02011R1178 — EN — 31.01.2022 — 017.001

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►B COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1178/2011 of 3 November 2011 laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text with EEA relevance) (OJ L 311 25.11.2011, p. 1)

Amended by:









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COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1178/2011

of 3 November 2011

laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to civil aviation aircrew pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council

(Text with EEA relevance)







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Article 1

Subject matter

1. This Regulation lays down detailed rules for: (a) different ratings for pilot licences, the conditions for issuing, maintaining, amending, limiting, suspending or revoking pilot licences, the privileges and responsibilities of the holders of pilot licences, as well as the conditions for the conversion of existing national pilot licences and of national flight engineer licences into pilot licences; (b) the certification of persons who are responsible for providing flight training or flight simulation training and for assessing pilots’ skills; (c) different medical certificates for pilots, the conditions for issuing, maintaining, amending, limiting, suspending or revoking medical certificates, the privileges and responsibilities of the holders of medical certificates as well as the conditions for the conversion of national medical certificates into mutually recognised medical certificates; (d) the certification of aero-medical examiners, as well as the conditions under which general medical practitioners may act as aero-medical examiners; (e) the periodical aero-medical assessment of cabin crew members, as well as the qualifications of persons who are responsible for that assessment; (f) the conditions for issuing, maintaining, amending, limiting, suspending or revoking cabin crew attestations, as well as the privileges and responsibilities of the holders of cabin crew attestations; (g) the conditions for issuing, maintaining, amending, limiting, suspending or revoking certificates of pilot training organisations and of aero-medical centres involved in the qualification and aero-medical assessment of civil aviation aircrew; (h) the requirements for the certification of flight simulation training devices and for organisations that operate and use those devices; (i) the requirements for the administration and management system to be fulfilled by the Member States, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (‘EASA’) and organisations in relation to the rules referred to in points (a) to (h).

2. Articles 11b and 11c of this Regulation as well as Annex IV (Part-MED), Annex VI (Part-ARA), Annex VII (Part-ORA) and Annex VIII (Part-DTO) to this Regulation shall apply to pilot licences for balloons and sailplanes.

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Article 2

Definitions

For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply:

(1) ‘Part-FCL licence’ means a flight crew licence which complies with the requirements of Annex I;

(2) ‘JAR’ means joint aviation requirements adopted by the Joint Aviation Authorities as applicable on 30 June 2009;

(3) ‘Light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL)’ means the leisure pilot licence referred to in Article 7 of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008;

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(5) ‘Non-JAR-compliant licence’ means the pilot licence issued or recognised by a Member State in accordance with national legislation and not having been recommended for mutual recognition in relation to the relevant JAR;

(6) ‘Credit’ means the recognition of prior experience or qualifications;

(7) ‘Credit report’ means a report on the basis of which prior experience or qualifications may be recognised;

(8) ‘Conversion report’ means a report on the basis of which a licence may be converted into a Part-FCL licence;

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(11) ‘Cabin crew member’ means an appropriately qualified crew member, other than a flight crew or technical crew member, who is assigned by an operator to perform duties related to the safety of passengers and flight during operations;

(12) ‘Aircrew’ means flight crew and cabin crew;

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(14) ‘Acceptable means of compliance (AMC)’ means non-binding standards adopted by the Agency to illustrate means to establish compliance with Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its implementing rules;

(15) ‘Alternative means of compliance (AltMoC)’ means those means that propose an alternative to an existing AMC or those that propose new means to establish compliance with Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its implementing rules for which no associated AMC have been adopted by the Agency;

(16) ‘Approved training organisation (ATO)’ means an organisation which is entitled to provide training to pilots on the basis of an approval issued in accordance with the first subparagraph of Article 10a(1);

(17) ‘Basic instrument training device (BITD)’ means a ground-based training device for the training of pilots representing the student pilot's station of a class of aeroplanes, which may use screen-based instrument panels and spring-loaded flight controls, and providing a training platform for at least the procedural aspects of instrument flight;

(18) ‘Certification specifications (CS)’ mean technical standards adopted by the Agency indicating means to be used by an organisation for the purpose of certification;

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(19) ‘Flight instructor (FI)’ means an instructor with the privileges to provide training in an aircraft in accordance with Subpart J of Annex I (Part-FCL) to this Regulation, Subpart FI of Annex III (Part-BFCL) to Regulation (EU) 2018/395 ( 1 ), or Subpart FI of Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976 ( 2 );

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(20) ‘Flight simulation training device (FSTD)’ means a device for the training of pilots which is: (a) in the case of aeroplanes, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD), a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT) or a basic instrument training device (BITD); (b) in the case of helicopters, a full flight simulator (FFS), a flight training device (FTD) or a flight and navigation procedures trainer (FNPT);

(21) ‘FSTD qualification’ means the level of technical ability of an FSTD as specified in the certification specifications relating to the FSTD in question;

(22) ‘Principal place of business’ of an organisation means the head office or registered office of the organisation within which the principal financial functions and operational control of the activities referred to in this Regulation are exercised;

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(22a) ‘ARO.RAMP’ means the Subpart RAMP of Annex II to the Regulation on Air Operations;

(22b) ‘Automatically validated’ means the acceptance, without formalities, by an ICAO contracting State listed in the ICAO attachment of a flight crew licence issued by a State in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention;

(22c) ‘ICAO attachment’ means an attachment to an automatically validated flight crew licence issued in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention, which is mentioned under item XIII of the flight crew licence;

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(23) ‘Qualification test guide (QTG)’ means a document established to demonstrate that the performance and handling qualities of an FSTD represent those of the aircraft, class of aeroplane or type of helicopter, simulated within prescribed limits and that all applicable requirements have been met. The QTG includes both the data of the aircraft, class of aeroplane or type of helicopter and FSTD data used to support the validation;

(24) ‘Declared training organisation (DTO)’ means an organisation which is entitled to provide training to pilots on the basis of a declaration made in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 10a(1);

(25) ‘DTO training programme’ means a document established by a DTO, describing in detail the training course provided by that DTO.

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Article 3

Pilot licensing and medical certification

1. Without prejudice to Article 8 of this Regulation, pilots of aircraft referred to in Article 4(1)(b) and (c) and Article 4(5) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annex I and Annex IV to this Regulation.

2. Notwithstanding the privileges of the holders of licences as defined in Annex I to this Regulation, holders of pilot licences issued in accordance with Subpart B or C of Annex I to this Regulation may carry out flights referred to in Article 6(4a) of Regulation (EU) No 965/2012. This is without prejudice to compliance with any additional requirements for the carriage of passengers or the development of commercial operations defined in Subparts B or C of Annex I to this Regulation.

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Article 4

Existing national pilots’ licences

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2. Non-JAR-compliant licences including any associated ratings, certificates, authorisations and/or qualifications issued or recognised by a Member State before the applicability of this Regulation shall be converted into Part-FCL licences by the Member State that issued the licence.

3. Non-JAR-compliant licences shall be converted into Part-FCL licences and associated ratings or certificates in accordance with: (a) the provisions of Annex II; or (b) the elements laid down in a conversion report.

4. The conversion report shall: (a) be established by the Member State that issued the pilot licence in consultation with the European Aviation Safety Agency (the Agency); (b) describe the national requirements on the basis of which the pilot licences were issued; (c) describe the scope of the privileges that were given to the pilots; (d) indicate for which requirements in Annex I credit is to be given; (e) indicate any limitations that need to be included on the Part-FCL licences and any requirements the pilot has to comply with in order to remove those limitations.

5. The conversion report shall include copies of all documents necessary to demonstrate the elements set out in points (a) to (e) of paragraph 4, including copies of the relevant national requirements and procedures. When developing the conversion report, Member States shall aim at allowing pilots to, as far as possible, maintain their current scope of activities.

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6. Notwithstanding paragraph 3, holders of a class rating instructor certificate or an examiner certificate who have privileges for single-pilot high performance complex aircraft shall have those privileges converted into a type rating instructor certificate or an examiner certificate for single-pilot aeroplanes.

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7. A Member State may authorise student pilots who follow a LAPL training course to exercise limited privileges without supervision before they meet all the requirements necessary for the issuance of a LAPL, subject to the following conditions: (a) the scope of the privileges shall be based on a safety risk assessment carried out by the Member State, taking into account the extent of training necessary for the intended level of pilot competence to be achieved; (b) the privileges shall be limited to the following: (i) the whole or part of the national territory of the authorising Member State; (ii) aircraft registered in the authorising Member State; (iii) aeroplanes and helicopters, both as single-engine piston aircraft with a maximum take-off mass not exceeding 2000 kg, sailplanes and balloons; (c) for training conducted under the authorisation, the holder of such an authorisation who applies for the issuance of a LAPL shall receive credits that are determined by the Member State on the basis of a recommendation from an ATO or a DTO; (d) the Member State shall submit periodical reports and safety risk assessments to the Commission and to the Agency every 3 years; (e) the Member States shall monitor the use of authorisations issued under this paragraph to ensure an acceptable level of aviation safety and take appropriate action in case of identifying an increased safety risk or any other safety concerns.

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8. Until ►M12 8 September 2021 ◄ , a Member State may issue an authorisation to a pilot to exercise specified limited privileges to fly aeroplanes under instrument flight rules before the pilot complies with all of the requirements necessary for the issue of an instrument rating in accordance with this Regulation, subject to the following conditions: (a) the Member State shall only issue these authorisations when justified by a specific local need which cannot be met by the ratings established under this Regulation; (b) the scope of the privileges granted by the authorisation shall be based on a safety risk assessment carried out by the Member State, taking into account the extent of training necessary for the intended level of pilot competence to be achieved; (c) the privileges of the authorisation shall be limited to the airspace of the Member State’s national territory or parts of it; (d) the authorisation shall be issued to applicants having completed appropriate training with qualified instructors and demonstrated the required competencies to a qualified examiner, as determined by the Member State; (e) the Member State shall inform the Commission, EASA and the other Member States of the specificities of this authorisation, including its justification and safety risk assessment; (f) the Member State shall monitor the activities associated with the authorisation to ensure an acceptable level of safety and take appropriate action in case of identifying an increased risk or any safety concerns; (g) the Member State shall carry out a review of the safety aspects of the implementation of the authorisation and submit a report to the Commission by 8 April 2017 at the latest.

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9. For licences issued before 19 August 2018, Member States shall comply with the requirements laid down in the second paragraph of point (a) of ARA.FCL.200 as amended by Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/1065 ( 3 ) by 31 December 2022 at the latest.

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Article 4a

Performance-based navigation instrument rating privileges

1. Pilots may only fly in accordance with performance-based navigation (‘PBN’) procedures after they have been granted PBN privileges as an endorsement to their instrument rating (‘IR’).

2. A pilot shall be granted PBN privileges where he or she fulfils all of the following requirements: (a) the pilot has successfully completed a course of theoretical knowledge including PBN, in accordance with FCL.615 of Annex I (Part-FCL); (b) the pilot has successfully completed flying training including PBN, in accordance with FCL.615 of Annex I (Part-FCL); (c) the pilot has successfully completed either a skill test in accordance with Appendix 7 to Annex I (Part-FCL) or a skill test or a proficiency check in accordance with Appendix 9 of Annex I (Part-FCL).

3. The requirements of paragraph 2(a) and (b) shall be deemed to have been fulfilled where the competent authority considers that the competence acquired, either through training or from familiarity with PBN operations, is equivalent to the competence acquired through the courses referred to in paragraph 2(a) and (b) and the pilot demonstrates such competence to the satisfaction of the examiner at the proficiency check or skill test referred to in paragraph 2(c).

4. A record of the successful demonstration of competency in PBN shall, upon completion of the skill test or the proficiency check referred to in paragraph 2(c), be entered in the pilot's logbook or equivalent record and signed by the examiner who conducted the test or check.

5. IR pilots without PBN privileges may only fly on routes and approaches that do not require PBN privileges and no PBN items shall be required for the renewal of their IR, until 25 August 2020; after that date, PBN privileges shall be required for every IR.

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Article 4b

Upset prevention and recovery training

1. Upset prevention and recovery training shall become a mandatory part of a training course for a multi-crew pilot licence (MPL), an integrated training course for airline transport pilots for aeroplanes (ATP(A)), a training course for a commercial pilot licence for aeroplanes (CPL(A)) and training courses for a class or type rating for: (a) single-pilot aeroplanes operated in multi-pilot operations; (b) single-pilot non-high-performance complex aeroplanes; (c) single-pilot high-performance complex aeroplanes; or (d) multi-pilot aeroplanes; in accordance with Annex I (Part-FCL).

2. For training courses referred to in paragraph 1 that commence before 20 December 2019 at an approved training organisation (ATO), upset prevention and recovery training shall not be mandatory provided that: (a) CPL(A), ATP(A) or MPL training course is otherwise completed in accordance with Annex I (Part-FCL) and the skill test is completed in compliance with points FCL.320 (CPL), FCL.620 (IR) or FCL.415.A (MPL) of Annex I (Part-FCL) by 20 December 2021 at the latest; or (b) class or type rating training course for the aeroplanes is otherwise completed in accordance with Annex I (Part-FCL) and the skill test is completed in compliance with the second subparagraph of paragraph (c) of point FCL.725 of Annex I (Part-FCL) to this Regulation by 20 December 2021 at the latest.

For the purpose of paragraph 1, the competent authority may on its own assessment and pursuant to a recommendation from an ATO give credit for any upset prevention and recovery training completed before 20 December 2019 under national training requirements.

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Article 4c

Transitional measures for holders of an en route instrument rating

1. Up to and including 8 September 2022, holders of an en route instrument rating (‘EIR’) set out in point FCL.825 of Annex I (Part-FCL) shall: (a) be entitled to continue to exercise the privileges of their EIR; ▼M16 (b) continue to be entitled to receive revalidation or renewal of their EIR, in accordance with point FCL.825(g) of Annex I (Part-FCL); (c) be entitled to receive full credit towards the training requirements in point FCL.835(c)(2)(i) and (iii) of Annex I (Part-FCL), when applying for the issue of a basic instrument rating (BIR) in accordance with point FCL.835 of Annex I (Part-FCL); and (d) continue to be entitled to receive full credit as established for EIR holders in Annex I (Part- FCL). ▼M12

2. As from 8 September 2021, training courses for an EIR referred to in paragraph 1, that have commenced prior to that date, can be continued and shall be regarded as training courses for a BIR. Based on an assessment of the applicant, the approved training organisation responsible for the BIR training course shall determine the amount of EIR training to be credited towards the issue of the BIR.

3. Applicants for a BIR who hold an EIR or have passed the theoretical knowledge examination for an EIR in accordance with point FCL.825(d) prior to 8 September 2021 shall receive full credit towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for the BIR.

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Article 6

Conversion of flight test qualifications

1. Pilots who before this Regulation applies conducted category 1 and 2 flight tests as defined in the Annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003 ( 4 ), or who provided instruction to flight test pilots, shall have their flight test qualifications converted into flight test ratings in accordance with Annex I to this Regulation and, where applicable, flight test instructor certificates by the Member State that issued the flight test qualifications.

2. This conversion shall be carried out in accordance with the elements established in a conversion report that complies with the requirements set out in Article 4(4) and (5).

Article 7

Existing national flight engineers’ licences

1. In order to convert flight engineer licences, issued in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention, into Part-FCL licences, holders shall apply to the Member State that issued the licences.

2. Flight engineer licences shall be converted into Part-FCL licences in accordance with a conversion report that complies with the requirements set out in Article 4(4) and (5).

3. When applying for the airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) for aeroplanes, the provisions on credit in FCL.510.A(c)(2) of Annex I shall be complied with.

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Article 9

Credit for training commenced prior to the application of this Regulation

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1. In respect of issuing Part-FCL licences in accordance with Annex I, training commenced prior to the application of this Regulation in accordance with the JARs and procedures, under the regulatory oversight of a Member State recommended for mutual recognition within the Joint Aviation Authorities’ system in relation to the relevant JARs, shall be given full credit provided that the training and testing were completed by 8 April 2016 at the latest and a Part-FCL licence is issued by 1 April 2020 at the latest.

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2. Training commenced prior to the application of this Regulation in accordance with Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention shall be given credit for the purposes of issuing Part-FCL licences on the basis of a credit report established by the Member State in consultation with the Agency.

3. The credit report shall describe the scope of the training, indicate for which requirements of Part-FCL licences credit is given and, if applicable, which requirements applicants need to comply with in order to be issued with Part-FCL licences. It shall include copies of all documents necessary to demonstrate the scope of the training and of the national regulations and procedures in accordance with which the training was commenced.

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Article 9a

Type rating training and operational suitability data

1. Where the Annexes to this Regulation make reference to the operational suitability data established in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, and that data is not available for the relevant type aircraft, the applicant for a type rating training course shall comply with the provisions of the Annexes of Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 only.

2. Type rating training courses approved before the approval of the minimum syllabus of pilot type rating training in the operational suitability data for the relevant type of aircraft in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 shall include the mandatory training elements not later than 18 December 2017 or within two years after the operational suitability data was approved, whichever is the latest.

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Article 10

Credit for pilot licences obtained during military service

1. In order for holders of military flight crew licences to obtain Part-FCL licences, they shall apply to the Member State where they served.

2. The knowledge, experience and skill gained in military service shall be given credit for the purposes of the relevant requirements of Annex I in accordance with the elements of a credit report established by the Member State in consultation with the Agency.

3. The credit report shall: (a) describe the national requirements on the basis of which the military licences, ratings, certificates, authorisations and/or qualifications were issued; (b) describe the scope of the privileges that were given to the pilots; (c) indicate for which requirements of Annex I credit is to be given; (d) indicate any limitations that need to be included on the Part-FCL licences and indicate any requirements pilots have to comply with to remove those limitations; (e) include copies of all documents necessary to demonstrate the elements above, accompanied by copies of the relevant national requirements and procedures.

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Article 10a

Pilot training organisations

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1. Organisations shall, in accordance with Article 24(2) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139, be entitled to provide training to pilots involved in the operation of aircraft referred to in points (b)(i) and (ii) of Article (2)(1) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 only where those organisations have been issued by the competent authority with an approval confirming that they comply with the essential requirements set out in Annex IV to Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 and with the requirements of Annex VII to this Regulation. However, having regard to Article 24(6) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139, organisations having their principal place of business in a Member State shall be entitled to provide the training referred to in point DTO.GEN.110 of Annex VIII to this Regulation without such approval inside the territory for which Member States are responsible under the Chicago Convention where they have made a declaration to the competent authority in accordance with the requirements laid down in point DTO.GEN.115 of that Annex and, where so required pursuant to point DTO.GEN.230(c) of that Annex, the competent authority has approved the training programme.

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5. Pilot training organisations shall ensure that the IR training course they offer include training for PBN privileges compliant with the requirements of Annex I (Part-FCL) by 25 August 2020 at the latest.

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Article 10b

Flight simulation training devices

1. Flight simulation training devices (FSTDs) used for pilot training, testing and checking, with the exception of developmental training devices used for flight test training, shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annexes VI and VII and shall be qualified.

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Article 10c

Aero-medical centres

1. Aero-medical centres shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annexes VI and VII and shall be certified.

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Article 11

Cabin crew medical fitness

1. Cabin crew members involved in the operation of aircraft referred to in Article 4(1)(b) and (c) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 shall comply with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annex IV.

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Article 11a

Cabin crew qualifications and related attestations

1. Cabin crew members involved in commercial operation of aircraft referred to in Article 4(1)(b) and (c) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 shall be qualified and hold the related attestation in accordance with the technical requirements and administrative procedures laid down in Annexes V and VI.

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4. Cabin crew members involved in commercial operations of helicopters on the date of application of this Regulation: (a) shall be deemed to be compliant with the initial training requirements of Annex V if they comply with the applicable training, checking and recency provisions of the JARs for commercial air transportation by helicopters; or (b) if they do not comply with the applicable training, checking and recency requirements of the JARs for commercial air transportation by helicopters, they shall complete all relevant training and checking required to operate on helicopter(s), except the initial training, before being deemed to be compliant with this Regulation; or (c) if they have not operated in commercial operations by helicopters for more than 5 years, they shall complete the initial training course and shall pass the related examination as required in Annex V before being deemed to be compliant with this Regulation.

5. Without prejudice to Article 2, cabin crew attestations complying with the format laid down in Annex VI shall be issued to all cabin crew members involved in commercial operations by helicopters by 8 April 2013 at the latest.

Article 11b

Oversight capabilities

1. Member States shall designate one or more entities as the competent authority within that Member State with the necessary powers and allocated responsibilities for the certification and oversight of persons and organisations subject to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its implementing rules.

2. If a Member State designates more than one entity as competent authority: (a) the areas of competence of each competent authority shall be clearly defined in terms of responsibilities and geographic limitation; (b) coordination shall be established between those entities to ensure effective oversight of all organisations and persons subject to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its implementing rules within their respective remits.

3. Member States shall ensure that the competent authority(ies) has/have the necessary capability to ensure the oversight of all persons and organisations covered by their oversight programme, including sufficient resources to fulfil the requirements of this Regulation.

4. Member States shall ensure that competent authority personnel do not perform oversight activities when there is evidence that this could result directly or indirectly in a conflict of interest, in particular when relating to family or financial interest.

5. Personnel authorised by the competent authority to carry out certification and/or oversight tasks shall be empowered to perform at least the following tasks: (a) examine the records, data, procedures and any other material relevant to the execution of the certification and/or oversight task; (b) take copies of or extracts from such records, data, procedures and other material; (c) ask for an oral explanation on site; (d) enter relevant premises, operating sites or means of transport; (e) perform audits, investigations, assessments and inspections, including ramp inspections and unannounced inspections; and (f) take or initiate enforcement measures as appropriate.

6. The tasks under paragraph 5 shall be carried out in compliance with the legal provisions of the relevant Member State.

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Article 11c

Transitional measures

Member States shall:

(a) by 8 April 2021 at the latest, transfer to EASA all records related to the oversight of organisations that provide training for pilot licences in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/395 and Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976 and for which EASA is the competent authority in accordance with Article 78 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 5 );

(b) in coordination with EASA, conclude, certification processes initiated before 8 April 2020 and issue the certificate following which EASA assumes all its responsibilities as a competent authority for those certified organisations.

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Article 12

Entry into force and application

1. This Regulation shall enter into force on the 20th day following its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .

It shall apply from 8 April 2012.

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4. ►M14 ◄ , to pilots holding a licence and associated medical certificate issued by a third country involved in the non-commercial operation of aircraft as specified in Article 2(1)(b), points (i) or (ii), of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139. Member States shall make those decisions publicly available. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, Member States may decide not to apply the provisions of this Regulation until20 June 2022, to pilots holding a licence and associated medical certificate issued by a third country involved in the non-commercial operation of aircraft as specified in Article 2(1)(b), points (i) or (ii), of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139. Member States shall make those decisions publicly available.

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7. When a Member State makes use of the requirements of paragraphs 2a and 4, it shall notify the Commission and the Agency. This notification shall describe the reasons for such derogation as well as the programme for implementation containing actions envisaged and related timing.

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8. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, point FCL.315.A, the second sentence of paragraph (a) of point FCL.410.A and paragraph (c) of point FCL.725.A of Annex I (Part-FCL) shall apply from 20 December 2019.

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This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.









ANNEX I

[PART-FCL]

SUBPART A

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

FCL.001 Competent authority

For the purpose of this Part, the competent authority shall be an authority designated by the Member State to whom a person applies for the issue of pilot licences or associated ratings or certificates.

FCL.005 Scope

This Part establishes the requirements for the issue of pilot licences and associated ratings and certificates and the conditions of their validity and use.

FCL.010 Definitions

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For the purposes of this Annex (Part-FCL), the following definitions shall apply:

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‘Accessible’ means that a device can be used by:

— the approved training organisation (ATO) under whose approval a training course for a class or type rating is being conducted; or — the examiner conducting the assessment of competence, skill test or proficiency check for the purpose of assessing, testing or checking.

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‘Aerobatic flight’ means an intentional manoeuvre involving an abrupt change in an aircraft's attitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight or for instruction for licences, certificates, or ratings other than the aerobatic rating.

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‘Aeroplane’ means an engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air which is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings.

‘Aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot’ means a type of aeroplane which is required to be operated with a co-pilot as specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate.

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‘Aeroplane upset prevention and recovery training’ (UPRT) means training consisting of:

— aeroplane upset prevention training: a combination of theoretical knowledge and flying training with the aim of providing flight crew with the required competencies to prevent aeroplane upsets; and — aeroplane upset recovery training: a combination of theoretical knowledge and flying training with the aim of providing flight crew with the required competencies to recover from aeroplane upsets.

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‘Aircraft’ means any machine which can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface.

‘Airmanship’ means the consistent use of good judgement and well-developed knowledge, skills and attitudes to accomplish flight objectives.

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‘Airship’ means a power-driven lighter-than-air aircraft, with the exception of hot-air airships, which are considered to be balloons in accordance with Article 2(7) of Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/395.

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‘Available FSTD’ means any flight simulation training device (FSTD) that is vacant for use of the FSTD operator or of the customer irrespective of any time considerations.

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‘Angular operation’ means an instrument approach operation in which the maximum tolerable error/deviation from the planned track is expressed in terms of deflection of the needles on the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) or equivalent display in the cockpit.

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‘Assessment of competence’ means the demonstration of skills, knowledge and attitude for the initial issue, revalidation or renewal of an instructor or examiner certificate.

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‘Balloon’ means a lighter-than-air aircraft which is not engine-driven and sustains flight through the use of either gas or an airborne heater. For the purposes of this Part, a hot-air airship, although engine-driven, is also considered a balloon.

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‘Category of aircraft’ means a categorisation of aircraft according to specified basic characteristics, for example aeroplane, powered-lift, helicopter, airship, sailplane, free balloon.

‘Class of aeroplane’ means a categorisation of single-pilot aeroplanes not requiring a type rating.

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‘Commercial air transport’ means the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire.

‘Competency’ means a combination of skills, knowledge and attitude required to perform a task to the prescribed standard.

‘Competency element’ means an action which constitutes a task that has a triggering event and a terminating event that clearly defines its limits, and an observable outcome.

‘Competency unit’ means a discrete function consisting of a number of competency elements.

‘Co-pilot’ means a pilot operating other than as pilot-in-command, on an aircraft for which more than one pilot is required, but excluding a pilot who is on board the aircraft for the sole purpose of receiving flight instruction for a licence or rating.

‘Cross-country’ means a flight between a point of departure and a point of arrival following a pre-planned route, using standard navigation procedures.

‘Cruise relief co-pilot’ means a pilot who relieves the co-pilot of his/her duties at the controls during the cruise phase of a flight in multi-pilot operations above FL 200.

‘Dual instruction time’ means flight time or instrument ground time during which a person is receiving flight instruction from a properly authorised instructor.

▼M12

‘En route IFR flight’ means the phase of an IFR flight that commences after the completion of an IFR departure procedure and finishes when commencing an IFR approach procedure.

▼B

‘Error’ means an action or inaction taken by the flight crew which leads to deviations from organisational or flight intentions or expectations.

‘Error management’ means the process of detecting and responding to errors with countermeasures which reduce or eliminate the consequences of errors, and mitigate the probability of errors or undesired aircraft states.

‘Full Flight Simulator’ (FFS) means a full size replica of a specific type or make, model and series aircraft flight deck, including the assemblage of all equipment and computer programmes necessary to represent the aircraft in ground and flight operations, a visual system providing an out-of-the-flight deck view, and a force cueing motion system.

▼M12

‘Flight time’:

for aeroplanes, touring motor gliders and powered-lift aircraft, it means the total time from the moment an aircraft first moves for the purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the flight; for helicopters, it means the total time from the moment a helicopter’s rotor blades start turning until the moment the helicopter finally comes to rest at the end of the flight, and the rotor blades are stopped; for airships, it means the total time from the moment an airship is released from the mast for the purpose of taking off until the moment the airship finally comes to rest at the end of the flight, and is secured on the mast.

▼B

‘Flight time under Instrument Flight Rules’ (IFR) means all flight time during which the aircraft is being operated under the Instrument Flight Rules.

‘Flight Training Device’ (FTD) means a full size replica of a specific aircraft type’s instruments, equipment, panels and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft flight deck, including the assemblage of equipment and computer software programmes necessary to represent the aircraft in ground and flight conditions to the extent of the systems installed in the device. It does not require a force cueing motion or visual system, except in the case of helicopter FTD levels 2 and 3, where visual systems are required.

‘Flight and Navigation Procedures Trainer’ (FNPT) means a training device which represents the flight deck or cockpit environment, including the assemblage of equipment and computer programmes necessary to represent an aircraft type or class in flight operations to the extent that the systems appear to function as in an aircraft.

▼M11

‘Flown solely by reference to instruments’ means that the pilots fly the aircraft without any external visual references, in simulated or actual instrument meteorological conditions (IMC).

▼M12 —————

▼B

‘Helicopter’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes.

‘Instrument flight time’ means the time during which a pilot is controlling an aircraft in flight solely by reference to instruments.

‘Instrument ground time’ means the time during which a pilot is receiving instruction in simulated instrument flight, in flight simulation training devices (FSTD).

‘Instrument time’ means instrument flight time or instrument ground time.

▼M12

‘Limited panel instrument flight’ means attitude interpretation by reference to standby instruments interpretation after the loss of main attitude and heading reference system.

▼M5

‘Linear operation’ means an instrument approach operation in which the maximum tolerable error/deviation from the planned track is expressed in units of length, for instance nautical miles, for cross-track lateral deviation.

▼M11

‘Line flying under supervision’ (LIFUS) means line flying after an approved zero flight time type rating training course or the line flying required by an operational suitability data (OSD) report.

▼M5

‘LNAV’ means Lateral Navigation.

‘LPV’ means Localiser Performance with Vertical Guidance.

▼B

‘Multi-pilot operation’:

for aeroplanes, it means an operation requiring at least 2 pilots using multi-crew cooperation in either multi-pilot or single-pilot aeroplanes; for helicopters, it means an operation requiring at least 2 pilots using multi-crew cooperation on multi-pilot helicopters.

‘Multi-crew cooperation’ (MCC) means the functioning of the flight crew as a team of cooperating members led by the pilot-in-command.

‘Multi-pilot aircraft’:

for aeroplanes, it means aeroplanes certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two pilots; for helicopters, airships and powered-lift aircraft, it means the type of aircraft which is required to be operated with a co-pilot as specified in the flight manual or by the air operator certificate or equivalent document.

▼M11

‘Night’ means the period between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority.

▼M11

‘OSD’ means the operational suitability data established in accordance with Annex I (Part-21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012.

▼M11

‘Other training devices’ (OTD) means training aids other than FSTDs which provide means for training where a complete flight deck environment is not necessary.

▼M5

‘Performance-Based Navigation (PBN)’ means area navigation based on performance requirements for aircraft operating along an ATS route, on an instrument approach procedure or in a designated airspace.

▼B

‘Performance criteria’ means a simple, evaluative statement on the required outcome of the competency element and a description of the criteria used to judge if the required level of performance has been achieved.

‘Pilot-in-command’ (PIC) means the pilot designated as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of the flight.

‘Pilot-in-command under supervision’ (PICUS) means a co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the pilot-in-command, the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command.

‘Powered-lift aircraft’ means any aircraft deriving vertical lift and in flight propulsion/lift from variable geometry rotors or engines/propulsive devices attached to or contained within the fuselage or wings.

▼M12

‘Powered sailplane’ means a sailplane equipped with one or more engines that has, with engines inoperative, the characteristics of a sailplane.

▼B

‘Private pilot’ means a pilot who holds a licence which prohibits the piloting of aircraft in operations for which remuneration is given, with the exclusion of instruction or examination activities, as established in this Part.

▼M11

‘Proficiency check’ means the demonstration of skill to revalidate or renew ratings or privileges, and including such oral examination as may be required.

▼B

‘Renewal’ (of, e.g. a rating or certificate) means the administrative action taken after a rating or certificate has lapsed for the purpose of renewing the privileges of the rating or certificate for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment of specified requirements.

‘Revalidation’ (of, e.g. a rating or certificate) means the administrative action taken within the period of validity of a rating or certificate which allows the holder to continue to exercise the privileges of a rating or certificate for a further specified period consequent upon the fulfilment of specified requirements.

▼M5

‘RNP APCH’ means a PBN specification used for instrument approach operations.

‘RNP APCH operation down to LNAV minima’ means a 2D instrument approach operation for which the lateral guidance is based on GNSS positioning.

‘RNP APCH operation down to LNAV/VNAV minima’ means a 3D instrument approach operation for which the lateral guidance is based on GNSS positioning and the vertical guidance is provided either by the Baro VNAV function or by the GNSS positioning including SBAS.

‘RNP APCH operation down to LPV minima’ means a 3D instrument approach operation for which both lateral and vertical guidance are based on GNSS positioning including SBAS.

‘RNP AR APCH’ means a navigation specification used for instrument approach operations requiring a specific approval.

▼B

‘Route sector’ means a flight comprising take-off, departure, cruise of not less than 15 minutes, arrival, approach and landing phases.

‘Sailplane’ means a heavier-than-air aircraft which is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its fixed lifting surfaces, the free flight of which does not depend on an engine.

‘Single-pilot aircraft’ means an aircraft certificated for operation by one pilot.

‘Skill test’ means the demonstration of skill for a licence or rating issue, including such oral examination as may be required.

‘Solo flight time’ means flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of an aircraft.

‘Student pilot-in-command’ (SPIC) means a student pilot acting as pilot-in-command on a flight with an instructor where the latter will only observe the student pilot and shall not influence or control the flight of the aircraft.

‘Threat’ means events or errors which occur beyond the influence of the flight crew, increase operational complexity and which must be managed to maintain the margin of safety.

‘Threat management’ means the process of detecting and responding to the threats with countermeasures which reduce or eliminate the consequences of threats, and mitigate the probability of errors or undesired aircraft states.

▼M5

‘Three-dimensional (3D) instrument approach operation’ means an instrument approach operation using both lateral and vertical navigation guidance.

▼M12

‘Touring motor glider (TMG)’ means, unless otherwise specified following the certification process in accordance with Annex I (Part 21) to Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, a specific class of powered sailplanes that has an integrally mounted, non-retractable engine and a non-retractable propeller. It shall be capable of taking off and climbing under its engine power according to its flight manual.

▼M5

‘Two-dimensional (2D) instrument approach operation’ means an instrument approach operation using lateral navigation guidance only.

▼B

‘Type of aircraft’ means a categorisation of aircraft requiring a type rating as determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, and which include all aircraft of the same basic design including all modifications thereto except those which result in a change in handling or flight characteristics.

▼M11

‘Type rating and licence endorsement list’ means a list published by the Agency based on the result of the OSD evaluation and containing classes of aeroplanes and types of aircraft for the purpose of flight crew licensing.

▼M5

‘VNAV’ means Vertical Navigation.

▼M14

‘Evidence based training (EBT) operator’ means an organisation that is holding an air operator certificate (AOC) in accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 and that has implemented an EBT programme approved by the competent authority, in accordance with the provisions of that Regulation.

‘EBT practical assessment’ means a method for assessing performance that serves to verify the integrated performance of competencies. It takes place in either a simulated or an operational environment.

‘EBT programme’ means a pilot assessment and training programme in accordance with point ORO.FC.231 of Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012.

‘Mixed EBT programme’ means an operator’s recurrent training and checking programme provided for in point ORO.FC.230 of Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012, a portion of which is dedicated to the application of EBT but which does not replace proficiency checks provided for in Appendix 9 to this Annex.

▼M3

FCL.015 Application and issue, revalidation and renewal of licences, ratings and certificates

▼M12

(a) An application for the issue, revalidation or renewal of pilot licences and associated ratings and certificates as well as any amendment thereto shall be submitted to the competent authority in a form and manner established by that authority. The application shall be accompanied by evidence that applicants comply with the requirements for the issue, revalidation or renewal of the licence or certificate as well as associated ratings or endorsements established in this Annex (Part-FCL) and in Annex IV (Part-MED).

(b) Unless otherwise specified in this Annex, any limitation or extension of the privileges granted by a licence, rating or certificate shall be endorsed in the licence or certificate by the competent authority.

▼B

(c) A person shall not hold at any time more than one licence per category of aircraft issued in accordance with this Part.

▼M12

(d) A licence holder shall submit applications in accordance with paragraph (a) to the competent authority designated by the Member State in which his or her licence was issued in accordance with this Annex (Part-FCL), Annex III (Part-BFCL) to Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/395 or with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, as applicable.

▼M12

(e) The holder of a licence that has been issued in accordance with this Annex (Part-FCL) may apply to the competent authority designated by another Member State for a change of competent authority relating to all licences held, as specified in paragraph (d).

(f) For the issue of a licence, rating or certificate the applicant shall apply not later than 6 months after having succeeded at the skill test or assessment of competence.

▼M14

(g) Training completed in aircraft or in FSTDs in accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO) to Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 shall be taken into account for the experience and revalidation requirements established in this Annex (Part-FCL).

▼M3

FCL.020 Student pilot

(a) A student pilot shall not fly solo unless authorised to do so and supervised by a flight instructor.

▼M12

(b) Before his or her first solo flight, a student pilot shall be at least 16 years of age.

▼M3

FCL.025 Theoretical knowledge examinations for the issue of licences and ratings

▼B

(a) Responsibilities of the applicant

▼M11

(1) Applicants shall take the entire set of theoretical knowledge examinations for a specific licence or rating under the responsibility of the same Member State’s competent authority.

▼M7

(2) Applicants shall only take the theoretical knowledge examination when recommended by the declared training organisation (DTO) or the approved training organisation (ATO) responsible for their training, once they have completed the appropriate elements of the training course of theoretical knowledge instruction to a satisfactory standard.

(3) The recommendation by a DTO or an ATO shall be valid for 12 months. If the applicant has failed to attempt at least one theoretical knowledge examination paper within this period of validity, the need for further training shall be determined by the DTO or the ATO, based on the needs of the applicant.

▼M11

(b) Pass standards

(1) A pass in a theoretical knowledge examination paper will be awarded to an applicant achieving at least 75 % of the marks allocated to that paper. No penalty marking shall be applied.

(2) Unless otherwise determined in this Part, an applicant has successfully completed the required theoretical knowledge examination for the appropriate pilot licence or rating if he or she has passed all the required theoretical knowledge examination papers within a period of 18 months counted from the end of the calendar month when the applicant first attempted an examination.

▼M14

(3) If an applicant for the ATPL theoretical knowledge examination, or for the issue of a commercial pilot licence (CPL), or an instrument rating (IR) has failed to pass one of the theoretical knowledge examination papers within four attempts, or has failed to pass all papers within either six sittings or within the period mentioned in point (b)(2), he or she shall retake the complete set of theoretical knowledge examination papers.

(4) If applicants for the issue of a light aircraft pilot licence (LAPL) or a private pilot licence (PPL) have failed to pass one of the theoretical knowledge examination papers within four attempts or have failed to pass all papers within the period mentioned in point (b)(2), they shall retake the complete set of theoretical knowledge examination papers.

▼M11

(5) Before retaking the theoretical knowledge examinations, applicants shall undertake further training at a DTO or an ATO. The extent and scope of the training needed shall be determined by the DTO or the ATO, based on the needs of the applicants.

▼B

(c) Validity period

(1) The successful completion of the theoretical knowledge examinations will be valid:

▼M12

(i) for the issue of a light aircraft pilot licence or a private pilot licence, for a period of 24 months;

(ii) for the issue of a commercial pilot licence or instrument rating (IR), for a period of 36 months;

(iii) for the issue of a basic instrument rating (BIR), for an unlimited duration. The periods in paragraphs (i) and (ii) shall be counted from the day on which the pilots have successfully completed the theoretical knowledge examination, in accordance with paragraph (b)(2).

▼B

(2) The completion of the airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) theoretical knowledge examinations will remain valid for the issue of an ATPL for a period of 7 years from the last validity date of:

(i) an IR entered in the licence; or

(ii) in the case of helicopters, a helicopter’s type rating entered in that licence.

FCL.030 Practical skill test

(a) Before a skill test for the issue of a licence, rating or certificate is taken, the applicant shall have passed the required theoretical knowledge examination, except in the case of applicants undergoing a course of integrated flying training. In any case, the theoretical knowledge instruction shall always have been completed before the skill tests are taken.

(b) Except for the issue of an airline transport pilot licence, the applicant for a skill test shall be recommended for the test by the organisation/person responsible for the training, once the training is completed. The training records shall be made available to the examiner.

▼M12

(c) For the issue of a BIR, the applicant for a skill test must first complete all training modules and be recommended for the skill test by an ATO. His or her training records shall be made available to the examiner, by the ATO.

▼B

FCL.035 Crediting of flight time and theoretical knowledge

(a) Crediting of flight time

▼M3

(1) Unless otherwise specified in this Part, flight time to be credited for a licence, rating or certificate shall have been flown in the same category of aircraft for which the licence, rating or certificate is sought.

(2) PIC or under instruction.

▼B

(i) An applicant for a licence, rating or certificate shall be credited in full with all solo, dual instruction or PIC flight time towards the total flight time required for the licence, rating or certificate.

(ii) A graduate of an ATP integrated training course is entitled to be credited with up to 50 hours of student pilot-in-command instrument time towards the PIC time required for the issue of the airline transport pilot licence, commercial pilot licence and a multi-engine type or class rating.

(iii) A graduate of a CPL/IR integrated training course is entitled to be credited with up to 50 hours of the student pilot-in-command instrument time towards the PIC time required for the issue of the commercial pilot licence and a multi-engine type or class rating.

▼M3

(3) Flight time as co-pilot or PICUS. Unless otherwise determined in this Part, the holder of a pilot licence, when acting as co-pilot or PICUS, is entitled to be credited with all of the co-pilot time towards the total flight time required for a higher grade of pilot licence.

▼M14

(4) All hours flown in aeroplanes or TMGs that are subject to a decision of a Member State taken in accordance with points (a) or (c) of Article 2(8) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1139 or that fall within the scope of Annex I to that Regulation shall be credited in full towards fulfilling the flight time requirements of point FCL.140.A(a)(1) and point FCL.740.A(b)(1)(ii) of this Annex, provided that the following conditions are met:

(i) the aeroplane or TMG concerned is of the same category and class as the Part-FCL aircraft in respect of which the hours flown are to be credited;

(ii) in case of training flights with an instructor, the aeroplane or TMG used is subject to an authorisation specified in point ORA.ATO.135 of Annex VII (Part-ORA) or point DTO.GEN.240 of Annex VIII (Part-DTO).

▼M12

(b) Crediting of theoretical knowledge

(1) Applicants that have passed the theoretical knowledge examination for an airline transport pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge for the light aircraft pilot licence, the private pilot licence, the commercial pilot licence and, except in the case of helicopters, the IR and the BIR in the same category of aircraft.

(2) Applicants that have passed the theoretical knowledge examination for a commercial pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge for: (i) the light aircraft pilot licence in the same category of aircraft; (ii) the private pilot licence in the same category of aircraft; and (iii) the subject ‘communications’ for the BIR. This credit shall include the IFR part of the subject ‘communications’ only if that subject was completed in accordance with point FCL.310, as applicable as of 20 December 2019.

(3) Holders of an IR or applicants that have passed the IR theoretical knowledge examination for a category of aircraft shall be credited towards the requirements for the theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for: (i) the IR in another category of aircraft; and (ii) the BIR.

(4) Holders of a pilot licence shall be credited towards the requirements for theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for a licence in another category of aircraft in accordance with Appendix 1 to this Part. This credit also applies to applicants for a pilot licence who have already successfully completed the theoretical knowledge examinations for the issue of that licence in another category of aircraft, as long as the theoretical knowledge examination is within the validity period specified in point FCL.025(c).

(5) By way of derogation from paragraph (b)(3), holders of an IR(A) who have completed a competency-based modular IR(A) course shall be fully credited towards the requirements for theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for an IR in another category of aircraft only if they have also passed the theoretical knowledge instruction and examination for the IFR part of the course required in accordance with point FCL.720.A(b)(2)(i).

▼M11

FCL.040 Exercise of the privileges of licences

The exercise of the privileges granted by a licence shall be dependent upon the validity of the ratings contained therein, if applicable, and of the medical certificate as appropriate to the privileges exercised.

▼B

FCL.045 Obligation to carry and present documents

(a) A valid licence and a valid medical certificate shall always be carried by the pilot when exercising the privileges of the licence.

(b) The pilot shall also carry a personal identification document containing his/her photo.

(c) A pilot or a student pilot shall without undue delay present his/her flight time record for inspection upon request by an authorised representative of a competent authority.

(d) A student pilot shall carry on all solo cross-country flights evidence of the authorisation required by FCL.020(a).

▼M6

(e) A pilot intending to fly outside Union territory on an aircraft registered in a Member State other than the one that issued the flight crew licence shall carry, in print or in electronic format, the latest issue of the ICAO attachment, which includes a reference to the ICAO registration number of the agreement that recognises the automatic validation of licences, as well as the list of States which are party to this agreement.

▼B

FCL.050 Recording of flight time

The pilot shall keep a reliable record of the details of all flights flown in a form and manner established by the competent authority.

▼M11

FCL.055 Language proficiency

(a) General. Aeroplane, helicopter, powered-lift and airship pilots required to use the radio telephone shall not exercise the privileges of their licences and ratings unless they have a language proficiency endorsement on their licence in either English or the language used for radio communications involved in the flight. The endorsement shall indicate the language, the proficiency level and the validity date, and it shall be obtained in accordance with a procedure established by a competent authority. The minimum acceptable proficiency level is the operational level (Level 4) in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Annex.

(b) The applicant for a language proficiency endorsement shall demonstrate, in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Annex, at least an operational level of language proficiency both in the use of phraseologies and plain language to an assessor certified by a competent authority or a language-testing body approved by a competent authority as applicable. To do so, the applicant shall demonstrate the ability to: (1) communicate effectively in voice-only and in face-to-face situations; (2) communicate on common and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity; (3) use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognise and resolve misunderstandings in a general or work-related context; (4) handle successfully the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events which occurs within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and (5) use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community.

(c) Except for pilots who have demonstrated language proficiency at the expert level (level 6) in accordance with Appendix 2 to this Annex, the language proficiency endorsement shall be re-evaluated every: (1) 4 years, if the level demonstrated is operational level (level 4); or (2) 6 years, if the level demonstrated is extended level (level 5).

▼M12

(d) Specific requirements for holders of an instrument rating (IR). By way of derogation from the paragraphs above, holders of an IR shall have demonstrated the ability to use the English language at the appropriate proficiency level as defined in Appendix 2 to this Annex.

(e) The demonstration of language proficiency and the use of the English language for IR holders shall be done through a method of assessment established by any competent authority.

▼B

FCL.060 Recent experience

(b) ▼M12 Aeroplanes, helicopters, powered-lift aircraft and airships. A pilot shall not operate an aircraft in commercial air transport or to carry passengers: ▼B (1) as PIC or co-pilot unless he/she has carried out, in the preceding 90 days, at least 3 take-offs, approaches and landings in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class. The 3 take-offs and landings shall be performed in either multi-pilot or single-pilot operations, depending on the privileges held by the pilot; and (2) as PIC at night unless he/she: (i) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least 1 take-off, approach and landing at night as a pilot flying in an aircraft of the same type or class or an FFS representing that type or class; or (ii) holds an IR; ▼M3 (3) as cruise relief co-pilot unless he/she: (i) has complied with the requirements in (b)(1); or (ii) has carried out in the preceding 90 days at least 3 sectors as a cruise relief pilot on the same type or class of aircraft; or (iii) has carried out recency and refresher flying skill training in an FFS at intervals not exceeding 90 days. This refresher training may be combined with the operator’s refresher training prescribed in the relevant requirements of Part-ORO. ▼B (4) When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of aeroplane with similar handling and operation characteristics, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21. (5) When a pilot has the privilege to operate more than one type of non-complex helicopter with similar handling and operation characteristics, as defined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21, the 3 take-offs, approaches and landings required in (1) may be performed in just one of the types, provided that the pilot has completed at least 2 hours of flight in each of the types of helicopter, during the preceding 6 months.

(c) Specific requirements for commercial air transport: (1) In the case of commercial air transport, the 90-day period prescribed in subparagraphs (b)(1) and (2) above may be extended up to a maximum of 120 days, as long as the pilot undertakes line flying under the supervision of a type rating instructor or examiner. ▼M11 (2) If the pilot does not comply with the requirement in point (1), he or she shall complete a training flight with an instructor qualified in accordance with Subpart J to instruct for that aircraft type. The training flight shall be performed in the aircraft or an FFS of the aircraft type to be used, and shall include at least the requirements described in points (b)(1) and (2) before he or she can exercise his/her privileges.

▼M4

FCL.065 Curtailment of privileges of licence holders aged 60 years or more in commercial air transport

(a) Age 60-64. Aeroplanes and helicopters. The holder of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 60 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft engaged in commercial air transport except as a member of a multi-pilot crew.

▼M12

(b) Age 65. Holders of a pilot licence who has attained the age of 65 years shall not act as a pilot of an aircraft that is engaged in commercial air transport.

▼M12 —————

▼B

FCL.070 Revocation, suspension and limitation of licences, ratings and certificates

(a) Licences, ratings and certificates issued in accordance with this Part may be limited, suspended or revoked by the competent authority when the pilot does not comply with the requirements of this Part, Part-Medical or the applicable operational requirements, in accordance with the conditions and procedures laid down in Part-ARA.

(b) When the pilot has his/her licence suspended or revoked, he/she shall immediately return the licence or certificate to the competent authority.

SUBPART B

LIGHT AIRCRAFT PILOT LICENCE — LAPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

▼M12

FCL.100 LAPL — Minimum age

Applicants for the LAPL for aeroplanes or helicopters shall be at least 17 years old.

▼B

FCL.105 LAPL — Privileges and conditions

(a) General. The privileges of the holder of an LAPL are to act without remuneration as PIC in non-commercial operations on the appropriate aircraft category.

(b) Conditions. Applicants for the LAPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the relevant aircraft category and, when applicable, for the class or type of aircraft used in the skill test.

FCL.110 LAPL — Crediting for the same aircraft category

(a) Applicants for an LAPL who have held another licence in the same category of aircraft shall be fully credited towards the requirements of the LAPL in that category of aircraft.

(b) Without prejudice to the paragraph above, if the licence has lapsed, the applicant shall have to pass a skill test in accordance with FCL.125 for the issue of an LAPL in the appropriate aircraft category.

▼M7

FCL.115 LAPL — Training course

(a) Applicants for an LAPL shall complete a training course at a DTO or an ATO.

(b) The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges of the LAPL applied for.

(c) Theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction may be completed at a DTO or at an ATO different from the one where applicants have commenced their training.

▼M11

(d) For the training for the single-engine piston aeroplanes-sea class privilege, the elements of Appendix 9 to this Annex, point 7 (Class ratings – sea) of Section B (Specific requirements for the aeroplane category) shall be considered.

▼M12

FCL.120 LAPL — Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted, through examinations on the following:

(a) common subjects: — Air law, — Human performance, — Meteorology, — Communications, and — Navigation.

(b) specific subjects concerning the different aircraft categories: — Principles of flight, — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, and — Aircraft general knowledge.

▼B

FCL.125 LAPL — Skill test

(a) Applicants for an LAPL shall demonstrate through the completion of a skill test the ability to perform, as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

(b) Applicants for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test. The privileges will be restricted to the class or type used for the skill test until further extensions are endorsed on the licence, in accordance with this Subpart.

(c) Pass marks (1) The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown. (2) Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. (3) When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. (4) Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further practical training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the LAPL for aeroplanes — LAPL(A)

▼M11

FCL.105.A LAPL(A) — Privileges and conditions

(a) Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for aeroplanes are to act as PIC on single-engine piston aeroplanes-land (SEP(land)), single-engine piston aeroplanes-sea (SEP(sea)) or TMG with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2000 kg or less, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are always a maximum of 4 persons on board of the aircraft.

(b) Conditions

(1) Holders of a LAPL(A) shall carry passengers only if they have completed 10 hours of flight time as PIC on aeroplanes or TMG after the issuance of the licence.

(2) Holders of a LAPL(A) who previously held an ATPL(A), an MPL(A), a CPL(A) or a PPL(A), are exempted from the requirements laid down in point (b)(1).

▼B

FCL.110.A LAPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a) Applicants for an LAPL(A) shall have completed at least 30 hours of flight instruction on aeroplanes or TMGs, including at least: (1) 15 hours of dual flight instruction in the class in which the skill test will be taken; (2) 6 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 3 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which 1 full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

▼M12

(b) Specific requirements for applicants who hold an SPL issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including privileges to fly TMGs. Applicants for an LAPL(A) who hold an SPL with the privileges to fly TMGs shall have completed at least 21 hours of flight time on TMGs after the endorsement of the TMG privileges and shall comply with the requirements of point FCL.135.A(a) on aeroplanes.

▼M7

(c) Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements of point (a). The amount of credit shall be decided by the DTO or the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case: (1) not exceed the total flight time as PIC; (2) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in point (a); (3) not include the requirements of point (a)(2).

▼B

FCL.135.A LAPL(A) — Extension of privileges to another class or variant of aeroplane

(a) The privileges of an LAPL(A) shall be limited to the class and variant of aeroplanes or TMG in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed in another class the requirements below: (1) 3 hours of flight instruction, including: (i) 10 dual take-offs and landings; and (ii) 10 supervised solo take-offs and landings. (2) a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new class. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other class in the following subjects: (i) Operational procedures; (ii) Flight performance and planning; (iii) Aircraft general knowledge.

▼M11

(b) In order to extend the privileges to another variant within a class, the pilot shall either undertake differences training or do a familiarisation. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or into an equivalent record and be signed by the instructor.

▼M12

(c) Applicants for the extension of privileges of the LAPL(A) to TMG who also hold an SPL in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including the privileges to fly on TMGs, shall receive full credits towards the requirements in paragraph (a).

▼M11

FCL.140.A LAPL(A) — Recency requirements

(a) Holders of a LAPL(A) shall exercise the privileges of their licence only if in the last 2 years they have met any of the following conditions as pilots of aeroplanes or TMGs:

(1) they have completed at least 12 hours of flight time as PIC or flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, including: — 12 take-offs and landings; — refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with an instructor;

(2) they have passed a LAPL(A) proficiency check with an examiner. The proficiency check programme shall be based on the skill test for the LAPL(A);

(b) If holders of a LAPL(A) hold both a SEP(land) and a SEP(sea) privilege, they may comply with the requirements in point (a)(1) in either class or a combination thereof which shall be valid for both privileges. For this purpose, at least 1 hour of the required flight time and 6 out of the required 12 take-offs and landings shall be completed in each class.

▼B

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the LAPL for helicopters — LAPL(H)

FCL.105.H LAPL(H) — Privileges

The privileges of the holder of an LAPL for helicopters are to act as PIC on single-engine helicopters with a maximum certificated take-off mass of 2 000 kg or less, carrying a maximum of 3 passengers, such that there are never more than 4 persons on board.

FCL.110.H LAPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a) Applicants for the LAPL(H) shall have completed 40 hours of flight instruction on helicopters. At least 35 hours of which shall be flown on the type of helicopter that is to be used for the skill test. The flight instruction shall include at least: (1) 20 hours of dual flight instruction; and (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 150 km (80 NM), during which one full stop landing at an aerodrome different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

▼M7

(b) Crediting. Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited towards the requirements of point (a). The amount of credit shall be decided by the DTO or the ATO where the pilot undergoes the training course, on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but shall in any case: (1) not exceed the total flight time as PIC; (2) not exceed 50 % of the hours required in point (a); (3) not include the requirements of point (a)(2).

▼B

FCL.135.H LAPL(H) — Extension of privileges to another type or variant of helicopter

(a) The privileges of an LAPL(H) shall be limited to the specific type and variant of helicopter in which the skill test was taken. This limitation may be removed when the pilot has completed: (1) 5 hours of flight instruction, including: (i) 15 dual take-offs, approaches and landings; (ii) 15 supervised solo take-offs, approaches and landings; (2) a skill test to demonstrate an adequate level of practical skill in the new type. During this skill test, the applicant shall also demonstrate to the examiner an adequate level of theoretical knowledge for the other type in the following subjects: — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, — Aircraft general knowledge.

(b) Before the holder of an LAPL(H) can exercise the privileges of the licence in another variant of helicopter than the one used for the skill test, the pilot shall undertake differences or familiarisation training, as determined in the operational suitability data established in accordance with Part-21. The differences training shall be entered in the pilot’s logbook or equivalent record and signed by the instructor.

▼M11

FCL.140.H LAPL(H) — Recency requirements

Holders of an LAPL(H) shall exercise the privileges of their licence on a specific type only if in the last 12 months they have either:

(a) completed at least six hours of flight time on helicopters of that type as PIC, or flying dual or solo under the supervision of an instructor, including six take-offs, approaches and landings and completed a refresher training of at least 1 hour of total flight time with an instructor;

(b) passed a proficiency check with an examiner on the specific type before resuming the exercise of the privileges of their licence. That proficiency check programme shall be based on the skill test for the LAPL(H).

▼M12 —————

▼B

SUBPART C

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PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE (PPL)

▼B

SECTION 1

Common requirements

▼M12

FCL.200 Minimum age

Applicants for a PPL shall be at least 17 years old.

▼B

FCL.205 Conditions

Applicants for the issue of a PPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating for the aircraft used in the skill test, as established in Subpart H.

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FCL.210 Training course

▼M12

(a) Applicants for a PPL shall complete a training course at an ATO or a DTO.

(b) The course shall include theoretical knowledge and flight instruction appropriate to the privileges of the PPL applied for.

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(c) Theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction may be completed at a DTO or at an ATO different from the one where applicants have commenced their training.

▼M12

FCL.215 Theoretical knowledge examination

Applicants for a PPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted through examinations in the following subjects:

(a) common subjects: — Air law, — Human performance, — Meteorology, — Communications; and — Navigation.

(b) specific subjects concerning the different aircraft categories: — Principles of flight, — Operational procedures, — Flight performance and planning, and — Aircraft general knowledge.

▼B

FCL.235 Skill test

▼M14

(a) Through the completion of a skill test, applicants for a PPL shall demonstrate the ability to perform as PIC on the appropriate aircraft category the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

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(b) Applicants for the skill test shall have received flight instruction on the same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test.

▼B

(c) Pass marks (1) The skill test shall be divided into different sections, representing all the different phases of flight appropriate to the category of aircraft flown. ▼M3 (2) Failure in any item of a section will cause the applicant to fail the entire section. If the applicant fails only 1 section, he/she shall repeat only that section. Failure in more than 1 section will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. ▼B (3) When the test needs to be repeated in accordance with (2), failure in any section, including those that have been passed on a previous attempt, will cause the applicant to fail the entire test. (4) Failure to achieve a pass in all sections of the test in 2 attempts will require further training.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the PPL aeroplanes — PPL(A)

FCL.205.A PPL(A) — Privileges

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(a) The privileges of the holders of a PPL(A) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilots of aeroplanes or TMGs engaged in non-commercial operations and to exercise all privileges of holders of an LAPL(A).

▼B

(b) Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(A) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(A) or PPL(A); (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences; ▼M3 (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates attached to this licence. ▼B

FCL.210.A PPL(A) — Experience requirements and crediting

▼M4

(a) Applicants for a PPL(A) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes or TMGs, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least: (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction; and (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

▼M7

(b) Specific requirements for applicants holding an LAPL(A). Applicants for a PPL(A) holding an LAPL(A) shall have completed at least 15 hours of flight time on aeroplanes after the issue of the LAPL(A), of which at least 10 shall be flight instruction completed in a training course at a DTO or at an ATO. That training course shall include at least four hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least two hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight of at least 270 km (150 NM), during which full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure shall be made.

(c) ▼M12 Specific requirements for applicants who hold an SPL issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-SFCL) to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1976, including privileges to fly TMGs. Applicants for a PPL(A) who hold an SPL with the privileges to fly TMGs shall have completed: (1) at least 24 hours of flight time on TMGs after endorsement of the TMG privileges; and ▼M7 (2) at least 15 hours of flight instruction in aeroplanes in a training course at a DTO or at an ATO, including at least the requirements of point (a)(2).

▼B

(d) Crediting. Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 10 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the PPL helicopters — PPL(H)

FCL.205.H PPL(H) — Privileges

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(a) The privileges of the holder of a PPL(H) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot of helicopters engaged in non-commercial operations and to exercise all privileges of holders of an LAPL(H).

▼B

(b) Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(H) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the LAPL(H) or the PPL(H); (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for these licences; ▼M3 (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings and certificates attached to this licence. ▼B

FCL.210.H PPL(H) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a) Applicants for a PPL(H) shall have completed at least 45 hours of flight instruction on helicopters, 5 of which may have been completed in an FNPT or FFS, including at least: (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction; and (2) 10 hours of supervised solo flight time, including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least 1 cross-country flight of at least 185 km (100 NM), with full stop landings at 2 aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure. (3) 35 of the 45 hours of flight instruction have to be completed on the same type of helicopter as the one used for the skill test.

▼M7

(b) Specific requirements for an applicant holding an LAPL(H). Applicants for a PPL(H) holding an LAPL(H) shall complete a training course at a DTO or at an ATO. That training course shall include at least five hours of dual flight instruction time and at least one supervised solo cross-country flight of at least 185 km (100 NM), with full stop landings at two aerodromes different from the aerodrome of departure.

▼B

(c) Applicants holding a pilot licence for another category of aircraft, with the exception of balloons, shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such aircraft up to a maximum of 6 hours. The amount of credit given shall in any case not include the requirements in (a)(2).

SECTION 4

Specific requirements for the PPL airships — PPL(As)

FCL.205.As PPL(As) — Privileges

(a) The privileges of the holder of a PPL(As) are to act without remuneration as PIC or co-pilot on airships engaged in non-commercial operations.

(b) Notwithstanding the paragraph above, the holder of a PPL(As) with instructor or examiner privileges may receive remuneration for: (1) the provision of flight instruction for the PPL(As); (2) the conduct of skill tests and proficiency checks for this licence; ▼M3 (3) the training, testing and checking for the ratings or certificates attached to this licence. ▼B

FCL.210.As PPL(As) — Experience requirements and crediting

(a) Applicants for a PPL(As) shall have completed at least 35 hours of flight instruction in airships, 5 of which may have been completed in an FSTD, including at least: (1) 25 hours of dual flight instruction, including: (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight training, including 1 cross-country flight of at least 65 km (35 NM); (ii) 3 hours of instrument instruction; (2) 8 take-offs and landings at an aerodrome, including masting and unmasting procedures; (3) 8 hours of supervised solo flight time.

▼M12

(b) Applicants who hold a BPL issued in accordance with Annex III (Part-BFCL) to Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/395 and are qualified to fly hot-air airships shall be credited with 10 % of their total flight time as PIC on such airships and up to a maximum of 5 hours.

▼M12 —————

▼B

SUBPART D

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENCE — CPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.300 CPL — Minimum age

An applicant for a CPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.305 CPL — Privileges and conditions

(a) Privileges. The privileges of the holder of a CPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to: (1) exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL and a PPL; (2) act as PIC or co-pilot of any aircraft engaged in operations other than commercial air transport; (3) act as PIC in commercial air transport of any single-pilot aircraft subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060 and in this Subpart; (4) act as co-pilot in commercial air transport subject to the restrictions specified in FCL.060.

(b) Conditions. An applicant for the issue of a CPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the class or type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

▼M8

FCL.310 CPL — Theoretical knowledge examinations

Applicants for the issue of a CPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

(a) air law;

(b) aircraft general knowledge — airframe/systems/power plant;

(c) aircraft general knowledge — instrumentation;

(d) mass and balance;

(e) performance;

(f) flight planning and monitoring;

(g) human performance;

(h) meteorology;

(i) general navigation;

(j) radio navigation;

(k) operational procedures;

(l) principles of flight; and

(m) communications.

▼B

FCL.315 CPL — Training course

An applicant for a CPL shall have completed theoretical knowledge instruction and flight instruction at an ATO, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Part.

FCL.320 CPL — Skill test

An applicant for a CPL shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 4 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of the appropriate aircraft category, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — CPL(A)

▼M4

FCL.315.A CPL — Training course

Theoretical knowledge and flight instruction for the issue of a CPL(A) shall include upset prevention and recovery training.

▼B

FCL.325.A CPL(A) — Specific conditions for MPL holders

Before exercising the privileges of a CPL(A), the holder of an MPL shall have completed in aeroplanes:

(a) 70 hours of flight time: (1) as PIC; or (2) made up of at least 10 hours as PIC and the additional flight time as PIC under supervision (PICUS). Of these 70 hours, 20 shall be of VFR cross-country flight time as PIC, or cross-country flight time made up of at least 10 hours as PIC and 10 hours as PICUS. This shall include a VFR cross-country flight of at least 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which full-stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be flown as PIC;

(b) the elements of the CPL(A) modular course as specified in paragraphs 10(a) and 11 of Appendix 3, E to this Part; and

(c) the CPL(A) skill test, in accordance with FCL.320.

SUBPART E

MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENCE — MPL

FCL.400.A MPL — Minimum age

An applicant for an MPL shall be at least 18 years of age.

FCL.405.A MPL — Privileges

(a) The privileges of the holder of an MPL are to act as co-pilot in an aeroplane required to be operated with a co-pilot.

(b) The holder of an MPL may obtain the extra privileges of: (1) the holder of a PPL(A), provided that the requirements for the PPL(A) specified in Subpart C are met; (2) a CPL(A), provided that the requirements specified in FCL.325.A are met.

(c) The holder of an MPL shall have the privileges of his/her IR(A) limited to aeroplanes required to be operated with a co-pilot. The privileges of the IR(A) may be extended to single-pilot operations in aeroplanes, provided that the licence holder has completed the training necessary to act as PIC in single-pilot operations exercised solely by reference to instruments and passed the skill test of the IR(A) as a single-pilot.

▼M8

FCL.410.A MPL – Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a) Course

Applicants for the issue of an MPL shall have completed a training course of theoretical knowledge and flight instruction at an ATO in accordance with Appendix 5 to this Annex (Part-FCL).

(b) Examination

Applicants for the issue of an MPL shall demonstrate a level of theoretical knowledge appropriate to the holders of an ATPL(A), in accordance with FCL.515, and to a multi-pilot type rating.

▼B

FCL.415.A MPL — Practical skill

(a) An applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated through continuous assessment the skills required for fulfilling all the competency units specified in Appendix 5 to this Part, as pilot flying and pilot not flying, in a multi-engine turbine-powered multi-pilot aeroplane, under VFR and IFR.

(b) On completion of the training course, the applicant shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part, to demonstrate the ability to perform the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted. The skill test shall be taken in the type of aeroplane used on the advanced phase of the MPL integrated training course or in an FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART F

AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENCE — ATPL

SECTION 1

Common requirements

FCL.500 ATPL — Minimum age

Applicants for an ATPL shall be at least 21 years of age.

FCL.505 ATPL — Privileges

(a) The privileges of the holder of an ATPL are, within the appropriate aircraft category, to: (1) exercise all the privileges of the holder of an LAPL, a PPL and a CPL; (2) act as PIC of aircraft engaged in commercial air transport.

(b) Applicants for the issue of an ATPL shall have fulfilled the requirements for the type rating of the aircraft used in the skill test.

▼M8

FCL.515 ATPL — Training course and theoretical knowledge examinations

(a) Course

Applicants for an ATPL shall have completed a training course at an ATO. The course shall be either an integrated training course or a modular course, in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Annex (Part-FCL).

(b) Examination

Applicants for the issue of an ATPL shall demonstrate a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges granted in the following subjects:

(1) air law;

(2) aircraft general knowledge — airframe/systems/power plant;

(3) aircraft general knowledge — instrumentation;

(4) mass and balance;

(5) performance;

(6) flight planning and monitoring;

(7) human performance;

(8) meteorology;

(9) general navigation;

(10) radio navigation;

(11) operational procedures;

(12) principles of flight; and

(13) communications.

▼B

SECTION 2

Specific requirements for the aeroplane category — ATPL(A)

FCL.505.A ATPL(A) — Restriction of privileges for pilots previously holding an MPL

When the holder of an ATPL(A) has previously held only an MPL, the privileges of the licence shall be restricted to multi-pilot operations, unless the holder has complied with FCL.405.A(b)(2) and (c) for single-pilot operations.

FCL.510.A ATPL(A) — Prerequisites, experience and crediting

(a) Prerequisites. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall hold: (1) an MPL; or (2) a CPL(A) and a multi-engine IR for aeroplanes. In this case, the applicant shall also have received instruction in MCC.

(b) Experience. Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall have completed a minimum of 1 500 hours of flight time in aeroplanes, including at least: (1) 500 hours in multi-pilot operations on aeroplanes; (2) (i) 500 hours as PIC under supervision; or (ii) 250 hours as PIC; or (iii) 250 hours, including at least 70 hours as PIC, and the remaining as PIC under supervision; (3) 200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as PIC under supervision; (4) 75 hours of instrument time of which not more than 30 hours may be instrument ground time; and (5) 100 hours of night flight as PIC or co-pilot. Of the 1 500 hours of flight time, up to 100 hours of flight time may have been completed in an FFS and FNPT. Of these 100 hours, only a maximum of 25 hours may be completed in an FNPT.

(c) Crediting. (1) Holders of a pilot licence for other categories of aircraft shall be credited with flight time up to a maximum of: (i) for TMG or sailplanes, 30 hours flown as PIC; (ii) for helicopters, 50 % of all the flight time requirements of paragraph (b). ▼M3 (2) Holders of a flight engineer licence issued in accordance with applicable national rules shall be credited with 50 % of the flight engineer time up to a maximum credit of 250 hours. These 250 hours may be credited against the 1 500 hours requirement of paragraph (b), and the 500 hours requirement of paragraph (b)(1), provided that the total credit given against any of these paragraphs does not exceed 250 hours. ▼B

(d) The experience required in (b) shall be completed before the skill test for the ATPL(A) is taken.

FCL.520.A ATPL(A) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(A) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform, as PIC of a multi-pilot aeroplane under IFR, the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the aeroplane or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SECTION 3

Specific requirements for the helicopter category — ATPL(H)

FCL.510.H ATPL(H) — Prerequisites, experience and crediting

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall:

(a) hold a CPL(H) and a multi-pilot helicopter type rating and have received instruction in MCC;

(b) have completed as a pilot of helicopters a minimum of 1 000 hours of flight time including at least: (1) 350 hours in multi-pilot helicopters; (2) (i) 250 hours as PIC; or (ii) 100 hours as PIC and 150 hours as PIC under supervision; or (iii) 250 hours as PIC under supervision in multi-pilot helicopters. In this case, the ATPL(H) privileges shall be limited to multi-pilot operations only, until 100 hours as PIC have been completed; (3) 200 hours of cross-country flight time of which at least 100 hours shall be as PIC or as PIC under supervision; (4) 30 hours of instrument time of which not more than 10 hours may be instrument ground time; and (5) 100 hours of night flight as PIC or as co-pilot. Of the 1 000 hours, a maximum of 100 hours may have been completed in an FSTD, of which not more than 25 hours may be completed in an FNPT.

(c) Flight time in aeroplanes shall be credited up to 50 % against the flight time requirements of paragraph (b).

(d) The experience required in (b) shall be completed before the skill test for the ATPL(H) is taken.

FCL.520.H ATPL(H) — Skill test

Applicants for an ATPL(H) shall pass a skill test in accordance with Appendix 9 to this Part to demonstrate the ability to perform as PIC of a multi-pilot helicopter the relevant procedures and manoeuvres with the competency appropriate to the privileges granted.

The skill test shall be taken in the helicopter or an adequately qualified FFS representing the same type.

SUBPART G

INSTRUMENT RATING — IR

SECTION 1

Common requirements

▼M12

FCL.600 IR — General

Except as provided in point FCL.835, operations under IFR on an aeroplane, helicopter, airship or powered-lift aircraft shall be conducted only by holders of a PPL, CPL, MPL and ATPL with an IR appropriate to the category of aircraft or, if an IR a