Dr. Spira received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from West Virginia University, and completed his clinical internship with a geropsychology focus at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, where he subsequently conducted research on sleep and aging as a postdoctoral fellow. He then completed a fellowship in epidemiological aging research in the Division of Geriatrics and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Spira’s research is focused on cognitive, functional, and psychiatric outcomes of poor sleep in later life, and he is supported in part by a Mentored Research Scientist Development Award from the National Institute on Aging.