01979A1113(01) — EN — 17.05.2005 — 001.002

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Amended by:









▼B

CONVENTION

on long-range transboundary air pollution







THE PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION, DETERMINED to promote relations and cooperation in the field of environmental protection, AWARE of the significance of the activities of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in strengthening such relations and cooperation, particularly in the field of air pollution including long-range transport of air pollutants, RECOGNIZING the contribution of the Economic Commission for Europe to the multilateral implementation of the pertinent provisions of the Final Act of the Conference on security and cooperation in Europe, COGNIZANT of the references in the chapter on environment of the Final Act of the Conference on security and cooperation in Europe calling for cooperation to control air pollution and its effects, including long-range transport of air pollutants, and to the development through international cooperation of an extensive programme for the monitoring and evaluation of long-range transport of air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide and with possible extension to other pollutants, CONSIDERING the pertinent provisions of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the human environment, and in particular principle 21, which expresses the common conviction that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, RECOGNIZING the existence of possible adverse effects, in the short and long term, of air pollution including transboundary air pollution, CONCERNED that a rise in the level of emissions of air pollutants within the region as forecast may increase such adverse effects, RECOGNIZING the need to study the implications of the long-range transport of air pollutants and the need to seek solutions for the problems identified, AFFIRMING their willingness to reinforce active international cooperation to develop appropriate national policies and by means of exchange of information, consultation, research and monitoring, to coordinate national action for combating air pollution including long-range transboundary air pollution, HAVE AGREED as follows:







Definitions

Article 1

For the purposes of the present Convention:

(a) ‘air pollution’ means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the air resulting in deleterious effects of such a na ture as to endanger human health, harm living re sources and ecosystems and material property and impair or interfere with amenities and other legiti mate uses of the environment, and ‘air pollutants’ shall be construed accordingly;

(b) ‘long-range transboundary air pollution’ means air pollution whose physical origin is situated wholly or in part within the area under the national jurisdiction of one State and which has adverse effects in the area under the jurisdiction of another State at such a distance that it is not generally possible to distinguish the contribution of individual emission sources or groups of sources.







Fundamental principles

Article 2

The Contracting Parties, taking due account of the facts and problems involved, are determined to protect man and his environment against air pollution and shall endeavour to limit and, as far as possible, gradually reduce and prevent air pollution including long-range transboundary air pollution.

Article 3

The Contracting Parties, within the framework of the present Convention, shall, by means of exchanges of information, consultation, research and monitoring, develop without undue delay policies and strategies which shall serve as a means of combating the discharge of air pollutants, taking into account efforts already made at national and international level.

Article 4

The Contracting Parties shall exchange information on and review their policies, scientific activities and technical measures aimed at combating, as far as possible, the discharge of air pollutants which may have adverse effects, thereby contributing to the reduction of air pollution including long-range transboundary air pollution.

Article 5

Consultations shall be held, upon request, at an early stage between, on the one hand, Contracting Parties which are actually affected by or exposed to a significant risk of long-range transboundary air pollution and, on the other hand, Contracting Parties within which and subject to whose jurisdiction a significant contribution to long-range transboundary air pollution originates, or could originate, in connexion with activities carried on or contemplated therein.







Air-quality management

Article 6

Taking into account Articles 2 to 5, the on-going research, exchange of information and monitoring and the results thereof, the cost and effectiveness of local and other remedies and in order to combat air pollution, in particular that originating from new or rebuilt installations, each Contracting Party undertakes to develop the best policies and strategies including air-quality management systems and, as part of them, control measures compatible with balanced development, in particular by using the best available technology which is economically feasible and low- and non-waste technology.







Research and development

Article 7

The Contracting Parties, as appropriate to their needs, shall initiate and cooperate in the conduct of research into and/or development of:

(a) existing and proposed technologies for reducing emissions of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants, including technical and economic feasibility, and environmental consequences;

(b) instrumentation and other techniques for monitoring and measuring emission rates and ambient concentrations of air pollutants;

(c) improved models for a better understanding of the transmission of long-range transboundary air pollutants;

(d) the effects of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants on human health and the environment, including agriculture, forestry, materials, aquatic and other natural ecosystems and visibility, with a view to establishing a scientific basis for dose/effect relationships designed to protect the environment;

(e) the economic, social and environmental assessment of alternative measures for attaining environmental objectives, including the reduction of long-range transboundary air pollution;

(f) education and training programmes related to the environmental aspects of pollution by sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants.







Exchange of information

Article 8

The Contracting Parties, within the framework of the Executive Body referred to in Article 10 and bilaterally, shall, in their common interests, exchange available information on:

(a) data on emissions at periods of time to be agreed upon, of agreed air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide, coming from grid-units of agreed size, or on the fluxes of agreed air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide, across national borders, at distances and at periods of time to be agreed upon;

(b) major changes in national policies and in general industrial development, and their potential impact, which would be likely to cause significant changes in long-range transboundary air pollution;

(c) control technologies for reducing air pollution relevant to long-range transboundary air pollution;

(d) the projected cost of the emission control of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants on a national scale;

(e) meteorological and physico-chemical data relating to the processes during transmission;

(f) physico-chemical and biological data relating to the effects of long-range transboundary air pollution and the extent of the damage ( 1 ) which these data indicate can be attributed to long-range transboundary air pollution;

(g) national, sub-regional and regional policies and strategies for the control of sulphur compounds and other major air pollutants.







Implementation and further development of the cooperative programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe

Article 9

The Contracting Parties stress the need for the implementation of the existing ‘cooperative programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe’ (hereinafter referred to as EMEP) and, with regard to the further development of this programme, agree to emphasize:

(a) the desirability of Contracting Parties joining in and fully implementing EMEP which, as a first step, is based on the monitoring of sulphur dioxide and related substances;

(b) the need to use comparable or standardized procedures for monitoring whenever possible;

(c) the desirability of basing the monitoring programme on the framework of both national and international programmes. The establishment of monitoring stations and the collection of data shall be carried out under the national jurisdiction of the country in which the monitoring stations are located;

(d) the desirability of establishing a framework for a cooperative environmental monitoring programme, based on and taking into account present and future national, sub-regional, regional and other international programmes;

(e) the need to exchange data on emissions at periods of time to be agreed upon, of agreed air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide, coming from grid-units of agreed size; or on the fluxes of agreed air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide, across national borders, at distances and at periods of time to be agreed upon. The method, including the model, used to determine the fluxes, as well as the method, including the model, used to determine the transmission of air pollutants based on the emissions per grid-unit, shall be made available and periodically reviewed, in order to improve the methods and the models;

(f) their willingness to continue the exchange and periodic updating of national data on total emissions of agreed air pollutants, starting with sulphur dioxide;

(g) the need to provide meteorological and physico-chemical data relating to processes during transmission;

(h) the need to monitor chemical components in other media such as water, soil and vegetation, as well as a similar monitoring programme to record effects on health and environment;

(i) the desirability of extending the national EMEP networks to make them operational for control and surveillance purposes.







Executive Body

Article 10

1. The representatives of the Contracting Parties shall, within the framework of the Senior Advisers to Economic Commission for Europe Governments on Environmental Problems, constitute the Executive Body of the present Convention, and shall meet at least annually in that capacity.

2. The Executive Body shall:

(a) review the implementation of the present Convention;

(b) establish, as appropriate, working groups to consider matters related to the implementation and development of the present Convention and to this end to prepare appropriate studies and other documentation and to submit recommendations to be considered by the Executive Body;

(c) fulfil such other functions as may be appropriate under the provisions of the present Convention.

3. The Executive Body shall utilize the Steering Body for the EMEP to play an integral part in the operation of the present Convention, in particular with regard to data collection and scientific cooperation.

4. The Executive Body, in discharging its functions, shall, when it deems appropriate, also make use of information from other relevant international organizations.







Secretariat

Article 11

The Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe shall carry out, for the Executive Body, the following secretariat functions:

(a) to convene and prepare the meetings of the Executive Body;

(b) to transmit to the Contracting Parties reports and other information received in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention;

(c) to discharge the functions consigned by the Executive Body.







Amendments to the Convention

Article 12

1. Any Contracting Party may propose amendments to the present Convention.

2. The text of proposed amendments shall be submitted in writing to the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe, who shall communicate them to all Contracting Parties. The Executive Body shall discuss proposed amendments at its next annual meeting provided that such proposals have been circulated by the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe to the Contracting Parties at least 90 days in advance.

3. An amendment to the present Convention shall be adopted by consensus of the representatives of the Contracting Parties, and shall enter into force for the Contracting Parties which have accepted it on the 90th day after the date on which two-thirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance with the depositary. Thereafter, the amendment shall enter into force for any other Contracting Party on the 90th day after the date on which that Contracting Party deposits its instrument of acceptance of the amendment.







Settlement of disputes

Article 13

If a dispute arises between two or more Contracting Parties to the present Convention as to the interpretation or application of the Convention, they shall seek a solution by negotiation or by any other method of dispute settlement acceptable to the Parties to the dispute.







Signature

Article 14

1. The present Convention shall be open for signature at the United Nations Office at Geneva from 13 to 16 November 1979 on the occasion of the High-Level Meeting within the framework of the Economic Commission for Europe on the Protection of the Environment, by the member States of the Economic Commission for Europe as well as States having consultative status with the Economic Commission for Europe, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council Resolution 36 (IV) of 28 March 1947, and by regional economic integration organizations, constituted by sovereign States, members of the Economic Commission for Europe, which have competence in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and application of international agreements in matters covered by the present Convention.

2. In matters within their competence, such regional economic integration organizations shall, on their own behalf, exercise the rights and fulfil the responsibilities which the present Convention attributes to their member States. In such cases, the member States of these organizations shall not be entitled to exercise such rights individually.







Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

Article 15

1. The present Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval.

2. The present Convention shall be open for accession as from 17 November 1979 by the States and organizations referred to in Article 14 (1).

3. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who will perform the functions of the depositary.







Entry into force

Article 16

1. The present Convention shall enter into force on the 90th day after the date of deposit of the 24th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

2. For each Contracting Party which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Convention or accedes thereto after the deposit of the 24th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Convention shall enter into force on the 90th day after the date of deposit by such Contracting Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.







Withdrawal

Article 17

At any time after five years from the date on which the present Convention has come into force with respect to a Contracting Party, that Contracting Party may withdraw from the Convention by giving written notification to the depositary. Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the 90th day after the date of its receipt by the depositary.







Authentic texts

Article 18

The original of the present Convention, of which the English, French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

▼M4

Protocol to the 1979 convention on long-range transboundary air pollution to abate acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone







THE PARTIES, DETERMINED to implement the Conve ntion on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, AWARE that nitrogen oxides, sulphur, volatile organic compounds and reduced nitrogen compounds have been associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment, CONCERNED that critical loads of acidification, critical loads of nutrient nitrogen and critical levels of ozone for human health and vegetation are still exceeded in many areas of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's region, CONCERNED ALSO that emitted nitrogen oxides, sulphur and volatile organic compounds, as well as secondary pollutants such as ozone and the reaction products of ammonia, are transported in the atmosphere over long distances and may have adverse transboundary effects, RECOGNISING that emissions from Parties within the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's region contribute to air pollution on the hemispheric and global scales, and recognising the potential for transport between continents and the need for further study with regard to that potential, RECOGNISING ALSO that Canada and the United States of America are bilaterally negotiating reductions of emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds to address the transboundary ozone effect, RECOGNISING FURTHERMORE that Canada will undertake further reductions of emissions of sulphur by 2010 through the implementation of the Canada-wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000, and that the United States is committed to the implementation of a nitrogen oxides reduction programme in the eastern United States and to the reduction in emissions necessary to meet its national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter, RESOLVED to apply a multi-effect, multi-pollutant approach to preventing or minimising the excess of critical loads and levels, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT the emissions from certain existing activities and installations responsible for present air pollution levels and the development of future activities and installations, AWARE that techniques and management practices are available to reduce emissions of these substances, RESOLVED to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimise emissions of these substances, taking into account the application of the precautionary approach as set forth in principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, REAFFIRMING that States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, CONSCIOUS of the need for a cost-effective regional approach to combating air pollution that takes account of the variations in effects and abatement costs between countries, NOTING the important contribution of the private and non-governmental sectors to knowledge of the effects associated with these substances and available abatement techniques, and their role in assisting in the reduction of emissions to the atmosphere, BEARING IN MIND that measures taken to reduce emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international competition and trade, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION the best available scientific and technical knowledge and data on emissions, atmospheric processes and effects on human health and the environment of these substances, as well as on abatement costs, and acknowledging the need to improve this knowledge and to continue scientific and technical cooperation to further understanding of these issues, NOTING that pursuant to the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Sofia on 31 October 1988, and the Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes, adopted at Geneva on 18 November 1991, there is already provision to control emissions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and that the technical Annexes to both those Protocols already contain technical guidance for reducing these emissions, NOTING ALSO that pursuant to the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, adopted at Oslo on 14 June 1994, there is already provision to reduce sulphur emissions in order to contribute to the abatement of acid deposition by diminishing the exceedances of critical sulphur depositions, which has been derived from critical loads of acidity according to the contribution of oxidised sulphur compounds to the total acid deposition in 1990, NOTING FURTHERMORE that this Protocol is the first agreement under the Convention to deal specifically with reduced nitrogen compounds, BEARING IN MIND that reducing the emissions of these substances may provide additional benefits for the control of other pollutants, including in particular transboundary secondary particulate aerosols, which contribute to human health effects associated with exposure to airborne particulates, BEARING IN MIND ALSO the need to avoid, in so far as possible, taking measures for the achievement of the objectives of this Protocol that aggravate other health and environment-related problems, NOTING that measures taken to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides and ammonia should involve consideration of the full biogeochemical nitrogen cycle and, so far as possible, not increase emissions of reactive nitrogen including nitrous oxide which could aggravate other nitrogen-related problems, AWARE that methane and carbon monoxide emitted by human activities contribute, in the presence of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, to the formation of tropospheric ozone, and AWARE ALSO of the commitments that Parties have assumed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:







Article 1

Definitions

For the purposes of the present Protocol,

1. ‘Convention’ means the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, adopted at Geneva on 13 November 1979;

2. ‘EMEP’ means the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe;

3. ‘Executive Body’ means the Executive Body for the Convention constituted under Article 10 (1) of the Convention;

4. ‘Commission’ means the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe;

5. ‘Parties’ means, unless the context otherwise requires, the Parties to the present Protocol;

6. ‘Geographical scope of EMEP’ means the area defined in Article 1 (4) of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP), adopted at Geneva on 28 September 1984;

7. ‘Emission’ means the release of a substance from a point or diffuse source into the atmosphere;

8. ‘Nitrogen oxides’ means nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, expressed as nitrogen dioxide (NO2);

9. ‘Reduced nitrogen compounds’ means ammonia and its reaction products;

10. ‘Sulphur’ means all sulphur compounds, expressed as sulphur dioxide (SO2);

11. ‘Volatile organic compounds’, or ‘VOCs’, means, unless otherwise specified, all organic compounds of an anthropogenic nature, other than methane, that are capable of producing photochemical oxidants by reaction with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight;

12. ‘Critical load’ means a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which significant harmful effects on specified sensitive elements of the environment do not occur, according to present knowledge;

13. ‘Critical levels’ means concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere above which direct adverse effects on receptors, such as human beings, plants, ecosystems or materials, may occur, according to present knowledge;

14. ‘Pollutant emissions management area’, or ‘PEMA’, means an area designated in Annex III under the conditions laid down in Article 3 (9);

15. ‘Stationary source’ means any fixed building, structure, facility, installation or equipment that emits or may emit sulphur, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds or ammonia directly or indirectly into the atmosphere;

16. ‘New stationary source’ means any stationary source of which the construction or substantial modification is commenced after the expiry of one year from the date of entry into force of the present Protocol. It shall be a matter for the competent national authorities to decide whether a modification is substantial or not, taking into account such factors as the environmental benefits of the modification.

Article 2

Objective

The objective of the present Protocol is to control and reduce emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds that are caused by anthropogenic activities and are likely to cause adverse effects on human health, natural ecosystems, materials and crops, due to acidification, eutrophication or ground-level ozone as a result of long-range transboundary atmospheric transport, and to ensure, as far as possible, that in the long term and in a step-by-step approach, taking into account advances in scientific knowledge, atmospheric depositions or concentrations do not exceed:

(a) for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP and Canada, the critical loads of acidity, as described in Annex I;

(b) for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the critical loads of nutrient nitrogen, as described in Annex I;

(c) for ozone: (i) for Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the critical levels of ozone, as given in Annex I; (ii) for Canada, the Canada-wide Standard for ozone; (iii) for the United States of America, the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone.

Article 3

Basic obligations

1. Each Party having an emission ceiling in any table in Annex II shall reduce and maintain the reduction in its annual emissions in accordance with that ceiling and the timescales specified in that Annex. Each Party shall, as a minimum, control its annual emissions of polluting compounds in accordance with the obligations in Annex II.

2. Each Party shall apply the limit values specified in Annexes IV, V and VI to each new stationary source within a stationary source category as identified in those Annexes, no later than the timescales specified in Annex VII. As an alternative, a Party may apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission levels for all source categories together.

3. Each Party shall, in so far as it is technically and economically feasible and taking into consideration the costs and advantages, apply the limit values specified in Annexes IV, V and VI to each existing stationary source within a stationary source category as identified in those Annexes, no later than the timescales specified in Annex VII. As an alternative, a Party may apply different emission reduction strategies that achieve equivalent overall emission levels for all source categories together or, for Parties outside the geographical scope of EMEP, that are necessary to achieve national or regional goals for acidification abatement and to meet national air quality standards.

4. Limit values for new and existing boilers and process heaters with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MWth and new heavy-duty vehicles shall be evaluated by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body with a view to amending Annexes IV, V and VIII no later than two years after the date of entry into force of the present Protocol.

5. Each Party shall apply the limit values for the fuels and new mobile sources identified in Annex VIII, no later than the timescales specified in Annex VII.

6. Each Party should apply the best available techniques to mobile sources and to each new or existing stationary source, taking into account guidance documents I to V adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto.

7. Each Party shall take appropriate measures based, inter alia, on scientific and economic criteria to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds associated with the use of products not included in Annexes VI or VIII. The Parties shall, no later than at the second session of the Executive Body after the entry into force of the present Protocol, consider with a view to adopting an annex on products, including criteria for the selection of such products, limit values for the volatile organic compound content of products not included in Annex VI or VIII, as well as timescales for the application of the limit values.

8. Each Party shall, subject to paragraph (10):

(a) apply, as a minimum, the ammonia control measures specified in Annex IX;

(b) apply, where it considers it appropriate, the best available techniques for preventing and reducing ammonia emissions, as listed in guidance document V adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/ 1) and any amendments thereto.

9. Paragraph (10) shall apply to any Party:

(a) whose total land area is greater than 2 million square kilometres;

(b) whose annual emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and/or volatile organic compounds contributing to acidification, eutrophication or ozone formation in areas under the jurisdiction of one or more other Parties originate predominantly from within an area under its jurisdiction that is listed as a PEMA in Annex III, and which has presented documentation in accordance with subparagraph (c) to this effect;

(c) which has submitted upon signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol a description of the geographical scope of one or more PEMAs for one or more pollutants, with supporting documentation, for inclusion in Annex III;

(d) which has specified upon signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol its intention to act in accordance with this paragraph.

10. A Party to which this paragraph applies shall:

(a) if within the geographical scope of EMEP, be required to comply with the provisions of this Article and Annex II only within the relevant PEMA for each pollutant for which a PEMA within its jurisdiction is included in Annex III; or

(b) if not within the geographical scope of EMEP, be required to comply with the provisions of paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) and Annex II, only within the relevant PEMA for each pollutant (nitrogen oxides, sulphur and/ or volatile organic compounds) for which a PEMA within its jurisdiction is included in Annex III, and shall not be required to comply with paragraph (8) anywhere within its jurisdiction.

11. Canada and the United States of America shall, upon their ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, submit to the Executive Body their respective emission reduction commitments with respect to sulphur, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds for automatic incorporation into Annex II.

12. The Parties shall, subject to the outcome of the first review provided for under Article 10 (2), and no later than one year after completion of that review, commence negotiations on further obligations to reduce emissions.

Article 4

Exchange of information and technology

1. Each Party shall, in a manner consistent with its laws, regulations and practices and in accordance with its obligations in the present Protocol, create favourable conditions to facilitate the exchange of information, technologies and techniques, with the aim of reducing emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds by promoting inter alia:

1. the development and updating of databases on best available techniques, including those that increase energy efficiency, low-emission burners and good environmental practice in agriculture;

2. the exchange of information and experience in the development of less polluting transport systems;

3. direct industrial contacts and cooperation, including joint ventures;

4. the provision of technical assistance.

2. In promoting the activities specified in paragraph (1), each Party shall create favourable conditions for the facilitation of contacts and cooperation among appropriate organisations and individuals in the private and public sectors that are capable of providing technology, design and engineering services, equipment or finance.

Article 5

Public awareness

1. Each Party shall, in a manner consistent with its laws, regulations and practices, promote the provision of information to the general public, including information on:

(a) national annual emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds and progress towards compliance with the national emission ceilings or other obligations referred to in Article 3;

(b) depositions and concentrations of the relevant pollutants and, where applicable, these depositions and concentrations in relation to critical loads and levels referred to in Article 2;

(c) levels of tropospheric ozone;

(d) strategies and measures applied or to be applied to reduce air pollution problems dealt with in the present Protocol and set out in Article 6.

2. Furthermore, each Party may make information widely available to the public with a view to minimising emissions, including information on:

(a) less polluting fuels, renewable energy and energy efficiency, including their use in transport;

(b) volatile organic compounds in products, including labelling;

(c) management options for wastes containing volatile organic compounds that are generated by the public;

(d) good agricultural practices to reduce emissions of ammonia;

(e) health and environmental effects associated with the pollutants covered by the present Protocol;

(f) steps which individuals and industries may take to help reduce emissions of the pollutants covered by the present Protocol.

Article 6

Strategies, policies, programmes, measures and information

1. Each Party shall, as necessary and on the basis of sound scientific and economic criteria, in order to facilitate the implementation of its obligations under Article 3:

(a) adopt supporting strategies, policies and programmes without undue delay after the present Protocol enters into force for it;

(b) apply measures to control and reduce its emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds;

(c) apply measures to encourage the increase of energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy;

(d) apply measures to decrease the use of polluting fuels;

(e) develop and introduce less polluting transport systems and promote traffic management systems to reduce overall emissions from road traffic;

(f) apply measures to encourage the development and introduction of low-polluting processes and products, taking into account guidance documents I to V adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/1) and any amendments thereto;

(g) encourage the implementation of management programmes to reduce emissions, including voluntary programmes, and the use of economic instruments, taking into account guidance document VI adopted by the Executive Body at its seventeenth session (Decision 1999/ 1) and any amendments thereto;

(h) implement and further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as the progressive reduction or phasing-out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all sectors that emit sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds which run counter to the objective of the Protocol, and apply market instruments;

(i) apply measures, where cost-effective, to reduce emissions from waste products containing volatile organic compounds.

2. Each Party shall collect and maintain information on:

(a) actual levels of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds and volatile organic compounds, and of ambient concentrations and depositions of these compounds and ozone, taking into account, for those Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP, the work plan of EMEP;

(b) the effects of ambient concentrations and of the deposition of sulphur, nitrogen compounds, volatile organic compounds and ozone on human health, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and materials.

3. Any Party may take more stringent measures than those required by the present Protocol.

Article 7

Reporting

1. Subject to its laws and regulations and in accordance with its obligations under the present Protocol:

(a) each Party shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to the Executive Body, on a periodic basis as determined by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, information on the measures that it has taken to implement the present Protocol. Moreover: (i) where a Party applies different emission-reduction strategies under Article 3 (2) and (3), it shall document the strategies applied and its compliance with the requirements of those paragraphs; (ii) where a Party judges certain limit values, as specified in accordance with Article 3 (3), not to be technically and economically feasible, taking into consideration the costs and advantages, it shall report and justify this;

(b) each Party within the geographical scope of EMEP shall report, through the Executive Secretary of the Commission, to EMEP, on a periodic basis to be determined by the Steering Body of EMEP and approved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, the following information: (i) levels of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds using, as a minimum, the methodologies and the temporal and spatial resolution specified by the Steering Body of EMEP; (ii) levels of emissions of each substance in the reference year (1990) using the same methodologies and temporal and spatial resolution; (iii) data on projected emissions and current reduction plans; (iv) where it deems it appropriate, any exceptional circumstances justifying emissions that are temporarily higher than the ceilings established for it for one or more pollutants;

(c) parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available information similar to that specified in subparagraph (b), if requested to do so by the Executive Body.

2. The information to be reported in accordance with paragraph (1)(a) shall be in conformity with a decision regarding format and content to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The terms of this decision shall be reviewed as necessary to identify any additional elements regarding the format or the content of the information that is to be included in the reports.

3. In good time before each annual session of the Executive Body, EMEP shall provide information on:

(a) ambient concentrations and depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds as well as, where available, ambient concentrations of volatile organic compounds and ozone;

(b) calculations of sulphur and oxidised and reduced-nitrogen budgets and relevant information on the long-range transport of ozone and its precursors.

Parties in areas outside the geographical scope of EMEP shall make available similar information if requested to do so by the Executive Body.

4. The Executive Body shall, in accordance with Article 10 (2)(b), of the Convention, arrange for the preparation of information on the effects of depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds and concentrations of ozone.

5. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, arrange for the preparation, at regular intervals, of revised information on calculated and internationally optimised allocations of emission reductions for the States within the geographical scope of EMEP, using integrated assessment models, including atmospheric transport models, with a view to reducing further, for the purposes of Article 3 (1), the difference between actual depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds and critical load values as well as the difference between actual ozone concentrations and the critical levels of ozone specified in Annex I, or such alternative assessment methods as approved by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body.

Article 8

Research, development and monitoring

The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring and cooperation related to:

(a) the international harmonisation of methods for the calculation and assessment of the adverse effects associated with the substances addressed by the present Protocol for use in establishing critical loads and critical levels and, as appropriate, the elaboration of procedures for such harmonisation;

(b) the improvement of emission databases, in particular those on ammonia and volatile organic compounds;

(c) the improvement of monitoring techniques and systems and of the modelling of transport, concentrations and depositions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds and volatile organic compounds, as well as of the formation of ozone and secondary particulate matter;

(d) the improvement of the scientific understanding of the long-term fate of emissions and their impact on the hemispheric background concentrations of sulphur, nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, ozone and particu-late matter, focusing, in particular, on the chemistry of the free troposphere and the potential for intercontinental flow of pollutants;

(e) the further elaboration of an overall strategy to reduce the adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, including synergisms and combined effects;

(f) strategies for the further reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds based on critical loads and critical levels as well as on technical developments, and the improvement of integrated assessment modelling to calculate internationally optimised allocations of emission reductions taking into account the need to avoid excessive costs for any Party. Special emphasis should be given to emissions from agriculture and transport;

(g) the identification of trends over time and the scientific understanding of the wider effects of sulphur, nitrogen and volatile organic compounds and photochemical pollution on human health, including their contribution to concentrations of particulate matter, the environment, in particular acidification and eutrophication, and materials, especially historic and cultural monuments, taking into account the relationship between sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and tropospheric ozone;

(h) emission abatement technologies, and technologies and techniques to improve energy efficiency, energy conservation and the use of renewable energy;

(i) the efficacy of ammonia control techniques for farms and their impact on local and regional deposition;

(j) the management of transport demand and the development and promotion of less polluting modes of transport;

(k) the quantification and, where possible, economic evaluation of benefits for the environment and human health resulting from the reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia and volatile organic compounds;

(l) the development of tools for making the methods and results of this work widely applicable and available.

Article 9

Compliance

Compliance by each Party with its obligations under the present Protocol shall be reviewed regularly. The Implementation Committee established by Decision 1997/2 of the Executive Body at its fifteenth session shall carry out such reviews and report to the Parties at a session of the Executive Body in accordance with the terms of the Annex to that Decision, including any amendments thereto.

Article 10

Reviews by the Parties at sessions of the Executive Body

1. The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, pursuant to Article 10 (2)(a), of the Convention, review the information supplied by the Parties, EMEP and subsidiary bodies of the Executive Body, the data on the effects of concentrations and depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds and of photochemical pollution as well as the reports of the Implementation Committee referred to in Article 9.

2.

(a) The Parties shall, at sessions of the Executive Body, keep under review the obligations set out in the present Protocol, including: (i) their obligations in relation to their calculated and internationally optimised allocations of emission reductions referred to in Article 7 (5); (ii) the adequacy of the obligations and the progress made towards the achievement of the objective of the present Protocol;

(b) Reviews shall take into account the best available scientific information on the effects of acidification, eutrophication and photochemical pollution, including assessments of all relevant health effects, critical levels and loads, the development and refinement of integrated assessment models, technological developments, changing economic conditions, progress made on the databases on emissions and abatement techniques, especially related to ammonia and volatile organic compounds, and the fulfilment of the obligations on emission levels;

(c) The procedures, methods and timing for such reviews shall be specified by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body. The first such review shall commence no later than one year after the present Protocol enters into force.

Article 11

Settlement of disputes

1. In the event of a dispute between any two or more Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the present Protocol, the parties concerned shall seek a settlement of the dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means of their own choice. The parties to the dispute shall inform the Executive Body of their dispute.

2. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to the present Protocol, or at any time thereafter, a Party which is not a regional economic integration organisation may declare in a written instrument submitted to the Depositary that, in respect of any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Protocol, it recognises one or both of the following means of dispute settlement as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement, in relation to any Party accepting the same obligation:

(a) submission of the dispute to the International Court of Justice;

(b) arbitration in accordance with procedures to be adopted by the Parties at a session of the Executive Body, as soon as practicable, in an annex on arbitration.

A Party which is a regional economic integration organisation may make a declaration with like effect in relation to arbitration in accordance with the procedures referred to in subparagraph (b).

3. A declaration made under paragraph (2) shall remain in force until it expires in accordance with its terms or until three months after written notice of its revocation has been deposited with the Depositary.

4. A new declaration, a notice of revocation or the expiry of a declaration shall not in any way affect proceedings pending before the International Court of Justice or the arbitral tribunal, unless the parties to the dispute agree otherwise.

5. Except in a case where the parties to a dispute have accepted the same means of dispute settlement under paragraph (2), if after 12 months following notification by one party to another that a dispute exists between them, the parties concerned have not been able to settle their dispute through the means mentioned in paragraph (1), the dispute shall be submitted, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, to conciliation.

6. For the purpose of paragraph (5), a conciliation commission shall be created. The commission shall be composed of an equal number of members appointed by each party concerned or, where parties in conciliation share the same interest, by the group sharing that interest, and a chairperson chosen jointly by the members so appointed. The commission shall render a recommendatory award, which the parties to the dispute shall consider in good faith.

Article 12

Annexes

The Annexes to the present Protocol shall form an integral part of the Protocol.

Article 13

Amendments and adjustments

1. Any Party may propose amendments to the present Protocol. Any Party to the Convention may propose an adjustment to Annex II to the present Protocol to add to it its name, together with emission levels, emission ceilings and percentage emission reductions.

2. Proposed amendments and adjustments shall be submitted in writing to the Executive Secretary of the Commission, who shall communicate them to all Parties. The Parties shall discuss the proposed amendments and adjustments at the next session of the Executive Body, provided that those proposals have been circulated by the Executive Secretary to the Parties at least 90 days in advance.

3. Amendments to the present Protocol, including amendments to Annexes II to IX, shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body, and shall enter into force for the Parties which have accepted them on the 90th day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties have deposited with the Depositary their instruments of acceptance thereof. Amendments shall enter into force for any other Party on the 90th day after the date on which that Party has deposited its instrument of acceptance thereof.

4. Amendments to the Annexes to the present Protocol, other than to the Annexes referred to in paragraph 3, shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body. On the expiry of 90 days from the date of its communication to all Parties by the Executive Secretary of the Commission, an amendment to any such Annex shall become effective for those Parties which have not submitted to the Depositary a notification in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (5), provided that at least 16 Parties have not submitted such a notification.

5. Any Party that is unable to approve an amendment to an Annex, other than to an Annex referred to in paragraph (3), shall so notify the Depositary in writing within 90 days from the date of the communication of its adoption. The Depositary shall without delay notify all Parties of any such notification received. A Party may at any time substitute an acceptance for its previous notification and, upon deposit of an instrument of acceptance with the Depositary, the amendment to such an Annex shall become effective for that Party.

6. Adjustments to Annex II shall be adopted by consensus of the Parties present at a session of the Executive Body and shall become effective for all Parties to the present Protocol on the 90th day following the date on which the Executive Secretary of the Commission notifies those Parties in writing of the adoption of the adjustment.

Article 14

Signature

1. The present Protocol shall be open for signature at Gothenburg (Sweden) on 30 November and 1 December 1999, then at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 30 May 2000, by States members of the Commission as well as States having consultative status with the Commission, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Economic and Social Council Resolution 36 (IV) of 28 March 1947, and by regional economic integration organisations, constituted by sovereign States members of the Commission, which have competence in respect of the negotiation, conclusion and application of international agreements in matters covered by the Protocol, provided that the States and organisations concerned are Parties to the Convention and are listed in Annex II.

2. In matters within their competence, such regional economic integration organisations shall, on their own behalf, exercise the rights and fulfil the responsibilities which the present Protocol attributes to their Member States. In such cases, the Member States of these organisations shall not be entitled to exercise such rights individually.

Article 15

Ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

1. The present Protocol shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by Signatories.

2. The present Protocol shall be open for accession as from 31 May 2000 by the States and organisations that meet the requirements of Article 14 (1).

3. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.

Article 16

Depositary

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary.

Article 17

Entry into force

1. The present Protocol shall enter into force on the 90th day following the date on which the 16th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession has been deposited with the Depositary.

2. For each State and organisation that meets the requirements of Article 14 (1), which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Protocol or accedes thereto after the deposit of the 16th instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the Protocol shall enter into force on the 90th day following the date of deposit by such Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

Article 18

Withdrawal

At any time after five years from the date on which the present Protocol has come into force with respect to a Party, that Party may withdraw from it by giving written notification to the Depositary. Any such withdrawal shall take effect on the 90th day following the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal.

Article 19

Authentic texts

The original of the present Protocol, of which the English, French and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

ANNEX I

CRITICAL LOADS AND LEVELS

I. CRITICAL LOADS OF ACIDITY

A. For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP

1. Critical loads (as defined in Article 1) of acidity for ecosystems are determined in accordance with the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. They are the maximum amount of acidifying deposition an ecosystem can tolerate in the long term without being damaged. Critical loads of acidity in terms of nitrogen take account of nitrogen removal processes within an ecosystem (e.g. uptake by plants). Critical loads of acidity in terms of sulphur do not. A combined sulphur and nitrogen critical load of acidity considers nitrogen only when the nitrogen deposition is greater than the ecosystem nitrogen-removal processes. All critical loads reported by Parties are summarised for use in the integrated assessment modelling employed to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II.

B. For Parties in North America

2. For eastern Canada, critical sulphur plus nitrogen loads for forested ecosystems have been determined with scientific methodologies and criteria (1997 Canadian Acid Rain Assessment) similar to those in the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. Eastern Canada critical-load values (as defined in Article 1) of acidity are for sulphate in precipitation expressed in kg/ha/year. Alberta in western Canada, where deposition levels are currently below the environmental limits, has adopted the generic critical-load classification systems used for soils in Europe for potential acidity. Potential acidity is defined by subtracting the total (both wet and dry) deposition of base cations from that of sulphur and nitrogen. In addition to critical loads for potential acidity, Alberta has established target and monitoring loads for managing acidifying emissions.

3. For the United States of America, the effects of acidification are evaluated through an assessment of the sensitivity of ecosystems, the total loading within ecosystems of acidifying compounds and the uncertainty associated with nitrogen-removal processes within ecosystems.

4. These loads and effects are used in integrated assessment modelling and provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings and/or reductions for Canada and the United States of America in Annex II.

II. CRITICAL LOADS OF NUTRIENT NITROGEN

For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP

5. Critical loads (as defined in Article 1) of nutrient nitrogen (eutrophication) for ecosystems are determined in accordance with the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. They are the maximum amount of eutrophying nitrogen deposition an ecosystem can tolerate in the long term without being damaged. All critical loads reported by Parties are summarised for use in the integrated assessment modelling employed to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II.

III. CRITICAL LEVELS OF OZONE

A. For Parties within the geographical scope of EMEP

6. Critical levels (as defined in Article 1) of ozone are determined to protect plants in accordance with the Convention's Manual on methodologies and criteria for mapping critical levels/loads and geographical areas where they are exceeded. They are expressed as a cumulative exposure over a threshold ozone concentration of 40 ppb (parts per billion by volume). This exposure index is referred to as AOT40 (accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb). The AOT40 is calculated as the sum of the differences between the hourly concentration (in ppb) and 40 ppb for each hour when the concentration exceeds 40 ppb.

7. The long-term critical level of ozone for crops of an AOT40 of 3 000 ppb.hours for May to July (used as a typical growing season) and for daylight hours was used to define areas at risk where the critical level is exceeded. A specific reduction of exceedances was targeted in the integrated assessment modelling undertaken for the present Protocol to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II. The long-term critical level of ozone for crops is considered also to protect other plants such as trees and natural vegetation. Further scientific work is under way to develop a more differentiated interpretation of exceedances of critical levels of ozone for vegetation.

8. A critical level of ozone for human health is represented by the WHO Air Quality Guideline level for ozone of 120 μg/m3 as an eight-hour average. In collaboration with the World Health Organisation's Regional Office for Europe (WHO/EURO), a critical level expressed as an AOT60 (accumulated exposure over a threshold of 60 ppb), i.e. 120 μg/m3, calculated over one year, was adopted as a surrogate for the WHO Air Quality Guideline for the purpose of integrated assessment modelling. This was used to define areas at risk where the critical level is exceeded. A specific reduction of these exceedances was targeted in the integrated assessment modelling undertaken for the present Protocol to provide guidance for setting the emission ceilings in Annex II.

B. For Parties in North America

9. For Canada, critical levels of ozone are determined to protect human health and the environment and are used to establish a Canada-wide Standard for ozone. The emission ceilings in Annex II are defined according to the ambition level required to achieve the Canada-wide Standard for ozone.

10. For the United States of America, critical levels of ozone are determined to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety, to protect public welfare from any known or expected adverse effects, and are used to establish a National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Integrated assessment modelling and the Air Quality Standard are used in providing guidance for setting the emission ceilings and/or reductions for the United States of America in Annex II.

ANNEX II

EMISSION CEILINGS

The emission ceilings listed in the tables below relate to the provisions of Article 3 (1) and (10), of the present Protocol. The 1980 and 1990 emission levels and the percentage emission reductions listed are given for information purposes only.







Table 1. Emission ceilings for sulphur (thousands of tonnes of SO2 per year) Party Emission levels Emission ceilings 2010 Percentage emission reductions for 2010 (base year 1990) 1980 1990 Armenia 141 73 73 0 % Austria 400 91 39 -57 % Belarus 740 637 480 -25 % Belgium 828 372 106 -72 % Bulgaria 2 050 2 008 856 -57 % Canada national () 4 643 3 236 PEMA (SOMA) 3 135 1 873 Croatia 150 180 70 -61 % Czech Republic 2 257 1 876 283 -85 % Denmark 450 182 55 -70 % Finland 584 260 116 -55 % France 3 208 1 269 400 -68 % Germany 7 514 5 313 550 -90 % Greece 400 509 546 7 % Hungary 1 633 1 010 550 -46 % Ireland 222 178 42 -76 % Italy 3 757 1 651 500 -70 % Latvia — 119 107 -10 % Liechtenstein 0,39 0,15 0,11 -27 % Lithuania 311 222 145 -35 % Luxembourg 24 15 4 -73 % Netherlands 490 202 50 -75 % Norway 137 53 22 -58 % Poland 4 100 3 210 1 397 -56 % Portugal 266 362 170 -53 % Republic of Moldova 308 265 135 -49 % Romania 1 055 1 311 918 -30 % Russian Federation () 7 161 4 460 PEMA 1 062 1 133 635 -44 % Slovakia 780 543 110 -80 % Slovenia 235 194 27 -86 % Spain () 2 959 2 182 774 -65 % Sweden 491 119 67 -44 % Switzerland 116 43 26 -40 % Ukraine 3 849 2 782 1 457 -48 % United Kingdom 4 863 3 731 625 -83 % United States of America () European Community 26 456 16 436 4 059 -75 % (1) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, Canada shall submit an emission ceiling for sulphur, either at a national level or for its PEMA, and will endeavour to provide a ceiling for 2010. The PEMA for sulphur will be the sulphur oxides management area (SOMA) that was designated pursuant to Annex III to the Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions adopted at Oslo on 14 June 1994 as the south-east Canada SOMA. This is an area of 1 million km2 which includes all the territory of the provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, all the territory of the province of Quebec south of a straight line between Havre-St. Pierre on the north coast of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the point where the Quebec-Ontario boundary intersects the James Bay coastline, and all the territory of the province of Ontario south of a straight line between the point where the Ontario-Quebec boundary intersects the James Bay coastline and Nipigon River near the north shore of Lake Superior. (2) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area. (3) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, the United States of America shall provide for inclusion in this Annex: (a) specific emission reduction measures applicable to mobile and stationary sources of sulphur to be applied either nationally or within a PEMA if it has submitted a PEMA for sulphur for inclusion in Annex III; (b) a value for total estimated sulphur emission levels for 1990, either national or for the PEMA; (c) an indicative value for total sulphur emission levels for 2010, either national or for the PEMA; and (d) associated estimates of the percentage reduction in sulphur emissions. Item (b) will be included in the table and items (a), (c) and (d) will be included in a footnote to the table.







Table 2. Emission ceilings for nitrogen oxides (thousands of tonnes of NO2 per year) Party Emission levels 1990 Emission ceilings 2010 Percentage emission reductions for 2010 (base year 1990) Armenia 46 46 0 % Austria 194 107 -45 % Belarus 285 255 -11 % Belgium 339 181 -47 % Bulgaria 361 266 -26 % Canada () 2 104 Croatia 87 87 0 % Czech Republic 742 286 -61 % Denmark 282 127 -55 % Finland 300 170 -43 % France 1 882 860 -54 % Germany 2 693 1 081 -60 % Greece 343 344 0 % Hungary 238 198 -17 % Ireland 115 65 -43 % Italy 1 938 1 000 -48 % Latvia 93 84 -10 % Liechtenstein 0,63 0,37 -41 % Lithuania 158 110 -30 % Luxembourg 23 11 -52 % Netherlands 580 266 -54 % Norway 218 156 -28 % Poland 1 280 879 -31 % Portugal 348 260 -25 % Republic of Moldova 100 90 -10 % Romania 546 437 -20 % Russian Federation () 3 600 PEMA 360 265 -26 % Slovakia 225 130 -42 % Slovenia 62 45 -27 % Spain () 1 113 847 -24 % Sweden 338 148 -56 % Switzerland 166 79 -52 % Ukraine 1 888 1 222 -35 % United Kingdom 2 673 1 181 -56 % United States of America () European Community 13 161 6 671 -49 % (1) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, Canada shall submit 1990 emission levels and 2010 emission ceilings for nitrogen oxides, either at a national level or for its PEMA for nitrogen oxides, if it has submitted one. (2) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area. (3) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, the United States of America shall provide for inclusion in this Annex: (a) specific emission reduction measures applicable to mobile and stationary sources of nitrogen oxides to be applied either nationally or within a PEMA if it has submitted a PEMA for nitrogen oxides for inclusion in Annex III; (b) a value for total estimated nitrogen oxide emission levels for 1990, either national or for the PEMA; (c) an indicative value for total nitrogen oxide emission levels for 2010, either national or for the PEMA; and (d) associated estimates of the percentage reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions. Item (b) will be included in the table and items (a), (c) and (d) will be included in a footnote to the table.







Table 3. Emission ceilings for ammonia (thousands of tonnes of NH3 per year) Party Emission levels 1990 Emission ceilings 2010 Percentage emission reductions for2010 (base year 1990) Armenia 25 25 0 % Austria 81 66 -19 % Belarus 219 158 -28 % Belgium 107 74 -31 % Bulgaria 144 108 -25 % Croatia 37 30 -19 % Czech Republic 156 101 -35 % Denmark 122 69 -43 % Finland 35 31 -11 % France 814 780 -4 % Germany 764 550 -28 % Greece 80 73 -9 % Hungary 124 90 -27 % Ireland 126 116 -8 % Italy 466 419 -10 % Latvia 44 44 0 % Liechtenstein 0,15 0,15 0 % Lithuania 84 84 0 % Luxembourg 7 7 0 % Netherlands 226 128 -43 % Norway 23 23 0 % Poland 508 468 -8 % Portugal 98 108 10 % Republic of Moldova 49 42 -14 % Romania 300 210 -30 % Russian Federation () 1 191 PEMA 61 49 -20 % Slovakia 62 39 -37 % Slovenia 24 20 -17 % Spain () 351 353 1 % Sweden 61 57 -7 % Switzerland 72 63 -13 % Ukraine 729 592 -19 % United Kingdom 333 297 -11 % European Community 3 671 3 129 -15 % (1) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area.







Table 4. Emission ceilings for volatile organic compounds (thousands of tonnes of VOC per year) Party Emission levels 1990 Emission ceilings 2010 Percentage emission reductions for 2010 (base year 1990) Armenia 81 81 0 % Austria 351 159 -55 % Belarus 533 309 -42 % Belgium 324 144 -56 % Bulgaria 217 185 -15 % Canada () 2 880 Croatia 105 90 -14 % Czech Republic 435 220 -49 % Denmark 178 85 -52 % Finland 209 130 -38 % France 2 957 1 100 -63 % Germany 3 195 995 -69 % Greece 373 261 -30 % Hungary 205 137 -33 % Ireland 197 55 -72 % Italy 2 213 1 159 -48 % Latvia 152 136 -11 % Liechtenstein 1,56 0,86 -45 % Lithuania 103 92 -11 % Luxembourg 20 9 -55 % Netherlands 502 191 -62 % Norway 310 195 -37 % Poland 831 800 -4 % Portugal 640 202 -68 % Republic of Moldova 157 100 -36 % Romania 616 523 -15 % Russian Federation () 3 566 PEMA 203 165 -19 % Slovakia 149 140 -6 % Slovenia 42 40 -5 % Spain () 1 094 669 -39 % Sweden 526 241 -54 % Switzerland 292 144 -51 % Ukraine 1 369 797 -42 % United Kingdom 2 555 1 200 -53 % United States of America () European Community 15 353 6 600 -57 % (1) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, Canada shall submit 1990 emission levels and 2010 emission ceilings for volatile organic compounds, either at a national level or for its PEMA for volatile organic compounds, if it has submitted one. (2) Figures apply to the European part within the EMEP area. (3) Upon ratification, acceptance or approval of, or accession to, the present Protocol, the United States of America shall provide for inclusion in this Annex: (a) specific emission reduction measures applicable to mobile and stationary sources of volatile organic compounds to be applied either nationally or within a PEMA if it has submitted a PEMA for volatile organic compounds for inclusion in Annex III; (b) a value for total estimated volatile organic compound emission levels for 1990, either national or for the PEMA; (c) an indicative value for total volatile organic compound emission levels for 2010, either national or for the PEMA; and (d) associated estimates of the percentage reduction in volatile organic compound emissions. Item (b) will be included in the table and items (a), (c) and (d) will be included in a footnote to the table.

ANNEX III

DESIGNATED POLLUTANT EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT AREA (PEMA)

The following PEMA is listed for the purpose of the present Protocol:

Russian Federation PEMA

This is the area of Murmansk oblast, the Republic of Karelia, Leningrad oblast (including St. Petersburg), Pskov oblast, Novgorod oblast and Kaliningrad oblast. The boundary of the PEMA coincides with the State and administrative boundaries of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

ANNEX IV

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF SULPHUR FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

1. Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America 2. For the purpose of section A, except Table 2 and paragraphs (11) and (12), limit value means the quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an installation that is not to be exceeded. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as Mg/ m3), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas (volume at 273,15 K, 101,3 kPa). With regard to the oxygen content of the exhaust gas, the values given in the tables below for each source category shall apply. Dilution for the purpose of lowering concentrations of pollutants in waste gases is not permitted. Start-up, shutdown and maintenance of equipment are excluded. 3. Emissions shall be monitored in all cases ( 2 ). Compliance with limit values shall be verified. The methods of verification can include continuous or discontinuous measurements, type approval, or any other technically sound method. 4. Sampling and analysis of pollutants, as well as reference measurement methods to calibrate any measurement system, shall be carried out in accordance with the standards laid down by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) or by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). While awaiting the development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply. 5. Measurements of emissions should be carried out continuously when emissions of SO2 exceed 75 kg/h. 6. In the case of continuous measurement for new plants, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if the calculated daily mean values do not exceed the limit value and if no hourly value exceeds the limit value by 100 %. 7. In the case of continuous measurements for existing plants, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if (a) none of the monthly mean values exceeds the limit values; and (b) 97 % of all the 48-hour mean values do not exceed 110 % of the limit values. 8. In the case of discontinuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if the mean value based on an appropriate number of measurements under representative conditions does not exceed the value of the emission standard. 9. Boilers and process heaters with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 Mwth:



Table 1. Limit values for SOx emissions released from boilers () Thermal input (MWth) Limit value () (mg SO2/Nm3) Alternative for domestic solid fuels removal efficiency Solid and liquid fuels, new installations 50-100 850 90 % () 100-300 850 - 200 () (linear decrease) 92 % () > 300 200 () 95 % () Solid fuels, existing installations 50-100 2 000 100-500 2 000 -400 (linear decrease) > 500 400 50-150 40 % 150-500 40-90 % (linear increase) > 500 90 % Liquid fuels, existing installations 50-300 1 700 300-500 1 700 -400 (linear decrease) > 500 400 Gaseous fuels in general, new and existing installations 35 Liquefied gas, new and existing installations 5 Low-calorific-value gases (e.g. gasification of refinery residues or combustion of coke oven gas) new 400 existing 800 Blast-furnace gas new 200 existing 800 New combustion plant in refineries (average of all new combustion installations) > 50 (total refinery capacity) 600 Existing combustion plant in refineries (average of all existing combustion installations) 1 000 ( 1 ) In particular, the limit values shall not apply to: — plants in which the products of combustion are used for direct heating, drying, or any other treatment of objects or materials, e.g. reheating furnaces, furnaces for heat treatment, — post-combustion plants, i.e. any technical apparatus designed to purify the waste gases by combustion that is not operated as an independent combustion plant, — facilities for the regeneration of catalytic cracking catalysts;, — facilities for the conversion of hydrogen sulphide into sulphur, — reactors used in the chemical industry, — coke battery furnaces, — cowpers, — waste incinerators, — plants powered by diesel, petrol or gas engines or by combustion turbines, irrespective of the fuel used. (2) The O2 reference content is 6 % for solid fuels and 3 % for others. (3) 400 with heavy fuel oil S < 0,25 %. (4) If an installation reaches 300 Mg/Nm3 SO2, it may be exempted from applying the removal efficiency. 10 Gas oil:



Table 2. Limit values for the sulphur content of gas oil () Sulphur content (per cent by weight) Gas oil < 0,2 after 1 July 2000 < 0,1 after 1 January 2008 (1) ‘Gas oil’ means any petroleum product within HS 2710, or any petroleum product which, by reason of its distillation limits, falls within the category of middle distillates intended for use as fuel and of which at least 85 % by volume, including distillation losses, distils at 350 °C. Fuels used in on-road and non-road vehicles and agricultural tractors are excluded from this definition. Gas oil intended for marine use is included in the definition if it meets the description above or it has a viscosity or density falling within the ranges of viscosity or density defined for marine distillates in Table I of ISO 8217 (1996). 11. Claus plant: for a plant that produces more than 50 Mg of sulphur a day: (a) sulphur recovery 99,5 % for new plant; (b) sulphur recovery 97 % for existing plant. 12. Titanium dioxide production: in new and existing installations, discharges arising from digestion and calcination steps in the manufacture of titanium dioxide shall be reduced to a value of not more than 10 kg of SO2- equivalent per Mg of titanium dioxide produced.

B. Canada 13. Limit values for controlling emissions of sulphur dioxide from new stationary sources in the following stationary source category will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and levels including limit values applied in other countries and the following document: Canada Gazette, Part I. Department of the Environment. Thermal Power Generation Emissions — National Guidelines for New Stationary Sources. May 15, 1993, pp. 1633-1638.

C. United States of America 14. Limit values for controlling emissions of sulphur dioxide from new stationary sources in the following stationarysource categories are specified in the following documents: (1) Electric Utility Steam Generating Units — 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 60, Subpart D, and Subpart Da; (2) Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Db, and Subpart Dc; (3) Sulphuric Acid Plants — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart H; (4) Petroleum Refineries — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart J; (5) Primary Copper Smelters — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart P; (6) Primary Zinc Smelters — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Q; (7) Primary Lead Smelters — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart R; (8) Stationary Gas Turbines — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart GG; (9) Onshore Natural Gas Processing — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart LLL; (10) Municipal Waste Combustors — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ea, and Subpart Eb; (11) Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ec.

ANNEX V

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

1. Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America 2. For the purpose of section A, limit value means the quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an installation that is not to be exceeded. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg/m3), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas (volume at 273,15 K, 101,3 kPa). With regard to the oxygen content of exhaust gas, the values given in the tables below for each source category shall apply. Dilution for the purpose of lowering concentrations of pollutants in waste gases is not permitted. Limit values generally address NO together with NO2, commonly named NOx, expressed as NO2. Start-up, shutdown and maintenance of equipment are excluded. 3. Emissions shall be monitored in all cases ( 3 ). Compliance with limit values shall be verified. The methods of verification can include continuous or discontinuous measurements, type approval, or any other technically sound method. 4. Sampling and analysis of pollutants, as well as reference measurement methods to calibrate any measurement system, shall be carried out in accordance with the standards laid down by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) or by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). While awaiting the development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply. 5. Measurements of emissions should be carried out continuously when emissions of NOx exceed 75 kg/h. 6. In the case of continuous measurements, except for existing combustion plant covered in Table 1, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if the calculated daily mean values do not exceed the limit value and if no hourly value exceeds the limit value by 100 %. 7. In the case of continuous measurements for existing combustion plants covered in Table 1, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if (a) none of the monthly mean values exceeds the emission limit values; and (b) 95 % of all the 48-hour mean values do not exceed 110 % of the emission limit values. 8. In the case of discontinuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if the mean value based on an appropriate number of measurements under representative conditions does not exceed the value of the emission standard. 9. Boilers and process heaters with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MWth:



Table 1. Limit values for NOx emissions released from boilers () Limit value (mg/Nm3) () Solid fuels, new installations: — Boilers 50-100 MWth 400 — Boilers 100-300 MWth 300 — Boilers > 300 MWth 200 Solid fuels, existing installations: — Solid in general 650 — Solid with less than 10 % volatile compounds 1 300 Liquid fuels, new installations: — Boilers 50-100 MWth 400 — Boilers 100-300 MWth 300 — Boilers > 300 MWth 200 Liquid fuels, existing installations 450 Gaseous fuels, new installations: Fuel: natural gas — Boilers 50-300 MWth 150 — Boilers > 300 MWth 100 Fuel: all other gases 200 Gaseous fuels, existing installations 350 ( 1 ) In particular, the limit values shall not apply to: — plants in which the products of combustion are used for direct heating, drying, or any other treatment of objects or materials, e.g. reheating furnaces, furnaces for heat treatment, — post-combustion plants, i.e. any technical apparatus designed to purify the waste gases by combustion that is not operated as an independent combustion plant, — facilities for the regeneration of catalytic cracking catalysts, — facilities for the conversion of hydrogen sulphide into sulphur, — reactors used in the chemical industry, — coke battery furnaces, — cowpers, — waste incinerators, — plants powered by diesel, petrol or gas engines or by combustion turbines, irrespective of the fuel used. (2) These values do not apply to boilers running less than 500 hours a year. The O2 reference content is 6 % for solid fuels and 3 % for others. 10. Onshore combustion turbines with a rated thermal input exceeding 50 MWth: the NOx limit values expressed in mg/Nm3 (with an O2 content of 15 %) are to be applied to a single turbine. The limit values in Table 2 apply only above 70 % load.



Table 2. Limit values for NOx emissions released from onshore combustion turbines > 50 MWth (Thermal input at ISO conditions) Limit value (mg/Nm3) New installations, natural gas () 50 () New installations, liquid fuels () 120 Existing installations, all fuels () — Natural gas 150 — Liquid 200 (1) Natural gas is naturally occurring methane with not more than 20 % (by volume) of inerts and other constituents. ( 2 ) 75 mg/Nm 3 if: — combustion turbine used in a combined heat and power system, or — combustion turbine driving compressor for public gas grid supply. (3) This limit value applies only to combustion turbines firing light and medium distillates. (4) The limit values do not apply to combustion turbines running less than 150 hours a year. 11. Cement production:



Table 3. Limit values for NOx emissions released from cement production () Limit value (mg/Nm3) New installations (10 % O2) — Dry kilns 500 — Other kilns 800 Existing installations (10 % O2) 1 200 (1) Installations for the production of cement clinker in rotary kilns with a capacity > 500 mg/day or in other furnaces with a capacity > 50 Mg/day. 12. Stationary engines:



Table 4. Limit values for NOx emissions released from new stationary engines Capacity, technique, fuel specification Limit value () (mg/Nm3) Spark ignition (= Otto) engines, 4-stroke, > 1 MWth — Lean-burn engines 250 — All other engines 500 Compression ignition (= Diesel) engines, > 5 MWth — Fuel: natural gas (jet ignition engines) 500 — Fuel: heavy fuel oil 600 — Fuel: diesel oil or gas oil 500 (1) These values do not apply to engines running less than 500 hours a year. The O2 reference content is 5 %. 13. Production and processing of metals:



Table 5. Limit values for NOx emissions released from primary iron and steel production () Capacity, technique, fuel specification Limit value (mg/Nm3) New and existing sinter plants 400 (1) Production and processing of metals: metal ore roasting or sintering installations, installations for the production of pig iron or steel (primary or secondary fusion) including continuous casting with a capacity exceeding 2,5 Mg/hour, installations for the processing of ferrous metals (hot rolling mills > 20 Mg/hour of crude steel). 14. Nitric acid production:



Table 6. Limit values for NOx emissions released from nitric acid production excluding acid concentration units Capacity, technique, fuel specification Limit value (mg/Nm3) — New installations 350 — Existing installations 450

B. Canada 15. Limit values for controlling emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from new stationary sources in the following stationary source categories will be determined on the basis of available information on control technology and levels including limit values applied in other countries and the following documents: (a) Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). National Emission Guidelines for Stationary Combustion Turbines. December 1992. PN1072; (b) Canada Gazette, Part I. Department of the Environment. Thermal Power Generation Emissions — National Guidelines for New Stationary Sources. May 15, 1993, pp. 1633-1638; (c) CCME. National Emission Guidelines for Cement Kilns. March 1998. PN1284.

C. United States of America 16. Limit values for controlling emissions of NOx from new stationary sources in the followingstationary source categories are specified in the following documents: (a) Coal-fired Utility Units — 40 Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Part 76; (b) Electric Utility Steam Generating Units — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart D, and Subpart Da; (c) Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Db; (d) Nitric Acid Plants — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart G; (e) Stationary Gas Turbines — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart GG; (f) Municipal Waste Combustors — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ea, and Subpart Eb; (g) Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators — 40 C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart Ec.

ANNEX VI

LIMIT VALUES FOR EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM STATIONARY SOURCES

1. Section A applies to Parties other than Canada and the United States of America, section B applies to Canada and section C applies to the United States of America.

A. Parties other than Canada and the United States of America 2. This section of the present Annex covers the stationary sources of non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions listed in paragraphs (8) to (21) below. Installations or parts of installations for research, development and testing of new products and processes are not covered. Threshold values are given in the sector-specific tables below. They generally refer to solvent consumption or emission mass flow. Where one operator carries out several activities falling under the same subheading at the same installation on the same site, the solvent consumption or emission mass flow of such activities are added together. If no threshold value is indicated, the given limit value applies to all the installations concerned. 3. For the purpose of section A of the present Annex: (a) ‘storage and distribution of petrol’ means the loading of trucks, railway wagons, barges and seagoing ships at depots and mineral oil refinery dispatch stations, excluding vehicle refuelling at service stations covered by relevant documents on mobile sources; (b) ‘adhesive coating’ means any process in which an adhesive is applied to a surface, with the exception of adhesive coating and laminating associated with printing processes and wood and plastic lamination; (c) ‘wood and plastic lamination’ means any process to adhere together wood and/or plastic to produce laminated products; (d) ‘coating processes’ means the application of metal and plastic surfaces to: passenger cars, truck cabins, trucks, buses or wooden surfaces and covers any process in which a single or multiple application of a continuous film of coating is laid onto: (i) new vehicles (see below) defined as vehicles of category M1 and of category N1 insofar as they are coated at the same installation as Ml vehicles; (ii) truck cabins, defined as the housing for the driver, and all integrated housing for the technical equipment of category N2 and N3 vehicles; (iii) vans and trucks defined as category N1, N2 and N3 vehicles, but excluding truck cabins; (iv) buses defined as category M2 and M3 vehicles; (v) other metallic and plastic surfaces including those of aeroplanes, ships, trains, etc., wooden surfaces, textile, fabric, film and paper surfaces. This source category does not include the coating of substrates with metals by electrophoretic or chemical spraying techniques. If the coating process includes a step in which the same article is printed, that printing step is considered part of the coating process. However, printing processes operated as a separate activity are not included. In this definition: — Ml vehicles are those used for the carriage of passengers and comprising not more than eight seats in addition to the drivers seat, — M2 vehicles are those used for the carriage of passengers and comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat, and having a maximum mass not exceeding 5 Mg, — M3 vehicles are those used for the carriage of passengers and comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 Mg, — N1 vehicles are those used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3,5 Mg, — N2 vehicles are those used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3,5 Mg but not exceeding 12 Mg, — N3 vehicles are those used for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 12 Mg. (e) ‘coil coating’ means any processes where coiled steel, stainless steel, coated steel, copper alloys or aluminium strip is coated with either a film-forming or laminate coating in a continuous process; (f) ‘dry cleaning’ means any industrial or commercial process using VOCs in an installation to clean garments, furnishings and similar consumer goods with the exception of the manual removal of stains and spots in the textile and clothing industry; (g) ‘manufacturing of coatings, varnishes, inks and adhesives’ means the manufacture of coating preparations, varnishes, inks and adhesives, and of intermediates as far as they are produced in the same installation by mixing pigments, resins and adhesive materials with organic solvents or other carriers. This category also includes dispersion, predispersion, realization of a certain viscosity or colour and packing the final products in containers; (h) ‘printing’ means any process of reproduction of text and/or images in which, with the use of an image carrier, ink is transferred onto a surface and applies to the following subprocesses: (i) flexography: a printing process using an image carrier of rubber or elastic photopolymers on which the printing inks are above the non-printing areas, using liquid inks that dry through evaporation; (ii) heat set web offset: a web-fed printing process using an image carrier in which the printing and non-printing areas are in the same plane, where web-fed means that the material to be printed is fed to the machine from a reel as distinct from separate sheets. The non-printing area is treated to attract water and thus reject ink. The printing area is treated to receive and transmit ink to the surface to be printed. Evaporation takes place in an oven where hot air is used to heat the printed material; (iii) publication rotogravure: rotogravure used for printing paper for magazines, brochures, catalogues or similar products, using toluene-based inks; (iv) rotogravure: a printing process using a cylindrical image carrier in which the printing area is below the non-printing area, using liquid inks that dry through evaporation. The recesses are filled with ink and the surplus is cleaned off the non-printing area before the surface to be printed contacts the cylinder and lifts the ink from the recesses; (v) rotary screen printing: a web-fed printing process in which the ink is passed onto the surface to be printed by forcing it through a porous image carrier, in which the printing area is open and the non-printing area is sealed off, using liquid inks that dry only through evaporation. Web-fed means that the material to be printed is fed to the machine from a reel as distinct from separate sheets; (vi) laminating associated to a printing process: the adhering of two or more flexible materials to produce laminates; (vii) varnishing: a process by which a varnish or an adhesive coating is applied to a flexible material for the purpose of later sealing the packaging material; (i) ‘manufacturing of pharmaceutical products’ means chemical synthesis, fermentation, extraction, formulation and finishing of pharmaceutical products and, where carried out at the same site, the manufacture of intermediate products; (j) ‘conversion of natural or synthetic rubber’ means any process of mixing, crushing, blending, calendering, extruding and vulcanisation of natural or synthetic rubber and additionally processes for the processing of natural or synthetic rubber to derive an end product; (k) ‘surface cleaning’ means any process except dry cleaning using organic solvents to remove contamination from the surface of material, including degreasing; a cleaning process consisting of more than one step before or after any other processing step is considered as one surface-cleaning process. The process refers to the cleaning of the surface of products and not to the cleaning of process equipment; (l) ‘extraction of vegetable oil and animal fat and refining of vegetable oil’ means the extraction of vegetable oil from seeds and other vegetable matter, the processing of dry residues to produce animal feed, and the purification of fats and vegetable oils derived from seeds, vegetable matter and/or animal matter; (m) ‘vehicle refinishing’ means any industrial or commercial coating activity and associated degreasing activities performing: (i) the coating of road vehicles, or part of them, carried out as part of vehicle repair, conservation or decoration outside manufacturing installations, or (ii) the original coating of road vehicles, or part of them, with refinishing-type materials, where this is carried out away from the original manufacturing line, or (iii) the coating of trailers (including semi-trailers); (n) ‘impregnation of wooden surfaces’ means any process impregnating timber with preservative; (o) ‘standard conditions’ means a temperature of 273,15 K and a pressure of 101,3 kPa; (p) ‘NMVOCs’ comprise all organic compounds except methane which at 273,15 K show a vapour pressure of at least 0,01 kPa or which show a comparable volatility under the given application conditions; (q) ‘waste gas’ means the final gaseous discharge containing NMVOCs or other pollutants from a stack or from emission abatement equipment into air. The volumetric flow rates shall be expressed in m3/h at standard conditions; (r) ‘fugitive emission of NMVOCs’ means any emission, not in waste gases, of NMVOC into air, soil and water as well as, unless otherwise stated, solvents contained in any product, and includes uncaptured emissions of NMVOCs released to the outside environment via windows, doors, vents and similar openings. Fugitive limit values are calculated on the basis of a solvent management plan (see Appendix I to the present Annex); (s) ‘total emission of NMVOCs’ means the sum of fugitive emission of NMVOCs and emission of NMVOCs in waste gases; (t) ‘input’ means the quantity of organic solvents and their quantity in preparations used when carrying out a process, including the solvents recycled inside and outside the installation, and which are counted every time they are used to carry out the activity; (u) ‘limit value’ means the maximum quantity of a gaseous substance contained in the waste gases from an installation which is not to be exceeded during normal operation. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be calculated in terms of mass of pollutant per volume of the waste gases (expressed as mg C/Nm3 unless specified otherwise), assuming standard conditions for temperature and pressure for dry gas. For solvent- using installations, limit values are given as mass unit per characteristic unit of the respective activity. Gas volumes that are added to the waste gas for cooling or dilution purposes shall not be considered when determining the mass concentration of the pollutant in the waste gas. Limit values generally address all volatile organic compounds except methane (no further distinction is made, e.g. in terms of reactivity or toxicity); (v) ‘normal operation’ means all periods of operation except start-up and shutdown operations and maintenance of equipment; (w) ‘substances harmful to human health’ are subdivided into two categories: (i) halogenated VOCs that have the possible risk of irreversible effects; or (ii) hazardous substances that are carcinogens, mutagens or toxic to reproduction or that may cause cancer, may cause heritable genetic damage, may cause cancer by inhalation, may impair fertility or may cause harm to the unborn child. 4. The following requirements shall be satisfied: (a) emissions of NMVOCs shall be monitored ( 4 ) and compliance with limit values shall be verified. The methods of verification may include continuous or discontinuous measurements, type approval or any other technically sound method; furthermore, they shall be economically viable; (b) the concentrations of air pollutants in gas-carrying ducts shall be measured in a representative way. Sampling and analysis of all pollutants, as well as reference measurement methods to calibrate any measurement system, shall be carried out according to the standards laid down by the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) or by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). While awaiting the development of CEN or ISO standards, national standards shall apply; (c) if measurements of emissions of NMVOCs are required, they should be carried out continuously if emissions of NMVOCs exceed 10 kg of total organic carbon (TOC)/h in the exhaust duct downstream from an emission reduction installation and the hours of operation exceed 200 hours a year. For all other installations, discontinuous measurement is required as a minimum. For the approval of compliance, own approaches may be used provided that they result in equal stringency; (d) in the case of continuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if the daily mean does not exceed the limit value during normal operation and no hourly average exceeds the limit values by 150 %. For the approval of compliance, own approaches may be used provided that they result in equal stringency; (e) in the case of discontinuous measurements, as a minimum requirement, compliance with the emission standards is achieved if the mean value of all readings does not exceed the limit value and no hourly mean exceeds the limit value by 150 %. For the approval of compliance, own approaches may be used provided that they result in equal stringency; (f) all appropriate precautions shall be taken to minimize emissions of NMVOCs during start-up and shutdown, and in case of deviations from normal operatio