He has a PhD degree in politics from Oxford University in 2011 and a Master’s degree in politics from Warwick University (UK). His Masters and PhD research have been on party systems in new democracies. His specialisation includes electoral systems, party systems, institutional design in new democracies and experimental political science. He has been involved in several survey–based research projects as well as lab experiments that seek to gauge the attitudes and behaviour of Egyptians after 2011. His publications appeared in Democratization, Foreign Policy, Political Studies and Electoral Studies. He also co-authored two books on the Egyptian political system in the transitional period following the 2011 revolution.