Before joining the Old Dominion University faculty in 2016, he served as teaching or research faculty/staff at the University of Alabama Department of Criminal Justice & Social Science Research Institute, Sam Houston State University Department of Psychology, and University of California San Francisco Department of Psychiatry. His professional background includes a Ph.D. in clinical psychology, with psychology-law and statistics concentrations. As a broadly trained social scientist, Cramer’s research, teaching, and consulting applies psychological theory to social, legal and clinical issues. His areas of expertise include interpersonal violence, prejudice, LGBTQ health, suicide prevention, and legal decision-making.