ANNEX

ANNEX IIIA VERIFYING REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS 1. INTRODUCTION, DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1.1. Introduction This Annex describes the procedure to verify the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) performance of light passenger and commercial vehicles. 1.2. Definitions 1.2.1. “Accuracy” means the deviation between a measured or calculated value and a traceable reference value. 1.2.2. “Analyser” means any measurement device that is not part of the vehicle but installed to determine the concentration or the amount of gaseous or particle pollutants. 1.2.3. “Axis intercept” of a linear regression (a 0) means: where: a 1 is the slope of the regression line is the mean value of the reference parameter is the mean value of the parameter to be verified. 1.2.4. “Calibration” means the process of setting the response of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor, or signal so that its output agrees with one or multiple reference signals. 1.2.5. “Coefficient of determination” (r 2) means: where: a 0 is the axis intercept of the linear regression line a 1 is the slope of the linear regression line x i is the measured reference value y i is the measured value of the parameter to be verified is the mean value of the parameter to be verified n is the number of values 1.2.6. “Cross-correlation coefficient” (r) means: where: x i is the measured reference value y i is the measured value of the parameter to be verified is the mean reference value is the mean value of the parameter to be verified n is the number of values 1.2.7. “Delay time” means the time from the gas flow switching (t0) until the response reaches 10 per cent (t10) of the final reading. 1.2.8. “Engine control unit (ECU) signals or data” means any vehicle information and signal recorded from the vehicle network using the protocols specified in point 3.4.5.of Appendix 1. 1.2.9. “Engine control unit” means the electronic unit that controls various actuators to ensure the optimal performance of the powertrain. 1.2.10. “Emissions” also referred to as “components”, “pollutant components” or “pollutant emissions” means the regulated gaseous or particle constituents of the exhaust. 1.2.11. “Exhaust”, also referred to as exhaust gas, means the total of all gaseous and particulate components emitted at the exhaust outlet or tailpipe as the result of fuel combustion within the vehicle's internal combustion engine. 1.2.12. “Exhaust emissions” means the emissions of particles, characterised as particulate matter and particle number, and of gaseous components at the tailpipe of a vehicle. 1.2.13. “Full scale” means the full range of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor as specified by the equipment manufacturer. If a sub-range of the analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor is used for measurements, full scale shall be understood as the maximum reading. 1.2.14. “Hydrocarbon response factor” of a particular hydrocarbon species means the ratio between the reading of a FID and the concentration of the hydrocarbon species under consideration in the reference gas cylinder, expressed as ppmC1. 1.2.15. “Major maintenance” means the adjustment, repair or replacement of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor that could affect the accuracy of measurements. 1.2.16. “Noise” means two times the root mean square of ten standard deviations, each calculated from the zero responses measured at a constant recording frequency of at least 1,0 Hz during a period of 30 seconds. 1.2.17. “Non-methane hydrocarbons” (NMHC) means the total hydrocarbons (THC) excluding methane (CH4). 1.2.18. “Particle number” (PN) means as the total number of solid particles emitted from the vehicle exhaust as defined by the measurement procedure provided for by this Regulation for assessing the respective Euro 6 emission limit defined in Table 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. 1.2.19. “Precision” means 2,5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given traceable standard value. 1.2.20. “Reading” means the numerical value displayed by an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor or any other measurement devise applied in the context of vehicle emission measurements. 1.2.21. “Response time” (t 90) means the sum of the delay time and the rise time. 1.2.22. “Rise time” means the time between the 10 per cent and 90 per cent response (t90 – t10) of the final reading. 1.2.23. “Root mean square” (x rms) means the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of values and defined as: where: x is the measured or calculated value n is the number of values 1.2.24. “Sensor” means any measurement device that is not part of the vehicle itself but installed to determine parameters other than the concentration of gaseous and particle pollutants and the exhaust mass flow. 1.2.25. “Span” means the calibration of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, or sensor so that it gives an accurate response to a standard that matches as closely as possible the maximum value expected to occur during the actual emissions test. 1.2.26. “Span response” means the mean response to a span signal over a time interval of at least 30 seconds. 1.2.27. “Span response drift” means the difference between the mean response to a span signal and the actual span signal that is measured at a defined time period after an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor was accurately spanned. 1.2.28. “Slope” of a linear regression (a 1) means: where: is the mean value of the reference parameter is the mean value of the parameter to be verified x i is the actual value of the reference parameter y i is the actual value of the parameter to be verified n is the number of values 1.2.29. “Standard error of estimate” (SEE) means: where: ý is the estimated value of the parameter to be verified y i is the actual value of the parameter to be verified x max is the maximum actual value of the reference parameter n is the number of values 1.2.30. “Total hydrocarbons” (THC) means the sum of all volatile compounds measurable by a flame ionisation detector (FID). 1.2.31. “Traceable” means the ability to relate a measurement or reading through an unbroken chain of comparisons to a known and commonly agreed standard. 1.2.32. “Transformation time” means the time difference between a change of concentration or flow (t 0) at the reference point and a system response of 50 per cent of the final reading (t 50). 1.2.33. “Type of analyser”, also referred to as “analyser type” means a group of analysers produced by the same manufacturer that apply an identical principle to determine the concentration of one specific gaseous component or the number of particles. 1.2.34. “Type of exhaust mass flow meter” means a group of exhaust mass flow meters produced by the same manufacturer that share a similar tube inner diameter and function on an identical principle to determine the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas. 1.2.35. “Validation” means the process of evaluating the correct installation and functionality of a Portable Emissions Measurement System and the correctness of exhaust mass flow rate measurements as obtained from one or multiple non-traceable exhaust mass flow meters or as calculated from sensors or ECU signals. 1.2.36. “Verification” means the process of evaluating whether the measured or calculated output of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor or signal agrees with a reference signal within one or more predetermined thresholds for acceptance. 1.2.37. “Zero” means the calibration of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor so that it gives an accurate response to a zero signal. 1.2.38. “Zero response” means the mean response to a zero signal over a time interval of at least 30 seconds. 1.2.39. “Zero response drift” means the difference between the mean response to a zero signal and the actual zero signal that is measured over a defined time period after an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor has been accurately zero calibrated. 1.3. Abbreviations Abbreviations refer generically to both the singular and the plural forms of abbreviated terms. CH4 — Methane CLD — Chemiluminescence Detector CO — Carbon Monoxide CO2 — Carbon Dioxide CVS — Constant Volume Sampler DCT — Dual Clutch Transmission ECU — Engine Control Unit EFM — Exhaust mass Flow Meter FID — Flame Ionisation Detector FS — full scale GPS — Global Positioning System H2O — Water HC — Hydrocarbons HCLD — Heated Chemiluminescence Detector HEV — Hybrid Electric Vehicle ICE — Internal Combustion Engine ID — identification number or code LPG — Liquid Petroleum Gas MAW — Moving Average Window max — maximum value N2 — Nitrogen NDIR — Non-Dispersive Infrared NDUV — Non-Dispersive Ultraviolet NEDC — New European Driving Cycle NG — Natural Gas NMC — Non-Methane Cutter NMC-FID — Non-Methane Cutter in combination with a Flame-Ionisation Detector NMHC — Non-Methane Hydrocarbons NO — Nitrogen Monoxide No — number NO2 — Nitrogen Dioxide NOX — Nitrogen Oxides NTE — Not-to-exceed O2 — Oxygen OBD — On-Board Diagnostics PEMS — Portable Emissions Measurement System PHEV — Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle PN — particle number RDE — Real Driving Emissions SCR — Selective Catalytic Reduction SEE — Standard Error of Estimate THC — Total Hydrocarbons UN/ECE — United Nations Economic Commission for Europe VIN — Vehicle Identification Number WLTC — Worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle WWH-OBD — Worldwide Harmonised On-Board Diagnostics 2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 2.1. Throughout its normal life, the emissions of a vehicle type-approved according to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 as determined according to the requirements of this Annex and emitted at a RDE test performed in accordance to the requirements of this Annex, shall not be higher than the following not-to-exceed (NTE) values: NTEpollutant = CFpollutant × EURO-6 where EURO-6 is the applicable Euro 6 emission limit in Table 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and CFpollutant the conformity factor for the respective pollutant specified as follows: Pollutant Mass of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Number of particles (PN) Mass of carbon monoxide (CO) (1) Mass of total hydrocarbons (THC) Combined mass of total hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen (THC + NOx) CFpollutant tbd tbd — — — 2.2. The manufacturer shall confirm compliance with point 2.1 by completing the certificate set out in Appendix 9. 2.3. The RDE tests required by this Annex at type-approval and during the lifetime of a vehicle provide a presumption of conformity with the requirement set out in point 2.1. The presumed conformity may be reassessed by additional RDE tests. 2.4. Member States shall ensure that vehicles can be tested with PEMS on public roads in accordance with the procedures under their own national law, while respecting local road traffic legislation and safety requirements. 2.5. Manufacturers shall ensure that vehicles can be tested with PEMS by an independent party on public roads fulfilling the requirements of point 2.4, e.g. by making available suitable adapters for exhaust pipes, granting access to ECU signals and making the necessary administrative arrangements. If the respective PEMS test is not required by this Regulation the manufacturer may charge a reasonable fee as set out in Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. 3. RDE TEST TO BE PERFORMED 3.1. The following requirements apply to PEMS tests referred to in Article 3(10), second sub-paragraph. 3.1.1. For type-approval, the exhaust mass flow shall be determined by measurement equipment functioning independently from the vehicle and no vehicle ECU data shall be used in this respect. Outside the type-approval context, alternative methods to determine the exhaust mass flow can be used according to Appendix 2, Section 7.2. 3.1.2. If the approval authority is not satisfied with the data quality check and validation results of a PEMS test conducted according to Appendices 1 and 4, the approval authority may consider the test to be void. In such case, the test data and the reasons for voiding the test shall be recorded by the approval authority. 3.1.3. Reporting and dissemination of RDE test information 3.1.3.1. A technical report prepared by the manufacturer in accordance with Appendix 8 shall be made available to the approval authority. 3.1.3.2. The manufacturer shall ensure that the following information is made available on a publicly accessible website without costs: 3.1.3.2.1. By entering the vehicle type-approval number and the information on type, variant and version as defined in sections 0.10 and 0.2 of the vehicle's EC certificate of conformity provided by Annex IX of Directive 2007/46/EC, the unique identification number of a PEMS test family to which a given vehicle emission type belongs, as set out in point 5.2 of Appendix 7, 3.1.3.2.2. By entering the unique identification number of a PEMS test family: — the full information as required by point 5.1 of Appendix 7, — the lists described in points 5.3 and 5.4 of Appendix 7; — the results of the PEMS tests as set out in points 6.3 of Appendix 5 and 3.9 of Appendix 6 for all vehicle emission types in the list described in point 5.4 of Appendix 7. 3.1.3.3. Upon request, without costs and within 30 days, the manufacturer shall make available the technical report referred to in point 3.1.3.1 to any interested party. 3.1.3.4. Upon request, the type-approval authority shall make available the information listed under points 3.1.3.1 and 3.1.3.2 within 30 days of receiving the request. The type-approval authority may charge a reasonable and proportionate fee, which does not discourage an inquirer with a justified interest from requesting the respective information or exceed the internal costs of the authority for making the requested information available. 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4.1. The RDE performance shall be demonstrated by testing vehicles on the road operated over their normal driving patterns, conditions and payloads. The RDE test shall be representative for vehicles operated on their real driving routes, with their normal load. 4.2. The manufacturer shall demonstrate to the approval authority that the chosen vehicle, driving patterns, conditions and payloads are representative for the vehicle family. The payload and altitude requirements, as specified in points 5.1 and 5.2, shall be used ex-ante to determine whether the conditions are acceptable for RDE testing. 4.3. The approval authority shall propose a test trip in urban, rural and motorway environments meeting the requirements of point 6. For the purpose of trip selection, the definition of urban, rural and motorway operation shall be based on a topographic map. 4.4. If for a vehicle the collection of ECU data influences the vehicle's emissions or performance the entire PEMS test family to which the vehicle belongs as defined in Appendix 7 shall be considered as non-compliant. Such functionality shall be considered as a “defeat device” as defined in Article 3(10) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. 5. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 5.1. Vehicle payload and test mass 5.1.1. The vehicle's basic payload shall comprise the driver, a witness of the test (if applicable) and the test equipment, including the mounting and the power supply devices. 5.1.2. For the purpose of testing some artificial payload may be added as long as the total mass of the basic and artificial payload does not exceed 90 % of the sum of the “mass of the passengers” and the “pay-mass” defined in points 19 and 21 of Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 (2). 5.2. Ambient conditions 5.2.1. The test shall be conducted under ambient conditions laid down in this section. The ambient conditions become “extended” when at least one of the temperature and altitude conditions is extended. 5.2.2. Moderate altitude conditions: Altitude lower or equal to 700 metres above sea level. 5.2.3. Extended altitude conditions: Altitude higher than 700 metres above sea level and lower or equal to 1 300 metres above sea level. 5.2.4. Moderate temperature conditions: Greater than or equal to 273 K (0 °C) and lower than or equal to 303 K (30 °C) 5.2.5. Extended temperature conditions: Greater than or equal to 266 K (– 7 °C) and lower than 273 K (0 °C) or greater than 303 K (30 °C) and lower than or equal to 308 K (35 °C) 5.2.6. By way of derogation from the provisions of points 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 the lower temperature for moderate conditions shall be greater or equal to 276K (3 °C) and the lower temperature for extended conditions shall be greater or equal to 271 K (– 2 °C) between the start of the application of binding NTE emission limits as defined in Section 2.1 and until five years after the dates given in paragraphs 4 and 5 of Article 10 of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. 5.3. Dynamic conditions 5.4. The dynamic conditions encompass the effect of road grade, head wind and driving dynamics (accelerations, decelerations) and auxiliary systems upon energy consumption and emissions of the test vehicle. The verification of the normality of dynamic conditions shall be done after the test is completed, using the recorded PEMS data. The methods for verifying the normality of the dynamic conditions, are laid down in Appendices 5 and 6 of this Annex. Each method includes a reference for dynamic conditions, ranges around the reference and the minimum coverage requirements to achieve a valid test. 5.5. Vehicle condition and operation 5.5.1. Auxiliary systems The air conditioning system or other auxiliary devices shall be operated in a way which corresponds to their possible use by a consumer at real driving on the road. 5.5.2. Vehicles equipped with periodically regenerating systems 5.5.2.1. “Periodically regenerating systems” shall be understood according to the definition in Article 2(6). 5.5.2.2. If periodic regeneration occurs during a test, the test may be voided and repeated once at the request of the manufacturer. 5.5.2.3. The manufacturer may ensure the completion of the regeneration and precondition the vehicle appropriately prior to the second test. 5.5.2.4. If regeneration occurs during the repetition of the RDE test, pollutants emitted during the repeated test shall be included in the emissions evaluation. 6. TRIP REQUIREMENTS 6.1. The shares of urban, rural and motorway driving, classified by instantaneous speed as described in points 6.3 to 6.5, shall be expressed as a percentage of the total trip distance. 6.2. The trip sequence shall consist of urban driving followed by rural and motorway driving according to the shares specified in point 6.6. The urban, rural and motorway operation shall be run continuously. Rural operation may be interrupted by short periods of urban operation when driving through urban areas. Motorway operation may be interrupted by short periods of urban or rural operation, e.g. when passing toll stations or sections of road work. If another testing order is justified for practical reasons, the order of urban, rural and motorway operation may be altered, after obtaining approval from the approval authority. 6.3. Urban operation is characterised by vehicle speeds up to 60 km/h. 6.4. Rural operation is characterised by vehicle speeds between 60 and 90 km/h. 6.5. Motorway operation is characterised by speeds above 90 km/h. 6.6. The trip shall consist of approximately 34 % per cent urban, 33 % per cent rural and 33 % per cent motorway operation classified by speed as described in points 6.3 to 6.5 above. “Approximately” shall mean the interval of ± 10 per cent points around the stated percentages. The urban operation shall however never be less than 29 % of the total trip distance. 6.7. The vehicle velocity shall normally not exceed 145 km/h. This maximum speed may be exceeded by a tolerance of 15 km/h for not more than 3 % of the time duration of the motorway driving. Local speed limits remain in force at a PEMS test, notwithstanding other legal consequences. Violations of local speed limits per se do not invalidate the results of a PEMS test. 6.8. The average speed (including stops) of the urban driving part of the trip should be between 15 and 30 km/h. Stop periods, defined as vehicle speed of less than 1 km/h, shall account for at least 10 % of the time duration of urban operation. Urban operation shall contain several stop periods of 10 s or longer. The inclusion of one excessively long stop period that individually comprises >80 % of the total stop time of urban operation shall be avoided. 6.9. The speed range of the motorway driving shall properly cover a range between 90 and at least 110 km/h. The vehicle's velocity shall be above 100 km/h for at least 5 minutes. 6.10. The trip duration shall be between 90 and 120 minutes. 6.11. The start and the end point shall not differ in their elevation above sea level by more than 100 m. 6.12. The minimum distance of each operation: urban, rural and motorway, shall be 16 km. 7. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 7.1. The trip shall be selected in such a way that the testing is uninterrupted and the data continuously recorded to reach the minimum test duration defined in point 6.10. 7.2. Electrical power shall be supplied to the PEMS by an external power supply unit and not from a source that draws its energy either directly or indirectly from the engine of the test vehicle. 7.3. The installation of the PEMS equipment shall be done in a way to influence the vehicle emissions or performance or both to the minimum extent possible. Care should be exercised to minimise the mass of the installed equipment and potential aerodynamic modifications of the test vehicle. The vehicle payload shall be in accordance with point 5.1. 7.4. RDE tests shall be conducted on working days as defined for the Union in Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 1182/71 (3). 7.5. RDE tests shall be conducted on paved roads and streets (e.g. off-road operation is not permitted). 7.6 Prolonged idling shall be avoided after the first ignition of the combustion engine at the beginning of the emissions test. If the engine stalls during the test, it may be restarted, but the sampling shall not be interrupted. 8. LUBRICATING OIL, FUEL AND REAGENT 8.1. The fuel, lubricant and reagent (if applicable) used for RDE testing shall be within the specifications issued by the manufacturer for vehicle operation by the customer. 8.2. Samples of fuel, lubricant and reagent (if applicable) shall be taken and kept for at least 1 year. 9. EMISSIONS AND TRIP EVALUATION 9.1. The test shall be conducted in accordance with Appendix 1 of this Annex. 9.2. The trip shall fulfil the requirements set out in points 4 to 8. 9.3. It shall not be permitted to combine data of different trips or to modify or remove data from a trip. 9.4. After establishing the validity of a trip according to Point 9.2 emission results shall be calculated using the methods laid down in Appendix 5 and Appendix 6 of this Annex. 9.5. If during a particular time interval the ambient conditions are extended according to point 5.2, the emissions during this particular time interval calculated according to Appendix 4 of this Annex shall be divided by a value ext before being evaluated for compliance with the requirements of this Annex. 9.6. The cold start is defined in accordance with point 4 of Appendix 4 of this Annex. Until specific requirements for emissions at cold start are applied, the latter shall be recorded but excluded from the emissions evaluation.

Appendix 1 Test procedure for vehicle emissions testing with a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) 1. INTRODUCTION This Appendix describes the test procedure to determine exhaust emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles using a Portable Emissions Measurement System. 2. SYMBOLS ≤ — smaller or equal # — number #/m3 — number per cubic metre % — per cent °C — degree centigrade g — gramme g/s — gramme per second h — hour Hz — hertz K — kelvin kg — kilogramme kg/s — kilogramme per second km — kilometre km/h — kilometre per hour kPa — kilopascal kPa/min — kilopascal per minute l — litre l/min — litre per minute m — metre m3 — cubic-metre mg — milligram min — minute p e — evacuated pressure [kPa] qvs — volume flow rate of the system [l/min] ppm — parts per million ppmC1 — parts per million carbon equivalent rpm — revolutions per minute s — second V s — system volume [l] 3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1. PEMS The test shall be carried out with a PEMS, composed of components specified in points 3.1.1 to 3.1.5. If applicable, a connection with the vehicle ECU may be established to determine relevant engine and vehicle parameters as specified in point 3.2. 3.1.1. Analysers to determine the concentration of pollutants in the exhaust gas. 3.1.2. One or multiple instruments or sensors to measure or determine the exhaust mass flow. 3.1.3. A Global Positioning System to determine the position, altitude and, speed of the vehicle. 3.1.4. If applicable, sensors and other appliances being not part of the vehicle, e.g. to measure ambient temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, and vehicle speed. 3.1.5. An energy source independent of the vehicle to power the PEMS. 3.2. Test parameters Test parameters as specified in Table 1 of this Annex shall be measured, recorded at a constant frequency of 1,0 Hz or higher and reported according to the requirements of Appendix 8. If ECU parameters are obtained, these should be made available at a substantially higher frequency than the parameters recorded by PEMS to ensure correct sampling. The PEMS analysers, flow-measuring instruments and sensors shall comply with the requirements laid down in Appendices 2 and 3 of this Annex. Table 1 Test parameters Parameter Recommended unit Source (11) THC concentration (4) (7) ppm Analyser CH4 concentration (4) (7) ppm Analyser NMHC concentration (4) (7) ppm Analyser (9) CO concentration (4) (7) ppm Analyser CO2 concentration (4) ppm Analyser NOX concentration (4) (7) ppm Analyser (10) PN concentration (7) #/m3 Analyser Exhaust mass flow rate kg/s EFM, any methods described in point 7 of Appendix 2 Ambient humidity % Sensor Ambient temperature K Sensor Ambient pressure kPa Sensor Vehicle speed km/h Sensor, GPS, or ECU (6) Vehicle latitude Degree GPS Vehicle longitude Degree GPS Vehicle altitude (8) (12) M GPS or Sensor Exhaust gas temperature (8) K Sensor Engine coolant temperature (8) K Sensor or ECU Engine speed (8) rpm Sensor or ECU Engine torque (8) Nm Sensor or ECU Torque at driven axle (8) Nm Rim torque meter Pedal position (8) % Sensor or ECU Engine fuel flow (5) g/s Sensor or ECU Engine intake air flow (5) g/s Sensor or ECU Fault status (8) — ECU Intake air flow temperature K Sensor or ECU Regeneration status (8) — ECU Engine oil temperature (8) K Sensor or ECU Actual gear (8) # ECU Desired gear (e.g. gear shift indicator) (8) # ECU Other vehicle data (8) unspecified ECU 3.3. Preparation of the vehicle The preparation of the vehicle shall include a general technical and operational check. 3.4. Installation of PEMS 3.4.1. General The installation of the PEMS shall follow the instructions of the PEMS manufacturer and the local health and safety regulations. The PEMS should be installed as to minimise during the test electromagnetic interferences as well as exposure to shocks, vibration, dust and variability in temperature. The installation and operation of the PEMS shall be leak-tight and minimise heat loss. The installation and operation of PEMS shall not change the nature of the exhaust gas nor unduly increase the length of the tailpipe. To avoid the generation of particles, connectors shall be thermally stable at the exhaust gas temperatures expected during the test. It is recommended not to use elastomer connectors to connect the vehicle exhaust outlet and the connecting tube. Elastomer connectors, if used, shall have a minimum exposure to the exhaust gas to avoid artefacts at high engine load. 3.4.2. Permissible backpressure The installation and operation of the PEMS shall not unduly increase the static pressure at the exhaust outlet. If technically feasible, any extension to facilitate the sampling or connection with the exhaust mass flow meter shall have an equivalent, or larger, cross-sectional area as the exhaust pipe. 3.4.3. Exhaust mass flow meter Whenever used, the exhaust mass flow meter shall be attached to the vehicle's tailpipe(s) according to the recommendations of the EFM manufacturer. The measurement range of the EFM shall match the range of the exhaust mass flow rate expected during the test. The installation of the EFM and any exhaust pipe adaptors or junctions shall not adversely affect the operation of the engine or exhaust after-treatment system. A minimum of four pipe diameters or 150 mm of straight tubing, whichever is larger, shall be placed either side of the flow-sensing element. When testing a multi-cylinder engine with a branched exhaust manifold, it is recommended to combine the manifolds upstream of the exhaust mass flow meter and to increase the cross section of the piping appropriately as to minimise backpressure in the exhaust. If this is not feasible, exhaust flow measurements with several exhaust mass flow meters shall be considered. The wide variety of exhaust pipe configurations, dimensions and expected exhaust mass flow rates may require compromises, guided by good engineering judgement, when selecting and installing the EFM(s). If measurement accuracy requires, it is permissible to install an EFM with a diameter smaller than that of the exhaust outlet or the total cross-sectional area of multiple outlets, providing it does not adversely affect the operation or the exhaust after-treatment as specified in point 3.4.2. 3.4.4. Global Positioning System The GPS antenna should be mounted, e.g. at the highest possible location, as to ensure good reception of the satellite signal. The mounted GPS antenna shall interfere as little as possible with the vehicle operation. 3.4.5. Connection with the Engine Control Unit If desired, relevant vehicle and engine parameters listed in Table 1 can be recorded by using a data logger connected with the ECU or the vehicle network following standards, e.g. ISO 15031-5 or SAE J1979, OBD-II, EOBD or WWH-OBD. If applicable, manufacturers shall disclose parameter labels to allow the identification of required parameters. 3.4.6. Sensors and auxiliary equipment Vehicle speed sensors, temperature sensors, coolant thermocouples or any other measurement device not part of the vehicle shall be installed to measure the parameter under consideration in a representative, reliable and accurate manner without unduly interfering with the vehicle operation and the functioning of other analysers, flow-measuring instruments, sensors and signals. Sensors and auxiliary equipment shall be powered independently of the vehicle. 3.5. Emissions sampling Emissions sampling shall be representative and conducted at locations of well-mixed exhaust where the influence of ambient air downstream of the sampling point is minimal. If applicable, emissions shall be sampled downstream of the exhaust mass flow meter, respecting a distance of at least 150 mm to the flow sensing element. The sampling probes shall be fitted at least 200 mm or three times the diameter of the exhaust pipe, whichever is larger, upstream of the vehicle's exit of the exhaust outlet, which is the point at which the exhaust exits the PEMS sampling installation into the environment. If the PEMS feeds back a flow to the tail pipe, this shall occur downstream of the sampling probe in a manner that does not affect during engine operation the nature of the exhaust gas at the sampling point(s). If the length of the sample line is changed, the system transport times shall be verified and if necessary corrected. If the engine is equipped with an exhaust after-treatment system, the exhaust sample shall be taken downstream of the exhaust after-treatment system. When testing a vehicle with a multi-cylinder engine and branched exhaust manifold, the inlet of the sampling probe shall be located sufficiently far downstream so as to ensure that the sample is representative of the average exhaust emissions of all cylinders. In multi-cylinder engines, having distinct groups of manifolds, such as in a “V” engine configuration, the manifolds shall be combined upstream of the sampling probe. If this is technically not feasible, multi-point sampling at locations of well-mixed exhaust free of ambient air shall be considered. In this case, the number and location of sampling probes shall match as far as possible that of the exhaust mass flow meters. In case of unequal exhaust flows, proportional sampling or sampling with multiple analysers shall be considered. If particles are measured, the exhaust shall be sampled from the centre of the exhaust stream. If several probes are used for emissions sampling, the particle sampling probe shall be placed upstream of the other sampling probes. If hydrocarbons are measured, the sampling line shall be heated to 463 ± 10 K (190 ± 10 °C). For the measurement of other gaseous components with or without cooler, the sampling line shall be kept at a minimum of 333 K (60 °C) as to avoid condensation and to ensure appropriate penetration efficiencies of the various gases. For low pressure sampling systems, the temperature can be lowered corresponding to the pressure decrease provided that the sampling system ensures a penetration efficiency of 95 % for all regulated gaseous pollutants. If particles are sampled, the sampling line from the raw exhaust sample point shall be heated to a minimum of 373 K (100 °C). The residence time of the sample in the particle sampling line shall be less than 3 s until reaching first dilution or the particle counter. 4. PRE-TEST PROCEDURES 4.1. PEMS leak check After the installation of PEMS is completed, a leak check shall be performed at least once for each PEMS-vehicle installation as prescribed by the PEMS manufacturer or as follows. The probe shall be disconnected from the exhaust system and the end plugged. The analyser pump shall be switched on. After an initial stabilisation period all flow meters shall read approximately zero in the absence of a leak. Else, the sampling lines shall be checked and the fault corrected. The leakage rate on the vacuum side shall not exceed 0,5 per cent of the in-use flow rate for the portion of the system being checked. The analyser flows and bypass flows may be used to estimate the in-use flow rates. Alternatively, the system may be evacuated to a pressure of at least 20 kPa vacuum (80 kPa absolute). After an initial stabilisation period the pressure increase Dp (kPa/min) in the system shall not exceed: Alternatively, a concentration step change at the beginning of the sampling line shall be introduced by switching from zero to span gas while maintaining the same pressure conditions as under normal system operation. If for a correctly calibrated analyser after an adequate period of time the reading is ≤ 99 per cent compared to the introduced concentration, the leakage problem shall be corrected. 4.2. Starting and stabilising the PEMS The PEMS shall be switched on, warmed up and stabilised according to the specifications of the PEMS manufacturer until, e.g. pressures, temperatures and flows have reached their operating set points. 4.3. Preparing the sampling system The sampling system, consisting of the sampling probe, sampling lines and the analysers, shall be prepared for testing by following the instruction of the PEMS manufacturer. It shall be ensured that the sampling system is clean and free of moisture condensation. 4.4. Preparing the EFM If used for measuring the exhaust mass flow, the EFM shall be purged and prepared for operation in accordance with the specifications of the EFM manufacturer. This procedure shall, if applicable, remove condensation and deposits from the lines and the associated measurement ports. 4.5. Checking and calibrating the analysers for measuring gaseous emissions Zero and span calibration adjustments of the analysers shall be performed using calibration gases that meet the requirements of point 5 of Appendix 2. The calibration gases shall be chosen to match the range of pollutant concentrations expected during the emissions test. 4.6. Checking the analyser for measuring particle emissions The zero level of the analyser shall be recorded by sampling HEPA filtered ambient air. The signal shall be recorded at a constant frequency of at least 1,0 Hz over a period of 2 min and averaged; the permissible concentration value shall be determined once suitable measurement equipment becomes available. 4.7. Measuring vehicle speed Vehicle speed shall be determined by at least one of the following methods: (a) a GPS; if vehicle speed is determined by a GPS, the total trip distance shall be checked against the measurements of another method according to point 7 of Appendix 4, (b) a sensor (e.g. optical or micro-wave sensor); if vehicle speed is determined by a sensor, the speed measurements shall comply with the requirements of point 8 of Appendix 2, or alternatively, the total trip distance determined by the sensor shall be compared with a reference distance obtained from a digital road network or topographic map. The total trip distance determined by the sensor shall deviate by no more than 4 % from the reference distance, (c) the ECU; if vehicle speed is determined by the ECU, the total trip distance shall be validated according to point 3 of Appendix 3 and the ECU speed signal adjusted, if necessary to fulfil the requirements of point 3.3 of Appendix 3. Alternatively, the total trip distance as determined by the ECU shall be compared with a reference distance obtained from a digital road network or topographic map. The total trip distance determined by the ECU shall deviate by no more than 4 % from the reference. 4.8. Check of PEMS set-up The correctness of connections with all sensors and, if applicable, the ECU shall be verified. If engine parameters are retrieved, it shall be ensured that the ECU reports values correctly (e.g. zero engine speed (rpm) while the combustion engine is in key-on-engine-off status). The PEMS shall function free of warning signals and error indication. 5. EMISSIONS TEST 5.1. Test start Sampling, measurement and recording of parameters shall begin prior to the start of the engine. To facilitate time alignment, it is recommended to record the parameters that are subject to time alignment either by a single data recording device or with a synchronised time stamp. Before as well as directly after engine start, it shall be confirmed that all necessary parameters are recorded by the data logger. 5.2. Test Sampling, measurement and recording of parameters shall continue throughout the on-road test of the vehicle. The engine may be stopped and started, but emissions sampling and parameter recording shall continue. Any warning signals, suggesting malfunctioning of the PEMS, shall be documented and verified. Parameter recording shall reach a data completeness of higher than 99 %. Measurement and data recording may be interrupted for less than 1 % of the total trip duration but for no more than a consecutive period of 30 s solely in the case of unintended signal loss or for the purpose of PEMS system maintenance. Interruptions may be recorded directly by the PEMS but it is not permissible to introduce interruptions in the recorded parameter via the pre-processing, exchange or post-processing of data. If conducted, auto zeroing shall be performed against a traceable zero standard similar to the one used to zero the analyser. It is strongly recommended to initiate PEMS system maintenance during periods of zero vehicle speed. 5.3. Test end The end of the test is reached when the vehicle has completed the trip and the combustion engine is switched off. The data recording shall continue until the response time of the sampling systems has elapsed. 6. POST-TEST PROCEDURE 6.1. Checking the analysers for measuring gaseous emissions The zero and span of the analysers of gaseous components shall be checked by using calibration gases identical to the ones applied under point 4.5 to evaluate the analyser response drift compared to the pre-test calibration. It is permissible to zero the analyser prior to verifying the span drift, if the zero drift was determined to be within the permissible range. The post-test drift check shall be completed as soon as possible after the test and before the PEMS, or individual analysers or sensors, are turned off or have switched into a non-operating mode. The difference between the pre-test and post-test results shall comply with the requirements specified in Table 2. Table 2 Permissible analyser drift over a PEMS test Pollutant Zero response drift Span response drift (13) CO2 ≤ 2 000 ppm per test ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 2 000 ppm per test, whichever is larger CO ≤ 75 ppm per test ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 75 ppm per test, whichever is larger NO2 ≤ 5 ppm per test ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 5 ppm per test, whichever is larger NO/NOX ≤ 5 ppm per test ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 5 ppm per test, whichever is larger CH4 ≤ 10 ppmC1 per test ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 per test, whichever is larger THC ≤ 10 ppmC1 per test ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 per test, whichever is larger If the difference between the pre-test and post-test results for the zero and span drift is higher than permitted, all test results shall be voided and the test repeated. 6.2. Checking the analyser for measuring particle emissions The zero level of the analyser shall be recorded by sampling HEPA filtered ambient air. The signal shall be recorded over a period of 2 min and averaged; the permissible final concentration shall be defined once suitable measurement equipment becomes available. If the difference between the pre-test and post-test zero and span check is higher than permitted, all test results shall be voided and the test repeated. 6.3. Checking the on-road emission measurements The calibrated range of the analysers shall account at least for 90 % of the concentration values obtained from 99 % of the measurements of the valid parts of the emissions test. It is permissible that 1 % of the total number of measurements used for evaluation exceeds the calibrated range of the analysers by up to a factor of two. If these requirements are not met, the test shall be voided.

Appendix 2 Specifications and calibration of PEMS components and signals 1. INTRODUCTION This appendix sets out the specifications and calibration of PEMS components and signals. 2. SYMBOLS > — larger than ≥ — larger than or equal to % — per cent ≤ — smaller than or equal to A — undiluted CO2 concentration [%] a 0 — y-axis intercept of the linear regression line a 1 — slope of the linear regression line B — diluted CO2 concentration [%] C — diluted NO concentration [ppm] c — analyser response in the oxygen interference test c FS,b — full scale HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1] c FS,d — full scale HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1] c HC(w/NMC) — HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1] c HC(w/o NMC) — HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1] c m,b — measured HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1] c m,d — measured HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1] c ref,b — reference HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1] c ref,d — reference HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1] °C — degree centigrade D — undiluted NO concentration [ppm] D e — expected diluted NO concentration [ppm] E — absolute operating pressure [kPa] E CO2 — per cent CO2 quench E E — ethane efficiency E H2O — per cent water quench E M — methane efficiency EO2 — oxygen interference F — water temperature [K] G — saturation vapour pressure [kPa] g — gramme gH2O/kg — gramme water per kilogram h — hour H — water vapour concentration [%] H m — maximum water vapour concentration [%] Hz — hertz K — kelvin kg — kilogramme km/h — kilometre per hour kPa — kilopascal max — maximum value NOX,dry — moisture-corrected mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings NOX,m — mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings NOX,ref — reference mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings ppm — parts per million ppmC1 — parts per million carbon equivalents r2 — coefficient of determination s — second t0 — time point of gas flow switching [s] t10 — time point of 10 % response of the final reading t50 — time point of 50 % response of the final reading t90 — time point of 90 % response of the final reading x — independent variable or reference value χmin — minimum value y — dependent variable or measured value 3. LINEARITY VERIFICATION 3.1. General The linearity of analysers, flow-measuring instruments, sensors and signals, shall be traceable to international or national standards. Any sensors or signals that are not directly traceable, e.g. simplified flow-measuring instruments shall be calibrated alternatively against chassis dynamometer laboratory equipment that has been calibrated against international or national standards. 3.2. Linearity requirements All analysers, flow-measuring instruments, sensors and signals shall comply with the linearity requirements given in Table 1. If air flow, fuel flow, the air-to-fuel ratio or the exhaust mass flow rate is obtained from the ECU, the calculated exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified in Table 1. Table 1 Linearity requirements of measurement parameters and systems Measurement parameter/instrument Slope a1 Standard error SEE Coefficient of determination r2 Fuel flow rate (14) ≤ 1 % max 0,98 - 1,02 ≤ 2 % max ≥ 0,990 Air flow rate (14) ≤ 1 % max 0,98 - 1,02 ≤ 2 % max ≥ 0,990 Exhaust mass flow rate ≤ 2 % max 0,97 - 1,03 ≤ 2 % max ≥ 0,990 Gas analysers ≤ 0,5 % max 0,99 - 1,01 ≤ 1 % max ≥ 0,998 Torque (15) ≤ 1 % max 0,98 - 1,02 ≤ 2 % max ≥ 0,990 PN analysers (16) tbd tbd tbd tbd 3.3. Frequency of linearity verification The linearity requirements according to point 3.2 shall be verified: (a) for each analyser at least every three months or whenever a system repair or change is made that could influence the calibration; (b) for other relevant instruments, such as exhaust mass flow meters and traceably calibrated sensors, whenever damage is observed, as required by internal audit procedures, by the instrument manufacturer or by ISO 9000 but no longer than one year before the actual test. The linearity requirements according to point 3.2 for sensors or ECU signals that are not directly traceable shall be performed once for each PEMS set-up with a traceably calibrated measurement device on the chassis dynamometer. 3.4. Procedure of linearity verification 3.4.1. General requirements The relevant analysers, instruments and sensors shall be brought to their normal operating condition according to the recommendations of their manufacturer. The analysers, instruments and sensors shall be operated at their specified temperatures, pressures and flows. 3.4.2. General procedure The linearity shall be verified for each normal operating range by executing the following steps: (a) The analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor shall be set at zero by introducing a zero signal. For gas analysers, purified synthetic air or nitrogen shall be introduced to the analyser port via a gas path that is as direct and short as possible. (b) The analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor shall be spanned by introducing a span signal. For gas analysers, an appropriate span gas shall be introduced to the analyser port via a gas path that is as direct and short as possible. (c) The zero procedure of (a) shall be repeated. (d) The verification shall be established by introducing at least 10, approximately equally spaced and valid, reference values (including zero). The reference values with respect to the concentration of components, the exhaust mass flow rate or any other relevant parameter shall be chosen to match the range of values expected during the emissions test. For measurements of exhaust mass flow, reference points below 5 % of the maximum calibration value can be excluded from the linearity verification. (e) For gas analysers, known gas concentrations in accordance with point 5 shall be introduced to the analyser port. Sufficient time for signal stabilisation shall be given. (f) The values under evaluation and, if needed, the reference values shall be recorded at a constant frequency of at least 1,0 Hz over a period of 30 seconds. (g) The arithmetic mean values over the 30-second period shall be used to calculate the least squares linear regression parameters, with the best-fit equation having the form: y = a 1 x + a 0 where: y is the actual value of the measurement system a 1 is the slope of the regression line x is the reference value a 0 is the y intercept of the regression line The standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x and the coefficient of determination (r2) shall be calculated for each measurement parameter and system. (h) The linear regression parameters shall meet the requirements specified in Table 1. 3.4.3. Requirements for linearity verification on a chassis dynamometer Non-traceable flow-measuring instruments, sensors or ECU signals that cannot directly be calibrated according to traceable standards, shall be calibrated on the chassis dynamometer. The procedure shall follow as far as applicable, the requirements of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83. If necessary, the instrument or sensor to be calibrated shall be installed on the test vehicle and operated according to the requirements of Appendix 1. The calibration procedure shall follow whenever possible the requirements of point 3.4.2; at least 10 appropriate reference values shall be selected as to ensure that at least 90 % of the maximum value expected to occur during the emissions test is covered. If a not directly traceable flow-measuring instrument, sensor or ECU signal for determining exhaust flow is to be calibrated, a traceably calibrated reference exhaust mass flow meter or the CVS shall be attached to the vehicle's tailpipe. It shall be ensured that the vehicle exhaust is accurately measured by the exhaust mass flow meter according to point 3.4.3 of Appendix 1. The vehicle shall be operated by applying constant throttle at a constant gear selection and chassis dynamometer load. 4. ANALYSERS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS COMPONENTS 4.1. Permissible types of analysers 4.1.1. Standard analysers The gaseous components shall be measured with analysers specified in points 1.3.1 to 1.3.5 of Appendix 3, Annex 4A to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. If an NDUV analyser measures both NO and NO2, a NO2/NO converter is not required. 4.1.2. Alternative analysers Any analyser not meeting the design specifications of point 4.1.1 is permissible provided that it fulfils the requirements of point 4.2. The manufacturer shall ensure that the alternative analyser achieves an equivalent or higher measurement performance compared to a standard analyser over the range of pollutant concentrations and co-existing gases that can be expected from vehicles operated with permissible fuels under moderate and extended conditions of valid on-road testing as specified in points 5, 6 and 7. Upon request, the manufacturer of the analyser shall submit in writing supplemental information, demonstrating that the measurement performance of the alternative analyser is consistently and reliably in line with the measurement performance of standard analysers. Supplemental information shall contain: (a) a description of the theoretical basis and the technical components of the alternative analyser; (b) a demonstration of equivalency with the respective standard analyser specified in point 4.1.1 over the expected range of pollutant concentrations and ambient conditions of the type-approval test defined in Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments as well as a validation test as described in point 3 of Appendix 3 for a vehicle equipped with a spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine; the manufacturer of the analyser shall demonstrate the significance of equivalency within the permissible tolerances given in point 3.3 of Appendix 3; (c) a demonstration of equivalency with the respective standard analyser specified in point 4.1.1 with respect to the influence of atmospheric pressure on the measurement performance of the analyser; the demonstration test shall determine the response to span gas having a concentration within the analyser range to check the influence of atmospheric pressure under moderate and extended altitude conditions defined in point 5.2. Such a test can be performed in an altitude environmental test chamber; (d) a demonstration of equivalency with the respective standard analyser specified in point 4.1.1 over at least three on-road tests that fulfil the requirements of this Annex; (e) a demonstration that the influence of vibrations, accelerations and ambient temperature on the analyser reading does not exceed the noise requirements for analysers set out in point 4.2.4. Approval authorities may request additional information to substantiate equivalency or refuse approval if measurements demonstrate that an alternative analyser is not equivalent to a standard analyser. 4.2. Analyser specifications 4.2.1. General In addition to the linearity requirements defined for each analyser in point 3, the compliance of analyser types with the specifications laid down in points 4.2.2 to 4.2.8 shall be demonstrated by the analyser manufacturer. Analysers shall have a measuring range and response time appropriate to measure with adequate accuracy the concentrations of the exhaust gas components at the applicable emissions standard under transient and steady state conditions. The sensitivity of the analysers to shocks, vibration, aging, variability in temperature and air pressure as well as electromagnetic interferences and other impacts related to vehicle and analyser operation shall be limited as far as possible. 4.2.2. Accuracy The accuracy, defined as the deviation of the analyser reading from the reference value, shall not exceed 2 % of reading or 0,3 % of full scale, whichever is larger. 4.2.3. Precision The precision, defined as 2,5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given calibration or span gas, shall be no greater than 1 % of the full scale concentration for a measurement range equal or above 155 ppm (or ppmC1) and 2 % of the full scale concentration for a measurement range of below 155 ppm (or ppmC1). 4.2.4. Noise The noise, defined as two times the root mean square of ten standard deviations, each calculated from the zero responses measured at a constant recording frequency of at least 1,0 Hz during a period of 30 seconds, shall not exceed 2 % of full scale. Each of the 10 measurement periods shall be interspersed with an interval of 30 seconds in which the analyser is exposed to an appropriate span gas. Before each sampling period and before each span period, sufficient time shall be given to purge the analyser and the sampling lines. 4.2.5. Zero response drift The drift of the zero response, defined as the mean response to a zero gas during a time interval of at least 30 seconds, shall comply with the specifications given in Table 2. 4.2.6. Span response drift The drift of the span response, defined as the mean response to a span gas during a time interval of at least 30 seconds, shall comply with the specifications given in Table 2. Table 2 Permissible zero and span response drift of analysers for measuring gaseous components under laboratory conditions Pollutant Zero response drift Span response drift CO2 ≤ 1 000 ppm over 4 h ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 1 000 ppm over 4 h, whichever is larger CO ≤ 50 ppm over 4 h ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 50 ppm over 4 h, whichever is larger NO2 ≤ 5 ppm over 4 h ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 5 ppm over 4 h, whichever is larger NO/NOX ≤ 5 ppm over 4 h ≤ 2 % of reading or 5 ppm over 4h, whichever is larger CH4 ≤ 10 ppmC1 ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 over 4 h, whichever is larger THC ≤ 10 ppmC1 ≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 over 4 h, whichever is larger 4.2.7. Rise time Rise time is defined as the time between the 10 per cent and 90 per cent response of the final reading (t 90 – t 10; see point 4.4). The rise time of PEMS analysers shall not exceed 3 seconds. 4.2.8. Gas drying Exhaust gases may be measured wet or dry. A gas-drying device, if used, shall have a minimal effect on the composition of the measured gases. Chemical dryers are not permitted. 4.3. Additional requirements 4.3.1. General The provisions in points 4.3.2 to 4.3.5 define additional performance requirements for specific analyser types and apply only to cases, in which the analyser under consideration is used for PEMS emission measurements. 4.3.2. Efficiency test for NOX converters If a NOX converter is applied, for example to convert NO2 into NO for analysis with a chemiluminescence analyser, its efficiency shall be tested by following the requirements of point 2.4 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. The efficiency of the NOX converter shall be verified no longer than one month before the emissions test. 4.3.3. Adjustment of the Flame Ionisation Detector (a) Optimisation of the detector response If hydrocarbons are measured, the FID shall be adjusted at intervals specified by the analyser manufacturer by following point 2.3.1 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. A propane-in-air or propane-in-nitrogen span gas shall be used to optimise the response in the most common operating range. (b) Hydrocarbon response factors If hydrocarbons are measured, the hydrocarbon response factor of the FID shall be verified by following the provisions of point 2.3.3 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments, using propane-in-air or propane-in-nitrogen as span gases and purified synthetic air or nitrogen as zero gases, respectively. (c) Oxygen interference check The oxygen interference check shall be performed when introducing an analyser into service and after major maintenance intervals. A measuring range shall be chosen in which the oxygen interference check gases fall in the upper 50 per cent. The test shall be conducted with the oven temperature set as required. The specifications of the oxygen interference check gases are described in point 5.3. The following procedure applies: (i) The analyser shall be set at zero. (ii) The analyser shall be spanned with a 0 per cent oxygen blend for positive ignition engines and a 21 per cent oxygen blend for compression ignition engines. (iii) The zero response shall be rechecked. If it has changed by more than 0,5 per cent of full scale, steps (i) and (ii) shall be repeated. (iv) The 5 per cent and 10 per cent oxygen interference check gases shall be introduced. (v) The zero response shall be rechecked. If it has changed by more than ± 1 per cent of full scale, the test shall be repeated. (vi) The oxygen interference E O2 shall be calculated for each oxygen interference check gas in step (d) as follows: where the analyser response is: where: c ref,b is the reference HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1] c ref,d is the reference HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1] c FS,b is the full scale HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1] c FS,d is the full scale HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1] c m,b is the measured HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1] c m,d is the measured HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1]. (vii) The oxygen interference E O2 shall be less than ± 1,5 per cent for all required oxygen interference check gases. (viii) If the oxygen interference E O2 is greater than ± 1,5 per cent, corrective action may be taken by incrementally adjusting the air flow (above and below the manufacturer's specifications), the fuel flow and the sample flow. (ix) The oxygen interference check shall be repeated for each new setting. 4.3.4. Conversion efficiency of the non-methane cutter (NMC) If hydrocarbons are analysed, a NMC can be used to remove non-methane hydrocarbons from the gas sample by oxidising all hydrocarbons except methane. Ideally, the conversion for methane is 0 per cent and for the other hydrocarbons represented by ethane is 100 per cent. For the accurate measurement of NMHC, the two efficiencies shall be determined and used for the calculation of the NMHC emissions (see point 9.2 of Appendix 4). It is not necessary to determine the methane conversion efficiency in case the NMC-FID is calibrated according to method (b) in point 9.2 of Appendix 4 by passing the methane/air calibration gas through the NMC. (a) Methane conversion efficiency Methane calibration gas shall be flown through the FID with and without bypassing the NMC; the two concentrations shall be recorded. The methane efficiency shall be determined as: where: cHC(w/NMC) is the HC concentration with CH4 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1] cHC(w/o NMC) is the HC concentration with CH4 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1] (b) Ethane conversion efficiency Ethane calibration gas shall be flown through the FID with and without bypassing the NMC; the two concentrations shall be recorded. The ethane efficiency shall be determined as: where: c HC(w/NMC) is the HC concentration with C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1] c HC(w/o NMC) is the HC concentration with C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1] 4.3.5. Interference effects (a) General Other gases than the ones being analysed can affect the analyser reading. A check for interference effects and the correct functionality of analysers shall be performed by the analyser manufacturer prior to market introduction at least once for each type of analyser or device addressed in points (b) to (f). (b) CO analyser interference check Water and CO2 can interfere with the measurements of the CO analyser. Therefore, a CO2 span gas having a concentration of 80 to 100 per cent of full scale of the maximum operating range of the CO analyser used during the test shall be bubbled through water at room temperature and the analyser response recorded. The analyser response shall not be more than 2 per cent of the mean CO concentration expected during normal on-road testing or ± 50 ppm, whichever is larger. The interference check for H2O and CO2 may be run as separate procedures. If the H2O and CO2 levels used for the interference check are higher than the maximum levels expected during the test, each observed interference value shall be scaled down by multiplying the observed interference with the ratio of the maximum expected concentration value during the test and the actual concentration value used during this check. Separate interference checks with concentrations of H2O that are lower than the maximum concentration expected during the test may be run and the observed H2O interference shall be scaled up by multiplying the observed interference with the ratio of the maximum H2O concentration value expected during the test and the actual concentration value used during this check. The sum of the two scaled interference values shall meet the tolerance specified in this point. (c) NOX analyser quench check The two gases of concern for CLD and HCLD analysers are CO2 and water vapour. The quench response to these gases is proportional to the gas concentrations. A test shall determine the quench at the highest concentrations expected during the test. If the CLD and HCLD analysers use quench compensation algorithms that utilise H2O or CO2 measurement analysers or both, quench shall be evaluated with these analysers active and with the compensation algorithms applied. (i) CO2 quench check A CO2 span gas having a concentration of 80 to 100 per cent of the maximum operating range shall be passed through the NDIR analyser; the CO2 value shall be recorded as A. The CO2 span gas shall then be diluted by approximately 50 per cent with NO span gas and passed through the NDIR and CLD or HCLD; the CO2 and NO values shall be recorded as B and C, respectively. The CO2 gas flow shall then be shut off and only the NO span gas shall be passed through the CLD or HCLD; the NO value shall be recorded as D. The per cent quench shall be calculated as: where: A is the undiluted CO2 concentration measured with NDIR [%] B is the diluted CO2 concentration measured with NDIR [%] C is the diluted NO concentration measured with the CLD or HCLD [ppm] D is the undiluted NO concentration measured with the CLD or HCLD [ppm]. Alternative methods of diluting and quantifying of CO2 and NO span gas values such as dynamic mixing/blending are permitted upon approval of the approval authority. (ii) Water quench check This check applies to measurements of wet gas concentrations only. The calculation of water quench shall consider dilution of the NO span gas with water vapour and the scaling of the water vapour concentration in the gas mixture to concentration levels that are expected to occur during an emissions test. A NO span gas having a concentration of 80 per cent to 100 per cent of full scale of the normal operating range shall be passed through the CLD or HCLD; the NO value shall be recorded as D. The NO span gas shall then be bubbled through water at room temperature and passed through the CLD or HCLD; the NO value shall be recorded as C. The analyser's absolute operating pressure and the water temperature shall be determined and recorded as E and F, respectively. The mixture's saturation vapour pressure that corresponds to the water temperature of the bubbler F shall be determined and recorded as G. The water vapour concentration H [%] of the gas mixture shall be calculated as: The expected concentration of the diluted NO-water vapour span gas shall be recorded as D e after being calculated as: For diesel exhaust, the maximum concentration of water vapour in the exhaust gas (in per cent) expected during the test shall be recorded as H m after being estimated, under the assumption of a fuel H/C ratio of 1,8/1, from the maximum CO2 concentration in the exhaust gas A as follows: The per cent water quench shall be calculated as: where: D e is the expected diluted NO concentration [ppm] C is the measured diluted NO concentration [ppm] H m is the maximum water vapour concentration [%] H is the actual water vapour concentration [%]. (iii) Maximum allowable quench The combined CO2 and water quench shall not exceed 2 per cent of full scale. (d) Quench check for NDUV analysers Hydrocarbons and water can positively interfere with NDUV analysers by causing a response similar to that of NOX. The manufacturer of the NDUV analyser shall use the following procedure to verify that quench effects are limited: (i) The analyser and chiller shall be set up by following the operating instructions of the manufacturer; adjustments should be made as to optimise the analyser and chiller performance. (ii) A zero calibration and span calibration at concentration values expected during emissions testing shall be performed for the analyser. (iii) A NO2 calibration gas shall be selected that matches as far as possible the maximum NO2 concentration expected during emissions testing. (iv) The NO2 calibration gas shall overflow at the gas sampling system's probe until the NOX response of the analyser has stabilised. (v) The mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings over a period of 30 s shall be calculated and recorded as NOX,ref. (vi) The flow of the NO2 calibration gas shall be stopped and the sampling system saturated by overflowing with a dew point generator's output, set at a dew point of 50 °C. The dew point generator's output shall be sampled through the sampling system and chiller for at least 10 minutes until the chiller is expected to be removing a constant rate of water. (vii) Upon completion of (iv), the sampling system shall again be overflown by the NO2 calibration gas used to establish NOX,ref until the total NOX response has stabilised. (viii) The mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings over a period of 30 s shall be calculated and recorded as NOX,m. (ix) NOX,m shall be corrected to NOX,dry based upon the residual water vapour that passed through the chiller at the chiller's outlet temperature and pressure. The calculated NOX,dry shall at least amount to 95 % of NOX,ref. (e) Sample dryer A sample dryer removes water, which can otherwise interfere with the NOX measurement. For dry CLD analysers, it shall be demonstrated that at the highest expected water vapour concentration H m the sample dryer maintains the CLD humidity at ≤ 5 g water/kg dry air (or about 0,8 per cent H2O), which is 100 per cent relative humidity at 3,9 °C and 101,3 kPa or about 25 per cent relative humidity at 25 °C and 101,3 kPa. Compliance may be demonstrated by measuring the temperature at the outlet of a thermal sample dryer or by measuring the humidity at a point just upstream of the CLD. The humidity of the CLD exhaust might also be measured as long as the only flow into the CLD is the flow from the sample dryer. (f) Sample dryer NO2 penetration Liquid water remaining in an improperly designed sample dryer can remove NO2 from the sample. If a sample dryer is used in combination with a NDUV analyser without an NO2/NO converter upstream, water could therefore remove NO2 from the sample prior to the NOX measurement. The sample dryer shall allow for measuring at least 95 per cent of the NO2 contained in a gas that is saturated with water vapour and consists of the maximum NO2 concentration expected to occur during a vehicle test. 4.4. Response time check of the analytical system For the response time check, the settings of the analytical system shall be exactly the same as during the emissions test (i.e. pressure, flow rates, filter settings in the analysers and all other parameters influencing the response time). The response time shall be determined with gas switching directly at the inlet of the sample probe. The gas switching shall be done in less than 0,1 second. The gases used for the test shall cause a concentration change of at least 60 per cent full scale of the analyser. The concentration trace of each single gas component shall be recorded. The delay time is defined as the time from the gas switching (t 0) until the response is 10 per cent of the final reading (t 10). The rise time is defined as the time between 10 per cent and 90 per cent response of the final reading (t 90 – t 10). The system response time (t 90) consists of the delay time to the measuring detector and the rise time of the detector. For time alignment of the analyser and exhaust flow signals, the transformation time is defined as the time from the change (t 0) until the response is 50 per cent of the final reading (t 50). The system response time shall be ≤ 12 s with a rise time of ≤ 3 seconds for all components and all ranges used. When using a NMC for the measurement of NMHC, the system response time may exceed 12 seconds. 5. GASES 5.1. General The shelf life of calibration and span gases shall be respected. Pure and mixed calibration and span gases shall fulfil the specifications of points 3.1 and 3.2 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4A to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. In addition, NO2 calibration gas is permissible. The concentration of the NO2 calibration gas shall be within two per cent of the declared concentration value. The amount of NO contained in NO2 calibration gas shall not exceed 5 per cent of the NO2 content. 5.2. Gas dividers Gas dividers, i.e. precision blending devices that dilute with purified N2 or synthetic air, can be used to obtain calibration and span gases. The accuracy of the gas divider shall be such that the concentration of the blended calibration gases is accurate to within ± 2 per cent. The verification shall be performed at between 15 and 50 per cent of full scale for each calibration incorporating a gas divider. An additional verification may be performed using another calibration gas, if the first verification has failed. Optionally, the gas divider may be checked with an instrument which by nature is linear, e.g. using NO gas in combination with a CLD. The span value of the instrument shall be adjusted with the span gas directly connected to the instrument. The gas divider shall be checked at the settings typically used and the nominal value shall be compared with the concentration measured by the instrument. The difference shall in each point be within ± 1 per cent of the nominal concentration value. 5.3. Oxygen interference check gases Oxygen interference check gases consist of a blend of propane, oxygen and nitrogen and shall contain propane at a concentration of 350 ± 75 ppmC1. The concentration shall be determined by gravimetric methods, dynamic blending or the chromatographic analysis of total hydrocarbons plus impurities. The oxygen concentrations of the oxygen interference check gases shall meet the requirements listed in Table 3; the remainder of the oxygen interference check gas shall consist of purified nitrogen. Table 3 Oxygen interference check gases Engine type Compression ignition Positive ignition O2 concentration 21 ± 1 % 10 ± 1 % 10 ± 1 % 5 ± 1 % 5 ± 1 % 0,5 ± 0,5 % 6. ANALYSERS FOR MEASURING PARTICLE EMISSIONS This section will define future requirements for analysers for measuring particle emissions, once their measurement becomes mandatory. 7. INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING EXHAUST MASS FLOW 7.1. General Instruments, sensors or signals for measuring the exhaust mass flow rate shall have a measuring range and response time appropriate for the accuracy required to measure the exhaust mass flow rate under transient and steady state conditions. The sensitivity of instruments, sensors and signals to shocks, vibration, aging, variability in temperature, ambient air pressure, electromagnetic interferences and other impacts related to vehicle and instrument operation shall be on a level as to minimise additional errors. 7.2. Instrument specifications The exhaust mass flow rate shall be determined by a direct measurement method applied in either of the following instruments: (a) Pitot-based flow devices; (b) pressure differential devices like flow nozzle (details see ISO 5167); (c) ultrasonic flow meter; (d) vortex flow meter. Each individual exhaust mass flow meter shall fulfil the linearity requirements set out in point 3. Furthermore, the instrument manufacturer shall demonstrate the compliance of each type of exhaust mass flow meter with the specifications in points 7.2.3 to 7.2.9. It is permissible to calculate the exhaust mass flow rate based on air flow and fuel flow measurements obtained from traceably calibrated sensors if these fulfil the linearity requirements of point 3, the accuracy requirements of point 8 and if the resulting exhaust mass flow rate is validated according to point 4 of Appendix 3. In addition, other methods that determine the exhaust mass flow rate based on not directly traceable instruments and signals, such as simplified exhaust mass flow meters or ECU signals are permissible if the resulting exhaust mass flow rate fulfils the linearity requirements of point 3 and is validated according to point 4 of Appendix 3. 7.2.1. Calibration and verification standards The measurement performance of exhaust mass flow meters shall be verified with air or exhaust gas against a traceable standard such as, e.g. a calibrated exhaust mass flow meter or a full flow dilution tunnel. 7.2.2. Frequency of verification The compliance of exhaust mass flow meters with points 7.2.3 and 7.2.9 shall be verified no longer than one year before the actual test. 7.2.3. Accuracy The accuracy, defined as the deviation of the EFM reading from the reference flow value, shall not exceed ± 2 % of the reading, 0,5 % of full scale or ± 1,0 % of the maximum flow at which the EFM has been calibrated, whichever is larger. 7.2.4. Precision The precision, defined as 2,5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given nominal flow, approximately in the middle of the calibration range, shall be no greater than ±1 per cent of the maximum flow at which the EFM has been calibrated. 7.2.5. Noise The noise, defined as two times the root mean square of ten standard deviations, each calculated from the zero responses measured at a constant recording frequency of at least 1,0 Hz during a period of 30 seconds, shall not exceed 2 per cent of the maximum calibrated flow value. Each of the 10 measurement periods shall be interspersed with an interval of 30 seconds in which the EFM is exposed to the maximum calibrated flow. 7.2.6. Zero response drift Zero response is defined as the mean response to zero flow during a time interval of at least 30 seconds. The zero response drift can be verified based on the reported primary signals, e.g. pressure. The drift of the primary signals over a period of 4 hours shall be less than ± 2 per cent of the maximum value of the primary signal recorded at the flow at which the EFM was calibrated. 7.2.7. Span response drift Span response is defined as the mean response to a span flow during a time interval of at least 30 seconds. The span response drift can be verified based on the reported primary signals, e.g. pressure. The drift of the primary signals over a period of 4 hours shall be less than ± 2 per cent of the maximum value of the primary signal recorded at the flow at which the EFM was calibrated. 7.2.8. Rise time The rise time of the exhaust flow instruments and methods should match as far as possible the rise time of the gas analysers as specified in point 4.2.7 but shall not exceed 1 second. 7.2.9. Response time check The response time of exhaust mass flow meters shall be determined by applying similar parameters as those applied for the emissions test (i.e. pressure, flow rates, filter settings and all other response time influences). The response time determination shall be done with gas switching directly at the inlet of the exhaust mass flow meter. The gas flow switching shall be done as fast as possible, but highly recommended in less than 0,1 second. The gas flow rate used for the test shall cause a flow rate change of at least 60 per cent full scale (FS) of the exhaust mass flow meter. The gas flow shall be recorded. The delay time is defined as the time from the gas flow switching (t 0) until the response is 10 per cent (t 10) of the final reading. The rise time is defined as the time between 10 per cent and 90 per cent response (t 90 – t 10) of the final reading. The response time (t 90) is defined as the sum of the delay time and the rise time. The exhaust mass flow meter response time (t90 ) shall be ≤ 3 seconds with a rise time (t 90 – t 10) of ≤ 1 second in accordance with point 7.2.8. 8. SENSORS AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT Any sensor and auxiliary equipment used to determine, e.g. temperature, atmospheric pressure, ambient humidity, vehicle speed, fuel flow or intake air flow shall not alter or unduly affect the performance of the vehicle's engine and exhaust after-treatment system. The accuracy of sensors and auxiliary equipment shall fulfil the requirements of Table 4. Compliance with the requirements of Table 4 shall be demonstrated at intervals specified by the instrument manufacturer, as required by internal audit procedures or in accordance with ISO 9000. Table 4 Accuracy requirements for measurement parameters Measurement parameter Accuracy Fuel flow (17) ± 1 % of reading (19) Air flow (17) ± 2 % of reading Vehicle ground speed (18) ± 1,0 km/h absolute Temperatures ≤ 600 K ± 2 K absolute Temperatures >600 K ± 0,4 % of reading in Kelvin Ambient pressure ± 0,2 kPa absolute Relative humidity ± 5 % absolute Absolute humidity ± 10 % of reading or, 1 gH2O/kg dry air, whichever is larger

Appendix 3 Validation of PEMS and non-traceable exhaust mass flow rate 1. INTRODUCTION This appendix describes the requirements to validate under transient conditions the functionality of the installed PEMS as well as the correctness of the exhaust mass flow rate obtained from non-traceable exhaust mass flow meters or calculated from ECU signals. 2. SYMBOLS % — per cent #/km — number per kilometre a 0 — y intercept of the regression line a 1 — slope of the regression line g/km — gramme per kilometre Hz — hertz km — kilometre m — metre mg/km — milligramme per kilometre r2 — coefficient of determination x — actual value of the reference signal y — actual value of the signal under validation 3. VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR PEMS 3.1. Frequency of PEMS validation It is recommended to validate the installed PEMS once for each PEMS-vehicle combination either before the test or, alternatively, after the completion of an on-road test. The PEMS installation shall be kept unchanged in the time period between the on-road test and the validation. 3.2. PEMS validation procedure 3.2.1. PEMS installation The PEMS shall be installed and prepared according to the requirements of Appendix 1. After the completion of the validation test until the start of the on-road test, the PEMS installation shall not be changed. 3.2.2. Test conditions The validation test shall be conducted on a chassis dynamometer, as far as applicable, under type-approval conditions by following the requirements of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments or any other adequate measurement method. It is recommended to conduct the validation test with the worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) as specified in Annex 1 to UNECE Global Technical Regulation No 15. The ambient temperature shall be within the range specified in point 5.2 of this Annex. It is recommended to feed the exhaust flow extracted by the PEMS during the validation test back to the CVS. If this is not feasible, the CVS results shall be corrected for the extracted exhaust mass. If the exhaust mass flow rate is validated with an exhaust mass flow meter, it is recommended to cross-check the mass flow rate measurements with data obtained from a sensor or the ECU. 3.2.3. Data analysis The total distance-specific emissions [g/km] measured with laboratory equipment shall be calculated following Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. The emissions as measured with the PEMS shall be calculated according to point 9 of Appendix 4, summed to give the total mass of pollutant emissions [g] and then divided by the test distance [km] as obtained from the chassis dynamometer. The total distance-specific mass of pollutants [g/km], as determined by the PEMS and the reference laboratory system, shall be compared and evaluated against the requirements specified in point 3.3. For the validation of NOX emission measurements, humidity correction shall be applied following point 6.6.5 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. 3.3. Permissible tolerances for PEMS validation The PEMS validation results shall fulfil the requirements given in Table 1. If any permissible tolerance is not met, corrective action shall be taken and the PEMS validation shall be repeated. Table 1 Permissible tolerances Parameter [Unit] Permissible tolerance Distance [km] (20) ± 250 m of the laboratory reference THC (21) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CH4 (21) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NMHC (21) [mg/km] ± 20 mg/km or 20 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger PN (21) [#/km] (22) CO (21) [mg/km] ± 150 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CO2 [g/km] ± 10 g/km or 10 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NOx (21) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger 4. VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR THE EXHAUST MASS FLOW RATE DETERMINED BY NON-TRACEABLE INSTRUMENTS AND SENSORS 4.1. Frequency of validation In addition to fulfilling the linearity requirements of point 3 of Appendix 2 under steady-state conditions, the linearity of non-traceable exhaust mass flow meters or the exhaust mass flow rate calculated from non-traceable sensors or ECU signals shall be validated under transient conditions for each test vehicle against a calibrated exhaust mass flow meter or the CVS. The validation test procedure can be executed without the installation of the PEMS but shall generally follow the requirements defined in Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments and the requirements pertinent to exhaust mass flow meters defined in Appendix 1. 4.2. Validation procedure The validation test shall be conducted on a chassis dynamometer under type-approval conditions, as far as applicable, by following the requirements of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. The test cycle shall be the worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) as specified in Annex 1 to UNECE Global Technical Regulation No 15. As reference, a traceably calibrated flow meter shall be used. The ambient temperature can be any within the range specified in point 5.2 of this Annex. The installation of the exhaust mass flow meter and the execution of the test shall fulfil the requirement of point 3.4.3 of Appendix 1 of this Annex. The following calculation steps shall be taken to validate the linearity: (a) The signal under validation and the reference signal shall be time corrected by following, as far as applicable, the requirements of point 3 of Appendix 4. (b) Points below 10 % of the maximum flow value shall be excluded from the further analysis. (c) At a constant frequency of at least 1,0 Hz, the signal under validation and the reference signal shall be correlated using the best-fit equation having the form: y = a 1 x + a 0 where: y is the actual value of the signal under validation a 1 is the slope of the regression line x is the actual value of the reference signal a 0 is the y intercept of the regression line The standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x and the coefficient of determination (r2) shall be calculated for each measurement parameter and system. (d) The linear regression parameters shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2. 4.3. Requirements The linearity requirements given in Table 2 shall be fulfilled. If any permissible tolerance is not met, corrective action shall be taken and the validation shall be repeated. Table 2 Linearity requirements of calculated and measured exhaust mass flow Measurement parameter/system a0 Slope a1 Standard error SEE Coefficient of determination r2 Exhaust mass flow 0,0 ± 3,0 kg/h 1,00 ± 0,075 ≤ 10 % max ≥ 0,90

Appendix 4 Determination of emissions 1. INTRODUCTION This appendix describes the procedure to determine the instantaneous mass and particle number emissions [g/s; #/s] that shall be used for the subsequent evaluation of a test trip and the calculation of the final emission result as described in Appendices 5 and 6. 2. SYMBOLS % — per cent < — smaller than #/s — number per second α — molar hydrogen ratio (H/C) β — molar carbon ratio (C/C) γ — molar sulphur ratio (S/C) δ — molar nitrogen ratio (N/C) Δtt,i — transformation time t of the analyser [s] Δtt,m — transformation time t of the exhaust mass flow meter [s] ε — molar oxygen ratio (O/C) r e — density of the exhaust r gas — density of the exhaust component “gas” l — excess air ratio l i — instantaneous excess air ratio A/F st — stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio [kg/kg] °C — degrees centigrade c CH4 — concentration of methane c CO — dry CO concentration [%] c CO2 — dry CO2 concentration [%] c dry — dry concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume c gas,i — instantaneous concentration of the exhaust component “gas” [ppm] c HCw — wet HC concentration [ppm] c HC(w/NMC) — HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1] c HC(w/oNMC) — HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1] c i,c — time-corrected concentration of component i [ppm] c i,r — concentration of component i [ppm] in the exhaust c NMHC — concentration of non-methane hydrocarbons c wet — wet concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume E E — ethane efficiency E M — methane efficiency g — gramme g/s — gramme per second H a — intake air humidity [g water per kg dry air] i — number of the measurement kg — kilogram kg/h — kilogramme per hour kg/s — kilogramme per second k w — dry-wet correction factor m — metre m gas,i — mass of the exhaust component “gas” [g/s] qm aw,i — instantaneous intake air mass flow rate [kg/s] q m,c — time-corrected exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s] qm ew,i — instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s] qm f,i — instantaneous fuel mass flow rate [kg/s] q m,r — raw exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s] r — cross-correlation coefficient r2 — coefficient of determination r h — hydrocarbon response factor rpm — revolutions per minute s — second u gas — u value of the exhaust component “gas” 3. TIME CORRECTION OF PARAMETERS For the correct calculation of distance-specific emissions, the recorded traces of component concentrations, exhaust mass flow rate, vehicle speed, and other vehicle data shall be time corrected. To facilitate the time correction, data which are subject to time alignment shall be recorded either in a single data recording device or with a synchronised timestamp following point 5.1 of Appendix 1. The time correction and alignment of parameters shall be carried out by following the sequence described in points 3.1 to 3.3. 3.1. Time correction of component concentrations The recorded traces of all component concentrations shall be time corrected by reverse shifting according to the transformation times of the respective analysers. The transformation time of analysers shall be determined according to point 4.4 of Appendix 2: c i,c (t – Δt t,i ) = c i,r (t) where: c i,c is the time-corrected concentration of component i as function of time t c i,r is the raw concentration of component i as function of time t Δtt,i is the transformation time t of the analyser measuring component i. 3.2. Time correction of exhaust mass flow rate The exhaust mass flow rate measured with an exhaust flow meter shall be time corrected by reverse shifting according to the transformation time of the exhaust mass flow meter. The transformation time of the mass flow meter shall be determined according to point 4.4.9 of Appendix 2: q m,c (t – Δt t,m ) = qm ,r (t) where: q m,c is the time-corrected exhaust mass flow rate as function of time t q m,r is the raw exhaust mass flow rate as function of time t Δtt,m is the transformation time t of the exhaust mass flow meter. In case the exhaust mass flow rate is determined by ECU data or a sensor, an additional transformation time shall be considered and obtained by cross-correlation between the calculated exhaust mass flow rate and the exhaust mass flow rate measured following point 4 of Appendix 3. 3.3. Time alignment of vehicle data Other data obtained from a sensor or the ECU shall be time-aligned by cross-correlation with suitable emission data (e.g. component concentrations). 3.3.1. Vehicle speed from different sources To time align vehicle speed with the exhaust mass flow rate, it is first necessary to establish one valid speed trace. In case vehicle speed is obtained from multiple sources (e.g. the GPS, a sensor or the ECU), the speed values shall be time aligned by cross-correlation. 3.3.2. Vehicle speed with exhaust mass flow rate Vehicle speed shall be time aligned with the exhaust mass flow rate by means of cross-correlation between the exhaust mass flow rate and the product of vehicle velocity and positive acceleration. 3.3.3. Further signals The time alignment of signals whose values change slowly and within a small value range, e.g. ambient temperature, can be omitted. 4. COLD START The cold start period covers the first 5 minutes after initial start of the combustion engine. If the coolant temperature can be reliably determined, the cold start period ends once the coolant has reached 343 K (70 °C) for the first time but no later than 5 minutes after initial engine start. Cold start emissions shall be recorded. 5. EMISSION MEASUREMENTS DURING ENGINE STOP Any instantaneous emissions or exhaust flow measurements obtained while the combustion engine is deactivated shall be recorded. In a separate step, the recorded values shall afterward be set to zero by the data post processing. The combustion engine shall be considered as deactivated if two of the following criteria apply: the recorded engine speed is < 50 rpm; the exhaust mass flow rate is measured at < 3 kg/h; the measured exhaust mass flow rate drops to < 15 % of the steady-state exhaust mass flow rate at idling. 6. CONSISTENCY CHECK OF VEHICLE ALTITUDE In case well-reasoned doubts exist that a trip has been conducted above of the permissible altitude as specified in point 5.2 of Annex IIIA and in case altitude has only been measured with a GPS, the GPS altitude data shall be checked for consistency and, if necessary, corrected. The consistency of data shall be checked by comparing the latitude, longitude and altitude data obtained from the GPS with the altitude indicated by a digital terrain model or a topographic map of suitable scale. Measurements that deviate by more than 40 m from altitude depicted in the topographic map shall be manually corrected and marked. 7. CONSISTENCY CHECK OF GPS VEHICLE SPEED The vehicle speed as determined by the GPS shall be checked for consistency by calculating and comparing the total trip distance with reference measurements obtained from either a sensor, the validated ECU or, alternatively, from a digital road network or topographic map. It is mandatory to correct GPS data for obvious errors, e.g. by applying a dead reckoning sensor, prior to the consistency check. The original and uncorrected data file shall be retained and any corrected data shall be marked. The corrected data shall not exceed an uninterrupted time period of 120 s or a total of 300 s. The total trip distance as calculated from the corrected GPS data shall deviate by no more than 4 % from the reference. If the GPS data do not meet these requirements and no other reliable speed source is available, the test results shall be voided. 8. CORRECTION OF EMISSIONS 8.1. Dry-wet correction If the emissions are measured on a dry basis, the measured concentrations shall be converted to a wet basis as: c wet= k w· c dry where: c wet is the wet concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume c dry is the dry concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume k w is the dry-wet correction factor The following equation shall be used to calculate k w: where: where: H a is the intake air humidity [g water per kg dry air] c CO2 is the dry CO2 concentration [%] c CO is the dry CO concentration [%] α is the molar hydrogen ratio. 8.2. Correction of NOx for ambient humidity and temperature NOx emissions shall not be corrected for ambient temperature and humidity. 9. DETERMINATION OF THE INSTANTANEOUS GASEOUS EXHAUST COMPONENTS 9.1. Introduction The components in the raw exhaust gas shall be measured with the measurement and sampling analysers described in Appendix 2. The raw concentrations of relevant components shall be measured in accordance with Appendix 1. The data shall be time corrected and aligned in accordance with point 3. 9.2. Calculating NMHC and CH4 concentrations For methane measurement using a NMC-FID, the calculation of NMHC depends on the calibration gas/method used for the zero/span calibration adjustment. When a FID is used for THC measurement without a NMC, it shall be calibrated with propane/air or propane/N2 in the normal manner. For the calibration of the FID in series with a NMC, the following methods are permitted: (a) the calibration gas consisting of propane/air bypasses the NMC; (b) the calibration gas consisting of methane/air passes through the NMC. It is strongly recommended to calibrate the methane FID with methane/air through the NMC. In method (a), the concentrations of CH4 and NMHC shall be calculated as follows: In case (b), the concentration of CH4 and NMHC shall be calculated as follows: where: c HC(w/oNMC) is the HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1] c HC(w/NMC) is the HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1] r h is the hydrocarbon response factor as determined in point 4.3.3(b) of Appendix 2 E M is the methane efficiency as determined in point 4.3.4(a) of Appendix 2 E E is the ethane efficiency as determined in point 4.3.4(b) of Appendix 2. If the methane FID is calibrated through the cutter (method b), then the methane conversion efficiency as determined in point 4.3.4(a) of Appendix 2 is zero. The density used for NMHC mass calculations shall be equal to that of total hydrocarbons at 273,15 K and 101,325 kPa and is fuel-dependent. 10. DETERMINATION OF EXHAUST MASS FLOW 10.1. Introduction The calculation of instantaneous mass emissions according to points 11 and 12 requires determining the exhaust mass flow rate. The exhaust mass flow rate shall be determined by one of the direct measurement methods specified in point 7.2 of Appendix 2. Alternatively, it is permissible to calculate the exhaust mass flow rate as described in points 10.2 to 10.4. 10.2. Calculation method using air mass flow rate and fuel mass flow rate The instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate can be calculated from the air mass flow rate and the fuel mass flow rate as follows: q mew,i = q maw,i + q mf,i where: qm ew,i is the instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s] qm aw,i is the instantaneous intake air mass flow rate [kg/s] qm f,i is the instantaneous fuel mass flow rate [kg/s]. If the air mass flow rate and the fuel mass flow rate or the exhaust mass flow rate are determined from ECU recording, the calculated instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified for the exhaust mass flow rate in point 3 of Appendix 2 and the validation requirements specified in point 4.3 of Appendix 3. 10.3. Calculation method using air mass flow and air-to-fuel ratio The instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate can be calculated from the air mass flow rate and the air-to-fuel ratio as follows: where: where: qm aw,i is the instantaneous intake air mass flow rate [kg/s] A/F st is the stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio [kg/kg] l i is the instantaneous excess air ratio c CO2 is the dry CO2 concentration [%] c CO is the dry CO concentration [ppm] c HCw is the wet HC concentration [ppm] α is the molar hydrogen ratio (H/C) β is the molar carbon ratio (C/C) γ is the molar sulphur ratio (S/C) δ is the molar nitrogen ratio (N/C) ε is the molar oxygen ratio (O/C). Coefficients refer to a fuel Cβ Hα Oε Nδ Sγ with β = 1 for carbon-based fuels. The concentration of HC emissions is typically low and may be omitted when calculating l i. If the air mass flow rate and air-to-fuel ratio are determined from ECU recording, the calculated instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified for the exhaust mass flow rate in point 3 of Appendix 2 and the validation requirements specified in point 4.3 of Appendix 3. 10.4. Calculation method using fuel mass flow and air-to-fuel ratio The instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate can be calculated from the fuel flow and the air-to-fuel ratio (calculated with A/Fst and l i according to point 10.3) as follows: q mew,i = q mf,i × (1 + A/F st × λ i) The calculated instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified for the exhaust gas mass flow rate in point 3 of Appendix 2 and the validation requirements specified in point 4.3 of Appendix 3. 11. CALCULATING THE INSTANTANEOUS MASS EMISSIONS The instantaneous mass emissions [g/s] shall be determined by multiplying the instantaneous