02012R1024 — EN — 21.02.2022 — 007.001

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►B REGULATION (EU) No 1024/2012 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2012 on administrative cooperation through the Internal Market Information System and repealing Commission Decision 2008/49/EC (‘the IMI Regulation’) (Text with EEA relevance) (OJ L 316 14.11.2012, p. 1)

Amended by:





Corrected by:









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REGULATION (EU) No 1024/2012 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 25 October 2012

on administrative cooperation through the Internal Market Information System and repealing Commission Decision 2008/49/EC (‘the IMI Regulation’)

(Text with EEA relevance)







CHAPTER I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

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Article 1

Subject matter

This Regulation lays down rules for the use of an Internal Market Information System (‘IMI’) for administrative cooperation among the IMI actors, including the processing of personal data.

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Article 2

Establishment of IMI

IMI is hereby formally established.

Article 3

Scope

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1. IMI shall be used for exchanges of information, including of personal data, among the IMI actors and for the processing of that information for the purposes of either of the following: (a) administrative cooperation required in accordance with the acts listed in the Annex; (b) administrative cooperation subject to a pilot project carried out in accordance with Article 4.

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2. Nothing in this Regulation shall have the effect of rendering mandatory the provisions of Union acts which have no binding force.

Article 4

Expansion of IMI

1. The Commission may carry out pilot projects in order to assess whether IMI would be an effective tool to implement provisions for administrative cooperation of Union acts not listed in the Annex. The Commission shall adopt an implementing act to determine which provisions of Union acts shall be subject to a pilot project and to set out the modalities of each project, in particular the basic technical functionality and procedural arrangements required to implement the relevant administrative cooperation provisions. That implementing act shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 24(3).

2. The Commission shall submit an evaluation of the outcome of the pilot project, including data protection issues and effective translation functionalities, to the European Parliament and the Council. Where appropriate, that evaluation may be accompanied by a legislative proposal to amend the Annex to expand the use of IMI to the relevant provisions of Union acts.

Article 5

Definitions

For the purposes of this Regulation, the definitions laid down in Directive 95/46/EC and Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 shall apply.

In addition, the following definitions shall also apply:

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(a) ‘IMI’ means the electronic tool provided by the Commission to facilitate administrative cooperation among the IMI actors;

(b) ‘administrative cooperation’ means the collaboration between IMI actors by exchanging and processing information for the purpose of better application of Union law;

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(c) ‘internal market area’ means a legislative or functional field of the internal market, within the meaning of Article 26(2) TFEU, in which IMI is used in accordance with Article 3 of this Regulation;

(d) ‘administrative cooperation procedure’ means a pre-defined workflow provided for in IMI allowing IMI actors to communicate and interact with each other in a structured manner;

(e) ‘IMI coordinator’ means a body appointed by a Member State to perform support tasks necessary for the efficient functioning of IMI in accordance with this Regulation;

(f) ‘competent authority’ means any body established at either national, regional or local level and registered in IMI with specific responsibilities relating to the application of national law or Union acts listed in the Annex in one or more internal market areas;

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(g) ‘IMI actors’ means the competent authorities, the IMI coordinators, the Commission and the Union bodies, offices and agencies;

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(h) ‘IMI user’ means a natural person working under the authority of an IMI actor and registered in IMI on behalf of that IMI actor;

(i) ‘external actors’ means natural or legal persons other than IMI users that may interact with IMI only through separate technical means and in accordance with a specific pre-defined workflow provided for that purpose;

(j) ‘blocking’ means applying technical means by which personal data become inaccessible to IMI users via the normal interface of IMI;

(k) ‘formal closure’ means applying the technical facility provided by IMI to close an administrative cooperation procedure.







CHAPTER II

FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO IMI

Article 6

IMI coordinators

1. Each Member State shall appoint one national IMI coordinator whose responsibilities shall include: (a) registering or validating registration of IMI coordinators and competent authorities; (b) acting as the main contact point for IMI actors of the Member States for issues relating to IMI, including providing information on aspects relating to the protection of personal data in accordance with this Regulation; (c) acting as interlocutor of the Commission for issues relating to IMI including providing information on aspects relating to the protection of personal data in accordance with this Regulation; (d) providing knowledge, training and support, including basic technical assistance, to IMI actors of the Member States; (e) ensuring the efficient functioning of IMI as far as it is within their control, including the provision of timely and adequate responses by IMI actors of the Member States to requests for administrative cooperation.

2. Each Member State may, in addition, appoint one or more IMI coordinators in order to carry out any of the tasks listed in paragraph 1, in accordance with its internal administrative structure.

3. Member States shall inform the Commission of the IMI coordinators appointed in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 and of the tasks for which they are responsible. The Commission shall share that information with the other Member States.

4. All IMI coordinators may act as competent authorities. In such cases an IMI coordinator shall have the same access rights as a competent authority. Each IMI coordinator shall be a controller with respect to its own data processing activities as an IMI actor.

Article 7

Competent authorities

1. When cooperating by means of IMI, competent authorities, acting through IMI users in accordance with administrative cooperation procedures, shall ensure that, in accordance with the applicable Union act, an adequate response is provided within the shortest possible period of time, and in any event within the deadline set by that act.

2. A competent authority may invoke as evidence any information, document, finding, statement or certified true copy which it has received electronically by means of IMI, on the same basis as similar information obtained in its own country, for purposes compatible with the purposes for which the data were originally collected.

3. Each competent authority shall be a controller with respect to its own data processing activities performed by an IMI user under its authority and shall ensure that data subjects can exercise their rights in accordance with Chapters III and IV, where necessary, in cooperation with the Commission.

Article 8

Commission

1. The Commission shall be responsible for carrying out the following tasks: (a) ensuring the security, availability, maintenance and development of the software and IT infrastructure for IMI; (b) providing a multilingual system, including existing translation functionalities, training in cooperation with the Member States, and a helpdesk to assist Member States in the use of IMI; (c) registering the national IMI coordinators and granting them access to IMI; (d) performing processing operations on personal data in IMI, where provided for in this Regulation, in accordance with the purposes determined by the applicable Union acts listed in the Annex; (e) monitoring the application of this Regulation and reporting back to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Data Protection Supervisor in accordance with Article 25; ▼M6 (f) ensuring coordination with Union bodies, offices and agencies and granting them access to IMI. ▼B

2. For the purposes of performing the tasks listed in paragraph 1 and producing statistical reports, the Commission shall have access to the necessary information relating to the processing operations performed in IMI.

3. The Commission shall not participate in administrative cooperation procedures involving the processing of personal data except where required by a provision of a Union act listed in the Annex.

Article 9

Access rights of IMI actors and users

1. Only IMI users shall have access to IMI.

2. Member States shall designate the IMI coordinators and competent authorities and the internal market areas in which they have competence. The Commission may play a consultative role in that process.

3. Each IMI actor shall grant and revoke, as necessary, appropriate access rights to its IMI users in the internal market area for which it is competent.

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4. Appropriate means shall be put in place by the Member States, the Commission and Union bodies, offices and agencies to ensure that IMI users are allowed to access personal data processed in IMI only on a need-to-know basis and within the internal market area or areas for which they were granted access rights in accordance with paragraph 3.

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5. The use of personal data processed in IMI for a specific purpose in a way that is incompatible with that original purpose shall be prohibited, unless explicitly provided for by national law in accordance with Union law.

6. Where an administrative cooperation procedure involves the processing of personal data, only the IMI actors participating in that procedure shall have access to such personal data.

Article 10

Confidentiality

1. Each Member State shall apply its rules of professional secrecy or other equivalent duties of confidentiality to its IMI actors and IMI users, in accordance with national or Union legislation.

2. IMI actors shall ensure that requests of other IMI actors for confidential treatment of information exchanged by means of IMI are respected by IMI users working under their authority.

Article 11

Administrative cooperation procedures

IMI shall be based on administrative cooperation procedures implementing the provisions of the relevant Union acts listed in the Annex. Where appropriate, the Commission may adopt implementing acts for a specific Union act listed in the Annex or for a type of administrative cooperation procedure, setting out the essential technical functionality and the procedural arrangements required to enable the operation of the relevant administrative cooperation procedures, including where applicable the interaction between external actors and IMI as referred to in Article 12. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 24(2).

Article 12

External actors

Technical means may be provided to allow external actors to interact with IMI where such interaction is:

(a) provided for by a Union act;

(b) provided for in an implementing act referred to in Article 11 in order to facilitate administrative cooperation between competent authorities in Member States for the application of the provisions of Union acts listed in the Annex; or

(c) necessary for submitting requests in order to exercise their rights as data subjects in accordance with Article 19.

Any such technical means shall be separate from IMI and shall not enable external actors to access IMI.







CHAPTER III

PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA AND SECURITY

Article 13

Purpose limitation

IMI actors shall exchange and process personal data only for the purposes defined in the relevant provisions of the Union acts listed in the Annex.

Data submitted to IMI by data subjects shall only be used for the purposes for which the data were submitted.

Article 14

Retention of personal data

1. Personal data processed in IMI shall be blocked in IMI as soon as they are no longer necessary for the purpose for which they were collected, depending on the specificities of each type of administrative cooperation and, as a general rule, no later than six months after the formal closure of the administrative cooperation procedure.

However, if a longer period is provided for in an applicable Union act listed in the Annex, personal data processed in IMI may be retained for a maximum of 18 months after the formal closure of an administrative cooperation procedure.

2. Where a repository of information for future reference by IMI actors is required pursuant to a binding Union act listed in the Annex, the personal data included in such a repository may be processed for as long as they are needed for this purpose either with the data subject’s consent or where this is provided for in that Union act.

3. Personal data blocked pursuant to this Article shall, with the exception of their storage, only be processed for purposes of proof of an information exchange by means of IMI with the data subject’s consent, unless processing is requested for overriding reasons in the public interest.

4. The blocked data shall be automatically deleted in IMI three years after the formal closure of the administrative cooperation procedure.

5. At the express request of a competent authority in a specific case and with the data subject’s consent, personal data may be deleted before the expiry of the applicable retention period.

6. The Commission shall ensure by technical means the blocking and deletion of personal data and their retrieval in accordance with paragraph 3.

7. Technical means shall be put in place to encourage IMI actors to formally close administrative cooperation procedures as soon as possible after the exchange of information has been completed and to enable IMI actors to involve IMI coordinators responsible in any procedure which has been inactive without justification for longer than two months.

Article 15

Retention of personal data of IMI users

1. By way of derogation from Article 14, paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article shall apply to the retention of personal data of IMI users. Those personal data shall include the full name and all electronic and other means of contact necessary for the purposes of this Regulation.

2. Personal data relating to IMI users shall be stored in IMI as long as they continue to be users of IMI and may be processed for purposes compatible with the objectives of this Regulation.

3. When a natural person ceases to be an IMI user, the personal data relating to that person shall be blocked by technical means for a period of three years. Those data shall, with the exception of their storage, only be processed for purposes of proof of an information exchange by means of IMI and shall be deleted at the end of the three-year period.

Article 16

Processing of special categories of data

1. The processing of special categories of data referred to in Article 8(1) of Directive 95/46/EC and Article 10(1) of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 by means of IMI shall be allowed only on the basis of a specific ground mentioned in Article 8(2) and (4) of that Directive and Article 10(2) of that Regulation and subject to appropriate safeguards provided for in those Articles to ensure the rights of individuals whose personal data are processed.

2. IMI may be used for the processing of data relating to offences, criminal convictions or security measures referred to in Article 8(5) of Directive 95/46/EC and Article 10(5) of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001, subject to safeguards provided for in those Articles, including information on disciplinary, administrative or criminal sanctions or other information necessary to establish the good repute of an individual or a legal person, where the processing of such data is provided for in a Union act constituting the basis for the processing or with the explicit consent of the data subject, subject to specific safeguards referred to in Article 8(5) of Directive 95/46/EC.

Article 17

Security

1. The Commission shall ensure that IMI complies with the rules on data security adopted by the Commission pursuant to Article 22 of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001.

2. The Commission shall put in place the necessary measures to ensure security of personal data processed in IMI, including appropriate data access control and a security plan which shall be kept up-to-date.

3. The Commission shall ensure that, in the event of a security incident, it is possible to verify what personal data have been processed in IMI, when, by whom and for what purpose.

4. IMI actors shall take all procedural and organisational measures necessary to ensure the security of personal data processed by them in IMI in accordance with Article 17 of Directive 95/46/EC.







CHAPTER IV

RIGHTS OF DATA SUBJECTS AND SUPERVISION

Article 18

Information to data subjects and transparency

1. IMI actors shall ensure that data subjects are informed about processing of their personal data in IMI as soon as possible and that they have access to information on their rights and how to exercise them, including the identity and contact details of the controller and of the controller’s representative, if any, in accordance with Article 10 or 11 of Directive 95/46/EC and national legislation which is in accordance with that Directive.

2. The Commission shall make publicly available in a way which is easily accessible: (a) information concerning IMI in accordance with Articles 11 and 12 of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001, in a clear and understandable form; (b) information on the data protection aspects of administrative cooperation procedures in IMI as referred to in Article 11 of this Regulation; (c) information on exceptions to or limitations of the rights of data subjects as referred to in Article 20 of this Regulation; (d) types of administrative cooperation procedures, essential IMI functionalities and categories of data that may be processed in IMI; (e) a comprehensive list of all implementing or delegated acts regarding IMI, adopted pursuant to this Regulation or to another Union act, and a consolidated version of the Annex to this Regulation and its subsequent amendments by other Union acts.

Article 19

Right of access, correction and deletion

1. IMI actors shall ensure that data subjects may effectively exercise their right of access to data relating to them in IMI, and the right to have inaccurate or incomplete data corrected and unlawfully processed data deleted, in accordance with national legislation. The correction or deletion of data shall be carried out as soon as possible, and at the latest 30 days after the request by the data subject is received by the IMI actor responsible.

2. Where the accuracy or lawfulness of data blocked pursuant to Article 14(1) is contested by the data subject, this fact shall be recorded, as well as the accurate, corrected information.

Article 20

Exceptions and limitations

Member States shall inform the Commission where they provide for exceptions to, or limitations of, the rights of data subjects set out in this Chapter in national legislation in accordance with Article 13 of Directive 95/46/EC.

Article 21

Supervision

1. The national supervisory authority or authorities designated in each Member State and endowed with the powers referred to in Article 28 of Directive 95/46/EC (the ‘National Supervisory Authority’) shall independently monitor the lawfulness of the processing of personal data by the IMI actors of their Member State and, in particular, shall ensure that the rights of data subjects set out in this Chapter are protected in accordance with this Regulation.

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2. The European Data Protection Supervisor shall be responsible for monitoring and ensuring the application of this Regulation when the Commission or Union bodies, offices and agencies, in their role as IMI actors, process personal data. The duties and powers referred to in Articles 57 and 58 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 ( 1 ) shall apply accordingly.

3. The National Supervisory Authorities and the European Data Protection Supervisor, each acting within the scope of their respective competences, shall cooperate with each other to ensure the coordinated supervision of IMI and its use by IMI actors in accordance with Article 62 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1725.

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CHAPTER V

GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF IMI

Article 22

National use of IMI

1. A Member State may use IMI for the purpose of administrative cooperation between competent authorities within its territory, in accordance with national law, only where the following conditions are satisfied: (a) no substantial changes to the existing administrative cooperation procedures are required; (b) a notification of the envisaged use of IMI has been submitted to the National Supervisory Authority where required under national law; and (c) it does not have a negative impact on the efficient functioning of IMI for IMI users.

2. Where a Member State intends to make systematic use of IMI for national purposes, it shall notify its intention to the Commission and seek its prior approval. The Commission shall examine whether the conditions set out in paragraph 1 are met. Where necessary, and in accordance with this Regulation, an agreement setting out, inter alia, the technical, financial and organisational arrangements for national use, including the responsibilities of the IMI actors, shall be concluded between the Member State and the Commission.

Article 23

Information exchange with third countries

1. Information, including personal data, may be exchanged in IMI pursuant to this Regulation between IMI actors within the Union and their counterparts in a third country only where the following conditions are satisfied: (a) the information is processed pursuant to a provision of a Union act listed in the Annex and an equivalent provision in the law of the third country; (b) the information is exchanged or made available in accordance with an international agreement providing for: (i) the application of a provision of a Union act listed in the Annex by the third country; (ii) the use of IMI; and (iii) the principles and modalities of that exchange; and (c) the third country in question ensures adequate protection of personal data in accordance with Article 25(2) of Directive 95/46/EC, including adequate safeguards that the data processed in IMI shall only be used for the purpose for which they were initially exchanged, and the Commission has adopted a decision in accordance with Article 25(6) of Directive 95/46/EC.

2. Where the Commission is an IMI actor, Article 9(1) and (7) of Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 shall apply to any exchange of personal data processed in IMI with its counterparts in a third country.

3. The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Union and keep up-to-date a list of third countries authorised to exchange information, including personal data, in accordance with paragraph 1.







CHAPTER VI

FINAL PROVISIONS

Article 24

Committee procedure

1. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. That committee shall be a committee within the meaning of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011.

2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

3. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5 of Regulation (EU) No 182/2011 shall apply.

Article 25

Monitoring and reporting

1. The Commission shall report to the European Parliament and the Council on the functioning of IMI on a yearly basis.

2. By 5 December 2017 and every five years thereafter, the Commission shall report to the European Data Protection Supervisor on aspects relating to the protection of personal data in IMI, including data security.

3. For the purpose of producing the reports referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2, Member States shall provide the Commission with any information relevant to the application of this Regulation, including on the application in practice of the data protection requirements laid down in this Regulation.

Article 26

Costs

1. The costs incurred for the development, promotion, operation and maintenance of IMI shall be borne by the general budget of the European Union, without prejudice to arrangements under Article 22(2).

2. Unless otherwise stipulated in a Union act, the costs for the IMI operations at Member State level, including the human resources needed for training, promotion and technical assistance (helpdesk) activities, as well as for the administration of IMI at national level, shall be borne by each Member State.

Article 27

Repeal

Decision 2008/49/EC is repealed.

Article 28

Effective application

Member States shall take all necessary measures to ensure effective application of this Regulation by their IMI actors.

Article 29

Exceptions

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2. Notwithstanding Article 8(3) and points (a) and (b) of the first paragraph of Article 12 of this Regulation, for the implementation of the administrative cooperation provisions of the SOLVIT Recommendation through IMI, the involvement of the Commission in administrative cooperation procedures and the existing facility for external actors may continue on the basis of the arrangements that were made prior to the entry into force of this Regulation. The period as referred to in Article 14(1) of this Regulation shall be 18 months for personal data processed in IMI for the purposes of the SOLVIT Recommendation.

3. Notwithstanding Article 4(1) of this Regulation, the Commission may launch a pilot project to assess whether IMI is an efficient, cost-effective and user-friendly tool to implement Article 3(4), (5) and (6) of Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce) ( 2 ). No later than two years after the launch of that pilot project, the Commission shall submit to the European Parliament and the Council the evaluation referred to in Article 4(2) of this Regulation, which shall also cover the interaction between administrative cooperation within the consumer protection cooperation system established in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws (the Regulation on consumer protection cooperation) ( 3 ) and within IMI.

4. Notwithstanding Article 14(1) of this Regulation, any periods up to a maximum of 18 months decided on the basis of Article 36 of Directive 2006/123/EC with regard to administrative cooperation pursuant to Chapter VI thereof shall continue to apply in that area.

Article 30

Entry into force

This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.









ANNEX

PROVISIONS ON ADMINISTRATIVE COOPERATION IN UNION ACTS THAT ARE IMPLEMENTED BY MEANS OF IMI, REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 3

1. Directive 2006/123/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on services in the internal market ( 4 ): Chapter VI, Article 39(5), as well as Article 15(7), unless a notification, as provided for in that latter Article, is made in accordance with Directive 98/34/EC.

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2. Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 5 ): Articles 4a to 4e, Article 8, Article 21a, Article 50, Article 56 and Article 56a.

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3. Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare ( 6 ): Article 10(4).

4. Regulation (EU) No 1214/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2011 on the professional cross-border transport of euro cash by road between euro-area Member States ( 7 ): Article 11(2).

5. Commission Recommendation of 7 December 2001 on principles for using ‘SOLVIT’ — the Internal Market Problem Solving Network ( 8 ): Chapters I and II.

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6. Directive 96/71/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1996 concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services ( 9 ): Article 4.

7. Directive 2014/67/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the enforcement of Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 on administrative cooperation through the Internal Market Information System (‘the IMI Regulation’) ( 10 ): Articles 6 and 7, Article 10(3), and Articles 14 to 18.

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8. Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 15 May 2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 ( 11 ): Articles 5 and 7.

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9. Regulation (EU) 2016/1191 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2016 on promoting the free movement of citizens by simplifying the requirements for presenting certain public documents in the European Union and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 ( 12 ): Articles 14 and 16 and Article 22(1) and (2).

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10. Regulation (EU) 2016/1628 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2016 on requirements relating to gaseous and particulate pollutant emission limits and type-approval for internal combustion engines for non-road mobile machinery, amending Regulations (EU) No 1024/2012 and (EU) No 167/2013, and amending and repealing Directive 97/68/EC ( 13 ): Article 44.

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11. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) ( 14 ): Article 56, Articles 60 to 66 and Article 70(1).

12. Regulation (EU) 2018/1725 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 October 2018 establishing a single digital gateway to provide access to information, to procedures and to assistance and problem-solving services and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 ( 15 ): Articles 6(4), 15 and 19.

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13. Directive 2006/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on minimum conditions for the implementation of Regulations (EC) No 561/2006 and (EU) No 165/2014 and Directive 2002/15/EC as regards social legislation relating to road transport activities, and repealing Council Directive 88/599/EEC ( 16 ): Article 8.

14. Directive (EU) 2020/1057 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2020 laying down specific rules with respect to Directive 96/71/EC and Directive 2014/67/EU for posting drivers in the road transport sector and amending Directive 2006/22/EC as regards enforcement requirements and Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 ( 17 ): Article 1(14).

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15. Regulation (EC) No 1071/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing common rules concerning the conditions to be complied with to pursue the occupation of road transport operator and repealing Council Directive 96/26/EC ( 18 ): Article 18(8).