1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 1
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents
►B COUNCILDIRECTIVE
of9April1968
onthemarketingofmaterial forthevegetative propagationofthevine
(68/193/EEC)
(OJ L 93, 17.4.1968, p. 15)
Amended by:
Official Journal
No page date
►M1Council Directive 71/140/EEC of 22 March1971 L 71 16 25.3.1971
Amended by:
►A1Act of Accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern IrelandL 73 14 27.3.1972
(adapted by Council Decision of 1 January 1973) L 2 1 1.1.1973
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COUNCILDIRECTIVE
of9April1968
on the marketing of material for the vegetative propagation of the
vine
(68/193/EEC)
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic
Community, and in particular Article 43 thereof;
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission;
Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament(1);
After consulting the Economic and Social Committee;
Whereas the production of wine and table grapes occupies an important
place in the agriculture of the European Economic Community;
Whereas satisfactory results in vine cultivation depend to a large extent
on the use of appropriate propagation material; whereas to this endcertain Member States have for some time restricted the marketing ofvine vegetative propagation material to high quality wood and youngplants; whereas those States have been able to take advantage of the
systematic plant selection work carried out over several decades which
has resulted in the development of stable and uniform vine varietieswhich, by reason of their characters, promise to be of great value forthe purposes in view;
Whereas greater productivity will be achieved in the Community vine
cultivation if for the choice of the varieties permitted to be marketedthe Member States apply uniform rules which are as strict as possible;
Whereas it is however justifiable to restrict marketing to certain vari-
eties only if the vine grower can be sure of actually obtainingpropagation material of those varieties;
Whereas certain Member States have for this purpose been applying
certification schemes which are intended by official control to ensure
varietal identity and purity, and health status, particularly as regardsvirus diseases; whereas these schemes may constitute one of the basesfor a uniform Community certification scheme;
Whereas such a scheme should apply to the marketing both in other
Member States and on domestic markets of propagation materialproduced within the Community;
Whereas, as a general rule, propagation material intended for the
production of grapes or for the production of propagation materialshould be allowed to be marketed only if it has been officially exam-ined and certified, in accordance withth e rules for certification, asbasic material or certified material; whereas the choice of the technicalterms ‘basic material’ and ‘certified material’ is based on already
existing international terminology and on the Community schemes for
other genera and species of plant;
Whereas it would be desirable to restrict marketing to certified vine
propagation material obtained by clonal selection; whereas, however,
it is at present impossible to attain this objective since Community
requirements could not be entirely covered by suchmaterial; wh ereas,therefore, the marketing of checked standard material which must alsopossess identity and varietal purity but which does not always affordthe same assurances as propagation material obtained by clonal selec-
tion should be allowed provisionally; whereas, however, this category
should gradually be eliminated;
Whereas, if vines are not propagated or if propagation material is not
marketed in a Member State, it seems justifiable to exempt that State1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 2
(1) OJ No 156, 15.7.1967, p. 30.
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from the obligation to arrange for certification or for checking of stan-
dard material without however affecting its obligation to restrictmarketing to certified material and standard material;
Whereas propagation material which is not placed on the market should
not, in view of its minor economic importance, be subject to Commu-
nity rules; whereas Member States must retain the right to make such
material subject to special provisions;
Whereas Community rules should not apply to propagation material
shown to be intended for export to third countries;
Whereas Community rules must be adopted by the Council not later
than 31 December 1969 for propagation material produced in third
countries and marketed in the Community;
Whereas, in order to improve not only the genetic valve of Community
propagation material, but also its external quality, certain conditions
must be laid down as to technical purity, quality and grading;
Whereas, in order to ensure the identity of the propagation material,
Community rules must be laid down as regards the separation of
batches, packaging, sealing and marking; whereas to this end the labelsshould give the particulars needed both for official control and for theinformation of the vine grower and should clearly show the Commu-nity nature of the certification;
Whereas, in order to ensure that both the requirements as to the quality
of propagation material and the provisions for ensuring its identity arecomplied withduring marketing, th e Member States must make provi-
sion for suitable control arrangements;
Whereas propagation material satisfying these requirements should,
without prejudice to Article 36 of the Treaty, be subject to no
marketing restrictions other than those provided for in Community
rules;
Whereas, until such time as a common catalogue of varieties has been
established, the restrictions allowed should include in particular theright of Member States to restrict the marketing of propagation materialto those varieties which are of value for cropping and use in their terri-tory; whereas it is not appropriate to decide at present whether andsubject to what conditions Member States may prohibit, in whole or
in part, the cultivation of certain varieties of vine in their territory;
Whereas, subject to certain conditions, propagation material produced
in other Member States from basic material certified in a Member State
should be recognised as equivalent to propagation material produced in
that Member State;
Whereas, during periods in which there are difficulties in obtaining
supplies of certified material of the various categories, or of standardmaterial, propagation material satisfying less stringent requirementsshould temporarily be permitted to be marketed;
Whereas, in order to harmonise the technical methods of certification
and of checking standard material used in the various Member Statesand to enable comparisons to be made in the future between materialcertified or checked within the Community and that coming from thirdcountries, Community tests should be carried out in the Member States
to assess the quality of the different categories of propagation material;
Whereas the Commission should be entrusted with the task of adopting
certain measures for the application of this Directive; whereas, in order
to facilitate implementation of the proposed measures, a procedureshould be provided for establishing close co-operation betweenMember States and the Commission within a Standing Committee onSeeds and Propagating Material for Agriculture, Horticulture andForestry;1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 3
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HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
Article 1
This Directive shall apply to material for the vegetative propagation of
the vine (hereinafter called ‘propagation material’) produced and
marketed within the Community.
Article 2
1. For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall
apply:
A.Vines:Plants of the genus Vitis(L.) intended for the production of
grapes or for use as propagation material for suchplants.
B.Propagation material:
(i)Young vine plants
(a) rooted cuttings: ungrafted pieces of rooted vine
shoot intended for planting
ungrafted or for use as root-
stocks;
(b) rooted grafts: pieces of vine shoot joined by
grafting, the underground partof which is rooted.
(ii)Parts of young vine plants
(a) vine shoots: one-year shoots;(b) rootstock cuttings for
grafting:pieces of vine shoot intended to
form the part below ground
when preparing rooted grafts;
(c) top-graft cuttings: pieces of vine shoot intended to
form the part above groundwhen preparing rooted grafts orwhen grafting plants in situ;
(d) nursery cuttings: pieces of vine shoot intended
for the production of rootedcuttings.
C.Stock nurseries: nurseries for the production of rootstock cuttings
for grafting, nursery cuttings or top-graft cuttings.
D.Cutting nurseries: nurseries for the cultivation of rooted cuttings or
rooted grafts.
E.Basic material: propagation material
(a) which has been produced under the responsibility of the grower
according to accepted practices for the maintenance of thevariety;
(b) which is intended for the production of propagation material;
(c) which satisfies the conditions laid down in Annexes I and II for
basic material; and
(d) which has been found by official examination to satisfy the
above-mentioned conditions.
F.Certifiedmaterial: propagation material
(a) which is obtained direct from the basic material of a variety or,
if the grower so requests, from propagation material of an
earlier stage of multiplication than basic material which hasbeen found by official examination to satisfy the conditionslaid down in Annexes I and II for basic material;
(b) which is intended for
— the production of young plants or parts of plants for use in
the production of grapes, or1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 4
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— the production of grapes;
(c) which satisfies the conditions laid down in Annexes I and II for
certified material; and
(d) which has been found by official examination to satisfy the
above-mentioned conditions.
G.Standard material: propagation material
(a) which has varietal identity and purity;
(b) which is intended for
— the production of young plants or parts of plants for use in
the production of grapes;
(c) which satisfies the conditions laid down in Annexes I and II for
standard material; and
(d) which has been found by official examination to satisfy the
above-mentioned conditions.
H.Official measures: measures taken
(a) by State authorities, or
(b) by any legal person whether governed by public or by private
law, acting under the responsibility of the State, or
(c) in the case of ancillary activities which are also subject to State
control, by any natural person duly sworn for that purpose,
provided that the persons mentioned under (b) and (c) derive no
private gain from suchmeasures.
2. Member States may, as a transitional measure, after the entry into
force of the laws, regulations or administrative provisions necessary to
comply with this Directive, provide that propagation material which
has been used for establishing stock nurseries or cutting nurseries isequivalent to propagation material certified or checked in accordancewith the provisions of this Directive, if before being so used it affordedthe same assurances as propagation material certified or checked in
accordance with the provisions of this Directive.
Article 3
1. The Member States shall provide that vine propagation material
may not be placed on the market:
— unless it has been officially certified as ‘basic material’ or ‘certified
material’, or is officially checked standard material, and
— unless it satisfies the conditions laid down in Annex II.
2. Member States may provide for derogations from the provisions
of paragraph1:
(a) for propagation material of an earlier stage of multiplication than
basic stock;
(b) for tests or for scientific purposes;
(c) for selection work.
3. Member States may provide for derogations as regards the
minimum lengthof rootstock cuttings for grafting (Annex II (III) (1)(B) (a).
4. The Commission, acting in accordance with the procedure laid
down in Article 17, may:
(a) authorise Member States, by way of degoration from the provisions
of Annex II (II) (1), to classify as certified material rooted grafts
consisting of certified material grafted on to standard material;such authorisation shall be granted only for a transitional period tobe set and only until suchtime as th e Member States concernedhave sufficient supplies of basic material and certified material fortheir new plantings;1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 5
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(b) provide that after specified dates propagation material of certain
vine varieties may not be placed on the market unless it has beenofficially certified as ‘basic material’ or ‘certified material’.
Article 4
Member States may, as regards the conditions laid down in Annexes I
and II, impose additional or more stringent requirements for the certifi-cation of propagation material or the checking of standard materialproduced in their own territory.
Article 5
Each Member State shall compile a catalogue of the vine varieties offi-
cially accepted for certification and for checking as standard materialin its territory. The catalogue may be consulted by any person. It shall
specify the principal morphological and physiological characters by
which the varieties can be distinguished one from another. In the caseof varieties already accepted on 31 December 1971, reference may bemade to the description given in official ampelographic publications.
Article 5a
The Member States shall ensure that no variety is accepted unless it is
distinct, stable and sufficiently uniform.
Article 5b
1. A variety shall be regarded as distinct if, when acceptance is
applied for it differs markedly, in one or more important morphologicalor physiological characters, from any other variety accepted orsubmitted for acceptance in the Member State in question.
2. A variety shall be regarded as stable if, after successive propaga-
tion, it remains true to the description of its essential characters.
3. A variety shall be regarded as sufficiently uniform if, apart from a
very few aberrations, the plants of which it is composed are similar asregards the characters, taken as a whole, considered for this purpose.
Article 5c
The Member States shall ensure that varieties coming from other
Member States are subject to the same requirements as those whichapply to domestic varieties, in particular as regards the acceptance
procedure.
Article 5d
1. The Member States shall provide that acceptance of varieties be
based on the results of official examinations, particularly growingtrials, covering a sufficient number of characters for the variety to bedescribed. The methods used for determining characters must be exactand reliable.
2. The following shall be fixed in accordance with the procedure
laid down in Article 17, account being taken of current scientific andtechnological knowledge:
(a) the characters to be covered as a minimum by the examinations,
(b) the minimum requirements for carrying out the examinations.
3. If it is known that propagation material of a given variety is
marketed in another country under a different name, that name shallalso be indicated in the catalogue.
Article 5e
1. The varieties accepted shall be officially checked at regular inter-
vals. If any of the conditions for acceptance for certification or1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 6
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checking is no longer satisfied, acceptance shall be revoked and the
variety deleted from the catalogue.
2. The catalogue of varieties and any alterations made to it shall be
sent forthwith to the other Member States and to the Commission.
Article 7
The Member States shall provide that, while growing and during
lifting, or removal from the parent vine, packaging, storage and trans-portation, propagation material be kept in separate batches and bemarked with the variety and, where applicable, in the case of basicmaterial and certified material, withth e clone.
Article 8
1. The Member States shall require that propagation material be
marketed only in sufficiently homogeneous batches and in sealedpackages or bundles bearing, as prescribed in Articles 9 and 10, asealing device and markings. Packaging shall comply with the provi-
sions of Annex III.
2. Member States may, for the marketing of small quantities to the
final consumer and for the marketing of vines in pots, crates or boxes,provide for derogations from the provisions of paragraph 1 in respectof packaging, sealing and marking.
Article 9
The Member States shall require that packages and bundles of propaga-
tion material be sealed by the person responsible in such a manner thatwhen the container or bundle is opened the seal is damaged and cannotbe re-attached.
Article 10
1. The Member States shall require that the person responsible for
sealing affix on the outside of the packages and bundles of propagationmaterial a label in one of the official languages of the Communityconforming to the specification in Annex IV; the label shall be attached
with the seal. The colour of the label shall be white for basic material,
blue for certified material and dark yellow for standard material.
2. Member States may provide that each batch also be accompanied
by a document giving the same information as the label.
Article 11
The Member States shall ensure that the identity of the propagation
material is preserved, from the time of its lifting, or its removal fromthe parent vines until its delivery to the final consumer, by a system ofofficial controls laid down or approved by them. They shall make
suitable arrangements for propagation material to be officially
controlled during marketing, at least by check sampling, as regards itscompliance with the requirements of this Directive.
Article 12
1. The Member States shall ensure that basic material and certified
material which have been officially certified and whose containers have
been marked as prescribed in this Directive and standard materialwhose containers have been sealed and marked as prescribed in thisDirective, are subject to no marketing restrictions as regards their char-acters, examination arrangements, marking and sealing other than thoselaid down in this Directive.
2. Where no measures have been taken by the Commission under
Article 3 (4) (b) and entered into force, Member States may provide1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 7
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that after specified dates propagation material of certain vine varieties
may not be placed on the market unless it has been officially certifiedas ‘basic material’ or ‘certified material’.
Article 12a
The Member States shall ensure that propagation material of vine vari-
eties which have been approved for cultivation in their territory or part
of their territory under Regulation (EEC) No 1388/70 are subject to nomarketing restrictions in their territory relating to variety.
Article 13
The Member States shall provide that propagation material which is
obtained directly from basic material certified in one Member Stateand grown in another Member State may be certified in the State whichproduced the basic material if the propagation material has undergonefield inspection satisfying the conditions laid down in Annex I and ifofficial examination has shown that the conditions laid down in Annex
II are satisfied.
Article 14
1. In order to eliminate any temporary difficulties in the general
supply of basic material, certified material or standard material thatoccur in one or more Member States and cannot be overcome withinthe Community, the Commission, acting in accordance with the proce-dure laid down in Article 17, shall authorise one or more Member
States to accept for marketing, for a period to be set by the Commis-
sion, propagation material of a category satisfying less stringentrequirements.
2. For a category of propagation material of any given variety, the
colour of the label shall be that provided for the corresponding cate-
gory; in all other cases it shall be brown. The label shall always statethat the propagation material in question is of a category satisfying lessstringent requirements.
Article 15
1. This Directive shall not apply to propagation material shown to
be intended for export to third countries.
2. The Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from
the Commission, shall, not later than 31 December 1969, adoptmeasures concerning propagation material produced in third countriesand marketed within the Community.
Article 16
1. Community tests shall be carried out within the Community in
order to assess the quality of the propagation material; these tests shall
be subject to inspection by the Committee referred to in Article 17.
2. These tests shall, during a first stage, be used to harmonise the
technical methods of certifying certified material and checking standard
material so as to obtain results which are equivalent. As soon as this
aim is achieved, annual progress reports shall be made on the testsand sent in confidence to the Member States and to the Commission.The Commission, acting in accordance with the procedure laid downin Article 17, shall set the date for the first report.
3. The Commission, acting in accordance with the procedure laid
down in Article 17, shall make the necessary arrangements for the teststo be carried out. Propagation material produced in third countries maybe included in the tests.
Article 17
1. Where the procedure laid down in this Article is to be followed,
matters shall be referred by the Chairman, either on his own initiative1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 8
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or at the request of the representative of a Member State to the
Standing Committee on Seeds and Propagating Material for Agricul-ture, Horticulture and Forestry (hereinafter called the ‘Committee’) set
up by the Council Decision of 14 June 1966.(
1)
2. Within the Committee, the votes of the Member States shall be
weighted as provided in Article 148 (2) of the Treaty. The Chairmanshall not vote.
3. The representative of the Commission shall submit a draft of the
measures to be adopted. The Committee shall deliver its opinion onsuch measures within a time limit set by the Chairman according to
the urgency of the matter. Opinions shall be delivered by a majority
of►
A1forty-one ◄votes.
4. The Commission shall adopt measures which shall apply immedi-
ately. However, if these measures are not in accordance with theopinion of the Committee, they shall forthwith be communicated bythe Commission to the Council. In that event the Commission may
defer application of the measures which it has adopted for not more
than one month from the date of such communication.
The Council, acting by a qualified majority, may take a different deci-
sion within one month.
Article 17a
The Council, acting on a proposal from the Commission and in the
light of current scientific and technical knowledge, shall adopt anyamendments to be made to the Annexes.
Article 18
This Directive shall be without prejudice to the provisions of national
laws justified on grounds of the protection of health and life of
humans, animals or plants or the protection of industrial and commer-cial property.
Article 18a
Upon application by a Member State, which will be dealt with as
provided in Article 17, that State may be wholly or partially releasedfrom the obligation ot apply this Directive if vine propagation materialis not normally propagated or marketed in its territory.
Article 18b
This Directive shall be without prejudice to Council Regulation (EEC)
No 234/68(
2) of 27 February 1968 on the establishment of a common
organisation of the market in live trees and other plants, bulbs, rootsand the like, cut flowers and ornamental foliage.
Article 19
The Member States shall, not later than 1 July 1969, bring into force
the measures necessary to comply with this Directive and shall forth-with inform the Commission thereof.
Article 20
The Directive is addressed to the Member States.1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 9
(1) OJ No 125, 11.7.1966, p. 2289/66.
(2) OJ No L 55, 2.3.1968, p. 1.▼M1
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ANNEX I
CONDITIONSRELATINGTOTHEGROWINGCROP
I.General conditions
1. The crop shall have varietal identity and purity.
2. The cultural condition of the plantation and the stage of development of
the plants shal be such as to permit varietal identity and purity to be
adequately checked.
3. The greatest care shall be taken to ensure that the soil in which stock and
cutting nurseries intended for the cultivation of basic material or certified
material are planted is not infected withh armful organisms, in particular
viruses.
4. Harmful organisms which reduce the usefulness of the propagation mate-
rial shall be at the lowest possible level.
5. Harmful virus diseases, especially grapevine fanleaf and leaf roll, must be
eliminated from crops intended for the production of basic material.
Crops intended for the production of propagation material of the other
categories shall be kept free from plants showing symptoms of harmful
virus diseases.
6. The failure rate in stock nurseries intended for the production of certified
material shall not exceed 5 %; in stock nurseries intended for the produc-
tion of standard material it shall not exceed 10 %. The proportion of
failure may exceptionally exceed these percentages when due to physical
causes.
7. There shall be at least one crop inspection each year; a second crop
inspection shall be carried out in cases of disputes on matters which can
be decided without prejudice to the quality of the propagation material.
II.Specialconditions
1. Cutting nurseries shall not be established within, or within a few metres
of, vineyards for the production of fruit.
2. The parts of vine plants used for the production of rooted cuttings and
rooted grafts shall be taken from stock nurseries which have been
inspected and approved.1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 10
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ANNEX II
CONDITIONSRELATINGTOPROPAGATIONMATERIAL
.General conditions
1. Propagation material shall have varietal identity and purity; a 1 % toler-
ance shall be accepted for the marketing of standard material.
2. Minimum technical purity: 96 %.
The following shall be regarded as technically impure:
(a) wholly or partly desiccated propagation material, even when it has
been steeped in water after desiccation;
(b) damaged, bent or injured propagation material, in particular when
damaged by hail or frost or when crushed or broken.
3. Harmful organisms which reduce the usefulness of the propagation mate-
rial shall be at the lowest possible level.
II.Specialconditions
1. Rooted grafts:
Rooted grafts consisting of basic material grafted on to basic material or
of basic material grafted on to certified material shall be classified as
basic material. Rooted grafts consisting of certified material grafted on
to basic material or of certified material grafted on to certified material
shall be classified as certified material. All other combinations shall be
classified as standard material.
2. Parts of young vine plants:
The vine shoots shall have reached an adequare state of maturity of the
wood. The ‘wood/pith’ ratio shall be normal for the variety.
III.Grading
1. Rootstock cuttings for grafting, nursery cuttings and top-graft cuttings:
A.Diameter
This shall be measured at the widest point of the top cross-section.
(a) Rootstock cuttings for grafting and top-grafting cuttings:
(aa) top diameter:
(i)Vitis rupestris and its crossing with Vitis vinifera ,6t o
12 mm;
(ii) other varieties, 6·5 to 12 mm;
the number of shoots with a diameter of not more than
7 mm, in the case of Vitis rupestris and its crossings
withVitis vinifera , and not more than 7·5 mm, in the
case of other varieties, shall not exceed 25 % of the
batch;
(bb) maximum butt-end diameter, 14 mm except in the case of
top-graft cuttings for grafting plants in situ. The cut shall
be made at least 2 cm below the lowest eye.
(b) Nursery cuttings:
minimum top diameter: 3·5 mm.
B.Length
The length shall be measured from the lowest part of the lowest
node; the uppermost inter-node must be kept intact.
(a) Rootstock cuttings for grafting: minimum length, 1·05 m;
(b) Nursery cuttings: minimum length, 55 cm; in the case of Vitis
vinifera, 30 cm;
(c) Top-grafting cuttings: minimum length, 50 cm, with at least five
usable eyes.1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 11
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2. Rooted cuttings
A.Diameter
The diameter, measured at the middle of the internode immediately
under the extension growth and along the longest axis shall be not
less than 5 mm.
B.Length
The distance from the lowest point at which roots emerge to the base
of the extension growth shall be not less than:
(a) for rootstocks, 30 cm;
(b) for other rooted cuttings, 22 cm.
C.Roots
Each plant shall have at least three well-developed and well-spaced
roots. However, the 420 A variety may have only two well-developed
roots, provided that they are on opposite sides.
3. Rooted grafts
(a) the stem shall be at least 20 cm long;
(b) roots: each plant shall have at least three well-developed and well-
spaced roots. However, the 420 A variety may have only two well-
developed roots, provided that they are on opposite sides.
(c) union: each plant shall have an adequate, regular and secure union.1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 12
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ANNEX III
PACKAGING
Composition of packages or bundles:
Type Number
1. Rooted grafts 25
2. Rooted cuttings 50
3. Top-graft cuttings 100 or 200
4. Rootstock cuttings for grafting 200
5. Rootstock nursery cuttings and Vitis vini-
feranursery cuttings200 or 500
6. Other nursery cuttings 2001968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 13
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ANNEX IV
LABEL
A.Requiredinformation
(a) 1. ‘EEC standards’.
2. Name and address of producer or his indentification number.
3. Authority responsible for certification or checking and Member State.4. Reference number of batch.5. Variety and, where appropriate, the clone (for rooted grafts, the
clones of the rootstocks and the top-graft cuttings).
6. Category.7. Country of production.
8. Quantity.
9. Length— for rootstock cuttings for grafting if a Member State grants
derogations from the rules relating to minimum lengths (Article 3
(3)).
(b) In the case of ‘Rooted cuttings’ and ‘Rooted grafts’ the particulars
referred to in Items 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 of (a) are sufficient.
B.Minimumdimensions
(a) 110 × 67 mm for rootstock cuttings for grafting, top-graft cuttings and
nursery cuttings;
(b) 80 × 70 mm for rooted cuttings and rooted grafts.1968L0193 — EN — 01.01.1973 — 002.001 — 14