Dr. Holland received a Ph.D. in Biophysics from the Pennsylvania State University in 1978. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan (1978-1984). Dr. Holland joined the Department of Immunology and Microbiology in 1984 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1993.Dr. Holland’s current research focuses on the role of the APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases in innate antiviral defenses against nuclear replicating DNA viruses, particularly Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1). Other research interests include the functions and immunological properties of the HSV-1 glycoproteins, the potential role of adenovirus 36 in obesity, and, in collaboration with the Department of Chemical Engineering, the production of biofuel precursors by algae. Research Interests