He is the author of The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon (University of California Press, 2000), as well as "Anti-Americanism in the Arab World: An Interpretation of Brief History" which appeared in the Journal of American History and "Ottoman Orientalism" and "Reclaiming the Land of the Bible: Missionaries, Secularism, and Evangelical Modernity" both of which appeared in the American Historical Review. Makdisi has also published in the International Journal of Middle East Studies, Comparative Studies in Society and History, and Middle East Report. His current research focuses on American missionaries in the Middle East. Ussama Makdisi Associate Professor of History