He holds a doctoral degree in philosophy from the University of Connecticut. Formally trained in sociology, education, and human rights, Armaline is an interdisciplinary scholar whose interests, applied work, and scholarly publications address social problems as they relate to political economy, environmental sustainability, critical race theory and anti-racist action, critical pedagogy and transformative education, inequality and youth, mass incarceration and the war on drugs. Email: william.armaline@sjsu.edu