EIIITPOIIH TON EYPOIIAiKON KOINOTHTON 
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IO'TOQLX6 xm yew:rtoA.LtLXO :rtA.OLOLO 
H 0fot1 tt)<; Pouµavi,m; 6oov acpoga tt)V Eugw:n;a·cxfl 'Evrnot) 
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Ogyavwot) -cou Kowo(3ouA.1,ou xm tt)<; voµo0EtLXTJ<; e};oua{.ac; 
Ae1. tougy1,a tou K 01, vo(3ouA.1,ou 
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AeLtougy{,a tT1<; exteAE<JtLXTJ<; e};oua{.ac; 
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A toµ1.xa xm :rtoAL nxa 61,xmcbµata 
01,xovoµ1,xa, xot vwv1.xa xm :rtoA.L n0t1,xa 61,xmcbµata 
6.1.xmcbµata xm 3tQOOtao{,a tWV µELOVOtT]tWV 
2. Otxovoµtxa. XQL't1JQL« 
2.1 H otxovoµtx11 xa't«G't«Gt) 
fev1.x6 :rtA.a{.ow 
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2.2 H 01.xovoµi.a \)ff() 'tt)V ffQOOff'tl.XtJ 'tt); nuoaxrou11a11; 
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2.3 rEVI.Xt) EX'ttµ1)<J1) 
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3.1 EaronQtxq ayoQ« xroQi.; avvoua 
OL 'tEOOEQLc; EAEU0EQLE<; 
-revtx6 JtAalow 
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3.4 ToµEaxi; noi..1.nxi; 
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IIEQL<PEQELaxi) JtOAL nxi) xm ouvoxll 
3.6 UotO'ttJ'tU l;roq; xm ffEQt~cii..l.ov 
IIEQ~O.AAOV 
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3.8. ~O)'t£QI.X£; 1'0i..t'tl.X£; 
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3.9 A11µocnovoµ1.xa. 8iµa'ta 
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r. UEPIAH\JIH KAI :EYMUEPA:EMA 
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SWEDEN 
RUSSIA 
BELARUS 
GERMANY 
UKRAINE 

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To EuQwna·i:x.6 LUµf301,ALO i;ric; MubQL 'tll~, i;o ~cxtJ1f\?LO i;m, 1995, uvuq>EQ011xr 0111v 
avayxri, O'tO JtA.aLOLO 'tllc; JtQOEV'tUsLuxi]c; <JtQUtllYLXl]c;, "vu briµtoUQYriOouv Ol, 
JtQOUJto0foetc; JtQOObeutLxi]c; 'X.UL aQµOVLXi]c; evtasric; autwv t(l)V XQatwv, t,6(,wc; 
xaQri: 
otriv avaJttusri --cric; mxovoµ(ac; tric; ayoQac;, 
otriv JtQOOaQµoyi] twv btmxritLxmv i;ouc; boµwv, 
otri briµwuQyLa ev6c; oi;aOeQOU mxovoµtxou xm voµwµcntxou 
JtEQLBaAA.Ovtoc;". 
L'tllV JtaQOUOa yvwµri, l1 Em tQOJtl] eseta~EL triv al triori tric; Pouµavlac; Baon 'tOU 
L6LaltEQOU JtEQLexoµevou tric;, a"A.A.a ouµcpwva µeta l6La XQLtl]QLa nou ecpaQµ6~eL xUL 
yLa nc; aA."A.ec; ULti]oeLc;, yLa tLc; onotec; btatunwva i;aut6XQOVa 'tll yvmµri tric;. Me tri 
6La6Lxaota auti], ytvetUL oeBaoti] ri em0uµta nou etxe excpQaoi;d xa-ta i;o 
EUQWJta·i:x.6 LUµBouALO 'tllc; Ma6Ql tric; 'X,Ul, ri OJtOLa OUVLO'ta'tUL otriv LOOtLµri 
µe--caxelQWll twv UL i;ouowv XWQWV. 
IlaQOAAllAa µe nc; yvwµec; ava XWQa, l1 Em tQOJtl) unoBaAAH sEXWQLffta O'tO 
LuµBouho, oto n"A.alow tric; avaxotvwoi)c; i;ric; "IIQ6YQaµµa 6Qaoric; 2000", yevLxi) 
extlµriori twv UL ti}oewv JtQOOXWQrioric; x.UL ouoi;aouc; oxenx.6. µe 'tll OtQatriyLxi) yLa 
µta eru tuxii bLeuQuvori tric; 'Evworic;. Taut6XQOVa, nagoum6.~eL a1;to"A.6yriori twv 
emntwoeoov trtc; 6Le1,g1,voric;. 
To ltEQlEXOµEVO 'tt); yvroµt); 
Ltll 6t6.Q8Qwori trtc; yvwµric_; "A.aµBavovtUL un6'\J)rt ta ouµ:n:egaoµai;a tou 
Eugwna·i:xou LuµBou"A.tou trtc_; Koneyxayric;. Ltrtv nagouoa yvwµri : 
JteQLYQOcpOVtUL OL µEXQL tmga oxeoac; µeta1;u Pouµavtm; 'X.UL 'Evworic;, 
eL6Lx6teQa oto JtAalow tric; ouµcpwvlac; ouvbeoric;· 
avaA 'UEtUL ri xataotaon 6oov acpog6. nc; JtOAl, tLxec; ngouno8eOeLc; OtLc; 
onotec; avacpegetUL to Eugwna·i:x.6 LuµBouALO (bnµoxgatla, xgcnoc; 
6Lxalou, av8gwmva bLxULmµata, ngootaota twv µewvoti]twv) · 
a1;w"A.oyouvtUL ri tgexouoa xat6.otaori xUL m ngoontLxec; tric; Pouµavtac; 
6oov acpoga ttc; mxovoµtxec; JtQo'Uno0eoeu; otLc; o:n:olec; avacpeQEtUL to 
EUQOOJta·i:x.6 LuµBouALO ( OL'X.OVOµ(u ayoQac;, L'X.OV6trita avnµe.twmoric; 
twv avtayrnvwtLxmv mfoeoov) · 
estt<1~£tUL to Otµa tric; l,'X,(lVOtyttw; tric; P01,rmv(nc; vu (1V<lA(l(°kL nc; 
unoxgewoac; 'tO'U µeAouc;, 'tOUtfotLV, to 'X.E'X.tytµevo tric; 'Evooo11c; 6:n:ooc; 
aut6 excpQa~etUL otn ouv8i]xn, oto nagaywyo btxmo xm otLc; notvL tLxec; 
tllc; 'Evwonc;· 
6Latunwvetm, teAoc;, ye.vLxi] extlµnon tllc; xat6.otaoric; xUL twv 
JtQOOJttL'X.WV tnc; Pouµav(ac; oe oxeon' µe touc; OQOUc; JtQOOXWQllOl}c; OtflV 
'Evwon, x.UL ouotaori 6oov acpoga tu_; 6LaJtQayµateuoeLc; JtQOOXWQrJOrJc;. 
Itnv a1;w"A.6yrion tnc; Pouµavlac; Baoet twv mxovoµLxmv XQL tl}QLWv xUL tnc; 
L'X.aV6tritac; tl}c; Va tllQl)OEL to 'X.OL VOtL'X.0 'X.E'X.tllµEVO, l1 Em tQOJtl] EX£L JtQ000EOEL 'X.UL 
a1;w~6yriori twv rtQoonnxwv- µe auti}v emxeLQEL va exnµi)oEL triv JtQ6o6o nou 
µ:n:oQEL Aoytxa va avaµtvetm 6tt ea 011µeui>oet ri Pouµavta ta e:n:6µeva XQ6VLa, JtQLV 
aJt6 triv JtQOOXWQllOrt, A.aµf3avoµevou un6'\JJri tou yeyov6toc; 6tL xm to (bw to 
xm votLx.6 xextriµevo 0a cl;axoA.ou0i]oeL va avaJttuooetm. fLa to oxon6 a·ut6, xm 
2 
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XO>QL<; vu JtQObLxatnm ri JtQuyµ<ttL'X.ll r)J!EQOµr)VL<t JtQOOX<t)Qr)Or)c;, ri yv<i>J!r) 
bt.ut1'Jto>v~n.u µe B<wri µeooJtQ6Owµo XQOVLx.6 ovttovtu JtEQln.ou n.tvte Et<i>v. 
Kuta tr)V E'X.JtOVr)Or) tr)<; yvwµric;, r) Em tQOJCll EAU(:k JtAr)O<i>QU JtAr)QO(f)OQUt)V oxenx,(1 
µe triv x.ataotaori tr)<; PouµavLac; an6 tL<; aQxec; tric; XWQU<; am11c; xm JtaQa11.11.ri11.a 
XQr)OLµOJtOLr)OE JtOAAE<; a11.11.ec; Jtr)yec; JCAY)QO({)OQLWV, µeta;u t(l)V OJtoLwv ta X.Qatri 
µe11.ri xm no11.11.ouc; 6t.e0veLc; ogyavwµouc;. 
lotoQtxo xm yeronobnxo nlai.01.0 
H PouµavLa E'X.tELVEttlL vonoavatOAL'X.C1 µnasu tr)<; Mu1,vric; E>611.uo0<1c; xm 101, 
Ae11.ta tou AouvaBewc; xm teµvnm f3ogew6utt.x.a cm(> triv OQOOELQU tow 
Kagrca0Lwv ri onota anote11.d ercLoric; to ouvogo BOQQa-N6tou oto µeyatutEQO 
tµi)µa tric; xwgac;. 'EXEL ex.taori 237.500 x11.µ.2 xm rc11.ri0uoµ6 22,6 ex.at. x.ato(xo1'c;. 
H f ouµav(a 'X.r)QUX0rixe avesaQtr)tO xgatoc; to 1859 µe tr)V tvwori tr)<; B11.axtac; xm 
tric; Mo}..6aBtac;. Kata tov Ilgwto IIayx.6oµw II611.eµo ri Pouµav(a tax0rixe µe touc; 
ouµµaxouc; xm x.ate11.i)cp8ri an6 tL<; auotgo-ouyygt.x.ec;, tougx.t.x.ec; xm Bou11. yag1,xec; 
6uvaµet.c;. Me tov µetano11.eµ1,x.6 61,axavovwµ6, ri PouµavLa anex.trioe tr)V 
MnouxoBLva xm triv Tgavou11.Bavta. Kata tov ~eutego IIayx.6oµw II611.eµo ri 
BwoagaBLa xm ri MnouxoBLva x.ate11.11cp8rioav an6 tr) LOBLenx.11 'Evwori evw 
naga11.A.r)Aa ri PouµavLa unoxgew0rixe va ex.xwgi)oEL tr)V Tgavou11.Bavta otriv 
QuyyagLa x.m tr) Ntoµrcgouvtta otri Bou11.yagta. Me tr) ouv0i)xri trov IIagwtwv tou 
194 7 ri Pouµavtn uvtx.trioe xm JtaAL triv Tgavou11.BavLa xm tµ11µata tric; 
MnouxoBLva. 
An6 to 1947 to x.oµµouvwtt.x.6 x.6µµa x.ate11.aBe triv e1;01m(u otri PouµavLa. To 1965 
o Ntx.011.ae Toa01,ofox.01, avo.bdxOrixe IlQ<i>toc; fgaJ1µuttuc; tm, x6J1µatoc; xm otri 
ouvexeta IlQ6Ec>Qoc;. Arc6 tr) bexc1n(u tO'U 60, ri PO'uµuv(u bun110rioe x.(mou1 
an6otaori an6 tr) Lo(31.enx.11 ' Evwori otriv e;rotEQLXll tric; rco11.1, ttx.11. ft.a to 11.6yo 
aut6 t1tav µe11.oc; t6oo tr)<; COMECON 600 xm tou ANT xm tr)<; Ilayx.6Oµ1,ac; 
Tg6.Jtcl;ac;. Qot6oo, ri no11.1, nxi) tou Toaouofox.ou oto eorotegtx.6 tric; xwgac; i)tav 
cl;mgetLx.a x.ataota11.t1.x.i), Bamt6µevri oto cp6Bo x.m tr) 6011.on11.ox.La. Ita tEAr) tou 
1989 oriµetw0rix.e avtagoLa a-w wrotegt.x.6 tou x.6µµatoc; x.m 11.a·Lx.i) e1;eyegori nou 
o6i)yrioav otriv anoµaxguvori an6 triy e1;ouoLa x.m triv ex.te11.wri ·mu Toaouoeoxou 
tOV ~ex.eµBQLO tOU Lc>LOU etouc;. 
Q1, e11.eu8egec; ex.11.oyec; nou 6t.e1;i)x0rioav tov Ma·Lo tou 1990 o6i)yrioav otri 0eomori 
vfou LUVtayµatoc; tOV ~exeµBQLO 1991, Baoet tOU OJtoLou ()LEsllx0rioav BoUAEUtLXE<; 
x.m ngoe6g1,x.ec; ex.11.oytc; to 1992 (µe ttc; onoLec; erctotQE'\IJnv otriv d;ouoLu m JtQ<i>riv 
x.oµµouvwtec;). Q1, erc6µevec; ex.11.oytc; tern 1996 ob11yriouv oe evu11.11.uy11 tr)<; el;m,o(uc;. 
Kuta triv rcegLobo <1Utll ri Pnuµuv(a EQy(wOrixe mtoric; ox.11.riQ<'t yu1 triv oµu11.on0Lriori 
trov oxtoewv µe touc; yd tovtc; tr)<;, a-uv6Jttovtac; 01,µcp(J)VLE<; µe tr)V QuyynQL<t x.m 
tr)V Qux.gavLa yu1 tr)V avayvci>QWY) rnw o-uv6grnv x.m yu1 tu b1,x.au.oµcna trnv 
µewvott1trov. 
H Oto11 tt); Po"µavi.a; ooov aq>OQ« tt)V EvQro:n:a·txt) 'EvroatJ 
H PouµavLa un$a11.e at triori rcgooxwgrioric; otriv Eugwrca·Lxll 'Evwori one; 22 
IouvLou 1995, ouvo6eu6µevri an6 "E0vtx.i) otgatriytx.i) ngoetmµaoLac;" x.m 
"A1111.wori" nou e(xe urcoygacpe( an6 touc; Ilgorogouc; tric; PouµavLac;, tric; fegouoLac; 
3 
RO 
xm tou KOL voBouA(ou, xa8wc; xm an6 tov ngw8unougy6 xm touc; agxrJyouc; 6Awv 
tWV Jt0/1.L tLXWV OXl}µatwµwv JtOU EXJtQOOWJtOUVtm Oto KowoBoUA.LO. Ltl} cn)AWOl} 
auttj Excpga.tEtm l} JtOALtLxtj BouA.l}Ofl tll<; Pouµav(w; va ngooavm:oAL08eL ota8eg6. 
Otl}V JtayLOJtOLl}Ol} xm tflV UVa.JttUsll toU XQO.tOU<; ()LXULOU, tOU Jt0/1.LtLXOU 
JtAOUQaALOµou, tOU bwxwgwµou tO)V £1;ououbv, tWV £/l.£U8£QWV EXA.Oywv, tou 
o£Baoµou twv 6Lxmwµ6.twv tou av8gwnou, tl}<; xa8LEQWOl}<; OLxovoµ(ac; tl}<; 
ayoga.c;, OE ouµcpwv(a µE tL<; agxec; tl}<; Eugwna·cxnc; 'Evwol}c;. 
H EVUJ,J. .. aytj tl}<; Jt0/1.L tLxtjc; Esouo(ac; JtOU Of1µw:b8l}XE to NoeµBgw toU 1996 xm OL 
µetaggu8µ(oEL<; nou aveAaBE l} vea xuBEQVrJOll xa8wtouv · tflV JtQOEtOLµao(a EVO'\µEL 
tl}<; "EugwatAavnxtjc; Evowµa.twol}<;" ngwtagxLx6 ot6xo tl}<; d;wtEQLXrJ<; JtOA.LtLxtjc; 
tl}<; Pouµav(ac;. H ngoonnxi) auti} 6LatUJtWVEtm rn(ol}c; oacpwc; Otl} bi)AWOl} tou 
ngoebgou Eµ(A Kwvotavtwfoxou xata. tl}V rn(oxE'\µl} tou Ilgoebgou Lavteg oto 
BouxougeotL one; 10 AJtQLALOU 1997. 0 Pouµa.v°'; Ilg6E6Qoc; EXtLµa. 6tL yLa tl} 
Pouµav(a, l} Eugwna·cxtj xm EUQWatAavtLxtj OAOXrJQWOl} aJtotEA.ouv Bamxi) JtOAL tLxi) 
JtQOtEQULOtflta, tl} µ6vri 066 ava.JttUsl}<; JtOU avtaJtOXQL VEtm Oto £8VLXO OUµq)EQOV 
tl}<; xwgac;. O ol}µavtLx6tEgoc; xm mo rnd ywv ot6xoc; tl}<; Pouµav(ac; EL vm va 
xataA.6.BEL tri 8eori tl}<; µEtasu tWV bl}µoxganxwv XWQWV tric; EUQWJta'(xi)c; l}JtELQOU. 
0 Ilg6E6QO<; UVEq)EQE 6tL ll EUQWJta·cxi) OAOXA.rJQWOl} JtQOVJt08EteL µeya.A.l} 
JtQOOJt0.8eLa ()LUQ8QWtLXrJ<; µEtUQQU8µLOl}<; EX µEQOU<; tl}<; XWQU<;, OtOV OLXOVOµLXO, 
voµo8EtLx6 xm 8wµtx6 toµfo. Qot6oo, l} ouo(a ami)c; tl}<; ngoon6.8ELac;, l} xugLa 
EVVOLa tl}<; EVOWµa.tWOl}<; tOU XOL VOtLXOU XEXtl}µEVOU OUVLOlatm Otl}V UL08Etl]Ol] 
tWV briµoxgatLXWV asLWV, Oto OE~aoµ6 twv 6Lxmwµ6.twv tOU av8gwnou xm tOU 
Jt0/1.L tl}. 0 OEBaoµ6c; tO)V asLWV tll<; xm l} JtayLOJtOLl}Or) touc; aJtOtEAOUV yLa tl} 
Pouµavta tov t£ALx6 ot6xo tl}<; Eugwna·cxtji; £voroµ6.troof1<;. ~L6tL, yLa tl} Pouµavta, 
l} Eugwna·cxi) 'Evrooll EL vm na.vw an' 6Aa eva 6.vOL yµa ngoc; to UQXL tExt6vl}µa 
woggon(ac; xm agµov(ac; ouµcpwva µE to ono(o ogyavwvovtm o µtxg6xooµoc; xm 
o µaxg6xooµoi; tl}<; eugwna·cxi)i; l}Jtdgou, un6 tl} Ol}µa(a tou eugwna·cxou 
Jt0/1.L tLOµou, tl}<; XOLVr)<; EOtLa<; eVt6c; tl}<; OJtOLU<; OAOL dµaOtE LOOL µ£ asLOJtQ£Jt£La, 
nagaµevovtac; tam6xgova oL (6LoL. 
l:vµ~a-nxt; (JXE(Ju; 
H Pouµavta i}tav l1 JtQWtfl xwga tl}<; KevtgLxi)c; xm AvatqALxi)c; Eugwnl}c; nou 
ouvi)'\µ£ ouµBatLxec; OXEOEL<; µE tf1V EK: ouµcpwv(a yLa to ouotl}µa yeVL'xeuµevwv 
ngotLµtjoewv to 197 4 xm ouµcprovta yLa ta Bwµl}xavLxa. ngo·i:ovta to 1980. OL 
bLJtAroµatLxec; oxfoetc; tl}<; Pouµav(ac; µ£ tl}V EK xgovoAoyouvtm an6 to 1990. 
Meta tl}V rna.vobo tll<; bl}µoxgmtac; Otfl Pouµav(a, uneyga.cprJ to 1991 ouµcpwv(,a 
i::µnogtou xm ouvi::gyao(ai; tl}V onota avtLxatEOtflOE l} eugrona·cxi) ouµcprov(a nou 
tE8l}XE 0£ wxu tOV <l>eBQOUO.QLO tOU 1995. OL EµJtOQLXE<; ()Lffta.sw; tl}<; ouµcpwv(ac; 
auti)c; E(xav iJbll t£8£( oe wxu tov Mci'Co tou 1993 Ba.oEL £V6L6.µwl}c; ouµcpwvtac;. To 
EµJtOQLO tou o(vou xaAUJttEtm an6 naga.AA.l}Al} ouµcprov(a l} ono(a ArJYEL ota tEA.fl 
tOU 1997. 
H i::ugwna·cxi) ouµcprov(a anotEAEL twga tll voµtxi} Buol} twv oxeoi::wv tll<; Pouµav(ac; 
µi:: tl}V Eugrona·cxi) 'Evwol}. Lt6xoc; tl}c; ELvm va naga.oxeL to JtA.a(ow yLa tri 
bu.~saywyi) Jt0/1.L tLXOU 6LaA.6you, va ngow8i)oEL tl}V rnextaOl} tOU EµJtOQLOU xm twv 
OLXOvoµLXWV OXEOEWV µetasu tWV µi::gwv' va JtaQO.OXEL tl} Ba.all yLa tl}V tEXVLXr) xm 
XQl}µatobotLXr) Bon8eLa tl}<; KOL v6tl}tac;, xm to xatO.A.A.l}/1.0 JtAaLOLO yLa tl}V 
UJtOOtr)QLSl} tl]<; Ota6Laxi)c; EVOWµO.tWOl}<; tl}<; Pouµav(w; OtflV 'EvWOl}. To 8wµLx6 
JtA.a(mo tl}<; ouµcprovtac; JtaQEXEL tov avayxa(o µl}xavwµ6 yLa tl}V i::cpagµoyi), tl] 
6LaXELQLOll xm tl}V nagaxoA.ou8riorJ twv oxeoewv OE 6Aouc; touc; toµi::ic;. Agµ66t£<; 
UJt0£JtLtQOJt£<; f-SEta.touv 8eµata OE tEXVLXO £JtLJt000. H EmtQOJtr) LUV()EOl}<;, OE 
£JtLJtEC)0 avwTEQWV xganxwv UJtUAAr)/1.WV, EsETO.tEL ogwµeva trJTi)µaTa EL<; Ba.0oc; xm 
ouxva. rnLAUEL ngoBAi)µata nou avaxuntouv oto JtA.a(OLo tl}c; ouµcpwvtac;. To 
4 
RO 
LUµf3ouho LUVbeor}c; EsHUsEL to yewx.6 xuOwto)c; X,(U, tt.s; JtQOOJttLXtc; tl]c; oxto11~ 
aUtl}c; xm JtaQEXEL tl] buvat6t11ta asLOA6y11011c_; tl]c; JtQOO<)OU JtOU 011µeubvn l1 
Pouµavi.a 6oov acpog6. tl]V ngoetmµaoi.a tl]c; rtgooxwg11011c_;. 
ft.u vu toxugonm11801,v OL bw.bt.xuoi.ec_; tl]c_; xuBeQVl]tLXl}c_; JtOALtt.Xl}c_; xm tl]c_; Al}'\j)llc_; 
urcocpuoewv oe 0Eµutu nm, oxni.tovtm µE tl]V EUQ<vm1."Lxl) evowµ6.two11, 11 
xu{3egv11011 ouyxg6t11oe tl]V Y n11gwi.a rngwna·t:xl}c; evowµ6.two11c; l1 ortoi.a, art6 tov 
Iavou6.gw tou 1997, ava{3a0µi.o011xe oe Y rtougyei.o un6 tl]V 6.µeo11 rnorttei.a tou 
ngw0unougyou. Mi.a bt.urtougyt.xl} rnt.tgortl}, tl]c_; ortoi.ac_; rtgo·cotatm o 
rtgw0urtougy6c_;, rtaQEXEL ouµ{3ouMc_; yt.a 8Eµata wgwna·t:xl}c_; evowµ6.two11c; xm 
e;urc11getei. tm art6 tl]V Urtl\QEOi.a eugwrca·t:xi\c_; Evowµ6.twortc_;. Ta Y rcougyei.a 
bLat11gouv tl]V agµobL6t11ta yLa trtv EKtEAEOll twv avti.otmxwv µegwv n1c; 
eugwrca·t:xi\c; ouµcpwvi.ac; xm tric; rcgoevtal;Laxl}c; rcgoetoLµaoi.ac;, rtEQLAaµBavoµEvric;, 
µnal;u 6.AAWV, xm trtc; rtgooEyyL011c_; tmv voµo0eoLwv. H un11geai.a EUQmrta·t:xi\c_; 
Evowµ6.twortc; ei. vm a0µ6bLa yLa t11v exrc6vrtOl\ tll~ eOvtxi}c; OtQ<ltl\YLXl}c_; 6oov mpog<'t 
t11v ecpagµoyl} tou Arnxou Bt.(1At01, tllc; EmtQ<>rtl}c; yu1 tllV wo>tEQLXll uyog<i, OE 
bLa{3ouAEUOl1 µe tLc_; 23 oµ6.bec_; egyuo(uc; yu1 tllV evamµ(1trno11 ot11v EE. 
Il QO£V'ta.;taXfl <J'tQa.'tt]"f LXfl 
E(f}agµoyri rn, evew:rwlxrk avµ(f}wvia, xai wv A&vxmJ Btf}Aiov 
H EL ecpagµ6setm Oto µeyaAUtEQO tµl}µa tric; ouµcpmvu µe to XQOVODL6.ygaµµa JtOl) 
OQLsetm Otl]V (bLa tl] ouµcpwv(a. To LUµBOUALO LUVbw11c_; EXEL ouvebguioeL OE 
urtougyLx.6 rni.rtebo µLa cpog6. et11oi.wc; xm 11 Em tQOrtl} Luvbeoric; buo cpogtc; oe 
rni.rtebo avwtEQWV x.ganxwv urtaAAl}AWV. Mi.a µt.x.ti\ xotvoBouAEUttxi\ Emtgorti\ 
JtOU artagtLsEtm art6 avtLJtQOOU>rtouc_; tOU PouµaVLXOU xm tOU Eugwna·t:xou 
Kmvo{3ouAi.ou EXEL ouvEbQL6.0EL tEOOEQLc; cpogec;. Ilag6.AAl]Aa, EXEL ouyxgot118ei. xm 
EXEL tE0Ei. OE AELtougyta tva oxi\µa nou rtEQLAaµ{36.vEL Evvta rt0Au-t0µeaxtc; 
UJtOEJtL tQOrtEc_;. 
'Ooov acpog6. ogwµEvec_; bt.at6.l;eLc; t11c; ouµcpwvi.ac;, 011µwi>8rixav xa0uotegi\oELc; 
O'tl\V EVaQsll wxuoc; touc_;. OL xav6vec; E(()UQµoyi\c_; OXEtLX.(1. µE tOV avtaymvwµ6 
µnal;u EtaLQWDV, OL OJtOLOL ErtQErtE vu txcrnv teOd 0£ wxi, to 1996, <lQXUJUV vn 
Loxuouv µ6vo to 1997, evw l\ gu8µw11 JtEQL xgutLxwv Evwxuocwv bev EXEL ux6µT1 
xa80QLO'tei.. OL eµrtOQLxec; bLatal;eu; t11c; ouµcpwvi.ac; ecpagµ6tovtm ouµcpwva µe to 
xgovo6L6.ygaµµa xm exouv avaxu'\j)et Ai.ya µ6vo rtgo{3Ai\µata. OL gouµavL'x.ec; agxec; 
bev exouv ertLX.aAeo8eL, art6 trtv rtAEUQ6. tour;, xaµta art6 nc; bLat6.l;eLc; tric; 
ouµcpwvtac; oxenxa µE t11v eµrtogtxi\ aµuva. To 1996 ri Eugwna·t:xi\ Emtgorti\ x.i.v11oe 
tri bt.abLxaoi.a avnvtaµrtLvyx yLa touc; owAi\vec_; xwgtc; gacpl}, xm art6 tov Iouvw tou 
1997 exouv rnL{3Ari8ei. ngoowgtvoL baoµo~. 
Tri Ott yµi\ aUtl} ta X.UQLa 8eµata JtOU ousritouvtm Oto JtAai.OLO tric; eugwrta"txl}c; 
ouµcpwvi.ac; ei. vm: rtgooeyywri tc.ov voµo8EOLoov xm rtQOEvtal;taxi\ otgatriytxl}, 
µaxgomx.ovoµtx.i\ rtg6oboc;, eµnogtx6. 8eµata, 6.vm yµa xot vottx.wv rtgoygaµµ6.twv, 
8eµata motorto(rio11c; xm tunorco(11011c;, xm ouvegyaoi,a oto rtAaLOLo tou tQLtou 
JtUAWVa. 
To Arnx6 BL{3ALo rtou el;ebwoE 11 Emtgorti\ to 1995 yta tl]V eowtEQLXl} ayog6. 
xa86gwe tri voµo8eota rtou m urto'\!)l}cpLEc_; xwgec; rtQErtEL va µetacpegouv oto E8v1,x.6 
touc; 6tx.mo xm va ecpagµ6oouv wote va ouµµogcpw8ouv µe to xmvottx6 
xex.triµevo, xm rtgoo6L6QWE otmxeta ngwtagxtxi\c; ortµaoi.ac; yta triv UAortoi.riori tric_; 
evt.alm; ayog6.c; (yvrno-t6. we; µetQa rtQcbtou orn.btou) aw. onoi,a JtQErtEL vu boOEt 
rtgoooxi\ xat6. JtQOtEQUL6t11tu. H Po·uµav(a cmobtbn 011µua(u atriv egyaa(u cnni). H 
xu{3egvriori EVEX.QLVE to ~Exeµ{3QLO tOU 1995 AEJttOµEQi\ OtQ(ltt'IYLXl} ym triv 
UL00etriori tOU x.extriµevou. l1aQ6.AAl1AU, si\tllOE tll ouµµnoxi\ µey6.AWV tµ11µutwv 
5 
RO 
tric; xmvmvtuc; otri hu1btxuotu crntt x<tt<t K\)QU> A<'>yo to>V OlJV<)LXUAUJtLX<i>v 
ogyuvci>OEH>V, tcJ)V EJCLXELQTlµuttx<i>v £V<i>O£rnv xm tow rnuyyEAµunxciw 
rntµEATltl'IQLmv. 
LE YEVLXE<; yguµµec;, Tl E(f)UQµoyi) tric; £1)Q(l)Jt<J.°LXl)<; ouµ<prnvt.uc; JtQOXWQ<'t xrnvt.c; 
JtQO~Ai)µata, av xm oriµwi>vovtm ogwµevEc; xa0uott::QlJOEtc;. Ot agyot QU0µot. tric; 
mxovoµtxi)c; eleu0eQworic; xm ri EAAEL'\Vl'I ouowottxi)c; bwtxrittxi)c; µEtaQQU0µwric; 
xa0totouv c>UOXEQll triv JtAlJQTI ExµEtaAA.Euori tric; ouµcpwvtm;, aA.Aa ri vea xu~eQvriori 
BEAtLWVEL triv xataotaori. 
L1we0ewµtvoc &aloyoc 
H Pouµavta ouµµEtEXEL otov c>LaQOQwµevo c>LaA6yo nou 0EWQEL we; oriµavttx6 
otOLXELO oto JtAatow tric; JtQOEtmµaot.ai; yta triv JtQooxci>griori. Kata tov c>LaAoyo 
aut6v c>LatunwoE triv no AL nxi) tric; 6oov acpoQa nc; µEtaQQu0µtow; nou exouv 
avaAricp0EL xm tax0rixE UJtEQ tric; EVt.oxuoric; tOU c>LaA.6you. LtO JtAULOLO . tOU 
c>LaA6you, ri Pouµnvta faac>Qaµutt.tEL oriµavttx6 Q6Ao otu; c>LEQyaotEc; 
anoxataotaoric; tric; ota0EQ6tritac; otriv JtQci>riv ftouyxooAuBt.a. 
PHARE 
To 1996, beoµEutrixav yw. triv Pouµuvtu 118,4 rnut. ECU. ru.1 triv JtEQLobo 1990-
1996 ta beoµEu0evta xovbuAta avi)A0nv OE 731 ex.at. ECU. Ot XUQLOtEQOL toµt::t.c; yu1 
touc; onotouc; XQTIOLµonmi)0rixE to Phare ELvm ri yEwQyt.u, ri Exnat.beuori, ri xutaQtLOTI 
xm ri EQEUva, OL unoboµec;, xm, 6oov acpoQa tov Lc>Lwttx6 toµea, ri avac>LaQ0Qwori 
xm ri Lc>u:ottxonotriori. 
H Pouµavta c>Ev EXEL xm va ouvoQa (XEQOata iJ 0aAaoma) µE xaveva XQatoc; µeAoc; 
EE. Kata ouvbtELa, xaµta JtEQLCflEQELa tric; Pouµavtac; c>Ev ELvm EmM1;tµri yLa va 
EVtax0EL Ota JtQOYQCIµµata C)LaJtEQL(pEQELaxi)c; OUVEQyaot.ac; tOU Phare µeta1;u tO)V 
XKAE xm twv XQatci>v µEAci>v tric; EE. Qot6oo, to 1996 ouµcpwviJ0rixE JtQOYQaµµa 
CBC to onoto acpOQOUOE ta ouvoQa µE triv OuyyaQta xm JtEQLEAaµBavE EQya otouc; 
toµdc; tric; mxovoµLxi)c; avantu1;ric;, twv µEtacpoQci>v, to-u JtEQLBaAAovtoc; xm tou 
tQL tou nuAwva. 
'Ooov acpoQa triv HPUQµoyi) trnv JtQOYQUp.µ(nmv, nug01,m(100rixuv 61,oxoAt.Ec; A<>yrn 
tric; EAAEL'\Vl'I<; oacpouc; bfoµeuaric; ox£nx(1 µt:: triv noALtLKYJ twv µEtclQQ1,0µtoernv, 
LbLaL tEQa OtOV YEWQYLXO xm r1wµrixuvtx6 toµea. Qot6oo, m OEOµEUOELc; txcrnv 
c>LatriQri0EL OE AOyLxa EJCLJtEc>a. 
Ivµµe-rorri ae neoygaµµa-ra me Kot v6rnrac 
An6 to 1997 ri Pouµavta ea ouµµEtEXEL ota JtQOYQaµµata Socrates, Leonardo xm 
NeoA.ata yta triv EuQci>nri. IIQOEtmµatEtm va ouµµEtaOXEL ota JtQOYQaµµata LIFE, 
SAVE xa0wc; xm OE btacpoQa aA.Aa JtQOYQaµµata xmvwvtxou JtEQLExoµevou. 
E,moQtxt; axtau; 
OL e1;aywyec; tric; EE otri Pouµavta to 1995 avi]A0av OE 3,8 bw. ECU an6 1,2 bw. 
ECU to 1990. Ot etoaywyec; tric; EE avi]A0av OE 3,4 bw. ECU to 1995 an6 1,6 bw. 
ECU to 1990. Ot Eµnogtxec; OXEOEL<; tric; Pouµavtac; µE 6.AAEc; XWQEc; KAE bev 
avantuooovtm µE tov t.c>LO Qu0µ6 6moc; µE triv EE. Ta xAwotoucpavtouQyLxa 
anotEAouv triv xugta E1;aywyi] otriv EE xm ta ngo·i:ovta EAacpQ6.c; f1wµrixavt.ac; triv 
XUQLa ELOaywyi). 
6 
RO 
Qt, {)'\JOXEQeLec; Otl}V ava.n:i:usll bt.µ£QWV eµJCOQLXWV oxfoewv OXetL~ov,:m X'UQLWc; µe 
QU0µLO,:t,'X,(l xm ()l,Ql,'X,l}tl,'X,(l 0eµa,;a, 6Jtwc; ll exbOOl} abet.WV el;aywyllc; ll m anm tt1ow; 
motoJtOLl}Ol}c;. Qot6oo, µe tl} QOuµavt.xll voµo0wta nou 0wnto0l}xe JtQ6mpm;a 
mote'\Jetm 61:L ea 'UJteQVLXl}eouv m buoxoHec; autec;, eVW Ql, eVaJtoµevovtec; 
JteQLOQLOµot e};aywywv tl}c; Pouµavtac; avaµevetm va xataQyl}0ouv µEXQL tov 
laVO'U<lQLO tO'U 1998. 
rEv1.xt1 Ex'ti.µ11011 
AJt6 to 1989, Ql, oxfoet.c; µcta};u Pouµavtac; 'X,(ll, EE UV(lJttUXOl}XUV Oenxu. 
YJtaQxouv ).,(,ya Ol}µavi:t.xa eµrc6bt.a JtOALnxiJc; nou JtQEJtEL vu UJt£QVLXl}0ouv, av xm 
ll Pouµavta ea JtQEJteL va xataO"trJOeL auo1:l}Q6tt:Qouc; touc; µeeoQLaxouc; eMyxouc;. H 
taxun11a i:l}c; JtQo6bou i:ric; Pouµavlac; JtQoc; triv evowµatwori JtQOObLOQL~etm aJt6 
nc; 6LxovoµLxec; xm JtOAL nxec; µei:aQQU0µtoet.c; xm EXeL avaxonel ).,6yw i:wv 
OUVeXL~OµeVOJV a6uvaµLWV JtOU JtaQO'UOL<l~O'UV OL ()LOLXl]tLXEc; boµec; tl]c;. 
7 
B. KPITHPIA UPOl:XQPHl:HI: 
1. Ilo>..t-nxa XQt'ttJQUl RO 
To Eugwna·t:x6 :ruµBouALO tl]c; Kone.yxayl]c; 0eomo£ OQLOµeva 11JtOAL tLxa" XQL tl]QLU 
yLa tl]V ngooxroQl]Oll twv UJtO'lpfl(f)LWV xgatc.bv tl]c; Ke.vtgLxi]c; xm AvatOALxi]c; 
EUQOOJtl]c;: ta XQ<ltl] JtQEJtEL V(l <)La0etouv "otaEte.gouc; 0eoµouc; JtOU va e.yyuwvtm tl] 
611µ0-xgatla, to xgatoc; faxai,ou, ta <'>Lxmroµata tO'U uvHgw:1to1', tov oeBaoµ6 tolV 
µe.LOVOtl]tWV xm tl]V JtQOOtaola touc;". 
H E1Jgrnna·t:xi] Em tgoni], ngoxtLµevuu v<t. ngof-kl Otll oxcnxi]. <t.};LOA()yl]CTll mn, tl]c; 
~l]ti]Ol]XE, Otl]QLXOt1xt: oc rroAMc; rtl]yb; rtAl]QO<P<>QL<i>v: ow; <ut<t.vti]ow; t(l)V 
gouµuvLx<i>v UQXON oto EQO>tl]~!utOA('>yw mm nmc; <utfotELA<t.v tov ArtQLALO tou 
1996 OL UJtl]QWLEc; tl]c; Em tgom)c;, oe bLµEgdc; ouvebgu1oec; :ru.1euxoA.ouOt1011c;, ae 
avaA voe.Le; tWV JtQEOBetwv t(l)V XQUtWV µe.AWV XUL tl]c; UVtLJtQOOWJtLac; 'tl]c; 
Emtgoni]c;, oe. e.xnµi]ouc; 6Le.0vwv ogyavwµwv (L6LaltEQU tou :ruµBouAlou 111c; 
Eugmnt1c; xm i:ou OA:rE), OE Ex0eoetc; µl] xuBe.gvrii:Lxoov ogyavwoEwv x.A.Jt. 
H nagouoa avaAUOl] JtEQLAaµBavEL 6Lcl;ofaxi] EsEtUOl] 't(l)V X'UQLOtEQWV OtOL)(ELWV 
ogyavwol]c; xm A.EL tougylac; tl]c; xgatLxi]c; e.1;ouolac; xm twv µ11xavwµwv 
ngootaolac; i:wv 0EµEALw6wv 6txmwµatwv. H avaA uoll 6Ev negwgttei;m ot11v 
i:umxi] JtEQLYQU(f)l], aAA<l EmfawxEtUL va asLOAOyl]0£L l1 ngayµatL'Xl] A.EL i:ougyla 111c; 
6t1µoxgatlac; xm tou xgatouc; faxalou. 
A Utl] l1 a1;LOA6yl]Ol] acpoga tl]V xataOtUOl] JtOU loxue. tOV IouvLO tOU 1997. L\EV 
JtUQUtl0etm AEJttOµEQl]c; EsetUOl] t(l)V µe.taBoAWV JtOU £Jtl]A.0av xata to JtUQEA06v i] 
nou ngoavayyeAAovtm yw to µeA.Aov, fotw xm av xata tl]V nagouoa a1;LoA6YllOll 
e.Ai]cp0l] un61Vrt nc; JtEQL006t£QEc; cpogec; l1 ng60eot1 µetuggu8µwl]c; tou Ev6c; i] tm, 
aAA.01, toµfo. H xataotaol] tcuv 6wtxt1nxciJv 6oµciJv uvmpegeim E6ciJ EV nug66w, 
uAAa 0n avaJttuxOEl Extev<i>c; oto xECpc'lAmo 4. 
1.1. At)µoxQ«'ti.« xm XQ«'to~ btxai.ov 
H Pouµavla evexgL ve. µE 6t1µo'lpi]cpwµa tov LiExeµBgw tou 1991 vfo l:uvtayµa, nou 
ot1µa6EueL tl] µe.t6.Baot1 tl]c; xwgac; Otl]V xoL voBouAeuttxi] 6t1µoxga1la. OL 0eoµol 
A.EL tougyouv otrt Pouµavla xavovLx6., xa8wc; OL 6L6.cpoge.c; cl;ouolec; exouv ml yvwo11 
twv oglwv twv agµo6wti]twv touc; xm rnL6Lwxouv tll µeta1;u touc; ouve.gyaola. 
OQy«vroan 't0V Kotvo8ovli.ov ,em 'tTIC: voµo0ntxnc; £;ovai.ac; 
To KmvoBouA.LO UJtote.Ae.li:m UJt6 6uo owµata: tll BouAi] xm tl] fe.gouola, OL onoLe.c; 
a:1tagtLtovtm a:1t6 343 xm 143 µ£All avttotoLxwc;. Ta µ£All tou KmvoBouALou 
e.xMyovtm yLa µta te.tgaei:la µe. avaAoytx6 O'UO'tl]µa, evw yta tl]v eloo6o twv 
xoµµ6.twv oto KmvoBouALO WXUEL EA<lXLOto 6QLO 'lpl]cpwv 3%. Ltll BouAi] 
JtQOBArnov-tm 15 e<Sge.c; (1JtOXAEWtLX<l yta ttc; µuov6tl]tE<;. 
:ruµcpwva µe to (1g0go 89 t<m LUVtayµutoc;, o Ilg6e.bgoc_; tl]c; ~llµoxgntl<t.c; EXEL to 
6LxaLwµu va bLaA'\JOEL to Kmvof1ouALO, c1v cwt6 bev xutogO<i>oet va bci>on '\j,i]q>o 
e.µnwtoouv11c; Otll vec1 xuBEQVllOll e.vt6c; 40 11µEgwv xm eqi>oov exouv JtQOl1Yrt0El 
tO'UAUXLOtOV aAAec; 6uo UJtOtUXl]µevec; JtQOOJt6.0etec;. To KOL voBouALO 6ev µJtOQEL va 
bLaA u0EL JteQLOo6i:egec; arc6 µi,a cpogec; evi:6c; i:ou (.bwu faouc_;. Ent.ollc; bev µnoget. va 
8 
RO 
bLUA.UOd 'XUtU to teA.t::UtULO d;u.µ11vo t11c; 011tduc; tm, IIvotbvou t11c; ~11µoxvuttw; 
xm 6ta.v EXEL x11guxOet xutc'10tc1011 noAt.ogxtuc; i) txto.xt11c; uvc1yx11c;. 
ft.u ta µEAll tou Kmvo(1ouAtou wxuet. to nagubomax6 xuOeatwc; aouAtac;. K6.0e 
'XOL voBouAEUtL'XO owµa. µJtOQEL vu OUOtl)OEL EsEtUOtLXEc; EJ[t, tQOJtEc; µe arc6cpao11 tO'U 
ev6c; tQL tou twv µeAwv tou. Qt, rtOAL tt.xoi, ox11µatwµoi, EXrtQoowrcouvtm ott.c; 
EJtLtQOrtec; av6.Aoya µe tll buvaµi} touc; Oto avtLOtOLXO owµa. 
l:tll Pouµavta urt6.QXEL rtoA.uxoµµanoµ6c;, 6nwc; urcobet.xvuet. 11 JtUQOUOt.a 57 
xoµµ6.twv ot11v JtQOEXAoyt.xi} exotQatda yt.a nc; BouAeutt.xec; tou Noe~Qtou 1996. 
Ta x6µµata rcou EXOUV A6.Bet. rtEQL006tEQO arc6 to 2% twv 'iJitcpwv ott.c; exAoyEc; 
XQ11µatobotouvtm arc6 tov XQatt.x6 JtQO'UrtoAoywµ6, evw OL noAL tt.xoi, ox11µanoµot 
rcou exnQoowrcouvtm oto Km voBouALO AaµB6.vouv ax6µ11 011µav11,x6tEQll evtoxuo11. 
Qt, buo xm voBouAE'UtLxec; ouvEhuaELc; aaxouv tll voµo0enxi) Esouoi,a xata tQ6no 
arcoA utwc; w6tt.µo xm orcowbi}note arc6 w; buo EXEL tll b1,vut6tt1ta vu otaµuti}oEL 
tll bt.abt.xaoi,a xataQtt.011c; twv voµooxEbL(l)V. Tu M,o oo>µcnu bt.uOfaouv arc6 xmvo1, 
µe 111v xuBEQVllOll to bt.xat(JJµa rcgo>toBouA.tuc;. Ento11c; oµc1b<1 250.000 JtOAL tciw 
buvatm va urcoBaAEL oto Kmv0Bo1,ALO rcg6taa11 v6µ01,, 11 orcotn 6µ(l)c; bEv µnogd 
va acpoga tll cpogoAoy(,o., tt.c; bt.eOvdc_; 1,noOtow; i} tll xogi}y11011 nµv11oti,m;. 
H xuBEQVllOll EXEL tll buvctt6trito., xut' Hpngµoyi}. tou c'1gOgm, 114 tm, L1'v1(1yµm;oc;, 
va unoxataoti}OEL to Km voBouALO xm vu voµo0£ti}o£L µto(l) txtaxtrnv 
bt.atayµ6.twv, acpou E};ouowbot110et OXEtt.xa urc6 to Kmvof3ouALO. <I>at.vEtm 6tt. 11 
xuBEQVllOll rtQoBat.vEL OE tbt.altEQU evtanxi) XQllOll au-wu tou µ11xavwµou (i:o tva 
tQL to i:wv xavovLOtL'XWV JtQUsEWV tT)c; JtQOT)youµev11c; xuBEQVllOTJc; exo60rixe µE aui:i}v 
tll OLaOLxaota), ax6µ11 xm o-wv toµta twv "ogyavt.xwv v6µwv", m orcoi,m xavov1,x6. 
EsULQO'UVtm arc6 auti}v tll OLaOLxaola. -
Q ITQ6EOQoc; t11c; ~riµoxgatlac; ouvatm, xat' ecpaQµoyi} tou 6.Q0Qou 90 tou 
l:uvt6.yµatoc;, va OLOQyavwoeL 011µo'iJi}cpwµa oxetLxa µe "rtQoBAi}µata e0vt.xo:u 
ev61,acpEQOVtoc;", xat6m v bt.aBouAeuoewc_; µe to Km voBouALO. Qt, ava0ewQi}oet.c; tou 
l:uvt6.yµatoc; JtQEJtEL va EYXQL vovtm µe briµo'i)i)cpwµa, ngotou n:0ouv OE wxu 
( 6.Q0QO 14 7 .3 tou l:uvt6.yµatoc;). l:tri Pouµavta oev EXEL ax6µ11 bt.E1;ax0El xavEva 
b11µo'i)i}cpLOµa µeta tl}V EVaQsll LOXUO<; tO'U OllµEQL VO'U l:uvt6.yµatoc;. 
AEt'tovpyi«'tov Ko1.vo6ovAiov 
Qt, E'XAOyEc; tO'U Noeµf3QLOU 1996 UJtl}QsUV EAE'\JOEQEc; xm btxmEc;, naga tt.c; x(mmec; 
oQyavwnxec; buoxoAlec; xata triv 'iJricpocpoQla, xm naQELXUV tT) buvat6trita tT)c; 
JtQWtllc; rtQayµunxi}c; JtOAL nxi}c; evaAAayi}c; OtTJ xwga µet6. to 194 7. 
To KmvoBouALO AELtougyei, 1,xavonm11ttx6.: m aQµobt.6tl}tEc; tou yi,vovtm oE{3aotEc; 
xm TJ avtLJtOAL teuo11 ouµµetEXEL xavovLx6. otLc; OQaOtl1QL6t11ttc; ·wu. 
Q IlQ6EOQoc; tric; ~riµoxQm:i,ac; exMyetm µe xa0oALxit 'iJ11cpocpoQla ouµcpwva µe 
JtAELO'iJllq>Lx6 ouotriµa ouo YUQWV ym tEtQUEtit 0ritela avavew0tµ11 µta cpoQ6.. Qt, 
urco'i)i}q>LOL JtQEJtEL va urcoOtTJQltovtm touA.6.XLOtov arc6 100.000 EXAoyetc; xm va 
elvm 6.vw twv 35 etwv. Q IIQ6EOgoc; r11c; ~riµoxQatlac;, ext6c; an6 ta ouvit0TJ 
xa0i)xovta tou Agxriyou tou Kg(nm,c;, bu16gnµcnt.tEL 011µavtLx6 QOAO otri 
A.EL tougy(.u t(l)V Oeoµ<i>V xm Otl}V eV YEVEL J[()A,l, nxr) s(l)ll -rric; X(J)QW;. 
9 
RO 
H xuBEQVflOfl dvm urccu8uv11 Evavn tau KmvoBouA(ou, to orco(o c>uvatm va tflV 
avatQE'4JcL µ£ tflV rcAEL0'4Jflcp(a twv µEAciJV tou, on6t£ ta c>uo omµata ouvtgxovtm 
an6 xmvou. H xuBEQVflOfl anot£A£Ltm an6 tov Ilgw8unougy6 xm an6 touc; 
unougyouc;, OL orco(oL c>wg(tovtm an6 tov Ilg6cc>QO t11c; A11µoxgat(m;, acpou 
AaBouv '4Jiicpo EµJtWtoouv11c; an6 to KOL voBouALO. 
Qt, UJtOUQYOL dvm at0µLxa UJCEU8UVOL aJtOXAHOtlXU 0£ J[Ol,Vl,XO EJtLJCcc>O. To ag0go 
108 tOU LUVtayµatoc; JtQOBA£Jt£l, tfl c>t,ac>Lxao(a yLa tflV UOXflOfl c>Lms11c; EVaVtLO'V 
touc; (ngwtoBouA(a twv xmvoBouAEutLxmv owµatwv ii tou Ilgoec>gou tllc; 
A11µoxgat(ac; xm EXc>Lxao11 an6 to Avmtato ALxaotiiQLO ). H xuBEQVflOfl xatagtLsH 
EJtL tOU rcag6vtoc; voµoox£c>LO JCcQL rn8uv11c; urcougymv xata tflV <XOXflOfl twv 
xa811x6vtwvtouc;. ' 
H c>lOLXfltlXii ogyavwo11 tflc; xmgac; Bao(sctm OE aJtOXcvtgwµeva XALµaxLa t11c; 
xEvtgLxiic; c>Lo(x11011c; OE rn(rccc>o voµmv ("judet", 41 + to BouxougfotL, rcou 
E;oµOLWVEtm µ£ voµ6 ), 6rcou O voµagx11c; OUVtoVLSEl tl] c>QUOl] tWV xgatlXWV 
un11gc0Lmv xm EAEYXH tLc; rcga;nc; twv ogyavwµmv tomxiic; amoc>Lo(x11011c;, touc; 
ono(ouc; µnogd va nagan£µ'4)El oto c>LxaotiiQLO. Qt, ogyavwµo( tomxiic; 
autoc>Lo(x11011c; anotcAouvtm an6 mgEt£c; ouvEAEuonc; t6oo OE rn(rcEc>o voµou ( 41 
voµagxt,axa ouµBoUALa + to 611µonx6 ouµBouALO t11c; JtOAEwc; tOU Bouxougeot(ou) 
600 xm OE rn(rcEc>o 6iiµwv xm xmvotiitwv (2686 ouµBouALa). Q rcg6cc>Qoc; tou 
voµagxLaxou ouµBouA(ou, 6rcwc; xm o rcg6cc>Qoc; tou 6iiµou ii t11c; xmv6t11tac; 
ExMyctm µ£ xa8oALxii '4Jll(()Ocpog(a. 
Ta voµagxLaxa ouµBouAw ouvtov(touv uc; 6gaotl]QL6tl]tEc; twv tomxmv 
ouµBouA(wv. Q rcg6Ec>Qoc; tou 6iiµou ii tl]c; xm v6tl]tac; aoxd tl]V EXtEAEOtLxii 
E;ouo(a OE rn(rcEc>o 6iiµou ii xm v6tntac; xm d vm urc£u8uvoc; evavu tou tomxou 
ouµBouA(ou xm tou voµagxLaxou ouµBouA(ou. Q voµagx11c; EXEL tl}V E;ouo(a va 
rutaAAUOOH t(DV xa811x6vtwv touc; touc; t0mxouc; mgEtouc; agxovtEc;, OE JtEQLJttWOfl 
aµEAHac; ii c>Lacp0ogac;· El,C)l,XOc; v6µoc; tOU 1996, JtOU tQOJtOJCOLii811xc ii611 µLa cpoga 
to 1997, JtEQLygacpEL µ£ µEyaAUtEQll axg(Bna wv tg6no aox11011c; amiic; 111c; 
agµoc>L6t11tac; tou voµagx11, 11 ono(a rcaAm6tEga ELXE 0611ytjo£L OE xQtUXQflOfl 
E;ouo(ac; (µEtasu t(DV EtWV 1992 xm 1995 dxav anaAAayd t(D'V xa811x6vtwv touc; 
133 6iiµagxm xm xmvotagxcc; xm 98 6riµotLxo( xm xmvotLxo( ouµBouAm). 
H gouµavLxii 6wtx11011 c>Ev c>La8fan ogyavwµ6 nou va xa8og(s£L ta c>Lxmmµata xm 
tLc; urcoxQEWOELc; twv 611µoo(wv urcaAAiiAwv. H xuBEQVflOfl oxorcEUEL va 0EOJtLOEL 
voµo8w(a yLa tfl c>LacpavELa 111c; 6riµ6mac; 6w(x11011c;, xatL rcou ngoc; to nag6v c>Ev 
UJCUQXEL. 
Q otgat6c;, m µuotLx£c; urc11gw(cc; xm 11 aotUvoµ(a tEAouv urc6 tov £Af:\/XO tl]c; 
JtOALtLxiic; c;ouo(ac;. Qt, aotuvoµLxo(, m ono(m Otl] Pouµav(a EXOUv xa0eotmc; 
otga-nwuxou, urcayovtm Otfl c>Lxmoc>oo(a twv otgatofaxE(wv, ta orco(a 6µwc; 
t11gouv OQLOµEvcc; Eyyuiiow; 111c; faxovoµ(ac; xm urcayovtm 0£ tEAcUta(o Ba8µ6 
c>Lxmoc>oo(w; oto otgatLwnx6 tµiiµa tou Avmtatou ALxaot11g(ou. 'Ooov acpoga uc; 
evorcAEc; 6uvaµuc;, ogwµevcc; anocpaaw; tau Avmtatou LuµBouA(ou E8vLxiic; 
A.µuvac; rcgmEL va Eyxg(vovtm an6 to KowoBouALO, 6rcwc; rcgoBAmEL o v6µoc; agL0. 
39/90. Qot6oo, 11 Ecpagµoyii twv anocpaocwv c>Ev cMyxctm. 
Ta xEvtgLxa 6gyava tou xgatouc; AEL t0ugyouv xavovLxa, Evm o Ilg6cc>Qoc; t11c; 
A11µoxgat(w; bLabgaµa1£tu onµav1Lx6 g6Ao xata tll AHtougy(a touc;. 
10 
RO 
H autovoµla twv tomxwv q>OQE0>v qmobU~nm un6 triv <mouotu unrigeot.ux.01, 
xavovwµou nou va bt.enet. to rtQoowmx.6 touc;, xaOwc; xm cm6 touc; JtEQLOQLOµevouc; 
XQrtµatobott.xouc; n6Qouc; twv OQyavwµwv tomxi)c; autobt.otxrioric;, Entoric;, to 
JteQLOUat.axo xa8eotwc; twv bi)µwv xm xot. voti}twv bev EXEL ax6µrt xa8oQLOteL. H 
vfo xuBtQvriort eVEXQL VE itbrt XELµEvo, µE to onoto bt.eUXQL vttovtm OL tl;ouotEc; twv 
OQyavwµwv tomxi)c; autobwtxrioric;. Entoric; xataQtLtEt. voµooxoow yt.a trt 
XQrtµatobotriort twv OQyavwµwv tomxi)c; autobwtxrioric;, nou avaµtvEtm ott. 0a 
tE0Et OE EcpaQµoyi) JtEQL tt.c; aQxtc; tou 1998, xa0wc; xm voµooxoow yt.a to 
JtEQLOUOLax.6 xa0eotwc; t(l)V bi)µwv xm 'X.OL VOtl)tWV. 
H xataotaori OtrJV brJµ6ot.a bwtxrio'YI e;uxoAou0eL va eLvm buoxoArJ. Avriouxrtnxa 
otOLXELa oe uut6v tov toµea anoteAouv rt EAAEL'\Vll OQyavt.oµou briµootwv 
UJtaAAl)ACJJV xm to Lbt.aL tEQa xaµrJAO u'\j)oc; tCJJV aµmBwv. EsaAAOU, rt 
nohtt.xonotriort OQLOµevwv Ba0µtbwv i:ric; bwtxrioric; euv6rtoe xat(1 to rtaQEA06v trt 
bt.acp0oQa. H vta xuBtQVrJOTt uneBaAe oto Km voBm',Aw axtcw OQyavwµou 
briµootwv unaAAi)Awv, nou JtEQLAaµBavet. t.btwc; auotrtQ6 µrixavwµ6 xatao10Ai)c; trtc; 
bt.acp0oQ6.c;. 
L'tl) QOuµavt.xi} aotuvoµta ngooantovtm JtEQLO'tatt.x.6. Btmac; µetaXELQLOTtc;, XWQL<; 
ouvenet.ec; yt.a --couc; uneu0uvouc;, xm xgouoµata bt.acp8oQ6.c;. Ot. µuo--ct.xec; unrigeotec; 
EsaXOAOU0ouv va bt.a0e'tO'UV t.bt.a{. 'tEQa E'X.'tE'taµtvec; esouotec; XUQLW<; 6oov acpOQC1 
trtv ta;t.v6µriorJ bwt.xrtnxwv eyygacpwv, --etc; trtAecpwvt.xtc; nagaxoAou0i)ow; xm trt 
bt.evtgyEt.a EQeuvwv. Ot. ao6.cpELE<; --cou voµoOenx.01, JtAawtou nm, xa0oQLteL nc; 
agµobt.6--crttec; au--cwv --cwv unrigrnt.wv eu0uvov--cm OE µ£yo.Ao Bu0µ6 yt.' mni)v --criv 
xa16.01aorJ. H vfo xuBtQV'YJOrt ngotLSetm va ava0ewgi)o£L auti) trt voµo0wta, 
JtQO'X.et.µevou va evwxuoet. tOV o .. eyxo tric; bgaotrtQLOtl)tac; t(l)V µ UOtL'X.WV UJtl)QEOLWV 
an6 to KmvoBouAt.o, t.btwc; µe trt ouotaort xmvoBouAeutt.xi)c; emtgoni)c; 
EJtL(f)OQtLOµevric; µe triv JtagaxOAOU0l]Ol) tl)c; bgaotl)Ql.Otl]tac; t(l)V UJtl)QEOLWV 
JtArtQO(f)OQLWV. 
Ogya.vroon 'tnc; btxaouxnc; E;ovoi,ac; 
H avtl;aQtlJOLa trtc; gouµavt.xi)c; bt.xmoouvl)c; tvavtL twv 6.AAWV tl;ouot.wv otabt.ax.6. 
ebQmci>8rtxe. 'Etat., yt.a touc; bt.xaott.xouc; nou OQLtovtm an6 tov IIQ6EbQo trtc; 
LiriµoxQa--ctac;, i}tOL yt.a to 80%, wxuet. o xav6vac; tl)<; woBt.6trttac;, evw to uJt6Amno 
20% anoteAouv ax6µl) b6xt.µot.. Ot. bt.xaott.xol bwt.xouvtm an6 bexrotevtaµEMc; 
Avw--cato Lit.xaott.x.6 IuµBouho, tOU OJtOLOU JtQOECQEUEL O UJtOUQY6c; Lit.itat.OO'UVTf<; 
xm to onoto rototeAELtm rot6 bt.xaotec; %at. ewayyeAetc; (5 an6 ta µtArt) nou 
ex.Myovtm M6 to Km voBouALO yt.a µla tetQaetla. 
H eitteAeOtt.iti} e};ouo{,a EXEL tl) 6uvat6tl)ta va eMyxet. tl) bQO.OlJ twv bt.itaOtt.itwv 
µtow eLOLitOU owµatoc; mt.0ewQlJ'tWV nou un6.yetm artEU0elac; 010v unouQy6 
Lit.itmoouvric;. EmnMov, m rotoboxtc; twv bt.xaott.itwv, µoAov6tt. El vm m 
U'\IJlJAOtEQec; µEta;u twv bl)µoolwv unaAAi)Awv, JtaQaµtvouv xaµriMc;, µE 
MottAeoµa Ol)µavtt.it6c; aQt.0µ6c; bt.xaott.xwv va MOXWQOUV MO nc; 0foet.c; touc; 
xm va OtQtcpov--cm oe JtEQL006teQO EJtLXeQbi) voµt.%6. mayytAµa--ca tou t.bt.wtt.itou 
toµta. 
H EwayyEALa, trtc; onotac; JtQOLOtatm o EwayyeMac; tou AQdou Ila.you nou 
bLOQL~eL o IlQOEOQoc; trt<; LiriµoxQattac;, un6.yetm otriv aQµobt.6trtta tou UJtOUQyou 
Lit.itmoouvric;. Ot. ewayyeAelc; bt.a0etouv extetaµtvec; agµobt.61rt1ec;, ita0wc; o 
EwayyeMac; --cou AQELOU Ila.you buvatm va tri--ci}oeL, Elle au--cmayythwc; £Lt£ 
itat6mv evtoAi)c; ·wu unouQyou ~t.xmoouvric;, i:riv erwvel;faaori aµHaitA.lJ'tllc; 
bt.itaott.xi}c; an6cpao11c; oe uno0toet.c; to·u ao't~itou it i:ou nmvt.itou bt.xalou. Enloric;, 
11 
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Atxaui>ua'ta xm 1tQoo,:noia ,:rov µ£1.ovo,:n,:rov 
01, µeLOv6tntec; anotEJ...ouv noooot6 tou rc}.n0uoµou tric; Pouµavlac; µeta;u tou 13% 
xm tou 15%, µe oacpi) urcegoxiJ twv Ouyygwv (7,8%) xm twv P6µa (Tmyyavwv), 01, 
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og1,oµevec; 6Le0vetc; ouµcpwvlec;. H Pouµavla 'X.UQWOE, tov Maw 1ou 1995, 111 
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2.1. H otxovoµtxt] xa.-r«<J't«<Jt) 
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tl)c,; ecp0ao£ to 1,5%. To xata xecpaAi)v AEI1 dvm n:eglnmJ 24% tou µtoou 6Qou t11c; 
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IIe6o6oc WV 0£XOVOµtXOV µeraarr,µanaµov 
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17 
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va ecpaQµ6oe1, rn1, tuxetc; µetaQQU0µto£Lc;. To 1990 xaQax.triQlotrix.e an6 ouyxuori, µe 
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µetaQQU0µLOEWV JtO'U JtQayµatOJtOLi}0rix.av µEta;u 1989 x.m 1996 obriyouoe OE 
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µna tLc; BouAEUtLx.ec; x.m Jt(>OE<'.>QLX.££ ex.Aoyec; tO'U NoeµBQLO'U tOU 1996, 6tav ri vea 
x.uBtQvriori x.ataQtWE QLtLx.6 JtQ6yguµµa µax.(>OOLx.ovoµ1,x.i)c; ota0Egonotrioric; x.m 
[)1,aQ0Qrnt1,x.c.bv µet<1(>l_)1'0µtoernv, x.m ;ex.tvrioe triv eq>nl_)µoyiJ t<rn. 
tlc; anoteAeoµa ri XWQU f3Qtox.etm oe negtegyri x.at(wtaori. Ev<f> to 1996, o 1,b1,cot1,x.6c; 
toµfoc; JtaQi}yaye to 52% tou AEII, ri mx.ovoµla X.UQLaQxettm ax.6µa an6 X.Qanx.a., 
triµwy6va µovonwALa x.m an6 eJtLXELQi}oe1,c; µewuµevric; al;tac;. Evtoutmc;, ea.v ta 
µetQa nou avax.m vw0rix.av ot1,c; · aQxtc; tou 1997 ecpaQµootouv anoteAeoµat1,x.a., ri 
mx.ovoµta tric; Pouµavlac; 0a ei.vm QLtLx.a. bLacpoQenx.i} ota teAri tou 1997 . 
.'A.µeaec ~tvec enew5vaete 
OL 6.µeoec; l;evec; rnEvbuoe1,c; (ASE) BQtox.ovtm oe xaµriA6 rnlnebo y1,a µ1,a xwQa tou 
µeye0ouc; tric; Pouµavlac;: ota t£A'Yl tou 1996, to owQeunx.6 an60eµa twv EAE i}tav 
µ6vo 1, 1 bwex.atoµµuQLa ECU (nriyi}: ET AA). Kata ta JtQWta etri tric; µetaBaoric;, 
beboµevric; tric; µeyaAric; aB£Bm6tritac; otriv JtOAL tLx.i} x.m mx.ovoµ1,x.i} JtOQela tric; 
XWQac;, OL eJtEV<'.>Utec; ti}Qrioav JtOA. 'U eJtLq>1)AUX.tLX.l} Otaori, 'YI OJtOt.a evwxu0rix.e MO tri 
Otaori OQLOµevwv riyetLX.WV JtOAL tl,'X,O)V buvaµewv va ayvoouv nc; l;evec; rnevbuoe1,c;. 
M6vo to 1994 ri QOll EAE a.gxwe va au};a.vetm. Evtoutmc;, nageµe1, vav avrnagx.Elc; 
wo,;e vu txouv oriµavnx.a oq>eAri y1,a triv mx.ovoµla. H vfo x.uBtQvriori, µe oacpi} 
aAAayi} JtOALtLX.i}c;, 3tQOOJta0e(, EVEQy(:1 va JtQOOEAX.'UOEL 1-;evouc; rnevbute~. OL };£VOL 
mevbui;ei; µrtOQOUV i;cbQa va x.ai;exouv YT) x.m ,;ov l01,vLO ,;01, 1997 '\jJT)qJLO'tT)X.E 
18 
RO 
EX.tax.to 6u:itayµa yu1 tr) ()LEUX.6~ l)VCTl) tOU EJWV<lJtUtQLOµo1, 't<OV XEQ6cbv 'X,(U 'tl}V 
cmooacpi)VLOl) tWV µEtQWV Otl)QLsrJc; YLU touc; ;evouc; EJtEvb1ntc;. 
Otxovoµixri bui{}O(>W<m 
H yewgyla <lJtOtEAEL µEl~ovu mxovoµLxi) bgaotl)QLOtl)tu OtrJ Pouµavla. To 1996 
ouvtf3aAE xata JtEQLJtOU 20% tl)c; OUVOALXi)c; axa0aQLOtl)c; JtQOOneeµEVl}c; a;tac; 
(AilA), JtOOOOt6 to OJtOLO Ol]µELWVE aUsrJOl) arc6 to 1990. H a:rtaOXOAl)Ol) OtOV 
toµfo f3gtoxetm OE U'\JJrJACl rnlnebn µE B(wl) tu <)L£0vi) JtQ6t1,na -:rt£QL006tf.QO t01, 
ev6c; tgl·wu t01, 01,vo11,tx.01, EVEQyo1, JtAl)01,0µ01, -xm ouvtxwe vu <rns<tVEtm x.ut6 tl) 
6t(1QXELU tl}c; µet<1f1UO'f1<;, UV'tLX.CftOJttQL~OVtw; tOV Q6AO trt<; OtflV UJWQQ6<pf10l} tOU 
Egyunxou buvuµtx.01, mn, <mo11,1,0rp<-E <m6 <'.t.AAouc; toµdc;. H m10uyrnytx(nntu twv 
HYQOX.tl)µatwv X,(,(l, tr)<; (1LOµl)xuvluc; EL()(i)V <)Uft(!O<pi)c; m1uuµtvu xuµl)Al). To J!EQL(')Ul 
tou L6Lwnxou toµfo <Hr) yw>QYLXrJ m1guywyi) faptum-: to 87% to I 996. 
H µetaggueµwn JtOU £cpagµ6otl)XE to 1991 o6i)yl)CTE OtflV X,(lt(ltµl]Ol) tWV yaui>V. Tu 
()LX.aLOOµata l,()LOX.tl}OLac; dxav xaOogwtEL UVOQ066osff rJ JtAELOV(>tl)t<l l(l)V 
xaAALEQYl}toov ELXE 11,6.f3u µ6vov ngoowgwouc; ,;i, tAo·uc; L6LOX.trJOLuc;. ~le; uno,:t11,wµu, 
rJ af3ef3m6tl)'ta JtOU _JtEQL(3aAAEL ta 6Lxmooµata l,{)LOX.tl)OLac; Ol)µai, VEl, 6tL JtQOc; to 
nag6v m :rtoAltec; dvm abuvatov dtE va nouAi)oouv Yll i) va tr) XQrJOLµonmi)oouv 
we; eyyul)OrJ. Evtoutmc;, rJ vfo xuf3eQVrJOrJ EXEL 6wµeued va '\PrJQ)LOEL veo v6µo JtEQL 
xi:l)µatoAoytou JtQLV an:6 tov IouvLO tou 1998, o onoloc; ea anooacprJvloEL ta 
6LX.aLOOµata L()LOX.tl)OLac; XaL ea ewn:LOEL nc; f3aOEL<; YLa avtayWVLOtLX.l) ayoga yl)c;. 
OL JtWArJOELc; YrJc; i:ooga EJtL i:gercovtm. 
OL xecpaAULOUXLXOL JtOQOL YLa tl)V avachag0QW01) xm tOV EX.0UYXQOVL0µ6 EL vm 
avenagxdc;. H avaJttUsrJ tl)c; yewgylac; rnu l,{)l,(l)tLX.OlJ toµea nageµ:rr:obl~Etm a:rt6 
tov avenagxr) f3<10p,6 µl}xavonoi,l)ol)c;, xm an6 tl)v EAAEL'\PrJ xcnaA.A.l)A.rnv 
61,rnxo)..1,voewv xm O'tl]Qtt;l)<; xm nwni>ow>v. Evtm'nou;, l} m11,ol} A.ELto·ogyluc; to>V 
UVa:rtOtEAWµU'tLX.OtE(!OJV UYQOX'tl)µU-CU)V, fl tuxdu L()UutLXOJtOLl)Ofl, l) µ£L(1)0fl 'tll)V 
xateueuv6µcvwv motci>OEWV xm n £Aeu0tgwol) twv xaOwtc.i>twv eµ:rr:ogi,01, xm 
nµoov ea obl)yi)aEL OE µEyUA UtEQa XLVl)tQa yu1 MOt£AEOµanx.6tEQrJ YW>QYLXl) 
nagaywyi). 
19 
RO 
KuQLOL 6£1.M'tE; 'tt); OLMOVOJ1LM1}; 6LaQ8Q<00t); 
(ra moixeta UCfX.J(JOVV ro 1996 eur6~ av avacpi(>t::mL ,)wqx.J(>tTLU<i} 
m.:r10uoµ6c; euaroµµvuw 22,6 
Kma xecpaA.11 AEIT wonµia ayoeamiurj~ <51,vaµT/~ - 4100 
ECU (/995) 
we; nooom6 ent % tou µtoou 0001, EE -eJCi wt~ euard (/995) 24 
15 
MEQ(bto n1c; YEOJQytac; OtT)V: 
axa0aQt.OtT) JtQOOtt.0eµeVT) a);ta cni wi~ cuar() ( 199 5) 19,9 anaox6AT)OTI cni rot~ cuar<>(/995) 34,4 
Axa0aQt.Oto e);rntEQt.KO XQEOCj A En 
cni WL~ euar6 25 Esayooyec; EµJtOQEUµUt(l)V XaL 
UJtT)QEOt.cbv/ AEIT eni wi~ euaro(/995) 27 
An68eµa UµEOOJV );evwv enevbuoemv* ,)wexawµµV(JW ECU 1,1 ECU xara xeqxi)..7j 50 
flT]y7j: YJCT]QeGie~ l'T/~ EJCLTQOJCrj~. e0vixe~ JCT]ye~. ETAA 
* A;r60eµa AEEµerar(!aJCtvma TEAT/ 1996 µe wonµia I ECU= 1,25299 $ 
H f3wµrixavta avnrcgoocorceueL rcegwo6tego tou ev6c; tQl tou tric; ouvoA.Lx.i)c; 
ax.a0agLotric; rcgoon0eµevric; a1;tac; (AIIA), rcoooot6 to orcoto µeui>Srix.e taxecoc; ta 
i:eA.eutai.a XQOVLa xm {3gtox.etm twga mo xovi:a ota rntrc~a tric; EE. H 
arcaox6Af'IOTI otri f3wµrixavta etvm rcegtrcou i:ric; tfaac; ta1;ric; µeye0ouc;, aAAa 
µeLw0rix.e OE aJCOA.Ute<; tLµE<;. EvtoUtOL<;, m (3wµrixavLxtc; boµtc; bev txouv (1A.A.C11;£L 
rcoA.u arc6 to 1989. H Bwµrixavi.a x:ugu1gxdtm <1x6JH1 <m6 tLc; i.6Lec; x.gatLx.tc; 
EJCLXELQi)OeLc; µeyaA.01, µeyWm,c; m on:oi.ec; briµumvyiJOrix.uv cm6 to rc0oriyo1,µevo 
x.a0wtwc; x.ata tl]v rcegtobo tri<; uvayx.(10tLx.i)c; cx.(1wµrix<1vwric; x.m m orcotec; 
xagax.trigt~ovtm arc6 triv U'1JT1A.6tatT1 tvtaori evegyeLac;, tri xaµl]Ai) rcagaycoyLx.6trita 
x.m triv rcgovoµLax.i) rcg6of3aofl oi:l]v x.gai:Lxi) XQflµatob6tl]Ofl. H oxetLxa µeyaATI 
bLa0emµ6tl]i:a cp0rivi)c; evtgyeLac; x.m ngwtcov UA.WV x.m Tl U'VTl"-ll rcgotegm6trita rcou 
660rix.e otriv avarctUsTI tric; f3agLac; f3LOµT1xavtac;, obi)yrioav oe e1;eLbtx.euori OE toµetc; 
6rccoc; oL JtetQOXflµLx.ec; f3LOµT1xavi.ec; rcou bev ouµf3abt~ouv µe ta cpumx.a 
xagax.tflQLOtLxa i) ta ouyx.QL nx.a JtA.eovexti)µata tl]c; xwgac;. To µegtbw tou 
LbLcotLxou toµea otri f3wµT1xavLxi) rcagaycoyi) rcagaµeveL oe xaµriAa rntrc~a (24% i:o 
1996) xm bev exet oriµeLwoeL µeyaATI rcg6obo xata ta teA.eutata etri (i)tav 20,7% to 
1995). 
IlOA.AE<; arc6 nc; µeyaA.ec; EJCLXELQY)OEL<; JtOU XUQLUQXOUV OtOV f3wµrixavtx6 toµea 
rcagaµevouv avarcoteAwµanxec; xm µri xegbocp6gec;, xm avttrcgoocorceuouv µei.~ova 
rcriyi) µax.gomx.ovoµtxi)c; aotaOeLac;. Evtoin:mc;, Tl vta xuf3tgvrioll arcocpaowe va 
A.Cif3EL bgaonxa µhga, JtEQLA.aµf3avoµevou i:ou aµwou XA.eLoi.µatoc; µegLxwv arc6 nc; 
JtEQL006'tEQO t;r1µLOy6vec; emxeLQi)ow;, i:ric; avabLaQ0gworic;, i:ric; LDLWtLxon:otrioric; xm 
tric; rcauoric; ,:cov xateu0-uv6µevwv motwoewv. 
20 
RO 
Ot. µt.xgoµwai,ec; t.bt.wnxec; rntxugr)ow; r)ouv µ(,tAAov buvuµt.xtc;, t.bLwc; oe toµdc; 
trJ<; eAa<pgac; f3wµnxavi.ac;, 6rcwc; ll me};egyaoLa ELbci>v bt.atQO<pi)c;, tu 
XAWOto-U<pavtouQyLxa rtQo·covta xm ta bttrcAa. Evtoutotc;, ll avfuttu};n twv 
µLXQoµwaLwv EJtLXELQr)oewv xm ll btabt.xaoi,a t.btwtt.xorcolnonc; rnnQtaaav tl) boµi) 
tl)c; artaox6Al)Ol)c; OtOV f3wµnxavt.x6 toµta µ6vov OQLaxa· XO.ta ta tEA'Y) tOU 1994, m 
ErtLXELQt]OEL<; µe rcavw art:6 1000 UJCUA.Af)AOU<; artUOXOAOUaav rcavw art:6 60% tOU 
ouv6Aou 1ou EQya-ct.xou buvaµLxou, xm m XQattxec; ertLXELQfJOet.c; avlLJtQOoti>neuav 
avw tou 84% 1nc; ouvoAt.xiJc; arcaox6ArJOl'J<;, rcaQa to yeyov6c; 6n avlLJtQooci>rceuav 
µ6vo to 6,5% t01, ouvoALxo,, ngt.0µ01, trnv ertLXELQr)oernv. I I ug6Ao mm ll xn-c<wtaorJ 
e;EALXtrJXE oe xc'mow Bu0µ6 cm6 t6te, ll ouyxevtgmon tou egynnx.01, buvaµ1,xo1, oe 
OQLOµevec; µq(lAE<;, UV(1Jt0tEAEOµcttLX£c; ErtLXELQl)OEL<; UVtLJtQO(J(l)Jt£'\)el, (l;<,()µO. J.td.~ov 
eµrt6bw yLa tl) (-~wµnX<lVLxr) uvu6uig0gmon. To xmvwvt.x.6 X<)<rtoc; mrn dvm 
C1QQrJXta ouvbebeµevo µe tl)V ev A6yrn bt.a6t.xao(u XQrJOLµonmr)Onxe ouxvu we; 
ertLXEtQ'Y)µa. yLa. 1nv a.vc1010Ai) twv artUQ<1L1ntwv UAAayci>v. 
H naQaywyt.x6tn·m onµeLwve ota0eg6. uu};non arc6 i:o 1994. H f3eA tLwon autiJ 
onµet.ci>0nxe xuQLwc; oi:u; µLxQoµwaLec; ertLXELQrJOELc;. 
H mxovoµi,a tl)c; Pouµavi,ac; ntav art:6 nc; AL y6teQo JtQOaavatOALoµevec; otnv 
JtUQOXrJ 'UJtl')QeOLWV µe1asu lWV OLX.ovoµubv tl)<; KEVtQLXl]<; 'X.aL A vatOALxi)c; 
EuQcbnnc;. OL unngealec; a.v1t.ngoocbneuav AL y6tego art:6 to 20% tou AEII xata tl') 
()LUQ'X.ELU tl)c; ()EXUEtLa.c; lOU , 80. LllµELW0l)XE ta.xei,a mexta.011 µe't<l 10 1989, XUQLW<; 
µeow tOU a.xµ6.~ov1oc; l,()l,O)tLXO'U toµta one; ALUVLX£<; JtWAt]O£L<; xm lOV tougwµ6. 
To 1996 m unngwi.ec; uvtt.ngooci>neuuv rtEQLrtou to 26% i:nc; ATTA, µE tov t.bt.wi:Lx6 
toµea va ouµf36.AEL xat6. avw twv tQLlt)V tetagtwv tOU OUVOAOU. 
ruµ<pwva µe ttc; g01,µuvtxec; exnµi)oELc;, to µtye0oc; tm, uturtou toµfo <ptaveL 
Jt£Qi.rc01, to 20 fo>c; 30% tou AEll. Ot 1J'\JJrJAOL OQLUxoi, ouvtEAEOtec; rnw q.>6gwv rni, 
1:cov µwOci>v, xuOci>c; xm 1:o>v nmpog<bv xm vmvt.xi)c; ump(t.ALOrJ<;, ohiJy11auv µey<'t.Ao 
JCOOOO't6 tWV EQYU~oµevwv d tE 0111v artoqmyn tO)V {)l,U'\JAWV t11c; rnL011µ11c; 
mxovoµLac; r) 0111v a.va~r)t11011 UAAWV, µ11 b11Awµevwv, ELOob11µunxcbv Jt6Qwv. 
E).£uOturoan 'tTIS otxovoµ.i.n; 
Ka0earwc nµwv 
Lta tEAll tou 1991 Ewr)x0n otabt.ax6 JtQOYQaµµa EAeu0egwonc; twv tt.µcbv. Ot. 
JtEQL006tEQe<; xatavaAwnxec; mt.botr)OEL<; xatagyr)0nxav to 1993, 6tav o UQt.0µ6c; 
twv xata.vaAwnxcbv a.ya.0cbv un6 6.µwo EAeyxo tLµcbv µet.ci>811xe mi,onc; OE µeyaAo 
(3a0µ6. MEXQL to teAoc; tou 1995, OL eAeyx6µevec; nµec; e<p--ca.vav 10 3% i:wv 
'X.UtaVUAWtLXWV aya0oov 'X.aL UJC'Y)QWLWV, JCEQLJCOU 7% tWV f3LOµl1XUVLXWV nµoov 
rcaQaywyou xm na.vw a.rc6 to 27% twv rtQc.inwv UAcbv xm 1wv f3a0Lxcbv UALxcbv. L'tL<; 
agxec; 'tOU 1997, 11 vfo xuf3egvno11 UJCO(()ClOLOE va OUµJtAT}QWOEL JCEQaL tEQW 1:l}V 
EAEU0EQWOT} 'tO)V nµwv, JtEQLOQL~OVta.c; tOV UQL0µ6 tWV £A€,YX,6µevwv nµwv OE. 
AL y6'tEQO a.rc6 20 aya0a ( OU(Jl,(1(Jtl,'X,(l t(l)V nµwv 't(l)V UJtllQeOLWV 'X.OL vi}c; W(()EAELa.c; 'X.aL 
EVEQYEW.c;). Ibtwc; OL tLµec; OQLOµevwv f3a.OL'X.WV YEWQYL'X.(l)V JtQ0°LOV'tO)V 
eAeu0eQcb0rJxav tov MaQtLO tou 1997. 
Eµgogtx6 xa0earw, 
H EAEU0EQW0ll tOU xa0wtootoc; r)i-av µaAAOV taxei.a: eLxe oxeb6v 0AO'X.AllQW0el µEXQL 
ta tEAll tou 1992. SexLvnoe to 1990 µe tnv xataQYllOll -cou µovonwALou oto 
e;wteQl.XO eµJt6QW. 'Hbri to 1991 OL emxet.Qi}ow;, xm ae µl.XQOtEQO f3a.0µ6 to 
bnµ6aw, r)tav el;ouowb0triµtvm va xa-ctxouv, xm va ouva.AAaooovtm oe, 
21 
RO 
OUV<J.A.A.<1yµu. Qt, ubw.~c; £.sUY<J>yr)c; X,(J.l, £UJ<J.y<oyi}c; X.Ut<J.QYi\OrtX.<J.V 0£ J.t.t:,yc'lA.O (1<J.OJ.t.() to 
J 992, <'>tuv ewi\xOrt vtoc; buo,wAoyLx<'>c; X(i>bLxuc;. Evtoimnc;, tvu <at<'> tu 
X<J.QUX-tl\QWtl.X.<J. tllc; EµrtOQLx.itc; JtOA.l. nx.itc; t11c; Pm>Jwvtuc; ittuv m JtoA. ·,, 
bLubeboµevec; buJ.X.QL ux.tc; x.m JtQOOrnQL vtc; µwi>aw; to>V b<1oµti)V, t,<')i,wc; 1'Jt<'> µogq>it 
buaµoA.oyLx.oov nooootoooewv ( JtaQabei, yµatoc; XUQl\ urtoµux.Quvo11 cm6 tn 
x.a0LEQwµeva mtneba twv ewaywyLx.oov baoµoov, µfow trtc; ecpaQµoyi}c; xaµ11A6t£QWV 
baaµwv i\ t11c; XOQl\YllOllc; baoµoAoyl.X.{.l)V Esat.QEOEWV yLa JtQOX.a00QLOµevec; 
noo6t11tec; eµnoQeuµatwv). IlQ6.yµatL, to 1995, JtEQLJtou to i}µwu -rwv e1,oaywyoov 
trtc; Pouµavtac; (Oe a};i,a) UJtOXEl.VtO Oe el,{)l,XEc; eueµtoetc;, x.a0wtoovtac; touc; 
ewaywyLx.ouc; baoµouc; trtc; xooQac; aaacpetc;. To 1996, ewi}x011oav ortµavtLx.oi, 
EµJtOQLX.OL JtEQLOQLOµoi, (JtEQLAaµBavoµevwv twv JtaQEX.x.Atoewv an6 touc; Bamx.ouc; 
baoµouc;, e};aywyLx.oov anayoQeuaewv x.m e};aywyLx.oov nooootoooewv) OE µi,a 
JtQoanaeel.a va otaµati}oe1, to au};av6µevo EµJtOQLX.6 EAA.ELµµa. OQwµeva µetQa bev 
i}aav auµcpwva µE nc; bLat6.seLc; tllc; EUQwna·cx.i}c; auµcpwvtac; yLa tLc; eµJtOQLx.ec; 
OXEOeLc; µetasu tllc; EE x.m trtc; Pouµavi,ac;. 
Evtoutou;, rt veu x,-uBtgvrtort £X£L beoµe:uOd vu nouy(1ya vfo teArnvcu1x.6 x.ci>6Lx.u 
x.ata tll bu'1Qxuu ten, J 997, o onotoc; 0<1 (1EA tui>OEL tl] <)uup<'x.vw1 nm x.<10wtcirmc; 
eµJtOQLX.WV ouvuAAuy<i>V. 16tcnc;, m e.t.gxtc; txcmv ox.on6 vu x.utUQYitoouv 6Aec; nc; 
anayOQEUOel.c; x.m nc; JtOOO(Jt(J)OELc; EsUY(l)Y(J)V µEX(>l. to 1998. 'Hbrt, tOV M<'uo tO'\) 
1997, m EsW'tEQl.X.OL buoµoi, yu1 ta YEO>QYl.X(l ngo"t6Vt<l µwi>011x.uv Ortµuvnx.c't. H 
Pouµavta ea JtQOOXWQi\OEL otrtv KEZEI trtv 1 rt IouAtm, 1997. 
IvvaAAayµanx6 xa0earwc 
To ouvaA.A.ayµanx.6 x.aewtwc; EAeu0eQWertx.£ ortµavtLx.a. To naAm6 ouot11µa 
JtOAArotAWV wonµLwv x.ataQyne11x.e ota tEAl\ tou 1991, µE trtv EVOJtOLl\Ol\ twv 
mwi}µrov x.m trov EµJtOQLX.WV wonµtwv. Itrt ouvexeta, evtoutmc;, rt ayoQa 
xaQax.trtQLOtrtx.e an6 µoQcptc; bwLx.rttLx.i\c; JtaQeµBaartc;. Tov Auyouoto tou 1994, 
8eontot11x.e bLatQrutEttx.i} ayoQ6. ouvaAAayµatoc;, aAAa tov Magno tou 1996, m 
aQxec; cwi}yayav ortµavttx.ouc; eMyxouc;, m onoi,m obi\yrtaav touc; bl.eevetc; 
bavewb6tec; (JtEQLAaµBavoµevrtc; trtc; EE x.m tou LiNT) va avaatdA.ouv trt 
XQrtµatobonx.i} touc; Bonee1,a. Eµcpavtatrtx.E ortµavtLx.i} btacpoQ6. µeta};u trtc; 
mto11µrtc; wotLµtac; x.m autitc; nou XQl\OLµonoLEL tm ata Lbl.Wtl.x.a YQUcpeta 
ouvaA.Aayµatoc;. 0 EA.£YXOc; trtc; ayoQ<Ic; ouvuA.Ac'1yµct.toc; obi\Yl\OE OE lJJtEQtLµl\Ol\ tern 
c0vLx.ou voµi,oµatoc;, rt onote.t. otrt 01,vtxw1 m,vt(3uA.E oto vu bu1trt()rtOEt OE xuµrtA.<'1 
miJteba to x.6otoc; nov ewaywyoov Evtgyw1c; yu.1 nc; EJCLXHQr)ouc; µEy(.1A01, µcyWcmc;, 
evtaocroc; EQyaoi,ac; x.m X.QatLxi}c; Lbwx.t11otac;. 
To 1997, rt vfo x.uBeQVl\Ol\ EAeueeQffiOE no.AL trtv ayoQ6. ouvaA.Aayµatoc;· ol. 6.beLEc; 
ouvaA.Aaywv OA.ffiV trov tQaJtEtwv anox.ataota0rtx.av x.m x.6.Jtma aAAa µEtQa 
x.ataQyi\0rtx.av. H bLa<poQ6. µEta};u mwitµou x.m avmwi}µou wonµi,ac; µ11bcvtatrtx.E, 
to v6µwµa JtQOOagµ6atrtX.E OE mo QEaAwnx.a mi,neba, x.m o 6yx.Q(; twv 
ouvaA.A.aywv Otl\ bt.atQrutEtLxi] ayOQU ausnertx.£ artµavnx.a. 
Ii}µEQa rt Pouµavi,a xatQeL µ6vov JtEQLOQLOµevrtc; µoQcpi\c; µEtatQEtptµ6trttac; tOU 
A.OyaQtaoµou tQEXOUOWV auvaA.Aaywv x.m X.ecpaA.aLffiV. H moeetl\011 tOU ageQOU VIII 
twv agegwv trtc; ouµcpwvtac; LiNT, xm xata ouvencl.a µLac; mo ngoxrog11µev11c; 
µoQcpi\c; µEtatQEtpLµ6trttat;, ea XQELao0ei, tl\V avtLµetwmo11 trov OLOLX.ll'tLXWV 
JtEQLOQLOµwv JtOU anoµevouv x.m 'tl\V e};aacpaALOll Utpl\AO'teQOU EJCLJtOOOU mwi}µrov 
cmoeeµatrov. 
22 
I:'ta.8£Q01toi.nan 'tnc; 01.xovoµi.a.c; 
Eawreetxri xauiaraan RO 
To 1995, 10 AEII 'tll<; Pouµuvtuc; ot1µeto>O£ <f\,};llOll 7, l % 0£ JtQ<1)'µ<nLxo1,c; 6Qouc;. 
Evtout0t.c;, to 1996, naQa tfl µdwOfl tflc; UVEQYL<.tc;, m µuxgomxovoµLxtc; EJCLb60ELc; 
i]oav AL y6tEQO xaMc;. H µEyt0uvot1 µwb0t1xE oE 4, 1 %, o nA t100>Qt.aµ6c; EJCL taxuv0t1xE 
oto 96,9% ota tEAll tou AExEµBQtou xm to 6t1µomovoµLx6 tAAELµµa tnu xga.101,c; 
avi]A0E Oto 3,9% tm, AEII (xm oe 8,3% nm AEII )'Let to lAAnµµ<.t tou e·u0·t'ne001, 
bt1µooi,ou toµla, nou JtEQLAaµf36.vn OQLOµlvec; XQ"<plc; <'><m<x.vt.:c; xm owvei. 
bt1µoowvoµLxtc; EJCLc>on1ow; cm6 tflV EOvt.xi) Tgane~u tflc; Pcmµnvtuc;). To 1996, to 
JtQayµanx6 AEII tcpOcwe to 88% tou EJCLntbou tern 1989. 
IlQ6.yµatt., fl µUXQOOLXOVOµLxi) JtOALtLXY) ()EV <1xoA01,0flO£ Jt<1Vt(1 OUVEXtLXY) nogda: 
TLc; JtEQL6bouc; JtEQLOQLOtLxwv noAL tLxwv, XUQfl OtLc; ono(ec; ngayµaton0t.iJ0t1xav 1u 
JtEQL006tEQa an6 ta 0enxa anotEMoµata OE 6Qouc; µaxgo0t.xovoµLxi]c; 
ota0eQOJtOLllOflc;, ax0Aou8t1oav JtEQtoboL xata nc; onoi,ec; OL noALnxtc; ty1.vav mo 
EAaotLxtc;, A6yw twv mfoEwv twv oµabwv ouµcpEg6vtwv. IlgayµatL, xata. tflV 
JtQOExAoyt.xi] JtEQtobo twv ExAoywv tou NoEµBgtou tou 1996, uni]Q;e ot1µavt1.xi] 
xaAa.QWOfl t6oo tflc; voµwµatt.xi)c; 600 xm tflc; bflµoowvoµ1.xi)c; ota.oflc;. Qc; 
anottAeoµa, fl vta xuBtQVllOll, ext6c; OJt6 nc; bt.ag0gwtt.xtc; µEtaggu0µloELc;, EnQEJtE 
va AUBEL bgaotLXO. OtU0EQOJt0LlltLXU µEtQU, JtOU ea Obfl)'Y)OO'UV OE JtQOOWQLVl] 
OUQQLXVWOll tflc; OLxovoµlac; to 1997. 
KuQL£~ oucovoµLxi~ 't<IO£l~ 
noooat6 ngayµat Lxiic; en£ rot; exan> 
au;ri011c; wu A En 
noooo-t6 nll\0mgwµou eni rot; exar6 
nriowc; µtooc; 6Qoc; 
MO .!\EXEµ/3QLO EOJ<; .!\EXEµ.(1QLO eni rot~ exar6 
noooot6 avEQy(ac;, tEAoc; 
etouc; en£ rot; exar6 
loo~uyLO XQatLXOU O(!taµ6~ A.OE 
nQo-U1toAoywµou mi Wt~ exar6 WU AEll 
IOO~'U')'LO tQEXOUOC.OV 
ouvalAaywv eni rot~ exar6 mu A Ell 
A6yoc; XQEOU<;/Esaymychv 
faOQOE<; 6.µwmv ;tvmv en£ rot~ exar6 
EJ1EV<)UOEU>V eni rot; exan> nm A Ell 
ll11y~: YnTJ(}Wie~ r11; Erargon~;. e&vtxt; n11yt~. ETAA 
* Km:ayeyQaµµevfl aVEQyta 
Egwregtxri xauiaraan 1994 1995 1996 
3,9 7,1 4,1 
136,7 32,2 38,8 
61,7 27,8 56,9 
8,1 8,0 6,3* 
-2,0 -2,6 -3,9 
-1 ,4 -4,6 -5,8 
76,6 73,9 85 
1,1 1,0 1,5 
To wotuyw eµrcog1.xwv ouvaAAaywv 600 xm twv tQExouowv ouvaAAaycbv 
EUQLOXE'tO OE tAAELµµa an6 to 1990. To tAAELµµa 1gexouowv ouvaAAayrov ecp1aoe 
otfl µtyLOtll tt.µi] to 1996, cp0avovtac; ta 1,8 bwExatoµµugt.a ECU. H EJtt.belvwoll 'tll; 
23 
RO 
d;<fftEQLXi)c; Otoric; dvm cmotthopH htmp<'>Q(l)V 01mxd<ov. O<pdAHClL ev f.tEQEL 01riv 
u1,};riori 10>v ewu:yo>)'<i>v xe<p<1A<HO'"XLX<1>v <1)'<10<hv mm :rtQ<>i\AOr <m6 111 ftq<'1A11 
OLxovoµLxi) uv(.1xuµ'lpfl. To uvo>1tgo> <)tv <t:rt<>ttAd HQvrinxi) d;EAL};fl mpo1, 1u 
ELOa)'6µeva xHpaAmu Ou :rrgoon:Oouv otriv Jtu.QU)'W)'L'Xl) Lxav6trita. Evtoutmc;, ri 
£JW5ef.vwori avnxatontgf.teL xm oo(3aQE<; btag0gwnxEc; abuvaµf.ec;: µey<lAll au1;11011 
twv ewayw)'WV xatavaAwnxoov JtQo·covtwv xa0ooc; xm µf.a noAu oriµavtL'Xl\ au1;11011 
twv ELOa)'W)'WV twv xauof.µwv xm 1wv JtQWtwv UAoov, nou XQllOLµonowuvtm 
xuQf.wc; rut6 toµdc; 111c; mxovoµf.m; nou bev EXOUV µetaggu0µLotef. xm nou 
xagaxtrigf.tovtm cm:6 xaµ11Ai) ngoon0tµEvf1 a1;f.a xm '''Vll"-ll Evtaori EVEQ)'ELac;. To 
1996, oL e1;a)'W)'E<; EJtflQEaotrixav an6 triv unegtf.µriori to1' voµf.oµutoc;. TC1 
ota0EQOJtOLfltLxa. µhgu nmJ ELoi)x0rtoC1v Otte; agxEc; to1' 1997 OC1 ngrnn vn EXm,v 
0etLXl) rnf.ntrnori oto wot1>)'LO <n>V<1AA.<1)'<1>V (mm uvnxutoJttQf.~ovtm iJhri otn 
otmxdu nm ng<imru tgq.tiJvou) <1A.Ac'1 UQVfltL'Xl\ rnLnto>ori 010v <'>)'XO t<m tµnogf.m, 
(ELCLx(.1 one; WJU)'O>)'tc;, (m(l)c; bdxvm,v m t(ww; mm m10<nri0iJOrixuv xml1 tm,c; 
ngwtouc; µi\vcc; t01J 1997). 
To e1;wtEQLX6 xgfoc; tric; PouµavLac; naQaµEveL OXEtLxa xaµ11A6, aA.Aa oriµef.wvE 
ouvexn au1;11011 nQoocpatwc;. Lta tEAll 10u 1996, to µwonQ60wµo xm 
µaxQong60wµo e1;wt£QLX6 xgfoc; i]tav 5,5 bwexatoµµugw ECU. H eI;unriQetriori 
tou XQfouc; (0,95 bwexatoµµUQLa ECU to 1996) bev avnnQoowneUEL JtQoc; to naQ6v 
µEf.tova m tta MOQQ6cp11011c; twv n6QWV, aAAa 0a µ:rtOQOUOE va cmo(3ef. taxEwc; 
JtEQL006tEQO ngo(3AriµatLxi] beboµEvou tou (3QaxunQ60wµou OQf.tovta tou xgfouc; 
tric; Pouµavtac;. To 1995 11 Pouµavi.a xatacpEQE va rnavaxti]oH JtQ60(3ao11 01Lc; 
bLe0v£Lc; LbLwnxEc; xgriµata)'OQE<; µfow OELQ<l<; XOL vongaxnxoov bavef.wv. 'EA.a(3£ 
rnf.oric; aQxeta euvo·cxi] xat6.ta1;ri cm:6 tL<; XUQLE<; bLe0vdc; UJtflQeOLe<; a1;LOA6yrioric; 
baveLOAflJttLxi]c; txav(nritm;, y£yov6c; nou ocpdAeto avaµcpf.(3oAa xm 010 xuµriA6 
rnf.nebo tou e1;wtEQLxo1, xgfouc; tric;. To 1996, ri PouµuvLa ouyxevtgwoE t , t 
bwexatoµµugu1 ECU cm6 1Lc; f>LeOvdc; xecpnAmayogEc; xm 1m(.1QXEL oriµavtLx6 
evbtacpegov cm:6 eµnogtxec; xm rnEvbunxtc; tga.netec; vu bguotrigionmri001,v 
e:rtLXELQrtµanxa. o-cri xoogu. ft.a to 1997, ri xuf1tgvrio11 Wwe c1vona10 6gt.o 2,5 
bwexatoµµugtwv boA.agf.wv yLa tov E~rnt£QLX6 £µ:rtogt.x6 bnveLoµ6. 
H ouvaAAayµanxi] wotLµf.a avtLxat6ntQLt£ tL<; avw6t1]tec; tric; µaxgomxovoµLxi]c; 
noAL nxi]c;. Triv JteQf.obo OXEtLxi]c; ota0eQ6tritac; cm:6 ta tEAfl tou 1993 µEXQL ta µeoa 
tOU 1995 U'XOAOU0rioe 11 JtOAL tL'Xll tEXVlltnc; UJteQtf.µ11011c;. To UVWtEQW EXEL oi]µEQU 
avaotQacpd xm to e0vLx6 v6µwµa EJtetQrutll va unotLµ110d OtLc; UQXE<; tou 1997 
((3A. UVWtEQW ). 
AtaoOpro'ttXEC: aU.ayic: 
El;wreetx6 eµg6(2t0 
To e1;wtEQLX6 eµ:rt6QLO C1vungo0<1vatoA.f.OtflXE oriµuvtLxa. Ext6c; to>V JtQCJlflV ctULQWV 
tOU ouµ(3oUA.LOU uµmr1af.ac; OL'XOVOµLxi]c; (1oiJ0£Lac; (~:OAB), JtQO<; trt L\UtL'Xl) 
Eugoonri. To Eµ:rtOQLO µ£ ta XQO.tfl µEA.fl tric; EE avnngoowJtEUE JtEQf.nou to i]µwu 
tou e1;wt£QLXOU eµ:rtOQLOU tric; Pouµavf.ar; to 1996. To £µ:rt6QLO µ£ trt feQµavf.a, trt 
faAAf.a xm triv ltaA.f.a i]tav tbLaf.teQa buvaµLx6, naQ6Ao nou OL EI;ayw)'tc; tric; 
Pouµavtac; to 1996 untotrioav UQVlltLxtc; rnLJttoooEL<; A6yw :mu xaµ11Aou e:rtLJtroou 
tiJtrioric; a£ OQLOµevec; an6 nc; XWQE<; tric; EE. Evtoutmc;, ri Pwof.a, xm OE µLxQ6'teQO 
f3a0µ6 OQLOµevec; avcmtuoo6µEvec; XWQE<; otri Mfori AvatoAi] xm triv Aof.a, 
cmot£Aouv ax6µa oriµavnxouc; Eµ:rtOQLxouc; Etaf.Qouc; tric; Pouµavf.ac;. 
24 
sz 
· "-CJlQa3x A.m11m SD1A.01ooocb Smi9A. 
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Oll 
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011µavtLx6tega evanoµtvovta ngo()A.11µatn (l(pogm)v tri µct.XQOJtQ60eoµ11 OLX<-woµLxi] 
BunCTLµ6t11ta tou mmt11µatoc;. 
Ev<i) T1 PoUJ.l<,(Vl,(,( xmit<pq_>E V<l txn JCA.li)V( WfHL 101! Jl{_)< rii1toA.oyw1tm', OT.ll <)f'X({fl,l,({ 
tOU 1980, 11 bnµoowvoµL'Xl] 'X<J.t(tfft<WT} CTU()U V(J)0T}'XE OT}f!UVtL'X<'L urc(> to 1991 . To 
EAAetµµa tou rcgounoA.oywµ01) tou Evonmnµtvou 'XQ<ntxo1, wµfo e<pOaoe oto 3,9% 
tou AEII to 1996 (5,7% tou AEII oe f~ao11 negL6b<1>v xg11onc;) xm to EAAuµµu tm, 
b11µ6owu toµta tcpOcwE to 8,3% tou AEII. · H rnLbHvo1,µev11 xatciot<1011 twv 
611µ00{,wv OL'XOVOµL'XWV (1VtL'Xat6JttQLse tT}V U'U;av6µev11 CTtllQLsTJ CTtouc; 
t11µwy6vouc; xm avanoteAwµauxouc; toµdc; t11c; mxovoµtac; ( Lblwc; t11c; yerngytac; 
xm twv "aut6voµrnv 611µ00{,wv EJCLXELQllCTEwv"). Ilng6Ao nm, 11 vfo xuBtgv11on txu 
bwµrn0d va µuwou to £A.Auµµa t01, ngo1;n0Aoywµou oto 3,7% tou AEll to 1997 
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EUQUtegou b11µ6owu toµta), 11 Behlwon e;agtcitm oe xglmµo (:3a8µ6 cm6 triv 
rnLtUXll avabu1g8gwo11 tou toµta trnv EJCLXHQllCTErnv xm arc6 t11v L6LwtLxorcot11011 
twv xgauxwv etmgeui>v µwnlou xm µcyaA.ou µeyEOouc;. 
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H ava.rctus11 tOU l,C)l,(J)tLXOU toµfo lltUV UQYll UA.AC1 onµuvnxi]. To 1996, 0 l,()l,(1)tLX6c; 
toµtw; avnrcgoowrcrne to 52% tuu A Ell. H rntxtao11 -rwv tbtwnxwv 
bgaotllQLOtlltO)V d vm arcoteAwµu buo cpcu voµEvrnv: tric; µetuBLBao11c; t11c; 
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ouvoA.6 touc;, m:glnou 750.000 LbLwttxtc; rntxugi)ow;, to Ev tQLto rtEglrcou twv 
orcolwv dvm µLxgec; mxoyEVELaxtc; eJtLXHQi)ouc;, xataxwgi)011xav tu rcevt£ 
t£A£Utala fa11. H Lfawnxorcol11011 Bgloxetm OXEtL'X<i oe ngoxwg11µtvo otabw one; 
µtxgtc; eJtLXeLQi)ouc; xm otov yewgytx6 wµta. Aut6 ouµBulvu OE µLxg6t£QO Ba0µ6 
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avunagxt11. IlgayµatL, to 1996, to µEglbw tOU LC)L(J)tL'XOU toµea i)tav Aty6t£QO arc6 
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ava.rct'Usll tOU L()L(J)tl,'XOU t0µfo. 
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26 
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Tov ~Ex.eµBQLO tOU 1990 ELOi}xOn Otl} Pouµavl<J. tQWtE~l,X,Q O'UOtl}µa buo EJ[l,Jtf()(l)V: ll 
E0vLx.i} TQMEt,a Pouµavlm; (NBR) avtAu(1e tLr; JtaQaCoOLax.tc; AELtOUQylec; 
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x.ganx.ec; tQMEt,ec;. An:6 t6te, to tQ(13t£~LX,O OlHJtl}µn yvci)QLOE oriµaVtLx.ec; aAAayec;. 
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trJ<; WWtEQLXT)£ ayogac_; a:rtm teL trJV UJtaQsrJ E1JVO.LXO'U OLXOVOµLXO'U JtEQL(3UAAOVtOC; 
XUL E'UEALsLa 'trJ<; gouµavLxi}c; mxovoµi.ac; l1 orcoi.a ea JtQEJtEL va EXEL xm enagxtc; 
entnebo avegrorctvo11 xm cpumxou 6uvaµLxou, LOi.roc; 11rco6oµiJc;. Arcouota trov 
avrotEQOO, OL avtayrovLOtLxtc; mtoeLc; el vm meav6 va eeroQriOouv rtOA u tvtovec; arc6 
OQLOµeva tµiJµata trJ<; XOL vrov(,ac_;, XUL ea UJtUQsEL avayXrJ yLa JtQOO'tatE'UtLX<l µEtQa, 
ta orcota, eav eq>agµoo'touv, ea. Otoouv oe xi. v6uvo 111v evLata ayoga. 
H Lxav6'tl\'ta xm n arcoq>aOLOtLXO'trJ'ta µLac_; UJtO'\VTJq>Lac; xmQac; 6oov aq>oga trJV 
moett11011 xm t11v ecpa.Qµoyit tou xextriµtvou ea et vm ~rott.xi}c; oriµaotac;, aq>ou to 
x6o-mc; xm ta oq>EAll tou avffitEQOO µ:rtOQEL va et vm avwa. xa-taveµriµtva xata trJ 
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:rtoA.LtLxi}c; nou a.rcm-couv1m arc6 triv rcgooxmg11ori o-criv 'Evwori xm 11 a-meeg6-c11ta 
111c; ecpagµoyiJc; tffiV mxovoµLxmv µetagQueµtoerov tva.vn tric; rcteo11c; trov oµabrov 
ouµq>eg6vtrov, µELmvouv tov xtv6uvo yLa µta xwga va µ11v µ:rtOQEL va triQitOeL trt 
btaµeuai) 'tll£ one; mxovoµLxtc; unoxQemocLc; tric; L6L6trJ'tac; tou µeAouc;. 
29 
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LE EJtLrtebo briµooi,wv aQxwv, Tl rtQOOXO>QTICTTI atriv 'Evwari arcm td tri bLOLXT1tL'Xll x.m 
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voµoeeoi,ac; rcou arcm td tm yt.a triv UQOTI twv Eµrtobi,wv otriv EAEU0EQTI x.ux.Aoc:poQLa 
Evt6c; tric; 'Evworic; x.m yLa triv E;aoc:paALOTI tric; AEL tOUQyi,ac; tric; evt.ai.ac; ayoQac;. OL 
rctuxtc; auttc; EsE1<1~ovtm OE EJt6µeva x.Ec:paAma. LE EJti.rtEbo EJtLµtQouc; EtaLQELwv, oL 
EJtLrttwoELc; tric; uw0ttrioric; tou x.Extriµtvou otriv avtaywvwtLx.6trita touc; 
e;aQtatm arc6 'tTIV Lxav6i;rii;a t0uc; va JtQOOaQµoot0uv oi;o vfo mx.ovoµLx.6 
JtEQLBUAAOV. 
H U1t<IQSU A.Et'tOV(!ytxnc; OLXOVOUtac; 'tflC: ayoqac; 
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mx.ovoµta i;ric; ayoQac; d vm A.EL 'tOUQYLXll 6,;av i;o voµo0EtLx.6 ouo-rriµa, 
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µrtOQEL va ec:paQµootet. Ot. EJtt.b6oeu; i;ric; mxovoµtac; i;ric; ayoQac; bLeuxoAuvovi;m x.m 
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eµrcobtwv yt.a triv doobo x.m triv t;obo arc6 triv ayoQa Borieouv otri BeA ttwori tric; 
anoteAeoµatLx.6tritac; µE triv on:ota AEL tOUQYEL ri mx.ovoµi,a. 
H Pouµavta oriµetrnoe n:0A1, µey(lAll n:g6o6o <m6 triv UQXll tric; µnaf~uoric;, n:ug<lA.o 
nou bev µrtoQd vu Ow>griOd, ux.6µri, we; A.EL tm,gytx.11 mx.ovoµtu tric; uyog<xc;. Ot nµtc; 
EAE1JeEQwerix.av OE µ£ya.AO Ba0µ6 x.m ta 'Xl)QLU Eµrt()C)l,(1 tOU EµrtOQLOlJ 
x.ataQy11erix.av. Evtoutmc;, ri Pouµavta rtaQaµtvn XWQU nou xaQUXtl]QL~Etm arc6 
oriµavnx.6 Baeµ6 xuBEQVl]tLx.11c; JtaQtµBaoric; otri AEL touQyta tric; mx.ovoµtac;. Ta 
bt.x.mwµata t.bwxtriotac; x.m to µEtaBt.Bamµ6 touc; bcv txouv ax.6µri rtAl]QW<; 
e;aoc:paALOtEL tOUAUXLOtOv yta tvav an6 touc; ouvtEAEOttc; rtaQaywy11c;: tri Yll-Ot 
x.avovwnx.ot c:poQetc; BQtox.ovtm ax6µri un6 ouotaori x.m ri Lxav6trita touc; va 
E;aoc:paAtoouv triv tl]QllOll xm triv Ec:paQµoy11 tric; voµoewtac; JtQEJtEL ax.6µri va 
avarctuxeet. 
H xaQasri JtOALtLX.l]<; OE OL'XOVOµLxa 0tµata bev l]tav navta 01JVE'XtL'Xl]. Qc; 
anotEAEOµa, ri JtQ6oboc; JtQoc; tri µaxQOOLxovoµLx.11· otaeeQ6trita bev l]tav ouvex11c;: 
ta tEAEUtata ttri xaQaX.tl]QLotrix.av an6 EJtLb6ouc; x.uµm v6µEvec; EUQtwc; 6oov 
ac:pOQU triv avantusri, tOV JtAT180JQL0µ6 x.m triv UVEQYLa. OL OL'XOVOµLXOL (f)OQELc; bev 
eEwQOUV x.at ' avayx.ri to µaxQoOLx.ovoµt.x.6 rtEQLBaAAOv we; aQX.Eta ota0eQ6 yta va 
JtQowe11oouv to artaQUL tl]to rntn:ebo <motaµteuoric; x.m EJtevbl',oewv (t6oo eyxo>gu.ov 
600 x.m cl;wtEQLxwv). 
Eav e(f)UQµOOtEL JtAl]QOJc;, to OUVE'XtLX.6 JtQOYQaµµa µaX.QOOLX.OVOµLx.l]c; 
otaeEQOJtoi.rioric; xm bLaQeQwtLx.wv µetaQQueµtoewv nou avax.mvwerix.e arc6 tLc; 
UQXEc; otriv aQXll tOU 1997, ea JtQEJtEL va aAAUsEL QL~L'X(l tl]V OLX.Ovoµta tric; 
Pouµavi,ac; 'XaL va etotL tLc; BaoELc; yLa UYLll avantusri ta EJt6µEva XQOVLa. AAA(l Tl 
Ec:paQµoy11 twv Bamx.wv xaQaXtl]QLOtLx.wv tou JtQOYQaµµatoc;, ELbLx.a 6oov ac:poQa 
triv avabt.aQeQwori, ea XQELaotEL noAAa XQOVLa. Et vm 6µwc; rtOA u VOJQLc; va 
E'XtLµrieEt x.ata n6oo to JtQOYQaµµa ea ec:paQµOOtEL JtAl]QOJc; x.m EJtL tuxwc;. 
EmnMov, o av woe; Queµ6c; twv µEtaQQU0µtoEOJV x.m ri µax.QOOLx.ovoµt.x.11 aotaeELa 
ta tEAEUtai.a XQ6vta bdxvouv 6n µEQLXOL mx.ovoµLx.ot c:poQetc; bev c:patvEtm ax.6µa 
va txouv beoµeued JtAl]QOJc; one; µetaQQU0µtoet.c;. MEQLxec; wxuQtc; oµabE<; twv 
onoi.wv ta ouµc:ptQovta et yovtm arc6 nc; tQtxouoec; µEtaQQU0µi,oEL<; ~ritouv 
JtEQLOOOtEQTI X.QatLX.l] JtaQtµBaori Otl]V OL'XOVoµta, JtEQLOOOtEQEc; EA.eyx6µevec; tLµec; 
x.m EJtLO'tQO<pi) one_; naAmec; µE066ouc; mx.ovoµtx.i)c; btaXELQLOT1c;. H naywnob,ari i;wv 
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30 
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JtOAL tLXEc; ouvaµetc;. 
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nagouotaoE l) EmtQOJtll to 1995, anoox.onouoav va BorJ811oouv · tu; 
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xrogec; tr) µetacpoga xm tl')V ecpagµoyi} tOU CTUVOAOU tOU X.EX.tl')µevou. IlQEJCEL 
va Urtoygaµµwtd we; JtQOc; aut6 6tL to oxebLO bgaanc; yLa tl')V EOOHEQLX.ll . 
ayoga rcou urcoB'A.it0nxe oto Eugwna·cx.6 LuµBou'A.w tou Aµotegvtaµ, 
ngoB'A.mEL ttc; avayx.atec; bgaoetc; µE rtgotegm6tnta yw va Be'A. ttw8et Tl 
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mx.ovoµ1,rov x.m rnoµevwc; touc; yevLx.ouc; 6gouc; tou avtaywvwµou. L'mn6v tov 
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e;1, urcougydwv xm rcagaµevouv buoxLVT]tEc;. H BQabutrita xm ri EAAEl. '\JJll 
UJtOtEAEOµatt.x6tritac; tmv bt.abt.xaot.wv CEV EJtL tQe.nouv va cl;aocpaHtetm o 
oE{3aoµ6c; twv 6t.xmmµ6.tmv twv evay6vtmv. IlaQ6Ao rcou rceoBM:rcov1:m OQLOµevec; 
lQOJtorcot.i}oeu; yt.a vu UAOnot.riOe(, ri evugµ6vwri µenc; xmvonxEc; o6r)Ytec;, OEV EXEL 
JtaQOUOt.ao1:et xavtva XQOvobt.6.yQaµµu. 
L'tOV toµEa tric; :n:vEuµa11,xi}c; LCLoxtriotac; EXEL xataBArieet oriµavtt.xi} JtQOO:n:6.eELa 
yt.a triv eva(Jµ6vuJTJ TTJ~ voµo0eaia~ xm EXEL cl;ampaALOtet ouvoAt.x.6. ri ouµµ6Qcpmori 
µE tT) Iuµ(3aori tOU Movaxou (1973) XaL µe 'tLc; XOLVOtLXEc; bt.ata1;et.c;. 
IlQertEL ax6µa va ylvouv rtQoonaeet.Ec; nQooaeµoyi}c; yt.a ta oi}µata, yt.a tTJV 
:n:eayµat~'X.11 ecpaeµoyi} Oto eniJte.60 tWV OUVOQWV (border enforcement) XUL tT] 
OUµ1CATJQWµatL'X.l} JtLO'tOJtOLT]OTJ JtQOOtaotac; JtOU dvm avayxata OE OQLOµtvouc; 
toµe.tc;. Qc; neoc; auto, etxav ax6µri neoBAecp0et bt.acpoga voµooxtct.a yt.a ta etri 
1996/97 yt.a tu; buo new·m; :n:tuxtc; XaL yt.a to 1998 yt.a tT]V tEAEUtata Jttuxi}. 
LE 6;n acpoea to etmgt.x.6 btxmo, ri wrntegt.xi} voµoOwtu ouµµogcpm'nm oc yevt.xtc; 
YQaµµtc; µe triv JtQWtT], tT] beinegri, triv tQL tri~ triv evbtxutri xm tT] bcobExu.tri obriyi.<1. 
Ot. µetayeveategec; tgononmi}ow; nm, ngofiMrcovtm yw. Alyo JC()LV to ttoc; 1998, Ou 
EJtLtQE'\pOUV tT]V JCAl}QY) 01,µµ<>Q(fJ(J)(JY) t'Y)c; vm,µuv~x11c; voµo(kolo.c; JU~ w; XOLVOtLXEc; 
0611ytec;. 
'EXEL 1;ext. vi}oEL tva cpt.A.6bo1;o rcg6ygaµµa egyaolac; 6oov acpoga tT) )..oywnx.11 xm 
·tov )..oyt.o-nx6 t)..eyxo, oto onoto ouµneQLAaµBavovi:m xm OL tgo:n:o:n:ot.i}oet.c; 1mv 
oriµegt.vc.bv xavovt.oµc.bv xaewc; xm twv vtwv xavovwµc.bv xm xav6vmv. Ot. 
JtEQLOOOtEQec; aAA.aytc; ea ELoaxeouv xata t'Y) ()LUQXELa tOU 1997. Qt, JCQOBAEJt6µevEc; 
aA.Aaytc; ea erct.cptgouv triv :n:Ai}QTJ ouµµ6Qcpmori µe w; AO''{LOtLxtc; obriytec;, aA.Aa cev 
et vm ax6µa bt.aetot.µa ta xetµeva twv voµooxebtmv. Oewµtva µe'taBanxa 
:n:eoBAi)µata acpoeouv :n:gocpavwc; tTJV ecpagµoyi) OtTJV :n:gaxnxi) tmv vtwv xav6vwv, 
ouµ:n:EQLA.aµ(3avoµtv11c; µt.ac; EAAEL'lpllc; 1,xavc.bv Aoywtwv xm EAEyxtc.bv, xm cev 
cpaLVE'tUL 6tL auta ,:a JtQOBAi)µa'ta µnoeouv va E:n:LA.U0ouv µeoo:n:e60eoµa. 
Ltov toµfo tric; :n:eootaotac; twv otot.xetwv, to voµooxtbw :n:ou nmµatetm, 
arcooxonet om va xcnaoti}oEL m,µf3ati} tri gcmµav1,xi} voµoOwta µe triv xm vot1,xi} 
obriyta JtAai.ow. llgof\Mnet. t.btcnc; tll 611µ1,01,gytn µwe; uvd;<'tgtritric; ugxi}c; cMyxou 
JtOU ea dvm emcpogtwµevri µc t'Y)V E<pugµoy11 t()U vc'>p,01,. H :Tt()OOX<1l()Y)OY) Otfl 
ouµ(3ao11 aet.e. 108 tm, LuµBou)..lou tric; Eugcim11c; rcgofiAbtetm yw. to 1999. 
LtOV toµfo tOU afftLXOU bt.xatou, 3tQEJtEL va avacpee0et 6tL ri ouµf3aori tOU 
Aouyxavo OXEtt.xa µe triv bt.xaonxi) agµo6L6trita xm µe triv ex-tEAWTJ 'tWV 
UJtocp6.oewv oe :rtOAL nxa xm eµnoQLXa 0tµata, bev EXEL ax6µa ecpagµoo-tet O'tfl 
Pouµavta. IlQEJCEL xatagxi}v va 011µe1,w8d ng6o6oc; oe 6,n acpoea 'tT]V :n:goo1aota 
1wv ao11,xc.bv ouµcpeQ6v1:wv. 
I:vJuttoaaµ,a 
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Me (36.011 111 voµo8enx11 :n:eoo:n:6.0et.a nou EXEL xataf3)..riet:l 010v toµEa 111c; 
nveuµa1t.x11c; 1,bwxtriotac;, ri Pouµavta EXOY)AWVEL tri 8eA11011 1ric; va ouµµoecpw0d µE 
"CO XOLVOtLXO XEX'tT)µEVO. H E(J)UQµoy11 ·tou (J)O't6oo Oa JCQEJCEL va ClJtO"CEA.EOEL 
avnxelµevo ngooexnx11c; d;etaoric;. 
41 
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:re 6, tL acpoQ6. to etaLQLX6 OLXULO, ri E(pUQµoyr) tou xextriµtv01, UJt6 tT} PouµuvLa 6ev 
ea rcaQoumaaeL oriµavtLx6 rtQ6B11.riµ<1. OL 6La0tmµec; n:11.riQocpogLec; oxenxa µe nc; 
egyaotec; rcou 11.aµBavouv 011µega xwQa otov toµeu tric; 11.oyLOtLxi)c; xm tou 
11.oywnxou e.Myxou, bev rcagtxouv triv xat6.11.11.ri11.ri Baori yLa va ytve.L 11.rntoµegi)c; 
a;wA6yT}OT} tT}c; ouµµ6gcpwoT}c; µe to xex-tT}µevo, i) va a;w11.oyri0ouv OL JtgoorctLxtc; 
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45 
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To ML ei,vm µetatQE'\lJLµo yLa oxeb6v 6Aec; tLc; ouvaA.A.aytc; tQtxovtoc; AoyaQLaoµou. 
OL QOuµavLxtc; aQxtc; 0ewQouv 6n Sa µ:rcoQfoouv va avaAaBouv w; un:oxQeoooeLc; 
tou aQ0QO'U 8 tric; ouµcpwv(.ac; tou ~NT ev-t6c; tou 1997. KLvi}oeLc; xecpaA.aLwv: OL 
xecpaA.mOUXLXE<; µetacpoQtc; xm O esmtEQLX6c; bavewµ6c; rutm tOUV' YEVL'X<l, trtV 
tyxQLOll tric; xevtQLxi}c; tQ6.:rce~ac;. A:rc6 aut6v ·wv xav6va e1;mQOUvtm OL ax6Aou0ec; 
eLOeQx6µevec; xt. vi}oELc; xecpaAnLwv : 
xata0foeu; µri µovLµ(l)v xcnoLxwv oe :rcwtonLx.01,c; ogyuvwµo,,c; otri 
PouµavLa 
bavet.a xm motooow; :rcou AaµBavouv m xatoLxOL xm :rcou eyyuatm to 
XQ6.toc;, xm 
xata0eoeLc; n:ou xavouv i} AaµBavouv m tQ6.:rc~ec; yLa bLx.6 touc; A.oyaQLaoµ6. 
Ito :rcA.atmo tric; voµo8e0Lac; yt.a tLc; 1;tvec; rnevbuoeu; tric; 3ric; Ma'Cou 1991, bev 
U:rt<lQXOUV :rtEQLOQLOµo(, yLa tl] 1;tvri ouµµetOXT} OE Eµ:rtOQLXEc; EtaLQELec; JtOU LOQUOVtm 
otri Pouµavta, xm µ:rcoQouv va yL vouv 1;evec; rnevbuoeLc; oe 6Aouc; touc; toµe(,c; tric; 
mxovoµ(.ac;, µe e1;aLQWll exd vouc; touc; ·toµeLc; :rcou xa00QL~ovtm we; e0vLxou 
ouµcptQovtoc; yLa A.6youc; aµuvac; xm :rtQOOtao(.ac; tou :rtEQLBaAAovtoc;. Ta XEQOll xm 
to rnevbuµevo xecpaAaLO µ:rcoQouv va rnavrutatQL00ouv oe µetatQE'1JLµa voµi,oµata. 
To xa0wtooc; xL vi}oewv xecpaAaLwv otri PouµavLa eL vm yevLxa ouµcpwvo µe nc; 
bLata1;eLc; yLa nc; X,LVT}OELc; xecpaAaLWV JtOU :rtQOBAmovtm Otl]V EUQW:Jta0L'XT} 
IuµcpwvLa. 
IloAMc; bLata1;eLc; QU0µL~ouv tu; 1;evec; rnevbuoeLc; xm tu; bQaOtl]QL6tritec; touc;. O 
v6µoc; aQL0. 35/1991 oxetLxa µe tLc; 1;evec; rnevbuoet.c; ouµ:rcAriQw0rixe tov Ma·.:o tou 
1997 µe tvav vfo v6µo yt.a tt.c; 1;tvec; mevbuoELc;. H on:nxi} tou vfou v6µou EL vm va 
~eA nwoeL touc; 6Qouc; mavrutatgwµou twv mevbuµtvwv xecpaAaLwv, aAAa XUQLwc; 
va :rcaQEXEL cpoQoAoyLxa XLVl]tQa yLa touc; µeyaAouc; rnevbutec; (:rcavw rut6 4 ex.at. 
46 
RO 
ECU), xm yt.a touc; ayoQaOtec; tLtAWV 0£ l,()L(1.)tLXOJCOL'flµEVE£ EtaLQELEc;. H 
urcoxgewnxi] xataxc.og11011 oto Pouµavt.x.6 0Qyavwµ6 Ava.rctu1;11c;, rcou arcoteAouoe 
tgoxorce611 yt.a tl\V eyxa1:aotao11, xataQyi\011xe. Qt, gouµavt.xec; 0uya'tQLXEc; t;evwv 
emxet.Qi\Oewv exouv oi\µega oacpi] rcg60Bao11 ot11v xt11µatt.xi\ LOL0x.t11ota yt.a 1riv 
aoxriori twv ogaotrtQLOti\1wv touc; : aut6 bev 01,µBut vet. yu1 ta urcoxataotr)µatc1 xm 
ta YQacpeta aVtLJCQOOWJC£LC.OV. 
Y na.gxouv OQLOµeva JCQOBAr)µata yt.<1 trt 6riµu)'UQytn µu1c; cmo1eAeoµatt.xr)c; xm 
otyouQ11c; ayoQ6.c; xecp<tAatcov, t.btwc; : rt µe1mpoQ6 tric; bt.axdQwric; -rnu auv6A.01, ·mw 
6.-UAwv i;(. tAoov oe XWQLOtec; xataot6.oeu;, rt OQyavwo11 -r11c; bt.acpavEL<tc; -rwv 
xg11µm;omxovoµt.xci>v JCAflQO(f)OQLci.>v trnv nmgeui>v, o xaOoQL0µ6c; m>V EVEQY'fltLx.01, 
toov naA.mci.>v tnµdrnv t.bt.rntt.xr)c; 1,b1,oxt11otm;. 
Qt, t;evec; mevbutec; bev et xav µtxQL JCQ()<JqJUt(l EAE1)0EQ'fl JCQ()0(1uori one; nyo0tc; t(l}V 
x1,v11tci.>v al;t.ci.>v. Aui;r) 'fl EAAEL'\J.>ll xuh,cp011xe arc6 tov vfo v6µo yt.a tt.c; !;tvec; 
mevouoELc;, rcou JCEQLAaµBavet. EL6Lxtc; bt.ata1;et.c; yu1 touc; "rnevbu1tc; 
xaQtO(()UAaxlou" 611Aa6r) touc; mevbuttc; oto XQriµatLO'tl}QLO 11 Otfl beuteQoyevr) 
ayoQ6. tLtAWV LOLWtt.xon:ot.11µevwv E'tULQELci.>v (Rasdaq). Qo,:600, rt µnacpoQa 111c; 
uneQastac; xm toov µeQLOµatoov e1;axoAou0d va urc6xe1. tm oe 1tQ011youµev11 
maAr)8euo111olV mevbuoewv oe ouvaAAayµata. 
I;vµ,ntQ«aµ,a 
To QOUµavtx.6 btxmo EsEALOOE'tUL XO.ta 'tflV EVVO\,O. µeyaA'lrtEQO'U avotyµa1rn; tr}<; 
ayOQUc; evavtL tO)V aµeowv mevbuoewv. 0 JCOAU xaµr}A6c; 6yxoc; twv £3t£VO'U0£(1.)V 
ocpetAetm tblwc; oe OLOLXr}tLxec; JCQUXtt.xec;, w; orcotec; ouvr)0wc; avacpegouv 01, 
mevbutec;, xm 01, orcotec; rtEQLOQttouv 011µavnxa tfl voµt.xr) aocpaAeLa toov 
ouvaAAayci.>v (t6oo otov eµrcogt.x.6 toµfo, 600 xm otov toµta twv teAoovdwv, trtc; 
cpOQOAoytac; x.Art.). Etvm 1tQW'tUQXLX6 va BeAtLoo0et 011µavtt.xa 10 OLOLXfltt.x.6 xm 
voµtx.6 1tEQLBUAAOV yw tr}V au};11011 tOU 6yxou tWV ercevouoernv. 
re 6,n acpoQa tt.c; XQriµatomotoott.xec; ayoQec;, ll Pouµavta 011µdwoe oriµavtLXll 
rcg6o6o xa,:a tll 6LaQXELa t(1.)V buo tEA.EUtatwv Etci.>v. H bT]µwugyta µt.ac; 
arcoteAeoµatt.xr)c; ayoQac; bev aµcpwB11td tm µeoorcQ6o0eoµa, 61,acpoQett.xa 
Eµcpavt~ovtm m eoootEQLXOL xtvbuvm µt.ac; ayoQac; xm OL xtvbuvm rcou ouvbfovtm 
µe triv EAAEL'\J.>ll eµrce1.gtac; twv ogyavwµci.>v eMyxou n:ou exouv 6riµLOUQYl\0d 
JCQ6ocpata. 
H eAeu0EQLO. t11c; xt v11011c; toov xecpo.Aatwv EXEL or)µeQa Em teux0et o-ra xetµeva, aAA<l fl 
1tQO.XtLXl] 1tQ€3t£L va erctB£Bmci.>O£L 'tflV e1;aAEL'\JJll 1(1.)V eµrcootwv yLa tr}V avarctu1;ri 
µt.ac; avtaywvw11.xi]c; ayoQac;. H Pouµavta EXEL ecpaQµ6oEL oe rtEQLOQwµevri xAtµaxa 
tl\V eAEU0EQWOll t{1.)V XLVl}OEWV XE(()O.AO.LWV. Qt, EAEU0EQWµevec; OUVUAAO.yec;, t,O(ooc; m 
aµeoec; 1;evec; ercevbuow;, O.(()OQOUV aJCOXAEWtLXU nc; ELOQOE<; X£({)0.A0.L(1.)V. AV 
ouvexwtouv OL rtQoorca0£Lec; yt.a va avnµetwmotouv OL bt.o.Q8Qw11,xec; abuvaµtec; 
tOU XQ11µatOOLXOVOµLXOU OUOti\µat0c; xm YLU VO. Ot0.0£QOJtOL'fl0Et xm VO. 
µetaQQU0µwtet Tl mxovoµta, Tl Pouµavta ea el vm oe 0eori va ecpaQµ6oeL to 
XOl.'VOtLXO XEit'tl\µevo µeoon:Q60eoµa OtOV -roµea 't(1.)V XLVl}0£(1.)V XE(()O.AO.LWV. 
EA£'U0£Qt) XVXAO(f>OQL« V1tt)Q£(Jt(l)V 
Ba.OT] tT]c; eA.eu0eQ11c; xuxAocpogtac; 100v UJCT]Q£Oui>v arco1eAet ri arcocpuyr) twv 
6LaxQtoewv, t.blwc; A.6yw tric; e0v1,x6t111ac;, xm m xav6vec; EVUQµ6vwric; -rwv 
6Lacp6QWV e0vt.xci.>v gu0µto£wv. Au-rot OL xav6vec; acpoQouv ouvr)0wc; to bt.xatwµa 
eyxatao1ao11c; rcou urea.ye-rm otov 1oµfo 1ric; eA.eu0eQric; xuxA.ocpoQtac; twv 
rtQOOci.>nwv xm OtT]V £AEU0£Qll rcaQOXll UJCT]QEOLci.>v. H EcpaQµoyr) touc; rtQo'Urco0etEL -rri 
OY)µLOUQYLO. t(l)V OLOLXT]tl.XWV ooµci.>v (rtQOµr)0Et.Ec; tQaJCE~LXOU EAEYXOU, UQXE<; yt.a tOV 
47 
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E°AEYXO tOU OJttLXOaXOUOtLXOU toµfo, JtQoµn8ELec; tQaJtE~LXOU EAEYXOU, agxec; 
agµ60LEc; yLa tic; 0LEU8etnoELc;) xm tl)V EVLOXUOl) tl)c; O'UVEQyaotac; µtta;1, trnv 
XQatrnv µEA.WV OE mtnEb<1 EHyxrnv (xnOwtcinu o.µm(1<1L<1£ <1v<1yvci>QLOlJ£). 
'Eva Ol)µavnx6 tµnµa tOU bLxatou JtOU LOXUEL yLa tl)V EA.EUOEQl) XUXA.O(l)OQLU 
UJtl)QEOLWV acpoga ttc; XQl)µatOOLXOvoµtxec; UJtl)QEOLEc;. E;Eta~ovtm EJtLOl)c; ta 
JtQOBAnµata JtOU ouvMovtm µE to avmyµa t(l)V e8vtxwv ayogwv OE tOµetc; Otouc; 
onotouc; mtxgatouoav JtaQa6oataxa µovoJtWALa 6nwc; m tl)Ammxm vwvtEc; xm, EV 
µEQEL l) EVEQYEUl xm ()l, µeta<pogec;. A Uta ta tEA.E'Ut(ll,(1 Otµcna On £;EtaOtO'\JV (Jt(l 
Etfaxa tµnµata tl)c; yv<oµl)c; JtOU EL vm mptEgrnµeva OE mmi. 
:Euvon-nx11 ff£QLYQ<1(f)tJ 
Q EXOUYXQOVL0µ6c; tO'U tQaJtE~LXOU toµfo ;EXLVl)OE to 1991 6tav ll EOvLxn Tgane~a 
tl)c; Pouµavtac; (BNR) aveAaBE tLc; Jtagabomaxec; o.gµobt6tl)t£c; µtac; XEVtQLxnc; 
tgan~ac;. 
}:tov tQaJtE~tx6 toµea EJnxgatouv n6.vta m 5 ogyavwµot tou bl)µootou toµea, 
tbtcoc; A.6yco tl)c; yEwygacptxnc; tauc; XUAU'\j)l)c; OE OA.l) tl) XWQa. AvtLJtQOOWJtEUOUV 
navco an6 to 70% tl)c; ayogac;. }:uvmcbc;, m tbLcotLxec; 'tQaJtE~E<; nagaµevouv µLxgec; 
OE 6,tt, acpOQCl 'tO tµnµa 'tl)<; ayOQU<;, XaL avaJttUOOOVtm OE OQLOµevec; EL()l,XEUµEVEc; 
ayogec; : ()LE8vec; EµJtOQLO, EJtEV()UtLXE<; 'tQaJtE~Lxec; bgaO'tl)QLO'tl)'tEc;, OUVE'tULQLOtLXEc; 
tQME~ec;. QL XUQLOtEQEc; 'tQaJtE~ec; 'tOU XQU'tOUc; JtOU bl)µLOUQYn8l)xav µe 'tOV v6µo 
agt8. 15/1990 JtQOBaAA.OUV 'tl)V JtaA.aui boµn. To XE(pClA.aLO touc; xgatELtm an6 'tO 
TaµELO tl)c; Kganxnc; IbLOX'tl)OLac; (70%) xm yw 'tO JtA.e6vaoµa an6 'ta JtEV'tE JtaA.ma 
taµeta tl)c; L()l,(l)'tLxnc; LOLOX'tl)OLac; (6% xaOeva). EmnMov, ll Pouµavta bLa'tnQlJOE to 
taµteutnQLO (CEC) UJt6 'tl)V my(ba tou Ynougydou QLxovoµtxcbv. Amn ll tQME~a 
cocpeA.n8l)XE aJtO EL()LXO voµLXO xa8EOtW<; rnc; £L()LXEUµevoc; ogyavwµ6c; tmV 
VOLXOXUQLWV. 
Ilaga tL<; JtQOq:>UVEL<; JtQOEL()OJtOLl)tLXE<; EV()EL;tL<;, to Ol)µEQLVO OUO'tl)µa EJtttnQlJOl)<; 
bEv Eµn6bwe tl)V ntcbXEUOlJ buo tbtwttxcbv tQaJtE~ci>v (nou avnngoownEuouv navw 
an6 10% tou ouv6Aou tou EVEQYlJtLxou) µ£ ~l)µLE<; JtEQLJtou 400 mat. ECU, nou 
mavaxgl)µatobotn8l)xav an6 to bl)µ6oLO taµdo. AAAE<; tQaJtE~E<; EX twv OJtOLWV n 
Banca Agricola, xganxn tQaJtE~a JtOU avtLJtQOOWJtEUEL an6 µ6vn tnc; to 30% tOU 
tQaJt~LXOU EVEQYlltLXOU, Bgtoxovtm ax6µa UJt6 Otevn EJtL tngnon A.6yco tOU 
XL vbuvou JtOU aJtOteA.OUV. 
Qt, tQME~ec; naoxouv yevtxa an6 JtA.E6vaoµa ngoocomxou, an6 EAAELµµanxa 
ouotnµata JtA.l]QOcp6gnonc; xm an6 onµavtLXCl xagtocpUA.ClXLa rnwcpaA.WV XQEWV 
(JtOU ouvMovtm XUQLCO<; µe tL<; xgatLxec; EJtLXELQnOEL<; JtOU A.ELtOUQYOUV µ£ ~nµtec; -
XUAuBac;, Baguc; EsOJtAL0µ6c;, JtetQoxnµtxn Bwµnxav(,a X.A.Jt.). 
Qt, xgatLXE<; tQaJtE~E<; dxav µEXQL to tEAO<; tOU 1996 to µovOJtO)A.LO Otl]V ayoga 
OUVaA.A.ayµatoc;: µ6vo tEOOEQL<; EYXQLOEL<; dxav XOQllYn0d an6 tl]V BNR, EX tWV 
OJtOLCOV OL tgdc; yta xganxec; tQaJtE~Ec;. LtL<; agxec; tOU 1997, ll xuBegvnon 
aJtOcpaOLOE va EAEU8EQWOEL JtA.nQco<; tl]V ayoga OUVaA.A.ayµa'tWV. Qt, tQaJte~E<; ()EV 
exouv ax6µa YLVEL bextec; Oto XgnµatwtnQLO. 
Q EAEYXO<; JtLOtCOtLXWV XLV()'\JV(l)V E;aocpaA.L~Etm an6 eva tµnµa i:nc; EOvtxnc; 
TQM~ac; Pouµavtac;. 
H xuBegvnon anocpaOLOE va xa8LEQWOEL EVU ouotnµa eyyunoEWV t(l)V xataOfoewv 
tov Auyouoto 1996 (xuBEQVl)ttx6 btatayµa 39/1996). Ilg6xErtm yw eva i:aµdo 
48 
RO 
bl\µooi.01, bLxai.ou Jto1, cyyu(rtm ·ro>v xutcd)forn>v <(HHJLX<i>v JtQOCT<i>Jtwv, µovi.µrnv n 
6XL xa·w(,xwv, µtxQL 10 ex.at. A.EL uvc1 c1t0µ0 ( 11 00 ECU), nvc};(1Qtl\tC1 mn'> to 
ouvctAAayµa. 
OL ayogec; tWV XL V'fltWV al;LWV EL vm JtQ()<RpUtcc_; X,Ul, t};EALOOOVtUL taxtrnc;. To 
XQT\µatLOti}QLO ·wu Bouxougeat{,ou eyxmvLaOtl\XE tov Iouvw 95. O UQL0µ6c; twv 
EtULQELWV JtOU txouv ewax0e{, O'tO Xgl\µUtLO'tllQLO aul;ave-cm (JtEQLJtOU 40 'tOV Ma'(o 
97), X,UI, CLOJtLOtmvetm µLa LOXUQT} tntl\Ol\ EX µtgouc; tU>V rnevbutLXWV taµe.Lwv, 
eq>OOOV OL avaygacpec; to>V nµci>V OtO XQl\µtt.tUJtl}QLO y( VOVt<1L OllµEQU XU0l\µEQLV(1. 
Mi.a vfo ayoga µe OUVUAAUyec; OE µETQ'flt(t, l1 Rasdaq, Jt()U cyxm VU!Otl\XE to 
:rurteµf3gw tou 1996, µe ot6xo va aoxoAet tm µe, 101,c_; 6UA.ouc; ti. tAouc; twv 4.000 
LCLWtLXOJtoLT)µevwv EtaLQELWV Oto JtAULOLO tO'U ngoygaµµatoc; µatLxwv 
LCLW'tLXOJtOl,T}OEW'V, el;EALOOf:'tm 1axewc_;. 
01, ayoQtc; txouv te0et un6 tov EAeyxo tl\c; E0vLxitc; Em tQOJtitc; KL V'fltUJV Al;LciJv 
(CNVM) nou C'flµLOUQYT18l\XE µe tov v6µo 52/1994, l1 onoLa bta0eteL xavovwtLXTl xm 
enontLxi) e;ouoLa, xa0wc; xm tl\V aQµob1,6tT1ta exboollc; eyxQLoewv otouc; cpoQdc; xm 
01ouc; OQyavwµouc; 'tl\<; ayogac; (µl\tgcba µn6xwv, xm Societe Nationale de 
Reglement et Compensation, nou LCQU0l\XE JtaQ<lAAl\Aa µE tl\ Rasdaq). 
Me tOV v6µo agL0. 133/1996, ta Jtf,VtE tuµei.a 'tl\<; l,()l,(Otl,Xitc; l,()1,0X,'t'flOLac; JtOU 
C'flµLOugyit0l\XUV to 1999 we; µeoa yw 'tl\ µetaBaal\ ngoc; 'tl\V LDLWtLXOJCOl,'flOl\, E)'LVUV 
XQllµatomxovoµLxec; mEvbutLxec; nmgdc; LOuotLxoi', t1m01, cm6 tl\ 1 ll Not:µBgi.01, 
1996. 
o toµeac; to>V c10q)(1Aeui>v bLbtetm cm6 tov v6µo UQLO. 47/1991 oxenx<'l µe tl\V 
eyxat6.otaOl\, tl\V ogyuvwol\ x,m tl\ A.EL to·ugy{,u u0<p<1ALOtL'X.<hv etmge1,mv x,m tov 
v6µo 136/1995 yLa tl\V aocp6.ALOl\ xm tl\V nvtaacp6.AELa. H mt. trJQl\Ol\ tou toµea EXEL 
avate0ei. Otl\V UJt'flQEOLa )'LU 'tl\V em titQl\Ol\ tWV bgaOtl\QLOti}twv aocp6.A.Wl\c; x,m 
avtaocpaAeLac; (OSAAR), nou LDQU0l\XE µe tov v6µo ag1,8. 47/1991 [rcou OJtaoxoAEL 
14 6.toµa]. 
IIaQ6Ao nou bev un6.QXEL ax6µa v6µ1,µo µovonciJALO, l1 Pouµavta yvwgtteL ·Jtctvta 
eva µovOJtUJALO O'tl\V JtQO.sl\-L'tl\V ayog6. emx,gatouv 8 etmgdec; JtO'U 
avtLJtgoomneuav, to 1995, to 92% tou ouv6Aou twv xataBAl\0evtwv aocpaALotgwv. 
To µeyaAu1ego tµi)µa tl\c; ayoQ6.c; xatexetm a.no 3 etmQELEc_; nou eMyxovtm O.Jt6 to 
x,g6.toc;. 
Al;to.1voytJat1 "'"' 'tQi:xouaa; xa'taa'taatJ; xm 'trov :rtQOO:rtnxrov 
Ano to 1989 bev ey1, ve ,w.µµta LCLwnxonoL'flOl\ otov tg(1JCe~1,x,6 toµta. H faub1,xaa{,u 
1,bwn1,xono1,i}oernv rcou };rntv11ac JCOAAE<; <pogtc;, b1,ex6rcl1 rnuveLAl\i.tµtvrnc; <m6 to 
KowoBouAt.o to onolo, rnot6ao, cvtxQLVE tov AJCQLA.LO 1997 tvu vfo oxtbw 
LCLWtL'X.OJtOLT}CTEWV tOU tgcmetLXOU t0µfo: to axtbw aut6 EJtLtQ€Jt£L 'tl\V 
t.fawtLXOJtOL'flOl\ µe tl\V eXXWQl\Ol\ twv ti. tAwv it µe tl\V aul;11ol\ tou xEcpaAalou, oe 
JtQ6owna it 1,61,wtLx,ec_; gouµav1,x,ec_; it l;evEc; etmgdec;. H 'iJi\cpwri tou xe1,µevou 
anoteAd Ol\µavt1,x,i) JtQ6obo, aAA.6. OQWµevec; faat6.1;w; rcagoum6.touv ax6µa 
JtQ6~Ariµa · (buvat6t11ta y1,a to Taµelo KgatLxi\c; lCLO'X.tl\OLac; va KQO.ti\OEL to 10% 
tou xecpa)..a.Lou, iJ µ{,a DQO.Ol\ eMyxou nou tou em tQ€JtEL va U1tOQQLJtte1, tLc; 
0Jtocp6.oe1,c; nou EL vm avtl0Etec; ngoc; to ouµcptgov tou xg6.touc;, buvat6t'flta ym tl\V 
xu(3eQVl\Ol\ va xa00QL~EL 'tl\V "µey(Otl\ {)LClQ0QWOl\ 'tWV µetOXWV", JtEQLOQL0µ6c_; tOU 
avciJtatOU JtOOO'U ouµµEtOXrJ<;, tOU OL'X.aLOOµatoc; EVEXUQO.Ol\c_; tWV tL tAWV JtOU EXOUV 
ayOQO.Otel). 'OAOL autol OL JtEQLOQLOµot µrcogouv va eµrcob{,oouv tl\V avayxa{,a 
49 
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avabt6.Q0QWOfl tou toµea. LiEv un6.QX£L 6µwc; xavevac; JtEQLOQWµ6c; oto btxai.wµa 
eyxat6.0taoric; ;EVWV tQUJtEtwv. 
Ot EJtOJttLxoi. xav6vEc; {tQaJtEttx6c; v6µoc; agt0. 33/1191 xm OL xav6vEc; nou 0fomoE 
ri E0vtxi) TQ6.Jteta tric; Pouµavi.ac;) ouµcpwvouv yEvLxa µE triv JtQWtfl tQUJtEtLxi) 
obriyi.a xm µE tLc; obriyi.Ec; nou acpogoi,v ta i.6ta xEcpaAma xm triv cpEQEyyu6trita twv 
tQUJtEtwv. H Pouµavi.a oriµELWVEL ogwµevri xa0uotegriori OE 6,tL acpoQ6. triv 
Ewaywyi) tric; OEUtEQll<; tQUJtEtLxi)c; obriyi.ac; xm twv µetgwv nou acpoQouv : i) triv 
voµLµOJtOLflOfl JtQOOQ()(l)V · an6 JtUQO.VOµEc; OQUOtflQLOtfltEc;, ii) tflV EJtLtT)QflOfl t(l)V 
tQUJt~O)V OE JtayLOJtOLflµEVfl Baori, iii) tOV JtEQLOQL0µ6 tWV JtLOtWtLXWV XL vbuvwv 
JtOU A.aµBavouv ta JtLOt(l)tLX.O. Lbguµata x.m iv) tOV EAEYXO tWV XLV()UVWV ayogac; 
nou 6tatgexouv ta nwtwnx6. LOQuµata. H µnacpog6. tric; obriytac; yw touc; 
µEya.Aouc; xtvbuvouc; xm tric; obriyi.ac; yLa touc; Eti)owuc; xm nayLonmriµevouc; 
A.oyaQLaoµouc; BQLOXEtUL Oto ot6.6LO JtQOEtOLµaoi.ac;. H ELOJtQUsfl twv JtLOtWOEWV 
an6 touc; UJtEQi)µEgouc; O(f)ELAEtE<; dvm JtoA.u 6uox.0A11 A6yw tl]c; EAALJtouc; 
EcpaQµoyi)c; tou v6µou yta tl]V JttWXE'UOfl. 
LXEtLxa µE tl] 6uvat6tl]ta tl]c; gouµavLxi)c; xuf3tgv11011c; va Eµnobtta tfl 
XQflOLµonot11ori tou xg11µatomxovoµtxou ouoti)µatoc; yLa tl] voµLµonoi.riori 
ngoo66wv an6 JtaQ6.voµEc; 6gaotl]QLOtl]tE<;, 11 xuBtgv11011 ng6tEL VE, we; triv 
JtQOtEQm6trita tou 1997 tl]V tyxQWfl tou voµooxEbLou OXEtLxa µE tl]v JtQOAfl'Vll tric; 
XQflOLµOJtOLl]Ol]<; tOU xgriµatOOLXOVOµLXOU ouoti)µatoc; yLa tl] voµLµonoi.riori 
ngoo66wv an6 nagavoµEc; 6gaotl]QLOtl]tE<;. Aut6 to voµooxtbw txa ouvtax0Ei. 
ouµ,cpwva µE triv xm vonxi) voµo0wi.a o'aut6v tov toµfo. 
LE 6, tL acpoga tov toµea twv XLVl]tcbv a};Lcbv, 11 voµo0wta d vm µEgtxcbc; 
EVaQµovwµevri µE tov v6µo aQL0. 52/1994 OXEtLxa µE nc; XLVfltec; a};LE<; xm ta 
xgriµatwti)gta a};tcbv. fLa va ouµnA11gw8d auti) ll Evagµ6vw11, ri xuBegvriori 
JtQOtELVE va tQOJtOJtOLT)OEL aut6v tOV v6µo xata tl] OLCLQXELa tOU ttouc; 1997: aut6 
to xetµevo anotEAEL µegoc; tou voµo0Ettxou ngoygaµµm;oc; yLa triv EcpaQµoyi) tou 
JtQOYQ6.µµatoc; µetaggu0µtoEwv. fLa ta enevbuttxa xecpaAma, to 6i.xmo EXEL entoric; 
EVaQµOVLOtEL µe to faatayµa tric; xuBegv11oric; agL0. 24/1993 OXEtLXCl µE tri 
611µtouQyi.a xm tl] A.EL tOUQyi.µ. aµmBai.wv xEcpaAai.wv avmx.tou tunou twv 
EJtEV()UtLXWV EtULQELWV we; EvfaaµEOOL XQriµatOJtLOtWtLxoi. (l)OQEi.c; (JtOU eyxgL0l]XE µE 
'tO v6µo aQL0. 83/1994). 
H Pouµavi.a, ouµcpwva µE tL<; JtAflQOcpogi.Ec; nou ngoox6µw£ 11 i.bLa, EXEL oriµELcboeL 
µLXQTJ ng6o6o otriv xa0tegwori µLac; voµo0wi.ac; otov toµfo twv aocpaAi.oewv nou 
ea ouµcpwvei. µenc; xmvonxec; Bamxec; btata};ELc; (µei;ga ngcbtou otabi.ou). 'EtOL, m 
agxec; ngoBMnouv to lbw JtEQL0cbgw cpEQEyyu6tritac; yLa nc; nmgEtec; aocpaA.toewv 
twiJc; xm triµtcbv, JtQ6.yµa nou xataQxiJv 6ev ouµcpwvet µE to xm vonx6 6txmo xm 
6riµwugyet µewvexti)µm;a yLa tL<; etmgdec; aocpaA.i.oewv twi)c;. 
H 6QaOtflQL6trita otov toµta twv aocpaALOEwv 6trnei;m oi)µEQa otri Pouµavi,a an6 
to v6µo UQL0. 47/1991 OXEtLXCl µE tfl 6riµLOUQyi.a, tflV OQY<lVWOfl xm tri AELtougyi.a 
EµJtOQLXWV EtULQELWV OtOV toµea tWV aocpaA.LOEWV. 0L 0Lata;EL<; aUtO'U tOU v6µou 
etvm evagµovtoµevec; JtATJQW<; µe tLc; ngoBMtj,>etc; tric; 0611ytac; aQL0. 72/166/EOK 
oxett.x.6. µe to ouotriµa tric; IlQamv11c; KaQtac; xm tl]<; 0611yi.ac; agt0. 90/232/EOK 
JtOU xaAUJttEL tt.c; EAAEL'\j)EL<; JtOU UJtTJQXaV OE 6,tL acpOQCl tl]V UJtOXQEWtLXT) aocpaA.ELa 
t(l)V ta1;t6Lwtcbv JtOU XQflOLµOJtOLOUV eva ox11µa Oto EOWtEQLXO tri<; KOL v6tritac;. H 
QOuµavLxi) xuBtQv11ori ngott0Etm vu uwOeti)oEL i;o 1997 evu voµooxe6w y1,a tov 
fA.eyxo twv aocpaAeL<i>v. 
50 
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6LOQ0000EL U'Utl\V tllV itUtC10tUOfl. 
l:vµ.:rttQ«O'fJ« 
OL onµavnx6tEQEc; arcocpaoELc; EXOUv 116T1 Aflcp0d yLa tnv rcgayµanxn ava6LaQ0QWOfl 
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E;aocpaALOtEL Tl otaOEQOtl]ta tou toµfo. 
H avcl;aQtllOLU tl]c; KEVtQLxi\c; TQ6.rtEtac; Evavn tou XQfrwuc; bev EXEL JtAi\Qwc; 
E;aocpaALO"CEL: E;axoAou0Et va EVEQYEL we; taµlac; tou xgatouc;, xm ouµµEtEXEL 
OT)µavnxa otn XQllµato661flOfl tou bl]µomovoµLxou cAAdµµm:0t;. 
0 tQart~Lx6c; toµfoc; ELvm ax6µa rcoAu euato0l]toc;. To voµo0EtLx6 xdµevo nm, 
EtOLµatEtm :rcgrnEL va :rcaywnoti]oEL xm va el;uyuxvEL tov toµfo xm Tl 
L6LwnxortoLf10ll trnv XQUtLxcbv tgcme~wv yLa tl]V onota bev 1JJtC1QXEL ax6µu 
ouyxEXQLµevo XQOvobLayQnµµa, va aul;i]oEL tfl bLacpavua xm tflv 
avtaywvwnx6tnta tou. Ev :rcaoll :TCEQLJttcboEL, :rcg6xeLtm yLa µta µaxgo:rcg60wµn 
6La6Lxaola :rcou 6Ev EJtLtQrnEL va ytvouv µwo:rcg60wµa :TCQof3M'\lJw; OXEtLxa µe tflV 
evta;n tOU gouµavLXO'U tQC1JtE~LXO'U ouoti]µatoc; Otl]V EOCJJtEQL'itll nyoga. 
H ayoga tCJJV 'itLVlltOOV al;Lcbv DEV EXEL ax6µa avarctuxeel UQ'X.Eta. To xaewtcbc; 
EJtL ti\QllOllc; et vm oi\µEQa avmaQxec; xm uJtaQxouv aµcpt.{)oALE<; we; rcgoc; 111v 
artOtEAEOµanx.6tnta tOU. H OUVEXLOll xm Tl EJtLtUXUVOfl tOU n:goygaµµatoc; 
L6LCJJtL'itOJtOLi]OECJJV ea ouµf3aAOUV CJJOtOOO Otl]V avel]Ofl auti]c; tllc; ayogac;, JtQUyµa 
JtOU xa0LOtC1 JtLO avayxata tl]V ULOeEtl]Ofl XUL tl]V taxeta ecpagµoyi\ tOU VEOU v6µou 
yta to Xgnµatwtl)gw xm w; XLVfltEc; al;LEc;. 
~tov toµta twv aocpaALOECJJV EL vm rcgocpavtc; 6n 11 Pouµavta JtQEJtEL va onµELWOEL 
ax6µa JtOA'U JtQOO()O t6oo 600 acpoga tl]V moeEtllOll xm tnv ecpagµoyn tCJJV 
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rcg6of3ao11 OtflV ayoga tl]c;. 
EAE'U8EQD XVKA09)0Qi.a :rtQOO'ffilt(l)V 
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61,xatwµa oe xa0e :rcoAL tll t11c; 'Evwo'l']c; va xuxAocpogd xm va 61,aµeve1, eAeu0EQa oto 
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ouvoga 1,oxueL y1,a xaee atoµo avcl;agtl)twc; eev1,x6tl]tac; tou, ELbaAACJJ<; to agego 
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OflµavtLx6 ng6BAflµa, nou eEteL un6 aµcp1.0Bt1tflOfl 1600 to Baeµ6 t11c; 
6gaot11g1.6tfltac; ngootyywflc; twv voµoeeOLcbv 600 xm tflV no1.6tl]ta t11c;. 01. 
6u'lcpoQE<; anagaLtfltE<; 6oµtc; y1.a tflV EcpaQµoyi) tou 61.xatou otov toµta tll<; 
eowteg1.xi)c; ayogac;, 6Ev txouv oi)µEga tfl 6uvat6tflta va EittEMoouv tflv 
aJtOOtOA.11 tovc;. IlQEJtEL va 61.atUJtWeouv OL (,faec; fJtL(pUA<X;EL<; 6oov acpoga 
tflV 1.xav6tt11a twv mxovoµ1.xcbv cpogtwv xm 1.6(.wc; 1wv MME va 
Ecpagµ6t;ouv to 6i.xaLO. 
4. H xat<XQYflOfl 't(l)V EAEYXWV Ola EOW'tEQLit(l ouvoga lfl<; 'EvWOfl<; ea El.Vat 
buva1r) µ6vov 61av EJtL tEUXOEL tvac; EJtagxi)c; Ba0µ6c; Evagµ6v1.ot1c; twv 
voµo0eoui)v. A u16 :rcgounoOhEL lflV aµmBatu eµmotoouvfl :rcou ea 
OtflQL~Etm L6twc; oe 61.mxi)oEL<; xaA.ou EJtLJtebou (naga6E1.yµu : Oflµaota twv 
EMyxwv aocpaA.Etac; OE ogwµtva ngo·(6vta nou 61.EvEgyouvtm otov t6Jto 
aVaXOOQflOflc; tWV JtQ0°L6VtWV). 'EtOL, OtOV 1oµfo tWV EµJtOQEUµatWV, fl 
u1vonott10fl tou xwgou xwgtc; ouvoga, µtxg1. lflV l fl Iavouagtou 1993 OEv i)tav 
6uva1i) naga µ6vo µE tflV xaT<XQYflOfl tou ouv61vou twv 61.atuncboewv nou 
anmtouvtm xm t(l)V EAEYXWV JtOU C)LEVEQYOUV ta itQ<ltfl µ£A.fl xata tl] 
61.tA.EUOfl twv ebacp1.xci:>v ouv6gwv µHal;u 1wv xgatci:>v µeA.oov tl]<; 'Evwol]c;. 
Eng6xEL to xugi.wc; y1.a ouyxExg1.µtvouc; tEXVLxouc; EMyxouc; ( aocpaA.ELa twv 
ngo't6vtwv), XtflVLatg1.xouc;, uyeLOvoµ1.xouc;, cputouyewvoµ1.xouc; xm 
53 
RO 
£µ:rtOQLX.OUc; £Atyxo·uc; (yu.t Jt<LQ<thHyJ.tU, X,(ftUJCOA.Eµl}Ol) tl}c; Jt<t(>Ut'\)JtLUc;), 
aocpaAELw; (6JtA.<1, X..A.Jt.), EA.tyxcmc; OE Oeµcrm JtEQL(VtAA.OVtoc; (arcor3A.l)tU, 
x..A.Jt. ). l:nc; JtEQUJOOtE(>Ec; JtC(>LJtt<rlOHc;, cn,tiJ rt x.cm't(>YflOll i)tuv ouvutiJ Jt<'>Vo 
µE tl}V moOttriori x.m tl}V c<pumwyiJ twv x.mvotLX<i>v JlEtQ<nv mm mtt(>E'\j>uv 
tl}V eva(>µ6vwri twv x.uvc'>vcnv x.1,x.Aoq>O(>L<1c; iJ OL(.tOeoric; otriv uyo(>(t (X1'(>trnc; 
oe etµata aocpa.Anac; twv JtQcft:6vtwv) x.m, x.ut(.1 JtE(>LJttu>ori, tl} µetacpoga 
tWV eMyxwv 11 bLatUJtWOEWV Oto EOWtEQLX.6 tOU Ebacpouc; iJ Otl)V ayoga t(l)V 
x.gatwv µEA.WV ( OE Oeµata <l>TTA x.m ELbLx.wv cp6gwv x.atuva.Aworic;, 
x.tl}VLatgtx.wv x.m cputo'UyEwvoµLx.wv EMyxwv iJ ouA.Aoyi)c; otatwnx.wv 
OtOLXELWV}. 
Megoc; t(l)V Ol}µEQLVWV OUVOQWV tl}c; Pouµav(w; 0a YL VEL EsWtEQLX.6 O'UVOQO 
tl}c; 'Evworic;. A Ut6 ea aJtm tl)OEL tl}V EVLOXUOl) t(l)V EAEYXWV Ota O'UVOQCL 
AaµBavoµevric; un6'\j)rt tric; a1;LoA.6yrioric; ouv6A.ou nou µJtOQEL va y(vn yta tl}v 
x.ataotaori JtQo6bou x.m yLa tov gu0µ6 twv EQyaoubv otouc; bLacp6Qouc; EV 
A6yw toµdc;, ELvm buox.oA.o va ngoBAecpeet oi)µEQU to xgovobtayQaµµa 
BaoEL tou ono(ou rt Pouµavta ea d vm OE efori va avaA.a.Bn x.m va efoet OE 
Ecpagµoyi) tO · O'UVOA.O tWV avayx.aLWV JtQO.SEWV yta tl)V X.atO.QYl}Ol) tWV 
OUVOQWV Ota EOWtEQLX.O. O'UVOQa X.UL tl} µEtacpOQO. aUtWV tWV EAEYXWV Ota 
esWteQLX.Cl. O'UVOQa tl}c; 'EvWOl)c;. 
5. H Pouµavta bEv ecpi)gµooe ax6µri ta oumwbri otOLxda tou x.OLvottx.ou 
x.ex.1riµtvou oxenx.a µE triv EVLata ayoga, ext6c; an6 touc; toµetc; tric; 
nveuµattx.i)c; x.m Bwµrixavtx.i)c; tbLOx.tl}Otac;. Et vm avayx.a(o va x.ataBArieouv 
onµavnx.tc; ngoonaeELec; yta va µJtOQEOEL va uweEtl)OEL x.m va efoEL oe 
ecpagµoyi) to btx.mo tl}c; evtatac; ayogac; x.m va anoxti)oet touc; avayx.atouc; 
µl}xavwµouc; yt.a tl}V ecpagµoyi) tou. Ii)µega bev ngoBMnetm 6n n Pouµavta 
ea eLvm OE eeori va ouµµetEXEL JtAi)gwc; µwong6ewµa otnv ww1egtx.i) 
ayoga. 
Av'ta.yrovtoµoc; 
H no AL nx.i) avtaywvwµou tric; Eugwna·t:xi)c; KOL v6tl}tac; UJtOQQEEL UJt6 to UQOQo 3 
JteQLJttwon t tl}c; ouvenx.nc;, to ono(o ngoBMnEL 6n rt KOL v6tl}ta ea EXEL tva 
xa0eardJ~ 1rov e;aacpa).,itet av60evro avraywvwµ6 µtaa arr,v eawreQlXTJ ayo(!d. OL 
X.'UQLOL tOµeL<; ecpagµoyi)c; et VaL l} aVtLµetWJtLOl} tWV OUµJtQO.seWV µe'tasU 
eJtLXELQi)oewv (antitrust) x.m OL X.QatLx.ec; evwxuoEtc;. 
H eUQWJta0LX.l) ouµcpwvta JtQOBAEJtEL 6tL one; EµJtOQLX.Ec; ouvaAA.ayec; µetasu tl}c; 
KOL v6tl}tac; x.m tl}c; Pouµavtac; ecpaQµ6tetm otov toµfo tou avtaywvwµou acpev6c; 
x.aewtwc; nou Baottetm ota XQLtl)QLa twv agegwv 85 x.m 86 tl}c; ouvei)x.l}c; EOK 
( ouµcpwvtec; µetasu eJtLXeLQl)OEWV/x.at6.XQll0l} tl}c; be0n6touoac; Oforic;) x,m tOU 
agOgou 92 (x.ganx.ec; eVLOXUOELc;) x.m, acpEtEQOU, oxetLX.OL x.av6vec; ecpaQµoyi)c;, OL 
OJtOLOL ea £YX.QL0ouv EVt6c; tQLWV EtWV aJt6 ll}V EVaQsll wxurn; tl}c; ouµcpwv(m;. 
EmnMov, JtQoBMneL 6n rt Pouµavta Oa x.ataoti)oEL tl} voµoOwta 1ric; JtEQL 
avtaywvwµou ouµBati) µE triv avtLOtOLXf1 XOLVOtLx.i) voµoOeota. 
To Arnx.6 BLBA.to avacpEQetm Otl} otctbLax.iJ EcpnQµoyiJ tu>V Jt(>oavacpEQOEwwv 
bLata;ewv x.aOwc; x,m 't(l)V ()Lata1;ewv tOU x.avovwµou YLU tOV EAEYXO twv 
OlJYX.eVtQWOEWV µetasu eJtLXeLQl)OeWV (4064/89) X,Ul, tWV 6.QOQWV 37 x,m 90 tl}c; 
ouv0i)x.ric; (MovonciJA.La x.m ELbLx.a bLx.mwµata). 
54 
RO 
I:vvo:rc-nx11 :rc£Qt"(Qmp11 
o :rq~6ocpatoc; v6µoc; UQLO. 21/1996 :rtEQL uvt<1y(JJvUJµo1J, o o:rtoi.oc; (3uoi.~nm otLc; 
UQXE<; nou a:rtOQQEOUV a:rt6 touc; xuv6v£c; tl]c; Kmv6tl]tnc;, eyxgL011xe arc6 to 
KOL vo(30'UALO tOV <l>Ef1QOU(.1QLO tern 1996 'X.UL tt0l]'X.E OE E<pugµoyi] 'tOV <l>er3Q01JC.1QLO 
tou 1997. KaA unteL tu; ouµ:rtQ<'.t.1;w;, w; xc11axgi]aw; t11c; bwn6~ouoac; 8to11c; xaOwc; 
xm tu; ouyxwveuoeu;. 
O v6µoc; ngoBAmeL tl] ouotao11, mpev6c;, ev6c; LuµBouAi.ou Avtaywvwµou to onoto 
ea 6LaeetEL cl;ouoi.ec; egeuvac; xm Al]'lpl]<; arcocpaaewv, xm, acpetegou, µLac; 
Yn11geoi.ac; Avtaywvwµm'J, urc6 tl]V ercorctei.a tl]c; xuBe.gv11011c;. OL 6uo autoi. cpogei.c; 
611µwugyi]e11xav to 1996 xm touc; 6Late811xe to rcgoa(l)mx.6 xm ta xov6uALa tou 
rcgoxat6xou touc; (YO). 
H eAeuetgwo11 twv toµewv rcou rcaga6omaxa arcoteAouv to avtLxetµevo 
µovorcwAi.wv JCQOX(l)QU ota6Laxa, xugi.wc; atov toµfo t(l)V tl]AEJCLXOL vwvui>v. 
Qot6oo, JCEQLOQi.setm µ6vov otouc; toµei.c; t(l)V aegoµetacpogwv, t(l)V taxu6goµLXWV 
UJtl]QEOLWV xm tl]c; evegyELac;. 
'Oaov acpoga ta a:rtoxAeLOtLxc'.1 6Lxmwµata, 11 Pouµuvta bLatl]QEL xaOwni>c; 
a:rtO'X.AELOtL'X.6tl]tac; YLU tl]V JtaQa')(WQl]Ol] a6£LWV exµetaAAEUCTl]<; t(l)V OQ'U'X.tWV 
rc6Q0>V. 'Eva te.toLO xu0wtwc; xaOLegw011xe de facto yLa 83 cnn6voµm,c; ogyuvwµm'Jc; 
rcou 0ewQei.ouvtm we; OtQUtl]yLxou evfaucpegovtoc; ( e};orc11.wµ6c;, evtQyeLa, 
m611go6goµLxtc; µetacpOQE.<; x.AJC.). Ilagaxwg11e11xav µovorcwALa rcagaywyi]c; oe 
ogwµevouc; Bwµ11xavLxouc; xAa6ouc; (xa:rtv6c;, tmyaga, a:rtoatayµtva rcota, 
cpagµaxa rcou rcegLexouv vagxwnxtc; ouotec; x.a.). Le yevLxe.c; ygaµµec; xa11.untouv 
tl]V rcagaywyi] xm tl]V ewaywyi] twv oxetLxwv rcgo·c6vt(l)V. LE ogwµtvouc; toµei.c; 
ev6exoµevwc; µ:rtOQOUV va XOQl])'OlJVtaL (l()ELE<; OE eevLxouc; eJCL')(ELQl]µati.ec;. 
'Ooov acpoga nc; xganxtc; evwxuaeLc;, m 6Laetmµec; rc11.11gocpogi.ec; etvm 
EAALJCEOtatec; xm 6ev cl;aocpaAi.souv tl] 6LacpaveLa JC01J a:rtm tOUV OL 'X.OL VOtL'X.OL 
xav6vec;. EsaAAOU, 6ev exouv ax6µ11 0eomotei. m 6La6LxaotL'X.OL xav6vec; O')(EtL'X.(l µe 
tl]V ecpagµoyi] tou eMyxou twv xgatLxwv evwxuaewv. EmrcMov, ev-wrctae11xav 
xaeeotciJta EVLO')(UOEWV yLa tl]V JCQOW0l]Ol] t(l)V e1;ayooywv, xa0wc; 'X.UL EVLO')('UOEL<; 
AELtougyi.ac; t(l)V eJCL')(ELQl]OEWV rcou avnµetwrcttouv ()UO')(EQELE<;. 
A;1.o)..oy11a11 'ttJ~ 'tQixovmx~ xa't«<J'tU<Jt)~ xm 'trov 1tQ001t-nxrov 
H voµoeeoi.a JCEQL avtuyrnvwµou, O')(EtL'X.<l µe tLc_; O'llµ:rt(/.t.sEL<;, tL<; 'X.Clta')(Ql]OELc; tl]<; 
6eorc6souoac; 8eo11c; xm nc; auyxwveuoeu;, e1;e11.i.oaetm oe yevLxec; YQaµµec; oµn11.(.1, oe 
ouµcpwvi.a µe tl]V xm votLxi] voµoeeoi.a. Ta 6gyava eMyxou 6La0etouv xat , agxi]v 
autovoµi.a L'X.aVOJCOL l]tL'X.OlJ (3aeµou WOtE Va A.EL tOUQYOUV EVtEAW<; avesaQtl]ta. 
Qot600, ea µ:rtOQOUOE EV()E')(Oµevooc; va :rtaQOUOLaOtei. XL v6uvoc_; O'UYXQOUOl]<; µetasu 
touc; A6yw tl]<; emxaA U'\Vll<;, oe xarcow (3a0µ6, twv agµo6Loti]twv touc;. 
H Pouµavi.a 6Latl]Qei. ogwµtva xgatLxa µovorcwALa µe to mtLOAOyLx6 6tL ei.vm 
"otgatl]yLxwv" ouµcpeg6vtwv i] e};urc11getouv to 611µ6mo ouµcpe.gov, oe toµei.c; rcou 
ea mgerce va avi]xouv otov t6twnx6 toµea ( a11.xo611., xarcv6c;, 6amxi] exµetaAAeuo11 
x.a. ). Ot a6etec; JtOU ev6exoµtvwc; XOQl])'O'UVtUL, a:rtO'X.AELOtL'X.(l OE gouµavouc; 
EJtLXELQl]µati.ec;, ewayouv 6Laxgi.oetc; xata twv µ11 urc11x6wv, yeyov6c; aauµBi.Baoto 
µe tl]V eugwrca·cxi] ouµcpwvi.a. 
55 / 
RO 
OL E;ouoi.Ec; tric; Y rcrigwi.ctc; Avwycovwµo1, 6oov mpog<1 tri gu0µwri twv nµwv 
rcuguµEvouv e!;mgenx.(1 eugdec; x.m Ou JtQCTCEL vu µwnOouv wote va xaA 1mt01JV 
µ6vo ta rcgo·covta x.m tLc; urcrigrni.Ec; briµ6owu ouµcptgovtoc;. 
~tov toµEa twv x.ganx.wv evwxuoEwv, ri Pouµavi.a bEv . avtanox.gi. vEtm tri otL yµi] 
auti) one; anm ti)ow; Ev6c; o.1;L6nwtou ouoti)µatoc; rnontdm; twv x.gatLxwv 
evwxuoewv. E1;ax.oAou8ei. va µriv EXEL Exnovri8ei. oxenx.6 voµo8etLx.6 rcA.ai.ow. H 
xogi)yriori twv evwxuoEwv bEv ngayµatonoLEL tm µE triv anm touµevri bLacpaveLa x.m 
et vm avayxai.o va x.atagtwtd EJCEL y6vtwc; x.ataAoyoc; x.ataygacpi]c; twv xganx.wv 
EVWXUOEWV JtOU ea xaAUJttEL 6Aa ta µetga XOQ'flYl'IOl'lc; E8VL'X.WV, JCEQL(f)EQELaxwv iJ 
tomxwv EVWXUOEWV x.a8cbc; xm 6Aa ta µetga xgriµatob6trioric; µfow XQO.tL'X.WV 
xovbuAi.wv. 
EmrcMov, ngrnu va ngootE8d 6n ogwµeva µfaga EvwxuoEwv cpai. vnm va 
anoteAouv rcoo6otwori mt twv E1;aywyLxcbv rnLb6oEwv, ngax.nx.i] rcou etvm oacpwc; 
aouµf3i.Baotri µe triv eugwna·t:xi] ouµcpwvi.a. IlagaAAriAa, eva oriµavnx.6 tµi]µa twv 
XQUtL'X.WV evwxuoewv cpai. VEtaL 6tL xogriyd tm urc6 µogcpi] eµµrnwv 'X.QUlL'X.WV 
evwxuoewv, 6rcwc; <pogoanaAActycbv, 6Laygmpi]c; XQEcbv x.m x.a0uotEQl'lµevric; 
E1;6cpArioric; cpogoAoyLxci>v ocpuAci>v. Tu µfagu mmi cm:otcA.01,v Au tc.rngyLxtc; 
eywxuow;, OL orco(Ec_; rnL tgbtovnu µ6vov urc6 rcoh, mm1rigo·,,c; 6gcrnc;. J\(>yrn 1ric; 
EAAEL'\lJl'lc; bLacpc'.t.vuuc;, dvm otriv 1tugoum1 <p(wri uomptc; 10 xut(1 m)oo rcArigo1,vtm 
OL OQOL XOQ'flYl'IOl'l<; t(l)V A.EL tO'UQYL'X.OOV EVLOX'\JOE(l)V. 
IlaQUAAl'IAct µE tri 0fomori voµoOrni.m; rnagx.cbc; evagµovwµtvric; µE triv avt(otmxri 
tric; EE, ri a1;L6nwtri Ecpagµoyi] tric; voµo0rntac; JCEQL avtaywvwµou rcgo'Urco8faEL tri 
ouotaori urcrigrnLcbv ercorctdac; tric; rcgootaotm; tou avtaywvwµou xm twv 
xgatLxwv evwxuoewv. 11go'Urco8etEL rnLJtMov 6tL o bLxaotLx.6c; x.Aaboc;, ri briµ6ma 
bwtxriori xm m evbLacpeg6µevm mxovoµLxoi. nagayovtec; yvwgttouv xm x.atavoouv 
Lxavorcmrinxa tri voµo8rni.a x.m triv rcoALtLX'fl JtEQL avtaywvwµou. 
l:VJ11tEQ<lOJ1<l 
'Ooov acpoga triv rcgooeyywri tric; voµo8rni.ac; otov toµfo tric; rcgootaoi.ac; tou 
avtaywvwµou, EXEL EJCL teux8ei. a1;woriµetwtri ng6oboc;. Ilgoexu nAfov ri ti)griori tou 
v6µou evw 8ewgd tm anagai. triori ri JtEQm tegw oumaotLxi) rnLµ6gcpwori twv buo 
agµ66Lwv yLa tov avtaywvwµ6 cpogewv. 
'Ooov ucpoga tov toµfo twv xgai:Lxci>v Evwxuoewv, µEXQL onyµi]c; bev EXEL 
EJCL teux8ei. oriµavnx.i] rcg6oboc; x.m anm touvtm µEyo.A utegec; rcgoorca0uEc; 
rcgoxeLµevou va xaA·ucp0ouv m anmti]ouc; oxetLxa µe tov eAeyxo twv x.gdtLxci>v 
Evwxuoewv µrnorcg60rnµa, ELbLx.6tEQa 6oov acpoga triv rnLxgatriori bLacpaveLac_; 
µfow tric; xatagnoric; xataA6you Evwxuoewv ouµcpwva µE tLc; rcgaxnx.ec; tric; 
Kmv6tritac; xm tri 8eomori twv avayx.ai.wv xav6vwv yLa µta a1;L6rcwtri rnorctEi.a 
tWV XQatLXWV EVLOXUOEWV. 
Mi.a arc6 nc; aµrn6tEQEc; JCQOXAT)OELc; otov toµfo tric; rcoALtLxi]c; avtaywvwµou ei.vm 
va E1;aocpaALOtEt ri Ecpagµoyi) twv xav6vwv avtaywvwµou otouc; arcoxaAouµevouc; 
"Aut6voµouc_; ogyavwµouc_;" OL OJCOLOL cpaLVEtm va £saLQOUVtaL arc6 tl'IV 'X.aVOVL'X.T) 
ecpagµoyi) twv xav6vwv negi. avtaywvwµou, JCEQLAaµBavoµEvwv xm twv xgatLxwv 
EVLOXUOEWV. 
EnmMov, cpai. VEtm 6tL wxuouv OE ogwµEvouc; toµetc; arcoxAELOtLxa i] ELbLxa 
6Lxmcbµata ta orcoi.a ELVm aouµBtBaota µE to xmvonx.6 x.Extriµevo. Ta 
rcgo(3AiJµa-ra aui:6. JtQEJtEL va e:rnAu0ouv o-to (1µwo µeAAov. 
56 
3.2. Km:vo'toµ,i.a 
Kotvrovi.a 'tO>V :rti..TI(!O(f)OQtrov 
T QEXOlJG« ,ea 'ta.a't«Gfl RO 
Ta buv11nxa oLxovoµLxu xm xm vo>vLx<'t o<peA.fl <m6 to cmvtnmoµ6 texvoA.oyi.uc; 
nA.t1QO(f)OQLWV xm tt1A.EJtLXOLVOOVLffiV Ei.vm L6Lmtega 011µavtLxa Otll Pouµavi.a. OL 
6uvat61ritEc; au1ec; etxuv naguµeA.110et JtQLV un6 to 1989, av xm ot11 {3a.OLX11 
exnatbeuon 6L v6tav U'\Vll"-11 ngotEQUL6t11ta. 'EtoL, ll ~itt11011 ngoooomxoov 
unoA.oyLOtOOV avuntux0flXE noA.u tU)(UtEQU oe oxeon µe E'X.ELVll JtOU ea etxe 011µeL008d 
un6 xavovLxec; ouv0l)xec;. Ecp6oov OL ouvMoeLc; µe to bLabtx1uo axoA.ou0l)oouv 1a 
t6La UQ)(Etuna µeye01,vo11c;, t11Jnoooµi] tl]A.utLxm vmvui>v, ll onota mt tm, m1g6vtO£ , 
unoA.etnetm xuta 40 negtnm, t'tll 1:0-u µtocn, ()gm, 1:11c; EE, Ou. evegyi]ou tu£ 
tgoxonebt1 yLU 111v ava.Jti:Usll 111c; xmvo>vtuc; 1:ffiv JtA.llQO<pOQl,ffiV (Kll). ~tu; (1QXt':.c; 
tou 1997 o agt,0µ6c; 'tffiV l;t':.vuuv unoA.oyw,:ci)v 01:0 6La6i.Ktuo exnµai:m 6n 
avegx6tav oe 0,4 ava 1000 xatoi.xouc;. To oA.Lx6 nA.l)Ooc; JtQoowmxoov unoA.oywtoov 
O'tll XffiQa 111av 65 .000, µe gu0µ6 avUJttUsllc; JtEQL1CO'U 17%. To Ma.LO tou 1997 to 
RoEduNet, 6t1µ6mo btxtuo avci)tat11c; exnatbeuo11c;, OQ0µ0A.6y11oe ouvbe011 U'\VllAitc; 
taxu1111ac; µE µLXQOtEgµanxn ~EUSll (VSA T). 
~tu; aQxec; tou 1997 l1 xu{3egv11011 611µwugyl]OE E0vLxi] em tgonl) JtA.llQOcpogLxi]c; un6 
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01 30ll 0.01 5130C),31DriA.na1£D1g 511 l)lD'X. I\DOlt9cbl}."1(31\D ctOlC 5130C),3TI03Q 511 ltol)g 3W 
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So1g9rian O I\OJ01£0 i\.01 91£D 'i\.(!)1/\.(l)i\.10'X.11.C'3 opA.actolCA_ 01 1Di\.J3 l}.Xan l}.X.11011\0AD'X 
H ·lt19 8't 30 mnXa91\.l) U.03Qi\.(lD l}.X.1/\.(l)©3"1(U.l 1>1A. 51}.AOTID/\D SoA9ax S009TI O ·(sooz 
01 %0£ 30 130"{?1\D no 119 1D131\9Tini\.D) l66 I (l,01 01al)ctOJ\DI 1\01 %6'£ I 30 3'XU01}.~ctD 
0101.eo 01 8'0 I 30 I\D19Xa3/\.D I 66 l 01 ct0/\.(:)©3"{Ul (l,01 ltoctqop1g H ·Sl}.A.roA.n13rf 
n1nrilt100,o D1Ui\.1'X.Oanx · 01\0ri '53Xo1a31.e S3x.11oaA.n 53a310001a31.e 5110 '1DX. 
9ri01'(1.CO~ QX.11\.X~l 9x.1A.O"l(OI\DXltri0<31x.3"{U oAiriromxan1£D 31\D~ril)"{1a31.C OJOlCO 01 
00.l'XJQ Slt~0.11.Cl)i\.D 51}."l(ltrinX 3130?1Q DJADrictOd Lt 08, ctOl 5DJ13DX.3Q Slt1 U."{91 Dl 1a3u 
~dmo,t1031t l}x11.1tOAC\~ 
OM 
RO 
H monteta tl]c; t.6LOx.tl]OLac; 6oov mpog6. lll Rom Telecom Oa µetmpeg0d rut6 to 
unougydo tl]A.ertt.x.ot.vwvt.wv oto Taµdo x.gatt.x.i}c; JtEQLouotac;, t)l,axwgU;ovtac; µe 
tov tg6no au-r6 t01,c; voµoOenx.01,c; xcu A.EL 1ougyLx.01,c; g6A.ouc; o-ro nA.alow tl]c; 
xuBeQVl]Ol]c;. Oumaonx.a µhgu ngrnu vu A.l]cpOouv yw tl]V ecpagµoyi} 1ou v6µou, 
6nwc; n.x. X.ClVOVLOtLX.U µEtQCl YLCl 'tl]V ubewb6tl]Ol], tl] x.aOoA.LX.l) EsUJtl]Qftl]Ol] x.m tl] 
bLUO'UVbWl]. 
Noµooxebw yLa tl] XQllOLµonoll]Oll ·wu cpaoµatoc; gabwcpwvtx.wv ouxvot11-rwv 
avaµtvetm 6tL ea ex.boeEt to 1998 x.m ea bl]µwugyi}oeL nA.atoLo bLmpavtotEQll<; x.m 
xwglc; btax.gloetc; 6ta6tx.aolac; anovoµi}c; x.m bLaXELQLOllc; ouxvoti}twv. 
H avayx.ata CLOLX.l]tLx.i} EJtUQXELa yta tl]V ex.bool] vtwv voµo0etLx.wv bLm:6.l;ewv 
ngooagµoyi}c; ngoc; to xeurrJµevo xm Tl]V uA.onol l]Ol] tl]c; vfoc; voµoewtac;, x.m 
et6tx.6tega tl]V montda 0eµLtou avtaywvwµou, cpalvetm 6tL bev elvm 
LxavoJtOLl]tLx.i}. 'Oµwc;, d vm buvat6v va avaµtvetm 6tL ll vfo voµo0enx.i} agxi} ea 
BEA nwoet tl]V txav6tl]ta avttµetwJtLOl]<; twv rutm ti}oErnv 6oov acpoga tl]V 
ngootyywl]. 
Yno<5oµri 
Ot µax.gong6ee0µm ot6XOL noA.tnx.i}c; ouvtotnvtm Otl]V JtAl)Qll '\jJl](f)LOJtot.l]Ol] tou 
btx.tuou µEXQL to 2005 x.m tl]V oA.ox.A.i}QWOl] tou eOvtx.ou 6tx1uou x.ogµ6c; x.aA.wblwv 
onttx.wv tvwv. ~ttc; <1gxtc; tou 1997 Eyx.ataot6.0l]x.av 3.000 XLAL6µnga aywyou 
OLaOUVOeOl]c; tWV X.'UQLO>V JtEQL(f)EQELaX.O)V X.EVtQWV EVW ll EJtEX.laOl] 'tOU bLx.t'l,OU OE 
7.000 XLAL6µEtQa ngoxwgd. To 1998 ea te0ouv OE ecpagµoyi} UJtl]QeOLec; ISDN. 
TEXVLx.6c; f:s0:TCAL0µ6c; '4'l](f)LC1Xt1c; µEtaywyi}c; rcaga.yEtaL EJtLtOJtt.(l)c; µe gueµ6 200.000 
ygaµµc.bv Etl]Olooc;, an6 x.oL vtc; EJtLXELQi}ow; µE tl] Siemens xm tl]V Alcatel. 
An6 to 1991 µEXQL to 1997, o gueµoc; tl]A.E(f)WVLXl}c; bLdobvol]c; avsi}el]x.E an6 10,8 OE 
13,9 ygaµµtc; av6. 100 x.atoLx.ovc;. Ilgoygaµµatl~nm 6n µEXQL to ttoc; 2005 ea 
cpeaoeL tLc; 28 ygaµµtc; ava 100 x.atolx.ouc; ( ouyx.QLOll rcgoc; µtoo 6go avegxoµevo OE 
44 ygaµµtc; ava 100 x.atolx.ovc; ml tov rcag6vtoc; yLa IQA.av6la, IlogtoyaA.la x.m 
EA.Aa6a). H '\Vll(f)LO:TCOLl]Ol] tOU bLX.t'UOU JtQOXWQeL AOYLX.Wc; LX.ClVO:TCOLl]tLX.6. x.m EXEL 
cpeaoeL to 28% µtxQL to teA.oc; tov 1996 (oe ouyx.gwl] ngoc; 62,4% we; µtoo 6go yLa 
lgAav6la, IlogtoyaAla x.m EAA.a6a). H x.uBtQVllOll oxebLa~eL va tpl]cpLOnmi}oeL to 
Ol.XtUO :TCA.l)QW<; µEXQL to etoc; 2005. Me 1, 1 % tOU AETI bLCllL0eµEVO YLCl tl,(; 
tl]A.EJtLX.OLVWVLec;, m EJtEVO'UOW; OtOV toµta aut6v to. 1995 x.m to 1996 l}OC1V 
xaµl]A.ou rnmtoou. To nA.i}Ooc; ygaµµwv rcgoc; eyx.a1ao1aol] to 1997 avaµtvetm 6n 
ea aUsl]eEL OE tQL:TCA.UOLO, rcgayµa to OJtOLO ouvmayEtm Ol]µUVtLX.Ec; EJ'tEVO'l,OeLc;. To 
rcA.i}eoc; ouvogoµl]tWV yLa avaA.OyLx.ec; V:TCl]QeOt.Ec; X.LVl]ti}c; tl]A.E(f)WVL(lc; :TCEQL ta tEA.l] 
tov 1996 avegx6tav OE 20.000 rcegtnou, wo6uvaµo ngoc; Ba0µ6 bLdo6uol]c; 1,2 
ygaµµc.bv ava 100 x.a-cotx.ovc;. OL tpl]cpLax.tc; XLVl]ttc; Urtl]QeOLec; (GSM) agxwav va 
ELOayovi:m tOV ArtQl.A.LO xm tOV IO'UVl,Q 'tOU 1997 xm aµfowc; OUVO.Vtl]OUV E'VtOVO 
eVCLmpegov tov x.mvou µe rcMov twv 30.000 ouv6goµl]twv evt6c; oA.lywv 
tj36oµa6wv. 'Exovv ovv6eed rceg(.rcou 2.000.000 ouv6goµl]ttc; xaA.006Lax11c; 
tl]A.e6gaol]c; (x.arcmec; exatovtabec; EJtLXELQllOW; OLX.t'UOU x.aA.'UrttOVV to 80% tOU 
ooacpouc;). 
Ycplotatm ouµµEtOXll 1;tvwv EJtLXELQi}oewv O'tl]V Telefonica Romania yLa tl] 
A.ELtougyla tl]c; avaAoyLx.i)c; XLVl]ti}c; tl]A.Ecprnvlac; (59,9% tl]c; Telefonica Spain, 19,9% 
an6 ttc; Rom Telecom x.m Radio Comunicatii)' otov ogyavwµ6 6La(3lBaol]c; 
6e6oµtvwv Global One Romania (Global One 50,3%, Rom Telecom 49,5%} xm otLc; 
b'(,o emXELQl)OeLc; btx.tum, GSM MOBILROM (France Telecom 51 %, gouµavLxtc; 
63 
RO 
ei;mgdec; 41 %) xm MOBIFON (Tclcsystcms, Canada 39,9%, Airtouch 10%, 
gouµavLxec; EJtLXELQiiow; 50,1 %). 
Avmywvionx6rm:a rnv rnµta 
To 1995 unrigxav 17,9 unaAAl]AOL ll]AEmxmvwvubv ava 1000 ygaµµec; (o µfooc; 
6goc; avEQXEtm oe 6,2% JtEQLJtou yLa IQAav6La, IIogtoyaALa xm EAA6.6a). To 1996 
OL µ11 Lxavonm118d0Ec; mtfioetc; yLa tl]AEq:>WVLXll ygaµµ11 avtgxovtav OE U'\jJl]A.6. 
EJtLJtEOa evw o µtooc; xgovoc; avaµov11c; l)tav 4,8 Etl]. H unoboµ11 cmoumatEL,LbLrnc; 
otLc; aygotLxec; JtEQLOXEc;. H tLµl) ouvfi0ouc; ygaµµ11c; yu1 rnayyEAµanxtc; 
tl]AEJtLXOLVWVLec; (112 ECU) tanoeetELtm µeta};u tWV xaµl]AOtEQWV Otl]V 
neQLq>EQELa. Ta foooa ava ygaµµ11 (negLnou 90 ECU to 1995) tonoenouvtm rn(o11c; 
µEta;u t(l)V xaµl]AOtEQWV Otl]V JtEQLCf>EQELa xm OEV rnagxouv JtQOXELµEVOU va 
CLaocpaAL00EL 11 6uvm;6tl]ta tl]c; Rom Telecom vu m,1;11ou tLc; rnevMmw; 111c; xrng(c; 
011µavnx11 EsrnOev 1moOtl)QLSll• Entonc; to 1997 <LQXLOE ll tLµoAoyu1x11 
EsLOOQQOJtllOl]. 
1:vp:rt£Q«apa'ta 
H PouµavLa ea µnogouoE va ouvnvtl)OEL xanmec; ouoxoALec; ooov acpoga 111v 
moett11011 tOU XOLVOtLXOU JtQOtUJtOU MO aJtO'\jJll EAEU0EQCJJOllc; tllAEJtLXOLVWVLWV 
A6yw t11c; xaµ11Aiic; avantusnc; tou toµfo xm xaOuotEQl)Oewv Mo ano'\jJ11 
eA.euetgwo11c;. ME tl]V Eq:>agµoy11 tl]c; vfoc; voµoeeo(ac; xata ta rnoµEva OAL ya Etl], 11 
Pouµav(a e(vm 6uvat6v va avaµtvEtm 6n ea rnLtUXEL JtAl)Qwc; tl]v ngootyyw11 
ngoc; tll vea voµoeeota t11c; EE µeoong6eeoµa. H avtaywvwnxot11ta tou toµea Oa 
e;agt110eL MOq:>aOLOtLXU MO tl]V EJtL taxuvo11 tOU rcgoygaµµatoc; Exouyxgovwµou 
yLa OLXtUa xm UJCl]QEOLEc;, MO tl]V au1;non tCJJV SEVWV EJtEVOUOECJJV xaewc; xm MO 
tl]V negwo6tego ayogootgaq:>11 xm EUEALXtll 6Lotxnon tou ogyavwµou nou 
exµetaAAeuetm to 611µ6ow otxrno. 
O:rtnxoaxovanxoc; Toµtac; 
LtO JCAULOLO tnc; £0(l)tEQLXl)c; uyog(:1.c;, to xe,nnµtvo 101, OJttLXOUXOl)OtLXO'\) toµea 
MoBMneL 0111v nagox11 xm tl]V eA.euOegn xuxA.ocpogtu to)V ontLxoaxouotLxwv 
UJCl]QEOLWV otnv EE xa0chc; xm otnv rcgoci>011011 111c; rngrnrca·(x11c; rcnguyrny11c; 
ngoygaµµa-twv. H ob11y(a yLa 111v t11Ae6gc1011 xwgtc; 01Jvogc1, 11 onota wxuu yu1 
6Aouc; touc; ga6LOtl]AEOJttLxouc; ogyavwµouc; ave1;6.Qtl]ta MO touc; tgonouc; 
µet6.60011c; ( rnL yeLac;, oogucpogLxl)c;, xaAw6Lax11c;) 11 tov LOLcunxo 11 bnµomo 
xagaxt11ga touc;, EµJtEQLEXEL t0 xextnµtvo auto xm xaeog(teL touc; Bamxouc; 
xav6vcc; oxcnxa µE tu; 6LaouvogLaxtc; tllAEOJttLxtc; µeta6ooetc;. Ta xugLa onµe(a 
d vm: va cl;aoq:>aALOtEL 11 eAeu0egn xuxAoq:>ogta twv tllAEOJttLxoov exnoµrcwv oe oAa 
ta xgatl] µtA11· va ngowe11eouv 11 nagaywy11 xm 11 OLavoµ11 eugoma'(xoov 
ontLxoaxouotLxwv tgywv (µe tll 0eomon eAaxwtou nooootou xg6vou exnoµrc11c; yLa 
ta eugwna'(xa tgya xm ta egya twv ave1;6.Qtl]twv rcagaywywv} va xaeogwtouv ta 
Bamxa ng6tuna otov toµfo tnc; tl]Aeonnx11c; 6Lacp11µw11c;· va e1;aocpaALOte( 11 
ngootaota twv av11Alxwv xm va rnL tQMEL t0 OLxatwµa Mavt11011c;. 
H eugwna'(xfi ouµcpwv(a e1;aoq:>aAttu tll ouvegyaota yw tl]V ngow811011 xm tov 
ExouyxgovLoµo tnc; rcagaywy11c; twv onnxoaxouotLxwv µfowv, xaewc; xm tl]V 
Evagµovwn toov xavovwnxwv ntuxo>V tnc; no AL tLx11c; otov orctLxoaxouonxo toµfo. 
Ot. 0611yi.ec; yw. i;riv 'tllAE6Quori xrngi.c; 01,voro. unoi;eA.01,v µttQO nrn ngcincrn ow.bi.01, 
oto AEuxo BLBAto. 
64 
RO 
To voµLx6 nlutow tm, 0JttLxouxm,otLxo1, wp,(:u xuOov(~nm <m<'> to V<>µo 101, 1966 
yLa tri ga6wcpwvta xm triv tflAEOQUOfl. Tov Ioulw 1992, bnµwvQyi)0nxe e0vLx6 
ouµf30UA.LO OtOV OJttLXOUXOUOtLXO toµea we; ave;aQtl]'tO xavovLOtLXO 6gyavo. 
O 6riµ6owc_; QU6Lotrileo:rcnx6c_; ogyavwµ6c_; d vm ri PouµavLxi) Tri1i.e6gaori, JtaQ6tL 
6riµwuQyit0rixav :rcolMc; LCLrotLxec_; e0vLxec_; xm tomxec_; EtaLQELEc_; xata tri 6exaetta 
tOU 1990' ri ProTV, tvac; LCLWtLx6c_; EµJtOQLX6c; E0VLx6c; Ota0µ6c_;, ELVUL tri onyµi) auti) 
( agxec; 1997) o XUQLOtEQOc; tflA.EO:TCtLXO(_; ogyavwµ6c_;. H XUA.WCLaxi} tflA.EOQUOfl 
xatEXEL oriµavtLx.6 µegt6w tric; ayogac;. 
To xganx.6 µovomi>ALO nagaywyi)c; tUL vubv t:rcmpe va ucptotatm to 1990 µe tri 
0fomori tou ave;agtritou e0vLxou xevtQOU tm vubv, to onoto avalaµBavu 'tflV 
:rcagaywyi) xm 6wvoµi) 'trnv tmvui>v. Ltl) Pm,µuv(u, AELtcmgyo1,v tO>Q<l OQLOµtvEc; 
LCLWtLxec_; EtULQELE£ nuguywyi)c; tm vui>v. 0 xgutLx6c; toµtuc;, 1m6 triv m y(bu ·wu 
u:rcougyE(ou nolt. noµou, e;axolou0d vu nagayEL tm vi.ec;, all{1 ri xgnµato66trion 
EXEL µeLw0Et 6gaonx.a. To xgatLx.6 µovonci>A.LO RADEF-Romaniafilm uvalaµBavn rn 
6Lavoµi) trov tmvubv. Itov toµea tl)c; bw.voµi)c; tmvui>v bev oui.t.µettxm,v <1J.t.wu 
;evec; EtULQELEc;. 
l:i:ov o:rct1.x.oax.ouo,:1.x6 ,:oµta tric; Pouµavi.m; EJtLXELQELtm uvaouyxg6trion µEta ,:u; 
µEyalEc; ava1:aQaxtc; twv tEAEUtai.rnv etci>v. O toµfoc; aut6c; uvantuoonm taxutata 
X.UL µetaBaAA.E'tUL ouvexcbc;. H LXUVOtfltU tOU vu JtQOOagµootEL O'tO X£XTTJµevo Oa 
e;agi:ri0EL a:rc6 i:ri Bel 1twori twv 6uvatoti)twv tric; BwµrixavLx.i)c; :rcagaywyi)c_; 
:rcgoygaµµatwv cbotE va avtt.µEt(l)JtLfftO'UV OL 011µavtt.X.E(_; JtQOX.Al)OELC; :rcou ea 
:TCQOXU'\lJouv a:rc6 tva ava:rcgooagµooµevo xavovLOtLx.6 nlatot.o. 
H QOUµavLXl) voµo0wi.a OtOV OJttLXOUXOUOtLXO toµfo CEV ouµBLBasEtUL :TCA.l)QWc; µe 
1riv o6riyta yt.a 1riv tl)A.e6gaori xwgi.c; ouvogu-e;axoA.ou0ouv va u:rcagxouv nolMc; 
eAAEL'\lJELc;, L6twc; 6oov acpoga Ba01.xa 0eµata 6nwc; 11 eleu0egi.a Ai)'\j)ewc;, ri ngocb0rion 
EUQW:rta'Cxcbv EQYWV (JtUQOtL :TCQOE'tOLµasEtaL oxett.Xi} 'tQO:TCOJtOLllOfl), OL ave;aQtfltOL 
nagaywyot xm to JtEQLEX6µevo twv 6Lacp11µi.oewv. 
'Exouv EX:TCOVf10EL tQOJtOJtOLl)OELC; 6oov acpoga tri voµo0EO(a tOU OJttLX.OUXOUOtLXO'U 
toµta, oL onotec; :rcg6xEL tm va ou~ritri0ouv oto Km voBouA.t.o ota tel11 tou 1997. To 
oxoow t(l)V tQO:TCO:TCOLl)OEWV ouµBLBa~EtUL OE µeyaA.o Ba0µ6 µe to X£XTTJµtvo tOU 
OJttLX.OUXOUOtLXOU toµta XUL avaµtvetUL va EYXQL0Ei. EVt6c; tOU 1998. 
H Pouµavta ea EL vm OE 0tori va avta:rcoxgL0d µwo:rcg60wµa one; wcm ti)ow; t11c; 
EE OtOV O:TCtLXOUX.OUOtLX.6 toµfo, ecp6oov :rcgayµato:rcmn0ouv m a:TCUQULtlltEc; 
6LaQ0QWtLxec_; :rcgooagµoyec_; tric; :rcagaywyi)c_; ngoygaµµatwv xm cl;qx.olou0i)oouv va 
x.ataf3allovtm o-ta0egtc; ngoo:rca0ELec; 6oov acpoga tLc_; voµo0et1..xtc; µEtaf30Mc_;. 
65 
RO 
3.3. Otxovoptxic; xat btJpoatovoptxic; t,,io0ianc; 
Otxovoµtxn xat Noµtaµauxn 'Evroan 
Mexgu; 6tou JtQOOXWQl}OEL l1 P01Jµav(,a Oct EXEL UQXLOEL to t()L to Ot(l()l,O trtc_; ONE. 
Auto ea eJCL<pEQEl oriµuvnx.ec; UAA<1yec; OE OA.(1 tu 'X.(>CHfl ~lEAfl, O'\)µJtE(>LA<1µBuvoµevcov 
E'X.ELVWV JtOU ()EV o-uµµetEXOUV Otl] twvn tOl) ElJQ<i>. 'O"A.u t(l x.g(nri µEA.fl, 
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µE to ouot11µa <l>TIA. OL <p6QOL x.atavaAWOrJc; E<paQµ6~ovtm OE EUQU <paoµa 
JtQ0°LOVtWV esULQOUµtvwv EX.ELVWV ta OJtOLa UJtOX.ELVtUL OE X.OLVOUc; <pOQOUc; 
x.ataVUAWOl1£ Otl]V Kmv6tl]ta (OQUX.ta EA.ma, OLVOJtvrnµa x,m OLVOJtveuµatwb11 
JtOta, x,m JtQ0°LOVta x.arrvoBLOµl]xavi.uc;). na x.a8E x.atl]YOQLa JtQo'C6vtoc; ex.toe; arr6 
ta tmyaga, l1 <pUOlJ 101, cp6g01, dvm x,m;' a];i.av. 
AµotBaia avv<5goµrj 
OL <pOQOAOYLXEc; agxtc; 6ev XQEL<lOtl]X.E va avarrtusouv 6uvat6tl]tec; aµmBai.ac; 
ouvc>Qoµi]c; µE nc; <pOQOAOyLxtc; agxtc; twv XQatwv µEA.WV, E<p6oov l1 aµmBai.a 
ouv6goµi] arrotEAEL rrtuxi] rrou µrrogei. va E<paQµootei. µ6vov µEta tllV JtQOOXWQllOll, 
</J6goc Ilgoan0tµevnc Aciac 
To Loxuov ouot11µa <l>TIA tllc; Pouµavi.ac; ot11gtx811x.E one; BaoLx.tc; agxtc; tl]c; 
voµo0eoi.ac; tou <l>IlA tllc; Kmv6tl]tac;. Evtoutmc;, xaQaX.tllQL~Etm we; oxetLxa 
yevLx6 xm µl] ouvrntc; we; rrgoc; t11v ecpagµoyi] tou. 
To rrec>i.o twv arraA.A.aoo6µevwv rrga1;Ewv aw JtAai.oLO tou gouµavLxou v6µou rregt 
<l>IlA ei.vm mo0l]ta EUQUtEQO arr6 600 EJtLtQEJtEtm OtflV Kmv6tl]ta. Erri.011c;, 
EAAei.'\jJeL gu8µi.oewv oxetLxa µe tl')v rnwtgo<pi] tou <l>TIA oe µfl eyyeygaµµtvouc; 
aAAOc>arrouc; <pOQOAoyouµevouc;, o <flTIA ei. vm 6uvat6v va avtLJtQoowrreueL tva 
au;riµtvo x.6otoc; yLa touc; EJtLXELQl]µati.Ec; autouc;. 
H JtQOOXWQflOll tl]c; Pouµavtac; Otl]V EuQwrra·cx.i] 'Evwol] Su arrm ti]oeL Ol]µavtLxi] 
JtQOOaQµoyi] JtQOXELµtvou va Eu0uyQaµµw0Ei. l1 voµoOwta 6oov acpoQa tov <l>IlA 
JtQOc; nc; UJtUL tl]OELc; tOU X,OL VOtLX.01) X.E'X.tl1µtv01,, t6oo cm6 (1Jt0'\jJErnc; YEVLX,(l)V 
c>Lata1;ewv tl]c; xoLvonx.i]c; voµoOeatac; oxnLxa µe tov <I>IIA 600 x.m avacpoQLx.(1 µE 
to avayx.ai.o ouot11µa <pOQOAoyi.ac; OE µta Kmv6tl]ta xwQtc; wwtEQLxouc; 
ouvoQLaxouc; eMyxouc;. 
69 
RO 
To QOuµavLx6 e0vLx6 oxebw otgutl}yLxr)c; yu1 tl}v E<pugµoyr) t0>v ouot(www tern 
Aeuxou BLBA(ou avaq>OQLXa µ£ tov cI>IIA bcv Jt:EQLEXEL oaq>dc; A.EJt:toµEQELec; yLa tl} 
µEAA.OVtLxr) eu8uyQaµµw11 µe tl}V xm votLxr) voµo0eo(a. Qot6oo, 11 Pouµav(a 
Jt:QoBMneL 6tL 11 voµo0eoLa tl}c; n:eg( cf>TIA Oa dvm ouµq>0>v11 µe tl}V xoLvonxn µtxQL 
ta tEA.l] tOU 1997, EsaLQOUµEV(l)V t(l)V µetaBatLXWV XOLVOtL'KWV btatasewv Jt:EQL 
<f>IlA. 
Eibtxoi woeoi xarava).,wanc; 
Y JtUQXOUV 011µavtLxtc; anox)..LoeLc; µnu;,, tou gouµuvLxou ouo-ri)µutoc; cp6QO>V 
xatava)..0>011c; xm t0>v xav6v0>v tl}<; EE. 
IlQwtov, bev UJtUQXEL xaveva ouot11µa avaotoAi)c; t0>v etbtxwv q>6QO>V xatavaA0>011c; 
OJtO'U ta aya0a va µJt:OQOUV va OLGXLVOUVtaL µetasu EYXEXQLµEVO>V q>OQOAOYLXWV 
an:0811xwv XO>QLc; xataBoAn baoµou. 
L\eutegov, unagxouv bLaq>oQec; 0111 <rogo)..oyLa t0>v mvonve1JµatcDbwv notwv xm 
t0>v tOL yag0>v µE ouvrnELa Utpl]AOtEQa en:(n:eba q>ogoAoyLac; ota Eway6µeva 
n:go·covta an:6 6,tL ota oµoeLOfl tYXWQLa n:go·covta. 
Ie JtEQLJt:tO>OlJ n:gooxwg11011c;, OL ELOLxoL q>OQOL xatavaA.0>011c; err(, JtQo·covt0>v nou bev 
Jt:EQLAaµBavovtm otLc; JtQOavaq>EQ0etoec; xat11yogtec; EL vm buvat6v va ouvexLoouv 
va wxuouv un:6 tOV OQO, 6µ0>c;, 6tL bev ea JtQOXU'lpO'UV OLaOUVOQLUXEc; OLUtUJt:WOELc; 
Oto EµJt:OQLO µetasu t(l)V xgatwv µEA.WV xm 6tL EL vm ouµq>O>VOL µe nc; aQxtc; tl}c; µ11 
OLUXQLOlJ<; µeta1;u e8vLxrov rcgo·i:ovtrnv xm ngo'(6vt0>v xatay0>yr)c; UA.AO>v xgm;wv 
µEA.WV. 
I1goxELµevou vn esnmpaAwOd µu1 ogOi] eqx1gµoyiJ tl}<; xoLvotLxi)c; vop.oOwtac; 
ELOLxwv q>6g0>v xatav6.A.rno11c;, l1 Pm,µav(n JCQEJtEL va b11µumQYflOEL tva 01mt11µa 
an:08i)xeuo11c; JtOU va Otl]QLsEtaL OtO XOL VOtLX.6 JtQOtUJCO to 01'Vtoµ6tEQO buvat6v, 
va evwxuoEL tLc; bLabLxaotec; eMyxou xm va JtQooagµ6oEL tl} bLaQ0QO>OlJ xm to 
enLnebo trnv ouvteAeo-rwv q>6grnv x.atavaArno11c; xata tg6rcov wote va ouµq>0>vouv 
µe tl}V 'KOLVOtLXT) aQxiJ tl}c; µ11 ()LUXQLOll<; µeta1;u e0VLXWV JtQ0°LOVtO>V xm ngo·covtwv 
xatay0>yi)c; aAAO>V XQatwv µe"Awv. 
To gouµavtx6 OXOOLO OtQatl}yLxi)c; yLa tl}V eq>agµoyn t(l)V 6Lata1;EO>V tOU Aeuxou 
BtB"Atou bev ngoB"ArneL oaq>ec; xm "AentoµeQtc; xgovobLaygaµµa yLa µe)..)..ovrtxtc; 
ngooaQµoyec; tl}c; QOuµavLxi)c; voµo0eotac; OXEtLxa µE touc; q>6Qouc; xatava"Amo11c;. 
Y Jt:UQXEL 11 voµo0eo(a yLa tl}V eway0>yfl q>OQOAOyLxi]c; oi]µavo11c; en(, twv 
otvonveuµat0>bwv notwv (aut6, evtoutoLc;, bev an:ote"Ae( µegoc; tou xotvottxou 
xext11µevou). OL otOXOl, ento11c; JtEQLA.aµBavouv tl} otabt.axi] ngooeyyt.ori twv 
ouvte"Aeotwv t0>v q>6g0>v xatav6.Arno11c; ota n:go·i:ovta xan:v0Bwµ11xav(ac;, tl}V 
xatagy11011 tou ouoti)µatoc; tou xat' a1;tav baoµou ota Ol, vonveuµatwo11 not6. xm 
JtEQLOQL0µ6 tOU JtEC)LOU t(l)V ngo"(6Vt(l)V JtOU UJtOXELVtUL OE EL()LXO q>OQO 
xatava"Awo11c;. EvtOUtOl,c;, bev oxebLasetm JCA.flQllc; evagµ6vw11 tl}c; voµo8eotac;. 
Aµoi/3aia avw5eoµri 
Me triv JtQOOXWQlJOll, ea xataotet ento11c; an:agaL tl}to va eq>agµootouv OL 
xataAAlJAE<; gu0µloELc; DLOl,Xl}tLxi]c; ouvegyaoLac; xm aµOl,BaLac; ouvbgoµi]c; µEtaf;u 
t(l}V xgatwv µe"Awv. OL an:mti]OEL<; autec; ELVaL OUOLaOtLxec; yta tl} A.ELtOUQyLa tric; 
EOWtEQLXl\<; ayogac;. 
70 
RO 
l:uµ:rtEQ«oµa 
To x£xrr,µtvo 6oov mpoga tnv aµwn cpogoAoy(a bev avaµevetm va JtagoumaoeL 
onµavtLxec; <)UOXEQELEc;. 
'Ooov mpoga tl]V eµµwri cpOQOAOyLa, JtaQOAO 6tL EYLVE µLa agxn, ea ClJtaLtfleouv 
oriµavtLxec; rcgoorcaeELE£ Ecp6oov ri Pouµav(a rcgrnu va ouµµogcpweet µe to 
xextriµevo avacpogt.xa µE wv <t>IIA xm wuc; ELbt.xouc; cp6gouc; xatavaAwonc; 
µworcg6ewµa. 
AvaµevEtm va xataOtEL buvattj ll EVaQsll ouµµEt0Xnc; OtflV aµot.Ba(a ouvbgoµn 600 
OL cpOQOAOyLxec; agxec; avarctuooouv triv EµJCELQLU wuc; OtOV wµfo aut6. 
OL BaoLxec; agxec; tOU XOLVOtLXOU XExtriµevou acpogouv triv aµEQOAfltµLa, tnv 
asLOJCLOtLa, tll bt.acpavELa, triv EµJCLOtE'UtLX6trita ( ataµLxcbv JCAflQOcpOQLaxcbv 
otmxetwv) xm tll bt.aboori twv rntoriµwv otatWtLxcbv. Erct.rcMov, ucp(o-mtm 
oriµavtLxn bfoµri agxwv xm rcgaxtLXWV OXEtLXWV µE tll XQllOLµorco(riori EUQWJCa·t:xcbv 
xm faeevwv µee6bwv tasL v6µrioric;, ouotriµatwv Eevt.xcbv AOYUQLaoµcbv, µ11tgcbwv 
EJCLXELQtjoewv xm bt.acp6gwv xmriyogt.cbv otatwtt.xcbv. 
H Eugwrca"t:xn Iuµcpwv(a rcgoBMrcEL OUVEQyao(a yLa tllV avarctus11 
aJCOtEAEOµanxcbv xm asLOJCLO't(JJV O'tatWtLXWV, Evagµovwµevwv µE ()l,Eevdc; 
xav6vec; xm µee6bouc; tast.v6µrio11c;. 
To AEUXO Et.BALO ()EV JCEQLEXEL ()LatasELc; OXEtLxec; µE tOV ouyxEXQLµevo toµfo. 
l:vvo:rtnx11 :rtEQtYQ«(f)tJ 
' H Eevt.xn Em tgorcn ItatLOtLXWV (NCS), avEs<lQtlltll briµ6at.a 'UJ'CllQEOLa, EL vm 
E.TCLcpOQtLOµEVll µE tllV rcagaywytj Xm bt.avoµn tWV EJCLOllµWV OtatWtLXWV Otll 
Pouµav(a. 
H voµLxn Bao111wv rn(o11µwv ota'tLO'tLXWV t11c; Pouµav(ac; OUVLOta'tm O'tO ()l,<l'tayµa 
agt.e. 9 111c; xuBegv11oric; 111c; Pouµavtac;, tou faouc; 1992 xm oto v6µo agt.e. 11 tou 
1994. 
A;t0Aoy11011 'tTJ; 'tQEzovau; xa'tU<J'ta.011; xm 'tWV :rtgoon:nxwv 
Ext6c; ogwµevwv EsaLQEOEWY, ll voµoewta t11c; Pouµavtac; ELVm ouµ(3atn µe touc; 
wxuovtec; xav6vec; JCOU ecpagµ6~0Vt(U Oto JCAaLOLO tnc; Eugwrca·t:xnc; 'Evworic;. 
OL rnto11µEc; otaiwtLxec; ELvm, EV yevEL, u1µ11Aou mt.rcebou. Qot6oo, rcagat11gouvtm 
EAAdtµELc; OE toµdc; 6rcwc; m JCEQLcpEQELaxec; xm JCEQLBUAAOVtLXEc; OtatWtLxec; xm OL 
O'ta'tLOtLXEc; VOLXOXUQLWV xaewc; xm otouc; eevLxouc; tQLµflVLaLouc; xm 
mxovoµLxouc; AoyagLaoµouc;. Erctoric;, arcm touvtm BEA tLcboELc; tnc; rcoL6tritac; xm 
X<lA'Utµllc; 'tO'U µ111gcbou tJCLXELQnoewv. 
l:vµ:rttQ«aµa 
Y rc6 tllV rcgourc6ew11 tnc; ouvexwnc; t11c; OUVtEAOuµevric; JtQ06bou, ll Pouµav(a ea 
d vm Lxavtj va ouµµogcpweet n:goc; tLc; arcm ttjonc; tric; EE 6oov acpoga tLc; rnto11µec; 
otatwtLxec;, evt6c; twv n:gooexwv etcbv. 
71 
RO 
3.4. Toµ,Ea.xt; nol1:nxt; 
Btoµnya.vi.a. 
H xoLvotLXll BwµrixavLxt1 noALtLXll rnLbui>xn triv ev(,oxuori TrJc; 
avtaywvwnx6tritac;, rnL t1,yx<1.vovtnc; µe tov tQ<mo <rnt6 (1vobo tO'lJ rnLnebm, 
bLaBLWO'r)c; xm U'4Jf1A.(l JtO(JQ(JtU UJt<lOXOAflOflc;. Ano(3A.EJt£L OtflV EJtLtaxuvori tric; 
JtQOOaQµoyitc; JtQoc; 6LaQ0QwtLxtc; µetaBoMc;, cv0aQQUvovtac; ttm JtEQLBaAAov 
euvo·Lx6 yLa trtV UVUAf1'4Jl1 JtQWt0BouALWV, triv avantusri EJtLXELQflOEWV OE OAOXAllQll 
triv KOL v6trita xm tri BLOµrixavLXll OUVEQYUOLa, xa8wc; xm trtV avantusri ouv811xwv 
yLa triv xaAUtEQfl £xµ£taAAc1mri tou BLOµrixavLxou buvaµLxou, tLc; JtOALtLxtc; 
xmvotoµtac;, trtV EQ£1,va xm trtV t£XVOAOYL'X.fl avantusri- H 'X.OLVOtL'X.fl BLOµllXUVL'X.fl 
JtOAL tLXll an6 tri cpuori tric; EXEL OQL~()VtLO XUQClXtllQO. H 'X,(lt(1 toµea EJtL'X.OL VCJ.)Vl,(1 
EXEL OXOJt6 tri 6Laboori <lQXWV OQL~OVtLOU XClQUXtllQU 0£ m,yx.exgLµevouc; toµe(,c;. H 
BLOµrixavLxit JtOAL tLXll tric; EE d vm to cmoteAwµa bL{1.QOQrnoric; µfocov oe bL{1<poQec; 
'X.OL vonxec; JtOAL tLxtc;. I I EQLAaµBuvEL t()(J() µfou OXEtL'X.(1 µe tri A.EL tO'UQYLCl tU>V 
ayOQWV (ngobLayQacpec; ngo·tovtrnv x.m JtQ6of~aori otriv nyoQ<t, EµJtOQLXll JtOALtLXfl, 
xganxec; evwxuoELc; xm noALtLXll avtayrnvwµ01'J) 600 xm µhQu OXetLx.(1 µe triv 
Lxav6trita trtc; BLOµrixuvtw; va JtQOOaQµ6~etm oe µnaBoMc; ( ota0£Q6 
µaxgoOLxovoµLx6 JtcQLBaAAov, tcxvoAoyta, xataQtwri x.An. ). 
IlQOXELµtvou va µJtOQEL va avnµctWJtLOEL tLc; avtaywvLOtLxec; mfocLc; x.m nc; 
buvaµt:Lc; ayogac; orn nAatmo tric; 'Evworic;, 11 BLOµrixavta tric; m touoac; xwQac; 
JtQEJtEL va EXEL em tUXEL xanOLo rn(nebo avtaywvLOtLx.6tritac; µEXQL trt XQOVLXfl 
onyµit tric; JtQOOXWQflOflc;. IlQEJtEL va 8t:wg118d we; bcboµtvo 6n OL mtouocc; XWQcc; 
ax.oAou8ouv noh tLxtc; µc oxon6 avOLxtec; x.m avtaywvwnxec; ayogec; µE Baot1 nc; 
xatcU8lJVtflQLec; YQUµµtc;, tu; £'X.tL8£µ£vEc; OtO UQ8QO 130 ("BLOµrixav(,a") tric; 
LlJV8itx.ric;. H OlJVEQYUOLU µetasu tric; EE xm t(,l)V lJJt0'4)tl(f)LWV XWQWV Otouc; toµetc; 
BLOµrixavLx11c; ovvcgyaotac;, twv rnevbuoewv, tric; BLOµt1xavLx11c; tunonotrioric; xm 
tric; bLanLotworic; tric; ovµµ6gcpworic; 6nwc; ngoBMnetm otriv EuQwna·tx.11 :ruµcpwvta 
aJtO't£A.£L rntoric; oriµavtLX.6 bdxtri £sEALsl1c; JtQOc; tri (J(1)0ttl 'X.fft£1J0uvori. 
H BLOµt1xavLXll nagaywy11 tric; Povµavtac; to 1995 avegx6tav oe 11,6 bw. ECU, 
eAacpQa xatwt£Ql1. an6 tri BwµrixavLXfl naQaywy11 tric; IQAavbtac;. Kata tri XQOVLXll 
ncgtobo 1990-1995, to µt:gt.bLO tt1c; BLOµrixavtac; oto AEIT x.atitA8£ an6 46% oe 42%. 
OL ouvoALxa anaoxoAouµevOL otri BLOµrixavla t1tav 2,7 ex.at. atoµa JtcQLJtou. To 
O'UVOALXO JtAt18oc; £JtLXELQt10£(,l)V Ottl BLOµrixavta ex.nµatm 6tL UVEQXctaL 0£ 34.000 
JtEQLJtOlJ £VO) an6 autec; to 96% aJtUOXOAO'lJV AL y6teQOVc; an6 500 EQYU~oµevouc;. 
'Oµwc; one; MME avtLOtOLXEL µ6vo to 18% tt1c; BLOµt1xavLx11c; JtaQaywyitc;. 
XovbQLXU, to 1994 t0 eva JtEµJttO tric; nagaywytjc; es11x8ri. 
To 1989, JtQLV aQxtoEL ri µetaBaot1 JtQoc; OLxovoµta ayoQac;, tri QOuµavLxit 
BLOµrixavta 6LaXELQL~6tav ri xuBtgvriori xata tg6no noAu avott1Qa £Aeyx6µevo, µ£ 
U'4JrtA6 Ba8µ6 ovyxtvtgworic; x.m tvrnvri tµcpaori otri BaQLa (3LOµrixavtn. 
XagaxtrtQLOtLxu or bL(1Cpog01,c; f-koµflxavLxouc; xAabouc;, cmoteAO'\JV m 
anagxmwµtvec; texvoAoy(Ec_; nngaywy11c;, ngo·tovta mrn bev JtQoougµ6~ovtm JtQoc; 
tu; anmt11ow; tric; nyoQuc;, xuµriAol (3nOµol XQflOLµoJtolrioric; trnv nagnywyLxwv 
6uva-cott1twv, xaµriA11c; otaOµric; bLOlxriori, noAu U'4Jf1Aec; ~riµtec;. OL (3LOµrixavLxec; 
£Jt£Vbuow; exouv oriµeui>OEL JttO)Ofl (lJtO to '1990 xm µeta. navtwc;, OL gouµavm 
nagaywyo( UQXL~OUV va EVEQYOJtOLO'lJVTat, ouvcxwc; JtEQLOO()TEQO OtLc; £1;ayrnyLxec; 
72 
.•. , a,v 
ayOQE<;, JtQUyµa JtOU UVtLXUTOJCtQL~U <1VEQXOµEVT] avtayrnvUJtLX(>tT]tU 0£ 
ogwµevouc; toµdc;. 
Povµavi.a, xvgtot 'toµEi.c; :rtagayroy11c; 'to 1995 
Tg6q>Lµa 
MrixavLx6~ xm TIAExtgovLx6~ tEXVLx.6~ e;mtAL0µ6~ 
XUAU(3a~. µEtaAA.OllQYLU, µri OLhflQOUXU llAL'XU 
XriµLxa :n:go·i:ovm 
KAwowuq>avwugy(a, tvbuori xm be(>µa 
En:e;egyao(a :n:gcbtrnv uA.cbv ( rtE(>LAaµf-\avovtm ri 
tOLµevtof3wµrixav(a, Tl UUA.Oll(>YLU, Tl XE(>UµLXl], Tl 
XU(>tOrtOLLa, o xAMo~ toll ;tJA01J) 
A l!tOXL vritofhoµrixav(u 
ErtL1tA.(>1tOLL<l 
<l>ueµuxrntLXU Jt(>O°LoVtU 
TEXVOAOYLE~ JtATIQO(f)O(>Ul)V 
Aoma 
MEQLXO OUVOAO 
LYNOAO 
BwµTJxavtx~ Jra(_)(1ywy~ w~ noaoar6 % mv AEII % µE(>LhLO fiwµnxavL'Xl]~ 
JtCl(>ClYOJY'fl~ 
15 
12 
14 
10 
8 
6 
6 
2 
16 
91 
9 
100 
36 % µE(>LbLO 
UJtClOXOAl]Ol]~ 
otn fiwµrixuv(u 
9 
21 
6 
4 
4 
8 
7 
4 
I 
5 
84 
16 
100 
TQO(f)tµa. _O toµfoc; am6c; d vm an6 touc; OT]µavnx6tegouc; tT]c; BwµT]xavLac;. OL 
JteQWOOteQEc; aJt6 tLc; EJCLXELQnOeLc; dvm xganxnc; LbLOXtT]OLac;. Ta XUQLa ao8evn 
OT]µeta OtOV toµfo am6v aJtOtEAO'l)'V Tl xaµT]An rcaguyrnyLXOtT]ta, Tl 
UJtOXQT]OLµOJt9LT]OT] tT]c; rcagayrnyLxnc; lrnvuµLx(nT]tU<; xm Tl (1Jt01J(JL(1 rcgooagµoync;. 
H xuBEQVT]OT] axoAOU0T]Oe JCQOOtUtE'\JtLxn JtOAL tLxn (J.1);(1VOVtU<; touc; ewayrnyLxouc; 
baoµouc;. EJCLOT]<; ewnx8TJOUV bLUXQLtLXOU xuguxtngu WHpogtc;. A6yrn tT]<; xaµT]Anc; 
nm6tT]tac; tO)'V JCQO°L6vtwv, m e!;aywytc; bev dvm OT]µavtLxtc; xm xvgtwc; 
aJteu8uvovtm JtQO<; nc; UJCOAOLJCE<; XWQE<; tT]<; KevtgLxnc; xm AvatOALxnc; EUQWJtT]<;. 
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61,abt.xaoLa EL vm ev6Ex6µevo 6n ea ouvavti]OEL JtOAL tLxou xm voµt.xou xagaxti]ga 
EJtLJtAOxec; m OJtOLEc; ea xataOtl]OOUV ()UOXEQT) tl\V EJ'tl, tE'UST\ µeoong6eeoµmv 
UJtOtEA.EOµatmv. 'Ooov acpoga £1,()l,X(l tOV i:oµea 10'\J xa'.A. ·uBa, T\ xuBEQVl)Ol) EXEL 
xaga1;EL OtQU-tT\YLXll yLa tl\V avab1,(1..gOgwoT\ ll\c; g01,µav1,xi]c; xnAu(3ougy{.ac; T\ ono{,a 
ea EJCQEJtE va ecpaQµootd. EnL tou nag6vtoc;, T\ QOuµavt.xi] xuBeQVT\OT\ e;axoAoueeL 
va JtQOOtatEUEL ouyxEXQLµEvouc; BLOµT\xavLxouc; toµdc;, £1,()l,XOtEQa Otouc; XA.abouc; 
twv tQOcpLµmv, tmv begµatwv, twv unobl\µatmv xm twv autox1, vi]tmv µe 
baoµ0Aoy1,xa µttga, JtEQLOQLOµouc; Otte; ELOaywyec; XQl)OLµOJtOLl)µevmv OXl)µatmv 
XA.JC., ta OJtoLa ea XQELaOtEL va JtQOOagµootouv. 
76 
RO 
·:Evµ1tEQ«aµa'ta oaov aq>oQ« 'ttJV av'tayrovtanxo'ttJ'ta 'ttJ~ ~tOJJtJxavi.a; 
H Pouµavi.a OEV EXEL ax6µ11 611µwugyi)oEL nc; rcgourco0tow; m orcoi.Ec; 0611youv OE 
6uvaµ1,x6 xm avtaywvwnx6 1,61,wt1,x6 toµfo. Kat6m v toutou, 11 Bwµ11xavi.a t11c; Oa 
EL vm etOLµll µ6vov µaxgorcg60wµa va avtwta0Ei. OE mfo£Lc; avtaywvwµou oto 
rcAai.m,o t11c; ev1,ai.ac; ayoga.c;. Ei.vm ava.yx.11 va avaA11cp0Et EUQELU ava6l.6.Q0gwo11 y1,a 
t11v JCQOEtOLµaoi.a µEAAOVtLxi)c; JCQOOXWQllOllc;. H UQOll twv Eµrco6i.wv yLa tllV 
av6.rctul;11 tou 1,61,wuxou toµfo rcou n:aQaµevouv Oa amu ti)oH "'Vll"-O Bu0µ6 
JtOAl, tLXflc; 6foµEUOl}c; xm OLOL'XlltLxiJc; bEsL6tt1tac;. Av xm txouv 011µ£Lw0d a1;L6Aoy£c; 
Em tux tee; OtllV avaOLUQ0QWOl} tl}c; Bwµl}xavi.ac;, £sUXOA.OU0d va rcagaµtvEL JCQOc; 
emtEAEOll 011µavnx6 tgyo xm 1,61,ai.tEQa ll ava6LaQ0QWOll twv µEyaAUtEQWV arc6 tL<; 
~11µwy6vec; XQUtLXi)c; LOLOxt11oi.ac; EJCLXELQl)OELc;. 
LtO sEXWQWt6 tµi]µa JtOU a<pOQCl tl}V WWtEQL'Xl) ayoga OL0£tm a;LOA6y11011 tou 
xext11µtvou 6oov mpoQa . ELOLxa tnv eAeu0EQll xuxAocpogta Bwµnxav1,xwv 
JCQ0°LOVtWV. 
rEroQVt« 
H KoLvfl fEWQYLXlJ IloALtLXlJ arcoBMrcEL ow va bw.tl}QlJOEL xm vu <1varctul;EL evu 
ouyxQovo yEwQytx6 ouot11µa rcou 0a e};aocpaAi.~EL eva agx£1a xaA6 Bwnx6 rni.rcebo 
y1,a tll yEWQYLXlJ xOLv6trrm, trtv rcgoµi]0ELa ELbwv 61,atgocpi)c; OE Aoy1,xi] tLµi) yLa t01,c; 
xatavaAw1ec; xm 111v £A£U0£Qll 6taxtv11oll tolV aynOcilV £Vt6c; trtc; Kmv6111tuc;. 
l6LaLt£Qll JtQoooxiJ Ou boOd om JtEQLBaAAov xm Otl}V uygonxi) uv<'mt1,sll- OL xmvb; 
OQyavwow; ayogac; UJCUQXOUV yw. vu {)LUXELQLtovtm tl}V K rn. A 1ntc; 
OUµJtAllQWVOV'taL arc6 gu0µLo£Lc; y1,a tnv uyE(a tWV twwv xm tWV cputwv xm tll 
6tatgocpi) twv ~wwv xm arc6 QU8µto£Lc; rcou acpogouv tnv uytELVlJ twv tQO<pLµwv. 
Y JtUQXEL erctow; voµo8wi.a OtOV toµea trtc; 0LaQ0QWtLXf1£ JtOAL tL'X.fl£, JtOU 
avarctuxSnxE UQXLXCl xata XUQLO A.6yo yta va EXOUYXQOVLOEL xm va C)l,£UQUVEL tl} 
yewQyi.a, aA.A6. mo JtQOO<pata towm: 1,61,a( tEQll tµcpao11 oto JtEQLB6.AAov xm trtv 
JtEQL<pEQELa-x.ri 61,acpoQorcotnon tnc; rcoALnxiJc;. Arc6 TL£ µetaQgu8µi.o£Lc; rcou ty1,vav to 
1992, 11 aul;11011 twv ouvewcpogwv yw trt oti)QLsll tnc; yewgytac; rcgoi]A0£ arc6 aµw11 
xataBoAfl Boii0£Lac; rcou avtwta8µ(~£L 6Ao xm rcegwo6t£QO tll µ£(won twv 
YEWQ)'LXWV tLµWv Otl)QLSl}<;. 
H EuQwrca·i:xi] Luµcpwvta rcaQEXEL 111 Baon y1,a TL<; y£wgy1,xec; ouvaAAaytc; µEtal;u trtc; 
Pouµavlac; xm tnc; KOL v6tntac; xm arcoBMrcEL oto va rcgow0i]o£L tn ouveQyaoi.a yLa 
tov exouyxQovwµ6, trtv ava61,ag8Qwo11 xm tnv LOLWtLxorcoi.nort tou yEwQyLxou 
toµta trtc; Pouµavtac; xa0wc; xm tov aygoB1,0µ11xav1,-x.6 toµta xm ta 
cputouyewvoµtx6. rcg6turca. To Aeux6 IlLBAi.o xuAuJttEL touc; toµdc; t01, 
xt11v1,atQLxou, tou cputo'Uyewvoµ1,xou £Myxou xm tou eMyxou 'tll£ b1,u-cgocp11c; tow 
twwv, xa8wc; xm tLc; arcmti)oELc; EµJCOQ(w; yu1 µEµovrnµtva fkt.OLXCl rcgo·i:ovtu. 0 
oxorc6c; µ1,ac; t£tOLac; voµo8w(ac; d vm va rcgootatEUOEL touc; xatavaAo>ttc;, tl} 
611µ6m,a uyei.a xm trtv uyda twv ~wwv xm twv cputwv. 
:Evvo1tnx11 1tEQt YQ«q>11 
Karaaraan rnc yewgyta, 
H a;i.a trtc; YEWQYLXi)c; rcagaywyi)c; to 1995 i)tav JtEQLJtOU 4,93% trtc; JtUQaywyi)c; trtc; 
'Evwo11c;. 
To 1995 rt y£wgy(a avtLrcgoowrceue JtEQLJtou to 20% tou AEil Otrt Pouµavi.a -x.m 
cmaoxoAOUOE TO 34,4% tOU EVEQYOU JtA.l}0uoµou. 
77 
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}.:tov yeoogyt.x.6 toµfo nagutrigi]Orpt£, otriv UQXll tric; µetaBatt.x.i]c; negt.6bcrn, 
nagax.µi] µt.x.g6tegri an' 6,n otouc; aAlouc; mxovoµt.x.ouc; toµdc;, x.m to 1994, ri 
yeoogyt.x.i} nagaywyi) dxe !;avaBgeL to mi.nebo tou 1989. Qot6oo nagaµevet. 
euna0i]c;, t.blwc; "A.6yw tric; µelworic; tric; xgrimµonolrioric; "A.t.n:aoµatoov x.m abge-uoric;, 
x.m n:agoumal;et. n:o"A.Mc; bt.axuµavouc; an:6 to tva twc; oto a"A."A.o-to 1996, ri 
yeoogyt.x.i] qmnx.i] n:agaywyi) x.atanovti.otrix.£ nguyµanx.(1, x.1,glwc; otov toµto. trnv 
mtrigwv, ngayµa nou ocpel"A.etm t.blrnc; 0£ µri £uvo·i:x.tc; x."A.t.µanx.tc; ouv0i]x.£c;. H 
x.ataotaori tou l;w·i:x.ou toµfo cpal vetm 6n otnOe(>ortmd tm. 
H yewgyt.x.i} ex.taori (xooglc; ta baori) ex.tdvnm oe 14,8 ex.at. ex.tagt.a (62% tric; 
OUVOA.LX.l]<; EX.taoric; tric; xwgac;). Qt, OQELVEc; JtEQLOXEc; avtLJtQOOOOJtEUOUV to 30% tOU 
OUVOA.OU tOOV YEWQYLXWV ymwv. 
Ta baari x.a"A.un:touv 6,69 rnat. E'X.tUQUl, bri"A.nbi] to 28% t01, (>OUµClVLXO'\J e6acpouc;· ll 
n:agayooyi] ;u"A.ou, 14 E'X.Ut. 'X,'UBt.x.a µftQ<l to 1994, EJl:£0£ x.utc't to 1 /3 an:6 triv <l(>Xll 
tric; µetaBatt.x.i]c; negt.6bou, a"A."A.6. o toµeuc; am<>c; naguµtvu µu1 cm6 nc; µey(1h:c; 
e1;ayooyt.x.ec; nriyec; tric; Pouµavlac;. 
H ag6euori el vm l;wnx.i]c; oriµaolac; yt.a eva µeyci"A.o µtgoc; toov gouµavt.x.ci>v 
yewgyt.x.wv gouµavt.x.wv ymwv. Me 3,1 exat. ag6mµoov exn1gi.oov, ri Pouµavi,a dvm 
ri 6eutegri oe µtye0oc; ag6mµri tx.taori 6"A.ric; tric; Eugwnric;, a"A."A.a oi]µega agbeuovtm 
µ6vo 800.000 ex.tagt.a (avanote"A.eoµanx6trita toov eyx.ataotaoewv, teµaxwµ6c; toov 
ymwv' aVEJtUQX.ELa JtWtWOEWV ). 
MEXQL to 1989, 511 x.gatt.x.ec; yeoogyt.xtc; exµna"A."A.euoELc; (14% tric; 
xgrimµon:owuµevric; yeoogyt.x.i]c; ex.taoric; -XfE) xm 3.776 ouvnmgt.oµol yewgyt.x.i}c; 
nagayooyi]c; (61 % tric; XfE) xa1etxav to µeya"A.utego tµi]µa otov toµea, evw o 
t.6t.oonx.6c; toµfoc; ouyxtvtgoove to 25% toov ymci>v. Me tri 6t.a"A.uori toov yewgyt.x.wv 
ouvetmgwµci>v to 1990-91, ttSrix.e oe Hpagµoyi] eva vfo x.a0eotci>c; tyyELac; 
t.6wx.triotac; to 1991 JtO'lJ obriyei. otri CT'l}VlJJtUQsll JtOAA(l.)V tlJJtO)V ex.µeta"A."A.euoric; 
6n:ooc; eµnogt.xtc; nmgdec; µri t.bwnt.x.onmriµevec; (ngcfrriv x.ganx.ec; yerngyt.x.ec; 
e,tµeta"A."A.euoELc;· 12% tric; XfE) µtom, µeyW01,c; 2.002 extagloov, ex.µeta"A."A.euoet.c; 
OUVEtaLQLOtL'X.OU tUJtOU (13% tric_; XfE' µtoo µtye0oc; : 366 E'X.tUQLU), OL'X.OYEVELax.ec; 
evwoeLc; exµetaAAEUOEOOV (14% tric; XfE' µtoo µtyeOoc; : 113,6 E'X.tUQLU' atoµt.x.ec; 
ex.µeta"A."A.euoELc;: 38% tric; XfE' µtoo µtyeOoc; : 1,8 rn1(1gu1), x.m a"A."A.ec; boµtc; 
(egeuvritt.xa x.evtga, x.mvott.xtc; extaoELc;: 23% tric; XfE). Am6 ex.cpgal;etm µe 
x.a-tatµriori toov aygoteµaxloov x.m toov ex.µeta"A."A.euoeoov. H bgaotrigt.6trita tou 
t.6t.oonx.ou toµfo otriv xaA.A.Legyi]mµri x.m l;w·i:x.i] ngwwyevi] nagaywyi] 
avtLOtOLXOUOE OE JtOOOOt6 JtUVW an:6 to 85% tOU ax.a0UQLOtOU yEWQYL'X.OU 
ngo·i:ovtoc; to 1996, a"A.A.a oe oriµav-ux.a xaµri"A.6tego µegl6w toov ouvo"A.t.x.wv 
nooA.i}oewv x.m toov 6gaotrigwti]toov ayogac; Bamxci>v ngo·i:ovtoov, 6nou ta x.gatt.x.a 
aygox.ti]µata ouvtxwav va x.ugt.agxouv, "A.6yoo tou 6tt. o t.6t.oonx.6c; toµeac; 
xagax.trigtl;etm oe µeyaA.o Ba0µ6 an:6 mxovoµta autoouvti]grioric;. 
Kata tri 6uxgx.ELa tric; n:egt.66ou 1989/1993, ri µetooori tou µeye0ouc; toov yewgyt.x.wv 
ex.µeta"A."A.euoeoov x.m ri avmagxELa toov mxovoµt.x.ci>v n6goov o6i]yrioav touc; 
yeoogyouc; va au!;i]oouv tt.c; ex.taow; µe Ol, trigu 'X,(ll, vu JtE(>LOQLOOUV tL<; E'X.tUOEL<; µe 
a"A."A.ec; x.a"A."A.t.egyet.ec; (t.blwc; teut"A.a). ~Lanumiwouµe, m1g<i"A."A.ri"A.a, au!;riori tric; 
nagaywyi]c; agaBool tou oe Bugoc; t01, OL tugun'r yevt.xa 6µ(,t)c_;, ri nagaywyi] OL trigcov 
ecp0aoe µ6"A.t.c; to 14,25 excn. t6v. t0 1996, m1g01,m6l;ovtuc; x.nOugi) µdrnori oe oxfori 
µe to 1995 (19,9 exm;./t6v.). 
78 
RO 
~E 01',yxQWTJ µ£ to 1995, to 1996 i)tuv tvu ttoc; J1E xuAi) nuvuywyi) yLa tu lpgo1nu 
(+70%), w; natatEc; (+20%) xm tov TJALuvOo (+ 17%). OL JtEQLOXtc; nm, dvm 
qnneuµevec; µe aµrtEALa au1;i)8nxav eJtLOTJ<; ( + 10%) µE eva xavoVLXO QU8µ6 xa,;a tu 
etT) tT)c; bexaettac; tou 90 xm oi)µeQa l;mtQaoav t0 ertLJtECO naQaywyi)c; twv µfowv 
tT)c; 6Exm:ttac; tou 80. 
'Y otEQa an6 ota6Laxtc; ntroOEL<; otouc; UQL8µouc; tou tw·t:xou xEcpaAatou µEtal;u tou 
1989 xm 1995, OL agLOµot otov toµ,tu to>V xotgrnv xm trnv f~oonbcov uul;i)Onxav to 
1996 xuta. 2% xm 5% avtLotmxu. 0 <1QL0µ6c; twv rtQof1m:oubci>V xcu w>v myci>v 
ouvtxwE va µELWVEtUL. OL nagaywytc; yaAaxtac; (3,9 Exut./t6v.) xm f306Lvo1, 
xQfotoc; (40.000 t6v.) i)tav, to 1995, µEyaAUtEQEc; an6 to ertLrtEb6 touc; to 1989, Evro 
autec; tOU XOl.QLVOU XQEatoc; (647.000 t6v.) XUL tWV JtOUAEQLXWV (274 t6v.) 
JtaQEµEL vav xa8aQC1 xaµriA6tEQE<;. Qot6oo, Tl YEVLXT) JtaQaywyi) XQEatoc; au1;it8TJXE 
EAacpQa to 1996 xm Tl rtaQaywyi) auywv xm yaAaxtoc; au1;it8TJXE xata 2% xm 3% to 
1995. To µEyaAUtEQO µtQoc; tTJ<; aul;nonc; rtQOi)A8E an6 tTJ 6QaOtTJQL6trita twv 
LCLWtLxwv yEWQYLXWV EXµEtaAAEUOEwv rtaQ6Ao nou OL XQanxtc; EXµEtaAAeuoeLc; 
EXtQOcpi)c; xotQWV xm nouAEQLxwv e1;axoAou8ouv va xatexouv 6eon6touoa 8fon 
otouc; avttotmxouc; toµetc; touc;. 
OL Bwµnxavtec; yEwQyLxwv n6wv 6Latgocpi)c; avnngoowneuouv to 20-25% tTJ<; 
OUVOALXT)<; BwµnxavLxi)c; CQUOtT)QLOtT)tac; tT)c; xci>gac;· ta ()LUQOQWtLXCl 
µewvexti)µata touc; (bnµwugytu µov(16wv rtUQuycuyi)c;, otn bEx.aetta tou 1970, µe 
Ba.on noALtLxtc; cmoqlwuc; xm OXL mxovoµLx(.1 XQLtllQL<.1) rnLb£Lvco8nxav µe tT)V 
axQitOteUOTJ tu>V XQTJ<Hµonmo1,µ£vrnv t£XVOAoyui>V xm t£xvoyvrnotuc;, A<'>y(l) tT)c; 
arcouotuc; oriµuvnxwv rn£vbuoewv un6 t6t£ nou Lbg1,0nxuv umtc; m µov{1b£c; xm 
aveJtaQXELWV OtTJ CLaXELQWTJ tou av0Qmmvou buvaµLxou. · 
Yn6 autec; nc; ouv8i)xec; L{)L(l)tLXOJtOLT)8T)XE ALy6tEQO an6 to 1/3 t(l)V eJtLXELQT)OEWV, 
xm m 1;evec; mevbuoeL<; rtaQaµtvouv noAu JtEQLOQWµtvec;. 
To yewQyLx6 eµnoQLX6 wotuyw mL6eLvro8rixe oacpwc; an6 to 1989· to 1995, m 
QOUµavLxtc; ewaywytc; yewQyLxwv rtQo·t:ovtwv (8,4% tou ouv6Aou twv ewaywywv) 
aVEQXOVtav OE 835 exat. ECU (an6 ta onota 267, JtQOEQXOVtav un6 tT)V EE), xm OL 
f1;aywytc; yEWQYLXWV ngo·t:ovtwv OE 460 exat. ECU (6,5% tou ouv6Aou twv 
E1;aywywv), an6 ta onota 117 exat. ECU ngoc; tT)V EE. 
I'ewenxri JWAl nxri 
To tµi)µa nou axoAou8et rtEQLYQacpeL ta XUQL6teQa otmxeta tT)<; Kmvi)c; fEwgyLxi)c; 
TioALtLxi)c; an6 tT)V agxit tTJ<; µetaBatLx.i)c; JtEQL66ou twc; to teAoc; tou 1996. OL 
µEtUQQU0µtonc; nou uvnAi)cp0nxav un6 tTJV agxit tm, 1997 Ou nagm,maotouv oto 
tµi)µa "Al;LOAOYTJOTJ tnc; tgexcrncmc; xcn(wtuonc; xm trnv nvoontLxci>V". 
Kata ta JtQWta EtTJ -enc; µetaf3aonc;, Tl gouµavLxi) xuf3egvnon rnE6Lwl;e va 6LatTJQrtOH 
tva µrixavwµ6 nou avayxatE touc; JtaQaywyouc; va nouA.ouv OE xaµriMc; tLµtc; µfow 
tOU XQatLXO'U ouoti)µatoc; avecpo6Laoµou, Oto JtAaLOLO µLac; OtQatriyLxi)c; JtOU 
EUVOO'UOE tri ()Latl)QTJO'YI tT)c; XOL VWVLxi)c; ouvat veonc; xm tT)V xatanoMµriori tOU . 
nA ri0wQwµou. 
To ouotriµa 't(l)V nµwv otri OUVEXELa EAEU8EQW8T)XE OtaCLaxa xm EYLVE mo EUEALXtO: 
oL nµtc; otouc; nagaywyouc; xm otnv xatavaAWOTJ OtL<; tomxtc; ayogec; 
EAEU8EQW8T)XaV, JtQayµa JtOU OCT)YTJOE OtT)V taXELa aU;T)Ol) touc; OE JtQayµatLXOUc; 
6gouc;, a'A.'A.a oto n'A.atow tou v6µou 83/1993 (NotµBgwc; tou 1993), Tl xuBtQVTJOTJ 
79 
08 
Snol},1oq1m) A.roa91.e J\(!)X1TIOJ\0100riltq J\(l)l S9aocJm13ri 5303rir;> J\Dll}, J\(!)aodm13ri 
J\(l)l J\(!)10.D o.01ril,.t 01 o.01.e1a3u ·ugv 0.01 ¾v 01 J\DDDgcb? 966 I 01 So.oa91.e S0,ox11nax 
Scto1 9lCU D1A.aro3A, lt10 S9aocbD13ri 53A.9TIODO.QJ\O.O 10 ·0,ori01A.O"'{OlC{\Oa1.e 0.01 J\(!)J\DlCUQ 
J\(!)X1"'{0J\ct0 J\(l)l %5; 0.01C1a31C l},QD"'{UQ 'D1A.aro3A, Ul D1A '),OTI01AO"'(OlC{\OalC 0.01 ct01ril}, 
01 9lCU {l)J\"1)1.C '5;661 01 '3xlt91},101.eori10Ltax S9A.roA.DaD1.e S9x1A.aro3A. 531ac;tx s1a3009l 
5110 J\(l)301},10QOri1alC l}."'{09D1DX J\Ul mA. "l)"'{"'{D '£661 01 J\DXlt91},A.aD1DX UO(l)"'{"l)J\DlDX 
J\UlO Snol},1oq1m 10 .0,orio1A.0101.en,oa1.e 0,ox11Dax 0.01 J\(!)J\DlCUQ J\{l)l %5;'6 
01 t,661 01 J\Dct31C(!)OOa1.e11A.D SD1A.aro3J mx Sl},cboa1mv o.013A.ao.01C A 0.01 53A."l)lCUQ 10 
·Sr;>aoA.D Slta300,3"'{3 
Slt1 Sl},ri11 Slt1 £/1 01 J\OA.9ri 'D13rioxo1XD"'{DA mo9riltq DlO J\DXltgl},A.Ltaox 0.01.C 
J\(l)301},10<JOri1alC J\{l)l roA.91 '13'),31.Croooa1.e11A.D 501XD"'{r;>A. .. ctOA.3ri9XA.3"'{3 .. 0.01 Sr;>aoA.D 
So109x 9x11DriA.DalC 01 (!)J\3 'UA.9XO 30 D"'{r;>A. 9X110J\ 10X 9lCn 501XD"'{r;>A. ctOJ\9TIDlOO.ODJ\D 
ctOl 9rio1A.roA.DlJ\D J\01 9lCU 1nlJ\0~1aogDX 119 1n13J\ 1Dcb Sr;>aoA.D Slta3E}(),3"'{3 
Slu S9ri11 10 .l},11t3"'{ Da311mq1 1DJ\ 13 S9ri1l S9X110J\ 10X. 511 3ri lto1ax.A.0,o Lt 'D"'{r;>A. 01 D1J 
·SDa(!)X Slt1 A.(!)A.roA.D~ 
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avabLa.QeQWOl} tl}c; yewQytac; xm tou rnµfo twv yewgyLxcbv eLbcbv bLatQocpi]c;, xm tl} 
µetaQQueµwl} tnc; yewQyLxi]c; n:oAL tLxi]c; cbote va n:goetmµaotet l} Pouµavla yLa tnv , 
EcpaQµOyi] tOU XE'XtT}µEVOU. 
ea XQELaotouv LO Lat tEQec; n:goon:aeELec; 6oov acpoQa tl}v : 
ecpagµoyi] xm uA.on:oLl}Ofl twv Xtl}VLatgLxwv xm cputo'UyewvoµLxcbv 
arcm ti]oewv xm tl}V avaBaeµwl} twv Eyxataotaoewv wote va JtAflQOUv ta 
n:g6tun:a trJc; EK aut6 d vm LOLat tEQa Ol)µavtLx6 6oov acpOQU touc; 
bLaxavovwµouc; em0EWQflOTlc; xm EMyxou yLa TflV n:QOOtaota twv 
eswtEQLxwv ouv6Qwv tnc; EE" 
EVLOXUOfl trnv <'>LOLXfltlX<i>v boµci>V yw. vu d;uocpuAwtd fl c1vuyxutu Lxuv6tr)tu 
yLa ecpaQµoyi] xm evtoxuol} to>V µtocov n:oAL nxi]c; tl}c; K rI I· 
avabLaQ8QWOl} tOU YEWQYLXOU toµfo xm tOU toµfo YEWQYLXWV ELbwv 
DLatgocpi]c; yw va BEA tLW8Et fl avtaywvLOtLxi] Lxav6tl}ta tou. 
83 
RO 
Et vm avayxato va yt vouv Bamxtc; µnaggu8µtoELc; JtQLV ri Pouµavta va et vm oe 
8tori va av,;anoxgt8d aw; UJtOXQECi>oELc; 101, µt1,,ouc; tric; EE. 
Ai.1.Ei.a 
H Km v11 AALElJtLXll II OAL tLXll JtEQLA<1t1(-\<'1vu 111v xowl) 00y<'rvrnori <1YOQ<hv, 'tll 
l'>Lag8gwnx11 JtOAL 'tLXll, ttc; ouµcpwvtec; µt:: tQL tt::c; xwgt::c;, 111 bu1xetgwri xm tri 
btatllQllOll twv aALEUtLxwv n6gwv xa8wc; xm triv enwtriµovtx.11 tgeuva yta triv 
UJtOOtllQLsll m.n;cbv t(t)V bgaotrigwt11twv. 
H Eugwna·t:xl) Luµcpwvi.a JtEQLAaµf3avt::L bu1t(11;uc; OXHLxtc; µE to EµJtOQLO 
rcgo·t:ovtwv aA.tdac; µt:: triv Kmv6trita. H At::1Jxi) BtBAoc; bt::v JtEQLAaµf3avt::t µfagu 
otov ouyxEXQLµtvo toµfo. 
l:VV0'1:'tl.Xt] '1:EQLYQ<I(f)t] 
To 1995, o ,;oµtac; aA.tdac; ,;ric; Pouµavtuc; cm:aoxoA.ouoe 6.000 a.1oµa. H ouvoALXl\ 
nagaywy11 aVEQX6tav OE 69.000 t6vouc; JtEQLJtou '\J)UQLWV xm ngo·t:ovi;wv aA.LEtac;, 
ouvoALxl)c; a;tac; 232 EX.at. ECU, wobuvaµwv OE a1;ta µE to 2,8% tric; a;i.ac; 
rcagaywyl)c; tric; EE. 
To 1995, o aAL£UtLx6c; OtOA.0£ JtEQLEA.aµBavE 34 oxacpri, EX t(t)V OJtOL(t)V 19 (O'ta orcota 
anaoxoA.ouvtav 1300 <noµa) dxav v110Aoy118d yta triv avmxtl) 86.1,,aooa xm 15 (ota 
onoi.a arcaoxoA.ouvtav 109 a1oµa) yta ta nagaxna ubata tl}c; MaugT)c; 06.Aaooac;. 
Anmtovvtm JtEQULtEQW orntxeta oxEnxa µE tov agt8µ6 twv evEgycbv UALEunxcbv 
oxacpcbv: arc6 ta OtOLXELa OXEtLxa µe to ttoc; xataoxEul)c; twv rcAotwv, to 
ext6moµa, xm to µl)xoc;, JtQOX'UJttOUV µLXQOtEQOL OUVOALXOL UQL8µot (nou 
xuµatvovtm µetasu 14 xm 21 JtA.OLWV). 
Ta ouvoALxa aALEuµata avtgxovtav oe 39.000 t6vouc; (au;l}µtva OE oxtori µE ta 
aALEuµata tou 1993 nou avtgxovtav OE 1 .400 t6vouc; otri MaugT) 06.A.aooa xm oe 
1.300 t6vouc; atriv avmxtl) 06.A.aaoa). To 95% twv aA.trnµatwv tou 1995 (36.500 
t6vm) rcgotgxovtav an6 tov B.A. AtA.avttx.6 (xugtwc; oxouµn;gt xm gtyya) xm ta 
un6Amrca (1.500 t6vm) an6 TflV Maugri 06.A.aaau (xugtwc; nanaA.tva). · 
AAA£<; oriµavttxec; noo6tl}tEc; '\J)agtcbv otri Pouµavta, ngol)A.8av to 1995 arc6 
ubatoxaAALEQYELec; yAuxou VEQOU, xugtwc; xungi.vwv (28.000 t6vm) xm ELoaywyec; 
we; ent to JtAdotov an6 xgatri µ£All tric; EE (46.300 t.). 
0 toµfoc; µetanotrioric; 3'CEQLAaµf3avEL 14 EJtLXELQl\OELc;, OL OJtOLE<; UJtUOXOAOUV 1.700 
atoµa, rcou ouyxEv-cgwvovtm OE tEOOEQEL<; µEyaAEc; Etmgdt::c;. To 1995, Tl nagaywy11 
tou Ev 1,,6yw toµea avegx6tav OE 69.l 05 t. {OLJtA.aOLa an6 triv nagaywy11 tou 1993), 
EX twv onotwv to 30% JtQOEQX6tav an6 tov LOLwnx6 toµta. 
To 1995, ri Pouµavta ewl)yaye 46.300 t6vouc; xm e1;l)yaye 5.099 t6vouc; '\J)aQLcbv xm 
ngo·t:ovtwv aAtdac;. Kata tri btagxELa twv ngcbtwv Evvta µl}vcbv tou 1996, OL 
ewaywyec; '\J)aQLWV avl)A0av OE 13.000 t6vouc; xm OL E;aywytc; OE 230 t6vouc; -
oriµavnxl) µEtwari oe ouyxgwri µE to 1995. Qc; EµJtOQLx6c; Etai.goc;, ri Pouµavta 
avtLJtQOOWJtEUEL to 0,02% tWV OUVOA.LXWV XOLVOtLXWV ewaywycbv '\J)UQLWV xm 0,8% 
twv x.01, vott.xwv ELaaywycbv ngo·t:ovtwv aALdac; cm6 nc; ,mo'\J)llq.>LE<; XWQE<; µ6vo 
(xa-r' a};(a). 'Ooov acpoga. -cu; e;U')'(l)')'tc; -crtc; EE, rt Pouµavta ew6.ye1, i:o 0,39% i:wv 
84 
~8 
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mx. (to1a3D lt01ri9X.D13TID1Q lt1 'l\(!)TI11 l\(l)l D13/\l,)cbmg lt1 '(D13Aa9/\3 l},x.1a1x.3"(lt 
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roJ..91 1\3 0 13gooriaDooa1.e DI\ (l0/\9TI13X.Oa1.C 531381,)1.COOalC 59X.11/\Drilto 1Dll\(),01 ml.Cy 
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'l\(!)1aod)oalt"'(1.C l},J..D"("'(Dll\D na91.CDaD1.C J380D13aX D8 
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l\(!)X.110111>10 1\(01 l},J..O"'("'(Cl.O lt1 mx. M!)OOJ..n 501nriril)aJ..oa1.e (l()l Lt01a13Xmg lt1 'D9TIOl 
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51},1\10)1 5lt1 ltolt101.eo1n I\Ul mJ.. lt"'(lt"("'(l)lDX. 'D9TIOl (),OX.11(l31"'(D (l01 5Lt01a13Xmg l},XaD 
1301},lO(lO DI\ J380D13aX D8 D1/\DTI(l0d H ·131011\oaXJ..aox,3 DI\ ori11.e9x.o 11)/\ 13 '5(!)1.C3/\(l0 
'mx, 5nog993ri 53A.9riromXalt1.CD 13101.eori1ouax 5D1/\DTI(l0d Slt1 5D9TIOl S9X.11(l31"(D 0 
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'oooz 5019 01 Sro9 'Sro1olt13 S(lOl\91 ooo·oo I -08 30 D1DTI(),31"'(D Dl 1301},§nD DI\ mx. 
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·S1nlt19A.10)1 Slt1 O"'(OA.(,tD 010 S130(!)11.C11.C3 59x.11A.Drilto 
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3ri Dl\3TI91\1ax.J..(l0 '5DJI\DTI(l0d 5lt1 (l0Jaol.Cri3 (,lOX.'1031(0§3 1DX. 51},J..roJ..nanu DJ3X1010 n.1 
A(!)X11.icoooic Arol. mx Sh.on10~1.nx SnonoX~oi. Shi. hohJ..9"to1~v 
·Saori9A. 5c,tOX.113XO Sno1 l\(l0~9riaDcb3 DI\ J38U10Q010(l0~3 
l\(lOX9 5J3aod) 10aocbl,)1Q mx, I\D 'DlDQ(), l,)x.1a31roo3 DlO 1DX. DOOD"(l,)0 Ltac,tDW 
lt.10 'DOOD"(l)Q l},lX.101\D I\UlO l\(l)ll,)TI(l31"(D l\(1)30(!)100001.C 5l},A.oriancb3 Slt1 oXA.3"(9 
1\01 mx. ltoltgc,to"'(OX.Danu I\Ul mJ.. S9riog I}, 010JD"(1.C 9x.1ri038 oa31 JD1Q1 1D1D10Jcb(l l\3V 
·(n13.n I lDX.) S3a(!)X 531cb~<h,01.C(l 5110 l\001/\9J.oau 
l\{l)l\~ri1ox,3x,J..ao 1\0)1 l\(!)ACOAD3,3 I\COl %l 't, 01 mx. 33 Slt1 l\(!)A.roA.n§3 l\(!)X.1"(01\(lO 
RO 
0tµata EVEQYEtac; cmotEAouv UAAE<; Ol]µavnxtc; ouvwtwoec; tl]c; EVEQYELaxi)c; 
JtOAL ttxi)c;. Ot tgtxouoec; E;EALl;Etc; JtEQLAaµf3avouv tl]v EAeu0tgwol] tou Eµnogtou 
OtOV XWQO tO'\J aEQLOU, to XEXtl]µevo OE 0tµata EVEQyetaxi)c; cm66ool]c; xm to 
JtQ6ygaµµa Auto-oil. 
l:tov toµta tl]c; JtUQl]VLxi)c; £VEQYEL<1c;, to xmvottx6 XEXtl]µtvo EXEL ESEALXOd 
onµavnx(r cm6 tLc; agxtxtc; btatasetc; tl]c; ouv0i)xl]c; EKAE EXEL µ£t£1;£ALX0£L OE tvu 
JtAa..tow voµtxwv xm JtOAL ttxwv AEL tougytxwv µl]xavwµwv ouµnEQLAaµBavoµtvwv 
xm twv btt:0vwv ouµcpwvtwv. l:i)µt:ga, xaA UJttEL 0tµata uyt:tac; xm aocpaAEtac; ota 
OJtOLa OUµJtEQLAaµBavovtm ll gabLOJtQOOtaota, ll aocpaAELa tWV Jt'UQl]VLXWV 
Eyxataotaoewv, ll btaXELQLOll twv gabLEVEQywv cmoBAi)twv, ll ngayµatoJtOLl]Oll 
EJtEVbUOEWV' OUµJtEQLAaµBavoµtvwv tWV XQl]µatobonxwv µl]xavwµwv tnc; 
EYPATOM, ll JtQOaywyi) tl]c; EQEUvac;, ll ouyxg6tl]Ol] tl]c; XOLvi)c; ayogac; Jt'UQl]VLXT)<; 
EVEQYEtac;, o t:cpobtaoµ6c;, m btaocpaALOELc; xm OL btt:0vdc; oxtaetc;. 
H Eugwna·cxi) l:uµ<pwvtu ngoBMna ouv£gyuotu yu:1 tl]V JtQO<ilOl]Ol] tl]c; 
ngoobt:unxi)c; Evocnµ(nwal]c; twv evegy£u:1x<ov uyog<i>V Otl]V E1,g<im11 xm 
JtEQLAaµBavEL ()L(1t(1snc; YLU tl]V Jtct.QOXT) Boi)Oauc; Oto JtAULOLO tcov 01M:1(f)(t)V toµtcov 
JtOALttxi)c;. l:tl] An,xi) B(f~Ao ()(wa tl]c; ono(uc; ngonmµ<':1tovtm m XKAE yw tl]V 
EOWtEQLXT) ayoga EVEQYELU<;, UJtoygaµµttetm ll uvayxl] JtAT)QOU<; eq>agµoyi)c; t(J)V 
Bamxwv obl]ytwv ym tl]V wwtEQLXi) ayoga ae auvbuaaµ6 µe ttc; btatal;etc; JtEQL 
avtaywvwµou tl]c; Eugwna·cxric; 'Evwal]c;. l:e 6,n acpoga tov toµfo tl]c; JtUQl]VLxi)c; 
EVEQYELac;, ll AeuxiJ BtBAoc; xavet avacpoga ata 0tµata JtUQl]VLxou Ecpobtaoµou, 
btaacpaALOEwv xm µnacpogac; JtUQl]VLxwv cmoBAiJtwv. 
l:uvo:rtttXtJ IltQlYQ«q>tJ 
l:tl]V NonoavatOALXYJ EUQWJtl], ll Pouµav(a dvm ll xwga µ£ touc; Ol]µavnx6tegouc; 
tbwuc; EVEQYELaxouc; n6gouc;, tbtwc; JtEtQEAmo xm atgw {l;l]Qac; xm avoLxti)c; 
0aA6.0ol]c;), xa0wc; rn(al]c;, ALYVLtll, ymav0gaxa, ougavw xm ubgol]AEXtQLXT) 
t:vegyeta). Etvm autciQXllt; ae noaoat6 avcotego tou 70%. To atgw, to onoto 
ELOayetm cm6 tl] Pwo(a yta tl]V XUA U'\J)l] tOU l]µ(oeoc; t(J)V avayx<OV tl]c; xwgac;, 
avtLJtQOOWJtEUEL JtOOOOt6 avcirtEQO tO'l) 40% to'U £V£QYELUX01) wotuy(cm. 
H Btoµl]xav(a JtEtQEAa(ou JtEQLAaµf-16.vEL bL'iJALOtl)QLU JtElQEAa(ou Ol]µavnxi)c; 
aJt66ool]c; (34 ex.at. t6vm Etl]o(wc;) xm nc; oxenxtc; eyxataotaaetc; touc; 6nwc; 
JtEtQEAmaywyo( xm tegµattxo( ota0µo( £waywywv/e1;aywywv Otl] MaUQll 
0aAaooa. 
To agy6 JtEtQEAmo (cm6 tl] Pwota xm tl] Meal] AvatoAi)) Ewayetm µtow tnc; 
Kovotavtaa. To atgto btaµEtaxoµttEtm cm6 tl] Pwota, tl]V Ouxgavta xm tl1 
MoAbaBta atl] Pouµavta. 
H Pouµavta ouvwta rntol]c; btabgoµo otgatl]ytxi)c; Ol]µaotac; yta tl] µetacpoga 
aegtou aJt6 tl] Pwota one; BaAxavtxtc; XWQE<;, ouµnEQLAaµBavoµtvl]c; tl]c; EAAabac;. 
H otgatl]yLxi) tl]c; Pouµav(ac; yta tl] µEAAOvttxi) btaouvbwl] twv btxtuwv 
l]AEXtQLxi)c; EVEQyELac; µe to bunxorngwna·cx6 b(xtuo UCPTE ('Evwol] yta tov 
ouvtovwµ6 tl]c; nagaywyi)c; xm tl]c; µnacpogac; l]AEXtQLxi]c; evtgyELac;) ouµB<iAAEL 
otriv EXJtAT)QWOll tou Q6Aou tl]c; we; xci>guc; bu1µetux6µwl]c; xm bteuxoh,vEL tnv 
EVOwµatWOl] t(J)V EV AOY(J) btxturnv OtU ()LEUQCHJt<{Cx(1 EVEQYEUlXU b(xtua. H 
ng6ocpatl] boxtµaottxi) btaauvbwl] µe 01,yxgovwµ6 to.>v btxtuwv llAEXtQLxi)c; 
EVEQYEtac; tl]c; Pouµav(ac;, tl]c; Bou A yagtac;, tl]c; EAA6.bac;, tl]c; l:eQBtac; xm tnc; 
AABavi.ac; ouvwta ngoxatagxttx6 Bi)µa ngoc; tl]V xateu0uvon tnc; µEAAOVtLxi)c; 
btaouvbwnc; JtQOc; tl]V UCPTE. 
86 
RO 
0 toµfoc; otEQEWV xauoLµwv (o onoLoc; JtaQUYEL, XUQLrnc;, ALYVLtTI xm anaoxoAd 
115. 000 atoµa) embotd 'tm an6 triv xuBtQvriori xcu XQELate'tm e·uQda 
avabLaQ0Qwori. 
0 EVEQYELax6c; toµtac; xatEXEL to oriµavux6tego tµi)µa tric; m1Qaywyi)c; tric; xooQac; 
oe oxtori µe onmovbi)note aAAO toµfo tric; QOUµavLxi)c; mxovoµLac;. 0 EVEQyELax6c; 
toµfoc; tric; xooQac; naQoumateL buo twc; tQELc; cpoQtc; xaµriA6tEQTI an6boori an6 tov 
µtoo 6Qo 'tl'lc; EE, e1;m tLac; tric; ~,ATIQOvoµLac; tou nageA06vtoc;: xaµriMc; uµtc;, 
avenagxeLc; JtOAL 'tLxtc; an6booric;, anrigxmwµevec; texvoAoytec; x.AJt. OL bLacpoQec; 
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XQrimµonmeL tm we; xaumµo tou avnbQaoti)Qa e1;oQuoonm xm to xaumµo 
naQO.YEtm otri PouµavLa xm otov Kavaba. 
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ot6.bw xaOo(>wµof,. 
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xm vonx6 xextl]µevo ea anm ti}oEL oxenxi) voµoewta xm Ol]µavnxec; rnevbuow; 
ym nc; bE1;aµt:vec; xm ta anoeeµata. 
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EKAX YLa nc; XQatLxec; EVWXUOELc;. 
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nMov µaxQOJtQ68wµec; AUOEL<;. 
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Ax6µ11, ll av6.yx11 avavewo11c; tau ot6Aou d vm buva16v va 0eoeL 011µavtLx6. 
n:goBAnµata xg11µatob6111011c;. LtOV toµfo twv 0aA.aooLwv µetacpogc.bv, lJ XUQL6teQll 
n:11yn xa0uotEgnoewv OE OUVO.QtllOll µE to 'X.OL VOtLX6 Xe'XTTJµtvo EXEL oxeo11 µE tl]V 
aocpa.AELa, 6oov acpoga lllV on:ota 11 Pouµavta an:exeL ax6µll n:oA.u art6 1a rtQ61una 
t11c; 'Evwo11c;. · 
OL obLxec; Eµn:ogeuµanxec; µetacpogtc; 111c; Pouµavtac; bEv ouµcpoovouv an:6Auta µE 
tllV wxuouoa 'X,OLVOlLXn voµo0EOLU" ll ouµcpwvta autn ea JtQEJtEL va E;aocpaAL00d 
JtQLV an:6 tl]V JtQOOXWQllOll, 1600 0111 OXEtLxn QOUµavLxn voµoewta 600 xm Otl]V 
n:gayµatLxn Eq>aQµoyn, Ta 011µda ama ea JtQEJtEL va Allcpeouv UJt6'lµl], xata 'tl] 
OL6.QXELa 111c; JtQOEV'ta;Laxi]c; 1tEQL6bou, 6oov acpoga 'tl]V obLxn aocpO.AELa, to Bagoc; 
xm nc; bLaotaow; xa0roc; xm ta bLxmc.bµata XQno11c;. H E;aocpaALOlJ tl]c; an:6)... Utl]c; 
ouµcpwvtac; µe 1ouc; xm vonxouc; xav6vec; 6oov acpoga to Bagoc; xm tu; bLao16.oeLc; 
d vm buvat6v va µ11v em tt~ux0d evt6c; tou xgovobLaygaµµawc; rcgooxwg11011c;, 
JteQLOQL~ovtac; tl]V l,'X,UV6t11ta 'tOU gouµaVL'X,O'U bLXt'UOU vu UVtartOXQLVE'tU\. one; 
artattnow; t(l)V ox11µa1wv t11c; EE. 
OL toµeLc; twv mb11gobgoµLxc.bv xm twv obLxrov µEtacpogrov rn1,Batrov ehouv 
avtLOtOLXU A.Ly6tega JtQOBAnµata an:6 touc; tgw; n:goavacpEgeevte.c; 'tOµEtc; 6oov 
aq>OQO. tl]V an:oboxn tO'U xexr7Jµtvov, av xm OtOV toµfo t(l)V OLOl]QOOQOµLXOOV 
µEtUq>OQWV ea ntav XQnOLµEc; OQLOµevEc_; an:ooacpl]VLOEL<; XUL 0a XELaoeouv 
nEQm tegw n:goon:6.0ELEc;. Avnefawc;, 11 Lb La 11 A.EL tougyta twv buo autrov ayoQc.bv 
EµcpavLtetm ALYO a;L6mOtl], Ecp6oov m b1,ag8gwnxec; aA.Aayec; (LbLWtLxn bLaXELQLOl], 
avtaywvwnx6nrra, x.A.Jt.) dvm ax6µri OE UQXLX6 ota6t.o-A6yw tou yeyov6toc; 
90 
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autou, OL buo (l'UtOL toµdc; avuµtvnm V<J. yvrngLom,v Ol}µavtt.xec; CUltUQaxec; ,mt(l 
tC1 JtQOOEXll ell}. 
H av6.Jttu;l} ev6c; OAOXA'YJQWµevou xm avtuywvwnxou auati]µatoc; µetaq.>OQWV 
anoteA.d Baot.x6 ot6xo twv QOuµavt.xcbv UQXWY m buo XUQL6teQOL. JtEQLOQLOµoL 
OtOV toµea aut6v OUVLOtavtm eVbexoµevwc; Otl}V eJtL tEUslJ LitaVOJtOLl}tLitOU 
rnt.nooou aocpaAeLac; twv µEtacpoQcbv xm OtlJ BeAtLOtlJ XQlJOLµonoLlJOlJ tou 
ouoti]µatoc; µEtacpoQcbv. 'Ooov acpoQa tl}V aocpaA.ELa, Tl JtQ6oboc; tl}c; PouµavLac; 
dvm eveaQQUVtt.xi], aA.A.a anexEL ax.6µl} an6 ta xmvott.xa JtQ6tuna, nbt.x6teQa 
OtOV toµea tWV aEQOJtOQLXOOV, tWV eaA.<lOOLWV xm tWV oblxoov µetacpOQOOV. 'Ooov 
acpoQa tov ot6xo tl}c; ouvoxi]c; tou ouoti]µatoc; µEtacpoQcbv, EL vm meav6 Tl 
PouµavLa va avtt.µetwJtLOEL µt.a µ6vt.µl} t<lOlJ avantuslJc; tou toµea obLxoov 
µetacpOQOOV i(,(lL ea JtQEJtEL va xataBaAEL JtQOOJtae£Lec; yLa tl} XQl]OLµOJtOLl}Ol} tWV 
OLCl}QOCQ6µwv i(,(lL tWV JtA.WtOOV oboov, beboµevwv tWV abuvaµt.cbv tOU obt.xou 
bLxtuou tnc; OE ouyxQLOll µe to 0t.bnQobgoµLx6 xm to bLxtuo eorntEQLxi]c; 
vauoLJtA.o"Cac;. 
'Ooov acpoga tn BEA tLrnon trnv crnvbtoernv p,e tu xg<hll µtAn tl}c; 'Evrnonc; xm ~.te nmc; 
ydtovtc; tl}c;, Tl Pouµuv(u JtQOtWnm vet.. rnEvb1,0£L neg(mrn 1,6 <°'>LO. ECU <t..Jt<) tov 
JtQOVJtOAoywµ6 tl}c; µEtet;u tO)V Et(l)V 1995 xm 1999, 1'JtE(> t(l)V E(>Y(l)V 1)Jt()()Oµi]c; Ott.c; 
CLeeveLc; µEtacpogtc;, LbLwc; trnv nuveugwmft:xci)V 6Labg6µ(1)v. To noa6 aut6 
avtwtOLXEL JtEQLJtOU oto 1,3% tou AETI, yEyov6c; nou q.>aLvEtm a;woT]µeLwto aA.A.a 
bev ea EJtUQitEOEL yLa va LitUVOJtOL l]OEL tLc; avayxec;· evbex6µevn µdwon tOU JtOOOU 
aUtOU UJtayogeu6µevn MO CT]µOOLOVOµLXOU<; JtEQLOQLOµouc; ea µJtOQOUOE VU 
rnLbeLvoooeL ax6µn JtEQL006tEQO nc; abuvaµLec; autec; xm va nAi];eL tn bLabLxaoLa 
EUQWJtU.Litl]£ OA.OitA.l]QWOT]<; tT]c; XWQac;. 
:Evµ.,iiQaaµ.a 
H PouµavLa ngayµatonoLnoe a1;wonµdwtec; ngo6bouc; 6oov aq.>oga tnv anoboxil 
tou xm votLxou x£xrr,µtvov otov toµfo twv µetaq.>ogoov. Qot6oo, Tl ei,oob6c; tnc; 
otnv EOWtEQLitl] ayOQU µetaq.>OQOOV JtQEJteL va nagaµd VH EsUQtnµevn an6 tT]V tUXELU 
eueuyQaµµwi] tnc; µe to i(,£ittl}µEVO' m toµdc; tWV 0aA.aOOLll)V i(,(lL tWV OCLXOOV 
eµnoQeuµatLxoov µEtaq.>ogwv Oewgouvtm un6 tnv aJtO'\lJTJ auti] m nHov m0avoL yw 
. tn bnµLOUQYLa evbex6µevwv JtQOBATJµUtWV, £L()l,i(,QtEQU 6oov mpoga tnv aocpaA.ELU, 
JtQEJtEL 6µwc; va xataBAn001)v JtQOOJtaOeu~c; xm OtoV toµeet.. t(l)V OLCl}QOCQOµLxoov 
µetaq.>ogoov. 
EL vm EJtLonc; ox6mµo va EsUOq.>UA.LOOEL Tl OtoJtLOT] t(JJV C1JCUQUL tT]t(JJV µfowv YLU tl}V 
UA.OJtOLllOll tWV BaoeWV tOU µeA.A.OVtLitOU bt.eugwna·i:xou CLitt'UOU µetaq.>OQOOV JtOU ea 
rnextaecL one; uno'\lJi]q.>Lec; XWQEc;, xm va avtt.µEtwmo0ouv YQllYOQa m avrn6.QXELec; 
tou obLxou bt.xtuou. EmnMov, ei,vm anaQaLtT]tO va evwxueeL ouvtoµa xm µe 
ouvrnet.a n bLmxntt.xi] ogyavwoll tnc; PouµavLac;, JtEQLAaµBavoµevwv twv 
OQyavwµcbv eMyxou n.x. tT]c; aoq.>aA.nac;. 
Mtxqic; xm µtoaitc; £31:tYEtQnattc; 
H JtOA.LtLXl] EJtLXELQl]OEWV tT]c; EE UJtOOitOJtEL otnv ngoweT]Oll EUV0°LitOU 
JtEQLBaAA.OVtoc; yLa tT]V avantUslJ tWV MME OE OA.OitA.TJQll lllV EE, otn BeA tLWOll tnc; 
UVtayWVLOtLitOtllt<lc; tOU<; XUL OtT]V eVe<lQQUVOll tOU E;EUQWJta·t:oµou XUL tllc; 
bLeevonoLnoi]c; touc;. H noA.t.tLxi] auti] xagaxtnQLtetm an6 U'\lJllA.6 Ba0µ6 
rnLxougt.x.6tntac;. O ouµnAl}Qwµatt.x6c; Q6Aoc; tnc; Kmv6tntac; xaeog(tetm xm 
UA.OJtOLELtUL µfow JtOA.Uetouc; JtQOYQaµµatoc; yLa tLc; MME Oto JtA.ULOLO tnc; EE. To 
JtQOYQaµµa aut6 JtaQ£XEL 'tll voµt.xi) xm trriµoowvoµt.xi) Baari yt.a w; ouyx.t::xgt.µevec; 
bQaoet.c; nou ngoBArnovtm oto JtA.a(OLo tric; xot. voi;t.xi]c; noA.t. nxi]c; yt.a 'tL<; MME. 
MEXQL Ol]µEQU, 'tO itEitt'Y)µ£VO JtEQLOQLsOtUV OE OUCTtUCTEL<; yt.a <J'UYXEX(>Lµevouc; toµei,c;, 
91 
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av 'X.UL l) voµo0eota oe aA.A.ouc; toµdc; EJtl)QeateL, rnto11c;, tLc; MME (n.x. voµo0eota 
:rteQL avtayoovLoµou, voµo0eota :rteQLBaAA.ovtoc;, etULQL'X.6 DL'X.mo ). 
H EUQOOJta0L'X.r) L1'µcpCJJVL<1 JtQOf1A.t:rtEL OUVE(>Y<HJL(l yLn tl)V uvc'tnrnsl) 'X,(U trtV evi.ox1,011 
twv MME, eLDL'X.6teQa, otov tbuottx6 toµtu, µEtu};1, <'1A.A.o>v, µto(l) trtc; Jt<1(>oxi)c; 
JtA.l)QOq>OQLrov 'X.m Boi)0£Lac; oe voµtxa, bLOL'X.lltL'X.a xm (fJOQOA.oyLxa 0eµata. Lto 
Aeu'X.6 BLBA.i.o 6ev :rteQLA.aµBavovtUL ouyxeXQLµeva µetQa. 
:Ewon:nx11 ffEQL"fQ<UP'll 
Exnµatm 6tL, to 1995, l) µetaJtOLl)tL'X.r) Bwµ11xav(,a ouvtBaA.e Oto 34,6% tOU Aeyxn. 
'X.m o toµtac; twv u:rtl)QWLrov avtL:rtQoowneue to 37,9% tm, Acyxn. H OlJVOA.L'X.i) 
ouv6Qoµi) tou LDLootLxou toµta oto Aeyxn. i}tav JtEQL:rtm, 45%, evti> oe 6eouc; 
JtQOOtLOEµevl}(; asi.C1c;, Jt(>OOEYYLt£ to 29%. To 98% JtE(>LJtO'\J ()A,(t)V t(llV EJtLXEL(>r)0£<t)V 
dvm 6uvut6v vu xagc1xtl)QW001',v we; MME (n.x. XQllOLp.onoui>vtm; tov ovwµ(> tl)c; 
xuBtQVl)Ol)c; tl)c; PouµuvLac;, ytu nc; MME, we; rnLXELQr)OELc; mru <m<wxoA.ouv ewe; xm 
500 atoµa). H JtAeLO'lpl)q>La autwv t(l)V EJtLXELQr)OeWV evtaooetm OtOV toµea tO'U 
xov6QLxou 'X.UL A.LavLxou eµ:rtOQtou (70%) 'X.UL otov Bwµ11xavt'X.6 'X.A.a6o (11 %). 
Av 'X.UL l) 'X.uBeQVl)Oll avayvWQLtEL tov 011µavnx6 QOA.o nou btabQaµatttouv 0t MME 
Otl)V OL'X.OVOµLa, JtUQUtl)QeL tm EA.A.EL '\Vll OUVOXr)c; 6oov UqJOQ<l tl)V JtOA.L tL'X.r) 'X.aL tl)V 
OtQUtl)yLxi) evtoxuo11c; twv MME. To EQYO tllc; xuBeQv11011c; JtaQeµ:rtobttetm, rnlo11c;, 
an6 tl)v EA.AeL'lpl) b11µ00Lovoµtxrov n6QWV yta t11v uA.o:rtoi.11011 bQaOtl)QLOti}twv JtQO<; 
UJtOOtr)QLsl) t(l)V MME. OL BaOLxEc; boµEc; JtOU UqJLOtavtm oi)µEQU, yLa tl)V eVLOX'UOl) 
twv MME EXOUv OeomoOet xm unootl)Qltovtm an6 touc; XOQl)youc; Boi)0etac;. 
H xuBEQVllOll EXEL AaBet OQLOµEva JteQLOtaOLaxa µEtQU JteQLOQLOµEv11c; xUµaxac; 
UJtEQ t(l)V MME. H voµo0eota EXEL emxeVtQW0d Otll 0EOJtLOll boµrov Otr)QLsl)c; xm 
XQ11µatobottxwv µfowv xm ot11v aJtAO:rtot11011 tou cpOQOAoytxou xa0eotrotoc;. An6 
111c; IavouaQi.ou 1996, ouota011xe o E0vtx6c; <l>oQfoc; Ibtwttxonmi)oewv we; XUQLOc; 
cpOQEac; uneu0uvoc; YLU tllV avantusri tric; JtOA.LtLxi)c; MME ,t(lL tri C)LUXELQLOYI 
ouyxeXQLµEvwv µetQO>V untQ trnv MME. YnUQXEL, rntoric;, tvac; aul;uv6µevoc; 
aQt0µ6c; rnayyeA.µa-uxrov evwoewv xm evwoewv eQyobotrov. , AA.AOL OQyavLoµot 
JtOU ouµµetexouv OtllV avantUsll t(l)V MME JtEQLA.aµBavouv to Eµ:rtOQLX6 'X,aL 
Bwµ11xavL'X.6 EmµEA.l)tr)QLO, 'X.EVtQU avantUslJ<; MME JtOU XQl)µatobotO'UVtUL an6 
XOQl)youc; Boi)0etac;, ouvetaLQLOtLxec; OQyavrooeL<; x.A.Jt. 
A;toloytJatJ TTJ; TQtxovaa; )(«'taa'taa11; )(at 'tO>V n:Qoon:n)(rov 
Ot MME ouµµettxouv, i)bl), oe µcyaA.o Ba0µ6 ot11v mxovoµLxi) ava'X.aµ'\l)l) tl)<; 
Pouµavi.ac;. OL MME EXOUV tl) buvat6tl)ta va btabQaµattoouv evav 6A.o 'X.UL 
JteQLOOOtEQO Ol)µavtL'X.6 QOA.O Otl)V JtQOW0l)Ol) Tl)<; ava.JttUsl)<; xm tl)<; anaOXOA.l)Ol)<;. 
OL boµE<; Otr)QLsl)<; t(l)V MME JtOU txouv i)bl) ouota0d, :rtaQEXOUV BaoL'X.T} 
JtA.l)QOq>6QrJOlJ 'X.UL EJtLXELQl)µatLxtc; UJtl)QWtec;. H rcoA.L tLxi) BouA.l)OlJ yLa tnv t6vroon 
xm tl)V aVM'tUslJ tOU toµta t(l)V MME i}tav, xata XMOLOV tQOJtO, C)LOta'X.'tL'X.r). 
Luvrnroc;, eL vm 011µavttx6 ytC1 ta rn6µeva etl) va em tn,xOd 'U'\VlJAOtEQO<; Ba0µ6c; 
JtOA.LtLxi)c; btoµe'UOl)c; xm ouvoxnc; O'tOV ouyxEXQLµevo toµta. ea i}tav, EJtLOl)<;, 
Ol)µavtL'X.6 va evwxu0ouv m UJt<lQXOUOec; boµEc; Otr)QLsl)c; xm va avaA.l)q>0ouv 
EVEQYeLe<; yta tl)V aJt/\.0'\JOtEUOll tOU voµLXO'\J xm C)LOLXl)tLXOU JtA.aLOLO'U JtQOXELµevou 
va xa--caotet JtEQL006teQO cpLALx6 yLa ttc; MME. IlQOO:rta0w~c; yta tl) Be"-ti.wort tl)c; 
JtQ60Bao11c; twv MME OE Jtl)yEc; XQlJµawb6tl)Ol)c; ei.vm el;i.oou ouOLaotL'X.ec;. 
Ot tQtxouoei; 1tQOOJta0eLei; yta tl']V £VLOXUOl) t(l)V MME xata trt C)L<lQXELU tl)c; 
JtQOEVtal;Laxi)c; JtEQL6bou ea XQELao0d, ouvrnwc;, va ouvexweouv. 
92 
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:Evµ1ttQ«aµa 
Av xm cl;axoAou0et va ucpLota-wL omp11c; uvayxri rnL teu};ric; U'\VlJAOtEQOU f3u0µou 
ouvoxl)c; 6oov acpoga t11v JtOAL tLxl) MME, bev ngoBMnovtm 011µavtLx6. 
ngoBAi\µata 6oov acpoga trt ouµµetoxl) t11c; Pouµavtac; otov ouyxexgLµtvo toµta. 
3.5. OtXOVOJUXt) xm XOl,V(l)Vl,Xt) O'VVOXtJ 
Anaaxo>.nan xm xo1,vrov1,xt; "1to8tou; 
H xmvoovLxl) JtOALtLXll t11c; Kmv6t11tuc; CXEL uvUJttuxOd µ£ ~h{1cpogu µfou (mrnc; 
voµo0etLxtc; bLat6.1;ELc;, to EugoomfCx6 KmvoovLx6 Tuµdo xm bgaoELc; nou 
rnLxevtgoovovtm oe ouyxexgLµtvu Otµuta, OUµJtEQLAaµf3avoµevoov t11c; b11µ60Lac; 
uyetac;, t11c; cptooxetac; xm toov at6µoov µe ELbtxec; avayxec;. To voµtx6 xext11µtvo 
xaAUJttEL t11v uyeta xm trtv aocp6.AeLa Oto xoogo egyaotm;, to egyanx6 btxmo xm 
tu; ouv0l)xec; egyaotac;, triv w6trita toov euxmgtoov avbgoov xm yuvmxoov, tov 
ouvtovwµ6 t11c; xotvoovLxl)c; aocpaALOlJc; twv btaxtvouµevwv egyatoµtvwv xm ta 
ngo·t:ovta xrutvou. H xmvoovtxl) voµo0wta t11c; 'Evwo11c; xagaxt11gttetm rut6 t11 
8tonw11 EAUXLOtoov JtQOtunwv. EmnMov, o xmvwvtx6c; bt6.Aoyo,; OE eugoona·t:x6 
rntneoo avacptgctm g11t6. 0111 ouv8ipt11 ( 6.g0go 118 B), xm oto ngwi:6xoAAo oxenxa 
µe t11v xot vwvtxl) JtOAL tLXll yl vetm avacpoga OtLc; OLaBouAeuonc; µe touc; 
xmvoovtxouc; etatgouc; xm ot11 "-11'4'11 µetgwv yta tri OLrnx6Auvo11 tou xmvwvLxou 
OtaA6you. 
H eugoona·t:xl) ouµcpoovta ngoBMJteL ngooeyyw11 t11c; voµo0wtac; µE trtv avtLOtOLX11 
xmvonxl) xm ouvegyaola yta· t11 BeAtLwo11 twv ouv811xoov uyetac; xm aocp6.Anac; oto 
xoogo egyaotac;, JtOAL nxec; t11c; uyogac; egyaolac; xm tov exouyxgovwµ6 tou 
ouotl)µatoc; xmvoovtxl)c; aocpaAw11c;. IlgoBMneL, rnto11c;, t11 µ11 bLaxgLttxi\ 
µetaxelgto11 A6yw t0ayevelac; twv EQyatoµevwv an6 xoogec; tric; Km v6tritac; nou 
rutaoxoAouvtm voµlµwc; ot11 Pouµavla. To Aeux6 BtBALO ngoBMneL t11 "-ll'Vll 
µttQWV yta tl]V JtQootyywll OE 6Aouc; touc; toµetc; tou XEXtl]µtvou. 
:Evvo1t'ttXtJ 1t£Qt'YQ«q>11 
0 xm vwvtx6c; ouxAoyoc; avruttuooetm ot11 Pouµavla av xm OL JtaAttc; ouvi)0etec; 
JtaQeµf3ao11c; i:oov xuBegv11nxoov EXJtQOOoonwv, ave1;aQtl)tooc; t11c; autovoµtac; toov 
xmvoovtxcbv etalQoov, elvm ouoxoAo va et;aAetcp0ouv. Ot lOLOL OL xmvoovtxot etalQOL 
LOlooc;, OL EQY006tec; tou LOLWtLxou toµfo, ngoxELµtvou va EXJtA11Qcboouv JtAl)gwc; i:ov 
g6Ao touc;, XQELatovtm va evwxuoouv nc; ogyavoooetc; touc; xm va e};ampaA.loouv 
t11v Et;OLXELOOOl] tO'U£ µe tLc; OUAAOyLxec; OLUJtgayµate'UOELc;. H JtEQaL tEQCJJ 
LOLCJJtLxonot11011 eLvm ouvat6v va ouµBaAEL otri OLeux6Auvori autl)c; t11c; OLaOLxaolac;. 
AJt6 tl]V JtAEUQO. 't(JJV UJtUOXOAouµevrnv, OL tEOOEQLc; BaOLxec; ogyavoooeLc; ELVUL µEATI 
tnc; Eugoona·t:x11c; LUvoµoonovbtac; LUVOLxatwv -ELL (ETUC). OL egyo66tec; 
EXJtQOOOOJtO'UVtUL OE 6te0vtc; EJtLJtE()O µtow EUQ'UtEQl]c; ogyavworic; JtOU XUA'UJttEL 
nevte onµavnxtc; evwonc; egyobotwv. 
To 1995, to noooot6 avegytac; l)tav 8,9%. Qot6oo, 0a JtQEJtEL va At1cp8d un61P11 
011µavttx6 noooot6 ouyxaA uµµev11c; aveQytac; evcb 11 Pouµavta avnµetoonLtEL 
ooBaQ6 ng6BA11µa avegylac; µaxgac; ouxgxELm;. Le ogwµtvec; JteQwxtc; µe 
011µavnxtc; UJtWAELec; 0towlV rutaox6A11011c; OE nagaooOLaxtc; Bwµnxavtec;, OL 
UVEQYOL µaxgac; OLO.QXELac; OUVLOtO'UV to 50% tOOV UVEQYWV. 
H Pouµavta µ6Atc; 6.gxwe va avantuooet ouyxQovec; JtOAL nxec; ayogac; egyaotac;, 
xavovwµouc; xm 0wµouc;. H bLabLxaota aut11 JtQEJteL va ouvexw0d yta oriµavnx6 
XQOVLX6 Otaotnµa. 
93 
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To ouotnµa XOL VWVLXllc; aacpaALOl}c; tnc; Pouµav(,ac; avtLµEtWJtLtEL oo(3aga 
ngo(3Allµata XQnµatob6tl}Ol}c;, nm, ocpd.Aovtm, ev µtQEL, 0£ 6i,axoALec; donga1;nc; 
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AEyxn JtO'U 0Lati.0e-tm YLU tl}V XOLVOJVLXll uoq>aALOTI dvm OXEtLX<l xaµl}AO -9% 
{OtOLXELa tO'U 1994). Av xm to ouotnµa XOLVWVLXllc; aocpaALOl}c; xaAUJttEL tl}V 
JtAELO'\jJl}q>La twv xm vwvLxoov xL vbuvwv, to ngayµatLx6 mLJtebo nagoxwv bev 
e1;aocpaUteL maQXll ngootao(,a evavtL tnc; cptWXELac;. To wxuov ouotnµa mt tQEJtEL 
onµavnxec; avw6tl}tEc; µna1;u bmcp6gwv xatl}YOQLlOV 't01' JtAl}0uoµou. H YEVLXll 
bLaXELQLOll xm ogyavwori tou 01mtllµ<11oc; xm vrnvLxllc; ump(1ALOT1<; rutm tei. tm vn 
(3eA tu.o0eL Ento11c;, XQEL6.tovtm ouvexdc; ngoona0n£c; yu1 vu E;aocpahoOd ll 
avaJttu1;ri xm Eq>aQµOyll µhgwv xoLvrnvLxllc; ngootcwf,m;. 
OL ouv0llxec; tou ouotllµatoc; 1Jye1,uc; dvm 011µuvnxa xcm.i>tq_?ec; trnv 01,v011x<.i>v nm, 
mLxgatouv otnv EE. OL µetubonxtc; v6om 01'vwto1,v LbLui.teQO ng6(3Anµa. OL 
OLXOVOµLxEc; xm XOLVOJVLxec; ouv0llXE£ dxav we; arcoteAwµa tl} bLaonaon tOU 
ouotllµatoc; uydac; to ono(o bev µnogd va av-nµetwni.oct ta ouyxexgLµeva 
ngo(3Ai)µata. 
A~tOAOYflO'fl 'tl)~ 'tQEXOVO'<I~ )((I't(lO''t<IO'l)~ )((It 't(t)V 1tQ001t'ttX(l)V 
H Pouµavta EXEL ngayµatoJtOLllOEL onµavtLXll ng6obo 6oov acpoQa tnv ngooeyywn 
tou xExtnµevou otouc; toµdc; uydac; xm aocpaAELac; oto xwgo egyaof,ac;. Agxetec; 
XOLVOtLxec; obny(,ec; exouv ll0l1 µei;acpeg0d Oto E0VLX6 btxmo. Tov LEJ'tteµ(3QLO tOU 
1996, l1 Pouµav(a 'Vll(f)LOE vfo v6µo yta tllV i,ye(a xm aocpa.AELa oto XWQO egyaolac; 
nou 0eon(tEL tLc; (3amxec; agxec; ngootaotac; tnc; uye(ac; xm aocpaAeLac; oto xwgo 
egyao(ac;, o ono(oc; oxebLao811xe (3aou t11c; ob11y(ac; JtAaw(ou 111c; EE. H wxuouoa 
voµo0eo(,a OXE'tLxa µe ta :n:g6tuna mL0ewgnoric; egyao(ac; d vm JtEQLOQLOµevn. 
Qot6oo, avaµevetm ri ouvta!;ri JtQLV arc6 to tEAoc; tou 1997 vfou v6µou OXetLxou µe 
t11v mL8ewg11ori egyao(ac;, o o:n:o(oc; 0a dvm ouµcpwvQ(; µe ta xmvonxa ng6tuna 
xm µeta ng6t1'Jta tll<; ~OE. 
:rtov toµfo t01J EQya-uxo,, 6Lx<11,01J, extqA.6.tm 6tL Tl gm,µctVLXTJ egyutLXTJ voµoOeai.a 
bev EXEL ax6µri EvagµovwOe( µe tu; bw.t(ll;ELc; tric; EE OE toµdc; 6nwc; ll OLUq>UAUsll 
tWV OLxc;uwµatwv tWV egyatoµevwv OE JtEQLJttWOll µeta(3((3aonc; tWV EJtLXELQTJOEWV 
ow; onof,ec; a:n:aoxoAouvtm, ouAAOyLxoov a:n:oAuoewv xm ngootaolai; twv 
egyatoµevwv oe JtEQLJttwon xgewxon(ac; tou egyob6tri. Anmtouvtm tgononoLi)OeLc; 
tric; wxuouoac; EQyanxllc; voµo0w(ac; 6oov acpoga triv unoxgewo11 tou egyob6tt1 va 
evnµegwveL touc; egyatoµevouc; oxenxa µe touc; 6gouc; anaox6Anonc; xm tov xg6vo 
egyaotac;. E:n:toric;, d vm ox6mµo va Evwxu0d ri bLabtxao(a evnµegwonc; xm 
bLa(3ouArnoric; µe touc; EQya~oµevouc; OE mLnEbo EJtLXELQllOric; 6nwc; ngo(3Aenetm a:n:6 
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mtbetvw0d. Anmtouvtm tgononmi)oELc; tllc; wxuouoac; voµo8e01,ac; 6oov acpoga 
t11v ngoo-mo(,a twv eyxuwv yuvmxwv xm t11v yovLXll 6.beLa. 
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94 
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bLOLXT)ttxtc; boµtc; yta tT)V extEAWT) tou ouvtovwnxou EQyou. 
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eq:>aQµoyi)c;. 
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ot6xouc; xm ttc; bu16Lxaotec; nm, 0a wxuouv xnt(1 tT) otL yµi) tT)c; JtQooxcoQT)Oi)c; tT)c;. 
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OLaOLxaoLa mxovoµLxi)c; µetUQQU0µwT)c;. 
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avro&oiXTJOTJ, nou ava0eroQi)0T)XE to 1996, ota 41 mQeta ouµBouA.La twv "judet" 
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JtEQLBaAAovtLxouc; 6gouc;· mi,onc; uvuµtvnm (nL, µtXQL tu t£Afl tm, 1997, Ou 
ouota0ei, E0vLx6 Tuµdo fleQLB<1AAovtoc;, XQl\µm:obotouµ£vo UJH) <p6g<rnc; rn( "Cl\<; 
gunavonc; xm i:ov xgatLx6 ngo1;rr0Aoywµ(). 
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1996/97 ogLo0nxav we; negto6oc; avanw;nc; ogwµEvwv JtEQLBaAAOVtLxci>v µEowv, 
eL6Lx6tega oe OXEOfl µe tl] voµo0wta nou JtEQLAaµBavetm oto Aeux.6 BLBALO. 
Qot6oo, 6ev urragxouv ouyxrngLµEva oxt6La yLa tll µetacpoga xm mLBoAi) tou 
evanoµtvovtoc; µtgouc; 1ou JtEQLBaAAovtt.xou x£xrr1µtvo1J. H xa1aotaon EL vm 
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anoBAi)twv, 6rrou n voµoewta etvm oxeb6v uv1magx1n, av xm e;na~nm oxetLx.6 
voµooxE6W. E:rtLonc;, JtQEJtEL ax6µn vu xutuf3An0ouv JtOAAE<; JtQOOJtaeeu::c; OtOV 
toµta tl]<; rrgootaotac; an6 tnv axtL voBoAi,u xm tnc; bu1x£Lgw11c; trnv gabLevegyci>V 
anoBAiJtwv, 6rrou UJtUQXEL EAAEL'\JJll eµrrELgtac; oe Otµutu uocpaAdac;. lbu1ttegri 
rrgoooxiJ rrgrna va 6oed otnv taxda µEtmpoga trnv obnyLci>v rrAawtwv OXEtt.x.<1 µe 
tov atga, ta arr6BAnta xm t0 veg6, xm tnc; obriyLuc; OXetLx.<1 µe tl]V oAoxAngrnµtvn 
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xgnµato66tnonc; yw voµoOwta ornv -roµfo to>V ubcx.twv, -rou utgu xm -ro>V 
anoBAi)twv, rrou arrm1ouv oriµavnxtc; rnevbuonc;. 
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neQLBaAAOVtLxa etµa1a, av xm ri ouµµnoxiJ twv MKO otn 6La6Lxaota avantu;nc; 
rregLBaAAovtLxi)c; rr.oAL nxi)c; au;avetm 6Lagxci>c;. Qc; ex -routou, et vm µaxga ax6µn n 
rrogda tnc; Pouµavtac;, rrgoc; tnv tumxi) ouµµ6gcpwon µe tLc; anm ti)oeLc; -enc; EE. H 
ecpagµoyi) xm entBoAi) tou ·negLBa'A.'A.ovttxou x£xr11µtvov agyd ax.6µ11 negwo6tego, 
xm ea UJtaL tr)OEL ev6exoµEvwc; µatLxec; rnev6uoELc; TOOO UJt6 Tl]V xuB£QVl]Ol] 600 xm 
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e;etaoEL xata rrgo-regm6tnta ta JtEQLBet.AAovtLxa etµa-ra, va ecpagµ6o£L 
otoxoennµtvec; rregLBaAAov-rLxtc; o-rgatriyLxti; yLa -rnv ngooxwgnon xm 
rrogygaµµata egyaotac;, va au;i)oEL nc; oxenxec; xgnµato6otLxEc; xm aAAec; rcnyec; 
xm va aVaJtT'UsEL w; 6LOLXl]tLXE<; tl]c; 6uvaT6tl]t£<;. Me tl]V ecpagµoyi) tll~ 
otgatl]yLxi)c; au-ri)c;, ea µrrogfoEL va rnLteuxeet ll rrAi)gnc; µetacpoga tou xexr11µtvo1J 
µworrgoewµa i) µaxgorrg6ewµa. Qot6oo, n rrgayµatLxi) ouµµ6gcpwon µe OELQa 
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voµo0EtLxwv µetgwv nou anmtouv oriµavtLx6 u'!Jrn; mevbuoewv x.m a1;L6Aoyec; 
ngoon6.0ELEc; oe bLmxritLx.6 mtnebo (n.x. rnd;egyuotn tow aotLxcov anoBAiJtrnv, 
n60Lµo VEQ6, ntuxfc; tric; bu1xdewrir; <mof1Ai]nnv xm voµoOwtn yw triv 
atµoocpmQLXll gunavori) Sa EL vm b1JVati] µ(wo µuxQong60wµa. 
11 QO(J't<J.(Jt<J. 't(J)V X<t't<tVUA(t)'t(J)V 
To x.oLvonx.6 xexrnµivo xaAuJttEL triv ngootuotu twv mxovoµLxwv ouµcpeg6vtwv 
twv xatavaA.wtwv ( ota onota Jtt:QLA.uµf3<1vetm o EA.eyxor; twv nagunA.avritLxcbv 
bLacpriµtoewv, ri avaygacpi] tLµwv, ri xntuvuA.rntLxi] ntotri, m xatuxgrionxtc; QlltQEc; 
ouµB6.oewv, OL Jt(J)Al]OEL<; el; (1.Jt00t(l(J£(l)<;, t(l ogynvmµevn tnstc>L<l, OL Jt(l)A.l]OEL<; 
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tri yevLxi] aocpaAELa nov ayn8wv 6oov mpogc1 tu xaAA.uvttxc1, tt<; ovoµcwtec; twv 
ucp6.vOLµwv ngo·i:ovtwv xcu tn nmxv(bu1. 
H Eugwna·i:xi] LUµq>(l)Vtn ngof3Mnu ngootyywri tri<; voµoOw(a<; µe triv uvt(otmxri 
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ouotriµatwv ngootao(ac; twv xcnnvnA.rntci)v otri Pm,µav(,u xm otriv Kmv6tritn. Ta 
µttga tou Aeuxou BLBA.tou yta to ngwto otabLo mtxevtgwvovtm otri f1EA. ttwori tric; 
aocpaA.ELac; t(J)V ngo·i:ovtwv, JtEQLA.aµBavoµevwv t(J)V xaA.A.UVtLXWV, t(J)V 
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ouµcpeg6vtwv twv xatavaA.wtwv, Lbtwc; 6oov acpoga triv naganA.avritLxi] 
bLacpi]µwri, triv xatavaA.wtLXlJ n(otri, tLc; xataxgrionxtc; QlltQE<; ouµB6.oewv xm triv 
avaygacpi] nµwv. Kut 6. to ()EUtEQO otafao, ta µfaga Uq:>OQOUV ta ogyavrnµtva 
tal;tbLa, nc; nwAi]ow; ext6c; eµnogtxou xataoti]µatoc; xm tri xgovoµegwnxi] XQllOYI 
ax.Lvi]twv. E>a JtQEJtEL m(oric; va A.ricp8EL un6'!Jri ri vta voµo8w(a tric; EE nou EXEL 
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0wmote( ouvtoµa (ouyxgtttx.i] bLacpi]µwri, avaygacpi] nµwv). 
An6 to 1992, ri Pouµav(a EXEL avanti,1.;EL EUQU Ornµtxc'> nA.n(ow 6oov acpoQa tl]V 
JtOAL tLXll yLa touc; xatavnA.rnttc;. 0 v()~wc; ngootcw(w; twv xatavct.A.rntwv, 
eµnve6µevoc; un6 tLc; xateuOuvouc; trnv Hvwµtvwv EOvci>V rn(. t01, 0tµntoc;, 0£tEL 
touc; xugt6tegouc; x.uv6vec; xm eyxuOtbQUEL to fgacpdo Ilgootaotac; twv 
KatavaA.wtwv. Ilg6xeLtm yLa xgattx6 <pogfo, µri ave1.;agtrito, µe bexatfoOEQL<; 
JtEQLq:>EQELax6. nagagti]µata, o ono(oc; EL vm agµ6faoc; yLa tov ouvtovwµ6 x.m tl]V 
ecpagµoyi] noA.L nxwv oto nA.a(ow tric; noA.t ttxi]c; ytu touc; xatavaA.wttc;. EmnA.tov, 
to fIIK ngoBa(, VEL otri bwgy6.vwori LuµBouA.eunxwv LuµBouMrnv KatavaA.wtwv, 
ouyxgotouµevwv an6 avttngoownouc; xgattxwv cpogtwv, ogyavwoewv 
x.atavaA.wtwv xm Bwµ11xavtwv, oe e8vtx6, JtEQLq:>EQELax6 xm tomx6 mtnebo. 
Qc; anottAeoµa twv ngoona8etwv tou rnK va ev8agguvEL ttc; tomxtc; oµ6.bec; 
x.atavaAwtwv, 11 bg6.ori twv xatavaA.wtwv otri Pouµavta JtEQLA.aµB6.vu µey6.A.o 
agL0µ6 MKO, xa0wc; xm triv 'Evwori ngootao(ac; KatavaA.wtwv. Ev(ote 
nagat11gouvtm evt6.oetc; µetal;u twv oµ6.bwv xatavaA.wtwv xm tou rrrK to ono(o 
ngoobLOQLtEL nc; oµ6.bec; nou btxmouvtm va ouµµEttxouv otri btabLxao(,a 
bLaBouA.euoric;. H nA.etov6t11ta to>V avrn trnv rnnt6 JtEQtnm, evchoernv xatavaA.onwv 
EL vm µLXQE<; tomxtc; 0µ(16£<;, 01,xv(J. m,vbe6µevec; µe µ(,u cm:6 tL<; bexc1£sL 
JtEQLCPEQELaxtc; oµoonovb(ec;. Yn(tQXEL µ(,u d)vtx:r) oµoonovbtu. 
A;toi..oy11a11 'tt]~ 'tQEXOU(J(J.~ X<J.'t(l(J't<J.(Jt]~ xm 't(J)V ltQOOl't'tlX(J)V 
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toµe(,c; nou acpogouv tl]V JtQOOtao(a twv xatavaA.wtwv txouv Ev µtget gu0µwtd. 
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'Ooov mpog{1 tnv JCQOOtaotn to>V mxovo1ux<i>v m,1up£Q<lVt(l)V trnv x.atavaA.rnt<iw, 
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xgovoµegwtLxi) XQlJOll ax.L vi)twv, OL x.ataxgnotLxec; QiJtgec; ouµBaoewv xm 11 
xatavaAwtLxi) rctotn. LE ogwµtvEc; JCEQLrctwoELc;, rcgoBMrcovtm iJbn voµooxooLa oto 
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ogyavwµevci ta1;LbLa, EV(O outntd tm iJbn voµooxoow yLa tnv Evagµ6vwn tlOV 
xav6vwv tnc; Pouµavtac; OXEtLxa µE tnv rcagarcAavntLxi) bLacpi)µwn, µe tt.c; 
XOLVOtLXE<; JCQObLaygacpec;. 
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rcg6ygaµµa evugµ6vwnc; rcgoBMrcEL tnv ex.rcovnon ogwµevrnv voµooxcbi,rnv rem, 
xaAurctouv touc; XUQL6tcgouc; toµdc; tnc; xmvotLxiJc; voµoOwi,ac; yLa touc; 
xatavaAwtec;. 
H ELOaywyiJ tOU xtxr17µtvov Ou JtQEJtEL vu ouvobrnOd (1.Jt() tnv <lVUJttUsll, µ£ tll 
ouvbgoµiJ tlOV XQUtLXWV agxwv' LOXUQO'U 'X,Ul, UVEs<1QtlltOU XL vi)µatoc; 
xatavaAwtwv. 
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Pouµavm ei, vm oxEb6v famµm va avtarcoxgL0ouv ota xm vonxa rcg6turca otov 
toµta 111c; rcgootaotac; twv xatavaAwtwv. Qot6oo, evbExoµtvwc; va urc6.g;ouv 
rcgoBAiJµata otnv arcotEAEOµatLxiJ EcpagµoyiJ tou x£XrT}µevov, LbLaLtEQa ecp6oov 11 
EAAEL'\Vll rc6gwv xa0wta buox.oAn )'La tll Pouµavi,a tnv emBoAiJ tnc; ucpwtaµEvnc; 
voµo0eoi,ac;. 
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nei.Qa oe rni.011µ0 rni.nebo ouveQyaoi.ac; otov toµea t11c; AEY µe tLc; xwgec; tllc; EE. 
Ta an6 µaxQOU ucpwtaµeva JtQOBA11µata eµni.ntouv otov toµta t11c; µetavaoteuo11c;, 
t11c; JtOAL tLXflc; 0EOJQ'fl0EOJV bLaBatllQLOU 'X,UL OUVOQLU'X.WV EAeyxwv' JtQOBA11µata JtOU 
µ6Atc; tcbga aQxi.~ouv w1 uvnµetwJti.~ovtuL. To ogyuvmµtvo tyxA11µa anoteAEi. tva 
tfaui.tEQO JtQ6BArtµu xm m µrtxuvwµoi. xm tu µfou mn, 6w.ti.Oevtm yw. trtv 
uvtLµet{i>JtW'fl nm e1,0i.oxovtm uxc'>p,rt otH on(tQYHVH. To EµJtc'>QLO VHQ'X.(J)tLxci>v 
(1Jt0tEAEL evu oofktQ() JtQ<)(1ArtJl(.( to OJtOLO hev £1,QLO'X.Etm JtQHYJ!(.(tL'X,(t. 'X,(lt(l) UJt() tOV 
EA£YXO tOJV agxci>V. 
~l>flffEQ«Of.1« 
H Pouµavi.a avtLµetrnni.~EL tbtai. tEQec; JtQOXAflOELc; otov toµta trtc; AEY. MEXQL 
011µeQa EXEL rnL tUXEL JtEQLOQWµtvec; µ6vo JtQo66ouc; JtQoc; trtv xateu0uvort t11c; 
exJtAflQOJOrtc; twv avayxai.wv JtQOUJto0foewv yLa to xext11µtvo AEY. ea ei.vm 
C)UOXEQEc; va avtUJtOXQL0ei. µWOJtQ60wµa one; UJtUL t'flOELc; tOU ( OrtµEQLVOU xm 
µeAAOVtLxou) xext11µtvou. H avayxai.a JtQ6oboc; oto nebi.o aut6 e;aQtatm an6 µi.a 
yevtx6tEQrt 0wµtxr) µetUQQuOµwrt, rt onoi.a nrty6.~EL UJt6 trtv noh tLXfl 6LabLx{10i.a. 
3.8. El;ronQtxt; rcottnxt; 
EµrtOQtO xm 6t£6vEi.c; 01,xovoµtxtc; oxtanc; 
To xex-rrtµtvo ae mn6v tov toµfo 01,vi.otcnm xutu x.1,gw A6yo one; JtoA.1,µeQei.c; xm 
btµeQei.c; 6wµeimw; trt<; £µJtOQLxr)c; JtOAL ttxiJc; trt<; Km vc)trttuc;, xm otu mn6voµu 
µtoa eµJtOQLXll<; <1µuvm;. 
H EUQOJJta·(x.11 ouµcpwvi.a JtEQLAuµ(1(1vu bunct};EL<; 0£ bu1cp0Qouc; toµei.c;, Jt01' 
anm touv an6 ta ouµBaAA6µeva µtQrt vu evegyouv ouµcpwva µe tu; aQxtc; nou 
btbwuv tov II OE/GA TT 11 aAAec; oxenxtc; bte0vei.c; unoxQewoetc; touc;. 
To Aeux.6 BLBA~O bev JtEQLAaµBavEL ()LUtUsEL<; 0£ am6v tOV toµfo. 
~\JVOrt'ttXl] ff£QLYQ«(l)t] 
H Pouµavi.a anoteAei. µeAoc; tou Ilayx6oµwu OQyavtoµou EµnoQi.ou (IIOE) xm tllc; 
ouµcpwvi.ac; trtc; GA TT yta to EµJtOQLO JtOAL lL'X.WV aEQOOXacpwv. Me1a tllV 
JtQOOXWQrtOll trtc; rJ P01,µavi.a ocpei.AEL va ouµµogcpcbvetm µe nc; UJtOXQEcboetc; nou 
aJtOQQfouv an6 ttc; JtoAuµeQei.c; ouµcpwvi.ec; tou IIOE, twv onoi.wv 11 Kmv6trtta 
anoteAet ouµBaAA6µevo µtQoc;. 
Eni. tOU JtUQOVtoc;, r] Pouµavi.a bev emBaAAEL JtOOOtL'X.OUc; JtEQLOQWµouc; 0£ xaveva 
xAwotoucpavtouQytx.6 ngo·(ov 11 ei.boc; tvbuarJc;. Me trtv JtQOOXWQllOll, 11 xm vonx.11 
JtOALlLX'fl otov toµtu trnv XArnotoiJcpuvt01,gytx<i>v ngo'(6vnJ>v Ou mextuOei. xm fftrJV 
Pouµavi.u- m xmvmtxoi. negwgwµoi. mn, Ou e};uxoA01,0o1,v vu wx1,01,v xut<t trtv 
r]µEQOµr]VLU JtQOOXWQr]Or]c; 0u JtQEJtEL vu 1JJt00tO'\JV JtQOOUQµoyec; XUtU to UVtLOtOLXO 
U'lpoc;, wote va Ar]cp8ei. uJt6'lprt rJ JtQOOXWQrJOrt i:rtc; Pouµavi.uc;. 
H Pouµavi.a bLatrtQei. negwgwµouc; A6yrn wotuyi.ou JtArtQwµcbv nou 8a XQELao0ei. 
va ag0ouv Otabtaxa JtQLV an6 trtV evta};r]; 
Al;t01oy11a11 'tt]; 'tQEXO\J(J(l; X(l't(l.(J't(l(Jt]; )e(U 't(l)V ffQOOrt'ttX(l)V 
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Kmv6 AaoµoA6yw xm nc; btata1;etc; negi. e1;wtegtxou eµnoQi.ou trtc; KmviJc; 
fEOJQYLXflc; IlOALtLXflc;. To µtoo ota8µwµtvo U'lµOc; tOJV baoµwv tOU µaAAOV 
104 
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euvoouµevou XQcttouc;, µeta t0V f'UQO tl]c; Ougouy01,anc;, )'LU ta BwµnxavLxa 
ngo·i:ovta ea avEQ)(Etm OE 33,9% ym tnv PouµavLa xm a£ 3,6% yLa tnv Kmv6tnta, 
µoAOVOtt. Otl]V JtQ<lsll o µfooc; emBaAA6µevoc; bcwµ6c_; tnc; PuuµnvLac_; d vm 20%. 
Evtoutou;, n otabLuxi} ecpugµoyi} to>v tAei,Oq_?o>v o-uv<t.A.A.<1y<i>v µet<1};1, tnc; 
Pouµavtac_; xm tnc_; Kmv6tntac_; xat6. tn atLyµi} tnc_; ngooxwQnonc_; Ou JtEQLOQLOEL tLc_; 
emntwoet.c_; nou ea EXEL ll ecpagµoyi} tOU xaµl]AOtEQOU XOLVOtLXOU Kmvou 
~aoµoAoytou otnv eyxwQLa BwµnxavLa. 
~tt.c_; oxtoeLc_; tnc_; µ£ touc_; bu~Ovdc_; OQ)'<1VLOJ!o1,c_;, n Pouµuvi,u rnpdA.u vu fk(1uui>Vnm 
6tL Ot. JtQ<lset.c_; XUL m bwµeuoeLc_; tl]c_; ELV(lt. auµcpwvec_; µe -Cl]V EUQWJtU0L'Xl} ouµ<.p(l)v(.u 
xm bt.aocpaAU;ouv tnv agµovLxi} uw0e-cnan -cwv JtQoaexwv 1moxgewaEwv -enc_; coc_; 
µEAouc_; tnc; Kmv6tntac_;. 
Me tnv ngooxwgnan, n PouµavLa xa0Lotatm auµBaAA.6µevo µegoc_; twv bLacp6gwv 
3tQOtt.µnmaxwv ouµcpWVLWV JtOU EXEL OUVO.tpEL ll KOL v6tn-ca. f EVLXC1, OL 
JtQOtt.µnmaxEc_; ouµcpwvtec; µetasu tl]c_; Pouµavi,ac_; xm tQL t(l)V XWQWV JtQEJtEL va 
na'!Jouv va wxuouv µE tnv ngoaxwgnon. 
Ot. t.O)(UOVtEc_; JtEQLOQLOµoi, Otl]V esaywyi} OL()l]QOUXWV egauaµatwv JtOU emBctAAEL n 
Pouµavi,a ngrnet. va txouv xatagyn0d µEXQL tEAouc; tou 1997. 
'Ooov acpoga tt.c_; ouvaA.Aayec; OtOV toµfo tWV U3tl]QEOLWV xm tl]V eyxataotaon, ll 
Pouµavi,a ngoonaenoe va E1;aocpaALOEL 6tL oL no A. uµegdc_; beaµeuaeLc_; tnc_; a-to 
nAatow tnc_; auµcpwvtac_; GATS d vm 6ao t0 buvat6v n:egwa6-ceQo auµBatec; µe nc_; 
avtLOtOL)(Ec_; beoµeuaeu; tnc_; KOLVOtl]tac_;. ea etvm anµavtLx.6 va QU0µwtouv 6A.ec_; m 
onµav·nxtc; aauµBat6tntec_; µetasu twv beoµeUOEWV tnc; Pouµavi,m; xm tnc_; 
Km v6'tntac_;. 
Me tnv ngoaxcilQflOll, n Pcrnµuvtn Ou JtQEJtEL vo. uvuotdA.u tnv wx1, tnc; eOvLxi}c; 
voµo0eotac; otov toµfo -cwv µeawv eµnogLxi}c; u~wvuc; xm vu Otaet. oe ecpugµoyi} tnv 
avtt.OtOLXll XOLVOtt.Xl} voµo0eota. 
H EµJtELQLa t(l)V ngonyouµevwv JtQOOXWQl}OEWV art£bEL1;e 6tL ll aut6µatn rnextaon 
twv 1.oxu6vtwv µt1gwv avtLV'tctµJtLvyx ota vfo xga1n µ£All JtUQEXEL one; 'tQLtEc; 
XWQEc; 1nv EuxmgLa va 0ttouv ~ittnµa ouµBat6tntac; auti}c; tnc; ngootyywnc; µE nc; 
O)(EtLXEc; bLatasw; tOU IlOE. Anobdx0nxe eni,onc; 6tL n JtQOO)(WQl]Ol] 3tQOOq>EQEL 
buvat61ntec; xataotgati}ynonc; twv µt1gwv nou 0eoni,~eL n KOL v6tn1a oto nAaLot.o 
twv µEowv eµnogLxi}c; aµuvac;. Au16 auµBatvet. 6tav, ngt.v an:6 tnv ngooxwgnon, 
esayovtm Oto tbacpoc; tO'U µeAAOVtLXOU XQ(ltO'Uc_; µtAouc; anµavtt.xec; JtOOOtl]tEc; t(l)V 
ngo·i:ovtwv nou un6xeL vtm oe tetoLa µhga xm, µe tnv ngooxwgnon, auta ta 
ngo·i:ovta tt.0evtm autoµatwc_; ae eA.eu0egn xux.A.ocpogi,a oto bLeuguµtvo teAwvELax6 
tbacpoc; tnc; KOLVOtl]t(l(;. Auta ta buo 3tQOBAi}µata ea 3tQEJtEL va UVtLµetwmotouv 
6oov acpoga tl]V Pouµavta xata tl]V 3tQOEVtasLaxi} JtEQLObo. 
H Pouµavta an:oteAEL ouµBaAA6µevo µegoc; twv tQLWv an:6 ta tfooega ucpwtaµeva 
ouoti}µata yLa tnv rutotQOJtl} tnc; bLaboanc; trnv cmA.rnv µu~Lxi}c; xntaotgocpi}c; xm 
etvm unotpi}cpLa yLu JtQOOX<JlQflOll xm ato -cttngw. H PcrnµnvLu bt::v EXEL moOni}aet. 
ax6µn tOV XOLVOtLXO nLvaxa )'LU tOV EA.E)'XO tnc; esuywyi}c_; ayuOo>V bt.ni}c_; XQl}Ol]c_;. H 
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bLevegyouvtm anoteAeoµatt.xoL EA£YXOL twv E1;aywywv xm xata n6oov eLvm 
bLxmoAoynµevec_; OQLOµevEc_; enLcpuAa1;£Lc;, aAAa n PouµavLa cpaL vEtm 6tL bev 
avnµetwnL~EL LO Lat tEQa ngoBAi}µata 6oov acpoga tnv ecpagµoyi} tnc; xm votLxi}c_; 
voµo0eotac_; oe aut6v -cov toµfo. 
105 
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:Ev,uti:gaaµ.a 
H Pouµavta Ou µJtoQOUOE, µwong6(koµu, vu uvnmoxQLOd otu; xm vonxtc; 
cmm titoetc; oe mn6v tov toµtu, -um) tov <'>go 6tL Ou tYcd vu w; JtQOOJtaOw~c; tl]c; yu1 
tl]V xut<lQYllOll trnv 1,(pWt<tf!Evrnv qmoQLxd>v <pvnyµ<i>v, 01mnc; ci>crtr vn 
evugµovwtd <JtEV<)tl:,l_><L f!E ·ro qutOQLX<'> xuOrnt<i>c; t11c; Kmv(nl]i:uc;. 
Ava1t'tv5n 
To xextl]µevo otov i;oµfo uvcmt1,l;l}c; cn,vi,otui:ut, 'X.1JQLcnc;, <Jtl] Li,µf3uol} tl]c; J\oµt ll 
OJtOLa ea WXUEL twc; nc; C1QX£c; tOU 2000. 
Ltl]V EUQWJta'Cxit ouµcpwvLa xm oto Aeux6 BtBA.Lo bev JtQO()A.eJtovtm btatal;nc; yLa 
tov ouyxexQLµtvo toµfo. 
:Ewo1tnx11 1t£QLYQ«(f)11 
H PouµavLa EXEL ouva'lpEL JtQOtLµl}maxtc; ouµcpwvLec; EµJtOQLou µe A.L y6tEQO 
avruttuyµtvec; XWQEc; ext6c; toJV xgatwv AKE. ~ev ecpagµ6tovtm oxooLa Lfll xm 
bev nagexetm JtQ6oBaol] avrn baoµwv. 
Av xm ll PouµavLa EXEL ouµBaA.EL OE ogwµtva avcmtUsLa'X.a JtQOYQ6.µµata twv 
OQyavwoewv twv H vwµtvwv E0vwv bev bta0eteL eLbtx6 JtQOUJtoA.oywµ6 yLa 
avruttUsLa'X.l} Boi}0ELa. 
Meta tl]v JtQOOXWQl}Oll, ll PouµavLa ocpdA.EL va ecpaQµ6oEL to JtQOtLµl}max6 
xa0eotwc; eµnoQtou ota XQ<ltll AKE xm va ouµµet6.0XEL, µatt µe ta 6.A.A.a 'X.QUtl] 
µeA.l], Otl] XQl]µatob6tl]Ol1 tOU EUQWJta·cxou Taµdou Av6.Jttu;ric; (ETA), to OJtOLO 
JtaQEXEL XQriµatobotL'X.ll Boi}0ELa oto nA.atou:~ tric; ouµBaoric; tl]c; Aoµe. 
H Pouµavta, evbexoµevwc;, va avtLµetwnloEL OQWµevec; buoxoA.tec; 6oov acpoQ6. tl]V 
JtA.l}Qll ecpaQµoyit tou wx,,ovtoc; eµnogtxou xu0wtcinoc; tl]c; Aoµe cm6 tl]V 
l]µEQOµl]vla rtQOOXWQllOitc; tric;. 
LUVi}0wc;, ta vea 'X.Q<ltll µEA ll JtQOOXWQO'\JV Otll ouµBaori tl]c; Aoµe BaoeL 
rtQwtox6A.A.ou xata triv riµeQoµrivta rtQOOXWQllOllc; touc; otriv EE. 
l:vµ.ritgaaµa 
H Pouµavla ea XQEwo0el va rtQayµatortmi}on rtEQULtEQW rtQ6obo rtQOXetµevou va 
avtartOXQL0e{, o-w; artm tl}OEL<; tric; EE OtOV ouyXEXQLµevo toµea, evt6c; tWV 
JtQOOEXWV EtWV. 
To xextl]µevo oe aut6v tov toµea et vm o Km vonx6c; TeA.wvELax6c; KwbLxac; xm m 
bwta;w; ecpaQµoyitc; tm.,, ri L1JV6uuoµtvri OvoµcnoA.oyi,n tric; EK, to Kow6 
~aoµoA.6yw, ouµnegtA.uµBavoµevrnv twv buoµoA.oytxci>v JtQOtLµi}oewv, ·wJv 
baoµoA.oyLXWV Jt0000t(J)(J£(1)V 'X.UL t<OV buoµoA.oyLXWV avaotoA.mv, xa0mc; xm ll 
A.oLJtll voµo0wi,a nm, o.cpog(1 teA.wvELuxa Otµcnu £xt6c; tm, rte6t01, ecpagµoyitc; -cou 
tEA.WVELUXO'U XWbLXU. 
H EUQW:rta'Cxi) ouµcpwv(a xaA.urt-cEL -criv eyxa8i,bQuori twvl]~ eA.eu0EQWV ouvaA.Aaywv 
µe 'tl]V Km v6trita xm triv otabtaxi) xatetQYllOll -cwv 6aoµwv yta EUQU cpaoµa 
106 
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JtQ0°LOVtWV, ouµcpwva µe ompi) XQOVObutyg(tµµutn, mm HQXLsO'UV tllV llµegoµllVL(l 
EVUQsllc_; wxuoc_; tllc_; 01,µcprnVL(l.c_;. 
To Aeux6 Bt.BAto JtEQLAaµBaveL oto l:tafao I µfaQa y1,a tllv nuy(woll xm tll f3eA tLWOll 
twv eAeueegwv ouvaAAaywv, 6nwc_; xaet.egwellxav µe tllV EUQWJta·t:xi) ouµcpwvi,a, 
ouµneQLAaµBavoµevllc_; tllc_; 0eonwllc_; voµoewtac_; ouµBati)c_; µe tov teAwvELax6 
xw61,xa, tll Luvbuaoµevll OvoµatoAoyta x.AJt., evw to Lta61,o II acpoga tllv eyxgwll 
tou ouv6AOV tllc_; xm votLxi)c_; voµoewtac_;, outcoc_; mote ll XWQa va evocoµatcoeet OtllV 
teAcovemxi) evcooll µe tllV JtQOOXWQf!Oll. 
l:1'VOff'ttX1] ffEQLYQ«(l)1] 
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6Aec_; tLc_; eueuvec_; nou cmmto1,vtm y1,u tllV JtQOOtcw(u xm tov EAeyxo tou tµi)µntoc_; 
tcov e1;wteg1,xwv ouv6ewv tll<; EE n01, touc_; c1vaAoyouv. Ext6c_; UJt6 tL<; bt.ata1;ac_; y1,a 
tllV eµµWll cpOQOAoytu, OL EV A6yw agxec_; Oa d VUL UJteu01,vec_; yLa tllV ecpaQµoyi) xm 
tllV emBoAi) ota e1;wteg1,xa ouvOQU tll<; xmvi)c_; eµnog1,xi)c_; JtOALtLxi)c_;, tllc_; xmvi)c_; 
yecogy1,xi)c; JtOAL tLxi)c;, tllc_; xm vi)c_; JtOAL tLxi)c_; owv toµfo tll<; O.ALEL<t<; xm tmv aAAcov 
JtOAL tLxwv tllc; Km v6tlltac_;. 
H 1,xav6tl1ta tllc; Pouµavtac_; va ecpaQµ6~EL JtAY)QW<; to xextllµevo ngo'UnoeeteL tll 
buvat6tllta moeetllOllc; xm ecpagµoyi)c_; tllc; XOLVOtLxi)c; voµoewtac; xm tllV 'UJtOQsll 
unoboµi)c; xm e1;onAwµou avaAoyou m1,nebou, 1,btcoc; 6oov acpoga acpev6c; tll 
µllxavogyavcooll xm ta µfoa egeuvac; xm acpetegou tllv xaet.egwoll anoteAwµatLxi)c; 
teAcove1,axi)c; bLOLXllOllc; µe magxi) ag1,eµ6 ngoowmxou, to onoto ea bwefaEL 
xataQtLOll xm xt vlltQa xm ea m1,6e1,xvuEL U'4JllA6 Baeµ6 axegm6tlltac;. 
Me tllV UJtOOtY)QLsll tllc; JtaQEX6µevllc; an6 ta tEAWVELUXU JtQOYQUµµata tEXVLxi)c; 
Boi)eet.ac;, ll Pouµavta xatagtwe oxe61,o teAwvE.Laxou xw61,xa evaQµov1,oµevou µe 
tov Km votLx6 TeAwvELax6 Kw61,xa, to ono(o 6µwc; bev EXEL ax6µll bt.aBt.Baotet oto 
KmvoBouALO tllc; xwQa<;. EmnMov, ll PouµuvLa xat<lQtL~EL voµooxefaa y1,a ta 
e,µnogeuµata mtQUJtOlllOll<;/UJtoµtµlloll<; xm ta uvanueuxOtvtn XWQL<; <16ELa 
("JtELQatLxa") eµnogeuµatu, Bnms6µevll Otllv uvtLotOLXll xmvotLxi) voµoOwLu. H 
gouµav1,xi) teAwvewxi) voµoOwLu e1;uxoAmJ0d vu bt.acptQEL ax6µll oe OQWµevouc; 
toµetc;. 
H PouµavLa ngooaQµooe, an6 t0 1996, tllV e8v1,xi) ovoµatoAoyta twv 
eµnogeuµatwv tllc; ngoc; tllV avttotOLXll xmvonxi) l:uvbuaoµevll OvoµatoAoyta. H 
gouµav1,xi) bLOLXllOll bev 61,a8eteL ax6µll OAOXAllQWµevo LiaoµoA6yw. Aut6 to 
otmxeto ea xataoti)oEL buoxegi) tll ouyxQLOll twv gouµav1,xwv baoµ0Aoy1,xwv 
ouvteAwtwv µe touc; ouvteAeatec_; tou Kmvou LiaoµoAoytou. Entollc;, ll Pouµavta 
bev EL vm EsOLXELWµEVll µe to XOL VOtLX6 O'UOtllµa LiwµeUtLXWV LiaoµoAOYLXWV 
IlAllQOcpOQLWV. 
H Pouµavi,a uw0etllOE, tllV 31 ll IavouagLou 1997, to vEo ouotllµa OWQEUOllc; tllc; 
xataywyi)c; µeta1;u tWV EUQWJta·i:xwv XWQWV. 
H Pouµavi,a EXEL 1mof)aAEL at tllOll ngooxwQllOll£ otL<; ouµf)aoELc_; EK/EZEl: y1,a tllv 
xmvi) 61,aµEtax6µWl1 xm yw to Evwfo ALOLXlltLx6 'Eyygmpo. EL61,xi) oµaba JtaQEXEL 
ouvcgoµi) OE aut6v tOV toµeu, UAA(J. ll JtQOOboc_; Jt(J.QEµJtOb(sEtUL an6 cuoxoHec_; 
6oov acpog6. tLc_; eyyui)oELc_;. TIQLV ll Pouµavta JtQOOXWQY)OEL Otll ouµBaoll yw tll 
61,aµetax6µWll, anm td tm ax6µll µ1,u JtEQLoboc; Ollµavt1,xi)c; JtQOEtmµaotac_;. 
107 
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A;t0AOY1JO't) 'tt); 'tQEXOVO'«; )((l't(lO''t(IO't); )((II, 't(l)V 1tQ001t'tlX(l)V 
H Pouµavla ea XQELao-td va :1tgooagµ6oeL nc_; eOvLxtc_; bt.afaxaotec_; tnc_; JtQoc_; tnv 
XOL VOtL'X.11 voµoewta OtOV toµfo tlOV avaotaA tLXWV xaeeotWtlOV xm tlOV 
OLXOVOµLXWV tEAlOVELaxwv xaeeotWtlOV. Kata tl] OtL yµ11 tl]c; JtQOOXWQl]Ol]c_;, 
ev6txetm va a:rtmtl}eouv ogwµtvec; µetaBattxec; gu0µloetc;, u)lwc; 6oov acpoga ttc; 
egyao(ec; JtOU ea aQX,LOOUV JtQLV a:rt6 tl]V l}µEQOµl]VLa tl]<; JtQOOX,WQl}Ol]<;, aA.Aa ea 
oAoXAflQWeouv µeta tnv nµegoµnvLa aut11. 
Kata ttc; EµJtOQLxec; ox.foetc; tnc; µe tnv E1'Q<1>Jt<ftx11 'Evrnon, Tl PouµuvLa oqJELAEL vu 
xatagy11oeL JtAt1Qrnc_; uc_; evrutoµlvouoec; rntf~<1Q1,vonc_; uJtoteMoµutoc; umM,vu~101, 
JtQOc; baoµouc;, 6muc; EL V(lL Tl rnLr){1Q1'VOl] £XOUYXQOVLOµo1, t(l)V t£/\.(1)V£LU)V' JtOl) 
e};axoAoueet va rnL(3aAAEt<lL" Tl Pouµuvtu exu bwµeuOd <'>tL Ou xcn:ugy11ou tl]V me; 
avw rntf3aguvol} µtX,QL tl]V 1 n Iuvm,agLm, 1998. 
EL vm onµavux6 m teAwvuaxtc_; UQX,Ec_; tnc; PcrnµuvLuc_; · vu EL vm oe Oton vu 
ouµµetexouv 6e6vtwc; ota faacpoga µflxavoygacptxc'.t ouot11µuta Jtou Mm touvtm 
yta tfl 6taX,ELQLOfl, oto JtAaLOLO tnc; teAwvetax11c; tvwonc;/eowtegtx11c; ayogac;, twv 
btata;eoov JtEQL teAwveLwv xm tµµwnc; cpogoAoyLac;, xa0ci>c; xm twv 
µl}xavoygacptxci>v ouotnµatwv yta tflV :1tagoxit aµmBaLac; bLOLXfltLxitc; ouvbgoµitc; oe 
teAwvetaxa xm yewgytxa ~nti}µata xm oe ~lltitµata tµµwnc; cpogoAoyLac;. 
Me tl}v :1tgooxwgnoit -enc; Tl PouµavLa 0a JtQEJtEL va xa-cagyi}oeL touc; teAwvetaxouc; 
eA.tyx.ouc; ota ouvoga µe ta xgatll µEA.fl tt1c_; EE xm µe tLc_; aAAec_; JtQOOXWQouoec_; 
X,WQE<;. OL aJtm touµevOL JtOQOL yLa tflV EVLOX,UOfl t(l)V µe00QLUXWV cpuA.aXLWV xata 
µi}xoc; t(l)V OUVOQWV 'tll<; PouµavLac; µe xwgec; £Xt6c; t(l)V xgatci>v µ£A.WV tllc; EE ea 
JtQEJ'tEL va AaµBavovtm 1m6'\!Jll otouc; otgatl]YLXO'U<; OX,ECLaoµouc; tl]c; xwgac;. 
l:vµ1ttQ«aµa 
H gouµavtx11-ceAwveu1x.it bLOLXflOll teAd u:1t6 avabwgyavo>on. ea dvm a:rtct.Q<lLtl]tO, 
Tl ogyavwon tnc; UJtlJQWLac_; vn evaQµovL~etm µe ta x<l011xovta mm xaAd tm vu 
bLEXJtEQaLWOEL µLa O'UYX,QOVfl tEA.O)VELUXrt UJtflQ£0LC1. OL xnµl]AOL µLOOOL 
buoxegal vouv tnv :1tg60 A ll'Vll :1tgoowmxou. 
fl.ev cpaL vetm meav6 6tL PouµavLa ea EL vm oe eton va avaAaBet nc; eu8uvec; µme; 
teAwvetax11c; bLOLXflOllc; tnc; EE evt6c; twv aµtowc_; :1tgooexci>v etci>v. 
KOtv'I] £5(l)'t£QtX1] 1tOA.t'tlX1] ,em, 1tOA.t'ttX1) UO'(f)«A.Et«c; 
A:1t6 to 1989 x.m µeta, ll e;wtEQLXll JtOAL nxit xm JtOAL nx.11 aocpaAetac; tllc; Pouµavlm; 
rnavaJtgooavatoALoenxe :1tgoc; tflV x.ateueuvon tllc; eugw:1ta·t:x.11c; xm 
eugwatAavnx.itc; OAOXArtQWOflc;. H PouµavLa ouµµetEXEL evegya one; bgaoetc; :1tou 
JtQOBArnovtav oto JtAaLoLO tllc; xOL vi}c; e;wtEQLXll<; JtOAL nx.itc; xm JtOAL ttx11c; 
aocpaA.etac; tl]c; 'Evwonc; x.m OJtOtebi}JtOtE EX.Allen UJtOOtllQLsE tL<; bgaoetc; tl]c; EE 
otov ouyxEXQLµevo -roµea. H PouµavLa eLvm µeAoc_; tou OHE, tou OALE, tou 
LuµBouALOU -enc; ElJQWJtfl<; xm JtOAAWV UAAWV bteOvwv ogyuvwµwv. E(, vm 
ouvbebeµtvoc; etaLgoc; tnc; ~EE, ouµµetEX,EL oto Luµf3ouALO BogetoatAavtLXll<; 
LUVegyaoLac; -SBAS (NACC) xm O'tfl L'UµJtQUsll yu1 tl]V ELQllVfl. EJtLOl]c_;, fl 
PouµavLa EXEL excpgc'.toet Qllttoc; tl]V em0uµLa tl]c; va xa-cao-ceL µtAoc; tflc; fl.EE xm tou 
NA TO to ouvtoµ6tego buvat6. 'EXEL aJtootdAEL otga-cuutLxtc; buvaµetc; va 
ouµµetaoxouv otu; ~1,v<1µw; llagtµf3aonc; xm Ltufkgo:1tolnonc; (IFOR/SFOR). H 
Pouµavla UJtOOtflQL~EL xm ouµµettxu oe tvav agLOµ(> :1tegupegetaxci>v ogyavwoewv, 
ouµ:rteQLAaµ(3avoµtvric; -rric; 0LxovoµLx11c; LUVEQyaotac; -rric; MmJQflc; 0aA6.ooric;, xm 
twv tQLµegwv ouµcpwvtwv µe tl] BouA yagLa, tl]V EAAaba xm tl]V Kevtgoeugw:1ta·t:x11 
108 
RO 
flQwtof3ouALU -KEII/CEI. EnLoflc;, TflV I fl hmAtm, 1997 xuTE<JTfl JlEAoc; n1c; 
KevtQOEUQC1JmfLKi)c; Z<i>Vflc; EAt1,0q~o>v 2:uw1AA<1y<i>v -K EZEL (CEFT A). 
Aev ucptotavtm ebmpLxtc; bLmpogtc; µnu};1, Tflc; Pouµuvtuc; xm <'1AAou xg(nouc; 
µt)..ouc; tflc; 'Evwoflc;. H Pouµavta bev £)(EL, eJtLOflc;, EbU(f.lLxtc; 'i) Ct.AA.Ee; 6LacpoQtc; µE 
yeL tovLxec; ouvbebeµtvec; XWQEc;. H Pouµavta xm ri Ouyyagta ouµcpwvrioav yLa triv 
urcoyQacp'i) ouv0'i)xric; O)(EtLxa µe to anagaBtaoto twv ouv6gwv touc; xm yLa triv 
ecpaQµoy'i) 6Le0vwv xav6vwv 6oov acpoga tl] µeta)(ELQLOll twv µeLovot'i)twv. Av xm 
Oto JtUQEA06v' OL 0)(£0ELc; µnas'lJ tWV M,o XWQWV EL)(UV 6LaTaQax0eL Esm Tlac; 
6LacpOQWV O)(EtLXWV µE tfl µEta)(ELQLOfl Tflc; ouyyQLx'i)c; µEwv6tfltac; Otfl Pouµavta, 
txouv twQa BEA tLW0EL OflµavtLxa. 
OL oxtoELc; µe triv Oµoonov6Lax'i) AriµoxQatta tric; rwuyxooAaBlac; a6Qavrioav xata 
tri CL<lQXELa twv tvonAwv ouyxQOUOEwv otriv JtQwriv rwuyxooAaBla, 6tav ri 
Pouµavla JtQOOEXWQl]OE oto xa0wtwc; nm vwv nou entBaAE to IuµBmJALO 
AocpaAuac; twv Hvwµtvwv E0vwv. Qot6oo, to 1996, uJtEYQO.(f)fl ouv0'i)xri JtEQL 
cpLAlac; xm xaA'i)c; YELTov(ac;. 
Tov Ma·t:o tou 1997, ri Pouµavla xm fl Ouxgav(u µovoygc1cprioav ouvO'i)xfl JtEQL 
oxtoernv xaA'i)c; yutov(ac;, fl ono(u eJtLA1JOE ogwµtva bLµEQll OtµaTu xm avt'i)AAu1;av 
enwtoMc; OTLc; onolEc; xuOogltovtu.v OL 6gm eJtLA'UOflc; OEµ(noJV mm bcv 
ouµrtEQLAaµBavovtav Otfl m,v0'i)xri. Ta Otµata auTa JtEQLAaµf3avouv To xa0wTcoc; 
tflc; JtaQaµE00QLO'U JtEQLO)('Y)c; µETasu T(l)V buo xrngci>V' TO 'X,(J.0wnilc; 6Laµnnx6µLOf1c; 
Oto <)£A ta tO'U 6..01',vnr)fl, tl]V OQL00£Tf10fl tflc; l]JtELQWTLX'Y)c; 1'q)UAOX(>l]JtL()U(; xm Tl]<; 
anoxAELOtLx'i)c; mxovoµLx'i)c; twvflc; YUQW an6 to Snake Island. 
OL O)(EOELc; µEtasu Pouµavlac; xm MoA6aBtac; ELVUL oµaMc; UAAO. ll OQLOtLXOJtOLl]Ofl 
ouv0'i)xric;, EVCE)(oµtvwc;, va CUO)(EQal vetm, ax6µfl, esm tlac; OQLOµevwv 
JtOAL tLOtLXWV 0Eµatwv. 
H Pouµavta 6La0£tEL oriµavnx'i) CLJtAwµatLx'i) UJtl]QEOLa nou ea tric; eJtL tQE'\JJEL, we; 
µeAoc; tric; 'Evworic; va 6La6Qaµatlou JtA'Y)Qll xm anotEAEOµatLx.6 g6Ao. ALatl]QEL 96 
avtLJtQOOwnetec; oto EswtEQLX.6 xm to CLJtAwµanx.6 tric; owµa anagtttEtm an6 765 
atoµa. 
H PouµavLa unootrigttu tfl µri 6La.6oof1 twv JtUQflVLxwv, BwAoyLxwv xm xriµLxwv 
6nAwv xm EXEL ngoounoyga'\jJEL 6AEc; TLc; 6LE0vetc; ouµcpwvtEc; EMyxou twv 
EsOJtALOµwv. Aoxd (1U0tf1QO £A£Y)(O 6oov mpOQU tfl bLJtA'Y) XQllOll tE)(VOAoyLac; 
beboµevou 6n Etvm 'i) ng6xELTm vu ytvEL µtAoc; trnv XUQLOt£QWV wxu6vtwv 
ouotriµatwv EMyxou twv E1;aywywv. OL gouµavLxtc; tvonAEc; 6uvaµELc;, nou tEAouv 
un6 briµoxQatLx.6 £AEYXO, un6xuvtm OE ava6wgyavwori, ngoxELµtvou va 
avtanoxgL0ouv OtLc; anmt'i)ow; tou NATO. H aµuvtLx'i) f3wµrixavLa un6xeLtm, 
entoric;, OE 6La6Lxaota ava6wgyavworic;, we; aJtOTEAEOµa twv oriµavtLxwv 
JtQOf3Aflµ<ltWV JtO'U avnµetwmtE Oto JtaQEA06v. 
Ito µvriµ6vw nou ouvo6euEL triv attriori JtQOOXWQllOllc; otriv 'Evwori, ri Pouµavta 
eJtL~E~mwveL 6tL ELvm e.tmµri xm Lxav'i) va ouµµEt<lO)(EL JtA'Y)QWc; xm EVEQY6. otriv 
'Kmv'i) E1;wtEQLXll IloALtLXll xm IloALtLXll Aocpa.AELac;. 
H µE)(QL o'i)µEQU asLOAOYflOll tric; QOuµavLx'i)c; E;WtEQLx'i)c; JtOAL nx'i)c; xm JtOAL tLx'i)c; 
aocpaAELac; obriyEL otriv JtQoo6oxLa 6n, we; µtAoc;, ea EXEL tri 6uvat6trita va 
E'XJtAl]QWOEL tLc; UJtOXQEWOELc; tric; otov ouyxEXQLµtvo toµta. 
109 
RO 
3.9. AtJµ.001.ovoµ.1.xa 6tµ.a'ta 
Anuoa1.ovou1.xoc; tll:yxoc; 
H ecpaQµoyfi twv xoLvotLxwv JtOA.LtLxwv, LbLai.tega yLa tll yEWQyLa xm 'ta 
bLaQ0QwtLxa 'taµEta, anm tEL rnaQxi} ouoti}µata 61,axdQLOllc; xm EMyxou 'tWV 
b11µoo(wv banavwv, µE bLata1;eLc; yLa tt1V xa'taJtoMµ11011 'tllc; aJtat11c;. EmJtA.EOV, 
anm te( tm JtQOOeyyw11 t11c; voµo0eoi.ac; yLa va EJtL tQE'\jJEL tt1v ewaywyi} tou 
ouoti}µatoc; twv "Lbi.wv Jt6Qwv", µe LxavoJtOLlltLxi} JtQ6BA.e'\JJl1 OXEtLxa µe tll 
A.OyLOtL'X.l}. 
H EUQWJta·Lxi} ouµcprnvi.a bev JtEQLEXEL EL<)Lxlc; bu:1tc11;uc; yu1 tov b11µomovoµ1,x6 
eA.eyxo. EvtOUtOLc;, JtQOf3A.EJteL tll Ol)V£QY<10L(1 OtOV A.oyUJtL'X.6 EA.eyxo. To AelJ'X,() 
B1,f3)..to bev rtEQLAaµf36.veL µfaga otov toµeu mn6. 
l:;uvo,rnx11 '1:EQLYQ«(()tl 
To EA.eyxtLx6 LUVOOQLO tt1c; Pouµavi.ac;, to orco(o ouota811xe to 1992, bLEVEQYEL 
xuQtwc; e1;wtEQLxouc; b11µoowvoµLxouc; eMyxouc;. OL )..oywtLxot t)..eyxm 
bLEVEQyouvtm rnt t11c; OQyavwo11c;, t11c; bwtx11011c; xm t11c; bwxei.QLOllc; twv XQatLxwv 
rc6Qwv xm twv rtEQOUOLaxwv otoLxetwv tou b11µootou. To LuvebQLO unof3aA.A.EL 
tx8eo11 ffto KOL voBouA.LO yLa xa0e OL'X.OVOµLx6 faoc;. 
H YJtt1QEOLa A11µomovoµ1,xou EMyxou nou anaoxoA.ei. 980. urcaA.A.i}Aouc; xm 11 
KQatLxi} 01,xovoµLxi} Aotuvoµ(a µe 1497 urcaA.A.i}A.ouc;, rcou ouota811xav to 1991 xm 
urcayovtm oto Y JtOUQYELO OLxovoµLxwv, bLEVEQyouv eowtEQLxouc; 
b11µomovoµLxouc; EMyxouc;. 'O)..OL OL OLxovoµLxoi. q:>OQEi.c; (xQatLxoi. i} LbLwtLxo() 
urc6xuvtm otouc; EMyxouc; amouc;. H Yrtt1Qt0i.a A11µoowvoµLxou EMyxou 
bLEVEQYEL t6oo JtQOA.t1Jtnx6 600 xm ex trnv uotEQOJV b11µomovoµLx6 EAEYXO o orcoi.oc; 
µJtOQd va acpoga xm tll XQllOti} b11µoowvoµLxi} bu1xdgw11. I I goBMnEtm 6tL to i.bw 
ouot11µa b11µomovoµLxou eMyxm., toJV d)vLx<ilv xHpuA.a(oov Oa ecpagµootEi. 
µeA.A.OVtLXWc; 'X,(ll, yLa ta 'X.OLVOtL'X.0. Xelp6.A.ma. 
l:I ()L0L'X.l10l1 tEA.WVELWV dvm agµ66La yLa tllV ELOaywyi} xm ELOrtQas11 tWV 
ELOaywyLxwv baoµwv xm cp6gwv. H bwi.x11011 arcotEAEL tm an6 µLa yevLxi} 
bLeu8uvo11, OE EJtLJtEbo Y rcougydou 0LxovoµLxwv, xm bexa bLeu0uvoeLc; 
rtEQLAaµf3avoµtv11c; urc11geotac; b11µoowvoµLxou EMyxou. Ercto11c;, urcagxouv btxa 
rtEQL(J)EQELaxec; ()LEU0uvouc; xm 101 tomxa ygacpda. 
'Ooov a<poga t11v anat11, OL v6µ0L 12/1990 xm 87/1994 rcgof3Mrcouv tva ouot11µa 
'X.UQWOeWV xata tOOV EVEQYELWV rcou avtLf3ai. vouv Ota OL'X.OVOµLXO. ouµ<pegovta tOU 
xgatouc;. H an6.tt1 anoteA.EL rcOL VL'X.6 abi.x11µa xm avtLµetwni.tetm µe bLabLxao(ec; 
JtOU JtQOf3A.EJtOVtaL OtllV JtOLVL'X.l} CL'X.OVOµi.a. 
EmnMov, 11 Yn11geoi.a A11µomovoµLxou EMyxou xm 11 KgatLxi} 0LxovoµLxi} 
Aotuvoµi.a ev11µEQwvovtm xm ouµµetexouv oe bLEOvdc; ogyavwoELc; OXetLxa µe tll 
voµLµonoi.11011 JtQ0066oov an6 naga.voµec; bQaOtt1QL6tt1tec;, xm avtaA.A.6.ooouv 
EµJtELQLU µe avtLOtOLxec; ogyavwouc; OE a.A.A.Ee; XWQec;. 
Av xm bev UJt<lQXEL xevtgLx6c; <pogeac; xatanoMµ11011c; t11c; anat11c; ot11 Pouµav(a, 
otLc; agµ6bLec; aQxtc; JtEQLAaµf3avetm to Y nouQyeto ALxmoouv11c;, 11 Ewayye)..ta, -ro 
Y JtOUQYELO EowtEQLXWV, to Y rcougydo 0LxovoµLxwv, l1 E0vLxi} TQrut~a tt1c; 
Pouµavtac; xm 11 Em tgoni} Exttµ11011c; tt1c; KgatLxi}c; Ilegwuotac;. 
110 
RO 
A1;1.oi..oyt)<Jt) 'tt); 'tQEXO\)(J(J.; X(J.'t(l(J't(J.(Jt); xm 't(J)V ffQOOff'tlXWV 
H 6t6.QeQOOOfl tflc; Pouµavtac; ouyx.gtvetm µ6vov EV µtgu µ£ to x.otvonx.6 JtQ6t·uno 
to onoto 6taettet 6uo btmpogettx.01,c; "x.A.ubouc;" eqJ6oov to EAeyx.ttx.6 L'uvtbgto tflc; 
Pouµavtac; 6tEVEQYEL EX. toov ngotegoov eMyxouc; x.m bev EL vm OtflV ngayµattx.6tf1ta 
ewµtx6 6Qyavo cl;ootEQLxou EMyxou. 
H tEA.oovetaxi) voµo0wta tflc; Pouµavtac; EXEL x.6.nmec; oµm6tfltEc; µE tflV x.m vottxi) 
6oov acpoga tfl yevEOfl tflc; tEA.oovetaxi)c; ocpELAi)c;, aAA.a bev ouµcpoovEL nAi)gooc; µE tflv 
x.m vonx.i) voµoewta. 
Ot 6tat6.1;eu; OXEttx.6. µe tfl Aoywttx.i} ogy{1vrnof1 Ou Jl{>EJtEL vu x.utcwtoi,v 
ArntoµEQEOtEQEc; JtQOX.Etµevou va ouµr1ablom,v µe ttc; bu1t{11;w; t01) X,(1VOVLOµo1, 
1552/89. ea XQELaotEL JtEQUL tegrn o-uvegyaota µe tflV Em tgoni} rnt ogwµtvoov 
eeµatoov ngox.etµev01, va x.a0ogwtEL fl 01Jµµ6gcprnof1 µ£ to XEX.Tflµtvo, aA.A.{1 fl 
Pouµavla µma~EL va JtAflQOL ttc; yevtx.tc; c1gxtc; A.6yo.J w; x.uOttgrnoric;, otov 1:oµtu 
toov yEooQytxcbv rntboti)oeoov x.m twv 6wg0goonx.(i>v taµdwv, 01,oti}µ<n()(; EAtyx:01, 
x.ataA.A.flAOU yta ttc; anagat tfltEc; JtQOOaQµoytc;. 
Qot6oo, fl eµrtELQLa nou unagxet 6oov acpoga triv EcpaQµoyi} Tflc; gouµavtx.i)c; 
voµoewlac; otov toµea ·aui-6 EL vm no Au JtEQLOQLOµEvfl x.m JtQEnEL va 6riµwugyf1eel 
µta rnagx.cbc; a;t6mOtfl 6LOLX.f1ttxi) 6LageQWOTf. 
~"µntQ«aµa. 
IlQEJtEL va x.ataBA.fleouv OflµavtLX.Ec; ngoonaeEtEc; yta 'tflV evtoxuori 'tOU EOWtEQLX.OU 
Cflµoowvoµtx.ou eMyxou. 
Effl,ff't(l)(J£1,C: 'tTIC: ffQO<JXWQnanc; (J'tOV XOlVO'tlXO ffQOVffOAOj'l(Jl10 
LtflV avax.otvooofl "Ilg6ygaµµn OQaoric; 2000", x.uOogt~etm to EUQUtEQO 
6riµoowvoµtx.6 nA.alaw oto onolo, 01,µcpmva µe triv avuxol vma-r1, JtQEJtEL vn 
eyygacpovtm OL µeoong60wµec; EJtlJtT(l)OEL<; trnv µEA.A.OVtLX.(l)V 0LEUQ'\}V0£(1)V OtOV 
ngounoAoywµ6, x.ata tQ6rtov wotE va e1;ampaAL~etm rt ouvoxil twv rntrct(i>oeoov 
autcbv µe touc; JtQOtELV6µev<;rnc; JtQOOavatoAwµouc; t(l)V XOl VOtlXWV JtOAL tl'X,(l)V, Oto 
nAalow Aoytx.cbv OQi.oov motcboEoov ·wu JtQOUJtoA.oywµou. 
Lto nag6v ot6.6to, ea irmv 6uoxegi)c; x.m, aocpaAcbc; JtQOOOQfl fl ax.gtBilc; Ex.tlµflOfl 
tOOV CflµOOLOVOµLx.cbv EJtLJttWOEOOV tf]c; JtQOOXWQflOTfc; x.aee UJtO'lpT)<:pLac; XWQac;, 
XOOQLOta. Ilgayµatt, Ol, CTf µOOLOVOµLx.ec; EJtLJttffiOELc; ea e;aQtrteouv, OE YEVLx.ec; 
ygaµµec;, an:6 OELQ6. nagay6vtoov, 6nooc;: 
-rt riµEQoµrivi.a xata trtv onola ea ngayµatonmrt0EL fl ngooxwgriori xa0E 
UJtO'lpT)({)Lac; XffiQac;, XOOQLOta· 
-rt µEXQL t6tE EsEALsTf toov X,Ql, VOtlX.WV JtOAl tLX.WV x.m, £l,()l,X,OtEQa, tO>V anocpaOEO>V 
JtO'U ea A.flcp0ouv 6oov ncpoga tflV Hp<:tgµoyi) tflc; µetUQQ'\JOµWflc; tfl<; x,mvi}c; 
aygottx.i}c; no AL nx.i)c; x.m nc; vtec; x.atrn01JVoELc; otov toµtu toov btag0gwttx.c.bv 
CQUOEOOV' 
-Tf JtQ006oc; JtO'U ea OUV"tEA.EOOEL one; UJt0'\1,>fl(pu~c; xwgec; 6oov acpoga tTfV ClVaJttUsfl, 
trtv Evtoxuori tflc; av-myoovwttx.6tfltac; x.m tflc; nagayooytx.6trtt6.c; touc; x.m trtc; 
LX.aVO'tfltac; uweetrtOflc; tOU X.EX.trtµevou· 
-ta µetaBanx.6. µEtQa nou, ev6e,xoµtvooc;, ngox.u'4'ouv an6 ttc; 6tartQayµateuoetc;. 
111 
RO 
EL vm 6uvat6v va nagc10xe001,v, evbELxnxa, ogwµtvc~ t<'1~w; µEytOou~, yw 
ogwµevEc; xanwoQLEc; banavci>v tern ngo'UJtoAoywµo1, xm µut 01,voALXll extLµrim1. 
Yn6 triv ngoun60wri tric; µEtugguOµwric; tric; xotvric; aygonxric; JtOALnxric; ouµcpwva 
µE tu; xatEU0UVOELc_; JtOU EX£L, e1;UA/\.OU, xaga1;EL ri Em tQOJtll, ri JtQOOXWQTIOTI tric; 
PouµavLac; ea ouvmayEto, yta to etoc; tl)c; JtAllQOuc_; ecpagµoyric; mnric; tric; 
µEtaggueµwric; xm µ6vov 6oov acpoga ta µetga nageµBaoric; one; ayogec;, 
JtQ6oeetEc_; oanavEc_; tric; tasric; tOU 2 ewe; 3% tric; avtLotmxric; JtQOBAm6µEvl)c; 
oanavric; yta ta OEXUJtEVtE U(f)LOtaµEva XQ<ltl'I µEATI, 
Meta an6 µLa ota6taxri au1;riori, m ngoBAm6µEvEc; xogriyiioeu; yta tl) PouµavLa, 
oto JtAaLmo twv 6tag0gwttxcbv ogaoEwv, 6ev avaµevEtm va UJtEQBouv to 6QLO tou 
4% tOU AEil tric_; ?(WQac;. 
H Ecpagµoyri aAAwv xmvottxwv JtOALttxcbv oto eowtEQLX.6 1wv uno'\J)ricpLwv yta 
JtQOOXWQlJOlJ xwgcbv, 0a ouvmayeto ng6o0Etl) oanavri, m0avcbc;, avcbtegri an6 tl) 
oxEnxri ouµµEtOXll touc; oto AEII tric; 'Evworic;, 6E6oµevou 6tL yta ogwµtvEc; an6 
autec; ttc; JtOALtLxec;, to OUµJtAl)QWµanx.6 x6otoc; Ecpagµoyric; touc; esagtatm, EV 
µEQEL, an6 tov JtAl)euoµ6, tl) yewygacptxii extaori ii tov agt0µ6 twv xgatcbv µEAWV 
µE ta OJtOLa U/\.OJtOLO'\JVtm m OQ<lOELc_; OUVtOVLOµou xm Evagµ6vwric;. 
IIaga6ELyµatoc; xagri, to AEII tl)c; PouµavLac; avtLJtQOOWJtEUEL oriµEQa OE 0,3% tou 
AEII 1ric; 'Evworic;. 
A vtL0eta, ri ngooxwgriori tl)c; PouµavLac; 6ev JtQEJtEL vu ouvmayetm oriµavnxec; 
ng6o0EtEc_; oanavec;, 6oov acpoga nc; e1;wtegtxec; ogaoEtc; tric; 'Evworic;. 
ea JtQEJtEL, teAoc;, va AlJcpeEL un6'\J)l) to yeyov6c; 6tt ri ngooxcbgriori exaotric; 
UJtO'\J)ll(f)Lac; xwgac; ea EXEL we; aJtOlEAWµa triv xat<lQYlJOl) tWV XOVOUAtWV JtOU ea 
iitav 6uvat6v va aJtO/\.aUEL an6 tOV i(,Ql, VOtLX.6 JtQOUJtOAOyL0µ6 Oto JtAaLOLO tWV 
JtQOEvta1;taxcbv ngoygaµµatwv 6nwc;, naga6ELyµatoc; xagri, µtow tou 
ngoygaµµatoc; PHARE. 
AaµBavoµtvwv un6'\J)ri twv uvwtegw, OL 6anavEc_; ri:ou ouvrnayetm ri ngooxcbgriori 
tl)c; PouµavLac; otouc; tQELc; ngoavacpeg6µEvouc; toµdc;, exnµwvtm, ouvoAtxa, 
µEta1;u 2,1 xm 2,5 bw. ECU etrioLwc;, yta to 6taotriµa 2005-2006 (oE otaeeQtc; nµtc; 
tOU 1997). 
'Eaoba 
H avaµev6µevri ouµµetoxri tWV UJtO'\J)l)<ptWV yta JtQOOXWQlJOTI xwgcbv OtOV XOLVOtLX.6 
JtQOUJtOAoywµ6, un6 triv ngoun60wri tric; JtAllQTlc; ecpagµoyric; tou ouotriµatoc; t6Lwv 
JtOQWV, JtQEJtEL va ngooeyyLtn, 6oov ucpoga to ouvo"J...o twv JtOQWV tou AEII xm tou 
<l>IIA-AaµBavoµtvwv un6'\J)l) oxenxa µe tov tEAeutaLo, touc; xav6vec; JtEQLOQLOµou­
tl) ouµµEtOXll touc; oto AEil tl)c; 'Evworic;. 'H tOL, otriv JtEQLJttwori tl)c; PouµavLac;, ri 
ouµµetoxri tl)c; ea avtgxetm oe 0,3%. H avaAoyLa tric; PouµavLac; otouc; 
JtaQaOoataxouc; Lfaouc_; JtOQOUc_; ea e1;aQtl)eet an6 tl) 60µ11 tWV EµJtOQLXWV QOWV 'tl)c_; 
xa't<l 'tl) onyµri 'tl)c; JtQOOXWQl)Ol)c;. 
11Qoxetµevou va e1;aocpaAweeL ri BEBaLwori, o EAEyxoc; xm ri 6taewri 1wv 
nagaoomaxcbv L6twv n6gwv ouµcpwva µe tl)V xm vonxri voµoewLa, ea xatao1ouv 
avayxaLEc; OQLOµtvec; JtQOOagµoytc; tOU Ol)µEQL vou 'tEAWVELaxou ouo111µa1oc; 1ric; 
Pouµavtac;. EsaA.A.OU, 0 owot6c_; UJtOAoywµ6c_; tWV JtOQWV 'tOU AEII JtQOUJt00EtEL 
oriµavtLX.Ec_; Be"J... tLWOELc_; an6 triv aJtO'\JJTI tric; asLOJtWtLac;, tl)c; oµowyevetac; xm tl)c; 
n"J...rig6tritm; twv e0vtxwv )..oyagtaoµcbv. Ot otatLOttxec; autec; Be"J...nwoetc; 
112 
RO 
<.mm touvtm, rnto11c;, n:gox.£Lµlvou vu x.utuotd buvcnr) 11 Otomo11 tl]c; B<w11c; to>V 
LbLwv n:6gwv <l>IIA, 11 on:ota, Ou <1.1tmtr)o£L rnLn:A.fov 111v Jt:All(>ll 01,µµ6gcprno11 tou 
ouotr)µutoc; <l>IlA 111c; Pouµuvtnc; n:goc; tLc; x.mvoux.tc; ob11ytec;. 
To Eugwn:a"t:x6 LuµBouA.LO tl]c; Ma6gtt11c;, n:ou n:gayµaton:mr)811xE to LiExtµBQLO tou 
1995, xatEAllSE oto ouµn:egaoµa 6tL 011µavtLxr) ngolin:68w11 yw tl]V agµovLxr) 
tvtas11 tWV XWQOOV tl]c; KEVtQLxr)c; x.m AvatOA.LXr)c; Eugoon:11c; Otl]V EE EL vm 11 
n:gooagµoyr) tWV CLOL'Xl]tL'XOOV touc; coµoov. LtO n:ag6v X.E(f)UA.aLO E;natnm 11 
ol]µEQLVr) xataotao11 111c; 611µ60Lac; 6w(x11011c; Otl] Pouµav(a, ouµn:EQLAaµBavoµtvwv 
xm OXEtLxwv 6'\J)Ewv tou faxaotLxou ouotr)µatoc;, xm a;LOAOYEL tm 11 011µEQLVr) xm 
µeAA.ovnxr) Lxav6111ta tl]c; va (f)EQEL EL<; n:tgac; tLc; A.EL tougy(ec; n:ou anm td tva 
OUYXQOVO 611µ0-xgatLX.O 'XQO.toc;, x.m EL()LX.OtEQU tl]V avayx.11 CLaXELQLOl]c; 0eµatwv 
n:ou ouvMovtm µe to xmvotLx6 xex.t11µevo. 
4.1. Atotxt]nxt; boµt; 
OL ouvtayµatLxtc; boµtc; tl]c; Pouµavtuc;, OL e;ouotec; xm ugµobL6t111tc; tcmc;, 
ouµn:eQLAaµBav6µevrnv twv 1omxci>v x.m Jt:EQLCPEQELClX<i>v ugx<i>V, Jt:E(>LYQUcpov1m oto 
'XE(f)ClA.aLO I. 
Ltll Pouµav(a, oe rntn:ebo xevtQLxoov b11µootwv UJt:l]QEOLO)V un:(1gxouv 15 un:ougyda, 
to fgacpELO tou Ilgw0un:ougyou, 10 Taµeto KgatLx.r)c; 16wx111otac; xm bLacpogec; 
EJtL0EWQl]OEL<;. H YJt:l]QEOLa Eugwn:a·t:xr)c; 0A.OX.Al]QWOl]c; un:ayEtm Oto rgacpdo tOU 
Ilgw0un:ougyou. 
Exn:ovdtm v6µoc; yLa to xa0eotooc; 1wv 611µootwv un:aA.A.l]A.WV, o on:otoc; n:g6xELtm 
va te0et OE wxu to 1998. 
H n:agouoa xuBtgv11011 EXEL CflA.WOEL tl]V n:goor)Awor) tl']c; OtflV agxr) tllc; n:oAL tLxr)c; 
avc;ag111otac; tl']c; Cl']µ60Lac; 6wtx11011c;. Y n:6 tl]V n:go11youµev11 xuBtQVflOll to owµa 
twv Cl']µootwv un:aAAr)Awv ELXE we; tva Ba0µ6 n:oALtLx.on:m118Et, aAAa or)µEga 11 
xataotaOll autr) avnotgtcpnm. 0 vfoc; v6µoc; 0a x.aA.U'\JJEL xm to 0eµa tl]c; 
ave;aQtflO(ac; twv b11µootwv UJt:l]QEOLoov. 
To 1996, m xevtgLxtc; xgatLxtc; un:11gwtEc; anaoxoA.01,oav n:egtn:ou 12.000 
UJt:UA.Al]AOU<;. LE OA.O'XA.l]Qll tl] xooga egyatovtm ClA.A.OL 114.000, µetasu tOJV on:o(wv 
et vm xm OL anaoxoAouµEvOL aw; tomxtc; ugxtc;. OL µwOot otov LbLwtLx6 toµtu 
etvm agxeta U'\JJlJA.OtEQOL an' 6,tL ot11 b11µ60La bwtx11011. 
H nagouoa xuBtgv11011 ouvtoµa t0we tll µnaggu8µw11 t11c; 611µ6mrn; 6wtx11ollc; we; 
n:gwtaQXLXO 016xo tl]c;. Z11tr)811xe an6 6Aa ta un:ougyda va Exn:ovr)oouv oxtbw 
EOWtEQL'Xl}<; avabwgyavwo11c;. E;aAAOU, 11 µnaggu8µw11 lWV tomxoov agxwv 
aJtottAEOE µta aJt6 nc; XUQLOtEQE<; n:goExAoyLxtc; un:ooxfow; tl]c; xuBtgv11011c;. 
fLa to ouvtovwµ6 twv 0Eµatwv n:ou ouvMovtm µe 111v EE EL vm agµ66La 11 
Yn11gwta Eugwn:a·t:xi}c; OAox.Ar)QWOfl<;, tl]c; on:otac; llYELtm un:ougy6c; un:6 111v mytca 
tOU JtQW0UJtOUQY01J. YJt<lQXEL rnto11c; ()LUJt:OUQYL'Xl} EJCLtQOJt:l} EUQWn:a·t:xi}c; 
0AoxAi}Qwo11c;, tl]c; orcotac; n:goECQEUEL o n:gw0un:ougy6c;. LE xa0E urcougyELO urtaQXEL 
eLLxi} µovaca µe agµobL6t11ta yLa 0tµata rngwn:a·t:xr)c; oAoxAr)gwo11c; (BA. rnto11c; to 
tµr)µa 111c; ELOaywyi}c; nou acpog<1 nc; oxto£Lc; µetu;1, t11c; Eugwmft:xr)c; 'Evwo11c; xm 
-c11c; Pouµavtac;). 
113 
RO 
4.2. AtOLXfl'ttXt) )((U btX(l(J'ttXt) l,)((lVO'tfl't<l 
Kata tT]V xoµµouvwtLxi) negLobo Tl PouµuvLu E(f.><tQµ<>tE 01,01:nµu XEVl:QLXoi, 
oxebLaoµou. To xoµµouvLOtLx6 ouotnµa MEQQLJtte tT]V JtQWtaQXLX6tnta tou 
XQ6.touc; OLxaLou xm unfaaooE to v6µo xm tT] OLOLxnon otnv xoµµanxi) noAL tLXlJ. 
Kata ouveneLa oL no AL i:ec; 0t::wQouoav t6oo tT] onµ6ow bLOLxnon 600 xm tT]V 
e<paQµoyi) tou v6µou we; µfoa JtOALtLxou eMyxou. 
Le yevLxec; yQaµµec; Tl bL6.Q8QWOTJ tl}c; QouµavLxi)c; Ol)µ6mac; bLoLxl}Ol)c; OEv EXEL 
ax6µa JtQOOaQµootel JtAi)Qwc; ota vfo tl}c; xaOi)xovta- wot6oo m oxebu1t6µevec; 
µetaQQU8µLoeLc; evbexnm va rnL<pEQouv aQXEta ouvi:oµu tLc; uvayxuLEc; u1..1..uytc;. 
0A6XAl)QO to ouotl}µn xugaxi:l)QLtetm <m6 EAALJtl) tCpaQµoyi) tow ev wxin v6µrnv 
xm xavovwµo>V, evci> u6uvuµLEc; n<1Qo·um(1~eL o otgntl}yLx6c; oxcbuwµ6c; xm Tl 
ava.A UOl). 
H EAAeL\VTJ voµLxi)c; f3uonc; yLU tT] Ol}µ6ma bLoLxnon cmotEAEL JtQ6f11..nµu, t6oo 6oov 
aq>OQ<l tl}V JtOAL tLXl) tl}c; avesaQtl)OLa 600 xm EUQUtEga. Qot6oo, E<lV O vfoc; v6µoc; 
JteQL Ol}µoolac; bLOLXl}Ol}c; eLoax8eL evt6c; tl}c; oxebLat6µevl}c; JtQoewµLac;, to 
ng6B1..l}µa avaµevetm va EXEL enL1..ueeL one; agxec; tou 1998. 
Qt, xevtQLxec; XQatLxec; UJtl}QWLec; xagaxtl}QLtovtm an6 n1..e0vatov buvaµLx6. 
Qot6oo, OQWµeva unouQyda avnµEtwnttouv EAAELtpeLc; ngoowmxou, Lblwc; 
El,()l,XEUµevou. ~eboµevl}c; tT]c; µqa.Al}c; 6Laq>OQ6.c; tWV µw8wv, 0 LOLWtLx6c; toµeac; 
JtQOOEAXUEL ngoowmx6 He; f36.goc; tou bl}µootou toµeu-oi)µEQa Tl bl}µ6ma bLOLXl}Ol} 
buoxo1..Euetm 6XL t6oo va bLatl)QlJOEL to EQyatLx6 tl}c; buvaµLx6 600 va JtQ001..6.BeL 
vfouc; una1..Ai)1..ouc;. 
H q,utwtoouvn i:ou xmvou ngoc; i:n bl}µ6ma bLOLxnon etvm xaµl}AlJ. ELvm 
avaµcplf301..o 61:L uui:i) Tl EAAEL\Vll Eµmowouvnc; Jtl}YU~eL XlJQLwc; un6 tnv eXtevi) 
bLacpeoQ6. nou xaQaxtngtteL tl} bl}µ6mu bLolxl}Ol). H exotgatELU tou IIQOECQOU 
xata tT]c; bLmpOOQac; 'UJtOOtl)QL~etUL cm6 to rngu i<,Ol,V(). 
To LOLULl:EQO evbLU(f.>EQOV nou rnLbuxvi,u Tl CTT]µEQLVlJ xu()EQVl}CTl} yu1 tl} 
µEtaQQU8µwl} tT]c; bLolxnonc; anotEAEL 0etLx6 otmxeto, a1..1..a dvm ax6µa VWQLc; va 
EXtLµi)oouµE xata n6oov ta q>LA66osa auto. oxebLa ea µetatQMOUV OE 
JtQayµanx6tl}t(l:. H evvma tl}c; bl}µ6mac; bLolxl}Ol}c; we; enayyeAµatoc; EL vm ax6µa 
vfo. H xat6.gtwl} OE eeµata xa1..i)c; bLOLXl)tLxi)c; JtQaXtLxi)c; elvm JtEQLOQWµevl} xm 
onogabLxi), evw µl}xavwµot bLaXElQLOl)c; tou ngoowmxou el tE bev unagxouv el tE 
elvm avenagxelc;. EmnMov Tl Cl}µ6ma bLolxl}Ol) elvm ALy6tEQO anobotLxi) an6 6,tL 
ea EnQeJtE, 1..6yw tl}c; MQoeuµtac; twv una1..1..i)1..wv va ava1..aBouv JtQoowmxi) rneuvl} 
yLa tl} Al)tpl} anocpaoewv· xata ouvmua, Ql, anocpaow; AaµBavovtm OE Utpl)A6teQO 
enlnebo an' 6,tL ngmu, µE anote.1..wµa tl}V UJtEQ<p6QtWOl} twv avwteQWV 
unaAAlJAWV xm tl}V JtQ6XAl}Ol} xaeuotEQlJOEwv. 
H JtQOoeyywl} nou E<paQµ6~nm yLa ta 0eµata EE, µE tT]V Y Jtl}QWLa EuQrnna·Lxi)c; 
0AOXAlJQWOTJc; xm OXEtLxec; boµe.c;, elvm 1..oyLxi). Etvm anuQuLtl}tT] Tl JtEQaLtEQW 
aVUJt'tUsT] xm EVLOXUOT] tT]c; YEVLxi)c; auti)c; JtQOOEYYLOl)c;. 
Baatxoi roµeic yta rnv E<pagµoyri mv xcxrnµtvov 
H eVLaLa e<pagµoy:n tnc XOLVO'l:LXTIC voµo8wlac: H aJtOl:EAWµatLXl) e<paQµoyi) 'tOU 
XOLVOtLXOU XEXtl}µevou JtQO'UJt08E.tEL 6tL Ql, OLXaOtLxec; aQxtc; XQatoov µEA.WV Elvm 
OE 8eon va e<paQµ6~ouv tLc; bLat6.;eLc; tnc; LUv8i)xnc; yLa tT]V EVLala E<paQµoyi) 1ou 
XEXtl}µevou, xm va E;aocpa1..L~ouv tT]V OQ8i) AELtOUQyLa tT]c; EVLaLac; ayoQac; xm 
yevLx6tEQa twv xoL vOtLxwv JtOAL nxoov. AnaQaL tT]tT] yLa tl}V E<paQµoyi) an6 ta 
114 
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OLxaoti}QLa tou xmvonxou v6µou, auµn:EQLAaµBavoµtvrnv xm uno0tm:wv aµeol]c; 
EcpaQµoyi}£, xm JtEQLntwoewv m1Qanoµni}c; oto EuQoma·t:x6 ALxaoti}QLO un6 tm,£ 
OQOU£ tou 6.Q0QOU 177 tr]£ ouvOiptl]~ EK, dvm ll um1Qsll x<m't.AA'flAU wnagtwµtvm, 
xm nAmmwµtvou OLxaotLxou oo>µato£. 
To OLxaotLx.6 ouotl)µa Otl] Pouµavi,a JtUQOUOLa~eL Ol]µavtLxec; aouvaµi,ec;, LO Lai, tEQa 
6oov acpOQCl tOU£ Jt0QOU£ 'XaL tl]V eµn:ELQO')'VWµOO'UVl]' xata 0'\JVEJtELa, ll Em tQOJtrt 
EX,EL aµcpLBoALE£ 6oov acpoQa tl]V Lxav6tl]ta tou ouoti}µato£ va e;aocpaALOEL tl]V 
anoteAeoµanxi} ecpaQµoyi} tou xex1-r]µev01,. 
EvLata ayoQa: H ouvat6tl]ta tl]c; Pouµavtac; va e1;aocpaAL~EL tl]V OQ0it ecpaQµoyi} 
twv xmvonxwv JtQO-Uno0foewv yLa tl]V evLata ayoQa, LOLW£ 6oov acpoQa tl]V 
EAEU0EQll ')(,'\JXAO(pOQLU aya0wv 'XaL 'UJtl]QEOLWV' JtQOUJt00EttL tl]V 'UJtUQsll JtOA 'U 
avrntuyµtvwv xm anoteAeoµanxwv xnvovwtLxtov xm rnontLxwv UQX<i>v, xm 
aQxwv oe 0tµata tunonoLl]Ol]c; xm motoJtoLl]Ol]c;, nou va dvm ae 0fol] vu 
ecpaQµ6~ouv JtArtQW£ touc; xav6vec; tl]c; EK. Ta Ol]µda auta avaAuovtm oto 
xecpaAmo 3.1 (µe tLtAo "OL tfoCTEQLc; eArnOeQ(ec;"). 
'Ooov acpoQa tl] bLOL'Xl]tLxi} Lxuv6tl]t<1 oe Otµutn eh1,0q?llc; x1,xAocpog(m; to>V 
EµJtOQEUµatWV, ll 'XUtO.OtUOl] Otl] Pm,µuv(u (')EV ELV<.t.L LXUVOJtOLl]tL'Xi}. H Pouµuv(u 
oev EXEL ax6µa OAOXAl]QWCTEL tOV rutaQattl]to blaxwgwµ6 µetasu AELtO'UQ')'LWV 
QU0µLOl]£, t'\JJtOJtOLl]Ol]c; 'XaL JtLOtOJtOLl]Ol]£, EVW OtEQELtaL O'\JVtOVLOµou, E;OJtALOµou 
xm xataAA'flAOU JtQoowmxou. 'Ooov acpoQa tl]V eAeu0EQll xuxAocpoQta twv 
'UJtl]QEOLWV, ll xataotaOl] OEV ELVaL ax6µa LXaVOJtOLl]tL'Xll, aAAa EX£L EJtLtEux0d 
1tQ6o00£ OE OQLOµevou£ toµEL£, 6nw£ o tQaJtE~LX6£. Ta µEtQa anoxataotaoric; nou 
EmBaAAEL ll EnontLxi} Ynl]QEOta tl]c; E0vLxi}c; TQan~ac; (70 unaAAl]AOL) JtQEJtEL va 
rnLBaAAOVtm µtow tO'\J OL'XUOtL'XO'U 'XAabou. H E0vLxi} Y Jtl]QEO(a Enontda£ tWV 
AocpaAtoewv EXEL JtQoowmx6 14 atoµa. Aev d vm OE 0eol] va rnontEUEL rnaQXW£ 
tOV toµfo tr]£, JtO'\J EsEALOOEtaL QUy6ata. fla ta XQEO')'Qacpa, ll E0VL'Xll EJtOJttLXrt 
Ynl)QEOta OLa0etEL rnaQXECTtEQO JtQoowmx6 (70 unaAAi}Aouc;). 
fLa va OL avtaJtO'XQLOd ll XWQU aw; xm votLxtc; a.nm ti}oELc; otov toµfo mrc6v 0a 
JtQEJtEL va acpLEQW0ouv JtEQLOOOtE(>OL Jt{)(>OL OtLc; EAE')''XtLXEc; xm QU0µLOtL'X€£ 
A.EL tOUQYLE£. 
AvtaywvLoµ6c: 'Onwc; E;l]ydtm oto xecpaAmo 3.1 (µe tLtAo "Avtaywvwµ6c;"), ll 
rnLBoAi} tou v6µou JtEQL avtaywvwµou JtQO-Uno0eteL tl] 0fomol] UQXWV yLa tl]V 
JtQOOtaota ·wu avtaywvwµou xm tov eAeyxo twv XQatLxwv evwxuoEwv, evw 
taut6XQOVa to OLxaonx.6 ouotl]µa, ll Ol]µ60La c>LOLX'flOll xm OL oxenxoi, mxovoµLxoi, 
cpoQd£ ea JtQEJtEL va xatavoouv rnaQx<i>c; to v6µo xm tl]v no AL nxi} JtEQL 
avtaywvwµou. 
Ltl] Pouµavi,a, XEVtQLXrt UQX'Yl d vm to }:uµBouALO Avtaywvwµou, µE JtQoowmx6 63 
atoµa, nou xaQaXt'flQL~etm rnaQxtc;· to rntnE6o eµnELQoyvwµoouvl]c; EL vm 
anooext6. fLa va ecpaQµ6~ovtm anoteAeoµatLxa oL xmvonxe£ JtQo-Uno0eow; otov 
EV A6yw toµta ea JtQEJtEL va acpLEQW0ouv JtEQLOOOtEQOL J'tOQOL )'La tl]V avantUsll ·wu 
aV0QWJtLVO'\J OuvaµLXO'U (i}Ol] EXOUV CTl]µELW0£L Ol]µavtL'XE£ JtQOOJta0ELE£ JtQO£ auti} 
tl]V xatEU0UVOl]), va BEA tLwOd ll bLUcpavELa, xm va OLUXWQLOtO'UV oacpwc; m 
AEL tOUQYLE£ tou }:uµBouALou an6 tLc; OQaOtl]QLOtl]tec; tou KQatLxou r QUCpEtou 
Avtaywvwµou, µE JtQOOWJtL'XO 365 at0µa. 
TnArnixmvwvtEc: fu1 vu bu1rnnrn001,v xm eq>ugµo0to1JV m noAu(tQLOµm 
xavovLaµo( neg( eAe1,0tgwori~ mm neQLA<1i,tf~<'1vovtm o-co xex.'triµtvo XQ£L<'1tnm vu 
115 
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eeomon:L QueµwtLx6 ocbµa y1,a tll 61,aµ6Qq.>wo11 tllc; JtOAL tLxi)c; nou va OLaxwQL~etm 
oaq.>cbc; cm6 orcmabi)rcotE EtaLQELa exµEtaAAeuo11c;. 
To 1998 avaµevEtm va avaAaBEL aQµOOLOtfltEc; µLa vfo EevLxi) QueµwtLxi) 
UJtflQEOLa, 11 orcoLa motEUEtm 6n ea BEA ncboEL tflV µEXQL oi)µeQa avertaQxi) 
OLOLXfltLxi) Lxav6t11ta. 
'Eµµeon cpoQoAoyLa: fLa t11v cmoteAeoµatLxi) bwL-x.11011 tou xExt11µevou otov toµea 
tllc; eµµeo11c; q.>OQOAoyLac; XQELa~ovtm boµec; rcou va et vm OE eeo11 va eq.>aQµ6~ouv 
t11v xm vonxn voµoeeata yLa tflV EVaQµ6vw11 tou q.>6Qou rtQOOtLeeµEv11c; al;Lac; xm 
tWV ELOL'X.(OV q.>OQWV xatavaAwo11c; 6tav ea exouv xataQyfleEt. m q.>OQOAOYLXOL 
eAeyxoL ota eawteQLxa ouvoQa t11c; Kmv6t11tac;. To ouot11µa eµµea11c; q.>OQOAoytac; 
Baot~Etm one; q.>OQOAoyLxec; cmoei)xEc_; xm o ELOLx6c; q.>6Qoc; xatavaAwo11c; et vm 
rtAflQWtfoc; oto rcoooot6 rcou wxuEL oto XQatoc; µeJ...oc; xata to XQ6vo avaJ...wo11c; twv 
EµrtOQEUµatwv. Aut6 JtQOUJt00EtEL JtOAU averctuyµev11, xataAAflAa xataQtWµev11 xm 
rcAaw1,wµev11 1JJtflQEOLn, µE µEy(1Ao Ba0µ6 <1XEQUU)tfltm;. 
AQµ66La aQxn Otfl Pouµav(.a dvm to Yrcougydo 0LxovoµLx<i>v (XEVt(>LXt) 
urcouQydo xm 41 rtEQL(f)EQELaxa ygaq.>da) µE rtEQLrtm, 20.000 rtQoowmx6 
(tEAWVELaxouc; xm q.>OQOAoyLxouc; urcaAAi)Aouc;). XQELa~ovtm rtEQLrtou 50.000 
urcaAAflAOL, aAAa avtLµEtwrct~ovtm buoxoAtEc; OtLc; rtQOOAl)'\jJELc;. 0 <l>IlA ere(, twv 
ELoaywycbv ouAMyetm arc6 t11v tEAWvELaxn un11geata (rtQoowmx6 4.500 atoµa) xm 
m ELOLxot q.>6gm xatavaAwo11c; arc6 tflV 0LxovoµLxi) Aotuvoµta (1.110 atoµa 
rtQoowmx6 ). A6yw t11c; µEyaA11c; EVaAAayi)c; rtQoowmxou, Ev µtQEL A6yw t11c; 
OLUQQOi)c; xataQtWµtvou :rtQoowmxou rtQoc; tov LOLwnx6 toµfo, EL vm buoxoAo va 
Exnµ11eouv m buvat6tfltEc; twv OflµEQLvcbv urcaAAi)Awv. fLa va el;aoq.>aAwtet 11 
cmotEAeaµatLxi) OLot-x.11011 tou xExt11µtvou otov EV A6yw toµta, ea :rtQE:rtEL va 
xataBA11eet 011µavtL'X.l) JtQOO:rtaeELa yLa tflV el;aoq.>aALOfl ertaQxouc; JtQOOWJtL'X.OU xm 
. u'\JJ11Aou Baeµou ercayyEAµatwµou, µEtal;u aAAwv µE tll All'\Vll µttQwv xataQtw11c; 
xm tflV aul;11011 t(J)V arcoboxcbv. 
fEwQyta: OL 6wLx11nxec; avayxEc; otov yEWQYLX6 toµfo aq.>oQouv XUQ(wc; tov 
xt11vLatQLX6 xm q.>utouyEwvoµLx6 EAEYXO, tflV rtQOOtaota tllc; b11µ6mac; uyELac; xm 
tflv El;aoq.>aAWfl tllc; eAEU0EQllc; xuxAoq.>ogtac; yEWQyLxci>v ayaecbv, xa0ci>c; xm t11v 
Lxav6t11ta bwtx11011c; twv µ11xavwµcbv xm cmmti}OEWV t11c; Kfll, 
ouµrtEQLAaµBavoµtvwv twv U'\j)flAcbv ngo6Laygaq.>cbv OE 0eµata b11µomovoµLxou 
EMyxou xm ercto11µwv otatLOtLxci>v. Lta 0tµata auta avaq.>egetm oto XEq.>aAmo 3.4 
(µe tLtAo "fewgyta")' m yevLxtc; ngobLaygaq.>tc; otov toµfo twv otatwtLxcbv 
otOLXEkov el;Eta~ov-tm oto xEq.>aAmo 3.3 (µE tt.tAo "ItatwtLxa otOLXEt.a"). 
It11 Pouµavta, ll OLOLXfltLxi) Lxav6t11ta 6oov aq.>oga touc; XtflVLatQLxouc; xm 
q.>utouyEwvoµLxouc; eMyxouc; OEv avtarcoxgt vEtm one; xoL votLxtc; cmm ti}OeLc;, Lbtwc; 
6oov aq.>oga t11v el;etao11 ~cbvtwv ~cbwv xm ~wLxcbv ngo·covtwv. Ynagxouv 5.000 
ertL8ewg11ttc; xt11vtatgm. H Emtgoni) bev bLa0eteL oi)µeQa otmxeta oxetLxa µe to 
ngoowmx6 otLc; un11geatec; eMyxou tgoq.>tµwv. 'Ooov aq.>oga tll bwtx11011 twv 
yevLxcbv rcgourcoetoewv tllc; Kfll, 0a XQELaoteL va BEA nw0ouv oL 011µeQL vtc; 
OLOLXfltLxtc; OLagegwoeLc;. 
-fw va avtarcoxgLed 11 xwga one; xm vonxtc; cmm ti}oELc; otov EV A6yw toµta 
XQELa~etm va ngayµatorcm11eouv 011µavtLxtc; BEA tLci>OELc;. 
Metacpogec: H E<PUQµoyi) tOJV (1Jt(,tl, tl)OW)V 111c; W(Otl:.QLXl)c; . UYOQ(lc; 'X,(ll, 101, 
avtaywvwµou t11c; EE cnov toµfo to>V µetucpogci>v, 11 uv(mtu;11 tllc; uvaloy11c; 
116 
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uno6oµi)c; xm a11.11.Ec; 6'\J)uc; tou x.Ext11µtvou OE 0tµata µnaq:iogwv nagouma~ouv 
011µavtLxec; 6LOLXl]tLxtc; 6uox.011.LE£ yLa ta vta xgat11 µt11.11. 
Agµ66La xgatLXTJ agxiJ Otll Pouµavta ELvm to Ynougydo MEtaq:iogwv (ngoowmx.6 
347 UJt<lAAl]AOL). YJt<lQXEL £/1 .. A.EL'\JJll EL6LXEUµtvou JtQOOWJtLXOU, ngayµa JtOU 
611µwugyd av11ouxLEc; 6oov aq:ioga t11v EmBoAi) twv EMyxwv aoq:ia11.dac;, Evci) ta 
0tµata tl]c; aoq:iaA.dac; EL vm OE yEvLxtc; ygaµµtc; Lfaa( tEQa av11oux11tLxa. 
Anaox6Anon xm XOL VWVLX!) JtOALTl_:xn: rw. tl]V Eq:iagµoyi) t01) XEX.tl]µEVOlJ OtOV 
toµta aut6v, EL vm anagaL tl]tll 11 rnagxi)c; rnontLXTJ Lxav6t11ta, LDLwc; 6oov aq:iog<x 
tl]v uyELa xm tl]V aoq:ia.Aua otov t6no Egyaa(ac;. 
~tll PouµavLa 11 rnt.8Emg11011 Egyaotac; EXEL ngoowmx6 300 atoµa- XQELa~etm 
U'U;l]Ol] tWV tWV JtOQWV XUL EVLOXUOl] tl]c; EµJtELQOYVWµOO'UVl]c; tOU JtQOOWJtLX.O'U 
IIEQL(QEQELUX!) JtOA.LtLX!) xm ouvoxn: Qt, XUQLOtEQEc; CLOLX.l]tLXEc; JtQO'UJto0fow; OtOV 
toµta aut6v dvm 11 UJtaQ;ll xataA.Al]AWV xm anotEAEOµatt.x.mv DLOLXl]tLx.cov 
q:iogewv, xm L6Lwc; U'\JJl]A6c; Ba8µ6c; tx.av6t11tac; xm ax.Egm6t11tac; 0111 6taxdgw11 tolV 
XOLVOtLXWV JtOQWV. 
H Pouµavta 6Ev EXEL 6t.aµogq:iwou ouyxEXQLµtv11 no AL tLXTJ yt.a tl]V JtEQLCflEQELaxi) 
avantu1;11. 'Qoo yt.a tov 611µomovoµt.x6 EAEYXO, 11 xataotao11 DEV dvm 
LxavoJtOLl]tLXTJ (BA. nagaxcnw, "A11µomovoµt.x6c; £A£yxoc;"). fLa va Eq:iagµootd 
anotEAEOµatt.x.6. to xex111µtvo 010v toµta c.nn6v On XQHCWtEL vu xataBA.11001',v 
011µav-nxtc; rcgoona0nEc; OE 6uiq:iog01,c; xAa6ouc;, µnaf(; <tAAwv µe tll Ofomo11 -c11c_; 
X.Ut<lA.Al]A.l]c_; <)LOLXl]tLXT)c; boµi)c_;. 
IlEQLBa11.Aov: AE6oµtvou 6n 11 xmvotLXTJ JtEQt.BaAA.ovnxi] noA.LtLxi] Evtaoou tl]V 
ngootaoLa tou JtEQt.BaAAovtoc; ottc; toµmxtc; xm vottx.tc; noAL tLxtc;, m 6L0Lx.11nxtc_; 
anm ti]ow; et vm 6uvaµEL EUQUtatEc_;, xm aq:iogouv no11.Aouc; q:iogEtc; nou 6Ev 
ouv6fovtm ouvi]Owc; µE tl]V ngootaota tou JtEQLBaAA.ovtoc;. Qot6oo, t11v xugtwc; 
Eu8uv11 q:itgouv ta Y nougyda IlEQLBa11.11.ov10c; xm 6Laq:iogEc; Bo11811ttxtc; un11gwtec;. 
To Y nougyeLo IlEQLBaA.11.ovtoc; t11c; PouµavLac; anaoxoAd 200 atoµa. T11v 
JtUQUXOA.OU0l]Oll Eq:iagµ6~EL to 'l6g1,µa 'EQEUvm; xm n EQLBaAA.OVtoc;, EVW tl]V 
exttAEOll twv v6µwv rnt.BaAAEL to urcougydo, 11 KgatLXll Enonttxi] Y Jtl]QEOLa xm 41 
tomxtc; un:11gwtec;. Qt, gu0µtoELc; auttc; 6Ev dvm LxavoJtOLl]tLxtc;, bEboµtvou 6n 11 
Euaw811tonot11011 OE 0tµata JtEQLBaAA.ovtoc; dvm noAu xaµ1111.iJ xm OL 011µegt.vtc_; 
6oµtc; bEv EL vm anobonxtc_;. fw tl]V anotEAEOµatLXll bLOLx.11011 tou xExt11µtvou otov 
EV A6yw toµta ea XQELaOtEL va ngayµatOJtOLl]0ouv µa~Lxtc; EJtEvbuouc;, OE 
ouvbuaoµ6 µE ex vfou ogwµ6 twv bLOLXl]tLxmv agµobwti]twv, xm bt.aµ6gq:iwo11 
EL<)LX.WV JtQOYQUµµatWV X.Ut<lQtWl]c;. 
IIQOOtaoLa twv xatavaA.wtmv: H anotEAEOµatLXll bLOLXllOll tou x.Ext11µtvou otov ev 
11.6yw toµea ngouno0ttEL va avaAaBu tll yEvt.xiJ Eu8uv11 ouyxexgLµtvoc; xganx.6c; 
q:iogeac;, µtow tou onotou µnogd va bt.aµogq:iw8d, va Eq:iagµootd xm va rnt.BA118eL 
11 JtOA.LtLXfl xm voµo0wLa yt.a tl]V rrgootaoLa twv xatavaA.wtmv. 
~tll PouµavLa b11µLOugyi)811xE ELbt.x6c; q:iogtac; yt.a tl]V n:gootaoLa twv 
xatavaAwtmv, to fgaq:ido Ilgootao(ac_; KatavaAwtmv (ngoowmx.6 688 atoµa), 
nou unayEtm aµwa otov rcgw0un:ougy6. Qt, µ11 xuBEQVlltLXOL q:iogdc; rcgootaoLac_; 
t(l)V xatavaAWtWV EL vm e;aLQEtLXa abuvaµOL. K UQLUQXEL ax.6µ11 ouyxuo11 oxetLX<l 
µE to nebLo xm touc; ot6xouc; t11c; no11.L tLXflc; twv xatava11.wtmv. 'EtoL E1;11youvtm EV 
µegeL OL <)'UO'XOA.LEc; Otl]V aJtOtEAEOµatL'Xfl Eq:iagµoyfl tl]c; voµo8EOLac; yw touc; 
xaTavaA.wtec;· wot6oo ea ngrnu va avtLµEtwmotouv xm a.AA.a 0tµata, 6nwc; 11 
117 
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EAAEL'\lJll ELbLxou ngoowmxou, ta ogyuvrntLX<i EAAELµ~.tutu xm Tl EAAEL'l'll £1,uuJOT]otuc; 
tou bLxaonxou owµatrn; OE etµata ngootaoi,m; trnv xatnv<1Awtcbv. 
~Lxmoouvn xm wwtEQLXEC unoOfow;: Agµ66La yta ~T1t11µata bLxmoouvllc; xm 
wwtEQLXWV unoefoEwv EL vm ta Y nougyda ~Lxmoouvl]c; xm EowtEQLxoov. OL 
bLOLXl]lLXEc; boµec; ngrnu va uvttµetomi,~ouv cmotEAEOµunxa. Otµata aouA.ou xm 
µEtavaotEUOl]c;, bwxdQWllc; ouv6gwv, ouvEgyuoi,uc; tl]c; aotuvoµLac; xm tou 
bLxaonxou ocbµatoc;. ELvm avayxl] va UJtO.QXEL rnagx11c; agLeµ6c; xatUAAl]Aa 
xatagtwµevou ngoowmxou, nou vu xagaxtl]QL~etm an6 U'\lJl]A6 Ba0µ6 
EVtLµOtl]trn;. 
Ltl] PouµavLa to ngoowmx.6 trov Y nougyE(wv ~Lxmoouvl]c; xm EowtEQLXoov EL vm 
rnagxec;. H Lxav6tl]ta avtLµetcbmol]c; 0Eµ6.twv aouA.ou xm µetava.otEUOlJc; bEv EXEL 
ax6µa E;aocpaALOtd· 116T1 0wnLOtl]xav bLOLXl]tLxec; bu16LxaoLEc; yLa 8eµ<1ta 
ngoocpuywv, aAAO. to ouotl]µu otEQdtm m1gwv xm ngoarnmxou. Ta ouot11µatu 
bLaXELQWllc; trov ouv6gwv bEv d vm anobottxu, aAAU OXEOLa~ovtm µnaggu0µLouc;. 
H aotuvoµLa ea ngrnu va ava6Lagegw0d wotE va µnogd va avnµnwnL~EL 
anotEAWµattx6tEQa t0 ogyavwµtvo eyxAl]µa. H 6Lx<1otLXll ouvEgyaoi,a ei, vm 
negwgwµevl]· to 6LxuotLx6 owµa 6£v AELtougyd 011µega Lx<1voJtOLl]tLX<:1. rw tl]V 
rutotEAWµanx.11 bLaXELQLOll tou XEXtY1µEvou otov ev A6yrn toµea xgwi~nm va 
ngayµatoJtOLY10ouv OY1µavttxec; rnEvbuouc; 6oov <1cpogc1 tm,c; tEXVLxouc; n6gouc; xm 
avegwm vo buvaµLx6 ( Lbtwc; x<1t6.QtWY1), va BeA nw0d YI unrn0uv6tY1ta twv cpogtwv 
tY1c; ~LxmoouvY1c; xm toN EowtEQLXcbv YnoOfoernv, xm vu AY1cp001',v rnei,yovtn µfaga 
yw tY1V -xatanoMµY10YI tY1c; bu1cp0oga.c;. 
TEAWVda: rw tY1V aJtOt£AWµatLXll bLaXELQLOYI tOU XEXtY1µevou OtOV EV A6yw toµea 
XQELU~etm rnagx11c; uno60µ11 xm e1;onAwµ6c;, µeta1;u a.AA.WV YI µY1xavogy6.vwoYI xm 
ouon1µata egeuvY1c;, xaewc; xm ouotaOYI arcoteAwµanxou tEAWVELaxou ogyavwµou 
nou va bLaefau rnagx.11 agLeµ6 xat6.AAYIAWV xm bgaotllQLWV unaAA'tlAWV µe U'\lJY1A6 
Baeµ6 evtLµ6tY1tac;. 
Ltl] PouµavLa, YI tEAWVELUXll UJtYIQWLa anaoxoAd 4.600 6.toµa. A6yw tY1c; µey6.AY1c; 
EVaAAay11c; tou ngoowmxou, d vm buoxoAo va extLµY1ed YI anotEAt0µattx6tY1ta xm 
xata OUVEJtELa YI EJtUQXELO. tOU. fla tYIV aJtOtEAWµatLXll bLOLXYIOYI tOU X,£XtY1µ£VO'U 
OtOV toµfo aut6v ea XQELaOtOUV JtEQLOOOtEQOL JtOQOL ( LbLwc; OtY1V X,(ltO.QtLOll X,UL tYI 
bLaXELQLOYI) X,UL ea JtQEJtEL va AYlcpeouv rnuy6vtwc; µetga yLa tY1V avtLµetcbmOY1 tY1c; 
b Lacpeoga.c;. 
~nµomovoµLx6c EAeyxoc: H ngootaoi,a twv 6Y1µoowvoµLxcbv ouµcpeg6vnov tY1c; 
Km v6tY1tac; anm td tYI 01,otaoYI UJtY1QEOU1)v ytn tY1V xcnanoMµYIOYI tY1c; <1Jt6.tY1c;, tl]V 
X,UtO.QtLOYI E1;EL6Lxeuµtvou JtQOO(J)JtLX,01) (UV<lXQLtec;, ()LX,(l(JtLX,O'\Jc;) xm tl]V EVLOXl)(JYI 
twv ouotY1µ6.twv ubLxeuµevY1c; ouvegycw(ac;. H ecpugµoy11 twv xm votLxoov 
JtOAL tLxcbv, LbLwc; 6oov acpoga. tYI yEWQYLa xm ta OLag0grnnx6. taµda, ngouno0fa£L 
anoteAwµatLxa. ouot11µata btaXELQWYlc; xm EMyxou twv 6Y1µooi,wv banavcbv, µE 
6Lat6.1;w; yLa tYIV avnµEtcbmOY1 tY1c; an6.tY1c;. An6 bLOLXYltLXllc; JtAEUQ6.c; EL vm 
avayxaLoc; o oacp11c; 6Laxwgwµ6c; µEtal;u E;WtEQLxou xm wwtEQLxou EMyxou. OL 
aotuvoµLxec; xm bLxaotLxec; agxtc; JtQEJtEL va ei, vm Lxavtc; va XELQL~ovtm 
anotEAWµanxa. JtEQLJtAOXEc; JtEQLJttcbouc; bLaxganxou mxovoµLxou EyXAllµatoc; 
(µEtal;u t(J)V OJtOLWV aJt<ltYI, bLacpeoga. xm 1;rnAuµa xg11µatoc;), JtOU ea 111av 
buvat6v va JtAllsOUV ta 6Y1µ00LOVOµLx6. ouµcpegovta tY1c; Kmv6tY1tac;. 
K ugt6tEQoc; cpogeac; E;WtEQLxou eMyxou OtYI Pouµavi,a EL vm to E11.Eyxnx6 
L'Uvebgw. H Emtgon11 bev yvwgt~EL 011µega n6oa cnoµu egyu~ovtm otov <pOQEa 
au-r6v. n,a n1v cmo-r£Aeoµa-rLXll bLaxdQWll -rm, xcx-rriµtvou Ou XQWW-r£i. vu 
118 
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xataBA118ouv 011µav-nxtc; rcgoorca0ELEc; ci>OtE va E~nocpuAL~Etm 11 Ofomo11 
()LOL'XlltLXOOV 6oµoov µE t(rnc; UJt<lQUL t11t01,c; JCOQO'Uc; 'X,(U (lJt()(')()tLX.T) A.EL tm,gytu. 
119 
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4.3. rtvuc11 £,C'ttJ111a11 
ea XQELaotd oriµavtLXll, ouvtovwµtvri xm OUVEXll<; µEtaggu0µwtLXll ngoomx0ELa 
yt.a va anox.tiJoouv µwong60wµu m 6LOL'X.l'ltLx.tc; 6oµtc; tric; Pouµavtac; E:rtUQXll 
t.x.uv6trita bLaxEtgwric; tou x.mvott.xo1, xExtriµtvm,. 
Et vm M,oxoAo oiJµEga va EX.tt.µri0d ri Lxav6trita tou bt.x.aonx.ou x.Aabou va 
Eq)O.Qµ6oEL anotEAEOµatt.x.a triv x.m votL'X.ll voµo0wta. 
120 
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·(towx.19 s(to1-i;>ax. 
0,01 1DX. 5D11Dax.oriltq Slt1 SD1A.a(t0113"'( Sl}.x.11miA.Da1.C Slt1 Ltoltri1101.CD 30 SDlJ\(!)amxoa1.e 
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~JtOOOITTO % tO\I mr,&u«niir~ 
Amtx~ n:i,.'l)&voµ~ 54.3 54.9 54.9 
aw.x,.>,.t.(JOa;ir>..~ 
OooOO"to Oam'trov 11.6 11.7 12.0 12.6 
OooOO"to )'£Wllm:rov 11.0 10.9 10.4 10.2 
ElOOOflJUl )((U AEnfl X(l't(l XECJOA'I]\' E'U(X.Ulta·t:x~ '\Oj,1.1,q.LQ'tl.X~ µmo&x 
MEOlJ µTJVl.(li.a. aµotf3tj xm µw86c; ava w1lu .. )..tJ)..o 118 79 
AEYXn xma X.Equ)..tjv 1294 1203 
Aw(.)8{)(1)01) ~ ff<l(.)(l'Y~: µ~iblO xi,.abou AOA ot JtOOOO't6 % TI'Jt; C11MW.xrjt; ~OTI'Jt; lt(l00tlllq.t£\ll]t; al;iat; 
-ycol(>yi.a. 21.8 20.5 
-BwµtJxavi.a. 40.5 35.7 
-xataCJX£Ui:c; 5.4 6.8 
-'\lllTJQEOl.E<; 32.3 36.9 
share of lranch GVA in 1990 
o.o 
..... ...,.·,; ... ;,...• .• 
~~ s.4 ~-
1140.S 1121.8 
II -agriculttre 
m -inwstry 
 -construction 
m -services 
• -Others 
share ofbranch OVA in 1990 = ~ihLO '>WlOOU Al1A to 1990 
shareofbranchGVAin 1995 =~ihLO'><MlO<>VAilA to 1995 
-agriculture = -yeOJQYla 
-induslrie = -fkoµTJXUWX 
-construction = -xataO'><t'\il; 
-services = -UltT)(>EOi.ec; 
-Others = -6).J..a POYMANIA 
share of lranch GVA in 1995 
110.0 
20.S 
II -agriculture 
m -industry 
 -construction 
E:1 -services 
• -Others 
JJ 3 
2 
E0NIKOI AOr APIJU;MOI 
1990 19'JI 19'J2 1993 
Of f>l.llt<,.lfLl\lUl lfh/l)(.CJIJ"''l.l"<~IAIIO(, 
Axcdk'iQuno r.yxciJQw 11~.:c'w (,:Qi;xoum~ ,:,pi~) K'i'/KSI 22ffi912 W21)1<,K 2<XHS719 
Of.b1<Jl'X{ntll.lf.l'L\.ll,Q l:l'.U 
Axa9cieuno f:'YX(dQlO ,tQO'iov (,:Qixou~ 1:1~) 30.0 23.3 15.l 22.5 
OP. µow/la; a)U(_XlcmlQJ(; ll'IMlµl'JC; xalQ l<8'.jXVJ1V 
Axu0aQL01:0 cyxli)Q,o 71QO'iOV 3414 36:n.o 
IU'.I.Cl(l<~il % or <1)(hll] IU' ·to ltlllllJ't'(JI.\U'.\ t:ccx;; 
AxaO«QURO f:'YX(UQlO 71QOIOV -5.6 -12.9 -K.K 1.5 
Aam~ ,:dPC15 ,ca,:a\'Cl),.(l)OIJlii 8.9 -11.8 -5.6 1.2 
-'t(JJV VOl.'KOX'UQWJV X<lL '{(.tJV MKIEN 7.9 -16.3 -7.5 0.9 
-to\J OT)µooi.o\J 8.1 10.6 2.2 2.7 
AXC10aQ~ ffl~~ ffliy,ou xt:qnlai.ou -35.6 -31.6 11.0 8.3 
~'Y(l)"ftli ayaO(l)\' xa, "'"IQE(JUI)\' -39.4 -17.9 2.9 11.l 
Eway(l)"fa; ayaO(l)\' x«l "'"IQEOM 18.4 -29.6 7.5 4.4 
~ '1 OO'.X7ro 91, Wlla><aBaQLato11 ~ ltQCiliWroc; 
Aam~ ,:dPC15 xa,:a\'Cl).(l)OIJlii 79.2 75.9 77.0 76.0 
-'{(JJV VOL'KOX'UQWJV X<lL '{WV MKIEN 65.9 60.7 62.7 63.7 
-to\J OTJJ.lOOLO\J 13.3 15.2 14.3 12.3 
AxaO«Quna:c; m~OO£~ ffliyLOU ,u:qxi).ai.O\l 19.8 14.4 19.2 17.9 
~ay(l)"fa; ayaO(l)V xa, tntqQt:aM 16.7 17.6 27.8 23.0 
Elooy(l)"fa; aya8(l)V xa, tntqQEOM 26.2 21.5 36.2 28.0 
AEyxn (µnafJol11 % (JE axfo11 µE 'tO 3tQ01J'Y01'µtvo E'tO;) 
10.0 
5.0 
0.0 
-5.0 
-10.0 
-15.0 POYMANIA 
1994 1995 
41f/731K6 725597(X) 
25.1 27.3 
:nKo.o 4055.0 
3.9 7.1 
3.8 14.3 
2.4 19.0 
11.0 -7.6 
20.7 8.6 
19.0 32.6 
2.8 44.8 
77.3 80.8 
63.5 68.6 
13.8 12.2 
20.3 21.9 
24.9 27.8 
27.0 33.0 
3 
l'<>YMANIA 
KYPIOI OIKONOMIKOI AEIKTE:£ 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 
~IJOEaxtalJµtlO~~ 
nooomo 2d.,.0coQUJJ,UJV 5.1 170.2 210.4 256.1 136.7 32.3 38.8 
~aoc;-100 
A£i.M'tet; oy,cou 1'10f&11XUV~ KCIQC1'Y~ 101.1 103.3 109.4 109.9 
A£i.x'tet; oy,cou a~ 'Yt:Cl)QY~ ff«(.Kl'Y~ 110.2 100.2 104.5 101.8 
Hooomo aVF.V(i.w; (p.r:Oo6m.oyi.a t\OE) OE ltoooate 'II, 'tOI.I f{JYlll\l«l'U ~)(OU 
-l:wo>..o 8.1 8 
-X(lt<.I) TCIJV 25 EtciJv 22.6 20.8 
-25 etciJv xm avoo 5.3 5.4 
OE&oo1mq.q1UQl(lool.., HIIA 
~O~CO'tf.QU<OXQE~ 2.169 3.549 3.708 4.327 5.481 
loot;,i,yw ,d.qecop.c;,v Of:o«ttqq1l{ll.Cl&»... llllA 
-f.saywytc; ayo.8ciJv 5775 4266 4364 4892 6151 7910 8239 
-Ewaywytc; ayo.0ciJv -9202 -5372 -5784 -6020 -6562 -9487 -10368 
-EµJtoetx.6 1.<Jol;'U)'LO -3427 -1106 -1420 -1128 -411 -1577 -2130 
-Y JtTJQW(.e;, xa0a(>&; -177 -139 -168 -115 -171 -190 -271 
-ELo0011µa, xa0a(>6 161 15 -87 -145 -129 -241 -314 
-lool;i,yLO T(>£XOOOciJv CJ'UVa)..)..ayciJv -3337 -1012 -1564 -1174 -428 -1639 -2336 
-Iool;i,yLO x.i.VT)Ol)c; x.eqcl.airov xaL X()TlµatOOLXOVOµtxciJv 1606 1059 1054 968 952 847 2935 
ovvwJ..llyciJv (:1u.:r1v wto0tµcmx.wv) 
-Arto0£µanx.a OTOL)CELa ew.eY'll'LX.0'\J 1843 -187 113 54 -618 257 
nooomo ,d."9coewpmi: ExaT001'1.0.La µ.erarx>M TOlJ ETTJOLOlJ µtoou O(>OlJ OE OX(OlJ µE TO JCQOTJj'O'UµEVO ttoc; -0 OELXTIJr; JCEQLAaµ{3aVEL 6>..a ta <YtOL)CELa 
OOJUJ.vciJv (ta <YtOL)CELa j3aoil;ovtUL <YtOlJ<; E0vLxou; 6. TK, JCOlJ OEV EL VUL ax6>.. Uta O'l.l)'X{>LOLµoL ). 
&i.~ oy,cou lkoP.11X«V~ KCIQC1'Y~l Tl Jkoµt1X(lVL,a) Jta{><lywyr) X.W.UltTEL tu; e!;oQUKtLxtc; xm >..atoµa,xtc_; O(>CLOT1J(>WTl'JTEc;, nc; µ£tWl:OL1JTLxtc; 
Jkol.lJlxavte; XQL TTJV :Jta.(>OX'11JAfXtQL,a)r; EVEQYEWc;, <pl)OLXO'U OE(>LOlJ xaL 'OO<ltoc; (~ µE tour; ttt>..our; r, 6. ')((ILE TTJ<; ovoµato>..oyl.ar; 
NACE). 0L Oei.xttc; JkolUJX(lVL,a)<; Jta{><lywyr)c; 'UJtOAOj'il;,OVTUL µE f36.0lJ TTJV 'UAL,a) ~LOµtJX(lVL,a) Jta{><lywyr) 600 JtEQi.JCOlJ avttJtQOOC.tl1tE1JTLxciJv 
JCQO'i:6vt'wv xaL oµal>wv xeo·.:ovtwv crca0µ.a,oµtvwv µE TTJV n;eo<rtL0EµEVTJ al;l.a 1991 OE tLµir; owte>..ecrcciJv Jta{><lywyr)r;. 
&i.X'tet; oy,cou axa9c'teUJ't'I)!; Y£COQYU<~ ffaeay~: OL OELKtEc; TTJ<; axa0aQLOT1J<; YEC.t>QYL,a)c; JCU(>Clywyr)r; UJtokoyil;ovtUL f36,0EL TOlJ XQ01JYOUµEV01J 
ttour;. · 
nooomo «VF.VfLClli (p.r:Oo6m.oyi.a AOE): am6 to xooo<rt6 JCQoxilm'EL ax6 TTJV EM (E{?E'\Ml EQyo.TLxou 01JVUµtxou), µE f36.0lJ tour; ax.6>..ou}our; 
<>e1.<JJ.10u; xaL 000taow; TOlJ 6.0 E: 
l:qyaTueo 6vt'llputo. UJCUOXOA.O'IJµEVOL xaL ClVEQYOL xata TTJV £WOW. TC.tJV Jta{><lxfLtW oewµc.iJv tolJ 6.0E. 
.Airt.ro}'o.Aoll,'U'M)r. 6>..a ta atoµa TJA.Lxl.ar; 15 EtciJv ')((lL 6.vw ta OJCOl.a, ')((l'f(l TTJ Ow.e,<£W TTJ<; JCEQLOOOlJ UVU(JlO(>Cl<;, E(>YOOT1J)((lV tO'UA6.XLcrcOV 
µI.a <il(>o. tvavtL µa,o0ou ii 6.ll11c; aµo~r; wr; 'll1t:,(i}J..11km, EJtL)CEL(>Tlµat(.e;, µiA.11 OWETULQLOµc.iJv ii <J'UJ.113or10oooa µiA.11 oLxoytvtw.r;. 
l:\lf.UU{)LAaµ{3aVOVTUL TU µ.eA.TJ tCIJV EV6JC>..CIJV 0\MlµEC.tJV ')((lL OL YlJVULXEc; JCOlJ f3{>Lm«>VTUL OE ClOELO. IUJTQOlllTU<;. 
Jl~o&: 6>..a ta ClTOµa TJA.Lxl.ar; 15 EtciJv X(lL ClV(.I) Ta OJCOl.a M1JQOW Tam6xQova ')((lL tour; TQEL<; 6(>our; TOlJ O)CETLXO'IJ oewµou t01J 6.0E, 
TjTOL: (i) Oev ey_ow E(>yo.OLa· (ii) avatTJTOW ~ E(>yo.OLa· ')((lL (iii) ELVUL ttmµa va avaMfbuv E(>yo.01.a µtoo 0£ tva OexaJC£V0iiµEQO, 
~o ~CO'tEQUCo XQi~: Ta crcoLX£1.a yw. To xetoc; >..aµ{3avovtaL wc6 ttr; crcancrcLxtc; e!;(.IJ(EQLXOu xetour; tou 002:A. 
loot;i,yLO 2d.11Q(l)p.(l)Vl TU <YtOL)CELa mµf3avovtUL ax6 TTJ f36.0lJ oeboµtvwv TOlJ 6.Nf. H O'l.l)'X{>LOLµOTTJtCl tour; J.1E TL<; avttcrcOLXEc; crcancrcLxtc; TTJc; EE OEV 
etvm wc6>..ma EY'(lJllµtYTJ, akM TO wol;i,yLO MTJ(>C.t)µC1N XQtU(>Til;ETUL ~twr; O'IJµCJX.lNCl J.1E ta JC(>6t1JJCU TOlJ 6.Nf. To EµJCO(>L'XO 1.<Jo!;uyLO 
XQTU(>Til;etUL cn'.Jµq:XJJva µE TL<; OQW:, TOlJ wol;uyi.olJ MTJ(>C.t)µC1N. OL el:;p.yo:,ytc; ')((lL OL ELOUYCIJ)'EC; ~OVTUL ')((lL OL Olio OE nµtc; FOB. To 
xa0a(>6 ew0011µa JCEQLAaµ{3aVEL to ClµEOO ELOOOTJµa, TO ELOOOTJµa wc6 ti.Tkou; XU(>tocpu>..ax.i.ou ')((lL x.a0e allo EJtEVOU(L'XO EL0001Jµa, xa(M; 
')((lL to £L0001Jµa el;a(m,µtYTJr; EQYaol.ac;. To wol;i,yLO t(>£XOOOciJv ouvoJJ.ayciJv ')((lTO(>til;ETUL O'IJµCJX.lN(l µE tov O(>L0µ.6 TO'IJ 5o1J £YXELQLOL01J 
TOlJ 6.Nf. OL µETa<pOQtc; XEqcl.airov OEV JCEQLAaµ{3aVOVTUL. Arto0eµanx.a (J"(OL)CELa ewmnxou: Ol)µaLVEL TL<; µ.erafx>>..tc; TCIJV wco0eµanxciJv 
xaTa TTJ ow.ex.ew. tou ttour;: to O'i!µ13o>..o ( +) OTJkciJvEL au;,,Ol), EVW to O'i!µ13o>..o (-) µEi,wOlJ twv axo0Eµanx.wv. 
4 -217 
POYMANIA 
EEOTEPIKO EMOPIO 
1993 1994 1995 1996 
Eway~ MCH d;«y~ (t'Q£X~ 'C~) OE~~~ lUIA 
-Ewayo,yt(; 6693.5 7201.5 10413.5 10226.2 
-~yroytc; 4968 6206.8 7974.3 7778.2 
-EJ.utOQOO> Wol;11(1.0 -1725.5 -994.7 -2439.2 -2447.9 
&i~ oyxou ~(J)UQU<OO EffflOQiou ~r:wc;-100 
-EwayllJl(tc; I -F~yllJl(t.c; 
A~oq -ccov ~LOO"(CO"f(IJV xaUL ~1TC (,:Qi:x~ -c1pi~) CX :rtoro<nO 91, 1WV 0\/IIM.Ll!WV flOl)W'iWY 
-(0+ I) tQ6qltµa 'l«lL t;,CJMaVU t;,<ba, Jtot<l ')((1L ')((1JtVO<; 13.8 8.5 8.2 6.7 
-2 a'l«ltte'facna m.Lm, 11'1 eoo>04Jil tll>Tt 6.2 5.8 5.3 5.6 
-3 OQU>Ct<l '1«1004,Ul ')((1L AIJW.VlL?«l 25.8 23.6 21.4 21.l 
. -4 t;,WLm mL <punm a.aw XAX. 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 
-5 xY!J.u:xtc; ouota; m1, O'lMl<pll Jt(>O'.:Ovta 9.1 9.1 10.5 9.9 
-6 µtt(lJ[OLTlµtva. ayaOO Jtou tal;LVoµowtaL XUQl.wc; 1.1£ f36.ari to u).1,xo 15.7 18.5 19.8 21.9 
-7 11t1xaV11µata xa1, El;oxkwµ.6(; µttacpo(>liN 22.3 25.3 24.8 25 
-8 61.<l<pOQCl µtl(lJ[OLTlµtva. tibTI 6.6 8 8.9 8.7 
AUlQ8ecooq -ccov d;«ycoy(IJV xa,:a SITC ('CQix~ -c~) 0£ lt000<1l0 91, 'tWY 0\/IIM.LHWV f/;p.'(0¥1N 
-(0+ 1) tQ6qltµa 'l«ll, t;,CJMaVU t;,<ba, Jtot<l 'l«lL 'l«lJtVO<; 5.1 5.4 5.5 7.7 
-2 amteeyacna u).1,xa, µri eoo>04Jil ti.on 4 4.5 3.8 3.9 
-3 C>Qtl)((<l ')((1004,lil ')((11, A.IJW.VlLXll 10 10 7.9 7.8 
-4 t;,WLxa m1, <punxa u.aw XAX: 1.3 0.8 1 0.9 
-5 xY1µLxt.c; ouota; ')((11, O'lMl<pll xeo·i:ovta 8 9.6 10.8 10.1 
-6 µtt(lJ[OLTlµtva. ayaOO xou tal;tvoµowtm KUQl.wc; I.I£ f36.ari to w..Lxo 27.4 24.3 25.9 23.2 
-7 11t1xaV11µata ')((11, r.!;oJLA.L0µ.6<; µttaq,oewv 17.l 14.3 13.1 13.5 
-8 61.<lqx>ea µCT<lJtOL'llf.tf:va f.l.<)'11 27 30.6 31.7 32.7 
Adm~ 'tlJl(IJV ~(l)'t~IXOO CffflOQLOl! ntlDl1)0l4l.t\0 tux;• JOO 
-EwayllJl(t.c; 
-f,sayllJl(t.c; 
Ewaycoy~ xa1 d;«ycoy~ ('CQix~ -c1~): ta tµnOQLXll 6eboµtva. 6tv xrev..aµ/3avow nc; <iµroe<; £JtClvtf;ayllJl(t.c;, to eµ:n;6ei.o UJt'llQWu.iJv 'l«lL to 
£µ:it6ei.o I.I£~ td.WVEwxt.c; t;wve<;, 'l«l8wc; eJtlO'TJ<; tt.c; <i6tt,e<; e:,qu:t~<;. triv nxvoyvool.a 'l«lL ta 61.JtA<i>µata £UQWLt£XVl.a<;. Ta 
cno1.xel.a f3aoil;ovtm cno tlbtxo tµJtOQLXO O\lCJtTlµa. ~ ~•"'l'r/tm~ Tl Pouµavl.a XQ110LµOJtol.EL ntV ta!;1.v611t10'll Jt(>0''6vtcov 
m'.Jµqxova I.I£ l'TI Evv6vtulpivq Ot'Oparo).uyia. Eu,ayo,y~ IUll tfaro,y4:° Tl al;i.a tOOV £LOOy6µtvcov 'l«ll. el;ay6µtveov :11:e<>wvtOJV eyJ!.L 
'l«lt<l{?tt.Ote( l.l£ f36.0'll tt.<; Jt{?ayµanxt.c; tt.µic; FOB yw tt.<; lfayo,yfs' m1, tt.<; Jt{?ayµanxt.c; tt,µic; C/F yw tt.<; Eu,ayo,y~ H µtt<ltQOJt'll toov 
e.LOOYllJl(wv CIF oe e.LOOyroytc; FOB tx£i. UJ1:0A.oyt.0tef. µtow tv6c; ownl.EO'ti) µttatQOJt11<; CIF/FOB, o oxol.oc; to 1995 'l«lL to 1996 ,rtav woe; I.I£ 
1,0834• ri tt.µfi «1.1t11 oel.<mp<.t f36.ou f.Q£W<l<; cni.c; KUQL6tt:e~ tµJtOQLxt.c; et«l.(>ef.e<;. OL td.(J.)V£t.axt.c; cnatt.0tLxt.c; XQ1104JOJtOLO'UVtaL yw triv 
M(Xl)(OM>'OOrJO'll toov <Tt01.X£WN tou e;carrei.)(O'IJ tµJtOQWU, H EUROSI'AT eyJ:,L µtt<lt(>ttpel. ta eOvt.xa voµLaµata OE boAf.tet.a HIJAµ£ l'TIV 
e<JXlQµ.c>yll toov ETTlOLOJV µtooov O'\Mlllayµanxwv t.Ootl.J.l.LWV tou hi.e.9vou:; NoµwµatL)(O'\J Taµ£1.ou. 
AU1Q8Qcooq ~°" ~COUQIKOO £f1310Qioo xaUL SITC ('tl)i:x~ -c~): ta eµxoe1,xa oeboµtvu oev xr_ev..aµpavow tt.c; <iµtol'.(_; eJtavcl;aywyt;, to 
tµJt<>QLO Ult'll{?Wu.iJv 'l«lL to q.ut6e1.0 µ£ u.riJ8ee~ tu.CJJVELClxt.c; ~c:iMt;. xa8wc; fXlO'TJ<; tt.c; abet,e<; e,q.ttt<illeuottc;, triV t£XVOYVW(Jl.a 'l«lt ta 
61JtMilµata £UQWLt£XVl.ac;. Ta cnoLxe(.a f3ao(1;0vta1, cno elb1,x.6 q.utO()Lx.6 OOOtriµa, ~ ~•KJ/lr/tn:~ TJ Pouµavl.a XQ1104JOJtOLet triV 
ta!;Lv611t1ari Jt(>O·wvtoov m'.Jµqxova l.lf tri Evv6vtulpivq OwJpam).uyia. Eumyo,yfs' xa, lfayo,yii;' Tl al;l.a toov e.LOOy6µ.evwv 'l«lL el;ay6µ.evoov 
xeo·wvtcov tx£i. 'l«lt<l{?'tt.Ottt l.l£ f36.0'll tt.<; Jt{?ayµanxt.c; tt,µic; FOB yw tt.<; lfaya,yfs' m1, tt.c; xeayµanxt.c; tt.µic; CIF yw tt.<; eu,ayo,y~ H 
µtt«lQOJt'll tcov e.LOOYllJl(OJV CIF oe eLOOyllJl(tc; FOB eyJ:,L UJ1:o).oyt.0tet µtow tv6c; O'UVtE.AEO'ti) µtt<ltQOJt'll<; CIFIFOB, o OJtoi.oc; to 1995 'l«lL to 
1996 ,rtav woe; µ£ 1,0834· TJ tt.µfi a1.1t11 OQionJ;<f f36.ou t{>£1M1<; cnt.c; KUQL6tt:etc; tµJtOQLxh; Et<ll.(>£1.El;. Ta e.L00y61,UM1 'l«lL el;ay61,UM1 
xeo·wvta ta!;woµo,'.lvtm XQ110LµOJtou.i1vtac; tri l:wf>uaoµtvq Ovoµatokoyl.a TJ oxol.a axotf.Atl eJtlO'TJ<; tri f36.ari tou teA.llM?W)(O'IJ 
&toµoAoytou. 
/3~ 
EBllTEPIKO EMIIOPIO 
Al4Q8ecoaq 'tcov £wnycoyca,v ,cum xi,e~ x~ ('teix~ "'~) 
l oc; etaf.eoc; 
2oc; etaf.eoc; 
Joe; etaf.eoc; 
~etaf.eoc; 
5oc; etaf.eoc; 
ailoL 
AU1Q8Qcooq 'tCOV *ycoyca,v ,cum~ x~ <-cetx~ n~> 
l oc; etaf.eoc; 
2oc; etaf.eoc; 
Joe; etaf.eoc; 
4oc; etaf.eoc; 
5oc; etaf.eoc; 
a)J..oL 
Structure of export by main partners 
In 1996 DE 
18.lo/o 
50.4% 
NL 
4.2% 5.0% IT 
16.7% 1993 
DE 
RU 
IT 
IR 
FR 
DE 
CN 
IT 
TR 
RU 1994 1995 
<JC JIO(lO(J(O 91, lWY ~ llW.)W\W\I 
15.8 DE 18 DE 17.5 
11.7 RU 13.8 IT 13.3 
9.4 IT 11.8 RU 12 
9.3 us 6.5 FR 5.2 
7.8 IR 6.2 us 4.1 
46 43.7 47.9 
OE ,WO: Oto 91, 100\I . .., yr»f(J1V 
14.3 DE 16.l DE 
8.6 IT 12.9 IT 
8.3 FR 5.1 FR 
5.7 CN 4.5 TR 
4.5 TR 4.1 NL 
58.6 57.J 
Structure oflmport by main partners 
In 1996 
45.9% 
KR FR 
3.811&.0% DE 
IT 
15.6% 
12.6% 18.l 
15.7 
5.8 
4.4 
3 
53 
Strudure of export by main par1ners in 1996 = 6.tf.te8eoxnl twv rI;p.ymyorv xatlt XlJ(>LOu:; Etal{>ou:; to 1996 
Structure of import by main partnas in 1996 = 6.tf.te8eoxnl twv el,{J(lyo,yorv xato. 'KU(>Lau:; tta(eou:; to 1996 
CN Ktva KR 6.T1J.l.0Xe<ltl.a t'llr; KOQror; 
DE reeµavf.a NL KatwX<.iJQa;; 
F'R foill.a RU Poxn:xl\ Oµ.ooxovol.a 
IR Io).aµa.,a\ 6.T1µo,<e<1tLa tou l¢v TR To'UQ)<La 
IT Jta).(.a us Hvmµtve.c; no>..Ltef.ec; POYMANIA 
1996 
DE 17.l 
IT 15.6 
RU 12.6 
FR 5 
KR 3.8 
45.9 
DE 18.l 
IT 16.7 
FR 5.6 
TR 5 
NL 4.2 
50.4 
/3) 
6 
POYMANlA 
KOINONIKOI AEIKTE!; 
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 
rn.q&oop.oc; flt\' 111 lavOOOQioo or.)(WMo; 
23192.27 2281 J.39 22778.53 22748.03 22712 
TI0000to 'tOO x)."°"6Jloi> ,cam '9AIXUI (flt" l11 l«VOOOQLOll 1995) OE JroOOOtO 91, 10U OU\OIJ.l(OII ~ 
0-14 EtciJv 20.8 
15 -24 EtciJv 16.7 
25-44EtciJv 28.3 
45 -64 EtciJv 22.4 
65 EtciJv xm QV(l) 11.8 
. ~ . 
rEWli<re~ t;cim(l)V 275275 260393 249994 246736 
f.lci'ffl'tOI 251760 263855 263323 266101 
f.lci'ffl'tOI~ 
-Katro tO\J 1 trou; 6258 6080 5822 5894 
-r£Wlloeu; 8v7Jo1.yevciJv 1910 1700 1582 1623 
fap.oL 183388 174593 161595 154221 
Aw.~i,yw. 37031 29290 31193 39633 
avw 
~o ,coaoato yu,uov 7.91 7.66 7.10 6.78 6.8 
A~o KOOOO'tO 6~""f'(l)V 1.6 1.29 1.37 l.74 l.5 
TiooOO'to ~ a~ 1.01 -0.15 -0.59 -0.8 
TIOOOO'tO ~ f1£fflv«CJU1><111Ci -17.44 -1.29 -0.86 -0.72 
I:vvw.uco llOOOO'tO (1~ x).q8oopoi, -16.43 -1.44 -1.44 -1.57 
I:vvw.uco llOOOO'tO yOVL~ 1.56 1.51 1.44 1.41 
TiooOO'to ~ 9vlto~ 22.73 23.35 23.29 23.89 21.2 
TIOOOO'tO ~ ~,,ni; °""°'~ 6.89 6.49 6.29 6.53 
TIQO<Jbmc(IJfUVll 6uxqxeaa ~ l«lTatTJyMIJOl'J 
-J\VOQa; 65.7 
-rwatxa; 73.4 
TIQO<Jb~ 6ux~w. ~15 OE IJM>UO 65 ttWV 
-J\v6Qa; 12.8 
-rwai.xa; 15.3 
ID.1J&oopo; flt\' 111 lavOOOQioo: Tl xa8a.eil µetaVUO't£UOll 'l«lL Tl m'.i;TICJ11/µtWXJ'll tou 1991 ey_ow EJtT1QOO.O'teL a.Jt6 matl.O'tl.XEC; bt.aqx)QEC; µetal;\l tCJJV 
extt¢1oewv :nl.118\x:Jµo,'.J avuµtaa oe boo a.Jtoy()(l~ xm tCJJV a.JtotrJ..eoµatCJJV 'tTlc; a.JtoyQO.q,ric; tou 1992. 
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oe. boo a.Jtoy()(l~ xa1. tCJJV a.JtotrJ..eoµatCJJV 'tTI<; a.Jtoy()(lq,ric; tou 1992. 
I:vvw.uco llOOOO'tO ~mg x)."°"6Jloi,: Tl aii;T!CJ11/µtLWO'rl 'tO\J 1991 fyp, f.Jtf1Qf.(l01'£L a.Jt6 O"(Q'tl.O'tl.XEC; bt.aqx)QEC; µetal;\l tCJJV ext4,U10e.CJJV :nl.118\x:Jµo,'.J 
avaµe.oa oe. boo a.Jtoy()(l~ xa1. tOJV a.Jtotu.e.oµatOJV 'tTlc; a.JtoyQO.q,ric; tou 1992. 
/3~ 
7 
l'OYMANlA 
ArOPA EPr iU;IiU; 
19')3 1994 l'J''5 ICJCH, 
I fooou,:;o oocovop.uc15 6Q«fmll>«'ma1:u~ (p.r,Oobol,,y,u A< >It;) fir noOKJIC'l'lo llllVQlOl,UllYlv,.L><Ut~<'t'\<UllllV I~ fllllV 
M.9 67.2 
Mfoq wmaxolq01J ocxwaoa; 
10062 10011 9493 
nooooro «vt:Q'Yt~ (p.d)obo)..oyi,a AO E) oc mxxxn6 '7o TOIi f{l\'UUXOIJ blMJI.U,XOIJ 
-:rwo}.o 8.1 8 
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10.4 10.9 9.5 
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-oeuxe1.a xat 11moµ.Ei.a 96.9 99.1 97.l 
-MmmotTJnx.tc; ~wµrixavi£c; 92.2 93.6 90.4 
-TTUQ<lYOJYll XUL OLUVOµit TJAoctet'Xll<; EVE{?YEL<l<;, <pUOLX.O'\J Uf.{?LOlJ XUL 100.2 103.9 JOO.I 
100'{~ 
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-ME'tU<pO()(l, cuto9itXf'l)(}lJ XUL EJUXOLVllNW 94.3 94.5 95.5 
Adx,:;~ p.qvwi,rov ap.o'4kin' xm p.L08(1)V 
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-ovoµaonx.oL 296.5 237.7 148.9 
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15 E'tciN. Amo TO JtOOOO'tO Jt{_)O'><Ult:'tEL a:n:6 'tTJV E~ (EQElJVU f.{?YU'tLXO'\J 01JVUµLXOU), µ.E f36.0TJ 'tOlJ<; ax.6}.o1J0ouc; oetoµouc; XUL OlJO'tOOEtc; 'tOlJ 
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it-rm: (i) ocv tx,mN q_iynoi.tt• (ii) uvut;nrn1,v r.vq_iy(1 q_iyuo1.<t· xm (iii) dvm r.TOLJ.ut vu nvuM1j~n,v q_iyno{n Jti:on oc tvn tlt:xtlJt.t:vOitJU:(_)O. 
I IOOOO't0 <l\lEQ'Y~ (p.r,Ooboi..oyi.u AOI•:): mm'> '{() JlOOOO'tO Jl{_)OX11JLTCL (1Jl0 'tTJV El0\ (4_>t1JV(1 t:(_)yunx.o,, ClNUµL'X.<)'U), µr. r3c':tol] tmx; (l')(.()A,Ol,()ouc; 
oewµou; XUL OWtOOCtc; TOlJ t\OE (~EJtE O{_)Wf.lO'\Jc; TOU L\OE JlU(>ClJLOVW). 
Mt01J «ffl1oX&1101J: yw -ra ETTJ 1993, 1994 xat 1995, -ra ITTOLXEl.<1 uvuqieoVTm OTIJ µTJ ITTQ<lTI.WTLXll a:n:aoxoATJOTJ :n:ou :n:emru:rc-rEL cmo: 
• E{>E1JV<l OE EltLXfieTlO~ :n:ou Jtf.{?LAUµf3avouv: 
-6}.ec; 1tc; mtxeierioetc; µ.E 200 Tl :n:r.ewoo-reeouc; f.{?YUl;,oµtvouc;, 
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* OLOL'Kl'JTLxic; JtT]yEc; . 
.AJ'C6 TO 1995 xat µeta, Ta O'tOLXfl.a avuqieoVTm O'tTJ ouvoALXll a:n:aoxoATJOTJ ( ouµxr.eLAaµf3avoµtvON 'tllN £V6:n:AllN ouvaµ.EllN) nou 
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[LU TO 1996, 'ta E'£Tl0Ul O'tOLXfl.a µiOTJc; a:n:aoxoATJOTJc; OEV EtVUL OLU0fotµa, MM TU tetµTJVL<li.a O'tOLXfl.a YL<l TO 1996 ELVUL OLU0EOLJ.1Cl: 
1 o TQLµnvo 1996 9896 
2o-reLµt1vo 1996 11410 
30 't(>tµTJVO 1996 11543 
4o -reLµrivo 1996 11592 
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To :n:ooomo UVE{?Y1.<1c; u:n:o}.oytt,ETm µ.E f3c':tOTJ To µT) O't(l<lTWYn'X.<> tv[(ly6 JtAT)Oooµ.6. 
At:,xt:~ p.qvw,rov ap.o'4kin' )((IL JUo8wv: 0 uet0µrinx.6c; Of.LxtTJc; J.l.TJVL<lt01V .lf£}tl)'µaTIXlllYUf.l04X!N xtlL µwO<iN Jt(>OXUlt'tEL a:n:6 'tTJ bLUteEOTJ TOlJ betxtT] 
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-roµi,a XUA'Ult'tmN: 6hc; nc; rJtLXt:L(.>itOt:tc; µr. 200 it Jtr.(_)1.0<><>Tt:(_)01,c; q_iynt;o1u':vou:; xm UV'tlJL(.>OO(llJtt:1mx6 <'>dyµtt yu1 1:JLLXf.l.{.>TJOttc; I.1.C 
ALyo-rq_>0uc; cut6 200 ceyut;oµ.i:vou;. 
8 (d 
107.5 
149.3 
POYMANIA 
AIIMOl:IA OIKONOMIKA 
199(J 1991 1992 1993 l«N4 ____ j 199!-i 
KQa'tuc~ ,rc,o\brOAoyt~ ''° r>1Ult11fJl!l-1.<1 riMNJ111'\t.tl<11tlltl(. 
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-EVOJtOl,TJ~ &mave,; ><NC(>LxrJc; OLOLXJJOl]<; 289.87 779.98 2406.03 6311.76 15913.1 
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-EvOJtmf)µtvo tllf4,4,IU I JO.e6vaoµa ><NC(>LXIJ<; owl.xri01Jc; 8.04 42.83 -205.56 77.41 -1028.8 
-'0J.f4,4,1U / J0.£6vaoµa bl)µoolou 8.72 44.82 -198.95 CJ7.89 -971.:n 
KQa'tUCoS xec,'fflo)..oyUJ~ °'"°'toll <lXIJUaec,awu ~ xeo·li:Mo(; 
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-EvOJtOtTJ~ oamtve,; OfJf.lOOLO'U 38.8 37.5 41.1 33.3 34.0 
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9 
POYMANIA 
XPHMATOOIKONOMIKO:E TOMEJU; 
1990 1991 1992 1995 
NOf&wpu,:uccx P£"(i8q 6LOD«ll0!.lf.L'-'el(l (1<>"9) A 
-Noµwµanxo µty£8oc; MI 2.57 2.75 
-QLCM(. Y,Q11µa 3.46 4.34 
I:vvo).uccx uo8tpam (6ev ,.:qpllaJl4'avna, 0 xeoo~ m~ Elail0!.lf.L1Jtll,<l(IQA6) 
fl)(; fftQIOOOO) 
2086 1579 
Mtoo IIQ(xX"ffQC)Owpa t,11,:oxui 91,lQ 
-ext.t6xt.o 6avewµov 
-ext.t6xt.o 'XC1ta0toewv 
&,mow ~••uco t,11,:oxw <1:u~ fl5 ffr,(>ui6oo) 70 58 35 
I:""'1.Uaypa,:~ IOO't'f'i.~ 60).aei.oo I mA I oo>... IUIA• ... ROL 
Mtooc; 6eoc; TTJc; JUQI.OOO'U 307.95 760.05 1655.09 2033.28 
TO.oc; TTJc; xeet.Mou 460 1276 1767 2578 
I:""'1.Uaypa,:~ wo-np.i.~ ECU IB::U• ... ROL 
Mtooc; 6eoc; TTJc; JUQI.OOO'U 28.563 94.659 399.751 890.018 1980.655 2659.551 
TO.oc; TTJc; JUQI.OOo'U 47.320 253.436 557.014 1423.598 2173.478 3388.111 
KamyE"feaP.pivq avqrti.a (,:u~ fl5 ,t:tQl.0600): Xq,jµa (Ml): ltf.QI.Mlµf3avtL nc; 'XClta0toEt.c; 6$:ox; 'XClL TO v6µwµa (xeilµa) xou '3(>1.m<E'rm tl;w ax6 
tt.c; tewul;t;t;;. 01m'Ei X(!IIIUl'. xeel.Mlµt3avtt. Tt.c; xeo0EOµt.a~ 'XClta0toEt.c;, tt.c; 'XClta0EOEt.c; TaµU:.--utlJQLO'U 'XClt. Tt.c; 'XClta0toEt.c; OE l;tvo v6µwµa. 
H EUROSTAT txft. µetaTQ£'\VEL ta E0vt.xa voµioµma OE ooMQl.(1 HTTA E<JXl.Qµ.61;ovmc; tt.c; ETiJo~ owall.ayµan~ woti,µl,Ec; tO.ouc; 
JUQI.OOo'U tO'U ~i.eevou; Noµwµanxou Taµdou. 
I:vvo).uccx uo8ipam (6ev ~~VEm, o w,o~ m~ fl5 ,t:tQ'°6oo): 0t. otatt.OTL~ yl.(1 ta f.JtW'llµa Cfl.NO.A.myµanxa axo0tµata mµf36.vovtm 
ax6 tt.c; f..lJlVUlU'.<; ot.E0vEtc; XQT1µatoo1.xovoµi,~ cnatt.OTL~ (~l:) tou 6.NI'. Ta O'\No)..1.xa axo0tµma (µti ltf.QI.M1J.q3avoµtvoo too XQWOU) 
oefJ;ovtm ox; to owo)..o TON l;tvON voµwµ'1tON (CJ'I.J\IO).)..ayµa) xou 'XCltt:x,ow 0t. xevtQt.xtc; tQ('m:rl;t;t;; 'XClL TON )..omc.ov (a'XC10<'1Qt.0t0N) 
cmat.t110EON tvaVTL µt) µ6vt.µWV 'XClTOLXWV TJj.lfOClJtlJ<;. Am6<; 0 0Qt.0µ6c; QltOXA.eL£L Tt.c; cmat.t110Et.c; £'VClVTL µ6vt.µ<.tN 'XClTOL'X.OJV TJf.l.l'-OClJtll<; JtO'U 
exq¢l;ovtm oE l;tvo v6µwµa. l:Uf.l.(IXl)V(l µe tov OQt.0µ6, ta £.JtW'llµa Cfl.NO.A.Mlyµanxa axo0tµata '\JJio)..oyfJ;ovtm µe fx'!OTJ tt.c; 
O'\.JVClll.ayµan~ woti,µl,Ec; 'XClL T~ TTJ<; ayOQ(lc;, xou wxfuw ow tO.oc; TTJc; un:6 El;haOTJ xeet.Mou Ta O'\No)..1.xa axo0tµata (µti 
xeel)..ai.q3avoµtvou TO'U XQOOOU) JtO'U OT)f.lOOLE'UOVTQL ott.c; ~l: µJtOQEL va 01.(lqi{?ow ax6 Ta OTOLX£1.a JtO'U OTJf.lOOLe'UOVTOL ax6 Tt.c; E0vt.~ ~-Mee1.xot Jtae(iyovtt;t;; xou ~ow OTTJV eµq:6.vLOTJ xt.0avc.ov 01.(l(J)OQW'V etva1. TJ al;t.0MYTJOTJ TTJc; axo0Eµanxric; 8tOTJc; oto Taµeto 
')(QI, TJ 01.(l<po(>ETLX!l avtLµtT<o:ltLOTJ tON ClJtaLtllOEWV OE µt1 µetatQ£'1PLµa voµioµata. 
I:""'1.Uaypa,:~ wo,:,p.~ 6o).aeioo HTIA: Cfl.NO.A.Mlyµan~ t.OOTl,J.U,Et; tou ~i.eevou; Noµwµanx.ou Taµt:LO'U, 6Jtox; Jta{>O'UOwl;ovtm OTTJV EXOOOT): 
"Statistiques Financieres Intema1ionales". 1996 
2.77 
4.75 
2103 
35 
3085.39 
4035 
4740.472 
5055.815 
IV/ I 
10 
IIAllf)UPll:MOl: (JU~'tuf'oli; OE 6W.O'ttJf1U 12 flf1V(1,v) 
lav. cl>~. M~. A,a:Q. Ma~ louv. (oil).. Ai,y. 
1993 
1994 272.0 264.l 260.9 248.l 180.2 172.5 144.5 124.6 
1995 57.3 50.6 40.5 34.6 29.6 28.0 26.0 28.2 
1996 28.3 28.7 34.2 33.8 43.9 44.2 
Inflation(% change of CPI) 
300.0 
250.0 
200.0 
150.0 
100.0 
50.0 
0.0 
Inflation(% change of CPn = ffi.TJ&JQWµ.6c; (1,1£taf3o).11 % tov A TK) 
Jan-94 = lav.-94 
Mar=MOQT. 
May=Mawc_; 
Jul= lo'UA.. 
Sep=l:EJn. 
Nov=Notµf3e. 
Jan-95 = Iav. -95 
Jan-96 = Iav. -96 POYMANIA 
:Eem. ~-Not~. ADC. 
110.4 88.8 70.l 61.7 
25.3 24.3 25.8 27.8 
45.3 47.4 56.9 
nAHf>ilPil:MOl: (~ m 6"1at11JU1 12 f'IJV(l)V): ta Jwooota XA.TJ0ooewµov (µ£ta.f3oA.t(; oE Ot.6.0TTJµa 12 µtJVci>v) O'lMO'tavtm OTTJV 
EmTOOTLai.a µ£taf3o).11 TCIJV ATK 'XilTO. TOV T(>fXOVTU µtlVO. OE oxtoTJ !-l£ TOV aVTLOTOLXO µtlVO. TOlJ lt(>OTJYOtJµeVOlJ ttou;. Ta JtOOOOTO. 
XA.T]Ow(>wµoiJ j3ao{l;,ovtm otou; E0vtxou; ATK, OL OJtOWL OEV ELvo.L aJt6A.ma cn.,yxetoLµOL O'\JtE 1,1£ta.l;tl TCIJV EJtLµteou; UltO'\V'l<pl,llJV XOOQCOV 
O'\JtE µ£ tau; Evo.eµovwµtvou; Aet,ae; Ti,µ.ci,v Katavo.A.OJtlj TTJc; EE (xeTJOLµOJtOLTJOTI OLaqx>(>ETLXWV µ£86owv, EWOLC.OV '){(IL :n:ect'KtLXWV yw 
TOV UJto).oywµ.6 TCIJV A TK). 0 JtA.T]Ow(>Wµ.6c; (µ£taf3o).t(; OE OtaOTT]µa 12 µtJVCOV) j3ao{l;,ETUL OE Oeboµtva TOV AOE. 
II 
BIOMHXANIA 
1993 1994 1995 1996 
Aui(IOocooq ,:ou AEYXll ,ca,:a oucovop.uc~ bQQCffllQU>nJ'tr..t; (NACE, ,:Qi:xouor'i u~) (l[ltOOO(Jt('.)9',,ou EY)(!I\JIOVX{XilOV'CQ\; 
-OeUX£1.a xm Mltoµci.a 32.8 33 
-M£tWtoLT1tLx.tc; f3tolUJXUVi.r.c; 26.6 28.7 34.6 
-TlaeaYll1'fl1 )((lL OWVOµTI T1A.E'>ct{>LX11r;; cvr,eyi:wr;;, <pUOLXOlJ Uf.(_lLOlJ )«LL lixttor;; 3.9 4.2 
At:ix-ra:; oy,cou JLOp.1JXUVUff5 ffl1QQ'Y~ ,cam mf;cu; NACE x~hoc;-100 
-:twoko IOI.I 103.3 109.4 
-OeUX£1.a xaL Mltoµt:i.a 98.6 101.8 99.4 
-MEtWtoLT1tLxic; f3toµ'lxavi.Er;; 100.7 103.8 112.1 
-OaeayllTfl1 xaL OWVOµT1 '1A.E')(({?LX11r;; E\lteYEWr;;, <pUOL'XO'\J UE{?LO\J )((lL ooator;; 106.9 99.9 103.3 
· AuioOoeooq ,:ou AEYXfl ,ca,:a oucovop.LXr'i bQQCffllQWfll1:r..t; (NA< ~E, ,:Qi:xoour'i "'Jl.f'i): oo1¢~ttm oc fktotxir;; nµtr;;. Alto to 1995 ta ITTotxi:i.a. yLU nr;; 
µEtwtOLT1tLxic; f3LOµTJXUVi.Er;; OvµJtE{?LMl~VOW w; cl;<ll)U)({Lxic; )(£1L katoµtxtc; O{_Xl(Jt'l]{_)I.Ot'l]tcr;;, nr;; µctaJtoL'l]tLxir;; f3wµ11xavLEr;; )(£1L t'l]V 
rr.ae<>Xl1 TIAE')(({?LX!lr;; EVieYEWr;;, <pUOL'XO'\J arewv )(UL oontor;; er+~+ E=owoko t'l]r;; f3LOf.l.TIXUVi.ar;;). 
&£ix,:.:; oy,coo 1'LOJ1.11X«VLX,ic; 1CC1QQY~ xam ,:~Eat; NACE: Tl f3wµ11xavLX11 Jta{XlYC11'fl1 xaA.iottEL nr;; cl;<ll)U)({Lxic; xaL Mttoµtxir;; OQ<lOl'l(lLOt'l]tcr;;, 
t~ µEtwtOL'l]tLx.tc; f3toµ'lxavtcr;; ')((1L t'l]V Jta(lOXll 'IJA.C"Xt(lLX!lr;; EVE{YYELUr;;, <pUOLXOlJ UC(li.oll )(UL "\X)(lt(x; (Ol'ltqXlJV(l µc tou:; tttA.mx; r. /\ )(UL E t'l]r;; 
ovoµatokoyi.ar;; NACE). OL odxtcr;; f3tolU"JXUVLXTlr;; JtC1(.>C1Ytl1'fl1r;; moA.oy~ovtm 1.u: (½011 l'IJV 1JALX11 f3L01111xavLXT1 mtc_)(lyrnyq 6<Xl Jt.q_>i.11.01, 
avttJt()OOCJJTt£UtLxciJV Jt()0°U)vt(JJV )(UL oµ(J.~OJ\I Jl.{_)0°ic'>vtON otaOµw1.ti:vc1JV 1u: t'l]V JL(lOOTLOf1.1.1'.V'IJ (l~Ul 1991 or. nµf.c; 01mr).ccrniN JL<l(.XtyrnyrJc;. 
YUOAOMH 
198.5 1990 1995 1996 
IEXAµ.O\O 1000 km2 
47.4 47.7 
72799 72859 
10 36 
109.9 
99.3 
112.5 
101.7 
/itJ 
12 
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 
F.oo~ bmxoq ,cam ,caqyO()~ uni~'Y15 OE~tx;OOO{ll,(l 
-owo).o 23839 23839 23839 23839 23839 
-yw>QYL,a\ "ft'I 14790 14793 14798 14797 14743 
-MOTi 6682 6681 6680 6680 
-aeo-ceau; yau; 9357 9341 9338 9337 9336 
-µm,4J(l ).~1.(1,«IL fk>mt6l<>JtoL 4830 4852 4872 4890 4869 
rt.COQYue11 'A ,cum vOJWCo MUOECnWli ot :J[()(D rlX'l 91, tric; yruwiaic; yr)(; 
-,q_,atL,a\ eJtLxuertOTI 30 30 28 
-O'lNE'tal{>1.0µot 12 12 12 
-allT) 58 58 60 
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 
Mteibw -rov AEnll OE xoroat6 91, tou ~= ~ x(!o'wvroi; 
-fE<ll()YW, 8i)(.Xl, 6aoo,«>µia mt W.LtW (NACE A+B) 21 19.9 19.9 19.3 
~t«x;-100 
A£,~ O'fl(OV mca8«QICJ't'IIS "(E(l)lr(~ ffllQO,"(~ 110.2 100.2 104.5 101.8 
K~,call~ pe r,aoq fl1V b«aoq OE l(WQOtx; OOO{ll,<l 
-OT)µt)lQ1.<1x'1 5151.5 6383 6553 6438.6 5847.2 
EX tWV OJtoi.wv: oi.toc; 1460.8 2281.6 2412.2 2480.8 1780.6 
-mtatec; 219 249 249 244 257 
-t;axa,eotrorw )80 97 130 )33 136 
-XTI)VOl(.)O<J)l,XQ teirrAO. 47 42 39 40 39 
K~ ,callligyEU',; J&t: f',cioq fl1V ffllQ(l'YOrfli (Wl:00001)) or.rxa't6>a.A.a/oct<l{ll.O 
-OT}µt)lQI.C1x'1 21.3 24.2 27.7 30.8 24.3 
ex twv OJtoi.wv: oltoc; 22.0 23.3 25.4 30.9 )7.66 
-Jtatate(; 1)8.9 149.0 118.5 123.6 139.5 
-t;axa,eotrorw 161 182.8 212.6 199.3 209.6 
-Xl1JVOlQO(PLXQ tMAO. 268.7 326.3 309.2 270.6 
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 
n«o).11~ 11 ffQOtlti(tWX ~ fl£ KQOOQWJW fl1V Oqxl,'YII OE,,_--.,, -... ., .,, 
-XO{e<>L 646 618 561 594. 
-fx>oobt\ 330 340 298 303 
-~LXQ 163 123 152 159 
'Evmoq ~ tpucoi, xEqw.a,oo (-ru~ ~ 2tEQu>600) x.eq,6)..Laa\G 1000 ::-:-"~-=-:::.::;-,::::;;~ 
-jx>oEl.011 243 235 236 250 
-fX tWV OJtOi.wv: ayfMOE; 121 121 122 133 
-~ta 773 736 702 663 
KIJpa}J.a Q\Q 1000 OOO{ll,<laec,t~ )'I')(; 
-XO{e<>L 991 830 853 
dui(.18Q(OOII 'tot, AEnll ,cam OLXOVOJUXi.c; 6QO,O't'IIQ~ (NACE, 'tQ£'XO\l~ upr.c;):-exq¢1;erat OE fncmw; tLµtc;. 
Ad~ O'fl(OV a~ 'YW>«rf~ ,meay(l)"f1);: ta OlOLXti.a un:o).oyll;ovtat i3aOEL lO\J Jt()OTIYO'UJ.lf'VO\J ttot;. l'UYMANIA 
n(I)).~ 11 ffQOtl,ti(tEW ~ pe ffQOOQUJJW 'nl OqxJ,'YII: ta O't0LX£La avuqieovtat O'ttc_; rm,).qtn:~yw>Q'VL'>W:N XQC)IOVtWV E')(t'6<; tO\J Tf.1211,Ultoc; 01: 
fE<ll()'Y{a, 
13 
POLAND 
UKRAINE 
"HUNGARY \ ,,,-· '~ . ',_r-1 
/, "( SUCEAVA \-"i ) J <_..-,· MARAMUR~--.,____ _,..--·'\ IASI e l .r ) ,-..--- " 
SA. TU MARE1· / ( --~ / ·--...._/( _,,, __ )',/'\/--" 
------. I_./'-_ __...._ --<. r. BISTRITA.NAsA~ NEAMT ~ ---/'-.} ~\ ( / ( 
/ SALAJ / "> j \ '\ __ F VASLUI 
L I \ - \ ~.,;---- " -" ; I \ " '> ,.r✓ ' 1 / BACAU '\ ,\ __ • )-- I • -
) • \ / ~ -----7\ r-<_ Cl.W < MURES d,. HARGHITA ,.--// ( \ 
BIHOR \-.. ,..1 /\ . \ / ,~-----, r I '?-Li" ~"-, \ " ",~\ "--;; / \ GALATI 
---l.._ ALBA ) \/";f ~ ',. l ~ ,J { \~VASNA VRANCEA \ J 
ARAD ;· ~ ( > BRASOV '-X -~-, ✓~--t \, ( • ~ ·· TULCEA " __ J'- -. r SIBIU _)-----..,, ,,_ ~ BUZAU /_J \) '-"-_/ '-0 "; \ \ _,...--- I ,_/\\ \ ~ 
L • 1 _./' \ l "- ~....._ ', BRAILA 
• TIMIS )'-./ "°'"'HUNEDOARA~ VILCEA I ARGES .) \PRAHOV~ i ..r--✓'r:_j--.-V_,,-~ r---' ( .------\ \ \ o ,-r'~~ '\ ~CA~~~-: OOIU / /~ \ OIM~~OMITA -----;J •' 
I \_ \ \ \ ), ,,. BUCURES11 / , ._J ~-.. J _), \_~'{'-\ ·~At{l"A -/ CAI.ARASI 
I ~;:, 't OLT I i -> • ,,\. I> \ 
( ) ,/' 
- ( l_ 
DOW 
YUGOSLAVIA 
BULGARIA Legend: Romania 
1994 
N Country boundary 
N Region boundary 
COUNTRY NAME 
REGION NAME 
CITYNAME 
Selected major settlements: 
(1 000 Inhabitants) 
O 200: 250 
• 250-500 
 500-1000 
 >1000 
General information about the country: 
Age groups On years): 
C=:J <15 
11111 15-65 
1111 >65 
Living standard (in 1993): ECU 975 
(GDPperoapla) 
Area: 238 391 km2 
Administrative regions: 41 
Population: 22 730 600 
Sounle:NlllanaOOlffllllllantDrSIIIIIIIDa 
~andgaograplllctnfanllllon .......... al800 
0 60 1601an 
~ 

UKRAINE Romania 
1994 
N C9Untry boundary 
N Main railway line 
Ferry connection 
N Motorway 
N National road, Double lane 
N National road· 
N Principal road 
N ·Main na'ligable waterway 
lnfras1rucbn data not available for UA and MD 
Selected major settlements: 
(1 000 inhabitants) 
o-200-· 250 
• 250-500 
 500-1000 
 •· >.1000 
General infonnation about the country: 
Age groups ~n years): 
CJ <15 
Ill 15-65 
1111 >65 
Living standard (in 1993): ECU 975 
(caDPs-oaplla) 
Area: 238 391 km2 
Administrative regions: 41 
Population: 22 730 600 
8ourm: NllllaNIOClllffllllon tarSllllllllcs ~arld ........ lnfannlllDnrmi...,,•ltGIICO 
0 50 160km 
~ 


ISSN 0254-1483 
COM(97) 2003 tEALXO 
ErrPA<I>A 
GR 11 01 06 
Agt8. xataAoyov CB-CO-97-383-GR-C 
ISBN 92-78-22960-1 
Y:itl]QEola Emotjµoov Ex6ooeoov toov Eugoo:n:ai:xcbv Kmvottitoov 
L-2985 Aou;eµ~ougyo