E 100 CURCUMIN

Synonyms CI Natural Yellow 3, Turmeric Yellow, Diferoyl Methane

Definition Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes of natural strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin powder, the extract is purified by crystallisation. The product consists essentially of curcumins; i.e. the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occuring in turmeric may be present. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane.

Class Dicinnamoylmethane

Colour Index No 75300

Einecs 207-280-5

Chemical names I 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione II 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione III 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione

Chemical formula I C21H20O6 II C20H18O5 III C19H16O4

Molecular weight I. 368,39 II. 338,39 III. 308,39

Assay Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters E1 cm 1 %1 607 at ca 426 nm in ethanol

Description Orange-yellow crystalline powder

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in ethanol at ca 426 nm

B. Melting Range 179 °C-182 °C

Purity

Solvent residues Ethylacetate Acetone n-butanol Methanol Ethanol Hexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 101 (i) RIBOFLAVIN

Synonyms Lactoflavin

Class Isoalloxazine

Einecs 201-507-1

Chemical names 7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione 7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine

Chemical formula C17H20N4O6

Molecular weight 376,37

Assay Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis E1 cm 1 % 328 at ca 444 nm in aqueous solution

Description Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour

Identification

A. Spectrometry The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33 The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,36 and 0,39 in aqueous solution

Maximum in water at ca 444 nm

B. Specific rotation [α]D20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution

Purity

Loss on drying Not more than 1,5 % after drying at 105 °C for 4 hrs

Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %

Primary aromatic amines Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 101 (ii) RIBOFLAVIN-5′-PHOSPHATE

Synonyms Riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium

Definition These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate

Class Isoalloxazine

Einecs 204-988-6

Chemical names Monosodium (2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate; monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin

Chemical formula For the dihydrate form: C17H20N4NaO9P·2H2O For the anhydrous form: C17H20N4NaO9P

Molecular weight 541,36

Assay Content not less than 95 % total colouring matters calculated as C17H20N4NaO9P·2H2O E1 cm 1 % 250 at ca 375 nm in aqueous solution

Description Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour and a bitter taste

Identification

A. Spectrometry The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34 The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,35 and 0,40 in aqueous solution

Maximum in water at ca 444 nm

B. Specific rotation [α]D20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution

Purity

Loss on drying Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hrs in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form

Sulfated ash Not more than 25 %

Inorganic phosphate Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis)

Subsidiary colouring matters Riboflavin (free): Not more than 6 % Riboflavine diphosphate: Not more than 6 %

Primary aromatic amines Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 102 TARTRAZINE

Synonyms CI Food Yellow 4

Definition Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 19140

Einecs 217-699-5

Chemical names Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Chemical formula C16H9N4Na3O9S2

Molecular weight 534,37

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 % 530 at ca 426 nm in aqueous solution

Description Light orange powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 426 nm

B. Yellow solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-hydrazinobenzene sulfonic acid 4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid 5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid 4,4′-diazoaminodi (benzene sulfonic acid) Tetrahydroxysuccinic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 104 QUINOLINE YELLOW

Synonyms CI Food Yellow 13

Definition Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione. Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the above compound and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Chinophthalone

Colour Index No 47005

Einecs 305-897-5

Chemical name The disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione (principal component)

Chemical formula C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component)

Molecular weight 477,38 (principal component)

Assay Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt Quinoline Yellow shall have the following composition: Of the total colouring matters present: — not less than 80 % shall be disodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-disulfonates — not more than 15 % shall be sodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-monosulfonates — not more than 7,0 % shall be trisodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-trisulfonate E1 cm 1 % 865 (principal component) at ca 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution

Description Yellow powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous acetic acid solution of pH 5 at ca 411 nm

B. Yellow solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 4,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline-sulfonic acid Phthalic acid 2,6-dimethyl quinoline 2,6-dimethyl quinoline sulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione Not more than 4 mg/kg

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 110 SUNSET YELLOW FCF

Synonyms CI Food Yellow 3, Orange Yellow S

Definition Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 15985

Einecs 220-491-7

Chemical names Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate

Chemical formula C16H10N2Na2O7S2

Molecular weight 452,37

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 % 555 at ca 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description Orange-red powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 485 nm at pH 7

B. Orange solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 5,0 %

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (Sudan I) Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid 4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid) 6,6′-oxydi(naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid) Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 120 COCHINEAL, CARMINIC ACID, CARMINES

Definition Carmines and carminic acid are obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa. The colouring principle is carminic acid. Aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines) can be formed in which aluminium and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2. In commercial products the colouring principle is present in association with ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination, and these cations may also be present in excess. Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the source insect, and may also contain free carminate or a small residue of unbound aluminium cations.

Class Anthraquinone

Colour Index No 75470

Einecs Cochineal: 215-680-6; carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4

Chemical names 7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this acid

Chemical formula C22H20O13 (carminic acid)

Molecular weight 492,39 (carminic acid)

Assay Content not less than 2,0 % carminic acid in the extracts containing carminic acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates.

Description Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder. Cochineal extract is generally a dark red liquid but can also be dried as a powder.

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca 518 nm Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca 494 nm for carminic acid

Purity

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 122 AZORUBINE, CARMOISINE

Synonyms CI Food Red 3

Definition Azorubine consists essentially of disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 14720

Einecs 222-657-4

Chemical name Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate

Chemical formula C20H12N2Na2O7S2

Molecular weight 502,44

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 % 510 at ca 516 nm in aqueous solution

Description Red to maroon powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 516 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 123 AMARANTH

Synonyms CI Food Red 9

Definition Amaranth consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 16185

Einecs 213-022-2

Chemical name Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

Chemical formula C20H11N2Na3O10S3

Molecular weight 604,48

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 % 440 at ca 520 nm in aqueous solution

Description Reddish-brown powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 520 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 124 PONCEAU 4R, COCHINEAL RED A

Synonyms CI Food Red 7, New Coccine

Definition Ponceau 4R consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 16255

Einecs 220-036-2

Chemical name Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate

Chemical formula C20H11N2Na3O10S3

Molecular weight 604,48

Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt. E1 cm 1 % 430 at ca 505 nm in aqueous solution

Description Reddish powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 505 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 127 ERYTHROSINE

Synonyms CI Food Red 14

Definition Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Xanthen

Colour Index No 45430

Einecs 240-474-8

Chemical name Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate

Chemical formula C20H6I4Na2O5.H2O

Molecular weight 897,88

Assay Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous sodium salt E1 cm 1 %1 100 at ca 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description Red powder or granules.

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 526 nm at pH 7

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Inorganic iodides calculated as sodium iodide Not more than 0,1 %

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters (except fluorescein) Not more than 4,0 %

Fluorescein Not more than 20 mg/kg

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Tri-iodoresorcinol Not more than 0,2 %

2-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diodobenzoyl) benzoic acid Not more than 0,2 %

Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

Aluminium Lakes The hydrochloric acid insoluble matter method is not applicable. It is replaced by a sodium hydroxide insoluble matter, at not more than 0,5 %, for this colour only.

E 128 RED 2G

Synonyms CI Food Red 10, Azogeranine

Definition Red 2G consists essentially of disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Red 2G is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 18050

Einecs 223-098-9

Chemical name Disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazo-naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

Chemical formula C18H13N3Na2O8S2

Molecular weight 509,43

Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 % 620 at ca 532 nm in aqueous solution

Description Red powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 532 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

5-acetamido-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 129 ALLURA RED AC

Synonyms CI Food Red 17

Definition Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 16035

Einecs 247-368-0

Chemical name Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate

Chemical formula C18H14N2Na2O8S2

Molecular weight 496,42

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 % 540 at ca 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description Dark red powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 504 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt Not more than 0,3 %

4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenezene sulfonic acid Not more than 0,2 %

6,6-oxybis (2-naphthalene sulfonic acid) disodium salt Not more than 1,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 131 PATENT BLUE V

Synonyms CI Food Blue 5

Definition Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate and/or calcium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. The potassium salt is also permitted.

Class Triarylmethane

Colour Index No 42051

Einecs 222-573-8

Chemical names The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt

Chemical formula Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Ca Sodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na

Molecular weight Calcium compound: 579,72 Sodium compound: 582,67

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 %2 000 at ca 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Description Dark-blue powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5

B. Blue solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

3-hydroxy benzaldehyde 3-hydroxy benzoic acid 3-hydroxy-4-sulfobenzoic acid N,N-diethylamino benzene sulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

Leuco base Not more than 4,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 132 INDIGOTINE, INDIGO CARMINE

Synonyms CI Food Blue 1

Definition Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate, and disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Indigoid

Colour Index No 73015

Einecs 212-728-8

Chemical names Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate

Chemical formula C16H8N2Na2O8S2

Molecular weight 466,36

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt; disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 % E1 cm 1 % 480 at ca 610 nm in aqueous solution

Description Dark-blue powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 610 nm

B. Blue solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Isatin-5-sulfonic acid 5-sulfoanthranilic acid Anthranilic acid Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 133 BRILLIANT BLUE FCF

Synonyms CI Food Blue 2

Definition Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Triarylmethane

Colour Index No 42090

Einecs 223-339-8

Chemical names Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate

Chemical formula C37H34N2Na2O9S3

Molecular weight 792,84

Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 %1 630 at ca 630 nm in aqueous solution

Description Reddish-blue powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 630 nm

B. Blue solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 6,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

Sum of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl benzene sulfonic acids Not more than 1,5 %

3-((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl) amino) methyl benzene sulfonic acid Not more than 0,3 %

Leuco base Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 140 (i) CHLOROPHYLLS

Synonyms CI Natural Green 3, Magnesium Chlorophyll, Magnesium Phaeophytin

Definition Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the naturally present co-ordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class Porphyrin

Colour Index No 75810

Einecs Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4

Chemical names The major colouring principles are: Phytyl (132 R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta [at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin a), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll a) Phytyl (132 R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin b), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll b)

Chemical formula Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5 Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5 Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6 Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6

Molecular weight Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51 Chlorophyll a: 871,22 Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49 Chlorophyll b: 885,20

Assay Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not less than 10 % E1 cm 1 % 700 at ca 409 nm in chloroform

Description Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the content of co-ordinated magnesium

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform at ca 409 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Acetone Methyl Ethyl ketone Methanol Ethanol Propan-2-ol Hexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 140 (ii) CHLOROPHYLLINS

Synonyms CI Natural Green 5, Sodium Chlorophyllin, Potassium Chlorophyllin

Definition The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent extract of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralized to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class Porphyrin

Colour Index No 75815

Einecs 287-483-3

Chemical names The major colouring principles in their acid forms are: — 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin a) — and — 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin b) Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function. Magnesium complexes may also be present.

Chemical formula Chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H34N4O5 Chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H32N4O6

Molecular weight Chlorophyllin a: 578,68 Chlorophyllin b: 592,66 Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

Assay Content of total chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at ca 100 °C for 1 hour. E1 cm 1 % 700 at ca 405 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9 E1 cm 1 % 140 at ca 653 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9

Description Dark green to blue/black powder

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9 at ca 405 nm and at ca 653 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Methanol Ethanol Propan-2-ol Hexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 141 (i) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS

Synonyms CI Natural Green 3, Copper Chlorophyll, Copper Phaeophytin

Definition Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the substance obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class Porphyrin

Colour Index No 75815

Einecs Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5

Chemical names [Phytyl (132 R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a) [Phytyl (132 R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b)

Chemical formula Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5 Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6

Molecular weight Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75 Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73

Assay Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %. E1 cm 1 % 540 at ca 422 nm in chloroform E1 cm 1 % 300 at ca 652 nm in chloroform

Description Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the source material

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform at ca 422 nm and at ca 652 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Methanol Ethanol Propan-2-ol Hexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Copper ions Not more than 200 mg/kg

Total copper Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins

E 141 (ii) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLINS

Synonyms Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin, Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin, CI Natural Green 5

Definition The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralized to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Class Porphyrin

Colour Index No 75815

Einecs

Chemical names The major colouring principles in their acid forms are: 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a) and 3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)

Chemical formula Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5 Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6

Molecular weight Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20 Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18 Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

Assay Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h. E1 cm 1 % 565 at ca 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 E1 cm 1 % 145 at ca 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

Description Dark green to blue/black powder

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca 405 nm and at ca 630 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Methanol Ethanol Propan-2-ol Hexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Copper ions Not more than 200 mg/kg

Total copper Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins

E 142 GREEN S

Synonyms CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS

Definition Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds. Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Triarylmethane

Colour Index No 44090

Einecs 221-409-2

Chemical names Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium; Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name).

Chemical formula C27H25N2NaO7S2

Molecular Weight 576,63

Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 %1 720 at ca 632 nm in aqueous solution

Description Dark blue or dark green powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 632 nm

B. Blue or green solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydryl alcohol Not more than 0,1 %

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone Not more than 0,1 %

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid Not more than 0,2 %

Leuco base Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 150a PLAIN CARAMEL

Definition Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelization, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites.

Einecs 232-435-9

Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose Not more than 50 %

Colour intensity (1) 0,01-0,12

Total nitrogen Not more than 0,1 %

Total sulphur Not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg

E 150b CAUSTIC SULPHITE CARAMEL

Definition Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used.

Einecs 232-435-9

Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1) 0,05-0,13

Total nitrogen Not more than 0,3 % (2)

Sulphur dioxide Not more than 0,2 % (2)

Total sulphur 0,3-3,5 % (2)

Sulphur bound by DEAE cellulose More than 40 %

Absorbance ratio of colour bound by DEAE cellulose 19-34

Absorbance ratio (A 280/560) Greater than 50

Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg

E 150c AMMONIA CARAMEL

Definition Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used.

Einecs 232-435-9

Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1) 0,08-0,36

Ammoniacal nitrogen Not more than 0,3 % (2)

4-methylimidazole Not more than 250 mg/kg (2)

2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole Not more than 10 mg/kg (2)

Total sulphur Not more than 0,2 % (2)

Total nitrogen 0,7-3,3 % (2)

Absorbance ratio of colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose 13-35

Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg

E 150d SULPHITE AMMONIA CARAMEL

Definition Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite).

Einecs 232-435-9

Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Purity

Colour bound by DEAE cellulose More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1) 0,10-0,60

Ammoniacal nitrogen Not more than 0,6 % (2)

Sulphur dioxide Not more than 0,2 % (2)

4-methylimidazole Not more than 250 mg/kg (2)

Total nitrogen 0,3-1,7 % (2)

Total sulphur 0,8-2,5 % (2)

Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of alcohol precipitate 0,7-2,7

Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate (3) 8-14

Absorbance ratio (A 280/560) Not more than 50

Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg

E 151 BRILLIANT BLACK BN, BLACK PN

Synonyms CI Food Black 1

Definition Brilliant Black BN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Brilliant Black BN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Bisazo

Colour Index No 28440

Einecs 219-746-5

Chemical names Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate

Chemical formula C28H17N5Na4O14S4

Molecular weight 867,69

Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt E1 cm 1 % 530 at ca 570 nm in solution

Description Black powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 570 nm

B. Black-bluish solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 10 % (expressed on the dye content)

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-acetamido-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid 4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid 8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 4,4′-diazoaminodi-(benzenesulfonic acid) Total not more than 0,8 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 153 VEGETABLE CARBON

Synonyms Vegetable black

Definition Vegetable carbon is produced by the carbonization of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The raw material is carbonised at high temperatures. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.

Colour Index No 77266

Einecs 215-609-9

Chemical names Carbon

Chemical formula C

Molecular weight 12,01

Assay Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis

Description Black powder, odourless and tasteless

Identification

A. Solubility Insoluble in water and organic solvents

B. Burning When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame

Purity

Ash (Total) Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons The extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction apparatus shall be colourless, and the fluorescence of the extract in ultraviolet light shall not be more intense than that of a solution of 0,100 mg of quinine sulfate in 1 000 ml of 0,01 M sulphuric acid.

Loss on drying Not more than 12 % (120 °C, 4 hrs)

Alkali soluble matter The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless

E 154 BROWN FK

Synonyms CI Food Brown 1

Definition Brown FK consists essentially of a mixture of: I sodium 4-(2,4-diaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate II sodium 4-(4,6-diamino-m-tolylazo) benzenesulfonate III disodium 4,4′-(4,6-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) IV disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) V disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-5-methyl-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) VI trisodium 4,4′,4″-(2,4-diaminobenzene-1,3,5-trisazo)tri-(benzenesulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Brown FK is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Azo (a mixture of mono-, bis- and trisazo colours)

Einecs

Chemical names A mixture of: I sodium 4-(2,4-diaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate II sodium 4-(4,6-diamino-m-tolylazo) benzenesulfonate III disodium 4,4′-(4,6-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) IV disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) V disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-5-methyl-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) VI trisodium 4,4′,4″-(2,4-diaminobenzene-1,3,5-trisazo)tri-(benzenesulfonate)

Chemical formula I C12H11N4NaO3S II C13H13N4NaO3S III C18H14N6Na2O6S2 IV C18H14N6Na2O6S2 V C19H16N6Na2O6S2 VI C24H17N8Na3O9S3

Molecular weight I 314,30 II 328,33 III 520,46 IV 520,46 V 534,47 VI 726,59

Assay Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters Of the total colouring matters present the proportions of the components shall not exceed: I 26 % II 17 % III 17 % IV 16 % V 20 % VI 16 %

Description Red-brown powder or granules

Identification

Orange to reddish solution

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 3,5 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid Not more than 0,7 %

m-phenylenediamine and 4-methyl-m-phenylenediamine Not more than 0,35 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines other than m-phenylene diamine and 4-methyl-m-phenylene diamine Not more than 0,007 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 155 BROWN HT

Synonyms CI Food Brown 3

Definition Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted.

Class Bisazo

Colour Index No 20285

Einecs 224-924-0

Chemical names Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate)

Chemical formula C27H18N4Na2O9S2

Molecular Weight 652,57

Assay Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt. E1 cm 1 % 403 at ca 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Description Reddish-brown powder or granules

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca 460 nm

B. Brown solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 10 % (TLC method)

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Not more than 0,7 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160a (i) MIXED CAROTENES

1. Plant carotenes

Synonyms CI Food Orange 5

Definition Mixed carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane (4), dichloromethane and carbon dioxide.

Class Carotenoid

Colour Index No 75130

Einecs 230-636-6

Chemical formula Beta-carotene: C40H56

Molecular weight Beta-carotene: 536,88

Assay Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats. E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Methanol Propan-2-ol Hexane Ethanol Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 5 mg/kg

2. Algal carotenes

Synonyms CI Food Orange 5

Definition Mixed carotenes may also be produced from natural strains of the algae Dunaliella salina, grown in large saline lakes located in Whyalla, South Australia. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

Class Carotenoid

Colour Index No 75130

Chemical formula Beta-Carotene: C40H56

Molecular weight Beta-Carotene: 536,88

Assay Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 % E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm

Purity

Natural tocopherols in edible oil Not more than 0,3 %

Lead Not more than 5 mg/kg

E 160a (ii) BETA-CAROTENE

1. Beta-carotene

Synonyms CI Food Orange 5

Definition These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.

Class Carotenoid

Colour Index No 40800

Einecs 230-636-6

Chemical names Beta-carotene, beta, beta-carotene

Chemical formula C40H56

Molecular weight 536,88

Assay Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene) E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Purity

Sulfated ash Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

2. Beta-carotene from Blakeslea trispora

Synonyms CI Food Orange 5

Definition Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of natural strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate, or isobutyl acetate followed by isopropyl alcohol, and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.

Class Carotenoid

Colour Index No 40800

Einecs 230-636-6

Chemical names Beta-carotene, beta,beta-carotene

Chemical formula C40H56

Molecular weight 536,88

Assay Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene) E1 cm 1 %2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Description Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Ethyl acetate Ethanol Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination

Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %

Isopropyl alcohol: Not more than 0,1 %

Sulfated ash Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

Mycotoxins:

Aflatoxin B1 Absent

Trichothecene (T2) Absent

Ochratoxin Absent

Zearalenone Absent

Microbiology:

Moulds Not more than 100/g

Yeasts Not more than 100/g

Salmonella Absent in 25 g

Escherichia coli Absent in 5 g

E 160b ANNATTO, BIXIN, NORBIXIN

Synonyms CI Natural Orange 4

Definition

Class Carotenoid

Colour Index No 75120

Einecs Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7

Chemical names Bixin: 6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate 6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate Norbixin: 9′Cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid 9′-Trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid

Chemical formula Bixin: C25H30O4 Norbixin: C24H28O4

Molecular weight Bixin: 394,51 Norbixin: 380,48

Description Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution

Identification

Spectrometry Bixin: maximum in chloroform at ca 502 nm Norbixin: maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca 482 nm

(i) Solvent extracted bixin and norbixin

Definition Bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane or dichloromethane, carbon dioxide followed by the removal of the solvent. Norbixin is prepared by hydrolysis by aqueous alkali of the extracted bixin. Bixin and norbixin may contain other materials extracted from the annatto seed. The bixin powder contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans- forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present. The norbixin powder contains the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans-forms may be present.

Assay Content of bixin powders not less than 75 % total carotenoids calculated as bixin. Content of norbixin powders not less than 25 % total carotenoids calculated as norbixin Bixin: E1 cm 1 %2 870 at ca 502 nm in chloroform Norbixin: E1 cm 1 %2 870 at ca 482 nm in KOH solution

Purity

Solvent residues Acetone Methanol Hexane not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

(ii) Alkali extracted annatto

Definition Water soluble annatto is prepared by extraction with aqueous alkali (sodium or potassium hydroxide) of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) Water soluble annatto contains norbixin, the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts, as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans- forms may be present.

Assay Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as norbixin Norbixin: E1 cm 1 %2 870 at ca 482 nm in KOH solution

Purity

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

(iii) Oil extracted annatto

Definition Annatto extracts in oil, as solution or suspension, are prepared by extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with edible vegetable oil. Annatto extract in oil contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and transforms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.

Assay Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as bixin Bixin: E1 cm 1 %2 870 at ca 502 nm in chloroform

Purity

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160c PAPRIKA EXTRACT, CAPSANTHIN, CAPSORUBIN

Synonyms Paprika Oleoresin

Definition Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present. Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and carbon dioxide.

Class Carotenoid

Einecs Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2

Chemical names Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,k-carotene-6-one Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-k,k-carotene-6,6′-dione

Chemical formula Capsanthin: C40H56O3 Capsorubin: C40H56O4

Molecular weight Capsanthin: 584,85 Capsorubin: 600,85

Assay Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids E1 cm 1 %2 100 at ca 462 nm in acetone

Description Dark-red viscous liquid

Identification

A. Spectrometry Maximum in acetone at ca 462 nm

B. Colour reaction A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulfuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform

Purity

Solvent residues Ethyl acetate Methanol Ethanol Acetone Hexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Capsaicin Not more than 250 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160 D LYCOPENE

(i) synthetic lycopene

Synonyms Lycopene from chemical synthesis

Definition Synthetic lycopene is a mixture of geometric isomeres of lycopenes and is produced by the Wittig condensation of synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids used in food. Synthetic lycopene consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene together with 5-cis-lycopene and minor quantities of other isomers. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water- soluble powder.

Colour Index No 75125

EINECS 207-949-1

Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

Chemical formula C40H56

Molecular weight 536,85

Assay Not less than 96 % total lycopenes (not less than 70 % all-translycopene) E1 cm 1 % at 465 - 475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-translycopene) is 3 450

Description Red crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrophotometry A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm

Test for carotenoids The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid

Solubility Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform

Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour

Purity

Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)

Apo-12’-lycopenal Not more than 0,15 %

Triphenyl phosphine oxide Not more than 0,01 %

Solvent residues Methanol not more than 200 mg/kg, Hexane, Propan-2-ol: Not more than 10 mg/kg each. Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)

Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg

(ii) from red tomatoes

Synonyms Natural Yellow 27

Definition Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used: carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol, hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene, minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.

Colour Index No 75125

EINECS 207-949-1

Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

Chemical formula C40H56

Molecular weight 536,85

Assay E1 cm 1 % at 465 - 475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-translycopene) is 3 450. Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters

Description Dark red viscous liquid

Identification

Spectrophotometry Maximum in hexane at ca 472 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Propane-2-ol Hexane Acetone Ethanol Methanol Ethylacetate Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Sulphated ash Not more than 1 %

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg

(iii) from Blakeslea trispora

Synonyms Natural Yellow 27

Definition Lycopene from Blakeslea trispora is extracted from the fungal biomass and purified by crystallisation and filtration. It consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene. It also contains minor quantities of other carotenoids. Isopropanol and isobutyl acetate are the only solvents used in the manufacture. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.

Colour Index No 75125

EINECS 207-949-1

Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene

Chemical formula C40H56

Molecular weight 536,85

Assay Not less than 95 % total lycopenes and not less than 90 % all-translycopene of all colouring matters E1 cm 1 % at 465 - 475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-translycopene) is 3 450

Description Red crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrophotometry A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm

Test of carotenoids The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid

Solubility Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform

Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour

Purity

Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)

Other carotenoids Not more than 5 %

Solvent residues Propan-2-ol: Not more than 0,1 % Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 % Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)

Sulphated ash Not more than 0,3 %

Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 160e BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENAL (C30)

Synonyms CI Food Orange 6

Definition These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Class Carotinoid

Colour Index No 40820

Einecs 214-171-6

Chemical names β-apo-8′-carotenal, Trans-β-apo-8′carotene-aldehyde

Chemical formula C30H40O

Molecular weight 416,65

Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters E1 cm 1 %2 640 at ca 460-462 nm in cyclohexane

Description Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm

Purity

Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160f ETHYL ESTER OF BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENOIC ACID (C30)

Synonyms CI Food Orange 7, β-apo-8′-carotenoic ester

Definition These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Class Carotenoid

Colour Index No 40825

Einecs 214-173-7

Chemical names β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester, ethyl 8′-apo-β-caroten-8′-oate

Chemical formula C32H44O2

Molecular weight 460,70

Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters E1 cm 1 %2 550 at ca 449 nm in cyclohexane

Description Red to violet-red crystals or crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at ca 449 nm

Purity

Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 161b LUTEIN

Synonyms Mixed Carotenoids, Xanthophylls

Definition Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane and carbon dioxide

Class Carotenoid

Einecs 204-840-0

Chemical names 3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene

Chemical formula C40H56O2

Molecular weight 568,88

Assay Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein E1 cm 1 %2 550 at ca 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)

Description Dark, yellowish brown liquid

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) at ca 445 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Acetone Methyl ethyl ketone Methanol Ethanol Propan-2-ol Hexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 161g CANTHAXANTHIN

Synonyms CI Food Orange 8

Definition These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Class Carotinoid

Colour Index No 40850

Einecs 208-187-2

Chemical names β-Carotene-4,4′-dione, canthaxanthin, 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene

Chemical formula C40H52O2

Molecular weight 564,86

Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin) E1 cm 1 %2 200 at ca 485 nm in chloroform at 468-472 nm in cyclohexaneat 464-467 nm in petroleum ether

Description Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform at ca 485 nm Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm

Purity

Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 162 BEETROOT RED, BETANIN

Synonyms Beet Red

Definition Beet red is obtained from the roots of natural strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present. Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins.

Class Betalaine

Einecs 231-628-5

Chemical names (S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate

Chemical formula Betanin: C24H26N2O13

Molecular weight 550,48

Assay Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 % E1 cm 1 %1 120 at ca 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Description Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca 535 nm

Purity

Nitrate Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 163 ANTHOCYANINS

Definition Anthocyanins are obtained by extraction with sulphited water, acidified water, carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the natural strains of vegetables and edible fruits. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material, namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not necessarily in the same proportions as found in the source material.

Class Anthocyanin

Einecs 208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin)

Chemical names 3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin) 3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin) 3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin) 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (delphinidin) 3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin) 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin)

Chemical formula Cyanidin: C15H11O6Cl Peonidin: C16H13O6Cl Malvidin: C17H15O7Cl Delphinidin: C15H11O7Cl Petunidin: C16H13O7Cl Pelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl

Molecular weight Cyanidin: 322,6 Peonidin: 336,7 Malvidin: 366,7 Delphinidin: 340,6 Petunidin: 352,7 Pelargonidin: 306,7

Assay E1 cm 1 % 300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0

Description Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HCl Cyanidin: 535 nm Peonidin: 532 nm Malvidin: 542 nm Delphinidin: 546 nm Petunidin: 543 nm Pelargonidin: 530 nm

Purity

Solvent residues Methanol Ethanol Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Sulfur dioxide Not more than 1 000 mg/kg per percent pigment

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 170 CALCIUM CARBONATE

Synonyms CI Pigment White 18, Chalk

Definition Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.

Class Inorganic

Colour Index No 77220

Einecs Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9 Limestone: 215-279-6

Chemical names Calcium carbonate

Chemical formula CaCO3

Molecular weight 100,1

Assay Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

Description White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder

Identification

Solubility Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.

Purity

Loss on drying Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours)

Acid-insoluble substances Not more than 0,2 %

Magnesium and alkali salts Not more than 1,5 %

Fluoride Not more than 50 mg/kg

Antimony (as Sb) Copper (as Cu) Chromium (as Cr) Zinc (as Zn) Barium (as Ba) Not more than 100 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 171 TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Synonyms CI Pigment White 6

Definition Titanium dioxide consists essentially of pure anatase and/or rutile titanium dioxide which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to improve the technological properties of the product.

Class Inorganic

Colour Index No 77891

Einecs 236-675-5

Chemical names Titanium dioxide

Chemical formula TiO2

Molecular weight 79,88

Assay Content not less than 99 % on an alumina and silica-free basis

Description White to slightly coloured powder

Identification

Solubility Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulfuric acid.

Purity

Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 3 hours)

Loss on ignition Not more than 1,0 % on a volatile matter free basis (800 °C)

Aluminium oxide and/or silicon dioxide Total not more than 2,0 %

Matter soluble in 0,5 N HCl Not more than 0,5 % on an alumina and silica-free basis and, in addition, for products containing alumina and/or silica, not more than 1,5 % on the basis of the product as sold.

Water soluble matter Not more than 0,5 %

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Antimony Not more than 50 mg/kg by total dissolution

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg by total dissolution

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg by total dissolution

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg by total dissolution

Zink Not more than 50 mg/kg by total dissolution

E 172 IRON OXIDES AND IRON HYDROXIDES

Synonyms Iron Oxide Yellow: CI Pigment Yellow 42 and 43 Iron Oxide Red: CI Pigment Red 101 and 102 Iron Oxide Black: CI Pigment Black 11

Definition Iron oxides and iron hydroxides are produced synthetically and consist essentially of anhydrous and/or hydrated iron oxides. The range of hues includes yellows, reds, browns and blacks. Food quality iron oxides are primarily distinguished from technical grades by the comparatively low levels of contamination by other metals. This is achieved by the selection and control of the source of the iron and/or by the extent of chemical purification during the manufacturing process.

Class Inorganic

Colour Index No Iron Oxide Yellow: 77492 Iron Oxide Red: 77491 Iron Oxide Black: 77499

Einecs Iron Oxide Yellow: 257-098-5 Iron Oxide Red: 215-168-2 Iron Oxide Black: 235-442-5

Chemical names Iron Oxide Yellow: hydrated ferric oxide, hydrated iron (III) oxide Iron Oxide Red: anhydrous ferric oxide, anhydrous iron (III) oxide Iron Oxide Black: ferroso ferric oxide, iron (II, III) oxide

Chemical formula Iron Oxide Yellow: FeO(OH)·H2O Iron Oxide Red: Fe2O3 Iron Oxide Black: FeO·Fe2O3

Molecular weight 88,85: FeO(OH) 159,70: Fe2O3 231,55: FeO·Fe2O3

Assay Yellow not less than 60 %, red and black not less than 68 % total iron, expressed as iron

Description Powder; yellow, red, brown or black in hue

Identification

Solubility Insoluble in water and in organic solvents Soluble in concentrated mineral acids

Purity

Water soluble matter Not more than 1,0 % By total dissolution

Arsenic Not more than 5 mg/kg

Barium Not more than 50 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 5 mg/kg

Chromium Not more than 100 mg/kg

Copper Not more than 50 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 20 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Nickel Not more than 200 mg/kg

Zinc Not more than 100 mg/kg

E 173 ALUMINIUM

Synonyms CI Pigment Metal, Al

Definition Aluminium powder is composed of finely divided particles of aluminium. The grinding may or may not be carried out in the presence of edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids. It is free from admixture with substances other than edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids.

Colour Index No 77000

Einecs 231-072-3

Chemical names Aluminium

Chemical formula Al

Atomic weight 26,98

Assay Not less than 99 % calculated as Al on an oil-free basis

Description A silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets

Identification

Solubility Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. The resulting solution gives positive tests for aluminium.

Purity

Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 174 SILVER

Synonyms Argentum, Ag

Class Inorganic

Colour Index No 77820

Einecs 231-131-3

Chemical names Silver

Chemical formula Ag

Atomic weight 107,87

Assay Content not less than 99,5 % Ag

Description Silver-coloured powder or tiny sheets

E 175 GOLD

Synonyms Pigment Metal 3, Aurum, Au

Class Inorganic

Colour Index No 77480

Einecs 231-165-9

Chemical names Gold

Chemical formula Au

Atomic weight 197,0

Assay Content not less than 90 % Au

Description Gold-coloured powder or tiny sheets

Purity

Silver Not more than 7,0 % After complete dissolution

Copper Not more than 4,0 %

E 180 LITHOLRUBINE BK

Synonyms CI Pigment Red 57, Rubinpigment, Carmine 6B

Definition Lithol Rubine BK consists essentially of calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, calcium chloride and/or calcium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Class Monoazo

Colour Index No 15850:1

Einecs 226-109-5

Chemical names Calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalene-carboxylate

Chemical formula C18H12CaN2O6S

Molecular weight 424,45

Assay Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters E1 cm 1 % 200 at ca 442 nm in dimethylformamide

Description Red powder

Identification

Spectrometry Maximum in dimethylformamide at ca 442 nm

Purity

Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 0,5 %

Organic compounds other than colouring matters:

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt Not more than 0,2 %

3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid, calcium salt Not more than 0,4 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (expressed as aniline)

Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg

Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg

Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg