He received his Ph.D. in Social Psychology at the University of Alberta in 2003. One of his main areas of research focuses on the causes and consequences of harm-doing at both the interpersonal and intergroup levels. This research examines the emotional reactions that stem from harming or being harmed (e.g., anxiety, guilt) and their effects on psychological and physical health. Among his publications are “A dark side to self-forgiveness: Forgiving the self and its association with chronic unhealthy behaviour.” (British Journal of Social Psychology) and “A critical review of official public apologies: Aims, pitfalls, and a staircase model of effectiveness.” (Social Issues and Policy Review).