02013D0255 — EN — 17.02.2020 — 030.001

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►B COUNCIL DECISION 2013/255/CFSP of 31 May 2013 concerning restrictive measures against Syria (OJ L 147 1.6.2013, p. 14)

Amended by:





Corrected by:





The presentation of this consolidated text takes into account judgments of the EU Courts concerning entries in the list of designated persons and entities.









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COUNCIL DECISION 2013/255/CFSP

of 31 May 2013

concerning restrictive measures against Syria







CHAPTER I

EXPORT AND IMPORT RESTRICTIONS

Article 1

1. The sale, supply, transfer or export of certain equipment, goods and technology which might be used for internal repression or for the manufacture and maintenance of products which could be used for internal repression, to Syria by nationals of Member States or from the territories of Member States or using their flag vessels or aircraft, shall be prohibited, whether originating or not in their territories.

The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this paragraph.

2. It shall be prohibited to:

(a) provide, directly or indirectly, technical assistance, brokering services or other services related to the items referred to in paragraph 1 or related to the provision, manufacture, maintenance and use of such items, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for use in, Syria;

(b) provide, directly or indirectly, financing or financial assistance related to the items referred to in paragraph 1, including in particular grants, loans and export credit insurance, as well as insurance and reinsurance, for any sale, supply, transfer or export of such items, or for the provision of related technical assistance, brokering services or other services to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for use in, Syria.

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3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the sale, supply, transport or export of certain equipment, goods and technology which might be used for internal repression or for the manufacture and maintenance of products which could be used for internal repression or to the provision of related technical or financial assistance, where a Member State determines on a case-by-case basis that they are intended for:

(a) food, agricultural, medical or other humanitarian purposes, or for the benefit of UN Personnel, or personnel of the Union or its Member States; or

(b) activities undertaken in accordance with paragraph 10 of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118(2013) and related decisions of the Executive Council of the OPCW, consistent with the objective of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Chemical Weapons Convention) and after consultation with the OPCW.

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Article 2

1. The sale, supply, transfer or export of certain equipment, goods or technology other than those referred to in Article 1(1) which might be used for internal repression or for the manufacture and maintenance of products which could be used for internal repression, to Syria by nationals of Member States or from the territories of Member States or using their flag vessels or aircraft, shall be subject to authorisation on a case-by-case basis by the competent authorities of the exporting Member State.

The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this paragraph.

2. The provision of:

(a) technical assistance, brokering services or other services related to the items referred to in paragraph 1 or related to the provision, manufacture, maintenance and use of such items, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for use in, Syria;

(b) financing or financial assistance related to the items referred to in paragraph 1, including in particular grants, loans and export credit insurance, as well as insurance and reinsurance, for any sale, supply, transfer or export of such items, or for the provision of related technical assistance, brokering services or other services to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for use in, Syria,

shall also be subject to an authorisation of the competent authority of the exporting Member State.

Article 3

1. The purchase, import or transport of arms and related material of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment and spare parts for the aforementioned, from Syria or originating in Syria, shall be prohibited.

2. It shall be prohibited to provide, directly or indirectly, financing or financial assistance, including financial derivatives, as well as insurance and reinsurance, and brokering services related to insurance and reinsurance, for any purchase, import or transport of the items referred to in paragraph 1, from Syria or originating in Syria.

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3. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the import or transport of chemical weapons or related material from Syria or originating in Syria, undertaken in accordance with paragraph 10 of UN Security Council Resolution 2118(2013) and related decisions of the Executive Council of the OPCW, consistent with the objective of the Chemical Weapons Convention.

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Article 4

The sale, supply, transfer or export of equipment or software intended primarily for use in the monitoring or interception by the Syrian regime, or on its behalf, of the Internet and of telephone communications on mobile or fixed networks in Syria and the provision of assistance to install, operate or update such equipment or software shall be prohibited.

The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this Article.

Article 5

1. The purchase, import or transport from Syria of crude oil and petroleum products shall be prohibited.

2. It shall be prohibited to provide, directly or indirectly, financing or financial assistance, including financial derivatives, as well as insurance and reinsurance, related to the prohibitions referred to in paragraph 1.

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3. The prohibitions set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the purchase or transport in Syria of petroleum products or to associated financing or financial assistance by public bodies, or by legal persons or entities which receive public funding from the Union or Member States to provide humanitarian relief in Syria or to provide assistance to the civilian population in Syria, where such products are purchased or transported for the sole purposes of providing humanitarian relief in Syria or to provide assistance to the civilian population in Syria.

4. The prohibitions set out in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to the purchase or transport of petroleum products by diplomatic or consular missions where such products are purchased or transported for official purposes of the mission.

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Article 6

1. With a view to helping the civilian population in Syria in cases not covered by Article 5(3) and by way of derogation from Article 5(1) and (2), the competent authorities of a Member State may authorise, on the general and specific terms and conditions they deem appropriate, the purchase or transport in Syria of petroleum products and the provision of associated financing or financial assistance, provided that the following conditions are met:

(a) the activities concerned are for the sole purpose of providing humanitarian relief in Syria or assistance to the civilian population in Syria; and

(b) the activities concerned do not breach any of the prohibitions laid down in this Decision.

2. The Member State concerned shall inform the other Member States and the Commission of any authorisation granted under this Article within two weeks of any authorisation granted. For an authorisation granted under paragraph 1, the notification shall contain details about the authorised entity and about its humanitarian activities in Syria.

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Article 7

The prohibitions in Article 5 shall be without prejudice to the execution, until 15 November 2011, of obligations provided for in contracts concluded before 2 September 2011.

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Article 7a

1. The sale, supply, transfer or export of jet fuel and additives specifically formulated for jet fuel to Syria by nationals of Member States, or from the territories of Member States, or using their flag vessels or aircraft, shall be prohibited, whether originating or not in their territories.

2. It shall be prohibited to provide, directly or indirectly, financing or financial assistance, as well as insurance and reinsurance or brokering services, related to any sale, supply, transfer or export of jet fuel and additives as referred to in paragraph 1.

3. The competent authorities of a Member State may authorise the sale, supply, transfer or export of jet fuel and additives to Syria or the provision of direct or indirect financing, financial assistance, insurance, reinsurance or brokering services, necessary for use by the United Nations or bodies acting on its behalf for humanitarian purposes such as delivering or facilitating the delivery of assistance, including medical supplies, food, or the transfer of humanitarian workers and related assistance or for evacuations from Syria or within Syria.

4. The prohibitions in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to jet fuel and additives exclusively used by non-Syrian civilian aircraft landing in Syria, provided that they are intended and used solely for the continuation of the flight operation of the aircraft into which they were loaded.

5. The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this Article.

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Article 8

1. The sale, supply or transfer of key equipment and technology for the following key sectors of the oil and natural gas industry in Syria, or to Syrian or Syrian-owned enterprises engaged in those sectors outside Syria, by nationals of Member States, or from the territories of Member States, or using vessels or aircraft under the jurisdiction of Member States shall be prohibited whether or not originating in their territories:

(a) refining;

(b) liquefied natural gas;

(c) exploration;

(d) production.

The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this paragraph.

2. It shall be prohibited to provide the following to enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the key sectors of the Syrian oil and gas industry referred to in paragraph 1 or to Syrian, or Syrian-owned enterprises engaged in those sectors outside Syria:

(a) technical assistance or training and other services related to key equipment and technology as referred to in paragraph 1;

(b) financing or financial assistance for any sale, supply, transfer or export of key equipment and technology as set out in paragraph 1 or for the provision of related technical assistance or training.

Article 9

1. The prohibition in Article 8(1) shall be without prejudice to the execution of an obligation relating to the delivery of goods provided for in contracts awarded or concluded before 1 December 2011.

2. The prohibitions in Article 8 shall be without prejudice to the execution of an obligation arising from contracts awarded or concluded before 1 December 2011 and relating to investments made in Syria before 23 September 2011 by enterprises established in Member States.

Article 10

With a view to helping the Syrian civilian population, in particular to meeting humanitarian concerns, restoring normal life, upholding basic services, reconstruction, and restoring normal economic activity or other civilian purposes and by way of derogation from Article 8(1) and (2), the competent authorities of a Member State may authorise the sale, supply or transfer of key equipment and technology for the key sectors of the oil and natural gas industry in Syria referred to in Article 8(1), or to Syrian or Syrian-owned enterprises engaged in those sectors outside Syria and the provision of related technical assistance or training and other services, as well as financing or financial assistance, provided that the following conditions are met:

(a) the Syrian National Coalition for Opposition and Revolutionary Forces has been consulted in advance by the Member State concerned;

(b) the activities concerned are not directly or indirectly for the benefit of a person or entity referred to in Article 28(1); and

(c) the activities concerned do not breach any of the prohibitions laid down in this Decision.

The relevant Member State shall inform the other Member States of any authorisation granted under this Article.

Article 11

The delivery of Syrian denominated banknotes and coinage to the Central Bank of Syria shall be prohibited.

Article 12

The direct or indirect sale, purchase, transportation or brokering of gold and precious metals, as well as of diamonds to, from or for the Government of Syria, its public bodies, corporations and agencies, the Central Bank of Syria, as well as to, from or for persons and entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or entities owned or controlled by them, shall be prohibited.

The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this Article.

Article 13

The sale, supply, transfer or export of luxury goods to Syria by nationals of Member States or from the territories of Member States or using their flag vessels or aircraft, shall be prohibited, whether originating or not in their territories.

The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this Article.

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Article 13a

It shall be prohibited to import, export, transfer or provide related brokering services for cultural property and other items of archaeological, historical, cultural, rare scientific and religious importance which have been illegally removed from Syria, or where reasonable suspicion exists that they have been illegally removed from Syria, on or after 15 March 2011. The prohibition shall not apply if it is shown that the cultural items are being safely returned to their legitimate owners in Syria.

The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this Article.

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CHAPTER II

RESTRICTIONS ON FINANCING OF CERTAIN ENTERPRISES

Article 14

The following shall be prohibited:

(a) the granting of any financial loan or credit to enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the Syrian oil industry sectors of exploration, production or refining, or to Syrian or Syrian-owned enterprises engaged in those sectors outside Syria;

(b) the granting of any financial loan or credit to enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the construction of new power plants for the production of electricity in Syria;

(c) the acquisition or extension of a participation in enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the Syrian oil industry sectors of exploration, production or refining, or in Syrian or Syrian-owned enterprises engaged in those sectors outside Syria, including the acquisition in full of such enterprises and the acquisition of shares or securities of a participating nature;

(d) the acquisition or extension of a participation in enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the construction of new power plants for the production of electricity in Syria, including the acquisition in full of such enterprises and the acquisition of shares or securities of a participating nature;

(e) the creation of any joint venture with enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the Syrian oil industry sectors of exploration, production or refining and with any subsidiary or affiliate under their control;

(f) the creation of any joint venture with enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the construction of new power plants for the production of electricity in Syria and with any subsidiary or affiliate under their control.

Article 15

1. The prohibitions set out in points (a) and (c) of Article 14:

(i) shall be without prejudice to the execution of an obligation arising from contracts or agreements concluded before 23 September 2011;

(ii) shall not prevent the extension of a participation, if such extension is an obligation under an agreement concluded before 23 September 2011.

2. The prohibitions set out in points (b) and (d) of Article 14:

(i) shall be without prejudice to the execution of an obligation arising from contracts or agreements concluded before 1 December 2011;

(ii) shall not prevent the extension of a participation, if such extension is an obligation under an agreement concluded before 1 December 2011.

Article 16

With a view to helping the Syrian civilian population, in particular to meeting humanitarian concerns, restoring normal life, upholding basic services, reconstruction, and restoring normal economic activity or other civilian purposes and by way of derogation from points (a), (c) and (e) of Article 14, the competent authorities of a Member State may authorise the granting of any financial loan or credit to or the acquisition or extension of a participation in enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the Syrian oil industry sectors of exploration, production or refining, or Syrian or Syrian-owned enterprises engaged in those sectors outside Syria, or the creation of any joint venture with enterprises in Syria that are engaged in the Syrian oil industry sectors of exploration, production or refining and with any subsidiary or affiliate under their control, provided that the following conditions are met:

(a) the Syrian National Coalition for Opposition and Revolutionary Forces has been consulted in advance by the Member State concerned;

(b) the activities concerned are not directly or indirectly for the benefit of a person or entity referred to in Article 28(1); and

(c) the activities concerned do not breach any of the prohibitions laid down in this Decision.

The relevant Member State shall inform the other Member States of any authorisation granted under this Article.







CHAPTER III

RESTRICTIONS ON INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

Article 17

1. Participation in the construction of new power plants for the production of electricity in Syria shall be prohibited.

2. It shall be prohibited to provide technical assistance or financing or financial assistance to the construction of new power plants for the production of electricity in Syria.

3. The prohibition in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be without prejudice to the execution of an obligation arising from contracts or agreements concluded before 1 December 2011.







CHAPTER IV

RESTRICTIONS ON FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR TRADE

Article 18

1. Member States shall exercise restraint in entering into new short and medium-term commitments for public and private provided financial support for trade with Syria, including the granting of export credits, guarantees or insurance, to their nationals or entities involved in such trade, with a view to reducing their outstanding amounts, in particular to avoid any financial support contributing to the violent repression against the civilian population in Syria. In addition, Member States shall not enter into new long-term commitments for public and private provided financial support for trade with Syria.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not affect commitments established prior to 1 December 2011.

3. Paragraph 1 shall not concern trade for food, agricultural, medical or other humanitarian purposes.







CHAPTER V

FINANCIAL SECTOR

Article 19

Member States shall not enter into new commitments for grants, financial assistance or concessional loans to the Government of Syria, including through their participation in international financial institutions, except for humanitarian and developmental purposes.

Article 20

The following shall be prohibited:

(a) any disbursement or payment by the European Investment Bank (EIB) under or in connection with any existing loan agreements entered into between Syria and the EIB;

(b) the continuation by the EIB of any existing Technical Assistance Service Contracts for sovereign projects located in Syria.

Article 21

The following shall be prohibited: the direct or indirect sale or purchase of, or brokering or assistance in the issuance of Syrian public or public-guaranteed bonds issued after 1 December 2011 to and from the Government of Syria, its public bodies, corporations and agencies, the Central Bank of Syria, or banks domiciled in Syria, or branches and subsidiaries within and outside the jurisdiction of Member States of banks domiciled in Syria, or financial entities that are neither domiciled in Syria nor within the jurisdiction of the Member States, but are controlled by persons and entities domiciled in Syria as well as any persons and entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or entities owned or controlled by them.

Article 22

1. The opening of new branches, subsidiaries, or representative offices of Syrian banks in the territories of Member States, and the establishment of new joint ventures, or the taking of an ownership interest, or the establishment of new correspondent banking relationships by Syrian banks, including the Central Bank of Syria, its branches and subsidiaries and financial entities that are not domiciled in Syria, but are controlled by persons or entities domiciled in Syria, with banks in the jurisdiction of Member States, shall be prohibited.

2. Financial institutions within the territories of the Member States or under their jurisdiction shall be prohibited from opening representative offices, subsidiaries or banking accounts in Syria.

Article 23

With a view to helping the Syrian civilian population, in particular to meeting humanitarian concerns, restoring normal life, upholding basic services, reconstruction, and restoring normal economic activity or other civilian purposes and by way of derogation from Article 22(2), the competent authorities of a Member State may authorise financial institutions within the territories of the Member States or under their jurisdiction to open representative offices, subsidiaries or banking accounts in Syria, provided that the following conditions are met:

(a) the Syrian National Coalition for Opposition and Revolutionary Forces has been consulted in advance by the Member State concerned;

(b) the activities concerned are not directly or indirectly for the benefit of a person or entity referred to in Article 28(1); and

(c) the activities concerned do not breach any of the prohibitions laid down in this Decision.

The relevant Member State shall inform the other Member States of any authorisation granted under this Article.

Article 24

1. The provision of insurance and re-insurance to the Government of Syria, its public bodies, corporations and agencies or to any persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or to entities owned or controlled by them, including through illicit means, shall be prohibited.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply to the provision of:

(a) health or travel insurance to natural persons;

(b) compulsory or third party insurance to Syrian persons, entities or bodies based in the Union;

(c) insurance or re-insurance to the owner of a vessel, aircraft or vehicle chartered by a Syrian person, entity or body and which person, entity or body is not listed in Annex I or II.







CHAPTER VI

TRANSPORT SECTOR

Article 25

1. Member States, in accordance with their national legislation and consistent with international law, in particular relevant international civil aviation agreements, shall take the necessary measures to prevent access to the airports under their jurisdiction of all exclusively cargo flights operated by Syrian carriers and all flights operated by Syrian Arab Airlines.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply to the access to airports under the jurisdiction of Member States of flights operated by Syrian Arab Airlines, necessary for the sole purpose of evacuating citizens of the Union and their family members from Syria.

Article 26

1. If Member States have information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that the cargo of vessels and aircraft bound for Syria contains items whose supply, sale, transfer or export is prohibited under Article 1 or subject to authorisation under Article 2, they shall inspect, in accordance with their national legislation and consistent with international law, in particular the law of the sea and relevant international civil aviation agreements and maritime transport agreements, such vessels and aircraft in their seaports and airports, as well as in their territorial sea, in accordance with decisions and capabilities of their competent authorities and with the consent, as necessary in accordance with international law for the territorial sea, of the flag State.

2. Member States, in accordance with their national legislation and consistent with international law, shall, upon discovery, seize and dispose of items whose supply, sale, transfer or export is prohibited under Article 1 or 2.

3. Member States shall cooperate, in accordance with their national legislation, with inspections and disposals undertaken pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2.

4. Aircraft and vessels transporting cargo to Syria shall be subject to the requirement of additional pre-arrival or pre-departure information for all goods brought into or out of a Member State.







CHAPTER VII

RESTRICTIONS ON ADMISSION

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Article 27

1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into, or transit through, their territories of the persons responsible for the violent repression against the civilian population in Syria, persons benefiting from or supporting the regime, and persons associated with them, as listed in Annex I.

2. In accordance with the assessments and determinations made by the Council in the context of the situation in Syria as set out in recitals 5 to 11, Member States shall also take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into, or transit through, their territories of:

(a) leading businesspersons operating in Syria;

(b) members of the Assad or Makhlouf families;

(c) Syrian Government Ministers in power after May 2011;

(d) members of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of ‘colonel’ and the equivalent or higher in post after May 2011;

(e) members of the Syrian security and intelligence services in post after May 2011;

(f) members of regime-affiliated militias; or

(g) persons operating in the chemical weapons proliferation sector, and persons associated with them, as listed in Annex I.

3. Persons within one of the categories referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be included or retained on the list of persons and entities in Annex I if there is sufficient information that they are not, or are no longer, associated with the regime or do not exercise influence over it or do not pose a real risk of circumvention.

4. All listing decisions shall be made on an individual and case-by-case basis taking into account the proportionality of the measure.

5. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not oblige a Member State to refuse its own nationals entry into its territory.

6. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be without prejudice to the cases where a Member State is bound by an obligation of international law, namely:

(a) as a host country to an international intergovernmental organisation;

(b) as a host country to an international conference convened by, or under the auspices of, the UN;

(c) under a multilateral agreement conferring privileges and immunities; or

(d) under the 1929 Treaty of Conciliation (Lateran pact) concluded by the Holy See (State of the Vatican City) and Italy.

7. Paragraph 6 shall be considered as also applying in cases where a Member State is host country to the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

8. The Council shall be duly informed in all cases where a Member State grants an exemption pursuant to paragraph 6 or 7.

9. Member States may grant exemptions from the measures imposed under paragraphs 1 and 2 where travel is justified on the grounds of urgent humanitarian need, or on grounds of attending intergovernmental meetings, including those promoted by the Union, or hosted by a Member State holding the Chairmanship in office of the OSCE, where a political dialogue is conducted that directly promotes democracy, human rights and the rule of law in Syria.

10. A Member State wishing to grant exemptions referred to in paragraph 9 shall notify the Council in writing. The exemption shall be deemed to be granted unless one or more of the Council members raises an objection in writing within two working days of receiving notification of the proposed exemption. Should one or more of the Council members raise an objection, the Council, acting by a qualified majority, may decide to grant the proposed exemption.

11. Where, pursuant to paragraphs 6 to 10, a Member State authorises the entry into, or transit through, its territory of persons listed in Annex I, the authorisation shall be limited to the purpose for which it is given and to the person concerned therewith.

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CHAPTER VIII

FREEZING OF FUNDS AND ECONOMIC RESSOURCES

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Article 28

1. All funds and economic resources belonging to, or owned, held or controlled by persons responsible for the violent repression against the civilian population in Syria, persons and entities benefiting from or supporting the regime, and persons and entities associated with them, as listed in Annexes I and II, shall be frozen.

2. In accordance with the assessments and determinations made by the Council in the context of the situation in Syria as set out in recitals 5 to 11, all funds and economic resources belonging to, or owned, held or controlled by:

(a) leading businesspersons operating in Syria;

(b) members of the Assad or Makhlouf families;

(c) Syrian Government Ministers in power after May 2011;

(d) members of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of ‘colonel’ and the equivalent or higher in post after May 2011;

(e) members of the Syrian security and intelligence services in post after May 2011;

(f) members of regime-affiliated militias; or

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(g) members of entities, units, agencies, bodies or institutions operating in the chemical weapons proliferation sector, and persons and entities associated with them, as listed in Annex I, shall be frozen.

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3. Persons, entities or bodies within one of the categories referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be included or retained on the list of persons and entities in Annex I if there is sufficient information that they are not, or are no longer, associated with the regime or do not exercise influence over it or do not pose a real risk of circumvention.

4. All listing decisions shall be made on an individual and case-by-case basis taking into account the proportionality of the measure.

5. No funds or economic resources shall be made available, directly or indirectly, to or for the benefit of, the natural or legal persons or entities listed in Annexes I and II.

6. The competent authority of a Member State may authorise the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources, or the making available of certain funds or economic resources, under such conditions as it deems appropriate, after having determined that the funds or economic resources concerned are:

(a) necessary to satisfy the basic needs of the persons listed in Annexes I and II and their dependent family members, including payments for foodstuffs, rent or mortgage, medicines and medical treatment, taxes, insurance premiums, and public utility charges;

(b) intended exclusively for the payment of reasonable professional fees and the reimbursement of incurred expenses associated with the provision of legal services;

(c) intended exclusively for the payment of fees or service charges for the routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds or economic resources; or

(d) necessary for extraordinary expenses, provided that the competent authority has notified the competent authorities of the other Member States and the Commission of the grounds on which it considers that a specific authorisation should be granted, at least two weeks prior to the authorisation;

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(f) to be paid into or from an account of a diplomatic or consular mission or an international organisation enjoying immunities in accordance with international law, in so far as such payments are intended to be used for official purposes of the diplomatic or consular mission or international organisation;

(g) necessary for evacuations from Syria;

(h) intended for the Central Bank of Syria or Syrian State-owned entities, as listed in Annexes I and II, to make payments on behalf of the Syrian Arab Republic to the OPCW for activities related to the OPCW verification mission and the destruction of Syrian chemical weapons, and in particular to the OPCW Syrian Special Trust Fund for activities related to the complete destruction of Syrian chemical weapons outside the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic.

A Member State shall inform the other Member States and the Commission of any authorisation it grants under this paragraph.

7. By way of derogation from paragraphs 1 and 2, the competent authorities of a Member State, may authorise the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources, provided that the following conditions are met:

(a) the funds or economic resources are subject of an arbitral decision rendered prior to the date on which the person or entity referred to in paragraph 1 or 2 was listed in Annex I or II or of a judicial or administrative decision rendered in the Union, or a judicial decision enforceable in the Member State concerned, prior to or after that date;

(b) the funds or economic resources will be used exclusively to satisfy claims secured by such a decision or recognised as valid in such a decision, within the limits set by applicable laws and regulations governing the rights of persons having such claims;

(c) the decision is not for the benefit of a person or entity listed in Annex I or II; and

(d) recognising the decision is not contrary to public policy in the Member State concerned.

A Member State shall inform the other Member States and the Commission of any authorisation granted under this paragraph.

8. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not prevent a designated person or entity from making a payment due under a contract entered into before the listing of such a person or entity, provided that the relevant Member State has determined that the payment is not directly or indirectly received by a person or entity referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2.

9. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not prevent a designated entity listed in Annex II, for a period of two months after the date of its designation, from making a payment from frozen funds or economic resources received by such entity after the date of its designation, where such payment is due under a contract in connection with the financing of trade, provided that the relevant Member State has determined that the payment is not directly or indirectly received by a person or entity referred to in paragraph 1 or 2.

10. Paragraph 5 shall not apply to the addition to frozen accounts of:

(a) interest or other earnings on those accounts; or

(b) payments due under contracts, agreements or obligations that were concluded or arose prior to the date on which those accounts became subject to this Decision, provided that any such interest, other earnings and payments remain subject to paragraphs 1 and 2.

11. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 shall not apply to a transfer by or through the Central Bank of Syria of funds or economic resources received and frozen after the date of its designation or to a transfer of funds or economic resources to or through the Central Bank of Syria after the date of its designation where such transfer is related to a payment by a non-designated financial institution due in connection with a specific trade contract, provided that the relevant Member State has determined, on a case-by-case basis, that the payment is not directly or indirectly received by a person or entity referred to in paragraph 1 or 2.

12. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to a transfer by or through the Central Bank of Syria of frozen funds or economic resources where such transfer is for the purpose of providing financial institutions under the jurisdiction of Member States with liquidity for the financing of trade, provided that the transfer has been authorised by the relevant Member State.

13. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 shall not apply to a transfer, by or through a financial entity listed in Annex I or II, of frozen funds or economic resources where the transfer is related to a payment by a person or entity not listed in Annex I or II in connection with the provision of financial support to Syrian nationals pursuing an education, professional training or engaged in academic research in the Union, provided that the relevant Member State has determined, on a case-by-case basis, that the payment is not directly or indirectly received by a person or entity referred to in paragraph 1 or 2.

14. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 shall not apply to acts or transactions carried out, with regard to Syrian Arab Airlines, for the sole purpose of evacuating citizens of the Union and their family members from Syria.

15. Paragraphs 1, 2 and 5 shall not apply to the transfer by or through the Commercial Bank of Syria of funds or economic resources received from outside the Union and frozen after the date of its designation or to a transfer of funds or economic resources to or through the Commercial Bank of Syria received from outside the Union after the date of its designation where such transfer is related to a payment by a non-designated financial institution due in connection with a specific trade contract for medical supplies, food, shelter, sanitation or hygiene for civilian use, provided that the relevant Member State has determined, on a case-by-case basis, that the payment is not directly or indirectly received by a person or entity referred to in paragraph 1 or 2.

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Article 28a

1. The prohibition set out in Article 28(5) shall not apply to funds or economic resources made available to the natural or legal persons and entities listed in Annexes I and II by public bodies, or by legal persons or entities which receive public funding to provide humanitarian relief in Syria or to provide assistance to the civilian population in Syria, where the provision of such funds or economic resources is in accordance with Article 5(3).

2. In cases not covered by paragraph 1 of this Article and by way of derogation from Article 28(5), the competent authorities of a Member State may authorise the making available of certain funds or economic resources, on the general and specific terms and conditions they deem appropriate, after having determined that the making available of funds or economic resources concerned is necessary for the sole purpose of providing humanitarian relief in Syria or assistance to the civilian population in Syria.

3. The prohibition in Article 28(5) shall not apply to funds or economic resources made available to the natural or legal persons or entities listed in Annexes I and II by diplomatic or consular missions where the provision of such funds or economic resources is in accordance with Article 5(4).

4. By way of derogation from Articles 28(1) and 28(2), the competent authorities of a Member State may authorise the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources on the general and specific terms and conditions they deem appropriate after having determined that the funds and economic resources concerned are necessary for the sole purpose of providing humanitarian relief in Syria or assistance to the civilian population in Syria. The funds or economic resources shall be released to the UN for the purpose of delivering or facilitating the delivery of assistance in Syria in accordance with the Syria Humanitarian Response Plan or any successor plan coordinated by the UN.

5. The Member State concerned shall inform the other Member States and the Commission of any authorisation granted under paragraphs 2 and 4 within two weeks of any authorisation granted.

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CHAPTER IX

GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 29

No claims, including for compensation or indemnification or any other claim of this kind, such as a claim of set-off, fines or a claim under a guarantee, claims for extension or payment of a bond, financial guarantee, including claims arising from letters of credit and similar instruments in connection with any contract or transaction the performance of which was affected, directly or indirectly, wholly or in part, by reason of measures covered by this Decision, shall be granted to the designated persons or entities listed in Annexes I and II, or any other person or entity in Syria, including the Government of Syria, its public bodies, corporations and agencies, or any person or entity claiming through or for the benefit of any such person or entity.

Article 30

1. The Council, acting upon a proposal by a Member State or the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, shall establish and amend the lists in Annexes I and II.

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2. The Council shall communicate its decision on the listing, including the grounds therefor, to the person, entity or body concerned, either directly, if the address is known, or through the publication of a notice, providing such person, entity or body with an opportunity to present observations. In particular, where a person, entity or body is listed in Annex I on the basis that they fall within one of the categories of persons, entities or bodies set out in Articles 27(2) and 28(2), the person, entity or body may present evidence and observations as to why, although they fall within such a category, they consider that their designation is not justified.

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3. Where observations are submitted, or where substantial new evidence is presented, the Council shall review its decision and inform the person or entity concerned accordingly.

Article 31

1. Annexes I and II shall include the grounds for listing the persons and entities concerned.

2. Annexes I and II shall also contain, where available, the information necessary to identify the persons or entities concerned. With regard to persons, such information may include names, including aliases, date and place of birth, nationality, passport and identity card numbers, gender, address if known, and function or profession. With regard to entities, such information may include names, place and date of registration, registration number and place of business.

Article 32

It shall be prohibited to participate, knowingly or intentionally, in activities the object or effect of which is to circumvent the prohibitions laid down in this Decision.

Article 33

In order to maximise the impact of the measures set out in this Decision, the Union shall encourage third States to adopt restrictive measures similar to those contained in this Decision.

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Article 34

This Decision shall apply until 1 June 2020. It shall be kept under constant review. It may be renewed, or amended as appropriate, if the Council deems that its objectives have not been met.

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Article 35

This Decision shall enter into force on the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.









ANNEX I

List of natural and legal persons, entities or bodies referred to in Articles 27 and 28







A. Persons Name Identifying information Reasons Date of listing 1. Bashar ( ) Al-Assad ( ) Date of birth: 11 September 1965; Place of birth: Damascus; diplomatic passport No D1903 President of the Republic; person authorising and supervising the crackdown on demonstrators. 23.5.2011 ▼M17 2. Maher ( ) (a.k.a. Mahir) Al-Assad ( ) Date of birth: 8 December 1967 Place of birth: Damascus Diplomatic passport No 4138 Major General of the 42nd Brigade and former Brigadier Commander of the Army's 4th Armoured Division Member of the Syria Armed Forces of the rank of ‘colonel’ and the equivalent or higher in post after May 2011; Major General of the 42nd Brigade and former Brigadier Commander of the Army's 4th Armoured Division. Member of the Assad family; brother of President Bashar Al-Assad. 9.5.2011 ▼M12 3. Ali ( ) Mamluk ( ) (a.k.a. Mamlouk) Date of birth: 19 February 1946; Place of birth: Damascus; Diplomatic passport No 983 Director of the National Security Bureau. Former Head of Syrian Intelligence Directorate (GID) involved in violence against demonstrators. 9.5.2011 ▼M17 4. Atej ( ) (a.k.a. Atef, Atif) Najib ( ) (a.k.a. Najeeb) Place of birth: Jablah, Syria Former Head of the Political Security Directorate in Dara'a. Involved in violence against demonstrators. Member of the Assad family; cousin of President Bashar Al-Assad. 9.5.2011 5. Hafiz ( ) Makhlouf ( ) (a.k.a. Hafez Makhlouf) Date of birth: 2 April 1971 Place of birth: Damascus Diplomatic passport No 2246 Former Colonel and Head of Unit in General Intelligence Directorate, Damascus Branch in post after May 2011. Member of the Makhlouf family; Cousin of President Bashar Al-Assad. 9.5.2011 ▼M32 6. Muhammad ( ) Dib ( ) Zaytun ( ) (a.k.a. Mohammed Dib Zeitoun; a.k.a. Mohamed Dib Zeitun) Date of birth: 20.5.1951; Place of birth: Jubba, Damascus province, Syria; Diplomatic passport No D000001300; Gender: male Head of General Security Directorate; involved in violence against demonstrators. 9.5.2011 7. Amjad ( ) Abbas ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Abbas) Gender: male Former head of Political Security in Banyas, involved in violence against demonstrators in Baida. Promoted to the rank of Colonel in 2018. 9.5.2011 ▼M29 8. Rami ( ) Makhlouf ( ) Born: 10 July 1969; Place of birth: Damascus; passport no 000098044; Issue number 002-03-0015187 Leading businessman operating in Syria with interests in the telecommunications, financial services, transport and property sectors; he has financial interest in and/or holds senior and executive positions in Syriatel, the leading mobile telephone operator in Syria, the investment funds Al Mashreq, Bena Properties and Cham Holding. He furnishes financing and support to the Syrian regime, through his business interests. He is an influential member of the Makhlouf family and closely connected to the Assad family; cousin of President Bashar al-Assad. 9.5.2011 9. Abd Al-Fatah ( ) Qudsiyah ( ) Born: 1953; Place of birth: Hama; diplomatic passport no D0005788 Officer of the rank of Major General in the Syrian Armed Forces in post after May 2011. Deputy Director of the National Security Bureau of the Ba'ath Party. Former Head of Syrian Military Intelligence Directorate. Involved in violent repression of the civilian population in Syria. 9.5.2011 ▼M32 10. Jamil ( ) (a.k.a. Jameel) Hassan ( ) (a.k.a. al-Hassan) Date of birth: 7.7.1953; Place of birth: Qusayr, Homs province, Syria; Head of Syrian Air Force Intelligence; Gender: male Officer of the rank of Major-General in the Syrian Air Force in post after May 2011. Head of Syrian Air Force Intelligence in post after May 2011. Responsible for violent repression against the civilian population in Syria. 9.5.2011 ▼M12 ————— ▼M13 ————— ▼M29 13. Munzir ( ) (a.k.a. Mundhir, Monzer) Jamil ( ) Al-Assad ( ) Date of birth: 1 March 1961; Place of birth: Kerdaha, Latakia Province; passports no 86449 and No 842781 Involved in violence against the civilian population as part of the Shabiha militia. 9.5.2011 ▼M3 ————— ▼M17 ————— ▼M12 16. Faruq ( ) (a.k.a. Farouq, Farouk) Al Shar' ( ) (a.k.a. Al Char', Al Shara', Al Shara) Date of birth: 10 December 1938 Former Vice-President of Syria; involved in violence against the civilian population 23.5.2011 ▼M16 ————— ▼M16 18. Mohammed ( ) Hamcho ( ) Born: 20 May 1966; Passport No 002954347 Leading businessman operating in Syria, with interests in the engineering and construction, media, hospitality and health sector. He has financial interest in and/or holds senior and executive positions within a number of companies in Syria, in particular Hamsho international, Hamsho Communication, Mhg International, Jupiter for Investment and Tourism project and Syria Metal industries. He plays an important role in the business community in Syria as general secretary of the Damascus Chamber of Commerce (appointed by the then Minister for economy Khodr Orfali in December 2014), chairman of the China-Syria Bilateral Business Councils (since March 2014) and chairman of the Syrian Metal and Steel Council (since December 2015). He has close business relationships with key figures of the Syrian regime, including Maher Al-Assad. Mohammed Hamcho benefits from and provides support to the Syrian regime through his business interests, and is associated with persons benefiting from and providing support to this regime. 27.1.2015 ▼M29 19. Iyad ( ) (a.k.a. Eyad) Makhlouf ( ) Date of birth: 21 January 1973; Place of birth: Damascus; passport no N001820740 Member of the Makhlouf family; son of Mohammed Makhlouf, brother of Hafez and Rami and brother of Ihab Makhlouf; cousin of President Bashar al-Assad. Member of the Syrian security and intelligence services in post after May 2011. An officer in the GID involved in violence against the civilian population in Syria. 23.5.2011 ▼M32 20. Bassam ( ) Al Hassan ( ) (a.k.a. Al Hasan) Born: 1961 Gender: male Presidential Advisor for Strategic Affairs; involved in violence against the civilian population. 23.5.2011 ▼M29 ————— ▼M16 22. Ihab ( ) (a.k.a. Ehab, Iehab) Makhlouf ( ) Born: 21 January 1973; Place of birth: Damascus; Passport No N002848852 Leading businessman operating in Syria. Ihab Makhlouf is Vice President of, and shareholder in Syriatel, the leading mobile telephone operator in Syria. He also has business interests in several other Syrian companies and entities, including Ramak Construction Co and Syrian International Private University for Science and Technology (SIUST). As Vice President of Syriatel, which transfers a significant part of its profits to the Syrian government by way of its licensing contract, Ihab Makhlouf is also directly supporting the Syrian regime. He is an influential member of the Makhlouf family and closely connected to the Assad family; cousin of President Bashar al-Assad. 23.5.2011 ▼M29 23. Zoulhima ( ) (a.k.a. Zu al-Himma) Chaliche ( ) (a.k.a., Shalish, Shaleesh) (a.k.a. Dhu al-Himma Shalish) Born: 1951 or 1946 or 1956; Place of birth: Kerdaha Officer of the Syrian security and intelligence services in post after May 2011; Former Head of Presidential Security. Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Major General in post after May 2011. Involved in violence against demonstrators. Member of the Assad family: cousin of President Bashar Al-Assad. 23.6.2011 ▼B 24. Riyad ( ) Chaliche ( ) (a.k.a. Shalish, Shaleesh) (a.k.a. Riyad Shalish) Director of Military Housing Establishment; provides funding to the regime; first cousin of President Bashar Al-Assad. 23.6.2011 25. Brigadier Commander Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Ali ( ) Jafari ( ) (a.k.a. Jaafari, Ja'fari, Aziz; a.k.a. Jafari, Ali; a.k.a. Jafari, Mohammad Ali; a.k.a. Ja'fari, Mohammad Ali; a.k.a. Jafari-Naja-fabadi, Mohammad Ali) Date of birth: 1 September 1957; Place of birth: Yazd, Iran General Commander of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, involved in providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria. 23.6.2011 ▼M29 26. Major General Qasem ( ) Soleimani ( ) (a.k.a. Qasim Soleimany; Qasim Soleimani; Qasem Sulaimani; Qasim Sulaimani; Qasim Sulaymani; Qasem Sulaymani; Kasim Soleimani; Kasim Sulaimani; Kasim Sulaymani; Haj Qasem; Haji Qassem; Sarder Soleimani) Date of birth: 11 March 1957; Place of birth: Qom, Iran (Islamic Republic of); passport no: 008827, issued in Iran. Commander of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, IRGC - Qods, involved in providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria. 23.6.2011 27. Hossein ( ) Taeb ( ) (a.k.a. Taeb, Hassan; a.k.a. Taeb, Hosein; a.k.a. Taeb, Hossein; a.k.a. Taeb, Hussayn; a.k.a. Hojjatoleslam Hossein Ta'eb) Born: 1963; Place of birth: Tehran, Iran Deputy Commander for Intelligence of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps, involved in providing equipment and support to help the Syrian regime suppress protests in Syria. 23.6.2011 ▼M16 28. Khalid ( ) (a.k.a. Khaled) Qaddur ( ) (a.k.a. Qadour, Qaddour, Kaddour) Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in the telecommunications, oil and plastic industry sectors and close business relations with Maher Al-Assad. He benefits from and provides support to the Syrian regime, through his business activities. Associate of Maher Al-Assad, including through his business activities. 27.1.2015 29. Ra'if ( ) Al-Quwatly ( ) (a.k.a. Ri'af Al-Quwatli a.k.a. Raeef Al-Kouatly) Born: 3.2.1967; Place of birth: Damascus Business associate of Maher Al-Assad and responsible for managing some of his business interests; provides funding to the regime. 23.6.2011 ▼B 30. Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammed) Mufleh ( ) (a.k.a. Muflih) Head of Syrian Military Intelligence in the town of Hama, involved in the crackdown on demonstrators. 1.8.2011 ▼M32 31. Major General Tawfiq ( ) (a.k.a. Tawfik) Younes ( ) (a.k.a. Yunes) Gender: male Former head of the Department for Internal Security of the General Intelligence Directorate; involved in violence against the civilian population. 1.8.2011 ▼M16 32. Mr Mohammed ( ) Makhlouf ( ) (a.k.a. Abu Rami) Born: 19.10.1932; Place of birth: Latakia, Syria Influential member of the Makhlouf family, business associate and father of Rami, Ihab and Iyad Makhlouf. Closely associated with the Assad family and maternal uncle of Bashar and Mahir al-Assad. Also referred to as Abu Rami. Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in multiple sectors of Syria's economy, including interests in and/or significant influence in the General Organisation of Tobacco and the oil and gas, arms and banking sectors. Involved in business dealings for the Assad regime in arms procurement and banking. Given the extent of his business and political ties to the regime he provides support to and benefits from the Syrian regime. 1.8.2011 33. Ayman ( ) Jabir ( ) (a.k.a. Aiman Jaber) Place of birth: Latakia Leading businessman operating in Syria, involved in the steel, media, consumable goods and oil sectors, including in trading these goods. He has financial interest and/or holds senior executive positions in a number of companies and entities in Syria, in particular Al Jazira (aka Al Jazerra; El Jazireh), Dunia TV, and Sama Satellite Channel. Through his company Al Jazira, Ayman Jaber has facilitated the importation of oil from Overseas Petroleum Trading to Syria. Ayman Jaber benefits from and provides support to the regime, through his business interests. Provides direct support for and plays leading role in activities of regime affiliated militias known as Shabiha and/or Suqur as-Sahraa. Associate of Rami Makhlouf through his business activities and an associate of Maher Al-Assad through his role in regime affiliated militias. 27.1.2015 ▼B 34. Hayel ( ) Al-Assad ( ) Assistant to Maher Al-Assad, Head of the military police unit of the army's 4th Division, involved in repression. 23.8.2011 35. Ali ( ) Al-Salim ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Saleem) Director of the supplies office of the Syrian Ministry of Defence, entry point for all arms acquisitions by the Syrian army. 23.8.2011 ▼M32 36. ►C7 Nizar ( ) Al-Assad ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Asad; Assad; Asad) ◄ Gender: male Leading Syrian businessperson with close ties to the regime. Cousin of Bashar Al-Assad, and associated with the Assad and Makhlouf families. As such, has been participating in, benefitting from or otherwise supporting the Syrian regime. Leading oil investor and previously head of the ‘Nizar Oilfield Supplies’ company. 23.8.2011 ▼M29 37. Major General Rafiq ( ) (a.k.a. Rafeeq) Shahadah ( ) (a.k.a. Shahada, Shahade, Shahadeh, Chahada, Chahade, Chahadeh, Chahada) Date of birth: 1956; Place of birth: Jablah, Latakia Province Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Major General in post after May 2011. Former Head of Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI) Branch 293 (Internal Affairs) in Damascus. Directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population in Damascus. Advisor to President Bashar Al-Assad for strategic questions and military intelligence. 23.8.2011 ▼B 38. Brigadier-General Jamea ( ) Jamea ( ) (a.k.a. Jami Jami, Jame', Jami') Branch Chief for Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI) in Dayr az-Zor. Directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population in Dayr az-Zor and Alboukamal. 23.8.2011 ▼M29 ————— ▼B 40. Muhammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Said ( ) (a.k.a. Sa'id, Sa'eed, Saeed) Bukhaytan ( ) Assistant Regional Secretary of Ba'ath Arab Socialist Party since 2005, 2000-2005 Director for the national security of the regional Ba'ath party. Former Governor of Hama (1998-2000). Close associate of President Bashar Al-Assad and Maher Al-Assad. Senior decision-maker in the regime on repression of civilian population. 23.8.2011 ▼M32 41. Ali ( ) Douba ( ) Born: 1933; Place of birth: Karfis, Syria; Gender: Male Special Advisor to President Al-Assad. As Special Advisor, participates in, benefits from, and supports the Assad regime. Has been involved in violently repressing the civilian population in Syria. 23.8.2011 ▼M12 42. Brigadier-General Nawful ( ) (a.k.a. Nawfal, Nofal, Nawfel) Al-Husayn ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Hussain, Al-Hussein) Idlib Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI) Branch Chief. Directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population in Idlib province. 23.8.2011 ▼B 43. Brigadier Husam ( ) Sukkar ( ) Presidential Adviser on Security Affairs. Presidential Adviser for security agencies' repression and violence against the civilian population. 23.8.2011 ▼M12 44. Brigadier-General Muhammed ( ) (a.k.a. Muhamad) Zamrini ( ) (a.k.a. Zamreni) Branch Chief for Syrian Military Intelligence (SMI) in Homs. Directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population in Homs. 23.8.2011 ▼M17 45. Munir ( ) (a.k.a. Mounir, Mouneer, Monir, Moneer, Muneer) Adanov ( ) (a.k.a. Adnuf, Adanof) Born: 1951 Place of birth: Homs, Syria Passport: 0000092405 Position: Deputy Chief of General Staff, Operations and Training, Syrian Army Rank: Lieutenant-General, Syrian Arab Army Officer of the rank of Lieutenant General and Deputy Chief of General Staff, Operations and Training for the Syrian Army in post after May 2011. In his position as Deputy Chief of General Staff he was directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population in Syria. 23.8.2011 ▼B 46. Brigadier-General Ghassan ( ) Khalil ( ) (a.k.a. Khaleel) Head of General Intelligence Directorate's (GID) Information Branch. Directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population in Syria. 23.8.2011 47. Mohammed ( ) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohamed) Jabir ( ) (a.k.a. Jaber) Place of birth: Latakia Shabiha militia. Associate of Maher Al-Assad for the Shabiha militia. Directly involved in repression and violence against the civilian population and coordination of Shabiha militia groups. 23.8.2011 ▼M32 48. Samir ( ) Hassan ( ) Gender: male Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in multiple sectors of Syria's economy. He holds interests in and/or has significant influence in the Amir Group and Cham Holdings, two conglomerates with interests in the real estate, tourism, transport and finance sectors. From March 2014 until September 2018, he held the position of Chairman for Russia of the Bilateral Business Councils following his appointment by Minister of Economy, Khodr Orfali. Samir Hassan supports the regime's war effort with cash donations. Samir Hassan is associated with persons benefitting from or supporting the regime. In particular, he is associated with Rami Makhlouf and Issam Anbouba, who have been designated by the Council and benefit from the Syrian regime. 27.9.2014 49. Fares ( ) Chehabi ( ) (a.k.a. Fares Shihabi; Fares Chihabi) Son of Ahmad Chehabi; Date of birth: 7.5.1972; Gender: male President of Aleppo Chamber of Industry; Chairman of the Federation of Chambers of Industry since 16.12.2018. Vice-chairman of Cham Holding. Provides economic support to the Syrian regime. Member of Syrian Parliament since 2016. 2.9.2011 ▼M29 50. Tarif ( ) Akhras ( ) (a.k.a. Al Akhras ( )) Date of birth: 2 June 1951; Place of birth: Homs, Syria; Syrian passport nr. 0000092405 Prominent businessman benefiting from and supporting the regime. Founder of the Akhras Group (commodities, trading, processing and logistics) and former Chairman of the Homs Chamber of Commerce. Close business relations with President Al-Assad's family. Member of the Board of the Federation of Syrian Chambers of Commerce. Provided logistical support for the regime (buses and tank loaders). 2.9.2011 ▼M32 51. Issam ( ) Anbouba ( ) President of Anbouba for Agricultural Industries Co.; Born: 1952; Place of birth: Homs, Syria; Gender: male Providing financial support for the repressive apparatus and the paramilitary groups exerting violence against the civil population in Syria. Providing property (premises, warehouses) for improvised detention centers. Financial relations with high Syrian officials. Co-founder and member of the board of Cham Holding. 2.9.2011 ▼B 52. ██████ ██████ ██████ ██████ ██████ ██████ ▼M29 53. Adib ( ) Mayaleh ( ) (a.k.a. André Mayard) Born: 15 May 1955; Place of birth: Bassir Former Governor and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Central Bank of Syria. Adib Mayaleh controlled the Syrian banking sector and managed the Syrian money supply through the issue and withdrawal of bank notes and control of the Foreign Exchange rate value of the Syrian Pound. Through his role at the Central Bank of Syria, Adib Mayaleh provided economic and financial support to the Syrian regime. Former Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade in power after May 2011. 15.5.2012 ▼B 54. Major General Jumah ( ) Al-Ahmad ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Ahmed) Commander Special Forces. Responsible for the use of violence against protestors across Syria. 14.11.2011 ▼M32 55. Colonel Lu'ai ( ) (a.k.a. Louay, Loai) al-Ali ( ) Place of birth: Jablah, Latakia Province; Gender: male Head of Syrian Military Intelligence, Dara'a Branch. Responsible for the violence against protesters in Dara'a. 14.11.2011 ▼M27 56. Ali ( ) Abdullah ( ) (a.k.a. Abdallah) Ayyub ( ) (a.k.a. Ayyoub, Ayub, Ayoub, Ayob) Date of birth: 1952 Place of birth: Lattakia, Syria Minister of Defence. Appointed in January 2018. Officer of the rank of General in the Syrian Army, in post after May 2011. Former Chief of General Staff of the Syrian Armed Forces. Person supporting the Assad regime and responsible for repression and violence against the civilian population in Syria. 14.11.2011 57. Fahd ( ) (a.k.a. Fahid, Fahed) Jasim ( ) (a.k.a. Jasem, Jassim, Jassem) al-Furayj ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Freij) Date of birth: 1 January 1950 Place of birth: Hama, Syria Former Minister of Defence. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 14.11.2011 ▼B 58. General Aous ( ) (Aws) Aslan ( ) Born: 1958 Head of Battalion in the Republican Guard. Close to Maher al-Assad and President al-Assad. Involved in the crackdown on the civilian population across Syria. 14.11.2011 ▼M23 59. General Ghassan ( ) Belal ( ) General in command of the 4th Division reserve bureau. Adviser to Maher al-Assad and coordinator of security operations. Responsible for the crackdown on the civilian population across Syria and involved in several breaches of cessation of hostilities in the Ghouta. 14.11.2011 ▼B 60. Abdullah ( ) (a.k.a. Abdallah) Berri ( ) Head of Berri family militia. In charge of pro-government militia involved in the crackdown on the civilian population in Aleppo. 14.11.2011 61. George ( ) Chaoui ( ) Member of Syrian electronic army. Involved in the violent crackdown and call for violence against the civilian population across Syria. 14.11.2011 ▼M17 62. Zuhair ( ) (a.k.a. Zouheir, Zuheir, Zouhair) Hamad ( ) Place of birth: Damascus, Syria Rank: Major General Current position: Deputy Head of General Intelligence Directorate (a.k.a. General Security Directorate) since July 2012 Officer of the rank of Major General in the Syrian Armed Forces in post after May 2011. Deputy Head of General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for repression, human rights abuses and violence against the civilian population in Syria. 14.11.2011 ▼B 63. Amar ( ) (a.k.a. Ammar) Ismael ( ) (a.k.a. Ismail) Born on or around 3 April 1973; place of birth Damascus Civilian - Head of Syrian electronic army (territorial army intelligence service). Involved in the violent crackdown and call for violence against the civilian population across Syria. 14.11.2011 64. Mujahed ( ) Ismail ( ) (a.k.a. Ismael) Member of Syrian electronic army. Involved in the violent crackdown and call for violence against the civilian population across Syria. 14.11.2011 65. Major General Nazih ( ) Deputy Director of General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for the use of violence across Syria and intimidation and torture of protestors. 14.11.2011 ▼M23 66. Kifah ( ) Moulhem ( ) (a.k.a. Moulhim, Mulhem, Mulhim) Former batallion Commander in the 4th Division. Appointed deputy head of the Military Intelligence Division in July 2015. Responsible for the crackdown on the civilian population in Deir ez-Zor. 14.11.2011 ▼B 67. Major General Wajih ( ) (a.k.a. Wajeeh) Mahmud ( ) Commander 18th Armoured Division. Responsible for the violence against protestors in Homs. 14.11.2011 68. ██████ ██████ ██████ ██████ ██████ ██████ ██████ 69. Lt. General Talal ( ) Mustafa ( ) Tlass ( ) Deputy Chief of General Staff (Logistics and supplies). Responsible for the use of violence against protestors across Syria. 14.11.2011 70. Major General Fu'ad ( ) Tawil ( ) Deputy head Syrian Air Force Intelligence. Responsible for the use of violence across Syria and intimidation and torture of protestors. 14.11.2011 ▼M17 71. Bushra ( ) Al-Assad ( ) (a.k.a. Bushra Shawkat, Bouchra Al Assad) Date of birth: 24.10.1960 Member of the Assad family; sister of Bashar Al-Assad. Given the close personal relationship and intrinsic financial relationship to the Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad, she benefits from and is associated with the Syrian regime. 23.3.2012 72. Asma ( ) Al-Assad ( ) (a.k.a. Asma Fawaz Al Akhras) Date of birth: 11.8.1975 Place of birth: London, UK Passport No 707512830, expires 22.9.2020 Maiden name: Al Akhras Member of the Assad family and closely connected to key regime figures; wife of President Bashar Al-Assad. Given the close personal relationship and intrinsic financial relationship to the Syrian President, Bashar Al-Assad, she benefits from and is associated with the Syrian regime. 23.3.2012 ▼B 73. Manal ( ) Al-Assad ( ) (a.k.a. Manal Al Ahmad) Date of birth: 02.02.1970; Place of Birth: Damascus; Passport number (Syrian): 0000000914; Maiden name: Al Jadaan Spouse of Maher Al-Assad, and as such benefiting from and closely associated with the regime. 23.3.2012 ▼M17 ————— ▼M32 ————— ▼B 76. Major General Ibrahim ( ) Al-Hassan ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Hasan) Deputy Chief of Staff. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. 1.12.2011 77. Brigadier Khalil ( ) (a.k.a. Khaleel) Zghraybih ( , ) (a.k.a. Zghraybeh, Zghraybe, Zghrayba, Zghraybah, Zaghraybeh, Zaghraybe, Zaghrayba, Zaghraybah, Zeghraybeh, Zeghraybe, Zeghrayba, Zeghraybah, Zughraybeh, Zughraybe, Zughrayba, Zughraybah, Zighraybeh, Zighraybe, Zighrayba, Zighraybah) 14th Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. 1.12.2011 ▼M32 78. Major General Ali ( ) Barakat ( ) Gender: male 103rd Brigade of the Republican Guard Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. Promoted to Major General in 2017. 1.12.2011 79. Major General Talal ( ) Makhluf ( ) (a.k.a. Makhlouf) Gender: male Former commander of the 105th Brigade of the Republican Guards. Former commander general of the Republican Guards. Current commander of the 2nd Corps. Member of the Syrian Armed Forces of the rank of Major General in post after May 2011. Military official involved in the violence in Damascus. 1.12.2011 ▼M29 80. Major General Nazih ( ) (a.k.a. Nazeeh) Hassun ( ) (a.k.a. Hassoun) Officer of the rank of Major General in the Syrian Armed Forces in post after May 2011. Head of the Political Security Directorate of the Syrian security services in post after May 2011. Responsible for violent repression against the civilian population in Syria. 1.12.2011 ▼B 81. Captain Maan ( ) (a.k.a. Ma'an) Jdiid ( ) (a.k.a. Jdid, Jedid, Jedeed, Jadeed, Jdeed) Presidential Guard. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. 1.12.2011 82. Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Al-Shaar ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Chaar, Al-Sha'ar, Al-Cha'ar) Political Security Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. 1.12.2011 83. Khald ( ) (a.k.a. Khaled) Al-Taweel ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Tawil) Political Security Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. 1.12.2011 84. Ghiath ( ) Fayad ( ) (a.k.a. Fayyad) Political Security Division. Military official involved in the violence in Homs. 1.12.2011 85. Brigadier General Jawdat ( ) Ibrahim ( ) Safi ( ) Commander of 154th Regiment Ordered troops to shoot at protestors in and around Damascus, including Mo'adamiyeh, Douma, Abasiyeh, Duma. 23.1.2012 86. Major General Muhammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Ali ( ) Durgham Commander in 4th Division Ordered troops to shoot at protestors in and around Damascus, including Mo'adamiyeh, Douma, Abasiyeh, Duma. 23.1.2012 87. Major General Ramadan ( ) Mahmoud ( ) Ramadan ( ) Commander of 35th Special Forces Regiment Ordered troops to shoot protestors in Baniyas and Deraa. 23.1.2012 ▼M32 ————— ▼B 89. Major General Naim ( ) (a.k.a. Naaeem, Naeem, Na'eem, Naaim, Na'im) Jasem ( ) Suleiman ( ) Commander of the 3rd Division Gave orders to troops to shoot protestors in Douma. 23.1.2012 90. Brigadier General Jihad ( ) Mohamed ( ) (a.k.a Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Sultan ( ) Commander of 65th Brigade Gave orders to troops to shoot protestors in Douma. 23.1.2012 91. Major General Fo'ad ( ) (a.k.a. Fouad, Fu'ad) Hamoudeh ( ) (a.k.a. Hammoudeh, Hammoude, Hammouda, Hammoudah) Commander of the military operations in Idlib Gave orders to troops to shoot protestors in Idlib at the beginning of September 2011. 23.1.2012 92. Major General Bader ( ) Aqel ( ) Special Forces Commander Gave the soldiers orders to pick up the bodies and hand them over to the mukhabarat and responsible for the violence in Bukamal. 23.1.2012 93. Brigadier General Ghassan ( ) Afif ( ) (a.k.a. Afeef) Commander from the 45th Regiment Commander of military operations in Homs, Baniyas and Idlib. 23.1.2012 94. Brigadier General Mohamed ( ) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Maaruf ( ) (a.k.a. Maarouf, Ma'ruf) Commander from the 45th Regiment Commander of military operations in Homs. Gave orders to shoot protestors in Homs. 23.1.2012 95. Brigadier General Yousef ( ) Ismail ( ) (a.k.a. Ismael) Commander of the 134th Brigade Gave orders to troops to shoot at houses and people on roofs during a funeral in Talbiseh for protesters killed the previous day. 23.1.2012 96. Brigadier General Jamal ( ) Yunes ( ) (a.k.a. Younes) Commander of the 555th Regiment Gave orders to troops to shoot at protestors in Mo'adamiyeh. 23.1.2012 ▼M32 ————— ▼B 98. Brigadier General Ali ( ) Dawwa Gave orders to troops to shoot protestors in Al-Herak. 23.1.2012 ▼M32 99. Major General Mohamed ( ) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Khaddor ( ) (a.k.a. Khaddour, Khaddur, Khadour, Khudour) Commander of the 106th Brigade, Presidential Guard; Gender: male Gave orders to troops to beat the protesters with sticks and then arrest them. Responsible for repression of peaceful protestors in Douma. 23.1.2012 ▼M32 ————— ▼B 101. Wafiq ( ) (a.k.a. Wafeeq) Nasser ( ) Head of Suwayda Regional Branch (Department of Military Intelligence) As Head of the Suwayda branch of the Department for Military Intelligence, responsible for arbitrary detention and torture of detainees in Suwayda. 23.1.2012 102. Ahmed ( ) (a.k.a. Ahmad) Dibe ( ) (a.k.a. Dib, Deeb) Head of Deraa Regional Branch (General Security Directorate) As Head of the Deraa Regional Branch of the General Security Directorate, responsible for arbitrary detention and torture of detainees in Deraa. 23.1.2012 103. Makhmoud ( ) (a.k.a. Mahmoud) al-Khattib ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Khatib, Al-Khateeb) Head of Investigative Branch (Political Security Directorate) As Head of the Investigative Branch of the Political Security Directorate, responsible for detention and torture of detainees. 23.1.2012 ▼M32 104. Mohamed ( ) (a.k.a. Mohammad, Muhammad, Mohammed) Heikmat ( ) (a.k.a. Hikmat, Hekmat) Ibrahim ( ) Gender: male As former Head of the Operations Branch of the Political Security Directorate, was responsible for detention and torture of detainees. 23.1.2012 ▼B 105. Nasser ( ) (a.k.a. Naser) Al-Ali ( ) (a.k.a. Brigadier General Nasr al-Ali) Head of Deraa Regional Branch (Political Security Directorate) As Head of the Deraa Regional Branch of the Political Security Directorate, responsible for detention and torture of detainees. Since April 2012 Head of the Deraa site of the Political Security Directorate (ex-head of the Homs branch). 23.1.2012 ▼M23 106. Dr Wael ( ) Nader ( ) Al –Halqi ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Halki) Born: 1964; Place of birth: Dara'a Province Former Prime Minister, in office until 3 July 2016, and former Minister of Health. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 27.2.2012 ▼M31 107. Mohammad Ibrahim Al-Sha'ar Born: 1956; Place of birth: Aleppo; Gender: male Former Minister of Interior. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 1.12.2011 ▼M16 108. Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Al-Jleilati ( ) Born: 1945; Place of birth: Damascus Former Minister of Finance, in office until 9 February 2013. As former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 1.12.2011 ▼M29 109. Imad ( ) Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Deeb ( ) Khamis ( ) (a.k.a. Imad Mohammad Dib Khamees) Date of birth: 1 August 1961; Place of birth: near Damascus Prime Minister and former Minister of Electricity. As Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 23.3.2012 ▼M23 110. Omar ( ) Ibrahim ( ) Ghalawanji ( ) Born: 1954; Place of birth: Tartous Former Vice Prime Minister for Services Affairs, former Minister of Local Administration, in office until 3 July 2016. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 23.3.2012 ▼M16 111. Joseph ( ) Suwaid ( ) Born: 1958; Place of Birth: Damascus Former Minister of State, in office until at least 21 January 2014. As former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 23.3.2012 112. Hussein ( ) (a.k.a. Hussain) Mahmoud ( ) Farzat ( ) (a.k.a.: Hussein Mahmud Farzat) Born: 1957; Place of Birth: Hama Former Minister of State, in office until at least 2014. As former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 23.3.2012 ▼B 113. Mansour ( ) Fadlallah ( ) Azzam ( ) (a.k.a.: Mansur Fadl Allah Azzam) Born: 1960; Place of birth: Sweida Province Minister for Presidency Affairs. As Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 27.2.2012 ▼M29 114. Emad ( ) Abdul-Ghani ( ) Sabouni ( ) (a.k.a. Imad Abdul Ghani Al Sabuni) Born: 1964; Place of birth: Damascus Former Minister of Telecommunications and Technology, in office until at least April 2014. As former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. Appointed in July 2016 as the Head of Planning and International Cooperation Agency (Government agency). 27.2.2012 ▼B 115. General Ali ( ) Habib ( ) (a.k.a. Habeeb) Mahmoud ( ) Born: 1939; Place of birth: Tartous Former Minister of Defence. Associated with the Syrian regime and the Syrian military, and its violent repression against the civilian population. 1.8.2011 ▼M29 116. Tayseer ( ) Qala ( ) Awwad ( ) Born: 1943; Place of birth: Damascus Former Minister of Justice. Associated with the Syrian regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. Former Head of Military Court. Member of the High Judicial Council. 23.9.2011 ▼M23 117. Adnan ( ) Hassan ( ) Mahmoud ( ) Born: 1966; Place of birth: Tartous Syrian Ambassador to Iran. Former Minister of Information in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 23.9.2011 ▼M7 ————— ▼B 119. Sufian ( ) Allaw ( ) Born: 1944; Place of birth: al-Bukamal, Deir Ezzor Former Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources. Associated with the regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. 27.2.2012 120. Dr Adnan ( ) Slakho ( ) Born: 1955; Place of birth: Damascus Former Minister of Industry. Associated with the regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. 27.2.2012 121. Dr. Saleh ( ) Al-Rashed ( ) Born: 1964; Place of birth: Aleppo Province Former Minister of Education. Associated with the regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. 27.2.2012 122. Dr. Fayssal ( ) (a.k.a. Faysal) Abbas ( ) Born: 1955; Place of birth: Hama Province Former Minister of Transport. Associated with the regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. 27.2.2012 123. Ghiath ( ) Jeraatli ( ) (Jer'atli, Jir'atli, Jiraatli) Born: 1950; Place of Birth: Salamiya Former Minister of State. Associated with the regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. 23.3.2012 124. Yousef ( ) Suleiman ( ) Al-Ahmad ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Ahmed) Born: 1956; Place of Birth: Hasaka Former Minister of State. Associated with the regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. 23.3.2012 125. Hassan ( , ) al-Sari ( ) Born: 1953; Place of Birth: Hama Former Minister of State. Associated with the regime and its violent repression against the civilian population. 23.3.2012 126. Bouthaina ( ) Shaaban ( ) (a.k.a. Buthaina Shaaban) Born: 1953; Place of birth: Homs, Syria Political and Media Advisor to the President since July 2008 and as such associated with the violent crackdown on the population. 26.6.2012 127. Brigadier General Sha'afiq ( ) (a.k.a. Shafiq, Shafik) Masa ( ) (a.k.a. Massa) Head of Branch 215 (Damascus) of the army's intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of detained opponents. Involved in repressive actions against civilians. 24.7.2012 ▼M32 128. Brigadier General Burhan ( ) Qadour ( ) (a.k.a. Qaddour, Qaddur) Gender: male Former head of Branch 291 (Damascus) of the army's intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼B 129. Brigadier General Salah ( ) Hamad ( ) Deputy Head of Branch 291 of the army's intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 130. Brigadier General Muhammad ( ) (or: Mohammed) Khallouf ( ) (a.k.a. Abou Ezzat) Head of Branch 235, a.k.a. "Palestine" (Damascus) of the army's intelligence service, which is at the centre of the army's apparatus of repression. Directly involved in repression of opponents. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 131. Major General Riad ( ) (a.k.a. Riyad) al-Ahmed ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Ahmad) Deputy Head of Latakia Branch of the army's intelligence service. Responsible for the torture and murder of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼M29 132. Brigadier General Abdul-Salam ( ) Fajr ( ) Mahmoud ( ) Head of the Bab Tuma (Damascus) Branch of the air force's intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼B 133. Brigadier General Jawdat ( ) al-Ahmed ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Ahmad) Head of the Homs Branch of the air force's intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 134. Colonel Qusay ( ) Mihoub ( ) Head of the Deraa branch of the air force's intelligence service (sent from Damascus to Deraa at the start of demonstrations there). Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼M32 135. Brigadier General Suhail ( ) (a.k.a. Suheil) Al-Abdullah ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Abdallah) Gender: male Head of the Latakia Branch of the air force's intelligence service. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼B 136. Brigadier General Khudr ( ) Khudr ( ) Head of the Latakia branch of the General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼M12 137. Brigadier General Ibrahim ( ) Ma'ala ( ) (a.k.a. Maala, Maale, Ma'la) Head of branch 285 (Damascus) of the General Intelligence Directorate (replaced Brig. Gen. Hussam Fendi at end 2011). Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼B 138. Brigadier General Firas ( ) Al-Hamed ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Hamid) Head of branch 318 (Homs) of the General Intelligence Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼M32 139. Major General Hussam ( ) (a.k.a. Husam, Housam, Houssam) Luqa ( ) (a.k.a. Louqa, Louca, Louka, Luka) Born: 1964; Place of birth: Damascus; Gender: male From April 2012 to 2.12.2018, was head of the Homs branch of the Political Security Directorate (succeeded Brig. Gen. Nasr al-Ali). Since 3.12.2018, head of the Political Security Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody. 24.7.2012 ▼B 140. Brigadier General Taha ( ) Taha ( ) Site manager of the Latakia branch of the Political Security Directorate. Responsible for the torture of opponents in custody 24.7.2012 141. Bassel ( ) (a.k.a. Basel) Bilal ( ) Police officer at Idlib central prison; has taken part directly in acts of torture of opponents held in Idlib central prison. 24.7.2012 142. Ahmad ( ) (a.k.a. Ahmed) Kafan ( ) Police officer at Idlib central prison; has taken part directly in acts of torture of opponents held in Idlib central prison. 24.7.2012 143. Bassam ( ) al-Misri ( ) Police officer at Idlib central prison; has taken part directly in acts of torture of opponents held in Idlib central prison. 24.7.2012 ▼M32 144. Ahmed ( ) (a.k.a. Ahmad) al-Jarroucheh ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Jarousha, Al-Jarousheh, Al-Jaroucha, Al-Jarouchah, Al-Jaroucheh) Born: 1957; Gender: male Former head of the foreign branch of General Intelligence (branch 279). As such, responsible for General Intelligence arrangements in Syrian embassies. 24.7.2012 ▼B 145. Michel ( ) Kassouha ( ) (a.k.a. Kasouha) (a.k.a. Ahmed Salem; a.k.a. Ahmed Salem Hassan) Date of birth: 1 February 1948 Member of the Syrian security services since the early 1970s, he is involved in combating opposition in France and Germany. Since March 2006, has been responsible for public relations of branch 273 of the Syrian General Intelligence Directorate. A longstanding member of the managerial staff, he is close to General Intelligence Directorate head Ali Mamlouk, one of the top security officials of the regime who has been subject to EU restrictive measures since 9 May 2011. He directly supports the regime's repression of opponents and is responsible inter alia for repression of the Syrian opposition abroad. 24.7.2012 146. General Ghassan ( ) Jaoudat ( ) Ismail ( ) (a.k.a. Ismael) Born: 1960; Place of origin: Drekish, Tartous region Responsible for the missions branch of the air force intelligence service, which, in cooperation with the special operations branch, manages the elite troops of the air force intelligence service, who play an important role in the repression conducted by the regime. As such, Ghassan Jaoudat Ismail is one of the military leaders directly implementing the repression of opponents conducted by the regime. 24.7.2012 ▼M29 147. General Amer al-Achi (a.k.a. Amer Ibrahim al-Achi; a.k.a. Amis al Ashi; a.k.a. Ammar Aachi; a.k.a. Amer Ashi) ( ) Head of the intelligence branch of the air force intelligence agency (2012-2016). Through his role in the air force intelligence agency, Amer al-Achi is implicated in the repression of the Syrian opposition. 24.7.2012 ▼B 148. General Mohammed ( ) (a.k.a. Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammad) Ali ( ) Nasr ( ) (or: Mohammed Ali Naser) Born: around 1960. Close to Maher Al-Assad, younger brother of the President. Most of his career has been spent in the Republican Guard. In 2010 he joined the internal branch (or branch 251) of the General Intelligence Directorate which is responsible for combating the political opposition. As one of its senior officers, General Mohammed Ali is directly involved in the repression of opponents. 24.7.2012 149. General Issam ( ) Hallaq ( ) Air Force Chief of Staff since 2010. Commands air operations against opponents. 24.7.2012 150. Ezzedine ( ) Ismael ( ) (a.k.a. Ismail) Born: middle of the 1940s (probably 1947); Place of birth: Bastir. Jableh region Retired general, longstanding member of the managerial staff of the air force intelligence service, of which he became the head in the early 2000s. Was appointed political and security adviser to the President in 2006. As political and security adviser to the Syrian president, Ezzedine Ismael is implicated in the political repression conducted by the regime against the opposition. 24.7.2012 151. Samir ( ) (a.k.a. Sameer) Joumaa ( ) (a.k.a. Jumaa, Jum'a, Joum'a) (a.k.a. Abou Sami) Born: around 1962 For almost 20 years he has been head of the office of Mohammad Nassif Kheir Bek, one of the main security advisers of Bashar al-Assad (and officially deputy to the Vice- President, Farouk al-Sharaa). Samir Joumaa's closeness to Bashar al-Assad and Mohammed Nassif Kheir Bek means that he is implicated in the policy of repression conducted by the regime against its opponents. 24.7.2012 ▼M4 152. Dr. Qadri ( ) (a.k.a. Kadri) Jamil ( ) (a.k.a. Jameel) Former Vice Prime Minister for Economic Affairs, former Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer protection. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M29 153. Waleed ( ) (a.k.a. Walid) Al Mo'allem ( ) (a.k.a. Al Moallem, Muallem ( )) Vice Prime Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates. As Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M17 ————— ▼B 155. Dr. Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Abdul-Sattar ( ) (a.k.a. Abd al-Sattar) Al Sayed ( ) (a.k.a. Al Sayyed) Minister of Religious Endowments. As Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M3 156. Eng. Hala ( ) Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Al Nasser ( ) Former Minister of Tourism. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M29 157. Eng. Bassam ( ) Hanna ( ) Date of birth: 1954; Place of birth: Aleppo (Syria) Former Minister of Water Resources in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M3 158. Eng. Subhi ( ) Ahmad ( ) Al Abdallah ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Abdullah) Former Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 159. Dr. Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammed) Yahiya ( ) (a.k.a. Yehya, Yahya, Yihya, Yihia, Yahia) Moalla ( ) (a.k.a. Mu'la, Ma'la, Muala, Maala, Mala) Former Minister of Higher Education. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M32 160. Dr. Hazwan ( ) Al Wez ( ) (a.k.a. Al Wazz) Gender: male Former Minister of Education, appointed in July 2016. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M3 161. Dr. Mohamad ( ) (a.k.a. Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammed, Mohammad) Zafer ( ) (a.k.a. Dhafer) Mohabak ( ) (a.k.a. Mohabbak, Muhabak, Muhabbak) Former Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M23 162. Dr Mahmoud ( ) Ibraheem ( ) (a.k.a. Ibrahim) Sa'iid ( ) (a.k.a. Said, Sa'eed, Saeed) Former Minister of Transport in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M3 163. Dr. Safwan ( ) Al Assaf ( ) Former Minister of Housing and Urban Development. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 164. Eng. Yasser ( ) (a.k.a. Yaser) Al Siba'ii ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Sibai, Al-Siba'i, Al Sibaei) Former Minister of Public Works. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 165. Eng Sa'iid ( ) (a.k.a. Sa'id, Sa'eed, Saeed) Ma'thi ( ) (a.k.a. Mu'zi, Mu'dhi, Ma'dhi, Ma'zi, Maazi) Hneidi ( ) Former Minister of Oil and Mineral Resources. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M23 166. Dr Lubana ( ) (a.k.a. Lubanah) Mushaweh ( ) (a.k.a. Mshaweh, Mshawweh, Mushawweh) Born 1955; place of birth Damascus Former Minister of Culture in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M3 167. Dr. Jassem ( ) (a.k.a. Jasem) Mohammad ( ) (a.k.a. Mohamed, Muhammad, Mohammed) Zakaria ( ) Born 1968 Former Minister of Labour and Social Affairs. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M32 ————— ▼M29 169. Dr. Adnan ( ) Abdo ( ) (a.k.a. Abdou) Al Sikhny ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Sikhni, Al-Sekhny, Al-Sekhni) Date of birth: 1961; Place of birth: Aleppo (Syria) Former Minister of Industry. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M23 170. Najm ( ) (a.k.a. Nejm) Hamad ( ) Al Ahmad ( ) (a.k.a. Al-Ahmed) Former Minister of Justice in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M29 171. Dr Abdul-Salam ( ) Al Nayef ( ) Former Minister of Health in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M31 172. Ali Hadar Gender: male Head of the National Reconciliation Agency and former State Minister for National Reconciliation Affairs. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M23 173. Dr Nazeera ( ) (a.k.a. Nazira, Nadheera, Nadhira) Farah ( ) Sarkees ( ) (a.k.a. Sarkis) Former State Minister for Environmental Affairs, in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M32 ————— ▼M29 175. Najm-eddin ( ) (a.k.a. Nejm-eddin, Nejm-eddeen, Najm-eddeen, Nejm-addin, Nejm-addeen, Najm-addeen, Najm-addin) Khreit ( ) (a.k.a. Khrait) Former State Minister. As a former Government Minister shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 176. Abdullah ( ) (a.k.a. Abdallah) Khaleel ( ) (a.k.a. Khalil) Hussein ( ) a.k.a. Hussain) Former State Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M23 177. Jamal ( ) Sha'ban ( ) (a.k.a. Shaaban) Shaheen ( ) Former State Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 16.10.2012 ▼M3 ————— ▼B 179. Razan ( ) Othman ( ) Wife of Rami Makhlouf, daughter of Waleed (alias Walid) Othman.; Date of birth: 31 January 1977; Place of birth: governorate of Latakia; ID nr.: 06090034007 She has close personal and financial relations with Rami Makhlouf, cousin of president Bashar Al-Assad and principal financer of the regime, who has been designated. As such, associated with the Syrian regime, and benefiting from it. 16.10.2012 ▼M4 180. Ahmad al-Qadri Date of birth: 1956 Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Minister. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 ▼M23 181. Suleiman Al Abbas Former Oil and Mineral Resources Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the violent repression of the Syrian people. 24.6.2014 182. Kamal Eddin Tu'ma Date of birth: 1959 Former Industry Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 183. Kinda al-Shammat (a.k.a. Shmat) Date of birth: 1973 Former Social Affairs Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 184. Hassan Hijazi Date of birth: 1964 Former Minister for Labour in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 185. Ismael Ismael (a.k.a. Ismail Ismail, or Isma'Il Isma'il) Born: 1955 Former Finance Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 186. Dr Khodr Orfali (a.k.a. Khud/Khudr Urfali/Orphaly) Date of birth: 1956 Former Economy and Foreign Trade Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 187. Samir Izzat Qadi Amin Date of birth: 1966 Former Internal Trade and Consumer Protection Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 ▼M32 188. Bishr Riyad Yazigi Born: 1972; Gender: male Advisor to the President of Syria. Former Minister of Tourism. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 ▼M29 189. Dr Malek ( ) Ali ( ) (a.k.a. Malik Ali) Date of birth: 1956; Place of birth: Tartous (Syria) Former Higher Education Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 ▼M31 190. Hussein Arnous (a.k.a. Arnus) Born: 1953; Gender: male Water Resources Minister. As a Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 ▼M23 191. Dr Hassib Elias Shammas (a.k.a. Hasib) Date of birth: 1957 Former State Minister in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 24.6.2014 ▼M16 192. Hashim Anwar al-Aqqad a.k.a. Hashem Aqqad, Hashem Akkad, Hashim Akkad Born: 1961 Place of birth: Mohagirine, Syria Leading businessperson operating in Syria, with interests and/or activities in multiple sectors of Syria's economy. He holds interests in and/or has significant influence in Anwar Akkad Sons Group (AASG) and its subsidiary United Oil. AASG is a conglomerate with interests in sectors such as oil, gas, chemicals, insurance, industrial machinery, real estate, tourism, exhibitions, contracting, insurance, and medical equipment. Hashim Anwar al-Aqqad also worked as a member of the Syrian Parliament as recently as 2012. Al-Aqqad could not have remained successful without assistance from the regime. Given the extent of his business and political ties to the regime he provides support to and benefits from the Syrian regime. 23.7.2014 ▼M17 193. Suhayl (a.k.a. Sohail, Suhail, Suheil) Hassan (a.k.a. Hasan, al-Hasan, al-Hassan) known as ‘The Tiger’ (a.k.a. al-Nimr) Born: 1970 Place of birth: Jableh (Latakia Province, Syria) Rank: Major-General Position: Commander of Qawat al-Nimr (Tiger Forces) Officer of the rank of Major-General in the Syrian Army after May 2011. Commander of army division known as ‘Tiger Forces’. Responsible for violent repression against the civilian population in Syria. 23.7.2014 ▼M11 194. Amr Armanazi (a.k.a. Amr Muhammad Najib Al-Armanazi, Amr Najib Armanazi, Amrou Al-Armanazy) Date of birth: 7 February 1944 Director-General of the Syrian Scientific Studies and Research Center (SSRC), responsible for providing support to the Syrian army for the acquisition of equipment used for the surveillance and repression of demonstrators. Also responsible for the development and production of non-conventional weapons, including chemical weapons, and the missiles to deliver them. Responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population; supports the regime. 23.7.2014 ▼M23 ►M29 264. ◄ Houmam Jaza'iri (a.k.a. Humam al-Jazaeri, Hammam al-Jazairi) Born: 1977 Former Minister of Economy and Foreign Trade in power after May 2011. As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the violent repression of the Syrian people. 21.10.2014 ►M29 265. ◄ Mohamad Amer Mardini (a.k.a. Mohammad Amer Mardini) Date of birth: 1959; Place of birth: Damascus Former Minister of Higher Education in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 21.10.2014 ►M29 266. ◄ Mohamad Ghazi Jalali (a.k.a. Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali) Date of birth: 1969; Place of birth: Damascus Former Minister of Communications and Technology in power after May 2011 (appointed 27.8.2014). As a former Government Minister, shares responsibility for the regime's violent repression against the civilian population. 21.10.2014 ►M29 15. ◄ Kamal Cheikha (a.k.a. Kamal al-Sheikha) Date of birth: 1961; Place of birth: Damascus Former Minister of Water Resources in