In addition to writing Ecological Outcome Psychological Theory and Ecopsychology as Ultimate Force Psychology: A Biosemiotic Approach to Nature Estrangement and Nature Alienation, he has published many articles in the areas of semiotics, ecopsychological biosemiotics, and environmental philosophy. In 1989 he received a B.A. (triple-special major–Whole Human) combining psychobiology, Eastern religion and biology from Humboldt State University in California. He received M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in experimental psychology from The University of Toledo, Ohio. He is a co-founder of the European Ecopsychology Society.