His books and articles have been popular both with managers and withpsychologists who would consult to organizations. The particular model thatLevinson has persistently espoused throughout his professional career is psycho-analytic. That derived from his training at the Menninger Foundation, from whichhis early work began (see e.g., Smith, 1978). Although Levinson has strongly ad-vocated the psychoanalytical model as a metaphor for understanding organizationsand the people within them, he is at least as concerned that psychologists base theirwork on a sound, integrated theory as that they espouse any particular theoreticalsystem.