Commission Decision

of 17 October 2001

declaring a concentration to be incompatible with the common market and the functioning of the EEA Agreement

(Case COMP/M.2187 - CVC/Lenzing)

(notified under document number C(2001) 3121)

(Only the English text is authentic)

(Text with EEA relevance)

(2004/237/EC)

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,

Having regard to the Agreement on the European Economic Area, and in particular Article 57 thereof,

Having regard to Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations between undertakings(1), as last amended by Regulation (EC) No 1310/97(2), and in particular Article 8(3) thereof,

Having regard to the Commission's decision of 22 June 2001 to initiate proceedings in this case,

Having given the undertakings concerned the opportunity to make known their views on the objections raised by the Commission,

Having regard to the opinion of the Advisory Committee on Concentrations(3),

Having regard to the final report of the Hearing Officer in this case(4),

Whereas:

(1) On 4 May 2001, the Commission received notification of a proposed concentration pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 (hereinafter "the Merger Regulation") by which CVC Capital Partners Group Ltd (hereinafter "CVC") indirectly acquires within the meaning of Article 3(1)(b) of the Merger Regulation sole control of the Austrian undertaking Lenzing AG (hereinafter "Lenzing") by way of purchase of shares.

(2) After examination of the notification, the Commission concluded that the notified operation fell within the scope of the Merger Regulation as amended and that it raised serious doubts as to its compatibility with the common market and the functioning of the EEA Agreement.

(3) Following thorough investigation of the case, the Commission has now come to the conclusion that the proposed concentration is such as to create or strengthen a dominant position as a result of which effective competition in the common market and the functioning of the EEA Agreement would be significantly impeded.

I. THE PARTIES

(4) CVC manages and provides consultancy services to investment funds. It has a controlling interest in over 70 companies. Amongst these is the Acordis group(5) which is active in man-made fibres and speciality materials for industrial, textile, medical and hygienic applications.

(5) Lenzing is active in the manufacturing and marketing of man-made cellulosic fibres for textile and non-textile applications, engineering, plastic films and paper production.

II. THE OPERATION

(6) To acquire sole control of Lenzing, an Austrian acquisition vehicle controlled by CVC called Zellulosefaser Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH will purchase Bank Austria's majority stake in Lenzing. On completion, CVC will also transfer its share capital of certain Acordis subsidiaries, including Acordis' activities relating to viscose staple fibres, lyocell (Tencel), textile viscose filament (Enka), industrial viscose filament (Cordenka) and Acordis' acrylic fibre operation in Kelheim (Germany) and Grimsby (UK) to Zellulosefaser Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH. The share and convertible bond purchase agreement of 14 February 2001 will expire and become invalid if regulatory approval of the proposed operation is not obtained before [...]*(6).

III. CONCENTRATION

(7) CVC will indirectly acquire sole control of Lenzing through the notified operation which therefore constitutes a concentration within the meaning of Article 3(1)(b) of the Merger Regulation.

IV. COMMUNITY DIMENSION

(8) The undertakings concerned have a combined aggregate worldwide turnover of more than EUR 5 billion (CVC, EUR [...]* million in 2000; Lenzing, EUR [...]* million in 2000). Each of them has a Community-wide turnover in excess of EUR 250 million (CVC, EUR [...]* million in 2000; Lenzing, EUR [...]* million in 2000), but they do not achieve more than two thirds of their respective aggregate Community-wide turnover within one and the same Member State(7). The notified operation therefore has a Community dimension according to Article 1(2) of the Merger Regulation. It also constitutes a cooperation case under the EEA Agreement, pursuant to Article 2(1)(c) of Protocol 24 to that Agreement.

V. PROCEDURE

(9) On 30 May 2001, the parties offered commitments pursuant to Article 6(2) of the Merger Regulation in order to achieve first-phase clearance of the notified operation. As a result of this commitment offer, the period for preliminary examination pursuant to Article 10(1) of the Merger Regulation was extended from one month to six weeks.

(10) On 22 June 2001, the Commission decided to initiate proceedings pursuant to Article 6(1)(c) of the Merger Regulation.

(11) On 9 August 2001, the Commission communicated a statement pursuant to Article 18 of the Merger Regulation and Protocol 21 to the EEA Agreement (hereinafter "statement of objections") to the notifying party. After having access to the Commission's file on 13 August 2001, the notifying party submitted on 29 August 2001 a joint reply by CVC, Acordis and Lenzing to the statement of objections (hereinafter "reply"). CVC informed the Commission's Hearing Officer on 21 August 2001 that it would not exercise its right to a formal oral hearing. On 11 September 2001, the Commission provided additional information to the notifying party in which it summarised certain factual elements from its file. The notifying party submitted additional comments on this information in a letter dated 17 September 2001 (hereinafter "the supplementary letter").

(12) On 25 September 2001, the notifying party submitted commitments aimed at removing the competition concerns identified by the Commission in its statement of objections. They will be described and assessed further in recitals 254 et seq.

VI. COMPATIBILITY WITH THE COMMON MARKET

A. THE RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKETS

1. PRELIMINARY REMARKS

(13) The notified concentration relates to the fibres sector and, in particular, to the manufacture and supply of man-made staple fibres for both textile and non-textile applications (the latter are also referred to as "non-woven" or "unspun" applications). Whereas Acordis is active in a number of fibre areas(8), the only area where any competitive overlaps occur is the cellulosic staple fibre sector, in particular viscose staple fibres and lyocell staple fibres. The operation would create the world's leading supplier of these fibres. As the parties to the concentration view the product market as encompassing all kinds of natural, synthetic and cellulosic staple fibres (but not filament fibres), the following paragraphs on the classification of fibres are intended to provide the necessary background.

(a) The distinction between staple fibres and continuous filament yarn

Staple fibres

(14) Staple fibres account for some 70 % of world fibre demand and have historically been used principally in textile applications. Natural fibres (except silk), whether they are of animal or plant origin, are staple fibres, that is to say fibres of limited length. Cotton and wool for instance, which are the two most widely used natural staple fibres, are characterised by staple lengths of about 40 mm and 70 to 80 mm respectively. Staple fibres are either spun into yarn and subsequently woven or knitted for textile applications, or used in unspun (non-woven) form, for instance - traditionally - as felts or filling material for cushions, bedspreads etc., but recently for an ever wider range of applications.

(15) Man-made staple fibres have been developed to imitate but also to enhance the qualities of natural fibres. Man-made staple fibres are of two types: whilst cellulosic fibres (such as viscose and lyocell) are made from wood-pulp, synthetic fibres (such as polyester, polypropylene, polyamide and acrylic) are usually produced on a thermoplastic basis. The fibres are extruded in a bundle and afterwards cut into staples, thus turning them into staple fibres.

Continuous filament yarn

(16) Unlike staple fibres, (man-made) continuous filament yarn is produced by an entirely different production process in different plants and shows distinct performance characteristics; it is used for different applications. Although it is based in principle on the same cellulosic or synthetic raw material as man-made staple fibres, filament yarn is extruded in a single continuous filament and wound on a bobbin; it can be several kilometres long. Quality criteria for the raw material before extrusion are significantly higher (unevenness and impurities have to be excluded) and production quantities are significantly lower than in the staple fibres sector; filament yarn is therefore much more expensive than staple fibres(9). A major application of viscose filament yarn is for instance the reinforcement of car tyres, for which the strength of spun viscose staple fibres would be quite insufficient.

Commission practice

(17) In previous decisions(10), the Commission found that staple fibres and continuous filament yarns belonged to different product markets, and this distinction is not contested by the notifying party. Moreover, there is no horizontal overlap between the parties in the filament yarn sector: only the Acordis group is active in the production of various man-made cellulosic and synthetic types of filament yarn.

(b) The distinction by areas of application and types of fibre

(18) Another fundamental distinction in previous Commission decisions in the fibres sector was made by area of application. The Commission found that fibres for textile applications, industrial applications and floor coverings (carpets) belonged to distinct product markets(11). In those markets, the Commission also found that fibres were to be distinguished on a fibre-by-fibre basis(12). This approach is also reflected in the 1996 Code on aid to the synthetic fibres industry(13).

(c) The product market definition suggested by the parties

(19) The parties consider that the relevant product market comprises not only man-made cellulosic staple fibres but all man-made (cellulosic and synthetic) as well as natural staple fibres. They argue that there is a high degree of substitutability between different fibres, in particular between cotton, viscose and polyester.

2. METHODOLOGY

(20) The Commission has carried out an in-depth market investigation, involving both direct customers of the parties and downstream customers, as well as the parties themselves and their competitors. It has received submissions from over 100 respondents, most of which are direct customers of the parties. This market investigation has enabled the Commission to carry out both a demand-side and a supply-side analysis of the relevant issues, namely whether the following distinctions need to be made:

- a distinction between man-made cellulosic staple fibres (viscose and lyocell), synthetic staple fibres (in particular polyester and polypropylene), and natural fibres (in particular cotton),

- a distinction between different types of man-made cellulosic staple fibres (viscose and lyocell), and

- further distinctions along application lines and between customer groups.

(21) The Commission has also evaluated extensive information on the parties' sales volumes and prices charged over several years and has carried out an analysis of price correlations and elasticities.

(22) The fibres which the notifying party regards as the closest substitutes for man-made cellulosic staple fibres are cotton, polyester and polypropylene (the latter to a much more limited degree, mainly in the non-woven area). The Commission's reasoning relating to the definition of the relevant product markets will therefore focus on the substitutability of these fibres with viscose staple fibres and lyocell staple fibres, as well as on the substitutability between viscose staple fibres and lyocell staple fibres.

The parties' submissions

Customer reply rate

(23) In their reply(14), the parties submit that the reply rate to the Commission's market investigation falls well short of 50 % and that the contents of its file are necessarily unrepresentative of the wider market reaction.

(24) The Commission, having considered this argument, maintains that the results of its market investigation provide a reliable factual basis for its assessment of the notified operation. The reply rate of the parties' immediate customers in the EEA, who are crucial for the assessment of the effects of the notified operation on the European market, has been well above 50 % both in absolute numbers and as a percentage of the parties' volume of sales. Furthermore, it should be noted that the Commission's market investigation involved both small and large customers in all segments of the parties' relevant business. Its results can therefore be regarded as representative. The lower reply rate of customers located outside the EEA, and of downstream customers, whose inclusion into the market investigation was of a merely complementary character, does not affect the representativity of the Commission's investigation(15).

Methodology in applying the SSNIP test

(25) In its supplementary letter(16), the notifying party also claims that there was a fundamental error in the Commission's methodology in applying the SSNIP(17) test and that the Commission's approach in questions 8 to 15 of its phase II questionnaires to customers was flawed(18). According to the notifying party, results of such a hypothetical test are subjective, inevitably arbitrary and unreliable. The notifying party argues that the Commission's questions to the parties' customers failed to make it clear that price increases of one fibre would be relative to the price of other fibres, and that they failed to specify a timeframe in which that switching might take place; according to the notifying party, a timeframe of at least one year would have been appropriate. It is also submitted that the questionnaires did not include an option relating to reductions in volume of viscose or lyocell-based production. Finally, the notifying party submits that the Commission should have asked for empirical data on the extent to which customers have in the past reduced their viscose and lyocell consumption in response to non-transitory relative price differentials between viscose and lyocell and other fibres.

(26) The Commission, having considered these arguments, maintains that its market investigation, in particular its questions addressed to the parties' customers during the phase II investigation, is a reliable and objective basis for the definition of the relevant product markets and for the competitive assessment of the notified operation. The application of the SSNIP test in this case is in line with consistent Commission practice(19). In particular, it should be noted that the SSNIP test is by definition of a hypothetical nature. Furthermore, it generally presupposes a non-transitory price increase, thereby excluding from the test any transitory price fluctuations. Consequently, the Commission's questionnaires explicitly referred to "permanent" price increases. The indication of a concrete timeframe for switching would have been arbitrary, and the parties have failed to state any reasons why a timeframe of "at least one year" for switching would, in their opinion, have been appropriate.

(27) Furthermore, each of the contested questions to the parties' customers made it clear that the underlying hypothetical price increases for viscose staple fibres or lyocell were to be seen in the context of the existence of other, alternative fibres; the Commission explicitly asked whether customers would "use other types of fibres instead" or "switch from VSF or lyocell to another type of fibre"(20). It is clear from the foregoing that the Commission's market investigation referred to hypothetical, relative price differences between viscose staple fibres, lyocell, and other types of fibres. It should also be noted that the questions referred to a price increase only in respect of VSF or lyocell, which makes it clear, along with the references to other fibres, that the prices of the latter are supposed to be static.

(28) Moreover, and contrary to the notifying parties submissions, the Commission's questionnaires did include a question relating to reductions in volume of viscose and lyocell-based production. Customers were asked by how much their behaviour in the event of a price increase would reduce their overall VSF or lyocell consumption, as the case might be(21).

(29) Finally, the Commission notes that its assessment is not only based on a prospective analysis of hypothetical future switching to other fibres, but also on empirical data of market movements in the past. Indeed, the Commission's price correlation analysis (see below, in particular recitals 72 et seq.) was aimed at establishing patterns of substitution in the past, based on empirical data provided by the parties themselves. (It can also be noted that the parties' objections about the application to past data of statistical techniques such as correlation - discussed in the next section - is inconsistent with their insistence in the supplementary letter on use of data on past practice - which must, of course, be analysed in order to be useful.)

Use of correlation data

(30) In their reply, finally(22), the parties express the view that the Commission has overemphasised correlation data rather than actual switching examples in its statement of objections. The Commission, having considered these arguments, does not share the parties' view and will comment in recitals 78 to 79 and 110 to 114 on its use of correlation data and the issue of switching to other fibres.).

3. THE BASIC DISTINCTION BETWEEN VISCOSE STAPLE FIBRES, LYOCELL STAPLE FIBRES, COTTON, POLYESTER AND POLYPROPYLENE

(31) The market investigation has revealed that a basic distinction between viscose staple fibres, lyocell staple fibres, cotton, polyester and polypropylene needs to be made.

(a) Demand-side substitutability

(32) For two products to be regarded as substitutable, the direct customer must consider it a realistic and rational possibility to react to, for example, a small but significant, non-transitory increase in the price of one product by switching to the other product in a relatively short period of time. Each product must be a reasonable alternative for the other in economic and technical terms(23). Although it can be acknowledged that different types of fibres are to a limited degree interchangeable, demand-side substitutability between man-made cellulosic fibres and other fibres, and between the two main types of cellulosic fibres (viscose and lyocell), is not sufficient to conclude that they belong to the same product market. These findings have been confirmed by the results of the market investigation.

Viscose staple fibres

Distinctive product characteristics

(33) Viscose staple fibres (hereinafter "VSF") are a product that shows very specific characteristics, distinguishing it from any other fibre. In the context of the market investigation carried out by the Commission, a high number of customers pointed to these characteristics. The prime feature of VSF is its high moisture absorbency combined with its high liquid retention capacity, which goes beyond the absorption capacities of all other fibres regarded as close substitutes by the notifying party, namely cotton, polyester and polypropylene. This feature makes VSF eligible for a wide variety of applications both in the textile area (due to the resulting wearing comfort) and in the non-woven area (household applications, medical and hygienic applications, personal care products, and industrial applications such as filters or inside support material for artificial leather)(24).

(34) A feature distinguishing VSF from polyester and polypropylene is its biodegradability which is a relevant factor particularly in the area of disposable non-woven applications. As compared with cotton, it is VSF's softness and drape which is of particular relevance in the textile area(25). Furthermore, VSF has particular dyeing characteristics distinguishing it, both in the area of textile and non-woven applications, from cotton and polyester.

(35) On the other hand, VSF also has distinctive product characteristics which limit its use in certain areas of application. For instance, VSF's high wet elongation and low wet tenacity render it unsuitable for machine washing in its pure state. Facilitated by its good processability, VSF is a popular material for blending, both with cotton and with polyester, thus making use of the respective advantages and minimising the disadvantages of each individual fibre. This in itself can be seen as an indication of VSF's distinctiveness, especially when taking into account that VSF is more expensive(26) than other fibres: if the use of VSF did not provide an added value to products, it would not be chosen, given its higher price.

Inflexibility of demand

(36) The market investigation carried out by the Commission has revealed that there is insufficient demand-side substitutability between VSF and other fibresfor them to be included in the same relevant market. Indeed, a majority of the customers interviewed stated that they were not in a position to replace VSF in their products at all. According to their replies, some customers would have to cease manufacturing the product concerned and the vast majority of customers would simply not change anything in the event of an increase of 5 to 10 % in the price of VSF. The most common reasons for not switching were the specific product characteristics of VSF and the requirements set by downstream customers.

(37) In their reply(27), the parties also submit that a majority of customers (52 %) said they would reduce volumes in response to a small but non-transitory increase in price; that the reaction of 18 % would depend on market conditions and that only 24 % stated they would not switch or reduce volume. Furthermore, the parties argue that greater weight should be given to actual evidence of switching(28).

(38) The Commission, having considered these arguments, maintains its initial conclusions drawn from the results of the market investigation. First, it needs to be noted that the parties' methodology in computing their figures is inconsistent as it does not distinguish between replies to the Commission's phase I questionnaires and those given to its phase II questionnaires, thus inevitably double-counting answers by certain customers who responded to both questionnaires. In addition, the questions addressed to customers in phase I and phase II were substantially different and cannot be jointly evaluated(29). Also, given that the reply only states percentages and neither absolute numbers nor precise references to the Commission's file, the Commission is not in a position to verify these figures. The Commission cannot therefore rely on the parties' figures for its assessment of the notified operation and points to its own analysis of switching volumes cited in recital 40.

(39) Secondly, as regards the evidence of actual (full and partial) switching referred to by the parties, the Commission does not deny that certain customers do switch fibres. It should, however, be noted that these are isolated examples which are not representative of the general reaction of the market as revealed by the Commission's market investigation(30).

(40) Furthermore, based on the anonymised summary of customers' expected switching behaviour in the event of a small but permanent price increase of 10 %(31), the Commission has weighted the customer responses to its market investigation by each customer's individual quantity of fibre purchases in the year 2000. The result of this analysis is that the effect of a 10 % VSF price increase on fibre sales by the parties to these customers would remain below 5 % in terms of losses of sales due to customer switching(32), thereby fully confirming the Commission's view on insufficient demand-side substitutability between VSF and other fibresfor them to be included in the same relevant market.

(41) In its letter, the notifying party argues that the Commission has failed to include in the switching effect those customers who said they would reduce or stop production of VSF or lyocell-based products in the event of a 5 to 10 % price increase for VSF or lyocell.

(42) The Commission, having considered this argument, maintains that those customers who replied that they would stop or reduce their VSF-based production do not belong to the same category as those who would switch to other fibres. Whilst customers saying they would switch can theoretically be seen as indicative of a wider product market if such switching happens to an extent high enough to make a 5 to 10 % price increase unprofitable, customers replying that they would stop or reduce production are to be seen as indicative of exactly the opposite in terms of product market definition. Indeed, the latter customers indicate, by the very nature of their response, that they are heavily dependent on a specific type of fibre and not able to switch even in the event of significant, non-transitory price increases.

Long-term and short-term consumption trends

(43) The notifying party points to long-term trends in staple fibre consumption, showing, for instance, a decline of VSF consumption after it peaked around 1970. It compares this phenomenon with the steep rise in polyester consumption, and with the rising consumption of other synthetic fibres such as polypropylene(33).

(44) The Commission notes, however, that the decline of VSF consumption(34), which has in any event slowed significantly in Europe in the 1990s, does not prove by itself VSF's substitutability with other types of staple fibres. On the contrary, it is VSF's ability to find new areas of application, such as the booming non-wovens sector(35), which should be viewed as indicative of its distinctiveness from and its insufficient substitutability with all other fibres. If VSF, which is in general higher-priced than other fibres(36), was completely interchangeable with these fibres, it would have been entirely replaced(37).

(45) Moreover, the replacement of one fibre by another is often driven by major technological developments and cannot be seen as an indication of a general and sufficient substitutability amongst fibres. Again, this is particularly evident in the non-wovens industry. For instance, the use of VSF for baby diaper coverstock has all but stopped, due to important modifications of the product itself, such as the manufacture of multilayered diapers and the development of superabsorbent polymers. As regards the textile industry, new spinning and finishing technologies as well as the development of new synthetic or cellulosic materials can have a major influence on fibre use and consumption. The use of different fibres in substantially altered products, however, cannot be seen as indicative of the existence of a common product market for both types of fibres.

(46) In their reply(38), the parties deny the occurrence of major new developments in the spinning and finishing technologies in recent years.

(47) The Commission, having considered this submission, maintains that major technological developments in the cellulosic fibres sector did occur in the past and can occur in the future, having an important influence on fibre processability and thus on fibre consumption. It refers to the parties' own product developments, such as a non-fibrillating lyocell fibre, and their cooperation with both spinners and dyers on lyocell treatment. Also, not all qualities of fibres are equally suitable for OE rotor spinning(39). Even in the absence of major technological developments, the use of different fibres in substantially altered products cannot be seen as indicative of the existence of a common product market for both types of fibres.

(48) Secondly, the parties argue in their reply(40) that in non-woven applications, VSF was subject to a "boom and bust" cycle. Competing suppliers and customers would identify cheaper alternative fibres as soon as their end-use becomes sufficiently large. They would invest in any necessary technological developments leading to viscose being supplanted. According to the parties, this should be seen as evidence of viscose's vulnerability in the non-woven sector.

(49) The Commission, by contrast, takes the view that these arguments, as described in the Reply, do not counter its analysis. Its main point of disagreement with the parties is the interpretation of changing patterns of fibre use due to technological change. In this respect, the Commission maintains that such changes, which are only effective in the medium to long term, cannot be seen as indicative of VSF and other fibres belonging to the same product market. Technical changes that could enable the use of cheaper alternative fibres are by their nature characterised by uncertainty, and their impact would anyway be felt only in the medium to long term. The current VSF customers, even if they are strong enough actively to pursue a strategy of promoting technological product development in order to be able to use cheaper alternative fibres, do not have any switching option before such technological development has occurred. The Commission's market investigation has not revealed any major shifts away from commodity VSF that are to be expected in the short term due to current or foreseeable impending technological developments(41).

(50) A similar consideration as that relating to technological developments is valid with respect to the changes in fashion, with the obvious difference that fashion, unlike technological developments, accounts for short-cycled changes in consumption patterns. The types or blends of fibres used for the production of a specific kind of garment may change from year to year, depending on fashion trends. Other types or blends of fibres will not be sufficiently substitutable in the event of changing fashion as the products made from them will not be considered fashionable and therefore worth buying. Indeed, in the Commission's market investigation, a significant number of textile customers' responses indicate that fashion has a significant impact on the consumption of VSF(42).

(51) In their reply(43), the parties argue that the Commission's assessment does not take into account the "value for money competition" between fibres. Furthermore the parties submit that fashion is transient.

(52) The Commission, having considered these arguments, maintains its analysis. Firstly, it is worth being noted that the parties themselves acknowledge that customers "are not merely assessing the price differentials between different garments; they are looking at the basket of price, aesthetics, functionality, brand, style etc." in their choice of particular garments(44). This confirms, in the Commission's view, that the choice of fibres does not primarily depend on price considerations. Secondly, the Commission agrees with the parties' view on the essentially transient character of fashion and considers that this very fact confirms its above analysis on the limited substitutability between fibres at any given moment.

(53) It can therefore be concluded that the choice of VSF by customers does not primarily depend on price considerations but rather on the specific product characteristics of VSF, product innovation and consumer preferences at a given point in time(45). Substitution cannot be considered sufficient to make potential price increases unprofitable for a hypothetical monopolist.

Lyocell

(54) The parties have also taken the view that a specific market for lyocell does not exist. They have argued that lyocell is a product still looking for its proper market and should be regarded as substitutable with other fibres, especially with VSF, but also with cotton and polyester. This view has not been confirmed by the results of the market investigation and the price correlation analysis carried out by the Commission.

(55) On the contrary, the lyocell staple fibre (hereinafter "lyocell")(46) shows specific product characteristics which clearly distinguish it from VSF. These product characteristics are, in particular, its high tenacity in both wet and dry states and its low shrinkage in water which allows to minimise finishing losses and shrinkage in laundering.

(56) Lyocell is often used as a blending fibre, in connection with other fibres such as viscose, linen, cotton, polyamide or polyester. So far, its particular properties have primarily been exploited by producers of branded quality textiles(47) even though lyocell is currently priced much higher than any other of the fibres considered(48). Indeed, for luxury jeans, one of the most prominent applications of lyocell, VSF is considered entirely unsuitable.

(57) Similarly, textile applications may serve to illustrate the distinctiveness of lyocell towards cotton. Despite its significantly higher price, lyocell is used, for instance, in certain types of jeans because it can add a specific touch and drape to the product. Moreover, lyocell's dry tenacity and water retention are also superior to those of cotton.

(58) As compared with synthetic fibres, it is the cellulosic character of lyocell that provides for its high moisture absorbency and leads, in textile applications, to high wearing comfort which cannot be matched by synthetics. Furthermore, lyocell's biodegradability, which it has in common with other cellulosic and natural fibres, clearly distinguishes it from any of the synthetic fibres mentioned as a substitute. Biodegradability is a relevant factor particularly in disposable non-wovens and has been mentioned as such in response to the Commission's market investigation.

(59) Finally, lyocell has a very particular characteristic which it does not share with any of the conventional fibres: its tendency to fibrillate(49). On the one hand, this tendency can constitute a disadvantage as it requires special spinning and dyeing techniques and contributes to the effect of "greying" after repeated washing. On the other hand, the fibrillating character of the lyocell fibre can be exploited to create unique fabrics with exceptional drape and soft touch - the "peach-skin effect". No other fibre can produce this effect to any comparable extent.

(60) In their reply(50), the parties submit that the Commission's statement of objections completely ignores that cotton is lyocell's main competing fibre. Furthermore, the parties argue that the Commission committed a factual error by stating that other fibres were unable to replicate lyocell's specific characteristics, in particular its tendency to fibrillate; they refer to customer call notes of Acordis and provide samples of fabrics.

(61) The Commission, having considered these arguments, maintains its analysis. First, it should be noted that the competitive relationship between lyocell and other fibres, in particular between lyocell and cotton, has been a main subject both in the Commission's market investigation and in its price correlation analysis (see recital 74).

(62) Secondly, the Commission notes that the examples of switching amongst customers set out by the parties in Appendix 9 of their reply are not representative of the overall customer response to the market investigation. Whilst the Commission does not deny that switching occurs to a certain degree, it does not consider these examples of switching sufficient for lyocell to be included in a wider product market comprising other types of fibres (see recitals 63 and 67).

(63) The market investigation carried out by the Commission has confirmed that there is not sufficient demand-side substitutability between lyocell and other fibres for them to be included in the same relevant market. Indeed, the vast majority of the customers interviewed stated that they were not in a position to replace lyocell in their products at all. According to their replies, certain customers would have to cease manufacturing the product concerned and the vast majority of customers would simply not change anything in the event of an increase of 5 to 10 % in the price of lyocell. The most common reasons for not switching were the specific product characteristics of lyocell and the requirements set by downstream customers(51).

(64) In their reply(52), the parties argue that the Commission subjectively interprets the reaction of direct lyocell customers. The parties submit that the percentage of direct lyocell customers who stated that they would not switch amounts to only 11,5 %.

(65) The Commission, having considered these arguments, maintains its initial conclusions drawn from the results of the market investigation. First, it needs to be noted that the parties' methodology in computing their figures is inconsistent as it does not distinguish between replies to the Commission's phase I questionnaires and to its phase II questionnaires, thus inevitably double-counting answers by certain customers who responded to both questionnaires. In addition, the questions addressed to customers in phase I and phase II were substantially different and cannot be jointly evaluated. Moreover, the parties have misinterpreted certain customer responses on the Commission's file which they include in their own analysis(53). The Commission cannot therefore rely on these figures for its assessment of the notified operation.

(66) Finally, as regards the evidence of actual (full and partial) switching referred to by the parties, the Commission does not deny that certain customers do switch fibres. It should, however, be noted that these are isolated examples which are not representative of the general reaction of the market as revealed by the Commission's market investigation(54).

(67) Furthermore, based on the anonymised summary of customers' expected switching behaviour in the event of a small but permanent price increase of 10 %(55), the Commission has weighted the customers' responses to its market investigation by each customer's individual quantity of fibre purchases in the year 2000. The result of this analysis is that the effect of a 10 % lyocell price increase on fibre sales by the parties to these customers would be around 15 % (for customers in the EEA) or below 10 % (for customers both inside and outside the EEA) in terms of loss of sales due to customer switching(56). Such a loss of 10 to 15 % of sales due to switching cannot be considered sufficient to make price increases unprofitable.

(68) This is true even if the current situation of overcapacity is taken into account as the parties could adopt a strategy of closing or "mothballing" entire plants (or just individual production lines) thereby reducing their fixed costs. In any event, variable costs would be saved by production cuts. These cost savings and the increased revenues due to higher prices would more than compensate for the loss of revenues due to switching(57). Production cuts of well above than 10 % may therefore be profitable in case prices are raised by 10 %.

(b) Supply-side substitutability

(69) There is no supply-side substitutability between synthetic fibres and man-made cellulosic fibres; both are made from entirely different raw materials and in entirely different production processes and plants.

(70) Likewise, there is no supply-side substitutability between lyocell and VSF. Although both viscose and lyocell staple fibres are man-made cellulosic fibres, lyocell is produced in separate plants by an entirely different production process, a solvent spinning process in which the fibre is formed by directly dissolving wood pulp in organic solvents (whereas viscose has to undergo a different chemical process of slurrying and xanthation, which in contrast to the lyocell process involves the formation of a derivative, then dissolving the xanthate in dilute caustic soda before it can be extruded through spinnerettes). Special equipment and machinery are required to produce lyocell. The production technology is highly capital-intensive, resulting in lyocell currently being the man-made cellulosic staple fibre with the highest cost of production by far(58). On the other hand, the production of lyocell is environmentally benign, in particular when compared to the production of viscose, as the solvent used for dissolving cellulose (NMMO) and the water used in the lyocell production process can be recycled to a very large extent.

(71) In the view of competitors, which has not been contested by the notifying party, switching production between VSF and lyocell amounts to building an entirely new plant and is therefore only feasible at a significant cost and with considerable delay.

(c) Price correlation analysis, cross-price elasticities

(72) When defining the relevant product markets, the Commission takes into account the available quantitative evidence capable of withstanding rigorous scrutiny for the purposes of establishing patterns of substitution in the past(59). In the present case, the Commission has carried out an analysis of price correlations and cross-price elasticities between VSF and its potential substitutes, based on monthly sales data supplied by the parties to the notified concentration. The data examined cover a 10 year period between January 1991 and May 2001. The results of the Commission's analysis support the above findings of separate product markets.

Price correlation analysis: VSF and other types of fibres

(73) A price correlation analysis is designed to measure the sensitivity of the price of one product to the price of an alleged substitute. In the present case, the aim of the analysis was to measure the degree of competitive pressure existing between VSF and other types of fibres. Its results reveal that VSF is, neither in its textile nor in its non-woven applications, sufficiently correlated with cotton, polyester or polypropylene for these products to be included in the same relevant market.

(74) The measure which quantifies the overall dependence of two time-series of prices and thereby the degree of substitutability between two products is called the correlation coefficient. By definition, the positive correlation coefficient lies between 0 and + 1: the higher the degree of correlation is for two products (that is to say, the closer the correlation coefficient is to + 1), the more likely is the existence of a combined product market including both of them. The data in Table 1 below show that there is no significant price correlation between VSF and cotton, nor between VSF and polyester, nor between VSF and polypropylene. Even the highest coefficient (σ = 0,44), which expresses the correlation of VSF and polyester, is not high enough to justify the assumption of a combined product market(60).

Table 1

Results of the VSF price correlation analysis carried out by the Commission

>TABLE>

Analysis of cross-price elasticities: VSF and other types of fibres

(75) The above findings regarding the definition of the relevant product markets are also supported by an analysis of cross-price elasticities. Cross-price elasticities measure the change in demand for a given product resulting from a change in the price of other products and thus provide information about the degree to which products are substitutes from a demand-side perspective. In the present case, the aim of the analysis was to measure the change in demand for VSF resulting from a change in the prices of cotton, polyester and polypropylene. Its results show that past price fluctuations of cotton, polyester and polypropylene have not led to a significant change in the demand for VSF and are therefore equally indicative of the existence of a separate product market for VSF.

(76) The higher the degree of elasticity is for two products (that is to say, the bigger the coefficient is), the more likely is the existence of a combined product market including both of them. In general terms, a cross-price elasticity of less than + 1 means that products are not effective substitutes. As shown in Table 2, the cross-price elasticities for VSF on the one hand and cotton, polyester and polypropylene on the other hand are close to zero. These products cannot therefore be considered substitutes for VSF.

Table 2

VSF cross-price elasticities, calculated by the Commission

>TABLE>

Price correlation analysis: VSF and lyocell

(77) Correlation coefficients between VSF and lyocell are low irrespective of whether the lyocell textile or the lyocell non-woven segment (or submarket) are examined. Regardless of the segment (or submarket) of VSF examined, the correlation between lyocell and VSF is low; it only amounts to between 0,08 and 0,47. Similarly, the analysis of correlations between lyocell and polyester and between lyocell and cotton leads to coefficients between 0,23 and 0,6; these values are equally indicative of the existence of separate product markets(61).

The parties' reply

(78) In their reply(62), the parties argue that the Commission overemphasised the importance and reliability of correlation analysis instead of fully investigating actual examples of switching.

(79) The Commission, having considered these arguments, does not find them convincing. The use of econometric and statistical tests is in line with consistent Commission practice as laid down in the Notice on the definition of the relevant markets(63). Moreover, the Commission's product market definition in the present case does not rely primarily on an analysis of price correlations and cross-price elasticities. As explained above (in recital 72), the results of this analysis have merely been found to support the findings of separate product markets which are themselves based on considerations of demand-side and supply-side substitutability and therefore on the lack of sufficient number of examples of switching (see recitals 32 to 71).

(d) Conclusion

(80) For the above reasons, the Commission concludes that VSF and lyocell do not belong to the same product market(64), nor do they belong to an overall staple fibre product market including cotton, polyester and polypropylene in addition to VSF and lyocell.

4. THE RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKETS WITHIN THE FIELD OF VISCOSE STAPLE FIBRES: COMMODITY AND SPECIALITIES

(81) The market investigation has also revealed that within the field of VSF, further subdivisions have to be taken into account. Several relevant product markets can be distinguished, due to different fibre properties and applications. In particular, it is necessary to distinguish between commodity VSF and specialities, and amongst the latter between spun-dyed VSF and VSF for tampons.

(a) Commodity viscose staple fibres

Demand side: two main customer groups

(82) Commodity viscose staple fibres (hereinafter "commodity VSF") are used for both textile applications (spinning) and non-woven applications. Fibres for textile applications are purchased by spinners(65), whereas fibres for non-woven applications are in general sold to roll-goods manufacturers(66).

(83) From a demand-side perspective, the Commission's market investigation has revealed certain differences between the needs of these two customer groups. The fibres used for textile applications are physically to some extent different from the fibres for non-woven applications. Due to specific requirements in the downstream production process, textile customers can only under very exceptional circumstances use fibres made for non-woven applications and vice versa. Commodity VSF for textile applications are, for aesthetic reasons, mostly supplied in bright quality, whereas the VSF for non-woven applications are usually sold in dull quality.

Sufficient supply-side substitutability

(84) Nevertheless, the results of the Commission's market investigation point to a sufficient degree of supply-side substitutability for both types of VSF to be included in the same relevant market. Fibres for textile and non-woven applications can be made on the same production lines. The five producers of commodity VSF who are currently active in the EEA(67) produce fibres for both types of applications and can easily switch between commodity VSF for textile and for non-woven applications, without significant costs, risks or adaptation time.

Conclusion

(85) Despite the demand-side differences which point to the existence of several market segments, the Commission therefore regards the relevant product market to be no narrower than a market for commodity VSF(68).

(b) Spun-dyed viscose staple fibres

(86) Whilst commodity VSF are sold in bleached or raw-white state, the specificity of spun-dyed VSF is that they are already dyed in the dissolving bath, that is to say before the fibres are formed by pressing the dope through spinnerettes.

(87) The notifying party claims that spun-dyed VSF can be substituted by raw-white commodity VSF as the latter may also be dyed at a later stage in the production process. The Commission's market investigation has, however, not confirmed this view. On the contrary, the results of this investigation suggest a distinction between commodity VSF and spun-dyed VSF.

Low level of demand-side substitution

(88) From a demand-side perspective, it should be noted that the vast majority of customers who responded to the Commission's questionnaire and who use spun-dyed fibres have denied that they would switch to raw-white commodity VSF in the event of a small but permanent price-increase of 5 to 10 % for spun-dyed VSF. The reluctance to switch amongst customers purchasing spun-dyed VSF was mainly based on price and quality considerations.

(89) Customers interviewed by the Commission stated that, compared to fibres dyed further downstream in the production process, spun-dyed VSF had superior colourfastness, particularly when exposed to sunlight (light-fastness). In addition, customers also mentioned that the investment necessary for dyeing fibres in the downstream production process was considerable(69). It was also pointed out that there were applications for which the use of spun-dyed VSF was absolutely necessary, in particular coloured household wipes and certain kinds of fancy yarn (bicolour yarn).

(90) A large number of customers responding to the Commission's questionnaire also pointed to price considerations. On the one hand, the average price level of spun-dyed VSF is around [...]* % higher(70) than that of non-coloured commodity VSF for textile or non-woven applications as the production of spun-dyed VSF is more labour-intensive and requires specific cleaning when switching between different colours. On the other hand, spun-dyed VSF are still viewed as less costly than commodity VSF dyed further downstream in the production process, even in the event of a hypothetical 5 to 10 % price-increase for spun-dyed VSF.

(91) In their reply(71), the parties argue that the post-dye adjusted price differentials between spun-dyed and non-dyed (ecru) fibres are lower than the value referred to by the Commission. The parties claim values between [...]*.

(92) The Commission, having considered this submission, maintains that there is a significant price differential between spun-dyed fibres and ecru commodity fibres. Further to the consideration of dyestuff costs, the discrepancy between the parties' figures in their reply and the Commission's figures in its statement of objections is explained by the fact that the parties also deduct higher wage and waste costs for spun-dyed fibres. The point made by the Commission is, however, not based on the different supply-side cost structure of both products but rather on the demand-side perception of customers that dyeing fibres further downstream is more costly. This has not been questioned by the parties in their reply.

Low level of supply-side substitution

(93) In addition, there are supply-side barriers to switching. Two European suppliers who do not currently produce spun-dyed fibres have indicated that a small but permanent price increase of 5 to 10 % for spun-dyed VSF would not be a sufficient incentive for them to switch production to spun-dyed VSF. Extra investment into special technology for the mixture, testing and injection of dyestuff, after-treatment, and drying is also necessary(72). Furthermore, some competitors stated that in their case, the production of spun-dyed VSF, which is characterised by small series, would not be economically feasible even in case of a 5 to 10 % increase in price

Price correlation analysis

(94) Further evidence for the existence of a separate market for spun-dyed VSF is provided by the Commission's price correlation analysis (see recitals 107 to 109 and Table 3).

Conclusion

(95) It can therefore be concluded that commodity VSF and spun-dyed VSF constitute separate product markets.

(c) Viscose staple fibres for tampons

(96) In addition to the distinction between commodity and spun-dyed VSF, viscose staple fibres for tampons have to be treated distinctly. The customer group for these fibres is different since VSF for tampons are directly sold to manufacturers of end products, whereas in general, commodity VSF for both textile and non-woven applications(73) are sold to intermediate producers, namely spinners for textile applications and roll-goods manufacturers for non-woven applications(74).

Distinctive product characteristics

(97) First, the results of the market investigation have shown that the physical and anti-bacteriological properties of VSF for tampons differ significantly from any other type of VSF, due to higher safety, quality and regulatory requirements. Producers have to guarantee microbiological purity. The fibres must have higher consistency, absorption capacity and liquid retention capacity. Tampon producers unanimously agree that they cannot use any other type of VSF, such as commodity VSF for textile or non-woven applications or spun-dyed VSF (see recitals 82 to 85 and 86 to 95).

Low level of demand-side substitution with cotton

(98) Secondly, whilst the merging parties argue that cotton can be used as a substitute for VSF, either for the production of 100 % cotton tampons or for the production of tampons based on a blend of cotton and viscose, the Commission's market investigation does not support this argument. Tampon producers have unanimously stated that the VSF content in their products can only be reduced to a limited extent without affecting the quality of the product, due to the superior absorption and liquid retention capacities of VSF. The production of one all-cotton tampon product has even been discontinued for quality reasons. In the event of a small but permanent price increase of 5 %, no tampon manufacturer would increase the cotton content in his products; if the price of VSF for tampons were to increase by 10 %, only one customer would marginally reduce the viscose content in his blend by 5 to 10 %, whilst no other customer would modify its blends in the short or medium term. One customer has even indicated that irrespective of price developments he was considering reducing, not increasing, the cotton content in his tampons.

(99) The barriers to switching are considered high by tampon manufacturers as fibres used for tampons must fulfil the abovementioned quality requirements; regulatory authorisation is mandatory in certain cases. Switching time and costs, the production loss to be incurred, and the risk of quality insufficiencies are equally significant. Moreover, it has been stated that buyers of tampons have become increasingly reluctant with regard to genetically modified products, including genetically modified cotton; the scope for replacing VSF for tampons with cotton is thus further reduced. Consequently, it can be concluded from the results of the Commission's market investigation that VSF for tampons does not belong to the same product market as cotton. This conclusion is also confirmed by the Commission's price correlation analysis (see recitals 107 to 109 and Table 3).

Low level of demand-side substitution with VSF fibres used for cotton wool (wadding)

(100) Secondly, one of the parties to the concentration claims that VSF made for tampons are substitutable with VSF used for cotton wool (wadding), giving the example of a tampon producer who allegedly uses the same type of VSF for the manufacture of tampons and of cotton wool(75).

(101) Whilst it may be possible to use VSF for tampons in the production of cotton wool (wadding) for personal hygiene products, substitutability in the inverse sense has not proved to be sufficient for the two types of fibres to be included in the same relevant market. On the contrary, the market investigation has revealed that only one tampon producer would use fibres made for cotton wool (wadding) in their production of tampons, which is due to different product characteristics and to the more stringent clinical and microbiological requirements for tampons. Fibres for the production of cotton wool, be they made of cotton or of viscose, do not therefore belong to the same product market as VSF for tampons.

Low level of supply-side substitutability with other types of viscose staple fibres

(102) Thirdly, the parties also argue that there is a sufficient degree of supply-side substitutability with other types of VSF, enabling VSF producers easily to switch production to VSF for tampons. This view has not been confirmed by the market investigation. Whilst switching would be feasible for one of the parties' European competitors who already produces a certain amount of VSF for tampons(76), the remaining two European VSF producers who do not currently produce VSF for tampons have clearly indicated that they would not switch production to that type of fibres in the event of a permanent price increase of 5 to 10 %. One producer referred to the substantial investment that such a switch would necessitate(77), the other producer pointed to commercial reasons.

Conclusion

(103) The Commission therefore concludes that VSF for tampons constitutes a distinct product market.

(d) Viscose staple fibres for cotton wool (wadding) for personal hygiene products

(104) The terms cotton wool and wadding are sometimes used interchangeably, sometimes distinctly in the sense that "cotton wool" refers to cotton wool used for personal hygiene products and "wadding" to fillings for anoraks, sleeping bags, car seats etc. VSF for wadding (in the latter sense) has been included in the figures for (non-woven) commodity VSF, as suggested by the notifying party(78) It can be left open whether VSF used for cotton wool for personal hygiene products constitutes a separate product market or belongs to a larger market. Given the small size of this sector, the possible addition of VSF for cotton wool for personal hygiene products to the commodity VSF market does not make any substantial difference for the competitive assessment of the commodity VSF market as total sales of cotton wool for personal hygiene products in the EEA represent less than [1 to 5 %]* (in volume) of the commodity VSF market (about [< 10]* kilotonnes). Nor would the notified operation cause any competition concern if a separate product market for VSF for cotton wool for personal hygiene products was defined. As the parties' combined market share on such a market does not exceed 15 % it would not even constitute an affected market.

(e) Other viscose staple fibre specialities and viscose tow

(105) Both Lenzing and Acordis produce other VSF specialities, which are not substitutable with any of the relevant VSF products defined. Lenzing's Modal, a high wet-modulus textile fibre with enhanced performance characteristics in the textile area, belongs to a separate market(79), and Acordis' viscose tow (which it produces in three different types as flock, short-cut and wet-laid tow) belongs to at least one distinct product market(80). Both demand-side (the products are entirely distinct in their properties and in the customers' perception) and supply-side considerations (the products require special production lines so producers cannot switch between them and other viscose products) support this view. The definition of the product market can be left open for another of Lenzing's speciality fibres, flame-retardant VSF, as the quantity in which it is produced is not significant and its inclusion in the commodity VSF product market (the only product with which it could be supply-side substitutable) would not change the assessment of the notified concentration in any way. The same applies to a number of other specialities produced by Acordis which are sold in even smaller quantities.

(106) If they were defined as separate markets, none of these specialities would constitute an affected market as there is no overlap between the parties' activities in any of them.

(f) Price correlation analysis

(107) The price correlation analysis carried out by the Commission supports the above findings on the relevant product markets within the field of VSF (see Table 3).

Table 3

Results of the price correlation analysis carried out by the Commission for the three product markets within the field of VSF. Coefficients are based on data provided by the parties

>TABLE>

(108) As regards the correlations amongst the different types of VSF (commodity VSF and spun-dyed VSF), the highest coefficient found is around 0,7. The Commission's analysis has revealed that this coefficient is inflated as it is due to common costs and, to some extent, to a common trend. Indeed, based on the data provided by the parties for the year 2000, [on average > 75 %]* of the cost of spun-dyed VSF was common cost with commodity VSF. The price series of both products are to a large extent predetermined by those common costs as costs amount to above [ > 75 %]* of net price for both products. The correlation coefficient found is therefore not due to a competitive interaction between the two products but rather to common influences(81).

(109) As far as the correlations between commodity VSF and polyester are concerned (up to 0,76), coefficients remain below the level that has generally been considered indicative of the existence of a wider product market(82). However, as explained, there can be a false high correlation if the prices of both products are subject to common influences. In this particular case, the Commission's analysis has shown that these correlation coefficients are inflated as they are due to a common trend and not to a competitive interaction between the two products(83).

(110) In their reply(84), the parties consider that greater weight should be given to actual evidence of switching rather than to correlation data. Furthermore, the parties point to alleged inconsistencies and weaknesses in the Commission's correlation analysis. In particular, they point out that

- the Commission finds the correlation between viscose and polyester (HP) to be only 0,44 in one part of the statement of objections and 0,76 in another part of the statement of objections(85),

- the price correlation analysis should use transactions data(86),

- the periodicity of the data was inappropriate(87), and

- both transitory and non-transitory price changes have to be examined(88).

(111) The Commission, having considered these arguments, finds the analysis of price correlations and cross-price elasticities it has carried out in this case a reliable means to support its findings on the definition of the relevant product markets.

(112) Firstly, as regards the general criticism of the Commission using such analyses in its market definition, the following points need to be made:

- as was explained above (see recital 79), the Commission has never exclusively relied on an analysis of price correlations and cross-price elasticities but has used these analyses as a supplementary element to support the results of its market investigation;

- the Commission has always clearly indicated that a high degree of correlation between two price series is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for two products to belong to the same market. The Commission rather regards correlations as an indicator of the degree of competition in given markets. Moreover, the Commission agrees with the parties that a correlation analysis has to be examined cautiously. In particular, it considers that there can be inappropriately high correlations (false positive correlation or spurious correlation) if the prices of two products are subject to a common input (meaning common costs) and/or a common trend. Similarly, correlations can be inappropriately low, for instance due to significant lags in response. Drawbacks of this kind can, however, be avoided by using a co-integration test or a unit-root test. These very tests have been carried out by the Commission in the present case(89).

(113) Secondly, the Commission does not find any inconsistencies in the results of its analysis.

- It must be emphasised that the tests were carried out on the basis of data provided by the parties themselves(90).

- In general terms, the VSF price, as provided by the parties, is necessarily an artificial price deriving from the aggregation of the prices of the different subsegments of the VSF market.

- Since the results of the market investigation made it clear that the Commission had to separate the market into different subsegments, the VSF price used is the sum of the value of the different VSF subsegments (i.e. the prices of different subsegments multiplied by their respective quantities) divided by the aggregated quantity.

- The Commission has found a non-negligible level of correlation between commodity VSF and polyester but not between spun-dyed VSF, VSF for tampons and polyester. Independently, and based on different price data likewise submitted by the parties, the Commission has verified its view on the fact that VSF constitute at least one separate product market.

- The fact that the Commission has used two sets of price series (both the aggregate price series of VSF and the specific price data of the parties for three different submarkets of VSF), and that it has considered each of them, is in no way inconsistent. Likewise, it is not inconsistent that correlations of aggregated price series are not an arithmetical average of the correlations of individual component price series. Since the comparatively higher level of correlation between polyester (HP) and commodity VSF is due to common trends, the Commission does not find it surprising that these common trends are deflated when other VSF products (which may not be subject to these same common trends) are included in the correlation analysis(91).

(114) Finally, as regards the parties' concerns on transaction data, periodicity and transitory/non-transitory price changes, the following points should be borne in mind:

- It needs to be noted that the parties were not able to provide transaction data for cotton, polyester, and polypropylene, although the Commission had requested them. Nevertheless, the Commission takes the view that the sales data provided by the parties were appropriately reflecting the average value of the transaction prices. In particular for polyester, the data provided reflect both large and small customers and can be considered a significant measure of actual transactions.

- In order to confirm the appropriate periodicity of data, the Commission has tested the correlation analysis through different lags; the variations in the test results were, however, insignificant.

- As regards the parties' concerns about transitory or non-transitory price changes, the unit-root tests carried out by the Commission have duly covered this aspect.

(g) Conclusion

(115) For the above reasons, the Commission concludes that commodity VSF, spun-dyed VSF and VSF for tampons each constitute separate product markets.

5. THE RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKETS WITHIN THE FIELD OF LYOCELL

(116) It can be left open whether the lyocell market itself needs to be further subdivided as the competitive assessment of the notified operation would not change (see recitals 230 to 245).

6. THE RELEVANT PRODUCT MARKET FOR LYOCELL PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

(117) The production and processing technology for both lyocell staple fibres and lyocell filament yarn is entirely distinct from any other fibre production and processing technology(92). Whereas viscose technology (including environmental compatibility) is well established and readily available, the technology for lyocell production is rather young; it has been developed since the 1970s and saw its first commercial application in the 1990s. It is characterised by the existence of a large number of patents. Whilst some of the initial patents have already expired, this is not the case for others, mostly those related to the production process and to the treatment of lyocell (see recitals 246 and 247).

(118) Both Acordis and Lenzing are key players in this market in which some East Asian companies and the German engineering company Zimmer AG are also active, partly in cooperation with research institutions. Whilst some of these undertakings are at the same time involved in lyocell production, others, such as Zimmer AG, are not. Acordis and Lenzing cross-licensed their lyocell technology in 1997. [...]* From this cross-licensing agreement it becomes clear that Lenzing and Acordis are already active as sublicensors and sublicensees on this market and that therefore there is trade in licenses(93) The same agreement also substantiates that this market not only includes technology for staple fibre production and processing but also for other lyocell products such as extruded films and membranes and filament. As the technology in these other areas is linked with the technology of lyocell staple fibre production and processing through certain patents common to all areas, these areas of lyocell production and processing technology belong to the same product market. Moreover, lyocell filament technology has not yet entered the stage of commercial production and consequently competition in this area can only take place on the level of production and processing technology. The Commission's market investigation has furthermore revealed that there is demand for lyocell technology licences.

(119) In their reply(94), the parties argue that there is no market for lyocell technology in the sense that there is currently no significant licensing of lyocell technology and patent rights, and that it is highly unusual to identify a separate market for technology. Secondly, they contend that the parties themselves are currently not active in sublicensing and that Zimmer AG is currently the only significant supplier.

(120) The Commission, having considered these arguments, maintains its definition of a separate product market for the production and processing technology for lyocell (including both staple fibres and filament yarn). Firstly, it should be noted that, contrary to the parties' reply, the definition of a separate market for technologyis in line with consistent Commission practice and cannot therefore be regarded as "highly unusual"(95).

(121) Secondly, the Commission considers the current activity in this area sufficient for it to form a separate market. Indeed, there appears to be a significant degree of demand by potential lyocell producers for lyocell production and processing technology; the parties themselves provide a series of examples in their reply and also point out that Zimmer AG has been marketing its technology for the last two years(96). Moreover, a certain number of licences have already been granted by the parties themselves(97); the circumstances under which these licenses have been granted ("wholly exceptional") and the purpose for which they are being used ("do not relate to lyocell fibre production")(98) cannot be decisive for the definition of product markets. On the contrary, the very fact that licences were granted under exceptional circumstances which were not related to lyocell fibre production proves, in the Commission's view, that lyocell production and processing technology on the one hand and lyocell fibre production on the other hand are not inextricably linked with each other and deserve to be assessed separately(99).

(122) Thirdly, not all of the companies and institutes which develop lyocell production and processing technology are at the same time active in lyocell production. As has been stated above (see recital 118) and confirmed by the parties in their reply(100), the German undertaking Zimmer AG is active in the development and sale of lyocell technology but not in lyocell production; so is the research institute Thüringisches Institut für Textil- und Kunststoff-Forschung e.V. (TITK)(101). The fact that different players are active in the lyocell production area and in the field of lyocell production and processing technology strongly militates in favour of the existence of a separate technology market.

(123) The Commission therefore concludes that there is a technology market for lyocell production and processing which is distinct from the downstream market for the production and sale of lyocell.

7. CONCLUSION

(124) Given the above, the Commission concludes that the following categories constitute the relevant product markets which will have to be taken into account for the competitive assessment of the notified operation:

- commodity viscose staple fibres,

- spun-dyed viscose staple fibres,

- viscose staple fibres for tampons,

- lyocell,

- lyocell production and processing technology.

B. THE RELEVANT GEOGRAPHIC MARKETS

(125) The parties have argued, on the basis of their own product market definition (see recital 19), that the geographic scope of the market which comprises all of the above product markets is worldwide. This has not, however, been confirmed by the outcome of the Commission's market investigation for the three relevant VSF product markets and for lyocell.

1. VISCOSE STAPLE FIBRES (COMMODITY VSF, SPUN-DYED VSF AND VSF FOR TAMPONS)

(126) As regards VSF, imports have been very low; in 2000, roughly [< 10 %]* of the EEA consumption of VSF were imported from third countries. Import levels have not been rising significantly in the past six years(102). The market investigation has shown that a vast majority of the third parties who replied to the Commission's questions did not use any VSF imported from non-EEA countries, mostly for quality reasons. They explained that the quality of products which might be imported from third parties located outside the EEA differed significantly from that of EEA-made fibres, in particular from the quality of the parties' own products(103). Many of the respondents felt that they could not satisfy their customers' demands and product requirements if they had to use imported VSF. A significant proportion of the customers who responded to the Commission's questionnaire did not even have any knowledge about non-EEA VSF suppliers. Moreover, most of the respondents questioned the reliability and flexibility of supply by non-EEA producers of viscose. Transport costs of [1 to 10 %]* and tariffs of 5,2 % (due to expire in 2004) also play a certain but secondary role as geographic barriers to entry.

(127) It should be noted that imports have been low despite the fact that prices for VSF made in the EEA are viewed as being higher than prices for fibres made in other geographic areas, in particular in the Far East where the main non-European producers of viscose are located and active. Indeed, even the minority of customers who would be ready to switch to third-country imports stated that prices would have to decrease further, according to most respondents by more than 15 %, and quality would have to be at least equal to European or American standards. This reluctance of European customers to switch to non-EEA suppliers of VSF has also been confirmed by submissions of the parties' competitors who estimate that imports to the EEA would at most increase slightly in the event of a permanent price increase in the EEA of 5 to 10 %.

(128) In their reply(104), the parties argue that the Commission's assessment substantially understates the importance of import competition.

(129) The Commission, having considered this argument, does not find it convincing and maintains its analysis for the reasons set out in recitals 149 to 154.

(130) These considerations, which are fully applicable to commodity VSF, are even more valid for spun-dyed VSF and VSF for tampons. Imports of spun-dyed VSF have been estimated at [< 10 %]* or below. Import barriers are higher than for commodity VSF as the range of preferred colours depends on cultural and qualitative preferences of customers - the quality of colours used in Asian countries, which would be the main source for potential imports, differs from European standards. Moreover, the reliability of supply and quality is more important than in the commodity VSF sector; for instance, successive deliveries of fibres often have to be identical in colour and have to correspond exactly to specifications of the customer. As regards VSF for tampons, the import rate appears to be zero, and all customers interviewed have indicated that quality barriers for Asian imports are high.

(131) The Commission therefore concludes that the relevant product markets for VSF (commodity VSF, spun-dyed VSF, and VSF for tampons) are EEA-wide in scope but not worldwide. The market investigation has not revealed any evidence pointing to the existence of national or regional geographic markets.

2. LYOCELL

(132) As regards lyocell, [...]* but also a comparison of different patterns of demand fluctuation inside and outside the EEA, and the parties' own sales organisation(105), suggest that the relevant geographic market could also be EEA-wide and not worldwide in scope. The exact market definition can, however, be left open in this case as the competitive assessment of the notified operation would not change, regardless of the geographic scope of the lyocell market (see recitals 230 to 245).

3. LYOCELL PRODUCTION AND PROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY

(133) The market for lyocell production and processing technology can be considered worldwide in scope. The Commission's market investigation has not revealed any evidence pointing to the existence of national or regional geographic markets.

4. CONCLUSION

(134) For the reasons set out above, the Commission considers that the markets for commodity VSF, spun-dyed VSF, and VSF for tampons are EEA-wide in scope, whereas the market for lyocell production technology is worldwide. As regards lyocell, the market is at least EEA-wide but the exact definition of the relevant geographic market can be left open.

C. COMPETITIVE ASSESSMENT

(135) In accordance with Article 2(3) of the Merger Regulation, a concentration which creates or strengthens a dominant position as a result of which effective competition would be significantly impeded in the common market or in a substantial part of it is to be declared incompatible with the common market.

(136) The Court of Justice(106) has defined the concept of dominance as a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to prevent effective competition from being maintained on the relevant market by affording it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, its customers and, ultimately, of consumers. Such a position does not exclude the existence of some competition but enables the undertaking which profits from it, if not to determine, at least to have an appreciable influence on the conditions under which that competition will develop, and in any case to act largely in disregard of it so long as such conduct does not operate to its detriment.

(137) The existence of a dominant position may derive from several factors which, taken separately, are not necessarily determinative; amongst these factors, a highly important one is the existence of large market shares. In addition, the relationship between the market shares of the undertakings involved in the concentration and their competitors, especially those of the next largest, is relevant evidence of the existence of a dominant position(107).

(138) The factors which are taken into account for concluding that the notified concentration will create or strengthen dominant positions in the markets for commodity VSF, spun-dyed VSF, VSF for tampons, lyocell and lyocell production technology, are as follows.

1. THE MARKETS FOR VISCOSE STAPLE FIBRES

(a) General market conditions

(139) The notified operation would result in the creation of the global leader in viscose staple fibres with a market share of approximately [25 to 35 %]* in the overall VSF sector worldwide. As regards that same sector in the EEA, the new entity's combined market share would amount to some [60 to 70 %]* (Lenzing [35 to 45 %]*; Acordis [20 to 30 %]*), with its European competitors far smaller (Säteri of Finland, [10 to 20 %]*; Svenska Rayon of Sweden and SNIACE of Spain [0 to 10 %]* each).

European capacity: a history of plant closures

(140) In Europe, the industrial history in this sector in the past 25 years has been characterised by capacity reductions and plant closures. Whilst plants in Western Europe were closed in the 1980s, closures in the 1990s affected mainly plants in eastern Europe. Capacity reductions in the EEA in the 1990s were almost exclusively confined to eastern Germany. At the same time, Lenzing substantially increased its capacity by more than 20 %. However, plant closures by East German producers exceeded Lenzing's capacity increase more than threefold, so that the overall capacity reduction in the EEA during the 1990s amounted to some 19 %.

(141) In the year 2000, the production capacities of the five European VSF producers, who operate six plants in the EEA, were as follows (see Table 4):

Table 4

VSF production capacity in the EEA in kilotonnes (2000)

>TABLE>

Source:

Notifying party.

(142) Acordis has recently reduced its capacity by closing down its plant in Grimsby (UK) with a hypothetical capacity of [15 to 35]* kilotonnes but actual annual production of [15 to 30]* kilotonnes last year, thereby lessening its VSF production capacity by [15 to 35]* kilotonnes. At Lenzing, by contrast, plans for a further capacity increase from [130 to 160]* to [140 to 180]* kilotonnes were put into effect in July 2001. By 2004, Lenzing intends to further increase its capacity to some [150 to 200]* kilotonnes(108). The notified concentration would therefore eliminate the one player in the VSF market that has significantly increased its capacity in recent years. No third-party has informed the Commission that it would substantially build up capacity in Europe in the foreseeable future(109). Competitors may, however, consider capacity increases through "de-bottlenecking" programmes(110). A total amount of 15 to 20 kilotonnes has been mentioned as achievable within a time period of two years(111).

(143) Market participants have taken the view that plants with a capacity of 30 kilotonnes might be built in two Middle Eastern countries. Apart from possibly affecting some of Lenzing's and Acordis' exports to this region, the Commission considers that such a build-up of capacity in third countries, not located close to the EEA territory, will have little effect on the supply situation in the EEA, given the reluctance of European customers to buy products from non-EEA producers (see recitals 126 to 127). It can therefore be concluded that the supply situation in the EEA is likely to remain tight, in particular in situations of cyclical upswings of demand, as was the case in 2000.

Demand

(144) Since 1990, the demand for VSF in western Europe has been rather stable (see Table 5):

Table 5

VSF demand in western Europe in kilotonnes

>TABLE>

Source:

Notifying party.

(145) In the same period demand has been characterised by a considerable shift from textile towards non-woven applications in the EEA. Whilst the percentage of VSF consumption for textile applications had been [60 to 70 %]* in 1991, it fell to [50 to 60 %]* by last year when non-woven applications accounted for [40 to 50 %]* of the demand.

(146) The VSF demand for textile applications, as well as declining since the 1970s, has been subject to considerable and irregular cyclical movements which entailed variations of up to [20 to 30 %]* in one year(112). Whilst the upswing of such a cycle lasted [...]* the whole cycle took between [...]* (peaks in [...]*)(113). Moreover, it is important to note that demand is not declining in all segments of VSF for textile applications. [...]*(114)

(147) The non-woven VSF demand curve, on the other hand, is not cyclical. After a certain decline in the early 1990s, demand has been rising continuously since 1993, at annual growth rates of between [1 to 5 %]* and [10 to 20 %]*. Within the non-woven sector, this rise has not been homogeneous. Whilst some applications, such as shoes and leather(115), have stagnated, others have boomed. For medical applications(116), VSF consumption in the EEA grew by [ > 100 %]* from 1986 to 1997 and its use in wipes(117) increased by [ > 70 %]* in that period; the total growth of VSF demand for non-woven applications during this period was [30 to 40 %]*.

(148) It is generally expected that current demand trends will persist, i.e. that some reduction in VSF consumption for textile applications will be balanced by an increase in consumption for non-woven applications(118) and that textile consumption will remain cyclical(119).

Trade with third countries: exports are higher than imports

(149) An estimated [70 to 90]* kilotonnes of VSF were exported to third countries in 2000, the lowest amount for years, whilst only some [15 to 30]* kilotonnes were imported into the EEA in 2000 ([5 to 20]* kilotonnes in 1999)(120), despite the fact that the year 2000 was characterised by very high capacity utilisation in Europe and would thus have been well suited to commercially launch imports from third countries to the EEA. A substantial part of imports even stemmed from Lenzing's and Acordis' own subsidiaries in the USA and Indonesia; [...]*(121).

(150) As regards the origin of these imports, data in the statistical handbook of the International Rayon and Synthetic Fibres Committee (CIRFS), a trade organisation of European producers of synthetic and man-made cellulosic fibres, provides indications. This data refers to all cellulosic staple and tow and therefore also includes other products than VSF, mainly lyocell and acetate staple and tow. VSF imports will therefore be equal to or below the quantities indicated. According to CIRFS, only a fraction of cellulosic staple and tow imports in 1999 came from East Asian countries (about [< 5]* kilotonnes)(122). The largest Asian exporter was Indonesia; it should, however, be noted that Lenzing controls SPV, the Indonesian VSF producer with the highest production capacity. Imports from India, where the Birla-Grasim group, the world's largest viscose producer, is located amounted to a mere [< 2]* kilotonnes; the same insignificant amount came from Taiwan where the world's third largest producer, FCFC is incorporated. East Asian producers do not currently seem in a position to export larger quantities of VSF to the EEA since European customers remain sceptical (see recitals 126 to 127). European competitors do not expect a major increase of imports from East Asia even if prices were to rise by 5 to 10 %(123).

(151) The most important sources of import were the USA (about [< 20]* kilotonnes), where Lenzing and Acordis themselves were the only producers of VSF, and eastern Europe including Russia ([< 10]* kilotonnes)(124). It needs to be noted that imports from eastern Europe are not seen as reliable nor as competitive in terms of quality by competitors and customers alike. One company mentioned by customers in the Commission's market investigation as a source of supply in previous years, the Czech company Spolana, closed its VSF operations at the beginning of 2000. In the Commission's market investigation, the only customer who mentioned any non-Lenzing/Acordis imports for the year 2000 had received some quantity from a Serbian producer; it should be noted that this customer did not need first-quality VSF.

(152) In their reply, the parties submit additional information on western European imports of VSF and tow in 1999 and 2000 (therefore excluding other cellulosic fibres and adding more complete information for the year 2000)(125).

(153) The Commission, having considered this supplementary information, maintains its previous analysis. Indeed, the information submitted rather complements than contradicts the information cited in recitals 149 to 151 and reaffirms the Commission's conclusion drawn therefrom. Indeed, the additional data submitted shows that imports from eastern Europe into western Europe in 2000 (a year of capacity shortage in western Europe) not only did not rise but even slightly fell from 1999 to 2000, and accounted for no more than [< 5 %]* of western European demand in 2000.

(154) Imports from Asia in 2000 were at about the same level, with more than a third of these Asian imports coming from Indonesia (see the remarks on intra-group trade and on Lenzing's plant in Indonesia in recitals 150 and 164). Imports from the US (with Lenzing and Acordis themselves being the only US producers) were higher than those from Taiwan (FCFC). In the parties' reply, both of these sources of imports are stated as being at about [< 2 %]* of total demand(126). Imports from India (Birla) were below [1 %]* of western European demand in 2000(127). The total increase of import volumes (leaving the US and Indonesia aside) in a year of supply shortage constituted, according to the parties, no more than [< 5 %]* of western European demand. This confirms the Commission's conclusion on the low likelihood of a substantial increase in imports of VSF into western Europe.

Capacity utilisation

(155) According to the information provided to the Commission by both the parties and their competitors, capacity utilisation in the VSF industry is high, reaching levels of close to 100 % in 2000(128). Whilst the plants of Acordis and Lenzing were almost running at full capacity, the rate of capacity utilisation of their European competitors' production sites was only slightly lower. Pro forma capacity utilisation rates of between 85 to 95 % as indicated by competitors for 2000 have to be seen in the context of the technical aspects of viscose production. They have to be lower than theoretical maximum capacity due to time necessary for technical maintenance and switching time between the production of different VSF variants and are therefore indicative of a de facto capacity utilisation of close to 100 %. Capacity utilisation for 1999 was lower(129) during the first half of that year.

(156) Capacity utilisation is a key factor in terms of profitability as viscose production involves rather complicated chemical processes necessitating a high number of production steps. Since viscose production is also a potentially polluting process, it requires high investment in environmental technology, particularly in regions such as the EEA where environmental protection standards are high, and even more so in case new plants are built or existing plants enlarged(130).

Investment and production costs

(157) Investment in plant facilities is high. The notifying party has estimated the cost of a green-field plant in the EEA with a capacity of 20 kilotonnes/30 kilotonnes/40 kilotonnes per year at around EUR [all 80 to 150]* million respectively; this does not yet include the cost of pollution control. Investment in an existing plant to increase production has been estimated at between EUR [< 25]* and [< 40]* million for an additional capacity of 20 kilotonnes per year. Nevertheless, the cost of "de-bottlenecking", i.e. the cost of replacing only those parts of existing production lines that prevent production from being increased, has been estimated at below EUR [< 15]* million.

(158) Beyond that, the percentages of fixed costs and variable costs depend to a large extent on factors such as depreciation (taking into account the age of a plant and recent investments), labour costs, and the cost of raw materials. Fixed costs amounted to [... %]* to [... %]* of total production costs for Acordis' European plants. Lenzing's percentage of fixed costs (as of total costs) is much higher. Given that Lenzing's plant includes an integrated dissolving wood-pulp plant which makes it independent of the very volatile dissolving wood-pulp prices(131), Lenzing's position substantially differs from that of Acordis. Apart from pulp costs, it is the price of caustic soda, expected to rise as it is a by-product of the declining PVC production, which influences variable costs(132), as well as the price of carbondisulphide(133) and energy(134).

(b) Commodity VSF

Market shares

(159) As regards the commodity VSF market, which accounts for about [70 to 75 %]* of total VSF demand in the EEA (estimated size of commodity VSF market in 2000: [between 205 and 215]* kilotonnes) the parties' combined estimated market shares in the EEA are [50 to 60 %]* (Lenzing, between [35 to 45 %]*; Acordis, between [15 to 25 %]*), with their only three competitors' market shares far behind at [between 19 and 21]* % (Säteri of Finland), [between 8 and 10]* % (SNIACE of Spain) and [between 5 and 7]* % (Svenska Rayon of Sweden) respectively. Imports were at approximately [5 to 10 %]* in 2000(135).

(160) Despite Lenzing's high market share, the Commission's market investigation has indicated that there is currently competition in the EEA market for commodity VSF. However, a considerable part of that competition takes place between Lenzing and Acordis, the two parties who are the strongest players and closest competitors in the commodity VSF market in the EEA(136). If the notified concentration goes ahead, such competition will be eliminated. The new entity will thus be able to act independently, for the following reasons.

The new entity will be able to control production capacity (and ultimately prices)

(161) The notified concentration will eliminate Lenzing, the only European VSF manufacturer who actually raised its production capacity, against the common trend of capacity reductions (see recitals 140 to 143).

(162) Internal strategy papers presented to the board of CVC substantiate that [...]*(137).

After the merger, the new entity would control a substantial share of total capacity and have an incentive to create shortage of supply in order to keep prices high. The strategy of cost-cutting through capacity reduction could be complemented with the maintenance of some spare capacity, leaving the parties the ability to counter possible reactions by competitors or new entrants(138). A very high percentage of customers have answered that they expect either price increases after the proposed operation or at best a perpetuation of the high price level of the past two years if the merger goes ahead, whereas prices would be expected by a significant number of respondents to fall in the absence of the merger(139).

(163) It should, however, be noted that the acquisition of the Lenzing plant opens an alternative strategic option for CVC which can complement the abovementioned strategy if need be. Indeed, as stated before, Lenzing had been the only European VSF manufacturer who actually raised its production capacity, against the common trend of capacity reductions. Especially in times of low demand, Lenzing had acted as a price-breaker and gained market share. This strategy to sacrifice margin for volume reflects the unique cost structure of Lenzing's business. Given that Lenzing is an integrated plant with its own dissolving wood-pulp production, it is not sensitive to variations in the cost of wood-pulp but has in turn a higher fixed cost ratio than other VSF plants. Because of the high fixed cost of the business, volumes are critical, more so than price. Lenzing can increase its sales volume at a lower marginal cost than its competitors(140). Under this scenario, it can therefore be expected that plant capacity at Lenzing would be fully utilised and other plants such as Acordis/Kehlheim, which have higher variable cost ratios, would be kept as swing capacity and utilised only as far as necessary.

(164) Furthermore, the new entity will possess a considerable amount of "swing capacity", that is to say it will be able to import commodity VSF from Lenzing's Indonesian subsidiary and from Lenzing's US plant LFC at Lowland, Tennessee (intra-group sales). This has already occurred in the year 2000, when some substantial quantity was imported by Lenzing from its US plant and from its Indonesian subsidiary, whilst the figures for 1999 had been several times lower(141). It should be noted that such intra-group sales will continue to be possible from Indonesia. The new entity will be able to utilise plant capacity to the full at Lenzing and to use Lenzing's Indonesian plant (and at a later stage again also its US plant)(142) as primary "swing capacity". Whenever this should prove to be insufficient to reduce supply in cycles of low demand, Acordis/Kelheim, with a much higher variable cost ratio than Lenzing, may be used as a secondary "swing capacity" for the production of commodity VSF. Consequently, the new entity will have the strategic option to increase EEA sales at any time, in order to deter competitors from any non-compliance with its pricing and sales strategy.

(165) The new entity will thus have two strategic options: [...]* reducing capacity can be complemented, if necessary, by a strategy of shifting production to the Lenzing plant, possibly further expanding this plant. This second option can be used to deter competitors or to gain market share. In the event of a downturn of the market, the new entity would thus be best placed to face this downturn. It could decide either to keep its sales volume high, reduce its margins and gain market share (i.e. Lenzing's strategy so far), or to reduce its sales volume and keep prices high. Competitors would not be in the position to match the first, and would be encouraged to support the second.

(166) In their reply(143), the parties argue that the Commission's statement of objections mischaracterises the economic incentives of the new entity. The parties state that viscose staple producers need to operate at high capacity utilisation rates to cover fixed costs. CVC's intention, according to the reply, is to increase the capacity of both Lenzing and Acordis-Kelheim and to use it fully.

(167) The Commission, having considered these arguments, does not find them convincing and maintains its analysis. Indeed, the actual intentions of the new entity to reduce or increase its production capacity are not decisive for the competitive assessment of this case. What counts is, in the Commission's view, the mere fact that the new entity will have the economic power to implement different strategic options, thus demonstrating its ability to act independently of its competitors and customers.

(168) As regards the parties' argument that VSF producers have no other choice than to utilise fully the capacities of their plants to cove