First, he studies the strategies and innovations organizations pursue in response to social concerns related to sustainability and values. Second, he studies how cultural and institutional arrangements shape organizational responses to social concerns related to sustainability and values. Third, he studies how organizational actions and cultural and institutional arrangements affect the emergence and trajectory of social concerns related to sustainability and values. In approaching these questions, he draws primarily on organization theories, together with insights from strategic management, and science and technology studies. Additionally, Joel’s research takes a process perspective, focusing on the organization of concerns over place and time.