75/440 - - - I
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its con-
tents
COUNCIL DIRECTIVE
of 16 June 1975
concerning the quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking
water in the Member States
(75/440/EEC)
(OJ No L 194, 25. 7. 1975, p. 26.)
Amending acts
Official Journal
No page date
Council Directive of 9 October 1979 (79/869/EEC) L 271 44 29. 10. 1979Council Directive of 23 December 1991 (91/692/EEC) L 377 48 31. 12. 1991
75/440 - - - I
ICOUNCIL DIRECTIVE
of 16 June 1975
concerning the quality required of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking
water in the Member States
(75/440/EEC)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN
COMMUNITIES,
Having regard to the T reaty establishing the European
Economic Community, and in particular Articles 100 and
235 thereof;
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission;
Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parlia-
ment(1);
Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social
Committee(2);
Whereas the increasing use of water resources for the ab-
straction of water for human consumption necessitates a
reduction in the pollution of water and its protection
against subsequent deterioration;
Whereas it is necessary to protect public health and, to
this end, to exercise surveillance over surface water in-
tended for the abstraction of drinking water and over the
purification treatment of such water;
Whereas any disparity between the provisions on the qual-
ity required of surface water intended for the abstraction
of drinking water already applicable or in preparation in
the various Member States may create unequal conditions
of competition and thus directly affect the functioning of
the common market; whereas it is therefore necessary to
approximate laws in this field as provided for in Article
100 of the T reaty;
Whereas it seems necessary for this approximation of laws
to be accompanied by Community action so that one of
the aims of the Community in the sphere of protection of
the environment and improvement of the quality of lifecan be achieved by wider regulations; whereas certain spe-
cific provisions to this effect should therefore be laid
down; whereas Article 235 of the T reaty should be invoked
as the powers required for this purpose have not been pro-
vided by the T reaty;
Whereas the programme of action of the European
Communities on the environment
(3)provides that quality
objectives are to be jointly drawn up fixing the various re-
quirements which an environment must meet inter alia the
definition of parametric values for water, including surface
water intended for the abstraction of drinking water;
Whereas the joint fixing of minimum quality requirements
for surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking
water precludes neither more stringent requirements in the
case of such water otherwise utilized nor the requirements
imposed by aquatic life;
Whereas it will be necessary to review in the light of new
technical and scientific knowledge the parametric values
(1)OJ No C 62, 30. 5. 1974, p. 7.
(2)OJ No C 109, 19. 9. 1974, p. 41.
(3)OJ No C 112, 20. 12. 1973, p. 3.
75/440 - - - I
IIdefining the quality of surface water used for the abstrac-
tion of drinking water;
Whereas the methods currently being worked out for water
sampling and for measuring the parameters defining the
physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of
surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking
water are to be covered by a Directive to be adopted as
soon as possible,
HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
75/440 - - - I
2Article 1
1. This Directive concerns the quality requirements
which surface fresh water used or intended for use in the
abstraction of drinking water, hereinafter called ‘surface
water’, must meet after application of appropriate treat-
ment. Ground water, brackish water and water intended to
replenish water-bearing beds shall not be subject to this
Directive.
2. For the purposes of applying this Directive, all surface
water intended for human consumption and supplied by
distribution networks for public use shall be considered to
be drinking water.
Article 2
For the purposes of this Directive surface water shall be
divided according to limiting values into three categories,
A1, A2 and A3, which correspond to the appropriate stan-
dard methods of treatment given in Annex I. These groupscorrespond to three different qualities of surface water, the
respective physical, chemical and microbiological character-
istics of which are set out in the table given in Annex II.
Article 3
1. Member States shall set, for all sampling points, or
for each individual sampling point, the values applicable to
surface water for all the parameters given in Annex II.
Member States may refrain from setting the values of
parameters in respect of which no value is shown, in the
table in Annex II, pursuant to the first subparagraph pend-
ing determination of the figures in accordance with the
procedure under Article 9.
2. The values set pursuant to paragraph 1 may not be
less stringent than those given in the ‘I’ columns of Annex
II.
3. Where values appear in the ‘G’ columns of Annex II,
whether or not there is a corresponding value in the ‘I’
columns of that Annex, Member States shall endeavour to
respect them as guidelines, subject to Article 6.
Article 4
1. Member States shall take all necessary measures to
ensure that surface water conforms to the values laid down
pursuant to Article 3. Each Member State shall apply this
Directive without distinction to national waters and waters
crossing its frontiers.
2. In line with the objectives of this Directive, Member
States shall take the necessary measures to ensure continu-
ing improvement of the environment. To this end, they
shall draw up a systematic plan of action including a time-table for the improvement of surface water and especially
that falling within category A3. In this context, consider-
able improvements are to be achieved under the national
programmes over the next 10 years.75/440/EEC
75/440 - - - I
3The timetable referred to in the first subparagraph will be
drawn up in the light of the need to improve the quality of
the environment, and of water in particular, and the econ-
omic and technical constraints which exist or which may
arise in the various regions of the Community.
The Commission will carry out a thorough examination of
the plans referred to in the first subparagraph, including
the timetables, and will, if necessary, submit appropriate
proposals to the Council.
3. Surface water having physical, chemical and microbio-
logical characteristics falling short of the mandatory limit-
ing values corresponding to treatment type A3 may not be
used for the abstraction of drinking water. However, such
lower quality water may, in exceptional circumstances, be
utilized provided suitable processes - including blending -
are used to bring the quality characteristics of the water up
to the level of the quality standards for drinking water.The Commission must be notified of the grounds for such
exceptions, on the basis of a water resources management
plan within the area concerned, as soon as possible, in the
case of existing installations, and in advance, in the case of
new installations. The Commission will examine these
grounds in detail and, where necessary, submit appropriate
proposals to the Council.
Article 5
1. For the purposes of Article 4 surface water shall be
assumed to conform to the relevant parameters if samples
of this water taken at regular intervals at the same sampl-
ing point and used in the abstraction of drinking water
show that it complies with the parametric values for the
water quality in question, in the case of:
— 95 % of the samples for parameters conforming to
those specified in the ‘I’ columns in Annex II,
— 90 % of the samples in all other cases,
and if in the case of the 5 or 10 % of the samples which
do not comply:
(a) the water does not deviate from the parametric values
in question by more than 50 %, except for tempera-
ture, pH, dissolved oxygen and microbiological para-
meters;
(b) there can be no resultant danger to public health;
(c) consecutive water samples taken at statistically suit-
able intervals do not deviate from the relevant para-
metric values.75/440/EEC
78/869/EEC - - - deleted
75/440 - - - I
43. Higher values than the parametric values for the
water quality in question, shall not be taken into consider-
a t i o ni nt h ec a l c u l a t i o no ft h ep e r c e n t a g e sr e f e r r e dt oi n
paragraph 1 when they are the result of floods or natural
disasters or abnormal weather conditions.
4. Sampling shall mean the place at which surface water
is abstracted before being sent for purification treatment.
Article 6
Member States may at any time fix more stringent values
for surface water than those laid down in this Directive.
Article 7
Implementation of the measures taken pursuant to this Di-
rective may under no circumstances lead either directly or
indirectly to deterioration of the current quality of surface
water.
Article 8
This Directive may be waived:(a) in the case of floods or other natural disasters;
(b) in the case of certain parameters marked (O) in
Annex II because of exceptional meteorological or
geographical conditions;
(c) where surface water undergoes natural enrichment in
certain substances as a result of which it would exceed
the limits laid down for categories A1, A2 and A3 in
the table in Annex II;
(d) in the case of surface-water in shallow lakes or vir-
tually stagnant surface water, for parameters marked
with an asterisk in the table in Annex II, this deroga-
tion being applicable only to lakes with a depth not
exceeding 20 m, with an exchange of water slower
than one year, and without a discharge of waste water
into the water body.
Natural enrichment means the process whereby, without
human intervention, a given body of water receives from
the soil certain substances contained therein.
In no case may the exceptions provided for in the first
subparagraph disregard the requirements of public health
protection.
Where a Member State waives the provisions of this Direc-
tive, it shall forthwith notify the Commission thereof, stat-
ing its reasons and the periods anticipated.75/440/EEC - - - 79/869/EEC
75/440 - - - I
5Article 9
The numerical values and the list of parameters given in
the table in Annex II, defining the physical, chemical and
microbiological characteristics of surface water may be re-
vised either at the request of a Member State or on a
proposal from the Commission, whenever technical and
scientific knowledge regarding methods of treatment is ex-
tended or drinking water standards are modified.
Article 9a
At intervals of three years the Member States shall send
information to the Commission on the implementation of
this Directive, in the form of a sectoral report which shall
also cover other pertinent Community Directives. This re-
port shall be drawn up on the basis of a questionnaire or
outline drafted by the Commission in accordance with the
procedure laid down in Article 6 of Directive
91/692/EEC(1)T h eq u e s t i o n n a i r eo ro u t l i n es h a l lb es e n t
to the Member States six months before the start of the
period covered by the report. The report shall be sent to
the Commission within nine months of the end of the
three-year period covered by it.
The first report shall cover the period from 1993 to 1995
inclusive.
The Commission shall publish a Community report on the
implementation of the Directive within nine months of re-
ceiving the reports from the Member States.
Article 10
Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations
and administrative provisions needed in order to comply
with this Directive within two years of its notification.
They shall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.
Article 11
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
(1)OJ No L 377, 31. 12. 1991, p. 48.75/440/EEC
91/692/EEC
75/440/EEC
75/440 - - - I
6ANNEX I
Definition of the standard methods of treatment for
transforming surface water of categories A1, A2 and A3
into drinking water
Category A1
Simple physical treatment and disinfection, e.g. rapid filtra-
tion and disinfection.
Category A2
Normal physical treatment, chemical treatment and disin-
fection, e.g. pre-chlorination, coagulation, flocculation, de-
cantation, filtration, disinfection (final chlorination).
Category A3
Intensive physical and chemical treatment, extended treat-
ment and disinfection e.g. chlorination to break-point, co-
agulation, flocculation, decantation, filtration, adsorption
(activated carbon), disinfection (ozone, final chlorination).75/440/EEC
75/440 - - - I
7ANNEX II
Characteristics of surface water intended for the abstraction of drinking water
ParametersA1 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3Parame tersG I G I G I
1p H 65t o85 55t o9 55t o9
2 Coloration (after simple filtration) mg/l Pt scale 10 20 (O) 50 100 (O) 50 200 (O)
3 T otal suspended solids mg/l SS 25
4 Temperature ûC2 2 25 (O) 22 25 (O) 22 25 (O)
5 Conductivity μs/cm--- 1at 20 ûC 1 000 1 000 1 000
6O d o u r (dilution factor at
25ûC) 3 10 20
7* Nitrates mg/l NO 3 25 50 (O) 50 (O) 50 (O)
8(1)Fluorides m g / lF 07t o1 15 07t o17 07t o17
9 T otal extractable organic chlorine mg/l Cl
10* Dissolved iron mg/l Fe 0 1 03 1 2 1
11* Manganese mg/l Mn 0 05 01 1
12 Copper mg/l Cu 0 02 00 5( O ) 00 5 1
13 Zinc mg/l Zn 0 5 3 1 5 1 5
14 Boron mg/l B 1 1 1
15 Beryllium mg/l Be
16 Cobalt mg/l Co
17 Nickel mg/l Ni
18 V anadium mg/l V
19 Arsenic mg/l As 0 01 00 5 00 5 00 5 01
20 Cadmium mg/l Cd 0 001 0 005 0 001 0 005 0 001 0 005
21 T otal chromium mg/l Cr 00 5 00 5 00 5
22 Lead mg/l Pb 00 5 00 5 00 5
23 Selenium mg/l Se 00 1 00 1 00 1
24 Mercury mg/l Hg 0 0005 0 001 0 0005 0 001 0 0005 0 001
25 Barium mg/l Ba 01 1 1
26 Cyanide mg/l Cn 00 5 00 5 00 5
27 Sulphates mg/l SO 4 150 250 150 250 (O) 150 250 (O)
28 Chlorides mg/l Cl 200 200 20075/440/EEC
75/440 - - - I
8A3
IA3
GA2
IA2
GA1
IA1
GParametersA3
IA3
GA2
IA2
GA1
IA1
GParameters
29 Surfactants (reacting with methyl blue) mg/l (laurylsulphate) 0 2 02 05
30*(2)Phosphates mg/l P 2O5 04 07 07
31 Phenols (phenol index) paranitraniline
4 aminoantipyrine mg/l C 6H5OH 0 001 0 001 0 005 00 1 01
32 Dissolved or emulsified hydrocarbons
(after extraction by petroleum ether) mg/l 00 5 02 05 1
33 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mg/l 0 0002 0 0002 0 001
34 T otal pesticides (parathion, BHC, diel-
drin) mg/l 0 001 0 0025 0 005
35* Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l O 2 30
36* Dissolved oxygen saturation rate %O 2 >7 0 >5 0 >3 0
37* Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5)
(at 20 ûC without nitrification) mg/l O 2 <3 <5 <7
38 Nitrogen by Kjeldahl method (except
NO3)mg/l N 1 2 3
39 Ammonia mg/l NH 4 00 5 1 15 2 4( O )
40 Substances extractable with chloroform mg/l SEC 0 1 02 05
41 T otal organic carbon mg/l C
42 Residual organic carbon after floccula-
tion and membrane filtration (5 μ)
TOC mg/l C
43 T otal coliforms 37 ûC /100 ml 50 5 000 50 000
44 Faecal coliforms /100 ml 20 2 000 20 000
45 Faecal streptococci /100 ml 20 1 000 10 000
46 Salmonella Not pre-
sent in
5 000 mlNot pre-
sent in
1 000 ml
I = mandatory.
G=g u i d e .
O = exceptional climatic or geographical conditions.*= s e e A r t i c l e 8 ( d ) .
(1)The values given are upper limits set in relation to the mean annual temperature (high and low).
(2)This parameter has been included to satisfy the ecological requirements of certain types of environment.75/440/EEC