KOMMISSIONEN FOR DE EUROPÆISKE FÆLLESSKABER 
Bruxelles, den 23.02.1998 
KOM(1998) 96 endelig udg. 
Forslag til 
RÅDETSAFCtøRFJ^F 
om Det Europæiske Fællesskabs undertegnelse af en protokol til De Forenede Nationers 
rammekonvention om klimaændringer 
(forelagt af Kommissionen) 

Begrundelse 
Rådet bemyndigede den 4. februar 1991 Kommissionen til på Fællesskabets vegne at 
deltage i forhandlingerne om en konvention om klimaændringer og eventuelle dertil 
knyttede protokoller1. 
De Forenede Nationers rammekonvention om klimaændringer blev undertegnet af 
Fællesskabet og alle dets medlemsstater i juni 1992 og blev ratificeret af Fællesskabet 
ved en afgørelse af 15. december 19932. 
Partskonferencens første møde blev afholdt i Berlin 28. marts - 7. april 1995. Her vedtog 
parterne at indlede en proces, der tillod partskonferencen at træffe foranstaltninger for 
tiden efter år 2000, bl.a. ved i en protokol eller et andet retligt instrument at skærpe 
forpligtelserne for parterne i klimakonventionens bilag I. Der blev nedsat en åben ad hoc-
gruppe af parter, som skulle aflægge beretning om arbejdets udvikling på 
partskonferencens andet møde. 
Denne ad hoc-gruppe for det såkaldte Berlin-mandat har siden holdt møde otte gange. 
Forhandlingerne - på områder henhørende under Fællesskabets kompetence - blev ført i 
overensstemmelse med de forhandlingsdirektiver, Rådet havde opstillet den 4. februar 
19913, og i overensstemmelse med Rådets konklusioner om klimaændringer, hvoraf de 
seneste blev vedtaget af Rådet (miljø) den 3. marts , den 19. juni og den 16. oktober 
1997. Protokollen blev vedtaget på partskonferencen i Kyoto, Japan, den 1. - 10. 
december. 
Selv om protokollen i sin endelige udgave ikke er så ambitiøs som EU's 
forhandlingsmålsætninger, er forhandlingsresultaterne alligevel positive for det globale 
miljø. De er endvidere i overensstemmelse med fællesskabsretten og forenelige med de 
ovennævnte rådskonklusioner. Fællesskabet bør også spille en fremtrædende rolle med 
hensyn til undertegnelsen. Det vil derfor være i Fællesskabets interesse at kunne 
undertegne protokollen hurtigst muligt efter åbningen for dens undertegnelse den 16. 
marts 1998, i New York. Protokollen vil forblive åben for undertegnelse indtil den 15. 
marts 1999. Hvad angår de følgende skridt, skal Protokollen ratificeres, accepters eller 
godkendes af parterne i Konventionen. Forslag til en Rådsbeslutning af konklusionen vil 
blive fremsendt af Kommissionen i rette tid. 
I lyset af de offentliggjorte tilkendegivelser fra øvrige nøgledeltagere, er det allerede klart 
at en global implementering er afhængig af yderligere fremskridt i den kommende 
årrække, og ikke mindst om emner såsom joint implementation, rammer for handel med 
emissioner samt udviklingslandenes rolle. Kommissionen vil i rette tid fremsætte 
passende forslag. 
1 Dok 4446/91 ENV 34 ENER 4 
2 EFT L 33 af 7.2.1994, s. 11. 
3 Dok 4446/91 ENV 34 ENER 4 
A 
Rådet anmodes derfor om at træffe afgørelse om undertegnelsen af protokollen til 
konventionen om klimaændringer og bemyndige Rådets formand til at udpege de 
personer, der er beføjet til at undertegne den på Fællesskabets vegne. 
Forslag til 
Rådets afgørelse 
om Det Europæiske Fællesskabs undertegnelse af en protokol til 
De Forenede Nationers rammekonvention om klimaændringer 
RÅDET FOR DEN EUROPÆISKE UNION -
under henvisning til traktaten om oprettelse af Det Europæiske Fællesskab, 
under henvisning til forslag fra Kommissionen, og 
ud fra følgende betragtninger: 
Fællesskabet er part i De Forenede Nationers rammekonvention om klimaændringer; 
Kommissionen har på Fællesskabets vegne, i overensstemmelse med Rådets 
forhandlingsdirektiver af 4. februar 1991 og i overensstemmelse med Rådets 
konklusioner om klimaændringer deltaget i den ad hoc-gruppe for Berlin-mandatet, der 
blev nedsat på den første konference for parterne i konventionen den 7. april 1995 med 
henblik på at træffe passende foranstaltninger for tiden efter år 2000; 
En protokol er blevet vedtaget på Konferencen af parter af De Forenede Nationers 
rammekonvention om klimaændringer afholdt i Kyoto fra 1. til 10. december 1997. 
Protokollen tager sigte på at mindske emissionen af drivhusgasser og bidrager således til 
at opfylde Fællesskabets miljøpolitiske målsætninger; 
Der er derfor passende at Fællesskabet undertegner denne protokol. 
TRUFFET FØLGENDE AFGØRELSE: 
Eneste artikel 
Rådets formand bemyndiges hermed til at udpege de personer, der er beføjet til på 
Fællesskabets vegne at undertegne protokollen til konventionen om klimaændringer, 
vedtaget den 10. december 1997, i Kyoto, Japan. 
Udfærdiget i Bruxelles, 
På Rådets vegne 
Formand 
>? 
UNITED 
NATIONS 
Framework Convention Distr 
onClimatethange LIMITED 
FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l 
10Decemberl997 
Subject to technical revision 
Original: ENGLISH 
CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES 
Third session 
Kyoto, 1-10 December 1997 
Agenda item 5 
-. KYOTO PROTOCOLTO THE 
UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 
The Parties to this Protocol, 
Being Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 
hereinafter referred to as "the Convention", 
Inpursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2, 
Recalling the provisions of the Convention, 
Being guided by Article 3 of the Convention, 
Pursuant to the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.l of the 
Conference of the Parties to the Convention at its first session, 
Have agreed as follows: 
Article 1 
For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention 
shallapply. Inaddition: 
1. "Conference of the Parties" means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention. 
W 
FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l 
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Page2 
2. "Convention" means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 
adopted in New York on 9 May 1992. 
3. "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" means the Intergovernmental Panel on 
Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the 
United Nations Environment Programme. 
4. "Montreal Protocol" means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone 
Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended. 
5. "Parties presént and voting" means Parties present and caStjng an affirmative or negative 
vote. 
6. "Party" means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol. 
7. "Party included in Annex I" means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as 
may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2(g), of the 
Convention. 
Article 2 
1. Each Party included in Annex I in achieving its quantified emission limitation and 
reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall: 
(a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its 
national circuinstances, such as: 
(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national 
economy; 
(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases 
not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its 
commitments under relevant international environmental agreements; 
promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and * 
reforestation; 
(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change 
considerations; 
(iv) Promotion, research, development and increased use of new and 
renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologies 
and of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies; 
J" 
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(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal 
incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas 
emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and 
apply market instruments; 
(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at 
promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of 
greenhouse gasés not controlled by the Montreal Protocol; 
(vii) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not 
controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector; 
(viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane through recovery and use in waste 
management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of 
energy; 
(b) Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined 
effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4, 
paragraph 2(e)(i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their 
experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways 
of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties 
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as 
practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all 
relevant information. 
2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of 
greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels, 
working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime 
Organization, respectively. 
3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under 
this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate 
change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other 
Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4, 
paragraphs 8 and 9 of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further 
action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph. 
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, if it 
decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in 
paragraph l(a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects, 
shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures. 
c 
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Page 4 
Article 3 
1. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate 
anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do 
not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and 
reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this 
Article, with a view to reducing their •overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 
1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. 
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in 
achieving its commitments under this Protocol. ~^r '• 
3. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions from sources and remoyals by sinks 
resulting from direct human-induced land use changtf andjforestiy activitieØffitelTtb" 
afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation since 1990, measured as yerinable changes in 
stocks in each commitment period shall be used to meet the commitments in this Article of each 
Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions from sources and removals by sinks 
associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and 
reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8. 
4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the 
Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide for consideration by the 
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice data to establish its level of carbon 
stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent 
years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, 
at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and 
guidelines as to how and which additional human-induced activities related to changes in 
greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the agricultural soil and land use change and forestry 
categories, shall be added to, or subtracted from, the assigned amount for Parties included in 
Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the 
methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by 
the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 5 and 
the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in the second and 
subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these 
additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period, provided that these activities 
have taken place since 1990. 
5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market 
economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the 
Conference of the Parties at its second session, shall use that base year or period for the 
implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in 
Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted 
its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the 
~\ 
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Page5 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to 
use a historical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments 
under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this, 
Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification. 
6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of 
their commitments under this Protocol other than those in this Article, a certain de'gree of 
flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties 
to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a 
market economy. 
7. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 
2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the 
percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent 
emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period 
determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those Parties included in 
Annex I for whom land use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas 
emissions in 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate 
anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions minus removals in 1990 from land use 
change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount. 
8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons, 
perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in 
paragraph 7 above. 
9. Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established 
in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the 
provisions of Article 20, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of 
the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at least seven 
years before the end of the first commitment period mentioned in paragraph 7 above. 
10. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires 
from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be 
added to the assigned amount for that Party. 
11. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers 
to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 and of Article 16 bis shall be 
subtracted from the assigned amount for that Party. 
12. Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party in 
accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for that Party. 
FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l 
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Page 6 
13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I during a commitment period are less than 
its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to 
the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods. 
14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in 
paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and econpmic 
impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 
9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the 
implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the 
Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize 
the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts of cesponse measures on Parties referred 
to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, 
insurance and transfer of technology. 
Article 4 
1. Any Parties included in Annex I that have agreed to jointly fulfil their commitments 
under Article 3 shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total 
combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases 
listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified 
emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the 
provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the 
agreement shall be set out in that agreement 
2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the 
agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or 
accession. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the 
terms of the agreement. 
3. The agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period 
specified in Article 3, paragraph 7. 
4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional 
economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after 
adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any 
alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those 
commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that revision. 
5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total 
combined level of emission reductions, each Party to such an agreement shall be responsible for 
its own level of emissions set out in the agreement. 
FCCC/CP/1997/L.7/Add.l 
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Page 7 
6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional 
economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of 
that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional 
economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 23, shall, in the event of 
failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of 
emissions as notified in accordance with this Article. 
Article 5 
1. Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the 
start-of-the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic 
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the 
Montreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the 
methodolo^ies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference of the 
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. 
2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks 
of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the 
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at 
its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be 
applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the 
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the 
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for 
Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the 
Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and 
adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. 
Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining 
compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted 
subsequent to that revision. 
3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of 
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by 
the Montreal Protocol listed in Annex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel 
on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based 
on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided 
by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties 
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, 
revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any 
relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to a global warming potential 
shall apply only to those commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period 
adopted subsequent to that revision. 
/to 
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Page8 
Article 6 
1. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in 
Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction units resulting 
from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic 
removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that: 
(a) Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved; 
(b) Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement 
of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur; 
(c) It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its 
obligations under Articles 5 and 7; and 
(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic 
actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3. 
2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, 
at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines for the 
implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting. 
3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its 
responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Article of 
emission reduction units. 
4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements 
referred to in this paragraph is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of 
Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made afler 
the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meet 
its commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved. 
Article 7 
1. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic 
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal 
Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, 
the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, 
to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below. 
2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication, 
submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to 
ss* 
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Page9 
demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in 
accordance with paragraph 4 below. 
3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under 
paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for the 
first year of the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for it. Each such 
Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national 
communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and 
after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. The frequency of 
subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to thjs Protocol, taking into 
account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the 
Conference of the Parties. 
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall 
adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the 
information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of 
national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. 
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also, 
prior to the first commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned 
amounts. 
Article 8 
1. The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be 
reviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the 
Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the 
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The 
information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be 
reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned 
amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party 
included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications. 
2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of 
experts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by 
intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the 
Conference of the Parties. 
3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessment 
of all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall 
prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this 
Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any 
potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Such reports shall 
l£ 
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PagelO 
be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those 
questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. 
4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall 
adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the review of 
implementation by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the 
Conference of the Parties. 
5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, 
with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the 
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider: 
(a) The information submitted by the Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the 
expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and 
» 
(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under 
paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties. 
6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above, the 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take 
decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol. 
Article 9 
1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall 
periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information and 
assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic 
information. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews under the Convention, in 
particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2(d), and Article 7, paragraph 2(a), of the 
Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the 
Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action. 
2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties 
serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular 
intervals and in a timely manner. 
Article 10 
All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and 
their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without 
introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing 
commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the 
^S 
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Page 11 
implementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into 
account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall: 
(a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national, 
and where appropriate regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors, 
activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the 
preparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources 
and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using 
comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent 
with the guidelines for national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties; 
(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where 
appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures 
to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change: 
(i) Such programmes would, inter alia, concem the energy, transport and 
industry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management. 
Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatial 
planning would improve adaptation to climate change; and 
(ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this 
Protocol, including national programmes, according to the guidelines laid 
down in Article 8; and other Parties shall seek to include in their national 
communications, as appropriate, information ori programmes which 
contain measures that the Party believes contribute to addressing climate 
change and its adverse impacts, including the abatement of increase in 
greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancement of and removals by sinks, 
capacity building and adaptation measures. 
(c) Cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, 
application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as 
appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies, know-how, 
practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries, 
including the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of 
environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the 
creation of an enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance access to, and 
transfer of, environmentally sound technologies; 
(d) Cooperate in scientific and technical research and promote the maintenance and 
the development of systematic observation systems and development of data archives to reduce 
uncertainties related to the climate system, the adverse impacts of climate change and the 
economic and social consequences of various response strategies, and promote the development 
and strengthening of endogenous capacities and capabilities to participate in international and 
/IVf 
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Page 12 
intergovernmental efforts, programmes and networks on research and systematic observation, 
taking into account Article 5 of the Convention; 
(e) Cooperate in and promote at the international level, and, where appropriate, 
using existing bodies, the development and implementation of education and training 
programmes, including the strengthening of national capacity building, in particular human and 
institutional capacities and the exchange or secondment of personnel to train experts in this field, 
in particular for developing countries, and facilitate at the national level public awareness and 
public access to information on climate change. Suitable modalities should be developed to 
implement these activities through the relevant bodies of the Convention taking into account 
Article 6 of the Convention; 
(f) Include in their national communications information on programmes and 
activities undertaken pursuant to this Article in accordance with relevant decisions of the 
Conference of the Parties; and 
(g) Give full consideration, in implementing the commitments in this Article, to 
Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Convention. 
Article 11 
1. In the implementation of Article 10, Parties shall take into account the provisions of 
Article 4, paragraphs 4, 5,7, 8 and 9 of the Convention. 
2. In the context of the implementation of Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, in 
accordance with the provisions of Article 4, paragraph 3, and Article 11 of the Convention, and 
through the operating entity or entities of the financial mechanism of the Convention, the 
developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II to the Convention 
shall: 
(a) Provide new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs 
incurred by developing country Parties in advancing the implementation of existing 
commitments under Article 4, paragraph l(a), of the Convention that are covered in 
Article 10, subparagraph (a); and 
(b) Also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, 
needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing 
the implementation of existing commitments in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention that are 
covered by Article 10 and that are agreed between a developing country Party and the 
international entity or entities referred to in Article 11 of the Convention, in accordance with that 
Article. 
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The implementation of these existing commitments shall take into account the need for adequacy 
and predictability in the flow of funds and the importance of appropriate burden sharing among 
developed country Parties. The guidance to the financial mechanism of the Convention in 
relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including those agreed before the adoption of 
this Protocol, shall apply mutatis mutandis to the provisions of this paragraph. 
3. The developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the 
Convention may also provide, and developing country Parties avail themselves of, financial 
resources for the implementation of Article 10, through bilateral, regional and other multilateral 
channels. 
Article 12 
1. A clean development mechanism is hereby defined. 
2. The purpose of the «lean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included 
in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contriburing to the ultimate objective of 
the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their 
quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3. 
3. Under the clean development mechanism: 
(a) Parties not included in Annex I will benefit from project activities resulting in 
certified emission reductions; and 
(b) Parties included in Annex I may use the certified emission reductions accruing 
from such project activities to contribute to compliance with part of their quantified emission 
limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, as determined by the Conference of the 
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. 
4. The clean development mechanism shall be subject to the authority and guidance of the 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol and be supervised 
by an executive board of the clean development mechanism. 
5. Emission reductions resulting from each project activity shall be certified by operational 
entities to be designated by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to 
this Protocol, on the basis of: 
(a) Voluntary participation approved by each Party involved; 
(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate 
change; and 
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(c) Reductions-in emissions that are additional to any that would occur in the absence 
of the certified project activity. 
6. The clean development mechanism shall assist in arranging funding of certified project 
activities as necessary. 
7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, 
at its first session, elaborate modalities and procedures with the objective of ensuring 
transparency, efficiency and accountability through independent auditing and verification of 
project activities. 
8. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall 
ensure that a share of the proceeds from certified project activities is used to cover administrative 
expenses as well as to assist developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the 
adverse effects of climate change to meét the costs of adaptation. 
9. Participation under the clean development mechanism, including in activities mentioned 
in paragraph 3(a) above and acquisition of certified emission reductions, may involve private 
and/or public entities, and is to be subject to whatever guidance may be provided by the 
executive board of the clean development mechanism. 
10. Certified emission reductions obtained during the period from the year 2000 up to the 
beginning of the first commitment period can be used to assist in achieving compliance in the 
first commitment period. 
Article 13 
1. The Conference of the Parties, the supreme body of the Convention, shall serve as the 
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. 
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as 
observers in the proceedings of any session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the 
meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting 
of the Parties to this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by those that are 
Parties to it. 
3. When the Conference of the Parties serves as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, 
any member of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties representing a Party to the 
Convention but, at that time, not a Party to this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional 
member to be elected by and from amongst the Parties to this Protocol. 
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4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall 
keep under regular review the implementation of this Protocol and shall make, within its 
mandate, the decisions necessary to promote its effective implementation. It shall perform the 
functions assigned to it by this Protocol and shall: 
(a) Assess, on the basis of all information made åvailable to it in accordance with 
the provisions of this Protocol, the implementation of this Protocol by the Parties, the overall 
effects of the measures taken pursuant to this Protocol, in particular environmental, economic 
and social effects as well as their cumulative impacts and the extent to which progress towards 
the objective of the Convention is being achieved; 
(b) Periodically examine the obligations of the Parties under this Protocol, giving due 
consideration to any reviews required by Article 4, paragraph 2{d), and Article 7, paragraph 2, of 
the Convention, in the light of the objective of the Convention, the experience gained in its 
implementation and the evolution of scientific and technological knowledge, and in this respect 
consider and adopt regular-ceports on the implementation of this Protocol; 
(c) Promote and facilitate the exchange of information on measures adopted by the 
Parties to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing circumstances, 
responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments under this 
Protocol; 
(d) Facilitate, at the request of two or more Parties, the coordination of measures 
adopted by them to address climate change and its effects, taking into account the differing 
circumstances, responsibilities and capabilities of the Parties and their respective commitments 
under this Protocol; 
(e) Promote and guide, in accordance with the objective of the Convention and the 
provisions of this Protocol, and taking fully into account the relevant decisions by the 
Conference of the Parties, the development and periodic refinement of comparable 
methodologies for the effective implementation of this Protocol, to be agreed on by the 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol; 
(f) Make recommendations on any matters necessary for the implementation of this 
Protocol; 
(g) Seek to mobilize additional financial resources in accordance with 
Article 11, paragraph 2; 
(h) Establish such subsidiary bodies as are deemed necessary for the implementation 
of this Protocol; 
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(i) Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and cooperation of, and 
information provided by, competent international organizations and intergovernmental and 
non-governmental bodies; and 
(j) Exercise such other functions as may be required for the implementation of this 
Protocol, and consider any assignment resulting from a decision by the Conference of the Parties. 
5. The rules of procedure of the Conference of the Parties and financial procedures of the 
Convention shall be applied mutatis mutandis under this Protocol, except as may be otherwise 
decided by consensus by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to 
this Protocol. 
6. The first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to 
this Protocol shall be convened by the secretariat in conjunction with the first session of the 
Conference of the Parties thåt is schéduled after the date of the entry into force of this Protocol. 
Subsequent ordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the 
Parties to this Protocol shall be held every year and in conjunction with ordinary sessions of the 
Conference of the Parties unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as 
the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. 
7. Extraordinary sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the 
Parties to this Protocol shall be held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the 
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, or at the written 
request of any Party, provided that, within six months of the request being communicated to the 
Parties by the secretariat, it is supported by at least one third of the Parties. 
8. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy 
Agency, as well as any State member thereof or observers thereto not party to the Convention, 
may be represented at sessions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the 
Parties to this Protocol as observers. Any body or agency, whether national or international, 
governmental or non-governmental, which is qualified in matters covered by this Protocol and 
which has informed the secretariat of its wish to be represented at a session of the Conference of 
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol as an observer, may be so 
admitted unless at least one third of the Parties present object The admission and participation 
of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure, as referred to in paragraph 5 above. 
Article 14 
1. The secretariat established by Article 8 of the Convention shall serve as the secretariat of 
this Protocol. 
2, Article 8, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the functions of the secretariat, and 
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Article 8, paragraph 3, of the Convention on arrangements made for the functioning of the 
secretariat, shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. The secretariat shall, in addition, 
exercise the functions assigned to it under this Protocol. 
Article 15 
1. The Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body 
for Implementation established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention shall serve as, 
respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary 
Body for Implementation of this Protocol. The provisions relating to the functioning of these 
two bodies under the Convention shall apply mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. Sessions of the 
meetings of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary 
Body for Implementation of this Protocol shall be held in conjunction with the meetings of, 
respectively, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary 
Body for Implementation of the Convention. 
2. Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to this Protocol may participate as observers 
in the proceedings of any session of the subsidiary bodies. When the subsidiary bodies serve as 
the subsidiary bodies of this Protocol, decisions under this Protocol shall be taken only by the 
Parties to this Protocol. 
3. When the subsidiary bodies established by Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention exercise 
their functions with regard to matters concerning this Protocol, any member of the Bureaux of 
those subsidiary bodies representing a Party to the Convention but, at that time, not a party to 
this Protocol, shall be substituted by an additional member to be elected by and from amongst the 
Parties to this Protocol. 
Article 16 
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, 
as soon as practicable, consider the application to this Protocol of, and modify as appropriate, the 
multilateral consultative process referred to in Article 13 of the Convention, in the light of any 
relevant decisions that may be taken by the Conference of the Parties. Any multilateral 
consultative process that may be applied to this Protocol shall operate without pfejudice to the 
procedures and mechanisms established in accordance with Article 17. 
Article 16 bis 
The Conference of the Parties shall define the relevant principles, modalities, rules and 
guidelines, in particular for verification, reporting and accountability for emissions trading. The 
Parties.included in Annex B may participate in emissions trading for the purposes of fulfilling 
their commitments under Article 3 of this Protocol. Any such trading shall be supplemental to 
domestic actions for the purpose of meeting quantified emission limitation and reduction 
commitments under that Article. 
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Article 17 
The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, 
at its first session, approve appropriate and effective procedures and mechanisms to determine 
and to address cases of non-compliance with the provisions of this Protocol, including through 
the development of an indicative list of consequences, taking into account the cause, type, degree 
and frequency of non-compliance. Any procedures and mechanisms under this Article entailing 
binding consequences shall be adopted by means of an amendment to this Protocol. 
Article 18 
The provisions of Article 14 of the Convention on settlemerit of disputes shall apply 
mutatis mutandis to this Protocol. 
Article 19 
1. Any Party may propose amendments to this Protocol. 
2. Amendments to this Protocol shall be adopted at an ordinary session of the Conference of 
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. The text of any proposed 
amendment to this Protocol shall be communicated to the Parties by the secretariat at least six 
months before the meeting at which it is proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also 
communicate the text of any proposed amendments to the Parties and signatories to the 
Convention and, for information, to the Depositary. 
3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach ågreement on any proposed amendment to 
this Protocol by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no ågreement 
reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a three-fourths majority vote of the 
Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted amendment shall be communicated by 
the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance. 
4. Instruments of acceptance in respect of an amendment shall be deposited with the 
Depositary. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force 
for those Parties having accepted it on the ninetieth day after the date of receipt by the 
Depositary of an instrument of acceptance by at least three fourths of the Parties to this Protocol. 
5. The amendment shall enter into force for any other Party on the ninetieth day after the 
date on which that Party deposits with the Depositary its instrument of acceptance of the said 
amendment. 
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Article 20 
1. Annexes to this Protocol shall form an integral part thereof and, unless otherwise 
expressly provided, a reference to this Protocol constitutes at the same time a reference to any 
annexes thereto. Any annexes adopted after the entry into force of this Protocol shall be 
restricted to lists, forms and any other material of a descriptive nature that is of a scientific, 
technical, procedural or administrative character. 
2. Any Party may make proposals for an annex to this Protocol and may propose 
amendments to annexes to this Protocol. 
3. Annexes to this Protocol and amendments to annexes to this Protocol shall be adopted at 
an ordinary session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this 
Protocol. The text of any proposed annex or amendment to an annex shall be communicated to 
the Parties by the secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is proposed for 
adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate the text of any proposed annex or amendment 
to an annex to the Parties and signatories to the Convention and, for information, to the 
Depositary. 
4. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any proposed annex or 
amendment to an annex by consensus. If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no 
agreement reached, the annex or amendment to an annex shall as a last resort be adopted by a 
three-fourths majority vote of the Parties present and voting at the meeting. The adopted annex 
or amendment to an annex shall be communicated by the secretariat to the Depositary, who shall 
circulate it to all Parties for their acceptance. 
5. An annex, other than Annex A or B, that has been adopted or amended in accordance 
with paragraphs 3 and 4 above shall enter into force for all Parties to this Protocol six months 
after the date of the communication by the Depositary to such Parties of the adoption or 
amendment of the annex, except for those Parties that have notified the Depositary in writing 
within that period of their non-acceptance of the annex or amendment to the annex. The annex 
or amendment to an annex shall enter into force for Parties which withdraw their notification of 
non-acceptance on the ninetieth day after the date on which withdrawal of such notification has 
been received by the Depositary. 
6. If the adoption of an annex or an amendment to an annex involves an amendment to this 
Protocol, that annex or amendment to an annex shall not enter into force until such time as the 
amendment to this Protocol enters into force. 
7. Amendments to Annexes A and B to this Protocol shall be adopted and enter into force in 
accordance with the procedure set out in Article 19, provided that any amendments to Annex B 
shall be adopted only with the written consent of the Party concemed. 
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Article 21 
1. Each Party shall have one vote, except as provided for in paragraph 2 below. 
2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within their competence, shall 
exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their member States 
which are Parties to this Protocol. Such an organization shall not exercise its right to vote if any 
of its member States exercises its right, and vice versa. 
Article 22 
The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the Depositary of this Protocol. 
Article 23 
1. This Protocol shall-be open for signature and subject to ratification, acceptance or 
approval by States and regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to the 
Convention. It shall be open for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 
16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. This Protocol shall be open for accession from the day after 
the date on which it is closed for signature. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or 
accession shall be deposited with the Depositary. 
2. Any regional economic integration organization which becomes a Party to this Protocol 
without any of its member States being a Party shall be bound by all the obligations under this 
Protocol. In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States is a Party to 
this Protocol, the organization and its member States shail decide on their respective 
responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under this Protocol. In such cases, the 
organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise rights under this Protocol 
concurrently. 
3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, regional economic 
integration organizations shall declare the extent of their competence with respect to the matters 
governed by this Protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary, who shall in 
turn inform the Parties, of any substantial modification in the extent of their competence. 
Article 24 
1. This Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less 
than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in 
total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included 
in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. 
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2. For the purposes of this Article, "the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the 
Parties included in Annex I" means the amount communicated on or before the date of adoption 
of this Protocol by the Parties included in Annex I in their first national communications 
submitted in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention. 
3. For each State or regional economic integration organization that ratifies, accepts or 
approves this Protocol or accedes thereto after the conditions set out in paragraph 1 above for 
the entry into force have been fulfilled, this Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day 
following the date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. 
4. For the purposes of this Article, any instrument deposited by a regional-economic 
integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members 
of the organization. 
Article 25 
No reservations may be made to this Protocol. 
Article 26 
1. At any time after three years from the date on which this Protocol has entered into force 
for a Party, that Party may withdraw from this Protocol by giving written notification to the 
Depositary. 
2. Any such withdrawal shall take effect upon expiry of one year from the date of receipt by 
the Depositary of the notification of withdrawal, or on such later date as may be specified in the 
notification of withdrawal. 
3. Any Party that withdraws from the Convention shall be considered as also having 
withdrawn from this Protocol. 
Article 27 
The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and 
Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the 
United Nations. 
Done at Kyoto this tenth day of December one thousand nine hundred and 
ninety-seven. 
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Annex A 
Greenhouse gases 
Carbon dioxide (COJ 
Methane (CH4) 
Nitrous oxide (N20) 
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) 
Sectors/source categories 
Energy 
Fuel combustion 
Energy industries 
Manufacturing industries and construction 
Transport 
Other sectors 
Other 
Fugitive emissions from fuels 
Solid fuels 
Oil and natural gas 
Other 
Industrial processes 
Mineral products 
Chemical industry 
Metal production 
Other production 
Production of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride 
Consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride 
Other 
Solvent and other product use. 
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Agriculture 
Enteric fermentation 
Manure management 
Rice cultivation 
Agricultural soils 
Prescribedburningof savannas . 
Field buming of agricultural residues 
Other 
Waste 
Solid waste disposal on land 
Wastewater handling 
Waste incineration 
Other 
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Annex B 
forty Quantified emission limitation or 
reduction commitment 
(percentage of base year or period) 
Australia 108 
Austria 92 
Belgium 92 
Bulgaria* 92 
Canada 94 
Croatia* . 95 
Czech Republic* 92 A 
Denmark 92 
Estonia* 92 
European Community 92 
Finland 92 
France " 92 
Germany 92 
Greece 92 
Hungary* 94 
Iceland 110 
Ireland 92 
Italy 92 
Japan 94 
Latvia* 92 
Liechtenstein 92 
Lithuania* 92 
Luxembourg 92 
Monaco 92 
Netherlands 92 
New Zealand 100 
Norway 101 
Poland* 94 
Portugal 92 
Romania* 92 
Russian Federation* 100 
Slovakia* 92 
Slovenia* 92 
Spain 92 
Sweden 92 
Switzerland 92 
Ukraine* 100 
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 92 
United States of America 93 
* Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. 
l^i 
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