He completed his Ph.D. at the University of Oxford, UK, in 1997 and has conducted research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, and the University of Valencia, Spain. His research focuses in the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of addiction and addiction-related disorders, and the impact of drugs on cognitive function. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science and serves in the editorial board of several other scientific journals.