The author is grateful to his students, Umut Aksoy and Yenal Bilici, and their families for their support and hospitality during the ﬁeldwork. He also thanks the Population Council MEAwards in Cairo for their ﬁnancial support without which he could not have conducted the research. He would like to express his gratitude to Bianca Kaiser and Pınar Uyan for their valuable contributions and critiques. And he would like to express his thanks to the members of the Democratic Circassian Platform for their support throughout the whole journey.