EIIITPOIIH TON EYPOIIAiKON KOINOTHTON 
Bpu~elle<;, 15.07.1997 
COM(97) 2004 ,: el uc6 
rvroµt} 'tt}; Ent'tQOfft1; 
yta 'tflV «t't1J611 ffQO<JXWQtJOtJ; 
'ttJ~ l:to~ax ta; O'ttJV EuQrona·.:x11 'Evroa11 

A. Ell:AfQfH 
a) IlQOAoyo; 
H at triori J'CQOOXWQllOll<; 
To rcA.ai.mo tric; yvwµric; 
To rcegtexoµevo tric; yvwµric; 
(J) l;xta1:t; µna;i, tt]~ EvQro:rta"ix11; 'Evroa11; xm 'tt]; l:1.,o(Jaxi.a; 
Iotog1,x6 xm yewrcoA.1, i:tx6 rcA.ai.ow 
H 8ea11 1:11c; LA.oBaxLac; 6aov acpoga triv Eugwrca·t:xit 'Evwo11 
LUµBatLXE<; oxfoeu; 
Ilgoevta1;wxit atgatriytxit 
Eµnogtxec; axfoetc; 
fevtxit extLµrio11 
B. KPITHPIA UPOI:XUPHI:Hl: 
1.1 A11µoxQ«tia xm V:rt£QOX1] 'tOV btxai.ov 
Ogyavwori tou Km voBouAtou xm i:ric; voµo0ett.xitc; cl;ouotac; 
Ae1, tOUQyi.a tou KOL voBouAi.ou 
OQY<lVWOfl tric; EXtEAWtLXi\c; ~ouotm; 
AeL tougyi.a tric; exteA.eottx.itc; ~ouoi.ac; 
Ogyavwori tric; btxaottxitc; e1;ouotac; 
Aet ·wugyi.a i:ric; bl.xaonxitc; e1;ouotac; 
1.2 Atxatroµata 't01' «V8QO>:rt01' Xat :rtQOO''t«O'tU 't(J}V f.1£tOVO't1]'troV 
A toµLxa xm J'COAL tLX<l btxmwµata 
Otxovoµtxa, xot vwvtxa xm JtoAL twttxa btxatmµai:a 
~Lxmwµai:a xm ngootaai.a tcov µewvoti\tcov 
1.3 r£VtX1] £X'tl,f.11)01] 
2. Oueovoµtxa XQt'tt]Qt« 
2.1 H OtXOVOf.ltX'I] X«'tClO'tUO't] 
revtx6 nA.ai.ow 
EAeu0eQcoori tric; OLxovoµi.ac; 
Lta0eQOJtoi.riori tric; OLxovoµtac; 
~LUQ0QCOtLXE<; aAAayec; 
XQriµatOJtLOtCOtLx6c; toµfoc; 
OLxovoµLxit xm XOL VCOVLX'Y) UVUJtt'U~ll 
ii 
!!! 
n1nri~9 ~x1rioA.01.oorih V 
Snnyi;>cbon l}.x111"{01! mx l}.x111"{01! l}.x1a31ro~3 l}.Mo)I 
DJ3ACT)"{3J. 
lt~Ctl'.l£l)A V 
Sno9X0 S9'X1TIOAO'X10 SJ3A831Q 1D'X 01a91.C'ri3 
5~X111"(01C 5~X103l.ro~3: 
513.0~Q0lCC\ 5~X103J.(l).03 11),C hA.9,001DX1V 
A(J)lCT)"{DADlDX ACT)l D10Dl00all 
A0"{"{1;>g1a3 u 
A.O'ft~~1031C 1DX 51;1.ro~ n1h191ou 
l}.XoMtO 1D'X l}.X.111"{0'.l! l}.xm3a3ch1a3IJ 
S13099oun S9x1AroA1ox mx ltolt"{9Xon'.l!V 
~XOAC\.O ~X1A(l)A10X 1DX ~X1TIOA.OX1Q 
S1301}.anX1m 531D03ri mx S9ax1w 
S9aochDl3W 
D13A.a9A'.3: 
D131"{V 
n1A.aro3J 
D1ADXltri01g 
5~X1l.1"(0U 5~X»3TIO.L 
S9'X11011D1~ 
n1A.o"{oaocI> 
ltoroA3, l}.x11nri01riON 1D'X l}.xniOAOX1Q 
Sn.o~ooun S~x1rioA.01.oorillq mx S~x1tioA.ox1O 
Sn9rio1 S9x11onoxnox11uo 
531A(T}A 10X11C3"{UJ. 
U~Clllfl)AD l}.X1AO"{0AX3l 1D'X DAct3a3, 
D1D"{03A 1DX lto11al)lDX 'U0Ct3Q1D'.l!X3 
A<91aochoalt"{'.l! A(T}l D1A{T}l\10)1 
n1tio10A.m}I 
S9rio1AroA.n1Ay 
ltoltri11x3 l}.X1A3J -
A(T}'.1!(900a'.l! n1aomO"{X.Cl'X Lta38(),3"{3 -
A(9103altmt n1aocbO"{'XCl'X ua38(),3"{3 -
A011l>"{Dm3X P1aomO"{'XCl'X ua30(),3"{3 -
A(Ol~nict3ao'.l!ri3 n1aomO"{'XCl'X ua3Q(),3"{3 -
0101D"{'.l! 9'X1A3J -
S31a30n3"{3 s1a30091 10 
»OOA."'.O S1oroX ~oo.A.n 1;tx1ouro.03: 
Sno"!~rl no1 Aro:JD(?lOXoun Aro1 Sluftll "!~AD n1h19A»x1 
• hohti11xa 1;tx1A.3.J 
531lt19ma31oa1£ mx 59x111£ooau 
S1;>aoA.n Slt1 
A(T}3Til)AClQ A(T}l 1DX i\{T}30911£ A(9'X1101i\CT)AD1AD i\{T}l Slt011£(913TI11AD D1Ul()ADX1 H 
Sl)aOAD Slt1 Sn1rioAOX10 Sl}.x1J-.ano113"{ Lt~aD1£'), H 
l}.A.roA.n013 
Sll.oho«,X.ooou Sh11;txuuooou Ahl. 9icn n1tioA.OX10 H 6.£ 
·s·£ 
L.£ 
9·£ 
s·£ 
t,·£ 
£.£ 
Z-£ 
r£ 
.£ 
£.'Z 
z·z 
~ 11µoowvoµtx6c; fA£yxoc; 
. En:LJtt000£Lc; O'tOV JtQO'H:TtoA.oywµ6 
4.1 AtotXtJ'ttxt~ boµ.t~ 
4.2 A1.0tX1J'tLX1J xm btxaaux11 1.xa.vO'tfl't« 
4.3 rEVLX'I) EX'tl.fJ.1)61) 
f. DEPIAH'PH KAI :EYMDEPA:EMA 
n ««1«Q't1JJJ.«'t« 
Luv8eo11 tou Km voBouktou 
EVl,(1L(1 UYOQO.: ME'tQU Arnxou Bl,BA.LOU 
L'tU'tLO'tLXCl O'tOLXELU 
iv 

SWEDEN 
RUSSIA 
BELARUS 
UKRAINE 
.:'.:'i{f(~~ 
·, -_____________ _ 
......... -........ .. 
:-· ----------.. -.... _-_-___ _ 
. , ____________________ _ 
·:; -:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-: 

11• Mpacnx l\.(l)1<blpft01m M011D'K 009 SltO(Ol\.'3, Slt1 0091 I\.Oag<hrkw 01 soa1.e 
opX101D 091UTI11X31\.C\D QX111\.Drilto O'Y_'Y_r) DI\? J3Y.3101ID ltoroal}.y_xoy_o l}.XJ.D1C<Oan3 
Lt 130"-Cl.QDagura DI\ SJaroX lty_?ri D?"-1301}.cboaaolID DI\ SltD<Ol\.'3, 51.tl D1U191\.DX1 H 
·Suoro/\.9 
Sl}.x11nri01rio/\. mx Sl}.x1ri0Aox10 'Sl}.x111-y_oic Slt1 AroX910 /\.cn1 Ltolt.19901n /\.lt.l mx 
l\.<OJOlCO l\.<01 ().~Dl3ri '5ctoy_9ri C\01 SnoqnaXoicn 511 139r)'Y_DI\.D DI\ DlU1QI\.DX1 I\.Ul -
· Slt.oro/\.3, Slt.1 D1DJD"{1.C DlD Sl)aoA.D 
Slt.1 /\.003ril)AO.Q 1\.001 mx Slt.o3J1C Sl}.x1101MoA.D1/\.D Slt.1 Slt.omcp13ri11/\.D n1lt.19/\.nx1 
I\.Ul 1DX Scpenx '13A.ano113'Y_ DI\ C\01.C Sr)aoA.D Slt.1 5DJTIO/\.OX10 Lt.~aDlCC). /\.Ul -
· /\.0011}10/\.O13rl 
l\.(l)l DJOD1ooaic I\.Ul 1DX QTIODg'aD 01 1DX D1DTI(!)1DX1Q D/\.11C(!)a0/\.D Dl 'O.OJDX1Q 
So1~ax 01 'DJ1Daxorilt.q lt.1 1D11\.(!}Cl.Al\'3 C\01.C l\.(!)TI030 /\,(l)l n1lt.19a30D10 lt.1 -
:13X().111.C3 HX9 DI\ 1DlJ311DlCD 
ua9>X m<hl}.<fl.01.C(t Lt 'l}.Xo13ririctD lu D1J ·S130~001.C{1,0al.C 5?X111'Y_01.C mx S9X1TIOI\.OX10 
S31\.3rl~tol 1D1ID 511 Joalt.y_ic I\.ODQcb3 l}.qny_Ltq 'Snoy_}ri C\01 5130cp3aXo1Cct 511 139r)'Y_DI\.D 
DI\ l}.ADX1 1DI\.J3 no naq)X Ul\.9TI3Q3Q/\.C\D DJri C\01.C l}.riA.110 Lt1 91ID 130Lt.101eo1nr1A.Da1C 
no lt.ouacJ3Xooau H ·Suorol\.'3, Sl}.XJ.Dmoan3 Slt1 lt.y_9ri I\.C\01\.JA ne l\.().Olin91m 
01 (tolC Slticcpact3 51}.X'l'Y_OlDI\.V mx Sl}.x1a11\.3)1 Stu S3a(J)X S31\.9TI3Q3Q/\.C\O 10 .. 
:119 m13a~cbn"'n '£661 no1 
011\.().01 1\.01 'Slt.A.l)XA.31£0)1 Slt1 nonnoglict~ ().OXJ_D'.1£(l)act3 C\01 n1nrlor)a31.Crlno Dl~ 
·Lt.oro"-3, Lt 30LtA.a0,01rllt.q o.ou SnJa3rlltct3 mx Sn1lt19a39n10 'Slt/\.l}.a13 oa(!)X 1\.010 
l\.'),Oaroxooau 1DX 'mA9ax ·ot 91.CD oa319001a:m 303xal}.19 DJ0'.1£0 Lt. 'noapult Slt.1 
lw3aJD1Q lt.1 So.01 rooJlC /\.0.01\.1}.dm Slmcpao.3 Sl}.x1y_o1n/\.y mx Sl}.x1a1/\.3)1 Slt1 S3a(!)X 
10 SDJ0'.1£0 Slt1 roo9rl SDpaoic Sl}.x1ao101 Smri Dril}.ril Sm 139uaro39 DI\ 131.qalC 
SDJXDgoy_~ SI.ti lt.ouacpxooaic H "/\.(!)arox /\,(l)/\.9TI3Q3Q/\.C\O D9/\./\.3 /\,(l)l.C10"{Q1.CC\ /\,(l)l 
Snol}-1 m 511 3rl ny_lty_y_-i;>anu 1D13~l)l3~ 5DJxngoy_~ Slt1 SltouacpXooau ltolt.1 JD H 
511ti(!)AA. Sh1 01DlD"(lt OJ. 
"l66 l (tol 011\.C,tOI 1\.01 3Xlt9cpauy_xoy_o mx 966 l (t01 011ar)w 
1\.01 301Xa1) DJOlCO Lt Sltcf\.3XDr)1(} Sl}.x11Ltl\.a3gctxmq Slt1 lto(T)al}.y_xoy_o I\.Ul r)13ri 
91DI\.CtQ 00319rio11\.C\D 01 51}.lctD Sltri{J)I\.A Slt1 U0(01.C().1D1Q mA. '5;66 I C\01 01agri9K3V 
01 'Slt11aqnw Slt.1 C\OJY.O,Ogrict~ C,lOXJ.D1£roan3 C\01 Drilt1 JD 010 Ul\.3TIQl\.1axo1.CD11\.D 
'ltricpAA. nrn;toanic I\.Ul 13'Y_'Y_r)901CC\ l}.icoa111.Ct{ Lt 'QlC\D 010JD'Y_1C 01~ 
·Sµicoa1 m3 Slt.1 ltricpAA. Lt. 1Dl J31U~ OJ0'.1£0 01 3ri D/\.rocbriC).O 
'Sltxl}.ol\.C\O Slt.1 g noagal) 0,01 DJODX1gmq ltl 1309riancb3 DI\ 5;66 I nonno1 
LI 5110 3010l)cb01.CD AcpA.actolC_A. 01'Y_(),Ogrict~ 01 '~661 C\OJ/\.C\01 LZ 5110 DJXngoy_~ 
Lt 3'Y_Dg?'.1£0, 0,0lC ltO<Ol\.3, l}.xJ.DlC(l)act3 I\.UlO SltoLtacpXooaic lt.olt1 JD I\.Ul 1?13W 
HJHJV~13·v 5hDho(!)XDoo:at hDh1 lD H 
50"'-0"(9011 (n 
Me trt 6i]AWOT} auti] x.a0ogtotrtx.av ta JtOAL tLxa x.m mx.ovoµLx.a XQL ti]QLa f3aoeL 
t(l)V OJtOL(l)V ea e;etaOtO'UV OL 'UJt0'4'fl(pLOtfltEc; tWV ouv6e6e.µevwv XWQWV tllc; 
Ke.vtQL'X.i]c; x.m AvatoALx.i]c; Eugron11c;. 
To Eugwna·Lx.6 }:uµf3ouALo tllc; Ma6gt tllc;, to Aex.eµf3QLO tou 1995, avacpeg811x.e 
ot11v avayx.11, oto JtAatow t11c; JtQOEvta;Lax.i]c; OtQat11yLx.11c;, "va 6rtµwugy118ouv 
OL JtQOUJto0eoeLc; JtQOOOE'UtLX.'flc; x.m agµovLx.11c; evtas11c; Ul)t(1)V t(l)V X.QUtWV' 
LOtwc; xag11: 
OtflV avantus11 t11c; OLX.Ovoµtac; tllc; UYOQ(.t.c;, 
ot11v ngooagµoyi] twv 6LOLX.fltLx.rov touc; 6oµrov, 
-Otll 611µwugyta ev6c; ota0egou mx.ovoµLx.ou x.m voµwµanx.ou 
JtEQL(3aAAovtoc;". 
LtflV Jtagouoa yvroµ11, ll Em tQOJti] e;et<isEL tflV at tflOll tY1c; LAof3ax.tac; f3aoEL tO'U 
LO Lat tEQOU JtEQLexoµevou tllc;, aAAa ouµcpwva µe ta t6ta XQL ti]QLa nou 
ecpagµ6se.L x.m yLa nc; UA.Aec; mti]oELc;, yLa tLc; OJtotec; OLUt'UJtWVEL tU'UtOXQOVU tYI 
yvroµ11 t11c;. Me tYI 6La6Lx.aota am11, ytw:tm ae.Baat11 YI e.m0uµta nou e.txe. 
e.x.cpgaotd x.ata to Eugwna·LX.() L1'µBouALO tY1c; Mu6gt tY1c; X.UL YI OJtOLa 
ouvtotatm OtYIV w6nµrt µe.taxdQLOYI twv m touorov xwgrov. 
IIaQUAAYIAa µe. w; yvroµec; ava XWQU, YI Em tQOJti] UJtof3aAAEL se.xwgwta Oto 
}:uµf3ouALO, oto JtAatow tY1c; avaxotvwoi]c; tY1c; "l1g6ygaµµa ogaoYlc; 2000", 
ye.vLx.i] ex.ttµ110Y1 t(l)V m ti]m:wv JtQOOXWQY10Y1c; x.m ouotaoe.Lc; oxenx.a µe. tYI 
OtQatllYLX.i] yLa µLa cJtL t'UX'rl OLEUQ'UVOYI 1Ylc; 'EvwoY1c;. Taut6xgova, JtaQO'UOL<lsEL 
a;LOA6y11011 twv cJtLJttrooe.wv 1Y1c; 6LeuguvoY1c; rnt 1wv JtOALnx.rov tY1c; 'Evwo11c;. 
To :7t£QtEXOJ1EVO 'tll~ yvroµ11~ 
l:tn 6u1g8gwo11 tllc; yvciJµ11c; )...aµf3avovtm un6~,YI ta ouµne.gaoµatn tou 
Eugwna·Lx.O'U }:uµf3ouALO'U tnc; Koneyxaync;. LtflV JtUQO'UCTCl yvroµ11 : 
-ne.gL ygacpovtm m µEXQL troga oxfoe.Lc; µe.ta;u LAof3ax.tac; x.m 'Evwonc;, 
ELOL'XOtEQa Oto JtAaLOLO t11c; ouµcpwvtac; ouvownc; · 
-avaAuetm 11 x.ataotaon 6oov acpoga tLc; JtOALtLx.ec; ngouno0foe.Lc; one; onotec; 
avacpegetm to Eugwna·Lx.6 }:uµf3ouALO (611µox.gatta, x.gatoc; 6Lx.atou, 
av0gromva OLx.mroµata, ngootaota twv µe.Lovoti]twv)-
-USLOAoyouvtm l1 tQEXOUOU x.ataotaon X.UL OL J'CQOOJttLX.ec; tT}c; LA.Of3axtac; 
OOOV acpOQ<l tL<; OLX.OVOµLx.ec; JtQOUJt00£0EL<; OtL<; OJtOLE<; avacpEQEtUL tO 
Eugwna·Lx.6 l:uµf3ouALO ( mx.ovoµta ayogac;, Lxav6tnta avnµetcimwnc; twv 
avtaywvwtLx.rov mfoewv)• 
-e;etase.tm to 0eµa t11c; LX.UVO'tY1tac; tnc; LAOf3ax.tac; va avUAaf3EL tLc; 
UJ'COXQEWOEL<; tOU µeAouc;, tOUt£0tLV, to X.EX.tY1µevo tllc; 'Evwo11c; 6Jtwc; aut6 
e.x.cpgasetm Otll ouv0i]x.n, Oto JtaQaywyo btx.mo X.UL OtLc; JtOAL tLx.ec; tnc; 'Evwo11c; · 
2 
-CLaturtcbvctm, tO .. oc;, yevLxi] extLµl]Oll tl]c; xat6.otaol]c; xm twv rtQOOrttLxci>v · 
tl]c; LA.Of3axtac; OE OXEOll µe touc; ()QOUc; JtQOOXWQl]Ol]c; Otl]V 'EvWOl], xm OUOtaOl] 
6oov acpOQ<i nc; 6umgayµnteuow; ngoox<i>QllOlJc;. 
Itl]V a1;wA6yl]Oll tl]c; IAoBaxtac; BaoEL twv mxovoµLxcbv XQL tl]QLWV xm tl]c; 
Lxav6tl]t6.c; tl]c; va tlJQllOEL to xmvottx6 xextl]µEvo, ll Emtgorti] EXEL rcgop-8fo£L · 
xm a1;wA6yl]Oll twv rcgoorcnxcbv- µE ami]v EJCLXELQd va Eitttµi]oEL tl]V rtg6o6o 
rcou µrcogd A.oytxa va avaµtvnm 6tL Oa Ol]µELWOEL ll IA.oBaxta ta rn6µevn 
XQOVLa, rtQLV art6 tl]V JCQOOXWQlJOlJ, A.aµBavoµtv01, 1Jm'>1l'll tou yeyov6toc; 6n 
xm to t6w to xm vonx6 xextl]p,tvo Oa e1;axoA.m,Oi]oEL vu c1vantuooetm. rw to 
oxorc6 aut6, xm xwgLc; va ngobLxa.tnm ll rcgayµanxi] l]µegoµl]vLa 
rcgooxcbQllOllc;, ll yvcbµl] 6Laturccbvetm µe Ba.al] µeoorcg68eoµo xgovtx6 ogttovta 
JtEVtE JCEQLJtO'U EtWV. 
Kata. tl]V exrc6vl]Oll tl]c; yvcbµl]c;, ll Em tgoni] eA.aBe rtA.l]8cbga rtA.l]QOq>QQLcbv 
OXEtLXO. µe tl]V xat6.otaOl] tl]c; IA.oBaxLac; art6 tLc; agxtc; tl]c; xwgac; auti]c; i(,Ul, 
naga.AAlJA.a XQlJOLµorcoLl]OE noA.Mc; 6.A.A.ec; rcl]ytc; rtA.l]gocpogtcbv, µeta1;u twv 
orcotwv ta xg6.tl] µeA.l] xm rtoA.A.m'Jc; 6Le0vdc; ogyavwµouc;. 
H IA.of3axta eLvm oguvi] µeo6yna xwga nou BgLoxetm Otl]V Kevtgtxi] Eugcbrcl] 
xm ouvogeun µe tl]V AuotgLa, tl]V Toextxi] ~l]µoxgatLa, tl]V IloA.wvLa, tl]V 
Ouyyagta xm tl]V OuxgavLa. 'EXEL extaOlJ 49.000 xA.µ2 xm rcA.l]8uoµ6 5,4 exat. 
xatotxouc;. 
Itl] Yll tl]c; IA.of3axtac; xatmxouv IA.6.f3m i]6l] art6 tov 5o mcbva. Arc6 tov lOo 
ewe; tov 206 mcbva, ll Yll tl]c; IAoBaxLac; anoteA.eoe tµi]µa tl]c; Ouyygtxi]c; xm 
Auotgoouyygtxi]c; autoxgatogtac;, ext6c; art6 µta rcegLoco µegtxi]c; tougxtxi]c; 
xatoxi]c; µeta to 1526. Tov 190 mcbva eµcpavtotl]XE x6.rcma evvma e8vtxi]c; 
oA.oBaxtxi]c; taut6tl]tac;, ev µEQEL we; avtt6gaol] one; rcoA.L nxtc; rcou ecp6.gµooav 
m Mayua.gm yw va LCLOJCOLl]8ouv tll oA.oBaxtxi] Yll-
H CLaxi]gusll ave1;agtl]OLac; tl]c; ToexooA.oBaxLac; EYLVE tQV OxtcbBgw tO'U 1918. 
H ouv8eoll tou rtA.l]0uoµou etvm rcoA.ue0vtxi]: 51 % Toexm, 23% regµavot, 14% 
IA.of36.xm xm 5,5% Ouyygm ouµcpwva µe anoygacpi] tou 1921. H XWQa 
XA.l]gov6µl]OE 60-70% tl]c; Bwµ11xuvtxi]c; (36.al]c; tl]c; A uotgoouyygtxi]c; 
A utoxgatogLac;. 
Itl] 6exanta tou 1930 to aL tl]µa twv r egµavcbv Iou6l]tcbv yLa tl]V autovoµta 
tl]c; rcegwxi]c; twv Iou6l]tcbv ngox6.A.eoe au1;l]µevl] evtaol]. Ito rtA.aLow tl]c; 
ouµcpwvtac; tO'U Movaxou to 1938 xm 111c; CLm tl]OLac; tl]c; BLEVVl]c;, m rcegwxec; 
tl]c; yegµavtxi]c; µ~8ogtou m onoLec; xugLwc; xa-t0Lxouvto an6 fegµavouc; 
rcagaxwgi]8l]xav Otl] fegµavta xm eva tetagto tl]c; oA.oBaxtxi]c; Yllc; 
rcagaxwgi]8l]xe Otl]V Ouyyagta. To M6.gtw tou 1939 ta yegµavtxi] 
otgateuµata xateA.af3av ttc; urc6A.mrcec; negwxec; tl]c; Toextac; xm ll IAoBaxta 
xateotl] ave1;6.Qtl]tO x.g6.toc; urc6 tl]V rcgoecgta tou Fr. Jozef Tiso. 
Meta. tov B, Ilayx6oµw rt6A.eµo ll ToexooA.oBaxtxi] ~l]µoxgatta rnavi]A.8e ota 
JCQO ·tou rcoHµou auvoQa ,;lie;, d;mQouµEvrJc; n1c; Pou0l)vi.ac; lJ orcoi.a 
rcgooaQti]0l]XE fftl] IoBtttLxi] 'Evwal). Ilgaxttxa 6A.m OL feQµavoL Iou6i]tec; 
3 
unoxgew81pmv va eyx.ataAEi.'\!)ouv to toExooAoBmu'X.6 ebacpoc; 'X.m OL JtEQLOUOi.Ec; 
touc; 'X.ataOXE0ri'X.aV. 
H ToexooAoBa'X.Ca UJtflQsE LbQUtL'X.6 µeAoc; tO)V µEtaJtOAEµL'X.WV bLe0vwv 
ogyavwµwv (ANT 'X.m ALe0vitc; TQrut~a to 1945, GATT to 1948). Meta 6µwc; 
an6 to oxriµatwµ6, to 1948, xuBegvrioric; otriv onoi.a ouµµEtei.xav µ6vo 
'X.Oµµouvwtec; 'X.aL ouµp,nxoi. to-uc;, to 'X.OµµouVLfftL'X.() 'X.6µµn EAEYXeL tl}V 
esouoi.a. LtO JtAC1LOU) tO'U 'X.Utaµq?WJ.A,01) tl}c; e()Y<Wi.uc; mm <mµcprnviJOrixt Otl}V 
COMECON, ri TocxoaAof~u'X.i.ct rnL'X.EVtQO>Oc tl}V JtQOOOXll tric; otriv uv<'mn,~ri 
Bagtac; BLOµrixavlm;. Ltll ()EXUEtla to'U 1960 OL XEVtQLXOt EAEYXOL xaAU..QO>O(J.V EV 
µegeL. OL meow; yLa µetUQQUOµwn EVt6c; t01) 'X.OµµouvLOtL'X.0'\) 'X.6µµatoc; 
obiJyrioav otriv exAoy11 tou AAc};avtEQ Nto't',µntorn rnc; IIQtin01J fgaµµuttn, tov 
IavouagLO tou 1968. H ewnyrny11 briµoxgan'X.ci)v otmxdrnv crrri noAL tL'X.fl 'X.m 
nohtLOtL'X.ll tw11, nou eyLvE yvrnotl] we; n AvoL1;n tric; Ilg(1yac;, tEQµutlotri'X.t 
Bi.ma µe triv rneµBaori twv µEAwv tou Luµcpwvou tric; BagooBi.ac;, otLc; 21 
A uyou01;ou 1968 nou ob11y11oe otnv rnavobo og06bo};ou ooBtEtL'X.ou 'X.a0wtwtoc; 
un6 tov f'X.ouotaB Xouoa'X.. 
Qo1600, µi.a µL'X.Qfl 'X.i. v11011 avtLcpgovouvtwv, 11 onoi.a agy6tega ouvM011'X.e µe 
111v oµaba tl}c; X6.gtac; twv 77, esa'X.0Aou811oe va 'X.L VEL tm bga01;iJgLa ot11 
be'X.aetla tO'U 1970 xm tO'U 1980. H JtOAL tL'X.fl av11ouxla OE JtOAHc; xwgec; tl}c; 
KevtQL'X.flc; 'X.m Avm:oAL'X.flc; Eugwn11c;, to 1989, obiJy110E tov NotµBgw E'X.ei.vo oe 
OLaµagtuQi.Ec; ot11v ToexooAoBa'X.i.a. H Aa·L'X.fl avti.6gao11 Otll Btm11 aotuvoµLXfl 
'X.ataotoAit cpm tl}tL'X.fl<; bLabiJAwo11c; otnv II go.ya, one; 17 NoeµBglou, obiJy11oe OE 
nagalt11011 tou Xouoax 'X.m, OL exAoyec; nou bLevegyiJ8nxav tov rn6µevo µiJva, 
ot11v e'X.AoyiJ tou BatoAaB XaBeA, 11yenxou µeAouc; t11c; Xagtac; twv 77, we; 
Ilgoebgou. 
Meta to 1989, ll ovoµaola tl}c; xwgac; 6.AAase EJtLOl]µwc; OE TOEXL'X.fl 'X.aL 
LAoBa'X.LXfl OµoonovbLa'X.fl ~11µoxgm:La. 01, bLacpogtc; µeta};,, Toexwv 'X.m 
LAoBa'X.wv no AL n'X.wv yLa to µeAAov tric; oµoonovbLa'X.l]c; 61,agOgwow; 'X.m y1,a 
tl}V OLXOVOµLXl] JtOAL tLXl] bnµLOUQYllOUV ayecpugwto xaoµa. Tov Oxtw(3QLO ·wu 
1992 ta 'X.OLvoBouALa twv buo ~nµo'X.QatLwv mo0fanoav 'X.OLv6 'l!JiJcpwµa yLa tll 
OLaAUOl} tl}c; oµoonovolac; 'X.UL tl} bnµwugyla buo aves6.Qtl}tWV 'X.Qatwv an6 l 11c; 
Iavouagi.ou 1993. 
H noAL tL'X.fl 'X.ataotaori 'X.at6. to ngwto hoc; avE1;agtnolrn; ittav aota0itc; : 
nag6)..o nou uniJQXE ouvai. vwn yLa triv avay'X.l} no AL tL'X.flc; 'X.m OL'X.ovoµL'X.flc; 
µetaggu0µLoric;, unrigxav ooBagec; 61,acpogec; we; ngoc; touc; gu0µouc; 'X.m to elooc; 
tWV µetaggu0µloewv autwv. Me-tasu Magti.ou 'X.aL LEJtteµBgi.ou 1994 ll JtQWtll 
µeta tl}V avesaQtnola xuBEQVllOll avtL'X.ataot6.0l}'X.E an6 JtOAU'X.oµµatL'X.fl 
µetaBatL'X.fl 'X.uBegv11011. OL E'X.Aoyec; wu LEJttEµBgi.ou 1994 06iJy11oav otov 
oxriµanoµ6 'X.uBtgvnonc; ouvaomoµou, tnc; onolm; n 0ntei.a xaQa'X.tllQltetm an6 
nc; bLatagayµevEc; oxfow; µna1;u autitc; xm tWV A.OLJtO)V 'X.QUtL'X.WV 0eoµwv. 
H 8eo11 'tfl; :.E)..ol}axla; yta 'tl)V E\1Qro1ta"ix11 'Evroal) 
H ToexooAoBa'X.L'X.l] K uBEQVllOll 11 OJtOLa oxnµati.Otll'X.E to 1990 bwµEU0l}'X.E 
oacpwc; uneg tric; eugwna·cx11c; 0AoxA11Qwonc;. H bfoµeuo11 aut11 
avtL'X.atoJttQLOtl}'X.e otnv unoygacp11 tnc; rngwna·L'X.l]c; ouµcpwvi.ac; tov MaQtLO 
tou 1992. H LAo(3axLxl] K uf3egv110T1 axoAou0T)OE tT) Oenx.11 JtOAL tLXll 016.011 
tvavtt. tl}c; eugwna·cx11c; OAOXAl]QWOT)c; 6nwc; rnloT)c; xm we; JtQQ(; ta bt.'X.mwµata 
xm tt.c; unoxgewaet.c; ato JtAai.mo tT)c; rngwna·cx11c; ouµcpwvlac; nou ELXE 
4 
s 
0.0101.eo 0.01 'ltoroA3, lp9_1mroao.3 Alt10 Ltoro11;nirooA3 Alt1 mA. 01"{().0grio.o 
13Xal)l.CCl 'OQ31.C11.C3 9x.1A.ao.01.CCl 01~ ·Sn1Arocbrkt0 Sl}.x.J.Dl.Cfl)a(l3 Slt1 l},A.oriand>3 AU.1 
mA. na3l()X.1Q13 TOX. Sltoroal}."{X.0''{0 51}.x.rrmroao.3 A(l)ll)rl30 A(l)l U.011.Cq)l3TI11AD Al.11 
'01/\. 0101D"{1.C 9x1rlo39 OA9rl01AOlAClO 1101},A.ao.01rlltq 13X? n11nax.orlltv l},x1xngo1~ H 
·Slt0Ltaq1Xooa1.e Slt1 DJODTI1013oau AU.1 -,;>aod:m AOO() D1X.DgO"{~ Lt 13Aq)13TIUD Cl.01.C 
o.oq9oau Slt1 SltoltA.9101~D DlUl()lDAClQ U.1 13X9aD1.C mx A(l)309XD A(l)l Sq11D39DX 
9x110Ao.o 01 13~1)13~3 Slto3qA'),1 0110,ogrlo.1 OJ. ·SDJAmcbrlo.o Siu 01DJD"{l£ 
010 AClOllCC).XDAD ClOlC DlDrll}.1goau 13()."{11.C3 l)AXo.o mx S09-,;>g 513 D1Dril}.1Lt~ 
DAgrio1ao 13~1)13~3 'Am"{i}."{"{Dl.CCl A(!)X.11Dax. Ama31<!WO OQ31CJ1.C3 30 1D13Xa9AClD Cl.OlC 
'Slt03QAC,t1 ~moa1 m3 H "OQ3l£11C3 9x.1AX31 30 n1nri90 A0.0~~)13~3 S9uoa111.C301.C(l 
S31q9riay ·S13rio1 s,w1 So.019 30 A(l)3D9XO A(l)l Ltolt90,01oxnam.c Altl 
mx. Lt01a13Xmq Lt1 'l},A.oriancJn Alu mA. 9ri01ADXltri 13X9aDl£ 010JD"{1.C ()X1TID39 O.L 
·LtoroA3, AlJ.10 SD1xngo1~ Slt1 Sltom1l)ri010A3 Sl}.xmqD10 Slt1 Lt~1al}.1001m All1 mA. 
0101n11.e O"{lt"{"{l)lDX 01 mx SD1lt19A 10)1 Slu n,391}.og l}.x11oqo1miltoX TOX l}.x1A.X-a1 
Alll mA. lto-,;>g Lt1 11Xol)an1.e DI\ '/\q)a3rt /\(l)l ().~D13TI /\(l)309XD /\q)X'lrlOAOX'lO TOX 
/\q)X1ao1rn3 /\(l)l UDDlX91C3 /\Ul 1301},9moau DI\ 'Cl0A()"{D1Q ().OX111"{0l£ l}.A.roA.n;ra1q ltl 
mA. 01ow1u 9x1rloA 01 HXo-,;>aDu DA mA 13 Slt1 SoX91~ ·SltoroA3, mx Sn1xngo"{~ 
C).~D13rl A,(l)309XD A.001 ltol)g l},x1rioA lt1 J3"{3101CD D1Amcbricto l}.XJ.Dl£000Cl3 H 
·s;66I 0.01 01al)noag3<1> A0113C).XD1 DA 301Xal) mx £661 
0.01 01agcp1x.o AOl 3Xltcbr;>aA.oun DJX.DfjO"{~ Ul 3TI D11\0)CDTIClO H 'Ull)OX D9A OC).Q 
Dl 3TI A(!)1Arocbrino A(!)X.J.Dl!roao.3 /\(l)9A UOCl31l)TIAD01CD1Q Ul DJDXADAD 30UlD9lDX 
5DJXD90"{DOX30J. Slt1 ltODl!Ol)1Q H ·mA9aX 01 J1C3 A(!)AD"{"{DAClD Aroa39C),3"{3 
SltA(!)~ ltoroa91QDK ua13'rlri().OD mx D1D1TIQD9 lt1 mx SLto1m S(!)f)DX A,0)301}.aroxnam..c 
MflX.1ao1rn3 MOA3TI().OA.Ltoau MOl Ltolt10:u:01A.n:u: AUl 31£3"{lJ?OOlC DJArocbrino 
!}.A 1ao}D001.C H . 686 I ltOl 'D1MOcbrln,o U.l 30U10911>X11AD 1>101.CO Lt 5DJArocbrlo.D 
Slunrh)1QA3 (l)D9ri Z66 I (l01 011a9w /\01 MlOC,tX01 DA i\DD1XOl) 01a91rn3 
01 rnA. Stu 513~l)ln1Q 10 . [ 66 I CtOJO~TI3X.3y' 9 I S110 3Xltd>l)aA.olCCl DJXD90"{DOX3D.L 
AUl 3rl DJArochn,w H ·Lto1ri0c,toon13ri Sn01 l}.x.1rioAOX.10 mx l}.X111"{01.C 
Alll 11~1au1001£Cl DA mA. A(!)11\fO(bricto A(!)X.J_l)lC(l)a(\3 Sen i\(l)031Q10(l)A/\. SltD3QAC),D 
A(:)1/\rocbrio.o lt<ftDA'),D lt1 D}A(l)"{O 11 /\Ul 1DX D}aDA.A.ClQ /\Ul 'DJXD90"{DOX3D.L 
AUlD 3A 1319a1t LtoroA3, Lt 066 I 0.01 oaro1t9A 19cb OJ. ·SDJODA03AClD mx 
no1aol£ri3 DJArocbrino ltgcbl},/\ClO 066 I OJ. '686 I 0.01 01"{Jauy /\0113C).XD1 DA 301Xal) 
DJ01£0 Lt DlA()J.OOlC l)X.1/\DXltrimg Dl ml.. DJ/\rocbrio.o l},x1ao1rn3 Sl},13D0131 ADll}, 
So.01 ().~Dl3TI D1Am<brio.o Ulq)Ol! H 'DJ1Daxonltv l},X1XD90"{00X30J, AUl 3TI. 513D?XD 
S9X1lDTiro"{1.C1Q 3(ftl},AClO D1Ul()A10)1 l}.X.J)J1.Crooo.3 Lt 8861 '101 01ogri911£3~ AO.L 
Suo~X:o S~x11ngrin3: 
· .. nJoDA.a3Acto ltoo.3"{1£()."{0l! l}."{3cbrom Alt10 r;>A.o3A3 Sn1AO"{"{l)grio.o So19n oli11901 
Sm 33 AUlO 13XOl)13TITIClO DA 13rio.91m DJlDOxonltv l},x1x.DgO"{~ H ·oooz SctOl? 
0.01 o.01ao 0,ox1Aoax 0.01 s91A3 33 su1 so19n 1310D1nx nA ttn1019 TOA 13 DA TOA 13 
Sn11naxorilty1 Sl},X1X.DfJ0"{1 Slt1 SoX910 S9x1A.lt1D01D 011 119 13~JOO s;661 Cl.OJ/\Cl.01 
LZ 5110 3XltQl}."{fJ01m n1ouo Lt 'lt~n1A9 mA. SnJxDgO"{~ Slt1 ltolt1 JD Alll 13C),3QOAC\D 
(t()l! nriltAri9mt OJ, ·ctoJ<JOlCTI3 Ctol UO(l)a~()Cl3"{3 SLtal}."{lC Lt }3QU101.C01DTII\.DalC 
J)A mx. 3NO i\UlO lt~J)lAJ AUl J>'\A. POOl>TI'lOl~lOalC J}A, O.OA9TI13'KOa1.c 
'33 AU.10 DlAOC,tX01 l)l 3TI A(!>cbuaA.mqool.C mx. A(!)'l0300TIO/\ Lto1A.k~ooa1.c D'll\. 
'Sn1Mnd)TIClO Sl},XJ:01.CCl)OC\,3 Slu l},A.onandn ual}."{l! mA. ltoct3TIO~Q Lt 1Dl3~nrtrtnoA.01m 
mx 33 Alt10 5DJxngo"{~ Slt1 lt~DlA? Altl AClOAl)griD"{1031.C Sl}.x111101.c 
Sl},x.103100~ Slt1 531lt19ma31oa1£ 119 1D13~JOO }3X'3 -~661 Cl01 ClOJODClOADI ClOl 
Slt1 l)TITIDOA.9a1.c 010 3Xlt101ao0nx SltoroA3, 51}.XJ.DlC(l)Octt{ Slt1 11ADA9 SltoltA09gnx 
Sl},x.1x.nrJ010 Sl}.A 103rilto Slt1 l}.X111"{01£ H .DJQ/\OlCOOrio AUl ()lCD J39©DAClD 
JtQOf.OQEUEL o avtLJtQ6EbQoc; tric; K uBtQvrioric;. Avuxataot6.tec; tou EL vm o 
y JtOUQy6c; E;WtEQLXU)V xm O avtLJtQOEDQOc; tric; K U~£QVflOflc; aQµ66t,oc; yt.a triv 
ngoatyywri tric; voµoOwtac;. K6.0e UJtOUQYELo tric; LAoBaxtac; EXEL tµi\µa 
aQµ6ow yLa 6Aa ta 0eµata ta OXEtt.x.6. µe triv EE xm EXJtQOOWrtEL 1m 010 
LuµBouA.LO au16 ave;aQti}tmc; eav outriwuvtm 0tµata OXEtLxa µE 1riv 
E'UQWJta·t:xn OA.OXAllQWOfl. To 1996 ouotr)Orixe XOLVOBO'\}A.E'UtLXll EJtLtQOJti} yt.a triv 
EUQWna·t:xi} 01..ox.1.. i}gwori. 
IlQO£V't«~tmc11 O''tQ«'tt]ytxlJ 
Ecpaeµoyri rnc evou.xrcaixric avµpwviac xm J\wx6 Bif}Mo 
To 8e0µt.x6 n:A.a(aw tric; £1JQrnmftxi}c; ouµqJrnvLuc; A.EL tOUQYEL JtA.i}gwc;. To 
LuµBouALO ruvbwric; ouvi}A.0£ tgnc; qJoQtc; ev<i) ri EmtQOJtll r,,vbrnric; blJO. H 
MLxti} KOL voBouA.EUtLXll Em tgoni} Luvbwric; ouvi}AOe xm auti} tfoOEQL<; cpogtc; . 
. H Em tQOJti} LUVCEOfl(; EJtLXO'UQEL tm arc6 EVVEU bt.rnwtriµovLxec; UJtOEJtL tQOrtec;. 
'Exouv outritrt0EL 6Aa ta Oeµata. OL JtOAL nxtc; ouvOi}xec; otri LAoBaxta 
xateatrioav avayxato va 6o0d Lbt.a( tEQll JtQoooxn oe 8eµata nou exouv oxtari 
µe tl\V eyxaOtbguori tric; XOL vmv(ac; tmv no AL twv. 
OL EµJtOQLX.£<; OLata;EL<; Ecpagµ6otrixav ouµcpmva µE to XQOVOCLayQaµµa aA.A.a 
um)g;av xaJtoLec; xaOuotegi}oELc; 6oov acpoga triv evaQsl\ wxuoc; ogwµevmv 
aA.A.(l)V 6Lata;emv tric; ouµcpmvtac;. OL AEJttOµEQELEc; E(j)UQµoyi}c; yt.a tOV 
avtaywvwµ6 agxwav va wxuouv 1riv t 11 IavouaQ(ou 1 ~97 avtl ym tov Magno 
1995 6nmc; ngoeBAme ri ouµcpmv(a. OL AmtoµeQELE<; Ecpagµoyi}c; tmv xgatLxwv 
evwxuoemv EYXQLOrixav tEA.Lxa µ6A.L<; twga. H LAOBax(a OEV EXEL ax6µri 
ecpagµ6oEL tt.c; unoxgewow; n:ou av£AaBE OE 0tµata nvEuµatLxi}c; xm 
Bwµrixavt.xi}c; t,{)LOXtflOLac;. 
Ta JtEQL006tEQa arc6 ta ngoBAi}µm:a qmog(ou ta onola JtQoexmpav otriv 
ecpagµoyi} tric; eugwn:a·t:xnc; ouµcpmvtac; rnLA u0rixav µE mt. tuxta. Ll\µavtLxi} 0fori 
µeta;u autwv t(l)V JtQOBAriµatmv dxav 'ta µetga JtEQLOQLOµou ta OXEtLXa µE tri 
XQrimµono(riori ·wu wotuy(ou JtAflQmµwv. H oAoBaxt.xi} xuBegvriori OLati\Qrioe 
JtQ6o0eto 6aoµ6 mt tmv ewaymywv nou toxue arc6 to 1994 µEXQL triv 1 rt 
lavouaQtou 1997, yLa negwo6tego xgovo an6 6,tL i\tav avayxa(o BaoeL tric; 
cl;eAt.;ric; tou wotuytou n:1..rigmµwv. H xuBegvriori Ofonwe ouotriµa .xata0wric; 
eyyui}aewv xata triv ewaymyi}, tov Maw tou 1997, yt.a A6youc; OXEtLxouc; µe to 
LootuyLo JtA.flQWµwv, JtQ6.yµa to OJtOLO e;axoA.ou0d va ELVUL UJt6 outi\triori. Ta 
texvtxa eµn66ta oto eµJt6QLO avexmpav A6ym tmv 6Lacpogwv twv OAoBaxtxmv 
JtQOOLaygacpmv xm twv xav6vwv mornnolrioric;. H LA.oBaxla yvwotonotriae 
O'tl\V EE, Ota µeoa tOU 1996, tflV JtQ68e0i} tflc; yLa £VaQsl'I outriti}OEWV µe tfl 
Pmota oxett.xa µE to ev6ex6µcvo ouva'\Vric; ouµcpwvtrn; EA.eu0egmv ouvaA.Aaymv. 
Kat6m V autriti\Oewc; EVt6c; lWV ogyavmv tric; 01,µcpwvkt.c;, ri LAoBax(,a C1A.Aase 
tLC_; JtQ00foEL<; tfl<; EJtLtfltWVtac_; µ6vo EAEU0EQWOfl 10'\} EµrtOQ(OU OE OQLOµevouc; 
toµElc;. 
To Aeux6 Bt.BA.lo tric; Emtgoni}c;, to 1995, yt.a triv wwtEQLXll ayog6. OQWE triv 
voµo0w(,a triv OJtOLa OL UJtO'lpll(j)Lec; yt.a EVtasri XOOQE<; ea JtQEJtEL va µetU(j)£QOUV 
xm oto e0vt.x6 bbtmo xm va ecpaQµ6oouv wotE va ouµµoQcpm0ouv µE to 
itOLVOtLX.6 XEXtrtµevo xm JtQOOOLOQLOE ta Baot.xa otmxELa yLa triv 'UA.OJtOLl\Ol\ 
tric_; EVLa(ac; ayogac_; (JtO'U el vm yvmota me; µetga JtQWtric; cpaoric;) ta onola 
XQittouv ngoooxitc; x.at6. n:gotegmo-rrita. H LAoBax.ta 6t6u µt:ya.Ari ortµaota ota 
voµt.x.6. Oeµata nou acpogouv tri µEtacpoga oto c8vtx6 6txmo. H oAoBaxt.x.i} 
6 
xuBeQvriori xat6.QtLOe OtQatriyLx.6 oxoow yLa triv ecpaQµoyi) tou Aeuxou 
BLBA.tou. Auti) evtaooetm oe ouvoA.1.x.6tEQll OtQatriy1.xi) yLa triv JtQOoeyywri twv 
voµo0wubv ri onoi,a xa0oQL~eL JtQOtEQm6tritec; oL onoi,ec; 0a JtQEJtEL va txouv we; 
aJtOtEAEOµa triv EVaQsll wxuoc; tric; voµo0eotm; yLa triv EOWtEQL'X.11 ayOQO tric; 
EK µeoonQ60eoµa. Em teux0rixe xanma JtQ6oboc; otriv eu0uyQ6.µµwri tric; 
voµo0eotac; otov tQaJt~L'X.6 t0µta, triv eA.eu0eQri xt vriori twv xecpaAatrnv, triv 
eµµeori (pOQOAoytu, tri yewQyLa xm to JtEQLBaAA.OV. 
E;mQouµevou tou toµfo tric; nveuµatLxi)c_; 1.bwxtriotac;, ri 0A.0Bax1.xi) xuBeQvriori 
tT)QllOE tLc; 'UJtOXQEC.OOELc_; JtO'U ELXE avaAaBEL OtO n:AaLOLO tric; EUQWn:a·i:xi)c; 
ouµcpwvlac; xm rnebu;E b1.a8eo11 ouvEgyaolac; yt.a triv rni,Auo11 twv 
JtQOBAriµatwv n:ou n:goexmpav. H tµµovi) t11c; ot0uc; rt:EQLOQLOµouc; we; n:goc; to 
wo~uyw n:AriQwµc.ov cmotEAEL wm6oo ot0t.xdo xan0t.ac; ouvex1.~6µEvric; 
buocpoQtac; 6oov acpoQa tLc; un:oxgEc.ooeLc; tll<; ota n:AalOLa tric_; ouµcpwvlac_;. 
L1wg0gwµtvoc c5uf,1,oyoc 
H LAoBaxi,a ouµµEtELXE ot0 bt.ag8gwµtvo buiAoyo xm un:eBaA.e xm OXEtLxa 
eyyQacpa yt.a OQLOµevEc; an6 tLC_; OUVEC)QLO.OELc; n:ou JtQayµaton:0t.i)811xav Ota 
n:AalOLa tou bLaQ0Qwµtvou bLaA6you. LtflV x.0t.vi) un:oUQYL'X.ll ouvEbQlaori 
(E;rntEQLxc.ov), one_; 29 OxtwBQtou 1996, 11 LA.oBaxt.xi) KuBeQVllOll untBaA.e 
eyygacpo yw to xaOwtci>c; tllc; Eq)ugµoyi)c; t11c; rt:QOEVta.1;1.axi)c; otgatriyt.xi)c_; Otll 
LA.oBaxta, to onoi,o JtEQLAaµBavE xm ngotaouc_; y1,u tll BEA tLwo11 tou 
bLaQ0Qwµtvou bt.aA6you rnt.xevtgc.ovovtac_; triv n:gooox11 ota 8eµm;a tric; 
riµegi)OLac; b1.atas11c; ta onoi,a et vm oxett.xa µE t11v JtQooxwg11011 xm oto 
oriµavtL'X.OtEQO Q6Ao nou JtQEJtEL va bt.abQaµati,~ouv OL ouvbEbeµtvec_; XWQEc; 
otriv EJtLAoyi) twv 0Eµatwv amc.ov. 
Phare 
An6 to 1990-1996, bt.ate011xav, OtO JtAaLOLO tOU ngoygaµµatac; Phare, 212 EX.at. 
ECU yLa tll LAoBaxLxi) A11µoxQatta, 4 Exut. ECU an6 ta 01wlu bt.ate811xav yt.a 
tri c>LaouvogLaxi) ouvEgyaoi,u to 1995. To 1996, yt.a tll LAoBaxi,a ngoBAecp0rixE 
µ6vo avaA.fl'\Vll unoxQtrno11c; 4,5 Exat. ECU. Ot. xugt6tEQOL toµetc; 
OQ0-01:flQLO'tfltac; 111:av JtQoriyouµevwc; ll avantus11 'tOU LbLW'tL'X.O'U i:oµea, ll 
avrut't'Usll tWV unoboµwv, ll avantusri tO'U av0gc.om VO'U buvaµL'X.OU 'X.aL ri 
EUQWJta0
L'X.T) OAO'X.AT)QWOfl, O'UµJtEQLA.aµBavoµevric; t11c; UJtOOtT)QLsric; t11c; 
µetaQQU8µw11c; tllc; briµ60Lac; bwtxrio11c; xm tllc; ngooeyywric; twv voµo0emc.ov. 
To Jt:QOYQaµµa Phare ELXE ngoBAiJµatu JtQOYQaµµatwµou xm ecpaQµoyi)c_;. To 
1996, bev b1,ate811xav xovbuAt.a oute y1,a e0vLxa oute y1,a bLaouvogLaxa 
JtQOYQ6.µµata, A.6yw C)LOLXfltL'X.WV bUOXEQELWV 'X,aL tOU xaµriAou Jt:OOOOtOU 
aJtOQQ6cprioric;, aA.Aa xm, rnELbi) 11 LAoBaxi,a MEQQL '\l)e JtQ6taori 
XQt1µatob6tt1011c; A6yw twv 6gwv nou auti) JtEQLELXE. H xat6.otao11 BeAttw0rixE 
an6 t6te. 
Ivµµewrri ae xot vonxa ngoygaµµara 
H LAoBaxta EVE'X.QLVE to JtQ6o0eto JtQWt6xoAAo t11c; EUQwna·i:xi)c; ouµcpwvlac; yLa 
1a x0t.vo1:t.xa JtQOYQ6.µµa1a xm etvm e1ot.µri va A.a.Bet. µeQoc; xm;' aQxiJv ota 
JtQOYQ6.µµata Socrates, Leonardo xm NwAata yta t11v Eugwnri an6 to 1997. 
An6 to 1998 ll auµµEtOXrJ ea rnexta0d EtOL wot£ va OUµJteQLAflcp0ouv to 
7 
MEDIA II, Kaleidoscope, Raphael, Ariane xm ·uyewvoµLxa. xm xmvrnvLx(1 
JtQOYQaµµata. 
Kat6. tl]V JteQi.obo 1989-1992 to Eµrt6QLO µna1;u tl]c; EE xm tl]c; 
Toexo0Aof3axi.ac; au1;i10l]xe 0wµanx6.. OL Ewaywytc; tl]c; EE au1;i10llxav gay6ai.a 
arc6 2,6 bLc; ECU oe 5,5 bLc; ECU (+ 112%) xm OL E;aywyec; EK arc6 2,4 bLc; ECU 
oe 6,3 bLc; ECU (+ 163%). ME tl] 6La.AUOll tl]c; T0Exoo11.of3axi.ac;, ll TOEXLXll 
Lil]µOxQati.a xatfotl] o µeya11. UtEQoc; EµrtOQLx6c; Etai.Qoc; tl]c; LA.of3axi.ac;, 
arcoggocpcbvtac; to 42% twv OA.of3axLxcbv E1;aywycbv to 1993 xm to 37% to 1994. 
IlEQLOOOtEQO 6µwc; arc6 to ilµwu 23,5% tl]c; a'U;l]Ol]c; tWV OA.of3axLxcbv 
e;aywycbv arc6 to 1993 ewe; to 1994 ngoi111.8E arc6 tLc; au;l]µEvEc; E1;aywyec; ngoc; 
tl]v EE. Kata ll]V n:egi.obo 1993-1995 m Ewaywytc; 1llc; EE (12) an6 tl] 
LA.Of3axi.a au1;i10llxav arc6 1,15 bLc; ECU OE 2,69 6Lc; ECU (+ 124%). fLa to ngcbto 
ilµwu tOU 1996, OL ELOaywyec; tl]c; EE (15) iltav 1.688 EXat. ECU. OL E;aywyec; 
tl]c; EE (12) JtQOc; tl] LA.Of3axi.a mJsll0l]xav an6 1,2 fac; ECU to 1994 OE 2,61 bLc; 
ECU (+ 126%) to 1995. fLa to ngcirw ilµwu to1, 1996, m e1;ayrnyec; tl]c; EE (15) 
iltav 1.884 Exat. ECU. Ex16c; arc6 to 1994, etoc; xc11(1 to ono(o ll EE na0ouo(aoe 
EAA.eLµµa 80 Exat. ECU 6oov acpog6. tl] LA.of3axi.a, 10 ouvo11.Lx6 EµrtOQLX6 
wotuyLo nagtµeLve nA.eovaoµatLx6 yt.a triv E'l,gwn:a·(xil 'Evwori. H EE dvm 
tcbga o taxutega avarctuoo6µevoc; xm µeya11.1hEgoc; eµrtOQLx6c; Eta(goc;. H 
regµav(a µ6vl] tl]c; UJtOQQOcpa JtEQlJtOU to ilµwu t(1)V EµrtOQLXWV ouvaA.A.aycbv 
tl]c; EE µe tl] Lt..of3axLa. 
H Lt..of3axi.a E1;axo1..ou8d va d vm oe µEy6.1..o f3a0µ6 e1;eL6LxEuµevl] oe 
JtEQLOQLOµevo agL0µ6 nagaywywv, xug(wc; XllµLXWV n:go·(ovtwv, JtQO.LOVtWV 
OLOl]QOUQyi.ac; xm xa1..uf3ougyi.ac;, ucpavtougyLxwv ngo·(ovtwv xm Evbuµ6.twv. 
OL Ol]µavnx6tegec; ELOaywyec; tric; Lt..of3ax(ac; an6 tl]V 'Evwol] dvm µl]xavilµata 
xm rtAE'X.tQL'X.<l dbrt, e1;0JtAL0µ6c; µEtacpogwv 'X.aL xriµLx6. ngo·t:ovta. Ot. 
Ol]µavtL'X.6tatec; 011.of3axLxec; e;aywyec; ngoc; triv EE iltav f3amxa. µtta1..1..a xm 
ELOl], ucpavtOUQYLX<l ngo·t:ovta, EsOJtAL0µ6c; µEtU(pOQ<i>V 'X.(U µrixavilµata xa0cbc; 
eni.oric; xm l]AEXtQLXa. d6ri. 
H LAOf3a-x,i,a EXEL tEAWVELaxil tvwori µE triv TOEXLXll Ariµoxgati.a -x,m anotEAEL 
Lbgunx6 µeA.oc; 1l]c; Kevtgoeugwna·t:xilc; Luµcpwv(ac; E1..rnOegwv Luva1..11.aywv 
(CEFfA). H TOEXLKll Lil]µoxga1(a dvm o µovabt.x6c; mo oriµavtt.-x,6c; EµrtOQLit6c; 
EtaLgoc; tl]c; LAof3axLac;, n:ou anogg6cpl]OE to 1996 to 31 % twv 01..of3a-x,Lxcbv 
E};aymycbv -x,m El.XE µEQl.OLO 24,5% one; 01..of3axL-x,ec; ELOaywytc;. H IloA.wvi.a, ll 
OuyyagLa, ll PouµavLa xm ll Bout.. yagLa EL vm en Lorie; Ol]µavtLKEc; e;aywyL-x,ec; 
ayogec;. 
H oxeol] tl]c; EE µE tl] L1..of3axLa avantux0llXE oto n1..ai.ow tl]c; eugmna Lxl]c; 
ouµcpmvLac;. Ta 0eµata nou acpogouv to Eµrt6QLO iltav oxnt.x6. 11.i. ya, nag611.o nou 
µevEL a-x,6µl] va enL1..u8d to tiltl]µa tl]c; xat6.0wl]c; Eyyuiloewv xata tl]v ELOaywyil. 
'Eva EUQU cp6.oµa a1..1..wv 0eµa.twv xgwxotrixe en(al]c; vn avnµnwmotouv, o-w 
JtA.ai.OLO tric; EV 11.6ym oxforic; : JtOA.L tLX<l 0eµata, 6Lmpwvi.ec; Oto 0tµa trtc; 6LaXELQLOrtc; 
tou ngoyga.µµatoc; Phare xm OXEtLx<i µE to µe11.1..ovtLx6 ng6ygaµµn tl]c; LA.Of3axi.ac; 
yt.a -criv Jt'UQrtVL'X.'fl EVEQyELa. Ot. LA.o(3a.xOL Em0uµouaav V(l XQrtCTLµOJtOL'flCTOUV 'tO 
8 
ouot71µa toov oxtoeoov autcbv yw va avnµetwn:toouv tet01,a 0tµata ax6µ71 xm av 
bev txouv EJtLA u0EL 6Aa ta tT1tl)µata. 
8. KPITHPIA DPO:EXQPH:EH:E 
1. OOJ..1,'tl,X(l XQl'tt]Ql« 
To EuQmmft:x.6 Luµ(101,Aw 'Ille; Kon:cyx<'1yric; xuOc\noe i:vuv ogwp.tvo UQLOpl> 
11JtOAL nxci>V" X(>L'IllQLO)V yw. 1l}V JtQOOX<i>QllOll 't(l)V '\JJt0'4)l1(fll(l)V x.vcmi>V 'tll<; 
Kev1g1,xl)c; xut Avu'toAtxl)c; E1,Q<im:ric;: vn bwOt-w1,v "n(1yurnc; bwµo1,c; rcou 
eyyucbv1m trt briµoxgut(u, triv UJCEQ<>Xll tern hLxu(m,, tov acfkwµ6 1mv d)v1,xcov 
µewvotircwv xm triv JCQOOtcwla wuc;". 
fLa Va rcgayµat0Jt0Ll)OEL tr]V EX.t(µr]Ofl JCOl) 1fl<; tntl)0'Y]XE OXEtLXU, fl EUQWJtU.LXll 
Em tQonn otilQLsE tu; tgeuvtc; tnc; oe 61,acpogec; rcnytc; JtAflQOcp6gno71c;: 
artavtl)ow; 1wv agxcbv tnc; Eo0ovtac; oto egwtnµa10A6yw nou arteotaA71 10v 
AAQLALO tOU 1996 art6 nc; UJCflQEOLE<; tnc; Em tgonnc;, JtagaxOAOU0non btµegcbv 
ouvECQLO.OEoov, avaA uow; 1wv ngwBEubv 1wv xga-ccbv µEAcbv xm 171c; 
avtlJtQOOWJCetac; inc; Em tgonl)c;, EXtlµitOEL<; CLE0vcbv ogyavcbOEWV (xugtwc; 'tOU 
l:uµf3ouAtou tnc; Eugcbnnc; xm mu OALE), ex0eoELc; µn xuBEQVl}ttxcbv 
ogyavcboEwv XAJt. 
H nagouoa avaA UOl} aJtO'tEAEL OUOt71µanx.n Et;Etao71 yta xa0e µta art6 ttc; 
uno'Vilcptec; xcbgec; tcov XUQLOtegwv otmxdwv ogyavwol}c; xm AEnougy(ac; 100v 
xganxcbv e;ououi>V xm trnv µrixuvwµcov JCQOOtao(ac; trnv 0eµeAtwbcov 
6tx.mwµ6.trnv. l\Ev Jtt::QLO(>L~Etm or µu1 Tumxit JCEQLYQacpit aAA6. embtci>xu vc1. 
a;LOAoyr)oeL t71v rcguyµnttxit AH to·uQyLu tric; bnµoxgm(ac; xm tm, X(><'ttouc; 
61,xalou. 
H a;wA6y11071 autit avmptgetm otriv ucpwt{iµr.vri xataotaori tov Io1,v1,o tou 
1997. l\ev n:goBat vEL oe Arn10µegit e;ttaon twv µnaBoAcbv n:ou txouv 
evbexoµtvwc; rntA0Et art6 triv Jttcoori tou xoµouvwttxou xa0eo1cbtoc; it nou 
61,acpatvovtm yLa to µtAAOV, av xm ri ng68w71 µEtaggv8µLOl}c; tou al) B toµfo 
EXEL ATIQ)0El tu; JCEQL006tEQEc; cpogtc; un6'4'TI otriv nagovaa extlµ71071. H 
xataotaol} rcou EJtLXQatEL o-tov toµfo tl}c; bwtxl}oric; avacptge,;m ouv1oµa xm 
ea artO'tEAEOEL avttxdµevo AEJCtOµEQEOtEQWV O)(OALWV Oto XE(()O.AaLO 4 
1.1. A11µoxQ«'ti« x«t U3tEQOXt] 'tOU btx«iou • 
To l:uv-tayµa JtOU '\VTl(J)LOtl}'X.E tOV LEJCteµBgw tO'U 1992 ouyxgovwc; µe 'tl} 
bl)A.00071 ave;ag171otac; xm e0vtxitc; XUQtagxtac;, ngoBMrtEL 'tl}V eyxa8(bguo71 
-xot voBouAEunxnc; bl}µox.gatlm; Otll LAoBax.(a. Qot6oo, Tl AEL tougyla toov 
0eoµcbv 171c; LAoBnxtac; avttµnwn(~EL ogwµtvec; buoxoA(ec;. 
AuiqOoroa:n 'tOV Kotvo8ovHou xm -rnc; voµo01::_uxnc; Ec,ouoi.m; 
To KmvoBouALO anoteAdtm art6 lv<1.v µ6vo tµitµn: to E0vtx6 LuµBouALO tl}<; 
LAoBaxtxi)<; Anµox.Qattm; 1wu UJtoteAd tm cm6 150 µEAlJ nou exMyovtm yw 4 
E"tl} µE avaAoyLxi). M6vo i:a x6µµni:a rcou EAaBav 'tO'UAUXW'tOV 5% twv 't!,l)cpwv 
(7% av rcg6xELtm yta ouvaomoµ6 bvo it i:guov xoµµatwv, 10% ecp6oov EXEL 
oxl]µana-tt:L an6 4 it negwo6'tega x.6µµa-w.) Aaµ{3avouv e6gec; a-to 
KOL vof3ouALO. 
9 
IloA.A.oi, nohnx.oi, oxnµunoµoi, (79 eyyey0uµµevu noA.LtLx.a x.6µµcnu) 
µagtUQOUV tl]V UJtUQsll ev6c; nguyµutLX.O'U JtOA.Ux.oµµutwµou Otl] LA.oBax.i,u. Tu 
x.6µµata nou EAaBav negwo6t£QO an6 3% tmv '4Jitcpmv x.ata w; tEAEUtatEc; 
Ex.A.oytc; tuyxavouv XQnµato66tnonc; Ex µtQouc; tou XQatouc;. 
0 IIQ6E6Qoc; tl]c; Anµox.Qattac; µJtOQd va JtQOBEt OE 6LaA.uon tou E0vLx.ou 
LuµBouA.tou Ecp6aov a-ut6 aQvn0d tQELc; cpoQtc; va JtaQaoxa tl]V '4Jitcpo 
EµJtLOtoouvnc; tOU Otl]V x.uBEQVT]Ol] EVt6c; tCl)V £t;L µnvwv JtOU aX.OAOU0ouv tl] 
()LEVEQYELa t(l)V BouA.EUtLX.WV EX.Aoywv. Ava Jtaoa OtL yµit, µ6vo 'lpl](f)O(f)OQLa tOU 
x.m voBouAtou µE JtAEL0'4JlJcpi,a tmv 6uo tQL tmv µJtOQEL va rnLcpEQEL tl] 6LaA uoit 
tOU. 
OL BouA.euttc; anoAauouv naQa6omax.ou xa0wtwtoc; aouALwv 6uvaµEL tou 
UQ0QOU 78 tOU LUVtayµatoc;. 
To KmvoBouALO uax.d tl] voµoOenx.it e;ouata. MOLQU~Etm to bLx.ai,rnµa 
JtQWtoBouA.tac; µe tl]V xuBeQvnan. H x.uBtQvnon xm µEµovwµeva OL uno·uQyoi, 
aox.ouv tnv xavovLOtLx.it e;ouai,u evt6c; tmv OQLCJJV nou JtQoBMnovtm an6 to 
v6µo. 
0 IIQ6E6Qoc; tnc; Anµox.Qattac; µnoQd va anocpuotoa tl] bLEvtgyaa 
CT]µO'lpl](f)LOµatmv, EL tE µeta an6 ai, tl]Ol] tOU Km voBoUALO d tE µEta an6 autit 
touAaxwtov 300.000 JtOAL twv. Ta 6nµo'4Jncptaµata auta EL vm unoxgewnx.a yLa 
tl]V rnLBeBatwon tmv ouvtayµatLx.ci.>v v6µwv it ngox.aµtvou va anocpaowtd Tl 
JtQOOXWQT]Ol] it aJtOXWQT]Ol] tl]c; LAOBax.i,ac; an6 µi,a evwon x.gatci.>v. Auvavtm va 
acpogouv 6Aa ta 0eµata, JtAl]V amci.>v JtOU txouv OXEOll µE ta 0eµEALW()l] 
6Lx.mci.>µata, to cpogoA.oyLx.6 x.a0wtci.>c; it tov ngounoA.oywµ6 tou x.gatouc;. 
AEt'tovgyi.a 'tov K0tvo8ovAi.ov 
OL E'KAOytc; Etvm EAEU0EQE<; x.m a6LaBAlltEc; otn LAoBax.ta. An6 nc; tEAEUtaLE<; 
BouA.eunx.tc; EXA.oytc; tou LEJttEµBgtou 1994 avabdx0nx.E otnv cl;ouoi,a µi,a 
x.uBeQVT]Ol] ouvaomoµou UJt6 to "Ktvnµa yLa µLa Anµox.ganx.it LAOBax.i,a" JtOU 
anotEAOUOE µEL0'4JlJcpi,a tov MaQtLo tou Lbtou etouc; otn ouvtxaa anoxmgitoewv 
nou Etxav ngayµatonoLn0d o, aut6 (BMnE nagagtnµa OXEtLx.a µE ta 
anoteMoµata tmv tEAeUtatwv BouA.Eunx.wv EX.Aoyci.>v). 
To LAoBax.Lx.6 KmvoBouA.LO 6ev JtAT]QOL tnv anootoA.it tou un6 6gouc; titQllOllc; 
tmv ouvit0wv x.av6vwv AELtougytac; µtac; Anµox.gattac;. 
Ta bLx.mwµata tnc; avtLJtoM trnonc; bev tngouvtm JtAitQmc;, x.ugtwc; 6oov acpoQa 
tl] ouµµetoxit -rou OtLc; x.m voBouA.EUtLx.ec; e;EtaotLx.tc; rnL tgontc;. Tov 
LEJtteµBgw 1994 ewe; tOV lavouagw 1997, Tl ouµµE-roxit tl]c; av'tLJtOAL tEUOl]c; 
BaoeL µLac; avaAOyLx.itc; EX.JtQOOWJtl]Ol]c; OtLc; X.OL voBoUAEUtLx.ec; e1;etaOtLx.ec; 
EJtLtQOJtEc;, OL OJtOLEc; ELVUL EJtLq)OQtLOµevEc; µE tOV EA.EYXO tWV µuOtLX.WV 
UJtl]QEOLWV x,m t(l)V UJtl]QEOLWV JtA llQO(f)OQLWV t(l)V EVOJtA(l)V buvaµEWV' bev EL XE 
ngoBAEcp0eL MEXQL oitµEQa, m rnL tgonec; autec; bEv x.at6Q0moav va 
6l]µLOUQYT180UV A6yw tl]c; aQVl]Ol]c; tl]c; x.uBeQVl]Ol]c; va bex0ei, BoUAEUtec; OL 
onotoL ogi,~ovtm an6 tnv avnnoA.t tEuon yLa va ouµµetaoxouv o , auta. 
E1;aAAOU, JtQEJtEL va tovwrni, 6tL Tl avtLJtOAL teuon bev JtQOECQEUEL nMov tmv 
µ6vtµmv rnttgonci.>v tou KmvoBouA.tou, evci.> aut6 ouv£Bmve ngo tou 
LrnteµBgtou 1994. 
10 
H 'tlJQlJOlJ twv a1;twµcnwv twv (3ou1..nmi>v x.m Trnv btabtx.uaui>v rcou 6Lrn01,v w; 
EQyaai.ec; 'tOU Km voBOUALOU bev e1;aoq>aALsETm rcav'ta. Ken ' UU't6 'tOV tQOJCO, to 
0eµa Tl)c; JCUQUL'tl)Ol)c; Tou x. Gaulieder arc6 TO a1;lwµ6. 1ou we; (3ou1..eu1ou, 10 
OJ'tOLO aµq>LO~l)'tl)0l)XE aJt6 tOV LCLO tOV evbLaq>EQ6µevo, ~QLOXEtm J'tQOc; 'tO 
JtUQOV un6 est'taol) aJt6 to LUVtayµatLx6 6Lxaoti)QLO. H xmv·opouA.eunxiJ 
JtAELO'VlJq>La Cl)µLOUQYlJOE arc6 to 1994 tfoOEQLc; e1;etaonxtc; em tQontc; m onolec; 
artUQ'tLsOvtm axeb6v es OAOX.AlJQOl' arc6 Bm,1..rntEs tl)c; JCAELO'\jJl)(f)La<; OE 
J'tEQLOOO'tEQOUc; toµdc; (buo EJCLtQOJttc; EJtL(f)O(>tLOµtvec; J.lE tl) <)Ltt.;<1Y(t)YlJ E(>E1)V(J)V 
oxenxa µe tu; m.,vOiJxec; 1,n6 tLc; OJtOtec_; UVHQ(otyt 10 M(lQ'tLO t()'l) 1994 l) 
x.uPEQVl)Ol), lJ emtQOJtl} oxenxa µe w; µuonxec; UJCl)(>WLEc;, 11 tJtLtQOJtl} OXEtLX(l 
µe nc; UJtl)QEOi.ec; JtAllQOq>OQLWV twv ev6nArnv buv(1µe(l)v). To LUVtctyµatLx6 
6Lxaoti)QLO aµq>wBiJtlJOE tl) b11µwuQy(a twv em tgomi)v mrccilV beboµtV(rn 6tL 
'ta x.a0i)x.ov-ra touc; smegvouoav nc; £1;01,o(ec; mn, (1V<1YVCOQL~Ovtm Oto 
Km vopouALO arc6 10 LUV-tayµa. 
Auiq8qrocm 'tnc; ExnlEanxnc; E5ouai.ac; 
O IlQ6EbQoc; tnc; 611µoxQattac; exAeynm arc6 to Kmvof~ou1..w µe JtAELO'\lJl)q>ta 
3/5 yLa nevtaniJ 811tda, 11 onota avavewvnm µLa q>oga. 6La8t'teL nc; 
JtaQabomaxtc; esouotec; ev6c; agxriyou xga1ouc;. Mnoget va arcaAAayei, ex i:wv 
xa8rix6vtwv tou aJt6 to KmvoBouALO µe tl)V ELbtxiJ JtAELO'\lJl)q>La 3/5, eq>6oov 
aoxei. bgaotl)QL6tl)tec; avttSetec_; JtQoc; tnv XUQLaQxLa, tl)V ebaq>LxiJ axeQm6trita 
tric; xwgac; iJ JtQoc; to ouvtayµanx6 xm b11µox.ganx6 tric; xa8eotwc;. MJtOQEL va 
sl\tl)OEL rut6 to E8vLx.6 LUµpouALO va JtQOBeL OE EX vfou avayvwori ev6c; v6µou, 
o on;oi,oc; µ6ALc; eyxgt811xe, aAAa 10 tµi}µa tov Km voBovALOu µnogd va 
aJtOQQL'\lJEL tnv UQVl)OLX.UQLa tou µe '\lJricpocpogLa µe arcAiJ JtAELO'\lJl)q>La. 
To xdµevo tou LUVtayµatoc; tric; LAof3ax.Lac; 01JVrnayetm tov x.L vb1,vo 
eµnAoxiJc; twv 0wµcilV OE JtE(>LJttrnori mm El vm nhiMnyt rt n1..w>'\jJytq>L<1 yw tl)V 
mlteu1;ri ouµq>wvi.ac; oxenx.<'1 µe to bto(>LOµ(> vfou IlgoU)gm, tl)c; 6l)µox.gutLuc;. 
IlQ6.yµatL, oe JtEQLJttwori nov ri Otori ami\ dvm xEvi\, 6Ev dvm 61'va-t6 va 
OQLOtEL vta xuBtQVllOl) x.m O aox.wv XQEl) n gwOun01,gy6c; esaoq>aALsH tl)V 
6.oxriori twv xa811x6vtwv, ta onoi.a ouvi]Owc; nox.et o Ilg6ebgoc; tric; 
6 riµoxQati.ac;. 
0 IlQOebQOc; tl)c; 6l)µOXQUti.ac; OQLsEL tov IlQm8unougy6 x.m, µeta arc6 JtQOtUOl) 
autou, touc; UJCOUQyouc;. H x.uBtQVl)Ol) EL vm UJCeU8UVl) evwmov tOU 
Kmvo~uAlou, x.a8wc; xm urceu8uvm ei.vm µeµovwµtvwc; m unouQyoL 
H xata t6nouc; bLaQ0QWOt\ t11c; b11µ6mac; bwtxl)oric; paol~etm oe oxtw 
JtEQLq>EQELE<; xm 79 bLaµeQi.oµata ta onoLa bLOLx.ouvtm arc6 avnrcQoowrcouc;,- OL 
OJCOLOL OQLsovtm arc6 tl)V xuBegv11ori. 0 v6µoc; tOU lOUALOU 1996 evtoxuoe nc; 
esouoi.ec; tWV 0eoµwv autwv eLc; BaQoc; t(J)\/ UQµObLOt'Y]t(l)V tL<; onotec; aoxouoav 
µtXQL t6te m ogyavwµoi. tomxi]c; amobtoi.xrianc;. Qot6oo, lJ xatavoµiJ 'tWV 
aQµobLoti)Twv µETa;u 'tWV arcox.evtQwµtvwv XALµax.i.rnv tl)<; bytµ6mac; bwi.xrianc; 
x.m twv cmox.t:vtQwµevwv OQyavwµwv tomx.i]c; mnobtotx11011c; XQT\~EL 
negm tegw bu~ux.gL vwric;. 
H :n .. opaxLa EXEL µi.a µ6vo x.at11y0Qi.a ogyavwµwv tomxi]c; autobLoi.xriollc; oe 
mi.rcebo xmvotiJtwv (2.680). Autec; xgriµarnbotouvtm t6oo arc6 touc; lbwuc; 
:rt6Qouc; 600 xm rut6 tva µtQoc; twv e0vLxwv (f)OQOAbyLxwv rc6gwv nou 
xa0ogU;ovtm an6 -ro xgcnoc;. 
11 
l~ 
·ori9A 01 3TI DAmcbri'),O uoXl,l~31Q A3Q CtOJ.DW Sllvz 1DX 
Sll£z Sll1 nrl01cbl,lm,orlllq 01 119 n13~An,0 l)ll>X 3A 1ax? D101£0 Lt 'So1Drlo1cbum,orlllq 
Slluoa111£3 Sllx1a1A3X Sll1 llond)OlJ:D AUl 30UOA/\D 1DX OlctD nrill1cna3 01 t\O,oa3cb 
D~ Ct01£ n11 ·raq npcbnaJ.. l)X1/\0"'(X3 DlO 13TI13AD1Q DA 'nriinlA'),:r 01 3'.n orl1ol)g1grlcw 
ADll,l ctoa<19oau CtOl Sl,lJ..O"'(X3 ou9a1 AOl 3rl l)X113XO nri01cbl,lm,orlllq 01 119 3A ,ax~ 
(l01£ cto1au10Dx1v 0,ox11nrlA.n1Act:r CtOl lloncb91£D AUl 1)13rl '3xlt9l,lAan lloltAa?gctx 
Lt 'n1aocbocbltm, lt03rll) l_lX1"'(00DX 3rl Sn11naxorilty1 5lt1 ctoaq9oau ctOl l,lA.O"'(X3 
Altl mx 0.LVN 010 5D1XDgo"'(:r 5lt1 llolta(!)Xooau Alt.1 3rl l)X113XO l66l ct01DW 
vz mx £Z 5110 ADXU0(!)AnA.a01q (l01£ A(l)ll)TI01cbltm,oriltq A(l)l n1amxo.3 AUl 3W 
· UOl)lO ltA.oy9AD 30Ul?0010. 
50.019 O.OJQ1 ctOl ctoJagrl30N 0.01 Ct01 nri01cbl_lm, 010 01"'((),0fjOA 10)1 9XJ.D1£mao.3 O.L 
· .. LtomA3, l,lxJ.DlJ:roact3 AUlO mx A'),01nax1m (l01£ 5?X11XDa1£ 59X11Daxoriltq 511 mx 
DrlADlAC),:r 01 Acto~m DA ADO'),oaolJ:rl no 53101£0 10 5n11naxoriltv 5lt1 o.00<19oau 
ctOl l)lDX 5313Aa9A3 1DlAOAl)fjrlD"'(DAD 119 5QAOA3A 01 5ro1om<. 1DX D1XD90"'(:r UlD 
UDDlA9 l,lx1ri039 1DX l,lx111"'(01£ Alll .. l)aocbn AOD9 Sll1 n1XctOUAD AUl 130l,l101£010(l)AA 
3Xp ltomA3, l,lXJ_l)1£(l)act3 Lt '~66 l cto1afJmrno 5lt~z 5ll1 Slt.1 l)riltgl)1Q 01:r 
·Sn11naxorillv7 
5mri D1A.act0113"'( ll9l,lActO UlO Q1X3AD mA 13 DA paolJ:rl 3101£l,lq110 l)Aa31£3~ 
A(!)rlD30 '),~D13rl SllXl)rimq UDDlOl)lDX CT)AQ"'( A3 H ·S13D(!)actx 3ri ADXll9l,l"'(131£D 
91CtD OcbnaA.A.9 01 ActOm,l)aA.olJ:ct DA ADO'),OTICt011£3 A3Q Ct01£ DrlOll) D.L ·0.01 
A(l)lA9xlt9nx A(l)l X3 5n11naxorilty1 Slt1 ctoaq9oau CtOl l,lA.D"'("'(DlJ:D AUl ADOC),Ollt~ 
D101£0 AUl 3rl 0,orio111"'(0I1 opA.actolJ: A 01 91£D UA3ri9Xa3oau lloll11n AO.Om,l)aJ..ouct 
DA ADXU0l_l"'(X 10"'(U"'("'(l)1£Ct 10109rillq 10 ~661 0.01 01ag(!)lXO AOl 'Slt.011£3 
"l)X11ADrillo 3XU0(!)13ri 5n11naxoriltv 5lt1 5n1aq3oau 
5ll1 5n1A.ano113"'( 59ri01A.0"'(01£(\0a1£ 0 '9661 O.L ·nriA.DlAC),:r 01 91£D 1D13~1ao 
0.01£ ~/£ A(l)l DJcbltm,013"'(1£ AU1130(!)alA3XAct0 DA 30ro9a91DX A3Q ltoltAa9gctx lt 1191Q 
'Dri03"'(9101£D 30 3~U"'(9lDX i\3Q l_llctD D13Aa9A3 H ·(ma9l(l)AD 31£?"'(9) 01AC),Oalt"'(1£ 
A3Q l,llctD D10DX1QD1Q UlO l,lA.ctcbooau AUl D1A 10a9 10A3TI'),011D1£D 10 5(!)AD©ri3 
(!)A3 '5l,luoa1DAD D1DDX1(.?D1(.? ctoaq9oau 0.01 l)lDX 3fjD"'('9AD nriri9x A'),Ocbltm,013"'(1£ 
01 ·~66 I OJ, ·Sl,l1ctn SllonlOl)lDX Sll1 miA.13Q~)anu 9"'(1£D DA? 13"'(3101£D 
Sn11naxoriuv 5lt1 CtOOQJOOII (tol 5llollAO?fJ(tX Sll1 (t~nnri UOl)l Sl,lX3ActO H 
·n11naxoriltv n1ri 30 
S9lKlAl) mAp 53J01£0 10 S9~J1010001£ S9xn10oqnanu 511 1)A031£3~ D101£0 Lt UDl)lD 
P13001'l l)AX(tD mx SDocpX Sll1 MJ)TI.030 M0"'("'(9 A(l)l 531ll191qorioD 511 mx 019a 01 
sroal,!"'(1£ 1D139?D A3Q ltouAa9gctx l,lA1a3rllto ll 119 S9AOA3A 010 1D13"'(pcbo n1xngo1:r 
lt.10 S-0100.0~ 5l,lX1103"'(31X3 Sll1 Sn1A.act0113"'( Slt.1 D1TIDACtQD Lta31(),"'(DA3rl H 
Sn1.ono§3 5~xu..03"t31X3 Siu. DJMJno113v 
/ 
"(t01"'(ctOgOA10)1 CtOl oXA.3"'(9 AOlO l)X11uanno 1DlA13X91£Ct 5ctOl S91ll191au1onaq 
10 ·0,0A.acto1£ct9mau Ct01 A011£(!)A3 53ACt0'),31£(l D03ril) 1DAJ3 S31ooauuct 5?X110ctrl 10 
. A(!)Xan A(!)X111"'(01£ A(l)l oXA.3"'(9 AOl 91£Ct 1DlAOXOJag DJriOActlOD Lt 1DX 591na10 0 
·na(!)X lt 13~J1£(l)13TI11AD (l01£ 5l)aocbmq A(l)ll)rllt"'(goau 
A(l)l lloltri9"'(01£DlDX AUl 13AC),"'(0Xct31Q A3Q l,llctD ltonl01)1DX H "A(l)"'(l_l"'("'(DlJ:O. 
Am1oorlltq Am1 5nocp3oXouct 511 mx n1nricpmx1q n1 D13Al,lcbno 3rl 13~100 
DA ,wu Sltoltx101q Sn109rillq S(!)1030DX 13190mg A3() lloux101q l_lx1xngo1~ H 
TeAoc;, 11 xuBtQvriori ~iJtrioe va mextd veL ta µtoa eMyxou tric; otouc; 0Lacp6Qouc; 
toµetc; tric; nohnxi)c; xmvmvtm;. H bLabt.xaoLa t.bt.mnxonotrioric; 
JtQayµatonmiJ0rixe un6 ouv0i)xec; nou bev avtanoxQLvovtav OtLc; avayxec; 
OLacpaveLac; xm aµEQOAl]'\jJ(ac;. OL µrixavwµo( JtOU rnEtQEJtav tri 0eori OE 
ecpaQµoyiJ EJtLXQL0rixav an6 to LUVtayµanx6 ALxaoti)QLO. 0 v6µoc; OXetLxa µE 
tl]V avcinatri exna(beuori nou ex66811xE to 1996 evwxuEL nc; ouva-r6tritec; 
naQeµ{3c1011c; tl]c; xuBtQv11ot1c; otov OLOQWµ6 tmv xa01'1Ylltffiv navrnwtriµ(mv. 
H OQaori tmv µuonxci)v UJtflQWuov otriv LAoBaxi,a bev un6xeLtm oe rnaQxiJ 
f>...eyxo ex µeQouc; twv JtOALtLxci)v aQxrov xm XUQLW<; tou KmvoBouA(ou. O ev 
A6ym tAeyxoc; tmv µuonxrov UJtl]QEOLrov E;aocpaAL~Etm cmoxAELo-nxa cm6 triv 
xuBeQvriori, ri ono(a bEv EXEL ax6µri EJtLtQE'\jJEL triv Ecpagµoyi) ev6c; 
xmvoBouAeunxo1, EAtyxm-' o-wv ono(o Oa m,µµutxu JtATJQW<; 11 avtL:rtOALte'UOl]. 
En(oric;, OL aQµ6bLec; ugxtc; bEv 0AoxA11Qrnm1v nc; <mngu(tritec; tge1,v£~ yu1 vn 
bLaAeuxavouv ogwµtvE<; uno0fo£L<; one; ono(Ec; EXEL u:rtovoriOd n,01,vri W>V 
U:rtl]QWLrov amrov 6:rtwc; 11 anaywyiJ tm, 1,w1, tm, Ilgotbgm, tric; Ariµoxgcn(ac;, 11 
boAocpovLa tou ngaxtoQa Remias iJ 11 mLOrnri xata tau aQxwuvtaxtri tou "Sme" 
Peter Toth. 
H avE;O.Qtrio(a tric; LAoBaxLxi)c; OLxmoouvric; :rtQOOXQOUeL OE OELQa Eµ:rtobtmv. 
Kat , aut6 tov tQ6:rto, OL OLxaottc; OQL~ovtm cm6 to KOL voBouALO µEta a.no 
:rtQ6taori tric; xuBtQvrioric;, xata :rtQroto yLa µ(a :rtQffitll 0ritda 1woaQmv etrov, 
xm 0111 ouvtxELa rn' aoQ(Otm xg6vw. To EV A6yw ouotriµa "boxLµaotLxi)c; 
:rtEQL66ou" nou :rtQoBM:rtEtm oto aQ0Qo 145 tou Luvtayµatoc; µ:rtOQd va EXEL we; 
a:rtOtEAEOµa va :rtEQLOQWtd l1 avesaQtria(a t(OV bLxaotci)v XUQLW<; xata ta 
:rtQrota t111 aaxrioric; twv xa0rix6vtwv touc;. E:rtLaric;, o Y nouQy6c; ALxmoouvric; 
Ota0EtEL triv Esouo(a, tl]V o:rto(a aoxrioe iJbri, va µeta0etEL xata BoUAflOll touc; 
JtQOEOQouc; xm touc; avnnQOOOQouc; twv bLxaatriQ(wv. AvtL0eta, OL bLxaatec; 
~OQOUV va a:rtaAAayouv EX twv xa811x6v-rwv touc; µ6vo an6 to KOL voBouALO 
µeta a:rt6 yvci)µri nu0agxLxou bLxaatrig(ou xm cmoxA.ewnxa yLa ooBaQouc; 
A6youc;. A:rtoAauouv tou Lb(ou xaOe01ci)1oc; aauALrov µe touc; XOL voBouAeunxouc; 
EX:rtQOOWJtouc;, evci) ri aouA(a wuc; µnogei, va aQ0d µ6vo cm6 to Luvtayµanx6 
ALxaoti)QLO. OL bt.xaottc;, 6:rtwc; xm ot. ewayyEAdc;, OEv µ:rtOQouv va 
:rtQOOXffiQi)oouv ae :rtOAL tLxa x6µµa1a. 
H eLoayyeA(a nou unayetm otov yevLx6 ewayyeMa, o onoi,oc; OLOQL~etm xm 
µ:rtOQEL va anaAAayeL EX twv xa811x6vtwv tou cm6 tov IIQ6EOQO tric; 
AriµoxQat(ac; µeta an6 :rtQ6taori tau KOLvoBouA(ou, e(vm ave1;<'tQtlltl1 trtc; 
exteAwnxi)c; e;oua(ac;. Qot6oo, to oxoow v6µou :rtEQL bLaQ0Qwoewc; tric; 
ewayyeALac; xm tou xa0rntrotoc; twv µeArov tric; nou :rtQoBM:rtetm an6 to <'tQ0Qo 
151 tou ouvtayµatoc; bev EXEL ax6µa exbo0d. 
0 EAEyxoc; t(l)V bLOLXl]tLX(l)V JtQClsEWV umiyetm Otl]V aQµOOLOtl]ta t(l)V aonxwv 
OLXaOtl]QLffiV. 
H LA0(3ax(a bev Ot.a0ttEL Ombudsman. 
To 2wtayµa.1Lx6 At.xaoti)QLO, to onoLo auata0rixe to 1993, a.noteAehm a.no 10 
µtAri nou OQL~ovtm yLa 7 etri an6 tov IlQ6ebgo tric; AriµoxQatLac; Baau ev6c; 
xa-ca)..6you 20 a-c6µwv rcou rcQo-rdvov-rm a.rc6 -co Ko1,vo(3ouALO. EMyxe1, n1 
ouµcpwv(a twv v6µwv xm twv xavovwnxci)v rcga};Ewv ngoc; to Luvtayµa xm 
13 
v~ 
"(tO'.l!(!)aOAU (t01 D1Drl(!)1DX.1Q Dl AC),oaodm CtO'.l! A<!)Afftl A{T)A9rlroAH 
AO)l 5130l)fJrlctO 53a3191actx. 511 130(!)actx. 5lt.OJ'.1!3 nX3, ·531lt.19Aonrl S9X.1A03 
511 'Jrl l)X.113XO 01DJl)"('.1!-lt.Dngrlc,tD lt.1 1DX. AH)1alt.101ADDDg MT)l ltcf\lt"(9a1£ AUl 
D1A U.DDfjrlC),D Ul 13D(!)aetx. 13X9 DJX.DgO"(:S: Lt 'A(T)li},10A013rl A(T)l 1DX. Ct0'.l!(!)a0AD 0.01 
A(T)ll)rlromx1g A(T)l DJDDlDOa'.l! AUl mA. A(T)3Dl)grleto A(!)A031Q A(T)"("(l) A{T)l (),~D13W 
·S~ucm Sltongrl(),~ 
Slt.1 13rll)AO.Q ACW1?0D1Q Ct0'.1! D1Drlq>1DX1Q Dl 1D1J\.OA 10 119 AO.OJ\. 1ax J\.OD9d:>3 
01al}.10Dx.1v 9x.J.l)'.1£{T)aet3 010 J\.etOA.cybooa'.l! DJ\. n1Lt.191DACtQ Lt.1 Sa1cp1g1 SctOlD 
Slt.DJ'.1£3 13X9anu .DJX.DgO"(DOX3D.L Lt 3191 30UJ0'.1!01DrlA.na'.l! (t01£ J\.{T)30cpanx J\.{T)l 
13rll)AO.Q Z66 I 011avw J\.01 9'.l!D Slt.1 A{T)"("(9X.01{T)a'.1£ J\.{T)130D9a'.l! J\.{T)l 1DX Scpgnx 
cto1tcpa9Ay Ct01 n1nrlcpmx1v Dl mA. SltoDgric,t~ Sl}.XJ.D1£(T)act3 Slt.1 soa9rl 13"{310'.l!D 
'£661 011\C).OI J\.01 9'.l!D Slt.1Ccpaet3 Slt.1 CtOJ"{ctOgrlet~ CtOl SO"{?rl Sro 'n1xngo1~ H 
'l)lctD DA3rlpx Dl 130cpaetx Aroa910a1£ J\.{T)l %3 13X9 DJ\. 13~a1£-UO{T)J\.3, 
l}.XJ.D1Croan3 J\.UlD 1301}.aroXooa'.l! DJ\. J3rlet91m Ct01£ 50ll)ax. 301)% :etOA9rlltlX3X 
Ct01 OJ3X1010 DJ\.9 'UO{T)J\.'3, l}.XJ.D'.l!{T)aet3 J\.Ul mA. Sltxl}.9AetO Slt.1 .L~ noa0av 
Ct01 l}.A.orlancb3 , lDX 'J3"{3101!D 91etD O"(OJ\.C),O O.L ·Slt.1 l)"("(OX.91roa1£ D1a909a1£ 
Daa191aetx. Dl 1DX. D1DTI(!)1DX.1V DM'.l!(!)aOAV Dl mA. ltoDgrlc,t~ l}.XJ.D'.l!{T)aet3 Lt va1ao 
UlD lticpal! 1'013A9"(DlDX.ACtD A(T)J0'.1£0 ACl>1 C,l~D13li A(T)30l)fJrietD AC!>A031Q A{T)A9rlo1ao 
l}.A.orlaDdn J\.Ul 3rl Slt.DJ'.1£3 J31D1"(DcbDD~3 UA pao'.l!ri A(!)lCtD A(T)ll)rlromx1g J\.{T)l 
ltoltal}.1 H . Aro11}.10A013rl A<l)l 1DX. CtO'.l!(!)agAD Ct01 A{T)ll)rlro1DX.1Q J\.{T)l c,tOrlODg30 
Ct01 U01"(l)cbDD~3 J\.Ul mA. A{T)A9ADX Acpx.1a:uroo3 l)a130 3011!0?0 DJX.DfjO"{:S: H 
A(l}l.l},l.OA013rl A(l}l. Dl.ODl..0001£ 1DX nOU<?OOAD noi Dl.Dri<?1DX1V ·z·1 
'l)X.11DrlA.D1Aeto11AD Sro etorl9A 
D1Q9XD z I 30(T)ac,tx.D 01al}.10Dx.1v 9x.11DrlADlACt:S: 01 't,66 I 01 9'.l!V 'DrlADlA().:S: 
01 9'.l!D 1D1J\.O~Jao S91CtD Sro1£9 SetOl J\.{T)ll}.101gonaD J\.{T)XJ01011AD J\.{T)l lt~D"{c,tcbmg 
Lt.10 1DX. J\.(910Ct0~3 Aroa9cbmg J\.{T)l C),~D13rl SDp.coaao01 Slt.0Ltal}.1mg D1301)1!00a1£ 
AUlD 0"(9a 9A.a3J\.3 C),"(01! 3011l)riDagmg 01al}.10DX.1y7 9x11nrlA.DlJ\.ct:S: O.L 
'J\.C).OOU~CtD DJ\. n~a'.l! D0 So1Dri(!)O C),OX.11DDX.1Q Ct01 SD10Lt.1an~AD 
51301}.etA.A.3 10 •53JODX1QD1Q 59X.11DDX1Q 511 l)aocbD J\.009 DlUlC),QDag U"(l)A.3rl (),"{01£ 
DJrl 1DA J3 Slt.AC),001DX.1V Sl}.x.1x.DgO"(:S: Slt.1 5DJA.aet0113"( Slt.1 9x.1101aLt.1x.DaDX 01a(), )I 
Sn1ono~l S~x11.onx1q Siu n1X.ono113v 
·etoJaltl!>DX.1Q C\.O"("(l) A01'.l!(!)J\.3 0.01 
l)1DTI(!)1DX.1Q Dl J30D3"(UX.1'.1!3 DJ\. pao'.l!ri J\.3Q (\.01£ mx. Slt.0Ltx.101g Slt.1 I}. Slt.0Lt.Aa9getx. 
Slt.1 Slt.0Dd>91£D SDJrl fOA9"( CtOl 5DJa30Ct3"(3 Slt.1 I}. Ct01 Af0ll)rlromx.1g A(9Q{T)1"(3rl30 
J\.{T)l UDDJgnanl! J31001£ct 13X9 119 131\ 1ax. CtO'.l! 01rroo9a1£ 0"("(1) 301)% I}. mal}.1onx1v 
Dl 'SD9"(3AADD13 S9x.1A3J O 'ltoLt.Aa?fJetx. Lt '5DJ1Dax.or1Ltv Slt.1 Sooq39au 
0 'AC!)10.3"(etOg A<l>l <;,/ [ 01 13a9d) DA pao'.l!rl et0Jalt10DX1V C),OX11DTIAD1Act:S: 
n,01 A01'.l!(!)A3 nrl9() 'So1DrlAl)lACt:S: Ct01 0£ [ etoagal) (t01 l}.A.orlancb3 , lD)I 
·l}.1ct3"(etog S9Aa Aro1A9xlt9nx 
AO>l X.3 51}.A.D"("(Dl.CD Slt1 I}. So1nrlrl9x. '),OX.111"(0'.l! S9A3 Sltoet"(l)1Q Slt1 1)1DX 
A(!)A.etcbooa'.l! A(T)l 11£3 PQAD©Ol!D DA pao'.l!ri mx. DlDTIOJcbltm,orlltg Dl mx S9AO"(X3 
S9X.11Ct3"(ctOg 511 13(\.311!0'.1!3 'J\.(!)10Ct0~3 A(9X.1lDTIADlJ\.CtD J\.roa9cbmg J\.{T)l (),~Dl3rl 
AO.Ocf\C),X.Oa'.l! DA A'),oao'.l!ri (lO'.l! S9aocbmg 511 13~JrlOCld ·S3x.l}.0AetD SJ3A031Q 511 
~uv6.µet tOU ouvt6.yµatoc; tl]c; L/\.OBmdac;, OL btat{tsw; t(l)V bu~Ovwv ouµBaoECOV 
JtOU mpOQOUV ta btxmwµata tOU avOgcimou UJtEQEXOUV t(l)V e0vtxwv btatasewv 
ecp6oov elvm mo euvo·a:xtc;. 
A'to11tx« xm rco1,,tuxa btxau.011a'ta 
H JCQ60Bao11 Otll btxmoo,,vll esaocpaAltnm oc µcy<'tAo f3a0µ6 Otll LA.of-~axtu. 
Y cplotatm eva ouoT11µa faxaottxi]c; nQcoyi]c; OE nm vtw't Otµcna. 
H eavaTL'X.11 JtOL vi] ,<.atUQY110l]XE tO 1990 xm arcayogeuetm 0£ xa0e JtEQLJttWOl] 
arc6 to ouvtayµa. 
To btxatmµa va µllv OUAAaµB6.vetm ;<,avdc; au0atgeta e1;aacpaA.ttEtm: oubetc; 
µrcoQd va OUAAllcp0d xmgtc; evtaAµa nou exbtbetm arc6 ewayyeMa xm JtQEJtEL 
va JtUQOUOLaO'tEL evwmov CLXUOtO'U. £Vt6c; JtQ00eoµtac; 24 WQWV. Kata tll 
btaQXELa tllc; negt6bou ami)c;, o xat11yogouµevoc; exet bti<.atmµa va 
exJtQoomnettm arc6 btx11y6go. Evt6c; JtQo0wµtac; 24 mQwv nou axoAou0ouv tll 
ouAAll'4'll tou, o btxaoti)c; arcocpaattEL eav JtQEJtEL va acpe0d £Aeu0egoc; 11 va tou 
anayyeA0d xaTlJYOQLa. H µeywt11 faagxeta tl]c; ngocpuA6.xw11c; bev µrcoget va 
unegBd to eva etoc;, ext6c; av t0 A vwta-w ~Li<.a01i]QLO arcocpaotou tl]v 
JtaQ¢.taoi] tl]c; A6ym ELCLXOU xt vbuvou JtOU evMxetm va nagoumateL 0 
i<.all}YOQOUµevrn; yta u1v i<.OL vmvi.o.. 
Ta ei<.A.Oytxa btxmci>µaw. d;<wcpnAi.~ov-cm oe 6Aouc; -cm,c; noU-cec; llAL½Lac; avm 
tWV 18 £t(1)V. 
H eAeu0egta -cou ouve-cmgt~wOm e1;c10q><1Hte-cm Otl} LAOf:kti<.La ng{xyµa nm, 
xataµag-cuQd o buvaµwµ6c; rnu wµta tmv ogyavo>oewv xm 01JAA6ywv ( 12.000 
µ11 xuBeQvrinxec; oQyavwoetc; OTrt xwga). To KOLvoBouALO e1;e6woe evav v6µo 
OXElLX<l µe -ca tbguµata, 0 OJtOi.oc; UJt<lYEL aura, 0 , £Va mo auatrig6 i<.a0eotwc;, 
to onoi,o unoxQewvet ogwµevec; µ11 i<.uBegvrinxec; ogyavwoetc;, va 
JtQOOaQµoo-couv oto µeAAOV Otte; anmti]oetc;. To KOLvoBouALO e1;et6.~et mt tou 
JCO.QOVlO<; eva oxebLO v6µou OX£1Li{.(1 µE touc; µfl i<.eQCOOi<.OJtLi<.O'Uc_; OQyavwµouc;. 
H EA.EU0EQLa btabi)AWOfl<; esaocpaALtei:at O'tfl LA.OBaxi.a. 
H xuBeQv11011 EXEL aoi<.i)OtL onµavnxi] mi.bgaon otouc; xganxouc; 
Qo.bwa-m0µouc; xm ota0µouc; tl}AE6Qaonc;, n onota ei.xe i<.UQlmc; oav arcoteAeoµa 
µLa onµav-CLXT) aVLOOQQOJtLa an6 M0'4)l} XQOVLXT)c; JtUQOUOtac;, µei:a1;u tl}c; 
xuBtQVflOrJ<; xm Tl}<; avTLJtOAL Twonc;. H Eµcp6.vwri ev6c; tbLmtLxou toµea ota 
OJtTLXOaxouonxa µfoa µa~Lxi]c; evriµegwonc; (bnµwugyta e0VLXO'U tl}AtOJttLXO'U 
ota0µou xm 5 Tomxwv OTa0µwv, 20 L()l,(l)tLXWV QaCLOOta0µwv) ouve(3aAE OE 
onµavTtxi] BEA t(wori Tl}<; xatacnaoric; an:6 6.Jto'l!Jll £Aeu0EQlac; excpQaoric;. H 
o.u1;o.v6µEVll JtaQOUOLa 1;evwv gabwoi:aOµrov xc:t.Oroc; xm 'tll/\.EOJttLXWV O'ta0µwv 
. ( 49 aOELE<; JtOU txouv JtagaoxeOd yta ll)V µeta.boon EXJtOµJtWV µe Xa/\.(l)<)Lai<.i) 
ouvbrnl)) EVWXUEL mlol)c; trtc; ta.011 ami]. 
Ki>QLO xaQaxtrigwnx.6 -cou -cunou dvm ri JtAl}0wga (11 riµe.Qi]m.ec; ecpl)µegtbec; 
nou xuxA.ocpogouv o' OAOXAllQll Trt xwga xm 7 nou xuxAocpoQouv OE 
3tEQL006teQO art6 µla JCEQLcpEQEta), :rtaQ6. to yEyov6c; 6i:t ll ecpnµe,gi.ba "Slovenska 
Republika" nou unootnQtttL tl)V xuBeQv11on, tuyxavet 011µavnxi)c; XQattxi)c; 
xg11µa-co66n1011~-
15 
To KotvoB01'.lALO, aw mwi,o o IlQ6Ebgrn; tl}c; Al}µoxgatlac; etxe JtUQrutEµ'\VEL buo 
cp6Qec; to xdµevo, UJtEQQL'\Ve tEAtx.6. to oxebto tQOJtoAoytac; tou nmvtxou 
xw6txa, nou ouvmayEto Ol}µavnxouc; JteQLOQWµouc; tl}c; eAeu0egtac; excpgaol}c; 
xm tl}c; eAEU0eQtac; 6ta6l)AWOllc;, nc; onotec; ELXE evtova eJtLXQLVeL ll EuQwna·(xl) 
'Evwol} tov AJtQLALO tou 1996. 
To Otxatwµa LOLO'X.tl}OLac; avayVWQLsEtUL xm ll UJtUAAOtQLWOl} µJtOQEL va 
eneA0eL µ6vo e,cp6oov ~UJtl}Qetd to xotv6 ouµcpegov xm µeow µtac; owotl)c; 
anosl}µtwol}c;. H IAoBaxta 0fomoe eva cmotEAEOµattx.6 xa0wtwc; mwtgocpl)c; 
tl}c; LOLO'X.tl}OLac; ota 6.toµa, ta onota OtEQl)0l}xav tl}V LOLOXtl}OLa touc; un6 to 
xoµouvwnx.6 xa8wtwc;. Entol}c;, ngoeBll Otl}V mwtgocpl) tl}c; LOLOXtl}otac; nou 
avl)xe JtaAm6tEQa one; 6t6.cpogec; 0Ql}OXEUttx.ec; xmv6tl}tec;. 
0 oe,Baoµ6c; tl}c; LCLWtLxi)c; swl)c; cl.;aocpaALsetm OE6oµevou 6tL OL aotuvoµtxec_; 
ouvaµetc; JtQEJCEL va 6ta0etouv EVtaAµa JtQLV JtQOBouv OE OLaOl)JtOtE EQEUVa 11 
owol)note µetgo nagaxoAoU0l}ollc; tl}Aecpwvwv. 
H IAoBaxta EXEL xugwon tll ouµBaoll tllc; r eveullc; OXEttx.6. µe, touc; ng6ocp·uye,c; 
xm OOOL sll'tO'UV O.OUAO 6ta0e-couv -ca OL'X.ULWµata xm 'tLc_; JtQOOtaoi,e,c_; ta OJtOLa 
e;aocpaAtsov-cm bte0vwc;. 
IlQ60cpa-ca exouv £JCLO'Y}µuv0d JtOAAE.c_; JtEQLJtl(t)OUc_; (1JtO.V0QO>Jtl}c_; 'X.UL 
EsEUteALO'tLXllc; µetUXELQLOllc; EX µegouc; 'tl}c; aotuvoµtm; OE 6.toµa JtOU etxav 
JtQO(f)UAa'X.W'tEL. 
OtXOVOlllX«, XOlV(l)Vl,X(l xm 31:0A.l'tlO'tlX(l btxmroµa,:a 
To btxairnµa yta e.va EAaxw-co ew66l}µa cmBtwol}c; xm yta xm vwvtxl) aocpaALOll 
avayvwgtsov-cm O'tl} LAOBaxta arc6 -co L'UV'tayµa. 
H ouv6txaALonxl) eAEU0EQLa cl.;aocpaALsE-cm cm6 to 6.g0go 37 -cou ouv-cayµa-coc;, 
µe, cl;aLQEOll -couc; otganwnxouc;. Ilgoc; to nag6v ucptotavtm 4 ouv6txaAwttxe.c; 
oµoonov6tec; Otll IAoBaxta xm ll "Iuvoµoonov6ta Iuv6tx.6.twv" (KOZ) EL vm to 
JtAEOV Ol}µavnx.6 es amwv. To JtOOOO't6 ouv6txaAWµou ELVUL JtEQLJtOU 80%. 
To 6Lxatwµa rutEQYLac; uvayVWQLsEtm (1Jt0 to 6.g0go 37.4 tOU LUVt6.yµa1oc; OE 
6Aouc;, e'X.'t6c; cm6 ·wuc; OLxaotec;, ·wuc; ewayyEAEL<;, ttc; evoJtAec; 6uv6.µetc; xm 
touc; JtUQooBfo-cec;. Av xm ll IAoBaxta EXEL avnµetwntoe.L AL yec; MEQYLec; cm6 to 
1989, ll 6.oxl}Oll 'tO'\J 6txmwµai;or; au-cou ngayµatonmd-cm un6 xavovtxec; 
ouv0l)xec; xm ()EV avtLµetWJtLsEL LOLUL tEQU eµJt66ta. 
H eAeU0EQLa 'tllc; nm6etac; xm tou 0Ql}OXEUµa,;oc; e;aocpaAtsov,;m arc6 to 
Iuvtayµa. 15 0Ql}Oxeuµata xm 8Ql}Oxemtxe.c; ogyavwonc; avayvwgtsovi;m xm 
tuyxavouv XQllµato6onxl)c; eVLOXUOl}c; arc6 to 'X.QO.toc;. A;LsEL WO'tOOO va 
Ol}µetw0e,t 6tL OE eXJtoµne.c; nou µE'ta660l}xav an6 6l}µ60ta tl}AeOJt'ttx.6. 6txtua 
cl.;llYll0llXE ng6ocpata 6tL o fawyµ6c; twv EBgatwv Otll IAoBaxta ocpe.tA6tav oto 
ye,yov6c;, 6i;t "enAo'\Jtl}oav etc; Bagoc; tou OAoBaxtxou Aaou". E1;6.AAOU, m 
oAoBaxtxe.c; agxec; 6l}µooteuoav JtQ6ocpata e.va oxoAtx.6 BtBAto une.g tou 
cpLAovaswnxou oAoBaxtxou xa8wtwtoc;. H xuBeQVllOll cme.ouge to BtBAto tl}V 
1 l} loUALOU 1997. 
AtxmrollU'tU xm 31:QOCJ't(t(Jl,(t llElOVO't1)'tffiV 
16 
OL µeLOv6t11tec; Otll LAOf3mda avtLJIQOO(l)Jtf'lJOUV an6 18 ewe; 23% tOU 
JtA.110uoµou µe oaq.n) EJCLXQf1tl10ll trnv Ouyygwv (11 %) 'X,(1l, t(l)V ToLyyavrnv 
(Romas) (4,8 ewe; 10% tm, JtAl101'0flo1, <J'\J(Hprnva µe tu; exnµitow;). 
H ngootaoi.a twv µeLOvotittwv ngoxuntEL xugi.rnc; an6 OELQ<l bLeOvwv xav6vwv. 
H LAoBaxi.a EXEL xugwoeL tov LEJCttµBgw tou 1995 tll ouµBao11 -nAai.ow 
OXEtl,'X,(l µe tL<; µELOV6t11tec; tOU LuµBouA.tou tllc; Eugwn11c;. Avti.0Eta, bev EXEL 
JtQOOXWQrtOEL Otll ouotao11 1201 t11c; KOL voBouAEUtLXitc; LUVEAeuo11c; tOU 
LUµBouALOU t11c; Eugwn11c; 11 onoi.a ouoa voµLxa µ11 bwµeUtLXyt, ngoBMnEL tllV 
avayvwgw11 t(l)V OUAAOYLXWV {)LXaLWµatwv t(l)V µeLOVOtytt(l)V. Kat , auto tOV 
tQOJtO, Otll OUVEXELa t11c; unoygmpitc; tOV Magno tOU 1995 t11c; ouvOitx11c; (f)LAlac; 
xm ouvegyaoi.ac; µe t11v Ouyyagi.a, t0 LAoBmux6 xOLvoBouALO ouµrcAitgwoe t11v 
XUQWOll i:11c; ouvOitx11c; au-rite; 'tOV M6.Q'tLO 'tOU 1996 µe buo OllAWOw; JtOU tn-rouv 
tllV e!;ai.QEOll tnc; avayvwgw11c; t(l)V OUAAOYLXWV Ol,'X,(1l,(l)µ<lt(l)V UJtEQ t(l)V 
µewvotit-rwv xm anoxAdouv n1 bnµwugyi.a am6voµwv DLOLXlltLxwv 
OLaQ0QWOEWV JtOU 011µwugyouvtm BaoEL t(l)V eOwxwv µeLOVOtytt(l)V. 
To LUV-rayµa ngoBA.rneL to bLxalwµa yLa nc; µewv6tritec; va avan-ru!;ouv ·w 
OLx6 tour; noA.Lnoµ6 xm va A.aB01,v nA.ngocpogi.ec; xm exnalbrnon otn yA.woou 
touc;, xa0wc; xm to DLxai.wµu va ouµµettxouv otriv exm)VllOll anocp(wcrnv mrn 
tL<; acpogouv. 0 ngoiJnoA.oywµ6c; tou xg<nouc; Jt£QLA.ctµf)6.VEL µtau 
JtQOOQLt6µeva yw triv ev06.gguvon twv JtOALtWtLxwv xm exnmbeunxwv 
bgaOtllQLOtytt(l)V t(l)V µeLOVOtyttWV. Aev JtQOBA.rnovtm ELOLXE<; 6Lata1;w; JtOU va 
cl;aocpaAi.touv triv exngoownnon twv µeLOvo-cl)twv Oto x.OLvoBouALO, aA.Aa 11 
ouyyQLXll µewv6trita OLa0ttEL an6 tu; EXAoyec; tou LEJCteµBglou 1994, 17 
BouAEUtec; nou avitxouv OE tgla x6µµata ta onola ouyxevtgwvovtm o ' evav 
µ6vo ouvaomoµ6. H LA.oBaxla EXEL rnlonc; rnOuygaµµwtd ngoc; nc; ouot6.oEL<; 
tou LuµBouAlou tnc; Eugwnnc; oxenxa µ£ ta ov6µuta ( OL Ouyygm bev 
UJtOXQEOUVtaL JtAEOV va µetacpgatouv Otll OA.oBaxLxit ta rnwvuµa touc;) xm 
oxetLxa µe tn XQllOLµonoi.11011 tllc; yAwooac; tric; µewv6tntac; oi.nA.a otn 
OAoBaxtxit ow; m vaxi.bec; obLxitc; xuxA.ocpogi.ac;, one; twvec; 6nou m µewv6trii:ec; 
anotEA.ouv noaoat6 µeyaA utego tou 20% tou JtA. 118uaµo1,. 
Av m µewv6i:ni:ec; bLaBwuv ELQl1Vt.xc'1 µ£ i:ov 1Jn6A.mno oA.o()UXLx6 nA.11(hmµ6, 
unagxouv wot6oo ogwµtvec; ev1aouc; µe-ca!;,, tnc; xuBtgvnanc; xm tric; 
ouyygtxitc; µewv6trttac;. 
H JtQWtrt ouoxoA.i.a brtµLougyit0nxe an6 tov v6µo oxenxa µe trtv eOvtxit yAwoaa 
tou NoeµBgtou 1995, nou xatagynae nc; ngonyouµevec; bwta};etc;, OL onoi.ec; 
JtQot(3Amav trt buvat6t11ta XQ11mµonoi.11011c; t11c; yA.woaac; tnc; µewv6tntac; 01:1,c; 
entonµec; avaxOLvwoetc; oe x6.0e n6All it XWQL6, 6n:ou 11 µeLov6tnta 
avtlJtQOOWJtEUE noooot6 µeyaAUtEQO tou 20% tou n:A.118uoµou. Qt, aAoBax.1,xtc; 
agxec; aveAaBav tnv unoxgtwon tvavn tnc; Eugwna"t:xitc; 'Evwonc; xm tOU 
una1ou agµoo1l) y1,a nc; e8v1,xtc; µEwv6tritec; tou OALE va exbwaouv evav vfo 
v6µo oxenxa µe trt XQTfOLµonolnon twv yAwaowv twv µuovotittwv. IlgrneL 
rn;(.011c; va onµeLw8£(. 6n to ag8go 34.2 i:ou ouvtayµatoc; 'tll<; Lt-.oBax(,ac; 
ngo(3Arn£L Qnta untg twv µe1,ovoti]twv to bLxai.rnµa XQTJOLµon:o(lJa11c; tnc; 
yAwooac; 1ouc; OtLc; "mtonµec; avaxOLv<i>oELc;" xm 6-n tvuc; v6µoc; ngbtEL va 
ogtoeL ttc; Arntoµtgetec; aoxnanc; tm, bLxct.ui>µcrroc; crnw,,. 
'Oµwc;, nag6Aa crnta, l1 LAoBax(u bev txu JtQO()d c1.x6µ11 otnv txboon µLac; 
QU8µt.al)c; auv6)..,_ou ad. -rou 8tµawc; umou x.m u0fal]OE w; bwµEuaw; nou ELXE 
avaA.a(3£L ato n:ageA.06v. Qa-r6oo, a.A.A.a xelµeva bLbtouv, xa0tva yt.a -rov toµfo 
17 
nou ta. a.cpoQ6., to Otµa tric; xgrimµonoLrioric; 1ric; yAtil<JCT(l(; µLac_; µet.0v6tritac_; ( oto 
oriµ6ot.0 f3to, evcbmov twv bt.x<wtrigLcov, oto gnbt.()tpmvo x.m triv tf1AE6Qcwri, 01n 
bt1µ6ma. OXOAELO. x.m otriv obt.x.n oriµ<nob(nriori). ~201600, 1(1 x.dµeva. mn(1 bev 
a.vta.JtOXQL vovtm oe 6Aec_; 1t.c_; JtEQt.016.oEL<; xm eva xelµevo ouv6Aou Aelm:t. 
Jt(lVtO. Oto JtO.QOV Ota6t.0. 
H aµcplf3011.11 autn xa.taota.ori EJtL()EL vcbOrixe JtEQa.L tEQW A6yw OQWµevwv 
UJtOq)ClOEOJV JtO'U EAa.f3e fl xuf3EQVflOfl OE OXEOfl µE tflV OUYYQLXn µet.0v6trita, 61twc; 
ri µelwori tOJV Em6otnoewv JtOU JtO.QEXOVtm one_; O'UYYQLXE<; JtOAL tLOtLXec; 
OQYO.VOOOELc_; n ri xat6.Qyriori tOJV olyAWOOWV OXOALXOOV EV()ELXtL'XOOV Ota. OUYYQLXCl 
OXOAELO.. 
Ot. tOL yyavm (Romas), 0 <lQL0µ6c_; 1(,t)V onolrnv £XU (fusriOd otri LAO()<l'){.L(l µei:<i 
tOV 6t.UXWQWµ6, e;ux.oA.01,0ouv V(l '\JJtO(f)EQ(rnV Ai>yO> 01,xv<i>V ()l,O.'X,QL 1L'X.OOV 
µetO.)(ELQLOEWV otriv xuOriµegt. vn soon 'X,(ll, unoi:eA.01,v cmxv<1 nvnx.dµevo 
f3t.motntwv rn µtgouc_; 1(1)V "skinheads", xwglc_; vu µnogo1,v va t1,xouv enugx.wv 
µttQOJV JtQOOtaolac_; Ex µtQouc_; twv aatuvoµt.xwv buvaµ~wv. H xm vwvt.Ki) touc; 
xataota.011 elvm ouxva ()'\JOXOAll, µoAOVOtL nagayovtec; XOLVOJVt.OAOyt.xnc; 
cpum:wc; 6t.a6gaµatltouv oto Otµa aut6 xanmo g6Ao nagaAAllAO. µE tt.c; 
6t.axglow;, tL<; onolec; ucplotavtm Ex µtgouc; 1ou un6Aot.nou nA118uoµou, 
X'UQLOJ<; OE Oeµata ng6of3ao11c; OtllV anaox611.11ori, ottya.011c; n YEVLXOtEQO. 
b11µ00LOJV UJtllQEOLWV (JtOOOOt6 O.VEQylac; tric; tasric; tOU 40 £OJ<; 50% ). 
1.3. ru•tXt) EX'tlµt)O't) 
H xatao-mo11 111c; LAof~axlac; briµt.01,gyd noAAa ngof3Anµata we; ngoc; tt.c; 
ngouno8foEt.c; nou oglo1rixav an6 to Eugwna·i:x6 Luµ(3ouAt.0 tric; KonEyxay11c;. 
H A.EL tOUQYLO. t(l)V Ornµti>V t11c; LAOB<1xlac_; X<lQ<lXtllQLsetm an6 to yeyov6c; 6tt. ll 
xuf3EQVll0ll 6ev tflQEL EnO.QX(,t)c_; triv xatavoµn tu)V ngµobwtntwv n01, UJtOQQEOUV 
a.n6 to Luvwyµa yt.a nc; Amnec; e1;ouo(ec; x.m no Au ouxva nagaf3Mnu ta 
6t.xmcbµa.ta tl]c; O.VtLJtOAL teuoric;. H 6t.agxnc; £Vt0.0l] µetasu t11c; xuf3EQVllOll<; xm 
tO'U Ilgooogou tric; ~11µoxgatlac_; aJtOtEAEl naga6ayµu tric; EV A6yw xa.taotao11c;. 
EnL011c;, m ngo-Uno8tow; un6 nc; onolec; YI xuf3egvriori µ6At.c; ng6ocpata 6Ev 
t11.af3e UJtO'\Vll tu; anocpaow; tOU ouvtayµatLXO'U 6LxaOtYIQLOU xm tl]c; XEVtQLxnc; 
fJtL tQ01tnc; tou 6riµo'lpl]cploµa.toc;, µe tflV euxmgla. tll<; 'lpflq)Ocpoglac; nou 
6t.0Qya.vcb811xe Ott.<; 23 xm 24 Ma.LOU 1997, OetO'UV 6.µeoa UJt6 a.µcpwf3nt11011 'tll 
Ot0.8EQ6t11ta. tOJV Owµwv. Tt11.oc;, YI l,()l,0.L tega ouxvn ClQVYIOl] ouµµetoxnc; tric; 
a.vtLJtoAL teuo11c; otri 11.et. tougyla 1wv Oeoµwv, t.6Lwc; 6oov acpoga ·mv 
XOLVOf30UAE'UtLX6 EAEYXO, EVWXUEL tllV taori autn. 
Lto JtAaLOLo aut6, 11 XQY10t.µonolY1011 111c; aotuvoµlac; xm twv µuott.xwv 
'Urtl]QEOLWV an6 'tllV xuf3EQVl]OYI aJtOtEAEL avrioux11nx6 OtOL xelo xm ea JtQErtEL va 
xataf311.ri8ouv ouot.a.ott.xec; ngoona8et.ec; yt.a va Ot.a.ocpa.11.wteL 
a.note11.eaµa.tLX6tega 11 ave1;agtriola tric; OLxawouvric; x.m rJ AEL tougyla. tric; un6 
Lxavonmrinxouc; 6gouc;. H anote11.wµanx6trita tric_; xa.taJtoMµrioric; tric; 
6t.a.cp80Qac; JtQEJtEL va evwxuOd negmtegrn. 
El;aAAO'U, JtQErtEL VO. BeA tLOJ0EL rJ avttµetcbmoY1 tric; ouyygt.xnc_; µet.0v6t11tac_; ri 
onola. e;axo11.ou8d VO. µriv JtQOOtaTE'\JEtUL an6 £VO. v6µo JtOU VO. guOµLset. y'evt.xa 
'tfl XQflOLµonoLriori 't(J)'V yArnoocbv 1:(J)'V µewvotntrnv, JtO.Q<l to yeyov6c_; 6tt. 0t. 
O.QXE<; tric; l:Aof3ax.trn; etxav beoµeu0d va ex.bwoouv to v6µo aut6, o onoloc; 
18 
JtQO(iAbtetm <m6 to ~1',v,:uyp.u. H xu,:(w,:cwri 1:(J)V "Romas" (Tmyy(1vrnv) Jtl_)btEL 
rntaric; va un:aaxoAr)ou ttc; uQxtc;. 
Me (3aori ta 1tQoava<pEQ8tvta oi:mxda, naQa to yEyov6c; 6n to 8wµLx.6 
JtAaLOLO, rcou x.a8og(tEtm cm:6 to LUVtayµa tl]c; LAo(3ax.(ac; avnotmxd OE tva 
nAaLoLO x.mvo(301,AE1J1:Lxi}c; briµoxQat(ac; 6nou OL ExAoytc; dvm EAEU8EQE<; x.m 
aCL<t(3Arii:ec;, <1vtWnc1, o cmoAoywµ()c; bt::v dvm Lx.uvonml]nx6c; t6oo cm(> 
(mo'\J'll ataOeg(nritw; unv (kop.<i>v 600 cm(> <'mo'\j>fl Oqu:Aui>hm,c; 1',m10~r)c; i:cn,c; 
O'tllV JtOALtLx.iJ s<or). I IUQ<1 nc; U1'fft<t<Jw; mn, crn:111,(h,vr Tl El!l_)(l)Jt(ftx.r) 'EV(l)<lfl ~1[ 
tl]V euxmQLa JtOAA<iJV erw.<p<i>v x.m Dl]A<i>oernv, brv bumun<i>Orix.c xaµ(u uwOritiJ 
(3EA t LWOl]. 
2. Otxovoµtxa XQl't1]Ql<I 
Kata tl]V EsEtaOl] tl]<; OLX.OVOµLx.i}c; xataotaOl]<; XaL tWV JtQOOJttLX.WV tl]<; 
l:Ao(3ax(ac;, ll ngoatyywl] tl]c; Em tgorci}c; xa8o6l]yEL tm L6(wc; arc6 ta 
ouµrcegaoµata tOU Eugwna·cx.ou LUµ(30UALOU tl]c; KoJtEYX<lYll<; tOU Iouv(ou 
1993, to OJtOLO 6i}AWOE 6tL ll ouµµnoxit Otl]V 'EvWOl] aJtaL'tEL "tl]V UJtaQsll 
A.EL tOUQYLxi}c; mxovoµtac; tl]c; ayogac;, xa8cbc; xm tl]V Lxav6tl]ta avnµncbmol]c; 
t(l)V avtayrnvLO"Cl.X.O)V JtL£0£(J.)V x.m t(J.)V ouvaµEWV tl\c; U'YOQac; 'tl\£ 'Evwow;". 
To tµi}µa uut6 tric; yvrnµo66trioric; rnoµevwc; anotEAd µu.1 ouvtoµri rnwx6rcl]CTll 
tl]c; OLX.OVOµLxi}c; XUt<lOtUOl]<; xm tOU JtAaLCTLOU, ax.oAou8ouµEVl] an6 
rnwx.6Jtl]Oll tl]c; 1tQ06bou tric; LAoBctxtac; OE (3amx.ouc; toµdc; mx.ovoµLxou 
µEt<WXl\µanoµo,, (£Ae1,0£Q(l)Ofl t01' ouoti}µntoc; nµcilV x.m eµrcoQt.01,, 
ota0EQOJtOLl]CTll 1fl£ mxovoµ(ac;, 6u1gOgrnnx.ec; UAAU.yEc;, µetUQQUOµwll tern 
XQ11µatOJtLOtWtLXOU toµfo), xa0wc; xm Otl]V OLX.OVOµLx.r) xm X.OLV(l)VLX.Y) 
avarctusit tl]c;. KataAi}y£L µe YEVLX.lJ asLOAOyl]Ol] Tl]<; LA0(3ax(ac; OE OXEOll µe ta 
XQLtlJQLa nou avacpeg8l\x.av an6 to EuQwrca·t:x.6 Luµ(3ouALO xm avaox.6rcl]CTl\ 
t(J)V JtQOOJttLXWV xm t(J)V JtQOtEQaLOTlJtWV YLa JtEQaL TEQW µEtUQQU8µLOEL<;. 
2.1 H otxovoµ1.x11 xa't«O''t«O't] 
Il).alato 
H l:Ao(3ax.(a, µe JtAl]8uoµ6 5,4 exat. x.ato(xwv, e(xe to 1995 ax.a8agwto 
eyxcbQLO JtQO"t6v (AEil) LOO µe 38 C)LOEX.at. ECU (Ex.cpgat6µEVO OE wonµ(ec; 
ayoQaOtLx.i}c; 6uvaµl]c;)- o JtAfl0uaµ6c; Tl]<; arcotEAEL JtEQtnou to 1,5% tou 
JtA.l\8uoµou tl\c; 'Evwol\c;, evw ll mx.ovoµta tl]c; Etvm toll µ6AL<; µe to 0,6%. To 
x.ata x.ecpaAr)v AEil woutm µE to 41 % neQLnou tou µfoou 6QOU tl]c; 'Evwol]c;. 
EvtoutoLc_;, o µtooc; µl]vLatoc; µw86c;, tooc; µe 220 ECU, dvm xaµl]A6c_; oe oxeo11 
µeta Auttx.a rnt1reba. 
H l:Ao(3mda et vm L6guttx.6 µtAoc; tou fl OE xm tl]c; KevtQOEugwna·t:xi}c; Zcbvl]c; 
EAeu0EQWV l:uvaAAaycbv (KEZEL) xm ll at t11or) tric; yLa va xatao-tet µtlQ(; tou 
00 IA (3gtoxetm tcbQa un:6 esttaofl. 
IIg6o<5oc wv oixovoµixov µeraamµanaµov 
IIQLV tOV B' Ilayx6oµLO I16AEµO, ll TOEXOOA0(3axta rrtav µta arc6 w; 
JCAOUOL6TEQE<; XWQE<; Tflc; EuQrom1c;, aAAa to OAo(3ax.Lx.6 'tµr)µa 'tll<; XWQac; 
nagtµetve XUQLwc; aygotLx6 xm i}tav rcoAu rctwx6tego. Yn6 to xoµµouvwtLx6 
19 
oz 
Alu rnA. AcpXon A.cn1 Ltoo:ario9q Lt1 Sooic Seo 9x.1031cn~3 010 SltA0,001011Cri3 
ltc1\13'''f'{? Lt 1DAp 119 1Dl3A1Dcb l}.10,n UDDlDl)lX>'X i\Ul mA. 10A.9'{ 101a'),'X 1Q 
"JOriA.nacb JO'X1TIOI\ 10A. n l\(\,OXal)1m 119 S()A.OA.3A. 01 l)am.c '(VY .13 *A.Ltic ·966 I 01 
II3V 0,01 %8'0 S119ri) S9'{ltrinX Q.'{OlC A.o,oA.9rinonic Sr30Q.QA31C3 53A.9~ 5303ril) 10 
)131J()9A31t3 53A~~ 531J3fiV, 
. ~661 011\'),01 
i\01 5130l}.'{(l)1C 5303Til) 9icn 3'XU8l)lOX>1D'X1li\1) 1D'X 3'XU8(!)1Dlmi nri0,x. oa31'),3Q 
cnA.9'{ A.3 01 l}.A.n11n l}.x.11ltA03go,x. mri l)13ri l)'{'{X> 'mA9ico,ox. 3ri i\(l)30l}. 101Cox.11ro1g1 
nri'),'X 00310,3Q X>i\9 mA. 53JOX>TI10130alC 10 Ano1Xal) 'n1ou1an~3i\X> i\Ul l)13W 
·139cnalt'{XO'{O l)X110D100,0 AnXp Snx.minx Slt'{l)A.3ri A.(l)30l}.101COX11(l)1Q1 nri'),X 
Ol(!)a1C 01 1DX Snxnrinx st,tax1ri ltolt101Cox11cn1g1 lt vo:r.L 'Slt1 0,orio1arox 0.01 
l,triA.110 Ul Sen? 1DX I 661 01 301Xal) Sltou1oic~x.11cn1g1 SnpXDl nririnaA.901.C X>A.3, 
·Sl}.x1111ou 
Sl}.x.1rioAOX.100axnri S'),01A(\, 1DX Slt~oq9oao ltoogl)anic mri 1DX 9ri01acn9lt'{1C 
9'{UriDX 'So9ax ()X.10Jl(J)~3 9'{ltrinX Q,'{01.C 3DUll()i\OOU'{X. DJX.DfJ01:r Lt 119 i\X>ll}. 
oprilto 9X113E) . A.(!)1lCOaao01AD i\(!)X.1a3l(l)~3 mx i\(!)X1ll0i\0100riltg i\(l)i\3TIJ3XOlCO. 
i\(l)'{l)A3ll lt~ODlCQ, i\Ul 3c1\0,'{l)X01C1) n11nax.oriltv l}.x1X30.L i\Ul 9icn A.(!)TI(l)aU'{lC 
A(!)X11ong1gn13ri A.cn1 l}.icoxmg Lt 'Slto1ic3 ·Q,ori011nriltXonnri n1onx1gmg 
lt10 mg91Cri3 n13909aic11C3 Anou,(,,a0,01riltg Slt01ri90,aan13ri Sl}.x1rioi\OX10 
Slt1 npaoic i\Ul mA. Slt03i\1Di\O,O Sl}.X1i\(l)i\10X 5n1300,3 ltc1\13'{'{9 Lt 1DX D130l)1DX> 
l}.x.111'{01£ H ·531309Xoo,g 59X1TIOA.O'X10 511 30U~0,D1C3 n11naxoriuv l}.x1X30.L i\Ul 9icn 
0,ori01ocnX n1onx1gmg H ·50,01l)ax. o,01lt1ol)~3i\n 591\3 i\(!)TI038 Aro1 Sltoroa919nx 
X>i\OaX910,n1 1DX 5l)aoAn 5lt1 5n1rioi\OX10 Smri Sltoltri9gox10 Slt1 0A.a9 
O'{OXOQ.Q 01 130J1C(l)13TI11i\D 1)1\ 3XU1Dl)13aX n1xngo1:r Lt Z66 l (\,01 U'{?l Dl 91CV 
-VO:r.L Slt1 
lto301mg lt1 mA. Sltoncb9icn Slt1 013X1010 9x.11i\Drilto An11}. Sl}.x111'{01C Sl}.x1rioi\ox10 
Slt1 npaou l,tx11A.0'{'{3ri lt1 3ri l)X113Xo Sn1Mncbrio,o lt~o.311m i\lt10 n1Xn.1oicn 
H ·S1301rioo,oon13ri 5110 U03()11i\D lt 3XUQl}.~o,n mx A.(!)OOA.n i\(!)X1'{01X>i\D 
Am1 D13'{C!)1.CD i\lt1 91.CD no31c_tong ltAl}."'{1C3 n1xngo"'{:r Lt '5lt1 SDJi\nXLtri01g 
Slt1 Sltocnaoal)1Q Slt1 (l)A.9'{ '51010,011\3 ·9ri01i\(l)AD1i\D i\01 1DX 51300,3X(l)l'.1£ 511 
mA. l>).03()0TIOi\ D~i\ uoXl}.013 1DX. )OTI030 1ox.1riOA.O'X10 Anx.Lt90,oq19nx.A.3 'nooA.l}.oA. 
3DUO(})X00'.1£ ltolt1oicox.110)1Q1 Lt 'i\DX.UQ(!)(J30(l3"'{3 01a91Cri3 01 1DX S9ri11 10 :Scno9rin 
301XOl) D)ODX1QD1Q l}.x1101rioo,oonnri H ·St,tX01a~m Slt1 530(!)X 53'{'{1) 30 5roic9 'ltcn.0, 
DlO 3XUQXl)i\11X3 i\3Q 59rio1ocn9lt'{1C O 310(!) 1019 'UA.9TID1a0103'.1£ i\Dll,t (513c1\J3'{'{3 
511 9icn 53i\3TIQ.O'{X>X00'.1! S1300,31rin1oicn 531ltri0,91mi\n-ilump~AO A.ll?l~uow) 
.. n1lt19100.3a ltrl10l}.101£ori10ltoX ltri .. H ·9ax.1ri i\Dll,t 50?0X ()X.1031(1)~3 01 mx U.19 
l)13XOn 1m 5913A.O.O A.Dol}. l}.x111"'{01C l}.x11nriorrioA. Lt mx l}.x1rioi\01ooriltg Lt 'ltolt11}.~ 
1)0Cl.O"'{"'{l)ga31CO. l)X.11DD100,0 3XOl}.'.1£(\, A.3Q :vo:r.1 i\Ul mA. l}.x.~.OA.0,3 l)X113XO i\X>ll}. 
Sltongl)13ri Sn1onx1gmg Slt1 59Xon 5110 lton10l)1nx. H ·(vo:r.1) 5n11naxoriuv 
Sl}.XD1QA.01COOTIQ Sl}.X1XDfjO'{:r 1DX Sl}.x.1X30.L Sl}.x.unaxoriltg Slt1 n1A.an.01riltg 
lt10 30UAl}.go 6861 01agri90N i\01 50l(!)1D30DX. 0,0X.11D1A.O,Oririox Cl.01 UO(!)llC H 
·na(!)X Ul ltOlt'{X.9'{0 30 ncbaori91orio 00319001a31C 
UA.9TIUTI3i\D1DX i\Dll}. n1lt191olt1onag l}.X1TIOA.OX10 Lt l)'{'{D 'U'{9TI Ull)OX D0319Xro11t 
n1 3ri lto9Xo 30 mx ltri9x.n ltoua9100,9nx t,tx11i\nrtlto 3~-0100.oanic Sn1xngo100X301, 
Slt.1 DJTIOi\OX.10 Lt '0,oriOD1Q3Xo C,\.OX.101i\3X. DA.(!)1n 901ri 0,01CJa31C l)l3TI '6861 
OJ. ·Lt.oo>A3, l}.x1131go:s: Lt1 9m> SrmA.oJA.3 mx. A.<!>'{o, A.<OH!)O'.l! S~A.mA.no13 5?Allgd> 30 
ltA.3ri9~10ng 'Sn1xngo"'{:r 5lt1 ltolt1oicoM>Xltri01~J lt1 mA. Snoc,tQA.31C3 53909n 30,Xol) 
1DX. 9riomg3Xo 9x.1a1A.3X i\01 Scnol}.'{1! 30U19()01(\. n1xngo100X30.L Lt '5(!)1030DX 
JtQocb0rtort twv µetaQQU0µtoewv trt<; nyogac;, o anoxA£wµ6c; tow aAAobcmci>V 
an6 to µeya).:uteQO µtQoc; trtc; btabtxcwtac; tbuonxonmnow>v xm rt JtoALtLXl} 
af3ef3m6trtta. 
Otxovoµtxri 6uie0ewan 
H YEO>Qyi.a avtLJtQOOWJtEUEL JtEQLJtOU t0 6,3% tl)c; JtQOO'tL0tµevl)c; astac; xm 
aJtOOXOAEL to 9,7% tOU evegyou JtA.l)0uoµou. Meta 'tl)V tvaQsll tl)c; OL06Lxaolac; 
µeta.Baortc;, xm t6lwc; tr}<; eA.eu0tQWOfl<; twv nµwv, rt xat6.ggeuol} tr}<; yewQyLxitc; 
Jtagaywync; l)tOV £Vtov6tEQfl UJt6 tr} µdrool} tr}<; OALXl)<; JtaQaywync;. EvtOUtOL<;, 
l) yeWQYLXl} JtaQaywyit EJtLOfl<; avtxaµ'\j,e tax1rceQa xm O.QXWE vu au1;6.vnm xm 
JtO.AL l}6l} UJt6 t0 1993. 
IIQLV an6 to 1989, 6.vw tou 80% tr}<; xaAALEQyouµevl}c; Yll<; avnxe oe ouAAoytx6. 
it xganxa ayQoxtnµata. 'Extote, ewi]x0fl voµo0wta yta tl}V an66ool} tr}<; Yll<; 
otouc; agxLxouc; 1,bwxtittec;, y1,a -rri µnatQOJtl) -rwv O'\JAAoyLxciw ayQOXtl)µatwv 
oe L6Lwnxouc; OUVEtaL(!UJµouc; xm yw. tl}V LbUt>tLXOJ'tOtl}CTl} tOJV XQfft:l,X,(t)V 
ayQOXtl}µatwv. Evrnutou;, <11flv JtQ(lSfl ll btaQOQWOfl 1011 yw>gytxo,, toµtu bev 
EXEL ax6µn µetuBArtOel bQuonxa.. ALya µ6vo xgu.nx<'l ayQox-ri]µata txouv 
ng6.yµan t6LwtLXOJtOLl}0d, A6yw tflc; aBeBm6trttac; oxetLx.6. µe nc; 6texbtx-i)onc; 
yw 'tl)V an6ooori ymwv, tric; X,O'tWtEQl]c; JtOLO'tl}tac; tr}<; Yrtc; ·wuc;, t(l)V 
rcercaAmwµtvwv µrixavriµatwv xm 1wv u'\jJl)Awv xQewv. Av xm ta µ£All twv 
ouvetaLQLOµwv µJtOQOUV va anoougouv rn µegL6t6 rnuc; Otfl Yrt xm ta 
JtEQLOUOLax.6. otmxeta yta va 6l}µLOUQY1lOOuv vfo atoµtx.11 exµn6.J..Aeuort, OL 
ouve-rmQLOµol ax,6µri txouv tl}V XUQL6tl}ta tou µeyaAuteQOU µtQouc; tl)<; yric;. OL 
JtEQL006tegec; a-coµtxec; exµetnAAeuow; JtaQaµtvouv µLxQtc; xm nagayouv 
X'UQLW<; yLa 1,6wxatav6.AwOl). 
KuQLOl bdx·nc,; OlXOVOf.llXI)<,; ()UIQOQOO<Jl)<,; 
( 6Ja m oeooµtva acpooovv ro 1996, cxr6~ cdv avarptocrat d)..)..w~) 
m .. l)0uoµ6c; cxaroµµ vuw 5,4 
Kata XEQJUAflV AEn /At1-ECU ( 1995) 7100 
w~ % rov µeaov O(JOV EE-15 cni wt~ £xar6 ( 199 5) 41 
MEQfl>LO tl)£ YEOOQYLU£ Otl}V: 
:JtQOOtL0£µEVl) u;lu cJCi rot~ cxar6( 1995) 5,6 
an;ao,:6ArtOTI mi rot~ cxar6( 1995) 9,7 
Axa0aQtOtO E;OOtEQLX6 XQEOc) A En cJCi rot~ £xar6 43 
:0;aywyec; aya0c.ov & U:Ttl)QEOLWV/ AETT cni rot~ cxar6 (1995) 63 
l:woktx6 n:006 6.µrnoov l;evoov mEv6uoEwv i'5wcxar. ECU1 0,6 
ECU xard xcrpal1j 110 
llTJyfJ: YJCTJi}WlE~ TTJ~ EJCtT(!OJCf/~. d}vtxt~ JC7Jye~ ETAA 
I} ';;" - To n:006 10w A ..... E urrokoywtll'X.E µE 'tllV wonµm 'tEkou~ 1996 1 ECU -$ 1,25299 
H ~10µ11xavia av-nngooc.oncuEL :rtEQi.Jwu to tva tQi.'to 'tou AEil x,m x,a.rcwc; 
µeyaAUtEQO µegi,bw otnv a.rcaox6ArJOrJ. To xoµµ01JVwnx6 xa0wtwc; rnevb1,oe 
21 
X.UQLO>c; <Jtl}V <.f.V(1Jtt'Usll f\<.f.QL<tc; f\wµrixuvi,w; Otl} LA.of\<1X.L(t.. Ll}µ<1vnx.(1 tftl)µ<1t<1 
tcm toµfo txo'Uv Lbuonx.onmriOd x.m to 70% JtEQLno·u tl}~ (1wµrixuvLx.i)~ 
JtaQayooyiJc; naQ6.yetm nMov oe LbLwnx.tc; EJtLXELQi)ouc;. OL toµdc; tm, xa.tu(1u 
xm toov JtEtQoxnµLxcbv, o-wuc; onotouc; XUQLUQXEL x.m otouc; c>uo µta µey6.All 
EJtLXELQllOll, etvm nMov avtayoovLOtLxot xm Lxavoi, va e;ayouv otLc; c>utLxec; 
ayoQec;. Evtoutmc;, ll buvm:6tl}ta av6.Jttu1;ric; toov toµeoov autcbv JtaQaµevEL 
JtEQLOQLOµtvri, µe be6oftEVl} tl}V ·un(1Qx01,ou JtA.rnv<'1t01,m1 61,vc1µLx(>tl}'t<1 OE 
oA.6XAlJQll lllV E1JQ<i>Jtl}. OµoLmc;, m 'tOftdc; trnv xriµLx<i>v JtQo·t:<'>vnnv x.m 1rnv µri 
mbriQouxwv µetc.1A.Amv d vm 1exvLxc.'.t JtQoriyµtvm x.m buJ)vooc; uv1uywvwnx.0L. 
AA.AOL toµdc;, 6nooc; ll xA0001oucpav1ouQyLa xm ll oriµavtL'XlJ aµuvnxi) 
Bwµrixavi.a, av1Lµe1wnLtouv oriµavtL'XlJ avabLaQOQwori yLa va e1;aocpaA.Loouv 
triv EJnBi.woiJ touc;. 
L71µavtL'X.6. tµi)µata tou 1oµfo toov ":rtTIQEO'trov (µey6.Aec; tQ6.Jtetec;, 
tllAEJtL'XOL voovi.ec;) eMyxovtm ax6µri an6 to XQ6.toc;. O tOUQL0µ6c; Ei. vm evac; 
toµeac; µe c>uvat6t71tec; av6.Jttu1;71c; yLa tl} LAoBaxi.a, aA.Aa ea XQELaotet 
071µavtLxec; EJtevc>uoeLc;, EJtEL<>iJ etxe JtaQaµeA718d un6 to xoµµouvLOtLx6 
xa0eotcbc;. 
22 
ElEvOiQroan ·tnc; 01.xovoµi.ac; 
Ka0eaniJc nµwv 
'To 1991, ELXE EAEueEgweet to 85% twv ttµmv xatava11.rnti). To 1995 JtEQi.rtou to 
10% twv nµmv i)tav ax6µri xatrn0uv6µ£v£c;, 'X'UQLrnc; yta triv £VEQY£Ln, 
OQLOµtvEc; briµ60t.£c; UJtflQEOL£c; xm tu EVOLXLet. To 1996 1J,ricptotrix£ v6µoc; JtEQL 
nµcbv, o onoLoc; CL VEL £Xt£taµtv£c; £1;ouOL£c; otri bLOL'XflOfl rnc; ngoc; triv 
a1;w11.6y11011 tnc; m no11.oyLac; twv µeya.11.wv µetaf3011.mv ottc; nµtc;. Av xm µtxQL 
onyµi)c; n voµoeeoLa auti) EXEL XQllOLµonOLn0eL µ6vo yta tov EAEYXO twv ttµcbv 
µLXQOU agteµou YEWQYLXWV JtQ0°L6Vt(1)V, ea µJtOQO'UOE EJtLOllc; va E<pagµootEL 
yLa tov EAEYXO cpuow11.oytxmv ayoQaLwv iJ rnoxtxcbv CLaxuµ6.vo£wv, y£yov6c; 
nou ea OtQEB11.wv£ tov Q6Ao twv oriµ6.twv nou CL vouv m ayogaLEc; nµtc;. 
Eµ:rcoeix6 xa0eorwc 
f£vtx6., n LAoBaxta btaeetEL <pt11.e11.eue£go xm btacpavEc; e,µnogtx6 xaeeotcbc;, to 
OJtOLO xagax-tngttEtm aJt6 µttgwu inpouc; baoµouc; )t(ll, an6 tnv OJtOQabt.xiJ 
XQTJOll µ11 baoµo11.oytxcbv cpgayµmv. Meta tll bt6.11.uon tllc; TLO~, OL buo VEEc; 
bnµoxgatlEc; anotEAEOav "tEAWVELaxiJ tvwon", µ£ xOLv6 E1;mt£QLX6 baoµo11.6yw, 
a11.11.6. xwgtc; e11.eueegn xux11.ocpogLa £µnogrnµ6.twv nou JtQOEQXOVtm an6 tQL tEc; 
xmgec;. H LAoBaxta EXEL ouv6.'VEL Eµnogt.xEc; ouµcpwvtec; µ£ tnv EE, tnv EZEL 
xm triv KEZEL xm et vm tbguttx6 µt11.oc; tou TIO E. 
To 1993, ELOTJX0n JtQ600EtO £LOaywyLx6 tEAOc; u-wouc; I 0% we; JtQOOWQLV6 µttgo 
yta tll OtT)QLSll tnc; £JtLO<pa11.ouc; xat6.otaoric; tOU LOO~UYLOU t(1)V JtAllQWµmv. Av 
xm to t:1;wtEQLX6 wotuyw B£Attm0rix£ onµavnx6. -ro 1994 xm to 1995, to 
JtQ6oeeto te11.oc; btatngnenxE. Y n6 tnv JtLEOll tnc; EE xm tou no E, n xuBtgvriori 
µetwoe -ro u-woc; tou ng6o0nou 1t11.ouc; OE 7,5% 1riv Iri Iou11.tou 1996 xm OE 0% 
tnv In Iavouagtou 1997. 
Tov Ma.LO 1997, n 011.oBaxLxi) xuBtgvnori EWi)yayE xa0eotmc; ngoxataB011.cbv 
ewaywyi)c;. Ito n11.atow tou µEtgou autou, OL ewaywye,tc; ngrneL va 
ngoBat vouv oe 6.toxn xa-taeeori tou 20% tnc; a1;tac; twv ewaywymv OE µt.a 
011.oBaxtxiJ tg6.Jtcl;,a rnt ESL µi)vEc;. To Ev 11.6yw xaeeo1mc; xataetoewv ewiJxSn 
we; avttbgao11 OE nag6µow µetgo nou ELXE eeomotEL an6 tnv toextxit 
xu~eevnon tov AnQLALO tou 1997 xm µe ot6xo va ~EA nweet to taxtwc; 
EJtL()EL vouµevo LOO~'lJYLO tQEXOUOWV OUVUAAaymv. Av xm ll rntbgaon tOU 
µetgou otnv au1;non tOU x6ot0uc; EL vm JtEQLOQLOµevn, "'CO µetgo µJtOQEL 
oumao-rt.x6. va anox11.etoet. 611.ec; nc; ewaywytc; an6 µt.xgouc; Ewaywydc; nou bev 
btaeetouv rnagxi) ng6oBaon otu; xgnµatomotwnxEc; ayogtc; yta va 
xgnµatoboti)oouv tnv xataeeon. LUvrnmc;, n axgtBiJc; rntntwon tou µttgou oto 
EµJtOQLX6 EAAELµµa dvm buox.011.0 va ngoB11.ecp8d. EvtoutOLc;, ELvm oacptc; 6n n 
xt vrion auti) anotEAEL eva atuxtc; BiJµa ngoc; ta JtLow. 
23 
Ivvallayµanx6 xa0£anhc 
H EVLoxuµevri e;mteQLX.fl 0tori 1ric; LA0(3ux,i,uc; X,(1't£0't'Yl0£ ()UVU'tfl 't'YIV eLOuyrnyn 
tric; JtAi)gouc; µetatge'\!nµ6tri1ac; we; ngoc; -cu; 1gtxouoec; ouvaA.Aaytc; tric; 
0Aof3axLxitc; x.og6vuc; triv 1 ri Ox.twf3gi,ou 1995. H £V£QY£La auti), ri onoi,u dxe 
agxLxa JtQoygaµµano0d yw. triv 1 ri Iuvm,ugi,o-u 1996, emoJteuo0rix.e, bL6tL ri 
TOEXL'Xl) Ariµoxgati,a We<JE t£Qµ<1 triv riµegoµrivlu mnn Oto ouotriµu 
ouµ'\j)ricpwµou µetal;u Toex(ac;-LA0r~{1X,l,{1c; YLU 'tLc; faµegdc; cµJtOQLXtc; 
nArigwµec;. 
H ouvaAAayµanxi) wotLµta x.aeogltetm µe f3aori tva xaA.a0L nou anoteA.d tm 
arc6 to yegµavLx6 µagxo (60%) x.m to boAaQLO HIIA (40%), µe negLemgw 
bLaxuµavoric; JtOU ausnerix.e f3aeµri66v arc6 ±1,5% TO 1995 oe ±7% tWQa. 
Avaµevetm 6tL ll EevLXll Tganeta tl}c; LA.of3axtac; (ETL) ea XQllOLµoJtoLd OE 
au1;av6µevo f3aeµ6 ta eugutega JtcQLemQLa ouvaAAayµanx.i}c; wonµtac; we; 
ng6oeeto 6Qyavo exn:Ai}Qworic; twv ot6xwv tric; voµwµatLxi}c; no AL tLxi)c; tric;. 
l:'ta0Eqo,ioinan 'tTIC: 01,xovoµ,im; 
Eawr:eeixri xar:aor:aon 
H <utmA.ew to>V m1guboow.x.cbv e};nyrnyLx<i>v nyogci,v 11.6yrn tric; fa(1A.1,oric; tric; 
COMECON, ri onoi,u embELvwOrixe cm6 111 bunaQUXfl to>V m,vnAAnycbv µe triv 
ToexLxi) Ariµoxgutta µeta Tll bL<.1.Auori tric; oµoonovbtac;, obi}yrioe Trt LA.of3mda 
OE f3a0ux ucpeori an:6 tO 1989 ewe; tO 1993, negtobo xata triv onota to AETI 
oriµetwoe nTwori oxe66v xata To tva T£TUQTO. To 1994 oriµuwerixe tv1ovri 
avaxaµ'\j)ri, xagri one; aul;av6µevec; el;aywyec; JtQoc; Tl}v EE xm Tl}V ToexLxit 
AriµoxQatta. 0 xaeobriyritLx6c; Q6Aoc; twv el;aywywv aveAncperi f3aeµLata an:6 
tl}V £YXWQLa ti}tl}Ol}, µe aJtOtEAWµa Va Ol}µELweouv JtOOOOta UUsl}Ol}c; tOU AEil 
JtOU i)tdv µEtasu TWV mpl}A.OtEQWV Otl}V JtEQLOXll xatU TO 1995 x,m to 1996. H 
XLVrttl)QLa buvaµri trtc; OLXOVOµLx.i}c; avantu;ric; ELVaL 'tWQa es OA.OXA.l)QOU rt 
eyxmQLa tittriori xm unaQXEL xt vbuvoc; unegeegµavoric; 111c; otx.ovoµlac;. Eav OL 
µaXQOOLXOVOµLxtc; JtOA.L 'tLxec; nagaµd vouv JtEQLOQLOtLXEc;, aut6 bev avaµevetm 
va obriynoeL f3gaxung6eeoµa otriv enaveµ<pavwri JtA.riewQLOtLXWV meoewv. 
EvtO'UtOLc;, to E;WtEQLX.6 wotuyw EXEL i}bri enrigeaoed an:6 tl} µeyaA.ri ausriori 
tric; EYXWQLac; tntrioric;. H µaxgong6eeoµri avam;uJ;ri tric; OA.Of3axLxitc; 
OLxovoµtac; ea el;agtried OXL µ6vo an:6 tri ouvexwri uyLWV µaXQOOLXOVOµLxmv 
JtOA.L tLX.WV' aAAU xm an:6 µLXQOOLXOVOµLxouc; JtClQUYOVtec;, 6nwc; d vm 0 
f3a0µ6c; ava6LaQ0Qworic; tQanetwv x.m eJtLXELQi}oewv. IlgayµatL, ri µri 
JtA.l}0WQLCTtLX.l} U'\j)l}A.l} avantuI;ri µJtOQEL va bLatriQried µ6vov eav ausried 
EJtaQxmc; ri avtaywvwnx.6trita. 
24 
KVQlE~ OlXOVOf.llXE; 't(lO'El; 1994 1995 1996 
Pu0µ6c; JtQ(lyµanxt\c; ausrioric; A En £JC£ Wl~ exaro 4,9 6,8 6,9 
TT 0000,:6 JtA T)0CDQLOµou 
ett\moc; µfooc; 6goc; £JC£ iOl~ EXaiO 13,3 9,9 5,8 
UJt6 Mxtµ(3gw OE 6.extµ(1gw EJCi Wl~ exar6 11,6 7,2 5,4 
nooom6 aveQytac;, tEAoc; mu ltouc; EJ!l iOl~ EXaiO 13,3 12,8 10,9 
( O[)l0µ6~ iTJ~ L1OE) 
y JtOAOLJtO JtQOUJtoA.oy wµou YEVLXt\<; 
JC()(JO(Ji() A Ell xuf3EQVflOllc; -1,3 0,1 -1,3 
Ioot;uyw 10exoumi)v ouvaU..ayciw .1waoan> A En 4,8 2,3 -10,.2 
A6yoc; XQfouc;/esay(l)yciw eni wt~ exard 47,9 53,1 71,6 
faOQOll 6.µeowv ~tvrnv mevMoemv nooom6 AEll 1,3 1,0 0,8 
llT]yTj: Yl!TJ()WiE~ i1J~ EJCli[)O:JrTj~. e0vtxe~ n7Jye~, ETAA 
LUVEJteLa TrJc; ocptx:tnc; voµwµatLxnc; xm 611µomovoµtxnc; JtoAL nxnc;, 0 
rc11.118wQwµ6c; naQtµeLVe JCEQLOQWµtvoc; xata t11v rceQi.obo t11c; µetaBao11c;. 
M6vo 10 1991, ouvrnei.a t11c; eAeu8tQwonc; 1wv nµmv, xm to 1993, 11.6yw 111c; 
ewaywync; tOU <l>IIA, xatayQacp11xav U'\JJTIAOteQa JtOOOOta rc11.118WQL0µ01). 
'Ex'tOtE, o rc11.118WQWµ6c; µELWVOtav Ota8EQa, yLa va cp8aOEL to 5,8% xata µfoo 
6QO to 1996, to xaµ1111.6t£QO noooot6 twv ouvbebeµtvwv urc6 µetaBao11 xwQmv. 
EV'tO'UtOLc;, 11.oyw t11c; avobtxnc; 1ao11c; t11c; eYXWQLac; ~ntno11c; xm xarcmac; 
aVartQOOaQµoync; tWV Xateu8uv6µ£VWV nµmv, 0 JtAl18WQWµ6c; EJtLtaxuv811xe 
xm JtaAL touc; JtQmtouc; µnvec; tOU 1997. Enoµtvwc;, avaµtvetm 6tL o QU8µ6c; 
tOU rc11.118WQLOµou bev Sa OUVEXLOeL tllV JC'tWtLxn tao11 tOU to 1997. 
Le EVtOVll avti.0e011 µe tllV et;EALSll O'tllV Toextxn AnµoxQati.a, 11 aVeQyi.a 
au;n811xe JtOA u YQnYOQa Otll LAoBaxi,a µeta tllV EVUQsll tnc; µetaBao11c;. H 
aVEQYL<l tcp8aoe buo cpOQEc; tll µtywt11 ttµn tOU 15,2% tOV IavouaQLO 1994 xm 
tOV IavouaQLO 1995, all.A.a µELm011xe Oe 12,8% Oto tEAoc; tOU 1996. EvtO'UtOLc;, 
xata to JCQffitO tQi.µnvo tOU 1997 l1 aVeQyi.a ntav U'\JJllAOtEQll arc6 6,tL "tllV 
avtlotOLXll JCeQi.obo tou 1996. E1;axo11.ou8d va xataveµeTm avwa O"tll xmQa 
xm l1 UVUA.oyi,a t{J)V UVEQYWV µax.Que; C)LUQXEL<lc; dvm U'\JJllA.n. M6vo µLXQ6 
µEQOc; Tllc; U'\JJllAnc; mxovoµtxnc; µeyt8uvo11c; µe"ta"tQEJCE"tm OE JCQ008etll 
arcaox6A.ll0ll, A.6yw "tOU U'\JJllA.OU QU8µou au1;11011c; "tllc; JCUQUYWYLXO"tll"tac; "tllc; 
EQY<lOLac;. -
Kata to JtQffitO ttoc; tllc; UVet;UQtnoi.ac;, tO YEVLXO EAA.ELµµa tnc; YEVLxnc; 
xuBtQv11011c; avnA.8£ 0£ 7,6% tOU AEII, ouvrnda tOU tEQµanoµou tWV 
onµomovoµLxmv µeta~LBaoeWV arc6 tllV Toextxn A11µoxQatla xm tWV 
OUOXEQELffiV Otll OUYXQOtllOll vfoc; (pOQOAOyLxnc; faoi.x11011c;. Ta b11µ6ma 
mxovoµtxa BEA nm011xav 011µavnxci to 1994 xcu BQ(oxovtav JCEQLJtou oe 
WOQQOrci.a to 1995, X<lQll xug(wc; oe U'\JJllAOt£Qa arc6 ta avaµt:v6µeva 
cpoQOA.oytxa. fooba nou O(pdA.ovn1v otriv 1,1!>riA6tcQll o.v(unu1;ri. H xatt:u0uvori 
tric; 6riµoowvoµLx:r1c; JtoAL nx.i)c; x.a-tcotri negwo6t£QO £Jt£x.tanx.i) to 1996, µE 
eKnµmµt:vo eA.11.uµµa tl')c; yevLxi)c; x.uBtQVl'JOl'Jc; (ao µe to 1,3% tou AEil. Ltov 
25 
xgattxo ngounoA.oywµo tou 1997 m banavec; au1;avovtm JtEQUL tegc.o oe 
ouyxgwri µE to MOtEA.EOµa tOU 1996, obriywvtac; OE 1,tt,riA.6tEQO 
ngoygaµµuttoµevo EAA.ELµµu yLu to 1997. Evto1,totc;, oriµuvnx6 noooot6 tc.ov 
au1;riµevc.ov bMavwv 0a XQl'IOLµOJtOLl'l0EL yLa tLc; avayxa(Ec; EJtEVbuoeu; OE 
unoboµi}. 
Ecwregtxri xaraaraan 
H LA.oBax(a xArigov6µrioE xaµ11A6 e1;c.otEQLX6 xgfoc; MO t11v TLOA xm to 
XQfoc; JtUQEµELVE OXEtLXa xaµriA.6 µeta tl]V ave1;agtrio(a. Xagri otriv OLXOVOµLxi} 
JtOA.L tLXll tric; nou i}tav ngooavat0A.LOµevri ngoc; triv ota0EQ6trita, ri LAoBax(a 
rnttuxe ng6oBaori one; ayogec; Lbtc.ottxwv xHpaA.a(c.ov xm EtUXE Ba0µoA.6yrioric; 
xataA.A.llAllc; yLa rnevbuoELc; MO t0uc; Bamxouc; ogyavwµouc; xatatasric; tric; 
motoA.rinnx11c; Lxav6tritac;. 
LUvrnda tric; btaA.uoric; tric; Oµoonovb(ac;, m oAoBaxtxec; E1;ayc.oyec; otriv 
TOEXLXll Ariµoxgat(a µELw8rixav to 1993 xata t0 eva tg(to. EvtOUtOLc;, A.6yc.o 
tric; ouyxgatrioric; tric; EYXWQLac; t11trio11c; xm µeta µLa unot(µriori tric; xogovac; 
xm triv ELOayc.oyr) ng6o8Etou ELOayc.oyLxou tEA.ouc; 10% -JtQOOC.OQL vou 
OUµJtA.l'lQC.OµatLXOU C{)OQOU EJtL tC.OV ELOayc.oywv -tO LOotuyLO tQEXOUOWV 
ouvaA.Aaywv avexaµtµE ygi}yoga M6 eA.A.etµµa avc.o tou 5% tou AETI to 1993 OE 
JtA.E6vaoµa oxe66v 5% to 1994. Evt0Ut0Lc;, to 1996 1'l OUVEXLt6µevri ausriori tric; 
EYXWQLac; tiltrioric; n(eoe avobtxa oe oriµavnx11 extaori nc; ewayc.oyec; 
xatavaA.C.OtLXWV xm EJtEV()UtLiUDV aya8wv, EVW OL e1;ayc.oyec; nageµELvav 
OtaOLµEc;, µe MOtEA.EOµa triv taxda EJtL()ELVC.0011 tO'U wotuy(ou tQEXOUOWV 
ouvaA.A.aywv JtOU ELXE EA.A.ELµµa avc.o tOU 10% tOU AEil. 
H £sEA.Lsl'l tC.OV ouvaA.A.ayµanxwv Mo8eµatc.ov MO()ELXVUEL oacpwc; tri YEVL'Xll 
BEA.t(c.oori tou wotuy(ou nArigc.oµwv. Ta Mo8eµata otriv xatoxil tric; E8vtx11c; 
Tgarc£t;ac; OXE66v ()LJtA.aOLaOtllXaV to 1995 XaL UVtLJtQOOWJtEUaV 4 µi}vec; 
ELOayc.oywv aya0wv xm unrigeotwv, OE ouyxgwri µe µ6vo 2,4 µi}vec; oto teA.oc; 
tou 1994. Evtoutmc;, µE triv embd vc.oori tou wo~uy(ou tgexouowv ouvaA.Aaywv 
1'l 0£01'1 tC.OV M00eµatC.OV EJtL()ELVW8l]XE Ol]µavtLXa Xata touc; tEA.EUta(ouc; µi}vec;. 
Xc.og(c; oriµavtLXll au1;riori tC.OV aµeoc.ov 1;evc.ov EJtEV()UOEC.OV, ri 0fori tC.OV 
M00Eµatc.ov m0av6v va MELA.fl8d µaxgong68eoµa, Eav 6LatriQl'l0EL to utlJriA.6 
eA.A.ELµµa tou wo~uy(ou tQexouowv ouvaA.A.aywv. 
AtaQ8Qrouxtc; allaytc; 
Ecwregtx6 eµn6gw 
H Ariµoxgat(a tric; LA.oBax(ac; dvm µLa L~LattEQa avmxt11 mxovoµ(u, ot11v 
OJtOLa OL e1;ayc.oyec; ayaOwv xm UJtflQWLCt)V UVtLJtQO{l(t)JtE'UUV to 1996 to 57% 
tOU AEil. 
To e1;c.otEQLXO EµJtOQLO EXEL oumaottxa avMgooava-t0A.LOtet ngoc; tLc; butLxec; 
ayogec;, xm L()LC.Oc; JtQOc; triv 'Evc.oori. H EE dvm twga O taxutega 
avMtuoo6µevoc; xm o µeyaA. utegoc; EµJtOQLx6c; etatgoc;, avtLJtQOOC.OJtEuovtac; 
neg(Jtou to 36% tc.ov oAoBaxtxwv ewayc.oywv xm to 41 % tc.ov e1;ayc.oywv. M6vri 
ri fegµavta xaA. untEL oxe66v to i}µwu tou eµnogtou tric; EE µe triv LAoBaxta. 
IlaQa 'tO cp0(vov µE.QlOL6 'tll~, 11 TOE.XLXll A11µ0XQU'tta JtUQaµevE.L 11 
oriµavnx6tegri xwga c.oc; ngoc; --co eµnogto µe --cri LAoBaxta, avtLJtgooc.oneuovtac; 
Jt~QLJtO'U to eva tetagto tC.OV eLOayc.oywv xm oxe66v to eva tQL to tc.ov 
26 
e;aywyoov. To tva n:eµrcto twv ELoaywyoov ax,6µri JtQOEQXEtm an:6 t'Y)V JtQW'Y)V 
LoB1.et1.x.i] 'Evwori (TILE), XUQLWc_; EVEQyew x,m JtQWtec; UA.ec_;, aA.A.6. rt TILE 
avtLJtQOOWJtEUEL AL y6tEQO an:6 to tva bex.ato tOU OUVOA.OU tWV cl;aywyoov. 
OL oriµavnx.6tEQec; xat'Y)YOQLEc_; ELoayoµtvwv JtQo·i:ovtwv d vm µrixavi]µata x.m 
e;on:Awµ6c;, EVEQYELa, evbL6.µeou aya0<1 xm xriµLxa n:go·i:ovta. Luvrnda twv 
U'\VllAO'tEQWV rnevbuoewv, m ewaywyic; µrixavriµ6.twv x,m e;on:Awµou 
au;6.vovtm taxutega. To 1996, to 38,3% tWV e;aywyoov a<pOQOUOE evbuxµeoa 
aya06. (X.UQLwc; xa.AuBa), to 23,2% µrixavi]µata x.m e;on:Awµ6 µetacpoQoov x.m 
to 12,4% xriµLx6. JtQo·i:ovta. Lnc; e;aywytc; xa"-uBa, autoxLvi]twv x.m xriµLx.oov 
JtQo·t:ov-cwv XUQLaQXEL µ(a x,m µ6vri EJtLXELQ'Y)Oll 0£ xaOe x,atriyogta. 
Ayoga egyaaiac 
Meta t'Y)V EVaQsll t11c; CLabLxao(ac; µetaBao11c;, ll UVEQ')'LU Otll LAOBmda 
au;i]011x.e JtOAU taxuteQa an:6 6,n 01:11v Tm~xtx.11 A11µoxgatLa, av x.m to 
µax.Qomx.ovoµ1,x,6 n:A.atmo x,m to JtA.ct.LOLO tll<; btagOgontx.11c; JtOA.L tLXllc; 11oc1v ta 
LCLa x,m Otl]V TLOA. Am6 EsllYELtm an:6 'tl] µey<1.A'lHEQll EsU.Q'tY\OYI i:ric; 
LAoBax.(ac; an:6 nc; e;aywyec; 011,c; uyogtc; t'Y)c; COMECON, an:6 t'Y) 011µavtLXll 
aµuvnx,i] Bt0µ11xavta t'Y)c; xm an:6 t'Y) µeyaA.UtEQ'Y) EsCtQtllO'Y) an:6 cp0rivtc; 
ewaywy€c; evegyELac; x,m n:gwtwv UAWV an:6 t'Y)V JtQW'Y)V LoBtettxi] 'Evrnori, ta 
on:ota an:6 x.mvou obi]y11oav OE evtov6tEQ'Y) µdwori tric; an:aox6A.rtoric;. 
Emn:Mov, to 0A9Bmnx.6 EQyatLx.6 buvaµtx.6 bev µELwOrixe es(oou µe t'Y)c; 
Toex1.x.i]c; Ariµox.gat(ac;, bt.6tL OL ouvtasLOCO'tllOEL<; 11tav xaµ'Y)A.OteQe<; rut6 6;n 
otriv Toext.x.i] Ariµox.Qatla. 
H aveQyla ota0eQon:mi]0rixe 6tav rt mx.ovoµla avexaµ'\l)e to 1994 x.m CtQXLOE va 
µELWVetm to 1995. H 0etLX.l] auti] ES,EA.Lsll dvm X.UQLWc; UJtOtEA.EOµa t'Y)c; 
briµt.oUQylac; JtQ6o0etwv 0foewv an:aox6Artoric;. H µdwori tou n:ooootou tou 
eVeQyou JtA.rt0uoµou EXEL twQa oe µeyaAo Ba0µ6 OAOXA'Y)Qw0d, µeta triv aQxt.x.11 
e;obo yuvmx.oov x,m µeyaA utcgwv oe 'Y)ALxla EQya~oµevwv an:6 triv ayoQa 
EQyaolac;. AVW tOU 50% t(l)V UVEQ')'WV EXEL µdvtL ex.toe; an:aox6A.'Y)O'Y)c; yLa 
buiotriµa µeyaA.UtEQO ·wu etouc;. H µax.Qoxgovw avegy(a dvm 1,61,attega 
eX,tE-caµevri µetasu at6µwv µe xaµ'Y)AO µogcpwnx.6 EJtLJtebo. A6yw t(l)V 
ouvex~6µevwv buva-co-c111wv U'\lJ'Y)All<; a-u1;rioric; tric; n:agaywyt.x.6-critac; eQyaotac;, 
µrtOQEL va avaµtvetm 6tt. m µeAA.OVtLxec; µet.wow; tric; aveQytac; Oa dvm aQyec;. 
OL n:gayµanx.ol µwOol 6.gxwav x,m rc6.A.L va au1;avovtm to 1994. n 1,0 
JtQOOCpo:ta, ri ausriori trnv :rq~ayµanx,wv µw0wv EXEL µ6.ALOta 'UJCcQBd triv 
ausrio11 t'Y)<; JtaQaywyLx.6trttm;, yeyov6c; n:ou EVEXEL tov x,l vbuvo va B"-6.'lJeL triv 
avtaywvwtt.x.6t11ta. 
L1nµ6ata OlXOVOµtXa 
OL UQXLxec; ouv0i]x.ec; twv briµoo(wv mx.ovoµLxwv µeta t'Y)V avcl;aQt'Y)OLa i]oav 
LbLaL teQa buoxoAE<; Otll LAoBax(a: to x.6otoc; t'Y)<; eyx,a0LbQUOll<; ev6c; vfou 
X.Q6.touc; x.m vtac; bw(x.rionc; rnLbEL vwOrixe an:6 tl') ouvexLt6µevri mx.ovoµLx.11 
ucpeo11, t'Y)V n:auon t(l)V onµavnx.wv µetaBLBaotLXWV JtA.'Y)QWµwv an:6 tl')V 
Oµoon:ovb(a x.m TL<; buoxegeLec; n:mJ ouv6£ovtm µe tl') µetaQguOµwn tou 
q>oQOAOyt.x.ou ouo-c11µa-coc; (ewayrny11 101, <l>IIA). Qc; ex. -cou-cou, o c1gxt.x.6c; 
Ot6xoc; LOOO'XEA.LOl')<; tO'U JtQO'UJtOA.O')'LOµo1J yw to I 993 cmobdxOnx.e f.ll') 
QWALOnx6c; xm xui;ayQ<XcplJXE eH.uµµu 1:rJc; yev1,xi]c; x.1,(1tQVlJOrJ<; too µe 7,6%. 
27 
A6yw tOJV auotrigwv eMyxwv tOJV barcavwv X,at, tOJV mt,ril6t£QOJV arc6 ta 
avaµev6µeva cpogoloyLx.wv eo6bwv, ta orro(a ocpe(lovtav otriv u'\t,ril6tegri 
mx.ovoµLx.i] µeye0uvori x.m otri f3El nwµtvri oulloyi] twv cp6gwv, ta briµ6ma 
mx.ovoµLx.6. avtx.aµ'\t,av oriµavnx.a to 1994 x.m 1995, orrote oriµ£Lw0rix.e µLx.go 
rcle6vaoµa tric; yevLx.i]c; x.uf3tgvrioric;. Luverce(a u'\t,rilotegwv barcavwv, x.ug(wc; 
mevbuoewv oe urcoboµi], x.m µdworic_; tou rrooootou tou cf>IIA, to eAA.ELµµa 
ausi]0rix.e X,at, JtO.A.L to 1996 x,m rcgoyguµµcn(~EtUL OE 2% oxe6ov tOU AEII to 
1997. Ito µellov, urc6.QXEL x,( vbuvoc; ri nvafaagOgwori tm, tQartE~Lx.ou toµfo va 
EXEL agvrinx.ec; mLrctmoeLc_; otov rcgoUrcoloywµo, l6yw tric; m0avi]c_; ewaywyi]c; 
arcallayi]c; arc6 to cpogo yLa tLc; rcgoBMti,ELc; ercwcpalwv bavdwv i] loyw tric; 
xat6.Jttworic; xgatLxwv eyyui]oEwv yLa mwcpali] 66.veLa. Evtoutmc;, ouµcpwva 
µe to x.uBegvrinx.6 rcg6ygaµµa, to EAAELµµa tric; yevLx.i]c; x.uBegvrioric; avaµevetm 
va bLatrigriSe( x.atw tou 3% tou AEII. 
H bL6.gSgwori twv briµoo(wv mx.ovoµLx.wv EXEL µetaBlriOd oriµavnx.6.. Arco triv 
rtAEUQO. twv barcavwv, m EJtLboti]ow; rcgoc_; tu; EJtLXELQi]oeu; µeLwSrixav xm to 
OUOtllµa tric; X.OL VWVLX.i]c_; aocpUAWllc_; µetacpegSrix.e art6 tOV KQatLX.0 
JtQOUrcOAOyLoµ6 OE XWQWtouc; ogyavLoµouc_;, m orco(m xgriµat0botouvtm arc6 
ewcpogec; XOLVWVLxi]c; aocp6.Awric;. OL barcavec_; yLa XOLVWVLXll aocpaALOll etvm 
oxenx.a uti,riMc; (rceg(rcou to eva tQL to tWV barcavwv tric; yevLx.i]c; x.uBegvrioric_;), 
LOtwc; yLa w; ouvtasw;. Arco triv rcleuga tWV eo6bwv' 0 cp6goc_; X,UX.AOU 
egyamwv avnx.nt<WtaOrix.c arc6 cp6go rcgoonOeµevric_; u};(ac_; x.m 0eorctotrix.av 
cp6gm rn( tou rcgoornmx.01, uoobtjµcrroc_; x.m ere( tow EtmgLx.wv X.£Qbci>V. Ta 
taoba arco tov cpogo rn( tm, rcgoornmx.01, Ewohi]µntoc_; rcagaµevouv xuµril<1 OE 
ouyxgwri µ£ alhc_; rcriyec_; w6bwv. 
Toµtac £Jfl'Yelf2!10£WV: lDlWTl'XOJWinan Xat ava&afj0f2WOn £Jfl'Xelf2!10£WV 
'Eva rcgwto xuµa LbLwnx.orcmtjm:wv µE x.ourcovLa olox.lrigwSrix.e oto rrlatow 
tric; TIO~. fLa va qrcotgarcd ri urctgµetgri bLaorcoga tric_; Lbwxtriotac;, m 
oloBax.Lx.ec; agxec; arcocpaowav va µatmwoouv to beutego x.uµa 
LbLwnxonmi]oewv µe x.ourcovLa x.m va to avtLx.ataoti]oouv µe aµeoec; 
rcwli]oeLc;. OL negwo6tegec_; EJtLXELQi]OeLc_; rcwli]Srix.av ota bLeuSuvnx.a oteMxri 
x.m touc; egya~oµevouc; oe rcgonµrimax.ec; nµtc_;, µe buvatotrita rclrigwµi]c; oe 
OLaotriµa ewe; x,m 10 etwv. feVLX.<l, to beUtEQO xuµa LOLWtLXOJtOLi]oewv 
EOtEQELtO bLacpavELac; xm Sewgtj0rix.e abLX.O. 
H ng6oboc; otriv avabLagSgwori tWV EJtLXELQllOEWV bev 'Urct)QsE JtAi]gwc; 
LxavonmritLxi] otri l:AoBaxta. Ex.toe; arc6 µLa Bamxi] oµaoa EJtLXELQi]oewv µe 
"'Vll"-ll xegoocpogta, urcagxeL ax.6µri µLa oxenxa eugda oµaba ~riµwy6vwv 
EJtLXELQi]oewv, m orcotec; XQELa~ovtm avabLagSgwori yLa va mLBLmoouv. OL 
XUQLOL A6ym yLa triv arcouo(a avabLagSgworic; twv EJtLXELQi]oewv etvm ri 
O'UVEXL~oµevri avaµEL;ll tO'U X.Qatouc;, 0 ao0evtjc; tQartEtLx.6c; toµeac;, OL 
avarcoteleoµanx.tc; bLabLx.ao(ec; rctwxeuoric; x.m avrnagx.e(c; . 6.µeoec; };evec; 
EJtevbuow;. LUVercwc;, OL f,JCLXELQllOEL<; bev exouv va avtLµetwrctoouv ercagx.wc; 
"arc6luto briµomovoµLx.o rcegwgwµ6" -UJt<lQXEL ax.oµri ri rcgoobox.ta ex µegouc; 
twv OLeuSuvtwv twv EJtLXELQi]oewv, otL ri x.uBegvriori i] m tg6.Jt~ec; Sa touc; 
By6.louv arco tri buox.olri Sfori, otav rcagouma~ouv ~riµtec;. 
OL agxec; rcgoorcaSouv va bLatrigtjoouv triv EJCLQQOll touc; otri "-ll'\Vll oriµavnx.wv 
arcocp6.0EWV one; L()l,(J)'tl,X,QJtOl.flµEvec; f,JCLXeLQi]OeL<; rcou 8eWQOUV'tat, O'tQa'tflYLX.l]<; 
oriµaotac;. Av x.m t0 l:uvtayµatLx.o ~Lx.aoti]gw EXEL ax.ugwoEL tri voµLx.i] Bo.ori 
. ym triv unoxgewtLx.i] briµwugyta "xguowv µetoxwv", m orcotec; Sa ebLvav otriv 
28 
xuBtQv11011 bLxaLmµa agv110Lx.ugLw; yLu tu; onµuvnxtc; cmocpaouc;, ll xuf~tgvno11 
JtQOOJta8eL va rteLOeL touc; vfouc; L6LO'X.tfltec; L6uutLxo1tm11µtvwv eJtLX,eLQf!Oewv, 
ci>a-te va EmtUXEL to Lbw MottAe0µa OE exouow Baon. EmnMov, o 
JtQOtELVOµevrn; voµoc; )'LU tllV avasWO)'OVl}Oll EJtLX,ELQflOEWV 0a a'U;f!OEL tllV 
EJtLQQOfl tl}c; xuBtQvnonc; one; OtQatl}yLxtc; EJtLXELQflOELc; Jtou avnµetwnLsouv 
buoxtQELec;. To voµooxtbw JtQoBM1tEL buvatotntec; avaCLMQayµateuo11c; ri 
btayQacpric; XQECOV JtQOc; to bnµooLO xm nc; tQa.Jtesec;, µfow µuotLxi]c; xm 
a6Lacpavouc; bLa6LxaoLac;, µE onµavtL'X.l] JtOAL tLX.l] avaµeLsl}. 
H LAOBaxLa DEV xatoQewoe va JtQOOEA'X.UOEL onµavnxa JtOOa 6.µe0wv stvwv 
EJtevbuoewv, evci> · n xALµaxa tou JtQoBAriµatoc; twv mwcpaAci>v 6aveLwv 
eµno6LsEL tu; E)'XWQLec; tQMfSec; MO ·wv va 0La6Qaµm-Loouv EVEQ)'O QOAO Otll 
xg11µato6ot11ori tric; ava6La.QeQwonc; twv mLX,ELQl]Oewv. OL JtEQWOOtEQOL vfoL 
LOLO'X.tfltec; LOLWtL'X.OJtOLllµEVWV mLXELQl]OeWV x.ata xavova mi.one; DEV ea 
omeetouv ta mx.ovoµLx.a µfoa yLa mtv6uon, 6e6oµtvou OtL XQEL6.otrixe 116n va 
mev6uoouv yLa va Mox.ti]oouv wv EAeyxo tnc; etmgLac;. Kata ouvrneLa, m 
EJtev6uoeLc; )'La avabLagegwori ea XQELUfftel KUQLWc; va xgriµato601rieouv aJtO 
ta aOLUVEµlltU X.EQOll tWV mLXELQrJOeWV, ngayµa JtO'U eL VaL OUVatO µovo )'LU 
ooec; eLvm i]611 xeg6ocpogec;. M6vov m µqaAutegec; M6 tLc; Ev A6yrn 
xeg6ocpogec; mLXELQl]OeLc; m0av6v mi.one; va µnogfoouv va xgriµatobot11oouv 
tnv ngoona0eLa nva6L6.g0gwonc; <m6 tLc; 6Le0veLc; xecpaAmayogtc;. 
MLXQll ngoo6oc; EXEL emtwx0EL otnv ecpagµoyri evoc; MOteAeaµanxou 
ntwxeutLxou voµou. O wxurnv v6µoc; tou 1993 JtEQLAaµBaveL 6La6Lxaotec; 
ouµBLBaoµou x.m esmgfow; JtOU nagaxrnA'lJOUV tllV taxeta xm bLxmri 
6La6Lxaota. EmnMov, ta bLxaotf!QLa txouv UJteQBOALx6 cpogto x.m d vm 
MELQa. O ngotELv6µevoc; v6µrn; yLa tnv avatwoy6vno11 EJtLXELQf!Oewv ea 
JtQ000foeL £Va ax6µ11 eµJtOCLO )'LU ·rouc; JtWtu>'tE<; JtO'U mL0UµOUV Va XL Vf!OO'UV 
t11v ntwxeunxri 6La6Lxaota, 6L6tL m eJtLXELQl]OeLc; nou ea rnLAEyouv yLa 
ava6Lag8gwo11 xata tLc; 6LatasELc; tOU EV AO)'(JJ v6µou ea fsaLQOUVtaL rut6 t11v 
ntcoxeuo11 yw t11v negtobo tou ngoygaµµatoc; avatwoy6v11011c;. 
XQnU«'tO:rtl,(J't(l)'tl~OC: 'toµtac; 
H aQXTI nou eLvm agµ66La yLa trt voµwµatLXfl JtOALnxri dvm 11 E0vLxl) 
Tgarcesa tllc; LAoBmd.ac;, 11 onoLa 6nµwugyrie11xe 'tllV 1 n Iavouagi.ou 1993 'X,Ul, 
6ta6Extll'X.e tl}V oµoonov6Laxri JtQOXC1tox6 tl]c;. Ei.vm avesUQtl]tl] MO tl}V 
xu(3eQv11011 xm EL vm aQµ66La yLa triv voµwµatLxi) xm tl} ouvaA.AayµatLxi] 
JtOA.L tL'X.l), xa0ci>c; ')(,al, )'La tl} gu0µwri X<1L rnonteLa tO'\J tQaJtesLXOU toµea. Ta 
EJtLtO'X.La txouv JtAflQWc; eA.EU0eQWOEL 'X.UL, µeta trtV xatUQ)'flOll t(JJV UJtOAOLJt(l)V 
avwtatwv motwtL'X.WV OQlWV )'La liL<; µeµovwµtvec; tQMesec; tov IavouagLO tOU 
1996, 11 voµwµanxi] noA.LtLxi] aoxeLtm nMov nAi]grnc; µE tµµeaa egyaAei.a. H 
gu0µLOl] xm 11 eJtOJttei.a tOU tQMesL'X.OU toµta exouv JtQOOOEUtL'X.C1 
ev6uvaµweei.. 
0 agL0µ6c; 't(l)V 'tQMfSWV JtOU AEL lOUQ)'OUV Oll] LAOBaxta EXEL aus110et MO 
µ6hc; -cfooegtc; oto teAoc; mu 1991 oe 29: 10 xwgLc; ouµµetoxri aAAo6anci>v 
xecpaAaLwv, 14 µe ouµµetoxri aAA06Mci>v xecpaAaLwv xm 5 unoxataotriµata 
aAAOOMWV tQMesci>v. Y Jt<l.QXO'UV mLaric; 10 ygacpei.a aVtLJtQOOWJteLac; . 
aAAOOMWV tganeswv. OL ouµµnoxtc; tOU xgcnouc;, tO'U aA.AOOaJtOU 'X.ecpaAaLou 
xm tou L6wrnxou EYXWQLOu XECpaAn(ou x.a-taAaµf)avouv rrngbwu i,aa µEQLOLa 
Oto e)')'e)'Qaµµtvo XecpaA.mo tWV 'tQCuteswv. EvtOUtOLc;, TO 1:QaJtesLXO ouo1:11µa 
29 
JtaQouou1~EL LOXUQll ouyxevtQWOfl otu; tQELc; µEyaAUtEQEc; tQUJtE~Ec;, OL oJtoi.ec; 
ax6µl] avnxouv 'X.UQLWc; Oto 'X.QO.toc;. Ta µegi.bLa tWV tQLWV µEyaAUtEQWV 
tQUJt~wv oto ouvoAo t<ov bavdmv xm xata0foEwv EL VUL JtEQLJtou 65 xm 70% 
avtwtoi.xwc;. H LhLwtL'X.OJtOi.l]Oll tmv tQ(lJtE~wv autli>v f~gi.oxctm tll onyµit autit 
uJt6 ou~ittflOfl. IlQ6ocpata anocpaoi.Otl]XE 6n µnogouv va Lc>LWtLXOJtOLl]eouv 
6uo an6 tu; µeyaAUtEQEc; tQUJtE~ec; (VUB xm IRB), aAA' 6tL to TaµLEUtllQLO, to 
oJtoi.o ax6µl] xatEXEL to µcyaAUtEQO µtQoc; twv LbwnLxwv xata0foewv, xm ll 
KQatL'X.11 AocpaALOtLX.11 EtmQi.et., ll µcyaAutEQll uocpuALOtL'X.11 ttmgi.a tl]c; 
~AoBaxi.ac; ea Jtagaµd vouv um) xgatL'X.11 LbLOxtl]oi.u £(l)c; to 2003. AEv EL vm 
ax6µl] oacpec; JtOLa µe0o6oc; ea XQflOLµOJtOLl]Od yu1 tl]V L{)L(l)tLXOJtoi.11011 tl]c; 
VUB 'X.aL tl]c; IRB OUtE av ea XA.l]00UV vu ouµµttaoxouv aAAO()ClJtOL Otl] 
6La6Lxaoi.a LbLwtL'X.OJtol 11011c;. 
IlaQa tl]V 6.µw11 f~oit0ELa tou xg(no·uc; xm tu; JtQOOn(x.Ow~c; tow lbuov tcov 
tQUJtE~WV, l1 avuAoyi.a tWV µ11 esun11QEtoUµEvrnv buvdrnv nuguµEVEL OXEtLXU 
U'\JJll"-it: ta 6avew rcou avacpEQOVtm we; xa0uot£QOUµEva xata tOUAUXLOtov 
tQELc; µitvEc; avtLJCQoowrcrnav oxEb6v to eva tQL to ttov EXXQEµwv 6avEi.wv oto 
teAoc; tou 1995. H µEyOAfl JCAELov6t11ta twv rnwcpaAwv autwv bavdwv 
BQLO'X.EtaL OtllV xawxn tQME~WV nou EMyxovtm an:6 to 'X.QCltoc; 'X.aL OL 
JCEQLOOOtEQOL OcpELAEtEc; dvm XQUtL'X.Ec; EnLXELQllOELc;, OL OJCO(Ec; ouxva 
rnwcpeAouvtm cm6 XQatLxec; cyyuitoELc;. OL aQxtc; rnvoouv tll BaeµLala rnLAUOfl 
·wu JCQOBAitµatoc; t(l)V rnwcpaAWV bavdwv' rnLBOAAOVtac; tl]V aUsflOll tWV 
JCQOBM'\JJEWV cm6 n; tQUJtE~Ec;. To XQfrt0c; rcgott8Etm va unoOtllQLsEL tl] 
bt.abLxaola autit, aAAa ax6µll bEv EXEL Aflcped cm6cpaoll OXEtLxa µe tll µoQcpit, 
tt')V 'X.ALµaxa 'X.aL touc; OQOUc; tl]c; ouµµnoxnc; tOU XQCltOuc; OtllV avabLOQ0QWOl] 
twv tQME~cbv. Evcb to 73% tou xLvbuvou twv rnwcpaAwv bavdwv xaAurctEtm 
twQa an6 rcQoBM'\JJELc; xm cmo0EµatLxa, to Bagoc; touc; rcaQaµevEL urcEQBOALx6 
'X.aL rnLBUQUVEL 011µavnxa tl]V XEQbOcpOQLa tOU tQClJtE~LXOU toµfo. Kata 
OUVEJCELU, yLa VU Otl]QL;OUV tl]V XQl]µatOOLXOVOµLX.11 0£011 touc;, OL tQUJtE~Ec; 
UJCOXQEWVOVtaL va bLatllQOUV OXEtLX.(1 U'\!}l]A(l JCEQLewgLa µnasu EJCL tO'X.L(l)V 
xataeeaewv xm XOQllYllOEWV, yEyov6c; rcou JCEQLOQL~EL nc; buvat6tl]tEc; tou 
tQUJCE~L'X.01) ·wµtu vn OtllQLsEL tllV nvabt.6.geQWOl] t(l)V EJCLXELQllOEO>V, µfom 
rcagoxnc; JCLOtWOEO>V µe cm:obext<x. rnt. t6xt.a. 
H BaoL'X.11 tao11 OtOV toµfo tWV EJCLXELQl]µanxcbv xm JCQOOWJCLX.(l)V 6avELWV 
EL vm t') ouvexnc; µdWOl] tOU µEQLb(ou tWV JCQOOWJCL'X.WV bavdcov xm ll aUsflOll 
tOU µEQL{)LOU tWV EJCLXELQllOEWV Ota OUVOAL'X.(l rcooa tOU tQME~LXOU 6avELOµou. 
OL JCLOtC.OOELc; OE sEVO v6µwµa aus11e11xav rn(o11c; 011µavtLX.Cl ID tEAEUtai.a Ett'), 
av xm to µEQL6L6 touc; otov ouvoAL'X.6 bavewµ6 rcaQeµELvE oxetLxa xaµl]A6 
(JCEQLJCO'U 10% ). To 1995 011µuwe11xe UUsflOll tOU µEQLDLOU tWV LDLWtC.OV 
bavELOAt')JCtcbv oto ouvoAL'X.6 6yxo twv tQaJtc~Lxcbv bavdwv. Kata to ttoc; aut6 
ta BQaxurcQ6ewµa 66.veLa avtLJCQOOcbrcEuav t0 75% tou ouvoALxou 6yxou twv 
vewv bavdcov rcou ouvncpel]oav arc6 Lc>LcotLxouc; ogyavwµouc;. H exbooll 
µetoxc.ov bev avnrcgoowrcEUEL EVaAAaxnxn JtflYll XQllµatob6tl]Ollc; yw nc; 
Etmglec;, evcb ll exbool] oµoAoyu.bv XQllOLµorcmd tm E1'Q1,tEQ<1 (l)c; JtflYll 
e·taLQt.Xitc; XQllµatob6tl]Oflc;. H ayog(1.. r-~0nxung60rnµrnv XE{{)UAni.rnv hrv txu 
ax6µri avantuxOet rcAitQwc;, av xm txu tll buxgOgo>o11 xm tu xuguxtrigwtLx<'t 
twv ayogwv XQitµatoc; otLc; wgLµE<; mxovoµi.Ec; t11c; uyoQ<'.t.c;. 
OL 'X.EcpaAmayogec; bev exouv EVOJCOL l]0EL, exouv EA.A.EL '\Vll QEUOt6tritac; xm to 
voµoeetL'X.6 JCA.ai.OLO XQELU~EtUL JCEQaL tEQCO avcmtlJsfl. To JCQC.OtO xuµa 
l,()l,(l)tl,'X.OJCOLllOEWV µe xourc6vt.a ebwoe w0l]Oll one; OUVUAAayec; µetoxwv, µe 
oriµavnx6 evbLaµwo Q6Ao yLa ta rnevbutLxa taµda LbLwtLxorcoLitoEwv (ETI). 
30 
Evtoinou;, 11 aJCQ0066x.11ttJ µata(mo11 tou 6euteQOU x.uµatoc; LCLmnx.o:rtOL~oemv 
µe x.oun6vw to 1995 x.m 11 JtEQL006teQo JtEQLOQLO'nx.~ voµo0eo(a yLa ta ETI 
µe(moav 011µavnxa t11v eµrcurwauv11 t11c; ayoQac; x.m JtEQLOQLOav t11v 
JtfQaLtEQW avruttUsll t11c; ayoQ6.c;. Ot. ouva)...J ... ayec; oe oµ6Aoya LCL(l)tLX.OJt0Ll1011£, 
ta onota ex.66811x.av me; arcot11µ(mo11 yLa ta x.ourc6vt.a nou axuQm811x.av, EXOUV 
:rtaQaµet vet. JtEQL0mQt.ax.tc; A6ym tric; arcouo(ac; tiJt11011c; x.m t11c; 6La v6µou 
emBef3AllµEVllc; eAaxwt11c; tLµi)c;. 
Otxovoµtxn xm xotvrovtxn (1V(l1C't'U1;n 
Kat vwvtxoi &ixrec 
H LAoBax.(a EXEL extLµmµevo rcAri0uoµ6 5,4 ex.at. xato(x.mv. H au1;riori tou 
:rtA118uoµou µELmvetm oxe66v ouvexmc; arc6 1,8% Etf10LW£ Ota µfoa t11c; 
6ex.aettac; tou '50 oe ALy6teQo cm6 0,5% oi)µeQa. H emBQa6uvori auti) tric; 
au1;11oric; tOU JtAf10uoµou ouvrnayetm Ba0µLata YTJQUVOfl tOU JtAfl0uoµou xm 
au1;av6µevo µeQLCLO tou rcAri0uoµou rcou BQtoxetm oe flALx.(a yLa EQyao(a. To 
JtQ0066x.Lµo rnt.B(moric; xat6. tri yEvvriori i)tav to 1996 68,4 Etfl yt.a rnuc; 6.v6Qec; 
x.m 76,3 etri yLa nc; yuva(xec;. 
To µoQcpu>tt.x6 rn(rcebo dvm oxnt.x.(1 U'4Jf1AO. H beuteQof~a0µt.a exrcaUSeuori EXEL 
emx.evtQm0et ott.c; rnuyyeAµcm,x.ec; xm texvt.x.Ec; ubt.x6tritec;, yeyov6c; rcou 
avtLx.ato:rttQLtEL tri oriµao(a trnv BaQELWV Bwµrixavu.ov x.m tou texvt.x.ou 
x.Aa6ou otriv OLx.ovoµta. 
IIeeupeeetaxtc Xat XAabtxtc btapogt, 
OL JtEQL<:pEQELaxEc; CLacpOQEc; dvm t.6t.a(teQa EVtovec; otri LAoBax.(a, LC(mc; av 
All<:p0et u:rt6'4Jri to oxetLx.6. µt.xQ6 µEye0oc; tric; xmgac;. H :rcagaymyi) 
ouyx.evtQmvetm XUQ(mc; oto 6mtx6 tµi)µa tric; xwQac; (MrcQatwA6.Ba x.m 
YEL tOVLX.Ec; JtEQLOXEc;) x.m yugm cm6 to Kosice, OtflV A vatoALX.T) LAOBax.(a. Qc; ex. 
toutou, ri avegy(a :rcagoumatEL rn(oric; LCLa( teQa 6.vwri xatavoµi), x.uµm v6µevri 
arc6 4% ot11v MrcgatwAaBa oe 6.vm tou 20% otu; :rcegwo6tego aygotLx.Ec; 
:rcegwxtc;. H µe(mori tmv JtEQLcpegELaxwv 6t.acpoQmv we; JtQoc; ta rnt:rceca tric; 
aveQytac; :rcaQeµrcocttetm cm6 triv oxenx.6. urcavruttux.tri urco6oµi) µetacpogmv 
x.m ouyx.OLvmvLmv otLc; aygott.x.ec; :rtEQL<:pEQELec; x.m arc6 tri xaµriATJ yemygacpLx.~ 
XL v11tLX.Otf1ta tmv EQyatoµtvmv, ev µEQEL A6ym Tmv £AA.EL '4-'EWV x.m ·tou U'\PllAOU 
x.6oTouc; Tllc; 0Ttyao11c; one; :rtEQL(f)EQELec; µe tl]V taXUTEQll mx.ovoµt.x.i) avrutTu1;ri. 
Etaayroyn 
To EuQm:rca·cx.6 LuµBouAw Tflc; Koneyxay11c; to 1993 x.a06Qwe nc; 
JtQO'U:rco0EoeLc; :rcqu JtQEJtEL va JtAflQOUv OL ouv6e6eµEvec; xwQec; Tllc; KeVTQLx.i)c; 
x.m AvaTohx.i)c; EuQmn11c; yta triv JtQOOXWQflOTJ Touc;. Ta 0Lx.ovoµ1,x.6. X.QL TTJQLa 
dvm: 
• 11 UJtaQsll A.EL tOUQYLXT)c; OLx.ovoµ(,ac; Tflc; ayogac; · 
31 
l£ 
· A.O''Cf~>g1a31£ 
9'X.1TIOA.O'X.10 091\ 010 A.(),0000liaDooa1£ DA. SetOl l)lUl9A.D'X.1 A.Ul 91£D 1Dll)laD~ 
Sao1 l)1lt19x.1101A.roADlA.D A.lt10 aoA.9rilt1x3x no1 5ltolt19901a 5lt1 ltoro11£1m 
Lt 'A.ro3ol}.a13'X1m A.COA.9TI(l)A.0TI3TI OQ31£11£3 3~ "D1D"(l)©3'X. DA.3TI91£3 30 1DlA.O~l)l3~ 
J;>lO,D DlDTil}.llt~ DJ. ·5l)a0AD 5D1D1A.3 Slt1 5D1Aaetol 13"( Sltl 1019 U01"(l)©OD~3 
A.Ul D1A 1D'X. SltoroA.3, Slt1 9x.1a31.roo3 010 D1aocbO"(XCt'X. Lta30(),3"(3 A.UlO A.C01Q01£TI3 
A.(l)l ltcf\.13"(l)~ A.Ul D1A 1Dl3~l)13aX Ct01£ 5D10300TIOA. Sl}.X.1A.X:u Slt1 So1Dliol)cb (\,Ql 
ct0"(9 Sl}."'-onaDm3 1D'X. 01D'X.1Q 9x1a31roo3 010 Sl)aocbD1.3TI Dl.Ul9A.D'X.1 l}.X.1TIOA. 1D'X. 
l}.x.11ltx.101q ltl pl1D1£D ltomA.3, A.ltlD ltolta(!)Xooa1£ Lt 'A.(!)Xan A.ro1ooliltg 0(131£11!3 3~ 
·Sao·nn S9A.3 5130(!)3aXo1£n, S9X.1TIOA.O'X.10 511 
l)aomn A.009 Slt1 l}.DCl3TID?Q ltl nol}.au1 X)A, nac!)X mli U09() 30 1DA. p A.ltli DA. OA.CtQA. 1x. 
A.01 A.(l0A.(!)13TI A.C01A.9a3dllieto A,(l)Ql)TIO A.(l)l U.0311£ A.Ul l)aD1£ A.(l)301TI0etaan13li 
A.C!)X1TIOA.OX10 SltoltJ01£0"((l 9x1ao101 9a30D1D DA.? 1D'X. 'ltoroA.3, A.U.10 l}.XOl3TITIClD Lt 
J3l 1D1£D 53J01£0 511 'l}.x.11. 1"(01£ l}.x.1riOA.O'X.10 A.UlO A.(J)AD"("(D A.(l)l UO(),© lt1 3TI l)X.113XO 
SltD3A. JDA.CtD 5Dpaa3 Lt~aD1£(), H "53Ql)TIO 5?X1A.(0A.10X 5110 mx. 531A.DXltri01g 5110 
'0A.9ax 010 DD1A.l) A.(),00UTI3A.D1D'X. DA. paol!ri (),OlCtD ~ 5313"(9ffi(l) 10 1D'X. So109x. 
01 119 (t0A.9TIOQ3Q '5D10Drilto sma1Dx 1DA. J3 D0 OA.9TIU.l'X.3'X. 01 13D9riaDcb3 DA. 1D'X. 
130l}.13001(t DA. SDaq>X Smcbl}.cf\.01£et Smli D1lt19x11010D©01£D Lt 1D'X. D1lt19A.D'X.1 H 
'l)aOAD DJD11\3 A.Ul A.Ct00(),3TI0A.01£(t D0 'A.(),OlOOliaDcb3 
A.l)3 'D101£0 Dl 'A.roa19TI A.(J)'X.11Ct31D100a1£ ltcf\.l}."( Ul D1A DlDril}.l 1D A.(tO~al)1£Ct 
D0 1D'X. 5DJI\COA.10'X. Slt1 DlDTil}.Til DA.9TI01ao 91£D 53A.OlA.9 l)X.1"(0ga31£Ct A.(),00Ltaro39 
DA. m13X9QA.3 Snogm S9x1101A.CT)ADlA.D 10 'A.etO~l)1oeto1£D l)letD A.l)3 ·Sl}.riogo1£et 
5C01Q1 'O,OJD"(D©3X (),OX1D(lffi mx (l0A.11£(J)aOA.D OQ31£J1£3 S9xanm mx. DJ<h,rimm3 
1319()1>1Q DA. D1TIOA.O'X.10 l}.X1X.Dg<r{D Lt 1DX A.0"'f'{l)fj1a31£ 9x1riOA.O'X.10 OA.3TIJ3X.01£Ct 
01 9X.J.0A.(t3 1DA.J3 DA. J3111>1£1) S1)aOAD Sl}.x1a31(003 Slt1 5130~11£ S9X.1l01A.(l)A.Dl.A.D 
511 9m> Smal}."{1£ POlt"{J(h<mtJ nA. Sn1xngo"{~ Slt1 n1lt19Anx.1 Lt ',t0a-;113cby 'D1DX.JQ 
mx. l)"{Drio J3Aaao113"{ l)A, r)aOAD DJ1>1A.3 Lt 310(!) A.01£9a1 r)lD'X. 'SetO"{?ri S9A.3 
5130(J)3aXo1£et S9X.1TIOA.O'X.10 511 139l)"{Di\D DA. l}.A.DX1 1DA. J3 DA. 131f?a1£ D1'X.D90"{~ Lt 
'59A.3©V ·S130l)lOD1Q 53a319001a31£ 13X? (lOA.9TIUl'X.3'X. CtOl Slt<h.lt"{l)A.D DlU.191\D'X.1 H 
"53A.9A.D'X. S(),OA.10'X. ltol)g 3ri 13Aaao113"{ DA. 
130l}.geto"(OXD~3 D0 33 5lt1 5l)a0AD SltA.9rietaet31Q Slt1 nlil}.ril 3()T)'X. 11.9 D1lt19mg3g 
lt 13Xal)1£Ct DA. D1A '1D13~l)13aX ltoet3TIO?Q ltri1<h,9alDDA.D ltli Lt l}.10,y ·Set0"(9ri 
S9A.3 A.C03D(J)3aXo1£(t A.(J)X1TIOA.OX10 A,(01 ltoltal}.1 A.Ul 5oa1£ 5ro Drl1A.9ri J30Cl3TID3Q 
DA. 131f?a1£ DJ01£0 lt 'Daq>X D1cbl}.<h,01£et mri D1A SltQ(J)10(t0 SroA.9TI01£3 1DA. J3 'Sl)aOAD 
Sl}.x.1a31mo3 Slt1 CtOA.9TIUlX3'X. (lQl Sro1q1 1DX 'etOA.9TIUl'X.3'X. CtOl UOU1?001Ct H 
·Su1 SaoaJDl3 Setol D1A 1D'X. 009 D1XD90"{~ Ul D1A 0091 
'Slt1 D1DDTIUD l}.x.1riOA.OX10 A.Ul 131\l)X 33 A.Ul.0 uouaq>Xooa1£ Lt 'l)aOAD l}.x.1a31.roo3 
A.UlD ltomil)rimoA.3 s1arox ·l)aOAD l}.x1a31roo3 lt 1DA. J3 l)aOAD l}.X.1Aaao113"( lt 
'UDCOA.3, A.UlD Sltoltaq>Xooa1£ Su1 0101D"{1£ 010 'A.Oa3l(),3V '5130911£ S9X.1l01A.COADlA.D 
511 130J'.1£C013TI11A.D DA. l}.A.D'X.1 9ri9ng oa3l(),"{DA3TI 30 1DA.J3 ne 5l)a0AD 
Slt1 DJTIOA.O'X.10 l}.X.1Aaao113"( mri 'A.Ol(J)all 'Dl3QA.?"(U"("{D 1DA.J3 l)lCtD mal}.11ax. DJ. 
·5uocoA.3, su1 Sl)ao"'-n su1 Mo3ril)Aaq 
A,(l)l 1l)'){ A,(l)3!)g11£ M!)'X.11011\(l)A.J)lA,l) A.(T)l Su01mr>11ri11A.n n1u19A.nx.1 lt • 
H 'U1t«Qsn AEl'tOUOytxnc; otxovoµi.nc; 'tTIC: nyoqac: 
H UJtUQsll mx.ovoµtac; tll<; ayoQ6.c; aJtaL tEL va eJtL tuyxa.vetm l1 WOQQOJtLa 
µetasu JtQOO(J)OQCl<; x.m tiJt11011c; µfow tll<; EAEU0EQl1<; UAAllAEVEQYELac; t(JJV 
6uv6.µewv tllc; ayoQ6.c;. H mx.ovoµta tll<; ayoQ6.c; EL vm AEL tOUQYLX.i), ot9-v 
uJt6.QXEL x.m µJtOQEL va mLBA118d to voµLx.o ouot11µa, ouµneQLAaµBavoµEv11c; 
tllc; gu8µw11c; twv JtEQLOUOLax.cbv 6Lx.mwµ6.twv. H mtboo11 µLac; mx.ovoµtac; tll<; 
ayog6.c; _bLEUX.OAUVEtm x.m (3£AtLlt)Vetm ano tll µaxQomx.ovoµLx.i) otaOego111ta 
x.m tva (3a8µo oµocpwvtac; OXEtLx.6. µ£ ta Bamx.6. OtOLXELa 111c; mxovoµLx.i)c; 
JtOAL nx.i)c;. 0 avmtuyµEvoc; XQ11µatonwtwtLx.oc; toµfoc; x.m 11 anouota 
011µavtLX.lt)V '(J)Qayµo)V OtllV ELOobo xm £sobo aJtO tllV UYOQCl ouµBa.AA.OUV Otll 
(3EA tLCJJOll tll<; anot£At0µatLx.6t11tac;, µc 111v onota AEL wugyd l1 mx.ovoµ(a. H 
Lx.avoJtOLlltLx.i) JtQOoboc; otriv E<.paQµoyll tric; EUQCJJml°t:xi)c; ouµcprnv(uc; JtQUCeL 
mto11c; va ouµ(36.AEL ot11v ebgatwo11 tllc; AEL tougy(ac; tll<; mx.ovoµtac; tl]c; 
ayoQ6.c;. 
H LA0(3ax.ta EXEL 'UAOJtOLi)ou nc; JtEQL006tEQE<; an6 tL<; avayx.atE<; 
µEtagQu0µtoEL<; yLa tl]V eyxa0tbQUOlJ µuxc; mxovoµtac; tl]<; ayoQ6.c;. To ouot11µa 
nµcbv EXEL EAEU8£gw0Et, m anoq:>6.ouc; xatavoµi)c; JtOQWV txouv anox.Evtgw0Et 
µfow tllc; OXEbov OAOX.AlJQWµEv11c; bLabLxaotac; LbLCJJtLx.onmi)oEwv x.m un6.QXEL 
avcl;6.Qtl]to bLx.aotLx.6 ouot11µa, to onoto EXEL anobd;u OE aQXEttc; 
JtEQLJt'tWOEL<; OtL d vm LX.av6 va JtQOOtatE'UOEL ta JtEQLOUOLax.6. 6Lx.mcbµata. 
fEvLx.6., bev una.gxouv 011µavnx.ot voµLxot q:>gayµot yLa tllV doo6o ot11v ayoga. 
H mx.ovoµta EXEL mto11c; cp06.ou OE LxavoJtOLlltLx6 x.m bLat11QitOLµo mtnebo 
µax.QOOLX.OVOµLx.i)c; ota0EQOtl]tac;, txovtac; µeta;u ClAA(J)V to xaµl]AOtEQO 
noooat6 n1,.118wgwµou ot11v JtEQLOXll, yEyovoc; nou EJtLtQEJtEL otouc; 
OLX.OVOµLX.OU<; q:>OQEL<; va EXOUV aQXO'UVtCJJ<; µax.go OQ(tovta JtQOYQaµµanoµ01). 
Evtoutmc;, OE OQWµtvec; JtEQLJttWOEL<;, OL 01,.0(3axLx.tc; aQxtc; rnvoouv 
µ11xavwµouc; EX.toe; tll<; ayoQ<'xc; yLa tll bLaµOQ(f)CJJOl] t(J)V tLµcbv i) tl]V x.atavoµi) 
twv Jt6QCJJV. IIaQabdyµcna dvm 11 LbLaLtEQa xaµl]Al) o.va1,.oytcx avtaywvwnx.cbv 
JtWAl)OEWV x.gatLx.cbv eJtLXELQl)OEWV x.at6. tll 6La6Lx.cwta LbLwtLxonmi)oEwv, o 
xa0ogwµoc; EA6.XLOtl1<; nµi)c; yLa triv ncb1,.riori 0µ01,.6ywv L6Lwnxonot11oric; x.m OL 
ngoon6.0ELE<; tll<; x.u(3EQvrio11c; va bLatl]Ql)OEL tov EAEYXO OE eJtLXELQl)OEL<; nou 
8EWQOUVtm OtQat11yLx.i)c; artµaotac;. Auto. dvm oacpdc; evbd;w; otL l1 
AELtougyta trt<; mx.ovoµtac; trt<; ayoQ6.c; XQEL6.tnm ax.oµrt Evtoxuo11. 
MLX.Q6c; UQL8µ6c; tLµcbv -X.UQLW<; EVEQYELa<;, OQLOµtvwv 6rtµootwv UJtflQEOLWV 
xm evmxtwv -x.a8ogU~,ovta.L ax.0µ11 6l,0LX.l1tLx.a, yeyov6c_, nou OtQE(3lwveL nc; 
OXE'ttxec_, nµEc;. H gu0µwrt 1:wv tLµcbv twv 611µootwv UJtflQEOLcbv µnogd va 
8ewgri8d 6tL rn8uygaµµttctm µ£ tL<; wxuouoec; JtQaxtLx.Ec; ota x.g6.trt µEA.fl. 
EvtO'\JtOL<;, m OUVEXLt6µEvcc; EJtLbOtl)OEL<; trt<; EVEQYELax.i)c; x.atav6.ACJJOfl<; tCJJV 
VOLX.OX.UQLWV EXOUV aQVfltLXE<; EJtLJttcbow; Otl)V EVEQYELax.i) 
aJtOtEAEOµatLX.Otrtta x.m Oto EµJtOQLX.O wotuyw. OL JtEQLOQLOµo( Otl]V aUsflOfl 
tCJJV EVOLX.LWV ausa.VOUV tl] OUYXEVtQWOl] trt<; OLXOVOµLXT)<; 6QaOtl]QLOtl]tU<; OE 
OQWµtvec; JtEQLq:>EQELEC., x.m µucbvouv nc; LbLWtLx.tc; EJtEV6UOEL<; Otfl x.ataox.eui} 
x.atotx.tcbv. EJtLJtAEOV, o JtEQLOOOtEQO JtEQLOQWtLxoc; voµoc; JtEQL nµcbv tou 1996 
ea µJtOQO'UOE va XQllOLµOJtOLfl0EL yux tflV Ecpagµoyi) EAEYXCJJV OtL<; (J)UOLOAOYLX.E<; 
i) moxLx.Ec; 6Laxuµ6.voeL<; twv nµtilV, OTQEBA<.i>vovtac; (mn to QOAO twv 011µ(1twv 
nou blvouv OL ayoQULE<; nµtc;. 
33 
0 wxueoc; xm a-ra0EQ6c; XQllf!C.ft0JtLO'tCOtLX6c; toµtuc; (utOtEAEL 01JOLwbec; 
otoLx,eto µu1c; AELtOUQyLx.r)c; mx.ovoµtrn; tnc; uyo0c1c;. 0 OAofktx.Lx.6c; 
XQnµatomotCOtL'X6c; toµeac; JtQEJteL ux.6µn vu EJtLA'\)0£L OT)µ<1vnx6. ngor3Ar)µm;u 
avabu1g8Qwonc;, 6nwc; dvm n UtplJAll avaAoyta µn e;unngetouµevwv bavdmv 
'X,al, ll 'X'UQLaQXLU µL'XQOU UQL0µou XQUtL'XWV tQM£~(l)V. L'UVEJtmc;, 0 toµern; 6cv 
elvm ax6µn txav6c; va 6La6QaµatLOEL tov µwoAaBntLx6 Q6Ao tou oe JtAllQll 
E'Xtaon. EmnMov' Ol, 'XEq:>aAmayoetc; naeaµtvouv XWQL<; (>£1)0t0tl]ta 'XUL 6e,v 
txouv EVOJtOLl]0d xm XQEL<l~Etm ax6µn va EJtLteuxOet ng6oboc; Otl] gu0µwr) 
touc;. Evtoutmc;, evw ta ngoBA.iJµcna auta µeubv01Jv triv anotEAwµanx.6tni;a 
µe tl]V ono(a AHtougyd n mxovoµtu, to xgriµcnomotonLx.6 ouotnµa dvm 
EJtUQXW<; avrntuyµevo, <i)Ote vu µn Jt<1QEµJtObt~EL tl]V X,(lVOVLXl] A£Lt01)(>YLU tl]c; 
mxovoµlac;. 
LE ogwµev01,c; onµuvnx,01,c; toµdc; (XCJ.A.1,r1u, 't(>(ffiE~ec;, JtEtQOXl]µLx,{1) UJt{1QXU 
µLXQ6c; eyxwgwc; uvtuyo,vwµ6c;, x<106oov OAO'XAlJ(>ll OXEb6v ll no.guyrnyr) 01,x,va 
elvm ouyxevtgcoµtvn oe µ(u EJtLXELQrJOlJ. H xu0u10xtu otnv uyoga µLxgo-,, 
. UQL0µou EJtLXELQr)OEWV µJtOQEL vu MOtEAEOEL eµn6bLo YLU tl]V doobo VEWV 
EJtLXELQllOEmv otouc; toµdc; amouc;. EvtoutoLc;, to EµJtOQLx6 xa0wtwc; dvm 
aexouvtmc; avmxt6 otov e;wt£QLX6 avtaywvwµ6, ffiOte va eyyuatm tnv 
avtaywvwnxi) ouµnegtq:>oga ot11v EYXffiQLa ayoga. 
MLXQll ng6oboc; EXEL Ol]µELrn0d otnv £q:>agµoyri ev6c; anotEAWµattxou 
ntwxeuttxou v6µou. H wxuouoa voµo0wta Jt£QLAaµBaveL 6w6Lxaole,c; 
ouµBLBaoµou xm c;mgfow; nou nagaxwAvouv tnv taX£La xm 6(xmn 
btabLxao(a. Emn:Mov, ta 61,xaotiiQLU txouv unegBoALx6 q:>6gto xm £L vm 
aJtELQU. 0 JtQO'tELV6µEvoc; v6µoc; yla tl]V ava~woy6vnon t(J)V EJtLXELQflOEWV 
EvMxetm va JtQ000EO£L £VU ax6µn eµn66LO Otl]V XL Vl]Oll 6La6Lxamwv 
Jttwxeuonc; an6 tcrnc; JtWtrntec;, 6L6tL OL EJtLXELQ'Y}OW; JtOU Oa EJtLAEy01)v YLa 
avc16u1gOgwon Ba.on trnv bunai;crnv tou ev Ac')ycn v()µcrn 0<1 E;mgo1Jvtm an6 
tl]V JttO)XEUOl] YLC1 tl]V JtE(>LObO tOll JtQOYQ(tµµurnc; (1V(1~(l)Oy6vnonc;. 
H 1,X<lVO'tTI't<l (l'V'ttJlE'tffin:t<Jnc; 't{l)V (J.V'tnyrnvtanxrov mt<Jt(l)V Xat 't(J)V 0\JVUU,t(J)V 
'tTic; <lj'OQ«c; 
El vm buoxoAo, XQOVLa JtQL v an6 tll µEAAOvnxri evta;11 xm JtQL v n LAoBaxta 
mo0Etf10EL xm ecpagµ6oeL to µeyaA'UtEQO µtgoc;' tou xmvonxou 6Lxatou, va 
bLatunw0et OQLOtLXfl XQLOll we; JtQO<; tnv Lxav6tnta tnc; xweac; va EXJtA.flQWOEL 
to XQL'tr)QLO aut6. Ev1ou1mc;, dvm 6uva16v va ngoo6wgwtouv ogwµeva 
x,agmt1ngwnxa 1nc; avaJttu;tic; ttic; IAoBaxtac;, 1a onota nagexouv ogwµevec; 
ev6d;eLc; yLa ttiv m0avri Lxav6t11ta tnc; va avnµEtmntoEL nc; avtaywvwnxec; 
meow; xm tLc; buvaµeLc; tl]c; ayogac; OtllV 'Evwon. 
Ilgoc; touto anm td tm ota0EQ6 µaxeomxovoµLx6 JtAULOLo, evt6c; tou onotou 
m µeµovwµevm mxovoµLxot cpogdc; µnogouv va AaµB<1vouv anoq:>aOEL<; oe tva 
xA.tµa µ£ euAoyo Ba0µ6 JtQOBAEtµLµ(nntac;. Ilgbtu v<1 un6.QXEL rnagxric; 
Jt006tnta aveewm vou xm cpumxo1, XEq:>UAUL01), OUµJtEQLAaµ(3avoµtvnc; tl]c; 
unoboµr)c;, Jtou va JtaQEXEL trJ Baon yw vu µnogouv OL µeµovwµtvec; 
EJtLXELQr)OeLc; va ngooagµooOouv xm va avnµttcoJttoo-uv tu; au;nµtvec; 
avtaywvwnxtc; mtouc; otriv evu1(c1 uyoga. OL EJtLXELQr)ouc; XQELa~etm va 
rnevbuoouv otn f3eA t(won 1nc; cmot£AwµatLx6trttac; touc;, ttoL mote va 
µrtOQOUV x.m va avmywvw-couv otriv eYXWQLa ayoQa a),J.._a x.m va 
exµetalleu0ouv nc; mxovoµtec; xltµaxac; nou anoggfouv an6 tnv JtQ6of3aon 
34 
otriv evtaLa ayoQci. A uti) ri Lxavchritu ngooagµoyi)c; ea et vm eu0eooc; avaAoyri 
µe triv JtQ6aBaori nou ea exouv OL EJtLXELQi)OeLc; oe rnevbutLxi) XQriµatob6triori, 
µe triv nm6trita tou EQyanxou buvaµLxou touc; xm µe triv em tUXLa touc; otriv 
eLoayooyi) xm votoµubv. 
EmnMov, 600 u1J)riA6tEQO<; EL vm o Ba0µ6c; tric; mxovoµLxi)c; Evoooµci'toooric; otriv 
'Evooori nou rnLn>yxavEL µLa mxovoµLa JtQLV triv JtQOOXOlQllOll, t6oo xaAutEQa 
0a µJtOQEL ri mxovoµLo. ami) va uw1A(1f3et w; 1moxgechow; ev6c; µeAouc;. 'Ooo 
JtE.QL006tE.QO µu1 XOlQU EXEL iJbri e.vornµm:coOd otriv ·"'Evrnori, t6oo ALy6tegri Ou 
EL vm ri JtEQaL tEQW uvabLaQ0Qooori triv onoLa ouvrnaynm ri ouµµEtoxiJ tric; we; 
µtA.ouc;. To EJtLJt£()0 OL'X.OVOµLxi}c_; evoooµatoooric_; OXE'tLsEtm t6oo µe to c:paoµa 
600 xm µE tov ()yxo ,:rnv qmogn,~..tc1rn>v nou xuA1,n101,v OL 01,vctAAayec_; µe ta 
XQO'tll µeAri. To. c'iµeou ocptAri cm6 1riv ng<'>o(3cwri mriv evwtu uyog{1 µnogd 
rnLoric; va dvm µeyaAu1egu otouc; toµdc; 6nou un(1gxu rnµEytOric; uvaAoyLa 
µLXQWV EJtLXELQlJOEOJv, beboµtvou 6tL amtc; rnrigeatovtm OXetLxa negwo6teQO 
an6 ta Eµrc6bLa one; ouvaAAayec;. 
H OAoBaxLxi) mxovoµLa bLa0fa£L ogwµtva oriµavtLxa JtAEOVEXti}µata, yLa va 
µrcoQfoEL va avnµetOJJtLOEL tLc; avtayoovwnxtc; mfoeLc; xm nc; buvaµw; tric; 
ayoQ6.c; otriv EVLaLa ayoga. H mxovoµLa dvm ota0EQonmriµevri xm 
avantUOOE'taL taxewc;, EV(l) to µw00AOYLX6 x6otoc; Jtagaµev£L OXEtLXU xaµriA6, 
xm o nAri0uoµ6c; EXEL xaAi) exnatbrnori. H 'X.EVtQL'X.lJ 0fori 1ric; atri 6Laota-UQOJO'fl 
oriµavnxrov as6VOJV BOQQU-N6tou 'X.aL Auaric;-AvatoAi)c; tO'U ALE'UQOJJta"(xou 
ALXt'UO'U (AEA) ea µJtOQOUOE rn(oric; va auµBaAH O'tflV av6.Jt1usri ev6c; 
avtayoovwnxou toµfo 1m11QEOL<i>v, uv ngc1yµntonm ri001,v rnuQxdc; rnEvbuow; 
Otouc; asovec; amouc_;. 
H LAOBaxLa xat6Q0000E EJtLoric; va aVaJtQOOavatOALOEL nc; Esayooyec; tric; ngoc; 
w; butL'X.OE'UQWJta·Lxec; ayOQE<; µeta triv aJtWAELa t(l)V nagaboOLaxrov 
EsayooyLXWV ayogrov tric; JtO'U O<peLA6tav otri bLaAuori tric; COMECON 'X.aL tll 
AUOll tric; oµoonovbLac; µe triv TOEXLXl) AriµoxQatLa. 0 U~)llA6c_; QU0µ6c; ausrioric; 
t(l)V ouvaAAayrov µe triv 'Evwori ta tEAEUtO.La etri bev d vm µ6vov evbeLsll 6tL 
tOUAOXLO"tOV OQLOµevec; OAoBaxLxec; EJtLXELQl)OW_; dvm agxouvtwc; 
avtayoovwnxec;, won: va E;ayouv otriv EE, aAAa 'X.aL OtL EL vm Lxavec; va 
JtaQayouv E.µJtOQEUµata nou ouµµoQcprovovtm ngoc; touc; xav6vEc; xm touc; 
xavovwµouc; tric; EVLO.Lac; ayogac;. 
'Evac; aAA.oc; bELxtric; tric; avtayoovwnx6tritac; d vm ri Lxav6trita toov 
EJtLXELQrJOEWV va ngooagµ6tovtm. Av xm OL nagaboOLaxa oriµavtLxec; BaQELEc; 
BwµrixavLxtc; EJtLXELQl)Ow; otouc; toµEL<; tO'U xaAuBa 'X.aL t(l)V rtEtQOXllµLxrov 
ELVUL JtAEOV Lxavec; va JtQOO(f)EQO'UV JtOLOtLXCl BaOLxa JtQ0°LOVta OE 
avtayoovLOtL'X.Ec_; tLµec;, m buvat6tritec; av6.Jttusric; otouc; tOµEL<; autouc; 
JtO.Qaµtvouv JtEQLOQLOµevec;, A6yw tric; unagxouoac; JtA.eovatouoac; 
6uvaµLx6tritac; otriv Eugronri. Oµo(coc;, oL toµdc; -cwv xriµt.xrov nQo·(ov-cwv xm 
t(l)V µri OLbrigouxwv µetClAA(l)V dvm tEXVL'X.C1 ngoriyµevOL xm DLE0vroc; 
avtayoovwnxoL AA.AOL i;oµdc;, 6mJ><; ri xAw0to1kpavtouQyLa xm ri oriµavtLxi) 
aµuvtLxi) BwµrixavLa, avnµetoonttouv oriµavnxi) JtQOOJt6.0ELa ava6Lag0gworic; 
yLa va e;ampaA.i.oouv triv emBtrnoi) touc;. Ev yevEL, Oa XQELaatouv JtQ600etec; 
EJtevbuow; OE 6A01,c; touc; toµdc;, yw vn rnouyxgovwOd xm va avabLag0grn0d 
ri naQayrnyLxi) buvuµLx6tritu xm yu1 vu ngoougµooOd ttoL ci>ote vn JtATIQOL nc; 
aJtaL"tl)OEL£ tOU 'X.E'X.'tllµEVOU. ea JtQEJtEL va x,a-mf1Ari0ouv ngoonaOeu~r; y1,a 
bLacpoQonolriori nQoc; EAacpQ6t£QE<; Bwµrixavlec; ouvaQµoA.6yrioric; xm 
unriQwlec;, oL onolec; ouµBabLsouv JteQLOo6teQO µe touc; cpuoLxouc; n6Qouc; tric; 
35 
LAoBax.tac;. EvtoutOL<;, n :rcagouoa Lx.av6tl)ta n1c; LA.oBax.tac; yLa x.m votoµta 
x.m 6Laq>OQOJtOLl)Ol) tl)c; :rcagaywyi)c; JtaQEµJtODLtEtaL a:rc6 tu; :TCEQLOQWµEvec; 
6a:rcavec; yLa EQEU'VU x.m av6.:rctu1;n. OL ewaywyec; DEsLOtT)tW'V xm tf,X'VOA.oytac; 
<lJtO tO EsWtEQL'XO EJtLOl)c; :rcagaµE'VOU'V JtEQLOQWµevec; A.6yw avEJtaQX.W'V aµWW'V 
;evcov EJtE'VD'UCTEW'V. 
H JT.Qoa:rc(10na bu1<pogo:rcotrioric; xm uvubu'tgOgrnoric; Jmovd v<t. :rmgqrnohwi;d 
rut6 tl)'V EA.A.EL'!JTI utEV<'>'U"CLx.01, •X.E<po.A.utm,. M(:xgt onyJti)c;, ri }:A.o(·\ux.i,u hcv 
;mt6QOwoe, vu :rcgooEA.Kt',on oriµuvnx.<1 :rcoo<i (1J1t:mov ~tvrnv rnEvc)1,oernv, EV<i> Tl 
XQnµatobotLXTJ Lx.nv6trii;u wu eyxw0w1, XQT1µ<1t0:rcwtrnnx01, toµfo :rcngnµtvu 
JtEQLOQWµevn A.6yw tOU :rcgoBA.i)µatoc; "C(1)'V EJtLO<pC1A(D'V bavdcov. Ot 
JtEQWOOtEQOL vfot LDLOXtT)"Cec; LDLWtlXOJtOLl)µevwv EJtLX£LQT)0£(1)'V 'X.Ut6. 'X,(1'V{)'V(1 
DEV ea 6taeetO'U'V rntonc; ta XQnµatobotLXO. µfoa yta EJtE'VD'UOELc;, 6e6oµevou 6tt 
i)6n XQELaCTtl)XE va rnev6uoouv yta va a:rcox.ti)oouv tov EAEYXO tl)c; nmgtm;. 
Kata OU'VEJtELa, ()l, EJte'VC'UOEL<; yLa ava6taQ8QWOl) ea JtQEJtEL XUQLWc; va 
XQ11µato60tl)8ouv rut6 ta abtaveµl)ta XEQbl) tW'V EJtLXELQT)OeW'V, :rcgayµa JtOU 
ei.vm 6uvat6 µ6vo yta 6oec; dvm i)bri XEQ6o<p6Qec;. 'M6vo m µEyaA.utEQEc; a:rc6 
tLc; Ev A.6yw x.eg6ocp6gec; EJttXELQTJOEL<; 8a µ:rcogeoouv towc; va XQnµatoboti)oouv 
tl)V JtQoo:rcaeeta ava6L6.Q8Qwoi)c; touc; a:rc6 nc; 6te8vei.c; xE<paA.mayogec;. 
E:rcoµevwc; n ava6t6.Q8QWOl), m8avci>c; ouv6E6µEvl) µE xa:rcmo dboc; au1;11011c; 
Xe<paA.alwv, tau XQ11µat0:rcwtwtLxou rnµfo, ruwtEA.£( oumci>611 :rcgoUJt60wn yLa 
tl) O'tT)QLslJ tl)c; ava6taQ8Qworic; i;o)'V EJtLXELQTJOewv EV yevEL, aA.A.6. EL6tx6t£Qa 
twv µtxQci>v xm µwaLwv EJtLXELQi)oe,wv, m oJtolt:c; be,v exouv 6.vEtl) :rcg6of3aon 
one; bteevdc; x.ecpaA.mayoQEc;. A6yw i;wv Jt£QLOQWµci>v tou xuBeQVflttxou 
JtQoU:rcoA.oywµou, 11 ava~woy6vriori ami) tern XQllµ<no:rcwi;wtLxou i;oµfo 
mOavci>c; dvm 6uvati) µ6vo OE ouvch,aoµ6 µt: tl)V tbtwnxo:rcoL11oi) tou. H 
auµµEtOXTJ aA.A.obarcwv otri btabtxcw(n tbu,onxoJtmitoernv <putvnm 
01mtaonx.ric; 011µc10Lac;, yw wt wJ{~A.Ocmv OL uvuyxuLe,c; bd;u'nl)tEc; xm XE<p(tA.mu 
OtO'V toµea. 
KataQX'r)'V, l) LAOBaxta ea µJtOQO'UOE va EJtLA'UOEL ta E'VaJtOµevovta mxovoµtx6. 
JtQOBA.i)µata tl)c; agxeta YQllYOQa yLa va EL vm µetasu tW'V JtQWtW'V 
ouv6E6Eµ£'V(l)'V XWQW'V JtOU ea E'Vtax8ouv Otl)'V 'Evwol). EvtO'UtOL<;, JtaQaµEVEL n 
aBeBm6tl)ta, xata Jt6oov ta Ev A.6yw bLaQeQwttxa JtQoBA.i)µata ea 
avttµEtcomatouv ouvtoµa x.m xata :rc6oov aut6 8a yi.vEL µE bta<pavELa, 
XQnmµoJtmci>vtac; µ11xavwµouc; tnc; ayogac; Jtou ouµBtBatovtm µE touc; 
x.av6vec; tl)c; Evtai.ac; ayoQac;. A6yoc; tl)c; aµcpLBoA.Lac; autric; d vm to yeyov6c; 6n 
n OLX.OVOµLXT) JtOA.L tLX.11 ta tEA.eui;ai.a £"Cl) xaQaX.tl)QLaenxe aJt6 EA.A.EL '\Pl} 
n:eoBA.e'!JLµ6tl)tac; xm · 6Lacpavaac;. Ta xagaxtrigwtLx.6tEQa JtaQa6Ei. yµata 
Evto:rcLtovtm Otl) 6ta6tx.aota tbtwi;txon:mrioecov, 6Jtou i;o DEUtEQO JtQOYQaµµa 
µe X.O'UJtO'VLa µatmwe11xe aJtQOODOXl}ta, 0 QOA.oc; "C(l)'V ETI CJ.A.Aase an6i;oµa 
(JtQOXaA.ci>vtm; onµavnxec; ~l}µLec; oi;a -caµda au-ta) xm ll l,Dl,(OtLXOJtOLl)Ol) t(O'V 
µeyaA.uteQcov tQa:rc~ci>v e1;ayytA.8rtxE xm avaBA.ii0rixe ai;ri ouvexcta aQxnec; 
<pOQEc;. 0 JtQOtELv6µt:voc; v6µoc; yta triv avutwoy6vriori EJtLXELQT)OEW'V mtoric; 
oteget tm DLC1(pavEt.uc;, 6L6tL rt EJtLA.oyr) ,;o)'V EJtLXHQTJOEW'V n:01, Oa mwcpeA.11001,v 
a:rc6 tl) voµo8eota autit uJt6xettm OE :rcoA.tttxec; EJtLQQOtc;. EmJtMov, m 
oA.oBmuxec; agxec; ax6µn Baot~ovtm ouxva OE µnxavwµouc; Ext6c; ayoQ6.c; yta 
tl) 6taµ6Q<pcoari tcov ttµwv it trtv x.atavoµi) twv n:6gwv. 
'Eva rnagxci>c; :rcewnx6 wtogtx6 ouvrnci>v OLxovoµtxwv µetaQgu8µtoEcov 
ax.6µri anoumatEt. H E;ayyeA.ta xm uA.o:rcotriori EX µegouc; twv aA.oBaxtxci>v 
aQxci>v ev6c; JtEQLEXttxou, bta<pavouc; xm JtQOoavatoA.wµevou JtQoc; triv ayoQ6. 
µwo:rceoewµou JtQOYQaµµatoc; 6LaQ8QWttxci>v µe-raQQueµtoewv 8a ouveBaA.£ 
36 
Otl]V JtQOOEA'X.'UOl] tl]c; avayxatac; 'UJtOOtflQLsllc; tWV UAAO()(lJ[(l)V rnevbutwv xm 
ea ooL ve otl]V 01,.oBax.Lxi] mxovoµta tll buvat6tt1ta vc1 xataotd rnaQxwc; 
avtaywvwtLXfl, wote va avnµnwntoeL tov avtaywvwµ6 Otl]V evLata ayoQa tll 
OtL yµi] tl]c; JtQOOXWQl]Ol]c;. 
OL OL'X.OvoµLxec; JtOAL tLxec; tl]c; LAOf3ax.Lx.i]c; ~ l]µOXQattac; be.v xa0obl]youvtm 
µexQL onyµi]c; an6 eva rnLµEAl]µevo µwonQ60wµo JtQ6ygaµµa. Ynagxouv 
eyyQac:pa yLa ogwµevec; JtAeugec; t11c; mxovoµLxi]c; JtOAL nxi]c; (voµwµatLxi] 
JtOAL tLXfl, Bwµt1xavLxi] JtOAL tLXfl, XA.Jt), aAAa et vm XUQLwc; BQaXUJtQ6ewµa xm 
bev evtaooovtm OE eva YEVLX.6 JtQOYQaµµa. Evtoutou;, Oto JtAaLOLO tllc; 
'UJtOEJtLtQOJti]c; ouvbw11c; yLa OLXOVOµLxa sllti]µata, OL OAoBaxLxec; aQxec; exouv 
Ol]AWOEL tl]V ngoeuµ(a touc; va faaµoQc:pmoouv µLa JtEQLEXtLXfl µwon:g6eeoµll 
otgatl]YL'Xfl Otaeegon:0(11011c; xm exouyxgovwµou. H otgatl]YL'X.fl auti] ea 
ouµBaAEL otov xa0ogwµ6 twv n:gotegmoti]twv yw µeAAovnxec; 
µetaQgueµtow;, mote va avtLµetwmornuv OL evanoµevouoec; mxovoµLxec; 
()UOXEQELEc;. ' 
Ta JtQWta Etl] tl]c; av£1;agt11otac; tllc;, ll LAoBaxta metuxe asLOOl]µeLWtl] JtQOOOO 
we; JtQOc; tl] µaxgomxovoµLxi] OtUOEQOJtOLllOll. Metasu OA.WV tWV ouvbebeµevwv 
xwgwv tl]c; KevtgLxi]c; Eugcimt1c;, Ol]µdwoe to 1995 xm 1996 an6 ta U'!Jl]A.OtEQa 
JtOOOOt<l m'Jsl]Ol]c; tO'U AEII, 01JV01ms6µeva µe tOV X<1µllA.OtEQO JtA.l10WQWµ6 
Otl]V JtEQLOXfl• Evtmhmc;, EV(J) to wosi,yw tQEXO'UO<t)V O'l)V(1A.AUY<i>V m1gti1nve 
0ett.x6 to 1995, ll CT1JV£XLs6µev11 U'\JJllAfl eyxwgw. sfltl]Ol] yLa 'X<1tUVUAWtL'X(l xm 
mevbunxa aya0a JtQO'X<lA.EOE an6t0µa tl]V eµc:paVLOl] EAAELµµatoc_; to 1996. 
Kanma EJtt.t<lXUVOl] tO'U JtAl]0wgwµou t0 JtQWtO tg(µl]VO tO'U 1997 xm to 
U'VllA.0 EA.A.ELµµa tO'U wosuytou tQEXO'UOWV O'UVaAA.aymv aJtOtEAOUV oac:pdc; 
evbetset.c; OtL ll mxovoµ(a agxtsu va 'UJtEQ0egµa( vetm. na va esaoc:paA.weet ll 
ouvexi]c; ota0eg6tl]ta tl]c; mxovoµtac;, OL µaxgomxovoµLxec; JtOAL nxec; n:grnet. 
va etvm agxouvtwc; JtEQLOQLOtLxec; xm XQHUsovtm xaA.6 O'UVtovwµ6. 
EmnMov, ea JtQEJtH va BeA tuJJeouv µLXQOOLXOVOµLXOL n:agayovtec;, 6mm; 0 
Baeµ6c; avafaag0gwol]c; tQaJtEsmv xm EJtLXHQflOEWV. Ilgayµa-n, 11 µ11 
JtA.l]0WQLOtL'Xfl 'U'\Vll"-ll avantusll µJtOQ£L va faat11Qt10€L µ6vo E<lV ll 
avtaywvLOtL'XOtl]ta tl]c; mxovoµtm; aus118d rnagxwc;. 
M6At.c; UJtEQVt.xi]el]xav OL buox.01,.tec; tl]c; eyxaetbguo11c; ev6c; vfou xgatOU£ xm 
veac; bt.otxt1ot1c;, to EAAHµµa tou ngoiJrroA.oywµou tllc; yevLxi]c; xuBEQVllOllc; 
µet.mSl]xe YQflYOQa, xm µaAwta 011µetwoe µLxg6 JtAe6vaoµa to 1995. 
Evtoutou_;, ll xateuOuvot1 tllc; bt1µomovoµt.xi]c; JtOAL tLxi]c; xatfott1 JtEQL006tEQO 
mextatt.xi] to 1996, ouvmda xaµ11A6tegwv an6 ta avaµev6µeva eo6bwv xm 
tl]c; avayxl]c; yt.a U'\JJl]A.6tegec; 611µ6mec; rnevbuow;. A6yw twv bt1µomovoµt.xmv 
banavoov nou ouvbfovtm µe t11v avabt.aQOQWOll twv EJtLXELQi]oewv xm tou 
tQaJtEsLX.OU toµfo, ta x.uBEQVl]tLXO. EAAELµµata avaµevetm va aust18ouv xata 
ta JtQooexi] Etl]. H avobLxi] n:tw11 onc_;-banavec; ea µn:ogouoe va avaxouc:pwte(, 
av xateueuv0ouv m XOLVWVLXEc_; banavec; OE 6oouc_; n:gayµatt. tt.c; XQH<lsOVtm. 
EJtLOl]c;, ll OA.O'XA.flQWOl] tl]c; EAEU8egwo11c; t(J)V tL~t(l)V ea EJtEtQEJtE tl]V JtEQaLtEQW 
µetwoll twv mt.boti]oewv n:goc; nc; rnLXELQi]m::Lc_;. 
Av xm ll avegyta µuwvetm ta teAEuta(a fall, -ro u'\J)t1A6 noooot6 aveQytac; xm 
ll oriµavnxi] JtEQLq)EQEt.axi] bLaxuµavoiJ -rric; ea EsaXOAOUeitoouv va f3aQUVOUV 
tLC; µeAAOVtt.x.ec; OL'X.OVOµLxec; xm b11µomovoµLxec; EsEALsw;. Av xm LO 
37 
JtQ6BA:nµa tnc; avEgytw; bEv Imogd vu rnt.J...1,0d <m6 i:n µt.a µtga otnv (1A.Afl, n 
Otl)QLsll tnc; bnµumgytuc; vtrnv p,LXt_)(l)V xm µwutrnv f.JtLXELQl)OEWV, ll JtAeOV 
EUEA.L'Xtll ayoga egyaotw;, o m:gwgwµ6c; tnc; ot.xovoµt.xi)c; e:mf36.Quvonc; tou 
µweo)..oyLxou x6otouc; µtow tnc; auotng6tEQllc; 1tg6of3aonc; ota ngoygaµµata 
'XOLVOJVL'Xitc; aocpaAWflc; xm ll ausnon tWV JtEQL(f)EQELU'XWV µweoA.OYL'XWV 
OtaqJOQWV, yLa va JtQOW8t10el ll 'XL VfltLX6tni:a µeta;u tWV JtEQLqJEQELWV, ea 
µJtOQOUOav 6Aa va Emtaxuvouv tfl bnµLm,gytu (.1Jtaox6Anonc;. 
fta va e};aocpaAtoEL otaeEQll mxovoµtxit avam:usn, n LAof3axta ea XQELaotEL 
ouvexit avabLageQwon EJtLXELQllOEwv xm XQnµatomotwtLxou toµfo. ME 
oeboµtvn tnv EJtLAoyit yLa µLa ngooeyywn f3aeµLatac; rntA uonc; tou 
JtQOf3A.itµatoc; twv rnt.ocpaAwv oavdwv, o tQUJt~t.x6c; toµfoc; oev ea Et vm 
Lxav6c; va UJtOtEAEOEL (3gaxung6ewµa f3amxi) nnyiJ xgnµatob6tnonc; yLa tnv 
avaOLaQeQWOfl EJtLXELQllOEWV. H JtEQULtEQW avaOLagegwon ea XQELaOtEL va 
xgnµatobott18Et UJt6 to Et;OJtEQLX6 it UJt6 wwtEQLxouc; n6gouc; twv 
EJtLXELQitoewv. OL 6.µwec; 1;tvEc; rnEvbuoELc; txouv µtxQL otLyµitc; naQaµdvEL 
JtEQLOQWµEvEc;, A6yw tnc; EAAEL ,pnc; EµJtLO'tOOUVflc; OtOV JtQOOavatoAwµ6 tWV 
OLaµOQ(f)WtO)V JtOAL tLxitc; JtQOc; tflV nyoga. EmnMov, ll uvabLagOgwon m0avcoc; 
OEV ea f3onOn0d (t.Jt() nc; ouvexdc; JtQOOJt(10w~c; tnc; xu(-kgvno11c; va btn.tl]Ql)OEL 
tnv EJtLQQOll tl]c; ow; ithn LhUJ>tLxonmnI1tvec; rnLxugrionc; xm cm:6 w; 
abwcpavdc_; bLU<'>Lxuotec; tm, ngotu V<)~1ev01, v6µou yu1 tnv uva~rnoy<w11011 
EJtLXELQllOEWV. 
H LA.of3axta EXEL eway6.y£L nc; JtEQWOOtEQEc; UJt6 nc; µetaQgueµ(oELc; JtOU 
rutm touvtm yLa tll bnµwugyta µLac; mxovoµtac; tnc; ayogac;. To ouotnµa twv 
nµcbv EXEL eAeu0egweei xm m UJto<paoeLc; xatavoµitc; n6gwv exouv 
a.JtOXEVtQWeeL µtow tnc; JtQOXWQnµevnc; OLabLxao(ac; LOLWtL'XOJtOLllOEOJV. 
Evtoutmc;, to 1996 ewntOtflXE evac; JtEQLOQWtLX6c; v6µoc; JtEQL tLµwv xm to 
OXEOLO v6µou yLa tflV avatwoy6vnon EJtLXELQllOEWV ea UJtOt£AOUO£ eva µeya11.o 
f3itµa rutoµaxguvonc; aJt6 touc; µ11xavwµouc; tnc; ayogac;. o xg11µatoJtwtwtLx6c; 
toµeac; JtQEJtEL vu evwxu0eL xm XQELCl~Etm va onµwueet JtQOOboc; Otfl gueµL'on 
tnc; JttwxeutLxitc; bLabLxaotac; xm twv x£<pa11.mayogwv. 
H LAof3axta avaµevetm va el vm oe 8fo11 v<1 avtLµetwntoEL µwo1tg68wµa tLc; 
avtaywvwtLXEc; JtLEOELc_; xm nc; buvaµac; tnc; ayogac; tnc; 'Evwonc;, UAA6. ym 
touto rutm touvtm JtOAL tLxec; negwo6tego OLa<pavdc; xm f3am~6µEvEc; otnv 
ayOQCl. En( aQ'XEtCl Ettl ll mxovoµ(a UVUJttuxenxE µE taxu QU0µ6, µe xaµn11.6 
1t11.ri8wQwµ6. H xwga bLaeetEL xaµnA6 µw0oAoyLx6 x6otoc; xm ELbLxeuµtvo 
EQyatL'XO buvaµLx6. Evtoutmc;, ll avabtagegwon tOJV EJtLXELQllOEWV JtQOXWQflOE 
µE (3QU0U gueµ6, yEyov6c_; JtOU f3a0µLata UJtOVOµEUEL tflV OLXOVOµLXll avantUt;ll 
xm to Et;WtEQLXO wo~uyw. To xaµnA6 EJtlJtEbo tWV aµwwv 1;evwv EJtEVOUOEWV 
avtavax11.a aut6. ta bLag8gwtLxa ngof3Aitµata, ta oJtota xgw1~etm va 
avtLµEtmmoeouv ouv-toµa xm µE bLacpavELa. 
38 
3. lxavO'ttJ't« ava1 tJ'VtJ; 'trov u:rtOXQErooErov 'tou µt1ou; 
To EUQro:rta'Cx6 LUµf30UALO t11c; Kon:eyxay11c; ouµn:EQLEAaBe µetasu trov 
XQL'tllQLrov Jt:QOOXWQl10l1c; "t11v Lxav6t11ta avaA11'\Vl1c; trov u:rtoXQEWoerov tou 
µtAouc;, ouµn:EQLAaµBavoµtv11c; t11c; Jt:QOOXWQ11011c; otouc; ot6xouc; t11c; n:oAL tLxi)c;, 
OLxovoµLxi)c; xm voµwµatLxi)c; tvroo11c;". 
Y:n:oBaAAovtac; att11011 rt:QooxwQ11011c; µe Bao11 t11v ouv8iJx11, 11 LAoBaxi,a Mx811xe 
xroQLc; EJtL(f)UAas11 touc; B<WLxouc; ot6xouc; t11c; 'Evrno11c;, ouµn:EQLAUµBuvoµtvrnv 
trov Jt:OAL tLXWV 'X,(1L tO>V µtomv Hp<1QJ.tOyiJc; touc;. To 'X,E(p{lA(lLO Es£1<1~£L t11v 
LXav6t11ta t11c; LAOf1o.xtac; va uvaAaf1£L nc; U:rtOXQE<i>OELc; tOU µtA.01,c; -bl')Aabn to 
voµLx6 xm 8wµLx6 n:AaLOLO, to on:oi,o d vm yvrnot6 rnc; xext11µtvo, µforn to-u 
on:otou 11 'Evroo11 OeteL oe ecpaQµoyiJ to-uc; at6xo-uc; t11c;. 
Me t11v ava:n:tus11 t11c; 'Evroo11c;, to xext11µtvo xatfot11 OtabLaxa e:n:ax8tot£QO 
xm n:aQOUOLa~eL µeyaAUtEQll Jt:QOXArJOll yLa nc; µeAAOVtLxtc; rt:QooxroQiJoHc; a:n:6 
6,tL ouvtBmve oto n:aQEA86v. H Lxav6t11ta t11c; LAoBaxtac; va ecpaQµ6oH to 
xext11µtvo ea EXEL Bamxi) 011µaota roe; rt:Qoc; t11v Lxav6111ta t11c; va AH tOUQYllOeL 
E:n:L tuxwc; Ota Jt:AaLOLU t11c; 'Evroo11c;. 
Ta ax6Aou0a tµiJµata Esetatouv, yLa xa0e Bamx6 toµfo bQaOtl1QL6t11tac; t11c; 
'Evroo11c;, tll 011µeQLVT) xm µeAAOVtLxiJ xataotao11 t11c; LAoBaxtm;. To 011µeto 
exxtvrio11c; t11c; rt:EQLYQacpiJc; xm avaAuo11c; etvm µLa ouvtoµ11 n:eQL"-11'\Vll tou 
xext11µevou, µ£ avacpOQ<l trov bLata1;Erov t11c; EUQron:a'CxiJc; ouµcprovtac; xm tou 
Aeuxou BLBA.tou, ecp6oov XQELatnm. TtAoc;, yLa xa8e toµta bQaOtl1QL6t11tac;, 
un:UQXEL ouvtoµ11 a1;LoA6y11011 n1c; Lxav6t11tac; 111c; LAoBaxtac; va avaAaBu 
µeoon:Q60eoµa nc; un:oxQeti>ouc; tau µtAouc;. 
3.1 Eoro'tEQtX11 ayoQ« xroQl; ouvoQ« 
H EVLaLa ayoQa t11c; 'Evroo11c; xaOoQLOt11xe µe to <lQOQo 7 A tric; LuvOiJx11c; roe; 
evac; xwQoc; xroQLc; wrotEQLxa 01,voQa otov on:oLo e1;aacpaAttetm 11 eAeuOEQll 
XUXAO(f)OQLa aya0wv, Jt:QOOW:rtWV, U:rtl1QEOLWV xm XEQ)aAatrov. H EVLa(a ayOQCl, 
xevtQLX6 tiJt11µa ot11 bLabLxaoi,a tric; xOLvotLxiJc; OAOXAT)QWOllc;, ot11Qttetm ot11v 
OLxovoµta t11c; eAeu8eQ11c; ayoQac;, ot11v on:ota ouvu:n:aQxouv :n:Ai)Qroc; o 
avtayrovwµ6c; xm 11 OLxovoµLxiJ xm xOL vrovLxiJ ouvoxiJ. 
H EcpaQµoyi) Otl1V Jt:Q<lSll trov EAEU0EQLWV n:ou JtEQL YQ<l(f)OVtaL Otll ouv0iJXl1 
:rtQO'U:rto0eteL OXL µ6vo t11v tiJQ11011 t6oo 011µavnxwv aQxwv 6:rtroc;, n:.x., 11 
xatUQY11011 trov bLaXQLOemv iJ 11 aµOLBata avayvwQLOll twv e0vLxwv xav6vrov -
6:rtroc_; OL agxec; autec; bLeuxgL vttovtm a:n:6 tll voµoAoyLa tou ALxaot11gLou -
xa0wc; e:n:Lo11c; xm an:6 triv taut6XQOVrJ xm a:n:oteAeoµatLXTJ ecpaQµoyiJ ev6c; 
OUVOAOU eLbLXWV XOLVWV DLata1;erov. OL ELDLxtc; auttc; bLataseLc; otoxeuouv, 
Lb Lat teQa, va rt:QOO(f)EQOUV aoqJaAELa, b11µ6ma uyeta, Jt:QOOtaoLa tou 
:rtEQLBaAAOvtoc; xm tou xatavaAu>til, bLatiJg11ori 111c; eµn:wtoouv11c; tou xoLvou 
otov toµta trov un:11QeoL6>v, eyyunoHc; 6n OQWµtva atoµa n:ou aoxouv 
el;eLbLxeuµtva rnayytAµata bLaOttouv ta xataAAl1Aa n:goo6vta xm, 
evbexoµtvroc;, va 0toouv OE EQ)agµoyn iJ va OUVtOVlCTOUV xa:n:owuc; µ11xavLoµouc; 
gu0µw11c; xm rnL tiJgrioric; • beboJ.ttvou 6tL 6Am m tAeyxm xm m a:n:aQaL tl')tec; 
ouotriµanxtc; rnuAriOeuow; yLa tl')V eyyuriori tric; ogOiJc; ecpugµoyiJc; trov xuv6vwv 
rt:Qayµa-co:n:owuvtm orn rnw-ceQLX6 tric; ayoQ6.c; xm OXL µ6vo xa-ta tl') bttAeuori 
-crov ouv6grov. 
39 
'EXEL LbLUltEQrJ oriµao(a va evowµatw8e( rJ XOLVOtL'X,n voµo8w(a 
arcoteAeoµanx6. otriv e8vtxn, aAA6. ax6µri negwo6tego va ecpagµoo8d owota 
oto ne6(o arc6 w; xat6.AArJAE<; 6tmxrinxec; xm voµo8ctLxec; 6oµec; twv -x,gatcbv 
µEAWV, 'X,OL va tl']Qdtm arc6 tu; emxngnoeLc;. 0 JtQOXatagxnx6c; ffUt6c; 6goc; 
dvm anaga(trJtoc; yta trJV eyxa8(6guori trJc; aµoLBatac; eµn:wtoouvric; nou dvm 
arcagaLtrJtrJ yLa tl']V xaAn AELtougy(a trJc; EOWtEQLXnc; ayogac;. 
H avayvwori autou wu xEcpaAa(ou EXEL Lb La( tEQrJ oriµaota xugtwc; oe oxfori µe 
ta XEcpa.Ama JtOU acpogouv Tr]V XOL VWVLXtj JtOAl TLXtj, to JtEQLBaAAOV' tl']V 
ngootao(a 1wv xatavaAwtcbv xm nc; toµwx£c; JtOAL nxtc;. 
H xataX'trJOrJ tOU XOLVOtLXO'U XEXtl']µEVOU )'LU tlc; uno1µncptec; XWQE<; Bao(setm OE 
µ(a ota6Laxn JtQOOE)')'LOrJ : 
-ri ouµcpwv(a ouv6wric; µeta1;u tric; Eugwna·(xtjc; KoLv6-rri-rac; xm twv xgatcbv 
µEAwv trJc;, acpEv6c;, xm TrJ<; LAoBaxtac;, acpct£gou, tE8r]X£ OE wxu trJV 1 ri 
<l>EBgouagtou 1995. 'Ooov acpoga -rte; tfoOEQL<; EAEu8egtec; xm triv ngooeyywri 
t(J)V voµo8EOLWV, ri ouµcpwv(a JtQOBAEJtEL LbLW<; tr]V Ecpagµoyn, 6.µwa n 
otabLUX,U, Ev6c; agL8µou aµmBa(wv n µri UJtOXQEWOEWV, LbLaltEQU yLa to 
6txa(wµa eyxat6.otaoric;, n1c; nagoxtjc; toric; µctaXElQLOrJ<; atouc; unri-x,6ouc; twv 
6.AAwv -x,gatcbv µEAWV µE trJV JtaQEXOµEvrJ ornuc; unrix6ouc; rnuc;, 1wv EAE'U8egwv 
ouvaAAaywv, twv toµewv 1ric; nveuµanxtjc; L6Lox1riotac; xm 1wv 6riµ6mwv 
ouµBaoEWV· 
-to AEUX6 BLBALO COM(95) 163 TEALXO, JtOU unoBAn8rixe an6 tl']V Emtgonn to 
1995 yLa va Bori8no£L nc; UJtO'lµtjcpLEc; XWQEc; va JtQOETOLµaoto'UV yLa 1rJV £Vta1;i] 
touc; OTYJV evLa(a ayoga, rnLXELQEL lva 01Ev6tEQO ngoo6wgwµ6 twv 
EµJtAEX,OµEVWV voµo8EOLWV· 1;EXWQls£L ta 8eµata xm ta µfaga "XAELbLa" JtOU 
UOX,O'UV aµWl'] EJtLQQOn Ot'Y)V EAE'U8EQrJ XUXAOcpog(a tWV aya8wv, tWV UJtrJQEOLWV, 
tWV XEcpaAa(wv 'X,OL t(J)V JtQOOWJt(J)V, xm JtOQOUOLU~EL tLc; avayxa(ec; ouv8nxec; 
yLa 1rJV ecpagµoyn touc;, OUµJtEQLAaµBavoµevwv tWV voµo8EtLXWV 'X,OL 
ogyavW1LXWV 6oµwv. MEAEta 23 toµE(c; XOL VOtLXWV 6gaOtrJQLOtntwv' 
6ta-x,g( vovtac; ta EµJtAex6µeva µetga OE 6uo cpaow;, ava.Aoya µe to Ba8µ6 
JtQOtEQm6tritac; touc; xm xa8og(~EL ng6ygaµµa egyao(ac; yLa triv neg(o6o ngo 
tric; JtQOOXWQrJOrJc;. To ygacpdo n:xvt-x,nc; Bon8etac; xm av1aAAaync; JtArJQO(pOQLWV 
(f AIEX) brJµLOugyn8rixE µe 016xo tl']V Jtagoxn OUµJtArJQWµan-x,nc; 'X,OL 
E;ELbLX,EUµevec; tEXVL'X,nc; Bon8etac; OtOV rnµfo tric; voµo8w(ac; JtOU xaA'UJttEtm 
arc6 t0 AEUXO BLBALO. To ygacpdo aut6 JtQOOcpata xatCXQtLOE voµo8enxn Baori 
bEbOµEVWV· 
-rJ JtQOOXWQrJOrJ O'trJV EUQWJta'(xn 'EvWOrJ Ol']µa( VEL )'LU tL<; UJto1µncptec; XWQE<; 
trJV EVOWµ6.tWOrJ xm tl']V UAOJtOlrJOrJ tOU OUVOAOU tOU XEX,tl']µevou. To "oxe6LO 
6gaoric; yLa tl']V EOWtEQLXll ayoga" JtOU unoBAn8rJXE OTO Eugwna'(x6 LUµBo'UALO 
wu Aµotegvtaµ ngoBMnEL ttc; xata JtQOTEQm6trita anaga( tr]tec; EVEQYELE<; yLa 
tl']V BeAtlWOrJ tl']c; AELtougy(ac; tl']c; EVLa(ac; ayogac; tric; Eugwnric; t(OV 15, 
AaµBavoµevric; un6"1JrJ tric; uoaywyi]c; wu Evw(ou voµ(oµawc;. Aut6 
µEtacpga~Etm avayxata OE e;eAL;rJ tou xExtriµtvou. 
40 
To 'V£Vt)(O n)..ai.ato 
OL EJtLXELQr)ow; ngrn£L vu µnogm·,v vu c10xo1,v w; <">l_><Wt'Y]l_)Uhl]ttc; touc; (i<tOEL 
XOLVWV xav6vwv UVEsUQtl']tU t()'U toµtu bQUOt'Y]QL(>tl']tctc;. OL X.OLVOL U'UtOL 
xav6vEc; EL vm 011µavnxoL yLatL xu0oQi.touv to yevLx6 JtA<1Low AEL tOUQyi.ac; trov 
01,xovoµubv, aga xm t01Jc; yev1,x01·,c; 6gm,c; t01, nvtnyrnvwµo1,. Ltov toµfo aut6 
JtEQLAaµBa.vovtm, JteQav 1rnv xuv6v<.Hv tO'\J c1v1c1yrnvwJ101, (rnLXELQl\OEt.c; xm 
xganxec; EVLOX'lJOELc;), (f)OQOAOyt.xtc; <">urr(1sw; mrn <1VtLf!Et(l)JtLsOVtm OE (lA,A,(1 
xeq>aAma 'tll<; yvrnµob6t11011c;, to (1vm yµn trnv b11µ6auov cmµ()UOErnv yw. t<1 
EQYU, ·w; JtQoµr)Oeu~c; xm tLc; un11gwLEc;, 11 Evugµ6vw11 trov xuvovwµ<i>V 111c; 
nveuµattxr)c; 1,bwxt11oi.m; ( ouµnEQLAaµf\nvoµevou tou EUQrona·cxou btnAwµatoc; 
E'UQEOL texvi.ac;), 11 EVUQµ6VLOl] t(t)V xavovwµwv 't(t)V OXEtLXWV µE to EtaLQL'X.6 
bi.xmo xm tll Aoywnxr), 11 JtQOOw.ota trov JtQooromxwv beboµevrov xa0wc; xm 11 
btaBi.Bao111rov uno0eoErov nou acpogouv btxaonxec; btw1;etc; xm 11 avayvwQLO'YJ 
trov bLxaottxwv a.rcocpaoErov (aQ0Qo 220 t11c; Luv8r)x11c;). 
OL bnµ60LE<; ouµBaoetc; QU8µi.~OVtaL arr6 t'Y]V JtQ<lsll JtEQL ngoµ118ELWV aya0wv, 
UJtrJQEOLWV xm b11µootrov egyrov JW'U '\JJ11cpto811xe to 1993 xm EXEL extote 
tQononm118d. To YnouQydo Kataoxeuwv xm ~11µootrov 'EQyrov dvm agµ6bt.o 
yta t'Y] bt.axetQLOll bt.acp6grov 0eµatrov t11c; no AL nxr)c; JteQL b11µootrov ouµBaoerov. 
'Ooov a<pOQ<l ta bLxau.bµatct. nve:0µ<1tLXl)<; xm (1wµnxuvt.xnc; t.bto'X.1TICTL<1<;, 11 
LAOBaxLa EXEL unoyga'\J)H 111 01,µcpwvtu TRIP (b1,xmwµa1a nvrnµunxr)c; 
1,bwxt11oi.ac; nou c1cpogouv to ef.illOQLO) xm uvtAaBe vu E<paQµ6oEL 11,c; bt.aTu1;w; 
t'Y]c; an6 l 11c; Iavouagtou 1996. lbgu011xe ygucpdo Bwµ11xav1,xi}c; 1,bwx111otrn;. H 
agµob1,6t11ta yw ta bLxmwµata nve1Jµat1,xr)c; 1,bt.oxt11oi.ac; avr)xEL 010 
Ynougydo IloALtwµou. 
To EtaLQLX6 bLxaw bLennm an6 µi.u OELQ<l c>LacpoQetLxwv xa0eotwtrov, 
LbtaLtEQa arc6 tov Eµnog1,x6 Kwb1,xa. Ltll ~11µoxQatta t11c; LAoBaxtac; unagxEL 
£'VU EUQ'U cpaoµa µOQ(J)WV EJtLXELQl}OE(t)V, O'UµJteQLAaµBavoµevrov t(t)V 
cl;ayroyLXWV EtULQELWV tO'U b11µ00LO'U, £taLQELWV JtEQLOQLOµev11c; EU8uv11c; xm 
avrovuµrov EtaLQELwv. Lttc; 31 Magti.ou 1997, unr)Qxav 2 957 avwvuµEc; 
EtaLQELEc; XaL 34 495 E'taLQeLec; JtEQLOQLOµev11c; EU0'UVllc;. M6vo OL avwvuµec; 
EtaLQELEc; µnogouv va exbwoouv µnoxec; yLa va avtAr)oouv n6gouc; xm m 
µti:oxm cpai.ve:rm va i:uyxavouv ngootaoi.ac; 0111v negLntroori autiJ. O v6µoc; 
xa0oQLteL EA<lXLOtec; a.rcmtr)OE:Lc; xecpaAaLou. OL motrot,ec; cpaLvetm va 
MOAaµBavouv ev6c; Bao1,xou EJtLrtebou ngootaoi.ac;. To Ef.illOQLX6 µ'Y]tQWO 
bLat'Y]QEl nc; Bamxec; JtAllQO(J)OQtEc; yLa w; esaywy1,xec; EtaLQdEc;, xm ELVUL 
avmxt6 oto xo1,v6 µE xataBoAr) Ev6c; ouµBoALxou 1woov. OL EJtLXELQr)ow; autec; 
unoxQeouvtm va avaxm vci)vouv 611µooi.wc; nc; aAAayec; nou ·w; acpOQO'UV. OL 
aAAaytc; nmJ acpogouv nc; µri et;aywyLxEc; nmgdec; tl]QO'Uvtm 01:0 Ynougyeto 
EorotEQLX<DV r) oto fl EQLq)£QELax6 r gmpdo t11c; Kgnnxr)c; ~wtxrio11c;. 
'Ooov aq>oQa tri ).,oywtt.xn. 11 IIQag,,, Jr£Qi Aoywnx1j~ (1991) JtUQEXEL to Bamx6 
JtAalow yLa touc; etr)OL01)(; Aoyag1,aoµouc; tcuv EJtLXELQrJOErov. 'Evac; xavovwµ6c; 
tO'U YJtOUQyeLou Ot.xovoµt.x.wv (1993) JtQOBMrteL tll O'UV'tUs'YJ eVOJ'tOLllµevrov 
AOYUQLUOµwv. ~E,V et vm oacpec; nwc; xa0og(tovtm ta AOyLOtLX<l JtQO'tUJta. 
LUµq>rova µE TYjV IIrag,,, TCe()i EAeyxrwv (1992), ·ro EAEYXtLXO EmµeArrtr)QLO 
gu8µltet. tl] 0fol'] xm tu; bQUOtl]QLOtl]tE~ tcuv EAE)'Xtwv. 
41 
H ngootaota twv OqtEAuubtiw bLxmrnµcrnnv twv cpuotxmv ngoomnmv 
btacpuA.attetm an:6 t0 LUVtnyµn TYJc; LAO~ax(ac; xm triv llgas11 256/1992 JtEQL 
JtQOOtao(ac JtQOOWJtLXO)V CECO!J.E'VWV. 
Af;tOAO"ft)<Jt) 'tt)c; 1UlQ01J(J(lc_; XCl'tf£(J't<UJt]c; )((U 't(J)V !tQOOrcnxrov 
H OAoBaxtxi} voµoOcota m,gL tu>V bl]µ<)(JLrnv m,p,(-kwecov JtEQLAnµB<tVEL 
ogwµevec; cm6 w; 0eµEA.twbEL<; agxtc; t(JJV xuv6vwv n1c; EK yta nc; ngoµi)OEtec; 
tou 611µoo(ou. 'Oµwc;, ano-uotatouv 11 oucpi]vwx xm m ArntoµEQELEc;, xm CEV 
LXOVOJtOLEL JtA.l)QW<; OA.£<; nc; arcmti)Of:L<; t(J)V obnytmv tl]<; EK. Aut6 LOXUEL , 
tbtaLtEQa 6oov acpoga tov toµfo twv xmvwcpeAmv EJtLXELQl}OEwv (EvegyELa, 
tllAEJtLxmvwvtEc;, vbgeuo11 xm µEtacpogec;). EmnMov, cmoµeveL va cpavd £av m 
btabLxaotec; ava8£mgno11c; :1wu Ecpagµ6tovtm d vm agxETa taXELEc; xm 
cmotEAEOµattxec;. H wxvouoa voµo0w(a 6Ev ngoBMrcEL rcgonµ110taxi} 
µEtaXELQLOll twv 2:A.oBaxmv ngoµn0rnt(DV xm we; EX wvtou urcegBatvEL nc; 
UJCOXQ£(1)0W; JtOU JtQOX'lJJttOUV an:6 l'flV EUQWTI:a·Cxi} ouµcpwv(a OtOV tOµEa aut6. 
H xuBEQVflOll OXEDLatEL va tQOJtOJWll}OH T'flV U<:pLOtaµEVfl voµo8eoLa yta tu; 
bt1µ6otec; ouµBaoetc; xata tl] btagxaa tOU 1997, µ£ Ot6xo tl]V rn( teUsll tl]<; 
JtAi)Qouc; ouµBat6tt1tac; µE tu; ob-qy(ec; -rric; EK. 
'Ooov acpoga tl]V JtQOO'tu.oLo. tl]<; JCVEUl.1(1.tl'X.!)£ xm Tl]£ Bwµ:nxavtxnc; 
tbwxtnotac;. ll 2:A.oBax(a bsv EXEL ax6µll e;aocpaA.LOEL rn(rcebo rcgootaotac; 
6µow µE to ucpw1ltµ£vo ot11v EK, (mrnc; JtQoBMrcEtm cm6 to ag8go 67 tl]c; 
rngwna·cxi}c; o-up,<fJrnvLac;. Inc; ugxec; tO'U 1997 unoBA.it0t1x£ at tl]Oll yta 
JtQOOXO)Ql]Oll Otr] Ivµr-~aon tm, Movaxou yLa tl] xogi)yl]Ol] OLJCAWµatwv 
eUQEOL texvLm;. 
Av xm 11 voµo8wta rcq~L oriµ6trnv nou £YXQL8rpt£ tl]V 1 ll Magt(ou 1997 et vm, 
ovµcpwva µe w; oA.oBaxtxec; agxec;, nAi}gwc; ouµBa111 µe 1flV xmvonxi) 
voµo8eota, µ6vo µEgtxi) ngooeyywri E,XH EJtL -rrnx8d OE oxfoll µ£ tll voµo8eota 
JCEQL eugeot tEXVLmv xm l]µtaywywv. H eyxgw11 voµo0wtac; yta 1flV rcgootaota 
t11c; nveuµattxi)c; tbLOxtt1otac; ovµcpwva µE 1riv xm votLxi) voµo8eota avaµevEtm 
xa1a tll btagx£La tou 1997. H nAi1~n1c; 01JµBat6trita 6Aric; tric; voµo8wtac; nou 
acpoga ta btxmmµm;a JtVEUµanxi)c; xm Bwµrixavtxi}c; L<)LOXtl]OLac; JtQOBArnetm 
rut6 tu; oA.oBaxtxec; agxec; va EXEL 0AoxA11Qw8eL µEXQL 10 etrn; 2000. 
H cmoteA.e0µa1txi} ecpagµoy~ xm 11 uAonotnoit wuc; arcotEAO'lJV Ol]µavttxi) rc11yi) 
av11ouxtmv µeoong68wµa, A6yw Tll<; £AA.EL t1J11c; EµJtELgLac; twv agµ6btwv agxmv 
xm twv aouvaµubv nou nagovouitH oi}µe,ga o wwtEQLx6c; EAeyxoc; xm ot 
ouvogtaxot µ11xavwµoL ecpagµoy~c; touc;. 
BaOEl tWV OtOLXELrnV JCEQl ETCHQLXO'l) CLXCil01J JtO'U JCUQO.OXE811xav rut6 tll 
L\l]µoxgat(a tl]<; 2:Aof~axLuc;, ri voµoOwLa nou mpoga ttc; E};aywytxtc; 
EJtLXeLQl}Oetc; i}bll cpaLvetm va ouµµogcpmvetm µ£ t11v rcgmtri xm OEUtEQll ob11yta. 
'Ooov acpoga tll voµo0wLa twv Aotnmv etmg£Lmv, xm tl]V tgt tll, £vbexa111 xm 
bwbexatl] obl]yta, dvm xatavorit6 6tt e;natnm 6All ll voµo0wta rcou LOXVEL 
oi)µega xm 016xoc; d vm 11 nAilQll<; £vagµ6vwi} tric; va EXEL rnt teux8d µexgt to 
etoc; 2000. 
fta to ngmto 1gtµrivo tOU 1998 ngoBMrcovtm tQOJCOJtOLl}OEL<; 0111v Ilgas11 JtEQL 
Aoywttxnc xm Otll Ilga;ri negt EA.qxtwv. Ot tgorcorcmi}oEtc; 1ou xavovwµov 
yta touc; Evonmriµevouc; Aoyagtaoµouc; ngoBMrcetm xata tri bLagx£La tou 
beuteQOU ~aµi}vou tou Etouc; 2000. OL aAAayfr;, autec; cmooxorcouv ot11v JtAl}Qll 
42 
ouµµ6gqxoori µe triv tetaQtrt, e(3boµri xm 6ybori obriyi.a, a'A.'A.6. ngrn; to nag6v bev 
omettouµe oxooLa twv tgononmrioernv. Ogwµeva µetaButLxa ngoBAitµata nou 
acpogouv 'tllV ngaxnxit E<pugµoyi\ 't(l)V V£U)V XUVOVLCTlHl)V, O'\)µJtEQLA.<1µBnvoµtvric; 
-cric; EA.A.EL '\Vrtc; A.oywtwv xm e'A.Eyxtwv, d vm JtQO<puvri xm Ou arwL trtOouv 
oriµavnxtc; ngoonaeeLec; eav ng6xu tm va rnLA. uOm'Jv µwong6ewµa. 
H wx;-uouoa voµoewi.a JtEQL ngootaoi.ac; ngoowmxwv beboµevwv bev 
ouµµogcpwvetm µe triv ooriyi.a n'A.ai.ow tric; EK. Anmtouvtm voµoeenxtc; 
aA.A.aytc;, LOi.wc; yLa va xataotei. buvatit rt oriµwugyi.a ave~6.Qtrttric; unrigwi.ac; 
yLa triv rnontei.a tric; ecpagµoyitc; tric; voµoewi.ac;. 'Exu ouvtaxeei. axoow v6µou 
nou anoaxond otri ouµBat6trtta µe triv o6riyi.a xm oL oA.oBaxLxec; agxtc; 
avaµevouv 6tL rt voµoewi.a ea eyxgLed xm ea ecpagµooed µwong6ewµa. H 
IA.oBmda {)EV exu ax6µri JtQOOX(J)QftOH Otrt Ii,µBaori UQLO. I 08 tO'U IuµBm,'A.i.01, 
tl\<; Eugwnw; yLa triv ngootaai.a tmv ngoawmx<i>V beboµtvmv. 
'Ooov acpoga to aotLx6 bi.xmo, rt I'A.oBaxi.u bEv EXEL ud t(n, m1g6vtoc; 
ngoox'A.ried va ngooxo>griou 0111 Iuµfk1011 wu J\01,yx<'t.vo yw. trt faeOvit 
bLxmo6ooi.a xm triv Extt'A.wri anoql10£mv OE uottxtc; xcu qmogLxtc; ·unoOtow;. 
Anagai. trttrt JtQO'UJt60£ort d vm ri ng<'>oboc; otov 1:011tu i:ric; ngooi:uo(uc; nov 
aotLXci>v ouµcpEg<'>vi:rnv, ri onoi,u ·un6x£L tm otriv rn1:(11riori trnv xgut<i>v mn, 
ouµµettxouv itbri oi:ri I1,µ(3aori t<m Aouyxavo. 
I;vf.uttga.aµa. 
H IAoBaxi.a ota6Laxa moeEtEL oriµavtLxa µfaga ouµµ6gcpwaric; µE tLc; 6Lat6.~w; 
tric; rngwna·t:xitc; ouµcpwvLac; xm µe nc; ouotaow; tou Arnxou BLBALou, LOLwc; 
6oov acpoga to etaLQLX6 bi.xmo, tu; briµ6oLEc; ouµBaoELc; xm triv ngootaoLa twv 
nveuµatLxwv xm BwµrixavLxwv bLxmwµatwv, 6µwc;, OE 6Aouc; autouc; 1ouc; 
toµetc; anmtdtm vta voµoewi.a xm voµo0EtLxec; 'tQOJtOJtOLftOEL<; yLa va 
oA.oxArtQmeEi. rt OLabLxaoi.a tric; Eueuygaµµwric;. 
Itouc; toµEi.c; twv briµooi.wv ouµ(1ao£<uv xm tric; ngoonwi.ac; tcov btxmrnµai:rnv 
nveuµatLxitc; xm (3wµrixuvLxitc; tbwxi:rioi.ac;, ngbtn vu xcna(3'A.ri001JV oriµavnxtc; 
ngoonaeeLec; yw va evwxuOei. ri Ecpagµoyit xm u'A.onoi.riori tow c)oµcbv, <iJote vu 
cl;aocpolttetm rt anoteAwµai:Lxit ecpagµoyi] tric; voµoOrn(o.c;. 
Ta otOLXELa nou µtxQL oriµega bu10ttouµe yLa tri Aoywnxi) xm touc; eMyxouc; 
6ev nagtxouv rnagxetc; BaoeLc; yta trtv 'A.rntoµegi) a~LOA6yriori tric; oriµegL vi]c; tric; 
ouµµ6gcpworic; µe to xexr17µtvo, it µe nc; JtQOOJttLxec; tric; IAoBaxi.ac; va to 
rnLtUXEL, av xm to xgovo6L6.ygaµµa twv µEtaggu0µi.oewv cpai.vetm e:u'A.oyo. H 
IA.o(3axi.a omefaeL it6rt agxeta etri EµJtELQi.ac; otriv E<pagµoyit tric; voµo0wi.ac; 
JtEQL JtQOOtaotm; twv JtQoowmxwv beboµevwv, aA.A.6. XQELatovtm ax6µri 
Be.A tLWOEL<; otL<; 6oµtc; voµo0wi.ac; xm ecpagµoyi)c;. 
El£'U8£QTI X'UXAOq>oqia. a.ya.Owv 
H EA.eueeeri XUXA.OcpOQLa t(l)V ayaewv JtQOUJt00EtEL triv f;UAEL'\Vll t(l)V µfagwv 
nou acpoQouv JtEQLOQWµouc; atu; ouva'A.'A.ayfr.,, bri'A.abit OXL µ6vo twv 
tEAWVELUXWV baaµwv xm tOJV JtOOOtLX(t)V JtEQLOQLOµciw t(l}V ouvaA.Aaywv aAAU 
rntoric; 6A<JJV tmv µti:grnv wob'l,va1w1, <motEMoµurnc;, rii:m 't(l)V µetgrnv nm,, 
avcl;6.Qtrtta an:6 to av Ecpagµ6tovtm OE t::.Ovtx(1 it wmy<'>µeva ngo·t:ovtn, txmJV 
:JtQOOtate'U'tl.X.6 XUQCl'X:tl]QCl. L'tO µfaQO mm m 'tEXVl.X.E.c; (l:Jt(ll. 'tl]Oet.c; ()EV 
evagµovi.tovtm, ri Ecpagµoyit i:ric; agxitc; tric; aµmf3o.tac; avayvwgwric; trnv 
43 
vv 
01 cpA3 'peroa30(t3"{31.CD nX9 Acpri11 Am1 %~6 01. ·zooz 5019 01 ,ax9r1 AcpA.D"{"{DJ\(tD 
i\q)X1aomi3 Slti\q)~ stta30(),3"{3 Smri D1A.a(to1riltq ltio 5Dli\Ot\.l}."{D1DX 'S1301axmq 
i\D0(),0101£01DriA.Da1£ (t01£ i\ma19ri ltch,13''ft;>~3 i\ltl mx i\q)TI01ao1a31£ i\q)X110001£ J\{T)1 
J\{T)"{9 LtouA.al)lDX Alu '(to1ao1£ri3 (t01 ltoroa9o(t3"{31.CD i\Ul mA. UO(t3TI09(} t,t.aax01 DJri 
39D"{9/\D DJXD90"{~ Lt 'SD1/\rocbri(tO Sl}.XJ_D1£(T)a(t3 5Lt1 513~l)lD1(} 511 3TI ltorocba9riri(tO 
30 'roa911Da3ll "i\q)103alt1£(t mx i\q)f)DAD n1aocbO"{X(tX ua30(),3"{3 i\Ul mA. 
D1"'{'~TI3Q Dl 30309 DJXD90"{:S: Lt 'D9TIOl (),OX.11{T)1Q1 (tOl J\{T)lJ\9A.DaD1£ i\q)X.1TIOJ\OX10 
Aro1 Sm3Al)cbmq Slt1 n>x. Sm3"{l)cbon Sltri1ri9A Slt1 lto1"{l)cbon~3 Alt1 mA. 53A9ADX. 
Sc;tox1ao1£ri3 mx Sc,t0x1rioA Sc,\OX10DfJ Sao1 130l}.13QOrimo 5Dlt\OX9 mx 9x1a31ro~3 
01 3TI t\{!)A.D"{"{l>/\(\,0 mx. Sn1ao1£ri3 't\(f)TI11 1>1(!)1D3QDX 1)1 130(!)a3()(t3"{31£D 5Dli\OX3, 
~d)l)OA.1031C ~X1l1COM3: 
"DJA.aro3A. lt1 l)aodm (t01£ 01D"{l)cb3X 
010 l)X11(t"{Di\D 1D1/\0~l)10(t0aD1£ (AcpctmaA.mqoa1r i\q)X1TIOJ\013A{1,0lct© 1DX 
i\qlX1a1mAltlX ltouat,t.1) Dli\9).oa1£ l)X1A.aro3A. Dl l)X1Q13 t\(),Oaoctm (t01£ 513~l)lD1.Q 10 
· i\(!)l{T)"{Dt\DlDX t\011 DJODlDOa1£ i\Ul 3TI 9X113XO 
01 01D"{l)d>3x 010 m1Ao11rc;t1Dx Aro1A9J_oa1r t\ro1 D13"{l)cboD ~x1t\3A. u1 3ri S9x113Xo 
10 513~l)lD1Q 10 "Dli\9J.oa1£ l)X11Dri0111D"{3 Dl mA. 5ltA(),Qff3 1a31£ DJA.ltqo lt 1DX 
J\{T)lJ\9).0a1£ J\{T)l D13"{l)©OD ~X1/\3A. Ul mA. D1A.ltqo lt 1DAJ3 DaOt\(),O S1aroX Sl)aOA.D 
Slt1 DJA.act0113"{ ~"{DX i\Ul mA. 531lt11naxmn 1DAJ3 0,01£ 53JA.ltqo .. S311/\9~1ao .. O(),V 
·Ltoltx101q lt1 mJ... mx 009 
5not,t.a13X11£3 511 mA. 0091 J\{T)9aocb mx i\(!)TI01/\DXltri i\01"{U"'{''{l)lDX. J\{T)l U.011£098 
i\Ul 1319f)01£{1,0a1£ (t01£ '5DJ3A.(t Slt1 mx SD13"{l)cbon Slt1 n11m10oa1r i\Ul Oi\3TIJ3X11/\D 
3TI 1Dli\Oi\1)9TID"{ (t01£ Slt01A9riant\3 t\(l)t\Qt\1)X t\(l)l l}.A.oriandn i\UlO l}.Xoooa1r J300Q 
Di\ 131£?a1£ no '9l(tl) 91£0%0 01 1>1J ·5Lt01t\9riant\3 Moa19ri M!)X110i\10X J\{T)J\9TI01ao 
UO{T)ll)TI{T)OJ\3 i\UlO (t00J~3 1Dl 13XQ1.CDt\3 A(!)QX>kn t\(01 1naod)O"{X.(tX ua30(),3"{3 H 
"53AQt\DX Spa3ri011.C3"{ SDlAOX9aD1.C 'i\(!)TI01/\0i\DX 
i\011 ~x1A.01 ~xmooqnaDic Altl /\(),Of)(tO"{OXD Sn1lt19t\ 10)1 5~XJ.D1.C{T)ao,3 
Slt1 53JA.ltqo 10 'Dri1cb9a1 Dl mx DlDril}.Xo Dl 'l)X.1riltX Dl 'l)X.110,3XDriaDcb 
Dl 5roic9 'Dlt\QJ.oaic D"{"{l) D1J ·So1A9J_oaic (tOl 11.C3 .. )13 So1Dril}.oll (t01 
UDU"{"{9X11£3 i\Ul 13~1(} DJOlCO Lt t\{T)l/\9).0aic ltoltJ01.C01D11C /\Ul mA. 11UD'lAA9DOa1£ 
~X1"{0J\(t0 .. /\Ul 3TI 9riODO,Q/\(tO 30 pA.O(tOl 13"{ lllt01J...A.900aic D9t\ll H ·Ltorocba9riri(tO 
lt l}.lctD J38X13Q01£D DA mJ... 009TI 0/\9TI 01 1DAJ3 /\3Q D1.C0,1Q01.C l)X).D1£{T)a0.3 
n1 l)"{"{D '5130~11D1£D 59x110moo.o 511 5910.D A(),0101.COADX1 DA 5roA.9"{0.3 1Dl3A9rinAD 
Dl.C0.1901.C l)X).D1£{T)O(l.3 Dl 3TI D/\rocbri(),O pgXnonic AO.OX? (\01.C l)l(tD Dl/\9).001.C D.L 
"Dli\9J.oa1£ Dl /\(),0101.COADX'l Di\ 131£?a1.C 0.01.C /\{T)30~11D1£D A(!)Q{T)100.0 t\{T)l U011£098 
lt10 1Dl3~Ja01a~31.C SD1lt19i\10)I Sl}.xJ.DlC(Oao,3 Slt1 DJD3()0TIO/\ Lt '5130(),"{ 59X1/\X31 
13"{~>}J11!3 l)t\ Jlt\l) '1013, ·0190 9x11nri<oolt"'{1£riO.D 91.01acnX3~ J\(t0~J1DTIDOQD19 
nmt19oic ~)X.).D1£(T)0(t3 n1 1nx. Sn1lt19t\ 10)1 S~X.J.Dl.C0)00.3 Slt1 nJ03QOTIOJ\ Lt DJ01£0 
i\UlO mx l>9TIOl (lOX11<01(?1 (tol /\(l)Jarnh /\<OTIO/\QHtn J\(l}l mx Sltolti\a9gnx Slt1 
(,t~nnri ltmU~.0001.C Ui\JYilticoooom l)X11XJ0001C nrri 13A.l)01J l>JOlCO Lt .. Lt01A.J...9ooa1r 
l>9A .. i\Ul 3~(ll1£?Al> n1Lt19A 10)1 l}.XF)lC(l)OctH Lt 'Slt01A9rionAJ Slt1 91.CO'XD i\01 D1J 
· .. uof!O gp S!SSl?:) ltonch9m> .. t\Ul 91£1) 1311.C(,lXOOlC 0.01.C Su1J...0"1{0TIOJ\ Slt1 AcpXaD J\{T)l 
l}.A.oriaDcb3 , lDX 'i\(l)ll)Tict3ao1£ri3 i\(l)l SnJOOd)O"{XO.X Slt03Q(),3"{3 5lt1 ltolt(),A.A.3 i\Ul 
mA. 5DJODrilto Sl}.x11omoo.o 1Dt\ 13 'S(toX910 5(tOt\3ri9x.ro1q1m S(tOlO Ac;toA.o"{DAD 
(t01£ 53/\ 13x3 s,-aot,t.1 m1£D 5110 0A9ri m1"'0~1a01a31.e n"' 13~aic 5130~1 ml.CD S9x1/\83 
10 1>101£0 i\Ul 3TI l)i\(O(hric,w Sl}.Xon Slt1 l}.Xoqom> Lt mx. t\(!)ri01t\0J\l)X /\q)X1/\f)3 
UJt6A.OLJtO 5% t(l)V EA.eyx6µevwv· nµwv ecpaQµ6~etm oe eVOL'X.La, EVEQYELa 'X,(lL 
a.A.A.a OL'X.La'X.6. aya06.. 
OQLOµevOL tE)(VL'X.OL cpgayµo(, Oto EµJtOQLO avantuxHrpmv 0€ oxfo11 µe ta 
o>..o(3axLx6. ng6tuna xm nc; 6La6Lxaotec; 6oxLµi)c;. H LA.o(3axta exave to JtQcbto 
(3i)µa :n:goc; t11v eq>aQµoyi) t11c; xoL vonxi)c; vfoc; JtQOOeyyw11c; ot11v tEXVL'X.ll 
EVaQµ6vw11 µE tll 0tomon tou v6µou 142/1991, o o:n;o(.oc; Weoe -cn (36.011 yLa -cnv 
e0eA.ovtLxi) tunono(.11011, oe avtL0eo11 µe tu; UJtOXQErntLxtc; anmti)ow;. H 
LA.Of3a'X.L'X.l1 YJtllQEOLa IlQOtUJt(J)V, MetQOA.oy(.m; 'X,OL i'.lO'X.Lµwv (UNMS), µtA.oc; 
t11c; EuQwna·(x.i)c; EmtQonitc; Tunono(.11011<; (CEN) x.m i:11c; EuQwna·(x.i)c; 
Emtgom)c; HA.E'X.tQO'tEXVL'X.ll<; TUJtOJtoLl}Ol}<; (CENELEC), 'X.A.i)011xe va OUVtO.sEL 
xm va ecpaQµ6o£L voµo0eo(.a otov rnµfo am6. To 1995, 6µwc;, 11 LA.o(3axta 
'\}nlcpwe voµo0eota nou bev ouµµoQcp<i>vE1m JtA.i)Qwc; µE t11v xmvonxi) voµo0eo(.a 
xm :n:gaxtLxi), anm 1cbvtac;, OE ouyxgw11 µE t11v EE, EMyxouc; OE µEyaA. utEQll 
extao11 JtQLV an6 i:11 6u18eo11 ot11v ayoga xm UJtOXQEWtL'X.ll moto:n:0(.11011. 
EmnMov, 0eo:n;(.o011xe toµeaxi) voµo0eo(a (:n:.x. oi:11 oi)µavo11 twv tgocp(µwv xm 
µEtaAALxou VEQOU) nou 6Ev ouµµogcpcbve-cm µE t11v xm votLxi) voµo0eo(a xm 0a 
µJtOQOUOE va EsEALX0EL OE OELQO. tE)(VLXWV cpQayµwv Oto EµJtOQLO. 
H LA.of3mda EXEL JtQuyµatonmi)oeL 011µuvnx.it JtQ6o6o ot11v aneA.eu0£Qffi011 
tLµoov 'X,UL EµJtOQLOU, 0etovtac; EtOL tu 0eµEA.La yLa tl}V EAEU0EQ11 'X.U'X.AOcpOQLO 
tow aya0wv. H LAo(3axt.a EXEL avtarcox.gL0d µe ouvrnELa 01Lc; :n:go0eoµt.ec; :n:ou 
te811xav one; 6Lat6.seL<; tl}<; EUQffiJCa"(x.i)c; ouµcpwvt.ac; JtOU acpOQOUV to EµJtOQLO 
xm EXEL EVEQYU 6eoµEu0eL va Aa(3EL JCEQm t£Qffi µetQa arceA.eu0eQffiOrJ<;, 6rcrnc; 11 
EY'X.QL011 vewv 6Lata1;ewv yLa touc; xav6vE<; x.ataywyi)c;. 'Oµwc;, OL em66ouc; trJ<; 
LA.o(3ax.(ac; ot11 ouµµ6QcpffiOrJ µe w; 6Lata1;w; 111c; eugwrca·t:xi)c; ouµcpffiv(ac; rcou 
acpogouv to wo~uyw JtAYIQffiµoov DEV i)tav m x.aA.UtEQE<; 6uvatec;. TY1V 1 YI Ma"Cou 
1997 11 xuf3EQv11011 t11c; LAo(3axtac; xa0LEQWOE x.a0eotooc; x.ata0foEwv mt twv 
ewaywycbv. To 0eµa aut6 rcagouOLa~etm OE aAA.a x.EcpaA.ma t11c; yvffiµo66tY1011c;. 
IIL0av6. eµn;66La OtY1V EAEU0EQ11 x.ux.Aocpog(.a tffiv aya0oov µn;oQouv va 
JtQoxu'\J)ouv oe oxfoY1 µe t11v e0vLxit voµo0eo(.a t11c; LA.o(3axtac; yLa tL<; nµec; 
xa0ooc; xm yLa 1a JtQ61u:n;a x.m nc; 6Labt.x.ao(.ec; 6ox.Lµoov. 'Ooov acpoQa 10 
JtQOOtO, 11 voµo0eo(.a JCEQL 'tLµoov, JtOU 6(, VEL E'X.tEtaµevec; esouo(.ec; Oto 
Y JtOUQYELO 0LxovoµLxcbv xm ot11v tomx.i) 6wtx11011 va JtaQeµBouv ot11v ey:x:ooQLa 
ayoga JtQO.L6VtffiV, UJtYIQWLWV, EQYffiV, µw0cboewv, EVOL'X,L(l)V 'X,UL U'UA(l)V aya0oov 
xa0cbc; 'X.UL yLa tT]V ELOaywyi) 'X.UL e};aywyi) tWV aVtL'X.ELµEVffiV aUtOOV, 0a 
µJtOQOUOE va JtaQO'UOLUOEL, eav ecpaQµOOtEL JtO'tE, oo(3aQ6 eµn;66LO Otl}V 
eA.eu0eQYI xuxA.ocpOQLa twv aya0cbv. 
'Ooov acpoQa ta JtQ6tuna xm tL<; mornrcmi)oEL<; tY1<; texvLx.i)c; voµo0eoi.ac;, to 
E0vt.i<.6 LA0(3ai<.t.i<.6 11Q6YQaµµa yLa tY1V ngootyyLOYI 'tYI<; voµo0eotac;, JCQ0(3lrneL 
AEJttoµegi) ecpaQµoyi) twv µttQWV 1ou Aeuxou BL(3A.(ou, 'XUQi.wc; yLa 'tT]V JtEQi.060 
1997-1999, evoo to ttoc; 2000 611A.oove1m we; n:A.L'Xll 11µeQ0µ11vi.a yLa 111v 
OAO'X.AllQWOTl tllc; ecpaQµoyi)c; twv unoA.otrcffiv µetQffiV. OL JtEQL006tEQec; 06Y1yi.ec; 
tT]<; veac; JtQooeyyw11c; JtQOYQaµµatttov1m yw eyx.QLOTl acpou te0e(. oe wxu to 
yevt.x6 voµo0ett.x.6 nA.ai.oLo. 
A Ut6 ea JtQEJtEL va esaocpaA.LOtd µe tl}V EY'X.QLOll tY1<; YEVL'X.ll<; JtQUsYI<; yLa tt.c; 
tE)(VLx.tc; arcmti)oetc; nou acpoQouv nQo·i:ovta, YI onota ea JteQLEXEL tu; aQxtc; tY1c; 
vfoc; xm tY1<; ouvoA.Lx.itc; JtQootyyw11c;. LYlµavtt.xtc; x.a0uoteQi)Oet.c; txouv it611 
45 
m11eeaoet 111v tyxgw11 tou voµo8ettxou autou JtAawtou xm t11c; anagat t11t11c; 
O'UVOOE'UtLxi)c; voµoSeotac; yLa tt1V asLOJtLOtLa 't(l)V ngo·i:ovtwv. Av xm 01ouc; 
toµetc; t11c; autoxL v1110Bwµmcavtac;, twv cpagµaxemtxwv ngo·i:ov1wv, 1wv 
1gocptµwv xm 1wv x11µtxwv ngo·i:ov1wv, 11 euSuygaµµw11 111c; voµo8eotac; EXEL 
xatagxiJv JtQOOOLOQLO'tEL µtxQL 'tO 1999, 11 Em'tQOJtll bev faaSe'tEL ouyxexgt.µeva 
otmxela yta. 'tLc; ngayµa1onm11Sd0Ec; EgyaotEc;. 
To JtQ6BA11µa 't(l)V ngotumov, Jt()U 11 tiig11011 tuuc; m1.vuµtvEL UJtOXQW>tLXll Otll 
IAoBaxta, DEV EXEL ax.6µ11 em1..u0d. H µEtaxtv11011 ngoc; eva ouot11µa 
e8eAov1t.xwv JtQOtunwv eµnobt~etm an6 t11v £AAEL'4Jll ouvatveo11c;, OE ESvLx6 
mtntbo, we; JtQoc; to QOAO xm to avnxELµevo twv 1exvtxwv xavovwµwv xm we; 
ngoc; 111v tyxgw11 ouo111µat0c; BaOL~6µevou 0111v atoµtxri euSuv11 naga oe µta 
xevtQLXrJ voµo8enxri agxiJ. 
'Ooov acpoQa 111v exttµ11011 ouµµ6gcpwo11c;, tva EUQU cpaoµa JtQo·i:ov1wv 
unoBaAA.Etm OE UJtOXQEWtLXll JtLOtOJtOLllOll. H xataotao11 autri ea JtQE.JtEL va 
6wg8w8et µtow xavovLOtLXWV JtQOOagµoywv JtOU JtEQLYQC1cpovtm avwtEQW xm 
µtow 111c; JtAi}gouc; Ecpagµoyi}c; 111c; E8£AOVtLxiic; rnnonoL11011c;. 
OL OAoBaxLxtc; ugxtc; oxone1,o·uv vu tgononmrioouv tov Loxuovtu <Wttx.6 
xc.bCLX<t yu1. vu rnt1·,,x01,v t11v JtAllQll <rnp,p,6Q<p<1>0ll µenc; x.mvmtxtc; UJWLtiio£Lc;, 
6oov acpog(.t 111v <WtLXll n,01,vll yw. tu EA<J.ttrnµmtx<'.t nvo "C6vt<1. 
Itouc; toµEtc; nou guOµt~ovw.L an6 t11v eOvtxii voµoOrnLu, a).J.,.(1 bev 
xaA.un1ovtm an6 111v xmvotLXll EVUQµ6vLOll, AELmrnv evtoutou; agxna 
O'tOLXEta OXEtL'X.C1 µe tllV JtQayµatLXll ecpaQµoyft t(l)V agxwv tOU 'X.OLVO"tL'X.O'U 
btxalou nou acpoQouv 111v EAEUSEQll xuxAocpogLa twv eµnogeuµatwv 0111 
IAoBaxta. H xataotao11 autiJ EQµ11vEuetm L6Lcoc; an6 t11v a.nouola µ11xavwµwv 
OLacpavetac; nou ouvMovtm µe t11v tbta Aet ·wugy(a 111c; eocotEQLXllc; ayogac;, xm 
oev µJtOQO'UV we; ex tO'UtOU va XQllOLµOJtOLllSOUV UJt6 tl] µOQ(pll auti} xata tllV 
ngo tric; JtQooxwgrio11c; neglobo : JtQOXELtm xug(coc; yLa 111v 0011yla 83/189 nou 
ngoBArneL 1riv x0Lvonol11011 oxecSLwv eSvLxwv tEXVLxwv rtQobw.ygacpwv xm 
xavovwµwv, 111c; eut6cpao11c; 3052/95 nou acpoga ta µttQa nagexxAw11c; eut6 t11v 
aQxiJ tric; eAeu8eQ11c; xuxAocpoQlac; twv eµnogeuµatcov, tu; bwbtxaoLec; 
JtQoocpuyi)c; otriv EmtQOJtl} iJ ax.6µ11 111 &uvat6t11ta txoooric; JtQObLxaott.xi}c; 
eut6cpaoric; eut6 to btxao-crigw, nou ngoBArnetm an6 to agSgo 177 1ric; 
IuvS11x11c;. Ento11c; 11 extlµl]Oll 111c; ecpagµoyric; 111c; UQXiic; tllc; aµOLBatac; 
avayvmQw11c; eut6 111 IAoBaxta Sa ngoiJneSete otmxeta yt.a touc; eSvLxouc; 
xavovwµouc;, xaOwc; xm yu1 nc; cOvLxtc; bLOLXl')tLxtc; ngnxnxtc;, nou evbex6µeva 
Sa txouv rnLntwow; 0111 bu'10wll twv ngo·t:ovw>v o-ro eµn6gw. 
l:vµntQ«oµa 
H LAoBaxta UL00etd otaOLaxa t0 JtAllQEc; XEXtl')µevo oxenxa µe tl')V EA.euSEQl') 
XUXAO<pOQLO. tcov ayaSwv Xa.L Jt0.QOUOLC1~EL Senxa OtOLxda ouµµ6gcpwol')c; µe tLc; 
OLata;eu; yta triv euteAeu8tgwori 1ou eµnogtou nou JtEQLAaµBavovtm ot11v 
eugwna·cxi} ouµcpcovta. 'Oµwc;, 11 tao11 enav66ou oe JtEQLOQLOtLxa µfaQa 1ou 
wo~uytou JtAl}Qcoµwv xm 11 Bga&eta JtQ6o&oc; voµoSettxric; eu0uygaµµw11c; xm 
ecpaQµoyi)c; ev6c; ouµBa1ou o-uoti}µatoc; eSeA.ovttxric; tun0Jtol11011c; xm extlµ11ortc; 
ll')<; ouµµ6Qcpwo11c; ngoc; ta xoL votLxa ng6tuna avtavaxAouv abuvaµLec; 
ouµµ6Qcpworic; µe nc; bLata~ELc; tllc; EUQWna·i:xric; ouµcpwv(ac; xm &ev 
46 
Lir 
S~A.D''f'fOJ\(lO Su. mA. ltrhcfqa1n13'rl smaµyu 3A1A'? DA.qlaox lt :A.qlriOD10DAO"'( 
A.0)1A.<)X3a1 A.0)1 n1lt19ri1,t\.3a1nnri uaµ"'(1£ A.U1 3ADA~013 DJ'X.DgO"I{~ H 
A(?Xti.11:00011: Aro1. mx Sll.on1..0~1nx Sn.o').oon11: Shi hohJ..9101~v 
·53A.qlaox 59'X.1'X.DgO"'(O · rnx3 ooz (to1qa3ic 30 1DlAOXO?A.D 9'X.103100~ 
010 5130'),QA.31.C3 5303rl-i;> 5?'X.1'X.D90"(0 10 ·vuH A.0010D"(OQ '1D'X.301Q £ A.001 
OQ31C'}l.C3 9A.103rllto 010 MtOOl)8cb DA 31DCJl 'ACJll.3 oc;tq Am1n10,3"(31 A.001 D13'X.OJ;>1Q 
Ul J;)lD'X. So1nriA.l)"("(DA.O,O O,OA.?~ D1Dri?801.CD Dl ltcltc;t DlO A.DOD9?AD 'A.0030'),QA.31£3 
MllA.9~ A.(l)03rll) A.(l)l A.U"'(l.C 'So1nrlA.l)"'("'(DA.(tO O,OA.'?~ S~oaon S3"'(J;)A3TI 10 
. [1)3 · 1DX3 Ot9 30 A.D9'1(l,!A.D 5130').QA.31£3 
53A.9~ 5303rll) 10 ~66 J-066 I oqoJa31.C A.ltl~ .DQ31.CJ1.C3 D1019rl 30 1DlA.().Oalt.1D1Q 
'DJ'X.DgO"{~ lt.10 Af01D"{Dcb3'X. A.(l)1A.93ao13 n100A.lt1D'X. So93A.9rl 30 lu 101 Lt '5130().QA31.C3 
53A.9~ 5303Til) 10 ·(n11naxorilty' l,!x1X3DJ, A.ltl 3rl A.md>l)aA.o3aX 59A.D"{"(Dlt\'O 511 
mx ltolt.1oicox11m1q1 lt1 3rl 500100,x 53A.3rl9~113Xo) o,01xn10,cbo1onX S13D'),QA31.C3 9iro 
DA.3TI(,t00fl0"{0'X.D '(orimo9aicoo'X.DTI 1DA.J3 A.(l)101.CO A.001 %~l 0,01C'}a31.C '0J3 ·1D'X.3 
08v A.Cl)l (l)A.l)) D13A.l)(} l>A.;}~ ~)aodrn A.Cl)1l>"{l>d>J'X. A.0>1A.93a013 A.(l)l SoxA.9 5010().'X. 0 
~cJmoJ..t031C ~Xll.UOAC\3'. 
·mD"{l)cb3'X. 
DTID30901.C(tXDag Dl 10X?rl S9A.n"'("'(DA.(tO S9x1aoicri3 3TI 1D1A.0~113XD 0,01.C A.(!)lflD 
'l'O'X. AfOJD"{Dcb3'X. A.rorlo399aicoaxnrl Snol,!A.1X 511 91.CD Sn1A.0~1Xan 'A001D"'(ncb3'X. J\(01 
500'30l,!A.1'X. Slt1 lt.0000990,3"{31.CD A.ltl D1A Ama19rl l)ano DJrl 1D113A.lto13 . A.(!)1030U.1.C(l 
A(!)'X.1'riOA.O'X.1001DriltoX A.(l)l Sn1ood>O"'(XO,X sua30'),3"'(3 Slt1 1D'X. AfOJD"{Dcb3'X. 
A(l)l Sn1oocbO"{'X.(t'X. sua3f)0,3"'(3 Slt1 0,~D13rl or1D3QA.0,0 A0113~JA01 ong1a 9xo,3y OJ, 
· (So,oA.3TIQ,O"{oXoniroo1nn 
Sao1 mA. 1D'X. Sq>9nx) A(:)101Dl3 A(!)'X.110A10'X. DJ3001'X.Da1.C Dl mx 
n1nril,!1.6D1D'X.01.C(t Dl mA. o,oq91a31.C SµX11'09D13rl 5lt1 D13'X.Ol)1Q lt.1 l)lD'X. l)'X.D1QD1D 
'l'O'X. n11naxorlltv l,!x1xngo1~ lt10 53A9rllt1031D'X.A.3 ltgl,! 1DA.J3 0,01.C S13oµa13X11.C3 
91.CD 1D1AQ,0101.C01Drikool.C 0,01.C 513D0,QA3'.1£3 5303rll) 511 53"(9 D1A 'D1Mllcbriao 
l,!x~.Dl.C(l)a(\,3 lt c,tX01 3D 3'X.ltm1 (tol.C 3191 9icn 'SDJ'X.DfJO"(~ Slt1 5130ql3aX01.eo, 511 
l)Oodm Aoo9 'nc;tX01 t,11,m µXon H ·33 Sla mx Sn1xngo1~ Slu 0,~nnri A001D"(Dcb3x 
A.001 Sn1aomO''('X.(l'X. Slta30(l3"'(3 Slt1 µXon t\Ul 'l3~11.C030 n1A.rocbrict0 l,!x~.DlC(O(J(\,3 H 
i\(J)Jl>"(D<1l3X DJOO<fiO"(AAX U03Q'},3"(3 
· LtoltoroXooolC 
A.ltl mA. 01q9icri3 ()'X.111\nrilto 130?"'(310'.ltn Di\ t\(!)QDA.D A.(l)l D100dlO"{'X.(t'X. 
Lta30().3"(3 Lt 1D13A.9TIDA.D t\3(} 'Dprilto 1)10,D J;)lO,D DOOcbl)1(} Dl A.0,08Xn3111.C3 AJ;)3 
·SnoX910 5o,Ot\3ri9xm1g1m 50,01 5oa1.C Sro t\ma19rl t\(l)lt\9(\,XD1 t\(l)l D1lt19x1A.O"{DAD 
t\Ul Sro1ao,x 5D1A.Ot\(!)1D9391'.1£3 'S?A.D"("(Dt\0,0 511 13t\l)03Xoo,q Di\ 1D13X9QA3 
t\3(} DJ0300rlOt\ 50,01 µX1t\Q3 lt 'UD1t\9rlaDt\3 l,!'X.110t\10'X. t\U.1 91.CD 1DlJ\O11.C(,\"{D'X. 
t\3(} (l01.C Sprlo1 50,010 '119 J\(\,00J"(DmOD~3 Di\ Slto1m 131,C?al.C ne S9XOD S9'X.1'X.D90"{0 
10 ·nrlo399oicoo3rl DJ'X.D90"(~ lt1 91.CD l)'X.11Drl03"(3101.CD 1D'X. Srool}."(1.C 1310orioncb3 
D8 Ot\9rlll1X3X 01 t\0091.C l)lD'X. 01 D1A t\OOll)riOna31.CTI(l0 l,!A.mA.D~3 t\Ul 131.C?Ol 11.C3 
Di\ DJOlCO lt UODlOl)lD'X. Ut\9rlA. 1''(3~ Scpx.onm DJri r~9Xo,3111£3 DA. D1A 531301)1.COOalC 
59x11Anrilto m1Ac;to1 ml.CD . 'Sltolt101.eo10m Slt.1 mx Aroic0,1001.e Aro1 n9rio1 t\Ol~ 
. M!)QDAD A.001 Sn1oomo"{'X.O,'X. Slta30'),3"{3 Slt1 SltoA.0.19X(t31Q 
5ll1 U?rio1 t\010 SnJxngo"(~ Sll1 ltoltA.9101~n A.lt.1 mA. nA9xn l,!x1rae A.aO~l)1onoon1.e 
tQex6vtoov AoyaQLaoµcbv ( 111 Ox,tmBQtou 1995) x.m yLa w; ELOQoec; 
µm<.QOJtQ60eoµoov x.e<paAatoov (l;evec; rnevbuoe.Lc;). OL ouvaAAayec; xe<paAatoov 
toov tQaJt~cbv txouv JtAi)Qroc; cmeAeu0eQro0eL H OtQatnyLxi) nou uw8etiJ0rix.e 
an6 tll IAoBax.Ln YLU 'tllV UAOJtOl.flOrt tOU Arnx.ou BLBAt.OU OtOV toµea -rric; 
bLax.Lvnoric; X.E<paAaLrov UV'tLO'tOLX,EL OE YEVLX.Ec; ygnµµec; µE ami) JtOU JtQO-ta.Onxe 
an6 to Aeux.6 BLBALo, cmeAeu0EQcbvov-rac; JtQci>ta nc; aµeoec; rnEvbuoeLc;, tLc; 
motcboe.Lc; nou ouvbfovtm µe EµJtOQLxec; ouvaAAayec; x.m trtv ELOQOit x.e.cpaAatoov. 
'Oµroc;, be6oµtvric; trtc; xaAi)c; µaxQomxovoµLxi)c; xataotaoric; x.m toov rnLb60Erov 
tnc; xooQac;, evac; taxutegoc; gu0µ6c; aneAeu0egroonc; tou x.e.cpaAaLou (nou acpoga 
X.UQtmc; tnv EX.QOll X.e<paAatrov) ea EJtEtQEJtE tUX,U'tEQrt EV"tasrt tnc; IAoBax.tac; fftO 
bLe.0vec; mx.ovoµLx.6 x.m XQ'riµatonwtrntLx.6 01,otriµa. 'Ooov mpoQ6. trtv at trion 
tnc; LAOBax.Lc1c; OtOV OOIA, rt x1,Btgvriori <lVllYYELA.t Otct µeon tm, 1996 tnv 
JtQ60wil trtc; w1 UJteA.E1JOEQWOEL JtA.llQWc; nc; EWQoti; XHp<1A<1Lwv to 1998, 
ax.oAou0ouµEvll cm6 nc; EXQotc; XECf><1AaLrnv to 1999, x.m <1JtEAe1,0eQchvovtac; 
touc; e.vanoµevovtec; JtEQLOQLOµouc; JtO'U U<pOQOUV )(UQtO<pUA.O.X.LCl x.m 
AOYUQLaoµouc; Oto EsUrtEQLX.6 yLa to etoc; 2000. 
To XQOvobL6.ygaµµa rnL tax,uv811x.E 6tav 11 x.uBeQv11011 x.atilQYrtOE µta OELQ6. 
JtEQLOQLOµcbv yLa tLc; XLVT)OeLc; XE<paAaLou tOV AexeµBQLO 'tOU 1996, Barn~L 't(.t)V 
onotrov eJtL tQC1.JtllXaV OL OAoBm<.Lx.ec; 6.µwEc; l;evEc; eJtEV()UOELc; OE )(WQEc; tOU 
OOIA (11 aJtEAEU0tQroon toov 6.µeorov l;evwv rnEvbuoewv OE 6.U .. e.c; XWQec; 
avaµeve.tm va e.yx.gL0d one; 31 AEx.e.µBQtou 1998)-66811x.E 11 buvat6t11·m otouc; 
JtOAL te.c; tnc; IAoBax.Lac; va ayoQ6.touv ax.t vnta ota X.Q6.t11 µeA 11 tou 00 IA. 
EnEtQrutrt 11 Moboxil xm rnextaon XQnµatomxovoµLxcbv motcbae.rov yLa tQLa 11 
JtEQLOOOtEQU E'tll x.m 11 rnex.taon XQnµatomx.ovoµLx.cbv JtLOtWOEOOV yLa JtEVtE 11 
JtEQL006tEQa Etll otu; x,cbge.c; tou OOIA. H oA.oBax.Lx.i) x.uBeQVllOll avaµevEL va 
MEAEU0eQro0ouv JtAllQroc; m x.LviloELc; x.e,cpaAatrov µEXQL to etoc; 2000. 
OL EVMOµEVOV"tec; JtEQLOQLOµot yLa nc; 6.µeoec; 1;evEc; eJtEVbUOeLc; x.m AOLJtec; 
XL vi)aw; x.ecpaA.aLrov JtEQLAaµBavouv triv ayoQ6. µnox,cbv tQane.twv nou 
BgLax.ovtm eyx.atwtnµevec; otn LAOBax.ta, µnoxwv MO to XQnµatLOtllQLO, 
ax.Lvi)twv yLa µ11 rnLXELQllµanx.ouc; ox.onouc; an6 6."mµa nou be.v bLaµevouv otn 
LAOBax.La, EAeyx.nxec; E:taLQet.ec;, OtQat11yLx.ec; EtaLQet.ec; x.m tnv ex.boon ll 
tOJt08et11011 XQeOYQU<pOOV JtOU EX.6Lbovtm an6 eJtL)(ELQllOW; JtOU bev txouv OOQa 
atrt IAoBaxLa atnv EYXWQLa ayoQa. 
:EvµniQ«aµ.a 
H aAoBax.Lx.i) x.uBEQVflOll JtQayµatonoLrioe, onµavtLx.6. Bilµata t6ao 6oov a<poQa 
triv EUQoona·cx.11 ouµcpoovLa, 600 x.m tov OOIA, OE eva <pLA66o1;o 
XQOVObLayQaµµa aneAeu0tgrooric; tric; ayog6.c; xecpaAaLou. IlQayµatL, 
EJtL teux0rix.av OL OtOXOL tric; EUQroJta't:x.i)c; ouµcpwvtac; x.m µaALOta l;rnegaotrix.av 
OtOV toµea tric; ELOQOilc; X.E<paAaLrov. Avaµeve.tm va eJtL tEU)(0ouv x.m OL 
UJt6AOIJtOL OtO)(OL JtOU a<pOQOUV tnv MEAEU0EQ(.t)0ll, 
EA£1'8£QD XVXAO(J)OQi.« V1tTIQ£0'trov 
H EAEU0EQll x.ux.Aoq>oQLa tcuv un11Qt0Lwv BaoU;,Etm aqJev6c;, atnv x.at6.QYllCTll 
bLax.QLOEWV, x.uQtwc; A6yw eOvLX.()tntac;, x.m atouc; x.av6vec; EVaQµ6vwric; 
bLa<pOQWV e0vLxcbv xavovwµciJV aq>etEQOU. OL xavovwµoL autol aq>OQOUV 
ouxva t6oo -co bt.xatwµa Eyxcnao-cHollc;, nm, M'tEtm -cm, ne6tm, -enc; EAEU0EQllc.; 
x.ux.Ao<poQLac; twv JtQoawnrnv, 600 xm tnc; EAeuOEQll<; m1gox11c; UJtllQEOLmv. H 
48 
'UA.OJtOtl)OrJ 1ouc; JtQ<rHrcoOti:EL 111v 1,A.on:0(11011 1rnv bLOLXl)tLX<i>v bop.<i>v 
(EJtLtQOJtec; lQwt~L'X.O'U tMyxou, U(!Xtc; tMyxou OJttL'X.OU'X.OUOlL'X.(l)V µtowv, 
EJtL tgontc; xavovwµwv) xm ll)V EVLOXUOl) 111c; OUVEQYUOtac; µEtasu 't(J)V 'X.QUlWV 
µeA.rov oe EJtLJte()o eMyxwv (xa8e01wta aµmBatac; avayvwgw11c;). 
'Eva 011µavnx6 µtgoc; tl)c; voµo0wtac; nou Ecpagµ6tnm OE 0eµata EA.EU0EQllc; 
xuxA.ocpogtac; UJtl)QeOLWV acpoQ6. 1u; XQ11µa1omxovoµtxtc; UJtl)QWLEc;. 
' ' 
Acpog6. 0tto11c; ngoBAiJµa1a oxt1tx(1 µ£ 10 avmyµu 1mv E0vtx<ilv nyogciw OE 
1oµdc; 01ouc; orcotouc; JtC1Qabomux(.1 XUQL<lQXOuouv µovomoA.u.t, ()Jtmc; m 
tl)A.EJtLXOL vwvtec;, xm EV µtQEL, 11 EVE(!YW.t xm m µnuq>oQtc;. Ta lEA.eun1(c1 mna 
0tµata avnµEtWJtttov1m sEXWQLOta OE EL()L'X.(1 'X.£(f)UA.<HU 111c; yvwµob6111011c;. 
:Euvmtux11 1t£Qt'YQ<l(f)1l 
To µEQLbLO ayogac; twv tQLWv µeyaA u1eQwv 1ganEtwv, 6oov acpoga 10 ouvoA.o 
bavELWV xm xa1a8e0Ewv, oto ttA.oc; mu MaQ1tou 1996 i)tav 65% xm 70% 
av1wtotxwc;. Ot tQarcEtEc; amec; dvm xug(wc; xganxec;. H ouµµE1oxiJ 1wv 
sevwv tQClJt~(l)V au1;i)0l)'X.E 011µavtLXU. _H EJtOJttEUOUOCl UQXrJ tOU lQaJtEtLXOU 
toµfo EL vm UJtl)QEOLCl tl)c; KEVtQLXi)c; Eevtxi)c; TQUJtEtac;. 
Qc; ClJtOtEA.eOµa tOU JtQWtOU xuµatoc; LbLWtL'X.OJtOLT)OEWV µE tl)V tx.60011 
xounovtwv, OL JtEQWOOtEQEc; an6 ttc; oA.oBaxtxtc; µwatEc; xm µEy6.A.Ec; 
EJtLXELQrJOELc; Etvm EWl)yµtvEc; it xatuxwg11µevEc; om Xgnµatwtngw 111c; 
MJtQO.tLOA.aBa 'X.ClL Oto L'UOtl)µa KatUXWQl)Ol)c; tl)c; Ayogac; (Market Registration 
System). H rnontcuouoa agxit d vm rn( tou nag6vtrn; rn Y nougydo 
OtxovoµLXWV, UA.A.(1 OL OA.oBaxLxtc; ngxec; E;etatouv t0 EVDEXOµEVO (6guo11c; 
avE1;6.Qtl)tl)c; rnL tgorci)c; xgwygaq)wv. 
To JtQWl)V oA.oBaxtx.6 µovonwALO EL vm 11 µEyaA. utEQll nocpaA.wnxi) nmgda µE 
72% twv aocpaA.ELWV twitc; xm 76% 111c; ayogac; aocpnAELmv rtA.l)V tou xAabou 
twitc;( 1996). To Magno 1ou 1991 1P11cp(otl)XE vfoc; aocpaA.wnx6c; v6µoc; yta tl)v 
xat6.gy11011 tou xgatLxou µovonwA.tou otov toµfo 1wv aocpaA.eLwv xm yta tl)V 
t6guo11 rnoJttEuouoac; agxitc; tou aocpaA.wnxou toµfo. 
Af;1.o)..oyt)<1TJ 'tTJ~ 'tQtxovaa~ xatciatUO'TJ~ xm trov 1tQ001tt1.xrov 
LT}µavtL'X.T) JtQ006oc; EXEL EJtL tEuxeet OtT}V moettl)Ol) lOU 'X.E'X.tl)µEVOU JtOU acpoga 
nc; XQflµatomotwtLxtc; UJtflQWLEc; (tQMEtE£;) 6oov acpoga ta µttga tou ota6tou 
1 xm tou otabtou 2. H JtQWtt) tQrutEtLxi) ob11yta, 11 obt)yta JtEQL tbtwv 
xEcpaA.atwv, to xa0wtwc; eyyui)oEwc; 1wv xataefoewv xm 11 0611y(a JtEQL 
ouvtEA.Wti) cpEQEyyu6tl)tac; txouv rcgooeyywtd. H ob11y(n yta tl)V JtQOA.fl'\Vll 111c; 
XQT10Lµonot11011c; tou tganettxou ouoti)µatrn; yu1111 voµtµonott)Ol) w6bwv an6 
JtO.Q6.voµEc; bgaott)QLOtt)TEc;, 11 ob11y(a yta 111v xaAU'\jJ'Y) U'4Jl)A.OU xtvbuvou xm 11 
beuteQl) tQaJt~Lxit ob11yta txouv rcgoocyyw1d Ev µtgu. OL tEA.tutalec; d vm oto 
µEyaA.UtEQO µtgoc; touc; ouµcpwvcc; µE uc; xmvmtxtc; ob11ytEc; aA.A.a ea 
cmmt118ouv aA.A.aytc; yta tl)V JtA.flQll ouµµ6gcpwori touc;. Ilagabdyµatoc; X<lQll, m 
bmt6.1;etc; tl)c; OA.oBaxLxi)c; voµo0w(m; yta tl) voµtµonott)Ol) w6bwv cm6 
nag6.voµEc; bgaott)QLOtT}tEc; rcou acpogouv 111v cm6bELsll taut6tl)tac; ea JtQEJCEL 
va JtEQLA.aµf36.vouv nc; xata0foELc; rcou ngayµatorcmouvtm OE BtBA.LUQLU 
xata0foEwv nou Exb(bovtm otov xoµwti). 
49 
l:riµavtLxtc; ocriyLEc; :n:ou CEV EXOlJV ux6µri mo0nri0d dvm TJ OCTJy(a OXEtLXa µE 
triv EJtOrttELa tWV motWtLXWV Lbg1,µatrnv OE £VO:n:m TJµEVfl Baori, 11 OCTJy(a YLU 
triv EJt<lQXELa LCLwv XEcpaA.aLwv, TJ obriyLa yLu touc; ni)owuc; xm Evo:n:mriµtvouc; 
A.oyaQLaoµouc; twv :n:LOtWtLXWV LCQ'Uµatwv. H ocriy(u :n:ou acpOQ<l triv ErtOrttELa 
twv motwtLxwv LCQuµatwv OE Evo:n:ou1µtvTJ Baori EL vm :n:oh, OTJµavnxi) Ecp600v 
ErtL tQertEL touc; rn6:n:tEc; twv tga:n:e~<i>V va faaµogcpci>vm,v µLu ouvoA.Lxi) £Lx6va 
twv xLvCuvwv tTJc; xa0E tQ6.:n:E~w; xm trnv oµLAwv ErtLXHQrJOEwv µE nc; o:n:oL£c; 
OXEtL~ovtm. H o6riyLa yLa wuc; eti)owuc; AoyuQLaoµm)c; d vcn oriµavtLxi) bL6tL 
rcagtxeL tri Baori u:n:oA.oywµou tou ouvteA.eoti) cpEQEyyu6tritac; oe µeµovwµtvTJ 
xm evorcmriµtvri Bao11. 
AvaµtvEtm 6n 11 LAoBaxLa 0a eLvm oe 8fo11 va :n:gom::yy(oEL rtA.i)gwc; tLc; 
XOL VOtLxtc; 0611y(E<; 'tOU tga:n:e~LXOU t0µfo Ota m6µeva tg(a fa11. 'Oµwc;, ea 
a:n:m trieouv 011µavtLxtc; rcgoorcaeeLEc;, LO(wc; 6oov acpoga to U'\pllA.6 ErtlrtECO 
xganxnc; LOLOXtllOLac; OtoV EYXWQLO tQart~LXO toµfo xm tllV aoeevn 
mxovoµLxn xa1aotao11 'tWV EYXWQLWV 1ga:n:e~wv, :n:ou OXEtL~Etm µE tll 
ouoowgrno11 "rnwcpaA.wv a:n:m1i)oewv", mote va ecpagµootouv magxwc; m 
tga:n:etLxoi, xavovwµoL IIgoc; t11v xatt::u0uvo11 ami) ea :n:gmEL va Evwxu0d 
rtEQaL tegw 11 avE1;ag1110La 111c; EevLxi)c; Tgfute~ac; 111c; LAoBax(ac; otov rno:n:nx6 
g6A.o :n:ou bLa6gcq.tut(teL. 
Av xm txn '!JllqJLOOd OXEtLXrJ voµoOwLu (v6µoc :n:wL 01,AAoyLxwv mev6uoEwv 
xm v6µoc JteQL xgeoygacpwv) :n:01, :n:gooeyy(~EL µE µeyaA.o Baeµ6 tLc; xmvonxtc; 
ocriy(ec;, ea a:n:m t11001)v JteQaL t£Q(l) egyao(ec;. 
LtL<; JtQOOagµoytc; :n:ou a:n:m tOUVtm Otll voµoOeo(a JtEQLA.aµBavovtm CLat6.seLc; 
oacpeotEQOU JtQOOCLOQLOµou tO'U JtEQLBaAA.ovtoc; twv £LOr1Yµtvwv EtaLQELWV' tllV 
ave1;aQtlltll rno:n:tda, 111v a:n:ot£A.eoµatLxi) rcgootaoLa twv µLxgoµt:t6xwv, tov 
xaeogLoµ6 a:n:oteA.eoµatLxou eA.tyxou, t11v au1;11µtv11 6Lacpavt:La cpogoA.oyLx<i>v 
EJtLn:Aoxwv yLa ta 6Lacpoga d611 xgeoygacpwv, ompfott::gec; faafaxao(ec; yw t11v 
tx60011 xm avaxA.11011 a6£Lwv, mxovoµLx<i>v a:n:oxaA.U'\pewv xm tov Evtomoµ6 
twv µeyaA.oµt:t6xwv, :n:A.11gocpogtec; yLa touc; µet6xouc; -ouµcpwva µe nc; 
xmvotLxtc; 0611y(ec; xm 111v :n:g6A.11t!J11 ouvaA.Aaywv a:n:6 xat6xouc; eµrcw-reunxwv 
n:A.11QocpoQLWV. A:n:mtouvtm tgo:n:o:n:mi)ow; ot11 voµoeeo(a :n:egL ouA.A.oyLxwv 
rnevcuoewv OE XQ£6ygacpa. 
H ayoQa -rwv XQEOYQacpwv u:n:ocptQEL a:n:6 EA.A.EL 'Pll CLacpaveLac; xm a:n:6 
acuvaµtec; JtOU acpOQOUV tllV JtQOOtao(a tWV µLXQOµetOXWV. H gueµLOll tWV 
ayOQWV xEcpaA.atou rnacptEtm oto Y :n:ougyeto 0LxovoµLxwv, :n:ou cev cwettEL 
CLacpavn JtQ6tu:n:a xm XQLtrJQLU yLa tll "-ll'Pll a:n:ocpaoewv, 
ouµn:EQLA.aµBavoµtvwv amwv :n:ou xaA.u:n:touv tll xogi)y11011 xm avaxA.11011 twv 
aCeLwv. H uA.o:n:oLTJOll xm ecpagµoyi) t11c; voµoeeoLac; Oa rnwcpEA.lleEL a:n:6 tll 
611µwugyta avt:1;agt11t11c; ErtLtgo:n:i)c; xgeoygacpwv iJ o:n:ma6i)rcote aAA11c; 
ave1;aQtrit11c; rno:n:teuouoac; agxi)c;. 
Ta µt-rQa tOU otac(ou 1 tOU Aeuxou BLBALO'U :n:eg( aocpaA.(oewv cev txouv µtxQL 
onyµnc; :n:A.nQwc; :n:gooeyyLOteL OtllV OA.oBaxLXl) voµo0eota. H voµoeeo(a JtEQL 
aocpaA.eLwv a:n:oxA.t VEL 011µavtLxa a:n:6 t11v xm votLxi) voµoeeota, av xm 
tQO:n:o:n:oLi)oetc; :n:ou '\pflcp(otrixav to 1995 xm to 1996 BeA tLwoav mo0rJta triv 
xataotaori. Ilagoumatovtm ax6µTJ a6uvaµtec; xm xeva otri voµoeeota :n:ou 
acpoQa tu; aCeLec; xm tTJV :n:goA.rJ:n:tLxi) mo:n:teLa. IfaaLtEga, m 6Lata1;etc; yLa ta 
(3amxa JtEQL0WQta cpEgeyyu6t11tac;/tEXVLXa a:n:o0eµata xm TJ rutaL tTJOTJ 
xata0eoric; tO'U 30% tWV tEXVLXWV a:n:oeEµatwv 0£ EYXWQLa tga:n:etLxa LCQUµata 
50 
~9 
Sl11 soa9rl oa31(),3(} 010 1l)13Al)fJriD''(1a31£ ct01£ 'V8 oagal) 01 'ctoa913cby . J\.(!)"(3rl 
J\.(!)lnax, A{l)1 naoA(),O l)X1a31{l)03 Dl 911:D UOct3"(91(} AroX/....9"(3 ct3Al) AU113Al)9TID"(1a31£ 
mx Sl)ooA.D Sl}.x1031cnm Slt1 Sltoltri9qox.10 Slt1 01DTD"(1£ 010 m130Dl)1A3 
',.S9Xon .. 5110 1Dl3a~cbDAD (1,01£ Sltxl}.oActO Stu Soo9ri 01(!)01£ 010 1Dl3Al)grlD"(1a31£ 
cto11: ·v L ooeol) 01 ·s9A3d>v ·sux.l}.oActo su1 l}.x.,A.o"( mq1 All10 m1Aoool)1J\.3 
Cl01£ '5310M9 O(t(} 13Al)fjTID"(1031£ A{l)1£(!)0001£ A{l)l D100cbO"(MX. U030(),3"(3 H 
,\(1)1'(!)0001' n1oo<ho"tX<l.X U03Q'},3"t3 
·S9X.1130 1DA13 A3(} 91ctD D9TIOl AOlO ClOA9TiltlX.3X. ClOl ltolt19901n, ltol}."{lC 
Altl D1A S9X.1l1COOa1e 10 'n,oq9oa1e Da3ril},o 1aX?ri Slt1 130J;)8 'D9TIOl 9X.1101"{000D 
J\.010 OA9TIU1X.3X. 01 J;)X.11DTI03"{3101CD 1309riaDcb3 DA 1DX. 130(}.13001Cl DA 
1Dl13x.9a1e D1X.Dfj0"{~ Lt Al)3 5D1Q300TIOA Slt1 LtoltJOlCO"{Cl 1DX. Lt01A.~ooa1e Alu 1DX. 
ltolt101eox.11ro1g1 Altl D1A 53130J;>1C00a1C S9X.1lADrilto A(t00U"{9DlDX. DA 13~a1C DE) 
·Sn,01 SoX910 o J39Xn,3111C3 DA D1lt191DAClQ Lt1 mA. 513~"{0.dm . .ca 
53A9rio1ao 13"{"{l/911C3 5130l},101COX.1l(l)1Q1 511 D1A Cl01"{C\OfjOA10)1 ClOl UOl)lO 
Lt l)"{"{D '51301},l 1D1CD 59X.J.D1Croan,3 511 3TI 91DAClQ oa31()TI01AO.O 01 A(),00rocbaoririo.o 
DA Aq)XaD A(l)l ltolt"{?0 UA9TI(l)"{UQ3Q 13XaJ;>1CA ·Sl},XaD 5DOC\0(),3l1C01C3 
Slty'{l) 31011:l},qomo11:o I), Arocbl)oA.moX Sl),11:0011m Slt1Lt1ol)~3AD Smri D1A.on,01riltg 
Lt1 91.CD 13QUOA.Cl3 DO Sl)103QOTIOA Slt1 l},A.oriondn mx. Ltolt1011:0"{Cl H ·nrl030()01C003rl 
poXct3111C3 DA poo1£1i AO)c1H)OA.03dX A<Ol D?TIOl AOlO Lto1J....A.?0001C l),x.1n9orioA H 
'£00Z Sct019 (t01 001.C 130U101COX.1l<01(}1 DA 1Dl13x.9a1e A3Q AC0101CO A(l)l X3 
n1rl 'S3~31£1)01 S9x.11nax. 530Cl0A9TI01CD 511 l)OOcbD A009 na311mq1 '5D10300TIOA Slt1 
l),J....oriond)3 l},x.anm Altl m/.... S313mmooo11: 5?X.11Anrilto A(tOOltl 1D1£D no 'Scorio, . A.(!)13 
31A91£ ACOA9TI01t3 ACOl nnx.al)1(} lt1 l)lDX. D91101 9x.1~31CDa1 i\010 S31A.Lt90 S9X.110i\10X. 
S11 Scnol}."{lC 1301AA30oa11: DA U0?0 30 1DA13 D0 D1X.D90"{~ Lt 119 1D13A9TIDAV 
mi.ono1:urln3: 
·01olt1n,31rlD1 OX.11Dax. 01 mA. Slt011C3 13Cl'X01 Ul(tD ltoDcbOlCD 
H '£00'l 01 J;)13rl 139lt101COlDTIADa1e' D0 l},lClD ltoltJ01COX.11C01Q1 Lt, 11() 9661 ct01 
U"{9l DlO 3x,Lt1010Dcb01CD l)"{"(D '5D13a1D13 Sl},X.1101"{DcbOD Sl},x.11Dax. Sl},x.10Dg Slt1 
UOUJ01COX.11(l)1Q1 3TI OA9ri 130C011 "{39 DA 30(\.oaol.Cri D0 ltODlOl)lDX. H 'ClOQJ;>"{X. C\01 
Dal},1X.DODX (tOX.11DOX. (tOX.D1"{C01COAOri ClOl ClOA9TIOQ3Q 'Drl030()01C003ri D9TIOl i\010 
SJ;>aoA.D 53X.l}.OACl0 1301},A0Cl01riltq DA Slt1 l)lUl()ADX.1 Lt ltri101},1ltg01cbriD 1DA13 '50"{9.L 
. Ui\9TI01001031C 1DA 13 O(}l)"{X. i\01 13XA?"{3 DA 1DX. J;)X.11Dl103"{3101CD T30ClO"{OX.DaD1C 
UA Slt1 l)lU19J\DX.1 H . J\(!)X.1TIOJ\OX.1Q n,opA.aaolC A (1.01 Soo9rl 13"{3101.CD 
l)X11X.D01C l)"{"{D '5D900cb So1u1frt)~3AD 1DJ\ 13 119 1Dl30Jl01CCt D9TIOl (tOX.1101"{DcbOD 
(t01 l)10Jalt1eo. DOClO(,t311£01C3 H ·S1)1X.DfjO"{~ Slt1 Lt0Ltaq>Xooa11: J\Ul l)lDX. J\(),0010X.A3 
UJ\ m113x.901e z cw1qn10 cto1 no1?ri ni "866 r cto1 oAltri~>~3 oo31(t3Q 01 139Xo.311m 
no I 0191)10 010 1DlAOl£?"{~Joo11: (tole no19ri Dl 3TI SnJ03()0TIOA 51},X.1101"{DcbOD 
Slt1 lt01riril)OA(tQ(t3 Lt 119 ]!)(l)"{l}.q ltoltAa?fJClx. l},x.1x.n~JO"{O H ·Sogo901C 
l}.x.11Amilto m1131mm> 'nrimo9011:0031i n9rio1 9x.1101"{l><hon J\010 aoA9rilt1x,3x, 
(t01 l},A.orioncb3 lt"{lt"{"{l)ll)X, Lt mx. Ltoltl9QO'lCt Sltol).11e Lt pgXCl3111C3 DA D'lj 
·SDJArocbriao Sl}.x.J.D1C(l)a(t3 Slt1 D'lOJD"{lC 
DlO DJX.DfjO"{~ Lt 'l39l)"{DAD 13X9 (t01C 5130(!)3aX01en, 511 3TI 10A9ri01ririDaA.a90.3 
Scnol}."{lC 1DJ\T3 J\3Q UOD1Dl)lDX.A3 i\UlO JOlC\D 1orlo1001a31e 10 ·S1301},013X11C3 5~1X13ri 
I}, 53J301Dl3 S9x1a1DA.ao i\Cl001},10D1DX.A3 DA 131.C?alC Sa13am13 S9X.1101"{D©OD 
53A9~ 1Q . Aq)1301D13 A(l)J\9~ D1DTil},10D1DX.01CCl 1D1A01C?a111C3 J\3Q 'UOD10l)1DXA3 
J\Ul l)aocbD A.ODO, "53JAUQO S9X.110i\10X. 511 3'rl 53A9ri01rirlDaA.n9n3 1DAJ3 i\3Q 
ouv811x.l')c; nou avmpEQEtm Otl')v t.8ay£VELa tl')c; 'Evwol')c;, btveL OE x.6.BE x.6.tmx.o 
tl')c; 'Evwol')c; to atoµt.x.6 bt.x.atwµa va x.ux.AocpoQEL x.m va bLaµtveL £A.£U8£Qa 
Otl')V EJtLXQO.tELa twv x.gatwv µEA<bv, un6 ogwµtvouc; 6gouc;. H x.at6.QYllOll twv 
rnwt£QLXWV ouv6gwv LOXUEL yLa x.6.0E 6.t0µ0, avd;6.Qtl')ta £0vt.x.6tl')tac;, a.A.Awe; 
XLVOUVEUEL va anoAEOEL to 6.g8go 7A tl')V anoteAwµanx.6tl)ta tou Otl')V nga;l'). 
Evw ta 6Lxmwµata nou anoggtouv an6 to 6.g8go 8A Ecpagµ6tovtm OE 6A.a ta 
X.QO.tl') µeAl'), ll UA.OJtOLl')Ol') tWV 0Lx.mwµ6.twv JtOU aJtOQQEOUV an6 to ag0go 7 A 
6ev EXEL JtA.l]QW<; OAOX.Al')QW0d OE EJtLJtEbo 'Evwol')c;. 
a) E).,ev0egn ')(,W(,A,O(f)O{Jia rwv JWAl r<iJV rn, Evwanc. £Ae1JO£()ia eyxaraaraan, 
')(,al auotBaia avayvwvwn DlJCAWU<irwv ')(,al ri TAWV 
H eUQwna·Lxl] ouµcpwvta ngoBMneL tl]V 6.veU bt.ax.gtoEwv avnµctcbnwn twv 
EQyatoµevwv nou anaoxoA.ouvtm voµtµwc; (x.a8wc; x.m twv mx.oyEvELwv touc;). 
KaA UJtt£L tl] 6uvat6tnta ocbgEuonc; 11 µ£tacpog6.c; twv 6t.x.mwµ6.twv tl]c; 
X.OLVWVLX.l]c; aocpaALOl]<;, x.m EV8agguveL ta XQGtl] µ0 .. n va OUVO.'\JJO'UV bt.µ£gdc; 
ouµcpwvtEc; µE tnv LAoBax.ta OXEtLx.a µ£ tl]V ng6oBaon otnv ayog6. EQyaotac;. 
Art6 to 1999, to LuµBouAw Luvbwnc; Ba e;et6.oEL m:gm tegw tg6nouc; 
Be"-ttwonc; tnc; x.ux.A.ocpogtac; twv egyatoµevwv. 
To Acux.6 Bt.BALO EsetateL tLc; voµoOEtLx.ec; aJtULtl]OtLc; yu1 tl]V EJtLtEUsll tl]c; 
agµovLx.l]c; avantusnc; tl]c; ayogac; £QYUOL(l£, tmn6xgovu µE tl]V JtQOA.l]'l!Jl] tl]c; 
otge.BAwonc; tou avtaywvwµou. 
H EA.£U0EQll x.ux.A.ocpogta twv Egyatoµevrnv d vm µta an6 nc; Ba0t.x.ec; EA.£U0EQLec; 
nou avayvwgttovtm an6 tl] ouv011xn• n ng6oBaon a£ ogwµeva mayyt)..µata 
(n.x.: otov voµt.x6 toµfo 11 otnv uyda) µnogd wot6oo va unoBaAAEtm OE 
ogwµevec; ouv011xEc;, t.btwc; tt tA.wv, nou, av6.A.oya µE tnv JteQLJttwon, anoteAouv 
avtt.x.etµEvo ouvtovwµou 11 Ecpagµoy11c; tnc; aµmBatac; avayvwgwnc;. H 
eA.eu0egta eyx.at6.otaonc; e1;aocpaA.ttnm mtonc; an6 tl] ouv811xn xm avacpegetm 
one; mx.ovoµLxec; 6gaotl]QL6tl')tE<; aut0anaoxoA.ouµevwv cpuot.x.cbv ngoownwv 
x.m etmgt.cbv. 
H eA.eu0EQll EJtLAOYll t6nou 6t.aµov11c; µJtOQEL mtonc; va unoB6.AA.£tm OE 
eA.6.XLOtec; ouv011x.Ec; n6gwv x.m xaA. u'\JJnc; an6 aocpaAwnx.6 ogyavwµ6 uyEtac;, 
otnv JtEQLJttwon nou OEV aoxEt tm mayyeAµatLXl] 6gaotl]QL6tl')ta otnv Ev "A.6yw 
xwga. . 
:Em'01t't1,~t) 1t£QlYQ«q>t) 
H oAoBmux.11 voµo0wta 6Ev mt.Ba"A."A.EL E0vt.x.ec; nooootcboet.c; yt.a tLc; abEt.£c; 
egyaotac;. OL wxuovtE<; xavovwµo( anm touv 8cwgno-r1 yLa t0uc; ;evouc; egyatec;, 
6.6£La cgyaotac; x.m µax.gox,g6vt.a 6.b£La nagaµov11c;. H xat0x11 6.bewc; egyaotac; 
anoteA.d ngo'Un68wn yLa tl')v nagaxwg11011 µax.goxg6vt.ac; a6Et.ac; nagaµov11c; 
yLa A.6youc; anaox,6Anonc;. Eav n wxuc; tnc; a6£t.ac; cgyaotac; 6Ev EJtex.ta8et an6 
to ygacpdo cgyaotac;, n wxuc; 1:11c; aouac; nagaµovr)c; "-llYEL 1:aut6xgova. Ot. 
ClOELE<; Egyaotac; xognyouvtm yLa ogwµeva mayye"A.µa1:a. Xognyouvtm yLa, 
x.at' avw-r;a-r;o 6gt.o, JtEQLobo ev6c; etouc; xm dvm avavEooOLµEc;. ~Ev UJtUQXEL 
OQLO yt.a tl]V anaox,6Al')Ol] ;evwv egyatwv 600 l') x.at6.otao11 tl')c; ayogac; 
egyaotac; to mt. tQE.JteL. 
H eAeu8£Qll x.ux."A.ocpogta 1:wv ngoownwv ouvMetm O'tEV6. µE tl')V EAeu8egta 
nagox11c; UJtl')QWLoov, t.bLaL tEQa amwv nou anm touv EA6.xw1:a mayyEAµatt.x.6. 
52 
rtQoo6vta, rcou µe tl] OELQ6. ·wuc; bLeuxoA uvnm arc6 tl] voµo8wta rtEQL 
aµmBatac; avayvcbQWlJ<; tLtAwv orcoubcbv. MeQo<; tou xextriµevou (wobuvaµta 
twv rtQOYQaµµ6.twv orcoubcbv xm tl]<; bL6.QXELa<; twv onoubcbv yLa ta 
rtEQL006teQa ercayyeAµata Tl xat6.QtLOlJ ota orcota ouvtovttetm arc6 toµmxec; 
bLeu8uvoeL<;, boµec; yw rcoAA6. ercayyeAµata) EXEL iibri JtQayµatonoLri8et xm Tl 
rtAllQTlc; JtQOOEyywri JtQoBMrcetm arc6 tl] LAoBaxta yLa t0 1999. 16Lat tEQa, Tl 
xat6.QtLOlJ, rcou ouvtovi.ttmu rut6 obriy(ec; yw. emit rnayytAµcna, dvm oe 
YEVLXEc; YQaµµec; euOuyQaµµwµevri µe to XE'X.tl]µevo, UV xm arcm tEL tm ux6µri 
µw OELQ6. JtQOoagµoycbv. Ot boµec; Hpagµoyric; EL vm rnugxetc; CJ.AA.a Oa JtQEJtEL 
va evwxu8ouv. 
H evtasri one_; ercayyeAµanxec; OQYUVO)OEL<; tl]<; EE E;EALOOEtm XUACl (n.x. ta 
DLJtAcbµata twv µrixavLx<i>v iibri JtAl]QOUV tLc; EA<xxwtec; wgcorca·t:xtc; 
rtQODLayQacpec;). 
Evcb Tl LAoBaxLxii ~riµoxQatta EXEL iibri mo8etf10EL ogwµeva µEtQa yLa triv 
rtQOOaQµoyri tl]c; xm vwvLxiic; 1ric; voµoOeotac; 01a xm vonx6. JtQ6turca, Sa JtQEJtEL 
va EYXQL8ouv tQOJtOJtOLflOEL<; Otl]V wxuouoa voµo8eo(a JtEQL UAAObarcwv xm yLa 
tl]V arcaox6Al]OlJ aH.obarcci>V, wme va rn01Jygnµµw1d JtA.flQrnc; Tl voµoOeo(a µe 
tL<; UQXE<; 1ric; EE yw. trtv £Ae1,0eQll x1,xA.o<pO(>t.U w>v EQycd~oµevrnv. 'Ooov mpoQa 
tl]V aµmBa(a avayvwgwrt tu>V tt.1Arnv cmoubci>V, ll LAof3axta Oa ngrnEL va dvm 
OE 8foll va ouµµoQcpwOd µe t0 xextllµtvo µeoong68eoµa. 
l:uJ.UtEQ«Oµa 
OL aJtaQaLtlltEc_; boµec; yLa trt ()LEUXOAUVOll tll<; EAEU8EQllc; XUXAO(f)OQLac; 1WV 
JtQOOcbrcwv cpai, vetm va exouv ecpagµoo8d aAA6. bev EL vm buvat6v ere( tou 
rcaQ6vtoc; va ex1Lµn8et rtAflQW<; n an01eAe0µanx61llta wuc;. fLa va mo0niioEL 
rtAflQWc; n LAoBaxta t0 xex1nµevo owv wµta am6 nrcm td tm n ngooaQµoyri 
tnc; voµo8wtac; xm n ecpagµoyrih,AonotllOll boµwv nou acpogouv tnv eAeuOegn 
XUXAO(f)OQLa twv JtQOOCDJtWV. H ud tEUsll tWV JtQOOaQµoycbv amcbv EL vm E(f)L'X.tfl 
µe0orcQ68e0µa. 
/3) Karaeynan rwv eleyx:wv mi TWV ngoawnwv ara eawre{!liUi avvoga 
H EAeu8eQll xuxAocpoQLa xata. 1nv evvma tou 6.Q8Qou 7 A tnc; ouv8rixnc; EK, 
T)tOL ll xat6.QYll0ll tWV eMyxwv EJTL x6.0e JtQOOCDJtOU, aves6.Q'tll'ta e8VLX6tntac;, 
Ota e0wtEQLX6. ouvoQa bev EXEL ax6µll nAi)gwc; JtQayµawrcmn0d oto oxoow tric; 
EUQWJta't:xi)c; 'Evwonc;. IlQayµatL, ll xat6.gynon tWV eMyxwv Ertl tWV JtQOOCDJtWV 
e;aQt6.tm an6 tnv ecpaQµoyi] ev6c; µey6.Aou aQL8µou ouvo6eunxwv µfaQwv, 
OQLOµeva EX twv orcoi.wv bev txouv ax6µll EYXQL0et xm ecpaQµoo0et arc6 ta 
XQUtll µEA.rt (BArne sEXWQWt6 xecp6.Amo JtEQL ()LXaLOOUVrt<; xm EO(D'tEQLXWV 
urco8eoewv). Avti,Seta, o 016xoc; crnt6c; EXEL rtQayµat0nmn8EL arc6 tvav 
rteQLOQLOµevo aQL8µ6 XQatwv µeAwv, f36.oEL tllc; ouv0i]xnc; Schengen ( ercta XQ6.tn 
µ£Al] tnv ecpaQµ6~ouv 116l1, EsL 6.A.A.a XQ(ltll µEA.rt JtQOEtOLµa~ouv 'tllV UA.OJtOl.llOfl 
tnc;). 
To oxoo·w trtc; LUV0l]Xllc; JtQOBArnEL 1ll ()l,EUXOA.UVOll 1nc; UAOJtOLllOllc; tOU ot6xou 
autou 010 rcA.ai.mo lll<; 'Evwollc; µe -rrtv ewuyrnyi} ev6c; vfou xecpaAai.ou "tvac; 
53 
XWQO<; EAeu0egi.ac;, aocp6.AELU<; 'X,UL ()L'X,ULOOUVll<;" 'X,UL µe tl)V EVtUsll tou 
'XE'Xtl)µevou tOU Schengen OtllV EE. 
H l:AoBaxla bi}Awoe tnv em0uµi.a tnc; va yi. VEL µtAoc; tllc; ouµcpwvlac; Schengen 
xm titt11oe tnv avayvcbQLOll tou xa0wtcbtoc; tou rcagatllQlltT} oto Schengen µe 
t11v euxmgi.a tou l:uµBouHou l:uvbea11c; EE-l:AoBaxLxitc; L\11µoxgattac; to 
<l>EBQOU<lQLO tou 1997. H l°:AoBaxi.a EXEL ~lltitOEL OwµLxit xm tEXVLXit ouvegyaoi.a 
yLa touc; ouvogLaxouc; eMyxouc;. 
1. H rtQ6o6oc; tllc; l:AoBaxi.rn; yLa 111v ecpagµoyit tl)c; voµo0wi.ac; rcou 
rtEQLAaµBavEtm 010 AEux6 BtBHo rcagououxtnm ouvontLxa oto nagagt11µa. 
0 rci.vaxac; aut6c; 6etxvu 6n l1 l:AoBuxi.a extLµ{1 6n, o-nc; 30 Iouvi.ou 1997, 0a 
EXEL evowµatcboEL ot11v E0vLxit voµoOwi.a 664 urc6 w; 899 ob11yi.Ec; it 
xavovwµouc; n01J JtEQLAaµBuvovtm 010 Aeux6 BL()Ai.o. Ta 6E6oµtva autu 
acpogouv tll voµoOwlu ym 111v orcoi.u 11 l:A-oBaxi.u exnµ6 6-n EXEL it611 JCQOBEi. 
ot11v evowµatwo11 it EXEL ercaA110Euou 111 ouµBat6t11tu tll<; µE touc; xmvotLxouc; 
xav6vec;. Ta 01:mxda auta 6ev rcgobLxa~ouv 111 ouµBa16111ta twv xeLµevwv, erci. 
twv orcotwv 11 Em tgorcit 6ev d vm erci. tou rcag6vtoc; OE 8eo11 va arcocpav0el. 
2. 'ExeL rcgayµatorcm110d onµavtLxit rcg6oboc; 6oov acpoga tnv eu0uygaµµw11 
tl)c; voµo0wi.ac; 111c; OE 011µavnxouc; toµdc; TOU EtC1LQL'XO'U 6Lxai.ou, t(t)V 
tQUJCE~cbv, twv xgrnygacpwv xm 111c; EAEU0EQllc; xuxAocpogi.ac; XEcpaAai.wv. H 
rcAeLo'\jJ11cpi.a twv µetgwv EXEL ev µEQEL it 010 ouvoA.6 111c; evowµatw0d, ouµcpwva 
µ£ t11v a;wii.6y11011 rcou rcgayµatorcmit011x£ arc6 tL<; aQXE<; 111c; l:AoBaxi.rn;, xwgi.~ 
oto nag6v otabw 11 Emtgorcit va dvm OE Oeo11 va arcocpav0d yLa t11v rcAitQll 
touc; ouµBat6t11ta µE to xmvotLx6 bi.xmo. 
'Oµwc;, arcm touvtm ax6µ11 011µavtLxtc; rcgoona0uec; otouc; toµEi.c; autouc; yLa va 
EJCLtEuxOd 11 rcA-itQll<; Eu8uygaµµw11 µE tu; xmvonxEc; arcmtitoELc;. l:touc; toµEi.c; 
twv ngotunmv xm 111c; mo1onoi.11011c; twv 611µooi.wv ouµBaoewv, twv 
bLxmwµatwv nvrnµunxitc; xm f'~wµ11xavtxitc; u)wxt11oi.uc; xm twv aocpaA-ELcbv 
Oa JtQE:JtEL OL oAoBnxL'XE<; agxtc; VO. 'XUtUBaAOUV EVTOV()TEQE<; rcgoarcaOw:.c; yLn 
tl)V eu0uyeaµµwit touc; µe t11v xoL vonxit voµo0wLa µwong60eaµa. 
3. IIaga nc; avaA-11cp0ei.oec; rcgoarcaOeLec;, rt rcgayµatLxit ng6o6oc; rcou 
ngayµatonmit811xe ot11v evawµatwa11 tl)c; noAu ng6ocpata eyxEXQLµtv11c; 
voµo0wi.rn; JtQE:JtEL ax6µ11 va ouvofa:u0el arc6 ouyxexQLµeva µetQa uii.onoi.rionc; 
xa0cbc; xm arc6 tnv Eyxataotao11 arcotEAwµanxcbv OLOLXfltLXcbv unoboµcbv. H 
l:AoBaxi.a bt.a0EtEL ogwµEvec; urco6oµtc; rcou AELtOUQyouv aQXEta Lxavorcmrinxa 
aAAa XQELatovtm ax6µa 011µavtLxec; rcgoana0eLec; oe agxetouc; toµelc;, L6twc; 
OTOV toµea tnc; tUJCOJtoi.nonc;, OUµJtEQLAaµBavoµtvwv TCDV TEXVL'X,(l)V 6oµcbv twv 
arcagaLtl)tWV yLa tllV UA.OJtoi.11011 111c; "veac; JtQOOeyyw11c;" 'X,UL Otouc; tOµEL<; t(t)V 
611µootwv ouµBaaewv xm tll<; ngootaoi.rn; t11c; Bwµ11xavLxitc; xm nveuµatLxitc; 
L6LOxt110Lac;. 
H Emtgorcit 6Ev dvm OE Oea11, aw rcag6v ota6w, va arcocpavOd yLa 111v 
L'XUV6t11ta t(.l)V EJCLXELQitOE(.l)V, LCLai.tEQU tOJV MME, va 'UA.OJtOLitoouv to 
'XE'XtllµEVO. 
4. Avcl;6.g-crrm mt6 -c<1 ouyxEXQLµtv<1 slli:itµ<rw. mm mpogouv i:rt YE<ogyi.n, rt 
'X,U't<lQYllOll 'tO)V f.,Af.yxrov OtU £0(1)tt:.QL'XO. O'UVOQU -rrtc; 'EV(J)Ollc; <)EV dvm b1'V(1'tl} 
54 
XWQi.c; va EXEL JtQayµatonou10d 11 fJtaQxitc; evaQµ6vw11 trnv voµo0eaui>V, xm 
JtQOUJto0etEL aµmfkt.i.u cµmotoo1,v11 Jtou ot11Qi.~etm x,-ugi.o>c; OE bLmxi)oELc; 
mpriA.ou emnebou (n.x.: 011µaoi.a trnv eMyxwv ampaAdw; rni. ogwµtvwv 
ngo·covtcov, JtOU JtQayµatOJtOLOUVtaL Oto XWQO avaxwg11011c;). Ilga.yµan, OtOV 
toµea tcov aya0cbv, 11 'UAOJtoi.rio11 tou xwgou xwgtc; ouvoga 111v 111 Iavouagi.ou 
1993 6ev xatfotl] 6·uvatit m1Q(1 µ6vo xcttaQy<i>vtnc; to O'uvoAo 1<1>V 
anaLtouµevwv 6w.n,mi>oewv xm trnv eMyxcnv mrn E<f>UQIH>~O'uv tn xgc'ttl] J..tEA.lJ 
xat<'t tl] bLe11.euo11 to>V ouv6grnv µnn1;1, Trnv xgo.t<i>v µ£11.<i>v tl]c; 'Evrno11c;. 
Eng6xetto xugi.coc; yLn texvLxouc; eMyxouc; (Jtou mpogm)v xugi.rnc; t11v c1mp(111.£Lu 
trnv JtQo·t:ovtcov), XtlJVLatQLxouc;, uynovoµ1,xo1,c;, q:>utouyewvoµtxouc;, 
OLXOVOµLxouc; XUL EµJtOQLXOUc_; (n.x. xa-tarcoMµ11011 'tWV arcoµLµitoewv), 
aoq:>aAetm; (6nAa, xAn) xm negtBaAAovtLxouc; (an6BA11ta, XA.Jt). 
l:tl]V JtA.EL0'4JlJ<pLa twv JtEQLJttcboewv, 11 xat6.gy11011 auti) 6ev xatfotl] buvatit 
naQ6. µ6vo eYXQL vovwc; xm 0etovtac; oe ecpagµoyi) µetQa Jtou rnetQE'1Jav tl]V 
eVaQµ6vw11 1wv xav6vwv tl]c; xuxA.ocpogi.m; it tl]c; OL6.8em1c; 010 eµn6gw 
(xuglwc; 6oov acpoga tl]v aocp6.)...ua twv ngo·t:ovtwv) xm, evbexoµtvw~, 
µetacpoQ6. twv eMyxwv 11 trnv 6w1unwoewv oto eawtEQLX6 t11c; rntxgatnac; 11 
ot11v ayoga twv xgatcbv µe)...wv (LbLwc; 6oov acpoga tov <l>IlA xm to cp6go 
xatava.Arno11c; oLvorcveuµatoc;, touc; XtlJVLatQLxouc; xm touc; cputouyewvoµLxouc; 
eMyxouc;, iJ tl] ouAAoyiJ otatwnxcbv otOLXElwv). 'Eva µtgoc; twv 011µeg1,vwv 
O'UVOQWV tl]c; LAoBaxtac; 0a µe-catgand OE cs<ut£QLX6 OUVOQO tl]c; 'Evwo11c;. 
Aut6 emBa.AAEL evtoxuo11 twv eMyxwv ota ouvoga (BMrce 1;exwgwt6 xecp6.)...mo 
JteQL teAwvetrnv). 
Aaµf36.vovtac; 1>Jt6'\J,11 t11v ouvo)...1,x.iJ ai;wA6yriori nm, µnogd vu 
JtQayµutonm110d erci, t11c; ngo6bou x.cu 101, Q·uOiun', to>V r,gynoui>V o-w. bd1tpogu 
oxetLxa. rcebta, d vm buox.o)...o va JtQof311.ECpOd 11 11µegoµ11vta x.m:a 111v orco(u 11 
l:AoBaxla 0a ittav oe 8fo11 va ava)...af3£L xm va 0coeL oe ecpagµoy11 to ouvo11.o twv 
ClJtaQalt11twv evegyetwv yta 111v xat6.gy11ori twv eMyxwv ota wwtEQLxa ouvoga 
xm yta tl] µetacpoQ6. twv eMyxwv autwv ota ei;wtegLxa ouvoQa tl]c; 'Evwo11c;. 
_ H l:AoBaxta EXEL i}611 0wni.oeL 011µavtLx6 ag1,eµ6 ototxci.wv tou xextriµEvou 
rcou acpOQOUv trtv evtai.a ayoQa. H Em tgorci} 6µwc; bev d vm ax6µ11 oe eeo11 va 
Mocpav0ei. mt xa0e µetgou, triv evowµatwori tou orcotou EXEL avacptget 11 
l:Aof3axta. ea anm tl]0ei. rcegm tegw rcg6oboc; t6i.wc; 6oov acpoga ta rcg6turca xm 
tu; motorcoLi}ow;, nc; 6ytµ6mec; ouµBaow; x.m ta OLXCtLWµata rcveuµanxnc; 
th1,oxt11otrn;. l:1ouc; rcegwo61egouc; 1oµei.c;, arcm1ehm 11 evtoxuo11 111c; 
e<paQµoyi}c; 1ouc;. ea anm:tl\0d 1,61,ai, teQl\ rcgoorcaena y1.a 'tl\V evloxuol\ tric; 
OLOLXl\Oflc;. MeoorcQ60eoµa, xm ecp6oov x,)...1,µax.w8ouv OL rcgoorca0£Lec; rcou 
oi}µega rcQayµatorcowuvtm, ri LAoBaxi.a ea EXEL 0wrci.o£L x.m uAoJtOLl}OEL to 
µeyaA UtEQO µEQQ(; tric; voµo0eotac; tr)c; evtalac; ayogac; xm ea EXEL 
JtQayµm:orcm 110£L triv arcngui. tritri rcg6obo 6oov mpoga tm,c; µ11xnvwµO't',c; 
UA.OJtoi.nonc; ·rouc;, <1>01e va ei.vnt oe Otori vn cmµµn<wxeL JtAl}Q<l)(; fftf)V 
eowteQLXll ayoga. 
Av'tayrov1.01u>c; 
H rcoA.LtLXl} tl\c; Eugwrca·t:xi}c; Kmv61ri1ac; y1,a 10v avtaywvwµ6 ClJtOQQEEL arc6 
to UQ0QO 3 010LXELO ~) tnc; LUV811x11c; to O:rtOLO JtQOBMJtEL 6tL l1 KOLVOtflta ea 
EXEL ClJt6 e6w xm JCEQa tva xa0£orw~ Jrov e!;aacpalit,£t av60£vro avraywvwµ6 
55 
µtaa OiTJV eaw-re[.>LX7J ay0{.)(1. Oi Baoix.oL toµetc; Hpct.Qµoyitc; acpoQouv tT)v 
avnµovom:oAt.ax.it rtOAL tix.it x.m tic; X.Qatix.ec; evwxuo£Lc;. 
H EUQoorca·t:x.it ouµcpoovta rtQoBMrcei x.a0eotwc; avtaywvwµou rem, rcgmEL va 
ecpaQµ6tetm otu; EµrtOQL'X.Ec; oxeoELc; µEtasu KOL VOtT)tac; 'X,Ul, LAOBax.Lac; (3aon 
tOOV 'X.QL tT)QLOOV tWV C1Q0QWV 85 'X.at. 86 tT)<; OUV0rtXT)<; ( ouµcpWVLE<; µetasu 
Em XELQrtOEOOV /x.atUXQrtOEL<; 6eon6touoac; 0fo11c;) x.m tWV ag0gwv 92 xm 93 
(x.Qanx.ec; evwxuow;) x.m rtQOBAertEL 6tt. OL Arntoµegeiec; Ecpagµoyftc; atouc; 
O'Uy'X.E'X.QLµEVOU<; tOµEL<; 0a 0eomotO'UV eVt6<; tQLWV EtWV art6 tT)V EVUQST) LOXUO<; 
tT)<; ouµcpoovtac;. EmrcMov rtQoBAertEL 6ti Tl LAoBax.ta 0a x.ataotftou tT) 
voµo0eota tT)c; ouµBatit µe tT)V x.mvotix.it voµo0eota yia tov avtaywvwµ6. 
To Aeux.6 Bt.BALo uvmpeQEtctL OtT)V ngoohclmxit HpnQµoyit to>V 
rcgoavacpeQ6µ£V(J)V buttascwv xm cxd vwv nm 'X,UVOVLOµm, JtEQL 
ouyx.evtgooow>V (4064/89) x.m trnv agOgwv 37 x.m 90 (µovoncoA.u1 x.m ubix.a 
6Lxmwµata ). 
I:uvon-nx11 ltEQtYQ«q>tJ 
H LAoBax.La XLvit011x.e ygftyoga yw va 0wnLoet voµoOEnxo xa, 8Eaµ,xo 1rlaiat0 
ouµBat6 µe ex.EL vo tT)c; Eugwna·t:x.i)c; 'Evwo11c; evw, taut6xgova, JtQOXWQT)OE OtT)v 
t.bLootLxorcot110T1 etOL wote va µELw0d o Q6Aoc; tou x.gatouc; ot11v mx.ovoµta. 
Qot6oo, EsUXOAO'U0T)oav va ucptotavtm 611µ60La µovOJtWALa, e'X.tetaµEVT) 
6T)µ6oLa LC)LO'X.tT)OLa µfow tOU taµdou e0vix.itc; l,C)LQ'X.tT)Olac; 'X.UL 11 1JJtUQsl1 
avtLavtayoovw·nxnc; voµo0wLac; xa0ogwµou ttµwv, JtOU a.rcoteAO'\JV 
OT)µavtL'X.OU<; rtagayovtec; OtT)V E'X.tlµT)OT) tO'\) JtEQLBaAAOVtoc; tOU avtaywvwµou. 
To E0VL'X.6 ouµBouALO tT)c; LAOBmttx.itc; ~T)µox.gattac; EsOOWOE Ott.c; 8 IOUALOU 
1994 tOV ''Noµo 1fE(!i 1f(!O<J'ra<Jia; 'rOV OlXOVOµtXOV av-raymvtaµov''. 0 OtOXO<; 
tou v6µou autou Et vm Tl ngootaota tou mx.ovoµix.ou avtayoovwµou one; 
ayogec; rtgo·covtwv x.m UJtT)QEOLWV 'X,Ul, T) x.ata.rcoMµT)CTT) l"WV eµrtobtoov, twv 
JtEQLOQLOµwv i) tT)c; OtQEBAWOT)c_; x.a0o)c_; Ertl.OT)<; xm Tl 6T)µLOugyta 01,v811x.wv yia 
tT)V JtEQaL tEQOO avc'.mtusit tOU, JtQO'X.ELµevou va OT)µwuOd OL'X.OVOµL'X.l) JtQOOC)Q(; 
JtQO<; 6cpeAO<; t(l)V x.ataVUA(l)t(l)V. LUOtC10T)'X.E ygacpei,o avtt.µovOJtOOALaxnc; 
JtOALtt.x.itc; (AMO), x.evtgix.6 6imx.ritix6 6Qyavo uneu0uvo yia triv evtoxuori tric; 
avnµovortooALaxitc; voµo0eotac;. 
l:e 6,tL acpOQCl w; 6qµoaiE; E1flXEl(!IJUEI; xai -r,; E1flXEl(!1/0'EI; P£ Et6ixa ,j 
anox).,Eia-rixa 6ixau!Jµa-ra, 11 rtOALtt.x.i) i6iootixonotrioric; nou axoAou011oe ri 
l:A.0(3ai<.Li<.T) xuBEQVT)OT) artE'X.AeLOe 29 ErtLXELQT)OeL<; twnx.nc; oriµaotac;, µe 
ouvbuaoµevri AOYLOtL'X.it asta 100 C)LOE'X.Ut. SKK, a.n:6 tT) C)l,UC)l,'X,UOLa 
t.c5Lootixonotrio11c;. Ilg6xevcai 'X.UQLwc; yia rnixeigitoeic; otov toµfo tric; EVEQyELac;, 
yLa ta taxubeoµeta 'X.aL tic; tT)AEJtL'X.OLVWVLec_;, nc; µetacpOQE<;, O'tT)V JtOAeµLXl) 
BioµT)xavta, tT) bLaxeLQLOT) tWV ubatwv, tOV aocpaALOtL'X.6 'X,Ul, tQartetix6 toµea. 
H xuBeQVT)OT) tT)c; LAoBax.Lac; biatrtQT)OE 6ix.atooµa aQvrioix.ugtac; OE 12 mLJtMov 
EJtLXELQrtOeL<; 0eOOQOUµevec; OtQUtT)ytxitc; OT)µaotac;. 
Triv eu0uvri yLa tT)V nagaxoAou0T)OT) trnv X(!a-rixwv cviuxvucmv EXEL avaAaBEL 
tµi)µa tou YnouQydou Oixovoµixci>v. ~Ev txcmv OwmoteL abtxot xuv6vec; yu1 
tT) A.EL tougyta ·rou ogyavou naguxoAouOT)oT)c; trnv xgcnixci>v evwxt',aernv yu1 vu 
ngoobwgw-ret ri bixmoboota tric; 6oov ncpog(.1 -rri ouyx.tv-rgwori o-rmxetwv x.m 
56 
L9 
U 'SUJ\(),D01DX.1Q Su.1 rnilt.10(),D 01 119 't\0?"{1C11t3 '1311D1CV . t\(l)30'),X01t\3 J\C!)X.11Dax. 
J\(l)l mx. Sl}.X.111"{01.C Sl}.x.m"{(l)l.C0t\On11J\D Slt.1 Sltolt9(),0"{0X.DaD1C Sl}.9ao AcpXaD 
ltoD1D(),D lt.1 131 m1.CD 9rio1Arol.D1AD Ao1 ml. Clori9A Cl01 f,/4oniJvdJ3 lu.011t91~v 
Lt ')El Slt.1 UJ\ px.3 3ri Smori9 Scpx.anm 5DJD300TIOt\ Slt011CD?0 Slt.1 J\O?"{l.C11C3 
·ltoDlDJ;>lDX J\Ul 130C!)J\13Q11£3 
D0 ltoltA9~oro~DAD Alt1 ml. Clori9A Cl01Q3Xo umaxJ..9 H ·S?1DgriClo mAp SltonXoJA3 
Sl}.x.1J..ano113"{ ltoltJ..l}.aox lt.1 ml. 51309001.C(\,Oal.C 10 t\1)3 S9cbDD ltri9x.D TOI\ 13 
J\3Q Sm3AJ;>cbmg Sltcft13"{"{? Slt.1 CTll.9y ·S1309901.en,oa1.e S9alt10Clu '),"{01! 9un 0A9ri 
1Dl/\Olqal 11£3 53J01!0 10 513D(),X01J\3 S9x1J..a(l0113"{ t\'),0"{3101.CD SltonXDJJ\3 Da19ri 
Dl i)l(t V . J\(l)a9cb 5?"{13©0 1DX. J\(!)3aX l}.cbnaJ..mq 'SgAD"{"{DlCD 5'g'X.1AO"{Oaocb Sro 
'Sroo9riri3 1Dl pA.Ltaox DJ\ 1D13J\ JDcb t\(l)30'),X01J\3 J\C!)'X.11DOX. J\(l)l Dril}.ril 9'X.11J\DTIUD 
1DX. DJJ\rocbrino l}.x.J.Dl!(l)a(l3 J\Ul 3TI S91DgriClD 1Dt\ 13 t\3Q ScpcbDD 53J01!0 10 513D9Q11£3 
59x.1J..rol.D~3 91.CD 1DlJ\C!)laD~3 DJ\ 1Dlt\Ot\ 1ncb t\(l)30'),X01J\3 Da19ri DJ\9ri01ao 
·591nn 513D'),X01t\3 10 1D1J\().OA.ltaox 
9uox.o 01ou mA. mx 5ltonX01J\3 5l}.x11nox m1p"{3cbrom 5010u 3TI').OQ DA 
ml. 1DlJ\O~J;>13aX (t01£ DAJ3X3 n13X1010 Dl 13X9aDu J\3Q 5rori9 DJOl!O lt t661/£66l 01 
J\(l)30'),X01t\3 J\C!)X.11DOX. J\(l)l l}.cbDOADlDX Ul(!)a'.1£ u1ri 3/\ 1A.3, ·oq31!11£3 Ot\3TI'),011D'.lt0 
010 1301;>8© 13X9 t\3Q t\(l)30'),X01t\3 J\C!)X11Dax J\(l)l '09TIOl J\010 m3AJ;>cbmg H 
"DJJ\(l)ffiTI(lO l}.XJ.Dl!(l)a(l3 t\Ul 3ri SltonXDJJ\3 5l}.x11uax Slt1 D1lt.191ngrino 
Lt J31DD1.3~3 DJ\ 31.DC!) 513D'),X01J\3 t\C),OA.ltooX ct0'.1£ 59XOD 511 53"{9 91.CD 1Dlt\'),011D'.lt0 
(t01£ DpX1010 Dl D"{9 13~?"-{"{(tD DJ\ ClOXA9"{3 l}.XOD t\U.1 mA. A91DJ\(tQ 1Dt\}3 J\3Q 
So1uril}.10no So1.A9auu (l01 1301;>9 119 S9cbDo 1D13t\ JDcb mx. J\(l)30'),X01J\3 J\C!)X11Dax. 
J\(l)l aoXkn3 (l0t\J)A00 (lOl 53JOOQ01DX1Q 10 1DJ\}3 53101! S9<bDOD 13J\9TIDaDII 
. J\C!)X.1TIOJ\OX1Q no13J..a(lo1£ A (l01 0101D"{l! 010 A,(1J3.0(1,XDU3 MfJXU1JOX t\(01 noXkn3 
(\,QJ\i)J..ao (l01 DJAa(lOl 13"{ lu mA. 53A9t\l)X JOX1Q13 l.tri9xn 1'31011£030 J\ClOX9 J\3V 
·(531030Ul!(l S9x1rioaqnXn1 '53131.0~t\3 'S9ao<ln>13ri '531M0t\10X.11.C3"{Ul ·X·u) 
5DJDDrilto 5l}.x11ro~ 5130l}.013X11.C3 511 S91ctn 91£1) 53A9rio1ao J\~t0J..ano113"{ 5ctOJ01!0 
SClOlD J\ro9rio1 J\(l)l 5ltoroo99ct3"{3 5l.t1 mx Sl.toroaoa1;>1QDt\D Slt1 roo9ri 53ri10cp1g 
5cpx1ao1£ri3 J\'),OlDDlDX DJ\ S91ctD 5130l}.013X11.C3 10 310(!) Soqo9au l}.X11J\Drilto 
J3gronrilto DA J31om30X D0 ·lton3Xcp1u Alt1 mA. D1039orioA lt1 91.CD m1A').oom~ 
'SD1anx10LtJ\aD Driro1Dx1g 13au1mq 5011;ax 01 53J01!o 5110 11S13ol}.a13X1m 
5D10Drilto Sl}.x1A.lt1Da10 .. Zl S3"{"{l/ 10 mx ltolt1ouox11ro1g1 Alt1 91£D ADxlt1013"{XOl!D 
(l01£ .. 5D1DDrilto 5l}.x11ro~ 513ol}.a13X1m.. 6Z 10 'm,1J'Ti(fJ11JX19 ~XU.013"(XOJt1J 
~x1913 3,i S13.of,iJ13X1Jt3 Su 11JX S13.0fliJ13X1Jt3 S3,.09nh9 511 1;aocbD J\ODO, 
·S310Dx1gmg 511 mx Sltoroa1J\9XA(tD 
oXA.3"{? J\01 'S1309am~3 59x1qDrio 511 1;aocbD 11'9, o S?A.oriaDooau 59x1a3ri OAQri 
J\ctOAJA. DJ\ 131.gon ·5n1039orioA 5lt1 l.t01A.J..9ooou Alt1 i)OOcbD Aoo9 S13ol}.1m1£D 
511 9rionfJ O''(l)A3ri 30 JOOU"{l.C n103oono/\ f,X1J1"((1JJt0A.O'TiUA.1J DD(l0'),XD1 H 
M!>xu.:uooih.c Aro1 mx Sh.on11>"91nx Sn.onoX~oi. Shi. hoh,t9101;iv 
"t66 I/£66 l ogo1a3u 
J\Ul ml. 3Xlt1011aD1DX UDClXD1J\3 l}.x11Dax UJ\3ri~>101ffi(l J\Ul mA. UD3QX? lt1cpau D1W 
"l)1t\(r)(hricw UX11>1C(r)(J(\,3 J\Ul Tri SltoClX01J\3 Sltx.11nax 
Slt1 n1lt191n~Jri<t0 lt.1 Soou So> J\(l)3.0l)d)~)10) l}. J\(l)30l}.1oqori(OJ\A 1
UDOQX? J\Ul 
bl}µ6m,a bLOLXl}Ol} xm OL OXE'tLxoi, nagayov-tec; Ou txouv xatavoi}oeL magxwc; tl} 
voµo0eoi,a xm tl}V noA.LtLxi} yu1 tov avtaywvwµ6. 
l:t,µ1t£Q<lOµ<l 
H ngooeyyLOl} tl}c; voµo0wtac; otov wµfo tu:>V avrtµovon(J)ltax,j; noA.L nxi}c; 
:rtQOXWQEL xat6. tg6:rto LxavoJtOLl}tLx6 xm 0a dvm oe 0fol} va ecpagµootd 
µeoong60eoµa. EmnMov, to ygacpdo avtt.µovonwA.LaxiJc; :rtOA.L nxi}c; cpai, VEtm 
va EXEL tLc; 6uvat6t11tec; xm touc; :rt6go-uc; nou cmmt01,vtm yta tl}V mt.BoA.i} tou 
v6µou. Qo,;600, 11 011µavnx6tEQll ng6xA.11olJ ea dvm 11 el;aocp6.A.w11 tl}c; 
ecpagµoyi}c; tou v6µou yu1 6A.ec; nc; £JtLXELQi}oetc;, ouµ:rtEQLA.<1µBavoµtvwv xm -rwv 
A.ey6µevwv EJtLXELQi}oewv twnxi}c; xm otgat11yLx11c; 011µaoi,ac;. 
LtO toµta 1:11c; xearix,j; cviuzvuq; u:rt6.QXEL noA.A.ll 6ouA.EL6. nou :rtQEJtEL ax6µ11 
va yi, VEL, xugtwc; yu1 va 'UJtC1QXEL l} avayxui,<1 6t.acpavet.a, yLa vo.. 
eueuygaµµt.otouv ta ucpwt6.µeva µfaga xganxi}c; evtoxuo11c; µe 1:11v eugwna·(xiJ 
ouµcpwvi,a xm yui va ewmototJV xc1vc)vec; yLa 111v cmotEA.wµatLXll A.EL t01Jgyi,a 
tou ogy6.vou eMyxou twv xgatLxwv Evwxuoewv. Et.6Lx6tega, 11 xataygmpi] tcuv 
evwxuoewv ngrn£L va xaA.u:rttEL tc1 xgatLxa µttga, tn µttga :rtO'\J 0wni,~ovtm 
cm6 JtEQL(f)EQEUlXf<; agxec; 11 tomxec; agxec; 11 µtorn XQ<ttLX,Cl)V :rt6grnv. OL x,uv6vec; 
yt.a nc; xgatt.xtc; evwxuoetc; ngrnet va ecpagµo~ovtm OE 6A.ec; nc; EJtLXELQllOELc;, 
ouµn:EQLA.aµBavoµevwv xm tmv A.ey6µevmv rnLXELQllOEmv ~mtLx.i]c; 11 
cr-tgatl}yLxi}c; Ol}µaotac;. ea XQELUOtEL 011µavnxi} ngoon6.0eLa yLa vu nA.11gouvtm 
OL a:rtm tllOELc; OtOV toµea tOlJ eMyxou t(.l)V x,ganxwv EVLOXUOE(.l)V 
µwong60wµa. 
3.2 K«1.vo'toµi« 
Ko1:vrovi.a trov 1t1.npo(()optrov 
Il<lQOV(J(l )((l'tU(Jt(l(JT) 
OL mxovoµLx.tc; xm XOLV(l)VLXE<; £JtLJttWOELc; JtOU ngotxmt,uv a:rt6 TOV ouv6uaoµ6 
tflc; tE?(VOA.oytac; JtAflQO<POQLWV X,(lL t(.l)V tllAEJtLXOLV(.l)VL(.l)V dvm µeyaA.ec;. Ltll 
LA.oBmda, m 6uvat6tl}tec; autec; nagaµeA.i]011xav JtQLV to 1989, nag6. to yeyov6c; 
6n 6ev. ouvtBll to i,6w yEvLxa µE t11v Exnat6EUOf1. To cmottA.wµa cpai, vnm vu 
ELVUL l} E'X.tLVUsl} tl}c; t11tt1011c; llAEXTQOVLX,(l)V UJtOA.OyLOtWV Ota 'U'4'l1 ntgav t(.l)V 
xavovt.xcbv ngoo6oxtcbv nou a:rtEQQEUV an6 to AEil av6. xecpaA.i]. 0 agt0µ6c; 
twv unoA.oywtwv nou dvm ouv6E6EµevOL µE to INTERNET (1,6 av6. 1.000 
'X.UtOL'X.O'\Jc; ·wv Iavou6.QLO 'tOlJ 1997), me; OXEtL'X.6 µttQO t11c; av6.ntu1;11c; OE oxto11 
ngoc; tl}v xOLvwvi,a tmv JtAflQOcpogtwv, au1;avetm noA.u YQllYOQU, nag6. to 
yEyov6c; 6tL l} IA.oBaxta Bgtoxetm JtEQL:rtou oto µfoo 6go t11c; negwxi]c; xm 6ev 
EXEL ax6µl} EJtLt'U?(EL to µfoo EJtL:rtE60 JtO'U dxav EJtLtUXEL 6uo XQ6VLU JtQLV OL 
xwgec; tl}c; EE. 0 ouvEXLt6µEvoc; exouyxgovwµ6c; tou bt'x,tuou tl}A.e:rtLxOLvmvLwv 
ea ngmeL ouvwµa va agxtoeL va aul;6.veL wv 6yxo 6taBtBaot1c; 6e6oµtvwv, 
ouµn:EQLA.aµBavoµtvou xm tou INTERNET. 
l:t,µrtEQaoµa 
To µtyE0oc; t11c; ayog6.c; ngo wvtrnv texvoA.oyi,ac; nA.11gocpogtwv cmoteAEL 
ev0agguvnx6 oriµdo ·wv avegx6µevou 6uvaµLxou tric; LA.of3axtm; otov toµfa1 
6gao-tl}QLOtiJtwv tric; xmvwvi,ac; JtAllQO(f)OQLWV. Mt.a negwo6tego EA.eu0egri 
ngootyywl} antvavn otnuc; veoewegx6µevouc; otriv ayog(1 -un11gemwv 
58 
6e6oµtvrov 0a µrcogouoe vu EXEL Oenx6 arcottAwµu, uU.l1 to (1mnx6 XLVllt(>O Ou 
etvm m0av6v 11 yewx.6tEQl1 bLa0emµ6t11ta rcgo11yµtvwv urc11gwLwv. 
Exnai.b£uan, xa'tao-non xm v£01,,aia 
Ta 6.g0ga 126 xm 127 t11c; ouvOi\x11c; EK og(touv 6tL 11 KOL v6t11ta crnµ(1<1AA.EL 
OtllV av6.rctus11 rcmbdm; U'\IJllAO'\J rnLJCE()OU 'X,(U £(f)UQµ6tEL JCOAL tL'X.fl 
.ercayyeAµatLxi\c; exm1(beuo11c; µe oxorc<'> vu rc0ocoOi\ou 111v rn0rnmft:xi\ <'>L(101<1011 
t11c; rcm6e{,ac; xm va bLEUXOA'\JVEL 111v rcgooagµoyi\ 0111 (3wµ11xuvta xm t11v 
tvtas11 OtllV ayog(1 egyaotac; µforn JCOAL tLXWV ercayyeAµatLxi\c; EXJCat6e·uo11c;. 
H t::ugrorca·t:xi\ ouµcprov{,a rcgof~HrcEL 111 ouvegyao(u yLa tll f~EAt(wo11 tou 
ercLJCebou tllc; rcmbdac; xm twv rnayyeAµanxwv rcgoo6vtwv. To Aeux6 BLBAto 
6ev JCEQLAaµBa.vEL µttga OE aut6v tov toµea. 
l;uvon-nx11 nEQtYQ«(f)tJ 
OL 6arca.vEc; t11c; LAOBaxtac; yLa tllV JCULOELU avegxovtm OE 1,5% tOU A.Eyx.n. 
AvtLJCQOOOOJCE'\JOUV to 3,2% toU xgatL'X.O'\J JCQOUJCOA.oywµou. 
L'tll LAoBax{,a urcagxouv 150.000 µa011ttc;, 72.500 orcoubaoi:tc; xm 82.500 
E'X.JCUL{)EUt L'X.O L 
To EXJCUL6EU1L'X.0 ouot11µa i:nc; LAOBaxtac; aJCOtEAEL tm (1JCO tl]V rcgwtoBaOµLa, 
6eutegoBa.0µLa xm tQL 10Ba.Oµw rnm1(beuon, ouµrcEQLAaµ(3avoµevnc; i:nc; 
rnayyeAµai:Lxi\c; xatagtwnc;. Ot µetugguOµ(ouc; otov 10µfo tnc; exrcutbnmnc; 
rcou rcgayµatorcmi\Onxav arr6 to 1989 otouc; toµdc; TrJc; rcgrnt0BaOµu.1c; xuL 
6eutegoBa0µLac; exrcat6rno11c; ouµrcegtAaµBavouv tnv abua yLa tbuinLxi\ 
eXJCatoeuon, t11v au1;av6µevn amovoµ{,a tnc; bteu0uvonc; twv oxoAdwv xm tnc; 
tomxi\c; xm JCEQL(f)EQELaxi\c; amobw{,xnonc;, tn µetaggu0µwn twv 
EXJCm6eunxwv rcgoygaµµatwv 'X,UL tl]V au1;non tl]c; btagxurn; tl]c; UJCOXQEWtLXfl<; 
eXJCa{,6euo11c;. L'tll LAoBaxta urcagxouv 14 L6guµa1a 1QL 10Ba0µLac; e'x.rcat6euo11c;, 
( ouµrcEQLAaµBavoµtvwv 3 yw tl]V xat<iQtLO'Y] twv £'x.rcm6rntL'x.Wv), 2 
o-cganwn'x.tc; oxoMc; xm 1 aotuvoµLxi\ axabnµ{,a, ta orcota xgnµatobotouvtm 
6)...a arc6 t11v xuBegv11on. 
To 1990 ouota0nxE tva ouµBouALO tQL toBa.OµLac; eXJCat6euo11c; yw va 
UV'tLJCQOOWJCEUEL ta LOguµata tQL toBaOµLac; ex.rcat6euonc; one; oxfoeLc; touc; µe 
-co Y JCOUQYELO IIm6etac;. 0 v6µoc; yLa tllV tQL toBa.0µLa eXJCaL6rno11 tou 1990, µe 
-cov orcoto :rragtxetm U'lpflA6tegoc; Ba0µ6c; autovoµtac; ota axa611µa·Lxa 
LOQUµata, tQOJCOJCOLf\011XE tO 1996. 0EOOQf\0l]XE EV YEVEL OtL OL tQO:rtOJCOLf\OELc; 
au1;6.vouv 011µavtLxa tl]V EJCLQQOfl tou Yrcougydou Ilmbdw; xm xatarcatouv 
111v axa611µa·t:xi\ eAeuOeg{,a. A varctuooEtm eva vfo ouo111µa rnayyeAµai:txi\c; 
eX:rta{,6euo11c; xm xatagtwnc;. 
To rcg6ygaµµa Tempus EXEL ouµBaAEL Otl]V EJCL tEUsll tWV ot6xwv 111c; 
µetaggu0µwric; 111c; tQL toBa0µtm; exrca(beuonc; xm EXEL 6nµwugyi\oEL 111 Bao11 
yLa tl] ouvegyao{,a µe ta L6guµata tQL toBa.Oµtac; exrca{,beuoric; t11c_; EE. 
Ileg(,rcou to 16,5% tou ouvoALxou rcAnOuoµou t11c; LAoBax(m; dvm µeta;u 15 
xm 25 etwv. Arc6 to 1990, Lbguµatu ve6tntac; tric; LAoBax{,w; txouv 
ouµµe-caox£L one; bgao-cngt6n1tec; t11c; rngwrcubn)c; veoAntac;. Arco to 1995 xm 
59 
e;nc;, Tl OUVEQyaola tO)V vemv t11c; LA0(1nxlnc; EXEL OUµJtEQLArtcpOd Oto 
:rtQ6YQaµµu "Nem yu1 t11v E1,gci>ml". 
l:uµcpmva µE t11v EUQWJCU0L'Xfl ouµcpwvla, EXEL xa0LEQW0Et OUVEQyaola µE t11 
l:11.oBmd,a µe ot6xo t11v cru;rtort tm, Em:rttb01, t11c; yevLxnc; ex:rtalbeuortc; xm tmv 
e:rtayyeAµatL'X.WV :rtQOOOVtWV xm EJtt'X.ELtaL 11 ouµµetoxn t11c; ~11µoxQatlac; tl}c; 
l:11.oBaxlrn; oe xm votLxa :rtQOYQaµµata OE autouc; touc; toµelc;. 
IIQoBH:rtovtm :rteQm teQw µetaQQU0µloeLc; µE ot6xo tl}V :rtOLOtLXfl Behlwort tou 
ex:rtmbEUtLxou ouotr)µatoc; tl}c; l:1..oBaxlac; OE 61..a ta mlrcEba. H xat6.QtLOT1 twv 
ExrtaLbEUtL'X.(l)V ea a.JtOtEAd 011µavtLx.6 OtOLXELO autwv twv µEtUQQU8µlm:wv. 
Me JtQOO:rttLXfl t11v :rtQOOagµoyn t11c; EQYUtLXfl<; buvaµl}c; Otl}V u:rt6 f;EAL;l} 
bLabLxaola 1:11c; OLXOVOµLxnc; avn6Lag0gworic; xm bE6oµtvric; trtc; avayxrtc; va 
e;aocpa11.wOd ri ouµf1at6t11ta twv rcgoturcOJv µe ta ng6rn:rta twv xgatwv µe11.wv 
tl}c; Eugoma'(xnc; 'Evwo11c;, EXEL Oeµ£ALC06l} 011µaola va OUVEXL00el 11 
µEtUQQU8µwri 1:01, <rnotnµutoc; rnuyyEAµanxnc; rnrcalbrno11c;. 
Me triv :rtgo-U:rt60wri 6tL m µEtagguOµlaELc; Ou ouvexwOouv 6nOJc; :rtQoBHrcetm, 
o toµfoc; ex:rtal6rno11c; xm xatagtwl}c; t11c; LAoBaxlac; 0a µnogel va ouµµetEXEL 
:rtAflQWc; one; bg(ww; 01,vegynolac; µe t11v Eugrnmt'(xn 'EvOJOrt. 
E"µ,itQ«aµa 
Me JtQOOJttLXfl tl}V JtQOOXWQTIOTI, 6Ev avaµtvovtm oriµavtLxa ngoB11.r)µata 
otouc; ev 1..6yw toµdc;. 
'Equ,va )((11, nxvo)..oyixn (lV0.3t'tU5t) 
OL DQUOtflQLOtl}tEc; OtOV toµta t11c; EQEUvac; xm tric; texvoAoyLxr)c; av6.:rttusric; oe 
xmvotLx.6 mlrcebo anooxorcouv, 6nwc; ngoBMnetm an6 tl} ouv8r)x.l} xm arc6 to 
:rtQ6ygaµµa JtA.atOLO, Otfl BEA tLOJ011 t11c; avtaywvLOtLX6trttac; t11c; EUQWJta'(xnc; 
Bwµrixavlac;, tnc; JtOL6t11tac; twnc; xa8wc; x.m Otll OtflQL;l} tric; UEL(pOQOU 
avruttusric;, tric; JtEQLBaAAOVtLXfl<; JtQOOtaolac; xm ClAAOJV 'X.OL vwv JtOAL tL'X.WV. 
H EUQwrca·txn ouµcpwvla xm to ng6o0eto JtQOJt6xo1..1..6 trtc; JtQoBMnouv tri 
ouveQyaala OE autouc; touc; toµdc;, xuQlwc; µtow tric; ouµµetox11c; oto 
JtQ6YQaµµa n11.almo. To Aeux.6 BLB11.lo bev neQLAaµBaveL µetQa oe am:6v tov 
toµea. 
Ewo,iuxt) 3t£QtYQ«<pTJ 
H 'UJtflQEOLa OtQUtTIYL'X.11£ yLa triv avarctUsTI 111c; 'X,Ql,VOJVtac;, trtc; E:rtLOtitµrtc; xm 
tric; tE)(VOAoylac; t11c; ~riµoxQatlac; t11c; LAoBaxlac; ntav, an6 to 1995, ri XUQLa 
'U:rtE:U8'UVfl yLa trtV ava:rttU;TI, tO OUVtOVL0µ6 XaL t11V ecpaQµOyl} tfl<; e8VLXl]c; 
:rtoAL nx11c; otov toµea tric; rnwtitµrtc; xm t11c; texvo1..oylac;, a11.11.6., an6 nc; aQxec; 
tou 1997, uneu8uvo eyLve xm :rtaAL to YnouQyelo Ilm6dac;. 0 ortµavnx6tegoc; 
XOQT1Y6c; e;aQt6.tm ax.6µ11 arc6 triv JtQOavacpeQ6µ£V11 un11Qe0la xm A.EL tougyel µe 
Baori trtV UQXll tWV yeVL'X.(l)V 6Laywvwµwv, :rtOU elvm UVOLXtOL oe egeuVrt'tec; JtOU 
:rtgoegxovtm arc6 6Aa -ca 0wµud1 6gyava. H Axa611µla twv rnwtriµwv trtc; 
60 
IAoBmdac;, ta 14 oAoBaxLx.(1 navrnwti)µLa xm ta L votL touta Ecpagµooµtvnc; 
EQEUvac; el vm OL XUQLOL cpogEi.c; otov rnwtnµovLx.6 xm tEXVOAoyLx.6 toµfo. 
OL ouvoALxtc; banavEc; µwi>Onxuv <m6 2,25% tou AEyxI I to 1991 OE 1,04% to 
1995 xm m bnµ6mEc; banavEc; cm6 0,71% tou AEyxn to 1991 OE 0,3% to 1994, 
aAAC1 MO t6tE ausiJ811xav OE 0,51 % to 1996. 
OL YEVLxec; JtQOtEQaLOtlltEc; tnc; xuBegvnonc; OE aut6v tOV toµfo elvm: ll 
xa0LEQC.OOll Ev6c; MOtEAEOµatLxou ouoti)µatoc; xgatLxi)c; Evtoxuonc; xm 11 
aUsllOll tOU µEQL()LOU tC.OV 6anavoov tl]c; eJtLOtl}µll<; 'X.UL tEXVOAOy(ac; OtOV 
xganx.6 ngouno)..oywµ6 OE 1 % rnu AETI. E>eµata µE ngotegm6tnta Ei.vm: n 
µdc.oon tC.OV C1JtaL tl}OEC.OV 6oov U(f)OQU tu; JtQOOtec; '\JAEc; µE tl]V aus11011 tl]c; 
C1JtOtEAEOµanx.6t11tac; otov rnµtu t11c; EVEQyw1c; xm tll BEhwtonotnon tcov 
aygotL'X.WV OL'X.OOUOtllµUtC.OV. 
H taxtLXTJ ouvegyaa(u µE t11v Eugrnnu·Lxi) Kmv6t11n1 <igxwe to 1992 µ£ to 
tQL to ng6ygaµµa JtA(lLCTLO EQ£1JVU<; xm tEXVOAOYLXl}<; o.v6.Jttus11c;. MEXQL oi)µegu 
11 ouvegyao(a ouyxevtgwOnxe x.ugtrnc; oto COPERNICUS (ELfax.6 l1g6ygaµµu 
ouvEQyaotac; µE tLc; XAE xm ta NAK) xm nagaµevu µa)..)..ov xaµ11)..i} yLa 
ouµµnoxit oto 4o ng6ygaµµa n)..a(mo. H LAoBax(a Ei. vm µe)..oc; t11c; COST 
(Eugc.ona·Lxi} Iuw:gyao(a ornv toµea tll<; Emoti}µ11c; xm Texvo)..oyLxi)c; 
'Egrnvac;) xm tou EUREKA (Eugc.ona·Lx6c; Ogyavwµ6c; LUVtovwµou tnc; 
'Egeuvrn;). 
An6 to 1994, ta otatwtLx.a otmxda OE aut6v tov toµfo e(vm ouµBata µEta 
ng6tuna tou OOLA. 
A;toi..oyt)<JTJ 'ttJ; 'tQtxovaa; ,ea'taa't«atJ; ,em 'trov n:goon:u,erov 
H LAOBax(a 6La0etEL eva rnµea egeuvuc; xm UVC1Jttus11c; U'4J11AO'\J eJtLJtebou, 0 
OJto(oc;, A6yc.o tl]c; OUOLaOtLXl}<; µEi.(1)011<; t11c; xuBEQVlltLXl}<; OtT)QLsllc;, 
£sOQ0o)..oyi}Onxe µE taxu gu0µ6. To voµLx.6 xm xg11µatobotLx.6 JtAa(ow yLa tnv 
EQEUVa xm tl]V av6.Jttus11 JtQEJtfL tci)QU va JtayuuOd, Cl)Ote va fftaOEQOJtOL nOd 0 
toµeac; xm va UJtO'X.tl}OfL OUCPll JtQOOJttL'X.l} yu1 µeAAOVtLX.l} avaJttUsll­
KatagtU;ovtm tooga oxe6Lu v6µou YLU t11v EQEUVU xm t11v avaJttUsll- IIQEJtEL vu 
au;118ouv OL Jt6QOL xm vu 6LacpOQOJtOL1100UV Jt£QL006t£QO. 
H auf:;11µevn ouµµetoxn Ota 'X.OL VOtLX.(1 ngoygaµµata ea Bo118i}O£L ot11v 
nayLOJtOL11011 autou tOU toµfo 'X.aL ea ouµBaAEL JtEQLOOOtEQO otnv Ecpagµoyi} 
tC.OV 'X.ULVOtOµLooV OtOV toµfo 111c; Bwµ11xavtac;. 
l;vµntgaaµa 
Me JtQOOJttLXTJ t11v ngooxwg11011, 6ev avaµevovtm 011µavtLxa JtQOBAiJµm;a oe 
aut6v tOV toµea. H JtQOOXWQ110118U rutoBd JtQO<; 6cpeAO<; xm tC.OV 6uo. 
Tni..£n1.,eo1.vrovi.£c; 
OL ot6XOL 111c; JtOALtLxi)c; tT1AEJtLxmvrnvLwv t11c; EK dvm 11 e1;6.AH'4Jll t(l)V 
eµnobtwv yLu tnv cmote)..wµunxi] AH tougytu tnc; evu1tuc; uyoguc; 
'tllAeJtL'X.OLVWVLU'X.O'\J e};OJtAWµou, 1JJtflQEOLWV xm ()L'X,'t'\J(l)V, to avmyµa 1;evwv 
UYOQWV OE 'X.OLVOtLXE<; E'taLQLE<; x.m Tl EJtL 'tEU;ll 6La0eOLµwv OUYXQOVWV 
UJtllQEOLwv yw touc; x.ato(xouc; xm tL<; eJtLXELQi)ow; tnc; EE. Auta 
61 
em tuyxavovtm µfow t11c; evagµ6vw11c; twv ngotimcov xm trnv 6gcov 
JtQOOcpOQac; UJCllQEOLWV' µfoco t11c; aJteA.EU0EQWOllc; t(l)V ayogwv tegµntL'X.(l)V 
ota0µci>v, UJtllQWLci>v xm CLXTUWV xm tll<; mo0fa11011c; twv avayxalwv 
gu0µLOtL'X.WV 'X.ELµevwv. OL ob11ytec; xm OL JtOAL nxec; nou anm touvtm yLa tllV 
rnl tEU;ll tOU at6xou autou EXOUV tE0El OE LOXU, aAAa 11 aJtEAEU0€QCOOll tllc; 
b11µ6mac; t1111.e.cpwvtac; xm l1 AELtougyla tllc; OXEtLxi\c; 1,noboµi\c; 0a avaBA110ouv 
yta EVU i\ buo XQOVLU µeta to 1998 OE OQUJµevu xg<rr11 µeA.11. 
H EUQWna·t:xi\ ouµ<p(l)v(u JCQof1Mnu tll <J'\JVEQY<Wlu µe, ox.om) t11v uvuf-1<10µw11 
t(l)V JtQOt'lJJt(l)V 'X,UL JtQ<l'X.tL'X.O)V µe, Ot6xo ta XOL VOtLX(t rn(nebu (JtOV toµtu 't(l}V 
no11.L ttxwv nou acpogouv nc; t1111.rnLxoL vcovle,c; xm i:a taxubgoµda, t11v 
tUJtOJtOLllOl'), nc; gu0µwttxec; JtQOOEyy(ouc; xm tOV EXOUYXQOVL0µ6 t11c; 
unoboµi\c;. To Arnx.6 BtBAlo wnatetm ot11v JtQootyyw11 tcov xavovwµwv, twv 
bLxtuwv xm twv UJtl')QWLci>v, nou axoAou0Eltm an6 JCEQmtegw Bi\µata yw t11v 
e;aocpa.ALOl'J tl')c; otabtax.i\c; EA£u0egwo11c; mu xAabou. 
l:uvo:rt'tix11 :rtEQtyga.cp11 
Ot tl')AEcpwvtxec; ouvMow; au;i\011xav OE 23,2 ava 100 xatotxouc; oto tEAoc; tou 
1996. l:to tEAO<; tOU 1996 uni\gxav 145.000 aLti\aw; tl')AE(pWVL'X,(l)V OUVC£0£(1)V 
nou bev elxav txavonm110El. H xuBegv11011 oxone.uu va µEtmou tov xg6vo 
avaµovi\c; yLa tllAEcpwvLxec; ouvMow; OE 5 µi\vec; µEXQL to etoc; 2000 xm va 
cp06.oEL otu; 35 01,vbfonc; av(t 100 xurn(xouc; µ£XQL t11v 11µe,goµ11vla a-uti\. 
4 
H JtAewv61111a twv 111ArnLXOL vwvwxwv un11gwui>v nugexovtm <m6 t11v 
Slovenske telekomunikacie (ST) nm, cmotEAEl XQ<1tLx6 µovomi>ALO. En( 101, 
naQ6vrnc;, ngayµatonotel -rm 11 p,Etmgoni} t11c; OE xot vi\ µe,rnxtxi\ etatglct. H 
xuBtgv11011 EXEL avayvwglou (nL Oa a.nm 1110ouv x,e,cpa.Ama tou LOLW'tLxou toµfo 
JtQO'XELµevou va OUVf,XL00£L 11 rntxtaOl') tOU -roµfo 'X,(ll, E;etatEL eJCLAoytc; YLU tllV 
tbLWtL'X.OJtOLl')Ol') tl')<; ST. 
Ba0µ6c elev0eewan, 
H xu(3egvrio11 EXEL avaA6.BEt xa-ra tu; btangayµat£UOEL<; tou TIOE va 
EAEU0eQWOEL to Evanoµevov µovonwAw t11c; Slovenske telekomunikacie (ST) yta 
tr}V tr}Aecpwvta µEXQL tr}v 11} Iavouagtou 2003. Y JtO.QXEL eAeu0egwo1} OE 6Aec; nc; 
6.AAec; un11geotec;, ext6c; an6 tu; EVUAAaxttxec; unoboµec;, xm unagxeL 
avtaywvwµ6c; ex-r6c; an6 t11v 'tllAEELbonol11011, 6nou 11 SP ouyxwve,u011xe 
JtQ6ocpata µe 'tr}V µovabtxi\ · E'tatQla tl1AE£Lbonol11011c;, 11 onola bte0£'t£ we; 
nalQouc; yaAALxlc; xm -roext.xec; e-rmglEc;. MEXQL -ro 1997, uni\gxe µ6vo µLu 
rntxelQl10l1 nagoxi\c; un11gwubv xtvl')ti\c; tllAecpcovluc; (uvaAoytxi\c;), aA11.(t 
a.Qxwav vu 11.et tougyouv to 1996 buo vfo bbttua x,1, v11ti\c; t1111.e,cpwvtac;, tu onota 
AELtOUQyouv µe to vfo naveuQwna·t:x,61P11cp1.ax6 ng6tuno (GSM). 
Ileoaeyyian neoc ro xoi vonx6 bixaw 
0 v6µoc; negl 'tllAEJtLXOLvwvLcov -rou 1964 -rgononmi\011xe to 1962 (an6 -r11v 
JtQWr}V oµoonovbLaxi\ xuBtgv11011) ngoxeLµtvou va bLaxwgw-rouv OL 
QU8µLott'X.ec; A.ELtOUQYLEc; an6 w; eJtLXELQl']OLUXec;. Me nc; UAAaytc; 
xai;aQyi\811xav mta11c; ,;a 0wµtx6. µovonwAta, metg6.n11 11 t.6t.wnxonot11011, 
mt(311.iJ811xav anmi;i)ow; xa-wxi\c; 6.betac; ottc; unagxouoec; rntXELQi\Oetc; xm, µe 
62 
£9 
·SctOXJOlDX 001 Y)I\D l t'o l;tgn"(ltg 'Dl\(l)<D9"(Ul Y)lUA 1X. Y)l(l)"(3<h,ctx. 
OOO"S'l OA9ri AD)Wl;t1m '9661 (l01 SO"(?l Ol~ ·ngoo9 na319001a31C 13DI;tA.act01riltg 
DA 30'),0aol.Cri D8 A(l)J/.O"(OTI11 l\(l)l U01TIQ'),aanl3TI ma911Da31C DJTI 119 
13AXpq 5ltriDA'),Q SI;tx.11onaoA.n 5lt1 OQ31CJ1C3 0.1 "l\(l)X.JOlDX. A(l)l A(l)"(9 ltolt19au1m~ 
Lt p()XC\,3111£3 l)A rnA. l)"(ltrinX l)X1"(0~jib1m Smo1 mA 13 l;tririnaA. l)I\D DQOD9 
~>A 1a3rilto D.l "ACJ>30(tQA31.CJ ltolt1~><.,>0U>riltoX l.ll mA. no9ri na31~>001a31C 130l;tlX.OlCD 
DA (tOA9ri13x.oau ..LS Slt1 Sltolt101.t:OX11C01Q1 S?A.0"(11£3 13~"1)13~3 ltouAa?gctx. H 
"DJQAD"(al I\Ul mx nnnA.01aou AUl 'DQl)"("(3 
I\Ul m}... %t'Z9 oa9 OO?ri DA? 3ri Lt01ax.t.'),O 30 %8£ 30 1Dl3Xa?AD (l0'),1X.1Q cto109riltg 
(1,01 Sltolt1ouo1cblt<h, 59ri9cta O ·139Xct3111C3 DI\ paol.Cri S91ctD SoX910 0 '513D'),QA31C3 
511 13Dl;tlOQ01DriltaX DA paol.Cri UOUAa9gctX lt A009cb3 ·1;t1ctD DJAltrioa3rilt 
AUl 1aX?ri SctOX.JOlDX. 001 'QAD S-£ 30 513D9QAClO 511 130l;t~ctD DA mx. oooz 5019 01 
1aX9ri 531\l;tri s1a30D9l 30 51309QAClO 59X.1/\(l)<D3"(Ul mA. Sl;LAOriDAD OA9ax 01 13Dql13ri 
DA 1Dl38JlOalC ltoltAa?gctx. H "DJQl\ff'(al I\Ul 1"QX DJ"(DA.01aou I\Ul 'DQ'Q''f'(3 
AUl AUl mA. 6"£t (l01 oa9 009ri 01 3rf Lt01ax.A.'),O 30 SctOXJOlDX. 001 r)AD S9rirtDaA. 
s-'£Z 30 £'tl 91CD 3x.lt9l;t~ctn oct1x.1g oA9rilt1031Dx.A.3 01 '9661 cto1 mx. 1661 
Cl01 '),~D13W ·S13"(91C 5110 na311D1Q1 'l\ql103alt1m l\(l)l\9riA.Ltoa1r n1lt19rt1039mg Lt 
9ri9ng O"(Y)A.3ri 30 139ro11 "(39 no '5ltom1"9a31£ Slt1 01Ql)1D 010 13AY)8<D A(l)30l)lDOlCD 
A(!)A 1ax.nri OClU{JQ 01 5(:)0DX. 1DX. 'l\(l)l"9rictaq1 A(!)X110Q01DrfltaX A(!)A031Q 
l\(l)l D13/\r)Q 3ri 1DX. Scponx Ltga9x. Dl Lto9g 3ri Sogo9a1.e U"(l)A.3ri 3x.ltgcp13rflto 
'na3ril;to 1ax?w "l\(J)103altuct l\(l)TI109QD1Q l\(l)l Sn1Lt19101C Slt1 ltom11 "(39 
Lt mx. MD(,l1X.1Q l\(!)XD1/\<0A10X.11C3"(Ul f\(l)109riltq l\fOl 9ri01/\0aXA.(t0X.3 1DX. UDDlX.91C3 
I\Ul mA. l\ro30'),Ql\31C3 Mo1 ltolt~c,m Lt l\n11;t Sltoltl\o9~Jnx Slt1 SoX910 S9x.1ong o 
ffflo901t A 
·SctOXJOlDX. Sno1 Sct0"(9 mA. 53J03auun A(to~al)lC(l DA ClOA9TI13X.oa1.e 
SI;tx.111"(01£ na19ri l\'),080D13aX D8 'lt<h,01£1") 1;tx.1riol\OX10 91CD 5~noma0,3 oa319A. 1"( 
1DI\ 13 (1,01£ S9X01a31r 30 1D13/\ J31X31C3 OCllX.JQ 01a'),x 01 Scp9n)I . AmpA.acto1£ct 
O'),Q '),~D13ri l\(!)10(l0~3 f\(l)l u03a1mg Ul 91CD 1D13/\ 1Da3Xong l\(!)TI11 l;tx.111"(01£ 
Lt 119 S9AOA.3A. 01 Y)aD1£ pgXn3111C3 13X? f\(l)JA.O"(OTI11 l\(l)l l;LA.ortanooalCDADlC3 H 
·AmX010 
l\(l)l ltoma1;t"(1£X.3 I\Ul mA. n1lt19ADX1 1;tx11ltx.101g SI;txaDlC3AD 13Xar;mt DA 1D13AJD<D 
mx. 1;tA.aD I\Dll;t D9TIOl no1 5DJ0300riOA SD9/\ Slt01cbl;t<h, Sogo9a1r Lt 'DJOltlaD~3/\D Lt 
3ff'{l;t1C3 (l01£ 3191 91.t:V ·rnt.91ori11 DA9rt01ao 13DJrigcta no 0)01£0 01 'A(!)X.1TIOAOX.1Q 
(lOJ3AOCl01C A (lOl 1l)X A(J)1/\(l)I\ 10X11C3"(Ul l\(!)103altuct l\(!)X.D13a3cb1a31£ A(l)l 
'ACJ)11\0)I\ 10X.11C3"(Ul SnJ030UlC(l Slt1 'l\(J)1A(r)I\ 10X11£3 mx. l\(!)aocJmnw ClOJ3A.aaoir A 
(lOl : M!)TI011\I)A00 1\(001)0.031 (t~l>13ri I\Cl>ll;t101au10naq Acpx.1101rtocta A(l)l 
l;triOM)ll>X. I\Ul nun~JoolC 'Sltouor)ll>X 01Ql)10 010 So1A9an1.e no1 JlC3 1Dl3X.0Jag 
DJOlCO Lt 'nJ.03()0TIOI\ l;trnn r>9/\ H "dS Slt1 ltolt101.eox.1wnq1 AUl 130l)TI10130a1£ 
nA mt. L66 I 01 53JMOMOX.11CJ"(ltl 511 3ri l)X113Xo n1,mooriol\ n?A 1Dl3A9rinAy 
·1;tx.111101.e 1;tx.1101AmA.n1AD Alt1 ScpXct11m J3901013Xmg 
DA ltoltAa9gctx. Lt 1309ao1Cri DI\ mx Ol\9TIU1X.3X. 01 soair ltomcba9riricto 13~al)1£(l 
DA ClOA9TI13X.oa1.e 'A(!)1ACOA10X.11C3"(U1 ltoua13X1m 3101£l;tqmo1.eo 91CD Sl;LX.111"(01£ mx. 
5DJ.03()0TIOA Sltoua~nnx. (lOTI01AUA.ao (t01 S9ri01omXrng 5oa319x.11nriD3"(3101CD 
SD/\9 138DD13aX D0 ·po.ooriaDcb3 DI\ 13/\9TI01CD '5101(),011\3 'DJ01£0 Lt 'Sltoma99a3"(3 
l;tx.111"(01£ DJri 130l;t13801Cl DI\ l;tl\DX.1 Ul09lDX. ltOltAa9gctx. Lt '91ctD 01r9a1 AOl 
A vraywvwnx6rm:a rov roµta 
To 1995, urc11Qxav 13,7 urcaA.A.l)AOL avc1 1.000 YQ<1µµtc; oe ouyxQLOTl µe tvu µcoo 
6Qo 6,2 yLa tl)v E11.11.aba, tl)V IloQtoya11.La xm tl)V IQAavbLa, xm oL vfoL 
auvbQOµl)tec; btQEJtE va rtEQLµtvouv 1,5 XQ6vo rtEQLrcou yw tl) ouvbw11 touc;. 
Y rcaQXEL tvac; µeya11.oc; UQL0µ6c; m t11oewv tl)AeqKovou rcou bt::v txouv 
Lxavorcml)Od, xm ux.6µl) xm µ£ tov <Jl)µegw6 '''l'Tl"-6 gu0µ6 ercextuol)c; tm, 
bLxtuou, Ou XQEU.10001,v µEQLX<l nx6µl) XQOVLa JtQLV vu bu1te001,v oto xm v<> 
Bamxtc; tl)AE<prnvLxtc; UJtl)QECTLec;. Tu toobu uvc1 y0uµµ11 (JtEQLn:01, 264 ECU) 
Etl)oLwc; to 1995) d vm xovt(1 oto xuµl)A.6tEQO 6(_)LO mm XQEL6.~etm rcgoxuµtvou 
va e};aacpa11.wO£t 6n to bLxtuo µn:ogd vn 11.utougyi]ou rnc; rnLxegb11c; ertLXeLQl)Ol) 
JtUQEXOVtac; tau16xgovu UJtl)QWLec; n:goc; 611.01,c;. H Cl)µ6ma ertLXELQl)Ol) 
tl)AeJtLXOLVWVLWV 0a XQELaoOd va ngayµatonoL 'flOEL mxovoµLt::c; eav 0EA.EL va 
eLvm avtaywvLOtLXfl. Ecp6oov Tl mavan:gooaQµoyr) twv tLµo11.oyLwv ouvt::xw0d 
xm auvexLoeL va au};avetm xm Tl mxovoµta, o toµe.ac; twv tl)AertLXOL vwvLax.wv 
UJtl)QEOLWV Sa rtQEJCEL va µ:rtOQEL va avtLµetwn:LoEL tl)V JtAflQTl e11.eu8tQWOl) to 
etoc; 2003. 
:Evµn:tgaaµa 
H LAoBaxLa n:agouoLa~EL OQLOµtvec; buoxo11.Lec; we; rtQoc; tl)V tr)Ql)Ol) tou 
XOL VOtLXOU XEX.tl)µe.vou µEOOJtQ60wµa, 11.6yw tOU 6tL UJt<lQXEL UVEJCUQXr)c; 
bLOLXlJtLXfl Lx.av6tl)ta yLa tl) 0fomol) xm ecpaQµoyr) vtac; voµo0eoLac;. IlQbtEL 
va rnLteux0d µeya11.utEQT1 avtaywvLOtLXOtl)ta tl)c; bl)µ6mac; ertLXELQl)Ol)c; 
tl)AEJCLXOL vwvLwv JtQOXELµe.vou va JtQOOeAXUOEL ercevbuow; xm va 
JtQOEtOLµaoOd yw. tov avtayrnvwµ6. 
On:uxoaxovauxoc; 'toµtac; 
To xexr:17µtvo otov toµta twv OJttLx.oaxouotLxciJv µfornv EXEL we; o-r6xo, oto 
JtA.aLow tl)c; EOWteQLXr)c; ayoQac;, tl)V JtUQOXfl EAEU0eQl)c; {)l,UX,( Vl)Ol)c; 
OJttLXOUXOUOtLXWV UJtl)QEOLWV £Vt6c; tl)c; EE xa0wc; xm tl)V Jt(>OW0l)Ol) tl)c; 
Bwµl)xavLac; EUQwna·Lx.wv JtQOYQaµµatwv. H obl)yLa yLa tl)v tl)Ae6QaOl) xwQLc; 
OUVOQU, l) OJtOLU EcpaQµO~etaL OE 611.ouc; touc; ffta0µouc; EX.JtOµrti)c; UVe;<lQtl)tU 
art6 tov tQ6Jto exnoµn:i)c; ( eb6.cpouc;, boQucpoQLxoL, xa11.wbLaxoL) i) tl)V LbLWtLxi) i) 
bl]µ6ma XQflOl) i:ouc;, JtEQLA.aµBavu to xexr:17µtvo mn6, 0hovtac; Bamxouc; 
xav6vec; JtOU acpOQOUV tLc; ()LUOUVOQLUXEc; exrcoµrcec;. Ta XUQL01EQU Ol]µeLa El.VUL 
Tl e;aa¢11.wl) tl)c; e11.eu8EQT1c; bLaxL Vl)Ol)c; twv exrcoµrcwv tl)A.E6Qaa11c; ata XQCltl) 
µeAl), 11 JtQOciJ811aT1 i:l)c; JtaQaywyr)c; xm Tl bLavoµi) EUQWna·t:xwv 
oni:Lxoaxouonxwv EQywv (µE i:ov xa00QL0µ6 µtac; eA.6.XLOtl)c; avaA.oyLw; XQ6vou 
exrcoµni)c; yLa EUQwna·t:x.6. EQYU xm EQYU an6 ave};6.Q111touc; rtaQaywyouc;), o 
xa0oQwµ6c; Bamxwv JtQOtunwv otov i:oµta tl)c; bLacpi)µwl)c; µfow tl)AEOQUOl)c;, 
Tl rtQ6BAe'4Jll JtQOotaoLac; twv avl)11.Lxrnv xm Tl rcagoxr) bLxaubµatoc; anavtl)Ol)c;. 
H EUQwna·Lxr) ouµcpwvLa JtQOBAmeL ouveQyaoLa otov toµea tl)c; JtQociJ0l)al)c; xm 
tOU eXOUYXQOVLOµou tl)c; OJtLLXOUXOUOtLXT)c; Bwµl)xavLac;, xm tl)V EVUQµOVLOl) 
QU0µLOtLXWV aJtO'\lJEWV tl)c; OJttLXOUXOUOtLX.'flc; JtOAL tLx.r)c;. 
Ot ob11yLec; oxettxa µe tl)V tl)AeOQUOl) XWQLc; ouvoga anote11.ouv µetQO tou 
oi:abtou I oto Aeux.6 BtB11.Lo. 
64 
l:UV01C'ttX1] 1CEQL'YQ(l(f)1] 
To voµLx6 JtAULOLO yLa tov oJttLxoaxouonx6 toµta xa0ogi,tnm an6 tov 
o)...of3axLx6 v6µo JtEQL tl}Ae6gao11c; tau 1991 x.aewc; xm to v6µo 
ga.6LOtl}AWJttLxwv ex.noµnwv tou 1991. Me tov ngwto v6µo xatagyei, tm to 
xga.tLx.6 µovoJtWALO x.m JtEQLYQ6.cpovtm m Bam.xoi, x.av6vec;, 6Lxmwµcna xm 
xavovwµoi, yLa tLc; exnoµnec; x.m touc; otnOµouc; cx.noµmi>v, evci> o be1ne0oc; 
v6µoc; ngoBMnu tl} 01mtcw11 crnµf~ou)...i,01, QH<'>LOtl}AWJttLx.ci>v ex.no~mci>V, 10 
onoi,o rutocpuottu yw. tLc; M>nec; mn, xo011yo1,vtm Oto'oc; Q<1<'>LOtl}AEonnxo1,c; 
Otaeµouc;. 
0 f3a.0Lx6c; tl}AWJttLx.6c; otaeµ6c; ei, vm 11 o)...of3ax.Lx.i) tl}AE6gao11. 
Meta triv x.a.tagyriori tou x.ganx.ou µovomuJ..tou yLa. triv na.gaywyi) xm bLa.voµi) 
tmvLwv, agxwav va bgaotl}QLOJtowuvtm µLx.goi, LbuutLx.oi, nagaywyoL O 
toµfoc; 6Lavoµi)c; JtEQLAaµBaveL 6Lacpogec; nmgdec;. 
0 onnx.oux.ouotLx.6c; t0µfoc; Otl} 2:Aof·~uxi,u ngoom10d vu cmoxutaatuOd µnet 
an6 oriµavnxic; uvm;agaxtc; xu16. 10. ng6oq)(nu fari, xm XUQUKtl}QLtnm an6 
gaybai,a 6.vobo xm ouvexi) a)...)...uyi). H Lx.nv61rita rnu vu ngooxwgi)ou oto 
xexrTJµtvo ngounoefaeL avaf3a.eµwri 1ric; Lx.av6'tritac; tric; BwµrJxavtac; 
nagaywyi)c; ngoygaµµatwv ngox.ELµtvou va avtLµetwJtLOEL tu; OrJµavtLxtc; 
JtQOX.Al)OELc; ev6c; ngooagµooµtvou gu0µw1Lxou nAmo(ou. 
H o)...of3ax.Lxi) ontLx.oaxouotLx.i) voµoewi,a bev d vm JtAl)QWc; ouµf3ati) µe tu; 
cmmti)oeLc; tric; EE. Ilagaµtvouv eAAEL'\!JELc; ornv rnµfo trJ<; ngowerJoric; 
E'UQWJta·cx.wv EQYWV, tWV avesaQtl}tWV nagaywywv x.m twv ng6ocpatwv EQYWV, 
otov x.a0ogwµ6 twv eugwna·cx.wv tgywv, twv µeµovwµtvwv bLacpriµwnx.wv 
orcotc; xm Oto JCEQLEX6µevo tric; 6Lacpi)µwr]c;. 
Tgononmi)oeLc; tric; voµoewtac; Bgtox.ovtm twga om otabLo trJ<; outiitrJOllc; µe 
tri LAof3a.x.Lxi) KuBegvriorJ. 
:Evµ,,tiQ«aµa 
Anm tEL tm JtAl}QEOtEQrJ rc)...11gocp6QrJOll oxetLxa µe tr] voµoeenxi) x.ataotaOrJ. 
EvtoutoL<;, ecp6oov Al)cp0ouv ta uvayx.ai,a voµoOetLx.a µfaga agx.et6. rnay6vtrnc; 
xm ecp6oov ouvobeuovtm an6 nc; avayx.ai,ec; 6Lagegwnx.ec; ngooagµoytc; tl}c; 
f3wµ11xavtac;, ei, vm AoyLx.6 va avaµEVetm 6tL 11 LAoBaxi,a ea JtQEJCEL va µnogei, 
va t'YIQr)OEL nc; 'X.OL VOtLX.Ec; anm tl)OEL<; OtOV OJttL'X.Oa'X.OUOtLX.6 toµfo 
µeoongoeeoµa i) µaxgon:g6eeoµa. 
3.3. Otxovoµtxi; X(U bt]µoawvoµtxi; un:o0iat:t; 
01,xovo1ux11 xm No1ua11a-nx11 'Evroan 
'Otav l} LAOf3axi,a ea JtQOOXWQl)OEL, ea EXEL aQXLOEL 10 tQL to O'tO.bLO tl)c; ONE, 
JtQayµa n:ou ea 011µaLvEL 011µavnx.tc; aAAayk_, yLa 6)...a ·m x.gatri µt)...ri, 
ouµnEQLAaµf3avoµtvwv ex.ei, vwv nou bev ea ouµµntxouv oto Eugw. 'OAa ta 
X.Q<l'tl} µ£A.fl, O'UµJteQLA.aµf3avoµ£V(l)V "t(l)V VEWV, 8a ovµµe'tEXOUV JtA.l)QW~ O'tflV 
OLxovoµLxi) x.m Noµwµanxi) 'Evwori. Ot mx.ovoµLx.tc; touc; noA.Lnxtc; ea 
65 
99 
J\3Q 119 131\JDrilto (tol! nriJ.1;au l}.1J.(l M)l.l}. Sn1x.ngo"'(~ Slu Sn11nax.oriltv 
Slu l)X1rioJ\01ooriltq Dl 1/f'(.D 'ltxl},9J\etO lt1 3ri S~nDgrietD mi\ p DJ\ 01 91m 
')."(.O'.1£ M.oX9iro DJ\ J\').08etO"(.OXD~3 SD~ltl)OJ.. Sµx101J\3)I J031.C etori9J\ 0,01 S13~l)lD1Q 
10 · "-(!)TI11 SD1lt.19039D10 50,009 30 DlJ\l)lC J\D19et3J\ltrio3 91etD l)"(."(.D 'So1Drio1rioA. 
').O'X1XDgO"(.D ClOl DlU19038DlO lt.1 1301"(.D©OD~ DA. 1DA. 13 5D~3'.ltl)OJ.. Sµx101A.3)1 Slt.1 
5D1AOO.Ol 13"(. 9rio1A.OA.DX 1\.01 3TI DA.(l)©TI').0 Sl11 SoX910 0 ·Sµx111''{01.C Sµx11nri01rioA. 
Slt.1 ltolt.XOl) A.Ul 1DX l},1ltx101q ClOl ').OTID100 DJODX1QD1Q Ul 5001.C Sro ltolt.A.a9go.x 
Alll 91.CD lt1lt1ol)~"-D 9ri9Dg O"'(l)J..3ri 3D 1DJ\ 13 5DJXD90"{~ Slt1 n~ltl)OJ.. µx101A.3)I H 
A(!>XU.uooo:u Aroi. rnx 5hom.o~i.nx SnonoX~oi. Sh1 hoh"'-9101~v 
·Sltolt19qoriroA.J.. Sno0,oan1.e 
Slt1 nm"(_l)©3X DA.3ri').0J..uoa1.e n10 ltqµ A.Dxltgc,t "(.DAD Sn1xngo"(.~ Slt1 Soqo901£ 
lt 1DX UDDlDl)lnX µx1riOA.O'X10 H . My>"(.O\-JD13TI Mpx11roo0omq l)OOA.D A.Ul 5001.C 
A.(l)A.9TID1"(.0lDA.D0001.C J\(l)l mx Slt01rioc,toon13ri Sµx11nrilt.10Clo Slt1 ltorool}-"(_XO"(.O 
SµXet11m lt DJODrilto µx11omo(to 13X9 119 13J\qlmg3g1m 910, y ·ltol)g ltri1A.9ri 
30 1DX Sroo1nxJ..3 J\').Oalt"(.1£ Dl DJ\ U"(.?ri Ull)OX D9J\ Dl 131qa1r 1DX D1lt19039n10 Ul 
soau 53A.9TI01"(_01DA.DD0a1£ 5?X111'\~01.C S9X1TIOA.OX1000XDri D1A Sl)OO©DA.D npX1010 
l)X10Dg A.ClOA.9TIDOD1.C l)lClD mol}-1 ,ax Dl '33 J\UlO 139Xn1A.3 DA. D1A lt.03991.en,001£ 
J3"(.3101£D A.3Q Slt01"(.XA').0 rnol},1 ,ax Dl 3TI DJA.rocbrieto Ul C!l"-3 ·Ltolto(!)X0001£ 
A.lt.1 l)lDX 13"-JDgrieto DA.. 910,D 01lt11Doniro m"' 13 "-3Q 0,011: 019on1r 'D1xngo"(.~ 
A.Ul 91£D 1D1J\').Oalt"(.1.C DA. 131qal.C D0 Slt.01'1(.XA').D D101},11ax Dl '3NO Slt1 cwX910 
0,01 µXoqoiro A.lt.1 m13J..l)l.C3A.eto ltoroA.3, l},xJ.n1.erooCl3 A.lt.10 lt~Dl"-? Lt 119 etoA.9riog-av 
·139010D<hoiro DA. m1 nx9a1.e ClOlC ').OTI01A.DXltri 
o,ow1u 010 S31ri11001 Seto1 s9x11Drito11D"-Clo s11 A.etool}-101eoa3 8n10 D"-uo?e 
30 1DJ\T3 DA. mx So1A.009<hmqA.3 ').OA.1ox Dri?O Sm µx111101.e 50,01 l}-x11DriJ..D"(."(.DA.etO 
Ul A.ClO~J1£m13TI11A.D l)A. 131£?01.C lt"(.?ri Ull)OX Dl D"'(9 'Soyu. ·D9rio1 9x1~31CD01 
1\.010 11"-WJ3A.DQ J\ql"(_l)d)01l!3 .. A.(l')l milt"(.g901.C 01 mx M!)OOA'D J\(!)X1TIOA.OX.1001DriltoX 
A.ml Slt~o.11.n)J\D Ltch,13"(."(.? Lt 'n9rio1 9x1~31CD01 A.OlD c,t0rio1MnJ..n1J\D ltch,13"(."(.9 Lt 1DA.T3 
Sm1r9 'Sµx111"(.0lC Sµx11nri01rioA. Slt1 D1lt19x11nrio3"(_3101ID A.lt1 J\Cl0~1QO'.l.Cri30D1£ 
ClOlC 101\ J3X3 5311\.0A.l)amc 10 A.').01011.C(l)l3ll11A.D DA. 310(!) A.(t0101X3A.Cl0 DA. 131.C?01£ 
Sno1ri9etoon13ri 10 'oJ.9"'( 01 91m) , 1J ·Sn1rioJ\OX10 Slt1 DOJDCDO µx11Drit.Da1£ 
A.lt10 A.m1l)ri019303 ltooql)13ri lt10 .. l;lx11nrio3'1(_3101.m .. 1D"-13 DA. 131£?01.C mx l)OOJ..D 
A.UlD 1D1A.O~JDDg ClOlC D09ri 3TI 1D13~QTIODCb3 DA 131qa1£ l},X111"(_01.C l},X11DTI01TIOA 
H . A.qlri11 A(l)l D1lt1903QD1D lt1 0X910 9x1XOD1(001C Sro AetOX? DA 1DX S31u1al)~3AD 
1DA 13 DA. 131£?01.C DO 53~3'.ltl)al SClOl S9X101J\3X 10 ·Ltol)g UA9TI01001031C 30 (J..)1~3) 
A.ql~31£DOJ.. A.q)X101A.3)I DriltlO').~ 9xJ.D1Croaet3 010 J\etOX913ririeto DA 1DX l}-x111"(.0lC 
µx11DriD1riOA. A.Cl009rioD<h3 DA. lto?e 30 1DA. J3 D0 q)Oct3 010 A.ClOX913riricto ne A3Q 
(\Olt U"(.?ri Ull)OX DJ.. ·Ss31etD S9X111"(.01£ 5110 A.m30JTI0ct00D13TI Aq)X1l(l)Oeamq A.ml 
ltoClXDJA3 130µ1 m1CD ne etou nriA.l)OlC 'µx111101e µx11nriJ..D"(."(.DActD mx l}-x11nrio1rioA 
lt.10 UO(l)J\3, l}-XJ.D1Cmoo.3 A.Ul 3TI DJODA.03J\ct0 ua319A.310 131\. JDrilto ltoltoq)Xooon 
· A.roJD"(.DCD3X SltoltA JX Slt1 Ltoroo99ct3"(.31£D A.U1130q)OU "(.XO"(.O J\ctOX9 
DA. mx DA.DJ..09 l)X110qo1nril.toX n10 J\(!)Xon A.mJoortl.tq A.m1 ltongo901e l}-xmrioAoou 
J\Ul mx 53~'.ltl)al S9X101A.3X 511 91.CD D9TIOl ClOJDOriltq Cl01 So1nririJ3"(."(.3 
0.01 ltolt19qo1nrtltoX U03lll) A.ltl A.Cl.Och, J3"(.DlDXA3 DA. 'Slt~Cllltl)AD 1DX Sn1lt.19039n10 
OJ\(l)©TI(\.D 01 A.').OOUl DA 1Dl J3l 1D1ID D0 ·(So1DririJ3"(."(.3 (l.OX1''{0go:mo. 
DJODX1QD1Q 'DJ311£01.C3 Sl}-03TICl"(.OlC 'S9ririDOA 5310l}-1A.ct0Cl31DX Ss3x1riOAOX10 
Spdmo · 'Slt.011xt.c,tn n1nrirtl,)at.oau l,)X1A.Q3) My>x111'1(_01.C A(!)X1ri0Aox10 J\ml 
()TI01A01Act0 010 J\etOXJl3ririao no mx SOlJ\OO~d>mQA.3 (tOA.10X Dri?e A.(l.0"(.3101.CD 
L9 
Aroa9d) A(l)l 1DX. SDJ~D SltA3TI?01100foc (loa9cb (l01 D9rio1 AOlO DJ0300TIOA 
U.A?ri01i\oriaDA3 i\U.l.D Sm1a(lx. 1n1Dl.D1A(lD Sn1A.01oaocb Slto3riri? Oi\9TIU.l'X.3X. oi 
0DlDriµ10(lO l)X.'lt\O''{Oaocb 1)X.'lA03 DlO ltoro11qm ua31c,ta(l3 A(lOX9 )13 
SltxµeA(l~ Slt1 53Ja3e(l3"{3 s1a300'?11Q 0(l0JD"(Dcb3X. 1DX. A(!)13a1Dl3 Aroa9cb S13cf\9m> 
53A9ri01ao Sro1a(lx. l)aocbD Sn1A.01oaocb Slto3ril) Slt1 D9rio1 AOlO OA9rilt1X.3X O.L 
l>JAO"!OOO(J> 
·Sl)aoA.D Slt1 SDJriOAOX.10 Slt1 
maµ1 ,ax. Dl 3rl DACOcbric,to '139roa9amqnAD DA SD9rio1 S9x.1~31CDa1 0 1DX. )13 Sl.t.1 
53A9ADX. Sno1 3rl µ1Dgri(lO scoaµyu 1DA 13 DA SD~lCl)a.L Sµx.1a1A3)1 Sl.t.1 DJ0300riOA 
Lt J3X.aD 'Drio399auoo3ri Dll)TIµ"(goau 130'?0 D0 A3Q (!)aet3 010 DO(lOX913ririno ltri 
Da(!)X Seo 3NO Slt1 01ql)10 011a1 010 5DJ1Dax.orlltv Sµx.1x.DgO"{! Slt1 µXo13ririno H 
·Ltolta(!)Xooau AUl mA. lto399un,oau J3"(310l!D A3Q 0091oro 
ctOlC DriA.l)alC '5lt01"{X.A.c,to maµ11ax. DlO µXo13riri(l0 uaµ"(lC AUl 1DX lt~ct31 J1C3 Altl 
µ1DM,Q M,Ooµ10DlDX D0 CtOlC 591ogD13ri S9X1lroa9am9 10 A0.00(!)13rilto D0 Cl.OlC 
D1X(l111£3 AUl 91CD J39Lt1aD~3 D8 91etD ·(!)a(l3 010 13X913ririeto DA 'Slt~DlA9 Stu nacp 
Lt 1301)8cb D8 AD19 'lto99 30 1DAJ3 D8 D1XD90"(! Lt Al)3 3TICtOA1aX DA 5JaCOA 1Di\J3 
nrlono~:amC\~ 
·SoX910 Sro 13831 
ADXp (lQ]! Aro1ao l\(l)l S91A3 µa39D10 13A9riDaD11: So1DriAl)"("(DACtO µri11 Lt '£661 01 
911:v ·n1ri11001 µx.1a1A3X. AUl 91m roac,tA. So1nriA.l)"{"{DA(lO A(!)ri11 A(l)l SltoAnric,tx.mq 
ma(!)0'la31! Dl l)X.D'lQDlO 3A(la~l31Q Sxnx.ngo"{& Slt1 D~31!l)a.L µx.1a1A3)1 Lt '9661 
01 'So1nr1µax Sr)aocbooau Slt1 Sltolt~c,tD Slt1 (t0XA.913 D1lt191DA(lq Lt1 OA(lQA JX. 30 
30309 (lOl! c,tOTI013ADQ c,tOX.'la31(l)~3 (l01 Sltolt1l)aX.A.(lO D'l3Ql)l!Ooau DJri 3! 0DJTI110D1 
µx.1a1A3X. 91!D roac,tA. SltOADric,tx.mq ma(!)0'la31! 3TI Dri01ri9A OA9ri1ax.3XA(l0 ltol)g 3TI 
5DJTI11001 Slt1 9rl01a01qooa11: i\.010 1D13~Jalt10 So1DTIAl)"("(DA(lO (l01 Sq>l038DX OJ. 
. A(!)aOA.D A(!)X11C01011!01DriltaX AC01 lt~CtllCl)AD AUlO ltoua;11o(l9Dx. D101C1)X 5ltOJ1C3 
1D13~l)'l0(l0aD1! mx l)X11DTI03"{3101!D 1DlA0~9riaDcb3 A3Q ltoet3X(!)11! 53JODX1QD19 
10 'A09"(1!11!3 ·m3Al)Q µ"{Dcb011C3 1)"{"{01! 91!D 1D13Ac,taDg11C3 µ1etD 3Q UOD101)1DX 
Lt 'D9TIOl QX'l~3m>a1 So17;>ax 01 Ql!D OA3ric,toXamam< 9X.1101ACOAD1AD ltri ADA? 9m> 
m13~Jqol!ri3aD11: Sµx.1111011: Sµx.11Dri01rioA Slt1 D1lt19x11Dri03"{310l!D H ·l)"'{ltcf\et 
l)X113XO 1DA J3 mx911m l)X.1~31!Da1m9 Dl '5(!)1£3A(l& 0 A(l)30?0D1DX SD9XoaD1C 
5DA9 OA9ri nXal)l!Ct Cl.01!9 'l)aoA.D µx1~31!Da1mq lt10 5D1lt1910et3a D1DririJ3'f(3 
l)aDgoo 30ltA.ac,t01rilt9 91et V . M030Ac,t "{OXCt31Q A(!)X11(l)1011! l\011Al)l! A(l)l C009TI 
A(!)~31!Da1 ACOl Ltolt19qo1DrlltaXDAD AltlO 01a9 SD1Ao~1ao9Dx. mx l)X11DTI3801!D 
l)X.11(l)3aXo1C(l Dl 5DlAOAl)~(lD 'DJTI11001 µx1a1A3'X AUl Ql!D roac,tA. A(!)1TI11001 
A(!)X.'llDTIAD"("(DACtO A(l)l 5ltOADTI(t'XD1Q ma(!)Q1a31! Dl 5D1AOAc,ta(l31Q '9661 01 
30Daq~l1Al> D~31!l)a.L µx.1a1A3)1 H ·(c,tori01acnolt"{1! (,tO"{ltrinX (l01 roA.9"{) A(l)JX.0111!3 
Al!>X'llmiA.UOl! M!)X.113() SµAorinAn Slt.1 rnx. Sµriu Sµx.unriA.n"{"{l'>A(tO sµa3QD10 
c,toriorntqMtD (t01 mA.9"{ AQ0"(30Dl! 010 SO"{OX.O(l9 l)'X113XO Al>lµ So1Driµax 
Sl)aocbooau Slt.1 SoXA.3"{? 0 °966 I 01 OAQri l)aoA.D Altl soau DA9riO'l'1{01DADOOa:u 
D09TI J310l!OrholtaX DA 301Xal) 5DJXD90"{! Slt1 D~31£l)al. µx1a1A3)I Lt 119 
3TICtOOJririnaA.o1Cet DA 1311:?alC CtOl! 0"{9am.c 'DQ31!J1C3 mcbµcf\OAOTI 30 c,tori01aro9lt"'{1£ 
(l01 ltOCOJ3ri lt10 µx11Dri03"'{3101!D l)13X.aD ADlµ µx111"'{01! µx11Dri01rioA H 
·Da3rtlto 
10X;,ni ,,tori01A.O"{Ol!{\001! ,t01 AO)ll)Tiri13"("(3 ltolt19qo1nriltoX Lt _3x.lt9µ101£ori10Ltax 
,<.a-cav6.Ac.oortc;. L, uut6 Jt£QLAC1f.t{V1vnm 11 Elf)UQµoyi} ev6c; µrt O<.oQ£1nLxo1, 
yevLxou cp6gou mt trtc; xatava).,c.oartc; (<l>IIA), o onotoc; ELOJtQUttetm OE 6).,a ta 
ata6La nagayc.oyi}c; xm OLavoµi}c; aya8wv xm UJtl}QEOLWV. Aut6 artµatveL tort 
cpogo).,oytxr) µetaxetgwri tc.ov eaootEQLXWV xm µri eaootegtxwv auvaAAaycbv 
(ewayc.oyec;). To xextl')µevo tou <l>IIA JtEQLEXEL rnlartc; µetaBattxec_; gu0µtoeLc_; yLa 
tl} cpOQOAOyla tOOV ouva).,).,aywv oi:riv EUQWJta0L'X.l] 'Eve.oar} µeta;u 
q>OQOAoyouµevoov. Ltov toµea tu>V cp6Qoov xatav6.Aworic;, to xExtriµtvo JtEQLEXEL 
EVUQµOVLOµevec_; q.>OQOAOyLxEc; 6oµec; xm EA<lXLOta JtOOOOt6. 6aaµwv µu~(, µ£ 
xoL vouc; xav6vec; oxenxa µe i:rtv xai:oxi} xm 6Luxt vriari eVaQµovwµtvwv 
cpogo).,oyouµevoov aya0wv, auµrceQLAaµBavoµevric; n1c; XQitoric; cpogoA.oyLxwv 
aJto8rtxwv). A6yoo tric; 0eomartc; trtc; evLalac_; ayogac;, 6AOL OL cpogo).,oyLxot 
EAEYXOL iwv eaootegtxwv auv6QOOV tf)c; Kot v6trita xataQyi}8rtxav tov IavouaQLO 
tOU 1993. 
H aµOLBala Bor)8eta µna;u twv cpogo).,oytxwv agxwv toov xgatwv µEA.cbv 
aJtOteAel oriµav-nx6 xagaxtrtQLOtL-x.6 tric; 6L0Lx1ruxi}c; ouvegyaolac; otriv 
EOOOtEQLXl) ayOQ<l· H av1LotOLXlJ ooriyla xaAUJtteL t6ao "Cl)V aµeal] 600 'X,(lL tf)V 
tµµeol} {f)OQOA.Oyla. 
H EUQOOJta0
L'X.l) 01Jµq,>wvlu JtEQLEXeL bu1t(1seu; oxen.-x.(1 µe tl)V JtQOOEYYWl) 1:l)c_; 
voµo8eatac; atov toµta trtc; tµµeartc; croQoA.oylac;. 
To Aeux6 BtBAlo JtEQLEXEL c.oc; µetga tou Lta6lou I, ta µt-rQa exelva -ca onola 
auvwtouv tu; XVQtec; Mm ti}aeu; tou xextriµtvou tµµeoric; cpogoA.oytac; (Baatxa, 
exelva ta µt-rga nou ecpagµ6~ovto otriv KOLv6trtta µtxQL to 1993), xm we; µttQa 
tou Lta6lou II, ta µttga ex.el va ta onola el vm EJtLJtA.fov avayxala yta tnv 
ecpaQµoyi) tou xextnµevou trtc; nAt\Qouc; eµµearic; cpoQOA.oytac;. 
~l)V01t'ttXtl 1ttQtyQmpt\ 
.'A.µean cpoeoAoyia 
OL 6uo ooriyte.c; q.>OQOA.oytac; etmgELwv xa8wc; xm rt ouµBaori OLmtriolac; 
ngoBMnouv tva µrixavtoµ6 nou e.cpagµ6~etm µe Baori tl')V aµOLBm6trtta. OL 
aV'tLOtOLXEc_; 0Lat6.setc; µJCOQEL, ooc; EX tO'UtOU, cl; OQLOµou va µl')V avaµEVEtaL Va 
UJt6.Q;OUV JtQL V trtV JtQOOXWQl')Oll. 
'Eµµean cpoeoAoyia 
H auvoALXlJ ouµµetoxt\ toov ea66wv aJt6 tov <l>IlA xm touc; cp6Qouc; 
xatavaA.oooric; atov xgatLx6 JtQOUJtoA.oywµ6 tl')c; LA.oBaxlac; avr)A.0e ae 32% xm 
12% avttotOLXa 10 1995. H avooLxi} auti} taori avaµevetm va ouvexwtd. 
<Poeo, Ilgon0tµevn, Acim; 
To wxuov oAoBaxLx6 auotnµa tou <l>IIA te0rixe oe ecpaQµoyi} 1rtv 1 rt 
Iavouaglou tOU 1993 avtLxa8w1wvtac; tOV neoriyouµevo cp6go 'X.'U'X.AOU 
EQyaOLwv. H LAoBaxta ecpagµ6~et tva ouo1riµa OLJtAOU nooootou <l>IlA : eva 
'X.UVOVL'X.6 JtOOOOt6 23% 'X,(lL tva µetwµtvo JtOOOOt6 <l>IlA 6%. To xaVOVL'X.6 
noaoat6 Ecpagµ6~etm xat ' agxt\v ae 6A.ec_; ttc; JtQoµi)0etec; aya8wv xm 
un11geatcbv, ot onolec; 6ev cpoQoAoyouvtm et6tx6. µe µetooµtvo noooo-t6. 
68 
Avaq>OQLXa µe ·w; eway(J)ytc;, to nooocn6 nou ecpaQµ6tt1m ei, vm to i.bw 6nwc; 
xm yu1 nag6µmec; JtQoµitOw::c; mm n:<t(/tyovm.l. oto wmtEQl.X6 tllc; xmQac;. 
OQLOµtvec; bQaOtl}QLOtl}tec; an:aAA.aooovtm un:6 mv <llilA XWQLc; 61.xatwµa 
rci.otworic; -'tO'U rcQonyouµtvwc; xataf3An0tvtrn; <llilA oxn1.xa µe nc; TCQoµi}OELE<; 
mrctc;. OL an:aAAaytc; auttc; txouv oxto11 xugi.wc; µE bQaOtl}QL6trttec; bnµootou 
ouµcptgovtoc;, xgriµatomxovoµ1.xec; xm aocpahonxec; UTC'flQEOLEc;, rceg1.ouo{,a xm 
tUXEQc'l xm rcag6µma rcmxvtbLa. OL <:pOQOAoyovµEvOL 61.xmouvtm xat, aQxitv 
va acpmQouv tov <llilA rcou emBAit0rtxE one; ayogtc; aya0wv xm urcngeoiwv y1.a 
mayyeAµanxovc; oxorcouc;. Evwvmu;, o oA.of3axLx6c; v6µoc; rceQL <llilA bev 
rceg1.txn orcmwbi}rcote bLata1;w; rcou em tQtrcouv tnv emotQO<:pi} tou cp6Qou 
O'tOU<; <:pOQOA.oyovµevouc; rcou bev el, 'Val. E)''X.fftEOtl}µEVOL fftl} xwga. 
<P6eo, xaravalwan, 
To UTCClQXOV O'UOtl}µa <:pOQWV xo.tavaA.wanc; otn Ii nµoxgatLa tnc; LA.Of3axLac; 
aoax011xe 1nv 1 n Iavouagi.ou 1993. OL cp6QOL wn:avc':t.A.oooric; EcpuQµ6tovtm a1a 
OQUXta eA.ma, oto OL v6rrveuµa xm on1 m vorcvt::uµat<i>bri notu xa0wc; xm ota 
TCQO.L6vta xan:vof1wµrixuv{,c1c;. rw x60c x<nriyoQLU JCQ<>.L6vtoc;, n CfJ'UOY) tou 
cp6QOU dvm eLchxi}. 
Aµot{3aia (3ori0eta 
H btev0uvori <:pOQOA.oyLac; bev urcoxgewOrixe ax6µri vu. awmt'Ut;EL triv Lxav6trita 
111c; yLa aµmBata f3oit0e1.a µe nc; cpog0Aoy1.xec; aQxtc; trnv XQa-twv µelwv, A6yw 
tou yeyov6toc; 6n ri aµmf3ai,a f3oi}0ua an:oteA.d xaQaXtY)QLCTtLx6 to orcoi,o ea 
te0d ae ecpaQµoyit µ6vo µeta triv rcgoaxwgriari. 
<P6eoc Ilgoan0eµevnc Asia, 
To wxuov aua111µa <llilA 1ric; LAof3axi.ac; o-trigtx0rixe otic; f3amxtc; agxtc; i;nc; 
voµo0wtac; i;ou <tJilA tnc; Kmv6trituc;. ArcoteA.d tva xaA.6 anµdo exxtvrionc; y1.a 
'tl} µeA.A.O'V'tLXll rn0uyQaµµwi} 101, µe to XOLVOtLX6 XEX't'Y)µevo <l>IlA, JtUQOA.O 6n 
d vm oxen Ka yevl.'X.6 6aov acpOQU t'Y)V Hpagµoyit 'tOU. · 
01. l;evm EJtLXELQl}µattec; nou bev dvm eyxn-cw-criµtvm µ(w1.µa o-rri LA.oBaxLa xm 
bev JtEQLA.aµf3avovtm 010 eµrcoQLX<'> µY)tQ<i>o, <'>tv JJJtoQoi,v vo. £YYQmpo1,v yu1 
-couc; O'X.OJtovc; tou <1JflA 01ri xwgu. t'it:boµtvou 6n ri LAO()a'X.i.n bev ecpnQµ6tn 
OJtOLWCY)JtO'tE QU0µ(.ae1.c; yw. 't'Y)V EJtLO'tQO(f)T} tOU <J)IlA OE µl} eyyeygaµµtvouc; 
a).loban:ouc; <:pOQOAoyouµevouc;, o <J)IlA avnnQoowrceuEL tva aut;l}µtvo 'X.OO'toc; 
yu1 1ouc; EJtLXELQrtµa'tLE<; amouc;. H ecpagµoyi} -cou µeiwµtvou noaoa'tou <l>IIA 
bev dvm 011µavtL'X.<l EUQUtEQll an:6 nAeuQac; ne6Lou e<paQµoyr)c; ae auyxQWll µe 
tfl'V XOLVOtLXT} JtQOOE)')'WY). 
H ouµµEtoxi} tric; LA.of3ax1.xitc; dY)µoxQa1Lm; otriv EuQwna·.:xit 'Evwa11 ea 
an:m titaeL ng6o0etec; JtQooagµoytc; JtQOXELµevou va Eu0uyQaµµwteL n 
voµo0w(.a JteQL <J)IlA JtQO<; w; an:m1itow; i;ou xmvotL'X.OU 'X.eXtl}µtvou, 
Lb tat tEQa 6oov acpoQa to ovatriµa cpOQOAoyLac; nou EL vm avayxato OE µ(.a 
'X,OL v6trtla xwgi.c; EOW'tEQL'X.OUc; OUVO()LUXOUc; EHyxouc;. 
69 
To oAoBmux6 e0vtx6 oxebw OtQUtllytxi]c; yta tllV ecpaQµoyi] twv ouotaoewv tou 
Aeuxou Bt.BALOU OXEtLX<l µ£ tov cf>IlA CLVEl aQXLX<l JtQOtEQatOtllta OtllV 
ava6t<'lQ0QWOll tou ouoti]µatoc; U'4)ouc; tou cf>IlA xm OtllV <pOQOAOytxi} 
anaAAayi] twv JtQOµll0wbv aya0mv twv aA.Aobanmv aeQOJtOQLxmv xm 
vautLA.Laxmv EtaLQLmv xa0mc; xm t(l)V UJtllQEOLmv JtOU JtaQEXOVtat EJtL tWV EV 
A6yw aEQOOXacpmv xm JtA.otwv. Kata tll CLUQXELa tllc; Jt£QL66ou 1998-2000, to 
voµo0ettx6 JtQOYQaµµa oxebt<'lsetm va eonaotd 0£ QU0µloetc; yta tllV 
rntotQocpi] tou cf>HA otouc; cpoQOAoyouµevouc; nou bev d vm eyxatEOtllµEvOL Otll 
~AoBaxla, otov OQL0µ6 twv <pOQOAoyouµtvwv xm Otte; <pOQOAoytxtc; anaAAaytc; 
JtOU ecpaQµOsOVtat OtllV JtQOOWQl Vl] etoaywyi] aya0mv EXt6c; tWV µetacpOQLXmV 
µfowv. Y Jt<lQXEt JtQ60eoll JtAi]Qouc; eu8uyQ<'lµµt0l1c; tllc; oAoBaxtxi]c; voµo0eotac; 
6oov acpoQ<'l tov <f)IlA µ£ exdvll tllc; Kotv6tlltac; µtxQt 10 2000, ex-t6c; 1wv 
XOl VOttxmv µE.taBanX.ci)V 6un<isernv. 
<P6eoc xarava)i,wan, 
ll.ev UJtaQxouv Ollµavttxtc; btmpogtc; µetasu tO'U OAoBaxtx.ou ouati]µ<noc; 
cp6QWV xatavaAWOrJ<; xm to.>v xot vottxmv anm ti}oewv. 
Ev JtQmtou;, bev unaQXEL xaveva ouot'Y}µa avaotoAi}c; tou cp6QOU xatavaAwollc; 
mot£ ta aya0a va µrtOQO'UV va btaxt V'Y}0ouv µetasu EYXEXQtµevwv q)OQOA.Oytxmv 
ano0llxmv xwQtc; x.ataBoAi] tou cp6QOU. 
Kata beuteQO A6yo, naQa to yeyov6c; 6tt to rntnebo twv noooo-tmv twv cp6Qwv 
xuµal vetm 0£ yevtxec; YQaµµec; YUQW Ota E.Aaxwta JtOOOOta JtOU 
JtQOOClOQtsovtm an6 ttc; X.OlVOtlXEc; Obr]ytc.c;, to rntnebo tWV JtOOOOtmv JtOU 
ecpaQµ6~etm ota OQUKta eAma dvm x.atw an6 to x.otvonx6 eAaxwto rntnebo, 
evm 'tO lOXUOV tbtat'tEQO JtOOOOt6 q)OQOU yta 'ta otyaQE'ta 0a JtQEJCEl Va 
µetaBArJ0et 0£ µtxt6 JtOOOO't6 JtOU £<paQµ6s£'tat Ot'Y}V Kot VOt'Y}ta, to OJtOLO 
OUVLOtatm an6 eva £tbtx6 OtotXELO Xat 0£ eva OtotXELO EJtL t'Y}c; astac;. 
IlQOXELµevou va e;aocpaAw0d µta OQOiJ ecpaQµoyi] trJc; xot vottx.i]c; voµo0eolac; 
oxenx.a µe t0 cp6Qo x.atavaAworJc;, rJ LAoBaxtx.i} ~llµOXQatla JtQEJtEt va 
bllµLOUQYllOEL eva ouotriµa anoOi]xeuoric; nou va ot11Qt~etm 010 x.ot vonx6 
JtQ6tuno to ouv10µ6teQO 6uvat6v, xm va JtQOOUQµ6oet 111 boµi] xm to rnlm:60 
t(l)V JtOOOO'tmv tWV <pOQWV xatavaA.woi]c; tllc; xata tQOJtOV mote va 
ouµµOQq)O'UVtat JtQOc; ttc; XOlVOtlXEc; aJtat"tl]OEtc;. 
To oAoBaxtx6 e0vtx6 oxoow OtQat11y1,x.i]c; yta tllV e<paQµoyi] twv ouotaoewv tou 
Aeuxou BtBAlou bev JtQOBArnet tva oacptc; x.m ArntoµeQtc; XQOvobt<'lyQaµµa yta 
µeAAovttxec; JtQOOaQµoytc; tric; OAoBaxtxi]c; voµo0eotac; oxenxa µe 1ouc; cp6Qouc; 
xatavaA.roollc;. 'Evac; BQaxunQ60eoµoc; ot6xoc; ouvlotatm Otllv JtQootyywll nic; 
OAoBaxtxi]c; voµo0eotac; oxettxa µ£ 1ouc; cp6Qouc; xatavaAwo11c; JtQoc; tllv 
XOLVOtLXl] voµo0eota xata tllV JtEQLOCO 1999-2000. Evtoutotc;, ll JtQayµatLXl] 
tbQUOll cpoQoAoytxmv ano811xmv x.a0mc; rnto11c; xm 11 evaQµ6vwri 1ric; 
CLUQ0QWOllc; tOU cp6QOU yta aAX.OOAOUXU JtOt<l ea x.a0uot£Ql]OEL. Kata ouvrneta, 
bev avaµtvetm yta ta aµfowc; JtQOOEXll ttri µta nAi]Qric; evaQµ6vwri tric; 
voµo0eotac;. 
AµotBaia Bori0eta 
Me"Ca 'tTIV JtQOOXWQTIOTI, ea U:Jt:OQsEL rnLoric; avayx.ri, E<:pagµoyr1c; 't(l)V 
x.ai;6.AAT1Aoov QU0µtoe,wv yta 6LOLXTl'tLXl] OUVEQyaoLa x.m aµot(3aLa (30118et.a 
70 
~l 
·Sna(!)X Slu Suo3a1mq Slpt1cbnq3 
Sl.u. lto1li9().aan13li lt1 J;>13TI 'n'lill1D().D 9x.11011n10 9x.m3a3cb1a3u 01 J30ro11 "(39 DI\ 
13lqa1.C 5ltOJ1.C'3 · Aro3ol}.a13X1m l\(l)l D(!)a1ltri Dl mx. JOriomanA.o"( JOX.D1300cb1a~u.c 
mx. JOX.11\03 10 Srou9 S13rio1 30 513(1',13·'('{3 l\etOXal)l!(t mx. 51}.Xoooau l\(tO~l}.oX 
UDOQ1)1Q Ul 1DX. 01uaa91£D 01 'D13Al)©D1Q Ul l\().Oaocbn CtOl! DlDri99 DA9rl01ao 
U{)(l)l\'fl l}.X.J_nrnoan3 I\UlO 'lnll\0~9riancb3 (t()].! nun19ou DlAOX?a1 
Dl 3ri uri101ox.A.,w 'Sno~am~3 S9x.1a3ri Jri 'ml\ p n1x.ngo1~ UlO DJD3(}0TIOA H 
A(!>XU.1eooo1e Aro1 mx Shon10~1nx SnonoX~o1 Shi. hoh,t9"(01~v 
·S3x.11011n10 53X.11Dax. 511 mA. orloA 
010 1DlDlDJMtD 5DJX.DgO"{:S: Slu S9X.11011D10 53riltOJ'.l£3 511 1
D1A UDl)g l}.x.1rloA 1
H 
·n9rlo1 ().Ox.11ro1g1 
Cl.01 1DX. i\(0301}.X.1019 A(!)X.11UAa'3gctx. A(l)"{"{l) 5et01C(!)DOa'.l£'llAD 91CD 1D13~JlaD1CD 
ct01.C Sl}.x.11011n10 01"{().0grio,o DA9 91£D 1Dl'31\C).(}Ct31D)I ·n1x.DgO"{:S: lt10 A(!)X.11011"010 
A(l)TIUOJ'.1£3 A(l)l ltoogl)1g Ul mx. uoaal)lDX. AUl 3ri SOA9rio11aocb1m 1DAJ'3 ct01.C 
SD9aocb So1a').x. 0 1DA p 5DJX.D90"{:S: Slu 5DJ1Dax.orittv Slt1 DJ0'3alt1.Cct l}.X.11D11D10 H 
'l}.cbDOA1031C l}.XU.lCOAC\~ 
·91etn D9TIOl l\OlD 513~1)1D1Q 131\l)9TID"{1a'3l£ A3g 01"{918 QX.ct'3V 0.1 
"D1DTil}.10et0 1DX. D1.Cctl9au 
l;t,A031Q Dl 3TI U01A9rianl\3 AUl 1DX. l\(!lX.11011D10 A(l)l U~Ct11£1)AD Ul011C91~D 
1DX. l}.x.11nriA.nau Altl D1A DJOnA.a3ACtD 131t?"{goau DJArocbrietO l}.X.J.Dl£(l)aet3 H 
"A(!)X.11011Dl0 S31aoA.lt1nx. S3aocbl)1Q mx. A(l)301}.anx1m n(!)a1ttrl 
'A(J)TIOD1anA.O"{ A(J)X.1A03 DlDTil}.lOCtO 'A(l)'30µriOA 1~Dl A(J)A(}31Q 1DX. A(J)XJ.D1.C(l)act3 
A(l)l UDU101COTI1DltaX Ul AetoaocbD CtOl.C A(l)X.11X.Dal.C 1DX. AroXaD Driroo OX.11ADrilto 
13Xal)l!Ct I 'A09"{1C11C'3 'A(l)pX1010 A(J)X.11011D10 Arorilto1m l\(l)l, UD1
0Ql)1Q lt1 
1DX. (A(J)1aocboalt"{1C A(l)A9riroAOl13l1 A(l)l) 01uaa91£l) 01 'D13Al)©D1Q Ul 'DJ1011C01~D 
AUl 'DJ<h.lt"{Oa'3riD AUl AC).oaocbn flOA9rlU.1'){3'){ C).OX.110/\ 10X. (tQl S9Xan 531a').x. 10 
S~XU,011,l)l,~ 
. 91CtD DTI9(} 010 
Slt1 n1a131£ri3 AUl 130DC).l'.l£DAD ltoltx.101q µx.1A.O"{oaocb lt 119 So19AOA3A CtOl roA.9"{ 
'nngµog n1ng1orin AU10 µXo13ririeto lt 13DJXaD DI\ A91DACtQ 1nAJ3 DA niqalC DE) 
·nrio399a1.Coo3ri 
Slt0m'{~)I\DlDX. Setoa9cb Seto1 mx. Vll<J) i\01 3TI l)X.'laocbnAn OA~l1UlX.3X. 01 
3TI pocnd>aortri,w DA T3001£TI l>A 131.qOlC no n11nox.oriuv l;t.x.1x.n~Jo1~ lt 'U1301)1CDOau 
UAOlA1 J3()lt"{~Jn1nx. no 119 009 AOl 91.C(\. 'r>JAO"{OOO<h UD3riri1 I\Ul l)aocbn AODO, 
·S3na9Xoetq S9X.'llAnrilto 13Dl)1DetOan1.C 
DA 13~01.C ne A3Q DJAO"{oaocb U.03Til) Altl 311 l)X.1aocbnAn OA9TIU1X.3X. O.L 
miono~utin~ 
·Sl)OOAl> Sl}.x.1a·urn03 Su1 n1A.ano113'{ 
lt1 mA. S9x.110n1oct0 mA p 5~1,m 5130µ1 m1.CD 10 · M!>'{3ri A<!>lDOX. Aro1 C).~D13rl 
I:vµ1t£QUO'JlU 
Me 'tflV JtQOU:rt6eeofl 6tL ea O'UVfXLO'tEL fl JtQOOboc;, fl LAOf)mda ea EL Vat, OE efofl 
va ouµµoQcpwOd µe tu; a:rcm tiloELc; tflc; EK oxe1Lxe1 µe nc_; £:rtLOflµEc_; otanonxec_; 
oe AL ya XQOVLa a:rc6 oilµega. 
3.4. Toµtaxt; jtOAL'ttxt; 
Btoµnxavia 
H f3LOµflxavLxil :rtoAL nxil tflc; EK rnLbLwxEL tflV m'JsflOfl tflc; avtaywvLOtLx.6tfltac_;, 
em tuyxavovtac; xat ' aut6v tov tQ6rco 6.vobo tou f3wtLxou rnL:rcebou xm u1PriAa 
rntrceba a:rcaox6Arioric;. Ltoxeuu otriv rnL taxuvori tric; JCQOOaQµoyilc; one; 
bLaQeQWtLXEc_; MaAAayec;, eveaQQUVOVtac; eva JCEQLf)O.AAOV JCO'U EL Vat, E'UVO°LX6 
Otte; :rcgwtof3ouALEc_;, otriv ava:rctUsfl twv £:rtLXELQllOEWV o' 6)..,ri triv KOLv6tflta, 
xm tfl f3wµrixavLXll ouvEQyaota, xaAALEQywvtac; triv xaAUtEQll EXµEtaAAEUOll 
tou f3wµrixavLxou buvaµLxou rcmJ a:rtOQQ£EL a:rc6 tLc_; JCOALtLxtc; tric; xmvotoµtac;, 
tflc; EQE'Uvac_; xm tric; tEXVOAOYLXllc; e;EALsllc;. H f3LOµrixu.vLX'Y) JCOAL tLX'Y) tric_; EK 
ELVUL a:rt6 'tll cpuori OQLt6vna. OL rnµwxec; UVU.Xot V(J)0£Lc_; OtoXEUOUV OtflV 
µetacpoga OQLt6vtLWV EVVOLWV 0£ f,l,()LXO'l)c_; toµdc_;. H BwµrixavLX'Y) JCOAL 'tLX'Y) tric; 
EK ngoxurctEL cm6 tfl bu:xg0grnori tolV µfornv µLm; OELgc1c; xm vonxwv 
JtOALtLxwv• JtEQLAaµf36.vEL t6oo µfon mrn oxnttovtm (lE triv AELtougyta tric; 
ayogac_; (ngobLaygmpec_; rcgo·c6vtrnv xm rc06of~uori otriv u.yoga, EµJtOQLXll 
JCOA.LtLX.ll, xgatLX.ec_; EVLOXUOELc_; 'X,(ll, JCOALtLXll to'U avtaywvwµou), 600 xm µetga 
nou oxetL~ovtm µE triv Lxav6n1ta tric; f3LOµrixavlac; va ngooagµootEL OE 
aAAayec_; (otaeeg6 µaxgomxovoµLx6 JtEQLf36.AAOV, texvoAoyta, xat6.gtwri x.A.n.). 
fLa va avta:rtE;eAeEL otriv nteori tou avtaywvwµou xm one; buv6.µw; tric; 
ayogac; otriv 'Evwori, ri f3wµrixavla twv xwgwv nou exouv urcof36.AEL a(, triori 
JCQEJtEL va EXEL cp06.oEL OE eva oewµevo rnLnEbo avtaywvwnx6tritac; JtQL v an6 
tl)V JtQOOXWQllOll. OL xwgec; JCOU exouv unof36.A£L at tl]Ol) JtQE:rtEL va cpa(, vovim 
. 6tL ax.o)..,ou0ouv rcoALtLxec; rcou owxeuouv oe avoLxtec_; xm aviaywvwnxec_; 
ayogec_; ouµcpwva µE nc_; xm:eueuvoeLc_; tou 6.g0gou 130 (Bwµrixavta") inc; 
ouveilx.ric;. H ouvegyaola µetal;u tric; EE xm twv urco1Pricptwv xwgwv otouc_; 
tOµEL<; inc; f3wµrixavLxilc; O'UVEQyaolac_;, xm tWV fJtEV()UOEWV' tl)c_; f3LOµrixavLx.ilc; 
tu:rco:rcotrioric; xm tric; Extlµrioric; tric; auµµ6gcpworic;, 6rcwc; rcgof3Mrcctm a:rc6 triv 
EUQW:rta·cxit ouµcpwvlu, aJtOtEAet oriµuvtLx6 bdx.tri e;EAL;ewv ngoc; triv og0il 
xateueuvori. 
!:VV01t'tlX1] 1t£Ql"fQO.(f)1] 
MEXQL tov beutego rcayx.6oµw n6Aeµo ri LAof3axLa ittav xuglwc; ayQOtLx.it xwga. 
H µetayevfotegri f3LOµrixavon0Lrioil tric; axoAou8rioE w; rnLtayec_; tou xe,v-rgLx.ou 
rcgoygaµµatwµou )..,aµf36.vov1ac_; eA6.XLOta urc6'1Jri ta tomx.6. xagaxtf1QLO'tLx6. 
xm touc_; bLa0eOLµouc_; ouvtEAeoiec_; nagaywyi)c_; il to x.6otoc; xwgoeetrioric;. Qc_; 
µtgoc; tric; ooowALOtLxitc; briµoxgatlac; tric; Toexo0Aof3axtac;, oto bLaotriµa µEXQL 
to 1990, ri xooga anoteAeoE µta an6 w; rcMov xEvigLx.6. ngoygaµµanoµevec; 
mxovoµtec;. H boµil inc; mxovoµLac_; xugLagxet to M6 tri f3agL6. f3wµrixavta 
(LbLalteQa f3a0Lx.ec_; f3LOµrixavle,c_;), rcou aw µe,yaAuteQO µegoc; -rouc_; rcagilyav 
evbL6.µeoa :rtQo·covta yLa triv tOEXLXll f3wµrixavla (X6.Auf3ac_;, xagtt, 
rce:tgoxriµt.xa.). 
72 
H xatC!QQEUOl} tWV JtUQUbOOLUXWV C1YOQWV xm O C1usnµtvoc; avtaywvwµ6c; 
obi]ynoav otn BwµnxuvLxi] C1vum,yxg6tnon x.m otnv tvwvn µEtwon tnc; 
BwµnxavLxi]c; m1guywyi]c;. KC1tc'1 tl} bu'igxw1 tnc; JtEQL6bou 1990-1995 n 
ouµµEtOXll tnc; BwµnxavLxi]c; naQaywyi]c; ( ouµm:QLA.aµBavoµtvnc; tnc; 
oLxoboµi]c;) oto AEII µEuil0nxE xata EV tgtto, OE 37% xm avi]QXEto OE JtEQLJtou 
5 bwExat. ECU. MEuil0nx.E mtonc; n ouvoA.Lxi] BwµnxavLxi] anaox6Anon nou 
oi]µEQa avtQxttm oe negtnou 650.000 i] 35% i:ou ouvoA.Lxou EQyanxou 
buvaµLxou. OL µLxgec; EJtLXELQl]OELc; xaA.untouv ta tgta i:etaQta 6A.wv twv 
BwµnxavLX.lOV EJtLXELQl]OEWV X,UL YLU to 25% tl}c; O'UVOA.Lx.i]c; anaox6Anonc; EV(tl 
otLc; un6A.mnec;, µwatec; xm µey(1A.ec; EJtLXELQl]OELc;, uvtwtmxet to µeyaA.utego 
µegoc; tnc; anaox6Anonc;. OL onµuvnx.6tegec; f3wµnxavtec; etvm µnxavoA.oyLxec;, 
xnµLxec;, µttaA.A.OUQYLXEc;, YEWQYLXWV ngo·t:ovtwv bLai:gocpi]c;, suA.dm; xm 
XA.WOtOU<pav-wugytm;. 
To1.tlm; 
M rixav~µata ( ouµn;qJtAuµfiuvoµlvwv 
JtLEOtl')QLCJJV, LatQLX<DV 00yc'.tvrnv, 
µEtQOAOYLXO'\J E;OJtA.LOµou). 
Xriµtxa 
MetaA.AOUQyLa 
fEOJQYLXCl JtQ0°L6vta btat()Ocp~r; 
Su}.,da, xmtaQi.vri, xagt( 
Y cpaoµata/Ev6uori, 
OEQµah..11tob~µata 
A urnxL vrirn~wµrixavi.a 
Bwµrixavta l')AEXtQLX<ov EL6cov 
( OUµJtEQLA.a~voµEV(JJV OLXLUX(t)V 
OUO'X.EUWV' avtaA.A.UXtLXCt)V' 
tTlAEJtLXOL vmvuiw' Es<>JtALOµoi, 
ygacpEtwv) 
<l>aQµaxeunxa 
L'UVOAO tOJV UV(l)tEQU) 
Aomec; (iwµrixav(Ec; 
l:uvoA.o ~wµrixuvuiw 
Bwµr,xavixrj 1muay(J)yrj <1J~ noaomc> 
AEll 
Otxo<5oµrj 
2:vvoA.o /3wµr1xavta~ xm oixo<5oµrj~ % m,1.1.1.1.t:mxric; 
mri 
jiu )1.1.11xuv1,xrj 
JCQO<ltt,OlµEVTJ 
u!;tn 
10,5 
14, 5 
9 
8, 5 
7 
5,5 
5 
2 
2 
67, 5 
32, 5 
100 
32 
5 
37 % <Hll.tl.t.Et<)XTJ<; 
mri 
liLOJ.lllXO.VLXTJ 
nmwx<'>>..11011 
25 
9, 5 
5, 5 
9, 5 
8 
15 
1, 5 
4 
1 
83 
17 
100 
27 
5 
32 % 
<m1.1.1.1.crox 
ric; one; 
j1w1.1.11xuv1, 
xtc; 
cl;nyrnytc; 
7, 5 
24 
20 
2, 5 
8, 5 
5, 5 
5, 5 
3 
25 
79 
21 
100 
Ta µ11x«v11µ«'t« UJtOtEAO'UV onµavnx.6 toµea naga tl}V EVtOVl} JttlOOl} tl}c; 
nagaywyi]c;. O x.A.aboc; tnc; nagaywyi]c; µnxavcilv EOtLa~etm xuQtwc; otnv 
· nagaywyi] EsOJtA.LOµou yLa tl}V xataOX.EUl] autOXLVl}tOOQ6µwv xm Bagewc; 
EsOJtA.LOµou, µeta<pOQLXlOV µeowv X.UL ubgauA.LX.lOV µnxavwv. OL JtEQLOOOtEQEc; 
etmgtec; exouv i]bn LbLwnxonoLn0et xm n avaouyxg6tnon mtBaA.e to x.A.dmµo 
µtac; oeLgac; bnµ6mwv EJtLXELQi]m:wv. Ilagatauta, n texvoA.oyta tnc; nagaywyi]c; 
xm to µetoxLx.6 xecpaA.mo e1;axoA.ou8ouv va et vm anagxmwµeva xm o f3a0µ6c; 
73 
a;LOJtOLrJOrJ<; tl'}<; bvvaµLx6tl'}tac; xaµl'}A.6<;, evw o exm,yxgovwµ6c; eµnobi~etm 
aJt6 tl'}V e)J..,EL '\Pll JtOQWV. 
H x11µ1.x11 ~10µ11xavi.a anotEAd nagabomax.6 nyei:n tnc; mx.ovoµlac; i:l}c; 
1:Ao(3axtac; mi c>ExanLE<;. xm cpalvetm av1:aywvwnx11. 0 toµfoc; 011µega 
AELtovgyd µe noaoat6 a;Lorcoinanc; tl]c; c>uvaµtx6tntac; avw tov 80% x.m 
CLaxLvel ta ngo·(ovta tov, xvglwc;, rcgoc; 1nv TOEXLX'fl ~nµoxgatia xm tl'}v EE. 
E'X.'X.QEµEL l] L()L(l)tL'X,OJCOLl]Ol] "OtQUtl]YL'X.WV eJtLXELQllOEWV". 
H xalv~ovgyi.a cmoteAeltm o-uou10ttx.<1. cm6 µin µey(1An utLXELQlJOlJ. T6oo cnrr11 
600 xm o toµfoc; to>V µn oLbl]Qm',xrnv i.tn(1A.Arnv dvm tEXVLX.<i JCQOl'}yµtvl} xm 
avtaywvwnxi] c1AA<1. o Exouyxgovw1H)c; rcguyµutorcmi]Ol}x£ xrnvlc; µdwol} tl}c_; 
c>uvaµtx6tl}tac;. 
H ~1,0µ11xavi.a ytrogyixwv :rtQO°iOV't(l)V 10ta'tQO(f)t1; aJtOtEAEL Ol]µ<1VtLX.6 
Bwµl}xavtx.6 'X.Aac>o. 0 Ba0µ6c; asLOJCOLl]Ol]c; tl]c; c>uvaµL'X.Otl]tac; Otl} BLOµl}xav(a 
JtUQOVCTL<X~tL µEy<XAEc; c>Laxvµavoetc;. 
OL Baatxtc; ~10µ11xavit; ;vlti.a; xm xngtov, toiµtv'tov, valovgyia; xm 
XEQ«µtxrov arcotEAOUV rnianc; onµavtLX.££ BLOµnxavlec;. fEVL'X,(l OL BLOµnxavtec; 
nov Baaltov-cm oto c>amx6 wµfo 01:n 1:AoBaxta dvm Aty6tEQO avarctuyµevec; 
a)J ... 6. VJ't<J.QXOUV c>uvat6tl}t£c; yLa ogwµevovc; wµdc; (rc.x. suAoaav(,cec;) x.m ll 
Eyyutnta n1c; 1:AoBaxiac; Otl}V EE urcoBon06. tu; Esaywytc;. H OXEtLXa U'4Jl]All 
a;LOJtOLl]Ol} t(l)V EsaywyLXWV cuvatoti]twv xm tl]c; cuvaµLXOtl}tac; oc>nyouv Oto 
auµnegaaµa 6n oL BLOµnxavlec; amtc; µEXQL oi]µEga i]tav a£ 0ton va 
avtaywvwtouv Otte; CLE0vdc; ayogtc;, aAA.6. m xaµnMc; ewaywyec; OE auvbvaoµ6 
µE µla OELQO. EµJCOQLXWV JtEQLOQLOµwv yLa ogwµtvouc; arc6 touc; tOµEtc; 
UJtOc>l}AWVO'\JV cpgayµouc; yLa tl]V doo6o s£V(JJV e!;aywyewv, 6rcwc; d vm to 
O'UOtl}µa JCLOtOJCOLl}Ol]c; tWV ELOaywywv yLa ta XEQUµL'X.<X. 
0 OXEtL'X,(l EKtEtaµtvoc; x.A.6.coc; V(f)(lV'tOVQYi«;, tvovo11;, btgµato; xm 
v:rtob11µntrov Bgtox.ttm ax.6µa OE XQLOfl. 0 avtayrnvwµ6c; µ£ touc; amatec; 
nagaywyouc_; x.m n yeVL'x.rnµtvn tAA£L 'Vll avam,yxg6tnonc; rcA 11tt01,v Tl} 
Bwµnxavia, aAA.(1 m e!;aywytc; e!;axoAou0ouv va xaA.l'mtouv to µeyuA 1nego 
µegoc; tl]c; JtaQaywy11c; xm '\JJC<XQXEL fµJCOQLXO JCA£6vaoµa. fLa va aUsl'}0£L n 
avmywvwnx6tnta, oL JtaQaywyoL rnL6Lwxouv tl]V eLooc>o Of vtec; ayogtc;, tl]V 
avaB6.0µLOl} 'tl1£ rcaQaywy11c; yLa tLc; ayoQtc; tnc; EE x.m tl}V Cl}µLOugyta 
auvoeaµwv yta tEAELonotnon ngoc; rnavewaywy11 µ£ nagaywyouc; atnv EE. H 
(ll)'t0XlVt)'tO~lOf.11JX«Vt(l ELVUL µEta;u tWV JtA.EOV cuvaµLX.WV toµtwv. Yrcagxouv 
cuo xataOX.EUaottc; oxnµatwv' evac; JtO'\J av11x.£L rcA11gwc; 0£ µ£yo.Al} yegµavLX.ll 
autoxLvf110BwµnxavLa, xm oxe66v 6An l1 nagaywyi] ngoogl~etm yLa tnv ayoga 
1nc; EE. H JtaQaywyiJ EXEL µctacpeg0d arc6 tl] fegµavLa otnv Bratislava yLa va 
£JtWQ)£Al]0£L arc6 to xaµn)...6 EQyanx.6 x.6otoc; xm ')'LU va EsEALX0£L ll 'U'4Jl]A'flc; 
nm6tntac; µov6.6a a£ Bamx.6 onµdo ouvagµoA6yl}Ol}<; yta u6tx.tc; ayog£<; 
autoxtvi]twv rem, eµrcogeuovtm otnv Eugc.orcn. H Bwµl}xnvin -rrnv 
avtaAAaxnx.wv ouvtgxnm ugya nn6 inv btaormon inc; ToexooAoBux.iuc;. Ot 
nagaywyoi, avtaAAax.nx.d)v tnc; LAoBaxiac; 01,vegya~ovmt µE tCTEXLXll 
autOXLVl]tOBLOµl]xuv(,a X.UL O agt0µ6c; 't(l)V µLX.TWV £JtLXHQl]Ofu.)V µ£ chrtLX.O'\J<; 
OUVEtaigouc; m,s6.V£taL. H <pagµaxEV'tlXll ~tOµflX<lVt(l nagaµtvu OXCCL'X,(1 
µLX.Ql]. To µeynA'UtEQO µtgoc_; tl]c_; rcagayrnyi]c_; to 1995 esilxOll, oxeb6v 
xaO' oA.oxA.ng(a rcgrn; -rnv TOEXLXll ~nµoxgcrda. 'Oµrnc;, m e1;aywyec; o-roxt::uouv 
6Ao x.m JtEQW06t£QO w; butLxtc; ayogtc; av xm XUQLwc_; rcg6x.ELtm yw rcgtinec; 
uAec;. IlaQatauta, to rcagaywytx.6 oua-tl]µa xguatetm avaouyx.g6tnori x.m n 
74 
Bwµflxavla EJtLXELQEL va XLVfl0El ngrn; ta bunx.6. ng6tuna a)J .. a e1;axoA.ou0el ll 
EAAEL'\!Jll rc6gwv. EmrcMov, ll tAAEL'\Pll Jt6Qrnv yLa E&A unoox.<'mtEL -rriv 
µeAA.OVtL'Xll avarctu1;ri. H Bwµrixavla bev cpat vetm va EL VUL EJtL tuxnc; Otl]V 
ngootA.x.uol] 1;Evwv ouvetalgwv n rnevbuoewv, m0ava A6yw tl]c; EAAEL '\!Jllc; 
rtQOOtaolm; twv 6Lxmwµ6.twv EUQEOLtexvlac;. OL ~t0µ11xavi.tc; :rnto'tt1Qi.rov xm 
µnQo1oytxov t;mt1toµoi, dvm ,rnglrnc; µLxgnc; x.Alµax.ac;. fLn to 1995, OL 
e1;aywyEc; uJteQtf\rioav x.c11{1 no A 1, tric; Ewuyrnytc; nAA{1 o xaµriAoc; r~u0µ6c; 
a1;LOJt0LllOllc; tric; ()1)V(1µtx.6tritm; EJtLrV1AAEL -rriv JtE(><H'tE(>(l) uvum,yxg<hriori. Ot 
nagaywytx.Ec; eyx.ut<Wtaoeu; x.m m µWobm mrn XQflOq,tonmd ri ~t0µ11xavi.a 't'llc; 
:n:111Qoq>OQtx11c; elven m1Amtc; x.m <mugxuuoµtvec;. H tbuonx.onotriori x.m l\ 
avaouyx.g6tll0ll 00llYflOUV OE UJt6toµri Jttwori tric; Jtagaywync; x.m x.AdOLµo 
noAAwv EJtLXELQiloewv, naga tl]v oxenx.11 buvaµLxil av1;riari tric; tiltrioric;. 'Ooec; 
exouv rcagaµELVEL txouv nvayx.ri JtEQaLtEQOJ ex.ouyxgovwµou. Ilaga triv 
nagax.µi} Tfl<; Bl,Qµrixavlac;, tµi}µata tou egeuvrrnx.ou autou negLBaAAovi:oc; 
bLatrigouvtm ax.6µri an6 to x.gatoc; x.m nagtxouv 6uvat6i:ritec; yLa triv ex vfou 
avarci:u1;i} touc;. AJt6 tl]V ClA.A.fl JtAEUQ<l, m ngoµri0euttc; A.OyLOµLXOU aJt6 Ll\ 
LAOBax(a txouv OUV<l'\!JEL µe EJtLtUXLU rnacptc; µe JtEA.O.tec; Oto EsOJtEQLX.6. 
H OLaOLx.aola tric; LOLwnx.onoll]Oflc; oriµdwoe ng6obo. Ilgayµatonm118rix.e Otl]V 
UQXll µe triv µ£8060 twv x.ounovtwv x.m ax.0A.ou8110rix.e an6 e1;ayogtc; µe triv 
µt0obo t(1)V 6.µemov moA11m~wv/OLUXELQLOl1<;, aveBatovtac; tri ouµµetoxn tOU 
LOLOJtLxou toµtu aw AEII oe 70%. An() to 1995 6µwc; ri 1,61,wnx.onotriori 
µeyaAwv EJtLXELQllOEOJV rncpcArioe OteMxri tric; Bwµrixuv(ac; x.m JtOAL'tL'XOUc; JtOU 
61,t8etav eµnw-rrntLx.tc; nAriQocpoglec; x.m nguyµatonmnOrix.e x.nta abl,(1cpnvi} 
1g6no nou o°bi}yrioe oe xnµriA<t toobu yu1 nc; Of\JA.6mec; ugxtc; x.m xuµriMc; 
ewgotc; vfoJv x.ecpaAnlwv x.m bLotx.rioric; yu1 11,c; 1,bwntx.onmriµtvec; emxELQllOELc;. 
H xuBEQVflOl'I nagatauta OLatri(>d tri buvut6tritu eAtyx01, µLnc; OELQac; 
"oumaotLx.wv x.m OtQatriyLxwv EJtLXELQllOErnv". L 'crnttc; JtEQLAaµf36.vovtm 
EJtLXELQllOELc; evtgyELac;, 'XOLVOJcpeAwv UJtllQEOLWV, e1;onAwµwv, taxu6goµda x.m 
tl]AEJtLX.OL vwvlec;, OLOflQ66goµm, cpagµax.eutLXll Bwµrixav(a x.m Bwµrixavta 
yewgy1,x.wv ngo·tovtwv OLatgocpi}c;. OL rnLXELQllOELc; auttc; e1;mgouvtm an6 tl]V 
ecpagµoyi} 111c; voµo0eatac; :rtEQL xgwx.ontac;. 
MEXQL 01t.yµi}c; 11 Bwµrixavta avan1ux811xe 1,xavonmritLx.a naga 111v rnwcpciAil 
noAL tLXll x.ataotaOfl, x.uglwc; EJtELOll to µax.gomx.ovoµLx.6 JtEQLBaAA.ov nagEµeL ve 
o-m0eg6 x.m to x.a0eotwc; eAev0egou eµnogtou nagelxe 6uva16tritec; 
avtaywvwµou. AAAa oL ngoonnx.Ec; tric; Bwµrixavtm; bev µnogouv va 
OLaXWQLOtouv an6 tLc; noALtLXE<; e1;eAL1;ELc;, bL6tL fl LOLrntLx.onotriori aJtEXEL JtOA'U 
an6 to va elvm JtAllQllc; x.m OtL EXEL JtQ<1yµ<tt0JtOLY10d µtxQL onµeQa crnv6fa:tm 
ouxva µe to wx1,ov x.aOeatci>c;. 'EtCTL UJtoµtv£L vu cpuvd E(lV OL Bwµrix<1vtec; JtO'U 
txouv 0Late0d 0£ "UJt6 JtOA.LtL'Xll artO'\lJll (()LALxa" XEQU1 Ou OUµJtEQL(()EQOot',v Oto 
µeAAov avtayrnvwtLxa.. To JtQ6BAriµa mn6 dvm L6LaLtEQa osu oe µ(a O£LQU 
toµtwv rcou XUQLaQxouvtm an6 µla rn1,xdQriori. 
To JtOOOOt6 ouµµe1ox11c; tOJV rnevbuoewv 010 AEII EL vm 'tO U'\lJllAO'tEQO µetasu 
twv ouvbEbeµtvwv XWQWV ( OXE66v 36%, nArima.tovtac; aut6 twv nMov 
avantuoo6µEvwv ama-rLx.wv mx.ovoµtwv). 
Ta (3amx.a. ngo'3AiJµa1a y1,a 1:ri (3wµrixavta ngotgxov-mL arc6 i:riv eAA.EL'\Vl'I 
av1aywvw11,x.iJc; 1,61,rntLx.on:otrioric; x.m -rriv unt:gBoALXfl touc; O'tflQLSll oe -coµdc; 
tv-moric; Evegye(ac;. OL XQa-nx.tc; EJtLX£LQflOW; uvnµttrnn(~ouv ALy61EQC1 
75 
9L 
·Slt.~1at,t10 A.(!nh1 A.(l)1 5130(!)13'ri S11 A.(tO~nn0n1011.A.D 
Ctol! A.f0300,X01A.3 S;nimalt."(1! S303rll) 91.m A.(t011.Cc;t,ma1! 'A.f030(),3"("(Dl3rl'X3 
A.q>'X1A.am3J... A.(l)l lt.~1at,t10 U.10 S9aoch013A.(t0 53A.9rlU~(tD 10 'Z66 l 0,01 
51301rl9aaan13rl 511 91.m l)13W ·5l},X111"(01.C 5lt.1 ltou.101.Coaocbmq l},xm3a3cb1a31! A.Ul 
1DX. A.O"{"(l)g1a31.C 010 lt.oncbr19 UA.9rllt.~aD 3x.lt99g Smrl9 DlDcbo9a1.C 'A.ro1l},101au1onag 
A.cpx.1A.am3J.. A.fOl UOA.Cl00,31Q Ul mx. 9rlo1A.00XA.aox,3 A.01 mA. Sm1aax. 
3x,lt9Xc;tllIDA.D l)X.1XOD D101£0 Lt. D1D39orloA. Lt. Sl},X.111"{01.C 5l},x.11mo9amg Slt.1 D9rlo1 
A.010 Suo1m 13Xal)1! A . A.mrl1cboa1 A.(l)l l},A.131A(\, A.Ul A.c;toaocbD (\,O].£ Sc;torl01A.OA.DX. 
91.m mx. Scpgnx. 'A.(l)(p~ A.(l)l l},cboa1mq Ul ·mx. n1on10oa1.C l},x.1riOA.013A(\,01(\,cb Ul 
'A.rocp~ A.fOl DpA.o, A.Ul mA. Sc;tori01A.OA.DX 3rl 1Dl/\O/\q>auy1triao 53J01!0 10 'M:paoJ..D 
5130(!)/\DAOO S9/\10X. /\ClO'XOl)lCCl lIJ)I Slt1 u01apXmq Ul D1J ·u~Clll!l)/\D l},x.uoaJ..n 
/\Ul mx. /\O"("{l)g1a31! 010 1Dl3/\1g l},Xoooal! ua311mg1 ")13 Slt.1 591/\3 /\f0l/\9J.oa1C 
D1aochO"(X.ClX. ua300,3"(3 /\Ul 13~1"(DchOD~3 no C!)/\3 ·'59lfO"{D/\DlDX. Sao1 mJ.. 
SJrh1 S9X.1AO"( 30 /\f0rl1cboa1 1;>aocbooa1£ /\Ul mx. DlUlQMOX. l},x.1A.am3A. U.10 OQ31£11!3 
9x.1101g omx1q D/\9 13~1"(D©OD1Q D0 0,01.C So1nril},10ao 0,ox1J..am3J.. (\,0/\0aXJ..'),O 
S9A.3 U~Clll!l)/\D /\ll.1 mx. uoual},1mq U.10 p1!0X001.CD ~X.111"(011 ~x.1A.am3J ~/\ 10)1 H 
n1Xoroa.1 
·SDaoJ..n 
S~x1a31mo3 Slu 01D"(l)cb3X 9101omX3~ 30 1D13/\l)9'l1D"(1031.C M!)0DAD /\(!)X1/\DXlt.ri01g 
/\m1 DJoomo1x.o.x. lto300,3"(3 /\Ul Sm1g1 l)OOcbD ao1£ ao/\9rllt.ix.3x ao1 ltoltJ..9"(01~D H 
·monriuo 
U.0311mq1 /\0,01%01.CD 5DAcpaox Sl},x.1xDgO"{O Slt1 D1'l111001 /\Ul /\C),OOOcbD 0.01C f 
513~1"(3~3 f00911Da31.C 10 1DX 'MpA.mJ..DD13 MDl 11£3 /\f03D90D1DX 501(!)1030DX 0.01 
o.o/\9rio/\Dgrin"{1031£riao 'L66 l ao1 lt~10/\l) /\lt1 /\Dolt.gm~"{3 ao1.e Do19rl 1;>x.1'rlo/\ox.10 
Dl 91.CD 1D13~1)30U1!3 D1/\DXlt.rl01g lt '1013, "DlDTI~lU~ l)XD3'l101 l)/\31D 91.CD 
l)ODlC '·11x. 'ltolt.A.9"(ooom Lt. '59rioqo1.ea 10 Sm1.e9 '13A.oao1 n1 0101.eo 010 /\0-'{"(1)91031! · 
QX.1"(0/\ClO 01 QlID AO"{"{l)rl J310100()DX. no Sn1/\nXltri01g 5~X.1X.DfJO"(O Slt.1 /\0"("(9rl O.L 
·S~nao(boalt."(1.C 5JX11(tJ1D11tri3 /\Dl30)1Q ClOlC miOll) 5001£ 
Sunu101.eox.11G>1q1 Sc,t0/\ncbmqn Su.1 1nx Scto9aX ct01 Suon1m;)lnx Slt.1 '/\m30C).Q/\31!3 
/\f0/\9~ aog91.e1m c;to"(lt.rinX ao1 mJ..9"{ /\CT)JD"{ncb3x M!)x.11aq/\31.C3 ltm,13"("(9 
Lt. 1DAp Suou.101.Cooochmq 1DX Slt.olt.19oxA.aon/\D S313()l)lCDOalC S110 01q91£ri3 
Q/\D011.C QX11/\Drllt.o D/\3, . /\f03o~a13X11.C3 /\f01 ltolt19ox.A.ctoD/\D ua31QX.11D'l103"(3101.CD 
/\lt.1 mx DJ/\DXlt.rl01g 1;>10Dg lu 91.CD ltolt101.eooocbmq lt1 1w~1m1.CD ne 
910,y 'D'l10309a1.C003'l1 l)X.11U101.CO/\DX.1 130~omXoolC Di\ 531309Xoo.q 13011.Cf013'l111AD 
DA 300,000l!ri ne l)OOAD ~X.J.D1.CfOO(t3 /\UlO SDJADXltri01g S~x.1x.ngo10 Slu lt§DlA? H 
Sn1AnXhti01~ Shi. n1h19x1101Aroi..n1An Ahl. mi.. ni.nti.o~oautici~ 
·53"(0, 531cpo1.e 59/\ltecb 5110 mx S0109x 9x11DA.03 9"{ltrinX 
010 0031QA1"( 1Dl3~10U10 0,01.C 50lA9J.001.C nriA.111 DA9 IO 13D~omXoolC DA 13(),31.COXO 
/\1)3 'ltolt19axA.aoD/\D U/\9'l1D131X.3 UA3'l10,011Dl.m /\Ul 139l)"(D/\D Di\ Sn1xngo"{~ 
Slt.1 SDJ/\DXltrl01g Slt.1 n1lt.191D/\ClQ /\Ul 0,"(01.C l)lDX. 13D(:>13rl DO U0/\0.0'),31DX 
AU.1 A~lO,D 5001.C lt~1"{?~3 '531TIU~ 53/\3TIQ/\D~ClD 511 l)aDlC 'Sao11;>ax ClOl D109'X 
DlO ClOJD"(Dcb3X SltODl/\9 Sl},"(lt.<fto, 53JADXlt.ri01g A.DDU0~1D1Q ~ /\DOUlQOXAClO 0.01£ 
'08 I 0,01 mx Ol I (\,()1 S3J13DX3Q S11 Slt.1.Ccy>On.3 Sm19/\ Slt.1 U."{911 Ull)ax DA9rl01ao 
/\D011.C(!)13rl11/\D Cl01.C S;nan 311 53A.O"(l)/\D S13~J"(3~3 30 130~A.ltqo Di\ 30c,toaouri ne 
910,y '0.01D"{Dcb3X SltODlA9 S131101 30 D9rlo1 c;tox11m1q1 0,0111/\D/\9 DlDril},lX3/\03"{'.1£ 
/\nOX? 1019 1DX. ltolt.19qo1Drilt.0X ltri03()9a1.eoox.Drl 30 Sltongo9au n1nril},"{goo1C 
H eugw:rca LXlJ ouµcpwvta µE tl] LAoBaxtxi) Lil]µoxgatta :rcgoBAEJCEL 
:rcgottµl]otax.ec; ouva1J ... ayec; otov toµfo tl]c; yewgytac; ( 6.g0ga 19 ewe; 22 µe ta 
:rcagagti)µata touc;). To ag0go 78 tl]c; EUQW:rta"(x.i)c; ouµcpwvtac; 8t0:rtLsEL tl]V 
OLXOVOµLX.l) OUVEQyaota µEtasu twv ouµBaAAoµevwv µEQWV, EtOL WOtE va 
c5LEUX.OAUV0EL o Ex.ouyxgovwµ6c; tl]c; yEwgytac; xm tou yEwgyo-Bwµl]xavtx.01, 
toµfo. Kata ouvrnELa, to AEux.6 BtBAto x.aAuntEL touc; toµetc; twv EMyxwv oe 
0eµata xtl]VLatgtxa, cputouyEwvoµtxi)c; ngootaolac; xm btatgocpi)c; twv twwv, 
xa0wc; x.m tu; a:rcmti)ow; Eµ:rtogtx.i)c; JtQOW0l}Of1<; yw µeµovwµevec; :rcgwtEc; UAEc;. 
Lx.o:rc6c; tl}c; EV A6yrn voµoOeotm; d vm l1 JtQOOtaolu. t(l)V xatavaArnt<i>v, tl}c; 
bl]µ6mac; uyei.uc; xm tl]c; 1,ydm; to>V t<i>rnv x.m tmv cpm<i>v. 
l:;uvort'tlXfl 1tEQlYQmpl) 
Kara01:aan ytwgyiac 
H asi.a tl]c; yewgytx.i)c; :rcagaywyi)c; x.ata to 1995 avtLJtQOOWJtEUE JCEQLJCOU to 
0,68% tl]c; UVtLOtOLXl]c; astac; Otl}V 'EvWOl]. 
To µEQi.bto tou y£wQytx.ou toµea ow AEil µ£Lw0l]x.E a:rc6 9,4% to 1989 OE 5,8% 
to 1996. H a:rcaox6Al]Of1 oto yEwQyLx6 toµfo µetw0l}x.E a:rc6 12,5% to 1989 oto 
7,5% tl]c; OUVOALXl)c; a:rtaOXOAl]Ol]t; x.ata tO 1996. Q aQL0µ6c; tWV 
a:rcaoxoAOUµEVWV ava 100 EXtUQLU YEWQYLX.l)t; Yllc; µELW0l]X.E a:rc6 13,3 to 1989 OE 
6,8 to 1996. 
A:rc6 tl] ouvoALX.lJ ex.taol] 4,9 Ex.at. EX.taQLWV, to i)µwu XQrJOLµo:rcmdtm yta 
YEWQYLX.Ouc; ax.onouc; xm :rcavw a:rc6 to 40% X.aAUJtt£tm µE baOl]. IlEQL to 60% 
tl]c; ag6mµl]c; Yllc; cpmeuEtm µ£ OLtl}QU, x.ugtwc; alto, X.QLOi) x.m agaB6mto, evw 
to 25% JtEQLJtou cputEUEtm µ£ x.tl}votgocptx.u OLtf1Q(.t. Qt, AOL:rttc; ngotgalec; 
x.aAALEQYELEc;-EAmouxm an6QOL (xugi.rnc; X.(>aµBll x.m l]ALav0oc;), 60:rtQLa, 
taxag6tEUtAa x.m yEci>µl]Aa -dvm ALy6tEQO Ol}µavttxtc; cm:6 a:rtO'\JJll XQlJOrJc; tl]c; 
YrJc;. 
A:rc6 tl] btabtx.aata µetatgo:rci)c; x.m tbLwtLxo:rcoi.l]OrJc;, :rtQoexu'\J}av xugtwc; tgla 
etbl] yewgytx.wv ExµEtaAAEUOEwv : 
(l):rtEQL:rtou 1.000 ouvEtmgwµot nou txouv µetatQE'\JJEL ttc; bgaotl]QLOtl]tec; touc; 
xm btaXELQLsovtm to 69% tl]c; yewgytx.i)c; Yllc;, µe µfoo µeye0oc; EX.taol]c; 1.600 
EX.tO.QLa• 
(2)µeµovwµtvec; (mx.oyevetax.tc;) yewgytxec; exµetaAAeuow; : xat6. ta tEAlJ tou 
1994 u:rci)gxav :rcegi. tLc; 7 .600 µeµovwµtvec; yEwgytxec; ExµetaAAeuoetc; (µe µtoo 
µtye0oc; txtaol]c; 15 EXtUQLa), m JCEQLOOOtE.QEc; a:rc6 tu; OJCOLEc; c5l]µLOugyi)0ryxav 
MO atoµa JtOU a:rtOcpUOLOaV Va eyxataAE.L'\JJOUV touc; OUVEtaLQLOµouc;. 
Evtoutou;, :rcoA.A.oi. µeµovwµtvm yewgyoi. txouv µEQLx.ou XQ6vou a:rcaax6A.l}Of1 
x.m :rtEQL006tEQEc; a:rc6 to 60% twv µeµovwµevwv yewgytx.wv ex.µetaA.A.EUOEwv 
c5ta0ttouv 5 ex.tUQLU, extaol] Otl]V onoi.a unagxouv µt.x.Q(.t aygoxti)µuta twv 
onoi.wv to µtoo µtyeOoc; dvm 0,34 ext{t(>U.t· 
(3)um1Qxav 60 JtEQLJtOU OUVEtaLQLX.U UYQOX.ti)µuto. (X.OLVO)V rutoOeµatwv ii 
:rtEQLOQLOµEvl]c; cuOuvl}c;) µe µtoo µfyeOoc; 290 EX.tUQi.wv. Qt, EV · A6yw 
exµetaA.A.euaet.c;, µatl µE ·nc; µEµovwµevEc; ( mx.oyevnax.ec;) Ex.µEtaA.A.EUaELc; 
X.O.A.UJttav x.a-c6. 'tO 1994 'tO 9% JtEQLJtOU tric; YEWQYLXT]c; yric;. OL L<)LOX'tT]U:c; ELVm 
77 
BL 
·t,.t.riu. ll1'01(!)A.l) t,.t.A1acnooa11: n1ri 'O"{U.TI(!)31.. '01 ml. 13901aoenx. 13X9 '1)aol..n ma(!)XA.3 
Alt.10 Acn3m,p·-ff3 Acn1 cnl..9y ·S130C),3''f'{D13riX3 59x.1J-.acn3A. 53A9ricnAori3rl 5110 
1Dli\.Orl91\.DlD'X. 1D'X. OQ31f11£3 9'X.D13a3cb1a31£ 30 1Dli\.0~1ao9nx. ClOlC i\.(1)30(!)100001.C 
i\.(!)'X.1TIO'X.01'X.D''(DA. Drilt.10(),0 Di\.9 i\.ClOl\1)griD"'(1a:m Sl},'X.111''{01£ D09ri Dl 1D'X. l},rl11 
Ui\9rilt.ctA.A.3 l}.a38D10 n1ri 1D13~1aoenx. '501'X.D"{1)A. (l01 lt.ocn111:1a31.C i\Ul:{ . J\(l)a10X 
1DX. J\(l)Xo9ri D1A1)cbO Dl '1)alt.110 Dl rnA: ( %~ Cl01 011\1) 9100001.C 1)1DX. i\0111\.QJ.OalC 
J\(l)03ri1)1Qi\3 i\.(l)l A(!)TI11 i\011 Slt.olt.§C),D UO(l)11£1a31.C 30 1Dli\.0~9rianooam>M) 
1D'X. Sl},A.cnA.nanlC i\(!)i\DlIDQ A010Jri A(l)l %06 01 A01D1X1)"{Cl01 AC\011.CC),"{D'X. Cl01.C) 
S9ri11 53A9rilt.ClA.A.3 531D1X1)"{3 511 13~1aoenx Sn1A.a013J opA.aClolC A. OJ, . A(!)A01AD~3 
i\.(l)l 5130l},10Q11£3 1D'X. 5130(!)100001.C 3rl 9riODClQAClO 30 'ltongrlgaDlC i\.UlD S9aoA.D 
3rl Scn1an,x 1D13X9aD1.C J\(l)1A9J.oa1.C i\.(!)X.1A.acn3A. 1)aoA.n Alt.10 A(!)ri11 i\.(l)l lt.§1al}.10 H 
")13 i\.UlD %6t 01 3rl lt.01axA.(W 30 'S66 l 011)1D'X. %SZ i\.Dll}. v~oo 
A.01 9m> 3xueo1A.0101.Co, 0,01.C ( 9A.roA.nan1.C A.010 Slt.olt.19q1m orinA0,qoo1) II31 0.1 
µu111yo1t l)u1Xom3J 
·S9A.1CD'X. 0 1D'X.1)'X.11'X.(l(f\,DA.D Dl 'S9cboa10ro~ 10 'Dli\.9J.oa1.C 1)'X.11.COa1 
Dl i\.Dll}. Sl}.cboa1rnq i\.(l)li\.9J.oa1.C i\.(!)'X.1A.acn3A. A.(!)A.roA.DD13 S31aoA.lt.1D'X. 53a3191ao.x 
10 "1)'X.11'X.O.(f\,DA.D 1D'X. 1)X.1A.DXD"{ 'Dli\.9J.oa1.C 1)'X.1TIOX.Ol'X.D"{DA. 1D'X. D"{1)A 'O"{O.TI1) 
1D'X. Ui\.'),g '1)au110 ADll}. 5DJ'X.D90"{~ Slt.1 S9A.roA.n§3 53a3191a(l'X. 10 '5;66 I 01 1)1D)I 
. [1:::)3 TD'X.3 0££ 30 0:::)3 TOX.3 ~t l 91m 3'X.UQl}.§ClD 966 I 01 l)lD'X. 
Sl}.cboa1rnq A(Dli\.9J.oa1.C i\(J)X.1A.au>3A. 01a91.Cr13 9x.1a31co§3 010 nriri13"{"{9 9'X.1"{01\.0.D 
OJ, ·(%~£) 33 lt. PO(tO"{OX.n mx (t66I 011)1DX. %9£ 01q1a3rl) soa1n13 S9x1ao1£ri3 
soa319x.11ADrilt.D O SltOJ1.C3 1Di\ 13 5DJX3DJ. Slt.1 n11nax.oriuv Lt 'A.q)A(l)ADD13 Lt.mm.cl) 
91.CV ·(%~I) UO<OA3, l}.x1131go~ AU(!)alC Lt 1D'X. (%LI) 33 Lt 130ClO"{OX.D 1D'X. '(s;661 
01 1)1DX. %£t 01q1a3ri) 5DJX3D..L Slt.1 Sn11nax.oriuv Siu l)aoA.n Lt 1Di\1'3 S9A.roA.n§3 
S9'X.1'X.DfJO"{D 511 mA. Sn1§n lt.<f\,01.C1) 91.CD Sl}.cboa1mq i\.(l)1A.9J.oa1.C A.(!)'X.1A.aro3A. l)aoA.n 
ua319x11A.Drilt.o H ·Slt.1 i\.(!)A.roA.n§a A(!)X.1"{01\.(lO i\.(l)l %Z'9 010 1D'X. Sn1~ngo"{~ 
Slt.1 A.(!)A(l)AD013 i\.(!)'X.1''{01\.(lO A,(l)l %8 010 s;66 I 01 1)1DX. i\.DO'),OX1010111\.D 
Cto1.C 531lt.19001.C '(fl:)3 -rox3 o6s; : 59A.cnA.n01a •n:m ·1nx.3 0£t : 59MoA.n§a) 
A.(l)ri1cboa1 1D'X. i\.(l)l/\9).0alC A(!)'X.1A.acn3A. D9A.cnA.no13 9onenx J3"{3101CD na(!)X H 
·Suolt.101.CD13rl i\.(l)30l}.anx1m i\.(!)'X.11Dax A.(l)l 0.0"{91\.0.D 
0.01 %Z6 01 i\.(l0'),31.C(l)0001.C111\.D (l01.C S13ol}.a13X1m IL 1 i\.D'X.UOl}.101.CO'X.1l(l)1Q1 
966 l ClOl U"{?l Dl 1aX9ri 'A.01ri1cboa1 DJA.DXltri01g Ul r;>aocbn A.ODO, 
·(%0£1 '101\.91 "lDX.3 61'1 : D"{l)A. ·%£II : i\.(!)X.1a3"{(l01.C Sn9ax ·%001 
'10A91 000-06 I : Sn9ax ono10X ·%t6 '10A.91 000-09 : Sn9ax. 01399 ·%Z8 '10M)l 
·1nx.3 tt'o : D"{UTI(!)3A. ·%001 '10AQ1 ·rnx.3 £z'I : D"{rn319anxn~ ·%691 '101\.91 "lD'X.3 
£Z'0 : 10a91.CO 10X'),01D"{3 ·%L't6 '101\.91 "lDX.3 ~'£ : 1)au110) DlA.9J.oalC l)X.1A.aroaA. 
n1a,_t'X. n1 9aocbn 1\.009 Sll'X.0~)1(\,1) A.9Q3XO i\.l>ll}. n1x.n~Jo1~ Lt s;66 I 01 l)lD)I 
·Suou101.COX.11(01Q1 Slt.1 5Ctoq99ari 
511 1l>'X. Soac,t3 01 Jri l)X.113XO A.<!>"{O~jl>13li MJ>X.11300riOA. 1\.011 cnA.9"{ T3QA.O.QDag11.C3 
13X? i\.(l)ll)rilt.1x.oaA.n M!)X.'llnax J\{l)l Sllolt.101.Cox.11ro1q1 UJODX.1QD1Q H . A.ro1an1'X.3 
0s;6·z So9aA.9rl 009rl i\.ClOX? DJOlCO Dl '(5;661 01 l)lDX L£I) DlDTil},lX.OaA.n l)'X.11Da'X. 
13"{3101.CD DA. J38Cl0"{0'X.D§3 Slt.A. Sl}.x1A.a01aA. Slt.1 %ZZ 9100001.C i\.On1.C11.C3 Di\.3, 
. A.(!)alt.110 1\.011 D9ri01 1\.010 101al}.10naq i\.OnlC 10 1DA. J3 1DX 
9x1rlnA.o.q 9x11nA.a3 mx. 01D"{1)ch3'X. 'Lt.A. 1D1A.o~1araXmq (l01.C 10fjl)"{OA.aa Sroel}.i\.0.0 
To xgatLx6 taµdo gu0µwric; tric; ayogac; (KTP A), ngayµatonmd ayogtc; otriv 
n:ageµ{3aori oto enLncbo tll£ eyyuriµtvnc; nµitc;, nngtxn enLbotitoELc; otL<; 
cl;aywyec; xm XOQT}YEL abnec; E;aywywv/ELOaywywv. 
L'touc; BaOLxouc; toµdc; Eq>aQµ6tEtm tva xa0wtwc; eµµwric; OtrtQLsllc; cm6 to 
Y mmgydo fEWQyLuc;, X1'QLrnc; µtorn nov rntbotitoernv yu1 tL<; nyoQtc; on<)Qlt>V 
:JtQO~ OJtOQO., AL:Jtaoµa.twv, ouyxgovou tEXVOAoytxou d;on1iwwµ01'J, tri b11µL01,gyta 
vewv :JtOLXLALWV, ag6Euori, XAJt. Qt, entbotriouc; twv E;aywywv JtQoBHn:ovtm 
cm6 tll voµo0wta yLa OQLOµtva JtQo·(ovta nou JtEQLAaµBavouv ta OL triQa, tll 
taxagri, to B6ELO xgeac;, t0 XOLQELO XQfoc;, to xgtac; JtO'UAEQLXWV, ta 
yaAaxtoxoµtxa JtQo·(ovta xm ta OJtWQOXT}JtEUtLxa. 
H aygottxit txtao11 bLabgaµatLtu oriµavnx6 QOAO OtT}V xmvwvtxo-mxovoµLxit 
avC1Jttus11 111c; LAoBaxLac; xm 11 xuf3tQv11011 111c; LAoBaxLac; cmooxorrEL otriv 
otafaaxit EYXQLOll µtac; JtOAL tLxitc; ayQOtLxitc; xm JtEQL(pEQELaxitc; avaJttu;ric;, yLa 
va EJtL tEUX0d m,µBat6trita µE triv EE. Evtouwu;, enL tou JtaQ6vtoc; ?>Ev 
'UJtCJ.QXEL JtOALtLXrt uygonxitc; av6.Jttusric;, uv(11iwoy11 µE nc; JtOALtLXE<; tric; EK. H 
aµwri OtrtQLSll to)V EUJ0611µatrnv xataB<tAAEtm otouc; yErnQyouc; trnv 
µELOVEXtLX(l)V JtEQLOX(J)V, 'l)Jt() p,OQ<Pit JtAl]QO)!HJlV UV(J. EX.t(1QLO, OL OJtOLEc; 
nmxLAAm,v nvaAoyn J!E 111v nm<nntn tern eb<'i<pouc;. OL rnLbotitoELc; 
xataBaAAovtm rnLonc;, (JtQLµob(nnon uv<'.t t<i>o) yu1 tn myonQ6Bcm1 n:01, 
Extgecpovtm ow; ev A6yw JtEQL<PEQELE<;. EmnAtov, bunWEvtm rntbotitonc; yu1 
111v ayoQa EVbL(1µwwv ngo·(ovtrnv U'\JJllArt<; nm6tntnc; (motonmnµtvouc; 
on6gouc; JtQoc; onoQa, twa avanagaywyitc;) xm yLa £JtEv6uoEL<; 6nwc; 
n:goavacpeg0nxE. 
Qt, tLµtc; OtrtQLsllc; Otll LAOBaxta ittav mo0nta xaµl]AOtEQEc; an6 tLc; tLµtc; 
n:ageµ{3aonc; 0111v EK. Kata t0 1995, m nµec; twv OLtngwv xuµatvov--cav an6 
to 56% ewe; to 64% tO'U µeoou OQO'U Otl]V Eugwm1 xm ll tLµit OtrtQLsll<; yLa to 
yaAa xa0ogLo0rixE oto 63% tric; avtLotmxric; tLµitc; otriv EE. Evtoutmc;, 
Ecpagµ6tovtm xata triv ELoobo otriv YEWQYLXrt EXµEtaAAE'UOll. 
Kata to 1995, ri ouvoALxit 611µoowvoµtxit oarravri oto yEWQYLX6 toµfo avitA0e 
OE 7,674 Exat. SKK (200 Ex.at. ECU), noo6 arr6 to onoLo ·w 53% 6arravit0rixE 
yLa aµeoEc; JtAllQlt>µec_; OE µELOVEXtLXE<; JtEQLOXE<; xm JtAllQrnµec; yLa triv JtOLO'tll't<l 
tou yaAaxtoc;. QL EJtLOotitow; yta tc1 Evbta.µwa rrgo'(6vta avtLrrgoocimEuav to 
18% 'tOU YEWQYLXO'U JtQOUJtOAOyLOµou, EVW OL gu0µLOEL<; 'tllc; ayOQU<; 
ouµJtEQLAaµBavoµtvwv twv EmOotitoEwv xata -criv E'saywyit avnngoowneuav to 
8,5%. H nagoxit yEvLxwv UJtllQEOLwv (entµ6Qcpwori) avtL:JtQOOW:JtEUE to 3% -cou 
O'UVOALXOU YEWQYLXOU JtQOUJtOAoywµou xm OL AOLJtec; µogcpec; OtrtQLsllc; 
(ogwµevEc; cpogoarraAAayec;) to 9%. Ka-ca to 1995, 10 aJtOA'UtO JtOOO t(J)V 
JCAllQWµwv O'trtQLsll<; aV'tLJtQOOWJtE'UE JtEQLJCOU to 16% 'tll<; a1;tac; 'tll<; YEWQYLXrt<; 
rcagaywyitc; (48 OLOExat. SKK). 
Ka-ca to 1993, to q>OQOAOYLXO ouotnµa µetaQQU0µLatrixE xm 0EOJtLotrixav 
ogwµevm vem cpogo1i.oytxoL v6µm yta va 1i.11cp8ouv un:6'\JJri ta n6Lxa 
xagaxtllQLOtLxa 1ou yEwgytxou t0µfo xm yta va EJtL 1"eux0d o 01"6xoc; -cric; 
JtQooagµoyitc; 010 ouotnµa tnc; EE. EcpaQµ6otnxE o'to yEWQYLX6 toµfo eva EUQU 
cpaoµa q>OQOAOYLXWV arraAAaywv xm JtQOtLµl]OLaxwv gu0µLOEWV. 
Me tT}V ecpagµoyi) tT}c; ouµcpwv(ac; oto rrAa(ow tou rugou tT}c; Ougouyoua11c;, m 
xuµm v6µEvEc; uocpogtc; xa0<i>c; xm tn µ11 6aoµoAoytxa Eµrr66La 
( avtwta0µwtLxtc; ELocpogtc;) µEtatg6.Jtrixnv OE otaOcgouc; 6aoµouc;. H 
79 
08 
Alu mA.) ACT>lAQJ_OalC ACT>03Til)1(lA3 Sno1,t1oq1m 53A~ri01ao '5UOJ1C3 . AC),09uA.an1nx 
DA 13'.lqalC ne So1.A9am.c (t01. 1m ActOC),XD1 (t01C A(!)A.roA.n~p 1DX A(!)ACT>AD013 
5313Ql) 10 ·uoroA3, AUlO 5130Jriecta S3X'l010J1AD 511 3TI DArocbri(),O AC),01.00rianoochc 
DA 131q01C no S9A.roA.n~3 511 1DX S;,3A.roknon 511 n1A. Sno1ri0na 10 ·33 AltlO DgTIOl 
0X101011AD AOl 3rl SD9rlo1 roA.91 A3 0 0031Q001031C 13101rlrinaA.a9a3 DA 310(!) 
1019 'A(!)aoA.n ACT>30(!)ADJ...ao ACT>A9TI0100 l}.A.oriODDOal! Lt 1D1J311D1£'D '510l(t01A3 
·Sl}.x.111''{01£ 010JD"Y_1C 
OA3rl1;>101d>n 01 1;>x1~1a 13"Y,1;>gn13rl DA 1D13A9riDAD A3Q Sl}.x1111ou So1Driri1;>0A.oou 
(\,QA3rll)101©(t (\01 ltolta(!)30DAD 866 l 01 mA. UA3TIQ1C3"Y_goau H "DJrlOl 
(l.Ox1J..oro3J.. no1 Lt~10µ10 Lt1 mJ.. mx, SD1lt19039D10 Sµx1ri0Aox10 lt01"Y_l)cbomq Lt1 mJ.. 
Slt1 AroX910 Aro1 Lt~a311m Alt10 SµXn11m l)13XOD 3~0µ1m ltoltAo9go:x µx1,mgo10 
Lt 'µx,111"{01C µx1A.oro3J.. lt1 mJ.. £66 I (l01 Slt1 -,;>ririnoA.901C 01 5Dli\0~9ri0Dcb3 
·Sgoocbmq SgX11ADrilto 1Dli\DlOJ©(t 
Di\ i\(t00(l0"{0XD~3 DgTIOl 9x1A.aro3J... 010 33 Slt1 Slti\ J3X3 mx, 5DJ'XD90"{~ 
Slt1 Sµx.111-xou Slt1 (t~D13ri '33 Alt1 3ri Acp1Dgrino Acprioq mx 5DJ039orioA 
Sn9A lt01ico99 lt10 oqo9fuc nXc:t11m nX9 n1xngo"CS: Lt 119 S9AoJ..3J... 01 l)ODII 
. A(!)X103"{(tolt 1DX So1D90X (t0J3010X 'SltoDXl)~ 
'Aroo9ico AroXc:tom"Y_3 'A(!)Olt110 n1nrim:)A03"Y_1C Dri1A.cpA.D~3 DA9rilt~nD 13A.l)om.1: 
DA nrio309oicoo3ri 1Dl3A9rinAD DJXDgo"Y_~ H ·C),ori011ico~3 no1 ltoD101;>1Dx11AD 
mA. ltxA.l)AD U"{l)A.3ri 13XOl)1Cn 'Aro30C),QA31t3 Aro1 l}.icoxmq l}.13DlA31C 9w l)l3W 
A<9x111moou Aro1 rnx 5h.on10~1nx Sn.onol101 5h1 lrnh1"9101~v 
·SµX111"{01£ Sµx1A.aro-aA. Slt1 lt~DOl)X lt1 mA. opA.oaolCA 013TI 1Dl3~l)A03J\(l0 
'no1Dx1q no1ooriltq 5D9oocb SmioA91nD l)"{Y.D '9x11Dox 1DAJ3 A3Q 01oico 
01 '(LI3~) Arori1cboo1 mx 5DJA.Oro3A. 0101}.llt"{3TI11C3 9x1xDgO"{O OJ. "J\(!)X111"{01C 
Aq>x1A.oro3J.. i\CT>l S9Xa11C 5300cbl)1Q 1Dli\O~J013Xmq .. DJ3TID1 .. Di\gTI0100 'i\Og"{1£11C3 
•J\(!)'lOOcboolt"{lC 53J030U1C(l S9XD1303cb1031C 9£ A(l0(),31£CT)0001C11J\D ltoltx101q µx1A03 
Altl 'S3no9cb1031£ 59x11Ltx101q 5110 ·SDJA.oro3J opA.onotcA 01 DJA.oro3J.. l.t1 mA. 
Sltoltx101q Sµx1Aff3 n9oocb 9x101A3X 3ri µrioqoun µxnio39 n199mq DJXDgO"{~ H 
·ong1g 9xo,3y 
010 1Dl3a?cbDAD C\,01.C DJ03QOTIOA Ul 501A90D1C (l01 J1C3 13~J1C030 DJXDgO"{~ H 
·n1xngo"{~ Lt1 9w ACT>lA9J.oou 
Mpx1J..ao)3A S9J..cnA.n~3 511 mA. l)TID3"{?101.C1) QXJ.OA.n,3 BX? Ltocn09()0,3"Y_3 Lt 'DJXD90"{~ 
Ul Jri UO?XO 30 Sn1on10001C OQ31CJ1C3 oa319"{llcfl,a JD AC,tOX101011AD ~323 
Alt10 Moo1nn MI>A9ri0100 ll VD Slt1 0101n1ic 010 S130C,t3ri1nq 10 119 So19AoJ...3J... 
(\.01 mA.9y "D?TIOl 9x1A.ocn3J... 01D i\(!)A'D"{"{'DA(lO i\CT>l ltoroO?Q(l3"{3 CT>0911D031C 
AU.10 J31COX!;)01£'D (\QlC '(Sltucpan3 S1,tx101A3)1 Slt1 i\(!)AD"{"{DJ\(l~ i\CT>0?00,3"{3 
DJArocbrio,~) ~3Z'.3 Slt1 So"{9ri Slto1m )DAJ3 Sn1xngo"{~ Slt1 DJ1Doxorlltv H 
·nli\9).001! roA.91 i\3 Dl 91.CD i\CT>i\}TI0100 Sl)OOcbooau 5(),0XOD1C3i\D 
Slt1 roA.9"{ mx l)"Y,"{D 'Sltolt9q>oo1.e mx 01091Cri3 010 Slt030l)1Q 5(),0XOD1C3AD 
roA.9"{ Sro1onx 'J3100TIOD©3 J\(lOX9 J\3Q 5130(!)100001.C 53A9rlo1ao 'SgAD"{"{DJ\CW 
S?xmoltrl11oou 511 mA. SDJArocbrlno SµxJ.Durooo,3 Slt1 S13~l)1mq 511 -,;>oocbD Aooo, 
·coooz 5019 01 ,ax?ri OJ3 ·1Dx3 8£ µqn1Ltq '}DIS ·1Dx3 1 ~9· I) AcpA.mA.D~3 Am1 
S1301,t1oqm-a 511 mx l)OOAD i\UlO ltODfJ09au i\Ul 'lt~10µ10 mocpXJ...-a i\Ul 3rl l)X113XO 
Sltl)cwA.o,ooo,o Slt1 noo(),J cto1 0101n-xu 010 S13DC,t3ri03Q 13~Jl)"{DAD 13X9 DJxngo"{~ 
EX t(l)V JtQOtEQWV ayoga ALJtuoµ<'rnov, UAL'KWV <1VUJt<1Q<.tY(l)Ync; vtrnv JtoLXLAUt)V) 
OL onotec; XOQllYOUvtm, cpatvovtm va dvm aouµf3atEc; µt:: to XEXtllµtvo. 
Ta XUQLa µtoa JtOAL nxnc; otriv ayoga, ta onota Ecpagµ6tovtm OtllV EK ()EV 
ecpagµ6tovtm otri IAoBaxta. Touto JtEQLAaµBavEL Bamxa µfoa 6nwc; tLc; 
JtOOOOtWOELc; yw tri taxagri, ta XUQLa ngoygaµµata yLa nc; agotgatEc; 
xaAALEQYELEc; (Bamxn txtaori, ng6ygaµµa avtwta0µWtL'X.O)V JtAflQWµwv), xaOwc; 
xm ogwµtva ngoygaµµata aygonxnc; xm bLagOgrntLxnc; (1VaJtt'U;llc;. 
H bLaXELQWll xm O EAeyxoc; tWV EV A6yw ngoygaµµatwv ea anm tnoouv triv 
ecpagµoyn OXEtL'X.Cl OUYXQOVWV ()LOL'KfltL'KWV ouotriµatwv' JtOU JtEQLAaµBavouv 
triv xat6.gtwri tOU EVOEbELyµe,vou xtriµatoAoytou, xa0wc; xm ouotnµata 
tautonotrioric; xm xo.taxci>gwric; trnv t<imw. OL bLOLXfltLxtc; b1,vat6tfltEc; tric; 
IAoBaxtac; Oa JtQEJtH vu uvcmtux001,v JtEQULtEQ<O oHmc; Ev A6yrn i:oµdc; yu1 vu 
Ecpagµootouv ta µttga ama otri IAof3axLa. 
IlQEJtEL va CflµLOUQYlleouv ogyavwOEL<; nagaywywv xm ayogtc; XOVCQLxnc; 
JtWAllOllc; otov toµta twv onwgoxrinEunxwv. 
Etvm ()UOXOAO va JtQOBAecpeEt ri E1;£AL;ll tWV YEWQYLXWV nµwv otnQL;ric; Otfl 
IAoBaxta xat6. tllV JtEQLobo ngo tric; tvta;ric;. Touto ea E1;agtri0Et an6 
ogwµtvouc; nagayovtEc; nou JtEQLAaµBavouv triv EYXWQLa mxovoµta, triv 
xataotaori one; E;aywyLxEc; ayOQE<; xm 'tflV E;EAL;ll tOU EJtLJtE()OU 01nQL;ric; tWV 
tLµwv OtflV 'Evwori. 
Kata xav6va, ri Bwµrixav(a µEtUJtoLrioric; tgocptµwv E;UXOAOUeEL va JtA.nttE'tUL 
an6 JtAEOvatov buvaµLx6 xm EXEL avayxri EXOUYXQOVLOµou. 
'Ooov acpoga triv aygonxn JtOAL tLxn, rn(, i:ou nag6vtoc; UJtO.QXEL rnagxnc; 
OUVtOVL0µ6c; tfl<; XQriµatO()OtLXnc; 01:nQL;ll<; yLa JtQOYQ6.µµata aygotLxnc; 
av6.Jttu1;ric;, µeta;u twv bLacp6gwv toµmxwv cpogtwv OE OQLt6vtw xm 
JtEQLcpEQELax6 rntnEbo. Ta OQLt6vtLa xm JtEQLcpEguaxa µttga ouxva 
aAAflAEJttxaAuntovtm. fl.Ev e,xouv .· oacpwc; xatavcµri0Et m agµo6L6tlltE<; 
JtOAL ttxnc; aygonxnc; av6.Jttu1;ric; OE Eevtx6 EJtLJtebo. 
Ent tou nag6vtoc; bu:1;6.yovtm bLangayµateUOEL<; yw tllV rnLAUOlJ twv 
ng0Bh1µ6.twv JtOU txouv JtQOX'U'\jJ_EL we; ngoc; tl]V. ecpagµoyn tWV EµJtOQLXWV 
6tat6.1;ewv tl]<; eugwna·Lxnc; ouµcpwvtac;. 
H l:l.11µoxgatta tl]c; IAoBaxtac; rnLtuyxavEL ng6obo otri ee,onwll tric; voµoewtac; 
nou avacptgetm oto Aeux6 ELBA.to. Itov xtrivtatgtx.6 xm tov 
cputouyewvoµLx6 toµta, ri LAOBaxta bLangayµa'tEUEtUL µE triv Eugoma·Lxn 
Em tgonn µLa ouµcpwvta JtEQL toobuvaµtac;. OL bLangayµatEUOEL<; JtAflOLUtouv 
Otl]V OAOXAnQwOn touc;. 
Itov toµta tou oL vou, OL wxuovi:Ec; xuv6vt::c; xui:<'nn;ric; µEµovwµtvrnv 
JtOLXLALWV otvou xm OL xav6vEc; XUAALEQYELac; touc; Baottov-tm oto v6µo tou 
1964. 'EXEL Exbo0EL tvac; v6µoc; yLa 1riv aµnEAoxaAALEQYELa, o onotoc; 
JtQOOeyyttEL tl] voµo0wta EK. ea anm tri0ouv UAAaytc; otri boµn xm to 
ouotllµa xataxwQWll<;, ta1;Lv6µrioric; xm EMyxou. 0n anmtri0EL rntoric; 11 
EVLOXUOl] tWV (pOQEWV rnL0EWQfl0ll<; an6 ano-wri JtQOOWJtLXOU xm E;OJtAWµou. 
H l:Aof3axta dvm µtAoc; tl'lc; 6u~0vouc; OQy6.vwol]c; aµnt1vo>v xm otvou (OIV). 
81 
'Ooov acpoQa nc; arcm i:i)ow; eµn:oQLXi)c; :rtQowOriaric;, uvuµtvetm vu. 1eOd oe wx1, 
xata to 1997 evac; ava8EwQ11µevoc; xwbLxrn; 1:QOcpLµwv. Ta tEXVL'X,(l :rtQOtU:rta 
tl)c; IAoBaxL~c; JCQe:rtEL va JCQOOaQµoowuv xm 0a JCQe:rtEL va xaA u1Pouv rnL011c; 
cputo-UyewvoµLxec; rcrnxec;. 
LtOV toµfo t(t)V 0JC(l)Q0X11:rtE1'tL'X.(l)V, 1,rc{1gxouv evbdsuc; 6n bev bLEsaynm 
em0eO>Ql10l1 ,un(1 triv ewayolyi) Otl} LA.o(-~o:x.Lu (01,voQ<1, ALµ<'1vu1, c1egobg6µu1), 
6rrwc; arcm td tm <J.Jt6 tn voµoOwLu 1nc; EK. 11 QbtEL vu bnµurnQyri001',v 
UJtl)QE.OLE<; EJtLOecogrionc; 0101,c; µeOogu1xo1,c; OtU0JA.0'\)c;. . 
LtOV 'X.tl}VLU.tQL'X.0 toµea EXH EV µEQU £JU teuxOEL l1 :rcgootyywn xm l1 EqJU.Qµoyi) 
tOU 'X.E'X.tl}µevou. Arcmteltm l1 mlteusri JtEQaLtEQW :rtQ06bou we; JtQO<; tl}V 
EYXQLOll xm tl}V ecpaQµoyi) tl}<; veac; Bamxl)c; voµo0eolac; otov Xtl}VLatQL'X.6 
toµfo xm OtOV toµea tl'}<; aVClJCU.Qaywyi)c;. 
Ta xgovobLaygaµµata yLa 111v eyxgwri xm tnv ecpagµoyl) rcagaywyou bLxaLou 
otouc; bLa<:poQouc; toµelc; nmxt.AA.ouv a:n:6 to 1997 µEXQL to faoc; 2000. 
Ilagabomaxa ri ~riµoxQcitLa tl}<; LAoBuxlac; bLe0EtE Lxavonmni:Lxl) unoboµl) yLa 
tov x.tl}vLatQLx6 EA£YXO xm rnL0ewgnori, 1600 otu ouvoga 600 xm Evt6c; tric; 
XWQ(1(;, un6 tov EAEYXO tou Y no'ugydou fewgy(.(1(;. 
/\6ym OQLOµtvrnv bwLXl}tLx<i>v µnuBoA<i>v atri boµl) tou xtl}VLatgLxou 1oµfo OE 
JtEQUf)EQEWXT) XA.LJ,l(fX,(1, EV<)£X£t(1l, vu :rtQOX1npouv OQLOJ,l£VE£ 01,oxoA.Lcc; Otl}V 
ecpagµoyi) xm 111v rnLf3oAit vtw; voµoOwLuc;. 2:tl} bu1bLx.uo(.u ngootyywric;, Oa 
cmm tl}0eL JtEQm tEQW JtQooagµoyi) 6oov acpoQa 111v evvma tou HACCP 
(avaA.UOl} tWV XLV01JVO)V µE Baori to xgLmµo onµELo eMyxou) xm -ca 
ngoygaµµata aut6µato'U eMyxou, :rcagaxoAou0rionc; xm mL tl)grioric;, triv 
fSUA.EL'\l'll ao0evuwv (Lblwc; tl}c; XA.aOLxl)c; navwAric; twv xoLQWV), -ca µt1Qa 
EA.EYXOU t'Y}c; EOW'tEQLXl)c; ayogac; (JtQOO'taOLa, O'UO'tl}µa aCELWV' 'X.tl}VLa'tQL'X.Ol. 
EAEYXOL, EJtLJtQ600EtEc; Eyym)oELc;, JtEQLqJEQELOJtOl.l}Ol}), 10 xa0eotwc; ELOaywywv 
( EYXE'X.QLµevec; 'tQl. 'tE<; XWQE<;, EYXE'X.QLµevec; eyxa1ao1aoELc;) xm 10 ouo111µa 
1au1onol11011c; xm xai:axwgwric; ·uov ~wwv ( LMwc; one; exµe.taA.A.euow; LC Lat -rega 
µLx.Qi]c; 'X.At.µaxar;). IlQe:rtEL va avaBa8µw10uv oL UJtl}QEOlec; xm ri rnayyeAµanx11 
eµnELQLa o-rouc; µe.0oQLaxouc; 01a8µouc; mL0EWQl}Ol}<; xm ota xt11vLfftQLXa 
EQyao-ri]QLU. IlQe:rtEL va BeAtLw0EL to 11AEXtgovLx6 ouotriµa JtA'Y}QO<:pOQLWv, to 
ouot'Y}µa 1autonoL11011c; xm xataygacp11c; twv ~wwv xm n urcoboµi) a1;wnol11011c; 
twLXWV UJtoJtQ0°LOVtWV. Kata x.av6va, l} E<:pUQµoyl) tOU XE'X.tl}µEVOU JtQE:rtEL VU 
EJtL teuxeet OE µeyaAO Ba0µ6 µEOOJtQ60wµa. 
'Ooov acpoQa touc; o:rc6gouc; ngoc; o:rcoga x.m to 1,ALx6 noAAarcA.amaoµou, 
x.a0wc; x.m triv cpmo·Uyuovoµ1,xl) :rcgootmJLu., ri tvugµ()VUJl} µe tl} voµoOrnLu EK 
EXEL JtQOXWQl)oa ugxn(1 xm vtm v6µm (\?toxovtm 010 at(1bu) 111c; 
JtQOetOLµaoi.ac;. A:rcmtdtm n £vLoxuon tow boµcov yt.a 111v xataAA.ll"-11 
ecpaQµoy11111c; voµo0wLac;. 
'ExeL EJCL teuxeeL JtQOOCO<; otnv EVU.Qµ6vwn tnc; voµo0eoLac; yt.a 1n bt.a1QOQ)l1 tCDV 
twwv, 111v JtQOOtao(u cputt.xwv :rtQo't6vtwv xm ta xataAOLna cputocpaQµaxwv. 
H :rtEQULtEQW avtaA.A.ayl) :rtA.llQOqJOQLWV µetasu tnc; EJtLtQOJt'flc; x.m tCDV UQXWV 
tl)<; LAoBax.Lac; ea an:m 1'Y}0EL OE YEVL'X.0 JtAaLoLO xa0wc; X,at, Of oxeori µe 'tl}V 
0LaQ0QCDOl} ecpaQµOyf1c;. 
82 
I:"µn:iQ«<Jµ« 
E1;axoA.ou0et va et vm UJtUQUL tl}tl} l1 JtEQUL tEQW evaQµ6VLOl} µe to xm vonx6 
xextl}µevo, naQ6. to yeyov6c; 6tL txeL mL twx0et Ol}µavnxi) JtQ6oboc; we; JtQoc; 
tl}v tyxQLOll twv µttQWV nou avacpeQovtm oto Awx6 BLBAto. 
lb Lat tEQEc; JtQOOna0£Lec; cmm tEL tm va xataBAll0ouv oxenx.6. µ£ : 
~ tl}v ecpaQµoyi) xm tl}V EmBoAi) twv 'X.tl}VLUtQLx.cov xm cputo'UyEwvoµLx.cov 
cmm ti)oEwv x.m tl}V avaBa0µwl} twv eyx.ataot{1m:wv etOL coot£ va JtAl}Qouv ta 
JtQ6tuna EK• touto et vm Lc>Lat t£QU Ol}µavnx.6 yLa w; QUOµtoELc; nou acpoQouv 
tl}V enL0EcoQl}Oll x.m tov eAeyxo yLa tl}V JtQOOtaota twv E;WtEQLX.cov ouv6Qwv 
tl}c; EE· 
-tl}V EVLOXUOl} t(JJV DLOLXl}tLXCOV boµcov µ£ OXOJtC) tl} bwocpaA.LOl] tOU 
cmaQULtl}tou buvaµLx.ou yLa tl}V Ecpagµoyi) x.m tl}v enLBoAi) twv µfornv tl}c; 
Kfll· 
-tl}V JtEQUL t£QW oumaotL'X.l] avabt6QOgrnol} tou toµfo twv yewgytx.cov 
JtQo·covtwv bLatgocpi)c;, µe ox.on6 tl} BeAtLWOll tl}c; avtuywvwtLx.6tl}tac; tou. 
Ecp6oov emteux0d ll EV A6yw JtQ6oboc;, ll µwong60wµl} EVtUs'fl ()f,V 0a 
ouvobeuetm cm6 Ol}µavttx.a JtQOBAitµatu we; ngoc; tl}v evbebetyµevll ecpaQµoyi) 
tl}c; Km vi)c; rewgytx.i)c; IloAL tLx.i)c;. 
Altd« 
H x.m vi) aALeunxi) no11.L tLxi) JtEQLAaµBa.veL xm vec; ogyavcooeLc; ayoQ6.c;, 
bLaQ0QWtLx.i) JtOAL nx.it, ouµcpwvtec; µe tQL tee; XWQec;, DLUXELQLOll x.m OLati)Ql}Ol} 
twv aALeutLx.mv Jt6QOJV x.m emotl}µowx.i) EQEUva JtQOc; unoott1QL;ll toov 
OQUOtl}QLOtl]tWV (1'Ut(l)V. 
H EUQOJna·cx.i) ouµ<pwvlu negL11.aµBavEL bLata;w; oxettx.a µe to eµn6gw 
aA.LEUtLx.cov ngo·c6vtrnv µ£ tl}V Kmv6tl}ta. H Aeux.i) BtBAoc; bev JtEQLAaµBavEL 
µttQa otov toµfo aut6. 
I:vvon:nxtj n:£fWfQ«cptj 
H LAOBaxta bta0eteL µ6vo UA.Lda EOWtEQLXCOV ubatwv x.m O toµeac; bev d vm 
noA.u Ol}µavttx.6c; yw tl}v mx.ovoµLa tl}c;. To 1995, l1 nagaywyi) avi)A.0e oe 6.015 
t6vouc;. Y na.Qxouv µ6vo 25 xgattxtc; xat tbtwnx.ec; eJtLXELQi)Oetc; JtUQaywyi)c;. 
Qc; eµnogtx6c; etalgoc; tl}c; Km v6tl}tac;, l1 LAoBax.la avtLJtgoowneuet to 0,01 % 
twv ouvoAtxcov ewaywycov aA.temtx.coy JtQo·covtwv tl}c; EK ( av~agti}twc; 
JtQOEA.EUOl}<;) xm to 0,40% t(l)V ELOayoiycov aALEUtLXCOV ngo·covtwv 'tl}c; EK 
cmox.AeLOnx.6. cm6 nc; uno'\lJi)cptec; xcoQec; ( cm6 cm6'\lJewc; a;tac;). 'Ooov acpoga tt.c; 
e;aywyec; tl}c; EK, l1 LAoBmtta Mxetm to 0,32% twv ouvoAtxcov µac; ~aywycov 
6oov acpoga 1a aA.teunx.a ngo·covta xm to 3,8% twv el;aywycov µac; 6oov 
acpoga. ta ngo·c6vta auto. ngoc; nc; uno'\lJi)cptec; xcogec; (cm6 cm6'\lJewc; a1;lac;). 
83 
v8 
30 9rion1qodn J\010 '\l)13a?ctnwo Or'(fJ1H QXCt3V 01 'SnnA.a9J\'3 S1,tx1Altam1: 
Slu l'Y9rio1 1\01 l)aochn I\ODQ, ·9riD1MDAl)ll\l) 1\01 D'lA 'D]03QOTIOJ\ l}.X11.0i\10X J\U.l 3ri 
9rion,tqA,t0 30 'l)aoko 1,tx.1031(003 I\U.1 mA. MfnA.ltqo Mf)X.10ng MDl l}.AOriandn u.al},y_lL 
n'lA U.X.Al)An I\U.1 13~n1hh>OA01.m 'Sn13A09A3 Slt1 n~nio1 1\010 ~)00A1> l},x.1cb1co.03 J\U.1 
l)Oochn Aoo9 3V)IX 51113~9ri1013oou ,um onfJ1H 9x.a3y OJ.. ·Sl}.x.11.1y_oic A(l)?rio1 
MJ)'X.113XO 1\0)1 0101nyu 010 Srmol}.og l}.Xoonl.C J\U.1 l)'\A 5'l3~l)lD'lQ '\3Al)gri1)y_1a31C 
mx. U.l.C(!>an,3 I\U.lD M!)OOA.n A(!)X.D13A031\3 l\(l)l Sltn(l)al}.y_x.oy_o Sl}.x.mqn10 
Slt1 lt~n.11.Cl)AD I\U.1 D1A r>]DDA03A(t0 U.1 131qy_goaic D1A(l)cbrictD l}.X.J.Dl.C(l)a(t3 H 
·Sno?XD SJ3A031Q 511. mx. ctOXAT{,3 na1?ri Dl '9riomgod)3 1\01 
'Sm3A.a?A3 Sl}.x.1rio1n Slt1 DJriOl 1\010 l)aOAD l}.A '\OX. Al.tl '5DAct3a? Slu ltolt9cpoa1.e 
Alll 'W Ol Vllfi'3: Slu J\(l)09ri A<px.11ogornriu.aX A(l)l J\(l)A9rioAngri·ff'{1a3micto 
'5130'),Ql\31!3 511 'Am11}.y_goiro A(J)Aa3J\31QDa lto1a13Xmg U.1 'A(l)30l)1DD1D'X.A3 
A(J)'X.11\ltaau A(l)l D13Y,.l)cbOD J\Ul '531"'{0901\ 11XD 511 9iro Sn1on1ooa1.e 
5lt1 SllA?TIOADgriny_1a3mio,o '51}.A 13'\A(\ mx 5D13Y,.l)illDD D1DTI?0 1311!'), Y,_D'X. '501,wam.c 
(t01 11C3 . l\(!)11\(l)ffiTI(tO A(J)A031Q A(l)l l\(l)A?TIOADgriny_1031£rio,o 'A(l)D?ri J\(J)X111Y,_01C 
1D'X. A(J)'X.1TIOI\ l\(l)l 010JDY..1L 01 S(l)? XV)I3 llx.l}.9ActD l}.x.1XaD I\Ul 91.CD l)X11DD10C\O 
3x.lt9XJY..3~3 oA9rill1x3x 9x110A1ox 01 'Sm3AO?A3 Sl}.x.1rio1D Sll1 D9rio1 AOl~ 
· .. r!o-01nv .. nririniU901C 01 mx. Sm3'X.al)m Sl}.x.nnA031\3 Slt1 OJ\9TIU1X3X 
( n 'no10:1n ,t01 n~rio1 nm llo<oo~octT'f11.Cl> All1 ACt0Al)~Jrh>y_103micw 513~1"'{3~3 
5J.rntoX~(11 10 ·Sl}.x111y_oic Sl},xrn3A03A3 Slu npX1ou> ~>X11Mnlll.o ny_y_1,> AC,tOY._31.oiro 
SrnJAOJA3 Slt1 ff}rio1 Ao10 Slt~n.lill)Al) mx Sr>Acno9 Sll1 llrntXoJA3 Lt mx J\(l)C,).1X1Q 
M!)X1)13A.031\3 l\(f)'X.J.r>l.C(00(t31Q I\COl ll~,t1~)1\l) H ·S1A9An'X. S(to'X.11AOY._Y..D91a31C 
mx Sm3A.a91\3 D1~l'X.Ol)l.C3 I\Ul '\DX. 5(:)Qn'X. 'D13A.a9A3 l}.x1rio1n I\Ul '(1.CY..X. 
'SDpy_ncboD D1D119001.CD Dl 311 l)X.113XD J\(l)30(J)3aX01m A(l)l {\(l)l\9TIOADgriny_1a3icrio,o 
'l\(l)30l)lDD1DX J\(l)lXDl'X.9 U011L(J)13TI111\D J\Ul 'A(J)13QD llollA.l}.aox Ul 
'53xDa0Al)I\OA.Oaqa SctOl ''),orio1al'X.3Y,_U mx. ao1aan llo1ri9xn13rim9 lt1 '5?ri11 511 3ri 
l)X113XO D131\l)illD1Q lt1 '9rio1a1Xay_ll 1\01 D1A A(J)1AUQO A(l)l A(l)A9TIOADgriDY,.1031LTIC\O) 
SD13A031\3 Su.1 mrio1 1\010 DaoA.D llx.1anroo3 I\U.1 '5130ctX011\3 53X11DOX 
5111D% 9ri01AmA.Dl~D 1\01 l)aocb; 1\009 Sm1g1 '01DX.JQ OA(l)Al)aD1C1 
01 mx. S~x~9ActD 
Sll1 513~l)1D1Q MtOAl)griDy_1a31.e (l0A?TIU1'X.3X '),OXD13A.031\3 C\01 DpX1010 l)'X.1DDg 
DJ, ·So1AOY..Y..l)91a31L (t01 DJODlOOalC J\Ul '\DX. Scp9nx. 'D13Aa91\3 30 '),OTIDD1QOill3 
D13Y,.l)illOD Alt1 'Sn1lt19x.1101A(l)ADlAD Slu UO(l)Jl y_3g la ActOAl)griny_1031.e 
'ia33 All1 D1A l}.x111y_oic l}.x.m3A03A3 mw.. Sl}.icoa1m3 Sll1 OJY..918 9xn3y 
010 1nll\O,l)Ocbx.3 Smic9 '33 Sll1 Sl}.x.111Y,_01C Sl}.X.D13A.a31\3 Sll1 10X910 1ox10Dg 10 
1>13MJ~A3' 
·Lt.olta<!)Xoooic Alt1 mA nrilly_~J9oic 1J~1)1onofo)l.C A3Q Sn131y_n Sll1 Sn9rio1 O 
mi.ono;unin3: 
'AOY,_Y,_l)fj1031C 
01 1D'X. ~I\ 1311..ct J\Ul 'DpA.ct I\Ul l)OOcbD J\009 A(l)Q?1£11!3 A(J)X1101\ 10'X. J\(l)l 
lloual}.1 J\Ul 130JY..DillDD~3 DJ\ DJX.Dgoy_r I\Ul rnA. OJDX.I\.DI\D 1DJ\ p ne ·Sn1ll19A 10)1 
Sll1 OY,_OA')-0 010 lloro1ic1m l}.X.111\Drillo AO.OX? DJ\ 131.C'?OlL ne J\3Q C\01(,'tOl 
X3 Sm 1DX l)Y,.llrinX l)13'X.aD 1DAJ3 ')13 Sll1 DpX1010 DX101DJ11\D Dl 3ri Ac;t091axA.n.o 
I\Dl9 'SDJX.DfJOY..~ Sll1 (toJ001LTI3 c,tox1a31ro~3 n13X1010 '01 1D'X. ~A.(l)A'Oal)lC H 
A(!)XU.1tooou Arol. mx Shon10~1nx SnonoX~oi. Sl11 ltohl9"to1~v 
JCUQ'flVL'X.ll EVEQY£L<1, ffW J!Et(?U t.:Atyxm, xm Ot'fl 1![1(,((flO(?<i t(l)V JC'U(?'flVL'X,(t)V 
<mo BA r)nov. 
:EuvO:rt'ttXt] :rtEQL"fQCUj)t] 
H LAoBaxla £sugt<nm a£ µqc1Ao Bu0µ6 arc6 d;rntEQLxouc_; EVEQYELaxo1,c_; 
rc6gouc_;, EW<'.tyovtuc_; JCEQWO<)t£QO <m6 to 80% t<ov uvuyx<i>v tllr;, Lblcnc_; 
JCEtQEAmo, atgw xm JC'UQflVLx(1 x<d,mµu <mo tfl Prnolu. 
OL JCEQLOQLOµEvOL EYXWQLOL n6goL (xaµ'flAll rcm6tnta ALyvltn xm yauivOgaxa) 
exouv ooBagec_; JtEQLBaH.ovtLxEc; EJtLJCtwouc; xm ESOQUOOOVtUL µE XQatLXEc; 
rcagEµB6.oELc_;. Ta onµEQLV6. rnlnEba nagaywyr)c_; (3,7 Exat. t6vm) avaµEVEtm va 
O'UVEXLOtouv touA6.xw10v µEXQL to 2005. 
o EVEQyELax6c; toµfoc_; inc; LAoBaxlac_; d vm buo ewe_; tguc_; cpogec; AL y6tEQO 
anotEAEOµanx6c_; aJt6 10 µfoo <>go tnc_; EE xm tout0 A6yrn ngoyEvfotEQWV 
JtOAL tL'X.WV JCQOOUVUtOAWµou tOU £<pobw.oµou, t(JJV xuµT]AO)V tLµwv' 'X,UL t'flc_; 
boµr)c_; tnc_; Bugu'.tc_; Bwµnxuvlo.c_;. 
H LAof3axla d vm µu1 otgmnyLxr) x<i>QU <">ut.J!£tttx<'>µwnc_; 0rnmxo1, u£glm,, t<>oo 
yLa tT]V EE 600 xm yw tT]V Jt£QL<PEQELU, £V(J) <ms<ivnm to <)1,vc1µLx6 
bwµnax6µwnc_; xm (,ITTOOqwt0nolnonc_;. Tu Mxwo. flA£XtQLOµou tll<; xwguc_; 
ouvbeovtm ouyxuovu u.rc6 tov Oxtwf3gw tm, 1995, oto nAalmo boxLµr)c;, µE to 
blxt'UO tnc; bunxr)c; Eugo>Jtnc; UCPTE. 
LtO JaslovskL Bohunice tnc; IAoBaxlac; AEL 10ugyo1,v buo Jt'UQ'flVLxoL 
avnbgaotr)QEc; VVER 440-230 (ngwt'flc; yEvu'.tc;) xm buo VVER 440-213 
(bt:ut£Qllc; y£vuxc;), nou xaAun10uv to r)µwu oxEb6v t'flc_; nagaywyr)c; 
'flAExtgwµou. 'Ooov acpog6. tLc; µov6.6Ec_; 1 xm 2, µEta aJt6 eva Bgaxurcg60rnµo 
rcg6ygaµµa Bt:hlwollc;, avaBa0µl~ovtm ml tou nag6vtoc; JtEQUL tegw (1996-
1999) 'X.UL avaµevEtUL va aus'fl0d to mlJtEbo aocp6.Auac; ,<,UL va JCA'flOLO.OEL ta 
xm vonx6. ng6tuna aocpaAdac_;. Te)..oc_;, o UQXLx6c_; ngwt6turcoc_; avnbgaotr)gac_; 
A 1 nou 'UJtllQXE ngoyEveotEQU aJtm tr)O'flXE va XAELOEL ng6wga to 1977 xm ml 
tou rcag6vt0c_; dvm e.xt6c_; AELt0ugylac_;. Ta xa1mLµu AELtougyLac_; tou 
µEtacpegovtm Otll PwoLa. LtO Mochovce, buo avtLbgaotr)QEc; VVER 440-213 
BgLoxovtm oto otabw tllc; xataoxrnr)c_; µE x<mma ouµµnoxr'l bunxwv EtmgLwv 
. xm avaµevEtm va tE001,v OE AEL tougylu £Vt6c_; twv JtQOOEX<i>V M,o Etci>v. Lt'flV 
Lbux JCEQLOXll rcgof~Abtovtm M,o ux611u µov<t.bEc_; 101, Lblm, t1,rc01, yLa T'flV rcg<i>tll 
bexa£tLa tou moµtvou uui>vu. H <W<p<tAELa twv £V A6yw Eyxa-raotao£wv 
JC'UQ'flVLxr)c_; EvEgyuac_; 0Erngd tm 6n Ou JCA'flOLUOEL 10uc_; ot6xouc_; aocp6.Auac_; rcou 
ELVUL xat6. xav6va aJtob£xt0l Ot'flV EE, arc6 tll onyµr) rcou Oa OAOXA'flQWOEL to 
rcg6ygaµµa avaBaOµLO'flc_;. AEV UJtClQXEL rcagaywyr) O'UQaVLOU, £SOQUsll 11 
rcagaywyr) JC'UQ'flVLxwv xauolµwv. 
OL ot6xm tllc; LAoBaxlm; 6oov acpoga t'flV EVEQYELaxr) JtOAL nxr) EL vm av6.)..oym 
µE t:xd vouc_; tllc; EE xm JCEQLAaµBavouv t'flV aus'flOll tou avtaywvwµou­
Evloxuoll 't'fl£ aocpaAuac; tau EcpobLaoµou, Jt£QLBaAAovtLxr) rcgootaola xm 
EVEQYELaxr) rnagxua. 
To rcAalow avraywvwµou otov EVEQYE1,ax6 i:oµta bEv JCAflQOL ax6µa -rLc; o6nyLEc; 
y1,a "CflV EOWtEQlX'Y] ayoga OtoV toµfo "CT]c_; EVEQYHUc_;, OE OUV6uaoµ6 µ£ "CflV 
85 
ecpe1gµoyr1 tm, 'XOl 'VOtLXO'\) ht.XC1l01) yw. tO'V uvwyrnvwµ6. H E(f)UQµoyn t01) 
oA.o(iuxt.xm·, uvnµovmw>Au1xo1, v<'>1101, tm, 1994 hrv JtQOO<f>EQU EJtUQxdc; 
Eyyunow; yt.a to'V U'Vtuyo>vwµ6 Oto'V toµEa, µ£ (i<wri to xmvonx6 'XE'XtT)µtvo, 
JtaQ6. to yEyov6c; Ott, EXEL oriµwuOeL JtQ6oboc; OtT) briµW1'QyLa t(1)'V ouvOrixwv yt.a 
to tnaxrnQL0µ6 tW'V AoyagLaoµwv JtUQaywync; xm bLaµnux6µwric; E'VEQYELac; tT)c; 
T)AE'X'tQLXnc; E'taLQLac;. Kani OU'VEJtELa, EL vm aJtaQa( 'tT)'tO va Em taxuv8EL ri 
EY'XQLOT) xm T) µeAAO'VtL'Xn E(f)UQµoyn tOU E'VEQYEU1'XO'\) v6µo1'. 
0 toµfoc; xaQUXtT)Qt~Etm cm6 eleyx6µ£va an6 to XQ<'itoc; µovomi>ALa, JtUQ(t 10 
yEyov6c; 6n e,cpagµ6~ov-cm rn( to1' m1g6vtoc; µttgu <pt.A£AEU0£QOJtoLrioric; xm 
LbLwnxonoLrioric; otov toµfo tou Jt£tQ£Aa(ou xm -cou avOgaxa. 0 v6µoc; 192/95 
anoxAELEL an6 LbLwnxoJWtT)OT), yw. OtQCttT)yLxouc; l6youc;, OQWµtvec; 
bgaotT)QLOtT)tec; otov toµtu t01, T)Arntgwµo1, xm tern <1EgL01,, xaOcilc; rntoric; 
6µwc; x.m tT) µEta<pOQ<'i Jt:rtQEA.<1(01, µtorn uyclly<i>v. 
OL tLµec; 'tO>'V E'VEQYHUXCt>V ngo·i:ovtcnv, El,(')l,X,Q"CEQU t()1' UEQlOU, tOU T)AE'Xt(>UJµo1, 
x.m tT)c; Ol,Xt,axnc; Otgµavoric; £Jtl,()Ot0'\)'Vtm xm ()£'V X.<1A'\)Jtto1''V to x.6otoc;. H 
xuBEQ'VT)OT) avaµtvncu 'V(l <mocpaotou OU'Vtoµa OXEtLX<'i µe tT)V £(f)<1Qµoyn µw.c; 
JtOA.l, nxnc; µ£ oxon6 tT)'V o.vnµetcilJtLOT) t(1)'V E'V A()Y(1) OtQE(iAW0£(1)'V µtxgt. to £toe; 
2002. 
"· H LAoBaxLa 6.QXLOE va avcmtuooEL voµo8wLa oxenx.{1 µe, triv Etmµ6trita OE 
JtEQLJttWOELc; extaXtT)c; avayx.ric;, OUµrtEQLAaµBavoµevric; tT)c; bT)µLOUQyLac; 
ano8e,µ6.twv JtetQEAaLou. En( tOU JtUQO'Vtoc;, ri xwga amn bev JtAT)QOl tT)'V 
arcaL1riori twv ano8eµ6.trnv 90 riµe,gwv yLa tx.taxta arco8tµata JtEtQEAaLou (ta 
arco8eµata exuµwvtm OE 40-50 nµtQEc; x.atava.Awonc;) x.m cev cuvatm, A6yw 
't(l)'V aJtmtouµevwv EJtE'VCUOEW'V, va 8EWQT)8EL QEaALOtLx.n ri BQaXUJtQ68wµn 
EJtl'tEU;T) tOU E'V A.6yrn OtOXOU. 
H avact.6.g0gwori tou toµta twv OQUXELW'V EL vm avan6cpeux.tri x.m m 
xm vrnvt.x.tc; x.m JtEQUpegwrntc; rnt.Jttci>ouc; tT)c; Oa ngtnu vu uvtLµEtrnmoto1,v, 
beboµtvm, 6n m X.Qutt.x.tc; mtQEp,(i(ww; Ou EnQEJtE vu OecnQriOo,,,v (nt. 
avtt.BuLvm,v touc; xuv6vcc; tric; EE oxcnx.<'1 µenc; xgunx.tc; Evwx1,ow;. 
' H LAO()ax.(a EXEL agxLoEL tT)'V UVaJtt1'sT) voµo0wLac; xut{t ta X,Ql, 'VOtl.X.a JtQOtUJta 
oxenx.a µ£ 'tT)'V rnagx.ua (n.x. onµuvori tW'V ouox.rnci>V, EA<lXWta ng6nmu 
rnaQXELac;) x.a8wc; x.m JtEQt.BaAAovnxa ng6tunu (n.x. nownx.6. ng6tuna yt.a tu 
x.aumµa), arcoµevouv 6µwc; noAAa va yLvouv. H tyx.gwri Ev6c; v6µou yt.a tT)v 
e;mx.ov6µnori EVEQyELac; 8a EVLOXUOEL tT)V µEAAOVtLX.n ouµµ6Q(f)WOT) µe to 
oxenx.6 µe tT)V rnagx.Ha x.e,xtnµtvo. ea ngrneL va oriµHw8EL to yEyov6c; 6tL ri 
avaB6.0µwri tou e0vLxou CL UALOtT)QLou, yLa va triQri8ouv ta ng6tuna tric; EK, 0a 
arcm tr)OEL oriµavnx.tc; EJtevbuoeLc; x.m 6tL to C)l, UALOtngw ea JtQEJtEl, va UJtOOtEL 
tOV avtaywvwµ6 OE µt.a 'XOQEOµEVT) EUQ(1)JtU0L'Xn ayoga. 
Me '1Ji}cpwµa tric; xuBtQvrioric; ngota.8rix.e ri faacpogonoLriori we; ngoc; -rov 
ecpobwoµ6 oe, JtUQT)Vt.x{1 x.a1,mµa an6 to 1999 x.m µnm.EL ta. H ngooxwgriori tric; 
LAoBax.t.x.nc; ~riµoxgutLuc; Ou m,1;noEL tT)'V Es(tgtT)OT) tT)c; EE an6 to grnmx.6 
ougc'1vw x.m tov qmlmnwµ6. To oxtbw 6µrnc; yw tT) bu1cpogon0Lriori tmv 
JtT)y<i>V tCpobu10µ01, tT)c; x<i>guc; Oto !!EAAO'V Ou El, vm m',µ<pwvo µt tT)V 'XOl, vn 
JtOA.l, tLxn <W<p<'1Auw; to'U E<pobuwµ()'\) 0£ Jt1!QT)'VLX<'1 'l!Al,'X<l, µtow tT)c; 
bt.acpOQOJtoi.11011<; ·w>V n11yo>v nou Ou ECf>UQµooi:d ouc; 01,µ(1aoac;. Hpobuwµm', 
Jt01' ea ouvacp801,v µeta tT)'V JtQOOXWQT)OT). 
86 
MEXQL to 1986 ta avaA.wµeva xaumµa art6 to Bohunice µetacpEQOVtuv rdow 
Otl}V El::l::~, E'XtOtE 6µwc; art00l}'XE'UOVtaL OE b~aµEvec; Otte; Ey'XataOt<lOELc;. 'OA.a 
ta avaAwµeva xaumµa art6 tov avttbQaoti)Qa A 1 Oa rnwtQacpouv ot11 Pwota 
µEXQL to 1999, OtO JtA.aLOLO JtQOl}youµEvnc; ouµcpwvtac; µetasu TOEXOOA.oBaxtac; 
'XaL El::l::~. EJtL tOU JtUQOVtoc; µEA.Etatm ll au1;11on tO'\) [n,vaµtxo1, arto0i)xeuonc; 
tO>V ·ucpL<rt<1f..lEVH)V <)£s(1~,l£V(J)V. MEA£t(J)Vtm EJtLOl]c; rn( 101! Jt<1Q(>VT.oc; l] 
µ<t'XQOJtQ60wµl] rv<'>u'1µrnn cmoOi1xcuol] xm m utLAoytc; TEALxiJc; <moµ<'txlmvol]c; 
twv avaArnµevrnv xauotµwv. Entonc; rnt mu m1g6v10c; xo011yo1,vtm 010 
Mochorce abEtEc; AH tOUQytac; yLa xwgouc; artoOiJxrnol]c; Mof3Ai)twv xaµl]Ai)c; xm 
µeon<; QabLEVEQYELa<;. 
Kata triv JtQooxwQnon, n l::AoBaxtxi) ~nµoxQatta 0a JtQEJtEL va JtA.l}QOL tu; 
btata;EL<; tric; ouvOiJxnc; EUP ATOM, tbtwc; EXEL VE<; nou acpoQouv tov Ecpobtaoµ6 
OE JtUQllVLXO UA.LX.6, triv XOLV'Y) ayOQU JtUQl}VLXO'U UA.LXO'U, triv JtQOOtaota, tl}V 
uyLELV'YJ xm tl}v. aocpaA.ELa, xa0wc; xm ttc; bLE0vdc; ouµcpwvtEc;. AnotEA.EL 
ouµBaAA.6µEvo µeQoc; OE 6A.a ta OXEtLxa bLe8viJ xa0wtcbta xm ouµBam:Lc;. H 
l::A.oBaxLxi) ~nµoxQatta EXEL rntonc; ouva'\PEL µLa JtA.rJQll ouµcpwvta JtEQL 
rtQOOtaotac; µE tOV ()L£0viJ OQyavwµ6 at0µLxiJc; EVEQYELac; xm OtOV EV A6yw 
toµta xa0cbc; xm OE aA.A.ouc; t0µdc; bev avaµevovtm Lb Lat tEQEc; buoxtQELE<; we; 
JtQoc; tl}V HpC1gµoyi) tric; xqLvotLxiJc; voJwOw(uc;. Ev-ro1nmc;, to n:g6B"-l1fW. tl}c; 
JtU(>l}VL'Xllc; <1<Rp(1Aw1c; JtQEJtEL vu nvnµetrnmo1d xm Jtl_>EJtH vu cmµ<prnvl]Oo1,v 
xm vC1 e(f)<1gµocmn',v l_>£<1AWtLx<'.t Jt()OY{){tµp,ui;u, 01,µn:EQLA<1µf1avoµev11c; Tl}<; 
bu1xon:i)c; AH TO'U()y(m; T<ov cyxcmwn'wErnv E<_p6oov JtU(>LOTettm uv<1yxl]. I I l_)rnEL 
va EVLOXUOEL l} (1VEs<l()tl}OL<1 "[(l)V UQJ,tO<')L(l)V yu1 'tl}V ump(1AW1 (lQX<i>V. 
l;vµn:tQ«aµa 
H l::AoBaxta artm td tm va evtELVEL tLc; JtQOOJta0eLec; tric; µe oxon6 triv tiJQllOll 
tcov rtEQWOOtEQCOV 'XOL vottxwv voµo0Enxwv nga1;ecov OXEtLxa µE triv EVEQYELa, 
xata ta JtQOOEX'YJ etri. ELbL'XOtEQa, artmtELtaL ll OtEV'Y) JtaQa'XOA.ou811on 0eµatcov 
6nwc; EL vm n rtQOOaQµoyiJ tcov µovoncoA.tcov, ouµJtEQLA.aµBavoµevcov twv 
t11t11µatcov ELOaycoyi)c; xm Esaycoyi)c;, n JtQ60Bao11 Ota ()L'XtUa, 0 xa00QWµ6c; t(l)V 
ttµwv EVEQYELa'XWV JtQ0°LOVtCOV, l} EtOLµOtl}ta yLa E'Xta'Xte<; XataOtUOEL<;, 
ouµJtEQLA.aµBavoµtvnc; tric; bnµwugytac; anm touµevwv ano0eµatcov 
rtEtQEA.atou, m xganxec; JtaQEµBaow; otov toµta tcov OtEQEcbv xauotµcov xm 11 
avarttUsll EVEQYELaxi)c; EJt<lQ'XELac; 'XaL JtOLOtLXWV JtQOt'UJtWV yta ta 'XaUOLµa. 
~EV JtQOBArnovtm LbtaL tEQec; ()UOXEQELE<; we; JtQOc; triv t'Y)QllOll t(l)V bLata;EWV 
tl}c; EUPATOM. H JtUQllVL'X'Y) aocpaA.ELa ELVaL eva tiJtriµa JtOU artmtd btagxwc; 
LbLaLtEQll JtQOOOXll• Ta JtQO'tUJta aocpaAELac; JtQEJtEL va E;ETaOtO'UV xata tOV 
EV()E()ELyµevo tQOJtO 'XaL va EcpugµootO'UV Taxecoc; QWA.LOTL'XU JtQOYQ<'.t.µµata. 
lbLaLtEQll JtQOooxiJ artmtouv m n:A.tov µaxgon:g60wµec; A.uow; yu1 i;n 
arcoBA.11ta. 
Mnacpoqtc; 
H xm vonxi) JtOA.L nxi) µEtacpoQcbv ouvtotatm art6 JtOA.L tLxec; xm JtQC.OtoBouA.tec; 
OE tgw; Bamxouc; toµdc; : 
-Bel tLC.0011 tl}c; JtOL6tritac; µe tl}V av6.Jttusll OA.O'XA.llQWµevwv 'XaL avtaywvwnxwv 
OUOtl}µa:twv µEtacpogac; JtOU Otl]gU;,ovtm OE JtQOl}yµevec; tEXVOAOYLEc;, Ql, orcotec; 
EJtLOl}c; ouµf36.A.AOUV OE fft6xouc; JtO'U acpogouv to JtEQLBaAAOV xm tl]V aocpa.A.ELU· 
87 
88 
Sno1 D1J '5D13"(1)©0D J\CTlJ\QJ\DX J\(l)l UO(tXOJJ\3 J\U.10 y,Xoooau ua:u JD1(}1 
1300(} DJ\ 13:iqau ne 'S101(,tOlJ\'3. 'S3J\QJ\DX S(tOX110J\ 10X Sno1 3ri UJ\(l)<DTI(tD 
'rDJ\ 13 9ri9ng O"(l)A3TI 30 n1ouo Lt 'n1aouoa3l) Y,'X.111"(01£ J\Ul. mA. n1039orioA 
D:}J\ DJri lto11ar,>1nx ~met 1D13XOJag 'MpaocbD13TI J\(;)X1aouoa3D J\CTll D:}TIOl 
J\01:S: ·S9aocbD13rl 53J\9TIODClQJ\ClO 5111DX DJ.0"(1£100,DJ\ 1,tx1a31roo3 J\Ul 'S9aocbD13rl 
531001)"(D0 511 mA. Da311D1Q1 'Sltoro/\3., Slt1 SClOJ\ J3X3 3ri S3/\QJ\DX Sn01or19aD1£ 
9rl9ng O"(l)A.3ri 30 ltql,t 13~9rtancb3 J\(;)aocbD13ri J\(;)J\031Q 5D?TI01 S9x1xDgO"{D 
0 '(lOJ\9TIUl'X3X (l01 Slt0Lta1,t1 Slt1 Dri?e 010 1)13XaD l)X113XO 1301,terooai.c 13X? 
DJlDaxortltv 1,tx1xDgo1:r Lt 'Sr,>aoA.n S1,tx1a31roo3 Slt1 ltolt1ouo1n J\Ul l)aodm J\OOQ, 
A(!)xu.uooou Mo1. mx Slton1.01;>1.nx Snoo.0X~o1. Shi. ltolti..9101~v 
·SDaocbD13ri Souoa1 Soa3101anx 
0 So1J\9aD1£ ClOl 11£3 Dri9xn 13J\9rinanu Sortoaq9auq10 0 Srorl9 OO~)lOU 
. J\CUll}.J\1X01ClD J\(;)X11CU1Q1 Sltot,tax Slt1 1DX Sn10Lt1xo1q1 Slt1 ltolt~(tD DJDQA.Da J\Ul 
l)aD1£ 'J\(!)1CU1Q1~Dl J\(!)OOcbn13ri J\(!)X1QO Mf)X1AO"("((t0 i\(l)l lt~Clll . .Cl)J\D U"{U"{"{l)am.c 
3TI 3XU0(;)13TI ClOJ0"(1£ l}. ct0rl9aqoauq10 CT>D9rl J\(;)aoiliD13TI J\CUl 01QJa3ri O.L 
·Sc,t01nD Snort9aqmq Sno1 91£D S13a1 
91£D m13~1Xomq Sodmq9 9x1xDgo10 oi ·Sr,>aocbD13rl Snori9aqmq S0,oxJ.Duroan31q 
Snow 5DJXDgO"{:S: Slt1 ltoror9rirooi\3 Alt1 13/\(tXDl 1m DJ\ noi\9rl13xoau 
966 I ClOl 01a1;>noag3<1> J\01 nori9aqo1lti\ 1X01ClD 5l}.Cl3XOD1DX 01Q9XD O~OQ9"{1© 
DJ\:} 3J\1a'X:}J\3 ltolti\a:}gn )I 1,tx1xDgO"(:S: H ·9ri01J\OaXA.nox3 OJ\9TID13l'X3 J\(t011D1£D 
mx 53A. n 1DJ\ 13 S3a(;)X S9X1J\Ol 13A 3ri 51309QJ\ctO S9xmao93ri 10 . J\(!)TIOQOl.cct 
J\CUl So109x 9x11 ,ax.A.no 010 5130(;)11£11£3 5?X11J\Drllto J3A.an01rlltq 910.v 
·0,019/\-l)aaog S9aodm13rl 5110 01q9'.l£ri3 9x1octcb DJ\? J\ctO~JlDriltXo mx (l}.X1"{01DJ\V 
J\UlD gJ!SO)I 01 mx DJXDgO"{:S: 1,tx11nq lt10 D9l)"(011Dauw J\Ul) S9Xo1a31C 
S9X1rlOJ\OX10 S9X10Dg 00,Q 30 Da(!)X lt1 J\(l,Oa1mq DJXDgO"(:S: l}.x1a1J\3X-D13a9g 
J\UlD ua9 DJ. ·SDJXDgO"(OOX30J. J\U(!)a1£ · Slt1 OJ\9aX J\01 l)lDX J\DXlt91,tA.ano11iltq 
53J01£0 10 'n11naxoriltV l}.x1X30]. J\Ul 3rl J\CU30~QJ\Cl0 J\(!)J\310 J\CUl roA.9"{ 1DX 5ltDJ1C3 
l)"("(l> 'Sna(;)X Slt1 Sn1chnaA.01£01 sua31 JD1Q1 Slt1 roA.9"( Sro1anx '9ri01"(01DJ\DOOa1£ 
9x11,tqox1101nAn 90,tX01 n~1)1octoon1.e Sn1xn~Jo1:r Slt1 J\(;)aodm13rl l,trloqoico. H 
~<hniM,1031.C ~x11.1COM3'. 
·nrnt19a1.e n1 mx lto1J\9rlani\3 1,tx1139orloi\ 
Lt 'S9riD1J\(l)ADli\X) 0 1l)J\ p Sco1.e9 'MOl'QTIJO Mrry_"(l) J\(l)J\9TIOJ\DgrlD"{1a3mictD 
'J\roaocbD13rl J\CUl mrio1 J\010 SDaoA.D Sltx1a-31ro03 Slt1 J\mao 
J\{Dl UOUJO'.l.CO"(ct J\Ul D1A ua19ri 30 1Dl3J\(!)al~3X11£3 01"(~18 9xo,3y OJ. 'D1Ul9J\10)1 
J\UlO J\ctOXa~mo, ct01.C DJ\ J3X3 3rl J\rorl101axA.cto J\CUlC(l,1001.C J\(!)X1A.actol 13"{ 
lt~ct31J1.C3 J\Ul mx Slt01ri9xn13rimq Slt1 UOJ\ct"{9Xct31Q lt1 'J\(!)aocbD13rl 
r,>aoA.D J\UlD Slt0Dgo9a1.e Slt1 Ltoro11 "(39 Ul 'J\(;)aocbD13rl ACUl 9ri01J\OaXA.ctDX3 
1DX ltoroaea1;>1qDJ\D J\Ul 0X910 3ri DJonA.a3J\(l0 Ul mx omx1q 9X110J\10X 
01 soa1.e 5DJ0300llOJ\ Slt1 U01AA9DOa1.C J\Ul 131.Cngoaic DJJ\rocbrictD l}.XJ.Dl.Croact3 H 
·coooz-~661 'S1;>aomD13w 
Sl,tx.1111011 Sl}.J\10)1 MpnA.a3J\3. nrlrinoA.9on) SX)aoilin13ri S9aoA.D 53"-("{l) 
3D 33. Slt1 J\(f)11Drilta13X11t3 Sltongo9a1.e Slt1 UOJ\ctaal)OJ\3 J\Ul mx S3a(!)X 5311a1 3rl 
Sr,>aocbn13ri J\CU3D:}QJ\ct0 J\Cl)l ltoro11 "(39 Ul 3ri SltOD10l)1Q Sl}.x1a31ro~3 Slt1 UDJ\O.a(\,31(} -
· J\CUlC(,tlOalC J\(!)'X.1/\CUJ\ 'lOX J\CUl U01"(l)©OD~3 UJ\OOX91ctDl '3ri S1;>aocbD13rl J\(!)1D3altico. 
luoy,oX 1\01 5001.C M!)'X1"(1d) Sl}.XooDlC Slt1 mx Sl}.A0"(11£3 Slt1 'Sn1Lt19x11nri03"(3101£D 
Slt1 ltoltoq)Oal.C J\Ul 91.eoxo 3rl S9aoA.n Snp>1A] Slt1 SnJAU(tol 13"( Slt1 ltoro11 "{3H -
68 
DI\ 1D13X9Q/\.3 /\.3Q Mpaocbn13rl /\.(l)l SDJriOl O 119 mx Sprf 01 S(\.OlC\D O(\.Q 
Sno10 1D13/\.(!)11 "{39 UDDl0"9lDX Lt 119 3TI(t0l.C DI\ 3rl(toaol.Cri 0/\.9TI lt~D"{(tcb11C3 3W 
·139lt9no1mmaD1£ DJ\ 131qa1£ D0 (t0/\9TIU1X3X (1.01 l}.A.ortaDcb3 l}.x11DrlA.Da1£ Lt (l,01£9 
'D9TIOl 9x1r1oagooltg10 /\.010 1DX (Da31JD1Q1 DJAO"(OOOcb 1DX 5DT3''ff;XDOD 531\.91\.D'X. 
'l)OOAD /\UlO lt0Dgo9a1£) /\(l)ll)TI(t3001£TI3 5900cbD13ri 59X1QO 5110 oqo901£ l}.0D9Dx 
13X(t111C3 DJ\ 13/\9TI01£D 5lt1 '00910('.j . /\(!)OOcbD13ri J\(l)l Dri99 010 (t0/\9TIU1X3X 
ao1 ltottal}.1 /\Ul mA. 53130l)1£00a1£ 3"(Dg91DX DJlDOXoriltV l}.X1XD90"(~ H 
nrlono~utiC\3: 
'D1Dril}."(goa1£ 
130l}.A.oa01rlltq DI\ 30C).oao1£ri D0 DlDril}."(g001£ l)X1TI0/\0100riltq 91£D 1D13C).300AD1£(t 
(l.01£ C).01(1.D C).0001£ (1.01 UO(l)J3ri DJri '009105 ·9x11lt101£0/\DX1 1D13/\JD© (l.01£ 
9100001.e '113V (1.01 %8'Z 010 C\01.CJ031.C J3X101011/\.D 91C\D 9001£ OJ. ·Sn,ori9aqmq 
5').0X~_l)lC(Oa0.3/\DlC 50.010 5<0100.x '59oodm13ri 5J3A031Q 511 91£D 1DlJ\C).0101COri1ottax 
n.Olt /\.(!)OO©D13ri 59rioqomt 5110 666 I mx. ~66 I (1.01 C).~D13ri Slt1 9rio1A.O"(Ol£(\,Oa1.e 
/\.01 91m 0:>3 (t01£Ja31.C moc,trirlo1nx.3019 z 130C,tQ/\.31C3 l){\. 131.tP,{fJOOlt n1x.ngo"{~ 
Lt '1)10.D D"(9anu ·5Lt1 5l}.rloqo1.en, 5lt1 lt~(tl~/\D /\ltl D1A ltolt19901nri1.tax l;t/\Q31Q 
1391)"( naq.>1 1aX9ri 13X9 A3Q DJ1DaxoriltV 1;tx.1xngo"(~ Lt 'S3a(!)X 59X1/\0l 13A. 511 
3ri 1DX 5ltoroNa, Slt1 U"(9ri ltll)OX. n1 3ri /\(l)309Q/\.(t0 /\(l)l ltoro11 "(39 J\ltl l)aocbn J\00O, 
·1309riaDcb3 DJ\ ltQl}. J30D1£00a1.C 0101.CO 01 DTIAl)a1£ '(tOJO"(lC (1.01 
1DX aori9aqoa1.tq10 (1.01 ltol}.aX /\ltlO Slt1 53130l)1£DOa1£ 511 13/\C).0(t31DX DJ\ 131qalC 
ne 1DX /\(!)OO©Dl3ri /\(!)X1QO J\(l)l 51.tolt~C).D ltDl)l ltri1/\9ri n1ri 13DJ1£(l)13TI11/\D DJ\ 
n11noxorittv l}.x1xngo1~ Lt A9AD911.e mA 13 •Aq.>oocbD13ri So1Dril}.10ao ao1 Sl;!Xo/\ao 
Slt1 50X910 0 T30X0.3111C3 Di\ oa319"(0XOO.Q 1D13/\TD© '5m19011/\V ·1;tx11Lt101COJ\DX1 
l)X113XO 1D/\J3 DJlDOXOriltv l}.x1xngo1~ /\ltl 91£D 3x,lt9XC).3111C3 (l,01.C Soqo9a1.e 
lt 'D13"(l)©OD /\Ul D1J '/\(!)aocbD13ri So1Dril}.10ao (1.01 5ltolt101eori101.tax 5lt1D11"(9g 
Slt1 lt~a31JlC3 /\ltlO 1DX. 5DJ3"(D©OD n,oq91.C11C3 C).OX11lt101CO/\.DX1 59/\3 5?00©D13ri 
5110 l;tA.oriOD©3 /\Ul 1)1DX. 1D/\. p A91C\D D9TIOl /\010 531"'{0X.Da9 53a3191aax 
10 ·S9Xan S9X1XDgO"(D 511 91.CD lt<fl,91.m 3x.ltocbl}."'{ (l,01! 0/\.3TIJ3X.11/\D J3"(3101£D 
M!)aodmnrl So1nrll;t1rnt0 (,\.OX1101MOAD1/\l) mx (\.0/\9TI(T)aU"('XO"(O 59/\3 lt~0.11..C"')J\l) H 
· M!l13a3Xon,q /\(!)X11/\.0"("(3ri l}.A.ltlC J310D1DX 
DJ\ 30').oaolCri no '5130µa13X11C3 53109lilt9 0/\.9TI 13/\.;)griD"-(1031.C DJOlCO Lt 1DX 
686 l 01 91£D UlU"(9l)13riD 1D/\ 13 DJ01£0 lt 'n,01 l}.rioq l;t/\1a3rilto Lt l)"("(D 'DJD300TIO/\ 
1;tx110/\1ox /\Ul 130Lt1 Ai;tXon1nx A(!)oocbnnli A(!)X'llng11.e3 A(!)X1QO Aro1 5n9rio1 o 
·n1Dli99 l)X.1AO"'(Oaom Dl 1DX. 53/\.9/\l)X 5C).OX1/\X31 Sa01 '5D13"(l)©OD 
5aoXA.9"(3 50.01 'l)aoA.n /\ltlO ltongo9a1£ /\ltl l)aocbn /\009 1Dl/\O~l)10(t0aDlC Slto1m 
DlDrli;t"(goa11 ·oa30C).3"(3 5roal}."(1.C 1D/\J3 no /\.(l)ll)TI(t3ao1£ri3 59aocbD13ri 59X1QO 5110 
~l)101CTIDX 01 /\Dl9 'DaO/\.C).O l)X1a31roD3 51arox 51.toro/\3, Sl}.X11/\0"("('3ri Smri 010JD"(lC 
010 n1onrilto 1.ta311D1Q1 13~l)100.oanu /\009cb3 r101.tono"(OKOOD1C Di\ 131qalC DO 
910.n Dri?O OJ. ·5n~l)"(C\©11C3 /\.O"("(l)TI 13A.oct01rluq DI\ 1'013/\ 1ncb D9ri01 C).OX1a31(l)03 
(\.01 D1AO(t0113"( Lt ;)"'("'{l> 'Si)odmnri 5pAQ31q 511 l)aodm /\.009 (t0/\9TIUlX3X 
0.01 /\(l)3~l)1D1Q MOl 5oo~ri 0031(,\. "(DA3ri 01 /\(,tOOltl /\<Oll)TI(t3001CTI3 S900©D13ri 
S9X1QO 10 'M!)13 /\(!)X3Doa1.e /\0)1 D13XOX,>1Q /\.Ul l)ll)X 5ltolt9C).O"(OXnaD1£ /\Cl.OX(l.1 
DJ\ niqa1.e DO J\(l)ll)TIU.100.0 /\(!)X1101AO"( /\(T)l 5ltolt101eo1eo.1 Slt1 1DX 5D1D30UlCO. 
Smo9riltq Slt1 Dri?e 010 (t0/\9rilt1X3X. (),OX110/\ 10X. (1.01 l}.A.oriaDcb3 l}.x11miA.DOlC 
Lt mx 5(!)0DX DJ0300riO/\ l}.x1xngo10 /\ltl 3ri 3xltoX,p111C3 Cl.01£ 51}.rioqouo. Slt1 
Sltrnt3"("(~)13riX3 mx 5lt01opXmq c,t~nnri ~nimocoXrnq 9x.1101A.o"( /\.01 1DX oo.1x.1q 
9x1rioaqooltq10 010 ltongo901C /\Ul l)OOdm (tolC 0/\.9TIU1X.3X. 01 'Sn,ori9aqoattq10 
6rtµLOUQYflOeL µeyaAec; 6uoxoAlec; we; JtQoc; trtv trtQrtOrt tou xextnµevou oxetLxa 
µe trtV eOWteQL'Xfl ayOQ<l. 
IlQEJtEL EJCLol}c; va JtaQaxoAou0l}0eL l1 og0it 0£0l] Oe e<pagµoyit twv µfowv rcou 
etvm avayxata yta trtv uA.on:o(rJOll i:l}c; Baol}c; to·u µEAA.ovnxou 6teuguµevou µe 
tLc; JCQOOXWQO'UOe<; XWQEc; 6LEUQWJta·t:xou 6L'Xt'UO'U µEta<pOQWV. A Ut6 artaL teL 
Lb tat teQll rtQoooxit A6yw mu yeyov6toc; 6tL ll LAof3uxta, we; OQEL vii xroga 
avtLµetWrtLsEL U'lpl]AOtEQEc; 6arcavec; Otl]V xataOXEUfl tWV urco6oµrov, yEyov6c; 
rcou 6l}µLOUQYEL Otl} xwga OUYXQL tL'XO µELOVE'Xtl}µa OE OXEOl} µE ttc; YEL tOVLXE<; 
XWQEc;, on,c; on:otec; i:a 6teuQwna·t:xa 6txi:ua avarctuooovi:m euxoA6tega. TeAoc;, 
ea rcgbcEL va Evwxu0ouv taxewc; 'XUL xata O'UVEJCfl tg6rco, OE 6Aa ta EJCLrteba, OL 
OAoBaxLxec; 6LOL'Xl]tLXE<; 6oµec;, ouµrcEQLAaµBavoµevwv tWV OQYUVLoµrov 
eMyxou, 6n:wc; rnt n:aga6d yµan yta tl]V aocpaAELa, ngoxELµev01J va µl]v 
6l]µwugyouvtm rcgoBAitµata Otl}v ng6obo tl}c; xrogac;. 
H rtOALtLXfl tl]c; EE yLa w; EJtLXELQflOELc; arcooxorcE( Otl]V ev0(1gg·uvorJ tl]c; 
6l]µLOUQyLac; E'UVo·t:xou JtEQLB6.AAOVtOc_; ytn tl]V nv<'mt1)sll µLxgoµeou(rnv 
ertLXELQflOEWV OE oA.6XAllQll -rriv EE, otri f3EA -r(rnol] tl]c; uv1ayrnvwnx6tr]t(1c; tcrnc; 
xm Otl]V t6vwal} tou eugrnn:a·t:xou xm bu~Ovoi,c; xagaxtitga 'touc;. 
Xagaxtl]QLsEtaL arc6 U'lpl}A.6 Bn0µ6 EJtL'XOUQL'XOtl]tac;. 0 OUµJCAl]QWµanx6c; 
Q6Aoc; xa00QLsetm 'XUL BQLO'XEL ecpagµoyit Oto JtOA'UE'tEc; rtg6ygaµµa yLa tu; 
µtxgoµeaa(Ec; EJCLXELQllOw; Otl}V EE. To rcg6ygaµµa aut6 n:agexeL tr} voµLxit xm 
6l]µOOLOVOµL'Xfl Baol] yLa ta El,()l,'X,(l µeiga rcoAL nxnc; 'tr]<; Km VOtl]tac; yLa tu; 
µLXQOµeaa(Ec; EJtLXELQflOEL<;. Ta XE'Xtl}µeva EXO'UV µEXQL oitµega JtEQLOQWtEL ow; 
ouot6.oeLc; yLa etbLxouc; -coµdc_;, :rtag6. to yeyov6c_; 6tL ri voµo0rnta oe 6.AA.ouc_; 
toµdc; EJCl}QE<lsEL eJCLOl]c; nc; µLxgoµrna(ec; ErtLXELQflOEL<; (Jt.X. OtOV avtaywvwµ6, 
to JCEQLBaAAOV, tr] voµo0eota JtEQL EtaLQLWV). 
H eugwrca·i:xn ouµcpwvta n:goBAEJtEL 'tr] ouvegyaota yw triv avarctUsll 'XUL 
evtoxuon tWV µLxgoµeoatwv eJCLXELQflOEWV, Lbtwc; OtOV l,<)l,(J)tl,'X.0 toµea, µeiasu 
aAAWV µfow tric; rcagoxitc; JtAl]QOqJOQLWV 'X,Ul, BoitOeLac_; oxetL'X,(l µE rnuc; voµLxouc;, 
6LOLXl]tLxouc; xm cpogoAoyLxouc; 6g01,c;. To Aeux6 BLBALo bev :rtEQLAaµBavEL 
EL6LX<l µetga. 
l:VV03t'ttX1] 3tf:QtyQm()t] 
Art6 to 1989, ll ausl]Ol] tOU UQLOµou 'XUL tl]c; orcoubm6tr]tac; t(JJV µLxgoµeoutwv 
ertLXELQflOEWV., U:rtflQSE EVt'UJtWOLU'Xfl. 0 UQL0µ6c_; tWV MME ausrt0l]XE to 1995 0£ 
300.000 'XUL UVTLJCQOOWJtE'UOUV OflµEQU tO 35% tl]c_; µL'X.tfl<; JtUQU"(W"(fl<; tOU 
Bwµl}xavL-x.ou toµta. LE ogwµtvouc; toµetc; 6:rtwc; one; -x.a-cao-x.eutc;, one; o6L-x.tc; 
µEtaq>OQE<; xm -cri 6Lavoµit, to rcoooot6 aut6 d vm :rtoA u U'lpl}AOtEQO (rcegLrcou 
80% ). An6 arco'l!>ll anaox6ArJoric;, oL unaAAriAm otu; MME avegxovtm ae 
425.000 xm to ouvoAtx6 µegtfao twv MME avnrcgoowneueL rtegtrcou to 25% 
tnc; ouvoAtxnc; anaox6ArJanc;. Me 55 rnLXELQflOEL<; ava 1.000 xatot-x.ouc;, ll 
LAoBaxi.a Bgta-x.e-cm n:avw an6 to µfoo 6go twv 41 Otl}v EE. An:6 ouy-x.gt tt-x.tc; 
µeMtec; JtQO'X'UJttEL OtL ll tr] LAoBax(a :rtagouo(aoe tr] buvaµLXOtEQll avarct'Usll 
MME OtrtV JCEQL<pEQELU. 
Meya µegoc; -rric; uv(mTu);ric; mn11c; oqJdAnm o-rri 6Lafaxnotn LbwnLxorroirioric; µE 
tl]V OJtOLU I 0.000 £t<1LQLE£ Jt(JJAt10riouv OE JtA.£LOtrtQUWµouc; xata triv Jt£QLO()O 
1992-1993. OL negwo(neQec; arc6 nc; Ev )..6yrn MME irr:av BwtexvLec; xm 
90 
~6 
. A(),000.X01A3 
DA SroA9TIO'.lt3 139l.t1 'lDlID D0 'ltoltoq)X0001! AUl A 101! OQOJ031! AUl J)lDX. 3WW 
Aro1 lt.oo.X.01A3 Alt1 rnA. So1A90Du 0,01 1m m1AO'f'l'99D1DX o.ou 531391;u.ooou 10 
"D1D'{J)ffi3X 
l)X.11ClQJ\3'.lt3 DA3TIC),011D1ID DlO Slt.0D90901£ Slt<h, 13'{'{? Slt1 roA.9'{ mi.0399ouo.03ri 
J3101ao1a3u DJ\ 1Dl3X?QA3 3WW A(l)l D9TIOl J\010 UO~)l ~X1QOAD UAOl/\9 H 
·S300A.D 533A 
30 J\CLOOC),QD131Q DA Sa01 l)1Ul()ADX1 Lt J30(l)'ll '(39 DA 1DX. ltolt19qo1nriLtax I 
UlO 3WW 
J\(l)l Slt0D909au Slt1 U~Cl11C'J;>AD Lt 1DX. AO'{'(l)91031! 9x1A.01oaocb 01 139ro11 '(39 DJ\ 
-Slt~1a~1.o l},riOQOl!(t Lt 139etXD'lA3 DA mx. 3WW 511 mA. Lta319XJ.0A(t3 J310D1DX. DJ\ 
mA. DJD300TIOA Lt J30Cl310Cl0'(1ID DA 1Dl J311D1!V "513.0Q)'ll '{39 AC),00U 101!01DriA.Dau 
DA 'lDlADA(),Q '5101C),01A3 "3WW i\(l)l lt~ClllCl;>AD 009cb'l3D AUl mA. 53X~0AClO 
10 AetoXal)l!Cl l)X.1.0DH "5DJArocbrlao S~XJ.D1£(l)(J(t3 Slt1 06 oaeal) 010 1Dl3'.lq'{9001! 
Sro11:9 'D9rio1 J\01.0 SDJX.D901~-33 DJDDA.o3ACLD lt1 mA. mx SQ19Dx '3WW Aro1 
lt.oaX.01/\3 J\lt1 mx. lt~et11Cl;>J\D J\lt1 rnA. J\Oo9cbrnq/\3 OJ\Ol/\? 13~13g1m 13X9 DJXDgo'{~ 
lt mx. 3WW J\(l)l D9rio1 CLOl lt~Clll!l)J\D AUlD J38XCL311'.lt3 13X? Soqo9au ~X11J\Drilt~ 
A<,x111tooo1t Aro1 mx Slt.on10~1nx Sn.onol~o1 Slt1 ltolt)..9101~v 
"O)IW 1000©l)1Q mx SDJTIOlOJ\'lDX S~x11Drilto13X1'.lt3 
DOlJ\?X Dl 'lDJ\ 13 Srou9 Slt~10~10 S9rioq 53'{"-{l) 53A9rimoo mx SQ19Dx 53JD3oltua 
59x.11roo3rllt/\3 mx 59xuet3'(CLogriao Mt0XDl)OD1£ DA ~1010oiro 5ro J\etoX9 DJOl!O 
Dl '(:)IVcl) J\Q)1aoct:>oolt'{1£ mx J\Q)'(Cl09riCLO S~XOOD1! DOlA?X 1)XD'l3a3d:>1031! Zl 
SltOJ'.lt3 J\ClOXOl)l! A '3WW 5110 (S~X'llOQOlDriltoX mx S~X'l1Cl3'{Cl09riao) Slt.~10~10 
J\ro1~101olt10DoQ Aro1 J\ro'{9 9rio1Ao1J\ao 01 mx 3WW J\ro1 Slt~a11!l)J\D Slt1 
UDJ\ClOOl)8A3 J\Ul 9uoxo 3ri £661 ao1 OlOClOA.C,l,V J\01 3x,lt9~A.oa01riltg (3WSOVN) 
3WW J\(l)l Slt~10~1.o DJ03oltua ~X.1/\83 H ·SLtoltJ\o9gax Slt1 ~X.111'{01! ~X.1J\DXltri019 
UlD 1Dl3~Jao9nx. 'n1lt19mo310au ~X.11ltAa3gCLx Sro 3WW J\(l)l lt~ClllCl;>J\D H 
·S3101Dl3 
530139D10aoo3A S3J\9rlmoo mA. 513DA(),ocbD'{3 SJx1A.01ooocb 131£?011'.1£'3 n1ouo 
lt 'O'liQJ\ QX.1AO'(OOOcb 010 DJA.0'{01£001 3'XU10Jd:>ltcft '£661 01 l)lD)l "D'X1QQ)X QX.11DD 
J\010 1D1J\O~Jrieaa D1Dri(),OQ1 Dl mx. Sm39~ogo1Lt11n DJ3riD1 Dl Q)J\3 'DX1QQ)X 
9x1001£rf3 AOlD SltOJ'.lt3 1Dl/\O~Jri90,o 1orio1om13AClO 10 ·S13Dl,tlOQ1'.lt3 mx m391,tog 
~x110901miltoX UJ\3rl9cb301D11t3 '5(),0TID'lAOADX 5(),0X.1Q13 Sao1 3ri DArocbri(),O 
~X013rlrio,o ',\(l)JX.0111£3 ~cbOOlD11t3 ',\(l))3ADQ 5130~0,A,A,3 'D'l3i\l)Q 1Di\ 13 Slt~1a1,t10 
S9cboorl SJ3J\3A0l(l)01£ 10 ·3ww J\(l)l lt~1a~10 lt1 mA. ori9A 9x1913 ~661 01 3D(l)Q?~3 
5DJXD90'(~ Slt1 ltoltA0?9ClX Lt 'A09'{1!11!'3: ·3ww 511.0 m13~9rioncf:>3 Di\QADX 
l)lDX 531lt191au10naq S9X'l1Drilta13X1m 511 mA. 01.0JD'(l! 9x1rioA 9x10ng OJ. 
·Sn1A.oao1J\Dcbn,010ro1x 
Slt1 mx ArolA9J.oou J\Q)'XT'{'{Dl3ri Aro1 'J\roll)riltAnXltri Aro1 S13rio1 Sao10 
~1lt9om na31 JD'lQ1 ADll,t 3WW A(l)l lt~Cll1!1)AD H . AQ)101Dl3 A(l)'{l)A3rl AQ)'{'{Ol! 
ltmaJ3XD1Q ~X1A0''{0800 ~ J\Ul QlID ADcftO.X9001! Cl01! ,\(:)'(3cbO A(l)l DriD3'(910lID 
01 mx 'lDJ\)3 lt~etll!l)J\D ltolt1oumt11ro191 J\lt1 9iro l)13rl H ·3ww Aro1 D9rio1 J\010 
%08 ClOl (l)J\1) ACl0(),31£(l)0001!11J\D J\(l)A3ri(),O'(OXDD1ID0l(lD S13o~a13X1m Sao99A.3rl 
(),Oox1ri rio311rng1 10 ·S31lt191J\o S9x1rioA 9onu 'Sltolt'(q>l! 5~x1AD'l'{ n1nri1,t10D1nx 
I;wutEQ«Oµ« 
!l.ev JtQOf3AEJCOV'tm ELbLxa JtQOf3tr)µa1a 010V 1oµfo am6 YLa 1riv ev1asri tric; 
l:Aof3axtm;. 
3.5 Oueovoµtx11 x<u xotvrovtx11 auvox11 
A,taoyo)vnon xm XOtV(J)VtXEC: lntoOtouc; 
H XOL VOtLXT) XOL VWVLXT) JtOAL nxi) avcm1ux8rixE µe JtOLXLAa µeoa, 6n:wc; voµLxec; 
bLata1;eLc;, to EuQwn:a·(x6 KmvwvLx6 Taµdo xm EVEQYELEc; n:ou eonatouv oe 
ELbLxa 8eµata, ota on:ota ouµn:EQLAaµf3avovtm ri briµ6ma uyda, ri cptwxLa xm 
ta µewvextouvta a1oµa. To voµLx6 xExtriµevo xaA un:1EL triv uyeta xm triv 
aocpaAeLa oto XWQO EQyaotac;, triv EQyanxi) voµo8wta xm tric; ouv8i)xec; 
EQyaotac;, tLc; LOEc; euxmglec; µna!;u avbgwv xm yuvmxci>v, to ouvtovwµ6 tric; 
xmvwvLxi)c; aocpaAwric; yLa rnuc; µnavaotEc; xm ta ngo'(6vta xcmvou. H 
xm vwvLxi) voµo8wta otriv 'Evwori xagax1rtQLsE1m cm6 1ri 8fomori EAaxw1wv 
n:go1un:wv. EmnMov, o xm vwvLx6c; bLaAoyrn; oe EUQWna·(x6 rntn:Ebo 
n:gof3Abtnm Qrtla 01n ouvenxri (<:tQOQo 11813), xm 10 ngun6xo),J. .. o xmvwvLxi)c; 
JtOAL nxi)c; avacpegnm 01ric; bLE};aywyiJ bLaf3ouAEUOEwv µE 1ouc; xm vrnvLxouc; 
etatgouc; xm OE µe1ga yLa 1ri bLrnx6tuvori 1ou xmvrnvLxou bLaA6you. 
H rngwn:a·(xiJ ouµcpwvLa ngof311.btu 1ri ouyx.11.wri 1ric; voµo8wLac; µE 10 
xmvonx6 blxmo xm 1ri ouvEgyaola yLa 1ri f3eA1twori 1wv ngo-cun:wv uydac; xm 
aocp6.AELac; 01riv EQyaota, -cu; no AL nxec; tric; ayog6.c; EQyaoLac; xm 10v 
exouyxgovwµ6 -cou ouoti)µarnc; xm vwvLxi)c; aocpaAwric;. IIgof3AbtEL rnloric; -en 
µri bLaXQL tLXT) µetUXELQWll f3aoEL -enc; eevLx61ri1ac; 't(l)V egyatqµevwv JCOU 
cmaoxoAouvtm µ6vLµa o-cri IAof3axta 6oov acpoga 1Lc; ouv8i)xec; EQyaoLac; -couc;. 
To Aeux6 BLf3Ato n:gof3AbtEL µe-cga ouyx11.wric; OE 611.ouc; amouc; -couc; toµdc; -cou 
xex-criµevou. 
I;uvo,t-nx11 Jt£QtYQ«(f)11 
Itri !l.riµoxgm:ta -enc; IAof3axlac;, ri µnaggueµwri rnu xmvwvLxou bLaA6you nou 
etxe agxtoeL otriv n:gwriv ToexooAof3axla .rnLf3Qabuv8rixe cm6 to 1993. 'Eva 
oriµavnx6 OtOLXELO trtc; JCEQUL1£QW µetaggu8µwric; ea dvm ll EsEALsll 111c; 
xuf3egvrioric; we; ngoc; triv tllQllOll tou aut6voµou xagaxti)ga -cwv xm vwvLxwv 
EtaLQWV Oto JCAULOLO tric; JtOAL tLxi)c; twnc;. H JtAEOV avLLJtQOOWJCE'U'tLXT) 
ogyavwori cm6 -criv nAeuga twv EQyobo1wv, o 0Aof3axLx6c; Iuvbwµrn; Evu>oewv 
EQyobotci>v etvm µeAoc; tric; EuQwna'(xiJc; 'Evworic; Bwµrixo.vwv (UNICE) xm 
tric; !l.Le8vouc; OQyavworic; EQyobotci>v. H oAof3axLxi) ouvoµoonovbLa EQyanxci>v 
evci>oewv, ri on:ota d vm ri mo av1Lngoown:rntLxi) ogyavwori, d vm µeAoc; -enc; 
EuQwn:a·(xi]c; Iuvoµoon:ovbLac; EQyanxwv EvwoEwv (ETUC). 
Kata ta n:g6ocpata Etll, ri xataygaµµevri avegyLa xuµaL VEtm oe oxetLxa U'4JrtA6 
rntn:ebo. Ka-ca to 1996 avi)AeE OE 10,9% ouµcpwva µE trt µE8obo tric; !l.OE 
(ILO). Yn:agxouv oriµavnxec; bLacpogec; 6oov acpoga ta :rwooota avegyLm; 
µeta1;u twv bLacp6gwv JtEQLq>EQELci>v, µe nc; v6tLec; xm tLc; vonoavatoALx£c; 
n:egwxec; tl}c; xwgec; va n:agououisouv LbLmttgwc; U'4JrtAa n:oooota. 0 agL8µ6c; 
tWV avegywv µaxgac; bLagxdac; EXEL au1;ried oriµavtLXa xm rt UVEQYLa tWV vewv 
EL vm U'\Vll"-ll xm bev unaQxouv evbd;w; 6tL n:g6xEt ·taL va µawed. 
92 
'EXEL Ol)µLOUQY'flOd evu btx.t110 JtEQUPEQEL<1x.ci>v x.m tomx.ci>v 1>Jtl)grnui>v 
a.rraox6Al)Ollc; yLa tl]V e<pagµoyiJ tu.>v JtoAL tLX.<i>v otov toµta tl)C ayopac; tnc 
egyaotac. H ~l)µox.gutta tl]c; LAof3ux.Luc; EXEL OwJtLoEL µttgu yta va x.ataoti).oEL 
JtEQWOOtEQO E1J£Atx.t11 tl)V ayog6. egyaoLac; xm ll btabtx.aota ami) 8a JtQ£JtEL va 
OUVEXtOtEL yta tl)V evta1;l] Otl]V EE, Otl]V ayoga. egyaoLac; x.m Otte_; JtOAt ttx.ec; 
a.rraox.6AlJOlJc;. 
H x.otvwvtx.n ump<'1AWU fftll ~llJ!oxgutLu tl]c_; LAof1c1xLetc_; OtOX,EUEL Otl)V 
eyx.a0LOQU01') ev6c; tQtJtAOU 01,oti)µutrn; mm cmotEAdtm cm6 tl)V x.mvowtx.i) 
aocp6.AW1'), tl)V x.m vrnvtx.i) xguttxi) otiJQtsll xm tl)V x.m vrnvtx.iJ ng6vmu. An6 to 
1991 Jtou ewiJx.0ll to ouotl]µu to1' emb6µurnc; uvegyLac;, to noooot6 tl)c_; 
x.ataygaµµevl)c_; avegyLac_; EXEL au1;1')0d µ6.AA.ov Ol)µavttx6., aAA.6. ll avaAoyLa twv 
btx.mouxwv µeub0l]XE evtova. To O'UOtl)µa ELOJtQU1;l]c_; Ol]µLOUQYEL Ol)µavttx.6. 
btOLX.l)tLx.6. ngoBAiJµata, ouµnegtAaµBavoµevwv· twv buox.oAtwv OXEttx.6. µe tl)V 
eloJtga1;11 twv ouvbgoµwv an6 rnuc; egyob6tec; x.m touc; autoa.rraoxoAouµevouc;. 
LE JtOAMc; JtEQtJtttooELc_;, uJt6.QX,Et EAAEL\Vll JtA1')QOcp6QllOlJ<; yta tl)v unag1;l) twv 
emboµ6.twv x.m nc; JtQO'Uno8foELc_; rnt11.e1;tµ6'tl]tac;. Ot x.m vwvtx.ec; ba.rra.vec; 
avtgxovtm oto 30% negtnou tou ouv611.ou twv banavwv tl]<; x.uBeQV'flOll<; x.m 
oto 14% JtEQLnou tou AEil. Ot ouvt6.1;uc; anote11.ouv tll µeya11.utEQll ba.rr6.vl). 
Anm touvtm ouvexelc; ngoon6.8ELE<; yta va e1;aocpaAwteL ll av6.Jttu1;1') twv 
µfagwv X,OL vwvtx.iJc; JtQOOlaoLac;. 
To ouotnµa uydac tll<; LAoBax.Lac; JtQEJtEL va Be11. ttw8d ol]µavttx.6.. 
Af;to1..oyt1a11 'tfl; 'tQEx;ovaa; xa'taa'taat]; xm 'tmv '1:Qoon:nxrov 
H voµo8eoLa nm, btrnEL tu Otµuw. ·uyduc x.m uocpc'1Aw1c otll ~l)µoxguttn tl)<; 
LAoBax(ac_; tgmwnou:-l tm ni>Qa, t6oo cm6 tl]V <'mo~Jll trnv xcnEu0uvoernv 600 
x.m twv etbLx.wv bLat<i1;ewv. Katagt(~ovtm vtec; JtQOt6.oeu; Otte; ono(ec; 
11.aµBa.vovtm un6tµ1') m o6l]ytec; tl)c; EK yta tl]V uyda x.m tl)V aocpa.AELa oto 
xwgo egyao(m;. ea XQELaotouv ng6o0etec_; voµo8ettx.ec; ngwtoBouALEc; yta va 
E1;aocpa11.wtel lJ JtArJQlJ<; ouµµ6gcpwoll µe to x.ex.tl)µevo. Ot 6Lag8gwow; 
rnL8EWQlJOlJ<; tl)c; LAoBax.tac; 6ev ouµcpwvouv µe tl) ouµBaol) LlOE (ILO) agt8. 81. 
Qot6oo, ll LAoBax.ta JtQOtt8etm va ewaya.yEL avE1;6.Qt1')tec; 6u1g8gwow; 
Em8EWQlJOll£ µe uc; ev6ebct yµevcc; µE86bouc; eMyxou wote va ouµµogcpw0e{, µe 
touc; x.av6vec_; tou ~OE. 
H LAoBax.ta EL vm oxetLx.6. JtQOXWQl)µEvl) otov toµfo tou egyaux.ou OLx.atou, oe 
0eµata 6Jtwc; 11 Jtgootaola an6 ou11.11.oytxec_; a.rro11. uow;, µtywto wgagto 
egyaot.a<; x.m x.ata.AA'flAO x.g6vo av6.Jtmm1')c;, eAa.xwtec_; etiJotec; JtAl)Qrnµevec; 
6tax.oJtec_; x.m btx.a(.wµa oe ouA.11.oytxec_; btangayµateuoELc_;. Qot6oo, cmm touvtm 
6L6.cpogec; tgononmiJoELc_; yw va e};aocpaAwtet ll JtAflQllc; ouµµ6gcpwol) µe touc; 
X,OLVOtLX.O'Uc_; x.av6vec; OXEtLX.6. µe tl)V JtQOOtao(.a t(l)V egya~oµtvwv OE JtEQLJttWOl) 
JttWXEUOl)c_; tOU egyo66tl] touc_;. ea JtQEJtEL va ava.rttux8ouv JtEQtOOOtEQO OL 
ucpwt6.µevm x.av6vec_; evl]µtgwol)c_; xm btaBouA.euoewv µe touc; egyatoµevouc;, 
6Jtwc; anm td tm an6 ogwµevec; x.m vottxec; o6l]yt.ec;. H LAoBax.ta rne1;egy6.~etm 
eva vfo egyattx.6 X,(l)()LXU yta va esaocpaALOEL tl) ouµBat6tl)ta µe tu; a.rtaLtflOELc_; 
tl)c; EE. 
'Ooov acpoga. nc_; loec euxmgLec;, OL Baotxtc; xm vonx.tc; btatal;ELc_; yta tl) µri 
btax.QL ux.iJ µetaX,ELQLOfl avbgwv x.m yuvmx.wv xaA untovtm cm6 tl) voµo8eota 
tric; ~Aof3ax.Lac;. 
93 
vs 
·S13~l)1D1Q 
S;n<.1Q13 13i\1)grin11a311:_ i\3Q 01"'{918 9X(l3V O.L . A,(l)i\9rlmi\A.Oa131!rf3 mx. A,(l)"{l,t"{"{Dl!(l 
J\(l)JOOriltq Sl,tA.D"{"{Dli\D Slu mx. Aq>Xan i\(;)X1i\83 mx. i\(;)X.D13a3cb1a311: 'i\(;)X11!01 
'),~D13ri i\(;)1aocboalt"{1! 51,tA.D"{"{Dli\D Slt1 mo9rl Sro1q1 'Sn1~n10amx mx. Slt~(ll~i\D 
5l,tx.nna3cb1a311: DlDri?e 30 n1onA.a3i\(l0 lt1 131.C?"'{goa11: n1i\rocbri(lO l,tx.~.D1.Croa(l3 H 
·SLtoLtaroXooa11: 
Slt1 l,triA. 110 lt1 l)lDX. A,(lO(tX01 ne (l01! 531QDX.1QD1Q 511 mx. S(loX910 5(l01 '5?Xan 
511 D"{U.''f'{l)aDl! 5Dli\(!)alt1 'D09ri mJ....9"{ i\3 Dl Drl03"{910lID 130l,J.10l!OTI10ltaX Di\ 
131qali no DJX.DfjO"{~ H . i\(npriDl i\(!)X11(l)aoamq A,(l)l rooJri 5ro1a(lx. '51,tXOJ\(lO Slt1 
lto(lXDJJ\3 i\U.l 13~1aLt10 1.nlt19i\ 10)1 Lt '5ltxl,toi\(l0 5lt1 AIX O"{l 11 i\01 3rf Di\rocbri(t~ 
~loACt.o mx ~xu.11ou ~xm3iJ3clnibu 
·33 5lt1 5(lO"{?ri Sen 5lt1 5130(!)3aXo1.C(l 
511 Drfo399a11:003rf 13f)l)"(Di\D Di\ 1309aol!rf D8 '(l0A?rilt1X3X (tOX110i\10X (lOl 
Sl,J.A.oriancb3 Slt1 mx. 009 5ltolt19901(l Slt1 ltcfto~ Altl 9liD 0091 '5lt1 59138l)liOOa11: 
S9X.1li\Drilto 511 130JX3J\(l0 5n1xngo1~ Slt1 DJlDaxoriltv Lt i\1)3 "(lOJ\9rilt1X.3X. 
(lOl l,tA.oriancb3 1,tx.11nrlA.na11: i\U.l D1A 53138l)1!00al! 10 i\(t0101X3i\(l0 Di\ OJDX.ADJ\D 
1Di\ 13 5ltOJ1!3 "D1.C(l19a11: l)X.1101\ 10X. Dl 3ri lto1riril)aJ....(l9(l3 i\U.1 13~1"'{DcbOD~3 
Di\ 131.C?alC omx.1q 9x.11nJ....a3 01 mx. Sn1onJ....a3 oaq>X 010 SD13"{l)cbOD Slt1 mx. 5npA.(l 
Slt1 Sprf 01 S(lOlO oqo9a11: 1,tx.11omo(lO 130(!)13rllto Di\ 131£?ali n1x.ng0"'(~ H ·SnpJ....(l 
nriltlO(),O 01 mx. SoA.O"(l)1Q 59x1J\(l)i\10X O i\(t08(l)11 "{39 Di\ mx S1301rie(laan13rf 
S9X.1i\(l)A, 10'){. 10 ma91 ma31! i\(t08X(lll!Di\D Di\ 131£?al.C '00910cj ")13 i\U.10 lt~Dli\9 
Slt1 l,J.X.1li\0"{"{3rl i\U.l D1A Slt1 l,J.(l3XOnan11:oau i\U.1 l)aocbn i\009 DlDril,tg l)X.111\Drilto 
Di\9rlo1ao 30U.J01C01DriA.nau Sn1x.ngo"(~ Slt1 n11naxoriltv Lt '£66 I 01 911:y 
nriono~urin:;: 
·noom 
Jo AH><J~>l-.101 i\co1 5n1l119x11x31031r 0109 01011-.~rl 13"(l)fj11.t3 u101ro Lt Qi\1.CDX i\Ol D~A. 
n1A.Ltqo Lta3l(t3Q ltw 11>1'3/\ JOXOl.IT)lA,r) 1.)A, (\,()1£ Sorl9i\ nXo-9mt i\3V . A,(l)al)A 101 J\(l)l 
n1ornnxo(lo ltw Sltolt101roqnoo1r ltoAnrll,to lu 3rf l)X113Xo 33 Slt1 Snol,t1ml!D 5110 
11)131\ 1ax.01£Dli\D (l01£ orl9i\ Di\9 D1A n1ncho9au 30U.M:)d>TI(l0 DJX.DfjO"{~ lt '9i\1IDX. 
i\Ol 311 l)X113Xo D1Dr19o J\(lOllr(t"{nx (lOlC )13 Slt1 53JA.ltqo 00,q 511 l)OOcbn i\00O, 
·Lto11al)lDX. 1DX DJODri10130a1£ ua319001a31C p9lt11Dl!D D8 
'i\'),0100riancb3 Di\ J\(l009aol!rf JOl(lD 531\91\DX. 10 (tOlOalC 'l)"{"(D 'J\(l)li\9XU.E)DX J\(l)l 
i\(!)l(ll) lt03"{91X3 i\Ul D1A 1Dli\(t011Dl!D (lQlC 5130(!)aeamq S9x.11ltx.101q 53A9ri01ao 
na<:>1 13001"'{3~3 Sn1x.ngo1~ Slt1 n11naxorlltV H ·S3a(!)X 53"{"(1) ari Sn1onA.a3i\(l0 
Slt1 D9TIOl i\010 (tOTI01i\01i\(lO·S3i\9i\DX. spa3rl011!3"{ 5(l0113~9r1ancb3 Di\ 5ltoltx101g 
Slt1 Dllt1Qi\DX1 Lt 1Di\ 13 Lta319X.11i\Drilt~ ·na1,t1x.nanx (tOX.1i\X31 S9A.orianooa1t 
S3i\9ri01ao i\(t010D13aX no 1191\0"{0ri 'nrnrll,t"{goau l)X11i\Drilto l)X.1i\3A pA.a(l01riltg 
i\3Q ltolta(!)Xooa11: Lt '531Dl)i\Dl3ri 5(l01 D1A 5lt01y9cbon 51,1X1A,(l)A, 10X. Slt1 D9rio1 i\01~ 
·n1ltl()X1i\03 i\Ul ltol)g 3rf lto1apXD13ri 1,tx11 ,ax.mg 
ltri lt1 mx. ltolt19Xonl!D i\U.10 ltongo9a1t i\Ul l)aocbn i\009 5ro1q1 '(l0JDX1Q 
(tOX.11\83 (l01 S9A.D"{"{D i\(t08U11Dl!D ne Sltolti\ 1xmq Slta38(l3"{3 5lt1 So1nriq>mx1g 
(lOl l,tA.roA.n013 Alt1 mA. '00910r5 ·n9rio1 i\01 i\~)l(ll> ,o (lOA9riltlX3X (lOl Sn;p;>1mg 
511 no9riancb3 Di\ U09() 30 1Di\ p no i\3Q n1x.ngo1& Lt 119 513~]3Qi\3 i\C1.0Xal)1.C(l 
i\3Q 'MOJ\9TIO~nJ....a3 A,(01 Slt.olti\ 1x.mq Slt030(t3"{3 Slt1 nrlmJDX1Q 01 l)aocbn i\OOQ, 
S6 
Alu 9'.LLl) Sltolt19qo1DnltaXA.eto D1lt191DMlQ Lt 'D13lqA(l0 l)lD)I ·13101ao9Dx 
l)A A91Di\.(\,Q 1DAT3 A3Q '33 Slu. \A,X11'\"{0'.1£ ~xu.roaeamq AUl mA. 1Dll\30J1D1Q 
{to'.ll A.(OA J3X3 D'X101.011An l>'l"{(lQAOX l)X11UA"-Q A0.00~"{3101tn DA ADO(loaomi 
DO 5310'.llO '\O 'lt~n.11.Cl)Al> AUl A(,toaodm (\.O'.ll A<!)ADltDQ A.(Hl 01Q1a3ri 01 '5101(\.0li\3 
"DAJrimao,a3'.ll Sq>cbDo 1l)A p 'Slt~etll.Cl)AD 5~Xm3a3cb'\a31£ 531"{etOgo1roau mA. 
1Dll\3Q11D1Q D101£0 Dl 'Sn1xngo1:s: Slt1 Sn11naxorlltv Slt1 DD9rl l)X110Q01Dr1Ltax DJ. 
. A001Q3Xo A(!)X11Dax l}.A.orloDcb3 AU.10 1D13~100'la31£ 
Aq>Xma31£ MOl Sltoltx101q Slt1 So19a O ·S9x11et3"{0,0grlao DA9ADX l)lDX 1DJ\]3 
Slt1 S0190 0 '5'lOl(,l01A3 . A<n3~l)a1£ A(!)X11380rlOJ\ A<nl lt~DlAC,lO Lt10 13X913rlrleto 
TOX A(!)1"{etOgo1roau roA.9"{ A3 A<nl l}.A.orioDcb3 µ9ao J\Ul 13~1"{DcbDD1Q 'n9aocb 
9x11Dax 13"{3101.ro (l01£ '5D1AO"{OAX31 Slt1 mx Sltrll,11011£3 Slt1 '5DJA<ni\ 10X Slt1 
lt~0.11.Cl)AD i\Ul 9'.l!OXO 3rl Sl,tx1A.lt1Da10 lt~Dal)X i\Ul mA. DJ03alt'.1£0. H ·SLtoltA.a9go.x 
Slt1 Ltoncb91.ro l}.X1"{31 AUlD '\D1M3X9'.1£0. Slt~O.lltt)AD Sl,txm3a3cb1a3'.lt 531"{0.0go1roo1t 
10 '11nrlA.1;>an ·SLtoltAa9go.x Slt1 lto99 D00.0~91£03Q Ul 91.ro 1Dl3~1au1xnanx 
. Sn1xDgO"{:S: Slt1 Sl,tx111"{01t Sl,txm303cb103u Slt1 ltoroa9a1;>1q l,tx1rfoa9 H 
·t,tx111''{01t l}.XD1303cb1031£ 
l,1X11A0"{"{3ri mrl mA. O'lOJD"{lt 9x1rloA 09A DA? non3101tD ng 0101£0 01 'Slt~0.11£1)1\D 
Sl,txm3a3cb1a31£ J03'.lt etorl9A 01Q9XO DA? 1D130ff91A(l0 So1A90D1£ (l01 11£3 
'5101C,l01A3 ·Slt~(llltl)M) S~x1ma3cb1a31t l}.X111"{01t AUl mA. ltol)g l}.x1rloA 13Xal)lt0. 
J\3Q UOl)(b UD(lOOD'.l! AUlD '11urlA.l)au . ll5l}.x111"{01t 5l,tx1rloAOX10 5?XaD .. 511 LtolXJ 
3rl A.(J)X111"{01t A(!)XD3rlo1 C009rl 5lt~Ctlltl)J\D 5l,txrn3a3cb1a31t 5Lt1 D9TIOl A010 Slt1 
531"{etogo1roa1t 5111309rlarnb3 nX9 5DJXD90"{:S: Slt1 n11naxoriltV Lt 'no3rll,to 1aX-n"t 
. Ltomagal)1 Q 
l,1XD1303cb1a31£ A.UlD A(!)"{09D13ll A<nl mA.9"{ 'A003Dl,tX10'lQ01ClD A(!)X'lltOl J\<nl 
LtomA.-i;>A.ao D9A. A.Ul mA. D"{U"{"{l)OD'.l! 3XU10Jcblt(f), Sori9A soa31(,l3Q SDJ\3, ·S9X01a31£ 
6l mx 5313a9cb103'.lt 8 3oma91gnx 50J01t0 o '11Sn1xngO"{:S: Slu n11noxorlltV 
AUlO A.<n30Jrieaa A(!)X11UX101Q mx A(!)XD1303cb1031t.. 1a31t Sorl9A SDA9 9661 ClOl 
01"{(,lOI AOl 3XU10Jcblt(f), '5ltoltx101q Sl,txm303cb1a3'.lt Slt1 5n1A.aa01riltg Slt1 13cfl,9A.3 
"%9Z 1DAJ3 'DJXD90"{:S: l}.X1"{01Di\D0110i\ 
AUlD (B10qos B)fSmurn:) 5313a9cb1a31t 53DpA.lt"{lt i\Onlt 5110 9001£ 0X101011AD 
01 <!)A3 '%9't DJA.a3AD 13X9 BAB{S!ll?l8 U (!)A3 119 1D1309©DAD l)X11X13QA3 
·5Da(!)X 5Lt1 59X01a31t 59X1"{01DAD mx 531191\ 5110 'lDli\OXOJag Sn1A.a3AD Slt1 
5130<!)11£11£3 53a31(,l "{DA.3ri 511 3ri 5313a9cb1a31£ 10 ·SDa(!)X Slt1 mil,trh 9X11ClQ013009 
010 'A.(na9A,w A(!)X1X301 ACOl AOJDU."{1£ SDJADXltrio1g Sl)1aDg ~X01031t Lt mx c~~!SO)I 
mx UAt?IS!lBJg) S9Xma~m S~X11DD 53a319x11ADrillo 10 1DJ\J3 UD<OJ3rl 13~1)10Cl00Dlt 
~ P()U101£0a301>10 nX~ n1A.aJAl) Lt (l01£9 53na~dl1a31t 10 119 1'311£(,lXOalt 
'nJA.OJAn All1 Jri A.(J>x1nXo A.(1>1 A.O>pX101.o Am1 lton19~p Alll 91.ro 'Slto11t3 
·n1xn~O"{:S: A.UlO SltonqA91t3 5l}.X1"{0AClO 5Lt1 %Z9 01 91tD (OM)'.lt 3xltgl,1101£01nriA.no1£ 
5313a9dl1a31£ 51030091 mA.9"{ A.3 511:s: ·SnJXDgO"{:S: Slt1 ll3V (,lOX1"{0i\(lO 0.01 
%Z£ 01 3Cl31t(!)OOa1t11An BAB{SHB18 Slt1 01q1a3ri 01 OA9rl (!)A3 'l?~!JlSAg lD'(Ul?8 (l01 
mx BABW.L ao1 '~~!SO)I ao1 't?AU{snmg Siu 53no9cb1031£ 51030091 5110 013A.l)OD1£ 
ll3V (l01 %0~ 01 91tD (l)Al)lt '966 I ClOl 01"{(,lOI AOl Sltoroa9a1;>1q Sl,tx11Ltx101g 
Sl,txnna3cb1031£ SD9A Slt1 n1A.oa01riltg Lt1 91.ro A. 101.C A.DXOl,tltet (l01£ 531309cb1a31£ 
8£ 511 91£\f ·S31lt1901AD 5?XD13a3cb103'.ll 53A01A~ AetoXa~)lt(l DJXD90"{:S: Lt1:s: ·33 Slt1 
aoa9 ClOO~ri ClOl % lt 01 Cl01tJ031t 3Cl31£(!)DOa1C11AD 113V ~"{Dcb3X 01 '~661 01 l)lD)I 
\l,cbDOl\1031' \l,XU.lCOM:{ 
96 
Lt 'A(!)10Cl0 Aq>x.niltX A(l)l 1DX. Am1lp'{g01.CD A(l)l Lt01apXmg Lt 'A(l)ll)QCl 
A(l)l UOAD'.1£(),a Lt 1DX. UOAD'.l!(),a l}.x.1amcboorhn Lt 1DlAOA1)9TID"(1a31.mClO DJ0'.1£0 
DlO 'A(l)11)TI30 nrio1;>cb c,ta(l,3 A0,011!(), "(DX. 0,01! 513~1)fo! S9X.11300TIOA ooz Cl0l!Ja3'.l! 
13A1)grlD"(1a3'.l! OA/rfUl'X3X 0.1 . A(!)A0,90,3 A(l)l 9ri01a3TID1DX. AOlO 1DX. A(!)1rllt~ 
A(!)X.11AO''f(Dg1a3'.l! A(l)l AfOJ11D A(l)l UOUTI9"(01.CD1DX. AU10 '13A(!)aU''{l! A(l)AJD'.ltCla 
0 119 l},Xan AUlO 'ltol)ag l},X.11'.l!U"(Ofor AUlO 'SltoroA3, Slt1 S9X.111"{0'.l! S9x.mrlo1 5110 
Sn1on1ooau 51},X.11AO"{"(Dg1a3u Slt1 lt~DlA? AUl ltol)g 3rl n1aodmn AUlO 13c,t3X010 
'ltx.l},9AClO lt1 91£'0 1311£(,tX.Oa'.1£ Srou9 'Sn1lt19A 10)1 Slt1 l},x.111"{01£ l}.X.1lAO"{"{Dg1a:m H 
AO''f'(~gt03U 
A0ll'9{1103lt 1DX 51}.ro~ »1La.1~nou 9·£ 
·)13 Slt1 59x.1111ou 59x.11roa9amg 
511 91£'0 D1"{C),QAOX. Dl l)X.11Drl03"{3101£D 130(,t313X01Q DA 1DX. 53A9ADX. 5c,tOX.110A 10X. 
50,01 5DJX.D90"(~ 5lt1 DJlDax.orlltv Lt 1309rlaDcb3 DA 91DAClQ J310D1DX. DA 310(!) 
1019 'A(!)10DX.1QD1Q Aq)X.1rlOA0100riltq 1DX. A(!)X.11ltx.101g A(l)"{U"{"{l)lDX. A(l)l Sltomo99 
5lt1 5ltA9rlOADfjrlD"{1a31£riClO '5130Jrl90,aan13ri 59X.1lAmilto AC),OlOOrlaDcb3 DA 
13'.lqa'.1£ 'D131qAClO l)lD)I 'J30(l)11 "{39 DA 5(!)cbno 13'.lqa'.1£ 5lt~0,11£1)AD 51},X.D13a3cb1a~l1£ 
DlDrlrll)aAoau DA9rlroalt"{X.O"(O p101a13Xmq l)A 5n1x.ngo"{~ 5Ltl 5DJ1Dax.orlltv 
5lt1 DlU191DACl(} l}.X.11UX.101Q Lt 'A09"('.1!1'.1!3 . Amll},1001AD A(!)X.D13a3cb1a31£ 
A(l)l U011£(!)13rl11AD AU1 D1A l}.x.111"{01! UA?rilt10uoaocbmg 1DX. 5Ltal}."{1£ DJrl 
pgXDaDX DA 13:iqau ne 0)1'3: 5Lt1 51},X.111"(01! 51},x.11ma9amg A(l)A9ADX. A(l)l ltoLtal},1 
Altl 1301"-{Dcbomg DA 30c,toao1£ri ne 0,01£ 51},x.111"{01£ 51},x.D1~Cl11£DAD 5ltA9rlroalt"{X.O"{O 
DpX1010 OA9rl DA9ri01ao1a3u 13~l)100,oanu Sn1x.ngo"{~ 5Lt1 n11Dax.orlltv H 
nrlono~1nio.3: 
·Lt~Cl11£1)AD l},X.D13a3cb1a31£ D1A 531"{0,0go1roau 511 ACl01q1(} 
ne Cl0'.1£ '5DJA.a(\,0113"{ Ct01£9a1 0,01 mx. AmX910 A(l)l 'AcpXaD A(l)l 9r101ao9Dx. 
AOl D1A ltol)g l},x.1rloA l},x.amn mrl Sc!)cbDO 1D13~l)13aX DJX.D90"{~ Lt '50"{9.l 
·5Ltolt19go1nriLtaX 51},X.110A 10X. 
5lt1 oXA3"{'? mx. ltolt"'-9"{01~D 'lto1apXmg '9rio11DrlriDaAoau P1A 5DJX.D90"{~ 
5Lt1 Aro11},101nAo,g A(l)l Ltoo,Xo1A3 AUlO 13909 l)A 1Dl J311D'.1£'0 l},Xoooau ua311D191 
. AmpAaCl0'.1£0, c,t~D13rl 59rlo1AOlA(lO O p9ro11 "{39 DA 1DX. D1lt1919oriaD l},X.1AaClo1£Cl 
Lt Da3109g1ax.D 13101ao9Dx. DA 01lt1 JDamro 1DA p '51},x.111"{01£ 51},X.D13a3cb1a3u Slt1 
D?rlo1 AOlO Aro3ol)cb01£D 5Lt<ftl}."{ 5DJODx.19mq 5Lt1 D1lt19x.11Drl03"{3101£D Lt 139lt~o,D 
DA D1J ·LtoltAa9go,x. AUl 91£'0 D03rll) 1DlAOAl)griD"{ 5130l)cb01£'0 59X.1lADrllto 10 53"(9 
mx. l},x.11roa1A3X.A.(l0 A09(} 01 a91£Cl 1DA p Sl},x.111"{01£ Sl},x.m3a3cb1a31£ A(l)30l)cb01£D 
lt<ftl}."{ H ·S13<ftp"{"(3 S?aDgoo 53A9rio1ao 13~l)10Cloanu 5DJX.D90"(~ Slt1 51},X.111"{01£ 
51},X.D13a3cb1a31£ Slt1 010JD"{1£ 9x.11roADAao 1DX. 9x.1A.aClo113"( 01 'A09"t1£11£3 
·10A9rlo1ao1a3u 1DA 13 5DJX.D90"(~ Stu 
Sl},x.1;t.1"{01£ Sl},x.m3a3cb1a3u D09ri '01 D1A 1D1A30J1D1Q 0,01£ 10a9u 1ox.110901DrlLtaX 
10 ·(.LSS0S0) Sl}.x.111"{01£ Sl}.x.m3a3cb1a3ic Slt1 Sltoltc,tU3 n9aoch AOl 91£'0 'OQ31£Jlt3 
9x.1a1A3X. JO '11>1AO~JA01ACtO 11>X. A(!)X.111"(01.C M!)X.D3TI01 010]rl 1DlA0~9rlaDcb3 
Sn1x.ngo"{~ Slt1 Sn11Dox.orlltv Slt1 Slt~(t11!1)AD Sl},x.m3a3cb1a3u S31"{ClOgo1roaic 10 
A(!)Xt11'0001' ,\(l)l, mx SllonlO~l,l))( SnOC\OX~Ol, Shi. hoh,\,9"(01av 
·n1om91~n 
l)13X.Ol) POUTI11X.3 l>A So1A9onu ClOl Jl.C3 1n1l>AC,t~ i\3Q Sn1x.n90"(~ Slt1 n11nax.oriltv 
L6 
S9A.l.t11: 53A.3ri9~1A.D<bri3 511 na31C),"{DX. t\(tODq)1D'lirooA.3 DA. 31Dq) Sno1 S913A.a9t\3 
10 t\'),0101"{01Dt\DOOauoA.l)lt3 Di\ 1DX Sno1 S91lt191qorlaD 10 t\(l0101A.ltdmoouo Di\ 
't\(lOgctX01t\3 Di\ 13~a1.C S13oq1agamq 1DX JOrl01t\DA.ao 10t\3rll)101cbO. 10 ·Sl},A.O'riaDcb3 
DririDaA.l)1QOA.oaX O"{U"{"{l)lDX. 3ri 5130Jrl90.a 1DX. Sq19Dx. '110.0JD1D"{1.C11 nal},1x.DaDX 3rl 
1orl9A. 10"{"{1;> 1DX SltOt\DlC(la Slt1 o.oXA.9"{3 1DX. Slt<ftlt"{9a1.C nrllt10c;to Ot\9rknalt"{XO"{O 
01 t\(l00XD013 Di\ DJDX.ADt\D 1DA.J3 '009105 '0.01.CO.lXJlt\D (lOX11t\O"{"{Dg1a31.C 
0.01 ltoltrlJ1X3 t\Ul mA. 17661 0.01 orl9A. 010 1D13t\l)gTID"{1a~m 59X.111"{01.C 53"{"{1) 
30 t\00ll)rl30 t\C!)X11t\O"{"{Dg1a31.C 5lt~Dlt\9 5lt1 l},Xan H '1.C"{'X ' .. 13t\C!)alt"{1.C t\(l)t\JDlC(la 
011 l},X.aD t\ltl 'l},A.ltlC t\UlO ltoltrl9"<:01.CD1DX t\ltl 'lt<ftlt"{9a1.C t\Ul 'lt~0.11.Cl)t\D oa9cb13D 
t\Ul 5oa1.C t\DXlt109rlaDooa1.C 50.01 S9X.aD 10 1DX 50.01 10X910 10 '(9661) Slto1;>aq 
DrirlDaA.9a1.C Dt\9 1DX. ( £66 I) 50lt\O"{"{l)91a31.C 0.01 D9rlOl t\010 Sl},X111"{01.C Sl},X1t\03 
l},x1A.lt1Da10 DJrl '(Z66 I) 010JD"{1.C Sorl9A. S9x.11t\O"{"{D91a31.C SDt\9 t\DX.lt99qx3 ·Slt1 
5DJ0300riOt\ Sl},X11t\O"{"{Dg1a31.C Slt1 lt01rl0c;taaD13rl ual},"{1.C 30 lt99oa1.C DJX.DgO"{~ H 
·LtoroA.3, Ut\9rl0.00.31Q DJri 30 t\O"{"{l)g1a31.C 01 mA. S3rl11c;t"{01.C 1Dt\J3 53J01.CO 
10 'SDJ~D Sl},x100.cb 5lt"{l)A.3rl S130l)lX.3 1319omq n1x.ngo1~ H · A.c;tooomro13rl11t\D 
Di\ 13~a1.C 1DX DJA.DX.ltrl019 7;>acbD"{3 Lt 1DX DJaocbO"{X.O.X Lt Sro1.C9 'SltOt\DlC(la 
S9A.lt1.C S391\ 13<h,c;txoa1.C t\O.OX3, 'O''{U"{"{l)lDXD 1Dt\J3 5lt00.3X.l},gouo/5DJODA.a3~31t3 
DrlltlO(lO 01 1DX. DlDrll},"{90a1.C l)X.110'0100.0 ltrl9x.D t\ctoXal)lCct 
l)"{"{D t\(l)ll},"{9ouo t\C!)X110D 1DX. t\(l)t\(lQt\ JX11t3 t\(l)l D9rlo1 t\010 5130(!)11 "{39 
139ro13rllto A.o.0X3, ·S9oax3 59x.1A.nXltrl01g 531x.A.3"{ 9~3"-D 9rlgng O"{l)A.3rl 30 l)A.Xo.o 
5lt1 1DX. 5lt00.319X01CD DlDrll},100.0 Dl 3rl t\(!)1ao.x.ox10t\ t\(l)l 5lt03QA.(lO 9100001.C 
9"{ltriDX 01 l)aocbn t\009 Sro1ao.x 't\(l)ll)QO. t\(l)l D9TIOl t\OlO t\O.OXal)lCO. DlDrll},"{goalC 
l)X1lt\Drilt~ ·(nx1a10J1.CW D'Xt\l)l.Cl"J: '301 J~O)I 'D9l)"{011Da1.CW) S9X01a31.C 
S9X1t\DXltr101g S3t\O~J3ri S110 Daq11 1Dlt\0~1a01a31.C .. nprllto l)ria3e .. Dl 1DX '6861 
01 91.CD l)X11t\Drilto 3XU0(!)13ri 53Jt\DXltri019 S91an9 511 91.CD UOt\DlCc;ta l},x,amcboorhD 
Lt 'Dt\9rl1ax3XA(l~ 'SDJt\DXltri019 S1;>1an9 Slt1 Sltoroagal)1QDt\D Slt1 roA.9"{ 
9rigng O"{l)A3ri 30 'l)X11t\Drilto 139ro11 "{39 13X9 50lt\O"{"{l)91a31.C 0.01 n1lt19101.C H 
·oq31.CJ1t3 
9x.mo1 JO Sno1rnbo~nhn Slt1 n1lt19101.C mx. Lt 'MOll},"{~Jo1m t\(01 lto1a13Xmq 
lt 'A.<01~(,?Cl M!l'Xn13A.ndmt3 1DX AWJ3A01.CCl ACOl UOAl>lCC,la Lt 1DAJ3 nrorll},"{gOalC 
no319onfjoo ni ·Lt1~ n1n1,t3"{31 n1 ~>1nx 3Xlt()C!)13rllto ao1.C ltom11 "{3fJ lt1 
l)ODlC 'n1nril},1goo1.C ~lX11AO"{"{Dg1031.C 1;>x11Anrilto 13X~ nA J3QO.(Y'{OXD~3 nJxDgO"{~ H 
~cbl>OA103ll: l}.X1l.ll:OAC\~ 
. A(l)ll)rlo.3ao1.Cri3 A(l)l DJaocbO"{XO.X ua30(l3"{3 Altl 3TI D03Til) 
1D139QAO.O DJOlCO lt 'D1A9J.Oa1.C Dl l)aOcbD (l01.C DJD300TIOA lt1 SroJaetx 'aOA1rfU.1U3U 
(l0X11AO"{"{Dg1a31.C 0.01 Soa9rl OAQTI 9ax1ri DA9 1311.C(l"{DX 01"{918 9X0.3V OJ. 
·SD1lt10A.10)1 
Slt1 Al},rnn 3rl 13t\ J"{'XA(l0 DA 13~a1.C DJD300rlOA lt O.OJOlCO (l01 1DX DJOD,(a3AO.O 
Sl},a3rl1Q Lt 139Xo.11CDAD DA 13~a1.C OJOlCO AOlO Sn9rlo1 SDA9 1DA J3 AO"{"{'Qg1a31.C 
01 119 13~Ja01QDOOII 'DlDrl90 l)X11AO"{"{D91a31.C Sroal},"{1.C AO.OAC!)lDTI(l)Ot\3 
no 1DX Slt~0.11.C1)An o.009cb13D Slt1 l},Xan AUl 91.CD 11>1AOA(l00.31DX DO 
SDJXDgO"{~ Slt1 S9X111"{01.C S9XD1~(lllCDAD 10 119 13~Jao DJAmcbrio.o l},XJ.D1.C(l)a(l3 H 
'DAa9 l)X11(l)1Q1 1DX mo9riltq Dt\9TI01ao l)aocbn 
t\009 lt~0.11.C1)AD mA. U03t\ JDA(lD lt J300Q C),01001.C '(l01.C0.1XJ1An (lOX11t\O"{"{Dg1a31.C 
0.01 ltoltriJ1X3 A(\,0101.COlDrlA.DalC DA lt"{9TI lt1~ax Dl 91.CD 1Dl J311D1.CV 
·Slto'),cb Slt1 DJOD1ooa1.C Lt 1DX S31"{090t\ 11XD 511 9uo DJODlDOalC Lt 'DJAO"{OA.X31019 
QUnavaric;. Qt, burcavec; tric; LAoBffx.Lac; yt.a JtEQt.BaAAOVtt.xtc; rnevbuaw; ae 
noaoat6 tou AEyx.n i)tav ariµavtt.xtc; ;una tu ng6acpcnu etri. 
'EXEL xataBAri0d oriµavtLxi) JtQOOna0eLa yt.a va 0wmotd JteQLBaAAovnxi) 
voµo0wta ouµBati) µe t0 xmvotLx6 btxmo. Me Baori µta OtQatriyt.xi) yLa triv 
ecpaQµoyi) tou Arnxou Bt.BALou, txet. oriµwu0d ng6oboc;, 6oov acpoQa tll 
0eomori OQLOµevwv µEtQWV tou Aeuxou Bt.BAtou, 6nwc; voµo0eoLa yt.a niv 
JtEQLEXtt.x6trita tou netQEAatou oe µ6AuBbo xm tri bt.axdQLOl'I twv anoBAittwv. 
MEXQL to 2000 to vmgL t£QO, ngof\Mnetm £u0-uygaµµwri oe oxtori µe 6.A.Aa µfag<1 
tou otabLm, I otu onoLcr. <J'UµJtEQt.Auµf)(tvovtm ri ngoon10Lu <:t.n<> tt.<; 
axn voBoALec;, ot. xriµt.xtc; ouoL£c;, o EAEyxoc; tow xt. vM,vu>v un:6 tt.c; uq>LOt<:t.µevec; 
ouotec;, OL JtEQLBaAAOVtLxtc; rnLntci>oet.c; tric; ox6mµric; eArnOtgrnoric; y£vntxc1 
tgononmriµtvwv ogyavwµ<i>V. Tu µttgu nrn muMo·u II ng6xntm vn 
ewax0ouv' ouµq><DV(J. µ£ lO X()OVO<)Layuuµµu, <TE 2 E{l)c; 3 XQ6VU1 ugy(nE{_?<J.. 1-1 
ouyxAwri ngayµatonmd tm xm 0£ <J.AAouc; toµdc; 101, ne0tf1n)...)...ovnxo1, 
xexrf/µevov. Q vfoc; v6µoc; yta triv nm6trtta tric; utµ6oq)(J.LQac;, µe tov 
rnavangoobtogwµ6 twv bLOLXrtttxwv agµobwti}trnv, 8eon(otl)XE an6 tov 
IouA.LO tou 1996. 'Evac; vfoc; v6µoc; yta t0 VEQ6 xatagtLtnm twga. 
H IAoBaxta xatagtLtet. Arntoµegi) 01ga1riyt.xi) yta triv ng6oBaori otov 1oµta 
tOU JtEQLBUAA.OVTOc;, rt OJtOLa ea dvm ETOLµrt µtxgt. ta tEA.l) TOU 1997. ea JtQEJtEL 
va bo0d Lb Lat tEQrt ngoooxit OTllV Taxda µ£tacpog6. Twv ob11yt.cbv nAawtwv nou 
acpoQOUv TrtV atµ6ocpmga, ta an:6BArita, Ta ubaTa xm Trtv obriyta 
OAOXAl1QWµtv11c; ng6Art'\jJrtc; xm xaTanoMµrioric; Trtc; gunavoric; (IPPC), xa8wc; xm 
TllV xaTUQTLOrt OTQatriyt.xrov xgriµat0b61rioric; yta voµo8wLa 01ouc; Toµdc; 1wv 
ubatwv, 111c; atµ6ocpmgac; xm 1wv anoBA i)1wv m onotm anm wuv u'\jJrtA6. 
rntneba rnEvbuoEwv. 
I1ov toµta Tl)<; ngayµattxi)c; Ecpagµoyi)c; xm rnt.BoAi)c; tau xmvo1t.xou 
xex1:17µevov 1a ngoBA i)µ<na d vm JtOA u mo oriµavnx(J.: ri oumaonxi) ouµcprnvta 
µe 1a ng6nma 1ric; Kmv61ri1ac;, 6oov acpog<11<1 an6BArtW., 1<1 ubaTa (tMrnc; OE 
ogwµevec; Bwµrixavtxtc; negwxtc;) xm triv a1µ6ocpmgu (yta ogwµtvEc; Jt£QLOXtc;, 
bi)µouc; xm xmv6tritec;), dvm xaµriAi). Qt, gunatvovtE<; bev eMyxovtm xm/i) 
bt.roxovtm JtQayµanxa. Qt, avncpaOeLc; JtOU unagxouv otri voµo0wLa -t.b(wc; 
µetasu 111c; voµo0wLac; JtA.UlOLO XaL tl)c; beutegeuouom; voµo0wLac; JtOU acpoga 
triv E<pagµoyi) -nageµnobLtouv 10v ngayµatt.x6 EAEYXO tl)c; gunavoric; xm triv 
E<pagµoyi). Evw to ouotriµa eMyxou dvm otri Baori tou og86, ri rncl;egyaoLa 
twv beboµtvwv rut01£Ad ng6BAriµa To onoto ngrneL va rnt.Au8d. H 
JtEQLBaAA.OVtLX'Y) OTQaTriyt.xi) ngooxrogrioric; Tl'lc; xrogac; ea JtQEJteL va 
OUµJtEQLAaBeL XQOVObt.ayg6.µµata ecpagµoyi)c; yLa triv en( trnsri TOU XOLVOtLXOU 
JtEQt.BaAA.ovnxou xe,ff17µtvov xm va agxtoet., µETasu aAAwv, µ£ TlJV E<pagµoyi) 
tou JtAaLOLou xm 1wv obriyt.wv IPPC nou avacpeg0rixav ngoriyouµtvwc;. 
Ta 0EµEALwbri ngoBAi)µaTa ta onota nageµnobttouv ngoc; To nag6v Tl'IV 
JtQayµanxi) ecpagµoyi) JtEQLAaµBavouv tl)V EAALJti) ecpagµoyi) twv ngot1mwv, 
touc; avrnagxdc; X()riµawbott.xouc; n6gouc;, t.bLrnc; oc rnLncbo bi)µrnv xm 
xmvoti)Twv, tt.c; .noOevdc; bt.OLXl)lLxtc; bu1gOg<i>onc; xm tl)V EAAH'\jJl) ompi)vw1c; 
6oov acpogu tov xuTaµEgwµ6 to>V rnOuvci>V µnut;u tu>V cpogernv xm trnv 
bt.acp6gwv x1,BEQVl)tt.xwv cmm:brnv xm triv nvrnu0xit 01'vnb11tono(11011 nrn 
xo1,vou xa0wc; xm 1:11 ouµµnoxiJ. 
98 
66 
5?Xan 53109riltq 511 3rl 1D11\0~l)l.a3 DI\ DriroJDX1Q 9x1riOI\ MtoX9 M!)lro"{DI\DlDX 
5130(!)1\DAao 10 ·n1AnXltri01g ltl mx. 01a9mb 01 'l\qllCT)"{DI\Dl.DX 513Dq:>l\3 511 
'S9Xan S9x11nax S9X113XO 511 53"{9 91m 5(l01£(:)00a1.C111\D 13X9 1DX 531lt19ma31oa1.e 
511 mx l\(:)lCT)"{DI\DlDX 1\(1)1 µx111"{01£ I\Ul 3rl l)X113XD l\(:)X1riOI\OX1Q 
Op/.ao,oic A 01 ml. OI\Dl.a9 QX11(l3"{(l09rio,o Sro nag l\(:)l(T)"{DI\DlD)I 1\(1)1 
SµX111"{0II 01"{(,t09rio,~ OJ, ·o,oXl.9"{3 1DX Slt0Ltacp391m S9Xan 53"{"{1) 3rl n1onl.a3Mt0 
30 l\(:)l(l)"{DI\Dll)X l\(T)l nwn10oa1.e I\Ul '01/\. orl91\ 01 13"{"{1)911£3 DI\ 1DX 13~9rlandn 
DI\ 01q9rian 1'01\ p 0101£0 01 013/.ao,01£ A 010 1D13/.'91£(t (l01£ o,01aomi3 ltoltacp3011.C3 
lt (:)1\3 'l\(:)X1riOI\OX1Q Op/\.a(l01£ A 01 1'01\ p µX111"{01£ I\Ul 1DX MfH01"{DI\D1DX l\(l)l 
n1on10oa1.e I\Ul D1A Ol\(lQ(,l,31.C A 01\(:)lCD"{DI\DlDX I\CT)l Sn1on10oa1.e I\CT)30(:)l\3 l\(T)l 1DX 
l\(:)l(T)"{DI\DlDX I\CT)l D1Dri(!)1DX.1Q Dl 13~Jaoonx 'lDX l\(:)l(T)"{DI\DlDX l\(T)l 5DJOD100a1.C 
Slt1 n9rio1 1\010 Sltoltx101q 5mo9riltq 5lt1 53A(t90,3 511 13~Jrieaa 50101.eo o mx 
Z66 I 01 3xlt99qx3 SOJ0'.1£0 0 'l\(:)lCT)"{Di\DlDX i\CT)l 5n1on10oa1.e ori9A 9X1i\3A DI\? 30 
1D1D10Ji\(l0 DJXD90"{~ lt10 i\(:)lCT)"{Di\DlDX i\CT)l n1on10oa1£ i\Ul D1A DJ0300riOI\ H 
~cbnoJ...1031£ l}X1J.UOM~ 
·Lt<ft91£(l p9cblt"{ Di\ 5Lto1m 13~a1£ ne (i\C!)TI11 
lt~13QI\? 'lt01riµcbm9 µx111axl.o,o) DTIOll\(,tO P00QX3 ne µ (5ro30-Q1001ID ~3 ltolt"{(:)lt) 
n1ncbo9a1.e P00QX3 13X? DJ0'.1£0 Lt DJ0300TIOI\ µX1101\ 10X D?i\ H 'DJOU1X01Q1 
Ui\3ri01a3riOI\OaX i\Ul mx i\CT)30Lta13X11£3 i\CT)l i\CT)30D10D1DXA3 i\(l)l 501X3 
51;Dµ"{ro1£ 511 'D1QJ~Dl Di\9Tiroi\DA.ao Dl Ac,toaocbn II O,OJQDio 0,01 Dal?ri DJ.. 'i\(!)TI11 
l\(l)l lt~13QA? i\Ul mx 50,oa9 Sc,tox11D9rio,o So,011TI?0D So,01 'D131\l)Q l)X11(l)"{DI\DlDX 
Dl 'lt01riµcbm9 µx11ltAD"{m>aD1£ lt1 D1A na19ri 3rl 5ro1ao,x 'l\(:)lro"{DI\DlDX i\(l)l 
l\(l)ll\9a3cbrio,o i\(:)X1TIOI\OX10 i\(T)l DJOD10oa1£ i\UlO mx 5cponx i\(:)1Q1AX1D1£ i\(l)l 
1DX l\(T)ll\QJ.oaic l\(:)X1Aaa01ADcbct i\CTH 'Mf)X11Mt "{"{DX i\CT)l i\CT)l\9riOAD9riD"{1a31£ri(lD 
'l\(l)ll\9J.oa1£ l\(l)l SD13"{l)ffiOD Slt1 ltoro11 "{39 lllO i\(l0~l)1103 (l01"'(91fl (,t0X(l3V (l01 
I 01Ql)10 010 1Dli\Ol\l)9TID"{1a31£ (l01£ na1?ri Dl, 0DlUlQI\ 10)1 i\UlO 1DX DJXD90"{~ 
i\UlO l\(:)l(l)"{DI\Dl'DX I\CT)l Sn1on1ooa:ir i\(T)l'9rilt10(t0 l\,(T)l (,t~D13ri D1lt191ngrict0 
Lt sroaµ"{lC p9Xo,311m 1)1\ 91.eoxo 3yj n1onA.a3i\(l0 Lt1 mx 01DX1Q 9X1101\10X 
01 3rl 5DJ0300TIOI\ Slt1 U01"{Xl.c,to lt1 131£?"{90a1£ DJl\rocbrio,o µxrrmroao,3 H 
"l\(:)1Q11\X1D1£ i\CT)l mx i\CT)1i\9J.oa1£ i\(:)X1A.ao,01i\l)cb(l 
i\(l)l i\(:)10DriOi\O i\CT)l 'i\(:)X111\(l "{"{DX i\(T)l Sprio1 Sc,tox1913 50,01 mx i\CT)ll)TI(l3ao1.C'li3 
i\(l)l D13"{l)ffiOD µX1i\3l. lt1 mx 5cy>QDX '(5DJOU1X01(}1 SµA 10X Slt1 mx SltoLtapX1m 
5lt1 i\(l)3ffQ10D1DXl.3 i\CT)l 591x3 i\CT)30µ"{ro1£ l\,CT)l 'A(:)1(}1~D1 i\CT)l\9TI(l)i\DAao 
i\(l)l '5Ltolt"{(:)1£ 5ro30l)1001ID ~3 Slt1 'i\ma9 l\(:)X11D9TI(l0 i\CT)11TI?0D i\(l)l 'i\CT)1'3i\DQ 
i\(:)X11(l)"{Di\D1DX i\(l)l 'i\(:)TI11 i\CT)l Slt~13(}i\} Slt1 '5Lt01riµcbm9 Sµx11lti\D"{m>an1.e 
Slt1 o,oX/.9"{3 (l01 i\(T)l\9TIOI\D9rin"{1a31£rio,o) i\(:)1CT)"{DI\D1DX i\CT)l l\(l)li\Qa3cbrio,o 
i\(:)X1riOAOX10 i\(l)l D1DD100alC i\Ul 1311C'), "{DX OAJriltlX3X QX110i\ 10X Ol, 
A(!)J.(l)"!l)i\l)l,l)X ,\(l)l, l>J.Ol>l.OOOU 
·Drime9a1.eoaxnri 
(l "{01£ 1nX µ D1103Q901£00Xnri l)fo)lC i\(tOQX(t3111£3 DI\ i\(lOO?aomi D0 i\3(} 
(UOl\l)lC(HJ µx101nchoorirn I\Ul ml. Sn1moonoi\ mx i\{Dlµ"{~Joiro i\CT)l SLt01apXm9 
n1nri~() '~)OJI\ 0111091.C 'MOU)rin"{ M!)X110n i\(l)l DJODl.03~31£3 ·X·l!) n130l)lCOOalC 
µx11Ltx101q µx11Anrilto nm Acn3D(HJA31£3 nq31£11£3 l)"{ltcft,t ~)03QD10 A(,l,01 mm> 
(lQlC 5DJD300110i\ Slt1 Dprilto DA9ri01ao 3TI DJl\rocbrio,o µx11DriA.DalC Lt 'l)a(l3"{1C U"{"{l) 
I\Ul 91£V ·nrlo399a1£003ri p9Xo,3111£3 D0 aoA1rlu1XJ'X (,tOX1101\ 10X (l01 l)aocbDl3TI 
SLtaµ"{lC Lt 'nririna1.9a1.e 5lu 9X113QOTIOI\ 9A1a3rllto 010 Hi\13TI11£3 DJXDgO"{~ Lt Al)3 
nrl.ono~urlC\3: 
t6ao 6aov acpoga tl]V avaJttUsll 600 xm tOV EA£YXO tl]c; JtOAL nxi)c; twv 
x.atavaAwtwv x.a0wc; xm yw tll Be"-'tLWOll tl]c; arcoteAeoµanx.6tl]'tac; tllc; 
bwi.x.l]ai)c; touc;. 
Lt 0eoµLx.6 £J[l,J[f,()Q, ll ~l]µoxgatLa tl]c; LAOBax(ac; ELVUL xaAa EsOJtALOµEVl] yLa 
va ouvex(otL tri 61,a61,xaoi,a e<pagµoyi]c_:; twv x.01, vonxwv xm bu~0vwv 
JtQObwygacpwv OtOV toµfo tric; JtQOOtao(ac; tWV x.atavaAWtlOV. y rtagxouv 
evbeU;eLc; 6tL OL oxfoeLc; µna];u tWV µl] xuBEQVfltLX.lOV ogyavmOEWV xm tl]c; 
bLoi.x.rioric; et vm mmxoboµl]nxec;. 0 v6µoc_:; rcgootaoi,ac_:; i:wv xai:avaAwtwv i:ric; 
:rAoBaxi,ac_:; dvm yt:vLx6tt:goc; xm Aty6tego rtAllQllc; art6 w; Aerttoµegdc_:; 
61,a,:a];eLc_:; i:wv xmvo-nx.wv obriyt.wv yt.a 1:1iv rcgooi:aoi,a twv x.atavaAw'tmv 6rcwc; 
x.a0ogi.tovtm oto AEUx6 BLBA(o. H rtAllQllc; ouµBat6tl]ta µe 1:Lc; xmvonx.Ec; 
obl]ylec; EXEL oxeb6v ertL teux0d 6oov acpoga tl]V YEVLX.'Y] aocpaA.eLa tWV 
JtQ0°L6VtWV xm EXEL £J[l, teuxed µEQLX'Y] ouµcpwvi,a 6oov acpoga tl]V EVbELsll tWV 
nµwv. Me µi,a VEa voµoeetLX.11 JtQUsl\ yLa tl\ 6Lacp11µwri JtOU exb6el]XE to 1996 ll 
voµo0eoi.a y1,a touc; xatavaAwtec; nArimatu rtegwo6tego one; 6Lat6.1;w; tric; 
EK. 
:re 6Lacp6gouc; toµeU;, OL t:cpagµo~6µevm xav6w:c; oxt:nxa µe triv aocpaAELa twv 
x.atavaAwi:wv 61,aocpaAt~ouv xaAvtEQO ertLrtebo rcgooi:aotac; yt.a -rouc; 
x.atavaAwtEc; arc6 am6 rcou rcgoBMnetm art6 triv EUQWJta·t:x.11 obriyta. 
KataQtLtovtm XWQLOta bt.atayµm:a yt.a 'tl\V aocpaAUC1 'tWV JtaLXVLfamv xm ta 
ov6µata twv ucpavtougyt.xmv rcgo·t:ovtwv xa0wc; xm voµo0eoi,a yLa ta 
x.atavaAwttx.6. 66.vua xm tQOJtOJtOL i)ouc; tou v6µou yt.a tl]V rcgootaoi,a twv 
xatavaAwtwv. OL agxEc; tl\<; LAoBaxtm; rcgoBMrcouv 6n l\ rtAT)Qllc; 
ouµµ6gcpwori µe ta µEtQa tOU Aeuxou BtBALOU ea ertL teuxed µEXQL to e-roc; 
2000. 
H ewaywyi) tOU xex.triµEVOU ea JtQeJtEL va ouvobeuecL art6 'tllV av<mi:usri t:v6c; 
wxugou x.m ave1;6.Qtl\tOU xL vi)µawc; twv xatavaAwtwv, ,:o orcoi,o ea 01:rigi,touv 
oL briµ6mec; agxEc;. 
I:vµniQ«<Jµa • 
MoAov6n l\ LAoBaxi,a ea JtQeJtEL vu x.m:aBaAu JtQOOJta0et.ec; YLU va 
ouµrtAllQWOtL to voµo0ei:t.x.6 tric; rcg6ygaµµa xm va to eu0uygaµµi.oeL µe w; 
OJtm tT)OELc; tric; Eugwna·ixi)c; Km v6t111ac; xm va t:vwxvoEL tll bwtx.11011 tric; 
x.a0wc_:; xm tLc; ogyavwow; xatavaAwtwv, evtoutmc; d vm oe 0fori va 
rtagax.OA.OUei)aeL µeoortg6eeoµa to XOL VO'tLX.6 XEX.tl]µEVO fftOV toµfo tric; 
ngootaoi,ac_:; twv xatavaAwtolv. 
Oi 1.oxi,ot,aE; bta'ta.l;u; 
To x.ex.triµEvo tric; btxmoouvric; xm twv eowi:egt.x.wv uno0foewv (~EY) 
ngoxunteL xa't ' agxi)v arc6 t0 nAai,ow ouvegyaoi,ac; rcou xa0ogi,tetm otov t( tAo 
, VI (6.Q0QO K) tric; ouv0i)xl]c; yLa 'tflV Eugwrca·ixi) 'Evwori (LEE) "tov tQ~to 
JtUArova", rtaga t0 yeyov6<; 6n ouvMovtm EJtLOl\<; Oteva. OQWµeve<; bl.a-ta.i;eL<; 
x.m voµo0etLxa. µetga "rcgwtou rtuA.wva" (ouv811xll EK). 
100 
To rcA.atow EE AEY xaA.urctEL xugtwc; : to 6.ouAo, tov EAEYXO twv cl;wtEQLXWV 
OUVOQWV xm tl} µnavaotEUOfl, triv tEAWVELUXT) OUVEQyaoLa xm triv aotuvoµL'XT) 
ouvegyaota xat6. ooBaQcbv EyxAriµai:wv, ouµrcEQLAaµBavoµevrl'; tric; 6mx.tvrio11c; 
VUQX.WtLX.WV x,a8wc; xm tflV ()l,'XUOtLX.T) OUVEQyaoLa OX£tLXO. µ£ JCOL VLX.6. x,m . 
aott.x.6. Seµata. H LEE e;EtatEL Bamx.tc; agxtc; ow; orcoLEc; otriQLtEtm 11 Ev "A.6yw 
ouvegyaota, xugtwc; triv Eugwrca·(xi) ouµBaori y1,a ta av8gwm va 61,x.mwµata 
'XUL tfl ouµBaori tl}c; fEVEUflc; toU 1951 OXEtLXO. µE tO x.a0EOtwc; tWV JCQOOcpuywv. 
LtrtQltetm rntoric; OE µta OELQ6. c>LE8vwv ouµBaot::wv OXEtt.x.6. µE touc; toµdc; 
Ev61.acpeQovt6c; 111c;, xugtwc; EXEL vec; 1ou LuµBouA(ou 111c; Eugwrcnc;, 1wv 
Hvwµevwv E8vwv xm tric; ~l,(l0X.E'4)flc; tric; Xayric;. To voµo8Ett.X6 JCEQLEXOµEVO 
tOU 'XEXtl}µEVOU OOOV acpoga tOV tQL to JCUArova Et VUL 61,acpOQEtLXO arc6 tOV 
JCQcbto rcuA.wva• arcotEAEL tm arc6 ouµB6.oELc;, xm vtc; EVEQYEt.Ec;, xm vtc; Stow; xm 
arcocp6.oet.c; ( ouµrtEQLAaµBavoµevmv twv ouµcprnvriOtvnuv otmxdcuv twv 
oxe6Lwv voµt.xwv xaµevwv nou f3gLox.ovtm urc6 bumgayµ6.trno11). Ogwµtvcc; 
ouµBaoELc; tric; EE ( ouµrcegt.AaµBavoµtvric; tric; ouµBaoric; tou ~ouBAL vou t01J 
1990, xa8wc; x,m t(J)V ouµBaoEWV OXHLXU µ£ tl}V arteAaon, trtV arcatri xm tl}V 
EUROPOL) ouµcpwviJOrixav arc6 to LuµBouALO xm BgLoxovtm tcbga oto otabw 
tric; rnt.xugworic; arc6 tn cOvt.x.<1 xm vof3ouAux. Ogwµtve,c; aAAEc; crnµB(wELc;, 
OUµJCEQLAaµBavoµevric; µu1c; oup,f3cwri<; OXETLX.(t. J.lE t(t. d;CJJtEQLXCl 01,vogu, 
BgLoxovtm OE 6u1cpoga ot(1bln bumguyJ.t6:trno11c; oto 2:1,J.t{)o1,A.Lo. To xExtriµtvo 
trtc; AEY rcgourcoOtta tvuv µe,y6.A.o Ba0µ6 rcgaxtLxi)c; OUVEQyaoLw; xm 
voµo8wtac; xa8wc; xm triv Ecpagµoyi) tric; otriv rcga;ri. 
H Nta Ivv0rixn 
Kata to XQOVO tvag;ric; wxuoc; tric; L'UV8i)xric; JCOU JCQOEXU'4JE arr6 tll 
~1,axuBEQVrttLXTJ At.aOXE'4Jl1 tou AµotEQVtaµ, to 011µEgt.v6 rrAaLow ouvegyaotac; 
Sa 6Leuguv8EL OE µeyaAo Ba8µ6 y1,a bt.acpoga arc6 ta rrgoavacpEg8evta 8eµata. 
H Nea Luv8i)x11, rnavaBeBmwvovtac; to ot6xo tl)c; avarctu;11c; tl)c; 'Evworic; we; 
"xwgou EA.eu8egtac;, aocpaA.uac; xm 61,xmoouv11c;", ewayu ng6.yµan 1a 8eµata 
aut6. xm t.6Lwc; triv EAEu8EQl1 xux.Aocpogta rrgoowrrwv, to 6.ouAo xm -rn 
µEtUVO.OtEUOl) OtOV 'XOL VOtLXO toµfo. 
'Ooov acpoga L()t,(J)c; tl}V EAEu0EQl1 xux.Aocpogta rcgooo>rrwv, 11 vfo ouvOiJx.11 
rrgoBMftEL tl)V evowµ6.twori to'1, XEXtl)µevou tou Schengen oto JtAaLmo tlls 
Eugwna·i:xi)c; 'Evwo11c;, xaOci>c; rntoric; xm tnv JtATJ()ll cmoboxiJ tou ev "A.(>ym 
XEXtflµevou EX µtgour; orcm01J6i)rcotE urco1Pi)cpw1, µeAouc; tl)c; EE. 
ft.a -ca 0eµa-ca rcou ouvexttouv va urr6.yov1m oto rtA.a(mo t11c; ouvegyaoLac;, 
6riA.a6i) -ca 0tµata tl)c; aotuvoµtac; xm tl)c; rem v1,xi)c; 61,x.moouvric;, 11 vfo ouv8iJxt1 
rcgoBMnEt. Evtoxuon tou ouoti)µatoc; ouvegyaotac;. 
H evgw:rcaixri avµ(f)wvia xm ro Aevx6 BtBAio 
H EUQWrca·i:xi) ouµcpwv(a JCEQLAaµBavEt. faai:6.;uc; OXEtLxa µ£ 111 ouvEgyaoLa y1,a 
triv xatarc0Aeµ110,11 tl)c; xat6.XQl10flc; vagxwnxwv xm tou ;rnAuµatoc; tou 
xgi)µatoc;. 
To AEux.6 IlLBALo bEv noxo"A.d tm (1.µrnu µe Otµcnu to·u tg( tm, JCUA.<i>vu UA.A.c't. 
y{, VEtaL avacpog(t. OE Otµm;u tOU Jt(!<inou JCUA.ci>VU, (mrnc; d VUL to sbttuµu t(n, 
XQiJµator; xm lJ EAEUOEQta nv; bu1xt vrioric; JCQooci>nrnv nou ouvMovtm OtEv(1 µt 
101 
0eµata 6Lx.awouv11c; x.m wwtEQLX.cov uno0foewv. n vetm erclo11c; avacpoQa otLc; 
ouµ{3aoeLc; twv Bgu;eA.A.wv x.m tric; Po)µnc;. 
~'UV0'1:'tLXt] '1:EQL'YQ«q>t) 
I'evixt, TC(!OilTCo0eaete yw avveeyaaia arov r:oµta L1EY 
H l:A.oBax.la ouvM0rrxe µE to l:uµBouA.LO tric; Eugwnric; to 1993 xm UJtEYQCl'\JJE n 
EJtLX.UQWOE ta oriµavnx.6-tEQa voµLxa xetµeva oxetLxa µe ta av0gwm va 
OL'XClUDµm;a. To ouv-tayµa JtQOBMnu ave};aQ'tlltl) 6Lxmoouvn ouµcpwva µe touc; 
x.av6vec; tou bLxalou. 
'EXEL oriµeLw0et xarcma JtQ6oboc; 01ri µetaQQUOµwri 1wv 0wµwv nou acpogouv 
triv tiEY. To ouv1ayµa eyyua1m 1riv n:goo1aota 1o)V beboµtvwv : tvw; vern; 
v6µo~ :rtQOOtaolm; 1wv beboµevwv nou 0a unoBA.riOel to 1997, avaµtv£1m va 
xaA.U'\!}EL 6A.ec; 'tLc; XOLVOtLxtc; aJWLtnow; OtOV toµfo. mn6. H l:A.oBaxi,a ()EV EXEL 
ax.6µ11 unoyga'\J)eL 1riv ouµf~aori ngoo1aolac; beboµtvrnv tou 1990 ((3A.tn:e rnloric; 
XWQLO't6 tµnµa oxetLXCl µ£ trtV EvLala Ayoga) . 
.'Aavlo 
H l:A.oBaxla EXEL JtQOOXWQnoeL Otfl LUµBaon 111c; reveunc;. To ouvtayµa 
JtQOBA.mEL tl)V JtaQoxn aouA.ou xm o v6µoc; JtEQL JtQOOcpuywv tOU 1995 
Otl)QL~EtaL Otf!V XOL VOtLxn JtQUXtLxn xm JtQOBAEJtEL EOJtEUOµevec; OLaCLx.aolec; 
x.a0cbc; x.m tf!V aQxn tl)c; "aocpaA.ouc; tQltric; XWQac;". 0 veoc; v6µrn; ecpaQµ6l;etm 
:rtMov :rtA.nQwc;, aA.A.a m JtQ6oqmyec; CLa0etouv JtEQLOQWµEVl) voµLx.n unootnQLsll 
evcb to :rtQOOwmx6 111c; WCrJQWlac; µ£1avaoteuo11c; bev 6La0eteL yvwoeLc; xm 
EµJtELQLU OXEtLXO. µe tu; ouv0nxec; JtOU EJtLXQCltO'UV OtLc; tQL tee; XWQEc;. 300 
mtnow; yLa trt xognyrion aouA.ou un:oBA.n0rixav to 1995. Yn:agxouv rntoric; 
:rtQOOWQLvol JtQ6ocpuyec; an6 triv ngwriv rwuyxooA.aBla- m JtQWtec; rnwtgocpec; 
:rtQayµa1onmn811xav tov MaQtLO 1996 OE ouvegyaai,a µ£ tl}V UNHCR/IOM. 400 
JtEQL:rtO'U ClL tnoac; )'LU tri xognyrion ao,,A.ou un:0BA.i10rix<1v 10 1996. 
'Eleyzoc µeravaarevandavv6gwv 
89 ex.at. JtEQLJtOU OUVOQLUXEc; OLEA.£'\JOW; JtQayµaton:mn0rixav to 1995. A:rt6 
auttc;, 2.000 JtEQLJtOU anoxaA.ucp011xe 6n ntav n:agavoµec;. H LAOBaxta 
egyal;etm a-ta :rcA.atOLa tou xm votLx.ou xataA.6you tgl twv xwgcbv yLa tLc; o:rcotec; 
a:rtm tEL tm 0ecbg11011 OLaBatrtQLOU, aA.A.a UJtUQXO'UV ax6µa ouµcpwvlec; arcaA.A.aync; 
0ecbg11011c; µe trt Aeuxogwola, trt Pwala, trtv KouBa, trt Pouµavla, trt Bou A. yaQla 
x.m tl)V OUX.QClVLa (yLa trtV teA.eUtala, a:rtmteltm ercwtoA.n :rtQ60x.A.11011c;). 0 
v6µoc; tou 1995 oxe.tLxa µe tl)V xatoLxi.a xm tl] 6LeA.e.uo11 ouv6gwv gu0µtl;el 
0eµata x.aimxi.ac;, 8e.cbg11011c; CLa(~<nngLffiv xm CLeA.e.uonc; ouv6gffiv. Y nagxouv 
ouµcpwvtec; ercavuocoxnc; µe 'tl]V A uotgLa xm tL<; yu tOVLXE<; tl}<; XWQE<;, 'tl) 
Pouµavta, tl]V KQoatla, tl] LA.oBevi.a xm 111 Boul yaQla. H LA.oBax.ta 
bumgayµatEUEtm ercl tou nag6vtoc; tetmec; ouµcpwvtec; µe tLc; XWQEc; tl]c; 
BENELUX x.m tll regµavta. H 6LaxelQLOll twv ouv6gwv Bgloxetm troga oto 
OtaOLO tO'U EXOUYXQOVLOµou. 
Aarvvoµtxri avvegyaaia 
Y Jt<XQXEL OQyavwµtvo tyx):r1µa 0Tr1 LAo(3ax(a ornuc; -roµetc; -r11c; 6Lax( v11011c; 
vaQXWtLxwv, tnc; 6Lax( v11onc; n:goown:wv xm 111c; JtOQVdac;, -r11c; JtaQOXitc; 
102 
£0~ 
D10~'X. 3ri ,\(l)"(l_!"f'{Dl£(t SDAl,!aetu S9ax1ri SDl\9 13Xal)l£ A . A3V Slll D10D'X.1QD1Q 
Luo l,!Xonririeto lt1 D1A 0101D"(1£ 9x1rioA 01 1D'X. S0,ori038 SetOl 130l)Ct3'X.DDaDuoau 
Di\ D1A 5313J...a9i\3 53AJrlo1ao 130l,!101£01Drikoau 13X? ltoLtAa99etx H 
·5lt0311£ 5ltA3ri9~1X3ACto 5lt1 lt011.C(!)13ri11AD Alt1 rnJ... ltoetX01A3 
l}.'X.111\Drilto i\ClOOl}.11Dl.CD D8 Ama9ACtO i\(l)l 1DX 5ltOCl310l)AD13TI Slll etOXA?"-(3 
D1Dril}.10Cl0 Dl ·SD1lt19'X.11DTI03"(3101CD 0,on9n9 (l0i\3TI(),011D1CD 0,01 lt0Ltal}.1rnq 1D'X. 
U~(ll~i\D i\Ul D1A oJ...a? 9'X.11ADrilto 139lt101ro1nnJ...Dal£ Di\ DTI9'X.D 13i\9TI01£D l)"("(D 
'501nril,!"(xJ...3 etoA9ri<nAnJ...ao 0,01 ltoltrinomnnx Alt10 S0Qo9au mo10;x 139mnrilto 
nX3, ·5ltAC,t001D'X.1Q 5lt1 n10Lt1an~pM) Lt 1D'X. Sn1noACllDD 5lt1 Ui\C,lQCt3 Lt A(),0"(3101£D 
DlDril,!"(9oau l)'X.111\Drilt:s: . A3V i\(!)TI030 ,\(l)aoecbr)1QD A(!)'X.11DTI03"(3101£D 
lt~Cll~i\D Lt 1Di\ 13 n1lt19ma31oau l,!X1li\Dnlto D1W ·5Lto11ax;>1D'X. Slt1 01Ql)10 010 
1D13'X.01a9 l,! ltql,! 13Xal)l£Ct 5D10380TIOI\ Slt1 soa?ri oa31(), "(DA3ri 01 l)"("(D 'D10380TIOI\ 
l}.'X.1'X.D90"(0 i\UlO l)i\3'X. l)'X.11ADrilto DA9rio1ao i\(),08(l)alt"(1£TIClO l),\ ltn9x,n ,\O,Oi\9TI01£V 
A(?X111J:0001J: ,\(01, 11))( 5h.Ol)l,J)l}l,l))( 5n.onoX101 Shi h.oh1"9101~v 
'D?TIOl 9'X.110D 
i\010 Slt1 591lt19AD'X.1 5111300(),ll!Di\D Di\ 5Lto1m n~1xan 1D'X. 5ltJ...x;>x 5lt1 5130l)grieto 
53A9rio1ao 30 13X913TITI(l0 D1'X.D90"(:S: H ·( ma91mAD 31£?"(9 -0661 0,01 501nril}.aX ClOl 
So1Dri(),"(1£3~ Lton9ri0,o lt1 91CD 591x,3) 501mil}."('X.A3 0,01 l)lD'X. 5130,;>9rio,o 53a3191aet'X. 
511130(!)aet'X.11£3 13X? D1XD90"(:S: H 'D9TIOl 9x110nx1q i\010 ,\(l)ll)Tilt"(9oau i\(!)'X.1TI038 
ltoet"(11£3 Alt1 rn/... mx, 5lto110,;>1nx 5lt1 ltom11 "(39 lt1 m/... 1D13~~)/...o3 n1xn901:s: H 
D}fYOXaJA{l,f) µxuIJDX1 V 
· lt1091CDQCl08 1D'X. 
llAA?18 'n/...l)Oll Alt10 5o,orio9qAo,o-50,ox11nrim1~n mx 5Lto1m 5(!)QD'X. 'AmpAm"(31 
D1030Ul£Ct i\Ul 3TI i\(!)X11(l)'X.0Di\ t\(l)l X)l'D'X. nQX)AOTI l}.A 10X 1D'X. A(!)X11(l)X0Di\ 
,\(l)l X)lD'X. DQX)AOri 131?0D1Q DJTIOA(llOD l,!x1xn9010 H 'i\(!)X11(l)X0Di\ Sltolt"((!)l! 
Slt1 1D'X. 5ltoLtaXl)lD'X. Slt1 oXk3"(? t\01 3TI l)X113XO o,ori9A 01Q?XO 13~110D1D'X. 
1D'X. A(!)'X.11(l)'X.0DA ,\(l)l X)lD'X. 513D,;>9rio,o SpAQ31Q 530319100,x 5110 130l,!omXooau 
13X? D1'X.D90"(:S: H ·n1nq/...no 1D13Al)~ClD ltolt1l,!~ l,!'X.1031(003 H 'D1A90X DJD1Cl3"(31 Dl 
1383XOD1D'X. MtOX? 5ltA 1mau 531lt19001£ 5?X11ADnlt:s: ·Sl,!X1t\D'X."(DH 5D13099 5Lt1 9qo 
Alt10 A(!)'X.11mxoDA ltoltA 1xmq lt1 mJ... Slt01ri9xD13nmq DOC!)X p"(3101£D D1'X.D90"(:S: H 
pxuroxaDN 
·Slt1 U011£(l)13TI11t\D t\Ul m/... na13ri 
l)'X.11U'X.101Q 1D'X. l)'X.1TIOA D"(U"("(l)lD'X. 13gl)"( 13X9 m~ Sn11nox,orioo1 5130l)9ri~o 
59'X.10D9 511 13Cf'tl)OA01£(\, 13X3, '5D11DOXOTI001 l}."(131CD l,!'X.1031(003 13~11£(l)13TI11i\D 
i\3Q n1xnfJO"(:S: H ·(900/...y D1n1A3 t\Ul 3TI l)X113XO Dnl,!ril 9101amx Slto1m 
31£?"(g) Acy>ri030 mx Moo~m Sanctl,91.tn 9m> S0,ori01001031r 9m> mn~1qol£ri3on1r 
l,!J...orioDcb3 Lt 119 S9AoJ...3J... 01 l,)aDlC 'S01Dnl}.0X (tol DTI0,"(1£?~ 01 13101£0'X.1A101£ 
omx1q 9x1031mo3 01 mx S01Dril,!0X 0,01 S01Dri(),"(1£3~ 51309fjrieto 511 13ch,l)o/...ouet 
13X? D1'X.D90"(:S: H (Amll,!A1'X.01(ll) ,\(l)i\9TITI3"('X. ,\(l)l 1D'X. A(!)X110>XaDi\ ,\(01 D031JD1Q1) 
501nril}."('X./...3 etoA9rimADJ...oo eto1 lt011i:(!)13n11An lto319x11nrio3"(3101CD Altl rn/... 
S9XOD 5?'X.1TIOI\O'X.10 5110 1D'X. DJTIOi\CllOD i\UlO 5310l)X1QD1Q 1D'X. 53Ql)AOri S9'X.1Q13 
139D1oao AetoX3, · Am19riLtaX ltoD1.to9m) l,!x11omgx3 Lt mx 59riomgx3 o 'D19 Lt 
1Dl 13101rori1oltoX . So1nri/...l)"("(Di\(lO ClOl mx ,\(l)ll_!i\ 1X01ClD ,\(l)i\9TITI3"('X. ,\(l)l 'SltAX-~1 
,\(l)Aa9 i\(l)l '(),O'X.1"(Cl 0,0J...a3i\31QDO ClOl ',\{0"(1£9 Cl01001£n308D"( 0,01 'Sn1on10oau 
VO~ 
Sl}.xJ_n1t:man:a Slu Sn.oa9 Sn,01 A.t;toalt."'(1£ n9 Slt.1 51'30CJnaX01.m 10 mx 53nA.a~i\3 10 
119 13D1'1fDcbon~p Di\ 131qa1£ DJXDfJO''(~ Lt. '5130(!)1\nAao SJ3A.031Q 311 Stu 51309XD Su~ 
·n1lt19i\10)1 i\Ul n1A. %9'£ 1l>X nJ'Xn~jO"'(~ lt1 mA. %8'£ 1ni\J3 no 'Dli\9J.oa1t 
l)'X1A.nXltri01~ n1A. Sctou,>ox ctoA.3ric,tooA.n3 i\O"'("'(~>ri cto1 Mprionq A.011 1009 
100'Jri 10i\9TIOnion10 10 SltJ)(tOActoano Slt1 OOC),j 01 ~)13W ·Sl}.'X111"'(0ll Sl}.x1A.acn3J 
Sl}.i\10)! Slt.1 0101D"'(lt 010 n.01ao1£ri3 C),O'X1a31(l)~3 513~1)1D1Q 5111DX Sn1lt19i\10)l Slt1 
01A9"'(0TIODQ 9MO'X 01 no9riarnb3 Di\ n~alt no n1xngo1~ Lt ltoltaq)Xooa1t i\Ul 3W 
AC9x11i.coooi.c Aro1 rnx Shon10,;,1nx SnonoX~o1 Shi hohi9101~v 
·Snr,mgo"'(~ Slt1 lt0Ltaq)Xooa1t Lt lt<fl,91tn. J30cblt"'( Di\ mA. 9001t 
Oi\9TIA 13Q3Qi\3 01 l)lD'X. i\C),0100rianooa1t Di\ 13~alt no 'Slt~Dli\9 Slt1 DJA.ltrioa3rilt 
i\Ul l)lD'X. i\CtOC),X01 Di\ i\CtODl}.OetO"'(O'X.D~3 DO n.Olt JOri01ao1a31t JO'X.110/\ 10'X. 10 
qli\3 'DJ'XDgO"'(~ lt10 1D'X. J31DOriancb3 Df} 'Dli\9J.oa1t l)X.1J..aetOli\Dcb{\OlD(l)"'('X. Dl D1A. 
l}.x.111"'(0'.1£ l}.X.110MO'X lt 'ltouaq)Xooaic i\Ul 3W ·SltoetQA? I}. 5DJA.aeto1ADcbet DlA9J.oau 
D1A. 5C),OriD1ao1a3'.1£ 5c;tO'X.110001C palt1D1Q i\3(} DJ'X.D90"'(~ lt '501A9anu CtOl 11C'3 
·5oa3ri 
OA3TI9"'("'(Dgricto 1DA.J3 1nlt19A.10)l Lt 53J01to 5110 30ll 53JA.cncbricw Spo3riet"'(01C 511 
91.m i\Ct090ao1.m (t01£ 5130(J>30X01C(t 511 3TI pocnd)aorlrieto Di\ 'l3~a1C no DJX.DgO"'(~ 
lt 'ltolto<:>Xooo1t All1 ~>1n)l taon) n.01ooltri3 SltoroA1;>J..oo Smrio9x.A.DU Slt1 
S01;,1ri mAp mx n1rioA.ox10 l}.x.1001£ri3 l}.1X10A.n mri n~c,t11n>A.n 13X;,3 n1xngo1~ H 
~chDOA103lC ~X1l.l.COAC\:{ 
·91nn D'fri01 /\010 513~1)1D1Q 13Al)fJ'riD"'(1a31C A3Q 01"'(918 9x,n,3y O.L 
· Aro3Dro3aX01.eet 
i\qli\031(} i\q)X113XO i\(l)"'("'(l) 010JD"'(1C 010 I}. '3V~J/3011 5lt1 5?'.Xan 511 
3rl DArocbric;tD AC),OJ..a3/\3 Di\ Lta9rl Di\3TI9"'("'(Dgrieto Dl 91.CD 1Dl J311D1.CD i\(l)J01CO i\(l)l 
13Dl)g '5prio1 5etOA9rio1ao 30 513~1)1D1Q 13Al)griD"'(1a31C DJArocbrietD l}.X.J.Dmoaet3 H 
·SnJ01)100alC Sl}.x.1ao1£ri3 D09rl nrioA9letD 
nm rnx Sl}.x.111"'(01! Sl}.x1001£ri3 5Lt1 0101n11.e 010 Sn1lt19A.10)I 5lt1 5130C),3rl03Q 
Spo3ri1Q mx Spo~nht "'(01.C S110 SmJOClX m1n10JMtD ~)1(1,1) D9rlo1 i\010 OA;)TIU1X3'X. O.L 
Sun~lo S~x1ri0Aox10 5~3AQ31Q rnx 0109i.cri:ti 
5~X111~0lt S~x1oa1ro~3 s·r 
·Sr)OOOdm1q Slt.1 'lD'X 50ll}ril}-"'(XA3 (tOA9rimAnA.oo no1 ltoltrino1.m1nx. 
Altl mx. ltOD"'(91.CD Alu '5lton.3101)AD13ri Slt1 oXA.3"'(9 /\01 1D'X. Aroa9AetO 
i\(l)l lt01013Xmq lt1 'A.ro1alt1ngmq Sltouaqno Sl},X.111"'(01.C Slt~(lll.Cl)i\D 5lt1 Dri99 
OlD 5ro1q1 'A(l)30Jri9n.aan13ri i\(l)JD'X.AD/\D A(l)l l}.A.(l)A.D013 Altl D1A. Slt1 l}.Dlt"'(90 lt1 
13~J3Q11£3 Di\ 13~a1C ne 'Srorl9 009100 ·5130}001.C(t 59x.1a3l(l)D3 5111D'X. Ui\C),D01D'X.1Q 
Lu 3TI l)'X.113XO ( 9'X11i\0"'("'(3TI mx. 9"' 1a3rllto) OA9rilt.1X.3X 01 nrio309a1.eoo3ri 13Dl}.au1 
DA mA. l}.rloqo1.eet mx. D1lt.19Anx.1 l}.x.11ltx101q tu 13X9 DA m13A JDcb DJX.Dgo"'(~ H 
nriono~i.crin3: 
. i\0"'("'(9rl 010 ~'X.11/\rnilto pQXctll.tl)i\1> DA 13~a'.1£ DO l}.lClD DJODA.a3J\(lD lt 
l)"'("'(D '33 Slt.1 i\(!)arox J\OO"'("'(l) Seto"'(l}."{"'(DlC(l Sn.0X101011J\D 3ri Sn1onA.a3/\(lD DJanmi'a 
ouµcpwvLac; x.m vo. bu10cp<1ALOEL tflV ngµowxi) ex.n:Ai)Qo>Ofl twv µeAAovnx.ci)v 
urt:OXQ£C.OO£C.OV tflc; we; µtAouc; tflc; Kotv6tf1tac;. ~c.boJ1tvm, ten, cvbw41t0ovtoc; 
n:ou ex.bi)Awoe fl LAoBaxta, x.ata ta µEoa tou 1996, yLa tll bte};aywyi) 
ouvoµLALC.OV µe tfl QWOLxi) ouvoµoon:ovbta oxettxa µe tfl buvat6tt1ta ouva'4Jric; 
ouµcpwvtac; EAeueEgwv ouvaAAaywv, ll EE meoi)µave to yeyov6c; 6n ll ev A6yw 
ouµcpwvLa Oa i)tav ouµBnti) µe tflV e1,gw1w·Lxi) 01,µq)rnv(u xm µe ttc; µEAAovttxec; 
UJtOXQEWOELc; tllc; LAo(-)<t:xto.c; we; J!EA01Jc_; tric; EE. 
Me tflV JtQOOXCOQflOfl, fl LAo(-ktx.(o. Ou xo.t<wtd m,J1(-\uAA(>µcvo µt0oc; crnc; 
btacpogEc; JtQOtLJlflOUtxlc; ouµ~JJrnv(ec; tfl<; Kmv(nf1rn.c;. Ot JtQOtLµfl<no.x.tc; 
ouµcpwvLec; µeta};u tllc; LAoBaxtac; xm tQL t(l)V x<u()ci>v Ou rt()EJtEL, xutcx x.uv(wu, 
va Ai)};ouv xata tll ottyµi) tric; n:gooxwgrio11c;. 
LtOV toµfo tric; n:agoxnc; UJtllQEOLWV xm 111c; eyxataotao11c;, ea JtQEJtEL va 
xataotd buvat6v va EJtLA ueouv ta tux6v evan:oµevovta 011µavnxa 
n:goBAi)µata ouµBat6tt1tac; µeta1;u twv beoµeuoewv t11c; LAoBaxtac; xm 111c; 
Kmv6t11tac;, n:aga to yeyov6c; 6tL evMxetm va an:mt11ed xan:ma EJtLJtAfov 
cpLAeAeueEgon:0(,11011 Otll LAoBaxta. 
Me triv ngooxwg11011, ll LAoBaxLa ea JtQEJtEL va xm;agyi)oEL tflv eevtxi} 
voµo0eota owv wµfo twv eµn:ogtxcbv ngootateuttxcbv µfomv xm 11 voµoeeota 
t11c; EK ea xataotd Ecpagµ60tµ11 Otfl xci.lgo. ami). 
H xtrieetoa n:dga an6 JtQ011youµev£c; n:gooxmgi)ow; cmtbEL1;£ 6n 11 am6µat11 
mextao11 uq:iwtaµevmv µetgwv avnvtaµn:tvyx. ota vfo x.gatfl µ£All EXEL we; 
an:oteAeoµa va etyouv tQLtec; xci>gec; ngoB11.i)µuta ouµf-)at6t11tnc; tll<; µe06bou 
am;i)c; µe ttc; oxettxec; btata};ELc; tllc; IIOE. H x1110dou ndga <m£bu1;e m(o11c; frn 
11 JtQOOXWQflOll b11µwugyd buvat6t11tec; xataotgati)yf1011c; µltgwv n:ou txouv 
EYXQLeet an:6 triv Km v6t11ta ot0 n:An(ow 10w eµn:ogtx.cbv ngoota1eutLxcbv 
µfomv. Touto ouµBat vu 6tav, n:gt v aJt6 111v n:goox<i>QllOll, 011µavnxtc; 
n:006tt1tEc; ngo·Lovtmv nou un6xuvtm 0111 Art'\Vll µfagmv, e1;ayovtm oto tbaq:ioc; 
tou µeAAOVtLxou xgatouc; µlAouc; xm, µE t11v ngooxwg11011, an:obeoµeuovtm 
aut6µata xm tmevtm OE EAEU8EQll xuxAoq:iog(a oto bLeuguµtvo teAmveLax6 
ebacpoc;. Ta buo ama JtQOBAi)µata ea JtQEJtEL va avtLµEt(l)JtLOtOUV xata tfl q:iaori 
JtQO tllc; Evta1;ric; tric; LAoBaxtac;. 
H LAoBaxLa eL vm µt)..oc; tQL<i>v an:6 ta tfooega uq:iwtaµeva xa0eotcbta yLa tll 
µ11 e};cm)..mo11 6n)..mv µattxi}c; xataotgoq:ii)c; xm EL vm uno'4Ji}q:ita yLa va xataoteL 
µe)..oc; tou tltagtou xaeeotcbt0c;. O xata11.oyoc; t11c; LAoBaxtac; yta tll bLJtAi) 
XQll0tµon:oL11011 n:go·Lovtmv xm tExvo)..oytcbv nagou0tatEL agxe1ec; oµm6t11tec; 
µe tov xmvotLx6 xataAoyo EMyxou tmv n:go·Lovtmv µe fan:)..i) XQ110tµonotrio11. H 
e1;aymyi) 6n:Amv EAEYXEtm mto11c;. Et vm buoxoAo vu ex.ttµ11ed o Baeµ6c; otov 
on:oto ecpagµ6~ovtm an:otEAeoµanx(1 OL EAEYXOL t(l)V e};aymycov, aAAa 
un:agxouv evbd};Etc; 6tt 11 LAoBaxta bEv ea EXEL Bamx.<1 n:goBAi)µata Ecpagµoyi)c; 
t11c; voµo8eoLac; tric; EK oto toµfo am6. 
l:vµ,i;tuaaµa 
H LAoBaxta EL vm OE 8fo11 va t11gi)ou tu; xm vonx.lc; an:m ti}oELc; otov toµea 
aut6, Evt6c; twv n:gooexwv Etwv. 
105 
90~ 
1D/\ 13 (tOl! 5DJD300TIO/\ Slu Slt/\9TIO/\Dgrin-t1a~mricw 'SDJ/\(l)cbriao S~:X.J.Dl!maa3 
Slt1 13Til)/\'1,Q J31011!D30 /\(lOX? (1,01£ /\(f)AD"'f'(D/\(lO /\roa99(l3"'{3 /\(l)l QTID1"'{01D/\DOOal! 
/\01. mx. Ltoro1J....n1£ Alt1. ml.. no1.Jrl 'I 01q1;>1.o 01.0 '13Al)griD"'{'l03'.l£ ong1g 9x.o,3y OJ. 
·5n1Arocbrlao 5Lt1 5oc;tX01 5lu 5Lt~anA9 DJALlrioa3rilt 
/\Ul Ql!D /\(lO~JXan (l01£ DlDTiril)aJ....mqo/\oaX µcbno UDl)g 3TI 'Aml/\QJ.oau Dl1Dl)cb 
c;taa3 Di\.9 3D i\.(f)rionq i\,(01 twal) µx.mqn10 lu mx. DlUlQi\.10)1 i\.Ul 3ri /\(f)AD''(,"'{DMtD 
i\.COa99(l3"'{3 aoa(f)X 5Q/\3 UD11!D99 Ul 1311£(), "{DX. DJ/\rocbriao µx.J.Dl!roaa3 H 
0DX.1Q(f)X. C),O'X1AO"'{OriODQ 
(lOl 5µJ....orlarnb3 (l01Q31£ (l01 591x.3 'Dl3/\(l)"'{31 Dl 3ri l)X.113XO DJ0300l10i\. 
µ1£10"'{ Lt mx. 5(f)0D'X 'i\.(f)TIDDQ 5no10D/\D 10 mx. 513D(f)100D01£ 59'X1AO"{OriODQ 
10 'i\.C03Dµri11oa1.e i\.(f)X.1aol.Crl3 i\.COl /\fOi\.9TIO/\DgriD"{1a31.Crlao '01AQ"{Ol1DDQ Qi\.10'X 
01 ')13 5Lt1 n1J....0101nri0Ao lti\.?rim:)o.q"'ao Lt '0.01 5µJ....miancb3 513~l)1mq 10 mx. 
Sn1Lt19A 10)1 Slt1 Snx.1q(!)x. S9x.D13/\C0"'{31 o mi\. p 91an n~nio1 i\.010 OA9rilt1x.3x. OJ. 
DJ3MIJ"!3J, 
'Da3rlµo 91.CD D1/\9ax DA J"'{ 3D DJriOl /\01 /\QHlD 30 )13 5Lt1 5130µ11D1.CD 
5110 p91ax.01.CDli\.D Di\. 1309aol.Crl D/\ 310(f) 013l1UD Q"'{D'X 3D 1D13X.0Jag D1'XD90"{:r H 
ntiono~1ttin~ 
·)13 i\.UlO 5ao1 SµoLta(f)XDoa1.e Slt1 D1Allrioa3rilt i\.Ul l)lD'X ClO"{"{QX.Olroa1.e 5Qi\.3 
C009ri 3W01 Slt1 ltongric;to UlO /\C),OaroXooau U"{9ri lt1l)ax. D9/\ Dl 'Di\.Qi\.D'X l)lD)I 
·n1x.Dgo"{:r Ul D1A 531"{0X.DClQ l)X.1/\0/\D'X 13DµJ....aa01riltq 
D0 i\.3Q HW01 Slt1 50l(f)1030D'X c;tox.1ao1.Cr13 50l/\OC),XD1 (l01 µJ....orlaDcb3 H 
·3wo1 
5Lt1 Sltongric;to Slt1 0101D"'{l! 010 LtoaX01/\3 µx.11oqo1nrluax 131.C?"{90aai: OJOl.CO 
01 'Slt~Clll.Cl)i\.V aoprin.t C),OX.J.D1.Croaa3 n,01 ltolt19qo1nriuaX UlD 'U"{9rl u1-,;,ax. 
D"'{"{r) Dl 3ri 1~Dri '13XDl)13ririao Di\. mx. 3)1V S3a(f)X 5110 Slt1 S(!)1030D'X 9x.1ao1.Cr13 
9x.moltri11oa1.e 011-ao9riancb3 Di\. 13~a1.C D0 n1x.Dgo1:r Lt 'ltoua(f)Xooa1.e i\.Ul l)lD)I 
A<9x111tooo1t A0>1 mx Shon101>1nx Snono'X101 5111 hoh"'-9"!01~V 
·u~(lll.Cl)/\D /\UlO LtoaX01i\.3 D1A 9ri01J....O"'{Ol.CCT,Oal! 13X9 i\.3Q n1x.ngo1:r H 
·S3arox 53i\.3TIA(lll.CD/\D 
oa319J.... 1"{ 10 Sm 1Dli\.c;toaro39 ao1.e 3)1V S3a(f)X 5110 Ltongo9aic luui91orloDQD 
mx. 3)1V 53a(f)X 53i\.9ri01ao 30 i\.(f)riDDQ i\.roi\.9liro13ri µcbaori lt1 3ri Lt01a13XD13ri 
µx.moltrl11oa1.e pJ....uaoX DJX.Dgo"{:r Lt 'IIJ:r ClOl 01D1D"{l.C 010 '5101(),011\.3 '3)1V 
S3a(!)X 511 -ari S-a1i\.rocbrio.o 59x.1001.Cri3 59x.moltri11oa1.e 13ch,l)Mt0 13X9 i\.3Q DJX.DgO"{! H 
~d>DOA1031C ~X111COAn~ 
·91aD D9rio1 i\.OlD 
S13~l)lD1Q i\,(lOi\.l)gTID"{1031.C 01"{918 9x.n,3y 01 310,0 DJl\.rocbriao µx.J.D1.Cman3 Lt 31(),0 
·oooz (1,01 59Xan 511 ,aX?ri 13c;tXD1 DJOl.CO Lt 'HW01 
Slt1 Ltongrlc;to UlO Sro1aax 1n1D10Ji\.(l0 5Lt~ctll.Cl)i\.D 5ltl D9TIOl i\.010 OAlrlUJ.'Xa'X O.L 
uan11Cl}AV 
ouµBati} µe tov teAwvELax6 xw<~hxa, tl] ouvbuaoµevl] ovoµatoAoyi,a, xAJt. To 
ot6.c>LO II acpOQO. tl]V EYXQWll JtAr)QOUc; XOLVOtLxi)c; voµo0wi,ac;, EVO'\VEL tl]c; 
ouvbwl]c; µe tl]V teAwvetaxi} EVWOl], xat6. tl]V JtQOOXWQl]Ol]. 
~UVO:rt'ttX1] :rt£Ql."(Q«(f)1] 
Kata tl]V ngooxo)Ql]Ol], m t£Arnvw1xtc; c1gxtc; tl]c; IAof1nxi,w; On ngbtEL v<t 
avaA6.Bouv 6hc; nc; am1gni, tl]t£c; n,01,v£c; yu1 1l]V JtQOOtcwi,n xm tov EA£YXO, 
an6 µEQOUc; touc;, tOJV eswtEQLXO)V ouv6gwv 1l]<; EE. Ex16c; an6 nc; bunasetc; 
JtEQL eµµrnl]c; CflOQOAoytac;, OL ev A6yw aQxec; Oa d vm un£u0uvec; yta tl]V 
ecpaQµoyi) xm tl]V emBoAi), Ota EsWtEQLX<l O'UVOQU tl]c; KOLVOtl]tm;, tl]c; xmvi)c; 
EµJtOQLXi)c; JtOAL nxi)c;, tl]c; XOL vi)c; YEWQyLxi)c; JtOAL tLxi)c_;, tl]c_; XOL vi)c_; aALEUtLxi}c; 
JtOAL nxi)c;, xAn. 
H Lxav6tl]ta tl]c; LAoBaxtac; va ecpaQµ6oEL JtAi)Qwc; to xextl]µevo JtQOUJto0faEL 
tl] buvat6tl]ta EYXQWllc; xm ecpaQµoyi)c_; tl]c; xmvottxi}c; voµo0wtac;, xa0wc; xm 
tl]V UJtaQsll EJtaQXO'Uc_; unoboµi)c; xm EsOrtAwµou, ELc>LXOtEQa art6 aJtO'\Vl] 
µl]xavciyQ6.Cfll]Ollc_; xm µeowv EQe·uvac_;, xm tl]V anoteArnµanxi) OQy6.vwoll twv 
tEAwvetwv, µe rnaQXll aQL0µ6 ngoowmxou nou EXEL ta rtQoo6vta xm tov 
ev0oumaoµ6 xm rnLc>ELxvuEL 1J'\VllA6 Ba0µ6 eu0uvl]c_;. 
Me tl] Oti)QLsll 1l]t; tEXVLxi)c_; f3oi)Ouuc; JtOU JtUQEXEtUl µfow 1WV t£AWVW1XU>V 
JtQOYQaµµatwv, ll Lil]µoxga1to. tl]c; IAof1nxtuc; EXEL emt1,xu oxeb6v rtAllQll 
ouµBat6tl]ta tl]c_; voµo0wtm; tl]c_; yLu wv t£Awvt:wx6 xci>btxa tl]c; Km v6tl]tm; 
Xat tu; c>LatasELc; Eq:,agµoyi)c_; tOU. EvtO'UtOLc_;, rtagatl]QO'UVtat Ol]µavtLXEc; 
xa0uotegi)oELc_; Otl] oxntxi} µe ta tEAwvda voµo0wi,a, ext6c_; tou rtebtou 
e<paQµoyi)c; tou tEAWVELaxou xwc>Lxa. 
H LAoBaxi,a ecpaQµ6~EL µta btagxi) bLac>Lxaoi,a EVaQµ6vwl]c_; tl]c; ovoµatoAoytac; 
twv e0vtxci>v JtQo·i:ovtwv tl]c_; µe tl] ouvbuaoµevl] ovoµatoAoyi,a tl]c; KOL v6tl]tac;. 
Ent tou nag6vrnc;, ll IAoBaxi,a rtQOEtmµ6.~EL eva oAoXAl]QWµevo 6aoµoA6yw 
JtOU ea c>LEUXOA'UVEL OE µey6.Ao Ba0µ6 tl] OUYXQLOl] t(l)V baoµoAOyLXU>V 
ouvteAEOtci>v tl]c; µe touc_; ouvteArntec_; rnu xmvou 6aoµoAoytou. EmnMov, ll 
ti11µoxQati,a tl]c_; LAoBaxi,ac_; ecpagµ6~eL tva 6wµeuttx6 6aoµoAoytx6 ouotl]µa 
JtAl]QO<pOQLWV, av6.Aoyo µe exdvo nou ecpaQµ6~etm Otl]v Kmv6tl]ta. 
Tl]V 1 ri IavouaQLOU 1997 ll LAof3axtn EVEXQLVE eva vfo ouotl]µa OWQEUTLxi)c; 
JtQOEAEUOl]c; µetasu EUQWJta·i:xwv XWQU>V. 
H LAoBaxi,a EXEL xataotd ouµBaAA6µevo µegoc; Otl] ouµBaoll xm vi)c; 
6taµetax6µwl]c; EK/EZEL xm otl] ouµBaol] yta tl]V anA.ouoteuol] twv 
CLatUJtU>OE(l)V, tl]V ll] IOUALOU 1996. 
H LAoBaxta ea rtQEJtEL va ngooaQµ6oEL nc; e0vtxec_; c>Lafaxaoi,ec_; tl]c; otriv 
xoL vottxi} voµoewta, oxettxa µe nc_; avaotaA ttxec; QU0µtoetc; xm tu; 
tEAWVELaxec_; c>Lafaxaoi,ec_; µ£ OLXOVOµLxec_; EJtLJttU>OELc_;. , Kata tl] onyµi) tric; 
JtQOOXWQl]Ol]c_; ea anmtl]0ouv ogwµtvec; µnaBattxec_; QueµtoELc; texvtxi}c; cpuori~, 
LC)L(l)c_; yLa JtQasnc; JtOU agxt~ouv va UAOJtOLO'UVtm JtQLV art6 tl]V l]µEQOµl]VL(J. tric; 
JtQOOXWQl]Ol]c_;, aA.Aa OUVC1Jtt0Vtat, µeta tl]V EV A6yw l]µEQOµl]VLa. 
107 
To JtQ6YQaµµa eyyui)oewv xuta triv uouywyi), to ono(o HpaQµ6~eL ri LA.of3ax(a, 
aJtoteA.el µetQO wobuva.µou anoteHoµutoc; µe touc; nooonxouc; JtEQLOQWµouc;. 
Iuvenwc,;, 10 ev A.6yrn JtQ6yguµµn Ou ngbtu vu xntngyri0d to ouvtoµ6tego 
buvut6v. 
Elvm oriµavnx.6 va ouµµettxouv xata. tov evbeb£Lyµtvo tQ6Jto OL tEA.WVELuxec,; 
aQxec.; tric,; LA.oBaxlm; ota bLa.<poQa µrixavoyQacpriµtva ouoti)µata nou 
ClJtaL tO'UVtm yLa tl]V E<pUQµoyi) Otl]V t£AWVELUXT) EVWOl]/£0(1)tEQLXT) ayOQU, t(J)V 
btat6.;ewv yta ta teA.wvda xm triv tµµeori cpOQOA.oyLa, xaewc,; xm ota 
µrixavoyQacpriµeva ouoti)µata yLa triv naQOXTI aµmBaLac; bwLxrinxi)c,; Boi)eetrn; 
oe 0eµata teAwvelwv, yewQyLac,; xm tµµwric,; cpoQoA.oyLac;. 
Kata tl]V JtQOOXWQl]Ol], 11 LA.oBaxLa ea JtQEJtEL va xataQYT)OEL touc; 
teA.wvetaxouc; eMyxouc; ota ouvogu µe XQ6.tri µeAri 111c; EE xm µe 6.A.Aec; 
ouvbe6µevec; XWQec;. OL cmm touµevm Jt6QOL yw triv evLoxuori trnv µeOogLaxwv 
Ota0µwv Ota ouvoga tl]c; µe xwgec; Jt01} bev ELVUL µ£Al] t11c; EE, 0a JtQEJtEL va 
Al]cpeouv urc6'\lJri oto otgatriyLx6 oxebuw,16 tric;. 
Evbexoµtvrnc; Ou µnogm'Joc vu <1vnxfrlj)u Jt(?<'>()Al]!W Ai>yrn tl]~ tc11.o,vw1.xi)~ 
evworic; µna};1, 111c; LAof~axLuc; xm 111<; L~:r1µox0mi.m; 111c; Tot:x(uc;, oc JtEQtJtTo>on 
JtOU m EV A6yw M,o XUJQEc; bev Jt(?OOX(J)(?T)OOUV tmrc<>xuovu Otl]V Km v<'rrl]t<.L. 
l:v f.11t£Q<UJµ.a 
H l:AoBaKla xataBa.AEL 011µav1Lxec; ngoona.eew; yLa vu rtQ00<1Qµ6oeL triv 
OQy6.vwoi) -rric; xm to ngoowmx6, ota xaei)xovta nou ocpelAEL va EXJtAl]QWVEL 
µLa ouyxgovri tEAWVELaxi) bLOtXl]Ol]. 
Ea.v EVtel vet nc; rcgoorc6.0etEc; -rric;, Lblwc; OE oxtori µe tl] bwxeLgwri 
JtQOYQ6.µµatoc; otov toµfo tric; µrixavogya.vworic;, ri LAoBaxLa ea d vm etmµri va 
E'X.JtAflQWOEL, evt6c; twv rtQOOEXWV etmv, uc; urtOXQEWOeLc; µLac; teAwvELaxi)c; 
btotxrioric; oto JtAalow 111c; EE. 
Kotv:n E5C.O't£QlX1] :7t0At'ttX1) Xat :7t0Al'ttX1) aa(f)a)..Ei.ac; 
An6 to 1989, n JtOA.L'tLXT) tric; IA.oBaxLac; (ngtv an6 10 1993, 111c; 
ToexooAoBaxlac;) oxenxa µe w; e1;wt£QLxec; urcoOfouc; xm 111v aocp(tAELa 
EJtaVClJtQOOavatOA.(Otl]XE JtQOc_; tl]V EUQWJCU.LXT) xm eugrn-atA.aVtlXT) £VlUSll• H 
IAoBaxla ouµµei:eoxe eveQy6. oto bL6.Aoyo nou OQyuvwOrixe oto nA.alow tric; 
xm v11c; e;oJtEQLxi)c; rtOAL tLxi)c; xm JtOAL tLxi)c; aocpa.AELac; tric; EE xm oto JtAaLow 
aut6 urcooti)QL;e, 6rtote EXAi)eri, ·nc; bgaow; tric; EE. 
H IAoBaxla Elvm µtAoc; twv Hvwµtvwv Eevmv, tric; Ogyavworic; yLa triv 
Ao<paAELa xm LUVEQyaoLa otriv Eugwnri, tou LuµBouALou tric; EuQwnric; x.m 
rtoAAwv a.AA.WV bteevwv ogyavwoEwv. El vm ouvegya~6µevoc; etalgoc; tric; 
L\unxoe.uQwna·Lxi)c; 'Evwo11c;, ouµµe1exH 010 LuµBouA.w BogHoatAav1Lx11c; 
LUVEQyaolac;, otri IuvEgyaoLa yta triv Etgi)vri xm EXEL xataoti)oEL oacpi) triv 
ent0uµla 111c; va yLveL µtAoc; tric; L\uttxoeugwna·Lxi)c; 'Evworic; xm tou NATO to 
ouv10µ6tego buva-r6. 'EotELA.e OtQateuµata yta va ouµµetaoxouv otriv 
ELQl]VEUtLXT) buvaµri (IFOR/SFOR). LUµµetEXEL m(onc; 0£ OQLOµevec; 
JtEQl(f)EQEw.xtc; ogy<1vtilonc;, cmµne.gt11.<1µ(-~<1voµtv11c; i:ric; L'\lµ<p(l)v(uc; E11.rn(kgctw 
108 
60~ 
·91etD l)~riOl AOlO Slt.1 5'l30(!l3aX01m 511130(!)alt"(l.C'X.3 DA 30'),oaomi 
D0 'Sltoml\'a, Slt.1 SO"(Jri Sm '119 Dpwqooal.C Alt.10 pJ..ltqo 'D13"(l)©OD AUl 1D'X 
DlDrl9g 1;>x1a31ro~3 mA. 5D1'X.D90"(:S: Slt.1 Sl},x111"(01.C Da~nil},o 1aX9rl Slt.1 ltoltri11x3 H 
·SDp'(D©OD l},X.111'(01.C 1DX l},'X.111"(01.C l,tx1a31ro~3 
l}.A10'K AlllO mal,t10Daq 1D'K Sroal},'(1.C 13XOl)13ririeto DA l},AX>'X.1 1D'X ltrio.g9a1e 
1DA 13 119 l},uoa111£3 Alt.10 130(J)1D9391'.1£3 13X9 Sn1xngo1:s: Slt.1 ltoltAa9go.x H 
·SLtomAl)A.a01qnAD Slt1 D1QD'K1QD19 luo Slto1m 1D13'KD1ag 1D'K 
n1nrit,t1goau l)X11Anrilto nA~rio100 91.CX> m1311µ1ic nA p90.01oxn~3 'lt.1? n1ncbo9ou 
Dl l)lD'X l,trixnonic l},X11ADrilto 30X>10Ct00Dl.C DJOlCO Lt 'SDJADXltri01g Sl}.X11AO.riD 
Slt1 ltol)g H ·Snol}.11D1CD 53AOOXA'),0 511 MlO<ft'),"(D'X DA mA. 501A9anic (t01 
11£3 1D1J\OA(J)ADA001QDAD 'oXJ..3'(? 9x11noxoriltq 91.CC\ A'),0"(31 53J01CO 10 'Sn1xngo1:s: 
Stu 513ril)AC\Q S9x11ro11no10 10 ·SD1AO"(OA'X31 ltoltJ01.COri10Ltax l},"(1.C1Q lt1 l)OOcbD 
A009 oXA.3"(9 90Lt10,m pxon 'M!)A(l)AD~3 AfOl aoXA.n3 A(01(!)1030D'X AOOA9rin101cbo. 
A(l)0)1010C\,'X i\(l)l A(l)'(~) So-·ori 01d)l},,ft01.m l,t 50"fi}ri Si5 . A(l)"{l.C9 A(l)l oXA.3"{~ i\01 
mA. 531A<nchrio.o SpAQ31Q 59x113Xo 511 53"(9 13<1\,90A.oicet 13XJ mx AOO"(l.C9 A(J)'K1riltX 
mx A(!)'X.1A.0101g 'M!)'X.1Altoctu MOl ltOCl>"{l.Cl)~3 ltri Alt1 n~10Lt1ooica n1xngo"(~ H 
. Amri91n 9~~ Q'X.11.COOOOOl.C 9x11DTI00'(1C1Q J3"(0XOD1.CX> 
mx 9x1031ro~3 010 53p1troooo1t11An t9 J3olt1mv ·5Lt1 0190 01 S(!)xonm 'SltoroA3, 
Slt1 SO"(~ri Sro '130J1Drinoqmg DA 3'.1£3al'?l.C3 5lt1 DO (l0'.1£ D103altuet l,tx11nriro"(1C1Q 
Saog9A.3ri 0.01DD3ri 1D'X. D'JA 1)13'X.OD mri 13198D1Q 5n1,mgo1~ 5lt1 n11naxoriltv H 
• 11CtOl l)13"(l)©OD lt 1Dl J3"(131CD 
119 13Xnolt.AD lto}ri DA3TIQ"{"(Dgrieto Dl 91.CD 3101.Cl}.Q0101CO Al)3 5130'),3"(0.0gmq 
ltoua91oet9nx S1oroX A'),08U101.C01DriA.D0'.1£ DA11 lt00.3riD?Q Lt 1D13J..C'?"(900'.1£ (5DJ000d 
Slt1 1D'K Sn1xngo1:s: Stu '),~D13ri 53xl},9Ano Ol 511 91CD DJri) £66 I (l010'),0A(l V 
Slt9z Stu Sn1onA.03Ao.o Sl},x11ro11no10 ltxl},9Ao.o lt.10 'nrlA.13Ql)ODJ..C mJ.. : Sn1orod Slt.1 
mx Sn1xngo"(~ 5lt1 '),~D13ri 1orio3q JOA310 mx 5130-;iXo S~rx.11lt101.COAD'X.1 AaoXol)'.l!A 
·nrllt"{g901£ 13J..aet01riltq A3Q 1D'X. D1DTI(!)1DX1q l)'X.1Dng Dl 1>"(9 13(),D"(Ol.CD Sn1X30J, 
Slt.1 n11naxorlltv lt.10 n1lt19Aonri l,t'X.1'X.DfJO"{O H ·SnJX30J, Slt1 n11noxoriltv lt.1 3rl 
A(tol01rl()et0 DA 1n1 nx901C (t01C n1nrtJo 5rnonrilto 50AOOOI}, DA9TI0100 A'),OTI30'XX3 
·S3'X.l,t()A(l0 53A3ril)l.01dm 3'X.lt1,,n1nriJ..no1Cn1q l,t SaOH)O'X (\,01 nOOA(),0 n1 3rl l)'X.113XO 
S~lXl,t()AHO 53?A (n1010ctv AUl 91.Cn 5~)1')<3) 53ocpX 5JX1A0113A S11 S3"(9 3rl 13<ftl)OA0'.1£(l 
nX? n1xngo"(~ H ·cw10Lt10nx1v ,w1 ltond>~n.m.Alt1 AC,tOl!>nlJ30 nA 1wl}.Mndnkt0 
MtoX9 lto9rl O(,l(} Dl H)X 5lt.A.l)X Slt.1 01ol,t1onx1v S9AQ31V 010 13A'),ffi.000'.1£ 
AetOX? Al}.10.D DJAmd>mq lt.1 n1J 'OAO){pqt?Q (\,01 nrlk9acb 01 3ri l)X113XO DJAmd>mg 
D10l.C1)'X. Do(J)X roJ..9'{ AJ Alt1 3rl m1n101d)ct DA J3QCtO"(O'X.D~3 mx 13<fl,l)AO.O Aao'X.~ 
(lQ'.1£ Sltxl},gAO.D S'),003rl1Q Slt.1 DJ3Altrio3 AUl soal.C 5ro 'nJanJ-.A.ao Altl 3TI ssiaocbmg 
53A9rl01ao AO.oXal)1CCt 'S101(l01A3 "530(!)X 53A3ri93qAet0 5?X1A0113A 3rl 53JArod>mq 
59x1d>ng3 310ul}.go31ouo nX9 n1xngo1~ Lt 31(,tO 'S13ol}.x1qx31q 59x1cbng3 AnoXOl)'.l!ft 
A3Q SltomA3, Slt.1 So.019ri SetOll)O'X. 31oul},go.01ouo mx Sn1xngo1~ Slt.1 '),~Dl3W 
· A(!)lDa)l Am1l}.1an~3AV 
Sn1311"(0'.l!OA 10)! Slt1 mx S(!)ODX 'Slt1C(!)aet3 Sl,tX101A3X Slt.1 A(!)AD"("(DA(l~ 
3.9 A11µoot0voµtx« Otµa'ta 
A11µ,oat0voµtxo; tJ . .,£y1.,o; 
H ecpagµoyiJ twv xm vottxwv JtOAL tLxwv, tfaa(. tega yw. tl\ yewgy(.a xm ta 
bwg0gwtLx6. taµdu, arcm te( ercugxiJ o-um:iJµuta bLaxdgwnc; xm eMyxou twv 
briµ60LOJV barcaVOJV, µe bwt<'.tsnc; yut 111v xe.rnmoMµriori 111c; arc<nric;. EmrcAfov, 
arcm td tm rcgoot.yywri tric; voµoOrntac; yut vu rnL tgt11,u tnv ewayrnyiJ tm, 
ouoti)µatoc; trov "tbtrnv rc6gwv", µe LxavorcmntLxiJ rcg6BAE'l1Jl\ oxenxa. µe tl\ 
AOyLOtt,XiJ. 
H eugwna·(xiJ ouµlpwv(.a bev JtcQLAaµBa.vEL t,()t,U(.tegcc; bLat6.sEL£ oxenxa. µe to 
bnµoowvoµLx6 EAeyxo. -Evrnurnu;, rcgoBMrcEL tl\ ouvegyao(a oto Aoywnx6 
f)....eyxo, ouµrcEQLAaµBavoµevnc; tric; tEXVLxi)c; BoiJ0ELac; ecp6oov XQEL6.tetm ex 
µegouc; tnc; Km v6tntac;. To Aeux6 BLBA(o bev JtEQLAaµBavEL µetga otov toµfo 
aut6. 
l;uvolt'tLXfl lt£QLYQ«(f)11 
To Avcinato rgacpeto EMyxou (AfE) 1l)c; LAoBaxLxi)c; ~nµoxgat(ac; etvm evac; 
avei;agtritoc; ei;wtegtx6c; ogyavwµ6c; rcou EAEYXEL tl) bLaXELQWrt trov 
mxovoµLxwv tou e0vLxou ngoUrcoA-oywµou, 'tl\ faaxetgwri xm µe-caxetgwn tric; 
e0vLxi)c; nt::gwuotnc;, tl\ µnaxetQWll 1wv bLxmwµfrcwv rcegwuotm; xm 1wv 
arcmtiJoewv ocpHAcov tric; ~l)µoxgcn(m;, XA.Jt .... To AfE urcoBa.AEL EtiJma tx0eori 
oto Km vof3ouAw oxenxa. µe ta arcon:Moµcna twv bgaotl\QLOti)twv eMyxou 
tOU xa0wc; xm tr\ yvcoµn tOU OXEtLXCI. µe tOV e0vtx6 JtQOUJtoAoywµ6. To AfE 
µrcogd va XAl)0EL arc6 to KmvoBouAw va EXtEAEOEL LbtaLtEQE<; EQEUVE£. 
Ta xevtgLxa. 6gyuvn tnc; xgattxiJc; bwtxnollc; EL vm urccuOuva yta triv rntEAEOfl 
tOU EOWtEQLXO'U briµoowvoµLXO'U eMyxou tOU E0VLXO'U JtQOUJtOAoywµou Otouc; 
ogyavwµouc; yLa 1ouc; orco(ouc; etvm uneu0uva. IbLati:ega, to Yrcougye.to 
OLxovoµLxwv EXtEAEL thmouc; EAEyxouc; oe. 6A.a ta 0eµata rcou ouvMovtm µe 
tov e.0vLx6 ngoUJtoAoywµ6. Ot xga1Lxec; agxtc; 1omxiJc; autobwtxnoric; 
EX'tEAO'UV eMyxouc; O'tO µegoc; EXElVO tOU JtQOUJtoAoywµou 'tO OJtOlO 1ouc; EXEL 
bta'te0eL 
~Lacpogm ogyavwµot 1nc; rAoBaxtac; aoxoAouvtm µ£ 1nv xatarcoMµnon 1nc; 
aJtatnc;, OUµJtEQLAaµBavoµevnc; xm tl']c; 'X.EVtQLXitc; UJtl\QEOtac; tEAWVELWV. 0 
EAEYXOC., twv e0vtxrov 'tEAwvetwv faevegyd tm aJt6 tl)V xevtgt,xiJ urcngeota 
tEAWVEtwv, n orco(a ELvm UJteu0uvri yLa 1riv ecpagµoyiJ tu)V v6µwv, twv bte0vmv 
ouµBaoewv, xA.Jt. xm o tomx6c; 1eAwv£Lax6c; EAEyxoc; ex-reAd tm arc6 ttc; 
bt6.cpogec; tomxec; lEArnvuaxtc; urcrigwtec;. ~Ev una.gxu avei;a.g1111oc; 
1eAwveLax6c; ogyavwµ6c; wwt£QLXO'lJ EAEYX01J, UA.Aa. o eorntEQLx6c; aut6c; 
£Aeyxoc; urea.ye-rm o-tl)V agxit nou ELvm agµ6bw. ytn i:ov tA-eyxo. 
~Ev ucptotatm ELbtxiJ voµo0eota oxenxa. µe -rriv cmcnri. H avtLµetwmon tric; 
arcatric; rcgayµa-conotd tm µE w; btat6.i;w; tm, rem vtxou xwbtxa. H urcrigeota 
mxovoµtxitc; aotuvoµtac; 1ou aotuvoµLxou owµcnoc; nou urca.yEtcu oto 
Y nougydo Eowtegtxwv EL vm agµ6bta yta rnv ouvtovwµ6 twv 
bgao1ngwtiJtrnv nou ouvMov-cm µ£ tl)V arcox6.AU'l1Jll cpogoAoytxiJc; arc6.t11c; xm 
1wv nagavoµwv mxovoµtxwv rcga.i;Ewv. H un11gwta ami) EXEL 6txatwµa oxt 
µ6vo va EQEUva unorc-rec; mxovoµtxtc; xm cpogoAoytxec; rcgai;eLc; aA.A.6. erctol)c; xm 
110 
VU JtUQOlJOLCl~fL JtQOtaaeu; yLa tQOJtoJtOLnow; tl]c; WXUOUOac; voµo0£0LU£ 
ngoxeLµevou va bLeuxoAuveL xaAutega triv x.atanoMµriori tric; anchric;. 
A;tQloy11a11 'tfl; 'tQEXOV(J«; X(1't(l(J't(1(Jf1; Xat 't(J)V :rtQOO:rt'ttX(J)V 
H eeaµLxn ()LUQ0QWOl] yw. £Jt<1QXn briµomovoµLx6 EAEYXO EXEL )(,(1tUQtLCT0£L, £VO) 
EXEL '\jJl]cpLOOeL XUL ri fkwtxn voµo0WL<1. EL vm ()'\)<JXOAO vu EXtLµl]Od ri £)(,t(lOl] 
6aov acpogu tl]V :n:gayµatLxn ecpagµoyn tl]c; voµoOwtuc;. A:n:m td tCH JtEQUL ttgrn 
ouvegyaoLa µe tLc; aAoBaxLxtc; agxtc; yu1 vu xaOogwOd e(1v to Al'E xm m <iAAE£ 
agxec; eMyxou a:n:oAuuouv tric; uvuyxutw; ave;agtriotuc; <at<) triv x-u(1tgvriori 
JtQOXELµEVO'U va £Xt£AEOO'UV ta xaOnxovta touc;. y JtUQXEL avciyxri fkA tLWOl]£ 
tO'U wxuovtoc; 6riµoawvoµtx.01, ouotnµatoc; 6oov uq>OQCl tl] ycrngyLa. 
Emngoaefawc;, o toµfoc; 6riµomovoµLxou eMyxou avtLµetw:n:L~EL to lbw dboc; 
6uoxoAubv :n:ou avnµetwnL~EL yevtx6. o toµe.ac; -cric; 6riµ6mac; 6wLx.rioric;. 
i; v µ.:rtEQ«aµ.a 
Anm -couvtm oriµavtLxec; -:n:goo:n:aeetec; yta triv evtaxuori tou 6riµoawvoµtxou 
eMyxou xm tOU AOYLOtLXOU eMyxou. 
E:rtt:rt't(J)(J£tc; (J'tOV :rtpou:rtoloytoµo 
H avaxotvwari "Ilg6ygaµµa bgaoric; 2000" avacptgeL to ouvoALX6 
briµoawvoµLx6 :n:AaLmo Oto o:n:oLo Ou JtQE:n:EL va evtaxOd ll briµoowvoµtx.n 
mtntwari twv µeAAovuxwv bLe1,g1,vcJe0>v xat6. i:ri bu1gxeLa i:ric; :n:goocxo,,c; 
µwo:n:Q60eoµric; :n:egt6b01,, xata tg6:n:ov (l)Olc va e;aocpaALOtd l] ouvoxn µenc; 
JtQOlEL v6µevec; xatrnOuvoetc; twv x.m vonx.wv JtoAL tLxwv evi:6c; AOyLxwv 
briµoawvoµLxwv ogLwv. 
LtO JtUQOV OtabLO, f,l, vm ()UOX.OAO xm o:n:wabnnote JtQOWQO va 
ngayµatOJtOLl]eet µLa axgtBnc; a;LOAOyl]Ol] tl]c; briµoowvoµtxnc; rnL:n:i:waric; tl]c; 
JtQOOXOOQllOl]c; xaee UJto'\jJncpLac; xoogac;, AaµBavoµevric; µeµovwµeva u:n:6'\j)l]. H 
6riµoawvoµtxn rnL:n:tWOl] ea e1;agtrieeL :n:gayµai:L xai:a JtOA u an6 EVa OUVOAO 
nagay6vtwv : 
-an6 tl]v l]µegoµl]vta xai:a 'tl]V onota 0a JtQayµai:onmrieet ll ngoaxwQl]Ol] x6.0e 
uno'\J)1lcpLac; xwQac;, 
-an6 'tl]V µEXQL t6te fSEALsl] t(l)V X.OLVOtLXOOV JtOALlLXOOV, xm LbLW£ tWV 
anocp6.oewv nou ea ArJcpeouv 6aov acpog6. tl] auvexwri tric; µetaggu0µwric; tl]c; 
xmvnc; YEWQyLxnc; JtOALtLxnc; xm t(l)V VEWV xateueuvaewv OE 0tµata 
6LagegwtLxoov evegyeLoov, 
-aJtO nc; JtQ066ouc; JtOU 0a JtQayµatOJtOLl]00UV aJtO tLc; UJtO'\JJncpLE£ XWQEc; aJtO 
a:n:O'\j)l] ava:n:tusric;, evLoxuonc; n1c; avtaywvLOtLXOtl]tac; touc; xm tl]c; 
nagaywyLx6tritac; ·rouc; xm Lxav6tritac; va avaAaBouv to xextriµtvo, 
µJt6 ta µetaBanx.{1. µfaga :n:ou 0u µnogouv vu :n:goxu'\j,01,v cm() nc; 
bLangayµateuow;. 
TeAeLwc; ev6uxtt.xa µnogouv va avacpeg0ouv µegLxec; ta};eu; µeyWouc; yw 
ogwµtvec; 611µoawvoµLxec; xatriyogtec;, xa0wc; xm µta yEvLxit ex-tt.µ11011. 
111 
Kae, unoewn µLac; µEtaggueµLonc; tnc; xmvr)c; yEwQyLxr)c; JtOALtLxr)c; ouµcpwva 
µE nc; xateueuvoeLc; JtOU EXEL xaga;EL ll Em tQOJtr), 11 JtQOOXWQ'flCTll tnc; 
l:1v0Baxtac; ea EJtL(f)EQEL, xata to hoc; tnc; n)..r)gouc; Ecpagµoyr)c; tnc; 
µetaggueµwnc; xm µ6vo 6oov mpoga tn µttga nagtµBaonc; mt twv ayogwv, 
eva CTUµJtAr)gwµa tnc; bamxvnc; JtOU JtQOf1A£Jt£taL yLa tn onµEQLVU 15 xgatn µ£All, 
XUtW tOU 1%. 
'Ooov acpoga ta bLagegwtLxa µhga, m ucpwtaµEvEc; ouvbgoµtc; untg twv 
ALy6tEQO eunµEQOUVtWV xgatwv µEA.WV tnc; 'Evrnonc; avtgxovtm OE 3% twc; 4% 
tou AEII to-uc;. Mn<1 an6 µta ngoobEutLxr) nrgtobo m xognyr)oELc,; 1mtg tow 
vtwv xwgwv £vMxnm vu <pO<'wouv oto (ow nc0tn01, rn(Jtd)o £Vt<)<; tow 00(rnv 
tnc; Lxav6tntac; anogg6cpnonc; tO)V OLX<UO'llX(l)V. 
H Ecpagµoyr) twv <tAArnv xmvotLxci>v JtOALtLxchv mrn dvm cmotE()LXEc; yu1 tLc; 
veoEvtaoo6µEvec; XWQEc; 0a JtQEJtEL vn 01,vrnc1ynm 01,µn)..ngwµatLxr) bcmuvn 
evbExoµtvwc; avwtEQll an6 t0 OXEtLXO t0uc; f3agoc; OtO AEII tl]c; 'Evwonc;, 
ecp6oov yLa ogwµtvEc; an6 nc; JtOAL tLxtc; amtc; to ouµn1vngwµanx6 x6otoc; 
ecpagµoyr)c; anotEAd ev µtQEL ouvagtnon tou oxEnxou nAneuoµou, tl]c; 
yewygacpLxr)c; txtaonc; r) tau agLeµou twv xgatwv µe1vwv µE ta onota 
ava1vaµBavovtm EvtgyELec; ouvwvwµou xm Evagµ6vwnc;. EvbELxtLxa, to AEII , 
tnc; l:1v0Bax(ac; avtLJtQOOWJtEUEL m( tou nag6vtoc; 0,2% autou tnc; 'Evwonc;. 
Avtt0£ta, n ngooxwgnon tl]c; LAoBax(ac; bev JtQEJtEL va mLcptgu onµavtLxec; 
ouµn1vngwµatLxtc; banavec; 6oov ncpoga nc; E;w1EQLxtc; EVEQYELEc_; tnc; 'Evwonc;. 
IIgrnEL, tt1voc;, va Al]cp0d UJtO'\Vll t0 yeyov6c; 6tL l1 JtQOOXO)QllOll xa.0£ UJtO'lµr)cpLac; 
xwgm; ea ouvmaynm tl]V X(HUQYllOll 1WV banavwv, 1WV OJtOLWV ea EXEL t'\JXEL 
BaoeL tOU XOL VOtLXO'\J JtQOiJJtOAoywµo1, OtO JtActLOLO 1(l)V ngoygaµµatrnv 
JtQOEVtasnc;, Jt.x. fl£0(1) toU ngoygaµµcnoc; Phare. 
J\aµBavoµtvwv un6'\jJl] twv uvrn1tgrn, m bcm(.tvEc; tL<; onotE<; ouvrnayEtm n 
n:gooxwgnon tnc; LAoBax(ac;, 0101,c; tguc; toµdc; nou avmptgOnxav, µnogo1JV va 
eXtLµneouv CTUVOALX(l EVt6c; 'lµUALbac; Etl]OLWc; µna};u 1,0 xm 1,3 bLOEXat. ECU, 
µe JtQOOJttLXr) t0 2005-2006 ( OE Ota0£Q£<; tLµtc; 1997). 
'Eaoba 
To µtgoc; twv ouvewcpogwv otov xm votLx6 ngo'Uno1voywµ6 n:ou avaµtvnm 
an6 tLc; veoEvtaoo6µEvrc; XWQEc;, xae' un60wn µLac; n1vr)gouc; Ecpagµoyr)c; tou 
ouotr)µatoc; twv Lb(wv n6gwv, ea JtQEJtEL va ngom~yy(~eL, 6oov acpoga to 
ouvoAo twv n6gwv AEII xm <l>IIA -AaµBavoµtvwv un6'\J)ll, yLa tov <l>IIA, twv 
xav6vwv ngooagµoyr)c; -to µEgtbL6 wuc; oto AEII nt<; 'Evwonc;, r)toL otnv 
JteQLJttwon tnc; LAoBax(ac; tl]c; ta};nc; tou 0,2%. To µEgtbLo tnc; LAoBaxtac; otouc; 
nagabomaxouc; (bwuc; n6g01Jc; Ou E;ag1118d cm6 tll bLagOgwo11 twv EµJtOQLXWv 
tnc; gowv tll onyµr) tll<; ngooxwgnonc;. 
IlgoxELµtvou va EsU.O(f)UAUJtO'\JV rt bum(o1won, () EAEyxoc; xm l1 OLa.Ow11 tlOV 
n:aQabomaxwv Lb(rnv n6grnv cn',µq,iu>vu µr t11v xm vonxr) guOµwn, Ou d vm 
avayxa(Ec; ngooagµoytc; tau wxuovwc; 1EAwvuaxou ouo1r)µa1oc; tl]c; 
~Ao(3axi,m;. E1;aAAOU, o owo16c; unoAoyLoµ6c; i;ou n6gou AEil 0a xff'caoti]oEL 
avayxa(ec; 011µavnxtc; BeA tLWOEL<; cm6 M0'4Jll a1;wnw,;(ac;, oµowytvuac; x.m 
112 
:rtAl]QOtl]tac; trnv eOvuui>v Aoy<t()W.<JJt<i>v. OL ot<nurux.{:c; mm:c; f1ehui>onc; Ou 
ELvm E:rtLOl]c; (1Jt<l()ULtl]tEC; nvox.Eq.ttvm, vu X<lt(Wtd <'rnv<m'>c; () Jt()OO<)LO()WJU'>c; 
tl1£ paol]£ tou Lb(ou :rt6QOU <l>IIA o onoloc;, rnL:rtHov, Ou rnL(36.AH tl]v JtAllQll 
E'U0UyQaµµLOl] tOU ouoti]µat0£ <l>l1A Otl]V LAOPmda we; JtQO£ tL£ 'XOLVOtLxec; 
OCl]yLE£. 
113 
To Eugronu·t:x6 LuµBouALO tnc; Mubgi. tnc; ouvrntguve, to ~rntµBgw tou 1995, 
6tL n evagµovwµtvn tvtasn otnv EE tlOV XEVtQOUVUtOALXWV EUQlOJta"t:xwv 
un:o'l!Ji\cpLrov xrogwv ea rutm touoE, xugi.roc;, tnv ngooagµoy1) trov bwLxntLxwv 
boµwv touc;. To JtUQOV Xeq:>O.AULO eset<l~EL tnv tgtxouoa xataotaon tnc; 
b11µ60Lac; bwi.x11011c; otn LAoBaxi.a, ouµrtEQLAaµBavoµtvrov tulV oxEnxwv 
rut6'l!JelOV tO'U bLXUOtLXOU OUOti\µm:oc;, xm asLOAoyd tnv tgtx01,oa xm 
µ£AAOVtLXrJ Lxav6t11ta yLa tnv bLexJtEQai.roon trov AEL tougyLwv nou anm touvtm 
rut6 a.ut6 oe tva ouyxgovo b11µoxgatLx6 xgatoc;, µE Lblai, teQO rntxEV"CQO tnv 
avayx11 bLUXELQLOll<; 0£µatrov JtO'U ouvbeovtm µE to xrntnµevo. 
4.1. At0ix11nxt; boµt; 
IleQLYQUQ)l\ t(l)V OAoBaxLXWV ouvtayµatLXWV boµcbv, t(l)V EsOUOLWV xm 
agµobwti]trov touc;, . ouµrtEQLAaµBavoµevwv EXEL vwv tnc; JtEQLQ)EQELaxi]c; xm 
tomxi]c; autobwi.xnonc;, JtaQEXEtm aw xEcpaAmo 1. 
LtO X£VtQLX6 rni.Jtebo, una0xouv 15 unougyda xm 10 XEVtQLXOL ogyavwµoi. 
n:ou dvm unE1JOuvm :rcgoc; tnv xuBt(NllOll. Ltn n:Aai.ow. --enc; XEVtQLxi]c; 
xuBtgv11011c;, to rgmpdo 1nc; K uf~egvnonc; EVEQYE.L me; XeVlQLXll OlJV"COVlfftl'X.ll 
agxn UJt6 tnv rnOuvn 101J ngwOunougyou xm buo UVUJtA ngw1cbv 
ngro0urcougywv. 
To ag0go 73 1ou egyanxou xwblxa guOµt~H 1a blxaubµata trov bnµooi.wv 
unaAAi\Arov. Eni. tou nag6vtoc;, bEv un<iQXEL W)Lxi] voµo0wi.a OXEtLxa µ£ 1ouc; 
bnµooi,ouc; unaAAi]Aouc;, d.AA<i n voµoOrni.a autn, xa8wc; rni,onc; xm evac; yevLx6c; 
xwbLxac; ouµrceQLcpogac; yul touc; bnµooi.ouc; unaAAllAouc;, Bgtoxovtm 010 
OtabLO tnc; xatagtwnc;. 
Qt, blogwµoi, OE noAMc; 0foeL<; tnc; bnµ6mac; unngwi.ac; OE e8vLx6, JteQLQ)EQELax6 
xm tomx6 rni.nebo xa0wc; xm OE bLacpoga rntneba agxm6tn1ac; xa8ogi.~ov1m 
EV µEQEL tO'UAClXLOtOV rut6 tnv JtoALtLXrJ. 
To 1995, 136.000 negi.nou atoµa rutaoxoAi]Onxav 01nv oAoBaxLxi] bnµ6ou1 
bLotx11011. Q1, µw0ot oto bnµ6mo toµfo d vm yevt.xa ouyxgtmµm µe exet vouc; 
tO'U l,<)l,(l)t\.'X.OU toµea. 
QL ngoona0eLec; yw tn f1£A ti.won --enc; JtoL6tn1ac; tnc; b11µ6mac; 1mngwi.ac; 
obi]y11oav otnv tbguon ev6c; Lbguµm:oc; bnµ6owc; bwi.xnonc; 1m6 1nv eu01,vn tern 
Y nougyetou Eow1£QLXWV. 
H eu8uv11 yLa tnv e'UQWJta"t:xn evtasn avateOnxe OtO rgacpeLO tnc; KuBeQVrJOewc;, 
µ£ tvav ava.JtAngrotit ngw8unougy6 va EXEL avaAaBEL tn ouvoALXfl JtOALtLxi] 
avacpOQLXCl µe tnv tvtasn, £VO) 0 ClAAOC.,. EXH tnv eu8uvn tOU voµo8etL'X.OU 
ngoygaµµawc; tnc; xuBegvnonc;. Ynagxouv 133 unaAAnAm nou aoxoAouvtm 
eLbt.xa µe 1nv fUQlOJta·t:xn OAOXAl\QWOn xm 1nv UL08etnon tOU Xe'X.tnµtvou. H 
xuBtgvnon avtcpeQE 6tL ea evwxuoH to tµi]µa tnc; b11µ60t.ac; blotxnonc; nou 
aoxoAEL tm µe tl]V eUQWJta"t:xit evtasn µE to blogwµ6 xm tnv eXJtatbeuon 107 
rcg6o0etrov unaAArJAWV. Ilgott8etm va LbguoH eva eugwna·t:x6 xevtgo 
EXJtaibeuonc; (BA.me mi.one; tµilµa -enc; ewaywy11c; oxe-ct:x,a µe tn oxfon µe-ca1;u tnc; 
Eugrona·t:xi]c; 'Evwonc; xm tnc; LAoBaxi.ac;). 
114 
4.2. Atotx11ux11 xcu btxaanx11 txavO'tfl'ta 
H ToexooAoBax(u ebwLxd to ota rcA.a(ma xEVtQLxov oxebLaoµov xcna tll 
bL6.QxeLa tll<; xoµµmJvwtLxi]c; JtEQL6bou. To xoµµouvwtLx.6 ovon1µa aJtEQQLJtte 
triv XUQLaQx(a tou xav6va tou bLxa(ou xm uni]yaye to b(xmo xm tll bw(xrio11 
OtllV ecpaQµoyi] t11c; JtOA.l, tLXl]<; tOU K6µµatoc;. A6yw tOU yeyov6toc; autO'U, 
t6oo ri 6Lo(x11011 600 xm o xav6vac; bLxa(ou xatfot11oav 6Ao xm negwo6tego, 
Ota µ6.tLa tOU XOLVO'U, 6gyava JtOA.LtLXO'\J eMyxou. 
I11µavtLxi] ng6oboc; 011µeub811xE an6 to 1993. H bLOLXlltLxi] boµi]/JtA.a(ow nou 
un6.QXEL t(.OQU d vm ouyxg(mµri µE Exd v11 nou ouvavt6.tm otL<; xm votLxec; 
X(.OQE<;. Ta xaOi]xovn1 twv 6Lmx11tLxcilv p.ov{1brnv xm ogyavwµcilV EA.tyxm, oto 
xevtgLx6 rn(JtEbo xuOog(~ovto.L u0xcr<i xuA.(c 
Y JtO.QXOUV WX1J(?£<; Bu.ow; oto 01Hn11µ<1. En( m1gubd yµun, EL vm yEvLx<'i 
rna.gxi]c; 11 Lxav6t11ta twv µeµovrnµtvwv ogyuvwµ<ilV, (mrnc; d vm 11 0A.o(-k1x.Lxi] 
JtUQllVLXl] ngxi], 111m11geo(a xatu. wu p.ovonrnHm, xm 11 un11grn(u onnwtLxi]c;, 
xa0(.0c; xm 11 0Aof1ax.Lxi] xEvtgLxi] tg<imt<1. Evtm'nou;, 1m<1gxcrnv rn(o11c; uoOevi] 
011µe(a, LbLwc; OE oxfo11 µE tll boµi], t0 rteb(o ecpugµoyi]c;, tu xuOi]xovtu xm tL<; 
agµobL6tlltE<; Ev6c; aQLOµov Lbguµcnwv nou Otnrnv 1m6 uµcpwf3i]t11011 t11v 
Lxav6t11t6. tOU<; va EXTEAO'\JV aJtOTEAEOµaTLx.6. £VU voµo0ETLX6 JtQ6ygaµµa an6 
tva ot6.bLo OXE6Lao11c; µEXQL triv ecpo.gµoyi] tll<; voµo0wtac;. H ng6ocpatri 
JtEQLq)EQELaxi] avabwgyavwon 611µLougy110E tva xEv6 Ecpagµoyi]c; A.6yw tou 
yEyov6toc; 6tL oL Eu0uvE<; nou ELxav ngo11youµevwc; avate8EL t6oo OE XEVTQLX6 
600 xm OE tomx6 rnLrtEbo µnacpegovtm OE rtEQLq)EQELax6 rn(JtEbo. To yEyov6c; 
aut6 rnnQfoOE Lfaa( tEQa 111v rnL8ECbg11011 xm tA.eyxo tau rtEQLB6J. .. Aovtoc;, aAAa 
WX'UEL rn(o11c; xm OE 6.AAouc; rnµdc;. 
H voµLxi] Ba.011 tll<; 611µ6mac; un11gwtac; be,v e(vm ax.6µ11 nAi]gwc; rnagxi]c;, aAAa 
0 vfoc; v6µoc; ea JtQEJCEL va avtLJtQOOWJtE'\JEL µLa 011µavTLXl] BEAt(wo11. Esa.AAOU, 
UJtO.QXOUV AL yE<; EV()ELt;EL<; rn( tOU JtUQOVTO<; 6tL 0a UVaJtTUX0d OtllV JtQ6.sn 11 
JtOAL tLxi] ave};agt11o(a tll<; b11µ6owc; 1m11gwLw;. 
Yna.gxouv JtOAAa ngoBAiJµaw. <me) <m6'\!JErn<; uvOgcbmvrnv n6gwv nm, 
avtLµenonL~EL 11 0Aof1<1xLxi] bw(x.11011. 6.Ev 1m(tQXEL rtg6f1A11µa tA.AEL'lt'll<; 
JtQOOWJtLXO'U. Evtolm)Lc;, 1m<igxu EAAU'\j)ll EJt<1(>X<i>c; El,()l,XE1,µtv01, Jt(?OO(J)JtLXO'\J. 
OL yAwomxec; yvcboEL<; bEv ELvm agxn<1 avanTUyµtvEc;. MEXQL oi]µEga, bEv txu 
UVaJtTUX0E( µ(a OUVOALXl] OTQ<1Tl1Yl'Xl] yLa TllV Emµ6gcpwo11 x,m rn vfou 
exnatbeuon twv 611µoo(wv urtaAAi]Awv. H u'l!J11Ai] XLVl]tLx6t11ta 6T}µ6mwv 
unaAAi]Awv OE 6Aa ta rn(rteba anotEAd rtQ6BA11µa. ELvm LbLaLtEQa xgtmµ11 oto 
av(.OtEQO rn(ne,bo twv unaAAi]Awv, be,boµtvou 6n urt<iQXEL £AAEL'l!Jll Lxavoti]twv 
6oov acpoga tll 6Laµ6gcpwon :rtoAL nxi]c;, xa0cbc; xm Lxavoti]twv an6 an6'l!JEw<; 
voµLxi]c;, ()LUXELQLOtLXl]<; xm OXE6(ao11c;, JtOU d vm anaga( tl]tE<; yLa t11v 
bLabLxao(a ngooxwg11011c;. To rtQ6BA11µa tou ngoowmxou rnLbELv(.00rixE an6 
to E.JtLJtE()O JtOALtLXOJto(11011c; tl]<; 611µ6mac; UJtllQEO(ac;. 
H e,µmotoouv11 tou xoLvov ot11 611µ6ma un11gwLa e(vm yevLx6. xaµ11Ai], 
Lb La( TEQa ow JtEQUPEQEU1x6 rn(rtEbo, 6rtou rn xm v6 EQXEtm OE aµw6TEQ11 
rnacpi] µe touc; unaAAi]Anuc;. Ihw(tEQn, to xmvo yEvLxa cpaLvetm va 
avtLAnµB<ivcrm TllV rn0ELu xm<'1x011011 Esm,o(w; uni> t<rnc; UJt<1AAl]A.01J<;. M(u 
:ng6o<p<rtll tx0E<Jl} nm avcirw.tou Y(><Hpdm, Aoyunt:x.01', EMyxm, uvmpt\~n tr} 
ouxviJ xnt<1xg11011 b11µ6mrnv xEcpuA.u(<1>v cm6 1u 1m01,gydu, EVfi> I 05 
EJtL0EWQl]OEL<; (1Jt0XUA '\JJtt01,v 1.093 JtEQl,JtT{l)OH<; m1e<'if1<1011c; t()1) bt,xutm, JtEQl 
115 
9~ ~ 
LtoltAp<.mq Lta30(,l3''f3 J\.U1 Tri l)X.'laocbDAV ·s(l)atp{l.C pQX13Q01.CD 13X9 1\.3(} DJ31Da131.C 
J\.U1 'l3.0µri3"'{01CT)1.DX. DJ\. SltoltX.JO'lQ Sµx.m3AC0"'{31. Slt1 n1Lt19Anx.1 H ·Sµx.axm3J\.D 
11)/\.1'3 'n10Lt1x.01q1 l},X.1J\.'l>Xltri01g mx. l},x11nrin,JJ\,1£ J\.Ul 3ri 1)X10odmAD 5DJ0300riOA 
Slt1 l},A.oriondn Alt1 rnA. ,_wri.011110 II n,opA.on.oic A ,t01 Sn10Ltrn01q1 Sl},x11nrln,3Aic 
Sn1on10oaic J\.C!))Wn J\.CT)l 1D'}(. 5DJAX311030Cl3 n,opcbnaJ (t01 n1Lt19AD'}(.1 
Lt '5101().011\.3 ·Sl},xamn 1)13'}(.an 1DJ\. p n1x.ngo1:s: J\.UlO UOD101)1D'}(. Lt 'A(!)ffOAD 
ltOUJ\. JX.D1Q ua30().3"(3 Al!l 3rl 1)X.1aocbDAD DlU.lQJ\.DX.1 l},X.11.UX.101(} Ul 3rl 1)X.113X:S: 
·(..S3Ja30(t3"(3 s1a3009110..) I"£ oprllto 010 1Dl3J\.JA J\.(!)l(tD J\.CT)J3rllto J\.CT)l UOO."(l)AV 
·531\.QJ\.DX. Sc,tOX1101\.10X. So.01 3rl DMncbrlc,to Srool}."(1.C i\.().OA03J\.3 DJ\. 1\.().0001.Crl 
DJ\. 0.01.£ 'o.oXA.9"(3 mx. Sltolt101.eo1011.C 'Sltolt101.eo1.CO.l A(!)XOD mx. Scp9Dx. A(!)XOD 
A<px.1139orloA A.cpx.11Drl03"(3l01.CD mx. AroA9rlA.o.1mAD 9rl9Dg O"(l)A.3rl 30 Lt~oDicc,t 
A.ltl 131'?001.C0.,001.C 'A.(!)1D30U1.CO. mx. A.(!)0Dko ltoltA JX.D1Q lt030().3"(3 A.ltl 1;aodm 
J\.009 Da'311mq1 'l)OOAD DJD1A.3 i\.U.10 i\.(l)30l}.11D1.CD A.(!)X.110i\.10X. A,(l)l l}.A.orloDcb3 
l}.eao i\.Ul 1301"(DcbOD~3 DA. 5DJX.D90"(:S: Slt1 DlUlQA.DX.1 H : 1;aoXD DJD1A.3 
·o.oA3rllt1x.3x 
0.01 l}.A.oriODcb3 l}.x.11nri03"(3101.CD i\.Ul 1301"(DchOD~3 DJ\. So1Dri\},1D(lO 0.01 Dl~lQA.DX.1 
i\.Ul 3rl l)X.113XD 531"(0fj1chrln 5?X.11M)rilto 13X? l},1.eoa111.C3 lt 'Sl,l.10.D SltODlDl)lDX. 
Slu roA.9y ·n1a131.Cri3 l},X.113XO J\.Ul mx. s,wa~)l.C SClOl l)aochn i\.009 Da311D1Q1 
'53JrlDA.O.QD S?aDgoo 13~1)10ClOfr01.C Srnx.n~JO"(~ Slt1 nrllt10c,to 9'X110DX.1Q OJ. 
·)I3 LL I rroaea1; 0.01 A,(1)09 A.(l)l 1301)9 01at,t10nx.1v 9x.J.D1.C(l)aCl3 010 Sl,t1.Crlo1.CDOD1.C 
A,(l)30(!)11.C1031.C mx. Soc,tX01 Slto3rl1) A,(l)30(!)11.C1a31.C J\.{l)A.9rlOA.DgriD"(1a31.Crlo.o 
'O.OJDX.1Q ().OX.1101\10'}(. CtOl mal}.lODX.1(} Dl 91.CD l,tA.orioDcb3 i\.Ul D1A OA9rl0.3Q1D1.CX.3 
l)"(DX. mx. SD1lt19101.e Sl,t"(lt<fto. Dricpo 9x.110Dx.1q DA? OJDx.A.nA.n 1DA 13 ·1;x.1A.3A. 
SD1lt19Mo)I Slt.1 mx. S1;00A.D 5DJD1A.3 Slt.1 Acpx.111101.e Aro1 n1A.orro113"( lt"(lt"("(l)lDX. 
i\.Ul i\.0.001"-(DcbOD~3 DA. i\.().0001.Crl mx. O,OA.9rllt1i<.3X. 0,01 l,tA.orloDcb3 i\.Ul mx. 5D1U19A.3 
Slt.1 U01"(l)cbon§3 i\.Ul mA. Sltx.l},gA.etD Slt.1 S13§1)1D1Q 511 J\.CtOOQriOD©3 DA. U.0?0 30 
1Di\. 13 A.(!)"(3rl A.(!)lDax. A,(l)l S?XaD S9X.110DX.1Q 10 119 131?001.C0.,001.C O.OA.9rllt1X.3X. CtOl 
lt.§1)01.C A.UlO l,tA.orloDcb3 H : O.OJDX.1Q ().OX.110A.10X. 0,01 ~XoiiaDcfi3 ucbaori91orio H 
aOA}riU.1x1x am µXoriovdJJ 11.u1 mX 571n01 JOXWDEJ 
"l)lCtD DlDTil}."(9001.C Dl A.().00011.C(l)l3rl11A.D 
DJ\. ,ax?rl SoA90X S()."(01.C 130l)031.C no Al,tXonrnx. l)"("(D '130onrl1x.oq '().Orl01ao I §3 
'AO.OX] i\.3(} Sl,tx.111"(01.C Sl,tX.110J\.10X. Slt.1 D9TIOl i\.010 5130Jrioo.aaD13rl 53A.3rl9~D1Q3XD 
10 ·So1nrlrll)OA001.C roA.9"( 1\.3 (lOl l,tA.oriandn i\.Ul mx. 5DJ03QOTIOA. Slt1 lt01A.A.9ooaic 
i\.Ul mA. So1nrlril)OA001.C (tOX.11JQOrlOJ\. (toX.113XO 0.01 'i\.CT)ch~)OAA3 A.(!)X.1A.lt1D010 
M!)X.101)~ l,t(t3XODOD1.C001.C J\.UlO 5130l}.0310(t()DX. 30 Sn1A.0A.l,tyo1nx. 'St,tx.aD1.C3i\.D 
3X.ltQXpqom) Sro30l}.A.03fj(t )I Slt.1 opdmaJ 010 ().Ori01A01J\.(t0 DlUlQA.DX.1 H 
·lt§Dli\.9 
t,tx.roicroaet3 i\.Ul 3rl 1Dli\.09QA.CtO 0.01.C DcbDOAA'? 30 lt0Dgo901.C U031Q03rlD mx. 
lto31().XD1 A.lt10 A.o.ool,tgltog DA mA. mx. SLto1m ScpgDx. DAnA.09 1)X1rlD30 l)X.J.Dicmon,3 
Dl 3rl 59cbD1.C3 511 AO.OJ\.(). 1ox.o.31q DA etoA.9ri13xoaic l)X.11.Anrlllo A().00m11 "(39 DA 
13'.lqOlC DO 5130(!)/\.A S9X100(l)"(A 10 "DpA.ao.oico. l)X.11lti\.a3getx. Dl D"(9 30 5DJ03allico. 
Smo9rlltq Slt1 Sllolt901D St,tx.1A.0110.o Smri l,tA.roA.Doaic A.lt1 mx. A.011.C().1001.C 
A.cpx.19ll Aro1 lloo.XoJA.3 All1 'A.ro1l,t10ADx.1 Acpx.11Dri"(3A.A.Dm A.ro1 Lt01rl91)gDAD 
i\.U.1 mA. UX.Al)J\.D DOO.OA J31.C3 13Xal)1.CO. '5DJ03altico, Smo9riltq Sll1 DQ31.CJ1.C3 Dl D"(9 D1J 
59A. 103rllt9Dx. 511:s: ·Lt1019l,tAO.OD 1DA.J3 A.3Q l)aogcbmq Lt 59AD"("(DA.O.O 
'5DJD300rlOA. 5l,tX.113XO Slt"("(l) mx. A.(!)"(Oli\.3 J\(l)1D9rlltq 
LU 
30 n01qa31£ 1D13Xa?A.D (),O'X11£(l)00a1£ ClOl S9ri91an S9'X1''(0J\Cl0 0 ·(53103alt.1£ct 
S9'X1AO"(Oaocb S9'X11£0l J\09"(1C11£3 1D'X 53J03aU.1£(l 5?'X'013a3cb1a3'.l.C 9 'opJ..act01m 
9x1a1A3'X, DA?) A(;)X1riOAO'X.1Q 013A.act01£A 011DA13 l}.Xan l}.'X113XO Lt 'D1XDgO''(~ lt.1~ 
'SD1lt19ma3'XD 9rl9Dg O''f9A3ri 3rl D103alt1£Cl UA.9rict3Q1D1£'X3 l)'(_D'X. 11)'X, UA9rlA.n.11£DAD 
SmlA'),O'XaD mrl 1311'01£'0 9rn V . A.(;)0DAD J\(l)l Sltoro'(_l)J\DlD'X Slt1 OA9ax AOl l)lD'X 
So,O'(,?ri So,01l)a'X 0,01 My>riODQ 9100001£ Q'X.11£01 01 3ri DAmcbri(),O 1DlA.0'(_'(,l)9DlD'X 
1oriODQ 10 mx 53x.l}.901£D S9X1AO'(_Oaocb 5110 1'013~1au10 SD1A.01oaocb 
Drilt.10(),0 01 (!)J\3 '33 Slt.1 DaOA'),D l)X1a31(l)03 DlO 10XA.3'(,? 1ox1A.01oaocb 
10 139Lt.A.aD1D'X J\ctOX9 0101£0 010 AO'(_'(,l)91a31£ DA? 30 51.tom'(_l)ADlDX Ama9cb 
J\(l)l mx 5D1~D Slt.A3ri99110oa1£ ,wa9cb CtOl U01A9rlaDJ\3 J\Ul 3rl l)'X113XO DJ0300TIOA 
l}.X110J\ 10'X, J\Ul Actoo9riaDcb3 DA S9AD'X1 S9rloq 1319001£{\0ali SDJAO'(_oaocb 
Slt03riri? '1.0A9rlltl'X3X ClOl lto1a13Xmq l}.x.11mio3'(_3101£'0 H : DJAO'(_o6od5 U03iiii3, 
·139ctX01A3 DA p9om3ax 
D0 Dllt19AD'X1 l}.x11ltx101q H ·Sltoltx101q Sl,lx11Dax. Slt.1 soa9rl i\C,l0'(,3101£'0 
A(:)1A(l)A10X11£3'(_Ul 53J03a1.t1.m S9X'013a3cb1a31£ 10 mx A(:)1A(l)A10X11£3'(_Ul DJ03alt1m H 
. A(:)1J\(l)A 10'X11£3'(_Ul DJam13 3101£l}.QD101£0 
91£'0 lt~l)a1£ AUlO So11.t1al)~3AD 1DA 13 DA (l01£ Sl}.x.111'(_01£ mx A(l)30Jrlena 
Slto11al)lDX S9ri01ADA.ao 5DA.9 13~al)1£Cl DJ\ 01DXADJ\D 1DAJ3 '(),OlctD D9riOl ctOl 
OA9riUl'X3'X, 010 1'0lAOX91a31£ (l01£ Sl)aoA.D Slu Sltoroa9E)Cl3'(_3 A(!)ri01AOADX S9ri91an 
50'(_l)A3ri O 139oorlaDcb3 DA 1D'X. p9ro1£ctlD1Q DA ClOA9ri13'XOall : 531J\(l)J\10'X11£3'(,U.L 
· A.ro3oaxo1A.3 Arox11Dax 
J\(l)l D9ri01 J\01 l)aocbD A009 DJa131£ri3 AUlO ltoro11 '(,39 Slt.OJ1£3 1'013~l)130X 
''013Al)©D1Q Ul l)aocbD A009 5130(:-)11 '(,39 1DX A(l)1'(_(l)1£0AOri A(l)l l)lDX ctOpcbDaA. ClOl 
Am1l}.101gorlaD A(l)0
l 9rl01ao AOl '( 01D'X.1Q 9x110A 10'X. 010 ltorocba9ri11.C3 Altl l)aocbD 
A009 Da31JD1Q1) Aroa91£ A(l)J\11£(:)a0AD lt~ctllil)AD AUlO UOClQA91£3 roa911Da31£ 
1301}.11'01£'0 D0 91ctD D9rio1 AOlO A(l)30l}.11D1£'0 A(!)'X110J\ 10'X. A(l)l Sl}.A.orlaDcb3 
Sl}.x11Drl03'(_3101£'0 D1lt19A.DX1 H ·S9xaDm sroal}.'(,1£ 1DAJ3 A3Q SD1a131£ri3 
OQ31£J1£3 0.1 ·13xaD1£3 QlClD 9xmrooo01£ O.L . A.rori91D OP 9xmroooa1£ 131?0D1Q 
ct01£ 'J\(l)J'(_(l)1£0AOri J\(l)l l)lD'X opcbDaA. 01 1DJ\ p l}.XaD l}.x.1a1A3'X. Lt 'DJXD90"'{~ AU.1~ 
· J\(l)3aocb J\(l)X1riOAO'X10 
A(!)X11~Xo J\(l)l 1D'X Sltoltx101q Smo9rlltg Slt1 'A.(!)XaD A(!)X110DX1Q /\(l)l Sctoa9rl 
X.3 9ri01J\(l)AD1AD J\01 3rl l)X113XO Sl,lx.111'(_01£ Slt1 mx ctori9A. Cl01 ltolt9AD1DX l}.'XaD1£3 
AUl mx S(;)QD'X J\(l)30(),X01J\3 J\(!)'X11DOX MDl Sltolto'),O'(_O'X.DaD1£ mx lODOl (l01 
l)lD'X. AC!)XOD D1A.act01rlltq J\Ul 1311'01£'0 (),OTI01A(l)AD1AD 1a31£ ctorl9A (l01 l}.A.orlaDcb3 
Lt '(S9ri01AmA.D1AD) 1 ·£ 01D'(,l)©3X 010 3xlt9l}.A.lt~3 Sm1£Q, : S9rio1AroXD1Ay 
· A(:)13'(,D©OD Sl}.uoa111£3 
Slt11.t1al)~3AD DJA.act01riltq lt1 91£'0 139lt'(,3cbro D0 5DJ039orioA Slt.1 l}.A.orioDcb3 
H ·S13rio1 SctOA9rict3'X.1Q13~3 Sctooocbl)1Q 30 Sltorocbo9ri1m SltA9rllt~ctD U'X.Al)AD 
nXa~mn, '91ctn D9rl01 J\010 513Dl}.11D1£D 5?X110J\10X 10 i\C,lOOltau.1 DJ\ ClOA9rl13XOall 
·Lt.rinA.,,tqD 1DA.J3 ClOQl)'(_'X. (lOl oXA.3'(_9 J\011l)'X ltolto'),o'(_oxnan1£ J\Ul mA. Slt.01'(,l)©OD 
Sl}.Xan Sl}.'X.111£01£3 Slt1 n1lt19Anx1 H '(M!)~31£Da1 S91uaco391m 1011£9111£3 
D9J\A3 OA.9ri '11DriA.13gnan1£ 11£3 'ActoXal)1£Cl) S13rio1 SctOA.9ri01ao 30 '),O'X,1'.1£(l)00a1£ 
lt(ft13'(_'(_9 13Xal)1£Cl 119 1'0131\JD© '5101(),01A3 ·Slt1 DlAOXl}.9nx Dl l)lO(l)O 1309'<.3111£3 
nX~ 1l)'X, (A.rori91n ZS 9'X.11£(T)0001£ 1319()D1Q A(:)~1£Da1 MDl DJ311£01£3 AUl 
mA. Slt1 l>JD3alt1£ct lt) Mp~:n.cnih MOl np11£01£3 AU.1 mA. UJ\ClQ(),31£Ct 1'0A.J3 D~310)a.L 
l}.X1A03 l}.X1XD90'(,~ H ·Srnf\,91£D S?'X.1130 13~l)10Cl00D1£ UDDlOl)lD'X. lt 'J\(!)103au1m 
5.000. A6yw tl}<; µEyO.Al}<; 'X,LVl}nx.6tl}tac; tO'U JtQOOWJCLXO'U, JtO'U JtQO'X.'UJttEL EV 
µEQEL an6 tl}v aJtOQQ6cpl)Ol} Exnm6euµevou JtQoowmx.ou an6 tov LOLWtLx.6 
toµea, et VaL OUO'X.OAO va asLOAOyl}eouv m LX.av6tl}tE<; tO'U 'UJt<lQXOVtoc; 
JtQOOWJCL'X.O'U. IIQO'X.ELµevou va EsaocpaA.weE( ll aJtOtEAEOµatL'X,n OLaXElQLOl} tO'U 
'X.E'X.tl}µEVO'U OtOV toµea am6, ea El VaL avayx.a(o va JtayLweouv 'X.aL va 
BEA tLweouv ta ouvoALxa. enayyeAµntLxa en(ne6a tou JtQoornmx.ou, 
OUµJtEQLAaµBavoµevwv µfag(l)v exm1(hrnol}c; x.m fkA tui>oemv <mo JtA£1'Q(v; 
µLoeou. 
fEWQy(a : OL rutm tnouc; bLaXEtQLOl}c; OtoV toµfo tl}c; yerngy(uc; U(f)O(>Ol)V 
'X.UQ(wc; tov x.tl}VL<HQLX6 xm cpmoiJyuovoµLx6 EAeyxo, tl}V ngootuo(u tl}<; 
6l}µ60Lac; uydac;, tl}V e1;ampaALOl} tl}c; e11.euOt::Ql}c; bu1x( vl}Ol}<; trnv yt::rngyLx.wv 
ayaecbv xaewc; XaL tl}V Lxav6tl}tU bLaxELQLOl}<; trnv µl}xavwµcbv XaL rutm tnoernv 
tl}c_; KfII, ouµJtEQLAaµBavoµevmv U'lpl}Acbv £JtLJte6mv Ol}µoowvoµLxou eMyx01, 
xm en(ol}µmv otatLOtLxcbv. Me ta Ol}µda ama. aoxoAEL tm to xecpa.A.mo 3 .4 
(yEWQy(a). Ta YEVLX<l £JtLJte6a OtoV toµfo tl}<; Otanonxnc_; El;Eta.tovtm Oto 
xecpa.Amo 3.3 (otatwnxec_;). 
LXEtLX<l µE tl}V OLOLXl}tLXn LXaVOtl}ta OOOV a<pOQ<l touc; Xtl}VLatQLXO'U<; XaL 
cputo'UyEwvoµLxouc; eMyxouc;, 11 LAoBax(a 6LE8ete. JtaQa6oOLax6. µLa 
EYXfftEOtl}µEVl} UJto6oµn yLa tOV Xtl}VLatQLX.6 EAeyxo xm tl}V £JtLeewg11011 t6oo 
ota ouvoga 600 xm aw eorntegLx.6. L\.LOLXl}tLx.ec; aA.Ao.yec;, m ono(ec; 
JtQayµatonmn811xnv Otl}V Xtl}VUttQLX.l] UJtl}QWLU 0£ JtE()L(f)EQELUX.6 EJttJteho, Su 
µJtOQouoav, Evtm'nmc;, vu b11µurngyi]oo1'v buox.011.(ec; Otl}V ecpagµoyi]. O 
aQL0µ6c; tm, Jt(_)oornmx.01, one; emOuogi]ouc; t(>O<p(µrnv xuOci>c; xm one; 
Xtl}VLatQLxec; £JtL0cO>(>l]OEL<; bev dvm yvrnot6c; rn( tm, nug6vtoc; Otl}V Emtgoni]. 
AvacpOQLXU µe tl} OLCt.XEL(>LOll tWV YEVLX.WV UJtmtnOEWV tl}c; KrII, 0a UJtULtl}Oouv 
OQLOµevec_; OLOLXl}tLXEc; ngooagµoyec;. To X.EVtQLX.6 UJtOUQYElO yerngy(ac; faa0etEL 
JtQOOmmx6 280 at6µwv. 
IlQOXELµEVO'U Va tl}Ql}eouv OL XOLVOtLXE<; rutaL tnow_; OtOV toµea aut6, ea 
aJtaL tl}00'UV BEA tLWOELc_;, Jtaga. to 6n EXEL Ol}µELm0eL Xa.JtOLa 011µavnxn JtQ6o6oc_;. 
Meta(QOQEC : H ecpagµoyn tl}c_; EOWtEQLX.nc; ayoga.c; tl}c; EK xm tWV aJtaL 1noewv 
JtEQL avtaywvwµou OtOV i;oµfo tmv µetacpOQWV, l1 av6.Jtrns11 tWV OXE1LXWV 
JtQ0°LOV1WV 'UJtOOoµnc; XaL a.A.A.WV aJtO'lpEWV tO'U XEXtl}µEVO'U OOOV acpOQ<l tL<; 
µetacpOQE<; ea JtaQOUOLO.OO'UV OLOLX.l}tLx.ec; JtQOXAnoELc; Ota vfo XQ<ltl} µ£Al}. 
H aQµ66La xuf3EQVl}tLxn agxn 111c; LAOBax(ac; eL vm t0 Y JtOUQYElO Metacpogwv. 
0 agL0µ6c; JtQOOWJCLXO'U OEV 0La1L0£taL rn( tO'U Jtag6vt0c; Otl}V Emtgonn. Meta 
10V 6LaXWQL0µ6 an6 1l}V ToexLxn L\.11µox.gat(a, l1 LAOBax(a 6ev µJtOQEOE va 
Cl}µLOUQYllOEL µ(u xata.A.A.l}Al} OLOLXl}'tLX.n boµi] JtOU vu µJtOQEL JtAnQrnc; va (f)EQEL 
oe negac; 6Aec; nc; an;m1ouµevec; AELtougy(ec;. Aut6 611µwugyd LbLattEQll 
aVl}OUXta A.6yw tOU 6tL EXEL oxfo11 µe eMyxouc; aa<paAELac; xa8wc; rn(o11c; xm µe 
tOV EAf-YXO "(;(l)V JtQOt'UJt(l)V. 
Anaox6A.non xm XOLVWVLXl] JtOALtLXl] : M(a Bamxn CLOLX.l}nxn rutat'tl}Ol} 
avaq>OQLX<l µE 10 XEX1l}µEVO 010V 10µEa U'UtO El VaL l1 EJtUQXnc_; LXaV01l}1a 
em0ecbQl}Oll<;, Lb La( tega avacpOQLXa. µe 111v uyda xm 111v aocp6.A.£La oi:ov 16no 
EQyaotac;. 
118 
Itri IAoBax.La, ri em0eci>Qriori q~yuoLw; (rcgoornmx.6 180 JCEQLrc01, at6µrnv) 
a.JtmtEL oriµavttx.i) Evtaxuat1 twv rc6grnv x.m tric; eµrcngLac; tou rcgoowmx.ou. 
IlEQL©EQELaX.l] JtOAL tLX.l] x.m auvoxn : OL Bamx.tc; <)LQLX.lltLX.E<; ClJtaL ti)onc; OtOV 
toµta aut6 EL vm ri UJtUQsll X.Ut<lAATIAWV x.m ClJtOtEAEOµatLX.U)V bLOLX.lltLX.WV 
OQYUVLOµwv OE JtEQLcpEQELax.6 mLrtebo, x.m LbLaLtEQU tvac; U'\VllAO<; (3a8µ6c; 
tx.av6tritac; x.m ax.EQm6tritac; Otfl btaxELQWll twv x.otvottx.oov x.EcpaAaLwv. 
Itri IAo(3ax.La, ri UJtflQEOLa yta tflV OtQUtflyLx.i) avarttu1;ric; tric; x.m vwvLac;, tflc; 
mwtnµric; x.m tric; tEXVOAOyLac; ELvm O X.QUtLx.6c; OQyavwµ6c; JtOU ELVUL 
mtcpOQtwµtvoc; µe triv E1;ampc1ALOfl tric; xataAAllAllc; ecpaQµoyi)c; twv 
JtEQLcpegetax.<i>v rtgonoBmJAUi>v, rcug(t 10 yqov6c; 6n o g6Aoc; tric; d vm x.·uQLwc; 
et vm ouµBouArnnx6c;. 0 ug·t0µ6c; 101, ngomnmx.01', nou bta0ttu bev d vm 
yvwat6c; mL tou nug6vtoc; 01f1V Em1gorci). Ot AELtm,gytx.tc; x.m OQyuvrnttx.tc; 
QUOµtoetc; yu1 tflV JtE(>UfJEQW1XT) JtOAL nxi) 1t1c; LAof\ux.(w; d vm nvrnc1gx.dc;. H 
x.at(wtaori uvaqJO(>LX<t µe to <'iriµoowvoµ1,x.6 EA£YXO dvm 1,x.nvonmrinx.11 <r-~H,ne 
to tµi)µa "bt1µomovoµ1,x.6<; thyxoc;"). H cmo1eArnµunx.i) bu1xdgwri tO'u 
X.EX.tllµEVOU OtOV toµta U'Ut6 0a UJtaL tT)OEL OflµUVtLX.E<; JtQOOJtUOELE<; yu1 tll 
briµwuQyLa ev6c; x.ataAAflAOU Owµtx.ou, btOLX.fltLx.ou xm bt1µomovoµtx.ou 
JtAmoLou. 
IlEQL6aAAOV : A6yw tou yeyov6toc; 6tt ri x.m vonx.i) JtEQLBaAAovnx.i) JtOAL ttx.i) 
acpOQ<l triv EVtUsll tric; JtQOOtaaLac; tOU JtEQLB<lAAOVtoc; Otte; toµmx.ec; JtOAL tLx.ec; 
tric; EK, Tl <)LQLX.lltLX.T) ClJtULtflOll dvm ev buvaµet JtOAU EUQda, ErtllQEatovtac; 
JtOAAouc; OQyavwµouc; nou bEv auvMovtm x.avovtx.a µE triv JtQOOtaa(a tou 
JtEQLBaAAOvtoc; Evtoutmc;, ll X.UQLU eu8uvt1 BaQUVEL ta unouQyeLa 
JtEQL(3<lAA0VtO<; x.m touc; btacpOQOU<; ErtLX.OUQLXOUc; OQYUVLOµouc;. 
Itri IAoBax.La, to Ynougydo IlEQL(3aAAOVtoc; anaaxoAEL JtQoawmx.6 291 
at6µwv. H m1gnx.0Ao-t',Ot1ari bte1;<1yetm cm6 tflV OAoBax.tx.i) 1'JtllQEOLa 
negtBaAAOvtoc; x.ut nc; toµwxtc; ugxtc;, ev<i> ll e<pngµc>yi) cm6 to ,,nouQyELo x.m 
triv X.Qanx.i) mtOe<i>QllOll, OL Q1'0µLouc; amtc; bev dvm ax.6µt1 maQx.eLc;, 
beboµevo1' 6n m ngµobt6tritec; bev exo1'v ngoobwQw8eL oacpwc;. H 
anoteAeoµnnx.i) btaxELQWfl to1' x.rntt1µtv01, atov toµtn a1't6 On anm ti)oet 
U'\jJT1A6tego1Jc; bt1µoawvoµtx.m',c; x.m uvOgoom vo1'c; n6gouc;. 
IIQOOtaoLa tOU x.atavaAwtn : Itov toµfo aut6, ri aJtOtEAEOµanx.n bLUXELQWll 
tOU x.ex.triµtvou ClJtaL tEL triv ava8eori tric; OUVOALX.T)<; eu8uvric; OE tva ELbtx.6 
X.Qattx6 OQyavwµ6 µtow tou onoLou µJCOQEL va avaAricp8d ri btatunroori xm ri 
EcpaQµOyl] tllc; JtOALtLXl]<; xm tric; voµo0eotac; yLa tllV JtQOOtUOLU tOU 
xatavaA.roti). 
Itri IAo(3ax.ta, ri xu(3eQVfltLx.i) UJtllQEOLa eorotEQLx.ou EµJCOQLOU xm JtQOOtaotac; 
tOU xatavaAroti) UVEAaBE va UVClJttUsEL xm va EcpaQµ6oEL JtOAL tLXT) 
JtQOOtaotw; tou x.m:avaAroti). 'Ooov acpoQa µri xu(3EQVlltLxouc; OQyavwµouc; 
JtQOOtaoLac; tou x.atavaAroti) otri IAo(3ax.ta, EXEL i)bri avantux0eL µta wxuQi) xm 
ave1;aQtritri xt vriori JtQOOtaaLac; 1wv x.atavaAwtwv. Y rcaQXEL auyxuori OXEtLxa 
µe to ax.g1,Btc; nebto x.m tm,c; ot6xo1'c_; tric; rcoAL nx.i)c; JtQ001aoLac; tO'\J 
x.c1n1vc1Aoni). A·ut6 ev µtga cl;t1yd tLc; frnox.oALE<; mriv cmoteAwµu1txi) 
ecpuQµoyi) to>V v(>µrnv ytn triv Jt(>O<Jt<WL<1 tm, x.ntnvuA(l)tT). Ev101no1,c;, (1AAOL 
nagayovtec_; Jto'\J JtQEJtEL vn nvnµenomoOouv, rcegLAuµ(3avm,v tnv eAAEL'\VTl 
EµJCELQOU JtQOOmmx.ou, ogyavrntLx.Ec_; EAAEL'\lJELc_; x.uOciJc; x.m tl)V tAAEL'\VTl 
119 
Ol~ 
(tol l.w1ap'.XD1Q l}.x.11nri03"'{3101.CD H . J\rori91n o~z 9x.11.eroooa1.e 3ri rto'.XA.?"'{3 opdmaA. 
01Dl(!)J\D 01 1DJ\ 13 rto'.Xkp(3 c;tox.1a31ro~3 S9ri01J\DA.ao S9x.10Dg O 'Dpmgo"(~ lt1~ 
·Sn1lt19A 10)1 Slt1 
Dli\Oa9cbrirto l)X.1TIOJ\010011ltQ Dl J\Ct0Dl)3altm DJ\ J\DO(lOaourl D0 CtOJ.£ '(J\roll)riltaX 
So1nric;t "(1.C3~ ao1 mx. Sl)aogcbrnq Slt1 'Sltll)lID Slt1 SltA9rioAngriD"(1a3urleto) 
D1Dri~1x.A.3 l)x.1110/\ox.10 l)X.1J\031q Dx.o11.e1a31! l)X11Drio3131oiro m1/\o~na13X n/\ 
J\(lOaourl DJ\ 131qal! 59'.XaD S9X110DX.1Q mx. S9X.1110/\(ll01) 10 ·ao'.XA.?"(3 c;tox.1a31(l)D3 
(l01 mx. c;tox.1a31ro~3 (t01 (l~D13rl S9ri01aroxrnq 51}.cbno 13'.Xal)l!(l DJ\ 9X11DD10(l0 
1DJ\ 13 'Sro3<ft91CD Sl}.x.11ltx.101q 91!V ·Sltll)l!D Stu ltoltri9"(01ID1DX. J\ltl D1A lt<ft3"(g9a1t 
3ri '53Al)1IDQ S3109rlltq S11 rnA. etoXA.?"(3 mx Slto1a13Xmq n1nril}.10eto µx.anm 
131 ml!D 'DJ3TID1 l)X11roaearnq Dl mx. DJA.aro3A. lt1 D1A na311D1Q1 '/\(!)X111"(01! 
J\(!)X.110/\ 10X /\fOl µA.orlancb3 H ·Sn1onA.a3/\(l0 Sµx1913 J\fOll)rilt1oetD ltoetXOJ/\3 
/\ltl 1D'X. (Mf)lODX.1(} 'J\(!)llt/\et3a3) (lO'X.11!fOOOal! (l0/\9TI(l3'X.1Q13 ltorocba9ri1m 
J\ltl '5ltll)1ID 5lt1 l)lD'X. /\(!)1D3altmt lt~etll!l)/\D /\ltl J311D1ID Sn1lt19/\ 10)1 Slt1 
J\(l}1J\9a3cbrlao /\(!)X1TIOJ\01DOriltq /\f01 DJOD100al! H : SoXJ..3"(? S9x1r10/\0100TIUV 
·5ltolt,q01q Sµx.D13/\f0"(31 Slt1 ltDfO/\l)A.ao/\DXltri 
J\ltl 1D'X. (lOX11!fOOOal! (l0J\DX1 1D'X. aoa13url9 Ct01 ltoltaµ1mq ltl 13Dµ11D1ID D0 
91an D9rlo1 /\010 (l0/\9riltl'X.3X. (l01 lt01a13Xmq µx11nri03"(3101ID H ·ao1 (l0(}?1!1'.1£3 
(l01 D13'X.al)m lt '(l01(l01 'X.3 Sen '1DX (l01 -i;nlt19x11nrl03"(3101ID lt J30D1A0"(01£(l 
1)/\ O"(O'XD(lQ 1D/\J3 '(lOX.11!fOOOal! (l01 SD1lt19x.11lti\1X 5lt"(l)A3ri Slt1 roA.9y "/\f0rl91n 
(l01!Ja31! 000" ~ 9xmcnooa1t J3"(0X0D1ID DJ03altl!et µXD13J\f0"(31 lt 'DJXD90"(~ ltl~ 
·5n1lt19ma3xn 9ri9ng 
9"(lt<fta 3rl (lOX11!fODOal! aoa131£ri9 9ri91an µxanm 3rl /\f0)3/\f0"(31 Sltoro/\l)A.ao 
5µx.11nri03"(3101ID DJAaa01riltq /\ltl mx 5(!)0D'X 5D/\et3a9 1DX Sltoro/\l)A.ao/\nXltrl 
J\f009rl J\fOl /\f0/\9TIOJ\Dgrin11a31£riao 'c;torl01"(1!0~3 mx 5µrloqo1£(l OQ31!Jl.C3 
S9x.anm J311D1£1) 91an nJrlOl J\010 (l0/\9rllt1X3X. (l01 µA.orlancb3 H : D)3/\f0"(3J. 
·ao1om"(1£ c,wx1rio30 ,w1 SltoaXoJJ\3 5lt1 mx 501nri(!)D 
(lOX110DX1Q (lOl 5n1olt1aD~3/\D 5lt1 '5DJTI0/\(ll01) 5lt1 5lt/\(l0(l3 5lt1 5130(!)11 "(39 
130µ111)1£1) D0 (lOJ\9rilt1X3X. (lOl lt01a13Xmq µx11nri03"(3101ID H ·139ro11 "(39 
DJ\ 131£?al! n9 53a(!)X 53"("(l) 511 3rl DJOnA.a3/\(l0 lt l)"("(D 'Slt01ri9(),aan13ri 5lt1 01Ql)lD 
010 1D13X.0Jag 501nriµ10ao (l0X.110DX.1Q (l01 lt01a13Xmq H ·µXro1cb 1D/\]3 53a(!)X 
53"f"(l) 511 3ri DJODAa3/\ClO lt l)"("(D '501nriµ"'('X.A3 (lOJ\9TifOJ\DA.aO (l01 U.OU.TI9"'(0l!DlD'X 
J\ltl mA. 5DJTIO/\Cl10D 53Ql)/\Orl 53/\9TICl3X1Q13 J30(laq1 J\ClOX3, ·S130cp11 "(39 
1Dl/\O~l)1Q3XO l)"'("(D 'ltoClXOJ/\3 µx.11/\Drilto 1D1/\0~-i;max mx D/\?riltXroanl! 11)/\ J3 
J\f0a9/\Cl0 /\fOl Slt01a13Xmq n1nrlµ100,o Dl ·n1a131£ri3 131?0D1Q /\3(} 5ltOCl310l)/\D13rl 
5DJ03altl!(l Slt1 9x.mroooa1t 01 119 (l0/\9TIOQ3Q 'nrl9xn 130D1"'(DcbOD~3 13X? 
J\3Q 5ltOCl310l)J\Dl3rl mx ClO"((lOD J\f0ll)TI30 5lto1a13Xm9 n1lt19/\DX1 H ·9x.mroooau 
S9xanm J\(l01?0D1Q J\(f)X1a31f003 mx. Slti\(),001DX1Q npA.aaol!(l Dl 'n1xngo"(~ U.l~ 
·5n1lt19ma3x.n 9rlong 9"(lt<fta 3ri (lOX.11!(l)00al! (lOJ\9TICt3Q1Dl!'X.3 D"(lt"("(l)lD'X 
mx. Sc;tox.anm ltX.A.l)/\D lt"(l)A3ri nXal)l!A ·n1onAa3J\(lO µx.11onx1q mx µx1rlO/\(llOD 
J\ltl 'J\(ll09J\(t0 J\(l)l lt01opX1>1q lt1 '5ltOClJ10l)J\n13TI mx. (l0"((l0D DlDTis}0 
l)'X11nTi03"(310l!n /\(\,O~J1!(01Jri11J\l) l}J\ i\.(,lOOOl!ri l)i\. n~ol! SJrioq 59x.11ltx.101q 
10 . /\(!)X.1031(003 1l>'X. 5lt/\C,l001l>X1Q npA.oaomt l>l 13/\(,lOl>lJ /\(030)001£(\. /\(f)X1a31f003 
mx. SltAc,t0omx.1q hm1~nbo np11.eom H : Sno~1oornt S9x.1dn<om mx. U/\C,t0omx1v 
. µ1ro"(D/\DlDX. (l01 
SnJODlDOal! D1Dri?0 l)aocbD J\009 501uricpo (lOX110DX.1Q 0,01 Sltolt101to1lt9D1D(l3 
XExtriµevou OtOV toµea. am6 ea a.rem tllOEL oriµavtLxec; rtQOOrta8ELec; yLa triv 
evtoxuori t(l)V 8wµLXWV 6oµwv. 
4.3. fEVU(t] EX'ttµ1](J1) 
Ecp6oov ri LA0(3ax(a avaAa(1EL EXtHaµevE~ xm oriµuvnxu a-u};riµtvec; 
rtQoorca8ELEc; µEtaQQUOµw11c; otov toµfo aun'>, Ou µrcogd va Oewg11Od (nL Ou 
urcaQ;ouv OL avayxatec; 6Lmx.rinx.tc; boµtc; ~,trnorcQ6Owµa yu1 triv 
arcotEAt0µatLXT16LaXELQLOfl tou x.ex.triµtvou. 
Ava<pOQLX<l µE triv 6LxaotLXll Lxav6t11ta yLa t11v a.rcotEAWµatLXll E<paQµoyil tou 
xmvotLxou 6Lxatou, etvm 6uox.OAll µLa OQLOtLXll a;LoA6y11011 oto ota6w aut6. 
121 
lU 
·Snp:oax.oriltq Slt1 Sn1A.aeto113"{ Sl}.x.11nriA.nau 
Slt1 LwltriJ101£D 30 5D1A(!)aroxoau T)"{"{D A(!)TID30 A(l)l l}.ctmaA.,a31£ l}.X.11£0,1 
30 UA.3TI(),0Xan Ltri SLtornDT)lDX SltA3TIT)1D1cbet Slt1 LtoltA.9"{01~D 3DUJ01£01DTIA.Dal£ 
l}.uoa111C3 Lt '51309Q01.C{lQal£ 5?X111"{01£ 511 l)aochD A.ODO, ·139cblt"{DAD 
Ltql}. A.CtoX? (\,01£ M030JTI()etaan13ri A,(l)l rnx 3XltOX(),3111£3 ct01£ ctoq9oau Slt1 Ltm,91£et 
SltA.9TIOADgriD"{ 'SDa(!)X Smcbl}.<fl,01.m 30T)X A(!)X111£00al! A.(l)l mx SltODlOl)lDX 
Slt1 Ltoet"{T)AD Ltri03QQOl!003ri 30 01n10JAetO 3XltQl}.QetO"{OXn ctol! S09091ri H 
·Lt~l)al£ AUlD CtoA9riltlX3X C,tOX1lOA10X Ctol ltoltal}.1 A.Ul 1DX l},)..oriand:>3 
A.Ul Mt001"{DcbOD~3 DA 1DX Sl)aOA.D Slt1 5DJTIOAOX10 5lt1 1DX 5DJ1Daxoriltq 
5lt1 5?'XaD 511 i\Ct00l},101!0"{Ct Di\ 5ltA'),001DX1Q Slt1 1DX Sltoltx101q Slt1 SD1lt19/\DX1 
5lt1 ltolt)..9101~D Alt10 Slto1m m13~JoDg -CtOA9rilt1x3x 0,01 Sltolt199010, SD1lt19ADX1 
mx i\(;.)X1TIOI\OX10 'i\(;.)X111"{01! -i\ro1aLt11ax i\(l)Ql)TIO i\(;.)lCtD Aq.>1a1 i\(l)l ltoltriJ1X3 H 
·SLtoooA3 
Sl,tx11Drio1rioi\ mx Sl,txniOI\OX10 '5l,tx111"{01! Slt1 i\roX910 1\001 ltoltl9(:)01Ct i\Ul mx 
i\(l)JOl!O i\(l)l '),~D13TI 'SCtO"{?ri (l,01 5130q.>3aXo1!Ct 511 i\Ct09l)"{Di\D Di\ D1U19/\DX1 -
• 5LtoroA3, Slt1 moJD"{l! 
DlO 5-i;>aoA.D 5Lt1 i\(l)3Til)i\CtQ i\(l)l 1DX 5lt03Jl! 5l,tX1101A(l)A.Dli\D 5Lt1 5ltomq.>13TI11/\D 
n1Lt19Anx1 mx Scponx 'pA.00,0113"{ DA CtOl! ST)<JOkn Slt1 5DJTIOI\OX10 Lt~aDl!(), -
·M>11}.10A01Jri Mo1 nJon10001t Lt1 mx ~nlon~j30 01 mx n1nricpmx1q nAm(!)aOM> Dl 
'Ct0JDX1Q SOll)OX 01 'n11noxoriltq Lt1 1Dli\(!>ctA.A.3 (l,01£ i\(!)TI03(.,> i\Cl)l n1Lt19a30D10 -
:5no9ool!(\001! 530Ct0"{9xn 511 AC,toOlt"{l! Aoo9cb3 5LtomA3, 5l,txJ.D1£rooo,3 
5lt1 lt"{?ri i\CtOI\JA. DO i\(tOTICt(:)11£3 01 (t01! 5lt1tcpao,3 5l,tX1''{01Di\V mx 5l,tx1a1/\3)1 
Slt1 53acpx ltoLtacpxooal! D1A. 531cbl,t<fl,01£Ct 10 'Ct01 i\(l)ll)TIODa31!riCtO 1\001 1301)8 
"£66 I CtOJI\CtOI CtOl 0Q0l\'),D lt1 l)lDX 5h1"~X.t:uco}I Stu. 01"('},0~rin~ 9x.1.n1eroon3 OJ. 
101099nx C\OlC D10~l10X Dl 3TI Di\OO©TI'),O 3Xlt(:)l},A.0"{01~D SltoltacpXooal! ltoltlJD H 
·Ltoroal}."{XO"{O l}.XJ.D1!00act3 
i\Ul l)aocbn (l,01£ 5l,tX111"{01! Slt1 ltoltJOl!O"{Ct i\Ul mA. '(),OTI01/\01Ml0 '),OX1/\(:)3 Di\nA.a9 
DJDXA.Di\D Dl 5ltOJl£3 30U109/\CtO ltolti\a9gCtx H ·Ltolti\a9gCtx Lt 3~D19/\ftO OJOl!O 
01 DririDaA.9a1t Oi\9ri1ax3XA.(t0 lto-i;>g 3ri paroxoal! '5l,tx1)..lt1na10 5l,txm~Dli\30al! 
Slt1 013X1010 QX110D10Ct0 0"{"{l) 13"{3101£D (l,01£ 1DX 'l)aOA.D l,tx1a310003 
i\Ul D1A. ~66 l Ct01 01l)W 01 3XUQ9QX3 (l,01£ C\Ol"(~1H '},OXC\3V (l,01 l,t)..oriancb-a H 
-~66 I CtOl 010l)CtOOfJ3<(> 01 0,X01 30 3xltm1 (l,01£ Sn~Aro<hrin.o S~x.1.n1CCOOC\3 5lt113Dl)g 
'Sm1<.,>1 'JXlt()l},101!01l>liA.n01! twltc)cpXooou i\Ul 1>1A. Srnxn~JO"{:{ 5lt1 n1onri1013001£ H 
·5n1xngo1~ 
Slt1 SLt.oltocpXooou ltolt11n i\Ul Jri 1)X113Xo ltri(!)i\A. 'Cto1"{(tO~jri,t:{ Ctol Ltolt1 JD Ql!D 
1)13ri 'JXUlOl)A.03~31£3 l}.1£0011l£tf Lt 'Sltxl}.oi\,t~ 5Lt1 3 ctOO()O~) Ctol l}.A.oriancb3 ,lD)I 
·SLtmpocttf 5Lt1 Ltm<1Jmq Ltw 5<>"{?1131?0 (tol! 
DJDDX1Qll1Q l}.x1ao101 i\U.10 11)1300~)11\.3 ~nan S9/\0A.3A. O.L . ~66 l CtoJl\ctOI 'LZ 5110 
UO(l)/\3, l,txJ.Dl!roao,3 i\U,10 LtoLtacpXooau D1A. 5Lt1 l,tolt1 JD i\Ul 3030?1DX DJXD90"{~ H 
VI\I3:V d3UI\IA.3: IVJI HmHVId3U . ~ 
* 
* * 
1) IIOAL'tLXU XQL't1]QLa 
H xa1ao1aon o-cn LAOBaxta bnµLOUQYEL JtoAA<l JtQOB11.nµa1a we; JtQOc; 'touc; 
6Qouc; nou exouv xa0oQW'tEL an6 w EuQwna·cx6 LuµBou11.w -enc; KonEyxaync;. 
H AEL -couQyta -cwv 011.oBaxLxwv Owµwv xaQax-cnQt~etm an6 10 yeyov6c; 6n n 
xuBeQvnon bEv 1nQEL rnaQxwc; -cnv JtQoB11.rn6µEvn (lJt6 10 01,v-cayµa avaOwn 
aQµobw1n1wv OtLc; AOLJtEc; E;O'llOLEc; xcu JtUQUYVOJ(>L~H LCLaL 'tEQU 01,xva 'ta 
OLxmwµaw. -enc; aVtLJtOAL tEuonc;. H faagxnc; £Vt<10n µnai;u -enc; xuf3eQvnonc; xm 
'tOU IlQOEOQOU -enc; ~nµoxQat(ac; MO'tEAEL JtaQ(1()ELyµa tnc; xat6.01aonc; autnc;. 
Entonc;, m ouv0nxEc; UJt6 'tLc; OJtOLEc; n xuBegvnon ()£V £11.aBE UJtO'\JJn, µ611.Lc; 
JtQOOcpa'ta, 'tLc; anocp6.0ELc; TOU OUVtnyµanXO'U faxaoTnQLOU xm -enc; XEVTQLxnc; 
EJtL 'tQOnnc; 'tOU bnµo'4'ncp(oµa1oc;, µE -cnv EUXaLQLa tnc; '4JncpocpOQLac; JtOU 
OLOQyavw0nxE one; 23 xm 24 Ma"Cou 1997, 0etouv aµwa UJt6 aµcpwBntnon 1n 
Ota0EQ6'tn'ta 't(l)V ewµwv. Te11.oc;, n LCLaL 'tEQa ouxvn 6.Qvnon va ouµµE'tO.OXEL n 
av'tLJtOAL -crnon o-cn AEL tOUQyta twv 0wµwv, Lbtwc; 6oov acpoQ6. -cov 
xm v0Bou11.Eunx6 e11.eyxo, EVWXUEL -cnv ev 11.6yw ta.on. 
L'tO n11.atow aut6, n XQnmµono(non -enc; aotuvoµtac; xm 1wv µuonxwv 
unnQWLwv an6 tnv xuBeQvnon anotEAEL avnouxntLx6 otOLXELo xm ea JtQEJtEL va 
xataB11.n8ouv oumaonxec; JtQOOJta0ELEc; yLa va 0LaocpaAW0EL Lxavonmnnx6tEQa 
n avei;aQtnota -enc; bLxmoouvnc; xm n AEL tOUQyta tnc; un6 LxavonmntLxouc; 
6Qouc;. IlQrnEL rntonc; va EvwxuOd n anote11.wµanx6tnta -enc; xatanoMµnonc; 
-enc; bLacp0oQac;. 
Ei;aAAOU, JtQEJtEL va BEA nw0d n nvnµEtwmon -enc; OUYYQLxnc; µEwv61ntac; n 
onota ei;axo11.ou8d va µnv ngoo1a1£UEtm an6 eva v6µo nou va QU0µt~EL yevLx{1 
1n XQnmµonotnon t(l)V YAWOO(l)V t(JJV µ£Lovo1n1rnv, JtUQ<l to yEyov6c; 6tL OL 
aQxec; -enc; LAoBaxtac; etxav bwµEuOd va Exbwoouv 10 v6µo au16, o onotoc; 
JtQoB11.rne1m an6 10 L'UV'tayµa. H xa1c101aon -cwv "Romas" (Tmyyavwv) JtQrnEL 
rntonc; va anaoxo11.noEL nc; aQxec;. 
Me Baon -ca JtQoavacpeQ0ev-ca o-cm xeta, naQ6. 10 yEyov6c; 6n 10 0wµLx6 
JtAaLOLO, JtOU xa00QLsE'tm an6 to L'UVtayµa -enc; LAoBaxtac;, av'tW'tOLXEL OE eva 
JtAaLOLO XOL voBouAEU'tLxnc; bnµoxQat(ac; OJtOU m EXAoyec; et vm EAEU0EQEc; xm 
abLaB11.n1ec;; av1tena, o ano11.oywµ6c; bev dvm Lxavonmnnx6c; 1600 an6 
M0'4J'Yl O'ta0EQO'trtTm; 't(l)V ewµwv 600 xm an6 M0'4Jn 0EµEALWOO'Uc; 'UJtaQsnc; 
·wuc; 01nv JtOAL'tLxn twn. IlaQa ·nc; OUOt<lOELc; JtOU annueuve n EUQWJta·cxn 
'Evwon µe 1nv euxmQta no11.11.wv rnacpwv xm bn11.woewv, bev bLanw-cw0nxE 
xaµta aw0ntn BEA t(won. 
2) 0LxovoµLx6. XQL t1]QLa 
Meta an6 µdwon 't01J AEII tnc; tai;nc; tOU 25% µetai;1J t()U 1989 xm tO'U 1993, Tl 
LAOBax(a ewn11.0e xm JtUAL OE cpaori av6.xaµ'lJ,ric; tric; mxovoµ(ac; tnc; an6 to 
1994, cp06.vovtac; xata to 1995 xm to 1996 OE U'4JTIAU JtOOOOta ( +6,8% to 1995, 
+6.9% 'tO 1996) µE JtUQUAATIATI µdwari 'tOU JtAT10WQUJµou (5,4% 'tO 1996). H 
123 
vl~ 
i\3Q X)''f'{D 'l}.x11lt101.eoi\D'X.'l 3~al}.ml Slt1 D1Aa(\,0113"{ H ·Sl}.Aoria-od)3 nririnak91g0Aoax 
01 i\QQ3XO 130Ltolu 13X:,J mx n1i\cncbri0,o ~'){~_D1.C(l)a(l3 i\l.ll 91ID J\.(lO~aaolCD 
0,01.e i\0130(!)3aX01.e0, i\fOl Soa~ni oa310, "(DA.3ri 01 1309riancb3 13X9 n1xngo"(~ H 
'C\OA~TIU1'X.3'X. (\,01 
i\011'9riltri1 i\01"("('9 U~l)l ltriOAA? l}.'X.11\03 i\UlD l)aocbD13ri l}.x110,3gooa1.e i\Ul 
·01"{918 9xo,3y 010 1Dli\(),Ori91an1m (\,01.C 'Sl)aoA.n 5DJD1A3 
Slt1 ltoctag19DXA3 i\Ul D1A Sn1onrilto Sl}.X110D10C\O Ama19ri l}.A.oriancb3 i\Ul 
• 513ol)grio,o 53109riltg 511 mx n10Lt1x01g1 l}.x11nrin3i\1.C All1 'S~A.ny'(DAno 
S3a38(),3"(3 511 'u01a13Xn13ri ~X1A83 i\Ul '5ltOD10l)lD'X.A3 nrirorox1g 01 l)aodm 
i\009 5130(!)3aX01.e0, 511 Sro1g1 13'.lq"(goal.C 0,01.C DJAmcbricto ~'X.J.Dl.Cro_a(l3 Alu 
:Snxpg Sc;tO"("(Ol.C Lto1;g 3rl 3x.lt9l}.A.0"(01~n ClOA?rilt1x3x, 0,01 lwu.199010, H 
50,o"(~ni 0,01 i\<n3D(!)30Xo1m A<n1 sumu·'fQAD n1u19Anx1 (£ 
·Srn3Al)cbmg 010JD"(1.C 
30 mx S01?Xn1 i\(,t01D11.C0)13ri11i\)') nA 13]001.C DJOlCO n1 '5ltomaoa1;>19 n1nri~"(goa1.e 
01A9"( i\3 Dl 13~1a11.eo1nx.11i\D i\(030(,l.(.,>i\3'.lD i\O')i\9~ i\(l)03ri~) OQ31.CJ1.C3 9"(ltrinX 
Ol "01A(),~001 9x1a·31m~p 01 1D'X. lt~ctll.Cl)i\D l}.x1riOAO'X.10 i\Ul l)'X.D1QD10 1311.Cl)"(g 
(\,01.C S()i\OA3A 'npgna~J i\Dl~ A(l)30~a13X11C3 i\011 ltoma9ar;>1gDi\D Lt '5101().0lAtl 
·9x1riDAClQ 9x.11n/.a3 Oi\?riCl3'X.1(}13 1DX. So109x QX1A0"(08D1ri Q"(ltrinX 13X? 
na(!)X H ·9r101am9lt"(1.C 9"(UriDX 3rl Sm;,3XD1 3xlt9Xc;tl1CDi\D DJriOAO'X.10 Lt A(!)13 l)a13D 
Jl.C3 'l)aoA.D i\UlD oa319001a31r 1D1AO~JDDg DA 53J01LO 10 S?'X.111"(01.C SpADcbmg 
oa319001a31r i\(),08U11D1CD D8 0,0X910 0,01 (),010,D Srori9 U,~(\,31 J1.C3 i\Ul mA. 
'Slt.oroA3, Slt1 9x1onro.03 01.0 5~001'.n Siu Snrl~A"-9 511 mx lt.0311£ ~x1101Aro1'.n1An 
Altl. DTI038Qa1roo3ri 13D11.C(l)l3TI.1li\D Di\ U0s}0 30 1DA 13 Di\ 1Dl3i\?11Di\D DJXDgO"(~ H 
. i\(!)aol.D1D"(Dcb3'X. i\(l)l ltDCDi\l)A.ao AU11D'X. ACD3D(),3XCD11.C i\(l)l lto1ri90,a 
Lt1 1;aocbD i\009 Soqo9a1.e 139Xct3111r3 Di\ 13'.lqal.C 1D'X. 5D?ri01 S9x.11ro1011.eo1nriLtaX 0 
ponX01i\3 Di\ 13:iqau ·S900A.n Slt1 Sc;torio1ADXltrl SctOl 311 lto9XO 30 ltolta(!)Xo9011.eo 
~'X.11i\Dnlto 30(),0"(3101.CD no .. M030l,to13X11r3 i\011 UOUi\()A001~Di\D .. i\Ul mA. 01g?XO 01 
mx. S;,3ri11 511 n1/. 5oriqA S9x1101a01a31r SDA? 3x,lt99qx.3 966 l 01 '9l'DX. '5101().0li\t{ 
·Sltolt101rox.11cn1q1 So11niri90A.001.e (,tOX.11ct3(}00al[ S()A3 ~A.orlancb3 i\UlO Ltar,>X 
poma1A3'X.01LD i\ctOX? i\Ol30l)ch01m Sltcl*"( 53JOD'X.1(}D1Q 10 1D'X. 3'X.UQ(!)a30Cl3"(3 A(!)ri11 
MOl nrilt100,o oi ·s~ooJ..n Sin. Sn1rloAOX10 Smrl ltoma~nQDX i\Ul mA. 1DlA(),011DlCD 
0,01.C i\ITT30JrlonaaD13ri i\(01 nrl~ril oa31(,l"(DA3rl 01 130Jl.C038 13X? n1xngo"(~ H 
·Lt9cto"(9XD Lt 1DA)3 SltA.r;>XA.31.CO)I Slt1 01"(().0grict~ 9xJ.m!roan3 
01 3030? (\,01[ mol}11ox ~X1rlOAOX10 m. ~oocbn A0.09 Sn1xn~O"(:{ Slt1 UDD101)1D'X. H 
·SDJxngo"(~ Slt1 A(!)A.roA.n~3 Aro1 
% Iv 010 mx A(!)A.mA.DD13 Am1 %9£ 010 Ac;toX101011An mx 686 l 01 91.CD 1;x11Anrilto 
i\D'X.Uf)X(),11.CDAD U001A3, i\Ul 3ri 5?AD"{"(Di\(\,0 S?x1aol.Cri3 10 ·(SDJ~D Slti\3l19911ooau 
Slt1 %9 01) 0,orioct9lt"{1.C c,toA.a3i\3 ao1 ,to1.e1a31.e %0 I 01 )3"(0Xom.ro SD9l10l 
S9x1A.aonA. 0 ·SLtomi\t{, S~'X.J.Dl.COlact3 Slt1 ctoa9 (l00Jrl 0,01 % l V 010 13X101011AD 
IIRV ~yrnh3x rJ1nx 01 n>x. Acox.1ou>x. ·rnK1 v'~ ~nioctolt"(l.C nXg n1xn~Jo"(~ H 
. i\(!)TIOl)10nA.o"{ i\(})X.10310)~3 i\<0'.l UO(l)i\ p<.,>11.C3 91.Cl) Sm1ao.x 1D'X. So1nririJ3"("(3 
c,wx.1Yloi\01ooriltq no1 Ltolt~c,tn ~ncn 00910<0 3x.lt1c,t3QOActo l}.10,n ltcfl,rinx1)AD 
EJtEtQf'\VE tl]V EJtLA uat1 6Awv tow JtQo(3tnµa:twv nou cµcpavtatt1x.av t6ao UJt6 
MO'\Vll OflµOX.QUtLX.flc; A.EL tOUQytac; tWV 0wµwv 000 X.UL OtOV EµJtOQLX.O toµea, 
totwc; µe tll 8tamat1 an6 tll LAoBaxta ev6c; auatriµcnoc; xata8rnt1c; xata tl]v 
ewaywyit, nou avttxeL tm att1v EUQWJta·Lxit auµcpwvta. H LAoBax.ta JtaQoumatn 
tva 1,xavoJtOLl]tLx6 noaoat6 evawµatwat1<; twv xavovwµwv xm obt1yLwv nou . 
JtQoBMnovi:m an6 10 Arnx.6 BLBALo. 
It1µavtLXfl JtQ6o6oc; 6aov acpoQa tll µetacpoQa Otl]V e8vLxi) evvoµll t6J;ll, EXEL 
i)Oll EJtL 1:Euxeet atouc; at1µavtt.xo1,c; toµdc; tl]c; tvtai.a; ayoQ«;, 6nwc; et vm to 
etmQLX.6 btx.mo, m tQ(mEtec; x.m ll et-.ei,OeQll x.ux.AocpoQLu x.ecpaAatwv x.a0wc; x.m 
ll cpogo11.oytu, nagc1. to yeyov6c; otL Ou JtQEJtEL va ouvexwOd to egyo am6 yLa vn 
emtEuxeet £VUQµ6vLOl] µe tLc; XOLVOtLX.Ec; ()l,(1t(11;£Lc;. llQEJtEL V(l x.ataf3At10ouv 
ot1µavtt.x.6teQEc; JtQoonaOw~c; yu1 tl]V moOfat1oll 101, x.ex.tl]µevuu µwonQ60wµu 
6aov acpoga. t(11tg6rnm1 x.m tl]V rcwtonott1oll, tll (1LOP,llX<1VLX.fl x.m nveuµutLx.it 
LbLox.tl]O(u, tov uvt(1yrnvwµ<'>, nc; <">11i1<'>cnec; crui1f'k10£Lc; x.m t11v c.1.oql.t.AUJl1. 
11aQ6. nc; x.a1u(1Al10doec; JtQoom'i.Ouec;, 11 bumurnoOdou rc0uyi1unx.ri JtQ<)oboc; 
6aov acpog6. tll µnucpogci OtllV eOvLx.i) tvvoµll 1<1sll ng6mpata ex.boOtvtwv 
x.eLµtvwv, anoµevEL va auvooeu0d an6 tll "-ll'\Vll ouyx.exgLµtvwv µetgwv 
ecpagµoyi)c; x.a8wc; x.m an6 tll bt1µLOuQyta anote11.wµanx.i)c; OLOLXl]tLx.i)c; 
unoboµi)c;. H LAoBax.ta bLa0eteL ogwµeva µeoa nou A.EL tougyouv rnaQx.wc;, 
anoµeveL 6µwc; va x.ataBh1eouv oriµavtt.x.ec; ngoonaeeLec; ax.6µa oe no11.11.ouc; 
toµetc;, LOtwc; otouc; toµdc; twv 011µootwv auµBaaewv, tll<; Bwµ11xavLxi)c; x.m 
nveuµatt.x.i)c; LOL0xt11atac; xm tllc; tunorcotlla11c;. 
'Oaov acpOQ<l 't(l all« 'tµl]µ«'t(l 'tOU XEX'tt1µtvou, eav CTUVEXLOEL t'r]V 
ngoetmµaata tllc; yLa tl]V rcgoaxwg11011, 11 LAoBax.ta bev cpatvetm 6n ea 
av-tLµei:wntaeL LOLaLteQec; 6uoxoALec; 6oov acpoQ6. i:t1v µwong6efoµt1 ecpaQµoyiJ 
tou atouc; nagax.atrn t.bt<l)(; toµdc;: · ex.nat6euo11, veoA.uta x.m enayyet-.µanx.i) 
x.ataQtLCTll, egeuvn x.m -cexvoAoyt.x.i) uvaJttu};ll, orcnxoaxouonx.6c; toµeac;, 
µt.x.Qtc; x.m µwutec; emxeLQT)OELc;, ngootuotu twv x.utuva11.wtwv, e};wtEQLX.6 
eµn6gw x.m uv(mrn1;11. 
AvttOeta, ll Lt-.of3ux.tu mt.f1<'.t.AAetm vc.t. JtQ(tyµutonmriou 01,ou1ffnx.i) JtQ6obo 
6aov acpog6. nc; tl]AEJCLx.m vrnvtec; x.m tm,c; tEA<uvt:t.ux.01,c; eMyxouc;. 
H Lx.avonoLl]tLXT) µe0ong6ewµ11 evowµ6.two11 tll<; 011.oBax.Lx.i)c; lhoµtJXavi.a~ Otl]V 
E'UQWJt0.0LX.ll a.yoga ea µJtOQOUOE Va JtaQOUCTL<l~EL OQWµEVE<; OUCTX.OALE<;. 0a 
anmtT18ouv ngoonaeet.ec; OLacpogonotT\CTT\<; ex.toe; tllc; Bagt.6.c; Bt.oµT1xavtac; x.m 
µ1,a anote11.e0µanx.6tEQll avabL6.QeQwo11 twv EJtLXELQT)Oewv. 
'Oaov acpoga to 1tEQl.~(lA,J.,OV, ea anm tt18ouv JtoA u a11µavnx.ec; JtQOCTJtaeet.ec;, 
µe,:~u 0.AAWV, µatt.x.ec; rnevouow; x.m EVLOXUO'r] tl]<; 1,x.av6tt1tac; tl]<; <)LQLX.l]OT\<; 
va ecpagµ6aeL anote11.e0µatt.x.a tll voµoewta. H n11.itQll<; ut.08fat1CTT\ tou 
x.ex.tl]µEvou JtQoBMnetm yt.a to µax.gt.v6, evoexoµtvwc; no11.u µax.gtv6 µt11.11.ov. 
H L11.of:3ax.tu x.uttf3uAe ngoon<'.1.0uec; yut tllV moOtt11ot1 tou x.ex.tt1µtv01, otov 
toµtu twv µnm1,0Q(1)v, cmo11tvu <'>Jw>c; vu CTntrnxOd ompitc; ng6oboc; <'>oov 
(:.t.(f)OQ(.1 tl]V obLXT} JlEt(.t.(fJOl,)<'t. q11tOQC\JJ.U1mnv xm tov OL<)lll_)O()l_)OµLX.() 'toµtu. 0 
toµeac; twv µtmi.q,oQ<i>v Ou dvm b1>V<t.t6v vu µ11v bl1JtL01JQYl\OEL Ol]J.t.<1vnx.tc; 
ouax.ot-.tec; µ6vo um> t'r]V 1tQOU1t60eo11 vu fiet-.tuuOd 11 x.ut<'10tucrt1. H LA.ofiu:x.t.u 
J'tQEJtfl, va xm;a(3<1A.EL nr; (.tr[UQUL 'tll'tE<; J'tQOOJtU0ELE<;, l,()L(J)r; OE OUVEQyaata µe "((1 
OLE8vit XQllµatonwtwtLx.a LOQuµatu, yt.n va evtaxOet oto EuQwnu·cx.6 L'.\t.x.tuo 
125 
MetmpOQWV xm vu m,µµn{wxu <rtT)V ·uA.onoi.T)OTJ t(l)V bu~ugwmft:;ui>v <'>Lx-tl',o>v 
3tOU Cl.7t0tEA.Ol,V Kl\?LU OtOLXELU yut tT)V XUA.lJ A.EL tm,l_)yi.u tT)c; EVL<li.uc; ayol_)Cl<;. 
H IA.of3axi.u JtQEJtEL ux()µu vu xutu(i{tA.EL <JT)µuvtLxtc; nvoonc10nec; yu1 vu 
eu0uyQaµµtoeL 1a :rtQ6tu:rta lTJ<; otov toµfo 'tfl; «1t«oxo111011; xm. 'trov 
xotvrovtxrov 0£µ.u'trov µe tu JtQ6t1,na tT)c; Eugwna·t:xt)c; 'EvrnoT)c;. ELOLx6tEQa, 
3tQertEL vu :rtQuyµuto:rtmT)Od ng6oboc; <)oov mpol_)ci tT)V JtQOOt<wi.u twv 
µw0oncbv, tT)v uocpaA.ELa xm tT)V uydu twv EQyutoµevoov xm nc; boµtc; 
em0Eci>QTJOT)c; tT)c; egyaotuc; oL onoi.ec; bev bLaOttouv mi. tou :rtaQ6vtoc; tT)V 
a:rtUQat tt1tl1 avcl;uQtT)otu yLa va ex:rtA.T)Qcboouv OQ06. tT)V cmootoA.t) to-uc;. 
'Ooov aq>oQa tT)v 1t£QUPEQ£t«x11 1to1t'tLX1J xm 'tfl ouvox11, Tl LAoBaxta :rtQEJtEL va 
bci>OEL :rtEQL006tEQTJ JtQOOOXfl Otte; uq>wtaµevec; :rtEQLq>EQeu1xec; avw6tl]n:c; xm va 
xa0oQLOEL touc; xataA.A.l]A.ouc; µT)xavwµouc; f>T)µoowvoµLxou eMyxou yLa va 
Eq>aQµ60EL touc; 'XOl.VOtl.'XOUc; xav6vec; xm va XQl\OLµOJ"COL~OEL, 6tav EA.0EL l\ 
O'tl. yµn, ta Cl.O.Q0QOJtl,'X(l taµeta. 
Itov yerouy1.xo toµea, eav oA.oxA.T)Qro0ei. Tl ng6oboc; 6oov aq>oga tov 
XtT)VLO.tQLX6 xm tov q>uto'UyewvoµLx6 toµea, tT)V evi.oxuOTJ trov cpogerov nou 
ei.vm oe 0EOT) va ecpugµ6oouv tT)V Kfll xm lT)V ava6L6.Q0QWOTJ tou toµea twv 
yeroQytxcbv :rtQO.L6vtrov bl.atQoq>t)c;, ri µrnong60rnµri ngooxoogriori 6ev 
avaµtvetm va ouvobeuetm an6 oriµavnxa :rtQoBAi\µata yLa tT) LA.oBaxta 6oov 
aq>oQa tl\V evbe6n yµtvT) ecpaQµoyr\ tT)c; K rn. 
Ltov toµta tric; £vtuyna;, UJtmteLtm vu oA.oXA.TJQOOOoi,v OL J"CQoonaOeu~c; yw tT) 
A.EL tOUQyi.a nov µovonwA.i.wv, tov xa0ogwµ6 twv nµci>V, tT)V :rtQ6oBuori ota 
Mx1ua xm triv XQ<rtl.Xfl JtaQtµfiuori otov toµfo 10w OtEQEWV xuuotµmv. H 
IAoBaxta, nou 6Lu0EtEL oto Bohunice JtUQllVLx6 ota0µ6 nou JtUQ<IYEL to 50% 
negi.rcou tT)c; riA.eXtQLxt)c; EVEQyELac; tT)c; xci>Qac; xm xa-moxeuatEL oto Mochovce 
vfo JtUQllVLx6 ota0µ6, unoxgeoutm va exouyxQovi.oeL µeoorcQ60eoµa 6uo an:6 
ttc; µovabec; tou Bohunice, mote va avtanOXQL vovtm one; OLE0vcbc; an:o6exttc; 
ngobu1ygaq>ec; aoq>aA.etac; xm va AaBeL ta evbe6etyµeva µetga yLa va xA.etoouv 
OL µovabEc; EXEL vec; nou bev ei. vm 6uvm:6v va exouyxgovLo0ouv. IlQEJtEL E1ttoric; 
va El;euge0d µaxgong60eaµT) A.uori yLa 1a nugrivLxa arc6BA.rit6. tl]c;. 
Aaµf3avoµevl]c; UJtO'\jJll tl]c; OUVOA.Lxt)c; a1;wA.6yrioTJc; t(J)V OXEtL'X(.l)V toµewv, ELVaL 
buoxoA.o va JtQOOOLOQLOOei. or\µEga Tl JtQ00eaµta EVt6c; tl\c; onotac; l\ IAoBaxta 
ea et vm OE 0EOl\ va UL00Etr\0El. XUL va eq>agµ6oel. to OUVOA.O tOJV an:agat tT)tWV 
µttQOJV yta tl\V xa-t<IQYllOll twv eMyxrov ota eawtEQLXa oi,vou« xm 'tl\ 
µe1aq>oga twv ev A.6yro eMyxrov ota e1;wtEQLXa ouvoga tric; 'EvwoT)c;. 
H ouµµEtoxi\ tric; LAOBU'x.i.m; oto tQL to 01{1.bw tT)c; 01.xovoµ1.x11; xm 
VOJlLOJlU'tLXt); £\'(l)(J'I);, mm JtQO'HJto0faEL 't()V 01'VtOVL<Jµ6 t(l)V OLXOVOfUXO)V 
JtOA.L tLxwv xm triv JtA.flQll eA.euOtgrno11 111c; x1JxA.ocpogi.c1.c; xecpuA.ai.rnv, Ou 
µ3tOQOUOE Va OllµLOUQYl\OEl. OQUJµevec; OUOXOA.tec;, A.aµ(3avoµevric; UJC()'\Vll tll<; 
eA.A.EL'\Vllc; ouµBat6tritac; tO)V xav6vwv rcou f>Lmouv tT)V KEVtQLXfl TQUJt~a µe 
exei.vouc; tl\c; EuQwna·t:xr\c; 'Evworic;, xa0cbc; xm tric; avayxr}c; ava6LaQ0gwo11c; tou 
tQa:rt~Lxou toµfo. Et vm ng6wgo va exnµ110et eav 11 LAoBaxta 0a et vm oe 8eo11 
'XO.ta tl]V r}µEQOµT)vta tr}c; JtQOOXffiQl\Ollc; va OUµ3tEQLAl]q>0EL Otl] ~OOVl] EUQOO: l\ 
t.xavonotl\Ol\ 1rov XQL 'tl\Qlrov ouyxALOl\c; El;ag1a1m arc6 'tl\V em 1uxta 1rov 
cSLaQ0QWtLxoov µetaQQU0µi.oewv nou JCQayµatorcowuvtm EJtL tou rcaQ6vtoc; xm 
ou66A.roc; an:oteA.ei. rcgoun60eori yLa triv evta1;11. 
126 
a;~ 
·n1x:x)gO"·Cr Lt noqnarilto 13:X? ne (Wl.C ogo9au i\U.1 mA. 866 I (tQl 
50''01 010 oan9A.an 01 u.039,q 13"'{l)gomt ne l}.1.Coa1m3 H ·Ltrl(!)AA Lt 13/\JDriUD11C3 
ctOlC DlDri(}."'{goau l)X.10Dg D1130J1Cf013TI11/\D Di\ D1i\. 53139'9'.l!DOalC 5Dli\O"'{"'{l)9D1DX. 
'Slwlta(!):Xooau Slt1 l\,(l)30(!)3aXomt l\,(l)l Ltoroal}."'{1.CX.3 i\U.1 mA. 1310nri1013oa1e 
1)1\, l>JX.Df)O"'{:{ Ul 1301}.0ltog ne l}.x.1A.Lt1na10 l}.x.m~Dli\30al.C UA9rictXD1/\3 H 
·SLtA.1):XA.31.CO)I Slt1 01"'{'),0grict:{ 9x.J.m.croact3 01 91ID i\DX.lt.901aoem1 
10l(lD Srou9 SO"'{?ri 131\Ji\. Di\ mA. l\,(l)a9 i\f01 Lt.0Lt.101eoi\DX.1 i\U.l l)aod:m 1\009 oqo9a1e 
DJDX.AD/\D i\U.11309"'{'3111!3 13:X:9 D8 l}.lctD 51"'{9ri i\ClOOJXan Di\ niqaic D0 DJX.DgO"'{~ U.l 
3ri 513DC),31DriA.na1ID1g 10 119 13aro3e l}.1eoa111C3 Lt '513Dl}.ri11X.3 511 S9lClD ltol)g 3W 
· cto1 SltA.oriancb3 
Sl}.X.11DriD3"'{3101ID 5lt1 Lt.01y~>cbomg lt.1 mA. 5ogo9a1e l}.X11/\Drilto 139Xn3111C3 DJ\ 
13J\9TI01CD 119 S9J\OA.3A. 01 l)aDlC 'l)aoA.n DJD1J\3 J\U.l X)aocbD J\009 5cn1q1 (t0J\9TIU.1X.3X. 
Cl01 lt.olt.19901ct J\Ul l)X.1101DD©01ID 13Dl}.J\ 1X.3~ 13:X? 119 ClOJ\JriOqJQ mx. mal}.11ax. 
l)X.1TIOJ\OX.10 Dl DTID309a1£003ri 13Dl}.101!0J\DX1 DJ\ 30'),0aoirn D0 DJX.DgO"'{~ 
Lt. 119 flOJ\9TIOQ3Q U.103al)DflQ oa319001a31e Dri9XD 1DJ\ J3 l}.lctD U.DDlDl)lDX. H 
· 5n11nax.orilt.q 
Slt.1 DJA.aft0113"{ Lt.1 l)aocbn J\009 'll)lJ\C),Oalt.1naD1e (l01£ J\(l)3ch,J3"{"{3 J\(l)l mx. 
l}.cn~ l}.x.111"{01! J\U.10 J\(!)TID30 J\qla(lxo, 5DJDCl01ID Slt.1 'Slt.1 J\(!)TID30 J\(l)l SD130l)lOD 
Slt.1 roA.9"'{ '5ltA.l)XA.31!0)1 5Lt.1 0110,ogrict:{ 9x.~_xmroact3 01 91ID 13931 ActoX9 no1.e 
Snoa9 SC),OX.111"{01.C 5ft01 X)X.11U.101COJ\DX.1 1oalt."{1! J\3Q n1x.ngo"'{~ Lt. 119 Driona91.CriflD 
OlD 3~U."{?1DX. l}.uoa1m3 lt '30UJ01C01DriA.DalC (l01£ U.Dct"'{l)J\D J\U.1 UDl)g 3W 
nti.ono~utio.:t 
·SD9rio1 
roA.9"{ A3 0 p9lt.A.O"{O'l~D DA O"{OXDC),Q mA J3 91flD 01Ql)lD 01:{ ·Sl)aoA.D 5DJD1J\3 Slt.1 
Ltolt.101to"'{ct Alt.1 mA. Sro1q1 '013X1010 9x11ADrilt.o J3"{3101ID flOJDx.1g 0,ox.110Mox. cto1 
l}.A.oriaDcb3 ucbaor191orio mx. t,A.eao 1301"-{Dcbomq DA 5lt.AC),001l)X.1Q Slt.1 D1U.19ADX.1 H 
·aoA9TIU1X3X (l01 l}.A.orlaDcb3 l}.X11DTID3"{3101!D J\U.1 mA. S9rio9 
S:ul.t1 JDaDlID 10 Drio399a1too3ri AC),09Lt.A.aft01rlltq DJ\ 9AD011C '\DA 13 'Slt.1 Sl}.olt.x.1019 
Sl.t1 lt01rl90,aaD13ri Ul mA. 53130l)1£00a1! 59X'l1J\DTIUD 13"{l)9D1DX. DJX.DgO"{~ Lt Al)3 
D1U19t\DX.1 {),X.11DDX1Q 1DX. {),X.11UX.101V (t, 
·SnctD 53arox 511 3ri Slt1 513D3XD 511 
t\(l00~)30Ul.C3 l)/\, J\l)O(,lOOO'.lrn l)Q (l01C t\~)Oodm1q, t\(l)l t\9Q3XD 0"{0J\C),D 01 301ri9C),a 
mx. S3a(!>X S?X.1/\0113A. 511 3rl 511 51309:XO 511 30ctXDJt\3 n1x.ngO"{:{ Lt 686 l 01 91CV 
·Sm3'1f9<hon ~um.11ou 
mx l},xu.11ou l},x1ouro~3 l;I.A10X J\Ul QlID t\ClO?aaol!D (l01C Snocp3aXo1£(l 511 
DlDTil}."{goal! S1aroX 130J1!(D13TI11AD DA UD?0 30 'lDA J3 DJ\ 'll)13AJriDt\D DJX.DgO"{~ H 
· AcpXan _Aq>X11nax.oriltq A(!)Qf01"{3rl30 J\fOl ltolt.al}.1 
AUl 91£D SltDJ1.C3 1Dll)1an~3 9lflD D9rio1 AOlD floq9oa1£ lt~fl3t J1.C3 H ·So1nril}."{X.A3 
(l0J\9TI(l)ADA.ao (l01 Sltoltri?"{OlIDlDX. mx. Snol}.aro3e 511 mA. Sl}.x.111"{01! 'naoi\C),O 
DlD J\(l)Xk~"'{3 DlDri?e 30 l}.Xoooal! ua31 JD1Q1 13909 DJ\ 131.C?alC 119 S9AOA.3/... 01 
l)aDl! 'ShA"oomx1q Shi mx ,\(1)3.0~00UO. A(!)X103l.(J).03 A,(J)l, n1tio1 AOl..O OJ\9TIU.1X.3X. 
01 Drib399auoo3ri 130l}.13QO'l(l DA DJX.DgO"{:{ Lt lt.099 30 1DA J3 DA 5ltOJ1.C3 1D13A9TIDAV 
Il«Q«Q'tt]Ua'ta 
:EvvOEOtJ 'tOV Kotvo~ovllov 
~~;,;!1:i;!i i1::,:11i11ii1:11i:11i~lll'll~iiii,ii1~:11!i1t1:i1t1•1A %lN:J 
6-T]µo,tQatL'K~ 'K(VTJO'IJ HZDS 61 40,6 I 
l:AoBax(,a 
'Evooori OAoBaxoov egyatci>V 
E0vtx.6 OAoBaxtx.6 x.6J1µu 
K6µµu tric; briJwxvunx.i}c; uvwtq!('t.c; 
XQLOttavobriµoxQattx.i} x.t vriori 
Ouyygtx6c; ouvaomoµ6c; 
Liriµoxganx.~ 'Evooori l:AoBax.1,ac; 
128 ZRS 
SNI 
SDL 
KOH 
DU 13 
9 
18 
17 
17 
15 8,7 
6,0 
12,0 
11,3 
11,3 
10,0 
Evud,a AyoQ«: Me'tQ« AEuxou BtlU,i.ou 
O m1l_)(irv rclvuxm; <1tTJQl~t:tcu. m;u; JtATJL>O<(l(>l_)i,tc; mm m1l>m1xtortx<1v um'1 nc; <1A-ofkum,tc; <lQXi:c; xm 
cmfiq~wi)()rp(.(lv <m'umi:c; (l)c; ov0i:c; ow tl:Aoc; lm1v{.m1 1997. At:v <'>dxvn. n1 0111t1p(l)v{,n n1c; Emtl101titc, <'>oov 
mpol_)('t tTJV nv<'1A11oit 101,c,. O n:(vuxm; m:l_)LA.<tp.fk'1vu. <H'>11ylrc, xm xnvovL1JJt.01'1c, nou <1vwp{l_)0TJ><.<1v <no Ar11;u'1 
B1.rRlo, mn, (lVEl_>XOvtm IHIVOA.I.K«'t m: 8CJ9. Ot, t:V A.<'1yc11 oc">rtylt:c, xm XUVOVLOJlOL mtl><l'tWT)X<lV <IIIJllj>(l)V(l IU' 
tT)V xutTJYOl_>L01tolT)OTJ mn, xvrim1wnmdtm mo Arnx<'1 Bt.f\Ho xm m: oxi-1111 flt: wuc; x11A111ttt'>ftt:v1mc, toftr(c, 
:JtOA.LtL><.itc;. 0 :JtLV(l')(.(lc; hdxvn toV (ll_)L0f.t<'> t(l)V ft[tl_)O)V, yu1 t(l ()Jt()l,(l ()I, <JA.of\ux1.xtc; uuxcc; <lV(lX.01,V<t)(J(lV n1v 
um1gl;ri vo1w0wt<1c; mm txn 0wmo0d, TJ 01tol<1 txn x.<'mow l~dlfu'> <n>ftf\ut<)tTJtm; ftt: tn nvttmmx<1 ftEtl><l 
toU At:u><.o'U Rt,fiA.lou . 
I .. Ecpal.ata AEuxou Bt~l.i.ou . ObtJYiES Kavovtoµoi 
l:t«bLO _I l:ttlbLO :EttlbLO I l:ttlbLO 
11/111 11/111 
1 Ei.ev9EQIJ bmxiv11011 xeqiai.aiwv I11.of3mda, i 1 Q Q 
AQt0µ6c; µet(?WV J l Q Q 
Awxou Bt~A.LO\J 
2 E).ev9EQIJ bmxiVIJO'IJ xm. aoq>cii.em IA.o~xi.ct, 50 100 J 1 
fhoµ11xav,xcov ffQO°iOV't(t)V 
AQLOµ6c; J.LEll)(lJV ~ lit! :! l 
Awxou BtBki.ou 
3 Avmywv,uµo; ~11.ofk1xi.u, J Q 1 Q 
Al_)LOJ.t6c; J.LE"[l)(J)V } Q l Q 
J\rnxot', BtBki.ou 
4 Ko,vwv,x11 ,ioi.,ux11 xm boa.011 ~11.0(~1xi.c1, 12 14 Q i 
A(_ILOf1<1S 11{:t(_lhlV 11 JJ. Q 1 
/\n!Xf.lll BLBHm, 
s. rewQYi<l LAo(\mdu, 93 44 53 ~ 
A(_ltO11.<>c; 1u:tl)(llv 2J i§ ~ 2 
t\1:1ixot'1 Bt(R(ou 
6. Mnaq>OQE;i LAofiux{u, 19 14 (! 13 
AQLOfl.OS fl£lll<OV 12 li li ll 
Ac,ixot', BLBHou 
7 OfftLKO<lMOUO''tL)((l LAofiuxlu, 1 0 Q !! 
AQLOt.1.6<; f.l£tQhlV l Q Q Q 
J\H!Xf.l'U BtBHou 
8 IlEQtl}cii.i.ov ~11.ofk,txtu, 16 7 6 !! 
AQtOµ6<; µtt(?WV ll 1 1 Q 
AE.uxou BL(3Uou 
9 TIJAfflLXOLVWVies Iwfklxla, ~ 2 Q Q 
AQL0µ6<; µi'tQ<J)V 2 I Q Q 
AEuxou Btf3ki.ou 
M. '.A.µeo-11 q>oQo).oyia LA.O~XLU, i i Q Q 
AQtOµ6<; µit(?WV 2 £ Q Q 
Aeuxou Btf3ki.ou 
1 . E).ei>OEQIJ bLaxiv11011 ayaOcov LA.O~Xi.u, !! q Q Q 
AQtOµ6<; µ£'t(?WV Q Q Q Q 
Awxou J3tBki.ou 
n. A11µome; ffQOJ'rt8£L£; L/\.O(~txlu, s: 1 Q !! 
A(.>LOfu'><; 1J.ttl)fllV ~ l Q Q 
/\1c,ixo,, BtliUou 
1 l. A11µomovoµ,xe; UfflJQEO'lES LAOj~lXL<l, 12 ~ Q !! 
AQLOf1<\<; fU:t(_l!JIV JJ 8. Q Q 
Anixot'1 BtBHm1 
H. UQOO''t(lO'l(l ff(!O(J(01C UC<t)V LAof'\<1x(H, !! !! Q !! 
bi boµevwv 
A(_ltO1u\<; fU'."[l)(t)V \l 2 Q Q 
t\nixot', BtfiUou 
129 l:uvo).o 
J 
:! 
154 
165 
-~ 
:! 
28 
~ 
192 
203 
52 
5.5. 
1 
! 
29 
il 
11 
1§_ 
4 1 
0 Q 
~ 
{! 
18 
Zl 
!! 
., 
~ 
15. Et«LQLXO 6buuo }:)..of\ux1.u. i J !! !! ~ 
AQL0µ6s JtEtl>U>V 1 1 Q l ~ 
AE\I')(()\) BLf\A.LOll 
16. AoyLOtLX11 }:).oJktxi.u, J i !! !! ~ 
AQL01ms 1tttl>C•>V J. ,, 
11 11 ~ "' AEll')(()\l Bi.f\A.Ul\l 
17. Aanxo 6i.xmo }:)..of\mdu, 1 !! !! !! 1 
A1_1LOJWS ftEtl>C•>V l l 0 q 2 AEt!KOulM>..um 
18.Apo~i.a avayvWQL01J mayyd .. }:wJktxf.u, i 16 !! !! 18 
ffQO<JOV't(l)V 
AQLOµos 1tttl>C•>V 1 li! u u l1l 
AEll')(()UIM>..i.ou 
19. Dvevµauxq L6,oxtqoi.a }:).ofktx{.u, ~ i !! !! 7_ 
AQLO~ ftEtlXtlV ~ 1 u }_ 11 
Atll')(()\) Bi.f\>..i.ou 
20. EV£Q'YEL« }:).of\<.txlc1. J i J !! ~ 
Al_)LO~ ftEtQ<t>V ffi 1 J u li 
AEll')(()\J Bi.f\>..i.ou 
21. Td.wvemxo 6i.xmo }:wfktxtc1, !! !! 14 38 52 
AeLOµos 1ttt(.>OlV £ l H 184 ml 
AEll')(()\J IM>..i.ou 
22. 'Eµµeoq q>oQOl.oyi.a }:wJktx1u, 15 34 !! ~ 55 
AeLOµos 1tttl><t>V 12 ~ Q fi n 
AE\)')(()\) Bi.f\>..i.ou 
23. DQOotaoi.a xataval.(l)tq }:>..of\<1xi.<1, ~ ~ !! !! 11 
AQI.OJ!OS 11£t(?U>V Ii 1 Q 0. 11 
AE\l')(()\I BLf\>..{.ou 
:Ei>vol.o l:>..of\uxi.<1, 263 253 86 62 664 
AeLOµos 1tttl><t>V m m 22 212 ~ 
AEUKOU Bi.f\)..{.ou 
130 
Eav ()EV yi.vEtm (lT)tT) µvela rtE(>L toU UvtLHEtOll, tU OtOLXELU rtOU rtq_>LA.uµf~avovtm Oto rtU(>U(>tT)µa 
aut6 ou>..Myovtm a.rc6 tT) "l:tauouxtj Yrtqocula tqc; l:).of'axLxtjc; Aqµoxoailac; (STATISTICKY 
URAD SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY)", µe tT)V ono(a T) EUROSTAT xm OL otanonxec; UrtT)(>WLcc; trnv 
XQ<ltcbv µeA.cbv ouvEQyat;,ovrm ebcb xm agxmx EtT) ota rtA.ai.ma wu ngoy(_)(lµµatoc; PHARE. H 
tUXtLXT) OUA.A.OYfl xm bLMOOT) tOJV OtOLXELOJV ELVaL µtgoc; amitc; lT)c; bLUOLxaoi.ac; ouvegyaoi.ac;, µE 
Ot6xo va xataOtEL c>uvatit Tl E<paQµoyit tOJV voµo8EtLXCDV rt(lOsE(l)V xm t(l)V rt(lUXtLXCDV tT)c; EE OtOV 
toµta tW'V atanonxcbv. fta tT)v xataQtLOT) twv otmxeiwv nou rtaQoumatovtm rtaQaxatw 
XQT)Ot.µortmit0wmv, atO ~tQO toU buvatou, m OQLOµoi. xm ta rtQOtUrta tT)c; EE, m OJtOLOL, OE 
OQLOµevEc; :rtEQLJttcbaELc;, bLaqJegouv a:n:6 nc; avti.otOLXEc; e0v1,xec; :rtQaxnxec;. Auto evoexetm va 
JtQOXUA.EL EVLOtE ()LUq:>OQEc; µetal;u tOJV 01:0LXEL<JJV JtoU :rtagouma~ovtm f()(J) xm EXELVOJV JtOU 
Eµq:>avi.t;,ovtm OE aA.A.a OT)µei.a tT)c; yvwµoMtT)OT)c;, ta o:rtoi.a paoi.t;,ovrm yev1,xa aw; tEA.Lxec; 
a.rcavtflOELc; JtOU Ec>waav m E:rtLµE(lOUc; UrtO'\jJT)qJLEc; XC.tl(>Ec; Oto EQOJtT)µatoA.6yLO JtOU touc; EOtOA.T) tov 
A:rtQLA.LO tOU 1996. H aXQLBnc; ouµf-kn6trita µE tu otanonxa :rt(lOtU:rta tric; EE xm, Xata OUVE:rtELU, Tl 
OU')'XQLOLµ6tT)ta µe ta otmxda tric; EE DEV dvm (lXOµl] £sampaA.LOµ£Vl), Lbi.mc; 6oov Uq:>O(>Cl ta 
otanonxa atOLXELU nou <)EV :rta(laoxE0lJXUV µforn tric; EUROSTAT, aA.M a:rtrn0dac; a:n:6 nc; 
avtiotOLXEc; XWQEc;. 'Ortou um'.t(>XEL T) oxctLXll <'iuvmotT)tU, rt(>OOti.Hcvtm µeH0<'>0A.oy1,xtc; 
rta(latTJQflOELc;, one; ortoi.cc; rtE(>LY(lacpovtm 10 rtE(>LEX6µevo xm OL L()L<1Lle(l(>tT)t£c; trnv o-ratwnxcilv 
otmxdmv nou JtC1(>0llou1~ovtm o' mnil to rt<t(>{t(>tT)µu. Tu mmxdc1 uvwnmxo11v ow; rtA.T)(>ocpo(li.tc; 
mn, rrrnv <">mHfoq1cc; to Mc'uo r.01, 1997. 
BAJ;IKA AEAOMENA 
1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 
otxLl.lil.OE,;extUQW 
l:'U\IOALX1) £X't«O'TI 4904 4904 
011)6uoµ6c; ('ti1oc; 'tfl<; KtQt66ou) OEXLAUUX', 
-l:uvo).o 5314 5336 5356 5368 
-fuvatxec; 2737.4 2747.6 2753.8 
-i\vbQec; 2598.6 2608.4 2614.2 
uvn I km2 
Ouxvo'tfl'tO. x11)6uoµou 108 108 109 109 
err Jt<KJ<Krto % nm mivoku«m xkrPt,u11011 
AO"mcoc; x).,..Ovaµoc; 57.2 56.9 57 57 
<1vn XU."111F<; 1tATJ(ruc111.1.m 
DoooO"to 8o.v«'C(l)V HU 8.9 9.6 9.8 
DoooO"tO ytvvqot(l)V 14.1 13.8 12.4 11.5 
ElOol>tJfUl Xat AEYXD XU'tU Xtq>UAl)V Ei11..11111t<1"Lx1'1 vo11.1.1111.1.1tLX1 110vru1n 
Meat) µT)vLukt uµ.mB11 xm µLa06c; uv(.t u:rc(tA.A.lJA.o 
AEYXIl X(lta X£c:paA11v 2467 
At«Q8Q(J)(JtJ 'CTI<; xo.Q«yo,y11;: µtQlbto xMf>ou ADA Uf XOOOITTO % llJC; ffiM>A.LXlJ(; <lX<lOO{?lmlJC; XQOOtL(}ql.EVlJC; IJl;l.ll', 
-yEOJQyta 7.4 6.3 
-fkoµ11xavta 49.9 31.9 
-xataaxeue~ 9.2 5.1 
-'U1tt)QtOte~ 33.5 57.2 
131 
share of branch GVA in 1990 
.o.o .7.4 
• -agriculture 
l!J -industry 
D -construction 
 -scrvicc11 
1149.9 • -Others 
share of branch GV A in 1990 = µeetbw x.Mbou AHA to 1990 
share of branch OVA in 1995 = µeetbw xMbou AHA to 1995 
-agriculture = -yEC.OQY(U 
-industrie = -fkoµ11xuvtu 
-construction = -,mtuoxwtc; 
-services= -lntt)QEO(Ec; 
-Others = -(1U.u 
132 shan• oflranch GVA In 199S 
.o.o 
• -agriculture 
31.9 • -industry 
D -construction 
aS7.2 
13 -services 
• -Others 
E9NIKOI AOrAPIAl:MOI 
1990 11)91 1992 1993 11)94 1995 
111 11uno111u11.,u1 rOvuum vo11u11unoc, 
Axu0«QL<J'tO e.yxroeLo xeoW,v (,:ei-xouan; 'tLµf.c;) 271<020 1 lW,k<J 112257 169900 441100 511<()()() 
ur llu11,uno111n11.,u1 EClJ 
Axa0ciQLO'tO f.YXO>QLO :rteo·.:ov (,:ef.xouarc; 'tLµic;) l().J 11.6 13.3 
ur 110v,'11'M·~ uynl"um.xi11; h-11V1q111, xuu·, xn1•rlljv 
AxaOciQL<J'tO f.YXO>QLO :rteo·.:ov 5870.5 6384.3 7117.4 
flJ"lflfloki1 % flf' •rxi·m1 flJ" 10 7t(_lOIJYOl~lfVO j-10,; 
AxaOciQL<J'tO f.YXO>QLO :rtQO'iov -14.6 -6.5 -3.9 4.9 6.8 
A.u:rtcive.c; id.,xqc; xaiavuw,aqc; -25.6 -1.7 -1.7 -1.4 2.9 
-to>v vmxox,l(.?Ui>v xm trnv MK I EN -28.3 -6.4 -1.8 0.0 3.4 
-lOl) blJµ<lHLOll -17.8 9.9 -2.2 -10.5 1.6 
AxaO<ietanc; e.:rttvl>uattc; :rtay,ou Xl'C(l(lAULOU -25.2 -4.5 -4.2 -5.1 5.8 
~ayo,ytc; aya80>\I xm U:rtl}QE<Juiw 33.4 47.5 -0.2 14.1 3.5 
Etaayo,yic; ayaOO>\I xm u:rtttern,rov -14.7 47.1 -0.7 -3.5 9.6 
(If. 7t(Xllklll\ '/1. 1011 uxullcieunou t:y)(lll{_ll,()1J 7l(.Xl°i()Vl(); 
A.a:rtcive.c; ie.).Lxqc; xaiavci).(l)ottc; 75.8 71.8 78.0 78.2 72.3 69.2 
-twv vmxoxueui>v xm toiv MKIEN 53.9 51.2 49.5 53.2 50.4 49.0 
-tou blJµooto,, 21.9 20.6 25.6 25.0 21.8 20.2 
Axa0CJ.QL<J'tf.c; f.:rtf.V6UO'f.L<; :rtUyLOU Xf.C(>Umi.ou 34.3 28.3 32.9 32.4 29.5 29.2 
~ayo,y~ ayaOO>\I xm U:rtf1Q£0'L0>v 26.5 46.3 70.3 61.7 65.2 63.2 
ELoayo,yic; ayaOO>\I xm u:rtttee.oui>v 35.6 49.3 74.3 67.2 59.7 61.4 
AEnD (µua~o).q % ae <JXEO'tJ µe to :rt(.)01fYOuµevo ito~) 
133 
KYPIOI OIKONOMIKOI AEIK1'El: 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 
numxmn.l.11 µnnf,o~:{J llE oXF.ll'I I.If. to lt{_)O'l'f01Jtlt'.VO ft~ 
Dooocno 2tAf18roe,oµou 10.4 61.2 10 2J.2 IJ.4 9.9 
Rlkll1Y01Jtu·vo no;-100 
AtLX't~ GyXO\J l'LOµfJXUVLXIJ~ ffUQUYC•,YIJ(; 96. 104.8 l<UU 
Atlxn~ oyxov axaOci.e,cn~ yto>QYUCIJ(; ,iaouyo,ylk 92.0 102.6 JOO.I 
Uooocno UvtQYL«~ (µt:OoboAoylu AOE) nr R1Nkx1t1\ 'I, tou fl,YfltLX01, hlMqu.xou 
-Ii,vo).o 12.2 i:u 12.8 
-x.(nrn trnv 25 n1i1v 26.2 B.5 
-25 t:tci1v x.m (1vrn I0.6 10.5 
m llu1rxcno111u'lllAI ho,. IIIIA 
AxaO«QL«no t~(J)'ttQLxo XQEO~ 1.317 1.916 
lootuy,o ffAflQCJ>µci)v 11r nmto1q11'l_11A1 lx>k. 111 IA 
-E;aywytc; ayu8ci>v 5447 6691 8579 
-ELoaywytc; uyu8ci>v -6379 -6632 -8807 
-Eµ,tOQLx.6 LOO~t>yLO -932 59 -228 
-Y XTJQEOLE<;, x.u8uetc; 267 657 540 
-ELo6bTJµc.t,x.u8uQ6 -38 -I 19 -14 
-Ioo~uyLo tQEXOOOci>v owui..).uyci>V -601 665 391 
-Ioo~uyto 'XLVTJHTJ<; 'XE<()UA.111.CIIV ')(,(LL 548 129 993 
XQTJµ<.ltOOL'XOVOµLx.ci>v unvu).).uy,i>V (1CA.TJV 
cmoOeµcmx.ci>v) 
-AxoOeµattx.(1 ototxdu tvi:eyt1nx.o,, -55 -1290 -1579 
llooocno ,i)."9o)QLOµou: l''XlttOUtLltl.lt µrtctf\oi..11 tOll rtlJIJUlll 11.i".11011 1')l_l0ll CJI' nxf011 fU'. to 11{)0TJYO'llfU'VO {:to<; -0 i')dxttl<; 
1tEl_lLMtftf-\c'1v1:t M .. u tu ,nmxrtu l'><m11v1i1v (tu 1nmxd11 f\unit.ovtm 11101~ rOvtx.o,~ t\TK, rem, i',1,v dvm um'i1,.llt11 
<Jt'Y'XQl<nµc>L ). 
Adx't~ oyxov 1',oµfJXav,x~ ,iaeayroylk: TJ f'koµTJXUVL'Xfl mtLl<ty111yr1 'XltA.imtn tu; El;ol_)1ixnx.l:c; x.m ).cnoµtXE<; ~l<11JtTJl_lLOtT)tec; 
tL<; µetOXOLTJtLx.tc; fxoµTJxuvi.ec; ')(,(LL lTJV 1C<.l@xri TJA.EXtl)LXll<; ev4.ryuuc;. (flllOL')(.(>11 ueei.ou 'XILL 00<1toc; (auµ.qxovu µe to,~ 
thwuc; r, 6. x.at E tTJc; ovoµatowytuc; NACE). Tu utmxeu1 'XltA.imtow lTJ cn!VOA.LX.ll f3LoµTJXUVLX.ll xu~yo>yt1 ~LMXµ{3avo~ 1:,;mµt10EIOV YL<l ttc; t1CLXELQ~OEL<; mm (.t:J't(UJ.XOM)'l!V µEx,L>L 24 ll1C<tllt1A.Oll<; ')(,(lL '(LCl tmic; Eµrt6QOuc;: 
OL belx.tec; yw touc; x.M&mc;. <oot6oo, 'XltA.\llttO\!V µovo tu; mtXELQTJ<mc; f1E 25 TJ 1CEQLU1J6tE(_lOtl<; l13t<tllti),.mic;. -
Atlx't~ oy,cov axaO«QtO't~ yeroQYtX1JS ff«Q«y<oylk: TJ U'X110c'1eum1 yw>{_)YL'Xll mtll<ty11>yt1 txu ,moMryumi. fx'.Hm 1m1 
0')(,(18<.tQLotOU ')(,\)')(,M)\) E{!YUOL<i>V OE tetxomec; tLµtc;. 0 bdxtT)c; yErnl>yL'Xll<; 1C<lll<l'Yll)'Yl1<; EJtllV\l:J'tOM)YL~EtUL OE otaOeetc; tLµE<; 
1989. 
Dooocno aveni.a; (1,Lt806o).oyi.a AOE): -xoooot6 trnv uv4!Yc1>V oto EQYutLx.6 buvuµtx.6. Am6 to xoooot6 XQO'XwttEL ux6 tTJV 
EE6. (ten,w EQYatL'XO'U buvuµtx.ou), µE fx'tOTJ tOt>c; ax.6).o\fuuc; OQLOµoi,c; x.m OOOtUOEL<; tOU 6.0E: 
EqyariNo 6vvaµiNo: cmaaxowuµevoL ')(,(lL <'xVEQYOL x.atu tTJV tvvow twv 1CUQU'Xlltw OQLOµci>v to,, ~OE . 
.A,raaxo).ov~L' 6).a tu UtOµc.t flA.L'XLU<; 15 rni>V 'XUL <'rvrn, tCl 01COLU, 'XlltU tT) OLUQXELU tT)c; 1C~LOOO\I UVU(()O~c;, 
EQY<'x~v touMxtotov µi.u 1i>Q<1 e·vuvtt iµ.oOo,, l1 ctllTJc; uµt.>Lf\tlc; (l)c; ,13t<'tllTJM>L, t1CLXELQTJµc.tttec;, µt).TJ O\!VEtULQLOf.Ul)V TJ 
·ouW3oT)Uouvca µEA.TJ mx.oyhw1c; .. It,µrcEQLMtµf\('tvovtm tu µi.>..TJ t<i>V l'vt,l1CA.rnv i',11vt'1µr.1ov 'XltL OL ytMlLXE<; rum J\)t()')(.ovtm 
OE (tOELU µT)tQ<)tT)m<;. 
Jlnuyo,: 6).c1 tu (1toµ.u TJA.Lx.tuc; 15 n1i>V x.m i'1vrn, tu om>i.11 :n:A.lJlXl1TV tmrc<'>XQC>vtt xm tmic; t(_)ct~ <l{_xmc; to\! <JXEtLx.oi, 
OQLOµoi1 toll 6.0E, t1tm: (i) i',cv txm,v q_iyuutu- (ii) uvttt'.TJtn{,v l'Vl'LJYc't t'{_)YWJLU· xm (iii) rivtn Etmµu vtt uvt.w'tfxmv 
E{_YyUOtu µtou IJE f:'.Vll h~:x<m1:v0111.tl:.{_)(), 
ItTJ I).c.>{:\<1x.Lxt1 ATJfU~l<ttLu, yut 1C(_l<lXtL'Xll'l,c; U1y01ic;, m t(_)Lflllvtt brv uvtunmxo,,v ntu TJILf.{_l<lM>yL<t'Xl't t{_)LµT)vtt, uA.M't 
<.tQxttm,v E'VU µt'JVll µr.tc't. Tu {ttOfUl mm lcXtfA.O'ITV ,mox{_lrnltLXll U1:(_)(ttUtltLXll 011tri.11 brv 11l!Jutf.{_)LMlµf\<'tvovtm (J't0\1C; 
<t1CmJXOMl\'fU'V1nic;. Avti.Onu, m11mrtnA.111tfV1vt1vtm m y,1vt1i.xr<; cm<; cl1Coi.rc:; i-xn XO{.ITJYT){)ri 1C<lll<'nmn1 ttJ<; i'ci',nu~ 
µTJtLl<>tTJtuc;. 
AxuO«QLO'tO t~(J)'ttQLXO xofo~: l(( CJtmxdu yut to X,{_l{:o<; A.llf~\(1vovtm 11.m'> uc:; (Jl((lLIJlLXI'<; 1t,111tr{.IL'X01l X{_l{mic; t011 oorA. 
loo~uy,o 2tAf1Qroµci,v: tu utmxri.u >..u1~:\<'1vovtm 1mc'l tTJ f~iwn i',rl'><11.u':v111v t011 /\NT. 11 m,yx{_IL1JLfU'nt11c'1 11mc; 1.w tL<; ctvti.ntmxrc; 
OtUtLOtLx.tc; tTJc; EE bt.:v dvm um'>i..utu t.:yYllTJJll'.VTJ, u>..>..c'1 to wot,,,yw 1CA.tl(_)(llfUi1v x1mt{_ltit,um x,'l_li111c; 111111.cprnvu 1u: tu 
:n:Q6nmu toll L\NT. To i:µ.:n:oetxo um~i,yw xcnu(_)ti.t,i:i:m n,,,upcovu µt: uc; H{_)Xi:c; i:m, uml;,,,yi.o" :n:A.TJ{_l(OJ.Ui>v. Ot 
e;uywytc; x.m m ELOuyrnytc; EX(()Q<t~ovtm x.m m Mio 111.: nµtc; FOB. To x11011lx'> t:UJ6bTJJtu rct{_)LMtµf\<'tvn to (1µE1Jo 
EL06bT)µc.t, to ELOOOT)µu urc6 ti.tA.Ot>c; XU{_)tO(()\!A.<lXLOll XllL xc'tOt: c'tA.A.O t.:1Ct:V(')lltL'X() a:L<J()(')T)µ<t, x.1101i1c; x.m to ELCJ()(')T)µit 
E;UQtTJµEVTJ<; EQYUOLuc;. To L<Jot,i,yLO t{?EX011CJli)V IJlTVUA.A.Uy1iw X(ll<l(?til;.t.:tm 111,µ(()(ovu f.lE tOV OQLCJµI) t011 Sou 
134 1996 
5.8 
102.5 
I0.9 
19.8 
9.1 
8830 
-10936 
-2106 
7 
-45 
-1941 
2098 
-237 
t"fXCI.QLbtou tm1 ~NT. OL µnucpol_)l:c; Xt:ef1<1)..utc1rv ht:v Xt:l_)LA.uµW1vc.1vtm. -Axo0qunLx{1 utmxctu t'Vt'{.)YlJtLxo,'1 tJl)fU1tvn 
nc; µuufx>Uc; tmv uxo0eµunxcirv xm{1 tl) bu'llmEm to11 ttouc;: to ui',µf\(1)..0 (+) htt}..ci,vu ui'll;lJOlJ, EVtil to cJ"i1µf\o).o (-) 
µ.et(l)(Jq t(l)'V uxo0eµ.<.mxci>v. 
135 
t 
J 
E:EOTEPIKO EMDOPIO 
1992 1993 1994 1995 
Eu1uywy;,~ XUI. £~U"f(l)"fF-<; (,:eexoucn.c; nµF-~) HF rxutotlll'l(.llAl ho).. 111 IA 
-EuJCLy(l)y{:i; 6117 6611 8770 
-E;uyrnyt<; 5450 6691 8579 
-Eµ,to(_)ud, woti,yw -887 80 -191 
Adxu~ oyxou £ironeLxou r.µxoei.ou nl"•l1YC11~u·vu no~= ICXI 
-Eumyrny{:<; 
-E;uyrny{:<; 
Au'teOec,,aq ,:CJ)V uouy,,ry,irv X(t1:(l SITC (,:ei·xouor~ nµfc;) oi-ntH10c1t1\ 'If, tCIIV mrvo).i.xci,v n.m1y11ryci1v 
-(0+1) tlx',q>Lµ<t xm trnvt((v(1 t«i,(1, no1:1'1 xm ,umvt')(; 5.2 8.8 8.2 
-2 UXUtt{_)Y<LIJt<L 11).uu't, fllJ th<iK'>LfUL d,hll i, 7 5.2 5.1 
-3 OQ'l»m'1 XU'\lOLJ.l.(1 xm A.LJt<LvtLXc't 20.9 19.1 
-4 l;WLXU XUI. q>utLX<'t £A.UU1 XAJt. 0.l 0.2 0.3 
-5 xrtµLxt<; ooott<; xm. ouvuq,11 Jt(K)·Lovtu 9.8 11.3 13.2 
-6 µttUJtOLl)µtvu uyuOu nou i:u;tvoµoimm x,ietrn<; µt f\(tol) to 15.I 16.8 
UA.LX6 
-7 µl)XUVl}µatu XUL t;OJtA.L0µ6<; µttUq>OQ(ilV 33 29.3 27.7 
-8 bu'upoQCL µttUJtOL l)µEVU tlbl) 8.3 9 9.1 
-9 ayu0u JtOU btv XUlUl<lOOOV'tUL u).).oi, 0.2 
Structure of Export by SITC (current prices) ot n:ooootc % twv cruvoki.x,ov rJ;aywywv 
-(0+ 1) l(M>q>Lµu XUL l;(l)vtU'VU l;.<1X1, mn(1 xm XUJtV<)<; 7.9 6.4 5.5 
-2 uxmteym11u 11).tx(1, µl) tl'kilbtµ.<1 d.htJ 5.5 4.9 5.1 
-3 OQUXtc't X(l'\)(JLµ.<1 xm A.LJtUvtLXc't 4.9 4.6 
-4 t;onx(1 xm (fllllLX<'t tMuu xA.Jt. 0.1 0.1 0.l 
-5 XtJµLxt<; Ol)(JLE<; xm mivmpi1 Jtlx,·t:<>vtu 11.2 12 12.9 
-6 µtlUJtOLtJfU:V<l ((yuO(t Jt()\I tU;LV<)ftoilVtm Xll{_)Llll<; µt fVtutJ to 18.8 19.4 
\!ALX<l 
-7 µl)XUVl}µmu xm E;OJtA.UJµt',<; fU'l(l(p()(_)(ilV 17.4 19.4 19 
-8 b1.(1(f)(llXl µEtUJtO\tJflf.V(t EL~l\ 15.2 13.4 13.4 
-9 uyuO(t mn, btv xutut<'.t<J<JOvtm u).).oi, 0.1 
1t(XllfYOuµ£VO t:CO«; = I 00 
Adxn~ i,J&(i,v E;CO'CtQtxou eµxoelou 
-ELouywyt<; 
-E;ayroyt<; 
Etouywy~ xm eiayroyi~ (,:Qixouot:; ,:,µi~) xm btciQ8Q<0011 ,:ou £iCJ)UQ\XO\I t:µxoei.ou xa,:ci SITC (,:Qixovot:~ uµi~): tu 
£µ,tOQLX<l btboµtva &v Jtf.QLA.Ul4}avouv tL<; <'.tµt<Jt<; tJtUVE;(lyroyt<;, to EµJtOQLO llltl\(?tOLO>V X<LL to tµJtOQLO µE EA.tiX)EQtc; 
tu.covtLUxi<; t;WVE<;, xuO«o<; rn:lOl)<; tL<; c'tbttt<; txµttc'1Utoo11<;, ttJV ttxvo~ooi.u ,un tu bmMi>µ<ttu tll(>tomzvi.u<;. Tu 
OtOLXda fbolt;ovtm 010 tLbLx6 tµ,t<>QLx6 oiml)µ<t. Eµ,roeue4 rafnroµ,juE~ -H l:M~tXLXll l11tµ<)')((_)(tttu w11mµ<>Jt0Lti. 
tl\V "(uJ;1,'V6µl\(Jl\ 1tQ<>L6vt<t>V oi,µqxovu µt tl\ Evwvaqµivq OvoµaroJ.oyia. o, Ei'1ayttl)'t,,u1tuylx'tq>ovtm UE tttu':c; FOB, 
µr, XQOVLx6 Ol)µELO uwq,oe(tc; ttJV tJµE(_)(>µtJVlu x<rni tl)V onoi.<t tu Jt(_)(,-.:Ov,:u ti.Otvtm <Jt X'U)(.A.()(f)()(?Ut ITTtJ x<i)l><1. o, 
£f«r"'1'4 X<ttuyQ(1q,ovi:m ot nµe,<; FOB, µE xtX>VLx<> <JtJf.t.ti.o uvuq>OQC't<; ttJV l)µttx>µtJvtu ,uttc't ltJV onotu tu Jt{.X>LOvtu 
bwaxtt;ow tu oiMl{_X1 toll xt><'ttmw;. OL tEMovtutxt<; otutLonxt<; X(.)l\OLµ<>nmoimm yLu tl\V JtUQCLX<>A.oi,C)l\<JTI trnv 
owtxdmv tou t;rntt(?LXoi, Eµ,t<>{_)LO\I. H EUROSTAT L-Xt::L µttut(?t\j,n tu d)VL,u'1 voµt«Jµ<ttu <Jt l'k,Ul{_)ut HIIA µE tl)V 
E<(Xl{_)JU>Ytt tO>V Ell10L«1>V µtomv <JlMLA.Mtyµ<ttL)((i>V u1on1wi>V tou l\LtOvoiw; Noµt.<Jµ<tnxoi, Tuµti.m,. 
136 8 
6 
17.5 
0.2 
13.6 
17.8 
28.9 
8 
5.9 
5.1 
4.2 
0.1 
13.2 
40.4 
18.8 
12.2 1996 
10936 
8M'.\I 
-2!05 
7.1 
4.lJ 
16.9 
0.2 
11.5 
15.4 
35.l 
8.9 
4.S 
4.5 
4.9 
0.1 
12.4 
18.1 
21.2 
12.I 
ES:QTEPIKO EMUOPIO 
AtctQ8QCOOf11:(l)\I ttO'ayroyrov xa,:a XUQtt~ XO>Qt~ (1:Q£XOUO'£~ 'tlµt~) 
loc; Etaleoc; 
2oc; Etaleoc; 
3oc; Etaleoc; 
4oc; EtUlQ<><; 
Soc; ttul(_)O<; 
(1llm 
AtueOecoori ,:(1)\1 t~U.y(lry(i,v xu:tu XUQtf.~ x,,,ur.~ ('tQf'XOU(Jf~ uµi'.~) 
loc; uull><><; 
2oc;ttulL><><; 
3oc; EtUlL><><; 
4oc; EtULQO<; 
Soc; EtalQOc; 
6.llot 
Structure of export by main partners 
in 1996 
CZ 
6.0% 1992 
RU 35 
DE 21 
AT 10.2 
IT 5.7 
PL 3.2 
24.9 
DE 24.4 
RU 16.8 
AT 7.4 
HU 6.9 
IT 5.5 
39 1993 1994 1995 
Hf lto<JO<JtO % tu>V OUIIOAI.XIJIV f.l.O<lYO,YlllV 
CZ 35.9 CZ 29.6 CZ 
RU 19.5 RU 18 RU 
DE 11.4 DE 13.4 DE 
AT 6.2 AT 5.8 AT 
IT 3 IT 4.4 IT 
24 28.8 
or nrnm,nc\ % 101v <111v11Auto1v ,-1;uywyh1V 
CZ 42.4 CZ 37.4 CZ 
DE 15.2 DE 17.1 DE 
AT 5 AT 5.3 AT 
RU 4.7 IT 4.3 IT 
HU 4.5 RU 4.1 PL 
28.2 31.8 
Structure oflrqiortby main pirtncrs 
in 1996 
4.7% DE 
14.5% CZ 
RU 
Structure of export by main partners in 1996 = 6t6.QOQO>Oll tcov cl;aycoyci>v x.ut6. KUQLO'-'<; EtULQ<n~ to 1996 
Structure of import by main partners in 1996 = 6L6.Q0QO>Oll tcov Etaaycoywv x.at6. K'UQLO'-'<; uateo-u<; to 1996 
AT A00tQla IT ltu).lu 
CZ Totxtx.~ 6l}µ.oXQUtla PL Poland 
DE fEQµavla RU Prnatx.~ Oµ.oa:n:ovMu 
HU Ouyyaela 
137 1996 
27.7 CZ 24.5 
16.6 RU 17.7 
14.3 DE 14.5 
5.1 AT 4.7 
4.6 IT 5.9 
31.7 32.6 
34.5 CZ 31 
18.4 DE 21.2 
4.9 AT 6 
4.7 IT 4.9 
4.3 PL 4.8 
33.3 32 
KOINONIKOI AEIKTEl: 
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 
D>.taOvaµo~ "nJV 11J h1vovc1Qi.ov Ill Y.1.AU!hn; 
5271.71 52tJ5.88 5114.15 511<1.5 5356 
Doaoaio iov x>.1)8vaµoi, ,uni, 11).axi.u "tJV I tJ luvoooQi.ov 1995 ,,.. n,""""" ••· 1011 cnM,ALxm, nA,-hw111011 
0-14 u,i,v 22.9 
15 -24 rni,v 16.7 
25 -44 EtO)V 29.9 
45 -64 rni>v 19.7 
65 EtO>V XUL <lV(I) l0.8 
lnNUALXOC;ll{.>LlJi.tbc; 
ftVVTjOtL~ ~ro\''CO,V 78570 74640 73256 66370 
8civcnoL 54621 53423 52707 51386 
8civaioL fleeq>ci>v 
-K<'.m.t> to" 1 etouc; l041 939 779 743 
-rEVVTIOEtc; OvrimyEvci,v 381 357 327 274 
fciµOL 327)4 33880 30771 28155 
ALCl~"'fLCl 7893 8057 8143 8666 
UVII XLAu"thfc; llAT,hNTJUlll 
Axa8UQLO'CO :rioaoaio yuµci,v 6.2 6.4 5.8 5.3 5.1 
AxaOcie,aio xoaoaio b,u~vyi.cov 1.49 1.52 1.53 1.6 1.7 
Doaoaio q,vcnx~ ai,~'la~ 4.5 4 3.9 2.8 
Doaoaio xuOuo~ µnuvc'unrv011~ 0.04 -0.5 0.3 0.9 
l:VVOALXO ffOOOO'CO U\l~t)O~ :rtA1~tUOJIO\J 4.6 3.4 4.2 3.7 
:Evvol.,xo :rtOCJOO"tO yov,µoiq,:u~ 2.05 1.98 1.92 1.66 
Doaoai6 l'etq>LX~ 8V1)0LJ&Ott)tU~ 13.25 12.58 l0.63 11.19 11.0 
Doooaio ffQO(J)Q~ £~ev·t"xti~ 8Vt)CJLµt>tt)'CU~ 4.83 4.76 4.44 4.11 
Deoal>oxcoµtVt) bL«QXELCl ~(I)~ lllltlltTJYtvYIJITTI 
-i\.vbQec; 66.6 68.4 68.3 68.4 
-Puvai.xec; 75.4 76.7 76.5 76.3 
Deoal>oxcoµtVt) bLciQXtLCl ~(I)~ OE TIALXW 65 EtWV 
-i\.vbQEc; 12.7 
-ruvaixec; )~.1 
138 
ArOPAEPrA.l:IA.l: 
1993 1994 1995 1996 
noaoa'tO oucovoµuc11c; bQ«O'tflQlO'tfl't«c; (µrOooo).oyi.a A.OE) nr nonooto % t(l)V lllOIUIIV TJA.LXl.uc; (t\111) tfllV 15 Et(iJV 
62.1 61.7 61.6 61.4 
Mto11 «ff«<JXOAflOfl nr.xtl.u'tllfc; 
2012 1977 2020 2036 
noaoa'to «vreyi.«c; uvu ri).uci.a (µr.Ooho).oyi.u AOI<:) m· noml<1t1\ % tou F{,IYlltLXo,, buvu1uxo,1 
-oi,vo)..o 12.2 13.3 12.8 10.9 
-x<rt<n toiv 2S t:t<irv 26.2 23.5 19.8 
-25 n1i>v xm i'tvrn 10.6 10.5 9.1 
Ka'tayryQ«µµivri avr.Qyi.u ('ti).oc; 'tflc; :rtr.Qlobou) Of' lt.<HJOHtcl 'if, tou OLXOVl>llLX<t l'V1'(.>YOlJ JT.k1i(hH1110,, 
14.4 14.8 11.1 
1993 1994 1995 
Adxnc; µfot1c; «1.mf\oµl'Vflc; (l:rt(HJXOAflOrtc; X(t't(l 't(t;nc; NACE llt><ll1Y01'11u-vo i-toc, = IIM) 
-rE<llQYLH, Ot'1QH, bWJOXOJll(( xm HA.Lfl(( 85.1 87.7 93.2 
-OQ1r,(EL<t xm A.<1toµd.<1 81 88.6 95.6 
-Mnurcm lJUXE<; J{LOµtJx<tvi.E<; 94.3 101.4 
-fluQuyrnyit xm bwvoµit lJA.EXtQLxitc; EVEQYELU<;, qi11mxo1, UEQi.011 xm 99.6 98.l 
ooatoc; 
-KatUOXEUE<; 87.3 95.2 
-MEtu<poQ6., arcoOitxrnalJ xm ErtLXOL vwvi.u 96.7 97.5 
Adxnc; µflvmi.rov ovoµaanx(l)V aµotfl(l)V xm µLa8rov xa'tci 'ta;uc; NACE 
-rErnQyi.a, OitQu, 6uaoxoµta xm UA.Leta 109.8 l 13.9 112.4 
-OQ\JXl:fa XUL A.UlOµELU 118.8 113.9 116.8 
-MnartOLl)nxec; ~LoµtJxuvtE<; 119.8 118.3 116.2 
-IlaQUY(t)Yll xm bwvoµit tJA.EXtQLXll<; EVEQycutc;, qi11mxo11 <LEQi.011 xm 129.3 112.9 113 
il<')moc; 
-Kutuaxn,ec; 119.R 117.5 115.2 
-Mnwp<>l><'t. 1mo011xn,otJ x<u crctxmvrnvtu 123.5 121.3 116.7 
Ar.i.xnc; µflvmi,,,v uµmj\,i,v xm µtoOci1v 
-OVOJULOUXOL 118.4 117 114.3 
-1tQH'YJUlUXOL 96.4 l03 104.4 
noaoO'to otxovoµuct1c; bQUO'tflQlO'tfl't«c; (µi8oho).oyia AOE): rto<m<n<', 101, r,t>yunxoi, b1rvuµtxoi1 oto ouvoA.txo rc)..TJ(h,oµl> 
moµrnv f!A.Lxtuc; ct'VU> tll)V 15 f.t(I)V. Alrt<'> to j[()(J()(Jt(') rtL>OX11JttEL (at() tl)V EE.A (EQl'll'Vll f{)YILtlXOil ()ll'V(tµtxoi,). µe fx'mtJ 
1011<; (lX()A.01l0011c; OQLIJJtoi,c; xm IJll(Jt(.t<JEL<; t01160E: 
E(!yaruco 6vvaµuco: arcuoxowi,µevm xm (1veeym xut(t tl)v tvvmct t11>V mtQ«tx(mo OQL<Jµ<i>v tou 60E. 
A1raaxo).ovµvo,: 6)...u ta 6.toµa lJ"'Lxtuc; 15 nu>V xm 1'.tV11>, tu orcotu, xat<'.t llJ bu't()XELU tl)<; rtf.QL6bou UVU<J>OeU<;. 
EQYOO'tlJ?«lv touMxtatov µta ci>Qa evavtL µw8ou ~ 6.UtJ<; aµot~~c; we; umilltJA.OL, ErtL'.)(ELQtJµattE<;, µtllJ <JUVEtaLQLOµcirv ~ 
<J'\lµf3olJ0ouvm µtA.lJ mxoyevEtac;. faiµrtEQLMIµl3avovtm tu µtA.lJ twv ev6rc)..wv f>w<'.tµeoov xm m ywatxec; rcou j3Qtaxovtm 
OE af>eLU µljtQ()tl)tac;. 
Jlnqyo,: 6).a ta 6.toµa lJ"'Lxtac; 15 ft(I)V XUL OVIO, tu orcoi.u rc)..lJQOUV tam6XQOVC1 XUL touc; tQEL<; 6QOuc; tO'U oXEtLXOU 
OQLOµou tO'U 60E, ~tOL: (i) f>EV £XO'UV EQ'(UOLO· (ii) uvuttJto'UV EVEQ'YO. EQY<10LU· xm (iii) ELVUL etOLµu vu avu>.f.$ow 
EQyaata µtau OE eva f>excmEvOitJ.lEQO. 
Itl) Iwj3uxLx~ 6l)µoxQUtlu, lJ EE6 f>Ev rtEQLA.aµfx'.tveL tu c'noµu rcoti extEA.Ouv 'UrtOXQE<OtLx~ OtQ<.rttmnxit 0l)tElu X<.tL tu 
atoµu rtO'U ~O\l'V OE µl) Lf>LCOtLXO. VOLXOX11QLC'.t (f>l)Mtf>it tOV rtA.TjOooµ.6 011Uoytxci>V auµl:kci>oECt>V). 
noooo'to «nQyi.ac; (µr8ooowyia A.OE): -rcoooot6 t<ov 11VF.f!'f'llv OTO EQYutLx«> buvuµtx«'l. Am<'> to rcoaoot6 rtl)Oxim:tEL wto tl)V 
EEA ({'.(_)nl'VIL t(_lyunxo11 b1l'VILJUX011), µt' f\i'tHlJ tm,c; ux(,)..01~)01,c; ovw1to1,c; xm IJll(Jt(wru; t011 AOE (f')..btr o(_lwµoi,c; 1011 
AOE mtl_)(m/tvrn) 
l:ttt l:M>f'><1xtxi1 /\tUU)Xl_)(Lti.<t, yut 7ll_)(txnxm·,c; )i,ym,c;, w 1ul.1u1vu hrv ctvtunmxoirv om llJU't><>A.oyun«'t 1vi.1u1V<1, 11U<'1 
<tQXL~Oll'V tv<t ftttV<t ,u-1<'t. Tu <'m>1m mn, rxtr)..oirv 11noxvn,mxi1 otl_)(ttwmxi1 Ot1trl.<t brv 11111.utt'.(_)LMLftWtvovtm otm,c; 
umwxo)..(ii1µrV<n1c;. Avti.Onu, 11111mt'{_)LA.1LJ4'><'1vovtm OL y1rv11i.xrc; one; onotrc; i'.xn X<>l_llJYt1ld mtl><'mt<Jl) tl)<; <'1buuc; 
µl)tlX'nl)tW;. 
MF-Ofl (l:IIU«JXOAf10'1 )(CU hdx,:rc; µi·oric; «µnl\f>JU"VflS u:rmoxc'1b1011c; )(U'tc't 't(tl;nc; NACE: let mmxrl.ct yut l:OV rmxnt_>llfUltLX<'> 
101u':u xu)...,'11nmrv <'1A.1n,c; w,,c; ovyuvw1wi,c; (0111mrl_)LA.ct14'i<1vo11i-v111v t111v ouyctvw1ui,v 1w,, ummxo)..oirv 1u·xt_>L 24 
1m:<1A.A.ttA.01,c;, xu01iic; xm rXtLlllllJl'luv yut tm,c; qtrt(\><n,c; xm 1:01,c; 11m1Ui1Nn,c; w1,c;). Tu <'no1u1 n011 l:xmrv xm i'lr1rtq_>tl 
139 12.8 
1996 
91.8 
I03.9 
98 
101.2 
97.4 
98.2 
112.7 
108.8 
114.4 
1 IO.I 
I 16.5 
I 11.8 
113.3 
107.2 
eQY<l<Ji.u <TUf.UtEel.Mlµtx'.tvovtm. OL tvoxuc; huv(1µ.eLc;, m µc1011tE\'6µ.EVOL XC.lL m ,m:all11>.0L mm f\Q(mu.>vtm <JE <'1ht::tu 
J11JtQC>t1Jt<1c; 11 touc; £XEL XOQ1JY1JOd mxQ<'.ttU<Jl) t1J<; (1&u1c; J11JtlX>t11tuc; uxo,w:(ovtm. 
Kcno.yeyQ«J&f'eV1J o.ncr,lo. (d1o~ '11'-j 2teQL66ov): XC.lt<IYEYlX1µµ£vrJ U'V£ltyl.u OE Jt(}(J(l<Jt<> m( tmc; t.i«m'> -t.">«mx1tu1lo mxJ<xm'> 
tOO'V ,wtaYEYQClµ.µevrov UVE(!YOOV OE <JXEOTJ µe to µ11 <JtQUtl.O)tLx6 OLXO'V(>µtx<'1 EVEtty0 :n:>..riOuoµc'>, µe fxun1 tt) 
6eLyµ.ato>..tprnx11 EQ£'U'Ya eQYOtLXO\J b'lMlµtxo,,. To m)(JO(Jt0 <1VEQY(uc; u1ro).oy(<JtlJX£ yu1 to 1994 µe f\<'1011 tov mxo'V(>µtxc'1 
EVF.{!Y6 x>..1J()ooµ.6 mm XC1A'i!Xt£t<lL wt6 to Lool;uyto f{tyUtLxo,, blM!µtxo,, yw to hoc; 1992. Am'> to 1995 f:lm,U;,nm ,nov 
mxovoµtxa EVF.{!Y0 x>..l)(h!0µ.6 (t.EM) yu1 to 3tlXl1JYOi1Ju:vo hoc; Km <Jtov <1l)t0µl> t11iv <1vt'{_ry11,v mm £XOW xatuylxuprt 
<m6 tu yguq>tf.<1 dl(_lf.OTJ<; r.eYm1f.<1c;. 
Aebcu~ J'fJVLO.lCO\I o.µot(\ciw xcu µtoOciw: OL hdKt1cc; J11JVUL((l,v K(Hlypal'&Kowu1u1t.f~i,v xm 1u.u(ki,v 3tlK>Ki1mmrv um', 111 hwtprm1 
t(l)'V hi!L'K.t(i>V tCIIV axa0a(JUTrftW0'V()JU1<JtL')((i)'V UfUILf~i,v ')((ll 1u.cJ()<j,v JU' to hdKtl) lOU x<'Hmn,c; ~111i1c;. Tu (JtOL)(l'LU yu1 l0V 
£XLX£LQ'11µ<mxc'1 toµ.{.<1 ')((t>..,·,,rnmv 6>..ouc; touc; Ol,Y<lVLCJJmi,c; mm u:n:uoxo>..o,rv J.U'Xl,IL 24 11:n:ull.11>..m,c;, ')((tOci,c; ')((LL l'XlLltt)Ol'L<; 
yw to-uc; EJ11tOtX>l,c;, <JUflltf.QLMlµlxlVOµt,'V(a)V £'XtLJ111<Jl!(l)V yu1 tot,c; q_ryuto,uvm,c; mm UXU<JXOMll'IVlm (l:n:() EJ13t<')l>m,c; (t'Xt<'>c; 
tmv EXLX£LQ11µ<LtL')((i>V tu1<x>1Jµc'1tmv). Tu <.ttoµc1 mm txow ')((LL ht'illq_>1J q_,yuo(u <J'llflltEQLM1µfi(1vovtm. Ot evox>..t::c; 
btM'.lµeL~ 0L µ.aOt)tt,'6µ.EVl>L xm OL ,w.tll.11>..<n mm f\Q((J')(()vt(lL <JE (1&u1 JA.1JtlXlt1JlU<; 11 touc; £XEL XOQ1JYTJ0d X<(lX'tt<UJlJ t11c; 
ab£L(l(; J11Jt¢t1Jt<l<; (lXOXAdovtm. 
140 
XPHMATOOIKONOMIKOl: 
TOME.AI; 
1990 1991 1992 1993 1CJCJ4 1995 191)(, 
Noµ,oµ«tLxa µeyi8t1 /\1.11rx,no1q111(_11.11 ( ll>"'J) 
-Noµwµ.cmx6 µtyEOoc; M 1 
-0LOVEL XQ~µa 4.12 5.02 5 45 
5.48 7.06 
l:VVOALXU Clff08£µ«tC1 (f>EV :ltEQL>.«µfJ«vttClL O XQUOOS,l ___ ......_ ____ _.___bmo~jpui(To~i,or,~iTiiIA _ _.J ____ J ___ _:__:_ 7 62 
ElUllOl1j1llQU1 (I ()A6) IIIIA 
tt>.os ttJS :itee,ooou > 
Mio« PQ«XUffQC>Otoµ« m,toxm 
-E3tLt6XLO &xvewµo,, 
-E3tL tOXLO X<LtU0£0E(l)V 
E:iti.otJµo :itQot\oq>>.tJtLxo mnox,o (tO.os ttJS :it£Qtooou) 
l:vvci>.>.«yµcittxis ,oottµi.ts boi.uei.ou HUA 416 
%rnx \IO 
14.41 
R.02 
I USD= ... SKK 1691 3364 
14.56 15.64 
9.32 9.01 
12.00 9.75 
Mfooc; 6eoc; ttt<; 1tEQL()('}()ll 30.77 32.045 29.711 
T£).oc; ttt<; 1tEQL6b011 
l:vvd).ciyµuuxis ,oot,µi.ts ECU 
Meooc; 6QOc; ttt<; 1t£Qt6bou 
Tt).oc; ttt<; 1tEQL6bou 33.202 31.277 
I ECU= ... SKK 
36.032 38.118 
37.043 38.472 
Noµ,oµut,xti µtyi8t1: Xe,jµa (Ml): 1tEQLM1µtx'ivEL tL<; xmuOtuuc; 6'4'Ern<; xm to v6µwµ<1 (xg~µu) n:ou ~i.oxnm tl;rn cm6 nc; 
tQ<'mEl;ec;. Otot'Ei xu,jµa: llEQLMlµfx'lvtL nc; rcQO(lEoµtuxec; X<ltUOEOEL<;, tu; xatuOooeu; tUµL£Utl1Qi.o,, XUL tL<; ')(.(lt<lOecmc; <JE ;tvo v6µtoµa. H EUR OST AT EXEL µetutQE'\jJEL tu eOvtxa voµLoµatu oe &>Mew HilA E(fl(lQ~ovtuc; tL<; £~LE<; 
ouvallayµattxec; toot,µ{.£<; t&uc; 1tEQL6bou tou ~LEOvou<; NoµtoµatLxou Taµei.ou. 
l:vvo>.,xa «ffo8iµ«t« (6tv :ittQL>.«µIKlvnci, o xeuoos, ti>.os ttJS :ittQLobou): o, 0tatL0ttxec; yw ta mi.0ttµa ouvwJ,.uyµat,xa 
ano8eµata ).aµfJavovtm an:6 tL<; µTfVL<llec; bl.£0vetc; XQttµatootxovoµtxec; 0tatL0ttxec; (AXI) tou ~-Ta OUVOA.Lx« 
ano8eµata (µtt 1tEQLMIµl3avoµtvou tou XQOOOu) OQll;ovtm roe; to ouvo>..o toov ~evo>V voµtoµlm11V (owallayµa) n:ou 
xattxouv OL xtvtQLXEc; tQ('mEl;ec; XUL toov >..olJtc.irv (axaOaQL0toov) cmaL~EWV evavtL µTl µ6vtµoov xatOL')(.(!)V 11µ.t:.bcxmic;. 
Aut6c; o OQL0µ.6c; WtOXA.ELEL tL<; WtclL~OEL<; EVUvtL µ6vtµoov X<ltOL')(.(l)V 11µ.e&m~c; 1tOU £Xq)Q('ll;ovtm OE ;tvo v6µwµa. 
Iuµ.qx.t)V(l µe tov OQL0µ.6, ta t1tl0ttµa ouvallayµ<mxa U1t00eµma wro)..oytl;ovtm µe ~10tt ttc; cruvull.ayµcmxec; LO<mµ{.Ec; 
')(.(IL tLµtc; tttc; ayO(Xlc;. 1tOU L<JX'llOUV <JtO tEA.O<; ttt<; 'U3t() ~EtU<JTt 1tEQLOOoll. Tu <JUVOA.L')(.{1 cmoOeµatu (µtt 1tEQLMlµtxlvoµtvou 
tOU XQOOOU) 1tOU 011!.IO<JLEOOvtm Otte; tJC.I µ1tOQEl V(l bwq4>ow wt6 tu ITTOLXELU 1tOU bttµo<JL£UOvtUL wt6 tLc; £0vi.xec; 
UQxec;. MEQLXOL 7tUQ<1YOvt£<; n:ou ou~1).)..ouv ITTTIV eµq><'.tvLott mOuvorv bw<(X){_xirv ei V<n tt ~LOM'>Yll<Jtt tttc; U1tOOEµutLx~c; 
Oe0tt<; Oto Taµei.o ')(.(ll Tl hLU(f)OQEtLXll UvtLµEt(1)1tUJTt t(J)V (11t(ll t~<J£(1)V OE µTl µetut()E'\JJLJ.1.(1 voµL<Jµ<ltU. 29.569 
38.865 
38.861 
Mio« Pe«xun:Q08toµu m,toxur.: tu bd><>µf,V<t 1..uµlic'1V<>vtm um'> ttc; µTIVLulec; hu.-<>vdc; X()ttlumx>L')(.(>Voµtxkc; mcnumxec; (~XI) 
tou ~--Ta µtou fX>uX'mt><'>Oeoµ<t em t<'>xw buvetaµi>,, X<tL X<1tuOtoernv <UfX>lX>'ll'V touc; µE<Kmc; 6(.xmc; tttc; 7tE(?L<K)ou. Ta 
Dfl'r0#la «tt'ElUµov UvtLITTOL)(OUV yevtx<'t ITTU µf,cm otLt()XLU 1tOU X()E(t)VOvt<lL YUL tu MVELU 1tOU XOQTIYO'\MUL wt6 tL<; 
tQ('mEl;ec; n:ou m~,,v 0tmxd.u. Ta mirOHia 1'arafJiu£ow uvtt0tmxo1,v mu µtou E1ttt6xtu xutuOeoEC1rv 6'j,aoc; X<lL 
nQC>OtoµLCl')(.(O'V mtuOe<JEWV ~ 0tu µtau E1ttt6xtu 1tQOOeoµtu')(.(t)'V mtuOtowrv. Am(1 tu mLt6xtu µn:oQEi w µTIV El.vat 
wt6A.'U'ta OuyxQL<JLµu µetu;u tCOV £1tLµE{_)()'U<; xrnQ<i>v, ITTO fkt0µ.6 ITTOV 01tOLO Tl UvtL1tQ00<01tE'U'tLXll ~tu tO)V tQCutcl;cirv 
avaq,oeac; X<lL ta OUOt~J.l.(ltU Ota0µLOTt<; 1tOLXLA.A.OUV. 
l:vvci>.>.«yµ«tLxis ,aot,µi.ts bo>.«elou HUA: auva).>..uyµuttxec; LOOtLµi.E<; tou ~teOvo,,c; Noµ,oµut,xou Tuµetou, 6xcoc; 
XUQOOOtal;ovtm ot11v txboott: "Statistiques FinanciOres lnternationales". 
141 3419 
13:!2 
(1 18 
X XO 
30t>q 
31.895 
40 097 
39.96-t 
UAH00Pll:MOl: (µna~oU~ at bt«O"'tt)µa 12 µ11vrov) 
nooocmata µttafx>A.TJ trnv 6 TK xmu tov tQtxov-iu J1TJVU OE oxtoll µ£ tov uv-it<nmxo µ.l)va tou XQOtfYOUµtvou ttouc; (t / t-12) 
lav. 4'£(\Q. M«tQ-r. A:itQ. M«LOc; lo\J'VLOc; lo\Jl.Loc; Avy. 
1993 17.6 19.4 20.3 21.6 22.0 23.6 23.9 26.0 
1994 16.4 15.2 14.7 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.6 12.3 
1995 11.7 11.5 11.3 11.3 11.0 10.6 l0.9 9.8 
1996 6.5 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.3 5.5 5.6 
Inflation (% change of CPI) 
30.0 
25.0 
20.0 
15.0 
10.0 
5.0 
0.0 
~ ... 
Ill 
~ ~ ij 
~ 
Inflation(% change of CPI)= 1 n .. tJOrnQL<Jµ<'>c; (µ.nu(-\o).ll % tm, ATK) 
Jan-93 = lav.-93 
Mar= Mt'lQt. 
May= Matac; 
Jul= Iou>... 
Sep= Imt. 
Nov=Not~. 
Jan-94 = lav. -94 
Jan-95 = lav. -95 
Jan-96 = Iav. -96 l,;r.,n. Ox-r. Noiµ(\Q. Acx. 
27.1 26.3 25.6 25.0 
12.2 12.1 11.7 11.6 
8.8 7.9 7.5 7.2 
5.1 5.3 5.3 5.4 
DAH8QPII:MOI: (µ.ual'e>Uc; CJ£ l>L«CJ'tf)~ 12 µ.f)'Vrov): ta xooootu :JtA.l)0<0QWµ.oi, (µttafx>A.tc; OE bLUotl)µ.a 12 µ.l)vwv) 
ouvtotav-im Otl)V xoaoatu1tu µttafk>A.TJ t<ov 6TK xm(1 tov tQtxov-iu µl)vu <JE <JXEOT) µ£ tov av-itotOLXO µ.l)va tou 
XQ01fYO'l>µtvo11 ttouc;. Tu xo<mot(1 :JtA.l)Orneu1µ.o,, f\uoU;,ov-im mm,c; E0vLxo,,c; ATK, OL oxotOL l>Ev ELV<lL ux6)..ma 
<J1l"('KQ(OLJ10L O'\ltE µ.Et<tl;'\! trnv E:JtLµ.E(_Xlll<; tmO'\jllJIJ>L(l)V xrn(_><i>V O'\lll: µE lO\l<; EVUQJU.lVL<Jµ.EVO\l<; 6dxt1:.c; TLµ<1>V 
KutuvuXcotl) tl)c; EE (XQtJHLµ.<moh1ul) bLmpol_)EtLxo>v µ.r.Oohmv, Ewmciw xm :Jt(_><tXtLx<i>v yu1 tov ,,xo)..oyw1u'> tmv 
6TK). Tu <nmxdu 11:n;o}.oytt,ov-im uxo 1011c; ATK mm 11:n;oj-\(1)..)..m,v m rOvLxfc; ntcttwnxtc; 11:Jtl)Qt<Jfrc;. 
142 
\ 
BIOMHXANIA 
1993 19')4 1995 1996 
A,aQ8ecoo11 iou AEnn xat«i OLXOVOfUX£~ beacn:11etot11n~ (NACE, tQ£XOUfft~ HF Jt<XJ<llTtO 'Ii tnu 11>udkl(_11.11to11 f'f.(li~m ltlXl°U'lvt~ 
'tLJU~) 
-Oguxetu xm Autoµdu I 0.9 I 
-Mt:tUl'tOLl)tLXE<; r1w11TJxuvl.u; 24.6 24.) 2B 
-llueuyrnyri xm c"lu1vo11ri lJA.f.Xtl_)txric; a:vi-.l_)ynw;, <r,11<1tK011 uq,i.011 Km {lc"l<tt()(; ).6 J.5 4.2 
Ar.i.xt~ oyxou l\tOJ&TIXUVLX1J~ JtUQctY(l)Y~ xcnci tc't;n~ NACE ltlllllNOl~Uvo itoc, 1m 
-l:il'VOM> 96.2 !04.9 1mu 
-OQ1,x1:lu xm Mnoµdu 79.9 %.7 98.5 
-Metul'tml)tLKE<; fkoµtJx<tvi.tc; xx 101.5 108.7 
-IlUQUYO>Y'l xm hu1voµri tJUXtl_)Lxt\c; cvtl_)ycu1c;, qmmKoi1 <tt:l_)i.011 Km ilc"l<noc; 121 115.9 97.5 
1993Ql 1993Q2 1993Q3 1993Q4 1994Ql 1994Q2 1994Q3 
Ad.xi~ oyxou ~L01,&11X«vtx15 2iaeayroy~ xaiti tti;u~ NACE uvti.utOLX'I It~ tou lt()O'IYOU!lEVOU ttouc; = 100 
-Iuvo>..o 91 89 90 102 105.7 107.8 
-OQUXEi.a xm >..moµel.u 97 92 91 99 93.4 106.9 
-MEtUl'tOLlJtLXE<; ~LOµl)XUVLE<; 81 82 86 99 102.7 102.3 
-Il<LQUYOOY'l KUL btuvoµt\ l)A.EKlQLXlJ<; EVEQYELU<;, CJ)OOLKOil UEQl.01' KUL 102 90 90 115 I JO.I 120 
00<.noc; 
1995Ql 1995Q2 199SQ3 1995Q4 1996Ql 1996Q2 1996Q3 
11vti.t1tnL)'.T1 JtF{lUlh<~ mu lt(.lllTNoi~u-vo11 i-tm,,; = I 00 
J05.7 J09.4 101).5 108.5 !07.1 99.8 
78.M JOJ.2 102.2 111.6 112 J05.X 
106.7 I07.7 109 111.4 J06.4 100.7 
95.7 95.9 1()(1.) 98.) 115.9 99.9 
At«Q8Q<OCJTI ,:ou AEyxn xa,:ci OLXOVOfUX£~ l>eacn:11e,oi11n~ (NACE, ietxouat~ uµt~): lJ «"IUl{>0l_)(l)0l) l011 AEyxl I K(lt({ 
o,xovoµi.xtc; b(.)uotl)QL6tl)tE<; (NACE) 11xo>..oyl~tm ot: ~,µt, O'V1'TE.A.Etnm ,raqayo,y,g. Tu cnmxetu yu1 m,uyµevo 
el.ooc; ~<rtl)QL6tl)tac; exq>Q('.tl;ovtm µE bti.Ktl) 1tQOOn0tµeVl)c; u~im;. Ito1,c; ti.tM>1,c; "r" xm "E" µ6vo yw EltLXEL(.)llOEL<; µe 
25 X<lL ,tf.QLOOOtEQO,,c; EQYat;oµtvo,,c;. 
Aelxi~ oyxou Pt0J&11X«Vuc1K ff«Q«yroy~ xa,:ti ,:ci;e,~ NACE: ll ~µ1JXU'VI.X11 :rrueuyrnyt\ xa)..i,,rm tL<; El;OQUKtLx!c; xa, 
MltoJU,,c,ic; bQ<lotllQWlll~ tL<; µE"tWtOLt)tL,c,ic; (koµl)Xavf£c; X<lL tl)V 3t<lQOX'l TJA.EXtQLX11<; E'YEQYEW<;, (l)'\)CJl,XOU n£eloU X<lL 
,'&toe; (<J'Uf1(1l(t)V(l µe to,,c; th>..ouc; r, !!,. xa, E tl)<; ovoµato)..oytac; NACE). Tu <rto,xef.a xa>..1JITTouv llJ crovo>..Lx11 
~l,LlJX(l'VI.X,\ ruie<1'YOJ'f11, Ouµ.,tEQLM1µ'3clvoµivo>v EXtLµ,\oEOOV yw tLc; EltLXEI.QlJO'EL<; l'tOU rutcl<JXOAOUV µ£XQL 24 'U1tallt\A.O,,c; 
xa, yw to,,c; Eµlt6Qo,,c;. o, &bnec; yw to,,c; xMoouc;. mot6oo, xa>..1JITTouv µ.6vo tL<; EltLX£LQ1J<mc; µe 25 t\ XE.QLOo6tEQO,,c; 
umll11>..o,,c;. 
YDOAOMH 
};,f>11eol>Q01,&LXO bi.xtuo 
l:t6T1QOl>QOµLXE~ J&t'tUlflOQE~ 
-µtt<L((XlQE<; qmo~i.:11µ/nwv 
-µEtU((X>QE<; EXLfi(rni>V 
Ae,8po~ xa,:obcrov av«i 
«~oxi to 1991 1995 
15 15 75 15 15 
Hr 11'11to1q111{_11Al tt',vm,,;lx 1.111u·tL1LX01,,; rn"\,'n, c, 
12236 1)674 
4548 41 IO 
247 256.6 267.5 284 301 
XUtOLXOL 
5.8 5.6 5.3 ~-4 5.3 
143 l01.9 
106.9 
IOJ.I 
I05.H I 
21.1 
4 
102.5 
106.4 
102.9 
l05.J 
1994Q4 
107 
99.5 
101.8 
117 
1996Q4 
101.6 
1oi.1 
101.9 
9H.J 
rEQPrIA 
1992 1993 1994 199S 1996 
Ebaq,unj ix,:uori x«,:u x«'tflYOQi.tc; XQ110'flS Y'IS (If X1.A.u'1/\1 t; l'.l(t(l(_)Ul 
-a{tvOA.O 4904 4904 4904 4904 4904 
-yEmQyLx~ Yll 2447 2446 2446 2446 
-Mall 1990 1991 1992 1992 
-UQOtQULES yui.es 1509 1486 1483 1483 1479 
-µovqill Atj3<'lbtu xm fk>ax(nomn 8IO 831 835 835 839 
f'EO>QYLX11 Yfl x«,:ci voµLXO x«8EO'tO)S <1r n.<)(JO<Jt6 % n1c; yn,l(_lyun'i<; YTI<; 
-XQUtLX~ EltL)(ELQlJOlJ 22.5 22.3 
-O\tvEtULQLaµol 69.5 69.2 
-(tA.A.l] 8 8.5 
1992 1993 1994 199S 1996 
MtQi.b,o 1:ou AEnn <Jf noooot6 % mu 11x110<1(_)wtou ,:yz,iJQwu nlx>"wvtoi; 
-frn>Qylu, O~Q<-1. buaoxoµi.u xm UALELU (Nace A+B) 6.6 6.6 5.6 5.2 
lT{XlTfY01'l!LfVO ftO<; = 100 
AEi.xnc; oyxou «x«8ciQLO,:f1S yE0>Qyix11c; :n:«Q«yroyitc; 92 102.6 JOO.I I02 
KuQLES x«ULiQyELES µE IJ<io'I 1:riv ix,:«o'I <Jf XLku'ihri; fXt<'1eu1 
-bt]µl]tQLUX<l 808.6 844.9 873.8 856.8 813.6 
ex twv oxoi.wv: ai. tos 354.4 398 442.9 437.8 417.5 
-:rtat<ltES 51 47 41 41 41 
-~U)(UQ6tEutA.U 45 33 34 35 43 
-Xtl]VOtQO(f)LXU tE'\rtA.<1 7 7 7 7 7 
KUQLES xa).).LEQYElES µE jJUOfl 'tfl'V :7t«Q«YffiY11 (a:n:oboo11) m: rxm6xLA<1 / t'.l\ti'l(_)I.O 
-bl]µl]tQLUX<l 44.2 37.3 42.3 40.7 41.6 
EX to>V o:n:olwv: at tos 47.9 38.4 48.4 44.3 42.5 
-:itatatES 128 182 96.3 106.7 
-~axaQ6tEutAa 294.7 338.7 331.9 336.9 
-Xtl]VOlQO(f)LXU tE'lltA.(1 379.7 436.2 382.1 409.1 
1992 1993 1994 199S 1996 
Ilro).t)O'ELS 1) ffQOµrt8EL« ~(l)(J)V µE :ltQOOQLO'µC> 'tfl'V O(fl(1Y11 of. XLku'!ht:i; tovoui; fl<'1l1oui; ~oMo,; !;,olOu 
-)(OLQOL 235.1 212.2 205.4 202.2 210.2 
-fk>oELO~ 172 170.4 122.1 108.3 110.6 
-3tO\lA.EQLXU 54 59.2 67.8 67.9 
'Ev,:«ori EX'tQOffl11S ~ro,xou XE(fl(l).«i.ou (,:O.oc; 1:11c; :7tEQLObou) Heads per 1000 Ha of agricultural land 
-fk}OELc)~ 411 379 384 369 
ex twv o:n:otwv: ayEA<il>es 160 149 147 139 
-xQ6f3ata 170 164 177 173 
Heads per I (JOO Ha of arable land 
-XOLQOL 1475 1380 1400 1350 
EX twv oxoi.wv: OtJA.UXot xoi.QOL 112 107 109 
ALUQ8Q0>0'11 ,:ou AEnD xa,:u OLXOVOµLxic; bQUO'tflQLO'tflUS (NACE, 1:QEXOUOES nµic;): l1 bt(t{_><)Q<tl<Jl] tern AEyxll xut(t 
mxovoµtxes OQ<10llJQL6tl]tES (NACE) llJto}..oyi.l;,ctm OE riµi~ uvndcunf,v 1ral)ayary,j~. Tu <JtOL)(ELU yw EJtLAeyµtvo 
Elbos bQUatl]QL6tl]tUS EX(f)Q<l~OvtUL µe bEi.Xtl] 3t{_)()<JtL0EµEVlJS ul;i.us. 
144 
Adx,:e~ oyxov axaOueun:~ yt:0>ey1.x~ ,meayCJry~: TJ uxu(){ieumi ywl{_>yLXlJ xutx1yorf11 . £XE1. \ntoM>yL<JtEL fx'um tm, 
uxuO<ieu1to\l xt'Y>W.m E(_)Yuouirv OE t(?EXO\l<Jt<; tLµ{<;. 0 bdxtT)<; ywl{_>yLXll<; Jt<l(_><1y1trf11<; muvtl3t<lM>y~tm OE <Jtu0ret<; t1.µ{·<; 
1989. 
145 

Slovak Republic 
1994 
N Coun~ boundary 
N Main railway line 
Ferry connection 
/\/ Motorway 
N National road, Double lane 
AV National road 
N Principal road 
N Main navigable waterway 
lnfraslruoue data not available for UA 
Selected major settlements: 
(1 000 Inhabitants) 
O 200.; 250 
• 250-500 
 500-1000 
 >1000 
General lnfonnatl~n about the country: 
Age groups (In years): 
c=l <15 .. 15-85 .. >86 
Living standard (In 1993): ECU 1 749 
(CID.Pperoaplta) 
Area: 49 036 km• 
Administrative regions: 4 
Population: 5 356 200 
8lnoe 1tN: I lldmnlllrlllYe reglona (71 clltrkltll) 
louroe: 8lllllllloal Ollloe of the 8loYlk Alpubllo 
Oallagraphyandgeogniphlo lnfllnndon ~(11800 
0 25 ?Slan 
~ 


ISSN 0254-1483 
COM(97) 2004 'tEALXO 
ErrPA<I>A 
GR 11 01 06 
AgL0. xatatiwoyou CB-C0-97-384-GR-C 
ISBN 92-78-22971-7 
Y 1tflQEOLa EmariµCJJv Ex.(')<>OErnv 1:wv Eu0m1tui:x.<i>v Kmvo1:ri1:<ov 
L-2985 Aou;Eµpougyo 
/f4}-