1995L0001 — EN — 28.03.2006 — 002.001

This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents

Amended by:









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DIRECTIVE 95/1/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 2 February 1995

on the maximum design speed, maximum torque and maximum net engine power of two or three-wheel motor vehicles







THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 100a thereof, Having regard to Council Directive 92/61/EEC of 30 June 1992 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheel motor vehicles ( 1 ), Having regard to the proposal from the Commission ( 2 ), Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee ( 3 ), Acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 189b of the Treaty ( 4 ), Whereas the internal market comprises an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured; whereas the measures required for that purpose need to be adopted; Whereas the methods of measuring the maximum design speed, maximum torque and net engine power of two or three-wheel motor vehicles differ from one Member State to another; whereas as a result of their differences, such methods constitute barriers to trade within the Community; Whereas the barriers to the operation of the internal market may be removed if the same requirements are adopted by all Member States in place of their national rules; Whereas it is necessary to draw up harmonized requirements for methods of measuring the maximum design speed, maximum torque and maximum net engine power of two or three-wheel motor vehicles in order to enable the type-approval and component type-approval procedures laid down in Directive 92/61/EEC to be applied for each type of such vehicle, HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:







Article 1

This Directive applies to the methods of measuring the maximum design speed, maximum engine torque and the net maximum engine power of all the types of vehicle defined in Article 1 of Council Directive 92/61/EEC.

Article 2

The procedure for the granting of component type-approval in respect of the maximum design speed, maximum engine torque and the maximum net engine power (measuring methods) of a type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle and the conditions governing the free movement of such vehicles shall be as laid down in Directive 92/61/EEC.

Article 3

Within two years of the adoption of this Directive the Commission shall carry out a comprehensive new study to establish whether there is a link between accidents and maximum engine power above 74 kW. The study shall collate and evaluate the latest scientific research findings and carry out appropriate new research with a view to establishing definitive policy recommendations on this subject. On the basis of the study's conclusions, the Commission shall, if necessary, propose new legislative measures.

Article 4

Any amendments necessary to adapt the requirements of Annexes I and II to technical progress shall be adopted in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 13 of Directive 70/156/EEC ( 5 ).

Article 5

1. Member States shall adopt and publish the provisions necessary to comply with this Directive not later than 2 August 1996. They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.

When the Member States adopt such provisions, they shall contain a reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such reference on the occasion of their official publication. The methods of making such a reference shall be laid down by the Member States.

From the date mentioned in the first subparagraph Member States may not prohibit the initial entry into service of vehicles which conform to this Directive.

They shall apply these provisions as from 2 February 1997.

2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive.

Article 6

National legislation may permit Member States to refuse the initial registration and any subsequent registration within their territory of vehicles with a maximum net power of more than 74 kW.

Article 7

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.









LIST OF ANNEXES







ANNEX I: Requirements concerning the method of measuring the maximum design speed … Appendix 1: Procedure for defining the correction coefficient for the annular speed-test track … Appendix 2: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the vehicle type that affect its maximum design speed … Appendix 3: Component type-approval certificate in respect of the maximum design speed of a type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle … ANNEX II: Requirements concerning the methods of measuring the maximum torque and maximum net power of the engine … Appendix 1: Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-ignition engines for mopeds … Sub-Appendix 1: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power … Sub-Appendix 2: Component type-approval certificate in respect of the maximum torque and maximum net engine power of a type of moped … Appendix 2: Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-ignition engines for motorcycles and tricycles … Sub-Appendix 1: Measurement of maximum torque and maximum net engine power by means of the engine-temperature method … Sub-Appendix 2: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power … Sub-Appendix 3: Component type-approval certificate in respect of the maximum torque and maximum net engine power of a type of motorcycle or tricycle … Appendix 3: Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of compression-ignition engines fitted to two or three-wheel vehicles … Sub-Appendix 1: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power … Sub-Appendix 2: Component type-approval certificate concerning the maximum torque and maximum net engine power of a type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle









ANNEX I

REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE METHOD OF MEASURING THE MAXIMUM DESIGN SPEED

1. Requirements. 1.1. The maximum design speed of the vehicle is measured in accordance with the requirements set out below.

2. Preparation of the vehicle. 2.1. The vehicle must be clean and only those accessories needed to enable the vehicle to undergo the test must be in operation. 2.2. The fuel-supply and the ignition settings, the viscosity of the lubricants for the mechanical parts in motion, and the tyre pressures, must be as required by the manufacturer. 2.3. The engine, transmission and tires must have been properly run in in accordance with the manufacturer's requirements. 2.4. Before the test all parts of the vehicle must be in a thermally stable state, at their normal operating temperature. 2.5. The vehicle must be submitted at its mass in running order. 2.6. The distribution of the loadings among the wheels must be as intended by the manufacturer.

3. Driver. 3.1. Uncabbed vehicles 3.1.1. The driver must have a mass of 75 kg ± 5 kg and be 1,75 m ± 0,05 m tall. However, in the case of mopeds these tolerances are reduced to ± 2 kg and ± 0,02 m respectively. 3.1.2. The driver must wear an adjusted one-piece suit or an equivalent item of clothing. 3.1.3. He must be seated on the driver's seat with his feet on the pedals or footrest and his arms normally extended. Where vehicles achieve a maximum speed of more than 120 km/h when their rider is in a seated position that rider must be equipped and positioned as recommended by the manufacturer. However, that position must enable the driver continuously to control the vehicle during the test. The driving position must be the same throughout the test and a description of that position given in the test report or replaced by photographs. 3.2. Cabbed vehicles. 3.2.1. The driver must have a mass of 75 kg ± 5 kg. However, in the case of mopeds, this tolerance is reduced to ± 2 kg.

4. Characteristics of the test track. 4.1. The tests must be carried out on a road: 4.1.1. which allows the maximum speed to be maintained along a measurement base as defined in 4.2. The acceleration track preceding the measuring base must be of the same type (surface and longitudinal profile) and be sufficiently long in order to enable the vehicle's maximum speed to be reached; 4.1.2. that is clean, smooth, dry, asphalted or surfaced in an equivalent manner; 4.1.3. having a longitudinal gradient of not more than 1 % and a degree of banking of not more than 3 %. The variation in altitude between any two points on the test base must not exceed 1 m. 4.2. The possible configurations for the measuring base are illustrated in 4.2.1, 4.2.2 and 4.2.3. 4.2.1. Type 1 4.2.2. Type 2 4.2.3. Type 3 4.2.3.1. The two measuring bases L must be equal in length and virtually parallel to each other. 4.2.3.2. If both measuring bases are curvilinear in shape despite the requirements of 4.1.3, the effects of centrifugal force must be compensated for by the cross-section of the bends. 4.2.3.3. Instead of the two bases L (see 4.2.3.1), the measuring base may coincide with the overall length of the annual test track. In this case the minimum radius of the bends must be 200 m and the effects of centrifugal force compensated for by the cross-section of the bends. 4.3. Length L of the measuring base must be selected in conjunction with the accuracy of the equipment and the methods used to measure testing time t in such a way that the value for actual speed can be plotted to within +/− 1 %. If the measuring equipment is of the manual type, length L of the measuring base must not be less than 500 m. If a type 2 measuring base has been selected it will be necessary to use electronic measuring equipment in order to determine time t.

5. Atmospheric conditions ▼M1 Atmospheric pressure: 97 ± 10 kPa. ▼B Temperature: between 278 and 308 K. Relative humidity: 30 to 90 %. ▼M1 Average wind speed, measured 1 m above the ground: < 3 m/s, permitting gusts < 5 m/s. ▼B

6. Test procedure. 6.1. The gear ratio used during the test must be that enabling the vehicle to reach its maximum speed on level ground. The throttle control must be kept fully open and the enrichment devices must be inoperative. 6.2. Drivers of uncabbed vehicles must maintain their driving position as defined in 3.1.3. 6.3. The vehicle must arrive at the measuring base at a constant speed. Type 1 and type 2 bases must be travelled along in both directions in succession. 6.3.1. Testing in a single direction may be accepted on a type 2 measuring base if, owing to the characteristics of the circuit, it is not possible to reach the maximum speed of the vehicle in both directions. In this case: 6.3.1.1. the test run must be repeated five times in immediate succession; 6.3.1.2. the speed of the axial wind component must not exceed 1 m/s. 6.4. Both bases L on a type 3 measuring base must be travelled along consecutively in a single direction, without interruption. 6.4.1. If the measuring base coincides with the total length of the circuit, it must be travelled along in a single direction at least twice. The difference between the extremes of the time measurements must riot exceed 3 %. 6.5. The fuel and lubricant must be those recommended by the manufacturer. 6.6. The total time t needed to travel along the measuring base in both directions must be determined to an accuracy of 0,7 %. 6.7. The determination of average speed. Average speed V (km/h) for the test is determined as follows: 6.7.1. Type 1 and type 2 measuring base where: L = length of measuring base (m) t = time (s) taken to travel along measuring base L (m). 6.7.2. Type 2 measuring base, travelled along in a single direction V = Va where: Va = speed measured for each test run (km/h) = where t = time (s) taken to travel along measuring base L (m). 6.7.3. Type 3 measuring base. 6.7.3.1. Measuring base consisting of two parts L (see 4.2.3.1) where: L = length of measuring base (m) t = total time (s) needed to travel along both measuring bases L (m). 6.7.3.2. Measuring base coinciding with the total length of the annular test track (see 4.2.3.3) V = Va · k where: Va = speed measured (km/h) = where: L = length of trajectory actually followed on the annular speed-test track (m) t = time (s) needed to complete a full lap where: n = number of laps ti = time (s) needed to complete each lap k = correction factor (1,00 ≤ 1,05); this factor is specific to the annular test track used and is determined experimentally in line with Appendix 1. 6.8. The average speed must be measured at least twice in succession.

▼M2

7. Maximum speed. The maximum speed of the vehicle is expressed in kilometres per hour by the figure corresponding to the closest whole number to the arithmetical mean of the values for the speeds measured during the two consecutive tests, which must not diverge by more than 3 %. When this arithmetical mean lies exactly between two whole numbers it is rounded up to the next highest number. In the case of vehicles where the maximum speed is not limited by the relevant definition given in Article 1, sections 2 and 3 of Directive 2002/24/EC, no type-approval test is needed and the maximum speed shall be accepted as being that declared by the vehicle manufacturer in the information document given in Annex II to Directive 2002/24/EC.

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8. Maximum speed measurement tolerances. 8.1. The maximum speed as determined by the testing body may differ from the values specified by the manufacturer by ± 5 %. 8.2. During a production conformity check the maximum speed may differ by ± 5 % from the value determined during the component type-approval test. That value becomes +/− 10 % in the case of mopeds the maximum design speed of which is ≤ 30 km/h.









Appendix 1

Procedure for defining the correction coefficient for the annular test track

1. Coefficient k relating to the annular test track must be plotted up to the maximum permitted speed.

2. Coefficient k must be plotted for several speeds in such a way that the difference between two consecutive speeds will not be more than 30 km/h.

3. For each speed selected the test must be carried out in line with the requirements of this Directive, in two possible ways: 3.1. Speed measured in a straight line Vd. 3.2. Speed measured on the annular test track Va.

4. For each speed measured values Va and Vd are entered on a diagram (figure 1) and the successive points linked by means of a segment of a straight line. Figure 1

5. The coefficient k is given by the following formula for each speed measured:









Appendix 2

Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the vehicle type that affect its maximum design speed

(to be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged separately from the vehicle type-approval application)

Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …

The application for component type-approval in respect of the maximum design speed of a type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle must contain the information set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part A, in the following sections:

0.1

0.2

0.4 to 0.6

2.1 to 2.2.1

3.0 to 3.1.1

4.1 to 4.6

5.2

5.2.2









Appendix 3









ANNEX II

REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE METHODS OF MEASURING THE MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER OF THE ENGINE

1. GENERAL

1.1. Appendix 1 applies for the purpose of determining the maximum torque and maximum net power of (spark-ignition) engines for mopeds.

1.2. Appendix 2 applies for the purpose of determining the maximum torque and maximum net power of (spark-ignition) engines for motorcycles and tricycles.

1.3. Appendix 3 applies for the purpose of determining the maximum torque and maximum net power of compression-ignition engines.









Appendix 1

Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-ignition engines for mopeds

1. DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this Directive:

1.1. Net power means:

the power available on the test bench at the end of the crankshaft or equivalent component at the speed laid down by the manufacturer, together with the accessories listed in Table 1. If the power can be measured only with the gearbox fitted to the engine the efficiency of the gearbox is taken into account;

1.2. Maximum net power means:

the maximum net power output measured under full engine load;

1.3. Torque means:

the torque measured under the conditions laid down in 1.1;

1.4. Maximum torque means:

the maximum torque value measured under full engine load;

1.5. Accessories means:

all apparatus and devices listed in Table 1;

1.6. Standard-production equipment means:

all equipment intended by the manufacturer for a specific application;

1.7. Engine-type means:

engines whose characteristics, as defined in Sub-Appendix 1, do not differ in any fundamental respect.

2. ACCURACY OF TORQUE AND POWER MEASUREMENTS UNDER FULL LOAD

2.1. Torque:

± 2 % of torque measured.

2.2. Rotational speed: the measurement must be accurate to ± 1 %.

2.3. Fuel consumption

± 2 % for all the devices used.

2.4. Temperature of engine induction air:

± 2 K.

2.5. Barometric pressure:

± 70 Pa.

2.6. Pressure in the exhaust and under-pressure of the intake air:

± 25 Pa.

3. TEST FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET ENGINE POWER

3.1. Accessories

3.1.1. Accessories to be fitted.

During the test the accessories needed for operation of the engine in the application under consideration (as set out in Table 1) must be located on the test bench as far as possible in the position they would occupy for the application under consideration.

3.1.2. Accessories not to be fitted

Certain vehicle accessories which are needed only for use of the vehicle itself, but which are likely to be mounted on the engine, must be removed for the tests.

The power absorbed by fixed equipment under no load may be determined and added to the power measured.







TABLE 1 Accessories to be fitted during the test in order to determine torque and net engine power No Accessories Fitted for the torque and net-power test 1 Induction system — Induction manifold — Air filter — Inlet silencer — Crankcase gas recycling — Speed-limiting device If series-mounted: yes 2 Exhaust system — Exhaust clean-up system — Manifold — Pipework (1) — Silencer (1) — Exhaust pipe (1) If series-mounted: yes 3 Carburettor If series-mounted: yes 4 Fuel injection system — Upstream filter — Filter — Pump — Pipework — Injector — Where fitted, air inlet flap (2) — Regulator (if fitted) If series-mounted: yes 5 Liquid-cooling equipment — Radiator — Fan (4) (5) — Water Pump — Thermostat (6) If series-mounted: yes)) (3) 6 Air cooling — Cowling — Blower (4) (5) — Temperature regulator — Auxiliary bench blower If series-mounted: yes, if necessary 7 Electrical equipment If series-mounted: yes (7) 8 Anti-pollution devices If series-mounted: yes 9 Lubrication system — Oil feeder If series-mounted: yes (1) If it is difficult to use the standard exhaust system an exhaust system causing an equivalent pressure drop may be fitted for the test with the agreement of the manufacturer. In the test laboratory when the engine is in operation the exhaust gas extraction system must not cause in the extraction flue at the point where it is connected to the vehicle's exhaust system a pressure differing from atmospheric pressure by ±740 Pa (7,40 mbar), unless, before the test, the manufacturer accepts a higher back pressure. (2) The air inlet flap must be that which controls the pneumatic inject pump regulator. (3) ►M1 The radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and thermostat must, on the test bench, occupy as far as possible the same position relative to each other as if they were on the vehicle. If the radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and/or thermostat have a position on the test bench which is different from that on the vehicle, the position on the test bench shall be described and noted on the test report. ◄ The liquid coolant must be circulated solely by the water pump for the engine. The coolant may be cooled either by the engine radiator or by an outside circuit, provided that the pressure drops within that circuit remain substantially the same as those in the engine cooling system. Where fitted the engine blind must be open. (4) Where a fan or blower may be disengaged the net engine power must first of all be stated with the fan (or blower) disengaged, followed by the net engine power with the fan (or blower) engaged. (5) Where a fixed electrically or mechanically-operated fan cannot be fitted on the test bench the power absorbed by that fan must be determined at the same rotational speeds as those used when the engine power is measured. That power is deducted from the corrected power in order to obtain the net power. (6) The thermostat may be locked in the fully-open position. (7) Minimum generator output: the generator supplies the current that is strictly needed to supply the accessories that are essential to the operation of the engine. The battery must not receive any charge during the test.

3.2. Setting conditions

The conditions applying to settings during the tests to determine maximum torque and maximum net power are set out in Table 2.







TABLE 2 Setting conditions 1 Setting of carburettor(s) Setting carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications for series production applied, without any other change, to the use under consideration 2 Setting of injector pump flow-rate 3 Ignition or injection setting (advance curve)

3.3. Test conditions.

3.3.1. The tests intended to determine maximum torque and maximum net power must be carried out at full throttle, with the engine equipped as specified in Table 1.

3.3.2. The measurements must be carried out under normal, stable operating conditions and the air supply to the engine must be adequate. The engine must have been run in under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The combustion chambers may contain deposits, but in limited quantities. The test conditions such as the temperature of the induction air must be selected as closely as possible to the reference conditions (see 4.2) in order to reduce the correction factor.

3.3.3. The temperature of the engine induction air (ambient air) must be measured at the most 0,15 m upstream of the air filter inlet or, if there is no filter, 0,15 m from the inlet air trumpet. The thermometer or thermocouple must be protected against heat radiation and be placed directly in the airstream. It must also be protected against vaporized fuel. An adequate number of positions must be used in order to yield a representative average inlet temperature.

3.3.4. No measurement is taken until the torque, rate of rotation and temperatures have remained substantially constant for at least 30 seconds.

3.3.5. Once a rate of rotation has been selected to the measurements its value must not vary by more than ± 2 %.

3.3.6. The brake load and the temperature of the induction air must be recorded simultaneously and the value obtained must be the average of the two stabilized records taken in succession, which must not differ by more than 2 % as regards the brake load.

3.3.7. Where an automatically triggered device is used to measure rotational speed and consumption the measurement must last for at least 10 s and if the measuring device is manually controlled that period must be at least 20 s.

3.3.8. The temperature of the liquid coolant recorded at the engine outlet must be maintained at ± 5 K of the upper thermostat setting temperature specified by the manufacturer. If the manufacturer does not indicate any values the temperature is 353 K ± 5 K. In the case of air-cooled engines the temperature at a point specified by the manufacturer must be maintained at + 0/− 20 K of the maximum temperature intended by the manufacturer under the reference conditions.

3.3.9. The fuel temperature must be measured at the carburettor or injection system inlet and kept within the limits laid down by the manufacturer.

3.3.10. The lubricant temperature, measured in the crankcase or at the oil heat exchanger outlet, where fitted, must lie within the limits laid down by the manufacturer.

3.3.11. The outlet temperature of the exhaust gases must be measured at right angles to the exhaust flange(s) or manifold(s) or orifices.

3.3.12. Fuel The fuel must be of a commercially available type and receive no further anti-smoke additive ( 6 ).

3.4. Test sequence

The measurements must be carried out at a sufficient number of rotational speeds to enable the power curve to be defined correctly between the lowest and highest speeds recommended by the manufacturer. That range of speeds must include the rotational speed at which the engine delivers its maximum torque and maximum power. The average of at least two stabilized measurements must be determined for each speed.

3.5. The data to be recorded are those set out in Sub-Appendix 1.

4. POWER AND TORQUE CORRECTION FACTORS

▼M1

4.1. Definition of factors α1 and α2

Factors by which the torque and power measured are to be multiplied in order to determine the torque and power of an engine, taking account of the efficiency of the transmission (factor α2) used during the tests and in order to bring that torque and that power within the reference atmospheric conditions specified in 4.2.1 (factor α1).

The power correction formula is as follows:

where:

P0 = the corrected power (i.e. the power under the reference conditions at the end of the crankshaft)

α1 = the correction factor for reference atmospheric conditions

α2 = the correction factor for the efficiency of the transmission

P = the power measured (power observed).

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4.2. Reference atmospheric conditions

4.2.1. Temperature

25 °C (298 K)

4.2.2. Dry reference pressure (Pso):

99 kPa (990 mbar)

▼M1

4.3. Determination of the correction factors

4.3.1. Determination of the factor α2

— Where the measuring point is the crankshaft output side this factor is equal to 1.

— Where the measuring point is not the output side of the crankshaft this factor is calculated via the formula: — — where nt is the efficiency of the transmission located between the crankshaft and measuring point. — This transmission efficiency nt is determined via the product (multiplication) of efficiency nj of each of the components of the transmission: — — Efficiency nj of each of the components of the transmission is shown in the following table. —



Type Efficiency Gear wheel Spur gear 0,98 Helical gear 0,97 Bevel gear 0,96 Chain Roller 0,95 Silent 0,98 Belt Cogged 0,95 Vee 0,94 Hydraulic coupling or convertor Hydraulic coupling (1) 0,92 Hydraulic convertor (1) 0,92 (1) If not locked up.

4.3.2. Determination of factor α1 ( 7 )

4.3.2.1. Definition of characteristics T, Ps for correction factors α1

T = the absolute temperature of the ingested air

Ps = the dry atmospheric pressure in kilopascals (kPa) i.e. the total barometric pressure minus the water vapour pressure.

4.3.2.2. Factor α1

Correction factor α1 is obtained from the following

That formula only applies if:

If the limit values are exceeded the corrected value obtained must be stated and the test conditions (temperature and pressure) stated exactly in the test report.

▼M1 —————

▼B

5. TEST REPORT

The test report must set out the results and all the calculations needed in order to obtain the maximum torque and the maximum net power referred to in Sub-Appendix 2, together with the characteristics of the engine set out in Sub-Appendix 1.

In addition, the test report must contain the following data:







Detailed results of measurements Engine performance Engine speed, min−1 Rotational speed of dynamometer brake, min−1 Dynamometer brake load, N Torque measured at crankshaft, N·m Power measured, kW Test conditions Barometric pressure, kPa Temperature of ingested air, K Steam pressure kPa Atmospheric correction factor a1 Mechanical correction factor a2 Corrected torque at crankshaft, N·m Corrected power, kW Specific fuel consumption (1), g/kW·h Engine cooling temperature, K (2) Oil temperature at measuring point, K Exhaust temperature, K Air temperature downstream of supercharger, K Pressure downstream of supercharger, kPa (1) Without power correction due to the atmospheric factor. (2) State location of measuring point: the measurement has been carried out (delete where inappropriate): (a) at the liquid coolant outlet; (b) at the spark-plug washer; (c) elsewhere, to be stated.

6. MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER MEASUREMENT TOLERANCES

6.1. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of the engine as determined by the technical service may differ by ± 10 % of the value specified by the manufacturer if the power measured is ≤ 1 kW and ± 5 % if the power measured is > 1 kW, with a ►M1 3 % ◄ tolerance for the engine speed.

6.2. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of an engine during a production conformity test may differ by ± 20 % of the values determined in the component type-approval test if the power measured is ≤ 1 kW and ± 10 % if the power measured is > 1 kW.









Sub-Appendix 1

Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type ( 8 ), that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power

(Spark-ignition engines for mopeds)

(To be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged separately from the vehicle type-approval application)

Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …

The application for component type-approval in respect of maximum torque and maximum net engine power for a type of moped must be accompanied by the information set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part A, in the following sections:

0.1,

0.2,

0.4 to 0.6,

3 to 3.2.2,

3.2.4 to 3.2.4.1.5,

3.2.4.3 to 3.2.12.2.1,

3.5 to 3.6.3.1.2.









Sub-Appendix 2









Appendix 2

Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-ignition engines for motorcycles and tricycles

1. DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this Directive:

1.1. ‘net power’ means

the power obtained on the test bench at the end of the crankshaft or its equivalent at the speed laid down by the manufacturer with the accessories listed in Table 1. If the power can be measured only when a gearbox is attached to the engine the efficiency of the gearbox must be taken into account;

1.2. ‘maximum net power’ means:

the maximum output for that power measured under full engine load;

1.3. ‘torque’ means:

the torque measured under the conditions specified in 1.1;

1.4. ‘maximum torque’ means:

the maximum torque value measured under full engine load;

1.5. ‘accessories’ means:

the items of equipment and devices listed in Table 1;

1.6. ‘series-mounted equipment’ means:

all equipment intended by the manufacturer for a specific application;

1.7. ‘engine type’ means:

engines whose characteristics, as defined in Sub-Appendix 1, do not differ in any fundamental respect.

2. ACCURACY OF THE MEASUREMENTS OF POWER AND TORQUE AT FULL LOAD

2.1. Torque:

± 1 % of the torque measured ( 9 ).

2.2. Rotational speed:

the measurement must be accurate to +/− 1 %.

2.3. Fuel consumption:

± 1 % overall for the apparatus used.

2.4. Engine inlet air temperature: ± 1 K

2.5. Barometric pressure: ± 70 Pa

2.6. Exhaust pressure and drop in intake air: ± 25 Pa

3. TESTS TO MEASURE MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET ENGINE POWER

3.1. Accessories

3.1.1. Accessories to be fitted

During the test the accessories needed for operation of the engine in the application under consideration (as referred to in Table 1) must be able to be located on the test bench as far as possible in the positions that they would occupy for the application under consideration.

3.1.2. Accessories to be removed

Certain accessories which are necessary only for the operation of the vehicle itself, and which may be mounted on the engine, must be removed for the test.

Where accessories cannot be removed the power absorbed by them under no load may be determined and added to the engine power measured.







Table 1 Accessories to be included in the test to determine torque and maximum net engine power N. Accessories If fitted for torque and net engine power test 1 Induction system — Inlet manifold — Air filter — Induction silencer — Crankcase emission control system — Speed limiting device — Electrical control device (where fitted) If series-mounted: yes 2 Induction manifold heater If series-mounted: yes (if possible, it must be set in the most favourable position) 3 Exhaust system — Exhaust manifold — Pipework (1) — Silencer (1) — Exhaust pipe (1) — Supercharger — Electrical control device (where fitted) If series-mounted: yes 4 Fuel supply pump If series-mounted: yes 5 Carburettor If series-mounted: yes 6 Fuel injection equipment — Prefilter — Filter — Pump — High-pressure lines — Injector — possibly, air inlet flap (2) If series-mounted: yes 7 Liquid cooling equipment — Engine bonnet — Radiator — Fan (4) (5) — Fan cowl — Water pump — Thermostat (6) If series-mounted: yes (3) 8 Air cooling — Cowl — Blower (4) (5) — Temperature-regulating device If series-mounted: yes 9 Electrical equipment If series-mounted: yes (7) 10 Supercharging equipment (where fitted) — Compressor driven directly by the engine and/or by the exhaust gases — Intercooler — Coolant pump or fan (engine driven) — Coolant flow control device (where fitted) If series-mounted: yes 11 Oil cooler (where fitted) If series-mounted: yes 12 Anti-pollution devices If series-mounted: yes 13 Lubrication system — Oil feeder If series-mounted: yes (1) If it is difficult to use the standard exhaust system an exhaust system causing an equivalent loss in efficiency may be fitted for the test with the agreement of the manufacturer. In the test laboratory when the engine is in operation the exhaust gas extraction system must not cause in the extraction flue as the point where it is connected to the vehicle's exhaust system a pressure differing from atmospheric pressure by ± 740 Pa (7,40 mbar), unless, before the test, the manufacturer accepts a higher back pressure. (2) The air inlet flap must be that which controls the pneumatic inject pump regulator. (3) ►M1 The radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and thermostat must, on the test bench, occupy as far as possible the same position relative to each other as if they were on the vehicle. If the radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and/or thermostat have a position on the test bench which is different from that on the vehicle, the position on the test bench shall be described and noted on the test report. ◄ The liquid coolant must be circulated solely by the water pump for the engine. The coolant may be coiled either by the engine radiator or by an outside circuit, provided that the losses within that circuit remain substantially the same as those in the engine cooling system. Where fitted the engine blind must be open. (4) Where a fan or blower may be disengaged the net engine power must first of all be stated with the fan (or blower) disengaged, followed by the net engine power with the fan (or blower) engaged. (5) Where a fixed electrically or mechanically-operated fan cannot be fitted on the test bench the power absorbed by that fan must be determined at the same rotational speeds as those used when the engine power is measured. That power is deducted from the corrected power in order to obtain the net power. (6) The thermostat may be locked in the fully-open position. (7) Minimum generator output: the generator supplies the current that is strictly needed to supply the accessories that are essential to the operation of the engine. The battery must not receive any charge during the test.

3.2. Setting conditions

The setting conditions for the test to determine maximum torque and maximum net power are set out in Table 2.







TABLE 2 Setting conditions 1 Setting of carburettor(s) Set in accordance with the manufacturer's production specifications and used without further alteration for the particular application 2 Setting of injection pump delivery flow-rate 3 Setting of ignition or injection timing (advance curve)

3.3. Test conditions.

3.3.1. The maximum-torque and net-power tests must be conducted at full throttle, the engine being equipped as specified in Table 1.

3.3.2. The measurements must be carried out under normal, stabilized operating conditions with an adequate fresh-air supply to the engine. The engine must have been run in in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Combustion chambers may contain deposits, but in limited quantities. Test conditions such as air inlet temperature must be selected as near to reference conditions (see 4.2) as possible in order to minimize the magnitude of the correction factor. Where the cooling system on the test bench meets the minimum conditions for proper installation but nevertheless does not enable adequate cooling conditions to be reproduced and thus the measurements to be carried out in normal, stable operating conditions, the method described in Sub-Appendix 1 may be used. The minimum conditions which must be fulfilled by the test installation and the scope for conducting the tests in accordance with Sub-Appendix 1 are defined below: V1 is the maximum speed of the vehicle; V2 is the maximum velocity of the cooling air flow at the fan delivery side; Ø is the cross-section of the cooling air flow. If V2 ≥ V1 and Ø ≥ 0,25 m2 the minimum conditions are fulfilled. If it is not possible to stabilize the operating conditions the method described in Sub-Appendix 1 applies. If V2< V1 and/or Ø < 0,25 m2: (a) if it is possible to stabilize the operating conditions the method described in 3.3 is applied; (b) if it is not possible to stabilize the operating conditions: (i) if V2 ≥ 120 km/h and Ø ≥ 0,25 m2, the installation fulfils the minimum conditions and the method described in Appendix 1 may be applied; (ii) if V2< 120 km/h and/or Ø < 0,25 m2, the installation does not fulfil the minimum conditions and the test equipment cooling system must be improved. However, in this case, the test may be carried out by means of the method described in Sub-Appendix 1, subject to approval by the manufacturer and the administration.

3.3.3. The temperature of the (ambient) inlet air to the engine must be measured at no more than 0,15 m upstream from the point of entry into the air cleaner or, if no air cleaner is used, within 0,15 m of the air-inlet trumpet. The thermometer or thermocouple must be shielded from radiant heat and be placed directly in the airstream. It must also be shielded from fuel spray-back. A sufficient number of locations must be used to give a representative average inlet temperature.

3.3.4. No data must be taken until torque, speed and temperature have remained substantially constant for at least 30 s.

3.3.5. The engine speed during a run or measurement must not vary by more than ± 1 %.

3.3.6. Brake load and inlet-air temperature readings must be taken simultaneously; the reading adopted for measurement purposes is the average of two stabilized successive values differing by less than 2 % for brake load.

3.3.7. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet from the engine must be kept within ± 5 K from the upper thermostatically controlled temperature specified by the manufacturer. If no temperature is specified by the manufacturer the temperature must be 353 K ± 5 K. For air-cooled engines, the temperature at a point indicated by the manufacturer must be kept between + 0/− 20 K of the maximum temperature specified by the manufacturer under the reference conditions.

3.3.8. The fuel temperature must be measured at the inlet of the carburettor or injection system and be maintained within the limits set by the manufacturer.

3.3.9. The lubricant temperature, measured in the crankcase or at the oil heat exchanger outlet, where fitted, must lie within the limits set by the manufacturer.

3.3.10. The outlet temperature of the exhaust gases must be measured at right angles to the exhaust flange(s), manifold(s) or orifices.

3.3.11. Where an automatically-triggered device is used to measure engine speed and consumption the measurement must last for at least 10 s; if the measuring device is manually controlled it must measure for at least 20 s.

3.3.12. Fuel (see section 3.3.12 of appendix 1).

3.3.13. If it is not possible to use the standard exhaust silencer a device shall be used for the test that is compatible with the engine's normal operating conditions, and specified by the manufacturer. During the laboratory tests in particular, when the engine is running, the exhaust gas extractor must not, at the point where the exhaust system is connected to the test bench, give rise in the exhaust-gas extraction duct to a pressure differing from the atmospheric pressure by more than ± 740 Pa (7,4 mbar) unless the manufacturer has deliberately specified the back pressure existing before the test; in this case the lower of the two pressures shall be used.

3.4. Tests

The tests must be tested at a sufficient number of rotational speeds to enable the power curve to be defined correctly between the lowest and highest speeds recommended by the manufacturer. That range of speeds must include the rotational speed at which the engine delivers its maximum power. The average for each speed is determined by means of at least two stabilized measurements.

3.5. Data to be recorded

The data to be recorded are those set out in Sub-Appendix 2.

4. POWER AND TORQUE CORRECTION FACTORS

▼M1

4.1. Definition of factors α1 and α2

Factors by which the torque and power measured are to be multiplied in order to determine the torque and power of an engine, taking account of the efficiency of the transmission (factor α2) used during the tests and in order to bring that torque and that power within the reference atmospheric conditions specified in 4.2.1 (factor α1).

The power correction formula is as follows:

where:

P0 = the corrected power (i.e. the power under the reference conditions at the end of the crankshaft)

α1 = the correction factor for reference atmospheric conditions

α2 = the correction factor for the efficiency of the transmission

P = the power measured (power observed).

▼B

4.2. Atmospheric conditions

4.2.1. Reference atmospheric conditions

4.2.1.1. Reference temperature (To)

298 K (25 °C).

4.2.1.2. Dry reference pressure (Pso)

99 kPa.

4.2.2. Atmospheric test conditions

During the test the atmospheric conditions shall lie within the following values.

4.2.2.1. Test temperature (T)

283 K < T < 318 K

4.3. Determination of the correction factors

4.3.1. Determination of the factor α2

— Where the measuring point is the crankshaft output side this factor is equal to 1.

— Where the measuring point is not the output side of the crankshaft this factor is calculated via the formula: —

where nt is the efficiency of the transmission located between the crankshaft and measuring point.

This transmission efficiency nt is determined via the product (multiplication) of efficiency nj of each of the components of the transmission:

nt = n1 × n2 × … × nj

Efficiency nj of each of the components of the transmission is shown in the following table.







Type Efficiency Gear wheel Spur gear 0,98 Helical gear 0,97 Bevel gear 0,96 Chain Roller 0,95 Silent 0,98 Belt Cogged 0,95 Vee 0,94 Hydraulic coupling or convertor Hydraulic coupling (1) 0,92 Hydraulic convertor (1) 0,92 (1) If not locked up.

4.3.2. Determination of factor α1 ( 10 )

4.3.2.1. Definition of physical magnitudes T, Ps for correction factors α1

T = the absolute temperature of the ingested air

Ps = the dry atmospheric pressure in kilopascals (kPa) i.e. the total barometric pressure minus the steam pressure

4.2.2.2. Factor α1

Correction factor α1 is obtained from the following

That formula only applies if:

0,93 ≤ α1 ≤ 1,07.

If the limit values are exceeded the corrected value obtained must be stated and the test conditions (temperature and pressure) stated exactly in the test report.

5. TEST REPORT

The test report must contain the results and all the calculations required to obtain the maximum torque and the maximum net power, as listed in Sub-Appendix 3, together with the characteristics of the engine listed in Sub-Appendix 2.

In addition, the test report must contain the following data:







Detailed results of measurements Engine performance Engine speed, min−1 Rotational speed of dynamometer brake, min−1 Dynamometer brake load, N Torque measured at crankshaft, N.m Power measured, kW Test conditions Barometric pressure, kPa Temperature of ingested air, K Steam pressure, kPa Atmospheric correction factor α1 Mechanical correction factor α2 Corrected torque at crankshaft, N·m Corrected power, kW Specific fuel consumption (1), g/kW·h Engine cooling temperature, K (2) Oil temperature at measuring point, K Exhaust temperature, K Air temperature downstream of supercharger, K Pressure downstream of supercharger, kPa (1) Without power correction due to the atmospheric factor. (2) State location of measuring point: the measurement has been carried out (delete where inappropriate): (a) at the liquid coolant outlet; (b) at the spark-plug washer; (c) elsewhere, to be stated.

6. MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER MEASUREMENT TOLERANCES

6.1. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of the engine, as determined by the technical service, may differ from the values specified by the manufacturer, by ± 5 % if the power measured is ≤ 11 kW and ± 2 % if the power measured is > 11 kW with a 1,5 % tolerance for the engine speed.

6.2. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of an engine during a production conformity test may differ from the values determined in the component type-approval test by ± 10 % if the power measured is ≤ 11 kW and ± 5 % if the power measured is > 11 kW.









Sub-Appendix 1

Measurement of maximum torque and maximum net engine power by means of the engine-temperature method

1. TEST CONDITIONS

1.1. The tests intended to determine maximum torque and maximum net power must be carried out at full throttle, the engine being equipped as specified in Table 1.

1.2. The measurements must be carried out under normal operating conditions and the supply of induction air to the engine shall be adequate. Engines must have been run in under the conditions recommended by their manufacturer. The combustion chambers of spark-ignition engines may contain deposits, but in limited quantities. The test conditions, such as the temperature of the induction air, must be selected so as to be as close as possible to the reference conditions (see 4.2.1) in order to reduce the magnitude of the correction factor.

1.3. The temperature of the air ingested into the engine must be measured at a maximum distance of 0,15 m from the air filter inlet or, if there is no filter, 0,15 m from the air inlet trumpet. The thermometer or thermocouple must be protected against radiant heat and placed directly in the air stream. It must also be shielded from fuel spray-back. A sufficient number of locations must be used to give a representative average inlet temperature.

1.4. The engine speed during a measurement run must not deviate from the selected speed while readings are taken by more than ± 1 %.

1.5. The brakeload readings for the test engine shall be taken from the dynamometer when the temperature of the engine monitor has reached the set value, the speed of the engine being held virtually constant.

1.6. Brakeload, fuel consumption and inlet air-temperature readings must be taken simultaneously, the reading adopted for measurement purposes is the average of two stabilized values differing by less than 2 % for brakeload and fuel consumption.

1.7. The fuel consumption readings begin when it is certain that the engine has reached a specific speed. Where an automatically triggered device is used to measure rotational speed and consumption the measurement must last for at least 10 seconds and if the measuring device is manually controlled for at least 20 seconds.

1.8. Where the engine is liquid cooled the temperature of the coolant at the outlet from the engine must be kept within ± 5 K of the upper thermostatically controlled temperature specified by the manufacturer. If no temperature is specified by the manufacturer, the temperature recorded must be 353 K ± 5 K. Where the engine is air cooled, the temperature recorded at the spark-plug washer is the temperature specified by the manufacturer ± 10 K. If the manufacturer has not specified any temperature, that recorded must be 483 K ± 10 K.

1.9. The temperature of the spark-plug washers on air-cooled engines must be measured by a thermometer incorporating a thermocouple and a seal ring.

1.10. The fuel temperature at the inlet of the injection pump or carburetter must be maintained within the limits set by the manufacturer.

1.11. The temperature of the lubricating oil, measured in the oil sump or at the outlet from the oil cooler, if fitted, must be within the limits set by the manufacturer.

1.12. The exhaust gas temperature shall be measured at a point at right angles to the exhaust orifice flange(s) or manifold(s).

1.13. The fuel used is that referred to in section 3.3.12 of Annex I.

1.14. If it is not possible to use the standard exhaust silencer a device must be used for the test that is compatible with the normal speed of the engine as specified by its manufacturer. In particular, when the engine in operating in the test laboratory the exhaust gas extraction system shall not cause a pressure differing from atmospheric pressure by ± 740 Pa (7,45 mbar) in the extraction flue at the point of connection with the vehicle's exhaust system, unless, before the test, the manufacturer has deliberately specified the back pressure existing before the test, in which case the lower of the two pressures shall be used.









Sub-Appendix 2

Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type ( 11 ) that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power

(Spark-ignition engines for motorcycles and tricycles)

(To be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged separately from the vehicle type-approval application)

Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …

The application for component type-approval in respect of the maximum torque and maximum net engine power of a type of motorcycle or tricycle must contain the information set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part A, in the following sections:

0.1

0.2

0.4 to 0.6

3 to 3.2.2

3.2.4 to 3.2.4.1.5

3.2.4.3 to 3.2.12.2.1

3.5 to 3.6.3.1.2









Sub-Appendix 3









Appendix 3

Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of compression-ignition engines fitted to two or three-wheel vehicles

1. DEFINITIONS

For the purposes of this Directive:

1.1. ‘net power’ means:

the power obtained on the test-bed at the end of the crankshaft or its equivalent at the corresponding engine speed with the accessories listed in Table 1. If the power measurement can be carried out with an installed gearbox only, the efficiency of the gearbox is to be taken into account;

1.2. ‘maximum net power’ means:

the maximum output of the net power measured at full engine load;

1.3. ‘torque’ means:

the torque measured under the conditions specified in 1.1;

1.4. ‘maximum torque’ means: the maximum torque value measured under full engine load;

1.5. ‘accessories’ means: the items of equipment and devices listed in Table 1;

1.6. ‘series-mounted equipment’ means: equipment provided by the manufacturer for a particular application;

1.7. ‘engine type’ means: engines whose characteristics, as defined in Sub-Appendix 1, do not differ in any fundamental respect.

2. ACCURACY OF THE MEASUREMENT OF FULL LOAD TORQUE AND POWER

2.1. Torque:

± 1 % of measured torque ( 12 )

2.2. Engine speed

The measurement must be accurate to within ± 1 %. Engine speed must be measured preferably with an automatically synchronized revolution counter and chronometer (or counter-timer).

2.3. Fuel consumption:

± 1 % of measured consumption.

2.4. Fuel temperature:

± 2 K.

2.5. Engine inlet air temperature:

± 2 K.

2.6. Barometric pressure:

± 100 Pa.

2.7. Pressure in inlet manifold:

± 50 Pa (see note 1(a) to Table 1).

2.8. Pressure in vehicle exhaust pipe:

200 Pa (see note 1(b) to Table 1).

3. TEST FOR MEASURING THE MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER OF COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES

3.1. Accessories

3.1.1. Accessories to be fitted

During the test, the accessories necessary for the engine operation in the intended application (as listed in Table 1) shall be installed on the test bench as far as possible in the same position as the intended application.

3.1.2. Accessories to be removed

Certain vehicle accessories necessary only for the operation of the vehicle and which may be mounted on the engine must be removed for the test.

The following non-exhaustive list is given as an example:

— air compressor for brakes,

— power-steering compressor,

— suspension compressor,

— air-conditioning system.

Where accessories cannot be removed, the power absorbed by them in the unloaded condition may be determined and added to the measured engine power.

3.1.3. Compression-ignition engine starting accessories

For the accessories used in starting compression-ignition engines, the two following cases must be considered:

(a) electrical starting: the generator is fitted and supplies, where necessary, the accessories indispensable to the operation of the engine;

(b) starting other than electrical: if there are any electrically-operated accessories indispensable to the operation of the engine, the generator is fitted to supply these accessories. Otherwise it is removed.

In either case, the system for producing and accumulating the energy necessary for starting is fitted and operated in the unloaded condition.







TABLE 1 Accessories to be included for the test to determine the torque and net power of compression-ignition engines No Accessories Fitted for torque and net power tests 1 Intake system — Intake manifold — Air filter () — Intake silencer () — Crankcase emission control system — Speed limiting device () If series-mounted: yes 2 Induction-heating device equipment — Intake manifold If series-mounted: yes (if possible, it must be set in the most favorable position) 3 Exhaust system — Exhaust purifier — Exhaust manifold — Connecting pipes () — Silencer () — Tail pipe () — Exhaust brake (3) — Supercharging device If series-mounted: yes 4 Fuel supply pump (4) If series-mounted: yes 5 Fuel-injection equipment — Prefilter — Filter — Pump — High pressure pipe — Injector — Air intake valve if fitted equipment (5) — Electronic control system, air flow meter, air, … (if fitted) If series-mounted: yes 6 Liquid-cooling equipment — Engine bonnet — Bonnet air outlet — Radiator — Fan (6) (7) — Fan cowl — Water pump — Thermostat (8) If series-mounted: yes (6) 7 Air cooling — Cowl — Blower (6) (7) — Temperature-regulating device If series-mounted: yes 8 Electrical equipment If series-mounted: yes (9) 9 Supercharging equipment (if fitted) — Compressor driven either directly by the engine and/or by the exhaust gases — Charge air cooler (10) — Coolant pump or fan (engine-driven) — Coolant flow control device (if fitted) If series-mounted: yes 10 Auxiliary test-bench fan If necessary: yes 11 Anti-pollution device (11) If series-mounted: yes (1) The complete intake system must be fitted as provided for the intended application: — where there is a risk of an appreciable effect on the engine power, — in the case of two-stroke engines, — when the manufacturer requests that this should be done. (2) The complete exhaust system must be fitted as provided for the intended application: — where there is a risk of an appreciable effect on the engine power, — in the case of two-stroke engines, — when the manufacturer requests that this should be done. (3) If an exhaust brake is incorporated in the engine, the throttle valve must be held in the fully open position. (4) The fuel-feed pressure may be adjusted, if necessary, to reproduce the pressures existing in the particular engine application (particulary when a ‘fuel-return’ system is used). (5) The air-intake valve is the control valve for the pneumatic governor of the injection pump. The governor or the fuel-injection equipment may contain devices which may affect the amount of injected fuel. (6) ►M1 The radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and thermostat must, on the test bench, occupy as far as possible the same position relative to each other as if they were on the vehicle. If the radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and/or thermostat have a position on the test bench which is different from that on the vehicle, the position on the test bench shall be described and noted on the test report. ◄ The cooling-liquid circulation must be operated by the engine water pump only. Cooling of the liquid may be produced either by the engine radiator or by an external circuit, provided that the pressure loss of this circuit and the pressure at the pump inlet remain substantially the same as those of the engine cooling system. The radiator shutter, if incorporated, must be in the open position. Where the fan, radiator and cowl system cannot conveniently be fitted to the engine, the power absorbed by the fan when separately mounted in its correct position in relation to the radiator and cowl (if used) must be determined at the speeds corresponding to the engine speeds used for measurement of the engine power either by calculation from standard characteristics or by practical tests. This power, corrected to the standard atmospheric conditions defined in 4.2, must be deducted from the corrected power. (7) Where a disconnectable or progressive fan or blower is incorporated, the test must be performed with the disconnectable fan (or blower) disconnected or with the progressive fan or blower running at maximum slip. (8) The thermostat may be in the fully-open position. (9) Minimum power of the generator: the power of the generator must be limited to that necessary for the operation of accessories which are indispensable for the operation of the engine. If the connection of a battery is necessary, a fully-charged battery in good order must be used. (10) Charge air-cooled engines must be tested with charge air cooling, whether liquid or air-cooled, but if the manufacturer prefers, a test bench may replace the air-cooled cooler. In either case, the measurement of power at each speed must be made with the same pressure drop of the engine air across the charge air cooler on the test-bench system as those specified by the manufacturer for the system on the complete vehicle. (11) Anti-pollution provisions may include, for example, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) system, catalytic converter, thermal reactor, secondary air-supply system and fuel-evaporation protecting system.

3.2. Setting conditions

The setting conditions for the test to determine the maximum torque and the maximum net power are indicated in Table 2.







TABLE 2 Setting conditions 1 Setting of injection-pump delivery system Set in accordance with the manufacturer's production specifications and used without further alteration for the particular application. 2 Ignition or injection timing (timing curve) 3 Governor setting 4 Anti-pollution devices

3.3. Test conditions

3.3.1. The maximum torque and maximum net powers tests must run at the full load fuel-injection pump setting, the engine being equipped as specified in Table 1.

3.3.2. Performance data must be obtained under stabilized operating conditions, with an adequate fresh-air supply to the engine. The engine must have been run in in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Combustion chambers may contain deposits, but in limited quantity. Test conditions such as inlet air temperature must be selected as near to reference conditions (see 4.2) as possible in order to minimize the magnitude of the correction factor.

3.3.3. The temperature of the inlet to the engine (ambient air) must be measured within 0,15m upstream of the point of entry of the air cleaner, or, if no air cleaner is used, within 0,15m to the air-inlet horn. The thermometer or thermocouple must be shielded from radiant heat and placed directly in the air stream. It must also be shielded from fuel spray-back. A sufficient number of locations must be used to give a representative average inlet temperature.

3.3.4. No data must be taken until torque, speed and temperatures have been maintained substantially constant for at least 30 seconds.

3.3.5. The engine speed during a run or reading must not deviate from the selected speed by more than ± 1 % or ± 10 min−1, whichever is greater.

3.3.6. Observed brake-load and inlet-air temperature data must be taken simultaneously and must be the average of two stabilized consecutive values which do not vary more than 2 % for the brake load.

3.3.7. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet from the engine must be kept within ± 5K from the upper thermostatically-controlled temperature specified by the manufacturer. If no temperature is specified by the manufacturer, the temperature must be 353K ± 5K. For air-cooled engines, the temperature at a point indicated by the manufacturer must be kept within + 0/− 20K of the maximum value specified by the manufacturer in the reference conditions.

3.3.8. The fuel temperature must be measured at the inlet to the carburettor or at the fuel-injection system and maintained within the limits established by the engine manufacturer.

3.3.9. The temperature of the lubricating oil measured in the oil sump or at the outlet from the oil cooler, if fitted, must be maintained within the limits established by the engine manufacturer.

3.3.10. An auxiliary regulating system may be used if necessary to maintain the temperature within the limits specified in 3.3.7., 3.3.8 and 3.3.9.

3.3.11. Fuel (see section 3.3.12 of Annex II)

3.4. Test procedure

Measurements must be taken at a sufficient number of engine speeds to define correctly the power curve completely between the lowest and the highest engine speeds recommended by the manufacturer. This range of speeds must include the speed of revolution at which the engine produces its maximum power. For each speed, the average of at least two stabilized measurements is to be determined.

3.5. Measurement of smoke index

In the case of compression-ignition engines, the exhaust gases must be examined during the test for compliance with the requirements for implementing the measures against air pollution, once these have come into force.

4. TORQUE AND POWER CORRECTION FACTORS

▼M1

4.1. Definition of factors αd and α2

Factors by which the torque and power measured are to be multiplied in order to determine the torque and power of an engine, taking account of the efficiency of the transmission (factor α2) used during the tests and in order to bring that torque and that power within the reference atmospheric conditions specified in 4.2.1 (factor αd).

The power correction formula is as follows:

where:

P0 = the corrected power (i.e. the power under the reference conditions at the end of the crankshaft)

αd = the correction factor for reference atmospheric conditions

α2 = the correction factor for the efficiency of the transmission (see Appendix 2, point 4.3.1)

P = the power measured (power observed).

▼B

4.2. Reference atmospheric conditions

4.2.1. Temperature (To)

298 K (25 °C)

4.2.2. Dry pressure (Pso)

99 kPa

Note: The dry pressure is based on a total pressure of 100 kPa and a water vapour pressure of 1 kPa.

4.3. Test atmospheric conditions

The atmospheric conditions during the test must be as follows:

4.3.1. Temperature (T)

283 K ≤ T ≤ 313 K

4.3.2. Pressure (Ps)

80 kPa ≤ Ps ≤ 110 kPa

▼M1

4.4. Determination of correction factor αd ( 13 )

▼B

The power correction factor (αd) for compression-ignition engines at constant fuel rate is obtained by applying the formula:

αd = (fa) fm

where:

fa = the atmospheric factor

fm = the characteristic parameter for each type of engine and adjustment.

4.4.1. Atmospheric factor fa

This factor indicates the effects of environmental conditions (pressure, temperature and humidity) on the air drawn in by the engine. The atmospheric factor formula differs according to type of engine.

4.4.1.1. Naturally aspirated and mechanically supercharged engines

4.4.1.2. Turbocharger engines or without cooling of inlet air

4.4.2. Engine factor fm

fm is a function of qc (fuel flow corrected) as follows:

fm = 0,036 · qc − 1,14

where:

qc = qr

where:

q = the fuel flow in milligrams per cycle per litre of total swept volume [mg/(litre · cycle)]

r = the pressure ratio of compressor outlet and compressor inlet (r = 1 for naturally aspirated engines).

This formula is valid for a value interval of qc included between 40 mg/(litre · cycle) and 65 mg/(litre · cycle).

For qc values lower than 40 mg/(litre · cycle), a constant value of fm equal to 0,3c (fm = 0,3) will be taken.

For qc values higher than 65 mg/(litre · cycle), a constant value of fm equal to 1,2 = (fm = 1,2c) will be taken (see the figure).

4.4.3. Conditions to be complied with in the laboratory

For a test to be valid, the correction factor αd must be such that

0,9 αd ≤ 1,1

If these limits are exceeded, the corrected value obtained must be given and the test conditions (temperature and pressure) precisely stated in the test report.

5. TEST REPORT

The test report must contain the results and all the calculations required to find the maximum torque and maximum net power, as listed in Sub-Appendix 2 together with the characteristics of the engine listed in Sub-Appendix 1.

In addition, the test report must contain the following data:







Detailed results of measurements Engine performance Engine speed, min−1 Rotational speed of dynamometer brake, min−1 Dynamometer brake load, N Torque measured at crankshaft, N · m Power measured, kW Test conditions Barometric pressure, kPa Temperature of ingested air, K Correction factor Corrected torque at crankshaft, N · m Corrected power, kW Specific fuel consumption (1), q/kW · h Engine cooling temperature, K (2) Oil temperature at measuring point, K Exhaust temperature, K Air temperature downstream of supercharger, K Pressure downstream of supercharger, kPa (1) Without power correction. (2) State location of measuring point: the measurement has been carried out (delete where inappropriate): (a) at the liquid coolant outlet; (b) at the spark-plug washer; (c) elsewhere, to be stated.

6. MEASURING MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER TOLERANCES

6.1. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of the engine, as determined by the testing body, may differ by ± 5 % from the values specified by the manufacturer if the power measured is ≤ 11 kW and ± 2 % if the power measured is > 11 kW, with a 1,5 % tolerance for the engine speed.

6.2. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of an engine during a production conformity test may differ by ± 10 % from the values determined in the component type-approval test if the power measured is ≤ 11 kW and ± 5 % if the power measured is > 11 kW.









Sub-Appendix 1

Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type ( 14 ) that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power

(Compression-ignition engines for two or three-wheel vehicles)

(To be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged separately from the vehicle type-approval application)

Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …

The application for component type-approval in respect of the maximum torque and maximum net engine power of a type of two of three-wheel motor vehicle must contain the information set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part A, in the following sections:

0.1

0.2

0.4 to 0.6

3 to 3.2.1.5

3.2.2

3.2.4.2 to 3.2.4.2.8.3

3.2.5 to 3.2.6.8

3.2.7 to 3.2.12.2.1

3.5 to 3.6.3.1.2









Sub-Appendix 2