7.

The following abbreviations are used in the list below: AT Austria BE Belgium BG Bulgaria CY Cyprus CZ Czech Republic DE Germany DK Denmark EU EU Party ES Spain EE Estonia FI Finland FR France EL Greece HR Croatia HU Hungary IE Ireland IT Italy LV Latvia LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg MT Malta NL The Netherlands PL Poland PT Portugal RO Romania SK Slovak Republic SI Slovenia SE Sweden UK United Kingdom Sector or subsector Description of reservations ALL SECTORS Real estate AT, BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, ES, EL, FI, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Limitations on acquisition of land and real estate by foreign investors. (168) ALL SECTORS Public utilities EU: Economic activities considered as public utilities at a national or local level may be subject to public monopolies or to exclusive rights granted to private operators. (169) ALL SECTORS Types of establishment EU: Treatment accorded to subsidiaries (of third-country companies) formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the EU is not extended to branches or agencies established in a Member State by a third-country company. BG: Establishment of branches is subject to authorisation. EE: At least one half of the members of the management board shall have their residence in the EU. FI: A foreigner carrying on trade as a partner in a Finnish limited or general partnership needs a trade permit and has to be permanently resident in the EU. For all sectors except telecommunications services, nationality condition and residency requirement for at least half of the ordinary and deputy members of the Board of Directors. Company exemptions may, however, be granted. If a foreign organisation intends to carry on a business or trade by establishing a branch in Finland, a trade permit is required. A permission to act as a founder of a limited company is required of a foreign organisation or a private person, who is not an EU citizen. For telecommunications services, permanent residency for half of the founders and half of the members of the board of directors. If the founder is a juridical person, residence requirement for that juridical person. IT: Access to industrial, commercial and artisanal activities is subject to a residence permit and specific authorisation to pursue the activity. BG, PL: The scope of operations of a representative office may only encompass advertising and promotion of the foreign mother company represented by the office. PL: With the exception of financial services, unbound for branches. Non-EU investors can undertake and conduct economic activity only in the form of a limited partnership, limited joint-stock partnership, limited liability company, and joint-stock company (in the case of legal services only in the form of registered partnership and limited partnership). RO: The sole administrator or the chairman of the Board of Administration as well as half of the total number of administrators of the commercial companies shall be Romanian citizens unless otherwise stipulated in the company contract or its statutes. The majority of the commercial companies’ auditors and their deputies shall be Romanian citizens. SE: A foreign company (which has not established a legal entity in Sweden) shall conduct its commercial operations through a branch, established in Sweden with independent management and separate accounts. Building projects with duration of less than a year are exempted from the requirements of establishing a branch or appointing a resident representative. A limited liability company (joint stock company) may be established by one or several founders. A founding party shall either reside in Sweden or be a Swedish legal entity. A partnership can only be a founding party if each partner resides in Sweden. Corresponding conditions prevail for establishment of all other types of legal entities. At least fifty percent of the members of the board shall reside in Sweden. Foreign or Swedish citizens not residing in Sweden who wish to conduct commercial operations in Sweden, shall appoint and register with the local authority a resident representative responsible for such activities. Residency conditions might be waived if it can be proved that they are not necessary in a given case. SI: The establishment of branches by foreign companies is conditioned with the registration of the parent company in a court register in the country of origin for at least one year. SK: A foreign natural person whose name is to be registered in the Commercial Register as a person authorised to act on behalf of the entrepreneur is required to submit residence permit for the Slovak Republic. ALL SECTORS Investment ES: Investment in Spain by foreign government and foreign public entities (which tends to imply, besides economic, also non-economic interests to entity’s part), directly or through companies or other entities controlled directly or indirectly by foreign governments, need prior authorisation by the government. BG: In enterprises where the public (State or municipal) share in the equity capital exceeds thirty percent, the transfer of these shares to third parties needs authorisation. Certain economic activities related to the exploitation or use of State or public property are subject to concessions granted under the provisions of the Concessions Act. Foreign investors cannot participate in privatisation. Foreign investors and Bulgarian juridical persons with controlling foreign participation require permission for: (a) prospecting, development or extraction of natural resources from the territorial seam continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone; and (b) acquisition of a controlling participation in companies engaged in any of the activities specified under point (a). FR: Foreign purchases exceeding 33,33 percent of the shares of capital or voting rights in existing French enterprise, or twenty percent in publicly quoted French companies, are subject to the following regulations: — investments of less than EUR 7,6 million in French enterprises with a turnover not exceeding EUR 76 million are free, after a delay of fifteen days following prior notification and verification that these amounts are met, — after a period of one month following prior notification, authorisation is tacitly granted for other investments unless the Minister of Economic Affairs has, in exceptional circumstances, exercised its right to postpone the investment. Foreign participation in newly privatised companies may be limited to a variable amount, determined by the government of France on a case by case basis, of the equity offered to the public. For establishing in certain commercial, industrial or artisanal activities, a specific authorisation is needed if the managing director is not holder of a permanent residence permit. FI: Acquisition of shares by foreign owners giving more than one third of the voting rights of a major Finnish company or a major business undertaking (with more than 1 000 employees or with a turnover exceeding EUR 168 million or with a balance sheet total exceeding EUR 168 million) is subject to confirmation by the Finnish authorities; the confirmation may be denied only if an important national interest would be jeopardised. These limitations do not apply to telecommunications services. HU: Unbound for foreign participation in newly privatised companies. IT: Exclusive rights may be granted or maintained to newly-privatised companies. Voting rights in newly privatised companies may be restricted in some cases. For a period of five years, the acquisition of large equity stakes of companies operating in the fields of defence, transport services, telecommunications and energy may be subject to the approval of the competent authorities. ALL SECTORS Geographical zones FI: In the Åland Islands, limitations on the right of establishment by natural persons who do not enjoy regional citizenship in Åland or by any juridical person without permission by the competent authorities of the Åland Islands. 1. AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY A. Agriculture, hunting (ISIC rev 3.1: 011, 012, 013, 014, 015) excluding advisory and consultancy services (170) AT, HR, HU, MT, RO: Unbound for agricultural activities. CY: Non-EU participation is allowed only up to 49 percent. FR: The establishment of agricultural enterprises by non-EU nationals and the acquisition of vineyards by non-EU investors are subject to authorisation. IE: Establishment by non-EU residents in flour milling activities is subject to authorisation. B. Forestry and logging (ISIC rev 3.1: 020) excluding advisory and consultancy services (171) BG: Unbound for logging activities. 2. FISHING AND AQUACULTURE (ISIC rev 3.1: 0501, 0502) excluding advisory and consultancy services (172) AT: At least 25 percent of vessels have to be registered in Austria. BE, FI, IE, LV, NL, PT, SK: Foreign investors not incorporated and not having their principal office in Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, the Netherlands, Portugal and the Slovak Republicrespectively cannot own Belgian, Finnish, Irish, Latvian, Dutch, Portuguese and Slovak flag vessels respectively. CY, EL: Non-EU participation is allowed only up to forty nine percent. DK: Non-EU residents cannot own one-third or more of a business engaged in commercial fishing. Non-EU residents cannot own Denmark flag vessels except through an enterprise incorporated in Denmark. FR: Non-EU nationals cannot participate in the maritime State property for fish/shellfish/algae farming. Foreign investors not incorporated and not having their principal office in France cannot own more than fifty percent of a French flag vessel. DE: Sea fishing licence granted only to vessels entitled to fly the flag of Germany. These are fishing vessels of which the majority of shares is owned by EU citizens or companies established in accordance with the EU rules and that have their principal place of business in a Member State. The use of the vessels must be headed and supervised by persons residing in Germany. In order to obtain a fishing licence, all fishing vessels must register with the relevant coastal states in which the ships have their homeports. EE: Ships are entitled to fly Estonian flag if located in Estonia and majority ownership is held by Estonian nationals in general partnership and in limited partnership companies or other legal entities that are located in Estonia with voting majority held by Estonian nationals in the Board of Management. BG, HR, HU, LT, MT, RO: Unbound. IT: Foreigners other than EU residents cannot own a majority interest in Italian flag vessels or a controlling interest in ship owning companies having their headquarters in Italy. Fishing in Italian territorial waters is reserved to Italian flag vessels. SE: Foreign investors not incorporated and not having their principal office in Sweden cannot own more than fifty percent of a Swedish flag vessel. Acquisition by foreign investors of fifty percent or more of shares in firms engaged in commercial fishing activities in Swedish waters requires authorisation. SI: Ships are entitled to fly the Slovenian flag if more than half of the ship is owned by EU citizens or by juridical persons having their headquarters in an EU Member State. UK: Reservation on the acquisition of UK flagged vessels, unless the investment is at least seventy five percent owned by British citizens and/or by companies which are at least seventy five percent owned by British citizens, in all cases resident and domiciled in the UK. Vessels must be managed, directed and controlled from within the UK. 3. MINING AND QUARRYING (173) A. Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat (ISIC rev 3.1: 10) B. Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (174) (ISIC rev 3.1: 1110) C. Mining of metal ores (ISIC rev 3.1: 13) D. Other mining and quarrying (ISIC rev 3.1: 14) EU: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be prohibited from obtaining control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Unbound for extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas. ES: Unbound for foreign investment in strategic minerals. 4. MANUFACTURING (175) A. Manufacture of food products and beverages (ISIC rev 3.1: 15) None. B. Manufacture of tobacco products (ISIC rev 3.1: 16) None. C. Manufacture of textiles (ISIC rev 3.1: 17) None. D. Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur (ISIC rev 3.1: 18) None. E. Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear (ISIC rev 3.1: 19) None. F. Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials (ISIC rev 3.1: 20) None. G. Manufacture of paper and paper products (ISIC rev 3.1: 21) None. H. Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media (176) (ISIC rev 3.1: 22, excluding publishing and printing on a fee or contract basis (177) HR: Residence requirement. IT: Nationality condition for owner of publishing and printing company. I. Manufacture of coke oven products (ISIC rev 3.1: 231) None. J. Manufacture of refined petroleum products (178) (ISIC rev 3.1: 232) EU: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be prohibited from obtaining the control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). K. Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products other than explosives (ISIC rev 3.1: 24 excluding manufacturing of explosives) None. L. Manufacture of rubber and plastics products (ISIC rev 3.1: 25) None. M. Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products (ISIC rev 3.1: 26) None. N. Manufacture of basic metals (ISIC rev 3.1: 27) None. O. Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment (ISIC rev 3.1: 28) None. P. Manufacture of machinery (a) Manufacture of general purpose machinery (ISIC rev 3.1: 291) None. (b) Manufacture of special purpose machinery other than weapons and munitions (ISIC rev 3.1: 2921, 2922, 2923, 2924, 2925, 2926, 2929) None. (c) Manufacture of domestic appliances n.e.c. (ISIC rev 3.1: 293) None. (d) Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery (ISIC rev 3.1: 30) None. (e) Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c. (ISIC rev 3.1: 31) None. (f) Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus (ISIC rev 3.1: 32) None. Q. Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks (ISIC rev 3.1: 33) None. R. Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers (ISIC rev 3.1: 34) None. S. Manufacture of other (non-military) transport equipment (ISIC rev 3.1: 35 excluding manufacturing of warships, warplanes and other transport equipment for military use) None. T. Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c. (ISIC rev 3.1: 361, 369) None. U. Recycling (ISIC rev 3.1: 37) None. 5. PRODUCTION; TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION ON OWN ACCOUNT OF ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND HOT WATER (179) (EXCLUDING NUCLEAR BASED ELECTRICITY GENERATION) A. Production of electricity; transmission and distribution of electricity on own account (part of ISIC rev 3.1: 4010) (180) EU: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be prohibited from obtaining control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). B. Manufacture of gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains on own account (part of ISIC rev 3.1: 4020) (181) EU: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be prohibited from obtaining control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). C. Production of steam and hot water; distribution of steam and hot water on own account (part of ISIC rev 3.1: 4030) (182) EU: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be prohibited from obtaining control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). 6. BUSINESS SERVICES A. Professional services (a) Legal services (CPC 861) (183) AT: Foreign lawyers’ (who must be fully qualified in their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating result of any law firm may not exceed twenty five percent. They may not have decisive influence in decision making. excluding legal advisory and legal documentations and certification services provided by legal professionals entrusted with public functions, such as notaries, huissiers de justice or other officiers publics et ministériels BE: Quotas apply for appearing before the ‘Cour de cassation’ in non-criminal cases. FR: Lawyers’ access to the profession of ‘avocat auprès de la Cour de Cassation’ et ‘avocat auprès du Conseil d’Etat’ is subject to quotas. DK: Only lawyers with a Danish license to practise and law firms registered in Denmark may own shares in a Danish law firm. Only lawyers with a Danish license to practise may sit on the board or be part of the management of a Danish law firm. Requirement of a Danish legal examination in order to obtain a Danish licence. FR: Some types of legal form (‘association d’avocats’ and ‘société en participation d’avocat’) are reserved to lawyers fully admitted to the Bar in France. In a law firm providing services in respect of French or EU law, at least seventy five percent of the partners holding seventy five percent of the shares shall be lawyers fully admitted to the Bar in France. HR: Representation of parties before courts can be practised only by the members of the Bar Council of Croatia (Croatian title ‘odvjetnici’) . Citizenship requirement for membership in the Bar Council. HU: Commercial presence should take the form of partnership with a Hungarian barrister (ügyvéd) or a barrister’s office (ügyvédi iroda), or representative office. PL: While other types of legal form are available for EU lawyers, foreign lawyers only have access to the legal forms of registered partnership and limited partnership. (b) 1. Accounting and bookkeeping services (CPC 86212 other than ‘auditing services’, CPC 86213, CPC 86219 and CPC 86220) AT: Foreign accountants’ (who must be authorised according to the law of their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed twenty five percent, if they are not members of the Austrian Professional Body. CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: employment situation in the subsector. DK: In order to enter into partnerships with Danish authorised accountants, foreign auditor has to obtain permission from the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency. (b) 2. Auditing services (CPC 86211 and 86212 other than accounting services) AT: Foreign auditors’ (who must be authorised according to the law of their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed twenty five percent, if they are not members of the Austrian Professional Body. CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: employment situation in the subsector. CZ and SK: At least sixty percent of capital share or voting rights are reserved to nationals. DK: In order to enter into partnerships with Danish authorised accountants, foreign auditor has to obtain permission from the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency. FI: Residency requirement for at least one of the auditors of a Finnish liability company. HR: None, except that auditing can be performed only by legal persons. LV: In a commercial company of sworn auditors more than fifty percent of the voting capital shares shall be owned by sworn auditors or commercial companies of sworn auditors of the EU. LT: Non less that seventy five percent of shares should belong to EU auditors or auditing companies. SE: Only auditors approved in Sweden may perform legal auditing services in certain legal entities, a.o. in all limited companies. Only such persons may be shareowners or form partnerships in companies which practise qualified auditing (for official purposes). Residency required for approval. SI: The share of foreign persons in auditing companies may not exceed forty nine percent of the equity. (c) Taxation advisory services (CPC 863) (184) AT: Foreign tax advisors’ (who must be authorised according to the law of their home country) equity participation and shares in the operating results of any Austrian legal entity may not exceed twenty five percent; this applies only to non-members of the Austrian Professional Body. CY: Access is subject to economic needs test. Main criteria: employment situation in the subsector. (d) Architectural services and (e) Urban planning and landscape architectural services (CPC 8671 and CPC 8674) BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors have to act in partnership of as subcontractors of local investors. LV: For architectural services, in order to receive a licence enabling to engage in business activity with full range of legal responsibility and rights to sign a project, practice of three years in Latvia in the field of projecting and university degree is required. (f) Engineering services and (g) Integrated engineering services (CPC 8672 and CPC 8673) BG: For projects of national or regional significance, foreign investors have to act in partnership of as subcontractors of local investors. (h) Medical (including psychologists) and dental services (CPC 9312 and part of CPC 85201) AT: Unbound except for dental services and for psychologists and psychotherapists, where: none. DE: Economic needs test when medical doctors and dentists are authorised to treat members of public insurance schemes. Main criteria: shortage of doctors and dentists in the given region. FI: Unbound. FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of ‘société d’exercice liberal’ and ‘société civile professionnelle’. LV: Economic needs test. Main criteria: shortage of doctors and dentists in the given region. BG, LT: The supply of service is subject to authorisation which is based on a health services plan established in function of needs, taking into account the population and already existing medical and dental services. SI: Unbound for social medicine, sanitary, epidemiological, medical/ecological services; the supply of blood, blood preparations and transplants; autopsy. UK: Establishment for doctors under the National Health Service is subject to medical manpower planning. (i) Veterinary services (CPC 932) AT: Unbound. BG: Economic needs test. Main criteria: population and density of existing business. FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of ‘société d’exercice liberal’ and ‘société civile professionnelle’. HU: Economic needs test. Main criteria: labour market conditions in the sector. (j) 1. Midwives services (part of CPC 93191) BG, FI, HU, MT, SI: Unbound. FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of ‘société d’exercice liberal’ and ‘société civile professionnelle’. LT: Economic needs test may be applied. Main criteria: employment situation in the subsector. (j) 2. Services provided by nurses, physiotherapists and paramedical personnel (part of CPC 93191) AT: Foreign investors are only allowed in the following activities: nurses, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, logotherapists, dieticians and nutricians. BG, MT, SI: Unbound. FI: Unbound for physiotherapists and paramedical personnel. FR: While other types of legal form are available for EU investors, foreign investors only have access to the legal forms of ‘société d’exercice liberal’ and ‘société civile professionnelle’. LT: Economic needs test may be applied. Main criteria: employment situation in the subsector. LV: Economic needs test for foreign physiotherapists and paramedical personnel. Main criteria: employment situation in the given region. (k) Retail sales of pharmaceuticals and retail sales of medical and orthopaedical goods (CPC 63211) and other services supplied by pharmacists (185) AT, BG, CY, FI, MT, PL, RO, SE, SI: Unbound. BE, DE, DK, EE, ES, FR, IT, HR, HU, IE, LV, PT, SK: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: population and geographical density of existing pharmacies. B. Computer and related services (CPC 84) None. C. Research and development services (186) (a) R & D services on natural sciences (CPC 851) (b) R & D services on Social Sciences and Humanities (CPC 852 excluding psychologists services) (187) (c) Interdisciplinary R & D services (CPC 853) EU: For publicly funded R & D services, exclusive rights and/or authorisations can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU. D. Real estate services (188) (a) Involving own or leased property (CPC 821) None. (b) On a fee or contract basis (CPC 822) None. E. Rental/leasing services without operators (a) Relating to ships (CPC 83103) LT: Ships must be owned by Lithuanian natural persons or companies established in Lithuania. SE: To fly the Swedish flag proof of dominating Swedish operating influence must be shown in case of foreign ownership interests in ships. (b) Relating to aircraft (CPC 83104) EU: Aircraft used by EU carriers have to be registered in the EU Member State licensing the carrier or elsewhere in the EU. The aircraft must be owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding ownership of capital and control (including nationality of directors). Waivers can be granted for short term lease contracts or under exceptional circumstances. (c) Relating to other transport equipment (CPC 83101, CPC 83102 and CPC 83105) None. (d) Relating to other machinery and equipment (CPC 83106, CPC 83107, CPC 83108 and CPC 83109) None. (e) Relating to personal and household goods (CPC 832) AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, SK, UK: Unbound for CPC 83202. (f) Telecommunications equipment rental (CPC 7541) None. F. Other business services (a) Advertising (CPC 871) None. (b) Market research and opinion polling (CPC 864) None. (c) Management consulting services (CPC 865) None. (d) Services related to management Consulting (CPC 866) HU: Unbound for arbitration and conciliation services (CPC 86602). (e) Technical testing and analysis services (189) (CPC 8676) None. (f) Advisory and consulting services incidental to agriculture, hunting and forestry (part of CPC 881) None. (g) Advisory and consulting services relating to fishing (part of CPC 882) None. (h) Advisory and consulting services incidental to manufacturing (part of CPC 884 and part of CPC 885) None. (i) Placement and supply services of personnel (i) 1. Executive search (CPC 87201) BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound. (i) 2. Placement services (CPC 87202) AT, BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK: Unbound. BE, FR, IT: State monopoly. DE: Authorisation is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: situation and development of the labour market. (i) 3. Supply Services of office support personnel (CPC 87203) AT, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FI, HR, LV, LT, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound. IT: State monopoly. (i) 4. Model agency services (part of CPC 87209) None. (j) 1. Investigation services (CPC 87301) BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, ES, EE, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI: Unbound. (j) 2. Security services (CPC 87302, CPC 87303, CPC 87304 and CPC 87305) DK: Requirement of nationality and residence for members of the board. Unbound for the supply of airport guard services. BG, CY, CZ, EE, FI, LV, LT, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Licence may be granted only to nationals and to national registered organisations. ES: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Access is subject to prior authorisation. HR: Unbound. (k) Related scientific and technical consulting services (190) (CPC 8675) FR: Foreign investors require a specific authorisation for exploration and prospecting services. (l) 1. Maintenance and repair of vessels (part of CPC 8868) None. (l) 2. Maintenance and repair of rail transport equipment (part of CPC 8868) LV: State monopoly. SE: Economic needs tests apply when an investors intends to establish its own terminal infrastructure facilities. Main criteria: space and capacity constraints. (l) 3. Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, snowmobiles and road transport equipment (CPC 6112, CPC 6122, part of CPC 8867 and part of CPC 8868) SE: Economic needs tests apply when an investors intends to establish its own terminal infrastructure facilities. Main criteria: space and capacity constraints. (l) 4. Maintenance and repair of aircraft and parts thereof (part of CPC 8868) None. (l) 5. Maintenance and repair services of metal products, of (non office) machinery, of (non transport and non office) equipment and of personal and household goods (191) (CPC 633, CPC 7545, CPC 8861, CPC 8862, CPC 8864, CPC 8865 and CPC 8866) None. (m) Building-cleaning services (CPC 874) None. (n) Photographic services (CPC 875) None. (o) Packaging services (CPC 876) None. (p) Printing and publishing (CPC 88442) HR: Residency requirements for publisher and editorial board. LT, LV: Establishment rights in publishing sector granted only to nationally incorporated juridical persons (no branches). PL: Nationality requirement for the editor-in-chief of newspapers and journals. SE: Residency requirements for publisher and owner of publishing and printing company. (q) Convention services (part of CPC 87909) None. (r) 1. Translation and interpretation services (CPC 87905) DK: Authorisation for authorised public translators and interpreters may limit the scope of activity. HR: Unbound for translation and interpretation services for/before Croatian courts. PL: Unbound for the supply of sworn interpretation services. BG, HU, SK: Unbound for official translation and interpretation. (r) 2. Interior design and other specialty design services (CPC 87907) None. (r) 3. Collection agency services (CPC 87902) IT, PT: Nationality condition for investors. (r) 4. Credit reporting services (CPC 87901) BE: For consumer credit databanks, nationality condition for investors. IT, PT: Nationality condition for investors. (r) 5. Duplicating services (CPC 87904) (192) None. (r) 6. Telecommunications consulting services (CPC 7544) None. (r) 7. Telephone answering services (CPC 87903) None. 7. COMMUNICATION SERVICES A. Postal and courier services None (193). (Services relating to the handling (194) of postal items (195) according to the following list of subsectors, whether for domestic or foreign destinations: (i) Handling of addressed written communications on any kind of physical medium (196), including Hybrid mail service and Direct mail; (ii) Handling of addressed parcels and packages (197); (iii) Handling of addressed press products (198); (iv) Handling of items referred to in subsectors (i) to (iii) above as registered or insured mail; (v) Express delivery services (199) for items referred to in subsectors (i) to (iii) above; (vi) Handling of non-addressed items; (vii) Document exchange (200). Subsectors (i), (iv) and (v) are however excluded when they fall into the scope of the services which may be reserved, which is: for items of correspondence the price of which is less than 2,5 times the public basic tariff, provided that they weigh less than 50 grammes (201), plus the registered mail service used in the course of judicial or administrative procedures.) (part of CPC 751, part of CPC 71235 (202) and part of CPC 73210 (203)) B. Telecommunications Services These services do not cover the economic activity consisting of the provision of content which requires telecommunications services for its transport. (a) All services consisting of the transmission and reception of signals by any electromagnetic means (204), excluding broadcasting (205) None (206). (b) Satellite broadcast transmission services (207) EU: None except that: — the commitments are subject to reciprocity, — service suppliers in this sector may be subject to obligations to safeguard general interest objectives related to the conveyance of content through their network in line with the EU regulatory framework for electronic communications. BE: Unbound. 8. CONSTRUCTION AND RELATED ENGINEERING SERVICES (CPC 511, CPC 512, CPC 513, CPC 514, CPC 515, CPC 516, CPC 517 and CPC 518) None. 9. DISTRIBUTION SERVICES (excluding distribution of arms, munitions, explosives and other war material) All subsectors mentioned below (208) AT: Unbound for distribution of pyrotechnical goods, of ignitable articles and blasting devices and of toxic substances. For the distribution of pharmaceutical products and of tobacco products, exclusive rights and/or authorisations can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU. FI: Unbound for distribution of alcoholic beverages and pharmaceutical products. HR: Unbound for distribution of tobacco products. A. Commission agents’ services (a) Commission agents’ services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof (part of CPC 61111, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121) None. (b) Other commission agents’ services (CPC 621) None. B. Wholesale trade services (a) Wholesale trade services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof (part of CPC 61111, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121) None. (b) Wholesale trade services of telecommunication terminal equipment (part of CPC 7542) None. (c) Other wholesale trade services (CPC 622 excluding wholesale trade services of energy products (209)) FR, IT: State monopoly on tobacco. FR: Authorisation of wholesale pharmacies is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: population and geographical density of existing pharmacies. C. Retailing services (210) Retailing services of motor vehicles, motorcycles and snowmobiles and parts and accessories thereof (CPC 61112, part of CPC 6113 and part of CPC 6121 ) Retailing services of telecommunication terminal equipment (part of CPC 7542) ES, IT: State monopoly on tobacco. BE, BG, DK, FR, IT, MT, PT: Authorisation for department stores (in the case of FR only for large stores) is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing stores, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment. IE, SE: Unbound for the retail sale of alcoholic beverages. SE: Authorisation for temporary trade in clothing, shoes and foodstuffs that are not consumed at the point of sale may be subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: impact on existing stores in the geographic area in question. Food retailing services (CPC 631) Retailing services of other (non-energy) goods, except retail sales of pharmaceutical, medical and orthopaedic goods (211) (CPC 632 excluding CPC 63211 and 63297) D. Franchising (CPC 8929) None. 10. EDUCATIONAL SERVICES (only privately funded services) A. Primary education services (CPC 921) B. Secondary education services (CPC 922) C. Higher education services (CPC 923) D. Adult education services (CPC 924) EU: Participation of private operators in the education network is subject to concession. AT: Unbound for higher education services. Unbound for education services for adults by means of radio or television broadcasting. BG: Unbound for the supply of primary and/or secondary education services by foreign natural persons and associations and for the supply of higher education services. CZ, SK: Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board. Unbound for the supply of higher education services except for post-secondary technical and vocational education services (CPC 92310). CY, FI, MT, RO, SE: Unbound. EL: Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board in primary and secondary schools. Unbound for higher education institutions granting recognised States diplomas. ES, IT: Needs test for opening private universities authorised to issue recognised diplomas or degrees; procedure involves an advice of the Parliament. Main criteria: population and density of existing establishments. HR: Unbound for primary education services (CPC 921). For secondary education services: None for juridical persons. HU, SK: The number of schools being established may be limited by local authorities (or in the case of high schools and other higher education institutions by central authorities) in charge of granting licences. LV: Unbound for the supply of education services relating to technical and vocational secondary school-type education services for handicapped students (CPC 9224). SI: Unbound for primary schools. Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board in secondary and high schools. E. Other education services (CPC 929) AT, BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI, SE, UK: Unbound. CZ, SK: Participation of private operators in the education network is subject to concession. Nationality condition for majority of members of the Board. 11. ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (212) A. Waste Water Services (CPC 9401) (213) B. Solid/hazardous waste management, excluding cross-border transport of hazardous waste (a) Refuse disposal services (CPC 9402) (b) Sanitation and similar services (CPC 9403) C. Protection of ambient air and climate (CPC 9404) (214) None. D. Remediation and clean up of soil and waters (a) Treatment, remediation of contaminated/polluted soil and water (part of CPC 9406) (215) E. Noise and vibration abatement (CPC 9405) F. Protection of biodiversity and landscape (a) Nature and landscape protection services (part of CPC 9406) G. Other environmental and ancillary services (CPC 9409) 12. FINANCIAL SERVICES A. Insurance and insurance-related services AT: The licence for branch offices of foreign insurers has to be denied if the insurer, in the home country, does not have a legal form corresponding or comparable to a joint stock company or a mutual insurance association. BG, ES: Before establishing a branch or agency in Bulgaria or Spain to provide certain classes of insurance, a foreign insurer must have been authorised to operate in the same classes of insurance in its country of origin for at least five years. EL: The right of establishment does not cover the creation of representative offices or other permanent presence of insurance companies, except where such offices are established as agencies, branches or head offices. FI: At least one half of the promoters and members of the board of directors and the supervisory board of an insurance company shall have their place of residence in the EU, unless the competent authorities have granted an exemption. Foreign insurers cannot get a licence in Finland as a branch to carry on statutory pension insurance. IT: The authorisation of the establishment of branches is ultimately subject to the evaluation of supervisory authorities. BG, PL: Local incorporation (no branches) required for insurance intermediaries. PT: In order to establish a branch in Portugal, foreign insurance companies need to demonstrate prior operational experience of at least five years. Direct branching is not permitted for insurance intermediation, which is reserved to companies formed in accordance with the law of an EU Member State. SK: Foreign national may establish an insurance company in the form of a joint stock company or may conduct insurance business through their subsidiaries with registered office in the Slovak Republic (no branches). SI: Foreign investors cannot participate in insurance companies under privatisation. Membership of the mutual insurance institution is limited to companies established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) and domestic natural persons. For providing consultancy and claim settlement services, incorporation is required as a legal entity (no branches). For sole proprietors, a residence in the Republic of Slovenia is required. SE: Insurance broking undertakings not incorporated in Sweden may establish only through a branch. B. Banking and other financial services (excluding insurance) EU: Only firms having their registered office in the EU can act as depositories of the assets of investment funds. The establishment of a specialised management company, having its head office and registered office in the same Member State, is required to perform the activities of management of unit trusts and investment companies. BG: Pension insurance shall be implemented through participation in incorporated pension insurance companies (no branches). Permanent residence in Bulgaria is required for the chairperson of the management board and the chairperson of the board of directors. CY: Only members (brokers) of the Cyprus Stock Exchange can undertake business pertaining to securities brokerage in Cyprus. A brokerage firm may only be registered as a member of the Cyprus Stock Exchange if it has been established and registered in accordance with the Companies Law of Cyprus (no branches). FI: At least one half of the founders, the members of the board of directors, at least one ordinary and one deputy member of the supervisory board and the person entitled to sign in the name of the credit institution shall have their permanent residence in the EU. Exemption from these requirements may be granted by the competent authorities. HR: None, except for settlement and clearing services where the Central Depositary Agency (CDA) is the sole supplier in Croatia. Access to the services of the CDA will be granted to non-residents on a non-discriminatory basis. HU: Branches of foreign institutions are not allowed to provide asset management services for private pension funds or management of venture capital. The board of a financial institution should include at least two members, who are Hungarian citizens, residents in the meaning of the relevant foreign exchange regulations and have permanent residency in Hungary for at least one year. IE: In the case of collective investment schemes constituted as unit trusts and variable capital companies (other than undertakings for collective investment in transferable securities, UCITS), the trustee/depository and management company is required to be incorporated in Ireland or in another Member State of the EU (no branches). In the case of an investment limited partnership, at least one general partner must be incorporated in Ireland. To become a member of a stock exchange in Ireland, an entity must either (i) be authorised in Ireland, which requires that it be incorporated or be a partnership, with a head/registered office in Ireland, or (ii) be authorised in another Member State in accordance with the EU Investment Services Directive. IT: In order to be authorised to manage the securities settlement system with an establishment in Italy, a company is required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). In order to be authorised to manage central securities depository services with an establishment in Italy, companies are required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). In the case of collective investment schemes other than UCITS harmonised under EU legislation, the trustee/ depository is required to be incorporated in Italy or in another Member State of the EU and established through a branch in Italy. Management companies of UCITS not harmonised under EU legislation are also required to be incorporated in Italy (no branches). Only banks, insurance companies, investment firms and companies managing UCITS harmonised under EU legislation having their legal head office in the EU, as well as UCITS incorporated in Italy may carry out activity of pension fund resources management. In providing the activity of door-to-door selling, intermediaries must utilise authorised financial salesmen resident within the territory of a Member State of the EU. Representative offices of foreign intermediaries cannot carry out activities aimed at providing investment services. LT: For the purpose of asset management, incorporation as a specialised management company (no branches) is required. Only firms having their registered office in Lithuania can act as the depositories of the assets. PT: Pension fund management may be provided only by specialised companies incorporated in Portugal for that purpose and by insurance companies established in Portugal and authorised to take up the life insurance business or by entities authorised to pension fund management in other EU Member States (unbound for direct branching from non-EU countries). RO: Branches of foreign institutions are not allowed to provide asset management services. SK: Investment services in the Slovak Republic can be provided by banks, investment companies, investment funds and security dealers which have legal form of joint-stock company with equity capital according to the law (no branches). SI: Unbound for participation in banks under privatisation and for private pension funds (non-compulsory pension funds). SE: A founder of a savings bank shall be a natural person resident in the EU. 13. HEALTH SERVICES AND SOCIAL SERVICES (216) (only privately funded services) A. Hospital services (CPC 9311) B. Ambulance services (CPC 93192) C. Residential health facilities other than hospital services (CPC 93193) D. Social services (CPC 933) EU: Participation of private operators in the health and social network is subject to concession. Economic needs tests may apply. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, transport infrastructure, population density, geographic spread, and creation of new employment. AT, SI: Unbound for ambulance services. BG: Unbound for hospital services, for ambulance services and for residential health facilities other than hospital services. CZ, FI, MT, SE, SK: Unbound. HU, SI: Unbound for social services. PL: Unbound for ambulance services, for residential health facilities other than hospital services and for social services. BE, UK: Unbound for ambulance services, for residential health facilities other than hospital services and for social services other than convalescent and rest houses and old people’s homes. CY: Unbound for hospital services, ambulance services, for residential health facilities other than hospital services and for social services other than convalescent and rest houses and old people’s homes. 14. TOURISM AND TRAVEL RELATED SERVICES A. Hotel, restaurants and catering (CPC 641, CPC 642 and CPC 643) excluding catering in air transport services (217) BG: Incorporation is required (no branches). IT: Economic needs tests applied on bars, cafes and restaurants. Main criteria: population and density of existing establishments. B. Travel agencies and tour operators services (including tour managers) (CPC 7471) BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). PT: Requirement of constitution of a commercial company having its corporate base in Portugal (unbound for branches). C. Tourist guides services (CPC 7472) None. 15. RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND SPORTING SERVICES (other than audio-visual services) A. Entertainment services (including theatre, live bands, circus and discotheque services) (CPC 9619) CY, CZ, FI, MT, PL, RO, SI, SK: Unbound. BG: Unbound except for theatrical producer, singer group, band and orchestra entertainment services (CPC 96191), services provided by authors, composers, sculptors, entertainers and other individual artists (CPC 96192) and ancillary theatrical services (CPC 96193). EE: Unbound for other entertainment services (CPC 96199) except for cinema theatre services. LV: Unbound except for cinema theatre operation services (part of CPC 96199). B. News and press agencies services (CPC 962) FR: Foreign participation in companies publishing publications in the French language may not exceed twenty percent of the capital or of voting rights in the company. Establishment of press agencies by foreign investors is subject to reciprocity. C. Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural services (218) (CPC 963) BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound. AT, LT: Participation of private operators in the libraries, archives, museums and other cultural services’ network is subject to concession or licence. D. Sporting services (CPC 9641) AT, SI: Unbound for ski school services and mountain guide services. BG, CY, CZ, EE, LV, MT, PL, RO, SK: Unbound. E. Recreation park and beach services (CPC 96491) None. 16. TRANSPORT SERVICES A. Maritime transport (219) (a) International passenger transportation (CPC 7211 less national cabotage transport) (b) International freight transportation (CPC 7212 less national cabotage transport) (220) AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the national flag of the State of establishment. BG, CY, EE, HU, LV, LT, MT, RO: Unbound for establishment of other forms of commercial presence for the supply of international maritime transport services. DE, ES, FR, FI, EL, IT, LV, MT, PL, PT, SI and SE: Feedering services by authorisation. B. Internal waterways transport (221) (a) Passenger transportation (CPC 7221) (b) Freight transportation (CPC 7222) EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube link) reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping. AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the national flag of the State of establishment. AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company by natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, nationality condition for the managing board and the supervisory board. Registered company or permanent establishment in Austria is required. In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU citizens. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). FI: Services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag. HR: Unbound. C. Rail transport (222) (a) Passenger transportation (CPC 7111) (b) Freight transportation (CPC 7112) BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). HR: Unbound. D. Road transport (223) (a) Passenger transportation (CPC 7121 and CPC 7122) EU: Foreign investors cannot provide transport services within a Member State (cabotage), except for rental of non-scheduled services of buses with operator. EU: Economic needs test for taxi services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment. AT, BG: Exclusive rights and/or authorisation can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). FI, LV: Authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles. LV and SE: Requirement on established entities to use vehicles with national registration. ES: Economic needs test for CPC 7122. Main criteria: local demand. IT, PT: Economic needs test for limousine services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment. ES, IE, IT: Economic needs test for intercity bussing services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment. FR : Unbound for intercity bussing services. (b) Freight transportation (224) (CPC 7123, excluding transportation of mail on own account (225)). AT, BG: Exclusive rights and/or authorisation can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). FI, LV: Authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles. LV and SE: Requirement on established entities to use vehicles with national registration. IT, SK: Economic needs test. Main criteria: local demand. E. Pipeline transport of goods other than fuel (226) (227) (CPC 7139) AT: Exclusive rights can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU. 17. SERVICES AUXILIARY TO TRANSPORT (228) A. Services auxiliary to maritime transport (229) (a) Maritime cargo handling services (b) Storage and warehousing services (part of CPC 742) (c) Customs clearance services (d) Container station and depot services (e) Maritime agency services AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: For pushing and towing services and for supporting services for maritime transport unbound for the establishment of a registered company for the purpose of operating a fleet under the national flag of the State of establishment. IT: Economic needs test for maritime cargo-handling services. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing establishments, population density, geographic spread and creation of new employment. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to forty nine percent. (f) Maritime freight forwarding services (g) Rental of vessels with crew (CPC 7213) (h) Pushing and towing services (CPC 7214) (i) Supporting services for maritime transport (part of CPC 745) (j) Other supporting and auxiliary services (including catering) (part of CPC 749) HR: Unbound for (c) Customs clearance services, (d) Container station and depot services, (e) Maritime agency services and (f) Maritime freight forwarding services. For (a) Maritime cargo handling services, (b) Storage and warehousing services, (j) Other supporting and auxiliary services (including catering), (h) Pushing and towing services and (i) Supporting services for maritime transport: None, except that foreign legal person is required to establish a company in Croatia which should be granted a concession by the port authority, following a public tendering procedure. The number of service suppliers may be limited reflecting limitations in port capacity. SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance. FI: Pushing and towing services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag. B. Services auxiliary to internal waterways transport (230) (a) Cargo-handling services (part of CPC 741) (b) Storage and warehouse services (part of CPC 742) (c) Freight transport agency services (part of CPC 748) EU: Measures based upon existing or future agreements on access to inland waterways (incl. agreements following the Rhine-Main-Danube link) reserve some traffic rights for operators based in the countries concerned and meeting nationality criteria regarding ownership. Regulations implementing the Mannheim Convention on Rhine Shipping. AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, HU, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound for pushing and towing services and supporting services for internal waterway transport. AT: Nationality condition in order to set up a shipping company by natural persons. In the case of establishment as legal person, nationality condition for the managing board and the supervisory board. Registered company or permanent establishment in Austria is required. In addition the majority of the business shares must be held by EU citizens. (d) Rental of vessels with crew (CPC 7223) (e) Pushing and towing services (CPC 7224) (f) Supporting services for internal waterway transport (part of CPC 745) (g) Other supporting and auxiliary services (part of CPC 749) BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to forty nine percent. HR: Unbound. HU: Participation of the State may be required in an establishment. FI: Pushing and towing services can be provided only by ships operating under the Finnish flag. SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance. C. Services auxiliary to rail transport (231) (a) Cargo-handling services (part of CPC 741) (b) Storage and warehouse services (part of CPC 742) (c) Freight transport agency services (part of CPC 748) (d) Pushing and towing services (CPC 7113) BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to forty nine percent. HR: Unbound for (d) (Pushing and towing services). SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance. (e) Supporting services for rail transport services (CPC 743) (f) Other supporting and auxiliary services (part of CPC 749) D. Services auxiliary to road transport (232) (a) Cargo-handling services (part of CPC 741) (b) Storage and warehouse services (part of CPC 742) (c) Freight transport agency services (part of CPC 748) AT: For rental of commercial road vehicles with operators, authorisation can only be granted to EU nationals and to EU juridical persons having their headquarters in the EU. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). Participation in Bulgarian companies is limited to forty nine percent. FI: For rental of commercial road vehicles with operators, authorisation required, not extended to foreign registered vehicles. HR: Unbound for (d) (Rental of commercial road vehicles with operators). SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance. (d) Rental of commercial road vehicles with operators (CPC 7124) (e) Supporting services for road transport equipment (CPC 744) (f) Other supporting and auxiliary services (part of CPC 749) E. Services auxiliary to air transport services (a) Ground handling services (including catering) EU: None except that: — the commitments are subject to reciprocity, — categories of activities depend of size of airport. The number of providers in each airport can be limited due to available-space constraints and to not less than two suppliers for other reasons. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). HR: Unbound. (b) Storage and warehouse services (part of CPC 742) BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). PL: For storage services of frozen or refrigerated goods and bulk storage services of liquids or gases, categories of activities depend of size of airport. The number of providers in each airport can be limited due to available-space constraints and to not less than two suppliers for other reasons. (c) Freight transport agency services (part of CPC 748) BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). HU: Unbound. SI: Only juridical persons established in the Republic of Slovenia (no branches) can perform customs clearance. (d) Rental of aircraft with crew (CPC 734) EU: Aircraft used by EU carriers have to be registered in the EU Member State licensing the carrier or elsewhere in the EU. The aircraft must be owned either by natural persons meeting specific nationality criteria or by juridical persons meeting specific criteria regarding ownership of capital and control (including nationality of directors). Waivers can be granted for short term lease contracts or under exceptional circumstances. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). (e) Sales and marketing EU: Specific obligations for investors operating computer reservation systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). (f) Computer reservations system EU: Specific obligations for investors operating computer reservation systems that are owned or controlled by air carriers. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). (g) Airport management (233) EU: The commitments are subject to reciprocity. BG: Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). PL: Foreign participation is limited to forty nine percent. HR: Unbound. F. Services auxiliary to pipeline transport of goods other than fuel (234) (a) Storage and warehouse services of goods other than fuel transported by pipelines (235) (part of CPC 742) None. 18. ENERGY SERVICES A. Services incidental to mining (236) (CPC 883) (237) None. B. Pipeline transportation of fuels (238) (CPC 7131) AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, IT, LV, LU, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SI, SE, UK: Unbound. C. Storage and warehouse services of fuels transported through pipelines (239) (part of CPC 742) PL: Investors from countries which are energy suppliers may be prohibited from obtaining control of the activity. Unbound for direct branching (incorporation is required). D. Wholesale trade services of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products (CPC 62271) and wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot water (240) EU: Unbound for wholesale trade services of electricity, steam and hot water. E. Retailing services of motor fuel (CPC 613) F. Retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood (CPC 63297) and retailing services of electricity, (non bottled) gas, steam and hot water (241) EU: Unbound for retailing services of motor fuel, electricity, (non bottled) gas, steam and hot water. BE, BG, DK, FR, IT, MT, PT: For retail sales of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal and wood, authorisation for department stores (in the case of FR only for large stores) is subject to an economic needs test. Main criteria: number of and impact on existing stores, population density, geographic spread, impact on traffic conditions and creation of new employment. G. Services incidental to energy distribution (242) (CPC 887) AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, ES, EE, FI, FR, EL, IE, HU, IT, LU, LT, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SE, UK: Unbound except for consultancy services, where: none. SI: Unbound except for services incidental the distribution of gas, where: none. 19. OTHER SERVICES NOT INCLUDED ELSEWHERE (a) Washing, cleaning and dyeing services (CPC 9701) None. (b) Hairdressing services (CPC 97021) IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The economic needs test, when applied, sets a limit on the number of enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business. (c) Cosmetic treatment, manicuring and pedicuring services (CPC 97022) IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The economic needs test, when applied, sets a limit on the number of enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business. (d) Other beauty treatment services n.e.c. (CPC 97029) IT: Economic needs tests applied on a national treatment basis. The economic needs test, when applied, sets a limit on the number of enterprises. Main criteria: population and density of existing business. (e) Spa services and non-therapeutical massages, to the extent that they are provided as relaxation physical well-being services and not for medical or rehabilitation purposes (243) (244) (CPC ver. 1.0 97230) None. (f) Telecommunications connection services (CPC 7543) None.