Previously, Jim was a lecturer and researcher in computational neuroscience at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and a software and hardware engineer at National Instruments. He manages the open source Python projects datashader, HoloViews, GeoViews, ImaGen, param, and paramnb. He has published more than 50 papers and books about the visual system, data visualization, and software development. Jim holds a PhD in computer science from the University of Texas as well as degrees in electrical engineering and philosophy.