ANNEX A

CLARIFICATIONS OF TERMINOLOGY

This Annex supplies explanations, geographical notes or definitions of terms that are used in the other Annexes, unless specified differently in these Annexes.

1. GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES

For statistical reporting purposes only, the following geographical definitions apply:

— Australia excludes its external territories,

— Denmark excludes the Faeroe Islands and Greenland,

— France includes Monaco and includes the French overseas departments of Guadeloupe, — Martinique, Guyane, Reunion and Mayotte,

— Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican (Holy See),

— Japan includes Okinawa,

— Portugal includes the Açores and Madeira,

— Spain includes the Canary Islands, the Balearic Islands, and Ceuta and Melilla,

— United States includes the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and Guam.

2. AGGREGATES

Producers of electricity and heat are classified according to the purpose of production:

— Main activity producers are producers, both privately or publicly owned, that generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their principal activity,

— Autoproducers are producers, both privately or publicly owned, that generate electricity and/or heat wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity.

Note: the Commission may further clarify terminology by adding relevant NACE references in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article 11(2) after a revision of the NACE classification has entered into force.

2.1. Supply

2.1.1. PRODUCTION/INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION

Quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation for removal of inert matter. Production includes the quantities consumed by the producer in the production process (e.g. for heating or operation of equipment and auxiliaries) as well as supplies to other producers of energy for transformation or other uses.

Indigenous means: production from resources within the concerned territory.

2.1.2. RECOVERED PRODUCTS

Applies to hard coal only. Slurries and waste-heap shale recovered by mines.

2.1.3. RECEIPTS FROM OTHER SOURCES

Quantities of fuels of which production is covered in other fuel reporting, but which are mixed in other fuel and consumed as a mix. Further details of this component are to be provided as:

— Receipts from other sources: Coal

— Receipts from other sources: Oil and petroleum products

— Receipts from other sources: Natural Gas

— Receipts from other sources: Renewables

2.1.4. IMPORTS/EXPORTS

Unless specified differently, ‘imports’ refer to ultimate origin (the country in which the energy product was produced) for use in the country and ‘exports’ refer to the ultimate country of consumption of the produced energy product. Amounts are considered as imported or exported when they have crossed the political boundaries of the country, whether customs clearance has taken place or not.

Where no origin or destination can be reported ‘Non-specified/Other’ may be used.

2.1.5. INTERNATIONAL MARINE BUNKERS

Quantities of fuels delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged in international navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Excluded are:

— consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship;

— consumption by fishing vessels;

— consumption by military forces.

2.1.6. STOCK CHANGES

The difference between the opening stock level and closing stock level for stocks held on national territory. Unless specified differently, a stock build is shown as a negative number and a stock draw is shown as a positive number.

2.1.7. OPENING AND CLOSING TOTAL STOCKS ON NATIONAL TERRITORY

All stocks on national territory, including stocks held by governments, by major consumers or by stockholding organisations, stocks held on board incoming ocean vessels, stocks held in bonded areas and stocks held for others, whether under bilateral government agreement or not. Opening and closing refers to the first and to the last day of the reporting period respectively. Stock includes stocks held in all types of special storage facilities, either on surface or underground.

2.1.8. DIRECT USE

Oil (Crude oil and petroleum products) used directly without being processed in petroleum refineries. Includes crude oil burned for electricity generation.

2.1.9. PRIMARY PRODUCT RECEIPTS

Includes quantities of indigenous or imported crude oil (including condensate) and indigenous NGL used directly without being processed in a petroleum refinery and quantities of Backflows from the Petrochemical industry which, although not primary fuel, are used directly.

2.1.10. GROSS REFINERY OUTPUT

Production of finished products at a refinery or blending plant. Excludes refinery losses, but includes Refinery fuel.

2.1.11. RECYCLED PRODUCTS

Finished products which pass a second time through the marketing network, after having been once delivered to final consumers (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed). These quantities should be distinguished from petrochemical Backflows.

2.1.12. BACKFLOWS

Finished or semi-finished products which are returned from final consumers to refineries for processing, blending or sale. They are usually by-products of petrochemical manufacturing.

2.1.13. INTERPRODUCT TRANSFERS

Quantities reclassified either because their specification has changed or because they are blended into another product. A negative entry for one product is compensated by a positive entry (or several entries) for one or several products and vice versa; the total net effect should be zero.

2.1.14. PRODUCTS TRANSFERRED

Imported petroleum products which are reclassified as feedstocks for further processing in the refinery, without delivery to final consumers.

2.1.15. STATISTICAL DIFFERENCES

Calculated value, defined as difference between calculation from the supply perspective (top-down approach) and the calculation from the consumption perspective (bottom-up approach). Reasons for any major statistical differences should be stated.

2.2. Transformation sector

Within Transformation sector, only quantities of fuels that were transformed to other fuels shall be reported. Quantities of fuels used for heating, operation of equipment and in general in support of the transformation should not be declared in transformation, but shall be declared in the Energy sector.

2.2.1. MAIN ACTIVITY PRODUCER ELECTRICITY ONLY

Quantities of fuels used to produce electricity in electricity only units/plants by Main Activity Producers.

2.2.2. MAIN ACTIVITY PRODUCER COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) UNITS

Quantities of fuels used to produce electricity and/or heat in CHP units by Main Activity Producers.

2.2.3. MAIN ACTIVITY PRODUCER HEAT ONLY

Quantities of fuels used to produce heat in heat only units/plants by Main Activity Producers.

2.2.4. AUTOPRODUCER ELECTRICITY ONLY

Quantities of fuels used to produce electricity in electricity only units/plants by Autoproducers.

2.2.5. AUTOPRODUCER COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) UNITS

All quantities of fuels used to produce electricity and the proportional part of fuels used to produce heat sold in CHP units by Autoproducers. The proportional part of fuels used to produce heat that was not sold (auto-consumed heat) is to be reported according to the specific sector of final energy consumption based on NACE classification. Heat not sold but delivered to other entities under non-financial agreements or entities with different ownership shall be reported on the same principle as heat sold.

2.2.6. AUTOPRODUCER HEAT ONLY

The proportional part of fuels that corresponds to the quantity of heat sold in heat only units/plants by Autoproducers. The proportional part of fuels used to produce heat that was not sold (auto-consumed heat) is to be reported according to the specific sector of final energy consumption based on NACE classification. Heat not sold but delivered to other entities under non-financial agreements or entities with different ownership shall be reported on the same principle as heat sold.

2.2.7. PATENT FUEL PLANTS

Quantities of fuels used in patent fuel plants to produce patent fuel.

2.2.8. COKE OVENS

Quantities of fuels used in coke ovens to produce coke oven coke and coke oven gas.

2.2.9. BKB/PB PLANTS

Quantities of fuels used to produce brown coal briquettes (BKB) in BKB plants and quantities of fuels used in peat briquettes plants to produce peat briquettes (PB).

2.2.10. GAS WORKS

Quantities of fuels used to produce gas work gas in gas works and in coal gasification plants.

2.2.11. BLAST FURNACE

Quantities of fuels entering the blast furnace vessel, whether through the top along with the iron ore, or through the tuyeres in the bottom along with the heated blast air.

2.2.12. COAL LIQUEFACTION

Quantities of fuel used to produce synthetic oil.

2.2.13. GAS-TO-LIQUID PLANTS

Quantities of gaseous fuels converted to liquid fuels.

2.2.14. CHARCOAL PRODUCTION PLANT

Quantities of solid biofuels converted to charcoal.

2.2.15. PETROLEUM REFINERIES

Quantities of fuels used to produce petroleum products.

2.2.16. NATURAL GAS BLENDING PLANTS (FOR BLENDED NATURAL GAS)

Quantities of gases blended with natural gas into the gas grid (gas network).

2.2.17. FOR BLENDING WITH MOTOR GASOLINE/DIESEL/KEROSENE:

Quantities of liquid biofuels blended with their fossil counterparts.

2.2.18. NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED

Quantities of fuels used for transformation activities not included elsewhere. If used, what is included under this heading should be explained in the report.

2.3. Energy sector

Quantities consumed by the energy industry to support the extraction (mining, oil and gas production) or plant operations of transformation activities. This corresponds to NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 05, 06, 19 and 35, NACE Rev. 2 Group 09.1 and NACE Rev. 2 classes 07.21 and 08.92.

Excludes quantities of fuels transformed into another energy form (which should be reported under the Transformation sector) or used in support of the operation of oil, gas and coal slurry pipelines (which should be reported in the Transport Sector).

Includes the manufacture of chemical materials for atomic fission and fusion and the products of these processes.

2.3.1. OWN USE OF ELECTRICITY, CHP AND HEAT PLANTS

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations at plants with Electricity only, Heat only and CHP units.

2.3.2. COAL MINES

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy to support the extraction and preparation of coal within the coal mining industry. Coal burned in pithead power stations should be reported in the Transformation Sector.

2.3.3. PATENT FUEL PLANTS

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations at patent fuel plants.

2.3.4. COKE OVENS

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations in coke ovens (coking plants).

2.3.5. BKB/PB PLANTS

Quantities of fuels used as energy for support operations in BKP/PB plants (briquetting plant).

2.3.6. GAS WORKS/GASIFICATION WORKS

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations at gas works and coal gasification plants.

2.3.7. BLAST FURNACES

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations at blast furnaces.

2.3.8. COAL LIQUEFACTION

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations at coal liquefaction plants.

2.3.9. LIQUEFACTION (LNG)/REGASIFICATION

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations in natural gas liquefaction and regasification plants.

2.3.10. GASIFICATION PLANTS (BIOGAS)

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations in biogas gasification plants.

2.3.11. GAS-TO-LIQUID (GTL) PLANTS

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations in Gas-to-liquid conversion plants.

2.3.12. CHARCOAL PRODUCTION PLANTS

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations in charcoal production plants.

2.3.13. PETROLEUM REFINERIES

Quantities of fuels consumed as energy for support operations at petroleum refineries.

2.3.14. OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION

Quantities of fuels consumed in the oil and natural gas extraction facilities. Excludes pipeline losses (to be reported as distribution losses) and energy quantities used to operate pipelines (to be reported in the Transport sector).

2.3.15. NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED — ENERGY

Quantities of fuels related to energy activities not included elsewhere. If used, what is included under this heading should be explained in the report.

2.4. Distribution losses

Quantities of fuel losses which occur due to transport and distribution.

2.5. Final non-energy consumption

Quantities of fossil fuels used for non-energy purposes — fuels not combusted.

2.6. Final Energy Consumption (end-use specifications)

2.6.1. INDUSTRY SECTOR

This refers to fuel quantities consumed by the industrial undertaking in support of its primary activities.

For heat only or CHP units, only quantities of fuels consumed for the production of heat used by the entity itself (heat auto-consumed) are to be reported. Quantities of fuels consumed for the production of heat sold, and for the production of electricity, should be reported under the appropriate Transformation sector.

2.6.1.1. Iron and Steel: NACE Rev. 2 Groups 24.1, 24.2 and 24.3; and NACE Rev. 2 Classes 24.51 and 24.52.

2.6.1.2. Chemical and Petrochemical: NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 20 and 21.

2.6.1.3. Non-Ferrous Metals: NACE Rev. 2 Group 24.4; and NACE Rev. 2 Classes 24.53 and 24.54.

2.6.1.4. Non-Metallic Minerals: NACE Rev. 2 Division 23.

2.6.1.5. Transport Equipment: NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 29 and 30.

2.1.6.6. Machinery: NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 25, 26, 27 and 28.

2.6.1.7. Mining and Quarrying: NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 07 (excluding 07.21) and 08 (excluding 08.92); NACE Rev. 2 Group 09.9.

2.6.1.8. Food, Beverages and Tobacco: NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 10, 11 and 12.

2.6.1.9. Pulp, Paper and Printing: NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 17 and 18.

2.6.1.10. Wood and Wood Products: NACE Rev. 2 Division 16.

2.6.1.11. Construction: NACE Rev. 2 Division 41, 42 and 43.

2.6.1.12. Textile and Leather: NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 13, 14 and 15.

2.6.1.13. Not Elsewhere Specified — Industry: NACE Divisions 22, 31 and 32

2.6.2. TRANSPORT SECTOR

Energy used in all transport activities irrespective of the NACE category (economic sector) in which the activity occurs. Fuels used for heating and lighting at railway, bus stations, shipping piers and airports should be reported in the ‘Commercial and Public Services’ and not in the Transport sector.

2.6.2.1. Rail

Quantities of fuels used by rail traffic, including industrial railways and rail transport as part of urban or suburban transport systems (for example trains, trams, metro).

2.6.2.2. Domestic Navigation

Quantities of fuels delivered to vessels of all flags not engaged in international navigation (see International marine bunkers). The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival and not by the flag or nationality of the ship.

2.6.2.3. Road

Quantities of fuels used in road vehicles. Includes fuel used by agricultural vehicles on highways and lubricants for use in road vehicles.

Excludes energy used in stationary engines (see Other sector), for non-highway use in tractors (see Agriculture), military use in road vehicles (see Other sector — Not elsewhere specified), bitumen used in road surfacing and energy used in engines at construction sites (see Industry sub-sector Construction).

2.6.2.4. Pipeline Transport

Quantities of fuels used as energy in the support and operation of pipelines transporting gases, liquids, slurries and other commodities. Includes energy used for pump stations and maintenance of the pipeline. Excludes energy used for the pipeline distribution of natural or manufactured gas, hot water or steam from the distributor to final users (to be reported in the energy sector), energy used for the final distribution of water to household, industrial, commercial and other users (to be included in Commercial and Public Services) and losses occurring during this transport between distributor and final users (to be reported as distribution losses).

2.6.2.5. International Aviation

Quantities of fuels delivered to aircrafts for international aviation. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. Excludes fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles (to be reported in the Not elsewhere specified — Transport) and military use of aviation fuels (to be reported in Not Elsewhere Specified — Other).

2.6.2.6. Domestic Aviation

Quantities of fuels delivered to aircraft for domestic aviation. Includes fuel used for purposes other than flying, e.g. bench testing of engines. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. This includes journeys of considerable length between two airports in a country with overseas territories. Excludes fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles (to be reported in the Not Elsewhere Specified — Transport) and military use of aviation fuels (to be reported in Not Elsewhere Specified — Other).

2.6.2.7. Not Elsewhere Specified — Transport

Quantities of fuels used for transport activities not included elsewhere. Includes fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles and fuels used in ports for ships' unloaders, various types of cranes. If used, what is included under this heading should be explained in the remarks of the report.

2.6.3. OTHER SECTORS

This category covers quantities of fuels used in sectors not specifically mentioned or not belonging to transformation, energy, industry or transport.

2.6.3.1. Commercial and Public Services

Quantities of fuels consumed by business and offices in the public and private sectors. NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, 47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84 (excluding Class 84.22), 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 and 99. Fuels used for heating and lighting at railway, bus stations, shipping piers and airports should be reported in this category and also including fuels used for all non-transport activities of NACE Rev. 2 Division 49, 50 and 51.

2.6.3.2. Residential

Quantities of fuels consumed by all households including ‘households with employed persons’. NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 97 and 98.

The following specific definitions apply for this sector:

Household sector:

Household means a person living alone or a group of people who live together in the same private dwelling and sharing expenditures including the joint provision of the essentials of living. The household sector, also known as the residential (or domestic) sector is therefore, a collective pool of all households in a country.

Collective residences which can be permanent (e.g. prisons) or temporary (e.g. hospitals) should be excluded as these are covered in consumption in the service sector. Energy used in all transport activities should be reported in the transport sector and not in the household sector.

Energy consumption associated with significant economic activities of households should also be excluded from the total household energy consumption. These activities include agricultural economic activities on small farms and other economic activities carried out in a household's residence and should be reported in the corresponding sector.

2.6.3.2.1. Space heating

This energy service refers to the use of energy to provide heat in an interior area of a dwelling.

2.6.3.2.2. Space cooling:

This energy service is referred to the use of energy for cooling in a dwelling by a refrigeration system and/or unit.

Fans, blowers and other appliances not connected to a refrigeration unit are excluded from this section, but should be covered in the lighting and electrical appliances section.

2.6.3.2.3. Water heating:

This energy service is referred to the use of energy to heat water for hot running water, bathing, cleaning and other non-cooking applications.

Swimming pool heating is excluded, but should be covered in the other end uses section.

2.6.3.2.4. Cooking:

This energy service is referred to the use of energy to prepare meals.

Appliances for auxiliary cooking (microwave ovens, kettles, coffee makers, etc.) are excluded; they should be covered in the lighting and electrical appliances section.

2.6.3.2.5. Lighting and electrical appliances (electricity only):

Use of electricity for lighting and any other electrical appliances in a dwelling not considered within other end uses.

2.6.3.2.6. Other end uses:

Any other energy consumption in households such as use of energy for the outdoor and any other activities not included into the five energy end-uses mentioned above (e.g. lawn mowers, swimming pool heating, outdoor heaters, outdoor barbecues, saunas etc.).

2.6.3.3. Agriculture/Forestry

Quantities of fuels consumed by users classified as agriculture, hunting and forestry; NACE Rev. 2 Divisions 01 and 02.

2.6.3.4. Fishing

Quantities of fuels delivered for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishing should cover fuels delivered to ships of all flags that have refuelled in the country (include international fishing) and energy used in the fishing industry. NACE Rev. 2 Division 03.

2.6.3.5. Not Elsewhere Specified — Other

Quantities of fuels used for activities not included elsewhere (such as NACE Rev. 2 Class 84.22). This category includes military fuel use for all mobile and stationary consumption (e.g. ships, aircraft, road and energy used in living quarters), regardless of whether the fuel delivered is for the military of that country or for the military of another country. If used, what is included under this heading should be explained in the remarks of the report.

3. PRODUCTS

3.1. COAL (Solid fossil fuels and manufactured gases)

3.1.1. HARD COAL

Hard coal is a product aggregate equal to the sum of anthracite, coking coal and other bituminous coal.

3.1.2. ANTHRACITE

High rank coal used for industrial and residential applications. It has generally less than 10 % volatile matter and a high carbon content (about 90 % fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than 24 000 kJ/kg on an ash-free but moist basis.

3.1.3. COKING COAL

Bituminous coal with a quality that allows the production of a coke (coke oven coke) suitable to support a blast furnace charge. Its gross calorific value is greater than 24 000 kJ/kg on an ash-free but moist basis.

3.1.4. OTHER BITUMINOUS COAL

Coal used for steam raising purposes and includes all bituminous coal that is not included under coking coal nor anthracite. It is characterised by higher volatile matter than anthracite (more than 10 %) and lower carbon content (less than 90 % fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than 24 000 kJ/kg on an ash-free but moist basis.

3.1.5. BROWN COAL

Brown coal is a product aggregate equal to the sum of sub-bituminous coal and lignite.

3.1.6. SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL

Refers to non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value between 20 000 kJ/kg and 24 000 kJ/kg containing more than 31 % volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis.

3.1.7. LIGNITE

Non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value less than 20 000 kJ/kg and greater than 31 % volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis.

3.1.8. PATENT FUEL

A composition fuel manufactured from hard coal fines with the addition of a binding agent. The amount of patent fuel produced may, therefore, be slightly higher than the actual amount of coal consumed in the transformation process.

3.1.9. COKE OVEN COKE

The solid product obtained from carbonisation of coal, principally coking coal, at high temperature, it is low in moisture and volatile matter. Coke oven coke is used mainly in the iron and steel industry acting as energy source and chemical agent.

Coke breeze and foundry coke are to be reported in this category.

Semi-coke (a solid product obtained from carbonisation of coal at low temperature) should be included in this category. Semi-coke is used as a heating fuel or by the transformation plant itself.

This heading also includes coke, coke breeze and semi-coke made from lignite.

3.1.10. GAS COKE

By-product of hard coal used for production of town gas in gas works. Gas coke is used for heating purposes.

3.1.11. COAL TAR

A result of the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke in the coke oven process or it is produced from brown coal (‘low-temperature tar’).

3.1.12. BKB (BROWN COAL BRIQUETTES)

BKB is a composition fuel manufactured from lignite or sub-bituminous coal, produced by briquetting under high pressure without the addition of a binding agent, including dried lignite fines and dust.

3.1.13. MANUFACTURED GASES

Manufactured gases is a product aggregate equal to the sum of gas works gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas and other recovered gases.

3.1.14. GAS WORKS GAS

Covers all types of gases produced in public utility or private plants, whose main purpose is manufacture, transport and distribution of gas. It includes gas produced by carbonisation (including gas produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works gas), by total gasification with or without enrichment with oil products (LPG, residual fuel oil, etc.), and by reforming and simple mixing of gases and/or air, including blending with natural gas which will be distributed and consumed through the natural gas grid. The amount of gas resulting from transfers of other coal gases to gas works gas should be reported as the production of the gas works gas.

3.1.15. COKE OVEN GAS

Coke oven gas is a gas obtained as a by-product of the manufacture of coke oven coke for the production of iron and steel.

3.1.16. BLAST FURNACE GAS

Blast furnace gas is produced during the combustion of coke in blast furnaces in the iron and steel industry. It is recovered and used as a fuel partly within the plant and partly in other steel industry processes or in power stations equipped to burn it.

3.1.17. OTHER RECOVERED GASES

By-product of the production of steel in an oxygen furnace, recovered on leaving the furnace. The gases are also known as converter gas, LD gas or BOS gas. The quantity of recuperated fuel should be reported on a gross calorific value basis. Also covers non-specified manufactured gases not mentioned above, such as combustible gases of solid carbonaceous origin recovered from manufacturing and chemical processes not elsewhere defined.

3.1.18. PEAT

Peat is a combustible soft, porous or compressed, sedimentary deposit of plant origin with high water content (up to 90 % in the raw state), easily cut, of light to dark brown colour. Peat includes sod peat and milled peat. Peat used for non-energy purposes is not included.

3.1.19. PEAT PRODUCTS

Products such as peat briquettes derived directly or indirectly from sod peat and milled peat.

3.1.20. OIL SHALE AND OIL SANDS

Oil shale and oil sands are sedimentary rock which contains organic matter in the form of kerogen. Kerogen is a waxy hydrocarbon-rich material regarded as a precursor of petroleum. Oil shale may be burned directly or processed by heating to extract shale oil. Shale oil and other products derived from liquefaction should be reported as other hydrocarbons within petroleum products.

3.2. Natural gas

3.2.1. NATURAL GAS

Natural gas comprises gases occurring in underground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of methane, independent from the extraction method (conventional and non-conventional). It includes both ‘non-associated’ gas originating from fields producing hydrocarbons only in gaseous form, and ‘associated’ gas produced in association with crude oil as well as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas) or from coal seams (coal seam gas). Natural gas does not include Biogas and Manufactured gases. Transfers of such products to natural gas network are to be reported separately from natural gas. Natural gas includes liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG).

3.3. Electricty and heat

3.3.1. ELECTRICITY

Electricity refers to the transfer of energy through the physical phenomenon involving electric charges and their effects when at rest and in motion. All electricity that is used, produced and consumed is to be reported, including off-grid and self-consumed.

3.3.2. HEAT (DERIVED HEAT)

Heat refers to the energy obtained from the translational, rotational and vibrational motion of the constituents of matter as well as changes in its physical state. All heat produced, except of heat produced by autoproducers for their own use and not sold, is to be reported; all other forms of heat are reported as use of products from which the heat was produced.

3.4. OIL (Crude oil and petroleum products)

3.4.1. CRUDE OIL

Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of hydrocarbons and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and non-associated gas where it is commingled with the commercial crude oil stream. Report quantities independent from the extraction method (conventional and non-conventional). Crude oil excludes NGL.

3.4.2. NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS (NGL)

NGL are liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons recovered from natural gas in separation facilities or gas processing plants. NGL include ethane, propane, butane (normal and iso-), (iso) pentane and pentanes plus (sometimes referred to as natural gasoline or plant condensate).

3.4.3. REFINERY FEEDSTOCKS

A refinery feedstock is a processed oil destined for further processing (e.g. straight run fuel oil or vacuum gas oil) excluding blending. With further processing, it will be transformed into one or more components and/or finished products. This definition also covers returns from the petrochemical industry to the refining industry (e.g. pyrolysis gasoline, C4 fractions, gasoil and fuel oil fractions).

3.4.4. ADDITIVES/OXYGENATES

Additives are non-hydrocarbon compounds added to or blended with a petroleum products to modify their properties (octane, cetane, cold properties, etc.). Additives include oxygenates (such as alcohols (methanol, ethanol), ethers (methyl tertiary butyl ether(MTBE), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE), tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME), etc.), esters (such as rapeseed oil or dimethylester, etc.), chemical compounds (such as tetramethyl lead (TML), tetraethyl lead (TEL) and detergents).Quantities of additives/oxygenates (alcohols, ethers, esters and other chemical compounds) reported in this category should relate to the quantities destined for blending with fuels or for fuel use. This category includes biofuels that are blended with liquid fossil fuels.

3.4.5. BIOFUELS IN ADDITIVES/OXYGENATES

Quantities of liquid biofuels reported in this category relate to blended liquid biofuels and refer only to the liquid biofuel portion and not to the total volume of liquids into which the liquid biofuels are blended. Excludes all not been blended liquid biofuels.

3.4.6. OTHER HYDROCARBONS

Synthetic crude oil from tar sands, shale oil, etc., liquids from coal liquefaction, output of liquids from natural gas conversion into gasoline, hydrogen and emulsified oils (e.g. orimulsion); excludes oil shale; includes the shale oil (secondary product).

3.4.7. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Petroleum products is a product aggregate equal to the sum of refinery gas, ethane, liquefied petroleum gases, naphtha, motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, gasoline type jet fuel, kerosene type jet fuel, other kerosene, gas/diesel oil, fuel oil, white spirit ad SPB, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes, petroleum coke and other products.

3.4.8. REFINERY GAS

Refinery gas includes a mixture of non-condensed gases mainly consisting of hydrogen, methane, ethane and olefins obtained during distillation of crude oil or treatment of oil products (e.g. cracking) in refineries. This also includes gases which are returned from the petrochemical industry.

3.4.9. ETHANE

A naturally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon, (C2H6) extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams.

3.4.10. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASES (LPG)

LPG are light paraffinic hydrocarbons derived from the refinery processes, crude oil stabilisation and natural gas processing plants. They consist mainly of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4Hl0) or a combination of the two. They could also include propylene, butylene, isopropylene and isobutylene. LPG are normally liquefied under pressure for transportation and storage.

3.4.11. NAPHTHA

Naphtha is a feedstock destined for either the petrochemical industry (e.g. ethylene manufacture or aromatics production) or for gasoline production by reforming or isomerisation within the refinery. Naphtha comprises material in the 30 °C and 210 °C distillation range or part of this range.

3.4.12. MOTOR GASOLINE

Motor gasoline consists of a mixture of light hydrocarbons distilling between 35 °C and 215 °C. It is used as a fuel for land based spark ignition engines. Motor gasoline may include additives, oxygenates and octane enhancers, including lead compounds. Includes motor gasoline blending components (excluding additives/oxygenates), e.g. alkylates, isomerate, reformate, cracked gasoline destined for use as finished motor gasoline. Motor gasoline is a product aggregate equal to the sum of blended biogasoline (biogasoline in motor gasoline) and non-biogasoline.

3.4.12.1. Blended biogasoline (biogasoline in motor gasoline)

Biogasoline that was blended in motor gasoline.

3.4.12.2. Non-biogasoline

The remaining part of motor gasoline — motor gasoline excluding blended biogasoline (this is mostly motor gasoline of fossil origin).

3.4.13. AVIATION GASOLINE

Motor spirit prepared especially for aviation piston engines, with an octane number suited to the engine, a freezing point of – 60 °C and a distillation range usually within the limits of 30 °C and 180 °C.

3.4.14. GASOLINE TYPE JET FUEL (NAPHTHA TYPE JET FUEL OR JP4)

This includes all light hydrocarbon oils for use in aviation turbine power units, distilling between 100 °C and 250 °C. They are obtained by blending kerosenes and gasoline or naphthas in such a way that the aromatic content does not exceed 25 % in volume, and the vapour pressure is between 13,7 kPa and 20,6 kPa.

3.4.15. KEROSENE TYPE JET FUEL

Distillate used for aviation turbine power units. It has the same distillation characteristics between 150 °C and 300 °C (generally not above 250 °C) and flash point as kerosene. In addition, it has particular specifications (such as freezing point) which are established by the International Air Transport Association). Includes kerosene blending components. Kerosene type jet fuel is a product aggregate equal to the sum of blended bio jet kerosene (bio jet kerosene in kerosene type jet fuel) and non-bio jet kerosene.

3.4.15.1. Blended bio jet kerosene (bio jet kerosene in kerosene type jet fuel)

Bio jet kerosene that was blended in kerosene type jet fuel.

3.4.15.2. Non-bio jet kerosene

The remaining part of kerosene type jet fuel — kerosene type jet fuel excluding blended bio jet kerosene (this is mostly kerosene type jet fuel of fossil origin).

3.4.16. OTHER KEROSENE

Refined petroleum distillate used in sectors other than aircraft transport. It distils between 150 °C and 300 °C.

3.4.17. GAS/DIESEL OIL (DISTILLATE FUEL OIL)

Gas/diesel oil is primarily a medium distillate distilling between 180 °C and 380 °C. Includes blending components. Several grades are available depending on uses. Gas/diesel oil includes on-road diesel oil for diesel compression ignition engines of cars and trucks. Gas/diesel oil includes light heating oil for industrial and commercial uses, marine diesel and diesel used in rail traffic, other gas oil including heavy gas oils which distil between 380 °C and 540 °C and which are used as petrochemical feedstocks. Gas/diesel oil is a product aggregate equal to the sum of blended biodiesels (biodiesels in gas/diesel oil) and non-biodiesels.

3.4.17.1. Blended biodiesels (biodiesels in gas/diesel oil)

Biodiesels that were blended in gas/diesel oil.

3.4.17.2. Non-biodiesels

The remaining part of gas/diesel oil — gas/diesel oil excluding blended biodiesels (this is mostly gas/diesel oil of fossil origin).

3.4.18. FUEL OIL (HEAVY FUEL OIL)

All residual (heavy) fuel oils (including those obtained by blending). Kinematic viscosity is above 10 cSt at 80 °C. The flash point is always above 50 °C and density is always more than 0,90 kg/l. Fuel oil is a product aggregate equal to the sum of low sulphur fuel oil and high sulphur fuel oil.

3.4.18.1. Low sulphur fuel oil (LSFO)

Fuel oil with sulphur content lower than 1 %.

3.4.18.2. High sulphur fuel oil (HSFO)

Fuel oil with sulphur content of 1 % or higher.

3.4.19. WHITE SPIRIT AND SBP

White Spirit and SBP are defined as refined distillate intermediates with a distillation in the naphtha/kerosene range. They include industrial spirit (also called SBP; light oils distilling between 30 °C and 200 °C in 7 or 8 grades of industrial spirit, depending on the position of the cut in the distillation range — the grades are defined according to the temperature difference between the 5 % volume and 90 % volume distillation points, which is not more than 60 °C) and white spirits (industrial spirit with a flash point above 30 °C and the distillation range is 135 °C to 200 °C).

3.4.20. LUBRICANTS

Hydrocarbons produced from distillate by product; they are mainly used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces. Includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to cylinder oil, and those used in greases, motor oils and all grades of lubricating oil base stocks.

3.4.21. BITUMEN

Solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal structure, being brown to black in colour, obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude oil, by vacuum distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation. Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily used for construction of roads and for roofing material. Includes fluidised and cut back bitumen.

3.4.22. PARAFFIN WAXES

These are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. These waxes are residues extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils. They have a crystalline structure which is more-or-less fine according to the grade. Their main characteristics are as follows: they are colourless, odourless and translucent, with a melting point above 45 °C.

3.4.23. PETROLEUM COKE

Black solid by-product, obtained mainly by cracking and carbonising petroleum derived feedstock, vacuum bottoms, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95 %) and has a low ash content. It is used as a feedstock in coke ovens for the steel industry, for heating purposes, for electrode manufacture and for production of chemicals. The two most important qualities are ‘green coke’ and ‘calcinated coke’. Includes ‘catalyst coke’ deposited on the catalyst during refining processes; this coke is not recoverable and is usually burned as refinery fuel.

3.4.24. OTHER PRODUCTS

All other products not specifically mentioned above, for example: tar and sulphur. Includes aromatics (e.g. BTX or benzene, toluene and xylene) and olefins (e.g. propylene) produced within refineries.

3.5. Renewables and waste

3.5.1. HYDRO

Potential and kinetic energy of water converted into electricity in hydroelectric plants. Hydro is a product aggregate equal to the sum of pure hydro plants, mixed hydro plants and pure pumped storage plants.

3.5.1.1. Pure hydro plants

Hydro plants that only use direct natural water inflow and have no capacity for hydro pump storage (pumping water uphill).

3.5.1.2. Mixed hydro plants

Hydro plants with natural water inflow into an upper reservoir where part or all equipment can be used for pumping water uphill; the electricity generated is a consequence of both natural water inflow and water previously pumped uphill.

3.5.1.3. Pure pumped storage plants

Hydro plants with no natural water inflow into the upper reservoir; the vast majority of water that generates electricity was previously pumped uphill; excluding the rainfall and snowfall.

3.5.2. GEOTHERMAL

Energy available as heat emitted from within the earth's crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam; excluding ambient heat captured by ground source heat pumps. Geothermal energy production is the difference between the enthalpy of the fluid produced in the production borehole and that of the fluid eventually disposed of.

3.5.3. SOLAR

Solar is a product aggregate equal to the sum of solar photovoltaic and solar thermal.

3.5.3.1. Solar photovoltaic

Sunlight converted into electricity by the use of solar cells which exposed to light will generate electricity. All electricity produced is to be reported (including small-scale production and off-grid installations).

3.5.3.2. Solar thermal

Heat from solar radiation (sunlight) exploited for useful energy purposes. By the way of example, this includes solar thermal-electric plants and active systems for the production of sanitary hot water or for space heating of buildings. This energy production is the heat available to the heat transfer medium, i.e. the incident solar energy less the optical and collectors losses. Solar energy captured by passive systems for heating, cooling and lighting of buildings is not to be included; only solar energy in relation to the active systems is to be included.

3.5.4. TIDE, WAVE, OCEAN

Mechanical energy derived from tidal movement, wave motion or ocean current and exploited for electricity generation.

3.5.5. WIND

Kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines. Wind is a product aggregate equal to the sum of on-shore wind and off-shore wind.

3.5.5.1. On-shore wind

Production of electricity by wind in locations on-shore (inland, including lakes and other bodies of water located inland).

3.5.5.2. Off-shore wind

Production of electricity in locations off-shore (e.g. sea, ocean and artificial islands). In relation to off-shore wind production outside of the territorial waters of the concerned territory, all installations located in the exclusive economic zone of a country shall be taken into account.

3.5.6. INDUSTRIAL WASTE (NON-RENEWABLE PORTION)

Report wastes of industrial non-renewable origin combusted directly at specific installations for meaningful energy purposes. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis. Waste incinerated without any energy recovery is excluded. The renewable portion of industrial waste should be reported in the biofuels category that best describes them.

3.5.7. MUNICIPAL WASTE

Wastes produced by households, hospitals and the tertiary sector (in general all waste that resembles household waste) combusted directly at specific installations for meaningful energy purposes. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis. Waste incinerated without any energy recovery is excluded. Municipal waste is a product aggregate equal to the sum of renewable municipal waste and non-renewable municipal waste.

3.5.7.1. Renewable municipal waste

The portion of municipal waste which is of biological origin.

3.5.7.2. Non-renewable municipal waste

The portion of municipal waste which is of non-biological origin.

3.5.8. BIOFUELS

Biofuels is a product aggregate equal to the sum of solid biofuels, biogas and liquid biofuels. Biofuels used for non-energy purposes are excluded from the scope of energy statistics (for example wood used for construction or as furniture, biolubricant for engine lubrication and biobitumen used for road surface).

3.5.8.1. Solid biofuels

Covers solid organic, non-fossil material of biological origin (also known as biomass) which may be used as fuel for heat production or electricity generation. Solid biofuels is a product aggregate equal to the sum of charcoal, fuelwood, wood residues and by-products, black liquor, bagasse, animal waste, other vegetal materials and residuals and renewable fraction of industrial waste.

3.5.8.1.1. Charcoal

Charcoal is a manufactured fuel from solid biofuels — the solid residue of the destructive distillation and pyrolysis of wood and other vegetal material.

3.5.8.1.2. Fuelwood, wood residues and by-products

Fuelwood or firewood (in log, brushwood, pellet or chip form) obtained from natural or managed forests or isolated trees. Included are wood residues used as fuel and in which the original composition of wood is retained; wood pellets are included. Charcoal and black liquor are excluded. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis.

3.5.8.1.2.1. Wood pellets

Wood pellets are a cylindrical product which has been agglomerated from wood residues by compression.

3.5.8.1.3. Black liquor

Energy from the alkaline-spent liquor obtained from the digesters during the production of sulphate or soda pulp required for paper manufacture. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis.

3.5.8.1.4. Bagasse

Fuel obtained from the fibre which remains after juice extraction in sugar cane processing. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis.

3.5.8.1.5. Animal waste

Energy from excreta of animals, meat and fish residues which when dry is used directly as a fuel. This excludes waste used in anaerobic fermentation plants. Fuel gases from these plants are included under biogases. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis.

3.5.8.1.6. Other vegetal materials and residuals

Biofuels not specified elsewhere and including straw, vegetable husks, ground nut shells, pruning brushwood, olive pomace and other wastes arising from the maintenance, cropping and processing of plants. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis.

3.5.8.1.7. Renewable portion of industrial waste

Solid renewable portion of industrial waste combusted directly at specific installations for meaningful energy purposes (for example but not only, the portion of natural rubber in waste rubber tires or the portion of natural fibres in textile wastes –from waste categories 07.3 and 07.6, respectively, as defined in Regulation (EC) No 2150/2002 on waste statistics–). The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis.

3.5.8.2. Biogas

A gas composed principally of methane and carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass or by thermal processes from biomass, including biomass in waste. The quantity of fuel used should be reported on a net calorific value basis. Biogas is a product aggregate equal to the sum of landfill gas, sewage sludge gas, other biogases from anaerobic digestion and biogases from thermal processes.

3.5.8.2.1. Landfill gas

Biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion of landfill waste.

3.5.8.2.2. Sewage sludge gas

Biogas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge.

3.5.8.2.3. Other biogases from anaerobic digestion

Biogas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of animal slurries and of waste in abattoirs, breweries and other agro-food industries.

3.5.8.2.4. Biogases from thermal processes

Biogas produced from thermal processes (by gasification or pyrolysis) of biomass.

3.5.8.3. Liquid biofuels

This category includes all liquid fuels of natural origin (e.g. produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), suitable to be blended with or replace liquid fuels from fossil origin. The quantities of liquid biofuels reported in this category should relate to the quantities of pure biofuel that were not blended with fossil fuels. For the particular case of imports and exports of liquid biofuels, only trade of quantities that have not been blended with transport fuels is concerned (i.e. in their pure form); trade of liquids biofuels blended to transport fuels should be reported within the oil category of products. Only Liquid Biofuels used for energy purposes — combusted directly or blended with fossil fuels — are to be reported. Liquid biofuels is a product aggregate equal to the sum of biogasoline, biodiesels, bio jet kerosene and other liquid biofuels.

3.5.8.3.1. Biogasoline

Liquid biofuels suitable to be blended with or replace motor gasoline from fossil origin.

3.5.8.3.1.1. Bioethanol

Ethanol as part of Biogasoline.

3.5.8.3.2. Biodiesels

Liquid biofuels suitable to be blended with or replace gas/diesel oil from fossil origin.

3.5.8.3.3. Bio jet kerosene

Liquid biofuels suitable to be blended with or replacing Jet kerosene from fossil origin.

3.5.8.3.4. Other liquid biofuels

Liquid biofuels not included in any of the previous categories.

3.5.9. AMBIENT HEAT

Heat energy at a useful temperature level extracted (captured) by means of heat pumps that need electricity or other auxiliary energy to function. This heat energy can be stored in the ambient air, beneath the surface of solid earth or in surface water. The reported values shall be on the basis of the same methodology as used for reporting heat energy captured by heat pumps pursuant to Directive 2009/28/EC, however all heat pumps should be included regardless their performance level.