning and capacity to ensure continuity of long-term care provision when confronted with unforeseen circumstances and emergencies; (g) taking measures to raise awareness, encourage and facilitate the take-up of available long-term care services and support by people in need of long-term care, their families, long-term care workers and informal carers, including at regional and local levels; (h) mobilising and making cost-effective use of adequate and sustainable funding for long-term care, including by making use of Union funds and instruments and by pursuing policies conducive to the sustainable funding of long-term care services that are coherent with the overall sustainability of public finances.

11. It is recommended that Member States communicate to the Commission, within 18 months from the adoption of this Recommendation, the set of measures taken or planned to implement it, building where relevant on existing national strategies or plans and taking into account national, regional and local circumstances. Where appropriate, subsequent progress reports should be based on relevant reporting mechanisms and fora, including those under the Social Open Method of Coordination, the European Semester and other relevant Union programing and reporting mechanisms, such as the national recovery plans.

12. The Council welcomes the Commission’s intention to: (a) mobilise Union funding and technical support to promote national reforms and social innovation in long-term care; (b) monitor progress in implementing this Recommendation in the context of the European Semester and the Social Open Method of Coordination, taking stock of progress regularly with the Social Protection Committee and, where relevant, the Employment Committee, based on the measures referred to in point 11, national reform programs or other relevant documents, progress reports from Member States and the framework of indicators referred to in point (e), and report to the Council within five years from the adoption of this Recommendation; (c) work jointly with Member States, through the Social Protection Committee, the Employment Committee and, as relevant, with long-term care coordinators or members of the coordinating mechanisms referred to in point 10(a) as well as with relevant stakeholders to facilitate mutual learning, share experiences, and follow up on actions taken in response to this Recommendation as set out in point 11; (d) work with Member States to enhance the availability, scope and relevance of comparable data on long-term care at Union level, building on the forthcoming results of the Commission task force on long-term care statistics; (e) work with the Social Protection Committee to establish a framework of indicators for monitoring the implementation of this Recommendation, building on the joint work on common indicators on long-term care and other monitoring frameworks to avoid duplication of work and limit the administrative burden; (f) draw up joint reports with the Social Protection Committee on long-term care which analyse common long-term care challenges and the measures adopted by Member States to address them; (g) strengthen awareness raising and communication efforts at Union level and among Member States and the relevant stakeholders.

Done at Brussels, 8 December 2022. For the Council The President M. JUREČKA

(1) Interinstitutional Proclamation on the European Pillar of Social Rights (OJ C 428, 13.12.2017, p. 10).

(2) European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, and the Social Protection Committee, Long-term care report: trends, challenges and opportunities in an ageing society, Publications Office, 2021.

(3) OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, p. 391.

(4) Van der Ende, M. et al., 2021, Study on exploring the incidence and costs of informal long-term care in the EU.

(5) Council Decision (EU) 2022/2296 of 21 November 2022 on guidelines for the employment policies of the Member States (OJ L 304, 24.11.2022, p. 67).

(6) A voluntary European quality framework for social services, SPC/2010/10/8 final.

(7) Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services (OJ L 18, 21.1.1997, p. 1).

(8) Directive (EU) 2019/1152 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on transparent and predictable working conditions in the European Union (OJ L 186, 11.7.2019, p. 105).

(9) Directive (EU) 2022/2041 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on adequate minimum wages in the European Union (OJ L 275, 25.10.2022, p. 33).

(10) Directive (EU) 2019/1158 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on work-life balance for parents and carers and repealing Council Directive 2010/18/EU (OJ L 188, 12.7.2019, p. 79).

(11) Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work (OJ L 183, 29.6.1989, p.1).

(12) Council Directive 89/656/EEC of 30 November 1989 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the use by workers of personal protective equipment at the workplace (third individual directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ L 393, 30.12.1989, p. 18).

(13) Council Directive 90/269/EEC of 29 May 1990 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the manual handling of loads where there is a risk particularly of back injury to workers (fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ L 156, 21.6.1990, p. 9).

(14) Council Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work (fourteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ L 131, 5.5.1998, p. 11).

(15) Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work (seventh individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ L 262, 17.10.2000, p. 21).

(16) Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time (OJ L 299, 18.11.2003, p. 9).

(17) Directive 2004/37/EC of 29 April 2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens, mutagens or reprotoxic substances at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Council Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p. 50).

(18) Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) and repealing Directive 2004/40/EC (OJ L 179, 29.6.2013, p. 1).