He trained at the University of California, San Diego and won a Fellowship in Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Clinical Pharmacology at the Mayo Graduate School of Medicine. He attended Medical School at University College in Ireland, earning his M.D. and M.Sc. degrees there, and did his residency in Internal Medicine at the Mayo Graduate School of Medicine. As a trainee he was part of the Pre-Membership Internal Medicine Training Scheme at University College Hospital and Mayo General Hospital. He also held a Medical and Surgical Internship at University College Hospital and Mayo General Hospital.