He earned his PhD. in electronics engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi. Sudhakar Rao is a Technical Fellow at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. He earned his PhD. in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Lotfollah Shafai is the Canada Research Chair in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of Manitoba. He earned his PhD. in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto.