1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 1
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents
►B COMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 183/93
of 29 January 1993
amendingRegulation(EEC)No2568/91onthecharacteristicsofoliveoilandolive-residueoiland
on the relevant methods of analysis
(OJ L 22, 30.1.1993, p. 58)
Corrected by:
►C1Corrigendum, OJ L 176, 20.7.1993, p. 26 (183/93)
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 2
▼B
COMMISSION REGULATION (EEC) No 183/93
of 29 January 1993
amending Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91 on the characteristics of
olive oil and olive-residue oil and on the relevant methods of
analysis
THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European EconomicCommunity,
Having regard to Council Regulation 136/66/EEC of 22 September
1966 on the establishment of a common organization of the market inoils and fats(
1), as last amended by Regulation (EEC) No 2046/92 (2),
and in particular Article 35a thereof,
Whereas Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91 (3), as last
amended by Regulation (EEC) No 3288/92 (4), defines the characteris-
tics of the various types of olive oil and olive-residue oil and therelevant methods of analysis; whereas Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91also amends the additional notes 2, 3 and 4 to Chapter 15 of thecombined nomenclature set out in Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC)No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclatureand on the Common Customs Tariff(
5), as last amended by Commis-
sion Regulation (EEC) No 2505/92 (6);
Whereas, in view of experience gained, the methods of analysis need to
be adapted or set out with greater precision in some cases; whereas, ithas also become apparent that errors have crept into Regulation (EEC)No 2568/91;
Whereas, on account of studies under way, the period during which the
Member States may use tested, scientifically valid national analysismethods should be extended;
Whereas, because of developments in research, the characteristics of
olive oil as defined in Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91, should beadjusted so as better to ensure the purity of the products marketed andto provide for the relevant method of analysis;
Whereas, in order to permit the introduction of the means needed to
apply the new method, its entry into force should be deferred for somemonths;
Whereas Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91 should therefore be amended;Whereas the measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance
with the opinion of the Management Committee for Oils and Fats,
HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:
Article 1
Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91 is amended as follows:
1. in the first paragraph of Article 3 ‘31 December 1992'is replaced by
‘28 February 1993';
(1) OJ No 172, 30. 9. 1966, p. 3025/66.
(2) OJ No L 215, 30. 7. 1992, p. 1.
(3) OJ No L 248, 5. 9. 1991, p. 1.
(4) OJ No L 327, 13. 11. 1992, p. 28.
(5) OJ No L 256, 7. 9. 1987, p. 1.
(6) OJ No L 267, 14. 9. 1992, p. 1.
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 3
▼B
2. Article 5 is replaced by the following:
‘Article 5
Additional notes 2, 3 and 4 to Chapter 15 of the combined nomen-
clature set out in Annex I to Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 (*) are replaced by the text set out in Annex XIV to this Regula-tion.
(*) OJ No L 256, 7. 9. 1987, p. 1.';
3. the Annexes are amended as set out in the Annex to this Regula-
tion.
Article 2
This Regulation shall enter into force on the 21st day following its
publication in the Official Journal of the European Communities .
However, point 10 of the Annex shall apply from 1 July 1993 to
olive oil packaged from that date.
This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applic-
able in all Member States.
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 4▼B
ANNEX
1. In the list of Annexes, the title of Annex IV is changed to: Determination of wax content by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography.
2. In the summary, the title of Annex XIII ‘Proof that refining has taken place' is replaced by ‘Neutralization and decolorization of olive oil in the la boratory.'
3. The first table in Annex I is replaced by the following table:
Type‘Acidity
% meqPeroxide
value meq
O2/kgHaloge-
mated
solvents
mg/kg(1)Waxes
mg/kgSaturated
fatty acids
in position
2o f
trigly-
ceride %Erythio-
diol +
Uvaol %Trilinolein
%Choles-
terol %Brassicas-
terol %Campes-
terol %Stigmas-
terol %Betasitos-
terol % (2)Delta-7-
stigmas-
terol %Total
sterols
mg/kg
1. Extra virgin olive oil M 1,0 M2 0 M 0,20 M 250 M 1,3 M 4,5 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 <Camp. m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 000
2. Virgin olive oil M 2,0 M2 0 M 0,20 M 250 M 1,3 M 4,5 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 <Camp. m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 000
3. Ordinary virgin olive
oilM 3,3 M2 0 M 0,20 M 250 M 1,3 M 4,5 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 <Camp. m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 000
4. Virgin lampante olive
oil>3,3>20>0,20►C1M
350◄M 1,3 M 4,5 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 — m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 000
5. Refined olive oil M 0,5 M1 0 M 0,20 M 350 M 1,5 M 4,5 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 <Camp. m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 000
6. Olive oil M 1,5 M1 5 M 0,20 M 350 M 1,5 M 4,5 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 <Camp. m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 000
7. Crude olive residue
oilm 2,0 — — —M 1,8 m1 2 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 — m 93,0 M 0,5 m 2 500
8. Refined olive residueoil M 0,5 M1 0 M 0,20 —M 2,0 m1 2 M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 <Camp. m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 800
9. Olive residue oil M 1,5 M1 5 M 0,20 >350M 2,0 >4,5M 0,5 M 0,5 M 0,2 M 4,0 <Camp. m 93,0 M 0,5 m 1 800
M = maximum, m = minimum.
(1) Overall upper limit for compounds detected by electron capture detector. For components detected individuella the upper limit is 0,10 mg/kg.
(2) Delta-5,23-stigmastadianol + clerosterol + sitosterol + sitostanol + delta-5-avamesterol + delta-5-24 stigmastadienol.
Notes:An oil is to be rejected if any one of its characteristics lies outside the limit laid down.'
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 5
▼B
4. The following footnote is added to the second table in Annex I:
‘For the purpose or establishing purity, where K270exceeds the limit
for the category concerned, it shall be determined again after passageover alumina.'
5. In Annex II, point 1.5 in fine,the words ‘of the two calculations' are
replaced by ‘of two calculations'.
6. In Annex IV, point 5.1.1, the words ‘or seed oil' are deleted.7. In Annex IV, point 5.2.2, the first two sentences are replaced by the
following: ‘A solution of 65:35 by volume of hexane and ethyl etheris introduced into the development chamber to an approximate depthof 1 cm. (*).
(*) In these special cases, a 95:5 by volume eluent mixture of
benzene and acetone will have to be used to obtain good bandseparation'.
8. In Annex IV, ►
C1point 5.2.5.2 and point 6. ◄, the number‘100' is
replaced by ‘1 000'and the words ‘in square millimetres' are deleted.
9. In the Appendix to Annex IV, figure 1is replaced by the following:
▼C1
1 = Eicosanol
2 = Decosanol3 = Tricosanol4 = Tetracosanol5 = Pentacosanol6= Hexacosanol7 = Heptacosanol8 = Octacosanol
▼
B
10. Annex IV is replaced by the following text and diagram:
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 6
▼B
‘ANNEX IV
DETERMINATION OF WAX CONTENT BY CAPILLARY
COLUMN GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
1. SCOPE
This method describes a procedure for the determination of the wax
content of certain fats and oils, under the test conditions.
It may be used in particular to distinguish between olive oil obtained
by pressing and that obtained by extraction (olive-pomace oil).
2. PRINCIPLE
Addition of a suitable internal standard to the fat or oil, then fractio-
nation by chromatography on a hydrated silica gel column. Recoveryof the fraction eluted first under the test conditions (whose polarity isless than that of the triglycerides), then direct analysis by capillarycolumn gas-liquid chromatography.
3. APPARATUS
3.1. 25-ml Erlenmeyer flask.3.2. Glass column for chromatography, 15 mm internal diameter and 30-
40 cm long.
3.3. Suitable gas-liquid chromatograph with a capillary column, equipped
with a system for direct introduction into the column comprising thefollowing:
3.3.1 Thermostat-controlled oven for the columns, capable of maintaining
the desired temperature to within 1 °C.
3.3.2. Cold injector for direct introduction into the column.3.3.3. Flame-ionization detector and converter-amplifier.3.3.4. Recorder-integrator capable of working with the converter-amplifier
(3.3.3.), rate of response below 1 second, with variable paper speed.
3.3.5. Capillary column, glass or fused silico, 10 to 15 m long 0,25 to 0,32
mm internal diameter, internally covered with SE-52 or SE-54 liquid,or equivalents, to a uniform thickness of 0.10 to 0,30 µm.
3.4. Microsyringe with facilities for on-column injection capacity 10 µl,
equipped with a casehardened needle.
4. REAGENTS
4.1. Silica gel, 70/230 mesh, article 7754 Merck.
Place the gel in the oven at 500 °C for four hours. Allow to cool,
then add 2 % water. Shake well the homogenize slurry. Keep indarkness for at least 12 hours prior to use.
4.2. n-hexane, for chromatography.4.3. Ethyl ether, for chromatography.4.4. n-heptane, for chromatography.4.5. Standard solution of lauryl arachidate, at 0,1 % (m/v) in hexane
(internal standard).
4.6. Carrier gas: hydrogen, pure, for gas-liquid chromatography.4.7. Auxiliary gases:
— hydrogen, pure, for gas-liquid chromatography,
— air, pure, for gas-liquid chromatography.
5. PROCEDURE5.1. Separation of the wax friction.5.1.1. Preparation of the chromatographic column.
Suspend 15 g of silica gel hydrated a t2%i n anhydrous n-hexane
and introduce into the column.
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 7
▼B
Allow to settle spontaneously. Complete settling with the aid of an
electric shaker to make the chromatographic band more homogeneous.Percolate 30-ml n-hexane to remove any impurities.
5.1.2. Column chromatography
Weigh exactly 500 mg of the sample into a 25-ml flask, and add a
suitable amount of internal standard, depending on the assumed waxcontent, e.g. add 0,1 mg lauryl arachidate in the case of olive oil,and 0,25 to 0,5 mg in the case of olive-pomace oil.
Transfer the prepared sample to the chromatographic column,
prepared according to 5.1., with the aid of two 2-ml portions of n-hexane.
Allow the solvent to flow to 1 mm above the upper level of the
absorbent. Then start chromatographic elution; collect 140 ml of then-hexane/ethyl ether mixture, at 99:1, at a flow of about 15 dropsevery 10 seconds (2,1 ml/minute).
Dry the resultant fraction in a rotary evaporator until almost all the
solvent is eliminated. Remove the last 2 or 3 ml of solvent with thehelp of a weak current of nitrogen, then add 10 ml n-heptane.
5.2. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis5.2.1. Preliminary procedure, conditioning of column.
5.2.1.1. Fit the column to the gas-liquid chromatograph, connecting the inlet
port to the on-column system and the outlet port to the detector.
Check the gas-liquid chromatography apparatus (operation of gas
loops, detector and recorder efficiency, etc.).
5.2.1.2. If the columns is being used for the first time, it is advisable to
condition it. Run a light flow of gas through the column, then switchon the gas-liquid chromatography apparatus. Gradually heat to atemperature at least 20 °C above the operating temperature (note).
Maintain this temperature for at least two hours, then regulate theapparatus to the operating conditions (regulate gas flow, light flame,connect to electronic recorder, regulate oven temperature for column,regulate detector, etc.). Record the signal at a sensitivity at leasttwice as high as that required to perform the analysis. The base-lineshould be linear, with no peaks of any kind, and must have anydeviation.
A negative rectilinear deviation indicates that the column connections
are not correct; a positive deviation indicates that the column has notbeen properly conditioned.
Note:Keep the conditioning temperature at all times at least 20 °C
below the maximum temperature specified for the eluentemployed.
5.2.2. Choice of operating conditions.
5.2.2.1. The operating conditions are generally as follows:
— column temperature: 80 °C at first, rising by 30 °C/minute to 120
°C, then programmed to increase by 5 °C/minute up to 340 °C,
— detector temperature: 350 °C,
— linear speed of carrier gas: hydrogen, 20 to 35 cm/sec,— instrument sensitivity: 4 to 16times the minimum attenuation,— Recorder sensitivity: 1 to 2 mV, from bottom of scale,— paper speed: 30 cm/hour,— amount injected: 0,5-1 µl solution.
These conditions may be modified to suit the characteristics of the
column and the gas-liquid chromatographic apparatus (in order toobtain chromatgrams meeting the following conditions: retention timeof C32 internal standard must be 2 5 ± 2 minutes and the most
representative peak of the waxes must lie between 60 and 100 %from the bottom of the scale).
5.2.2.2. Determine the peak integration parameters in such a way as to obtain
a correct evaluation of the peak areas considered.
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 8
▼B
5.2.3. Performance of the analysis
5.2.3.1. Take up 1 µl of the solution with the aid of the 10 µl micry-syringe;
draw back the piston until the needle is empty. Introduce the needlein the injection system and inject quickly after one to two seconds.After about five seconds, gently extract the needle.
5.2.3.2. Perform the recording until the waxes are completely eluted.
The base-line must always satisfy the required conditions (5.2.1.2).
5.2.4. Peak identification
Identify the peaks from the retention times, by comparing them with
mixtures of waxes with known retention times, analysed under thesame conditions.
Figure 1 gives a wax chromatogram of a virgin olive oil.
5.2.5. Quantitative analysis
5.2.5.1. Determine the areas of the peaks corresponding to the internal
standard and the aliphatic esters from C40 to C46with the aid of theintegrator.
5.2.5.2. Determine the wax content of each of the esters, in mg/kg of fat,
according to the formula:
ester (mg/kg) =
Ax·ms·100
As·m
where: Ax= area of the peak of each ester;
As= area of the lauryl arachidate peak;
ms= mass of the lauryl arachidate added, in milligram;
m = mass of the sample taken for determination, in grams.
6. EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS
Give the different wax contents, and the sum of those contents, in
mg/kg of fat.
APPENDIX
Determination of linear gas speed
Inject 1 to 3 µl methane (propane) into the gas-liquid chromatographic appa-
ratus, after adjusting it to the normal operating conditions. Measure the timethe gas takes to run through the column, from the moment it is injected untilthe peak emerges (tM).
The linear speed in cm/sec. is given by the formula L/tM where L is the
length of the column, in cm, and tM is the time measured in seconds.
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 9▼B
'
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 10
▼B
11. In Annex V, point 4.11., ‘5 %'is replaced by ‘2 %'.12. In Annex V, point 5.1.1., first subparagraph, ‘seed oils or' is deleted.13. In Annex V, point 5.1.1., third subparagraph, ‘animal or vegetable
oils and fats' is replaced by ‘oils'.
14. In Annex V, point 5.1.1. in fine,the following is added: ‘or betulinol
will have to be used instead of cholestanol'.
15. In Annex V, point 5.4.5.2., ‘in square millimetres' is deleted.16. In Annex VI, point 6., ‘in square millimetres' is deleted.17. In Annex IX, point 3.4. is replaced by the following:
‘3.4. Chromatography column having an upper part 270 mm in
length and a diameter of 35 mm and a lower part 270 mmin length and a diameter of approximately 10mm.'
18. In Annex IX, point 4.1., the second indentis deleted.19. In Annex XIII, the title ‘Proof that refining has taken place' is
replaced by the following ‘Neutralization and decolorization of oliveoil in the laboratory'.
20. Annex XIV is replaced by the following:
‘ANNEX XIV
ADDITIONAL NOTES 2, 3 AND 4 TO CHAPTER 15 OF THE
COMBINED NOMENCLATURE
2. A. Nos 1509 and 1510 cover only oils derived solely from the treatment
of lives, the analytical characteristics of the acidic and sterol compo-sition of which are as follows:
Tabble I: Fatty acid composition as
percentage of total fatty acidsTable II: Sterol composition as
percentage of total sterols
Myristic acid M 0,1 Cholesterol M 0,5
Linolenic acid M 0,9 Brassicasterol M 0,2
Arachidic M 0,7 Campesterol M 4,0
Eicosanoic acid M 0,5 Stigmasterol (1)<Campes-
terol
Behenic acid M 0,3 Betasitos-
terol (2)m 93,0
Lignoceric acid M 0,5 Delta-7-stig-
mastzerolM 0,5
m = minimum
M = Maximum
(1) Condition not valid for virgin lampante oil (subheading 1509 10 10) and for
olive-residue oil (subheading 1510 00 10).
(2) Delta-5,23-Stigmastadienol + Chlerosterol + Beta-Sitosterol + Sitostanol +
Delta-5-Avenasterol + Delta-5,24-Stigmastadienol.
Nos 1509 and 1510 do not cover chemically altered olive oil (in
particular re-esterified olive oil) and mixtures of olive oil with otheroils. The presence of re-esterified olive oil or other oils is ascertainedusing the methods set out in Annexes V, VIII, X A an dXBt o
Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91.
B. Subheading 1509 10 covers only olive oils defined in Sections I and
II belov obtained solely using mechanical or other physical meansunder conditions, and particularly thermal conditions, that do not leadto deterioration of the oil, and which have undergone no treatmentother than washing, decantation, centrifugation or filtration. Oilsderived from olives using solvents fall under heading 1510.
I. For the purposes of subheading 1509 10 10, “virgin lampante olive
oil”, whatever its acidity, means olive oil with:
(a) an aliphatic alcohols content not exceeding 400 mg/kg;
(b) an erythrodical and uvaol content not exceeding 4,5 %;
(c) a content in saturated fatty acids at the 2-position in the trigly-
cerides not exceeding 1,3 %
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 11
▼B
and/or
(d) the sum of transoleic isomers lower than 0,10 % and the sum of
translinoleic + translinolenic isomers lower than 0,10 %;
(e) one or more of the following characteristics:
(i) a periode number exceeding 20 meq 02/kg;
(ii) a content in volatile halogenated solvents exceeding 0,1
mg/kg for any one solvent;
(iii) a K270(100) extinction coefficient higher than 0,250 and,
after treatment of the oil with activated alumina, not higherthan 0,11. In point of fact some oils having a free fatty acidcontent, expressed as oleic acid, of more than 3,3 g per 100g may, after passage through activated alumina, in accord-ance with the method set out in Annex IX to Regulation(EEC) No 2568/91, may have a K
270extinction coefficient
higher than 0,10. If so, after neutralization and decoloriza-tion in the laboratory, in accordance with the method set ouin Annex XIII to the aforementioned Regulation, they musthave the following characteristics:
—a K
270extinction coefficient not higher than 1,20,
— an extinction coefficient variation (Delta K), in the 270
nm region, higher than 0,01 but not higher than 0,16,i.e.:
Delta K = K
m− 0,5 (Km−4+Km+4)
Km = the extinction coefficient at the wave-
length of the peak of the absorptioncurve in the 270 nm region,
K
m−4en Km+4= the extinction coefficients at wave-
lengths 4 nm lower and higher thanthe K
mwavelength;
(iv) organoleptic organoleptic characteristics which include
detectable defects exceeding the limits of acceptability and apanel test score lower than 3,5 in accordance with AnnexXII to Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91.
II. For the purposes of subheading 1509 10 90, “virgin oil” means olive
oil having the following characteristics:
(a) an acid content, expressed as oleic acid, not exceeding 3,3 g per
100 g;
(b) a peroxide number not exceeding 20 meq active 0
2/kg;
(c) an aliphatic alcohols content not exceeding 300 mg/kg;
(d) a content in volatile halogenated solvents not exceeding 0,2
mg/kg overall and not exceeding 0,1 mg/kg for each solvent;
(e) a K270extinction coefficient not higher than 0,250 and, after
treatment of the oil with activated alumina, not higher than 0,10;
(f) an extinction coefficient variation (Delta K), in the 270 nm
region, not higher than 0,01;
(g) organoleptic characteristics which may include detectable defects
within the limits of acceptability and a panel test score higherthan 3,5 in accordance with Annex XII to Regulation (EEC) No2568/91;
(h) an erythrodiol and uvaol content not exceeding 4,5 %;
(i) a content in saturated fatty acids at the 2-position in the trigly-
cerides not exceeding;
(j) the sum of transoleic isomers lower than 0,03 % and the sum of
translinoleic + translinolenic isomers lower than 0,03 %.
C. Subheading 1509 90 00 covers olive oil obtained by the treatment of
olive oils falling within subheading 1509 10 10 or 1509 10 90,whether or not blended with virgin olive oil, having the followingcharacteristics:
(a) an acid content, expressed as oleic acid, not exceeding 3,3 g per
100 g;
(b) an aliphatic alcohols content not exceeding 350 mg/kg;
(c) A K
270extinction coefficient (100) higher than 0,250 and not
higher than 1,20 and, after treatment of the sample with activatedalumina, higher than 0,10;
(d) an extinction coefficient variation (Delta K), in the 270 nm
region, higher than 0,01 and not higher than 0,16;
1993R0183 — EN — 20.02.1993 — 000.001 — 12
▼B
(e) an erythrodiol and uvaol content not exceeding 4,5 %;
(f) a content in saturated fatty acids at the 2-position in the trigly-
cerides not exceeding 1,5 %;
(g) the sum of transoleic isomeres lower than 0,20 % and the sum of
translinoleic + translinolenic isomeres lower than 0,30 %.
D. For the purposes of subheading 1510 00 10, “crude oils” means oils,
particularly olive residue oils, with the following characteristics:
(a) an acid content, expressed as oleic acid, greater tha n 2 g per 100
g;
(b) an erythrodiol and uvaol content exceeding 12 %;
(c) a content in saturated fatty acids at the 2-position in the trigly-
cerides not exceeding 1,8 %;
(d) the sum of transoleic isomers lower than 0,20 % and the sum of
translinoleic + translinolenic isomers lower than 0,10 %.
E. Subheading 1510 00 90 covers oils obtained by the treatment of oils
fallin within subheading 1510 00 10, whether or not blended withvirgin olive oil, and oils not having the characteristics of the oilsreferred to in additional notes 2B, 2C and 2D. The oils falling withinthis subheading must have a content in saturated fatty acids at the2-position in the triglycerides not exceeding 2 %, the sum of transo-leic isomers lower than 0,4 % and the sum of translinoleic + transli-nolenic isomers lower than 0,35 %.
3. Subheadings 1522 00 31 and 1522 00 39 do not cover:
(a) residues resulting from the treatment of fatty substances
containing oil having in iodine index, determined in accordancewith the metod laid down in Annex XVI to Regulation (EEC)No 2568/91, lower than 70 or higher than 100;
(b) residues resulting from the treatment of fatty substances
containing oil having an iodine index lower than 70 or higherthan 100, of which the peadk area representing the retentionvolume of Beta-Sitosterol (*), determined in accordance withAnnex V to Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91, is less than 93 % ofthe total sterol peak areas.
(*) Delta-5,23-Stigmastadienol + Chlerosterol + Beta-Sitosterol +
Sitostanol + Delta-5-Avenasterol + Delta-5,24-Stigmastadienol.
4. The analytical methods for the determination of the characteristics of
the products referred to above are those laid down in the Annexes toRegulation (EEC) No 2568/91.'