He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Cincinnati. His research interests focus on issues related to juvenile justice and to institutional and community corrections. He has published over 50 journal articles and book chapters related to these topics. Some of his most recent work has appeared in Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Law and Society Review, Justice Quarterly, and Crime and Delinquency. He is currently the coprincipal investigator on a study funded by the National Institute of Justice that examines the effects of exposure to different types of violence on inmate maladjustment. His other current projects involve examining the causes and correlates of inmate victimization and rule breaking, along with the official responses to inmate rule violations.