2009R0428 — EN — 07.01.2012 — 001.001

This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents

►B COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 428/2009 of 5 May 2009 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items (Recast) (OJ L 134, 29.5.2009, p.1)

Amended by:





Corrected by:









▼B

COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 428/2009

of 5 May 2009

setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items

(Recast)







THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 133 thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, Whereas: (1) Council Regulation (EC) No 1334/2000 of 22 June 2000 setting up a Community regime for the control of exports of dual-use items and technology ( 1 ) has been significantly amended on several occasions. Since further amendments are to be made, it should be recast in the interests of clarity. (2) Dual-use items (including software and technology) should be subject to effective control when they are exported from the European Community. (3) An effective common system of export controls on dual-use items is necessary to ensure that the international commitments and responsibilities of the Member States, especially regarding non-proliferation, and of the European Union (EU), are complied with. (4) The existence of a common control system and harmonised policies for enforcement and monitoring in all Member States is a prerequisite for establishing the free movement of dual-use items inside the Community. (5) The responsibility for deciding on individual, global or national general export authorisations, on authorisations for brokering services, on transits of non-Community dual-use items or on authorisations for the transfer within the Community of the dual-use items listed in Annex IV lies with national authorities. National provisions and decisions affecting exports of dual-use items must be taken in the framework of the common commercial policy, and in particular Council Regulation (EEC) No 2603/69 of 20 December 1969 establishing common rules for exports ( 2 ). (6) Decisions to update the common list of dual-use items subject to export controls must be in conformity with the obligations and commitments that Member States have accepted as members of the relevant international non-proliferation regimes and export control arrangements, or by ratification of relevant international treaties. (7) Common lists of dual-use items, destinations and guidelines are essential elements for an effective export control regime. (8) Transmission of software and technology by means of electronic media, fax or telephone to destinations outside the Community should also be controlled. (9) Particular attention needs to be paid to issues of re-export and end-use. (10) On 22 September 1998 representatives of the Member States and the European Commission signed Protocols additional to the respective safeguards agreements between the Member States, the European Atomic Energy Community and the International Atomic Energy Agency, which, among other measures, oblige the Member States to provide information on transfers of specified equipment and non-nuclear material. (11) The Community has adopted a body of customs rules, contained in Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code ( 3 ) (hereinafter the Community Customs Code) and Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 ( 4 ) implementing Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 which lay down, among other things, provisions relating to the export and re-export of goods. Nothing in this Regulation constrains any powers under and pursuant to the Community Customs Code and its implementing provisions. (12) Pursuant to and within the limits of Article 30 of the Treaty and pending a greater degree of harmonisation, Member States retain the right to carry out controls on transfers of certain dual-use items within the Community in order to safeguard public policy or public security. Where these controls are linked to the effectiveness of controls on exports from the Community, they should be periodically reviewed by the Council. (13) In order to ensure that this Regulation is properly applied, each Member State should take measures giving the competent authorities appropriate powers. (14) The Heads of State or Government of the EU adopted in June 2003 an Action Plan on Non-Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (Thessaloniki Action Plan). This Action Plan was complemented by the EU Strategy against proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction adopted by the European Council on 12 December 2003 (EU WMD Strategy). According to Chapter III of this Strategy, the European Union must make use of all its instruments to prevent, deter, halt, and if possible eliminate proliferation programmes that cause concern at global level. Subparagraph 30.A(4) of that Chapter specifically refers to strengthening export control policies and practices. (15) United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, adopted on 28 April 2004, decides that all States shall take and enforce effective measures to establish domestic controls to prevent the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and their means of delivery, including by establishing appropriate controls over related materials and to this end shall, among others, establish transit and brokering controls. Related materials are materials, equipment and technology covered by relevant multilateral treaties and arrangements, or included on national control lists, which could be used for the design, development, production or use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and their means of delivery. (16) This Regulation includes items which only pass through the territory of the Community, that is, those items which are not assigned a customs-approved treatment or use other than the external transit procedure or which are merely placed in a free zone or free warehouse and where no record of them has to be kept in an approved stock record. Accordingly, a possibility for Member States’ authorities to prohibit on a case-by-case basis the transit of non-Community dual-use items should be established, where they have reasonable grounds for suspecting from intelligence or other sources that the items are or may be intended in their entirety or in part for proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or of their means of delivery. (17) Controls should also be introduced on the provision of brokering services when the broker has been informed by competent national authorities or is aware that such provision might lead to production or delivery of weapons of mass destruction in a third country. (18) It is desirable to achieve a uniform and consistent application of controls throughout the EU in order to promote EU and international security and to provide a level playing field for EU exporters. It is therefore appropriate, in accordance with the recommendations of the Thessaloniki Action Plan and the calls of the EU WMD Strategy, to broaden the scope of consultation between Member States prior to granting an export authorisation. Among the benefits of this approach would be, for example, an assurance that a Member State's essential security interests would not be threatened by an export from another Member State. Greater convergence of conditions implementing national controls on dual-use items not listed in this Regulation, and harmonisation of the conditions of use of the different types of authorisations that may be granted under this Regulation would bring about more uniform and consistent application of controls. Improving the definition of intangible transfers of technology, to include making available controlled technology to persons located outside the EU, would assist the effort to promote security as would further alignment of the modalities for exchanging sensitive information among Member States with those of the international export control regimes, in particular by providing for the possibility of establishing a secure electronic system for sharing information among Member States. (19) Each Member State should determine effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties applicable in the event of breach of the provisions of this Regulation, Whereas: HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:







CHAPTER I

SUBJECT AND DEFINITIONS

Article 1

This Regulation sets up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items.

Article 2

For the purposes of this Regulation:

1. ‘dual-use items’ shall mean items, including software and technology, which can be used for both civil and military purposes, and shall include all goods which can be used for both non-explosive uses and assisting in any way in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices;

2. ‘export’ shall mean: (i) an export procedure within the meaning of Article 161 of Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92 (the Community Customs Code); (ii) a re-export within the meaning of Article 182 of that Code but not including items in transit; and (iii) transmission of software or technology by electronic media, including by fax, telephone, electronic mail or any other electronic means to a destination outside the European Community; it includes making available in an electronic form such software and technology to legal and natural persons and partnerships outside the Community. Export also applies to oral transmission of technology when the technology is described over the telephone;

3. ‘exporter’ shall mean any natural or legal person or partnership: (i) on whose behalf an export declaration is made, that is to say the person who, at the time when the declaration is accepted, holds the contract with the consignee in the third country and has the power for determining the sending of the item out of the customs territory of the Community. If no export contract has been concluded or if the holder of the contract does not act on its own behalf, the exporter shall mean the person who has the power for determining the sending of the item out of the customs territory of the Community; (ii) which decides to transmit or make available software or technology by electronic media including by fax, telephone, electronic mail or by any other electronic means to a destination outside the Community. Where the benefit of a right to dispose of the dual-use item belongs to a person established outside the Community pursuant to the contract on which the export is based, the exporter shall be considered to be the contracting party established in the Community;

4. ‘export declaration’ shall mean the act whereby a person indicates in the prescribed form and manner the wish to place dual-use items under an export procedure;

5. ‘brokering services’ shall mean: — the negotiation or arrangement of transactions for the purchase, sale or supply of dual-use items from a third country to any other third country, or — the selling or buying of dual-use items that are located in third countries for their transfer to another third country. For the purposes of this Regulation the sole provision of ancillary services is excluded from this definition. Ancillary services are transportation, financial services, insurance or re-insurance, or general advertising or promotion;

6. ‘broker’ shall mean any natural or legal person or partnership resident or established in a Member State of the Community that carries out services defined under point 5 from the Community into the territory of a third country;

7. ‘transit’ shall mean a transport of non-Community dual-use items entering and passing through the customs territory of the Community with a destination outside the Community;

8. ‘individual export authorisation’ shall mean an authorisation granted to one specific exporter for one end user or consignee in a third country and covering one or more dual-use items;

▼M1

9. ‘union general export authorisation’ shall mean an export authorisation for exports to certain countries of destination available to all exporters who respect its conditions and requirements for use as listed in Annexes IIa to IIf;

▼B

10. ‘global export authorisation’ shall mean an authorisation granted to one specific exporter in respect of a type or category of dual-use item which may be valid for exports to one or more specified end users and/or in one or more specified third countries;

11. ‘national general export authorisation’ shall mean an export authorisation granted in accordance with Article 9(2) and defined by national legislation in conformity with Article 9 and Annex IIIc;

12. ‘customs territory of the European Union’ shall mean the territory within the meaning of Article 3 of the Community Customs Code;

13. ‘non-Community dual-use items’ shall mean items that have the status of non-Community goods within the meaning of Article 4(8) of the Community Customs Code.







CHAPTER II

SCOPE

Article 3

1. An authorisation shall be required for the export of the dual-use items listed in Annex I.

2. Pursuant to Article 4 or Article 8, an authorisation may also be required for the export to all or certain destinations of certain dual-use items not listed in Annex I.

Article 4

1. An authorisation shall be required for the export of dual-use items not listed in Annex I if the exporter has been informed by the competent authorities of the Member State in which he is established that the items in question are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for use in connection with the development, production, handling, operation, maintenance, storage, detection, identification or dissemination of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or the development, production, maintenance or storage of missiles capable of delivering such weapons.

2. An authorisation shall also be required for the export of dual-use items not listed in Annex I if the purchasing country or country of destination is subject to an arms embargo ►M1 imposed by a decision or a common position ◄ adopted by the Council or a decision of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) or an arms embargo imposed by a binding resolution of the Security Council of the United Nations and if the exporter has been informed by the authorities referred to in paragraph 1 that the items in question are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for a military end-use. For the purposes of this paragraph, ‘military end-use’ shall mean:

(a) incorporation into military items listed in the military list of Member States;

(b) use of production, test or analytical equipment and components therefor, for the development, production or maintenance of military items listed in the abovementioned list;

(c) use of any unfinished products in a plant for the production of military items listed in the abovementioned list.

3. An authorisation shall also be required for the export of dual-use items not listed in Annex I if the exporter has been informed by the authorities referred to in paragraph 1 that the items in question are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for use as parts or components of military items listed in the national military list that have been exported from the territory of that Member State without authorisation or in violation of an authorisation prescribed by national legislation of that Member State.

4. If an exporter is aware that dual-use items which he proposes to export, not listed in Annex I, are intended, in their entirety or in part, for any of the uses referred to in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, he must notify the authorities referred to in paragraph 1, which will decide whether or not it is expedient to make the export concerned subject to authorisation.

5. A Member State may adopt or maintain national legislation imposing an authorisation requirement on the export of dual-use items not listed in Annex I if the exporter has grounds for suspecting that those items are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for any of the uses referred to in paragraph 1.

6. A Member State which imposes an authorisation requirement, in application of paragraphs 1 to 5, on the export of a dual-use item not listed in Annex I, shall, where appropriate, inform the other Member States and the Commission. The other Member States shall give all due consideration to this information and shall inform their customs administration and other relevant national authorities.

7. The provisions of Article 13(1), (2) and (5) to (7) shall apply to cases concerning dual-use items not listed in Annex I.

8. This Regulation is without prejudice to the right of Member States to take national measures under Article 11 of Regulation (EEC) No 2603/69.

Article 5

1. An authorisation shall be required for brokering services of dual-use items listed in Annex I if the broker has been informed by the competent authorities of the Member State in which he is resident or established that the items in question are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for any of the uses referred to in Article 4(1). If a broker is aware that the dual-use items listed in Annex I for which he proposes brokering services are intended, in their entirety or in part, for any of the uses referred to in Article 4(1), he must notify the competent authorities which will decide whether or not it is expedient to make such brokering services subject to authorisation.

2. A Member State may extend the application of paragraph 1 to non-listed dual-use items for uses referred to in Article 4(1) and to dual-use items for military end use and destinations referred to in Article 4(2).

3. A Member State may adopt or maintain national legislation imposing an authorisation requirement on the brokering of dual-use items, if the broker has grounds for suspecting that these items are or may be intended for any of the uses referred to in Article 4(1).

4. The provisions of Article 8(2), (3) and (4) shall apply to the national measures referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article.

Article 6

1. The transit of non-Community dual-use items listed in Annex I may be prohibited by the competent authorities of the Member State where the transit occurs if the items are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for uses referred to in Article 4(1). When deciding on such a prohibition the Member States shall take into account their obligations and commitments they have agreed to as parties to international treaties or as members of international non-proliferation regimes.

2. Before deciding whether or not to prohibit a transit a Member State may provide that its competent authorities may impose in individual cases an authorisation requirement for the specific transit of dual-use items listed in Annex I if the items are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for uses referred to in Article 4(1).

3. A Member State may extend the application of paragraph 1 to non-listed dual-use items for uses referred to in Article 4(1) and to dual-use items for military end use and destinations referred to in Article 4(2).

4. The provisions of Article 8(2), (3) and (4) shall apply to the national measures referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article.

Article 7

This Regulation does not apply to the supply of services or the transmission of technology if that supply or transmission involves cross-border movement of persons.

Article 8

1. A Member State may prohibit or impose an authorisation requirement on the export of dual-use items not listed in Annex I for reasons of public security or human rights considerations.

2. Member States shall notify the Commission of any measures adopted pursuant to paragraph 1 immediately after their adoption and indicate the precise reasons for the measures.

3. Member States shall also immediately notify the Commission of any modifications to measures adopted pursuant to paragraph 1.

4. The Commission shall publish the measures notified to it pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union.







CHAPTER III

EXPORT AUTHORISATION AND AUTHORISATION FOR BROKERING SERVICES

Article 9

▼M1

1. Union General Export Authorisations for certain exports as set out in Annexes IIa to IIf are established by this Regulation.

The competent authorities of the Member State where the exporter is established can prohibit the exporter from using these authorisations if there is reasonable suspicion about his ability to comply with such authorisation or with a provision of the export control legislation.

The competent authorities of the Member States shall exchange information on exporters deprived of the right to use a Union General Export Authorisation, unless they determine that the exporter will not attempt to export dual-use items through another Member State. The system referred to in Article 19(4) shall be used for this purpose.

▼B

2. For all other exports for which an authorisation is required under this Regulation, such authorisation shall be granted by the competent authorities of the Member State where the exporter is established. Subject to the restrictions specified in paragraph 4, this authorisation may be an individual, global or general authorisation.

All the authorisations shall be valid throughout the Community.

Exporters shall supply the competent authorities with all relevant information required for their applications for individual and global export authorisation so as to provide complete information to the national competent authorities in particular on the end user, the country of destination and the end use of the item exported. The authorisation may be subject, if appropriate, to an end-use statement.

3. Member States shall process requests for individual or global authorisations within a period of time to be determined by national law or practice.

4. National general export authorisations shall:

▼M1

(a) exclude from their scope items listed in Annex IIg;

▼B

(b) be defined by national law or practice. They may be used by all exporters, established or resident in the Member State issuing these authorisations, if they meet the requirements set in this Regulation and in the complementary national legislation. They shall be issued in accordance with the indications set out in Annex IIIc. They shall be issued according to national law or practice; Member States shall notify the Commission immediately of any national general export authorisations issued or modified. The Commission shall publish these notifications in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union;

(c) not be used if the exporter has been informed by his authorities that the items in question are or may be intended, in their entirety or in part, for any of the uses referred to in paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 4 or in paragraph 2 of Article 4 in a country subject to an arms embargo ►M1 imposed by a decision or a common position ◄ adopted by the Council or a decision of the OSCE or an arms embargo imposed by a binding resolution of the Security Council of the United Nations, or if the exporter is aware that the items are intended for the abovementioned uses.

5. Member States shall maintain or introduce in their respective national legislation the possibility of granting a global export authorisation.

6. Member States shall supply the Commission with a list of the authorities empowered to:

(a) grant export authorisations for dual-use items;

(b) decide to prohibit the transit of non-Community dual-use items under this Regulation.

The Commission shall publish the list of these authorities in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union.

Article 10

1. Authorisations for brokering services under this Regulation shall be granted by the competent authorities of the Member State where the broker is resident or established. These authorisations shall be granted for a set quantity of specific items moving between two or more third countries. The location of the items in the originating third country, the end-user and its exact location must be clearly identified. The authorisations shall be valid throughout the Community.

2. Brokers shall supply the competent authorities with all relevant information required for their application for authorisation under this Regulation for brokering services, in particular details of the location of the dual-use items in the originating third country, a clear description of the items and the quantity involved, third parties involved in the transaction, the third country of destination, the end-user in that country and its exact location.

3. Member States shall process requests for authorisations for brokering services within a period of time to be determined by national law or practice.

4. Member States shall supply the Commission with a list of the authorities empowered to grant authorisations under this Regulation for the provision of brokering services. The Commission shall publish the list of these authorities in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union.

Article 11

1. If the dual-use items in respect of which an application has been made for an individual export authorisation to a destination not listed in ►M1 Annex IIa ◄ or to any destination in the case of dual-use items listed in Annex IV are or will be located in one or more Member States other than the one where the application has been made, that fact shall be indicated in the application. The competent authorities of the Member State to which the application for authorisation has been made shall immediately consult the competent authorities of the Member State or States in question and provide the relevant information. The Member State or States consulted shall make known within 10 working days any objections it or they may have to the granting of such an authorisation, which shall bind the Member State in which the application has been made.

If no objections are received within 10 working days, the Member State or States consulted shall be regarded as having no objection.

In exceptional cases, any Member State consulted may request the extension of the 10-day period. However, the extension may not exceed 30 working days.

2. If an export might prejudice its essential security interests, a Member State may request another Member State not to grant an export authorisation or, if such authorisation has been granted, request its annulment, suspension, modification or revocation. The Member State receiving such a request shall immediately engage in consultations of a non-binding nature with the requesting Member State, to be terminated within 10 working days. In case the requested Member State decides to grant the authorisation, this should be notified to the Commission and other Member States using the electronic system mentioned in Article 13(6).

Article 12

1. In deciding whether or not to grant an individual or global export authorisation or to grant an authorisation for brokering services under this Regulation, the Member States shall take into account all relevant considerations including:

(a) the obligations and commitments they have each accepted as members of the relevant international non-proliferation regimes and export control arrangements, or by ratification of relevant international treaties;

(b) their obligations under sanctions imposed by ►M1 a decision or a common position ◄ adopted by the Council or by a decision of the OSCE or by a binding resolution of the Security Council of the United Nations;

(c) considerations of national foreign and security policy, including those covered by Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP of 8 December 2008 defining common rules governing control of exports of military technology and equipment ( 5 );

(d) considerations about intended end use and the risk of diversion.

2. In addition to the criteria set in paragraph 1, when assessing an application for a global export authorisation Member States shall take into consideration the application by the exporter of proportionate and adequate means and procedures to ensure compliance with the provisions and objectives of this Regulation and with the terms and conditions of the authorisation.

Article 13

1. The competent authorities of the Member States, acting in accordance with this Regulation, may refuse to grant an export authorisation and may annul, suspend, modify or revoke an export authorisation which they have already granted. Where they refuse, annul, suspend, substantially limit or revoke an export authorisation or when they have determined that the intended export is not to be authorised, they shall notify the competent authorities of the other Member States and the Commission thereof and share the relevant information with them. In case the competent authorities of a Member State have suspended an export authorisation, the final assessment shall be communicated to the Member States and the Commission at the end of the period of suspension.

2. The competent authorities of Member States shall review denials of authorisations notified under paragraph 1 within three years of their notification and revoke them, amend them or renew them. The competent authorities of the Member States will notify the results of the review to the competent authorities of the other Member States and the Commission as soon as possible. Denials which are not revoked shall remain valid.

3. The competent authorities of the Member States shall notify the Member States and the Commission of their decisions to prohibit a transit of dual-use items listed in Annex I taken under Article 6 without delay. These notifications will contain all relevant information including the classification of the item, its technical parameters, the country of destination and the end user.

4. Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall also apply to authorisations for brokering services.

5. Before the competent authorities of a Member State, acting under this Regulation, grant an authorisation for export or brokering services or decide on a transit they shall examine all valid denials or decisions to prohibit a transit of dual-use items listed in Annex I taken under this Regulation to ascertain whether an authorisation or a transit has been denied by the competent authorities of another Member State or States for an essentially identical transaction (meaning an item with essentially identical parameters or technical characteristics to the same end user or consignee). They shall first consult the competent authorities of the Member State or States which issued such denial(s) or decisions to prohibit the transit as provided for in paragraphs 1 and 3. If following such consultation the competent authorities of the Member State decide to grant an authorisation or allow the transit, they shall notify the competent authorities of the other Member States and the Commission, providing all relevant information to explain the decision.

▼M1

6. All notifications required pursuant to this Article shall be made via secure electronic means including the system referred to in Article 19(4).

▼B

7. All information shared in accordance with the provisions of this Article shall be in compliance with the provisions of Article 19(3), (4) and (6) concerning the confidentiality of such information.

Article 14

1. All individual and global export authorisations and authorisations for brokering services shall be issued in writing or by electronic means on forms containing at least all the elements and in the order set out in the models which appear in Annexes IIIa and IIIb.

2. At the request of exporters, global export authorisations that contain quantitative limitations shall be split.







CHAPTER IV

UPDATING OF LIST OF DUAL-USE ITEMS

Article 15

1. The list of dual-use items set out in Annex I shall be updated in conformity with the relevant obligations and commitments, and any modification thereof, that Member States have accepted as members of the international non-proliferation regimes and export control arrangements, or by ratification of relevant international treaties.

2. Annex IV, which is a subset of Annex I, shall be updated with regard to Article 30 of the Treaty establishing the European Community, namely the public policy and public security interests of the Member States.







CHAPTER V

CUSTOMS PROCEDURES

Article 16

1. When completing the formalities for the export of dual-use items at the customs office responsible for handling the export declaration, the exporter shall furnish proof that any necessary export authorisation has been obtained.

2. A translation of any documents furnished as proof into an official language of the Member State where the export declaration is presented may be required of the exporter.

3. Without prejudice to any powers conferred on it under, and pursuant to, the Community Customs Code, a Member State may also, for a period not exceeding the periods referred to in paragraph 4, suspend the process of export from its territory, or, if necessary, otherwise prevent the dual-use items listed in Annex I which are covered by a valid export authorisation from leaving the Community via its territory, where it has grounds for suspicion that:

(a) relevant information was not taken into account when the authorisation was granted, or

(b) circumstances have materially changed since the grant of the authorisation.

4. In the case referred to in paragraph 3, the competent authorities of the Member State which granted the export authorisation shall be consulted forthwith in order that they may take action pursuant to Article 13(1). If such competent authorities decide to maintain the authorisation, they shall reply within 10 working days, which, at their request, may be extended to 30 working days in exceptional circumstances. In such case, or if no reply is received within 10 or 30 days, as the case may be, the dual-use items shall be released immediately. The Member State which granted the authorisation shall inform the other Member States and the Commission.

Article 17

1. Member States may provide that customs formalities for the export of dual-use items may be completed only at customs offices empowered to that end.

2. Member States availing themselves of the option set out in paragraph 1 shall inform the Commission of the duly empowered customs offices. The Commission shall publish the information in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union.

Article 18

The provisions of Articles 843 and 912a to 912g of Regulation (EEC) No 2454/93 shall apply to the restrictions relating to the export, re-export and exit from the customs territory of dual-use items for the export of which an authorisation is required under this Regulation.







CHAPTER VI

ADMINISTRATIVE COOPERATION

Article 19

1. Member States, in cooperation with the Commission, shall take all appropriate measures to establish direct cooperation and exchange of information between competent authorities, in particular to eliminate the risk that possible disparities in the application of export controls to dual-use items may lead to a deflection of trade, which could create difficulties for one or more Member States.

2. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to establish direct cooperation and exchange of information between competent authorities with a view to enhance the efficiency of the Community export control regime. Such information may include:

(a) details of exporters deprived, by national sanctions, of the right to use the national general export authorisations or ►M1 Union General Export Authorisations ◄ ;

(b) data on sensitive end users, actors involved in suspicious procurement activities, and, where available, routes taken.

3. Council Regulation (EC) No 515/97 of 13 March 1997 on mutual assistance between the administrative authorities of the Member States and cooperation between the latter and the Commission to ensure the correct application of the law on customs and agricultural matters ( 6 ), and in particular the provisions on the confidentiality of information, shall apply mutatis mutandis, without prejudice to Article 23 of this Regulation.

▼M1

4. A secure and encrypted system for the exchange of information between Member States and, whenever appropriate, the Commission shall be set up by the Commission, in consultation with the Dual-Use Coordination Group set up pursuant to Article 23. The European Parliament shall be informed about the system’s budget, development, provisional and final set-up and functioning, and network costs.

▼B

5. The provision of guidance to exporters and brokers will be the responsibility of the Member States where they are resident or established. The Commission and the Council may also make available guidance and/or recommendations for best practices for the subjects referred to in this Regulation.

6. The processing of personal data shall be in accordance with the rules laid down in Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the movement of such data ( 7 ) and Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data ( 8 ).







CHAPTER VII

CONTROL MEASURES

Article 20

1. Exporters of dual-use items shall keep detailed registers or records of their exports, in accordance with the national law or practice in force in the respective Member States. Such registers or records shall include in particular commercial documents such as invoices, manifests and transport and other dispatch documents containing sufficient information to allow the following to be identified:

(a) the description of the dual-use items;

(b) the quantity of the dual-use items;

(c) the name and address of the exporter and of the consignee;

(d) where known, the end-use and end-user of the dual-use items.

2. In accordance with national law or practice in force in the respective Member States, brokers shall keep registers or records for brokering services which fall under the scope of Article 5 so as to be able to prove, on request, the description of the dual-use items that were the subject of brokering services, the period during which the items were the subject of such services and their destination, and the countries concerned by those brokering services.

3. The registers or records and the documents referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be kept for at least three years from the end of the calendar year in which the export took place or the brokering services were provided. They shall be produced, on request, to the competent authorities of the Member State in which the exporter is established or the broker is established or resident.

Article 21

In order to ensure that this Regulation is properly applied, each Member State shall take whatever measures are needed to permit its competent authorities:

(a) to gather information on any order or transaction involving dual-use items;

(b) to establish that the export control measures are being properly applied, which may include in particular the power to enter the premises of persons with an interest in an export transaction or brokers involved in the supply of brokering services under circumstances set out in Article 5.







CHAPTER VIII

OTHER PROVISIONS

Article 22

1. An authorisation shall be required for intra-Community transfers of dual-use items listed in Annex IV. Items listed in Part 2 of Annex IV shall not be covered by a general authorisation.

2. A Member State may impose an authorisation requirement for the transfer of other dual-use items from its territory to another Member State in cases where at the time of transfer:

— the operator knows that the final destination of the items concerned is outside the Community,

— export of those items to that final destination is subject to an authorisation requirement pursuant to Articles 3, 4 or 8 in the Member State from which the items are to be transferred, and such export directly from its territory is not authorised by a general authorisation or a global authorisation,

— no processing or working as defined in Article 24 of the Community Customs Code is to be performed on the items in the Member State to which they are to be transferred.

3. The transfer authorisation must be applied for in the Member State from which the dual-use items are to be transferred.

4. In cases where the subsequent export of the dual-use items has already been accepted, in the consultation procedures set out in Article 11, by the Member State from which the items are to be transferred, the transfer authorisation shall be issued to the operator immediately, unless the circumstances have substantially changed.

5. A Member State which adopts legislation imposing such a requirement shall inform the Commission and the other Member States of the measures it has taken. The Commission shall publish this information in the C series of the Official Journal of the European Union.

6. The measures pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not involve the application of internal frontier controls within the Community, but solely controls which are performed as part of the normal control procedures applied in a non-discriminatory fashion throughout the territory of the Community.

7. Application of the measures pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2 may in no case result in transfers from one Member State to another being subject to more restrictive conditions than those imposed for exports of the same items to third countries.

8. Documents and records of intra-Community transfers of dual-use items listed in Annex I shall be kept for at least three years from the end of the calendar year in which a transfer took place and shall be produced to the competent authorities of the Member State from which these items were transferred on request.

9. A Member State may, by national legislation, require that, for any intra-Community transfers from that Member State of items listed in Category 5, Part 2 of Annex I which are not listed in Annex IV, additional information concerning those items shall be provided to the competent authorities of that Member State.

10. The relevant commercial documents relating to intra-Community transfers of dual-use items listed in Annex I shall indicate clearly that those items are subject to controls if exported from the Community. Relevant commercial documents include, in particular, any sales contract, order confirmation, invoice or dispatch note.

Article 23

1. A Dual-Use Coordination Group chaired by a representative of the Commission shall be set up. Each Member State shall appoint a representative to this Group.

It shall examine any question concerning the application of this Regulation which may be raised either by the chair or by a representative of a Member State.

2. The Chair of the Dual-Use Coordination Group or the Coordination Group shall, whenever it considers it to be necessary, consult exporters, brokers and other relevant stakeholders concerned by this Regulation.

▼M1

3. The Commission shall submit an annual report to the European Parliament on the activities, examinations and consultations of the Dual-Use Coordination Group, which shall be subject to Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents ( 9 ).

▼B

Article 24

Each Member State shall take appropriate measures to ensure proper enforcement of all the provisions of this Regulation. In particular, it shall lay down the penalties applicable to infringements of the provisions of this Regulation or of those adopted for its implementation. Those penalties must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

▼M1

Article 25

1. Each Member State shall inform the Commission of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions adopted in implementation of this Regulation, including the measures referred to in Article 24. The Commission shall forward the information to the other Member States.

2. Every 3 years the Commission shall review the implementation of this Regulation and present a comprehensive implementation and impact assessment report to the European Parliament and the Council, which may include proposals for its amendment. Member States shall provide to the Commission all appropriate information for the preparation of the report.

3. Special sections of the report shall deal with:

(a) the Dual-Use Coordination Group and its activities. Information that the Commission provides on the Dual-Use Coordination Group’s examinations and consultations shall be treated as confidential pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001. Information shall in any case be considered to be confidential if its disclosure is likely to have a significantly adverse effect upon the supplier or the source of such information;

(b) the implementation of Article 19(4), and shall report on the stage reached in the set-up of the secure and encrypted system for the exchange of information between Member States and the Commission;

(c) the implementation of Article 15(1);

(d) the implementation of Article 15(2);

(e) comprehensive information provided on the measures taken by the Member States pursuant to Article 24 and notified to the Commission under paragraph 1 of this Article.

4. No later than 31 December 2013, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and to the Council a report evaluating the implementation of this Regulation with a specific focus on the implementation of Annex IIb, Union General Export Authorisation No EU002, accompanied by, if appropriate, a legislative proposal to amend this Regulation, in particular as regards the issue of low-value shipments.

▼M1

Article 25a

Without prejudice to the provisions on mutual administrative assistance agreements or protocols in customs matters concluded between the Union and third countries, the Council may authorise the Commission to negotiate with third countries agreements providing for the mutual recognition of export controls of dual-use items covered by this Regulation and in particular to eliminate authorisation requirements for re-exports within the territory of the Union. These negotiations shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures established in Article 207(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, as appropriate.

▼B

Article 26

This Regulation does not affect:

— the application of Article 296 of the Treaty establishing the European Community,

— the application of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community.

Article 27

Regulation (EC) No 1334/2000 is repealed with effect from 27 August 2009.

However, for export authorisation applications made before 27 August 2009, the relevant provisions of Regulation (EC) No 1334/2000 shall continue to apply.

References to the repealed Regulation shall be construed as references to this Regulation and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table in Annex VI.

Article 28

This Regulation shall enter into force 90 days after the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.









ANNEX I

List referred to in Article 3 of this Regulation

LIST OF DUAL-USE ITEMS

This list implements internationally agreed dual-use controls including the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the Nuclear Suppliers' Group (NSG), the Australia Group and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

CONTENTS

Notes Definitions Acronyms and abbreviations Category 0 Nuclear materials, facilities and equipment Category 1 Special materials and related equipment Category 2 Materials Processing Category 3 Electronics Category 4 Computers Category 5 Telecommunications and ‘information security’ Category 6 Sensors and lasers Category 7 Navigation and avionics Category 8 Marine Category 9 Aerospace and Propulsion

GENERAL NOTES TO ANNEX I

1. For control of goods which are designed or modified for military use, see the relevant list(s) of controls on military goods maintained by individual Member States. References in this Annex that state ‘SEE ALSO MILITARY GOODS CONTROLS’ refer to the same lists.

2. The object of the controls contained in this Annex should not be defeated by the export of any non-controlled goods (including plant) containing one or more controlled components when the controlled component or components are the principal element of the goods and can feasibly be removed or used for other purposes. N.B.: In judging whether the controlled component or components are to be considered the principal element, it is necessary to weigh the factors of quantity, value and technological know-how involved and other special circumstances which might establish the controlled component or components as the principal element of the goods being procured.

3. Goods specified in this Annex include both new and used goods.

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY NOTE (NTN)

(To be read in conjunction with section E of Category 0.)

The ‘technology’ directly associated with any goods controlled in Category 0 is controlled according to the provisions of Category 0.

‘Technology’ for the ‘development’, ‘production’ or ‘use’ of goods under control remains under control even when applicable to non-controlled goods.

The approval of goods for export also authorizes the export to the same end-user of the minimum ‘technology’ required for the installation, operation, maintenance and repair of the goods.

Controls on ‘technology’ transfer do not apply to information ‘in the public domain’ or to ‘basic scientific research’.

GENERAL TECHNOLOGY NOTE (GTN)

(To be read in conjunction with section E of Categories 1 to 9.)

The export of ‘technology’ which is ‘required’ for the ‘development’, ‘production’ or ‘use’ of goods controlled in Categories 1 to 9, is controlled according to the provisions of Categories 1 to 9.

‘Technology’‘required’ for the ‘development’, ‘production’ or ‘use’ of goods under control remains under control even when applicable to non-controlled goods.

Controls do not apply to that ‘technology’ which is the minimum necessary for the installation, operation, maintenance (checking) and repair of those goods which are not controlled or whose export has been authorised.

N.B.: This does not release such ‘technology’ specified in 1E002.e., 1E002.f., 8E002.a. and 8E002.b.

Controls on ‘technology’ transfer do not apply to information ‘in the public domain’, to ‘basic scientific research’ or to the minimum necessary information for patent applications.

GENERAL SOFTWARE NOTE (GSN)

(This note overrides any control within section D of Categories 0 to 9.)

Categories 0 to 9 of this list do not control ‘software’ which is either:

a. Generally available to the public by being: 1. Sold from stock at retail selling points, without restriction, by means of: a. Over-the-counter transactions; b. Mail order transactions; c. Electronic transactions; or d. Telephone order transactions; and 2. Designed for installation by the user without further substantial support by the supplier; or N.B. Entry a. of the General Software Note does not release ‘software’ specified in Category 5 — Part 2 (‘Information Security’).

b. ‘In the public domain’.

EDITORIAL PRACTICES IN THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EC

In accordance with the rules set out in paragraph 101 on page 86 of the Interinstitutional style guide (1997 edition), for texts in English published in the Official Journal of the European Communities:

— a comma is used to separate the whole number from the decimals,

— whole numbers are presented in series of three, each series being separated by a thin space.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED IN THIS ANNEX

Definitions of terms between ‘single quotation marks’ are given in a Technical Note to the relevant item.

Definitions of terms between ‘double quotation marks’ are as follows:

N.B.: Category references are given in brackets after the defined term.

‘Accuracy’ (2 6), usually measured in terms of inaccuracy, means the maximum deviation, positive or negative, of an indicated value from an accepted standard or true value.

‘Active flight control systems’ (7) are systems that function to prevent undesirable ‘aircraft’ and missile motions or structural loads by autonomously processing outputs from multiple sensors and then providing necessary preventive commands to effect automatic control.

‘Active pixel’ (6 8) is a minimum (single) element of the solid state array which has a photoelectric transfer function when exposed to light (electromagnetic) radiation.

‘Adapted for use in war’ (1) means any modification or selection (such as altering purity, shelf life, virulence, dissemination characteristics, or resistence to UV radiation) designed to increase the effectiveness in producing casualties in humans or animals, degrading equipment or damaging crops or the environment.

‘Adjusted Peak Performance’ (4) is an adjusted peak rate at which ‘digital computers’ perform 64-bit or larger floating point additions and multiplications, and is expressed in Weighted TeraFLOPS (WT) with units of 1012 adjusted floating point operations per second. N.B.: See Category 4, Technical Note.

‘Aircraft’ (1 7 9) means a fixed wing, swivel wing, rotary wing (helicopter), tilt rotor or tilt-wing airborne vehicle. N.B.: See also ‘civil aircraft’.

‘All compensations available’ (2) means after all feasible measures available to the manufacturer to minimise all systematic positioning errors for the particular machine-tool model are considered.

‘Allocated by the ITU’ (3 5) means the allocation of frequency bands according to the current edition of the ITU Radio Regulations for primary, permitted and secondary services. N.B.: Additional and alternative allocations are not included.

‘Angle random walk’ (7) means the angular error build up with time that is due to white noise in angular rate. (IEEE STD 528-2001)

‘Angular position deviation’ (2) means the maximum difference between angular position and the actual, very accurately measured angular position after the workpiece mount of the table has been turned out of its initial position (ref. VDI/VDE 2617, Draft: ‘Rotary tables on coordinate measuring machines’).

‘APP’ (4) is equivalent to ‘Adjusted Peak Performance’.

‘Asymmetric algorithm’ (5) means a cryptographic algorithm using different, mathematically-related keys for encryption and decryption. N.B.: A common use of ‘asymmetric algorithms’ is key management.

‘Automatic target tracking’ (6) means a processing technique that automatically determines and provides as output an extrapolated value of the most probable position of the target in real time.

‘Average output power’ (6) means the total ‘laser’ output energy in joules divided by the ‘laser duration’ in seconds.

‘Basic gate propagation delay time’ (3) means the propagation delay time value corresponding to the basic gate used in a ‘monolithic integrated circuit’. For a ‘family’ of ‘monolithic integrated circuits’, this may be specified either as the propagation delay time per typical gate within the given ‘family’ or as the typical propagation delay time per gate within the given ‘family’. N.B. 1: ‘Basic gate propagation delay time’ is not to be confused with the input/output delay time of a complex ‘monolithic integrated circuit’. N.B. 2: ‘Family’ consists of all integrated circuits to which all of the following are applied as their manufacturing methodology and specifications except their respective functions: a. The common hardware and software architecture; b. The common design and process technology; and c. The common basic characteristics.

‘Basic scientific research’ (GTN NTN) means experimental or theoretical work undertaken principally to acquire new knowledge of the fundamental principles of phenomena or observable facts, not primarily directed towards a specific practical aim or objective.

‘Bias’ (accelerometer) (7) means the average over a specified time of accelerometer output, measured at specified operating conditions, that has no correlation with input acceleration or rotation. ‘Bias’ is expressed in g or in metres per second squared (g or m/s2). (IEEE Std 528-2001) (Micro g equals 1 × 10-6 g).

‘Bias’ (gyro) (7) means the average over a specified time of gyro output measured at specified operating conditions that has no correlation with input rotation or acceleration. ‘Bias’ is typically expressed in degrees per hour (deg/hr). (IEEE Std 528-2001).

‘Camming’ (2) means axial displacement in one revolution of the main spindle measured in a plane perpendicular to the spindle faceplate, at a point next to the circumference of the spindle faceplate (Reference: ISO 230/1 1986, paragraph 5.63).

‘Carbon fibre preforms’ (1) means an ordered arrangement of uncoated or coated fibres intended to constitute a framework of a part before the ‘matrix’ is introduced to form a ‘composite’.

‘CE’ is equivalent to ‘computing element’.

‘CEP’ (circle of equal probability) (7) is a measure of accuracy; the radius of the circle centred at the target, at a specific range, in which 50 % of the payloads impact.

‘Chemical laser’ (6) means a ‘laser’ in which the excited species is produced by the output energy from a chemical reaction.

‘Chemical mixture’ (1) means a solid, liquid or gaseous product made up of two or more components which do not react together under the conditions under which the mixture is stored.

‘Circulation-controlled anti-torque or circulation controlled direction control systems’ (7) are systems that use air blown over aerodynamic surfaces to increase or control the forces generated by the surfaces.

‘Civil aircraft’ (1 7 9) means those ‘aircraft’ listed by designation in published airworthiness certification lists by the civil aviation authorities to fly commercial civil internal and external routes or for legitimate civil, private or business use. N.B.: See also ‘aircraft’.

‘Commingled’ (1) means filament to filament blending of thermoplastic fibres and reinforcement fibres in order to produce a fibre reinforcement ‘matrix’ mix in total fibre form.

‘Comminution’ (1) means a process to reduce a material to particles by crushing or grinding.

‘Common channel signalling’ (5) is a signalling method in which a single channel between exchanges conveys, by means of labelled messages, signalling information relating to a multiplicity of circuits or calls and other information such as that used for network management.

‘Communications channel controller’ (4) means the physical interface which controls the flow of synchronous or asynchronous digital information. It is an assembly that can be integrated into computer or telecommunications equipment to provide communications access.

‘Compensation systems’ (6) consist of the primary scalar sensor, one or more reference sensors (e.g., vector magnetometers) together with software that permit reduction of rigid body rotation noise of the platform.

‘Composite’ (1 2 6 8 9) means a ‘matrix’ and an additional phase or additional phases consisting of particles, whiskers, fibres or any combination thereof, present for a specific purpose or purposes.

‘Compound rotary table’ (2) means a table allowing the workpiece to rotate and tilt about two non-parallel axes, which can be coordinated simultaneously for ‘contouring control’.

‘Computing element’ (‘CE’) (4) means the smallest computational unit that produces an arithmetic or logic result.

‘III/V compounds’ (3 6) means polycrystalline or binary or complex monocrystalline products consisting of elements of groups IIIA and VA of Mendeleyev's periodic classification table (e.g., gallium arsenide, gallium-aluminium arsenide, indium phosphide).

‘Contouring control’ (2) means two or more ‘numerically controlled’ motions operating in accordance with instructions that specify the next required position and the required feed rates to that position. These feed rates are varied in relation to each other so that a desired contour is generated (ref. ISO/DIS 2806-1980).

‘Critical temperature’ (1 3 6) (sometimes referred to as the transition temperature) of a specific ‘superconductive’ material means the temperature at which the material loses all resistance to the flow of direct electrical current.

‘Cryptography’ (5) means the discipline which embodies principles, means and methods for the transformation of data in order to hide its information content, prevent its undetected modification or prevent its unauthorized use. ‘Cryptography’ is limited to the transformation of information using one or more ‘secret parameters’ (e.g., crypto variables) or associated key management. N.B.: ‘Secret parameter’: a constant or key kept from the knowledge of others or shared only within a group.

‘CW laser’ (6) means a ‘laser’ that produces a nominally constant output energy for greater than 0,25 seconds.

‘Data-Based Referenced Navigation’ (‘DBRN’) (7) Systems means systems which use various sources of previously measured geo-mapping data integrated to provide accurate navigation information under dynamic conditions. Data sources include bathymetric maps, stellar maps, gravity maps, magnetic maps or 3-D digital terrain maps.

‘Deformable mirrors’ (6) (also known as adaptive optic mirrors) means mirrors having: a. A single continuous optical reflecting surface which is dynamically deformed by the application of individual torques or forces to compensate for distortions in the optical waveform incident upon the mirror; or b. Multiple optical reflecting elements that can be individually and dynamically repositioned by the application of torques or forces to compensate for distortions in the optical waveform incident upon the mirror.

‘Depleted uranium’ (0) means uranium depleted in the isotope 235 below that occurring in nature.

‘Development’ (GTN NTN All) is related to all phases prior to serial production, such as: design, design research, design analyses, design concepts, assembly and testing of prototypes, pilot production schemes, design data, process of transforming design data into a product, configuration design, integration design, layouts.

‘Diffusion bonding’ (1 2 9) means a solid state molecular joining of at least two separate metals into a single piece with a joint strength equivalent to that of the weakest material.

‘Digital computer’ (4 5) means equipment which can, in the form of one or more discrete variables, perform all of the following: a. Accept data; b. Store data or instructions in fixed or alterable (writable) storage devices; c. Process data by means of a stored sequence of instructions which is modifiable; and d. Provide output of data. N.B.: Modifications of a stored sequence of instructions include replacement of fixed storage devices, but not a physical change in wiring or interconnections.

‘Digital transfer rate’ (5) means the total bit rate of the information that is directly transferred on any type of medium. N.B.: See also ‘total digital transfer rate’.

‘Direct-acting hydraulic pressing’ (2) means a deformation process which uses a fluid-filled flexible bladder in direct contact with the workpiece.

‘Drift rate’ (gyro) (7) means the component of gyro output that is functionally independent of input rotation. It is expressed as an angular rate. (IEEE STD 528-2001).

‘Dynamic adaptive routing’ (5) means automatic rerouting of traffic based on sensing and analysis of current actual network conditions. N.B.: This does not include cases of routing decisions taken on predefined information.

‘Dynamic signal analysers’ (3) means ‘signal analysers’ which use digital sampling and transformation techniques to form a Fourier spectrum display of the given waveform including amplitude and phase information. N.B.: See also ‘signal analysers’.

‘Effective gramme’ (0 1) of ‘special fissile material’ means: a. For plutonium isotopes and uranium-233, the isotope weight in grammes; b. For uranium enriched 1 per cent or greater in the isotope uranium-235, the element weight in grammes multiplied by the square of its enrichment expressed as a decimal weight fraction; c. For uranium enriched below 1 per cent in the isotope uranium-235, the element weight in grammes multiplied by 0,0001;

‘Electronic assembly’ (2 3 4 5) means a number of electronic components (i.e., ‘circuit elements’, ‘discrete components’, integrated circuits, etc.) connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), replaceable as an entity and normally capable of being disassembled. N.B. 1: ‘Circuit element’: a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc. N.B. 2: ‘Discrete component’: a separately packaged ‘circuit element’ with its own external connections.

‘Electronically steerable phased array antenna’ (5 6) means an antenna which forms a beam by means of phase coupling, i.e., the beam direction is controlled by the complex excitation coefficients of the radiating elements and the direction of that beam can be varied in azimuth or in elevation, or both, by application, both in transmission and reception, of an electrical signal.

‘End-effectors’ (2) means grippers, ‘active tooling units’ and any other tooling that is attached to the baseplate on the end of a ‘robot’ manipulator arm. N.B.: ‘Active tooling unit’ means a device for applying motive power, process energy or sensing to the workpiece.

‘Equivalent Density’ (6) means the mass of an optic per unit optical area projected onto the optical surface.

‘Expert systems’ (7) mean systems providing results by application of rules to data which are stored independently of the ‘programme’ and capable of any of the following: a. Modifying automatically the ‘source code’ introduced by the user; b. Providing knowledge linked to a class of problems in quasi-natural language; or c. Acquiring the knowledge required for their development (symbolic training).

‘Explosives’ (1) means solid, liquid or gaseous substances or mixtures of substances which, in their application as primary, booster, or main charges in warheads, demolition and other applications, are required to detonate.

‘FADEC’ is equivalent to ‘full authority digital engine control’.

‘Fault tolerance’ (4) is the capability of a computer system, after any malfunction of any of its hardware or ‘software’ components, to continue to operate without human intervention, at a given level of service that provides: continuity of operation, data integrity and recovery of service within a given time.

‘Fibrous or filamentary materials’ (0 1 2 8) include: a. Continuous ‘monofilaments’; b. Continuous ‘yarns’ and ‘rovings’; c. ‘Tapes’, fabrics, random mats and braids; d. Chopped fibres, staple fibres and coherent fibre blankets; e. Whiskers, either monocrystalline or polycrystalline, of any length; f. Aromatic polyamide pulp.

‘Film type integrated circuit’ (3) means an array of ‘circuit elements’ and metallic interconnections formed by deposition of a thick or thin film on an insulating ‘substrate’. N.B.: ‘Circuit element’ is a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.

‘Fixed’ (5) means that the coding or compression algorithm cannot accept externally supplied parameters (e.g., cryptographic or key variables) and cannot be modified by the user.

‘Flight control optical sensor array’ (7) is a network of distributed optical sensors, using ‘laser’ beams, to provide real-time flight control data for on-board processing.

‘Flight path optimisation’ (7) is a procedure that minimizes deviations from a four-dimensional (space and time) desired trajectory based on maximizing performance or effectiveness for mission tasks.

‘Focal plane array’ (6) means a linear or two-dimensional planar layer, or combination of planar layers, of individual detector elements, with or without readout electronics, which work in the focal plane. N.B.: This is not intended to include a stack of single detector elements or any two, three or four element detectors provided time delay and integration is not performed within the element.

‘Fractional bandwidth’ (3 5) means the ‘instantaneous bandwidth’ divided by the centre frequency, expressed as a percentage.

‘Frequency hopping’ (5) means a form of ‘spread spectrum’ in which the transmission frequency of a single communication channel is made to change by a random or pseudo-random sequence of discrete steps.

‘Frequency switching time’ (3 5) means the maximum time (i.e., delay), taken by a signal, when switched from one selected output frequency to another selected output frequency, to reach: a. A frequency within 100 Hz of the final frequency; or b. An output level within 1 dB of the final output level.

‘Frequency synthesiser’ (3) means any kind of frequency source or signal generator, regardless of the actual technique used, providing a multiplicity of simultaneous or alternative output frequencies, from one or more outputs, controlled by, derived from or disciplined by a lesser number of standard (or master) frequencies.

‘Full Authority Digital Engine Control’ (‘FADEC’) (7 9) means an electronic control system for gas turbine or combined cycle engines utilising a digital computer to control the variables required to regulate engine thrust or shaft power output throughout the engine operating range from the beginning of fuel metering to fuel shutoff.

‘Fusible’ (1) means capable of being cross-linked or polymerized further (cured) by the use of heat, radiation, catalysts, etc., or that can be melted without pyrolysis (charring).

‘Gas Atomisation’ (1) means a process to reduce a molten stream of metal alloy to droplets of 500 micrometre diameter or less by a high pressure gas stream.

‘Geographically dispersed’ (6) is where each location is distant from any other more than 1 500 m in any direction. Mobile sensors are always considered ‘geographically dispersed’.

‘Guidance set’ (7) means systems that integrate the process of measuring and computing a vehicles position and velocity (i.e. navigation) with that of computing and sending commands to the vehicles flight control systems to correct the trajectory.

‘Hot isostatic densification’ (2) means the process of pressurising a casting at temperatures exceeding 375 K (102 °C) in a closed cavity through various media (gas, liquid, solid particles, etc.) to create equal force in all directions to reduce or eliminate internal voids in the casting.

‘Hybrid computer’ (4) means equipment which can perform all of the following: a. Accept data; b. Process data, in both analogue and digital representations; and c. Provide output of data.

‘Hybrid integrated circuit’ (3) means any combination of integrated circuit(s), or integrated circuit with ‘circuit elements’ or ‘discrete components’ connected together to perform (a) specific function(s), and having all of the following characteristics: a. Containing at least one unencapsulated device; b. Connected together using typical IC production methods; c. Replaceable as an entity; and d. Not normally capable of being disassembled. N.B. 1: ‘Circuit element’: a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc. N.B. 2: ‘Discrete component’: a separately packaged ‘circuit element’ with its own external connections.

‘Image enhancement’ (4) means the processing of externally derived information-bearing images by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform). This does not include algorithms using only linear or rotational transformation of a single image, such as translation, feature extraction, registration or false coloration.

‘Immunotoxin’ (1) is a conjugate of one cell specific monoclonal antibody and a ‘toxin’ or ‘sub-unit of toxin’, that selectively affects diseased cells.

‘In the public domain’ (GTN NTN GSN), as it applies herein, means ‘technology’ or ‘software’ which has been made available without restrictions upon its further dissemination (copyright restrictions do not remove ‘technology’ or ‘software’ from being ‘in the public domain’).

‘Information security’ (4 5) is all the means and functions ensuring the accessibility, confidentiality or integrity of information or communications, excluding the means and functions intended to safeguard against malfunctions. This includes ‘cryptography’, ‘cryptanalysis’, protection against compromising emanations and computer security. N.B.: ‘Cryptanalysis’: analysis of a cryptographic system or its inputs and outputs to derive confidential variables or sensitive data, including clear text.

‘Instantaneous bandwidth’ (3 5 7) means the bandwidth over which output power remains constant within 3 dB without adjustment of other operating parameters.

‘Instrumented range’ (6) means the specified unambiguous display range of a radar.

‘Insulation’ (9) is applied to the components of a rocket motor, i.e. the case, nozzle, inlets, case closures, and includes cured or semi-cured compounded rubber sheet stock containing an insulating or refractory material. It may also be incorporated as stress relief boots or flaps.

‘Interconnected radar sensors’ (6) means two or more radar sensors are interconnected when they mutually exchange data in real time.

‘Interior lining’ (9) is suited for the bond interface between the solid propellant and the case or insulating liner. Usually a liquid polymer based dispersion of refractory or insulating materials, e.g. carbon filled hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) or other polymer with added curing agents sprayed or screeded over a case interior.

‘Intrinsic Magnetic Gradiometer’ (6) is a single magnetic field gradient sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient. N.B.: See also ‘magnetic gradiometer’.

‘Isolated live cultures’ (1) includes live cultures in dormant form and in dried preparations.

‘Isostatic presses’ (2) mean equipment capable of pressurising a closed cavity through various media (gas, liquid, solid particles, etc.) to create equal pressure in all directions within the cavity upon a workpiece or material.

‘Laser’ (0 2 3 5 6 7 8 9) is an assembly of components which produce both spatially and temporally coherent light that is amplified by stimulated emission of radiation. N.B.: See also: ‘Chemical laser’; ‘Q-switched laser’; ‘Super High Power Laser’; ‘Transfer laser’.

‘Laser duration’ (6) means the time over which a ‘laser’ emits ‘laser’ radiation, which for ‘pulsed lasers’ corresponds to the time over which a single pulse or series of consecutive pulses is emitted.

‘Lighter-than-air vehicles’ (9) means balloons and airships that rely on hot air or other lighter-than-air gases such as helium or hydrogen for their lift.

‘Linearity’ (2) (usually measured in terms of non-linearity) means the maximum deviation of the actual characteristic (average of upscale and downscale readings), positive or negative, from a straight line so positioned as to equalise and minimise the maximum deviations.

‘Local area network’ (4 5) is a data communication system having all of the following characteristics: a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent ‘data devices’ to communicate directly with each other; and b. Is confined to a geographical area of moderate size (e.g., office building, plant, campus, warehouse). N.B.: ‘Data device’ means equipment capable of transmitting or receiving sequences of digital information.

‘Magnetic Gradiometers’ (6) are instruments designed to detect the spatial variation of magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of multiple ‘magnetometers’ and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient. N.B.: See also ‘intrinsic magnetic gradiometer’.

‘Magnetometers’ (6) are instruments designed to detect magnetic fields from sources external to the instrument. They consist of a single magnetic field sensing element and associated electronics the output of which is a measure of the magnetic field.

‘Main storage’ (4) means the primary storage for data or instructions for rapid access by a central processing unit. It consists of the internal storage of a ‘digital computer’ and any hierarchical extension thereto, such as cache storage or non-sequentially accessed extended storage.

‘Materials resistant to corrosion by UF6’ (0) may be copper, stainless steel, aluminium, aluminium oxide, aluminium alloys, nickel or alloy containing 60 weight percent or more nickel and UF6- resistant fluorinated hydrocarbon polymers, as appropriate for the type of separation process.

‘Matrix’ (1 2 8 9) means a substantially continuous phase that fills the space between particles, whiskers or fibres.

‘Measurement uncertainty’ (2) is the characteristic parameter which specifies in what range around the output value the correct value of the measurable variable lies with a confidence level of 95 %. It includes the uncorrected systematic deviations, the uncorrected backlash and the random deviations (ref. ISO 10360-2, or VDI/VDE 2617).

‘Mechanical Alloying’ (1) means an alloying process resulting from the bonding, fracturing and rebonding of elemental and master alloy powders by mechanical impact. Non-metallic particles may be incorporated in the alloy by addition of the appropriate powders.

‘Melt Extraction’ (1) means a process to ‘solidify rapidly’ and extract a ribbon-like alloy product by the insertion of a short segment of a rotating chilled block into a bath of a molten metal alloy. N.B.: ‘Solidify rapidly’: solidification of molten material at cooling rates exceeding 1,000 K/s.

‘Melt Spinning’ (1) means a process to ‘solidify rapidly’ a molten metal stream impinging upon a rotating chilled block, forming a flake, ribbon or rod-like product. N.B.: ‘Solidify rapidly’: solidification of molten material at cooling rates exceeding 1,000 K/s.

‘Microcomputer microcircuit’ (3) means a ‘monolithic integrated circuit’ or ‘multichip integrated circuit’ containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing general purpose instructions from an internal storage, on data contained in the internal storage. N.B.: The internal storage may be augmented by an external storage.

‘Microprocessor microcircuit’ (3) means a ‘monolithic integrated circuit’ or ‘multichip integrated circuit’ containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing a series of general purpose instructions from an external storage. N.B. 1: The ‘microprocessor microcircuit’ normally does not contain integral user-accessible storage, although storage present on-the-chip may be used in performing its logic function. N.B. 2: This includes chip sets which are designed to operate together to provide the function of a ‘microprocessor microcircuit’.

‘Microorganisms’ (1 2) means bacteria, viruses, mycoplasms, rickettsiae, chlamydiae or fungi, whether natural, enhanced or modified, either in the form of ‘isolated live cultures’ or as material including living material which has been deliberately inoculated or contaminated with such cultures.

‘Missiles’ (1 3 6 7 9) means complete rocket systems and unmanned aerial vehicle systems, capable of delivering at least 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km.

‘Monofilament’ (1) or filament is the smallest increment of fibre, usually several micrometres in diameter.

‘Monolithic integrated circuit’ (3) means a combination of passive or active ‘circuit elements’ or both which: a. Are formed by means of diffusion processes, implantation processes or deposition processes in or on a single semiconducting piece of material, a so-called ‘chip’; b. Can be considered as indivisibly associated; and c. Perform the function(s) of a circuit. N.B.: ‘Circuit element’ is a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.

‘Monospectral imaging sensors’ (6) are capable of acquisition of imaging data from one discrete spectral band.

‘Multichip integrated circuit’ (3) means two or more ‘monolithic integrated circuits’ bonded to a common ‘substrate’.

‘Multispectral imaging sensors’ (6) are capable of simultaneous or serial acquisition of imaging data from two or more discrete spectral bands. Sensors having more than twenty discrete spectral bands are sometimes referred to as hyperspectral imaging sensors.

‘Natural uranium’ (0) means uranium containing the mixtures of isotopes occurring in nature.

‘Network access controller’ (4) means a physical interface to a distributed switching network. It uses a common medium which operates throughout at the same ‘digital transfer rate’ using arbitration (e.g., token or carrier sense) for transmission. Independently from any other, it selects data packets or data groups (e.g., IEEE 802) addressed to it. It is an assembly that can be integrated into computer or telecommunications equipment to provide communications access.

‘Neural computer’ (4) means a computational device designed or modified to mimic the behaviour of a neuron or a collection of neurons, i.e., a computational device which is distinguished by its hardware capability to modulate the weights and numbers of the interconnections of a multiplicity of computational components based on previous data.

‘Nuclear reactor’ (0) means a complete reactor capable of operation so as to maintain a controlled self-sustaining fission chain reaction. A ‘nuclear reactor’ includes all the items within or attached directly to the reactor vessel, the equipment which controls the level of power in the core, and the components which normally contain, come into direct contact with or control the primary coolant of the reactor core.

‘Numerical control’ (2) means the automatic control of a process performed by a device that makes use of numeric data usually introduced as the operation is in progress (ref. ISO 2382).

‘Object code’ (9) means an equipment executable form of a convenient expression of one or more processes (‘source code’ (source language)) which has been converted by programming system.

‘Optical amplification’ (5), in optical communications, means an amplification technique that introduces a gain of optical signals that have been generated by a separate optical source, without conversion to electrical signals, i.e., using semiconductor optical amplifiers, optical fibre luminescent amplifiers.

‘Optical computer’ (4) means a computer designed or modified to use light to represent data and whose computational logic elements are based on directly coupled optical devices.

‘Optical integrated circuit’ (3) means a ‘monolithic integrated circuit’ or a ‘hybrid integrated circuit’, containing one or more parts designed to function as a photosensor or photoemitter or to perform (an) optical or (an) electro-optical function(s).

‘Optical switching’ (5) means the routing of or switching of signals in optical form without conversion to electrical signals.

‘Overall current density’ (3) means the total number of ampere-turns in the coil (i.e., the sum of the number of turns multiplied by the maximum current carried by each turn) divided by the total cross-section of the coil (comprising the superconducting filaments, the metallic matrix in which the superconducting filaments are embedded, the encapsulating material, any cooling channels, etc.).

‘Participating state’ (7 9) is a state participating in the Wassenaar Arrangement. (See www.wassenaar.org)

‘Peak power’ (6), means the highest level of power attained in the ‘laser duration’.

‘Personal area network’ (5) means a data communication system having all of the following characteristics: a. Allows an arbitrary number of independent or interconnected ‘data devices’ to communicate directly with each other; and b. Is confined to the communication between devices within the immediate vicinity of an individual person or device controller (e.g., single room, office, or automobile). Technical Note: ‘Data device’ means equipment capable of transmitting or receiving sequences of digital information.

‘Personalized smart card’ (5) means a smart card or an electronically readable personal document (e.g., e-passport), containing a microcircuit which has been programmed for a specific application and cannot be reprogrammed for any other application by the user.

‘Power management’ (7) means changing the transmitted power of the altimeter signal so that received power at the ‘aircraft’ altitude is always at the minimum necessary to determine the altitude.

‘Pressure transducers’ (2) are devices that convert pressure measurements into an electrical signal.

‘Previously separated’ (0 1) means the application of any process intended to increase the concentration of the controlled isotope.

‘Primary flight control’ (7) means an ‘aircraft’ stability or manoeuvering control using force/moment generators, i.e., aerodynamic control surfaces or propulsive thrust vectoring.

‘Principal element’ (4), as it applies in Category 4, is a ‘principal element’ when its replacement value is more than 35 % of the total value of the system of which it is an element. Element value is the price paid for the element by the manufacturer of the system, or by the system integrator. Total value is the normal international selling price to unrelated parties at the point of manufacture or consolidation of shipment.

‘Production’ (GTN NTN All) means all production phases, such as: construction, production engineering, manufacture, integration, assembly (mounting), inspection, testing, quality assurance.

‘Production equipment’ (1 7 9) means tooling, templates, jigs, mandrels, moulds, dies, fixtures, alignment mechanisms, test equipment, other machinery and components therefor, limited to those specially designed or modified for ‘development’ or for one or more phases of ‘production’.

‘Production facilities’ (7 9) means equipment and specially designed software therefor integrated into installations for ‘development’ or for one or more phases of ‘production’.

‘Programme’ (2 6) means a sequence of instructions to carry out a process in, or convertible into, a form executable by an electronic computer.

‘Pulse compression’ (6) means the coding and processing of a radar signal pulse of long time duration to one of short time duration, while maintaining the benefits of high pulse energy.

‘Pulse duration’ (6) is the duration of a ‘laser’ pulse measured at Full Width Half Intensity (FWHI) levels.

‘Pulsed laser’ (6) means a ‘laser’ having a ‘pulse duration’ that is less than or equal to 0.25 seconds.

‘Quantum cryptography’ (5) means a family of techniques for the establishment of shared key for ‘cryptography’ by measuring the quantum-mechanical properties of a physical system (including those physical properties explicitly governed by quantum optics, quantum field theory or quantum electrodynamics).

‘Q-switched laser’ (6) means a ‘laser’ in which the energy is stored in the population inversion or in the optical resonator and subsequently emitted in a pulse.

‘Radar frequency agility’ (6) means any technique which changes, in a pseudo-random sequence, the carrier frequency of a pulsed radar transmitter between pulses or between groups of pulses by an amount equal to or larger than the pulse bandwidth.

‘Radar spread spectrum’ (6) means any modulation technique for spreading energy originating from a signal with a relatively narrow frequency band, over a much wider band of frequencies, by using random or pseudo-random coding.

‘Real-time bandwidth’ (3) for ‘dynamic signal analysers’ is the widest frequency range which the analyser can output to display or mass storage without causing any discontinuity in the analysis of the input data. For analysers with more than one channel, the channel configuration yielding the widest ‘real-time bandwidth’ shall be used to make the calculation.

‘Real time processing’ (6 7) means the processing of data by a computer system providing a required level of service, as a function of available resources, within a guaranteed response time, regardless of the load of the system, when stimulated by an external event.

‘Repeatability’ (7) means the closeness of agreement among repeated measurements of the same variable under the same operating conditions when changes in conditions or non-operating periods occur between measurements. (Reference: IEEE STD 528-2001 (one sigma standard deviation))

‘Required’ (GTN 1-9), as applied to ‘technology’, refers to only that portion of ‘technology’ which is peculiarly responsible for achieving or extending the controlled performance levels, characteristics or functions. Such ‘required’‘technology’ may be shared by different goods.

‘Resolution’ (2) means the least increment of a measuring device; on digital instruments, the least significant bit (ref. ANSI B-89.1.12).

‘Riot control agent’ (1) means substances which, under the expected conditions of use for riot control purposes, produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure. Technical Note: Tear gases are a subset of ‘riot control agents’.

‘Robot’ (2 8) means a manipulation mechanism, which may be of the continuous path or of the point-to-point variety, may use sensors, and has all the following characteristics: a. Is multifunctional; b. Is capable of positioning or orienting material, parts, tools or special devices through variable movements in three dimensional space; c. Incorporates three or more closed or open loop servo-devices which may include stepping motors; and d. Has ‘user accessible programmability’ by means of teach/playback method or by means of an electronic computer which may be a programmable logic controller, i.e., without mechanical intervention. N.B.: The above definition does not include the following devices: 1. Manipulation mechanisms which are only manually/teleoperator controllable; 2. Fixed sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are not variable or changeable by mechanical, electronic or electrical means; 3. Mechanically controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is mechanically limited by fixed, but adjustable stops, such as pins or cams. The sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are variable within the fixed programme pattern. Variations or modifications of the programme pattern (e.g., changes of pins or exchanges of cams) in one or more motion axes are accomplished only through mechanical operations; 4. Non-servo-controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions. The programme is variable but the sequence proceeds only by the binary signal from mechanically fixed electrical binary devices or adjustable stops; 5. Stacker cranes defined as Cartesian coordinate manipulator systems manufactured as an integral part of a vertical array of storage bins and designed to access the contents of those bins for storage or retrieval.

‘Rotary atomisation’ (1) means a process to reduce a stream or pool of molten metal to droplets to a diameter of 500 micrometre or less by centrifugal force.

‘Roving’ (1) is a bundle (typically 12-120) of approximately parallel ‘strands’. N.B.: ‘Strand’ is a bundle of ‘monofilaments’ (typically over 200) arranged approximately parallel.

‘Run-out’ (2) (out-of-true running) means radial displacement in one revolution of the main spindle measured in a plane perpendicular to the spindle axis at a point on the external or internal revolving surface to be tested (Reference: ISO 230/1 1986, paragraph 5.61).

‘Scale factor’ (gyro or accelerometer) (7) means the ratio of change in output to a change in the input intended to be measured. Scale factor is generally evaluated as the slope of the straight line that can be fitted by the method of least squares to input-output data obtained by varying the input cyclically over the input range.

‘Settling time’ (3) means the time required for the output to come within one-half bit of the final value when switching between any two levels of the converter.

‘SHPL’ is equivalent to ‘super high power laser’.

‘Signal analysers’ (3) means apparatus capable of measuring and displaying basic properties of the single-frequency components of multi-frequency signals.

‘Signal processing’ (3 4 5 6) means the processing of externally derived information-bearing signals by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform).

‘Software’ (GSN All) means a collection of one or more ‘programmes’ or ‘microprogrammes’ fixed in any tangible medium of expression. N.B.: ‘Microprogramme’ means a sequence of elementary instructions, maintained in a special storage, the execution of which is initiated by the introduction of its reference instruction into an instruction register.

‘Source code’ (or source language) (4 6 7 9) is a convenient expression of one or more processes which may be turned by a programming system into equipment executable form (‘object code’ (or object language)).

‘Spacecraft’ (7 9) means active and passive satellites and space probes.

‘Space-qualified’ (3 6) refers to products designed, manufactured and tested to meet the special electrical, mechanical or environmental requirements for use in the launch and deployment of satellites or high altitude flight systems operating at altitudes of 100 km or higher.

‘Special fissile material’ (0) means plutonium-239, uranium-233, ‘uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233’, and any material containing the foregoing.

‘Specific modulus’ (0 1 9) is Young's modulus in pascals, equivalent to N/m2 divided by specific weight in N/m3, measured at a temperature of (296 ± 2) K ((23 ± 2) °C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%.

‘Specific tensile strength’ (0 1 9) is ultimate tensile strength in pascals, equivalent to N/m2 divided by specific weight in N/m3, measured at a temperature of (296 ± 2) K ((23 ± 2) °C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5) %.

‘Splat Quenching’ (1) means a process to ‘solidify rapidly’ a molten metal stream impinging upon a chilled block, forming a flake-like product. N.B.: ‘Solidify rapidly’ solidification of molten material at cooling rates exceeding 1,000 K/s.

‘Spread spectrum’ (5) means the technique whereby energy in a relatively narrow-band communication channel is spread over a much wider energy spectrum.

‘Spread spectrum’ radar (6) — see ‘Radar spread spectrum’

‘Stability’ (7) means the standard deviation (1 sigma) of the variation of a particular parameter from its calibrated value measured under stable temperature conditions. This can be expressed as a function of time.

‘States (not) Party to the Chemical Weapon Convention’ (1) are those states for which the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons has (not) entered into force. (See www.opcw.org)

‘Substrate’ (3) means a sheet of base material with or without an interconnection pattern and on which or within which ‘discrete components’ or integrated circuits or both can be located. N.B. 1: ‘Discrete component’: a separately packaged ‘circuit element’ with its own external connections. N.B. 2: ‘Circuit element’: a single active or passive functional part of an electronic circuit, such as one diode, one transistor, one resistor, one capacitor, etc.

‘Substrate blanks’ (6) means monolithic compounds with dimensions suitable for the production of optical elements such as mirrors or optical windows.

‘Sub-unit of toxin’ (1) is a structurally and functionally discrete component of a whole ‘toxin’.

‘Superalloys’ (2 9) means nickel-, cobalt- or iron-base alloys having strengths superior to any alloys in the AISI 300 series at temperatures over 922 K (649 °C) under severe environmental and operating conditions.

‘Superconductive’ (1 3 6 8) means materials, i.e., metals, alloys or compounds, which can lose all electrical resistance, i.e., which can attain infinite electrical conductivity and carry very large electrical currents without Joule heating. N.B.: The ‘superconductive’ state of a material is individually characterised by a ‘critical temperature’, a critical magnetic field, which is a function of temperature, and a critical current density which is, however, a function of both magnetic field and temperature.

‘Super High Power Laser’ (‘SHPL’) (6) means a ‘laser’ capable of delivering (the total or any portion of) the output energy exceeding 1 kJ within 50 ms or having an average or CW power exceeding 20 kW.

‘Superplastic forming’ (1 2) means a deformation process using heat for metals that are normally characterised by low values of elongation (less than 20 %) at the breaking point as determined at room temperature by conventional tensile strength testing, in order to achieve elongations during processing which are at least 2 times those values.

‘Symmetric algorithm’ (5) means a cryptographic algorithm using an identical key for both encryption and decryption. N.B. A common use of ‘symmetric algorithms’ is confidentiality of data.

‘System tracks’ (6) means processed, correlated (fusion of radar target data to flight plan position) and updated aircraft flight position report available to the Air Traffic Control centre controllers.

‘Systolic array computer’ (4) means a computer where the flow and modification of the data is dynamically controllable at the logic gate level by the user.

‘Tape’ (1) is a material constructed of interlaced or unidirectional ‘monofilaments’, ‘strands’, ‘rovings’, ‘tows’, or ‘yarns’, etc., usually preimpregnated with resin. N.B.: ‘Strand’ is a bundle of ‘monofilaments’ (typically over 200) arranged approximately parallel.

‘Technology’ (GTN NTN All) means specific information necessary for the ‘development’, ‘production’ or ‘use’ of goods. This information takes the form of ‘technical data’ or ‘technical assistance’. N.B.: 1: ‘Technical assistance’ may take forms such as instructions, skills, training, working knowledge and consulting services and may involve the transfer of ‘technical data’. N.B. 2: ‘Technical data’ may take forms such as blueprints, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, tables, engineering designs and specifications, manuals and instructions written or recorded on other media or devices such as disk, tape, read-only memories.

‘Tilting spindle’ (2) means a tool-holding spindle which alters, during the