2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 1
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents
►B DIRECTIVE 2001/77/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 27 September 2001
on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity
market
(OJ L 283, 27.10.2001, p. 33)
Amended by:
Official Journal
No page date
►A1 Act concerning the conditions of accession of the Czech Republic, the
Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia,
the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of
Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the SlovakRepublic and the adjustments to the Treaties on which the EuropeanUnion is foundedL 236 33 23.9.2003
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DIRECTIVE 2001/77/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
AND OF THE COUNCIL
of 27 September 2001
on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy
sources in the internal electricity market
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and
in particular Article 175(1) thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission (1),
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social
Committee (2),
Having regard to the opinion of the Committee of the Regions (3),
Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 251 of
the Treaty (4),
Whereas:
(1) The potential for the exploitation of renewable energy sources is
underused in the Community at present. The Community recog-nises the need to promote renewable energy sources as a prioritymeasure given that their exploitation contributes to environ-mental protection and sustainable development. In addition thiscan also create local employment, have a positive impact on
social cohesion, contribute to security of supply and make it
possible to meet Kyoto targets more quickly. It is thereforenecessary to ensure that this potential is better exploited withinthe framework of the internal electricity market.
(2) The promotion of electricity produced from renewable energysources is a high Community priority as outlined in the WhitePaper on Renewable Energy Sources (hereinafter referred to as‘the White Paper’) for reasons of security and diversification ofenergy supply, of environmental protection and of social and
economic cohesion. That was endorsed by the Council in its
resolution of 8 June 1998 on renewable sources of energy (
5),
and by the European Parliament in its resolution on the WhitePaper. (
6)
(3) The increased use of electricity produced from renewable energysources constitutes an important part of the package of measuresneeded to comply with the Kyoto Protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change, and of any policypackage to meet further commitments.
(4) The Council in its conclusions of 11 May 1999 and theEuropean Parliament in its resolution of 17 June 1998 on electri-city from renewable energy sources (
7) have invited the
Commission to submit a concrete proposal for a Communityframework on access for electricity produced from renewable
energy sources to the internal market. Furthermore, the European
Parliament in its resolution of 30 March 2000 on electricity fromrenewable energy sources and the internal electricity market (
8)2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 2
(1) OJ C 311 E, 31.10.2000, p. 320 and OJ C 154 E, 29.5.2001, p. 89.
(2) OJ C 367, 20.12.2000, p. 5.
(3) OJ C 22, 24.1.2001, p. 27.
(4) Opinion of the European Parliament of 16 November 2000 (OJ C 223,
8.8.2001, p. 294), Council Common Position of 23 March 2001 (OJ C 142,
15.5.2001, p. 5) and Decision of the European Parliament of 4 July 2001
(not yet published in the Official Journal). Council Decision of 7 September2001.
(
5) OJ C 198, 24.6.1998, p. 1.
(6) OJ C 210, 6.7.1998, p. 215.
(7) OJ C 210, 6.7.1998, p. 143.
(8) OJ C 378, 29.12.2000, p. 89.
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underlined that binding and ambitious renewable energy targets
at the national level are essential for obtaining results andachieving the Community targets.
(5) To ensure increased market penetration of electricity producedfrom renewable energy sources in the medium term, all MemberStates should be required to set national indicative targets for the
consumption of electricity produced from renewable sources.
(6) These national indicative targets should be consistent with any
national commitment made as part of the climate changecommitments accepted by the Community under the Kyoto
Protocol.
(7) The Commission should assess to what extent Member States
have made progress towards achieving their national indicativetargets, and to what extent the national indicative targets are
consistent with the global indicative target of 12 % of gross
domestic energy consumption by 2010, considering that theWhite Paper's indicative target of 12 % for the Community as awhole by 2010 provides useful guidance for increased efforts atCommunity level as well as in Member States, bearing in mind
the need to reflect differing national circumstances. If necessary
for the achievement of the targets, the Commission shouldsubmit proposals to the European Parliament and the Councilwhich may include mandatory targets.
(8) Where they use waste as an energy source, Member States mustcomply with current Community legislation on waste manage-ment. The application of this Directive is without prejudice tothe definitions set out in Annex 2a and 2b to Council Directive75/442/EEC of 15 July 1975 on waste (
1). Support for renewable
energy sources should be consistent with other Community
objectives, in particular respect for the waste treatment hier-archy. Therefore, the incineration of non-separated municipalwaste should not be promoted under a future support system forrenewable energy sources, if such promotion were to underminethe hierarchy.
(9) The definition of biomass used in this Directive does notprejudge the use of a different definition in national legislation,for purposes other than those set out in this Directive.
(10) This Directive does not require Member States to recognise thepurchase of a guarantee of origin from other Member States orthe corresponding purchase of electricity as a contribution tothe fulfilment of a national quota obligation. However, to facili-
tate trade in electricity produced from renewable energy sources
and to increase transparency for the consumer's choice betweenelectricity produced from non-renewable and electricityproduced from renewable energy sources, the guarantee of originof such electricity is necessary. Schemes for the guarantee oforigin do not by themselves imply a right to benefit from
national support mechanisms established in different Member
States. It is important that all forms of electricity producedfrom renewable energy sources are covered by such guaranteesof origin.
(11) It is important to distinguish guarantees of origin clearly fromexchangeable green certificates.
(12) The need for public support in favour of renewable energy
sources is recognised in the Community guidelines for State aid
for environmental protection (2), which, amongst other options,
take account of the need to internalise external costs of electri-city generation. However, the rules of the Treaty, and inparticular Articles 87 and 88 thereof, will continue to apply tosuch public support.2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 3
(1) OJ L 194, 25.7.1975, p. 39. Directive as last amended by Commission Deci-
sion 96/350/EC (OJ L 135, 6.6.1996, p. 32).
(2) OJ C 37, 3.2.2001, p. 3.
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(13) A legislative framework for the market in renewable energy
sources needs to be established.
(14) Member States operate different mechanisms of support for
renewable energy sources at the national level, including greencertificates, investment aid, tax exemptions or reductions, taxrefunds and direct price support schemes. One important means
to achieve the aim of this Directive is to guarantee the proper
functioning of these mechanisms, until a Community frameworkis put into operation, in order to maintain investor confidence.
(15) It is too early to decide on a Community-wide framework
regarding support schemes, in view of the limited experience
with national schemes and the current relatively low share ofprice supported electricity produced from renewable energysources in the Community.
(16) It is, however necessary to adapt, after a sufficient transitional
period, support schemes to the developing internal electricity
market. It is therefore appropriate that the Commission monitorthe situation and present a report on experience gained with theapplication of national schemes. If necessary, the Commissionshould, in the light of the conclusions of this report, make aproposal for a Community framework with regard to support
schemes for electricity produced from renewable energy sources.
That proposal should contribute to the achievement of thenational indicative targets, be compatible with the principles ofthe internal electricity market and take into account the charac-teristics of the different sources of renewable energy, together
with the different technologies and geographical differences. It
should also promote the use of renewable energy sources in aneffective way, and be simple and at the same time as efficientas possible, particularly in terms of cost, and include sufficienttransitional periods of at least seven years, maintain investors'confidence and avoid stranded costs. This framework would
enable electricity from renewable energy sources to compete
with electricity produced from non-renewable energy sourcesand limit the cost to the consumer, while, in the medium term,reduce the need for public support.
(17) Increased market penetration of electricity produced from renew-able energy sources will allow for economies of scale, therebyreducing costs.
(18) It is important to utilise the strength of the market forces and theinternal market and make electricity produced from renewable
energy sources competitive and attractive to European citizens.
(19) When favouring the development of a market for renewable
energy sources, it is necessary to take into account the positiveimpact on regional and local development opportunities, export
prospects, social cohesion and employment opportunities, espe-
cially as concerns small and medium-sized undertakings as wellas independent power producers.
(20) The specific structure of the renewable energy sources sectorshould be taken into account, especially when reviewing the
administrative procedures for obtaining permission to construct
plants producing electricity from renewable energy sources.
(21) In certain circumstances it is not possible to ensure fully trans-mission and distribution of electricity produced from renewableenergy sources without affecting the reliability and safety of the
grid system and guarantees in this context may therefore include
financial compensation.
(22) The costs of connecting new producers of electricity fromrenewable energy sources should be objective, transparent and
non-discriminatory and due account should be taken of the
benefit embedded generators bring to the grid.
(23) Since the general objectives of the proposed action cannot besufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore,by reason of the scale or effects of the action, be better achieved2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 4
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at Community level, the Community may adopt measures, in
accordance with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article5 of the Treaty. Their detailed implementation should, however,
be left to the Member States, thus allowing each Member State
to choose the regime which corresponds best to its particularsituation. In accordance with the principle of proportionality, asset out in that Article, this Directive does not go beyond what isnecessary in order to achieve those objectives,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
Article 1
Purpose
The purpose of this Directive is to promote an increase in the contribu-
tion of renewable energy sources to electricity production in theinternal market for electricity and to create a basis for a future Commu-nity framework thereof.
Article 2
Definitions
For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:
(a) ‘ renewable energy sources ’ shall mean renewable non-fossil energy
sources (wind, solar, geothermal, wave, tidal, hydropower, biomass,
landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases);
(b) ‘ biomass ’ shall mean the biodegradable fraction of products, waste
and residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animal
substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biode-gradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste;
(c) ‘ electricity produced from renewable energy sources ’ shall mean
electricity produced by plants using only renewable energy sources,as well as the proportion of electricity produced from renewableenergy sources in hybrid plants also using conventional energysources and including renewable electricity used for filling storage
systems, and excluding electricity produced as a result of storage
systems;
(d) ‘ consumption of electricity ’ shall mean national electricity produc-
tion, including autoproduction, plus imports, minus exports (grossnational electricity consumption).
In addition, the definitions in Directive 96/92/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 concerning
common rules for the internal market of electricity (
1) shall apply.
Article 3
National indicative targets
1. Member States shall take appropriate steps to encourage greater
consumption of electricity produced from renewable energy sources inconformity with the national indicative targets referred to in paragraph2. These steps must be in proportion to the objective to be attained.
2. Not later than 27 October 2002 and every five years thereafter,
Member States shall adopt and publish a report setting national indica-
tive targets for future consumption of electricity produced fromrenewable energy sources in terms of a percentage of electricityconsumption for the next 10 years. The report shall also outline themeasures taken or planned, at national level, to achieve these national
indicative targets. To set these targets until the year 2010, the Member
States shall:
— take account of the reference values in the Annex,2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 5
(1) OJ L 27, 30.1.1997, p. 20.
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— ensure that the targets are compatible with any national commit-
ments accepted in the context of the climate change commitmentsaccepted by the Community pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
3. Member States shall publish, for the first time not later than 27
October 2003 and thereafter every two years, a report which includesan analysis of success in meeting the national indicative targets takingaccount, in particular, of climatic factors likely to affect the achieve-ment of those targets and which indicates to what extent the measures
taken are consistent with the national climate change commitment.
4. On the basis of the Member States' reports referred to in para-
graphs 2 and 3, the Commission shall assess to what extent:
— Member States have made progress towards achieving their national
indicative targets,
— the national indicative targets are consistent with the global indica-
tive target of 12 % of gross national energy consumption by 2010
and in particular with the 22,1 % indicative share of electricityproduced from renewable energy sources in total Community elec-tricity consumption by 2010.
The Commission shall publish its conclusions in a report, for the first
time not later than 27 October 2004 and thereafter every two years.
This report shall be accompanied, as appropriate, by proposals to the
European Parliament and to the Council.
If the report referred to in the second subparagraph concludes that the
national indicative targets are likely to be inconsistent, for reasons thatare unjustified and/or do not relate to new scientific evidence, with theglobal indicative target, these proposals shall address national targets,
including possible mandatory targets, in the appropriate form.
Article 4
Support schemes
1. Without prejudice to Articles 87 and 88 of the Treaty, the
Commission shall evaluate the application of mechanisms used inMember States according to which a producer of electricity, on thebasis of regulations issued by the public authorities, receives direct orindirect support, and which could have the effect of restricting trade,
on the basis that these contribute to the objectives set out in Articles
6 and 174 of the Treaty.
2. The Commission shall, not later than 27 October 2005, present a
well-documented report on experience gained with the application andcoexistence of the different mechanisms referred to in paragraph 1. Thereport shall assess the success, including cost-effectiveness, of the
support systems referred to in paragraph 1 in promoting the consump-
tion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources inconformity with the national indicative targets referred to in Article3(2). This report shall, if necessary, be accompanied by a proposal fora Community framework with regard to support schemes for electricityproduced from renewable energy sources.
Any proposal for a framework should:
(a) contribute to the achievement of the national indicative targets;
(b) be compatible with the principles of the internal electricity market;
(c) take into account the characteristics of different sources of renew-
able energy, together with the different technologies, andgeographical differences;
(d) promote the use of renewable energy sources in an effective way,
and be simple and, at the same time, as efficient as possible, parti-
cularly in terms of cost;
(e) include sufficient transitional periods for national support systems
of at least seven years and maintain investor confidence.2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 6
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Article 5
Guarantee of origin of electricity produced from renewable energy
sources
1. Member States shall, not later than 27 October 2003, ensure that
the origin of electricity produced from renewable energy sources canbe guaranteed as such within the meaning of this Directive accordingto objective, transparent and non-discriminatory criteria laid down by
each Member State. They shall ensure that a guarantee of origin is
issued to this effect in response to a request.
2. Member States may designate one or more competent bodies,
independent of generation and distribution activities, to supervise theissue of such guarantees of origin.
3. A guarantee of origin shall:
— specify the energy source from which the electricity was produced,
specifying the dates and places of production, and in the case ofhydroelectric installations, indicate the capacity;
— serve to enable producers of electricity from renewable energy
sources to demonstrate that the electricity they sell is producedfrom renewable energy sources within the meaning of this Direc-tive.
4. Such guarantees of origin, issued according to paragraph 2,
should be mutually recognised by the Member States, exclusively as
proof of the elements referred to in paragraph 3. Any refusal to recog-
nise a guarantee of origin as such proof, in particular for reasonsrelating to the prevention of fraud, must be based on objective, trans-parent and non-discriminatory criteria. In the event of refusal torecognise a guarantee of origin, the Commission may compel the
refusing party to recognise it, particularly with regard to objective,
transparent and non-discriminatory criteria on which such recognitionis based.
5. Member States or the competent bodies shall put in place appro-
priate mechanisms to ensure that guarantees of origin are both accurateand reliable and they shall outline in the report referred to in Article3(3) the measures taken to ensure the reliability of the guaranteesystem.
6. After having consulted the Member States, the Commission shall,
in the report referred to in Article 8, consider the form and methods
that Member States could follow in order to guarantee the origin of
electricity produced from renewable energy sources. If necessary, theCommission shall propose to the European Parliament and the Councilthe adoption of common rules in this respect.
Article 6
Administrative procedures
1. Member States or the competent bodies appointed by the Member
States shall evaluate the existing legislative and regulatory framework
with regard to authorisation procedures or the other procedures laid
down in Article 4 of Directive 96/92/EC, which are applicable toproduction plants for electricity produced from renewable energysources, with a view to:
— reducing the regulatory and non-regulatory barriers to the increase
in electricity production from renewable energy sources,
— streamlining and expediting procedures at the appropriate adminis-
trative level, and
— ensuring that the rules are objective, transparent and non-discrimi-
natory, and take fully into account the particularities of the variousrenewable energy source technologies.
2. Member States shall publish, not later than 27 October 2003, a
report on the evaluation referred to in paragraph 1, indicating, whereappropriate, the actions taken. The purpose of this report is to provide,2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 7
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where this is appropriate in the context of national legislation, an indi-
cation of the stage reached specifically in:
— coordination between the different administrative bodies as regards
deadlines, reception and treatment of applications for authorisations,
— drawing up possible guidelines for the activities referred to in para-
graph 1, and the feasibility of a fast-track planning procedure forproducers of electricity from renewable energy sources, and
— the designation of authorities to act as mediators in disputes
between authorities responsible for issuing authorisations and appli-
cants for authorisations.
3. The Commission shall, in the report referred to in Article 8 and
on the basis of the Member States' reports referred to in paragraph 2of this Article, assess best practices with a view to achieving the objec-
tives referred to in paragraph 1.
Article 7
Grid system issues
1. Without prejudice to the maintenance of the reliability and safety
of the grid, Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure
that transmission system operators and distribution system operators in
their territory guarantee the transmission and distribution of electricityproduced from renewable energy sources. They may also provide forpriority access to the grid system of electricity produced from renew-able energy sources. When dispatching generating installations,transmission system operators shall give priority to generating installa-
tions using renewable energy sources insofar as the operation of the
national electricity system permits.
2. Member States shall put into place a legal framework or require
transmission system operators and distribution system operators to setup and publish their standard rules relating to the bearing of costs of
technical adaptations, such as grid connections and grid reinforcements,
which are necessary in order to integrate new producers feeding electri-city produced from renewable energy sources into the interconnectedgrid.
These rules shall be based on objective, transparent and non-discrimi-
natory criteria taking particular account of all the costs and benefits
associated with the connection of these producers to the grid. The rules
may provide for different types of connection.
3. Where appropriate, Member States may require transmission
system operators and distribution system operators to bear, in full orin part, the costs referred to in paragraph 2.
4. Transmission system operators and distribution system operators
shall be required to provide any new producer wishing to be connectedwith a comprehensive and detailed estimate of the costs associated withthe connection. Member States may allow producers of electricity fromrenewable energy sources wishing to be connected to the grid to issue a
call for tender for the connection work.
5. Member States shall put into place a legal framework or require
transmission system operators and distribution system operators to setup and publish their standard rules relating to the sharing of costs ofsystem installations, such as grid connections and reinforcements,
between all producers benefiting from them.
The sharing shall be enforced by a mechanism based on objective,
transparent and non-discriminatory criteria taking into account thebenefits which initially and subsequently connected producers as wellas transmission system operators and distribution system operatorsderive from the connections.
6. Member States shall ensure that the charging of transmission and
distribution fees does not discriminate against electricity from renew-able energy sources, including in particular electricity from renewableenergy sources produced in peripheral regions, such as island regionsand regions of low population density.2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 8
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Where appropriate, Member States shall put in place a legal framework
or require transmission system operators and distribution system opera-tors to ensure that fees charged for the transmission and distribution of
electricity from plants using renewable energy sources reflect realisable
cost benefits resulting from the plant's connection to the network. Suchcost benefits could arise from the direct use of the low-voltage grid.
7. Member States shall, in the report referred to in Article 6(2), also
consider the measures to be taken to facilitate access to the grid systemof electricity produced from renewable energy sources. That report
shall examine, inter alia , the feasibility of introducing two-way
metering.
Article 8
Summary report
On the basis of the reports by Member States pursuant to Article 3(3)
and Article 6(2), the Commission shall present to the European Parlia-ment and the Council, no later than 31 December 2005 and thereafterevery five years, a summary report on the implementation of thisDirective.
This report shall:
— consider the progress made in reflecting the external costs of elec-
tricity produced from non-renewable energy sources and the impactof public support granted to electricity production,
— take into account the possibility for Member States to meet the
national indicative targets established in Article 3(2), the globalindicative target referred to in Article 3(4) and the existence ofdiscrimination between different energy sources.
If appropriate, the Commission shall submit with the report further
proposals to the European Parliament and the Council.
Article 9
Transposition
Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and admin-
istrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not laterthan 27 October 2003. They shall forthwith inform the Commissionthereof.
When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a refer-
ence to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such a reference onthe occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such
reference shall be laid down by the Member States.
Article 10
Entry into force
This Directive shall enter into force on the day of its publication in the
Official Journal of the European Communities .
Article 11
Addressees
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 9
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ANNEX
Reference values for Member States' national indicative targets for the contribution of electricity produced from
renewable energy sources to gross electricity consumption by 2010 (*)
This Annex gives reference values for the fixing of national indicative targets for electricity produced from renewable
energy sources (‘RES-E’), as referred to in Article 3(2):
RES-E TWh 1997 (**) RES-E % 1997 (***) RES-E % 2010 (***)
Belgium 0,86 1,1 6,0
►A1 Czech Republic ◄► A1 2,36◄► A1 3,8◄► A1 8(7)◄
Denmark 3,21 8,7 29,0
Germany 24,91 4,5 12,5►
A1 Estonia◄► A1 0,02◄► A1 0,2◄► A1 5,1◄
Greece 3,94 8,6 20,1
Spain 37,15 19,9 29,4
France 66,00 15,0 21,0Ireland 0,84 3,6 13,2Italy 46,46 16,0 25,0 (
1)
►A1 Cyprus◄► A1 0,002◄► A1 0,05◄► A1 6◄
►A1 Latvia◄► A1 2,76◄► A1 42,4◄► A1 49,3◄
►A1 Lithuania ◄► A1 0,33◄► A1 3,3◄► A1 7◄
Luxembourg 0,14 2,1 5,7 (2)
►A1 Hungary ◄► A1 0,22◄► A1 0,7◄► A1 3,6◄
►A1 Malta◄► A1 0◄► A1 0◄► A1 5◄
Netherlands 3,45 3,5 9,0Austria 39,05 70,0 78,1 (
3)
►A1 Poland◄► A1 2,35◄► A1 1,6◄► A1 7,5◄
Portugal 14,30 38,5 39,0 (4)
►A1 Slovenia ◄► A1 3,66◄► A1 29,9◄► A1 33,6◄
►A1 Slovakia ◄► A1 5,09◄► A1 17,9◄► A1 31◄
Finland 19,03 24,7 31,5 (5)
Sweden 72,03 49,1 60,0 (6)
United Kingdom 7,04 1,7 10,0
►A1 Community ◄► A1 355,2◄► A1 12,9◄% ►A1 21◄% (****)
(*) In taking into account the reference values set out in this Annex, Member States make the necessary assumption that the State
aid guidelines for environmental protection allow for the existence of national support schemes for the promotion of electricityproduced from renewable energy sources.
►
A1 (**) Data refer to the national production of RES-E in 1997, except for the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania,
Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia where data refer to 1999.2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 10
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(***) The percentage contributions of RES-E in 1997 (in 1999-2000 for the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania,
Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia) and 2010 are based on the national production of RES-E divided by the gross
national electricity consumption. For the Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Sloveniaand Slovakia, gross national electricity consumption is based on 2000 data. In the case of internal trade of RES-E (with recog-nised certification or origin registered) the calculation of these percentages will influence 2010 figures by Member State but notthe Community total. ◄
(****) Rounded figure resulting from the reference values above.
(
1)Italy states that 22 % would be a realistic figure, on the assumption that in 2010 gross national electricity consumption will be 340
TWh. When taking into account the reference values set out in this Annex, Italy has assumed that gross national electricity produc-tion from renewable energy sources will attain up to 76 TWh in 2010. This figure includes the contribution of the non-biodegradable fraction of municipal and industrial waste used in compliance with Community legislation on waste management.
In this respect, the capability to reach the indicative target as referred to in this Annex, is contingent, inter alia , upon the effective
level of the national demand for electric energy in 2010.
(
2) Taking into account the indicative reference values set out in this Annex, Luxembourg takes the view that the objective set for
2010 can be achieved only if:— total electricity consumption in 2010 does not exceed that of 1997,— wind-generated electricity can be multiplied by a factor of 15,
— biogas-generated electricity can be multiplied by a factor of 208,
— electricity produced from the only municipal waste incinerator in Luxembourg, which in 1997 accounted for half the electricity
produced from renewable energy sources, can be taken into account in its entirety,
— photovoltaically generated electricity can be raised to 80 GWh, and
in so far as the above points can be achieved from the technical standpoint in the time allowed.
In the absence of natural resources, an additional increase in electricity generated by hydroelectric power stations is ruled out.
(
3)Austria states that 78,1 % would be a realistic figure, on the assumption that in 2010 gross national electricity consumption will be
56,1 TWh. Due to the fact that the production of electricity from renewable sources is highly dependent on hydropower and there-fore on the annual rainfall, the figures for 1997 and 2010 should be calculated on a long-range model based on hydrologic andclimatic conditions.
(
4)Portugal , when taking into account the reference values, set out in this Annex, states that to maintain the 1997 share of electricity
produced from renewable sources as an indicative target for 2010 it was assumed that:
— it will be possible to continue the national electricity plan building new hydro capacity higher than 10 MW,— other renewable capacity, only possible with financial state aid, will increase at an annual rate eight times higher than has
occurred recently.
These assumptions imply that new capacity for producing electricity from renewable sources, excluding large hydro, will increase
at a rate twice as high as the rate of increase of gross national electricity consumption.
(
5) In the Finnish action plan for renewable energy sources, objectives are set for the volume of renewable energy sources used in
2010. These objectives have been set on the basis of extensive background studies. The action plan was approved within theGovernment in October 1999.
According to the Finnish action plan, the share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources by 2010 would be 31 %.
This indicative target is very ambitious and its realisation would require extensive promotion measures in Finland.
(
6) When taking into account the reference values set out in this Annex, Sweden notes that the possibility of reaching the target is
highly dependent upon climatic factors heavily affecting the level of hydropower production, in particular variations in pluvio-
metry, timing of rainfall during the year and inflow. The electricity produced from hydropower can vary substantially. Duringextremely dry years production may amount to 51 TWh, whereas in wet years it could amount to 78 TWh. The figure for 1997should thus be calculated with a long-range model based on scientific facts on hydrology and climatic change.
It is a generally applied method in countries with important shares of hydropower production to use water inflow statistics covering
a time span of 30 to 60 years. Thus, according to the Swedish methodology and based on conditions during the period 1950-1999,correcting for differences in total hydropower production capacity and inflow over the years, average hydropower productionamounts to 64 TWh which corresponds to a figure for 1997 of 46 %, and in this context Sweden considers 52 % to be a morerealistic figure for 2010.
Furthermore, the ability of Sweden to achieve the target is limited by the fact that the remaining unexploited rivers are protected by
law. Moreover, the ability of Sweden to reach the target is heavily contingent upon:— the expansion of combined heat and power (CHP) depending on population density, demand for heat and technology develop-
ment, in particular for black liquor gasification, and
— authorisation for wind power plants in accordance with national laws, public acceptance, technology development and expan-
sion of grids.
►
A1 (7) When taking into account the indicative reference values set out in the Annex, the Czech Republic notes that the possibility
of reaching this indicative target is highly dependent upon climatic factors heavily affecting the level of hydropower productionand utilisation of solar and wind energy.
The National Programme for Economical Energy Management and Use of Renewable Energy Sources was approved by the
Government in October 2001 and indicates a target of the electricity share from RES in gross electricity consumption of 3,0 %(excluding big water power stations above 10 MW) and 5,1 % (including big water power stations above 10 MW) by 2005.
In the absence of natural resources, the additional substantial output extension of large as well as small water power stations is
ruled out. ◄2001L0077 — EN — 01.05.2004 — 001.001 — 11