She received her B.A. from Penn State University in 2005, her M.A. from the University of Delaware in 2008, and her Ph.D. from Temple University in 2013. Her dissertation, Transnational Translation: Foreign Language in the Travel Writing of Cooper, Melville, and Twain, examines the way these three authors and their contemporaries represented the linguistic difference encountered abroad, tracing Americans’ shifting attitudes toward foreignness alongside the changing nature of travel and travel literature from the early national period through the tourist boom at the end of the nineteenth century.