COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2022/2068

of 26 October 2022

imposing a definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of certain cold-rolled flat steel products originating in the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation following an expiry review pursuant to Article 11(2) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council

THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,

Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Union (1) (‘the basic Regulation’), and in particular Article 11(2) thereof,

Having regard to Regulation (EU) 2015/477 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2015 on measures that the European Union may take in relation to the combined effect of anti-dumping or anti-subsidy measures with safeguard measures (2), and in particular Article 1 thereof,

Whereas:

1. PROCEDURE

1.1. Previous investigations and measures in force

(1) By Regulation (EU) 2016/1328 (3) the European Commission imposed anti-dumping duties on imports of certain cold-rolled flat steel products (‘CRF’) originating in the People’s Republic of China (‘the PRC’ or ‘China’) and the Russian Federation (‘Russia’) (‘the original measures’). The investigation that led to the imposition of the original measures will hereinafter be referred to as ‘the original investigation’.

(2) The anti-dumping duties currently in force for the PRC are 19,7 % on imports from the sampled exporting producers, 20,5 % on the non-sampled cooperating companies and 22,1 % on all other companies, and for Russia range between 18,7 % and 34 % for the sampled exporting producers with a duty rate of 36,1 % for all other companies.

1.2. Request for an expiry review

(3) Following the publication of a notice of impending expiry (4) the European Commission (‘the Commission’) received a request for a review pursuant to Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation.

(4) The request for review was lodged on 3 May 2021 by the European Steel Association (‘EUROFER’) (‘the applicant’) on behalf of the Union industry of CRF in the sense of Article 5(4) of the basic Regulation. The request for review was based on the grounds that the expiry of the measures would likely result in recurrence of dumping and continuation or recurrence of injury to the Union industry.

1.3. Initiation of an expiry review

(5) Having determined, after consulting the Committee established by Article 15(1) of the basic Regulation, that sufficient evidence existed for the initiation of an expiry review the Commission initiated, on 3 August 2021, an expiry review with regard to imports to the Union of CRF originating in the PRC and Russia (‘the countries concerned’) on the basis of Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation. It published a Notice of Initiation in the Official Journal of the European Union (5) (‘the Notice of Initiation’).

1.4. Review investigation period and period considered

(6) The investigation of a continuation or recurrence of dumping covered the period from 1 July 2020 to 30 June 2021 (‘review investigation period’). The examination of trends relevant for the assessment of the likelihood of a continuation or recurrence of injury covered the period from 1 January 2017 to the end of the review investigation period (‘the period considered’).

1.5. Interested parties

(7) In the Notice of Initiation, interested parties were invited to contact the Commission in order to participate in the investigation. In addition, the Commission specifically informed the applicant, all known Union producers, the known producers in the PRC and Russia and the authorities of the PRC and Russia, known importers, users and traders about the initiation of the expiry review and invited them to participate.

1.6. Comments on initiation

(8) Interested parties had an opportunity to comment on the initiation of the expiry review and to request a hearing with the Commission and/or the Hearing Officer in trade proceedings. The Commission received comments from three exporting producers in Russia, the Russian government, one unrelated importer and one user.

(9) In their comments on initiation, the three Russian exporting producers claimed that the applicant had failed to present sufficient and reliable evidence that there was a likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injurious dumping from imports from Russia. In addition, the Russian government, the Russian exporting producers, the unrelated importer and a user claimed there was no causal link between the Union industry’s injury situation and imports of CRF from China and Russia. The reasoning of the different parties was that the injury to the Union industry, if it existed, was caused by other factors than injurious imports from Russia and China due to the negligible imports volumes of CRF from the countries concerned.

(10) However, as also stated in the Notice of Initiation, the applicant alleged that ‘the removal of injury as originally established has been mainly due to the existence of measures and that any recurrence of substantial imports at dumped prices from the countries concerned would likely lead to a recurrence of injury to the Union industry should measures be allowed to lapse’ (6). The purpose of the review investigation was to establish whether the expiry of measures is likely to result in continuation or recurrence of injury caused by dumped imports from the countries concerned. The information provided by the applicant at the initiation stage was sufficient to show that injury caused by dumped imports would recur if dumped imports were to resume at higher volumes. Therefore, the Commission rejected the parties’ claims on causality.

(11) The Russian government claimed that the applicant did not present sufficient evidence of the increased dumping, as stated in Article 5.2 of the Anti-dumping Agreement, while calculating normal value. Furthermore, it argued that the information provided in the open version of the request for expiry review was not detailed enough and showed no exact figures used for calculating the margin, because transport costs, export costs as well as prices on the Russian CRF market and the calculations themselves had been provided in approximate figures. The Russian government requested the Commission to examine the calculations provided in the request and to provide the evidence that these calculations are trustworthy. Moreover, the Russian government referred to Article 6.2 of the Anti-dumping Agreement stating that without an opportunity for a reasonable understanding of the substance of information submitted in confidence, the applicant prevented both the Russian government and the Russian producers, as well as other interested parties from an opportunity to defend their interests in full and asked the Commission and Eurofer to provide more detailed data on dumping margin calculations.

(12) Concerning the claim on the sufficiency of evidence, the request for review acknowledged that Russian exports of the product concerned to the Union decreased sharply in comparison to the investigation period of the original investigation. Therefore, the request assessed the likelihood of recurrence of dumping by reference to export prices to third countries other than the Union. The analysis of the evidence showed that the request contained sufficient evidence of likelihood of recurrence of dumping.

(13) The dumping margin calculated in the request reflected the pricing behaviour of the Russian exporting producers on third country markets and did not necessarily reflect the exact degree of dumping which was calculated in the investigation. However, the applicant provided sufficient evidence in the request on export price and normal value showing likelihood of recurrence of dumping. The applicant also provided a sufficiently detailed description of the methodology used in its dumping calculation to permit a reasonable understanding of the substance of the information submitted in confidence.

(14) In order to assess the normal value of CRF for the Russian exporting producers, the applicant had collected publicly available and subscription-based information on the domestic selling prices of 1 tonne of CRF by the main exporters on their domestic market for the period of reference. The Commission verified and confirmed the export price with the Global Trade Atlas (‘GTA’) database.

(15) Since imports of the product under review from Russia to the Union have been negligible following the imposition of the anti-dumping duties in 2016, the applicant based the export price on several sources of price information on export sales of Russian CRF to any third countries in 2020. These export prices for 1 tonne of CRF were established on the basis of market intelligence on export prices from Russia. The export price was verified and confirmed with the average GTA price of the three main Russian export destinations.

(16) The applicant had thus compared, the average ex-works export price of CRF steel products from Russia with a normal value based on Russian domestic prices.

(17) In its statutory analysis, the Commission took into account only those elements for which evidence was sufficiently adequate and accurate.

(18) Therefore, the claims of the Russian government were rejected.

(19) The Commission considered that the non-confidential version of the request available in the file for inspection by interested parties contained all the essential evidence and non-confidential summaries of the confidential data allowing interested parties to properly exercise their rights of defence. Therefore, this claim was rejected.

1.7. Sampling

(20) In the Notice of Initiation, the Commission stated that it might sample interested parties in accordance with Article 17 of the basic Regulation.

1.7.1. Sampling of Union producers

(21) In the Notice of Initiation, the Commission stated that it had provisionally selected a sample of three Union producers. The Commission selected the sample on the basis of the production and sales volumes of the like product. The sample consisted of three Union producers that accounted for more than 30 % of the estimated total volume of production of the like product in the Union and more than 20 % of the estimated total volume of sales.

(22) In accordance with Article 17(2) of the basic Regulation, the Commission invited interested parties to comment on the provisional sample. No comments were received and the provisional sample was thus confirmed and was considered representative of the Union industry.

1.7.2. Sampling of importers

(23) To decide whether sampling was necessary and, if so, to select a sample, the Commission asked unrelated importers to provide the information specified in the Annex to the Notice of Initiation.

(24) No unrelated importer replied to the sampling form. Consequently, the Commission decided that sampling was not necessary.

1.7.3. Sampling of exporting producers in Russia and China

(25) To decide whether sampling was necessary and, if so, to select a sample, the Commission asked all exporting producers in Russia and China to provide the information specified in the Notice of Initiation. In addition, the Commission asked the Chinese and Russian authorities to identify and/or contact other exporting producers, if any, that could be interested in participating in the investigation.

(26) At the initiation, the Commission made available a copy of the questionnaires in the file for inspection by interested parties and on DG TRADE’s website.

(27) No Chinese exporting producers provided the requested information and/or agreed to be included in the sample. The Commission informed the Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the European Union about its intention to apply facts available in accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation. No comments were received.

(28) Therefore, since there was no cooperation from the Chinese producers, the findings with regard to the imports from the PRC were made on the basis of the facts available pursuant to Article 18 of the basic Regulation, in particular using trade statistics on imports and exports (Eurostat, the Global Trade Atlas (‘GTA’) (7) and OECD (8)).

(29) Three Russian exporting producers, namely PJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK) and its related companies (MMK Group), PJSG Novolipetsk Steel (NLMK) and its related companies (NLMK Group) and PJSC Severstal (Severstal) and its related companies (SEVERSTAL Group), provided the requested information and agreed to be included in the sample. However, on 6 September 2021, these three exporting producers informed the Commission that they had decided not to submit individual anti-dumping questionnaire replies but would cooperate with the Commission on all other aspects of the expiry review, such as comments on the review request, likelihood of continuation or recurrence of injury and Union interest. Subsequently, on 13 September 2021, the three Russian exporting producers submitted comments on the request for expiry review, the alleged continuation and likelihood of recurrence of injurious dumping and Union interest. They invited the Commission to conduct selective verification of relevant company-specific data, such as production, capacity and capacity utilisation submitted together with the comments.

(30) Following this communication, on 21 September and 19 November 2021 the Commission informed the afore-mentioned exporting producers that it considered them as non-cooperating parties and informed them about its intention to apply Article 18 of the basic Regulation and make use of facts available to determine its findings in the investigation. The Commission also informed the authorities of Russia about its intention to apply facts available in accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation.

(31) On 30 September and 29 November 2021, the Commission received comments from the three Russian exporting producers regarding the application of Article 18 of the basic Regulation. They disagreed with the Commission’s assessment of their cooperation status and reiterated their intention to cooperate on other aspects of the review such as continuation or recurrence of injury, likelihood of further injurious dumping and Union interest. They invited again the Commission to verify the data on production, capacity and capacity utilisation they had submitted.

(32) In this respect, the Russian exporting producers did not submit the requested necessary information in their questionnaire replies. The Commission considered that the Russian exporting producers provided only fragmented information limited to production, capacity and production volume, without supporting evidence. Consequently, since the exporting producers did not provide sufficient and reliable information for the Commission to arrive at a reasonable accurate finding, the Commission used the information available on the file as explained in recital 30. In any event, the Commission used the information provided by the three Russian producers to the extent possible in this regard.

(33) The Commission sent a questionnaire concerning the existence of significant distortions in the PRC within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation to the Government of the People’s Republic of China (‘GOC’).

(34) The Commission also sent questionnaires to the sampled Union producers. The same questionnaires had also been made available online (9) on the day of initiation. In addition, the Commission sent a questionnaire to the Union producers association, EUROFER.

(35) Questionnaire replies were received from the three sampled Union producers and EUROFER.

1.7.4. Verification

(36) The Commission sought and verified all the information deemed necessary for the determination of likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping and injury and of the Union interest. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent measures taken to deal with the outbreak (‘the COVID-19 Notice’) (10), the Commission was unable to carry out verification visits at the premises of the sampled companies. Instead, the Commission performed Remote cross-checks (‘RCCs’) of the information provided by the following companies via videoconference:

Union producers

— Voestalpine Stahl GmbH, Austria

— ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG, Germany

— ArcelorMittal Belgium, Belgium

1.8. Subsequent procedure

(37) On 19 August 2022, the Commission disclosed the essential facts and considerations on the basis of which it intended to maintain the anti-dumping duties in force regarding imports from the PRC and Russia. All parties were granted the opportunity to make comments on the disclosure.

(38) The comments made by interested parties were considered by the Commission and taken into account, where appropriate. The parties who so requested were granted a hearing.

2. PRODUCT UNDER REVIEW, PRODUCT CONCERNED AND LIKE PRODUCT

2.1. Product under review

(39) The product under review is the same as in in the original investigation namely flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, or other alloy steel but excluding of stainless steel, of all widths, cold-rolled (cold-reduced), not clad, plated or coated and not further worked than cold-rolled (cold-reduced), currently falling under CN codes ex 7209 15 00 (TARIC code 7209150090), 7209 16 90, 7209 17 90, 7209 18 91, ex 7209 18 99 (TARIC code 7209189990), ex 7209 25 00 (TARIC code 7209250090), 7209 26 90, 7209 27 90, 7209 28 90, 7211 23 30, ex 7211 23 80 (TARIC codes 7211238019, 7211238095 and 7211238099), ex 7211 29 00 (TARIC codes 7211290019 and 7211290099), 7225 50 80 and 7226 92 00 (‘the product under review’).

(40) The following product types are excluded from the definition of the product under review: — flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of all widths, cold-rolled (cold-reduced), not clad, plated or coated, not further worked than cold-rolled, whether or not in coils, of all thickness, electrical, — flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of all widths, cold-rolled (cold-reduced), not clad, plated or coated, in coils, of a thickness of less than 0,35 mm, annealed (known as ‘black plates’), — flat-rolled products of other alloy steel, of all widths, of silicon-electrical steel, and — flat-rolled products of alloy steel, not further worked than cold-rolled (cold-reduced), of high-speed steel.

(41) Cold-rolled flat steel products are produced from hot-rolled coils. The cold-rolling process is defined by passing a sheet or strip that has previously been hot rolled and pickled – through cold rolls, i.e. below the softening temperature of the metal. Cold-rolled flat steel products are manufactured to meet certain specifications or proprietary end-user specifications. They can be delivered in various forms: in coils (oiled or not oiled), in cut lengths (sheet) or narrow strips. Cold-rolled flat steel products are an industrial input purchased by end-users for a variety of applications, mainly in manufacturing (general industry, packaging, automotive, etc.) but also in construction.

2.2. Product concerned

(42) The product concerned by this investigation is the product under review originating in the PRC and Russia.

2.3. Like product

(43) As established in the original investigation, this expiry review investigation confirmed that the following products have the same basic physical characteristics as well as the same basic uses: — the product concerned when exported to the Union; — the product under review sold on the domestic market of the PRC and Russia; and — the product under review produced and sold in the Union by the Union industry.

(44) These products are therefore considered to be like products within the meaning of Article 1(4) of the basic Regulation.

3. DUMPING

3.1. People’s Republic of China

3.1.1. Preliminary remarks

(45) During the review investigation period, imports of certain cold-rolled flat steel products from China continued, albeit at lower levels than in the investigation period of the original investigation (i.e. from 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2015). According to Eurostat data, imports of certain cold-rolled flat steel products from China accounted for less than 1 % of the Union market in the review investigation period compared to 10,3 % (11) market share during the original investigation. In absolute terms, China exported about 32 000 tonnes to the Union during the review investigation period, which is a significant decrease compared to about 732 000 tonnes (12) that it exported to the Union during the investigation period of the original investigation.

(46) During the original investigation, the Commission found that exports of the product concerned from China were dumped at a significant level on the Union market. The dumping margins of the cooperating Chinese exporters ranged from 52,7 % to 59,2 %. Due to the application of the lesser duty rule, the anti-dumping duties imposed on Chinese imports were set at a much lower level, ranging from 19,7 % to 22,1 %.

(47) As mentioned in recital 27, none of the Chinese exporters/producers cooperated in the investigation. Therefore, the Commission informed the authorities of the PRC that due to the absence of cooperation, the Commission might apply Article 18 of the basic Regulation concerning the findings with regard to the PRC. The Commission did not receive any comments or requests for an intervention of the Hearing Officer in this regard.

(48) Consequently, in accordance with Article 18(1) of the basic Regulation, the findings in relation to the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping with regard to the PRC were based on facts available, in particular the information contained in the request for the expiry review and in the submissions by the interested parties, combined with other sources of information, such as trade statistics on imports and exports (Eurostat, the GTA (13), and OECD (14)), and independent providers of financial data, such as Global Financials published by Dunn & Bradstreet (15).

3.1.2. Dumping

3.1.2.1. Procedure for the determination of the normal value under Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation for the imports of certain cold-rolled flat steel products originating in the PRC

(49) Given the sufficient evidence available at the initiation of the investigation tending to show, with regard to the PRC, the existence of significant distortions within the meaning of point (b) of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation, the Commission initiated the investigation on the basis of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation.

(50) In order to obtain information it deemed necessary for its investigation with regard to the alleged significant distortions, the Commission sent a questionnaire to the GOC. In addition, in point 5.3.2. of the Notice of Initiation, the Commission invited all interested parties to make their views known, submit information and provide supporting evidence regarding the application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation within 37 days of the date of publication of the Notice of Initiation in the Official Journal of the European Union. No questionnaire reply was received from the GOC and no submission on the application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation was received within the deadline. Subsequently, by Note Verbale dated 13 September 2021, the Commission informed the GOC that it would use facts available within the meaning of Article 18 of the basic Regulation for the determination of the existence of the significant distortions in the PRC.

(51) In point 5.3.2. of the Notice of Initiation, the Commission also specified that, in view of the evidence available, a possible representative third country for China was in this case Brazil, pursuant to Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, for the purpose of determining the normal value based on undistorted prices or benchmarks. The Commission further stated that it would examine other possibly appropriate countries in accordance with the criteria set out in first indent of Article 2(6a) of the Basic regulation.

(52) On 24 November 2020, the Commission informed by a note (‘the First Note’) interested parties on the relevant sources it intended to use for the determination of the normal value. In that note, the Commission provided a list of all factors of production such as raw materials, labour and energy used in the production of certain cold-rolled flat steel products. In addition, based on the criteria guiding the choice of undistorted prices or benchmarks, the Commission identified possible representative countries, namely Brazil, Mexico, Russia and Turkey. The Commission received no comments on the First Note.

(53) On 17 March 2022, the Commission informed by a second note (‘the Second Note’) interested parties on the relevant sources it intended to use for the determination of the normal value, with Brazil as the representative country. No comments were received.

3.1.2.2. Normal value

(54) According to Article 2(1) of the basic Regulation, ‘the normal value shall normally be based on the prices paid or payable, in the ordinary course of trade, by independent customers in the exporting country’.

(55) However, according to Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, ‘in case it is determined […] that it is not appropriate to use domestic prices and costs in the exporting country due to the existence in that country of significant distortions within the meaning of point (b), the normal value shall be constructed exclusively on the basis of costs of production and sale reflecting undistorted prices or benchmarks’, and ‘shall include an undistorted and reasonable amount of administrative, selling and general costs and for profits’ (‘administrative, selling and general costs’ is refereed hereinafter as ‘SG&A’).

(56) As further explained in the following subsections, the Commission concluded in the present investigation that, based on the evidence available, and in view of the lack of cooperation of the GOC and the Chinese exporting producers, the application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation was appropriate.

3.1.3. Existence of significant distortions

(57) In recent investigations concerning the steel sector in the PRC (16), the Commission found that significant distortions in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation were present.

(58) In those investigations, the Commission found that there is substantial government intervention in the PRC resulting in a distortion of the effective allocation of resources in line with market principles (17). In particular, the Commission concluded that in the steel sector, which is the main raw material to produce the product under review, not only does a substantial degree of ownership by the GOC persist in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), first indent of the basic Regulation (18), but the GOC is also in a position to interfere with prices and costs through State presence in firms in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), second indent of the basic Regulation (19). The Commission further found that the State’s presence and intervention in the financial markets, as well as in the provision of raw materials and inputs have an additional distorting effect on the market. Indeed, overall, the system of planning in the PRC results in resources being concentrated in sectors designated as strategic or otherwise politically important by the GOC, rather than being allocated in line with market forces (20). Moreover, the Commission concluded that the Chinese bankruptcy and property laws do not work properly in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), fourth indent of the basic Regulation, thus generating distortions in particular when maintaining insolvent firms afloat and when allocating land use rights in the PRC (21). In the same vein, the Commission found distortions of wage costs in the steel sector in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), fifth indent of the basic Regulation (22), as well as distortions in the financial markets in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), sixth indent of the basic Regulation, in particular concerning access to capital for corporate actors in the PRC (23).

(59) Like in previous investigations concerning the steel sector in the PRC, the Commission examined in the present investigation whether it was appropriate or not to use domestic prices and costs in the PRC, due to the existence of significant distortions within the meaning of point (b) of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation. The Commission did so on the basis of the evidence available on the file, including the evidence contained in the request, as well as in the Commission Staff Working Document on Significant Distortions in the Economy of the People’s Republic of China for the Purposes of Trade Defense Investigations (24) (‘Report’), which relies on publicly available sources. That analysis covered the examination of the substantial government interventions in the PRC’s economy in general, but also the specific market situation in the relevant sector including the product under review. The Commission further supplemented these evidentiary elements with its own research on the various criteria relevant to confirm the existence of significant distortions in the PRC as also found by its previous investigations in this respect.

(60) The request alleged that the Chinese economy as a whole is widely influenced and affected by various all-encompassing interventions by the GOC or other public authorities on various levels of government, in view of which domestic prices and costs of the Chinese steel industry cannot be used in the present investigation. To support its position, the request referred to the Commission’s recent investigations of the Chinese steel sector (25) or the conclusions of the G20 Global Forum on Steel Excess Capacity (26).

(61) More specifically, the request pointed out that against the background of the ‘socialist market economy’ doctrine enshrined in the PRC Constitution, the omnipresence of the Chinese Communist Party (‘CCP’) and the government influence over the economy by means of strategic planning initiatives – such as the 13th and 14th Five-Years Plans – the GOC’s interventionism takes various forms, namely administrative, financial and regulatory.

(62) The request provided examples of elements pointing to existence of distortions, as listed in the first to sixth dash of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation. In particular, referring to previous Commission investigations in the steel sector, to the Report, to reports by third countries authorities (USTR) and by other institutions (IMF) the applicant submitted that: — The market of CRF is served to a significant extent by enterprises which operate under the ownership, control or policy supervision or guidance of the PRC authorities, given in particular the CCP’s influence over both private and state-owned companies by means of CCP nominations in companies, as well as in view of the systematic intermingling of State and CCP offices. The applicant further submitted that while the steel sector consists approximately half of state-owned and half of private companies in terms of production and production capacity, four out of the five biggest steel producers are SOEs, including Baowu, the second largest crude steel producer worldwide which is fully state-owned and closely aligned with the GOC’s steel policy. The applicant pointed out in this connection that the GOC has been pursuing the plan to consolidate 70 % of iron and steel production in ten champion companies by 2025, a strategy which affects also the CRF industry, e.g. by the Baowu acquisition of the CRF producer Maanshan Iron & Steel in 2019; — State presence in firms allows the state to interfere with respect to prices or costs, notably by exercising regulatory and managerial control over SOEs, as well as through an increasing role of CCP in both state-owned and private companies which have been urged in recent years to leave major decisions to the CCP. The applicant further referred to personal overlaps between the state-controlled CISA association and the largest private steel producer, the Shagang group, as well as to State presence in upstream sector companies for which targets are set which result in abnormally low costs for the steel industry. — Public policies or measures discriminate in favour of domestic suppliers or otherwise influence free market forces, given in particular the system of planning which funnels resources to selected industries, such as the steel sector. The applicant illustrated this by quoting the draft 14th Five-Years Plan for the steel industry which reiterates its importance for the Chinese economy, as well as by referring to other planning and strategic documents which foresee support to the steel sector, such as Made in China 2025. The applicant further referred to other public policies affecting free market forces, such as the GOC steering the prices of raw materials through numerous measures, such as export quotas, export licensing requirements, export duties or VAT rebates, through energy price differentiation. In addition, the request describes the incentives provided by the Chinese authorities to steel producers which participate in the Belt and Road Initiative, aimed at fostering the presence of Chinese companies on foreign markets; — The lack, discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy, corporate or property laws results in the survival of large numbers of ‘zombie companies’ which contribute to the persistence of unused capacities, an issue particularly felt in the steel sector and reverberating in the Chinese financial and borrowing markets. The applicant also pointed out that given the absence of private land ownership in China, the Chinese state intervenes in the land use by the steel sector, as also already found by the Commission in previous investigations (27); — Wage costs are distorted, insofar as no free bargaining exists and the only legally recognised trade union, the ACFTU is subject to CCP leadership. The applicant also pointed out that China has still not ratified several fundamental ILO convention and that the Chinese workforce is impacted by the household registration system; — Access to finance is granted by institutions which implement public policy objectives, or otherwise do not act independently of the state, due to the dominant presence of State-owned and controlled banks in which the State and CCP have influence over personnel and business decisions and which align themselves with the country’s industrial policy objectives. According to the request, Chinese CRF producers massively benefit from preferential lending by those banks. The applicant pointed out that also private banks must take national policy into account when conducting their business. Similarly to the distortions in the banking sector, the request describes the dominant role of government-related players in the bond market and the distortive role of the State-owned credit rating agencies or private agencies strongly influenced by the State, which opens the way to financing at more favourable rates to encouraged industries than those that would have been available on financial markets operating according to market principles.

(63) As indicated in recital 50, the GOC did not comment or provide evidence supporting or rebutting the existing evidence on the case file, including the Report and the additional evidence provided by the applicant, on the existence of significant distortions and/or on the appropriateness of the application of Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation in the case at hand.

(64) Specifically in the sector of the product under review, i.e. the steel sector, a substantial degree of ownership by the GOC persists. Many of the largest CRF producers are owned by the State, such as, for example, Hebei Iron and Steel, Handan Iron and Steel, Baoshan Iron and Steel, Shanghai Meishan Iron and Steel, BX Steel Posco Cold Rolled Sheet, WISCO International Economic and Trading, Maanshan Iron and Steel, Tianjin Rolling One Steel or Inner Mongolia Baotu Steel Union. Baosteel, another major Chinese enterprise that engages in steel manufacturing, is part of the China Baowu Steel Group Co. Ltd. (formerly Baosteel Group and Wuhan Iron & Steel), the world’s largest steel producer (28) which is ultimately 100 % owned by the central SASAC (29). While the nominal split between the number of SOEs and privately owned companies is estimated to be almost even, from the five Chinese steel producers ranked in the top 10 of the world’s largest steel producers, four are SOEs (30). At the same time, while the top ten producers only took up some 36 % of total industry output in 2016, the GOC set the target in the same year to consolidate 60 % to 70 % of steel production in around ten large-scale enterprises by 2025 (31). This intention has been repeated by the GOC in April 2019, announcing a release of guidelines on steel industry consolidation (32). Such consolidation may entail forced mergers of profitable private companies with underperforming SOEs (33). Since there was no cooperation from Chinese exporters of the product under review, the exact ratio of the private and state owned cold-rolled flat steel producers could not be determined. However, while specific information may not be available for the CRF sector, the sector represents a sub-sector of the steel industry and the findings concerning the steel sector are therefore deemed indicative also for the product under review.

(65) The latest Chinese policy documents concerning the steel sector confirm the continued importance which GOC attributes to the sector, including the intention to intervene in the sector in order to shape it in line with the government policies. This is exemplified by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s draft Guiding Opinion on Fostering a High Quality Development of Steel Industry which calls for further consolidation of the industrial foundation and significant improvement in the modernization level of the industrial chain (34) or by the 14th Five Years Plan on Developing the Raw Material Industry according to which the sector will ‘adhere to the combination of market leadership and government promotion’ and will ‘cultivate a group of leading companies with ecological leadership and core competitiveness’ (35). Similar examples of the intention by the Chinese authorities to supervise and guide the developments of the sector can be seen at the provincial level, such as in Shandong which not only foresees ‘building a steel industry ecology […], establish manufacturing parks, extend the industrial chain and create industrial clusters’ but want the steel industry to ‘provide a demonstration for the transformation and upgrading […] in our province and even the whole country’ (36).

(66) As to the GOC being in a position to interfere with prices and costs through State presence in firms in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), second indent of the basic Regulation, due to the lack of cooperation from the side of the CRF producers, it was impossible to systematically establish existence of personal connections between producers of the product under review and the CCP. However, given that CRF represents a subsector of the steel sector, information available with respect to steel producers is relevant also to CRF. To provide an example, Baowu’s Chairman of the Board of Directors serves at the same time as the Party Committee Secretary with the General Manager being the Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee (37). Similarly, the Chairman of Baosteel’s Board of Directors occupies the position of the Party Committee’s secretary, while the Executive Manager is the Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee (38). More generally, in view of the general applicability of the legislation on CCP presence in companies, it cannot be assumed that the ability of the GOC to interfere with prices and costs through State presence in firms would be different compared to the steel sector in general.

(67) Both public and privately owned enterprises in the CRF sector are subject to policy supervision and guidance. The following examples illustrate the above trend of an increasing level of intervention by the GOC in the CRF sector. Many CRF producers explicitly emphasise Party building activities on their websites, have party members in the company management and underline their affiliation to the CCP. For instance, Baowu indicates that 301 Party Committees exist within the group, with the number of CCP members among Baowu’s staff amounting to 84 571 (39). Moreover, the group indicates the following concerning Party building in the enterprise: ‘Strengthen the leadership of the party and improve corporate governance, improve the modern enterprise system. China Baowu fully implements the requirements of the ‘Opinions on Strengthening the Party’s Leadership in the Improvement of Corporate Governance by Central Enterprises’, […] The revised and improved decision-making system for major matters further improved the decision-making authority of the party committee, the board of directors, managers and other governance bodies, the decision-making matters and forms authorized by the board of directors […]. […] Baowu adheres to and implements the simultaneous planning of party building and enterprise reform, the simultaneous establishment of party organizations and working institutions, the simultaneous allocation of party organization leaders and party affairs staff (40)’.

(68) Further, policies discriminating in favour of domestic producers or otherwise influencing the market in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), third indent of the basic Regulation are in place in the CRF sector. Even though CRF is a specialised industry and no specific policy documents guiding specifically the development of the CRF industry as such could be identified during the investigation, the CRF industry benefits from governmental guidance and intervention into the steel sector, given that CRF represents one of its subsectors.

(69) The steel industry is regarded as a key industry by the GOC (41). This is confirmed in the numerous plans, directives and other documents focused on steel, which are issued at national, regional and municipal level such as the ‘Steel Industry Adjustment and Upgrading plan for 2016-2020’, valid during a significant part of the review investigation period. This Plan stated that the steel industry is ‘an important, fundamental sector of the Chinese economy, a national cornerstone’ (42). The main tasks and objectives set out in this Plan cover all aspects of the development of the industry (43). The 13th Five-Year Plan on Economic and Social Development (44), applicable during the review investigation period, envisaged support to enterprises producing high-end steel product types (45). It also focused on achieving product quality, durability and reliability by supporting companies using technologies related to clean steel production, precision rolling and quality improvement (46). Similarly, under the 14th Five Years Plan adopted in March 2021, the GOC has earmarked the steel industry for transformation and upgrade, as well as optimization and structural adjustment (47).

(70) The Guiding Catalogue for Industry Restructuring (2019 Version) (48) (‘the Catalogue’) lists steel as an encouraged industry. The other important raw material used for the production of CRF is iron ore. Iron ore was covered by the National Mineral Resource Plan 2016-2020 during a significant portion of the review investigation period. The plan envisaged, among others, to ‘ensure enterprise concentration and develop large and medium sized mines competitive on the market’, ‘ensure guidance of local resources so as to concentrate them towards large-sized mining groups’, ‘reduce the burden on iron ore enterprises, raise the competitiveness of domestic iron ore enterprises’, ‘adequately control the development of 1 000 meter-deep mines and small-scale low-grade iron ore mines’.

(71) Iron ore is also mentioned in the 13th Five-Years Plan on Steel 2016-2020, which was in force during a significant portion of the review investigation period. The plan envisaged for iron ore: ‘keep on supporting exploration works in domestic key mineral areas, […], support a number of existing and strongly competitive domestic iron ore enterprises, thanks to a wider and intensified development, […], and to strengthen the role of domestic mineral resources bases as regards security (of supplies)’.

(72) Iron ore is classified as a Strategic Emerging Industry (‘SEI’) and therefore covered by the 13th Five-Years Plan on SEIs. Iron ore and ferro alloys are also all listed in the Catalogue. Ferro alloys are further mentioned in the 2018 MIIT Guiding Catalogue for Industry Development and Transfer. The examples above concerning the steel sector in general and the iron ore business in particular, the latter being an important raw material to produce CRF, demonstrate the importance the GOC is paying to these sectors. As such, the GOC guides also the further development of the CRF sector in accordance with a broad range of policy tools and directives and controls virtually every aspect in the development and functioning of the sector. Thus, the CRF industry benefits from governmental guidance and intervention concerning the main raw materials to manufacture CRF, namely iron.

(73) In sum, the GOC has measures in place to induce operators to comply with the public policy objectives of supporting encouraged industries, including the production of the main raw materials used in the manufacturing of CRF. Such measures impede market forces from operating freely.

(74) The present investigation has not revealed any evidence that the discriminatory application or inadequate enforcement of bankruptcy and property laws according to Article 2(6a)(b), fourth indent of the basic Regulation in the CRF sector referred to above in recital 55 would not affect the manufacturers of the product under review.

(75) The CRF sector is also affected by the distortions of wage costs in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), fifth indent of the basic Regulation, as also referred to above in recital 55. Those distortions affect the sector both directly (when producing the product under review or the main inputs), as well as indirectly (when having access to capital or inputs from companies subject to the same labour system in the PRC) (49).

(76) Moreover, no evidence was submitted in the present investigation demonstrating that the CRF sector is not affected by the government intervention in the financial system in the sense of Article 2(6a)(b), sixth indent of the basic Regulation, as also referred to above in recital 55. Therefore, the substantial government intervention in the financial system leads to the market conditions being severely affected at all levels.

(77) Finally, the Commission recalls that in order to produce CRF, a number of inputs is needed. When the producers of CRF purchase/contract these inputs, the prices they pay (and which are recorded as their costs) are clearly exposed to the same systemic distortions mentioned before. For instance, suppliers of inputs employ labour that is subject to the distortions. They may borrow money that is subject to the distortions on the financial sector/capital allocation. In addition, they are subject to the planning system that applies across all levels of government and sectors.

(78) As a consequence, not only the domestic sales prices of CRF are not appropriate for use within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, but all the input costs (including raw materials, energy, land, financing, labour, etc.) are also affected because their price formation is affected by substantial government intervention, as described in Parts I and II of the Report. Indeed, the government interventions described in relation to the allocation of capital, land, labour, energy and raw materials are present throughout the PRC. This means, for instance, that an input that in itself was produced in the PRC by combining a range of factors of production is exposed to significant distortions. The same applies for the input to the input and so forth.

(79) No evidence or argument to the contrary has been adduced by the GOC or the exporting producers in the present investigation.

(80) In sum, the evidence available showed that prices or costs of the product under review, including the costs of raw materials, energy and labour, are not the result of free market forces because they are affected by substantial government intervention within the meaning of Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation, as shown by the actual or potential impact of one or more of the relevant elements listed therein. On that basis, and in the absence of any cooperation from the GOC, the Commission concluded that it is not appropriate to use domestic prices and costs to establish normal value in this case. Consequently, the Commission proceeded to construct the normal value exclusively on the basis of costs of production and sale reflecting undistorted prices or benchmarks, that is, in this case, on the basis of corresponding costs of production and sale in an appropriate representative country, in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, as described in the following section.

3.1.4. Representative country

3.1.4.1. General remarks

(81) The choice of the representative country was based on the following criteria pursuant to Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation: — A level of economic development similar to China. For this purpose, the Commission used countries with a gross national income per capita similar to China on the basis of the database of the World Bank (50); — Production of the product under review in that country (51); — Availability of relevant public data in the representative country. — Where there is more than one possible representative country, preference should be given, where appropriate, to the country with an adequate level of social and environmental protection.

(82) As explained in recitals 52 and 53, the Commission issued two notes for the file on the sources for the determination of the normal value. These notes described the facts and evidence underlying the relevant criteria. No comments were received by the parties on these elements and on the relevant sources as laid down in the two above-mentioned notes. In the Second Note, the Commission informed interested parties of its intention to consider Brazil as an appropriate representative country in the present case if the existence of significant distortions pursuant to Article 2(6a) of the basic Regulation would be confirmed.

3.1.4.2. A level of economic development similar to the PRC

(83) In the First Note on production factors, the Commission identified Brazil, Mexico, Russia and Turkey as countries with a similar level of economic development as the PRC according to the World Bank, i.e. they are all classified by the World Bank as ‘upper-middle income’ countries on a gross national income basis, where production of the product under review was known to take place.

(84) The applicant had proposed Brazil as an allegedly appropriate representative country in its request, since Brazil was home to several integrated steel producers and was a prime example of a competitive domestic market for the main steel products, including the product under review. The applicant also indicated in its request that all the inputs used in the production of the product under investigation in Brazil are commonly imported from multiple origins, and to a large extent from non-distorted sources.

(85) No comments were received concerning the countries identified in that note.

3.1.4.3. Availability of relevant public data in the representative country

(86) In the First Note the Commission indicated that for the countries identified as countries where the product under review is being produced, i.e. Brazil, Mexico, Russia and Turkey, the availability of public data needed to be further verified, in particular with regard to the public financial data from producers of the product under review.

(87) With regard to Mexico, the Commission identified two companies that were identified in the First Note as producers. However, one of these two companies was loss making from 2016 onwards, and including 2020. For the other company, it turned out that its financial statements for the year 2020 were not consistent with its financial statements for the year before (2019): for instance, the net sales were found to be about 7 times lower in 2020 than in 2019. No information was found substantiating such difference in net sales (also impacting the net profits) between the years 2020 and 2019. Therefore, both companies were considered not to be suitable candidates for the determination of manufacturing overhead, SG&A and profit. In the absence of other information on file available to the Commission on the presence of other companies producing the product under review in Mexico with readily available financial data, the Commission concluded that Mexico could no longer be considered an appropriate representative country.

(88) With regard to Russia, the Commission identified two companies that were identified in the First Note as producers and which had publicly available financial data. Both companies were profitable in 2020 and in the years before. However, as indicated in recital 91, the Commission identified a number of issues with the data available for Russia, as it did not import a number of important raw materials, such as liquefied natural gas, used for the production of the product under investigation. Moreover, natural gas prices appeared to be distorted in Russia. Therefore, the Commission concluded that Russia was not suitable to be considered as an appropriate representative country for this investigation.

(89) With regard to Turkey, the Commission identified two companies in the First Note as producers. However, for one of them, no recent readily available financial statements were available. For the other company, despite the fact that it was profitable in 2020 and the years before, the Commission considered the level of selling and general costs (‘SG&A’) of this company not reasonable because its SG&A expressed as a percentage of its cost of manufacturing was low (less than 2 % in 2020) or even negative. The Commission therefore concluded that it could not use the data of these companies as an undistorted and reasonable amount for SG&A for establishing the undistorted normal value. As a result, the Commission concluded that Turkey could not be considered as an appropriate representative country for this investigation.

(90) Finally, with respect to Brazil, the Commission identified five companies producing CRF in the First Note. However, two out of these five companies had a negative selling and general costs (‘SG&A’) expressed as a percentage of their cost of manufacturing, therefore their data could not be used for the purpose of establishing undistorted normal value. The other three Brazilian companies had recent public financial data showing profits and reasonable amount for SG&A for the year 2020.

(91) The Commission also analysed the imports of the main factors of production into Brazil, Mexico, Russia and Turkey. The analysis of import data showed that Russia did not import some important factors of production. Moreover, natural gas prices appeared to be distorted in Russia. In addition, the analysis of import data showed that Turkey did not import liquefied natural gas (HS 2711 11 natural gas, liquefied) and only imported a limited quantity of oxygen (HS 2804 40 oxygen). Therefore neither Russia nor Turkey could be considered as a suitable representative country.

(92) In the light of the above considerations, the Commission informed the interested parties with the Second Note that it intended to use Brazil as an appropriate representative country and three Brazilian companies (ArcelorMittal Brazil, CSN, and Usiminas), in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a), first ident of the basic Regulation in order to source undistorted prices or benchmarks for the calculation of normal value.

(93) Interested parties were invited to comment on the appropriateness of Brazil as a representative country and of the three companies (ArcelorMittal Brazil, CSN, and Usiminas) as producers in the representative country. Following the Second Note, no comments were received.

3.1.4.4. Level of social and environmental protection

(94) Having established that Brazil was the only appropriate representative country, based on all of the above elements, there was no need to carry out an assessment of the level of social and environmental protection in accordance with the last sentence of Article 2(6a)(a) first indent of the basic Regulation.

3.1.4.5. Conclusion

(95) In view of the above analysis, Brazil met the criteria laid down in Article 2(6a)(a), first indent of the basic Regulation in order to be considered as an appropriate representative country.

3.1.5. Sources used to establish undistorted costs

(96) In the First Note, the Commission listed the factors of production such as materials, energy and labour used in the production of the product under review by the exporting producers and invited the interested parties to comment and propose publicly available information on undistorted values for each of the factors of production mentioned in that note.

(97) Subsequently, in the Second Note, the Commission stated that, in order to construct the normal value in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, it would use GTA to establish the undistorted cost of most of the factors of production, notably the raw materials. In addition, the Commission stated that it would use the following sources for establishing undistorted costs of energy: the electricity price as charged by one of the largest electricity suppliers in Brazil, the company EDP Brasil (52), whereas it would use the data – as further explained in recital 109 – for the price of natural gas in Brazil. Moreover, the Commission stated that for establishing undistorted costs of labour it would use the ILO statistics to determine the wages in Brazil. The ILO statistics (53) provide information on monthly wages of employees (54) and average weekly hours worked in Brazil, in the manufacturing sector (55), in 2020.

(98) In the Second Note, the Commission also informed the interested parties that given the absence of cooperation from Chinese exporting producers it would group together the negligible weight of some of the raw materials in the total cost of production under ‘consumables’, based on the information submitted in the request by the applicant. Further, the Commission informed that it would apply the percentage to the recalculated cost of raw materials based on the information provided by the applicant in its request for determining the consumables when using the established undistorted benchmarks in the appropriate representative country.

(99) No comments were received.

3.1.6. Undistorted costs and benchmarks

3.1.6.1. Factors of production

(100) The Commission asked the applicant to provide clarifications on the relevant factors of production used for the production processes starting from semi-finished hot-rolled products and to submit an update on the level of transport costs covering the entire review investigation period. The applicant provided the requested information on 17 February 2022.

(101) Considering all the information based on the request and subsequent information submitted by the applicant, the following factors of production and their sources have been identified in order to determine the normal value in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation: Table 1 Factors of production of certain cold-rolled flat products Factor of Production Commodity Code Undistorted value in CNY Unit of measurement Raw materials Dolomite 251810 , 251820 and 251830 169,9 Tonne Limestone 252100 160,8 Tonne Quicklime 252210 852,8 Tonne Iron ores and concentrates 260111 and 260112 1 206,8 Tonne Ferrous products 720310 and 720390 453 671 Tonne Anthracite and Bituminous coal 270111 and 270112 662 Tonne Coke and semi-coke of coal 270400 2 027,6 Tonne Oxygen 280440 8 796,3 Cubic meter Ferro-manganese 720211 and 720219 9 388,2 Tonne Ferro-chromium 720241 and 720249 9 470,6 Tonne Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel 7207 4 256,3 Tonne Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel 72081000 , 72082500 , 72082610 , 72082690 , 72082710 , 72082790 , 72083610 , 72083690 , 72083700 , 72083810 , 72083890 , 72083910 , 72083990 , 72084000 , 72085100 , 72085200 , 72085300 , 72085400 , 72089000 , 72111300 , 72111400 , 72111900 4 637,9 Tonne Flat-rolled products of other alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more 72253000 , 72254010 , 72254090 8 539,6 Tonne Flat-rolled products of other alloy steel, of a width of less than 600 mm 72269100 9 081,8 Tonne Byproduct: Waste Waste and scrap of iron or steel 720430 and 720449 2 383,3 Tonne Turnings, shavings, chips, milling waste, sawdust, filings, trimmings and stampings of iron or steel 720441 3 269,1 Tonne Labour Labour 24,8 per man hour Energy Electricity 547,7 KWH Natural gas 271111 and 271112 1 638 Tonne

3.1.6.2. Raw materials

(102) Based on the information provided by the applicant in its request, there are two main production processes to produce certain cold-rolled flat steel products: — The first production process, starting from raw materials with use of a blast oxygen furnace (BOF): In this production process, the first step is the production of the ‘Full-hard cold rolled flat’ (‘FH CRF’) from raw materials (mainly iron ore and coking coal), i.e. the product obtained right after the hot-rolled material is passed through the cold rolling mill for thickness reduction. The second step is the annealing, the re-heating of the FH CRF to restore the properties of steel. — The second production process, starting from the semi-finished products, i.e. the hot rolled flat steel products: The production of CRF starts with the purchased hot-rolled flat steel (‘HRF’) coils (‘pickled coils’) which will constitute the overwhelming cost share of the inputs.

(103) In order to establish the undistorted price of raw materials (in case of the first production process) and of the hot rolled flat steel products (in case of the second production process) as delivered at the gate of a representative country producer, the Commission used as a basis the weighted average import price to the representative country as reported in the GTA, to which import duties and transport costs were added. An import price in the representative country was determined as a weighted average of unit prices of imports from all third countries excluding the PRC and countries which are not members of the WTO, listed in Annex 1 of Regulation (EU) 2015/755 of the European Parliament and the Council (56). The Commission decided to exclude imports from the PRC into the representative country as it concluded in recital 80 that it is not appropriate to use domestic prices and costs in the PRC due to the existence of significant distortions in accordance with Article 2(6a)(b) of the basic Regulation. Given that there is no evidence showing that the same distortions do not equally affect products intended for export, the Commission considered that the same distortions affected export prices. After excluding imports from the PRC into the representative country, the volume of imports from other third countries remained representative.

(104) A number of factors of production represented a negligible share of total raw material costs in the review investigation period. As the value used for these had no appreciable impact on the dumping margin calculations, regardless of the source used, the Commission decided to include those costs into consumables. As explained in recital 98, the Commission applied the percentage provided by the applicant in its request for determining the amount of consumables when using the established undistorted benchmarks in the appropriate representative country.

(105) With regard to import duties, the Commission noted that Brazil imported its most relevant raw materials (iron ore from more than 5 countries, and coal and coke from more than 10 countries). Given that in an expiry review it is not necessary to calculate an exact margin of dumping, but rather to establish the likelihood of continuation or recurrence of dumping, the Commission calculated import duties for each raw material on the basis of representative volumes of imports from a limited number of countries, accounting for at least 80 % of total imports of the most relevant raw materials (iron ore, coal and coke).

(106) With regard to transport costs, absent any cooperation, the Commission asked the applicant to submit an update on the level of domestic transport costs covering the entire review investigation period. On respectively 4 and 17 February 2022, the applicant submitted the requested information. The Commission expressed the domestic transport cost for the supply of raw materials as a percentage of the actual cost of such raw materials and then applied the same percentage to the undistorted cost of the same raw materials in order to obtain the undistorted transport cost. The Commission considered that the ratio between the exporting producer’s raw material and the reported transport costs could be reasonably used as an indication to estimate the undistorted transport costs of raw materials when delivered to the company’s factory.

3.1.6.3. Labour

(107) The Commission used the ILO statistics to determine the wages in Brazil. The ILO statistics (57) provide information on monthly wages of employees (58) and average weekly hours worked in Brazil, in the manufacturing sector (59), in 2020.

3.1.6.4. Electricity

(108) The Commission used the electricity price tariff reported by one of the largest electricity suppliers in Brazil, the company EDP Brasil (60) to establish the undistorted value for electricity cost.

3.1.6.5. Natural gas

(109) The price of natural gas in Brazil was based on data which provides duty-paid import prices for the imported gas by combining the import quantities and values extracted from GTA with tariff data obtained from MacMap (61).

3.1.6.6. Manufacturing overhead costs, SG&A, profits and depreciation

(110) According to Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation, ‘the constructed normal value shall include an undistorted and reasonable amount for administrative, selling and general costs and for profits’. In addition, a value for manufacturing overhead costs needs to be established to cover costs not included in the factors of production referred to above.

(111) The Commission used the financial data of three Brazilian companies (ArcelorMittal Brazil, CSN, and Usiminas), producers in the representative country, as referred to in recital 90.

(112) In order to establish an undistorted value of the manufacturing overheads and given the absence of cooperation from the Chinese exporting producers, the Commission used facts available in accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation. Therefore, based on the data provided by the applicant in its request, the Commission established the ratio of manufacturing overheads to the total manufacturing and labour costs. This percentage was then applied to the undistorted value of the cost of manufacturing to obtain the undistorted value of manufacturing overheads.

3.1.7. Calculation of the normal value

(113) On the basis of the above, the Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation.

(114) First, the Commission established the undistorted manufacturing costs. In the absence of cooperation by the exporting producers, the Commission relied on the information provided by the applicant in the review request on the usage of each factor (materials and labour) for the production of the product under review.

(115) Once the undistorted manufacturing cost established, the Commission added the manufacturing overheads, SG&A and profit as noted in recital 112. Manufacturing overheads were determined based on data provided by the applicant. SG&A and profit were determined based on the financial data of three Brazilian companies (ArcelorMittal Brazil, CSN, and Usiminas) as noted in recital 111. The Commission added the following items to the undistorted costs of manufacturing: — Manufacturing overheads, which accounted in total for 10 % of the direct costs of manufacturing starting from the first production process, and 2 %, of the direct costs of manufacturing starting from the second production process; — SG&A and other costs, which accounted for 18,5 % of the Costs of Goods Sold (‘COGS’) of the three Brazilian above-mentioned companies and; — Profits, which amounted to 14,7 % of the costs of goods sold as achieved by three Brazilian above-mentioned companies, were applied to the total undistorted costs of manufacturing.

(116) On that basis, the Commission constructed the normal value per product type on an ex-works basis, in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation. The constructed normal value was either ranging between EUR/tonne 1 200 – 1 400, or between EUR/tonne 1 500 – 1 700, depending on the production process (see recital 102 in this respect) during the review investigation period.

3.1.8. Export price

(117) In the absence of cooperation by the exporting producers from China, the export price was determined based on 14(6) data (62) at CIF level.

3.1.9. Comparison

(118) The Commission compared the constructed normal value established in accordance with Article 2(6a)(a) of the basic Regulation and the export price as established above.

(119) Where justified by the need to ensure a fair comparison, the Commission adjusted the normal value and/or the export price for differences affecting prices and price comparability, in accordance with Article 2(10) of the basic Regulation. Adjustments based on the information provided by the applicant were made for sea and domestic freight and unloading charges, amounting to EUR/tonne 140,44, on the export price in order to bring it to ex-works price.

3.1.10. Continuation of dumping

(120) On this basis, the Commission established that the export price was 29,7 % lower than the normal value for the first production process starting from the raw materials, as explained in recital 102, and 8,83 % for the second production process starting from the semi-finished products.

(121) However, as the volume of imports in question was very limited, corresponding to less than 0,5 % of total imports into the Union and less than 1 % market share in the Union market, the prices were considered unrepresentative. For this reason, the Commission concluded that these low volumes do not provide a sufficient basis to conclude about the continuation of dumping. Therefore, the Commission investigated the likelihood of recurrence of dumping.

3.1.11. Likelihood of recurrence of dumping

(122) For the analysis of the likelihood of recurrence of dumping, the following additional elements were analysed: exports to third countries, the production capacity and spare capacity in China, and the attractiveness of the Union market.

3.1.11.1. Comparison between export prices to third countries and export prices to the Union

(123) The Commission analysed the price pattern of Chinese exports to third countries during the RIP. Therefore, it consulted publicly available information such as the Chinese exporting statistics as reported in Global Trade Atlas (‘GTA’) and extracted the quantities and values of the export of certain cold-rolled flat steel products under the HS codes 7209 15 90, 7209 16 90, 7209 17 90, 7209 18 90, 7209 25 00, 7209 26 00, 7209 27 00, 7209 28 00, 7211 23 00, 7211 29 00, 7225 50 00 and 7226 92 00 for the review investigation period. The export quantities (in tonnes) to all countries (European Union included) amount to 3 253 368 tonnes, of which 31 602 tonnes or about 1 % were exported to the Union.

(124) The Chinese export statistics provided in GTA reported an average CIF export price from China to other countries amounting to EUR/tonne 629, which was adjusted to an ex-works price (after adjustments for sea and domestic freight, and unloading charges) amounting to EUR/tonne 585. The latter price was even below the export price to the EU in the review investigation period.

(125) Therefore, it was considered likely that, if the current measures were to be repealed, the Chinese exporting producers would start selling to the Union at levels below the normal value found.

3.1.11.2. Production capacity and spare capacity in China

(126) According to the request of the applicant, there are more than 50 exporting producers of the product under review in China. According to Chinese export statistics as reported in GTA, the Chinese exporting producers also exported to the rest of the world..

(127) In the absence of cooperation by the Chinese exporting producers in China, the Commission based its findings with regard to the capacity of the other exporting producers on facts available, and relied on the information contained in the expiry review request as well as other available sources, such as Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1029 (63), a document of the OECD on the latest developments (64) in steelmaking capacities in 2021, published in September 2021 and data of the World Steel Association concerning the year 2021 (65).

(128) First, the information contained in the expiry review request estimated the total Chinese capacity at more than 120 million tonnes, while production and Chinese consumption were both estimated at 100 million tonnes in 2020. On this basis, the spare capacity in China was estimated at 20 million tonnes in 2020, which is indicative for the spare capacity in the review investigation period, and which significantly exceeds the total Union consumption on the free market (about 9,7 million tonnes) in the review investigation period. Second, Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1029 provided that despite ‘the exceptional consumption surge experienced in China’ (see recital 36 of Regulation (EU) 2021/1029), the 2020 Global Forum on Steel Excess Capacity (‘GFSEC’) Ministerial Report, based on data up to 2019, provided that ‘the immediate implication of the demand outlook is that the global capacity-demand gap, an indicator of over-supply risks for the steel market, is going to increase significantly to at least 606 mmt in 2020’. It also noted ‘this reversal in excess capacity can lead to trade disturbances, trigger sharply lower steel prices and hurt the economic sustainability of the steel industry’. Third, this situation was also confirmed in the OECD document, entitled ‘latest development in steelmaking capacities in 2021.’ The document referred not only to ‘a number of new investments related to China’s measures to replace outdated and small steel plants, especially in the eastern and southern coastal areas of China’ but also to the fact that the Chinese government ‘has found instances where some steel mills have expanded their production capacity under the framework of the capacity swap scheme’. Moreover, the OECD document referred to investments of Chinese steel companies in South Asian countries, such as the Philippines and Indonesia. Finally, even if the data of the WorldSteel Association for the year 2021 are for crude steel only, they can be considered indicative for the product concerned as the cold-rolled steel production is basically the second steel production process, after the hot-rolled steel production. In this respect, the 2021 data for the crude steel production showed that China was responsible for 52,9 % of the global world steel production, which is also an indication of the enormous production capacity of the product concerned in the PRC during the year 2021.

(129) In addition, some main markets such as the USA and India are protected by anti-dumping measures on the product under review, which reduces access of the Chinese exporting producers.

(130) On this basis, it is likely that Chinese producers will direct their spare capacities to the Union market in large quantities at dumped prices should the measures lapse.

3.1.11.3. Attractiveness of the Union market

(131) The Union market is among the largest markets of certain cold-rolled flat steel products worldwide.

(132) The applicant claimed in its request that the Union steel safeguard measures alone, which apply to the product under review, would not be sufficient to protect the Union market against imports in significant quantities at dumped prices. As China did not receive any country-specific quota for the product under review, Chinese exporting producers have access to a large amount of residual quota volumes under which they could direct their exports to the Union market if the anti-dumping measures were to lapse. As a result, if anti-dumping measures were to be repealed, Chinese export volumes are likely to increase significantly within the residual quota and thus flood the Union market before any out-of-quota duty under the safeguard measure would become applicable.

(133) The importer Duferco S.A. stated (66) that the Chinese authorities cancelled the 13 % rebate of value-added tax on steel exports, including on imports of the product under review with a view to curtailing the steel production in China (in order to address its carbon emissions), while ensuring Chinese domestic supply. Duferco S.A. stated that, as a result, prices of Chinese imports are expected to increase, thereby undermining the attractiveness of the Union market. The Commission, however, could not confirm this claim, as the evolution of volumes and prices depends on many other elements as well, like in particular the existing overcapacity and the attractiveness of the Union market in comparison with other third countries.

3.1.11.4. Conclusion on the likelihood of recurrence

(134) The Union market is very attractive as it is among the largest in the world. Moreover, as laid down in table 7 of recital 202, the weighted average unit sales prices of the sampled Union producers to unrelated customers on the free market in the Union amounted to EUR/tonne 622 during the review investigation period, which is above the average export price from China adjusted to an ex-works price amounting to EUR/tonne 585 (see recital 124). Thus, it would be likely that, if the current anti-dumping measures expire, Chinese producers would use their spare capacity and, in addition, divert some of their less profitable export sales from third countries to the Union market.

(135) On the basis of the above considerations, it was concluded that there is a likelihood of recurrence of dumping should the measures be allowed to lapse.

3.2. Russia

3.2.1. Preliminary remarks

(136) During the review investigation period, imports of the product under review from Russia continued, albeit at significantly lower levels than in the investigation period of the original investigation (i.e. from 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2015). According to Comext (Eurostat) statistics, imports of CRF from Russia accounted for less than 3 000 tonnes in the review investigation period, compared to approximately 700 000 tonnes during the original investigation period. Imports of CRF from Russia accounted for a close to 0 % market share of both the total Union market and the free Union market in the review investigation period, compared to 9,8 % market share during the original investigation period.

(137) As explained in recital 29, the three Russian exporting producers came forward at initiation and expressed their willingness to cooperate. However, later they informed the Commission that they did not intend to reply to the exporting producers’ questionnaire.

(138) Consequently, in accordance with Article 18 of the basic Regulation, the findings in relation to the continuation of dumping as well as to the likelihood of recurrence of dumping were based on facts available.

3.2.2. Continuation of dumping of imports during the review investigation period

3.2.2.1. Normal value

(139) As mentioned in recital 138 above, due to the non-cooperation from exporting producers in Russia, the Commission used facts available to establish the normal value. To this end, the Commission used data provided by the applicant for the review investigation period based on MEPS International (67) domestic prices references for Russia – CRF – Volga region. On that basis, the normal value was EUR/tonne 702, 97 during the review investigation period.

3.2.2.2. Export price

(140) Due to the non-cooperation from the exporting producers in Russia, the Commission had to use facts available to establish the export price.

(141) The export price was determined based on CIF Eurostat data. Thus the export price was EUR/tonne of 755,65.

3.2.2.3. Comparison

(142) The Commission compared the normal value and the export price of the product under review on an ex-works basis. Adjustments were made, based on information provided by the applicant, for sea and domestic freight, and unloading charges, amounting to EUR/tonne 127,84 on the export price in order to bring it to ex-works level. On that basis, the adjusted ex-works export price to the Union was EUR/tonne 627, 81.

3.2.2.4. Continuation of dumping

(143) The above comparison showed the export prices to the Union, expressed as a percentage of the CIF value, were 10 % lower than the established normal value.

(144) However, as the volume of imports in question was very limited, accounting for less than 1 % of total imports into the Union and close to 0 % of the share of the Union market, the Commission also investigated the likelihood of recurrence of dumping.

3.2.3. Likelihood of recurrence of dumping should measures be repealed

(145) In accordance with Article 11(2) of the basic Regulation, the Commission investigated the likelihood of recurrence of dumping should the measures expire. In this respect, the following additional elements were analysed: the exports to third countries, the production capacity and spare capacity in Russia as well as the attractiveness of the Union market.

3.2.3.1. Exports to third countries

(a) Normal value

(146) The normal value was constructed as explained in Section 3.2.2.1 above.

(b) Export price

(147) The export price was established on the basis of export prices of the product under review to other third countries. In this respect, due to lack of cooperation from exporting producers, the Commission used the GTA database. The average CIF export price to third countries was EUR/tonne 536 in the review investigation period. The CIF export price to third countries was reduced to ex-works level by deducting the freight and insurance costs and domestic transport cost in Russia, which amounted to EUR/tonne 127,84 as mentioned in recital 141. On that basis, the adjusted ex-works export price to third countries was EUR/tonne 408,72.

(c) Price comparison

(148) The Commission compared the normal value established in Section 3.2.2.1 and the average export price to third countries on an ex-works basis.

(149) The above comparison showed that the Russian exports of the product under review to third countries, expressed as a percentage of the CIF value, were 55 % lower than the normal value established.

(150) In their submission on initiation, the three Russian exporting producers claimed that export prices to third markets are not more representative than export prices to the Union because these exports, mainly to Turkey, are composed of cheaper types of CRF, which would explain their lower prices. They suggested that high Russian export prices reported by Eurostat are representative and must be used in the assessment.

(151) In this respect, the Commission noted that no evidence was provided to substantiate the allegation of differences in the product types. In fact, the three Russian exporting producers failed to provide a questionnaire reply allowing the Commission to perform its assessment as to the product types exported to the Union. Thus, as explained in recital 138, the Commission based its assessment on facts available. It used the GTA database to establish the Russian export price to third countries as the most appropriate source. In any event, even if the Russian export prices to the Union were used as suggested by the three Russian exporters, the Commission established in Section 3.2.2.4 above that the Russian export prices to the Union sourced from Eurostat, expressed as a percentage of the CIF value, were 10 % lower than the established normal value. Therefore, the claim was rejected.

3.2.3.2. Production capacity and spare capacity in Russia

(152) Given the non-cooperation by the Russian exporting producers, the production capacity and spare capacity in Russia were established on the basis of facts available and in particular the information provided by the applicant concerning the review investigation period.

(153) According to the information provided by the applicant, the total production capacity of the product under review in Russia exceeded 12 000 000 tonnes in the review investigation period. The applicant estimated that the Russian producers have a spare capacity of around 2 million tonnes that cannot be absorbed by the domestic market. In addition, the applicant submitted that the Russian producers have increased the production capacity for cold-rolled steel by approximately 1 150 000 tonnes between 2016 and 2021.

(154) The Russian exporting producers contested the estimation of the spare capacity in Russia as provided by the applicant. In their submission on initiation, they provided data about total production capacity of the CRF industry in Russia, the overall production volume and the capacity utilisation rate. They claimed that in 2020, the Russian CRF industry had a spare capacity of [1,8 – 2,3] million tonnes which was only [4 – 8] % of the overall Union consumption (32,4 million tonnes). They further stated that taking into account the estimated growth of CRF consumption and production in Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), free capacity of Russian CRFS industry is projected to diminish further.

(155) In this respect, as explained in recital 32, the Russian exporting producers did not send questionnaire replies and the Commission considered that they provided only fragmented information about production, capacity and production volume without supporting evidence and which the Commission could not verify. Consequently, since the exporting producers did not provide sufficient and reliable information as regards production capacity and production volumes, the Commission used the information available on the file.

(156) Furthermore, the Russian exporting producers provided the data about production, capacity and capacity utilisation only in a sensitive version without a non-confidential summary. As noted in the Notice of Initiation, if a party providing confidential information fails to show good cause for a confidential treatment request or does not furnish a non-confidential summary of it in the requested format and quality, the Commission may disregard such information unless it can be satisfactorily demonstrated from appropriate sources that the information is correct. Given that the information about production, capacity and capacity utilisation was provided only in sensitive version and thus could not be subject to comments by other interested parties, it could not be satisfactorily demonstrated that the information is correct.

(157) In any event, the data in question provided by the Russian exporting producers and the one provided by the applicant did not diverge to a large extent. Therefore, the Commission considered that an assessment based on the data provided by the Russian exporting producers would not have led to a different conclusion. As a result, the Commission rejected the claims.

(158) After disclosure, the Russian government as well as the exporting producers challenged the Commission’s findings that the exporting producers did not cooperate fully with the investigation and that no meaningful open version had been submitted (as explained in recital 156). Thus, the exporting producers claimed that the Commission misused its discretionary powers in this respect.

(159) First, the Commission observed that the information on capacity per company was only provided by the exporting producers in an indexed form which did not allow the parties to comment on the exact capacity installed (no ranges were provided). Neither production data nor capacity utilisation data was provided in the open version. Consequently, the Commission reiterated its finding that the open version of the information about production, capacity and capacity utilisation could not be scrutinised by the other interested parties. Second, this information was not provided as part of questionnaire replies and could not be cross checked with other parts of the questionnaires and the underlying documents that companies are required to provide as evidence backing the information submitted in the questionnaire reply. Finally, as explained in recital 157 above, the Commission established that even if the data provided were to be taken into account, its findings of spare capacity would not have been altered. Consequently, the Commission rejected these claims.

(160) The spare capacity of the product under review available in Russia represents approx. 21 % of the total Union consumption on the free market in the review investigation period when it is based on the application and approximately 20 % if the submission of the Russian exporting producers were to be taken into account.

(161) Based on the above, the Commission concluded that the Russian exporting producers have significant spare capacities, which they could use to produce CRF to export to the Union if measures were allowed to lapse.

3.2.3.3. Attractiveness of the Union market

(162) The Commission established that the Russian exporting producers exported the product under review to third markets at prices around 14 % lower than the average sales prices of the Union producers on the Union market. Taking into account this price level, exporting to the Union is potentially more attractive for the Russian exporters than exporting to all other countries.

(163) The Union market is also attractive in view of its geographical proximity and size, with a total consumption of 33 579 173 tonnes, including a consumption on the free market of 9 677 020 tonnes in the review investigation period.

(164) The volume of exports to third countries was 580 000 tonnes in the review investigation period, which represented 6 % of the free Union market consumption. This represents an additional volume of CRF which could be diverted to the Union market given its attractiveness should the measures expire.

(165) After disclosure, the exporting producers and the Russian government argued that the Union market was no longer attractive for the exporting producers because of the sanctions, and even in the pre-sanctions period, ‘trade flows, infrastructure and supply chains have already been destroyed’ and it would take years before they were restored.

(166) While the claim on sanctions is addressed in recitals 167 and 172 below, the Commission observed that no evidence was provided in respect of the claim that it would take years to restore exports to the Union. At the same time, given the significantly lower prices at which the Russian exporting producers continue exporting to the rest of the world, the geographical proximity and size of the Union market as well as the significant volume of exports to third countries that could be diverted to the Union, the Commission reiterated its findings that the Union market is attractive for the Russian exporting producers.

(167) This conclusion is not called into question by recent events. The Commission noted in this respect that after the initiation of the investigation, due to the military aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the Union imposed successive packages of sanctions against Russia which also affected steel products and/or the steel companies producing and exporting the product under review after the review investigation period. The latest package of sanctions covering the product under review and/or the exporting producers contains an import ban of CRF. This ban entered into force on 16 March 2022 (68). Given that these sanctions are linked to the military aggression and the underlying geopolitical situation, their scope, modulation, and/or duration are unpredictable. Furthermore, anti-dumping measures have a lifetime of five years. Considering the abovementioned uncertainties and the fact that the Council may further amend the precise scope and duration of sanctions at any moment, the Commission found that they cannot have a bearing in its conclusions in this proceeding.

3.2.3.4. Conclusion on the likelihood of recurrence of dumping

(168) The Commission established that Russian exporting producers sell to third countries at prices lower than the normal value.

(169) As explained in recital 161, the spare capacity in Russia was significant in the review investigation period, representing approx. 21 % of the total Union consumption on the free market in the review investigation period, and increased between 2016 and 2021.

(170) Finally, the attractiveness of the Union market in terms of size, geographical proximity and prices points to the likelihood that Russian exports and spare capacity would be (re)directed towards the Union, should the measures be allowed to lapse.

(171) Following disclosure, the Russian government argued that there is no likelihood of recurrence of dumping since imports have been insignificant and, because of the sanctions, the Russian manufacturers have completely stopped exports to the Union for a long and indefinite period of time.

(172) Regarding exports to the Union, the Commission recalled that it established a likelihood of recurrence of dumping based on the elements described above which do not include the current level of exports to the Union, which is considered a temporary situation which may change at any time. Regarding the sanctions in place, as explained in recital 167, given that their scope, modulation and/or duration are unpredictable and can be amended at any time, the Commission found that they cannot have a bearing on the conclusions in this proceeding. Therefore, the recent events temporarily affecting imports from Russia into the Union cannot alter the findings made as regards recurrence of dumping in this case and these claims were rejected.

(173) Consequently, the Commission concluded that there was a likelihood of recurrence of dumping, if the measures would not be extended.

4. INJURY

4.1. Definition of the Union industry and Union production

(174) The like product was manufactured by 21 producers in the Union during the period considered. They constitute the ‘Union industry’ within the meaning of Article 4(1) of the basic Regulation.

(175) The total Union production during the review investigation period was established at around 30,5 million tonnes. The Commission established the figure on the basis of all the available information concerning the Union industry, such as information provided by the applicant. As indicated in recital 21, a sample of three Union producers was selected that represented more than 30 % of the total Union production of the like product.

(176) As the Union industry is mostly vertically integrated and cold-rolled flat steel products are regarded as a primary material for the production of various value added downstream products, the captive and free market consumption were analysed separately.

(177) The distinction between the captive and free markets is relevant for the injury analysis, because products destined for captive use are not exposed to direct competition from imports, and transfer prices are set within the groups according to various price policies and are therefore not reliable. By contrast, production destined for the free market is in direct competition with imports of the product concerned, and prices are free market prices.

(178) To provide a picture of the Union industry that is as complete as possible, and similar to what was done in the original investigation, the Commission obtained data for the entire activity of cold-rolled flat steel products and determined whether the production was destined for captive use or for the free market. The Commission found that around 78 % of the total Union producers’ production was destined for captive use.

(179) The Commission examined certain economic indicators relating to the Union industry on the basis of data for the free market only. These indicators are: sales volume and sales prices on the Union market; market share; export volume and prices and profitability. For other indicators, such as production, capacity, productivity, employment and wages, the figures considered below relate to the whole activity and therefore no separation was warranted.

4.2. Union consumption

(180) The Commission established the Union consumption on the basis of data provided by (a) EUROFER concerning Union industry sales of the like product in the Union, cross-checked with the sampled Union producers; and (b) imports of the product under review from all third countries as reported in Eurostat.

(181) Union consumption developed as follows: Table 2 Union consumption (tonnes) 2018 2019 2020 Review Investigation period Total Union consumption 39 389 717 38 484 642 31 808 880 33 579 173 Index (2018 = 100) 100 98 81 85 Captive market 28 207 944 28 129 434 22 651 025 23 902 153 Index (2018 = 100) 100 100 80 85 Free market 11 181 772 10 355 209 9 157 856 9 677 020 Index (2018 = 100) 100 93 82 87 Source: Data provided by Eurofer and cross-checked with the sampled producers questionnaire replies; Eurostat.

(182) Free market consumption has increased as compared to the 7 122 682 tonnes consumed during the investigation period of the original investigation (1 April 2014 to 31 March 2015). However, during the period considered, the Union captive consumption decreased by around 15 %, while the Union free market consumption decreased by around 13 %. Between the years 2018 to 2019 the consumption on the captive market remained stable while the consumption on the free market decreased by 7 %. The main decrease occurred between the years 2019 and 2020 when both free and captive consumption decreased substantially by 11 % and 20 % respectively. This decrease started in 2019 due to an overall slowdown in Union growth, but was exacerbated due to the overall economic slowdown caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The slowdown in economic growth generally, and in the manufacturing sector specifically, has affected the overall demand for steel. This particularly had an impact on the automotive industry, which constitutes a significant part of the users of CRF. From 2020 to the review investigation period both captive and free consumpt