He authored A Savage Mirror: Power, Identity and Knowledge in Early Modern France (2005) and has published widely in journals such as the American Historical Review, the British Journal for the History of Science, ISIS, the Renaissance Quarterly, Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociale, and the Sixteenth Century Journal. Wintroub has received numerous awards and honours, including grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, the Mellon Foundation, and the Sixteenth Century Society, where he is a two-time winner of the Nancy Lyman Roelker Prize.