He earned a Ph.D. in the History and Sociology of Science from the University of Pennsylvania and two degrees in Computer Science from the University of Manchester. He studies the historical use and development of information technology, and has published on topics including the history of software, Internet history, history of computer use in American business, history of word processing, history of science fiction and the history of data base management systems. He contributed a lengthy overview, “The History of Information Technology” to the 2011 volume of The Annual Review of Information Science & Technology. He chairs the Special Interest Group on Computers, Information & Society of the Society for the History of Technology. See more at his website.