1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 1
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents
►B DIRECTIVE95/1/ECOFTHEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDOFTHECOUNCIL
of2February1995
onthemaximumdesignspeed,maximumtorqueandmaximumnetenginepoweroftwoorthree-
wheelmotorvehicles
(OJ L 52, 8.3.1995, p. 1)
Amended by:
Official Journal
No page date
►M1Commission Directive 2002/41/EC of 17 May 2002 L 133 17 18.5.2002
▼B
DIRECTIVE95/1/ECOF THE EUROPEANPARLIAMENTAND
OFTHECOUNCIL
of2February1995
onthemaximumdesignspeed,maximumtorqueandmaximumnet
enginepoweroftwoorthree-wheel motorvehicles
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and
in particular Article 100a thereof,
Having regard to Council Directive 92/61/EEC of 30 June 1992
relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheel motor vehicles(1),
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission(2),
Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social
Committee(3),
Acting in accordance withth e procedure referred to in Article 189b of
the Treaty(4),
Whereas the internal market comprises an area without internal fron-
tiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services andcapital is ensured; whereas the measures required for that purposeneed to be adopted;
Whereas the methods of measuring the maximum design speed,
maximum torque and net engine power of two or three-wheel motorvehicles differ from one Member State to another; whereas as a result
of their differences, such methods constitute barriers to trade within the
Community;
Whereas the barriers to the operation of the internal market may be
removed if the same requirements are adopted by all Member Statesin place of their national rules;
Whereas it is necessary to draw up harmonized requirements for
methods of measuring the maximum design speed, maximum torque
and maximum net engine power of two or three-wheel motor vehicles
in order to enable the type-approval and component type-approvalprocedures laid down in Directive 92/61/EEC to be applied for eachtype of suchveh icle,
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
Article 1
This Directive applies to the methods of measuring the maximum
design speed, maximum engine torque and the net maximum enginepower of all the types of vehicle defined in Article 1 of Council Direc-tive 92/61/EEC.
Article 2
The procedure for the granting of component type-approval in respect
of the maximum design speed, maximum engine torque and the
maximum net engine power (measuring methods) of a type of two or
three-wheel motor vehicle and the conditions governing the free move-ment of such vehicles shall be as laid down in Directive 92/61/EEC.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 2
(1) OJ No L 225, 10. 8. 1992, p. 72.
(2) OJ No C 93, 13. 4. 1992, p. 166.
(3) OJ No C 313, 30. 11. 1992, p. 7.
(4) Opinion of the European Parliament of 11 February 1993 (OJ No C 72, 15.
3. 1993, p. 128), Council common position of 28 June 1993 (not yet
published in the Official Journal) and Decision of the European Parliament
of 4 May 1994 (OJ No C 205, 25. 7. 1994, p. 159). Joint text of the Conci-
liation Committee of 13 December 1994.
▼B
Article 3
Within two years of the adoption of this Directive the Commission
shall carry out a comprehensive new study to establish whether there
is a link between accidents and maximum engine power above 74 kW.
The study shall collate and evaluate the latest scientific research find-ings and carry out appropriate new researchwitha view to establish ingdefinitive policy recommendations on this subject. On the basis of thestudy's conclusions, the Commission shall, if necessary, propose newlegislative measures.
Article 4
Any amendments necessary to adapt the requirements of Annexes I and
II to technical progress shall be adopted in accordance with the proce-
dure laid down in Article 13 of Directive 70/156/EEC(
1).
Article 5
1. Member States shall adopt and publish the provisions necessary
to comply with this Directive not later than 2 August 1996. They shallforthwith inform the Commission thereof.
When the Member States adopt such provisions, they shall contain a
reference to this Directive or shall be accompanied by such referenceon the occasion of their official publication. The methods of makingsuch a reference shall be laid down by the Member States.
From the date mentioned in the first subparagraph Member States may
not prohibit the initial entry into service of vehicles which conform to
this Directive.
They shall apply these provisions as from 2 February 1997.2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of
the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered bythis Directive.
Article 6
National legislation may permit Member States to refuse the initial
registration and any subsequent registration within their territory ofvehicles with a maximum net power of more than 74 kW.
Article 7
This Directive is addressed to the Member States.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 3
(1) OJ No L 42, 23. 2. 1970, p. 1, as last amended by Directive 92/53/EEC (OJ
No L 225, 10. 8. 1992, p. 1).
▼B
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX I: Requirements concerning the method of measuring the maximum design speed …
Appendix 1: Procedure for defining the correction coefficient for the annular speed-test track …
Appendix 2: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the vehicle type
that affect its maximum design speed …........................................
Appendix 3: Component type-approval certificate in respect of the maximum design speed of a
type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle … .....................................
ANNEX II: Requirements concerning the methods of measuring the maximum torque and
maximum net power of the engine …...........................................
Appendix 1: Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-ignition
engines for mopeds …..........................................................
Sub-Appendix 1: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type
that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power ….....................
Sub-Appendix 2: Component type-approval certificate in respect of the maximum torque and
maximum net engine power of a type of moped …..............................
Appendix 2: Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-ignition
engines for motorcycles and tricycles … .........................................
Sub-Appendix 1: Measurement of maximum torque and maximum net engine power by means of
the engine-temperature method …...............................................
Sub-Appendix 2: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type
that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power ….....................
Sub-Appendix 3: Component type-approval certificate in respect of the maximum torque and
maximum net engine power of a type of motorcycle or tricycle … ...............
Appendix 3: Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of compression-
ignition engines fitted to two or three-wheel vehicles ….........................
Sub-Appendix 1: Information document concerning the essential characteristics of the engine type
that affect its maximum torque and maximum net power ….....................
Sub-Appendix 2: Component type-approval certificate concerning the maximum torque and
maximum net engine power of a type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 4
▼B
ANNEX I
REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE METHOD OF MEASURING
THEMAXIMUMDESIGNSPEED
1. Requirements.
1.1. The maximum design speed of the vehicle is measured in accor-
dance withth e requirements set out below.
2. Preparation of the vehicle.
2.1. The vehicle must be clean and only those accessories needed to
enable the vehicle to undergo the test must be in operation.
2.2. The fuel-supply and the ignition settings, the viscosity of the
lubricants for the mechanical parts in motion, and the tyre pres-
sures, must be as required by the manufacturer.
2.3. The engine, transmission and tires must have been properly run in
in accordance withth e manufacturer's requirements.
2.4. Before the test all parts of the vehicle must be in a thermally
stable state, at their normal operating temperature.
2.5. The vehicle must be submitted at its mass in running order.
2.6. The distribution of the loadings among the wheels must be as
intended by the manufacturer.
3. Driver.
3.1. Uncabbedvehicles
3.1.1. The driver must have a mass of 75 kg ± 5 kg and be 1,75 m
± 0,05 m tall. However, in the case of mopeds these tolerances
are reduced to ± 2 kg and ± 0,02 m respectively.
3.1.2. The driver must wear an adjusted one-piece suit or an equivalent
item of clothing.
3.1.3. He must be seated on the driver's seat with his feet on the pedals
or footrest and his arms normally extended. Where vehicles
achieve a maximum speed of more than 120 km/h when their
rider is in a seated position that rider must be equipped and posi-
tioned as recommended by the manufacturer. However, that
position must enable the driver continuously to control the
vehicle during the test. The driving position must be the same
throughout the test and a description of that position given in
the test report or replaced by photographs.
3.2. Cabbedvehicles.
3.2.1. The driver must have a mass of 75 kg ± 5 kg. However, in the
case of mopeds, this tolerance is reduced to ± 2 kg.
4. Characteristics of the test track.
4.1. The tests must be carried out on a road:4.1.1. which allows the maximum speed to be maintained along a
measurement base as defined in 4.2. The acceleration track
preceding the measuring base must be of the same type (surface
and longitudinal profile) and be sufficiently long in order to
enable the vehicle's maximum speed to be reached;
4.1.2. that is clean, smooth, dry, asphalted or surfaced in an equivalent
manner;
4.1.3. having a longitudinal gradient of not more than 1 % and a degree
of banking of not more than 3 %. The variation in altitude
between any two points on the test base must not exceed 1 m.
4.2. The possible configurations for the measuring base are illustrated
in 4.2.1, 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 5
▼B
4.2.1. Type 1
4.2.2. Type 2
4.2.3. Type 3
4.2.3.1. The two measuring bases L must be equal in length and virtually
parallel to eachoth er.
4.2.3.2. If both measuring bases are curvilinear in shape despite the
requirements of 4.1.3, the effects of centrifugal force must be
compensated for by the cross-section of the bends.
4.2.3.3. Instead of the two bases L (see 4.2.3.1), the measuring base may
coincide with the overall length of the annual test track. In this
case the minimum radius of the bends must be 200 m and the
effects of centrifugal force compensated for by the cross-section
of the bends.
4.3. LengthL of th e measuring base must be selected in conjunction
with the accuracy of the equipment and the methods used to
measure testing time t in such a way that the value for actual
speed can be plotted to within +/− 1 %. If the measuring equip-
ment is of the manual type, length L of the measuring base must
not be less than 500 m. If a type 2 measuring base has been
selected it will be necessary to use electronic measuring equip-
ment in order to determine time t.
5. Atmospheric conditions
Atmospheric pressure: 97 ± 10 kPa.Temperature: between 278 and 308 K.
Relative humidity: 30 to 90 %.
Average wind speed, measured 1 m above the ground: < 3 m/s,
permitting gusts < 5 m/s.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 6
▼M1
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▼M1
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6. Test procedure.
6.1. The gear ratio used during the test must be that enabling the
vehicle to reach its maximum speed on level ground. The throttle
control must be kept fully open and the enrichment devices must
be inoperative.
6.2. Drivers of uncabbed vehicles must maintain their driving position
as defined in 3.1.3.
6.3. The vehicle must arrive at the measuring base at a constant
speed. Type 1 and type 2 bases must be travelled along in both
directions in succession.
6.3.1. Testing in a single direction may be accepted on a type 2
measuring base if, owing to the characteristics of the circuit, it
is not possible to reach the maximum speed of the vehicle in
bothdirections. In th is case:
6.3.1.1. the test run must be repeated five times in immediate succession;
6.3.1.2. the speed of the axial wind component must not exceed 1 m/s.
6.4. Bothbases L on a type 3 measuring base must be travelled along
consecutively in a single direction, without interruption.
6.4.1. If the measuring base coincides with the total length of the
circuit, it must be travelled along in a single direction at least
twice. The difference between the extremes of the time measure-
ments must riot exceed 3 %.
6.5. The fuel and lubricant must be those recommended by the manu-
facturer.
6.6. The total time t needed to travel along the measuring base in both
directions must be determined to an accuracy of 0,7 %.
6.7. The determination of average speed.
Average speed V (km/h) for the test is determined as follows:
6.7.1. Type 1 andtype 2 measuring base
V¼3;6/C22L
t¼7;2L
t
where:
L = lengthof measuring base (m)
t = time (s) taken to travel along measuring base L (m).
6.7.2. Type 2 measuring base, travelledalong in a single d irection
V=V awhere:
Va = speed measured for eachtest run (km/h ) =
3;6L
t
where t = time (s) taken to travel along measuring base L (m).
6.7.3. Type 3 measuring base.6.7.3.1. Measuring base consisting of two parts L (see 4.2.3.1)
V¼
3;6/C22L
t¼7;2L
t
where:
L = lengthof measuring base (m)1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 7
▼B
t = total time (s) needed to travel along bothmeasuring bases
L (m).
6.7.3.2. Measuring base coinciding with the total length of the annular
test track (see 4.2.3.3)
V=V a·kwhere:
Va = speed measured (km/h) =
3;6L
t
where:
L = lengthof trajectory actually followed on th e annular speed-
test track (m)
t = time (s) needed to complete a full lap
t¼1
n/C1Xn
i¼1/C1ti
where:
n = number of laps
ti = time (s) needed to complete eachlapk = correction factor (1,00 ≤1,05); this factor is specific to
the annular test track used and is determined experimen-
tally in line withAppendix 1.
6.8. The average speed must be measured at least twice in succession.7. Maximum speed.
The maximum speed of the vehicle is expressed in kilometres per
hour by the figure corresponding to the closest whole number to
the arithmetical mean of the values for the speeds measured
during the two consecutive tests, which must not diverge by
more than 3 %. When this arithmetical mean lies exactly between
two whole members it is rounded up to the next highest number.
8. Maximum speed measurement tolerances.
8.1. The maximum speed as determined by the testing body may
differ from the values specified by the manufacturer by ± 5 %.
8.2. During a production conformity check the maximum speed may
differ by ± 5 % from the value determined during the component
type-approval test. That value becomes +/− 10 % in the case of
mopeds the maximum design speed of which is ≤30 km/h.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 8
▼B
Appendix 1
Procedure fordefiningthecorrection coefficient fortheannulartesttrack
1. Coefficient k relating to the annular test track must be plotted up
to the maximum permitted speed.
2. Coefficient k must be plotted for several speeds in sucha way
that the difference between two consecutive speeds will not be
more than 30 km/h.
3. For eachspeed selected th e test must be carried out in line with
the requirements of this Directive, in two possible ways:
3.1. Speed measured in a straight line Vd.
3.2. Speed measured on the annular test track Va.
4. For eachspeed measured values Va and Vd are entered on a
diagram (figure 1) and the successive points linked by means of
a segment of a straight line.
Figure 1
5. The coefficient k is given by the following formula for each
speed measured:
k¼Vd
Va1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 9
▼B
Appendix 2
Informationdocumentconcerningtheessentialcharacteristicsofthevehicle
typethataffectitsmaximumdesignspeed
(to be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged
separately from the vehicle type-approval application)
Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …The application for component type-approval in respect of the maximum design
speed of a type of two or three-wheel motor vehicle must contain the informa-
tion set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part A, in the following
sections:
0.1
0.2
0.4 to 0.6
2.1 to 2.2.1
3.0 to 3.1.1
4.1 to 4.6
5.2
5.2.21995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 10
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Appendix 3
1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 11
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ANNEX II
REQUIREMENTS CONCERNING THE METHODS OF MEASURING
THE MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER OF THE
ENGINE
1. GENERAL
1.1. Appendix 1 applies for the purpose of determining the maximum
torque and maximum net power of (spark-ignition) engines for
mopeds.
1.2. Appendix 2 applies for the purpose of determining the maximum
torque and maximum net power of (spark-ignition) engines for
motorcycles and tricycles.
1.3. Appendix 3 applies for the purpose of determining the maximum
torque and maximum net power of compression-ignition engines.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 12
▼B
Appendix 1
Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-
ignitionenginesformopeds
1. DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Directive:
1.1. Netpowermeans:
the power available on the test bench at the end of the crankshaft
or equivalent component at the speed laid down by the manufac-
turer, together with the accessories listed in Table 1. If the power
can be measured only with the gearbox fitted to the engine the
efficiency of the gearbox is taken into account;
1.2. Maximumnetpowermeans:
the maximum net power output measured under full engine load;
1.3. Torquemeans:
the torque measured under the conditions laid down in 1.1;
1.4. Maximumtorquemeans:
the maximum torque value measured under full engine load;
1.5. Accessoriesmeans:
all apparatus and devices listed in Table 1;
1.6. Standard-productionequipmentmeans:
all equipment intended by the manufacturer for a specific applica-
tion;
1.7. Engine-typemeans:
engines whose characteristics, as defined in Sub-Appendix 1, do
not differ in any fundamental respect.
2. ACCURACY OF TORQUE AND POWER MEASUREMENTS
UNDER FULL LOAD
2.1. Torque:
± 2 % of torque measured.
2.2. Rotationalspeed:themeasurementmustbeaccurateto±1%.
2.3. Fuelconsumption
± 2 % for all the devices used.
2.4. Temperatureofengineinductionair:
±2K .
2.5. Barometric pressure:
± 70 Pa.
2.6. Pressureintheexhaustandunder-pressureoftheintakeair:
± 25 Pa.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 13
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3. TEST FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMUM TORQUE
AND MAXIMUM NET ENGINE POWER
3.1. Accessories
3.1.1. Accessories to be fitted.
During the test the accessories needed for operation of the engine
in the application under consideration (as set out in Table 1) must
be located on the test bench as far as possible in the position they
would occupy for the application under consideration.
3.1.2. Accessories not to be fitted
Certain vehicle accessories which are needed only for use of the
vehicle itself, but which are likely to be mounted on the engine,
must be removed for the tests.
The power absorbed by fixed equipment under no load may be
determined and added to the power measured.
TABLE 1
Accessories to be fitted during the test in order to determine torque and net
enginepower
No Accessories Fitted for the torque and net-power test
1 Induction system
— Induction manifold
— Air filter— Inlet silencer— Crankcase gas recycling— Speed-limiting deviceIf series-mounted: yes
2 Exhaust system
— Exhaust clean-up system
— Manifold
— Pipework(
1)
— Silencer (1)
— Exhaust pipe (1)If series-mounted: yes
3 Carburettor If series-mounted: yes
4 Fuel injection system
— Upstream filter
— Filter— Pump— Pipework
— Injector
— Where fitted, air inlet flap (
2)
— Regulator (if fitted)If series-mounted: yes
5 Liquid-cooling equipment
— Radiator
— Fan(4)(5)
— Water Pump
— Thermostat (6)If series-mounted: yes))(3)
6 Air cooling
— Cowling
— Blower (4)(5)
— Temperature regulator— Auxiliary benchblowerIf series-mounted: yes, if necessary
7 Electrical equipment If series-mounted: yes(
7)
8 Anti-pollution devices If series-mounted: yes1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 14
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No Accessories Fitted for the torque and net-power test
9 Lubrication system
— Oil feederIf series-mounted: yes
(1) If it is difficult to use the standard exhaust system an exhaust system causing an equivalent
pressure drop may be fitted for the test with the agreement of the manufacturer. In the testlaboratory when the engine is in operation the exhaust gas extraction system must not cause
in the extraction flue at the point where it is connected to the vehicle's exhaust system a pres-
sure differing from atmospheric pressure by ±740 Pa (7,40 mbar), unless, before the test, themanufacturer accepts a higher back pressure.
(
2) The air inlet flap must be that which controls the pneumatic inject pump regulator.
(3)►M1The radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and thermostat must, on the test bench,
occupy as far as possible the same position relative to each other as if they were on the vehicle.
If the radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and/or thermostat have a position on the test benchwhich is different from that on the vehicle, the position on the test bench shall be described andnoted on the test report. ◄The liquid coolant must be circulated solely by the water pump for
the engine. The coolant may be cooled either by the engine radiator or by an outside circuit,
provided that the pressure drops within that circuit remain substantially the same as those in
the engine cooling system. Where fitted the engine blind must be open.
(
4) Where a fan or blower may be disengaged the net engine power must first of all be stated with
the fan (or blower) disengaged, followed by the net engine power with the fan (or blower)engaged.
(
5) Where a fixed electrically or mechanically-operated fan cannot be fitted on the test bench the
power absorbed by that fan must be determined at the same rotational speeds as those usedwhen the engine power is measured. That power is deducted from the corrected power in orderto obtain the net power.
(
6) The thermostat may be locked in the fully-open position.
(7) Minimum generator output: the generator supplies the current that is strictly needed to supply
the accessories that are essential to the operation of the engine. The battery must not receiveany charge during the test.
3.2. Settingconditions
The conditions applying to settings during the tests to determine
maximum torque and maximum net power are set out in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Settingconditions
1 Setting of carburettor(s)
Setting carried out in accordance
withth e manufacturer's specifica-
tions for series production applied,
without any other change, to the use
under consideration2 Setting of injector pump flow-rate
3 Ignition or injection setting
(advance curve)
3.3. Testconditions.
3.3.1. The tests intended to determine maximum torque and maximum
net power must be carried out at full throttle, with the engine
equipped as specified in Table 1.
3.3.2. The measurements must be carried out under normal, stable oper-
ating conditions and the air supply to the engine must be
adequate. The engine must have been run in under the conditions
recommended by the manufacturer. The combustion chambers
may contain deposits, but in limited quantities.
The test conditions such as the temperature of the induction air
must be selected as closely as possible to the reference conditions
(see 4.2) in order to reduce the correction factor.
3.3.3. The temperature of the engine induction air (ambient air) must be
measured at the most 0,15 m upstream of the air filter inlet or, if
there is no filter, 0,15 m from the inlet air trumpet. The thermo-
meter or thermocouple must be protected against heat radiation
and be placed directly in the airstream. It must also be protected
against vaporized fuel. An adequate number of positions must be
used in order to yield a representative average inlet temperature.
3.3.4. No measurement is taken until the torque, rate of rotation and
temperatures have remained substantially constant for at least 30
seconds.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 15
▼B
3.3.5. Once a rate of rotation has been selected to the measurements its
value must not vary by more than ± 2 %.
3.3.6. The brake load and the temperature of the induction air must be
recorded simultaneously and the value obtained must be the
average of the two stabilized records taken in succession, which
must not differ by more than 2 % as regards the brake load.
3.3.7. Where an automatically triggered device is used to measure rota-
tional speed and consumption the measurement must last for at
least 10 s and if the measuring device is manually controlled
that period must be at least 20 s.
3.3.8. The temperature of the liquid coolant recorded at the engine
outlet must be maintained at ± 5 K of the upper thermostat
setting temperature specified by the manufacturer. If the manu-
facturer does not indicate any values the temperature is 353 K
±5K .
In the case of air-cooled engines the temperature at a point speci-
fied by the manufacturer must be maintained at + 0/− 20 K of the
maximum temperature intended by the manufacturer under the
reference conditions.
3.3.9. The fuel temperature must be measured at the carburettor or
injection system inlet and kept within the limits laid down by
the manufacturer.
3.3.10. The lubricant temperature, measured in the crankcase or at the oil
heat exchanger outlet, where fitted, must lie within the limits laid
down by the manufacturer.
3.3.11. The outlet temperature of the exhaust gases must be measured at
right angles to the exhaust flange(s) or manifold(s) or orifices.
3.3.12. Fuel
The fuel must be of a commercially available type and receive no
further anti-smoke additive(1).
3.4. Testsequence
The measurements must be carried out at a sufficient number of
rotational speeds to enable the power curve to be defined
correctly between the lowest and highest speeds recommended
by the manufacturer. That range of speeds must include the rota-
tional speed at which the engine delivers its maximum torque and
maximum power. The average of at least two stabilized measure-
ments must be determined for eachspeed.
3.5. The data to be recorded are those set out in Sub-Appendix 1.
4. POWER AND TORQUE CORRECTION FACTORS
4.1. Definitionoffactors α1andα2
Factors by which the torque and power measured are to be multi-
plied in order to determine the torque and power of an engine,
taking account of the efficiency of the transmission (factor α2)
used during the tests and in order to bring that torque and that
power within the reference atmospheric conditions specified in
4.2.1 (factor α1).
The power correction formula is as follows:
P0=α1·α2·P
where:
P0= the corrected power (i.e. the power under the reference
conditions at the end of the crankshaft)
α1= the correction factor for reference atmospheric conditions
α2= the correction factor for the efficiency of the transmission1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 16
(1) This fuel will be replaced by the reference fuel as defined in the requirements for
implementing the measures against air pollution, once these have come into force.▼M1
▼M1
P = the power measured (power observed).
4.2. Reference atmosphericconditions
4.2.1. Temperature
25 ºC (298 K)
4.2.2. Dry reference pressure (Pso):
99 kPa (990 mbar)
4.3. Determinationofthecorrection factors
4.3.1. Determination of the factor α2
— Where the measuring point is the crankshaft output side this
factor is equal to 1.
— Where the measuring point is not the output side of the crank-
shaft this factor is calculated via the formula:
where ntis the efficiency of the transmission located between
the crankshaft and measuring point.
This transmission efficiency ntis determined via the product
(multiplication) of efficiency njof eachof th e components of
the transmission:
nt = n1·n2·…·nj
Efficiency njof each of the components of the transmission is
shown in the following table.
Type Efficiency
Gear wheel Spur gear 0,98
Helical gear 0,97Bevel gear 0,96
Chain Roller 0,95
Silent 0,98
Belt Cogged 0,95
Vee 0,94
Hydraulic coupling or convertor Hydraulic coupling (
1) 0,92
Hydraulic convertor (1) 0,92
(1) If not locked up.
4.3.2. Determination of factor α1(1)
4.3.2.1. Definition of characteristics T, Psfor correction
factors α1
T = the absolute temperature of the ingested air
Ps= the dry atmospheric pressure in kilopascals (kPa) i.e. the
total barometric pressure minus the water vapour pressure.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 17
(1) The test may be carried out in temperature-controlled test chambers where the atmo-
spheric conditions may be controlled.▼B
▼M1
▼M1
4.3.2.2. Factor α1
Correction factor α1is obtained from the following
That formula only applies if:
0,93≤α1≤1,07
If the limit values are exceeded the corrected value obtained must
be stated and the test conditions (temperature and pressure) stated
exactly in the test report.
5. TEST REPORT
The test report must set out the results and all the calculations
needed in order to obtain the maximum torque and the maximum
net power referred to in Sub-Appendix 2, together with the char-
acteristics of the engine set out in Sub-Appendix 1.
In addition, the test report must contain the following data:1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 18
▼B
▼B
1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 19
▼B
Detailedresultsofmeasurements
Engine performance
Engine speed, min−1
Rotational speed of dynamometer brake, min−1
Dynamometer brake load, N
Torque measured at crankshaft, N·mPower measured, kW
Test conditions Barometric pressure, kPa
Temperature of ingested air, K
Steam pressure kPaAtmospheric correction factor a
1
Mechanical correction factor a2
Corrected torque at crankshaft, N·mCorrected power, kWSpecific fuel consumption (
1), g/kW·h
Engine cooling temperature, K(2)
Oil temperature at measuring point, KExhaust temperature, KAir temperature downstream of supercharger, K
Pressure downstream of supercharger, kPa
(1) Without power correction due to the atmospheric factor.
(2) State location of measuring point: the measurement has been carried
out (delete where inappropriate):
(a) at the liquid coolant outlet;
(b) at the spark-plug washer;
(c) elsewhere, to be stated.
6. MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER
MEASUREMENT TOLERANCES
6.1. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of the engine
as determined by the technical service may differ by ± 10 % of
the value specified by the manufacturer if the power measured is
≤1 kW and ± 5 % if the power measured is > 1 kW, with a
►M13%◄tolerance for the engine speed.
6.2. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of an engine
during a production conformity test may differ by ± 20 % of the
values determined in the component type-approval test if the
power measured is ≤1 kW and ± 10 % if the power measured
is > 1 kW.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 20
▼B
Sub-Appendix 1
Informationdocumentconcerningtheessentialcharacteristicsoftheengine
type(1),thataffectitsmaximumtorqueandmaximumnetpower
(Spark-ignition engines for mopeds)
(To be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged
separately from the vehicle type-approval application)
Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …The application for component type-approval in respect of maximum torque and
maximum net engine power for a type of mopedmust be accompaniedby the
information set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part A, in the following
sections:
0.1,
0.2,
0.4 to 0.6,
3 to 3.2.2,
3.2.4 to 3.2.4.1.5,
3.2.4.3 to 3.2.12.2.1,
3.5 to 3.6.3.1.2.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 21
(1) In the case of non-conventional engines or systems, particulars equivalent to those
referred to below must be supplied by the manufacturer.
▼B
Sub-Appendix 2
1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 22
▼B
Appendix 2
Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of spark-
ignitionenginesformotorcycles andtricycles
1. DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Directive:
1.1. ‘netpower’means
the power obtained on the test bench at the end of the crankshaft
or its equivalent at the speed laid down by the manufacturer with
the accessories listed in Table 1. If the power can be measured
only when a gearbox is attached to the engine the efficiency of
the gearbox must be taken into account;
1.2. ‘maximumnetpower’means:
the maximum output for that power measured under full engine
load;
1.3. ‘torque’means:
the torque measured under the conditions specified in 1.1;
1.4. ‘maximumtorque’means:
the maximum torque value measured under full engine load;
1.5. ‘accessories’means:
the items of equipment and devices listed in Table 1;
1.6. ‘series-mountedequipment’means:
all equipment intended by the manufacturer for a specific applica-
tion;
1.7. ‘enginetype’means:
engines whose characteristics, as defined in Sub-Appendix 1, do
not differ in any fundamental respect.
2. ACCURACY OF THE MEASUREMENTS OF POWER AND
TORQUE AT FULL LOAD
2.1. Torque:
± 1 % of the torque measured(1).
2.2. Rotational speed:
the measurement must be accurate to +/− 1 %.
2.3. Fuelconsumption:
± 1 % overall for the apparatus used.
2.4. Engine inlet air temperature: ± 1 K
2.5. Barometric pressure:
±7 0P a
2.6. Exhaust pressure and drop in intake air:
±2 5P a1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 23
(1) The torque measuring device must be calibrated in order to take account of frictional
losses. This accuracy may be ± 2 % for the measurements carried out at power levelsless than 50 % of the maximum value. It will in all cases be ± 1 % for the measure-
ment maximum torque.
▼B
3. TESTS TO MEASURE MAXIMUM TORQUE AND
MAXIMUM NET ENGINE POWER
3.1. Accessories
3.1.1. Accessories to be fitted
During the test the accessories needed for operation of the engine
in the application under consideration (as referred to in Table 1)
must be able to be located on the test bench as far as possible in
the positions that they would occupy for the application under
consideration.
3.1.2. Accessories to be removed
Certain accessories which are necessary only for the operation of
the vehicle itself, and which may be mounted on the engine, must
be removed for the test.
Where accessories cannot be removed the power absorbed by
them under no load may be determined and added to the engine
power measured.
Table 1
Accessories to be included in the test to determine torque and maximum net
enginepower
N. AccessoriesIf fitted for torque and net engine power
test
1 Induction system
— Inlet manifold
— Air filter— Induction silencer— Crankcase emission control
system
— Speed limiting device
— Electrical control device
(where fitted)If series-mounted: yes
2 Induction manifold heater If series-mounted: yes (if possible, it
must be set in the most favourable
position)
3 Exhaust system
— Exhaust manifold
— Pipework(
1)
— Silencer (1)
— Exhaust pipe (1)
— Supercharger— Electrical control device
(where fitted)If series-mounted: yes
4 Fuel supply pump If series-mounted: yes
5 Carburettor If series-mounted: yes6 Fuel injection equipment
— Prefilter
— Filter
— Pump
— High-pressure lines— Injector— possibly, air inlet flap (
2)If series-mounted: yes1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 24
▼B
N. AccessoriesIf fitted for torque and net engine power
test
7 Liquid cooling equipment
— Engine bonnet
— Radiator— Fan(
4)(5)
— Fan cowl— Water pump— Thermostat (
6)If series-mounted: yes(3)
8 Air cooling
— Cowl
— Blower (4)(5)
— Temperature-regulating deviceIf series-mounted: yes
9 Electrical equipment If series-mounted: yes(7)
10 Supercharging equipment (where
fitted)
— Compressor driven directly by
the engine and/or by the
exhaust gases
— Intercooler— Coolant pump or fan (engine
driven)
— Coolant flow control device
(where fitted)If series-mounted: yes
11 Oil cooler (where fitted) If series-mounted: yes
12 Anti-pollution devices If series-mounted: yes
13 Lubrication system
— Oil feederIf series-mounted: yes
(1) If it is difficult to use the standard exhaust system an exhaust system causing an equivalent loss
in efficiency may be fitted for the test with the agreement of the manufacturer. In the testlaboratory when the engine is in operation the exhaust gas extraction system must not cause
in the extraction flue as the point where it is connected to the vehicle's exhaust system a pres-
sure differing from atmospheric pressure by ± 740 Pa (7,40 mbar), unless, before the test, themanufacturer accepts a higher back pressure.
(
2) The air inlet flap must be that which controls the pneumatic inject pump regulator.
(3)►M1The radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and thermostat must, on the test bench,
occupy as far as possible the same position relative to each other as if they were on the vehicle.
If the radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and/or thermostat have a position on the test benchwhich is different from that on the vehicle, the position on the test bench shall be described andnoted on the test report. ◄The liquid coolant must be circulated solely by the water pump for
the engine. The coolant may be coiled either by the engine radiator or by an outside circuit,
provided that the losses within that circuit remain substantially the same as those in the engine
cooling system. Where fitted the engine blind must be open.
(
4) Where a fan or blower may be disengaged the net engine power must first of all be stated with
the fan (or blower) disengaged, followed by the net engine power with the fan (or blower)engaged.
(
5) Where a fixed electrically or mechanically-operated fan cannot be fitted on the test bench the
power absorbed by that fan must be determined at the same rotational speeds as those used
when the engine power is measured. That power is deducted from the corrected power in orderto obtain the net power.
(
6) The thermostat may be locked in the fully-open position.
(7) Minimum generator output: the generator supplies the current that is strictly needed to supply
the accessories that are essential to the operation of the engine. The battery must not receive
any charge during the test.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 25
▼B
3.2. Settingconditions
The setting conditions for the test to determine maximum torque
and maximum net power are set out in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Settingconditions
1 Setting of carburettor(s)
Set in accordance withth e manufac-
turer's production specifications and
used without further alteration for
the particular application2 Setting of injection pump delivery
flow-rate
3 Setting of ignition or injection
timing
(advance curve)
3.3. Testconditions.
3.3.1. The maximum-torque and net-power tests must be conducted at
full throttle, the engine being equipped as specified in Table 1.
3.3.2. The measurements must be carried out under normal, stabilized
operating conditions with an adequate fresh-air supply to the
engine. The engine must have been run in in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations. Combustion chambers may
contain deposits, but in limited quantities.
Test conditions suchas air inlet temperature must be selected as
near to reference conditions (see 4.2) as possible in order to mini-
mize the magnitude of the correction factor.
Where the cooling system on the test bench meets the minimum
conditions for proper installation but nevertheless does not enable
adequate cooling conditions to be reproduced and thus the
measurements to be carried out in normal, stable operating condi-
tions, the method described in Sub-Appendix 1 may be used.
The minimum conditions which must be fulfilled by the test
installation and the scope for conducting the tests in accordance
withSub-Appendix 1 are defined below:
V1is the maximum speed of the vehicle;
V2is the maximum velocity of the cooling air flow at the fan
delivery side;
Ø is the cross-section of the cooling air flow.If V
2≥V1and Ø≥0,25 m2the minimum conditions are
fulfilled. If it is not possible to stabilize the operating conditions
the method described in Sub-Appendix 1 applies.
If V2<V1and/or Ø < 0,25 m2:
(a) if it is possible to stabilize the operating conditions the
method described in 3.3 is applied;
(b) if it is not possible to stabilize the operating conditions:
(i) if V2≥120 km/hand Ø ≥0,25 m2, the installation
fulfils the minimum conditions and the method described
in Appendix 1 may be applied;
(ii) if V2< 120 km/hand/or Ø < 0,25 m2, the installation
does not fulfil the minimum conditions and the test
equipment cooling system must be improved.
However, in this case, the test may be carried out by means of
the method described in Sub-Appendix 1, subject to approval by
the manufacturer and the administration.
3.3.3. The temperature of the (ambient) inlet air to the engine must be
measured at no more than 0,15 m upstream from the point of
entry into the air cleaner or, if no air cleaner is used, within
0,15 m of the air-inlet trumpet. The thermometer or thermocouple
must be shielded from radiant heat and be placed directly in the
airstream. It must also be shielded from fuel spray-back.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 26
▼B
A sufficient number of locations must be used to give a represen-
tative average inlet temperature.
3.3.4. No data must be taken until torque, speed and temperature have
remained substantially constant for at least 30 s.
3.3.5. The engine speed during a run or measurement must not vary by
more than ± 1 %.
3.3.6. Brake load and inlet-air temperature readings must be taken
simultaneously; the reading adopted for measurement purposes is
the average of two stabilized successive values differing by less
than 2 % for brake load.
3.3.7. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet from the engine must
be kept within ± 5 K from the upper thermostatically controlled
temperature specified by the manufacturer. If no temperature is
specified by the manufacturer the temperature must be 353 K
±5K .
For air-cooled engines, the temperature at a point indicated by the
manufacturer must be kept between + 0/− 20 K of the maximum
temperature specified by the manufacturer under the reference
conditions.
3.3.8. The fuel temperature must be measured at the inlet of the carbur-
ettor or injection system and be maintained within the limits set
by the manufacturer.
3.3.9. The lubricant temperature, measured in the crankcase or at the oil
heat exchanger outlet, where fitted, must lie within the limits set
by the manufacturer.
3.3.10. The outlet temperature of the exhaust gases must be measured at
right angles to the exhaust flange(s), manifold(s) or orifices.
3.3.11. Where an automatically-triggered device is used to measure
engine speed and consumption the measurement must last for at
least 10 s; if the measuring device is manually controlled it must
measure for at least 20 s.
3.3.12. Fuel
(see section 3.3.12 of appendix 1).
3.3.13. If it is not possible to use the standard exhaust silencer a device
shall be used for the test that is compatible with the engine's
normal operating conditions, and specified by the manufacturer.
During the laboratory tests in particular, when the engine is
running, the exhaust gas extractor must not, at the point where
the exhaust system is connected to the test bench, give rise in
the exhaust-gas extraction duct to a pressure differing from the
atmospheric pressure by more than ± 740 Pa (7,4 mbar) unless
the manufacturer has deliberately specified the back pressure
existing before the test; in this case the lower of the two pressures
shall be used.
3.4. Tests
The tests must be tested at a sufficient number of rotational
speeds to enable the power curve to be defined correctly between
the lowest and highest speeds recommended by the manufacturer.
That range of speeds must include the rotational speed at which
the engine delivers its maximum power. The average for each
speed is determined by means of at least two stabilized measure-
ments.
3.5. Datatoberecorded
The data to be recorded are those set out in Sub-Appendix 2.
4. POWER AND TORQUE CORRECTION FACTORS
4.1. Definitionoffactors α1andα2
Factors by which the torque and power measured are to be multi-
plied in order to determine the torque and power of an engine,
taking account of the efficiency of the transmission (factor α2)
used during the tests and in order to bring that torque and that1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 27
▼M1
▼M1
power within the reference atmospheric conditions specified in
4.2.1 (factor α1).
The power correction formula is as follows:
P0=α1·α2·P
where:
P0= the corrected power (i.e. the power under the reference
conditions at the end of the crankshaft)
α1= the correction factor for reference atmospheric conditions
α2= the correction factor for the efficiency of the transmission
P = the power measured (power observed).
4.2. Atmosphericconditions
4.2.1. Reference atmospheric conditions
4.2.1.1. Reference temperature (To)
298 K (25 ºC).
4.2.1.2. Dry reference pressure (Pso)
99 kPa.
4.2.2. Atmospheric test conditions
During the test the atmospheric conditions shall lie within the
following values.
4.2.2.1. Test temperature (T)
283 K < T < 318 K
4.3. Determinationofthecorrection factors
4.3.1. Determination of the factor α2
— Where the measuring point is the crankshaft output side this
factor is equal to 1.
— Where the measuring point is not the output side of the crank-
shaft this factor is calculated via the formula:
α2¼1
nt
where ntis the efficiency of the transmission located between the
crankshaft and measuring point.
This transmission efficiency ntis determined via the product
(multiplication) of efficiency njof each of the components of the
transmission:
nt=n1×n2×…×nj
Efficiency njof each of the components of the transmission is
shown in the following table.
Type Efficiency
Gear wheel Spur gear 0,98
Helical gear 0,97
Bevel gear 0,96
Chain Roller 0,95
Silent 0,981995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 28
▼B
▼B
Type Efficiency
Belt Cogged 0,95
Vee 0,94
Hydraulic coupling or convertor Hydraulic coupling (1) 0,92
Hydraulic convertor (1) 0,92
(1) If not locked up.
4.3.2. Determination of factor α1(1)
4.3.2.1. Definition of physical magnitudes T, Psfor correction factors α1
T = the absolute temperature of the ingested air
Ps= the dry atmospheric pressure in kilopascals (kPa) i.e. the
total barometric pressure minus the steam pressure
4.2.2.2. Factor α1
Correction factor α1is obtained from the following
α1¼99
Ps/C18/C191;2
/C1T
298/C18/C190;6
That formula only applies if:
0,93≤α1≤1,07.
If the limit values are exceeded the corrected value obtained must
be stated and the test conditions (temperature and pressure) stated
exactly in the test report.
5. TEST REPORT
The test report must contain the results and all the calculations
required to obtain the maximum torque and the maximum net
power, as listed in Sub-Appendix 3, together with the characteris-
tics of the engine listed in Sub-Appendix 2.
In addition, the test report must contain the following data:1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 29
(1) The tests may be carried out in temperature-controlled test chambers where the atmo-
spheric conditions may be controlled.
▼B
1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 30
▼B
Detailedresultsofmeasurements
Engine performance
Engine speed, min−1
Rotational speed of dynamometer brake, min−1
Dynamometer brake load, N
Torque measured at crankshaft, N.mPower measured, kW
Test conditions Barometric pressure, kPa
Temperature of ingested air, K
Steam pressure, kPaAtmospheric correction factor α
1
Mechanical correction factor α2
Corrected torque at crankshaft, N·m
Corrected power, kWSpecific fuel consumption (
1), g/kW·h
Engine cooling temperature, K(2)
Oil temperature at measuring point, KExhaust temperature, KAir temperature downstream of supercharger, K
Pressure downstream of supercharger, kPa
(1) Without power correction due to the atmospheric factor.
(2) State location of measuring point: the measurement has been carried
out (delete where inappropriate):
(a) at the liquid coolant outlet;
(b) at the spark-plug washer;
(c) elsewhere, to be stated.
6. MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET POWER
MEASUREMENT TOLERANCES
6.1. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of the engine,
as determined by the technical service, may differ from the values
specified by the manufacturer, by ± 5 % if the power measured is
≤11 kW and ± 2 % if the power measured is > 11 kW with a
1,5 % tolerance for the engine speed.
6.2. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of an engine
during a production conformity test may differ from the values
determined in the component type-approval test by ± 10 % if
the power measured is ≤11 kW and ± 5 % if the power
measured is > 11 kW.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 31
▼B
Sub-Appendix 1
Measurement of maximum torque and maximum net engine power by
meansoftheengine-temperaturemethod
1. TEST CONDITIONS
1.1. The tests intended to determine maximum torque and maximum
net power must be carried out at full throttle, the engine being
equipped as specified in Table 1.
1.2. The measurements must be carried out under normal operating
conditions and the supply of induction air to the engine shall be
adequate. Engines must have been run in under the conditions
recommended by their manufacturer. The combustion chambers
of spark-ignition engines may contain deposits, but in limited
quantities.
The test conditions, such as the temperature of the induction air,
must be selected so as to be as close as possible to the reference
conditions (see 4.2.1) in order to reduce the magnitude of the
correction factor.
1.3. The temperature of the air ingested into the engine must be
measured at a maximum distance of 0,15 m from the air filter
inlet or, if there is no filter, 0,15 m from the air inlet trumpet.The thermometer or thermocouple must be protected against
radiant heat and placed directly in the air stream. It must also be
shielded from fuel spray-back. A sufficient number of locations
must be used to give a representative average inlet temperature.
1.4. The engine speed during a measurement run must not deviate
from the selected speed while readings are taken by more than
±1% .
1.5. The brakeload readings for the test engine shall be taken from the
dynamometer when the temperature of the engine monitor has
reached the set value, the speed of the engine being held virtually
constant.
1.6. Brakeload, fuel consumption and inlet air-temperature readings
must be taken simultaneously, the reading adopted for measure-
ment purposes is the average of two stabilized values differing
by less than 2 % for brakeload and fuel consumption.
1.7. The fuel consumption readings begin when it is certain that the
engine has reached a specific speed.
Where an automatically triggered device is used to measure rota-
tional speed and consumption the measurement must last for at
least 10 seconds and if the measuring device is manually
controlled for at least 20 seconds.
1.8. Where the engine is liquid cooled the temperature of the coolant
at the outlet from the engine must be kept within ± 5 K of the
upper thermostatically controlled temperature specified by the
manufacturer. If no temperature is specified by the manufacturer,
the temperature recorded must be 353 K ± 5 K.
Where the engine is air cooled, the temperature recorded at the
spark-plug washer is the temperature specified by the manufac-
turer ± 10 K. If the manufacturer has not specified any
temperature, that recorded must be 483 K ± 10 K.
1.9. The temperature of the spark-plug washers on air-cooled engines
must be measured by a thermometer incorporating a thermo-
couple and a seal ring.
1.10. The fuel temperature at the inlet of the injection pump or carbur-
etter must be maintained within the limits set by the
manufacturer.
1.11. The temperature of the lubricating oil, measured in the oil sump
or at the outlet from the oil cooler, if fitted, must be within the
limits set by the manufacturer.
1.12. The exhaust gas temperature shall be measured at a point at right
angles to the exhaust orifice flange(s) or manifold(s).
1.13. The fuel used is that referred to in section 3.3.12 of Annex I.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 32
▼B
1.14. If it is not possible to use the standard exhaust silencer a device
must be used for the test that is compatible with the normal speed
of the engine as specified by its manufacturer. In particular, when
the engine in operating in the test laboratory the exhaust gas
extraction system shall not cause a pressure differing from atmo-
spheric pressure by ± 740 Pa (7,45 mbar) in the extraction flue at
the point of connection with the vehicle's exhaust system, unless,
before the test, the manufacturer has deliberately specified the
back pressure existing before the test, in which case the lower of
the two pressures shall be used.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 33
▼B
Sub-Appendix 2
Informationdocumentconcerningtheessentialcharacteristicsoftheengine
type(1)thataffectitsmaximumtorqueandmaximumnetpower
(Spark-ignition engines for motorcycles and tricycles)
(To be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged
separately from the vehicle type-approval application)
Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …The application for component type-approval in respect of the maximum torque
andmaximum net engine power of a type of motorcycle or tricycle must contain
the information set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part A, in the
following sections:
0.1
0.2
0.4 to 0.6
3 to 3.2.2
3.2.4 to 3.2.4.1.5
3.2.4.3 to 3.2.12.2.1
3.5 to 3.6.3.1.21995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 34
(1) In the case of non-conventional engines or systems, particulars equivalent to those
referred to below must be supplied by the manufacturer.
▼B
Sub-Appendix 3
1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 35
▼B
Appendix 3
Determination of the maximum torque and maximum net power of
compression-ignitionenginesfittedtotwoorthree-wheelvehicles
1. DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Directive:
1.1. ‘netpower’means:
the power obtained on the test-bed at the end of the crankshaft or
its equivalent at the corresponding engine speed with the acces-
sories listed in Table 1. If the power measurement can be
carried out with an installed gearbox only, the efficiency of the
gearbox is to be taken into account;
1.2. ‘maximumnetpower’means:
the maximum output of the net power measured at full engine
load;
1.3. ‘torque’means:
the torque measured under the conditions specified in 1.1;
1.4. ‘maximum torque’ means:
the maximum torque value measured under full engine load;
1.5. ‘accessories’ means:
the items of equipment and devices listed in Table 1;
1.6. ‘series-mounted equipment’ means:
equipment provided by the manufacturer for a particular applica-
tion;
1.7. ‘engine type’ means:
engines whose characteristics, as defined in Sub-Appendix 1, do
not differ in any fundamental respect.
2. ACCURACY OF THE MEASUREMENT OF FULL LOAD
TORQUE AND POWER
2.1. Torque:
± 1 % of measured torque(1)
2.2. Engine speed
The measurement must be accurate to within ± 1 %. Engine
speed must be measured preferably withan automatically
synchronized revolution counter and chronometer (or counter-
timer).
2.3. Fuel consumption:
± 1 % of measured consumption.
2.4. Fuel temperature:
±2K .
2.5. Engine inlet air temperature:
±2K .
2.6. Barometric pressure:
± 100 Pa.
2.7. Pressure in inlet manifold:
± 50 Pa (see note 1(a) to Table 1).1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 36
(1) The torque measuring system must be calibrated to take friction losses into account.
The accuracy in the lower half of the measuring range of the dynamometer bench
may be ± 2 % of measured torque.
▼B
2.8. Pressure in vehicle exhaust pipe:
200 Pa (see note 1(b) to Table 1).
3. TEST FOR MEASURING THE MAXIMUM TORQUE AND
MAXIMUM NET POWER OF COMPRESSION-IGNITION
ENGINES
3.1. Accessories
3.1.1. Accessories to be fitted
During the test, the accessories necessary for the engine operation
in the intended application (as listed in Table 1) shall be installed
on the test bench as far as possible in the same position as the
intended application.
3.1.2. Accessories to be removed
Certain vehicle accessories necessary only for the operation of the
vehicle and which may be mounted on the engine must be
removed for the test.
The following non-exhaustive list is given as an example:
— air compressor for brakes,
— power-steering compressor,
— suspension compressor,
— air-conditioning system.
Where accessories cannot be removed, the power absorbed by
them in the unloaded condition may be determined and added to
the measured engine power.
3.1.3. Compression-ignition engine starting accessories
For the accessories used in starting compression-ignition engines,
the two following cases must be considered:
(a) electrical starting: the generator is fitted and supplies, where
necessary, the accessories indispensable to the operation of
the engine;
(b) starting other than electrical: if there are any electrically-
operated accessories indispensable to the operation of the
engine, the generator is fitted to supply these accessories.Otherwise it is removed.
In either case, the system for producing and accumulating the
energy necessary for starting is fitted and operated in the
unloaded condition.
TABLE 1
Accessories to be included for the test to determine the torque and net power of
compression-ignitionengines
No Accessories Fitted for torque and net power tests
1 Intake system
— Intake manifold
— Air filter 1a— Intake silencer 1a— Crankcase emission control
system
— Speed limiting device 1aIf series-mounted: yes
2 Induction-heating device equip-
ment
— Intake manifoldIf series-mounted: yes (if possible, it
must be set in the most favorable
position)1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 37
▼B
No Accessories Fitted for torque and net power tests
3 Exhaust system
— Exhaust purifier
— Exhaust manifold— Connecting pipes 1b— Silencer 1b— Tail pipe 1b— Exhaust brake (
2)
— Supercharging deviceIf series-mounted: yes
4 Fuel supply pump (3) If series-mounted: yes
5 Fuel-injection equipment
— Prefilter
— Filter— Pump— Highpressure pipe— Injector— Air intake valve if fitted equip-
ment (
4)
— Electronic control system, air
flow meter, air, … (if fitted)If series-mounted: yes
6 Liquid-cooling equipment
— Engine bonnet
— Bonnet air outlet— Radiator— Fan(
5)(6)
— Fan cowl— Water pump— Thermostat (
7)If series-mounted: yes(5)
7 Air cooling
— Cowl
— Blower (5)(6)
— Temperature-regulating deviceIf series-mounted: yes
8 Electrical equipment If series-mounted: yes(8)
9 Supercharging equipment (if fitted)
— Compressor driven either
directly by the engine and/or
by the exhaust gases
— Charge air cooler (9)
— Coolant pump or fan (engine-
driven)
— Coolant flow control device (if
fitted)If series-mounted: yes
10 Auxiliary test-benchfan If necessary: yes
11 Anti-pollution device (10) If series-mounted: yes
1a The complete intake system must be fitted as provided for the intended application:
— where there is a risk of an appreciable effect on the engine
power,
— in the case of two-stroke engines,— when the manufacturer requests that this should be done.
In other cases, an equivalent system may be used and a check should be made to ascertain that
the intake pressure does not differ by more than 100 Pa from the limit specified by the manu-facturer for a clean air filter.
1b The complete exhaust system must be fitted as provided for the intended application:
— where there is a risk of an appreciable effect on the engine
power,
— in the case of two-stroke engines,
— when the manufacturer requests that this should be done.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 38
▼B
In other cases an equivalent system may be installed provided the pressure measured at the
exit of the engine exhaust system does not differ by more than 1 000 Pa from that specified
by the manufacturer. The exit of the engine exhaust system is defined as a point 150 mmdownstream from the termination of the part of the exhaust system mounted on the engine.
(
2) If an exhaust brake is incorporated in the engine, the throttle valve must be held in the fully
open position.
(3) The fuel-feed pressure may be adjusted, if necessary, to reproduce the pressures existing in the
particular engine application (particulary when a ‘fuel-return’ system is used).
(4) The air-intake valve is the control valve for the pneumatic governor of the injection pump.
The governor or the fuel-injection equipment may contain devices which may affect the
amount of injected fuel.
(5)►M1The radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and thermostat must, on the test bench,
occupy as far as possible the same position relative to each other as if they were on thevehicle. If the radiator, fan, fan nozzle, water pump and/or thermostat have a position on the
test bench which is different from that on the vehicle, the position on the test bench shall be
described and noted on the test report. ◄The cooling-liquid circulation must be operated by
the engine water pump only. Cooling of the liquid may be produced either by the engineradiator or by an external circuit, provided that the pressure loss of this circuit and the pressureat the pump inlet remain substantially the same as those of the engine cooling system. The
radiator shutter, if incorporated, must be in the open position. Where the fan, radiator and
cowl system cannot conveniently be fitted to the engine, the power absorbed by the fanwhen separately mounted in its correct position in relation to the radiator and cowl (if used)must be determined at the speeds corresponding to the engine speeds used for measurement ofthe engine power either by calculation from standard characteristics or by practical tests. This
power, corrected to the standard atmospheric conditions defined in 4.2, must be deducted from
the corrected power.
(
6) Where a disconnectable or progressive fan or blower is incorporated, the test must be
performed withth e disconnectable fan (or blower) disconnected or withth e progressive fanor blower running at maximum slip.
(
7) The thermostat may be in the fully-open position.
(8) Minimum power of the generator: the power of the generator must be limited to that necessary
for the operation of accessories which are indispensable for the operation of the engine. If theconnection of a battery is necessary, a fully-charged battery in good order must be used.
(
9) Charge air-cooled engines must be tested with charge air cooling, whether liquid or air-cooled,
but if the manufacturer prefers, a test bench may replace the air-cooled cooler. In either case,
the measurement of power at each speed must be made with the same pressure drop of the
engine air across the charge air cooler on the test-bench system as those specified by themanufacturer for the system on the complete vehicle.
(
10) Anti-pollution provisions may include, for example, exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR) system,
catalytic converter, thermal reactor, secondary air-supply system and fuel-evaporation
protecting system.
3.2. Settingconditions
The setting conditions for the test to determine the maximum
torque and the maximum net power are indicated in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Settingconditions
1 Setting of injection-pump delivery
system
Set in accordance withth e manufac-
turer's production specifications and
used without further alteration for
the particular application.2 Ignition or injection timing
(timing curve)
3 Governor setting4 Anti-pollution devices
3.3. Testconditions
3.3.1. The maximum torque and maximum net powers tests must run at
the full load fuel-injection pump setting, the engine being
equipped as specified in Table 1.
3.3.2. Performance data must be obtained under stabilized operating
conditions, with an adequate fresh-air supply to the engine. The
engine must have been run in in accordance with the manufac-
turer's recommendations. Combustion chambers may contain
deposits, but in limited quantity.
Test conditions suchas inlet air temperature must be selected as
near to reference conditions (see 4.2) as possible in order to mini-
mize the magnitude of the correction factor.
3.3.3. The temperature of the inlet to the engine (ambient air) must be
measured within 0,15m upstream of the point of entry of the air1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 39
▼B
cleaner, or, if no air cleaner is used, within 0,15m to the air-inlet
horn. The thermometer or thermocouple must be shielded from
radiant heat and placed directly in the air stream. It must also be
shielded from fuel spray-back. A sufficient number of locations
must be used to give a representative average inlet temperature.
3.3.4. No data must be taken until torque, speed and temperatures have
been maintained substantially constant for at least 30 seconds.
3.3.5. The engine speed during a run or reading must not deviate from
the selected speed by more than ± 1 % or ± 10 min−1, whichever
is greater.
3.3.6. Observed brake-load and inlet-air temperature data must be taken
simultaneously and must be the average of two stabilized conse-
cutive values which do not vary more than 2 % for the brake
load.
3.3.7. The temperature of the coolant at the outlet from the engine must
be kept within ± 5K from the upper thermostatically-controlled
temperature specified by the manufacturer. If no temperature is
specified by the manufacturer, the temperature must be 353K
± 5K.
For air-cooled engines, the temperature at a point indicated by the
manufacturer must be kept within + 0/− 20K of the maximumvalue specified by the manufacturer in the reference conditions.
3.3.8. The fuel temperature must be measured at the inlet to the carbur-
ettor or at the fuel-injection system and maintained within the
limits established by the engine manufacturer.
3.3.9. The temperature of the lubricating oil measured in the oil sump
or at the outlet from the oil cooler, if fitted, must be maintained
within the limits established by the engine manufacturer.
3.3.10. An auxiliary regulating system may be used if necessary to main-
tain the temperature within the limits specified in 3.3.7., 3.3.8 and
3.3.9.
3.3.11. Fuel
(see section 3.3.12 of Annex II)
3.4. Testprocedure
Measurements must be taken at a sufficient number of engine
speeds to define correctly the power curve completely between
the lowest and the highest engine speeds recommended by the
manufacturer. This range of speeds must include the speed of
revolution at which the engine produces its maximum power.
For eachspeed, th e average of at least two stabilized measure-
ments is to be determined.
3.5. Measurementofsmokeindex
In the case of compression-ignition engines, the exhaust gases
must be examined during the test for compliance with the
requirements for implementing the measures against air pollution,
once these have come into force.
4. TORQUE AND POWER CORRECTION FACTORS
4.1. Definitionoffactors α
dandα2
Factors by which the torque and power measured are to be multi-
plied in order to determine the torque and power of an engine,
taking account of the efficiency of the transmission (factor α2)
used during the tests and in order to bring that torque and that
power within the reference atmospheric conditions specified in
4.2.1 (factor αd).
The power correction formula is as follows:
P0=αd·α2·P1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 40
▼M1
▼M1
where:
P0= the corrected power (i.e. the power under the reference
conditions at the end of the crankshaft)
αd= the correction factor for reference atmospheric conditions
α2= the correction factor for the efficiency of the transmission
(see Appendix 2, point 4.3.1)
P = the power measured (power observed).
4.2. Reference atmosphericconditions
4.2.1. Temperature (To)
298 K (25 ºC)
4.2.2. Dry pressure (Pso)
99 kPaNote:The dry pressure is based on a total pressure of 100 kPa
and a water vapour pressure of 1 kPa.
4.3. Testatmosphericconditions
The atmospheric conditions during the test must be as follows:
4.3.1. Temperature (T)
283 K≤T≤313 K
4.3.2. Pressure (P
s)
80 kPa≤Ps≤110 kPa
4.4. Determinationofcorrection factor αd(1)
The power correction factor ( αd) for compression-ignition engines
at constant fuel rate is obtained by applying the formula:
αd=( fa)fm
where:
fa= the atmospheric factor
fm= the characteristic parameter for each type of engine and
adjustment.
4.4.1. Atmospheric factor fa
This factor indicates the effects of environmental conditions
(pressure, temperature and humidity) on the air drawn in by the
engine. The atmospheric factor formula differs according to type
of engine.
4.4.1.1. Naturally aspirated and mechanically supercharged
engines
fa¼99
Ps/C18/C19
/C1T
298/C18/C190;7
4.4.1.2. Turbocharger engines or without cooling of inlet air
fa¼99
Ps/C18/C190;7
/C1T
298/C18/C191;51995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 41
(1) The tests may be carried out in air-conditioned test chambers where the atmospheric
conditions may be controlled.▼B
▼M1
▼B
▼B
4.4.2. Engine factor fm
fmis a function of qc(fuel flow corrected) as follows:
fm= 0,036 · qc− 1,14
where:
qc=qr
where:
q = the fuel flow in milligrams per cycle per litre of total swept
volume [mg/(litre · cycle)]
r = the pressure ratio of compressor outlet and compressor inlet
(r = 1 for naturally aspirated engines).
This formula is valid for a value interval of qcincluded between
40 mg/(litre · cycle) and 65 mg/(litre · cycle).
For qcvalues lower than 40 mg/(litre · cycle), a constant value of
fmequal to 0,3c(fm= 0,3) will be taken.
For qcvalues higher than 65 mg/(litre · cycle), a constant value of
fmequal to 1,2 = (fm= 1,2c) will be taken (see the figure).
4.4.3. Conditions to be complied with in the laboratory
For a test to be valid, the correction factor αdmust be suchth at
0,9αd≤1,1
If these limits are exceeded, the corrected value obtained must be
given and the test conditions (temperature and pressure) precisely
stated in the test report.
5. TEST REPORT
The test report must contain the results and all the calculations
required to find the maximum torque and maximum net power,
as listed in Sub-Appendix 2 together with the characteristics of
the engine listed in Sub-Appendix 1.
In addition, the test report must contain the following data:1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 42
▼B
1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 43
▼B
Detailedresultsofmeasurements
Engine performance
Engine speed, min−1
Rotational speed of dynamometer brake, min−1
Dynamometer brake load, N
Torque measured at crankshaft, N · mPower measured, kW
Test conditions Barometric pressure, kPa
Temperature of ingested air, K
Correction factorCorrected torque at crankshaft, N · m
Corrected power, kW
Specific fuel consumption (
1), q/kW · h
Engine cooling temperature, K(2)
Oil temperature at measuring point, K
Exhaust temperature, K
Air temperature downstream of supercharger, KPressure downstream of supercharger, kPa
(1) Without power correction.
(2) State location of measuring point: the measurement has been carried
out (delete where inappropriate):
(a) at the liquid coolant outlet;
(b) at the spark-plug washer;
(c) elsewhere, to be stated.
6. MEASURING MAXIMUM TORQUE AND MAXIMUM NET
POWER TOLERANCES
6.1. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of the engine,
as determined by the testing body, may differ by ± 5 % from the
values specified by the manufacturer if the power measured is
≤11 kW and ± 2 % if the power measured is > 11 kW, with a
1,5 % tolerance for the engine speed.
6.2. The maximum torque and the maximum net power of an engine
during a production conformity test may differ by ± 10 % from
the values determined in the component type-approval test if the
power measured is ≤11 kW and ± 5 % if the power measured is
> 11 kW.1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 44
▼B
Sub-Appendix 1
Informationdocumentconcerningtheessentialcharacteristicsoftheengine
type(1)thataffectitsmaximumtorqueandmaximumnetpower
(Compression-ignition engines for two or three-wheel vehicles)
(To be added to the component type-approval application where this is lodged
separately from the vehicle type-approval application)
Reference number (supplied by the applicant): …The application for component type-approval in respect of the maximum torque
and maximum net engine power of a type of two of three-wheel motor vehicle
must contain the information set out in Annex II to Directive 92/61/EEC, Part
A, in the following sections:
0.1
0.2
0.4 to 0.6
3 to 3.2.1.5
3.2.2
3.2.4.2 to 3.2.4.2.8.3
3.2.5 to 3.2.6.8
3.2.7 to 3.2.12.2.1
3.5 to 3.6.3.1.21995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 45
(1) In the case of non-conventional engines and systems, particulars equivalent to those
referred to here must be supplied by the manufacturer.
▼B
Sub-Appendix 2
1995L0001 — EN — 07.06.2002 — 001.001 — 46