dcrodriguez/Code-of-Virginia huggingface dataset:
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17 (JUDGMENTS AND DECREES GENERALLY)
§ 8.01-460. Decree for support and maintenance of spouse or infant children of parties as lien on real estate.
A decree, order or judgment for support and maintenance of a spouse or of infant children of the parties payable in future installments or a monetary award for future installments as provided for in § 20-107.3, shall be a lien upon such real estate of the obligor as the court shall, from time to time, designate by order or decree. An order after reasonable notice to the obligor adjudicating that the obligor is delinquent, shall be a lien on the obligor's real estate. Liens under this section shall arise when duly docketed in the manner prescribed for the docketing of other judgments for money; however, no such decree, order or judgment for support and maintenance or for a monetary award in accordance with § 20-107.3 shall be docketed unless so ordered by the court in such decree, order or judgment. On petition by any interested person and after reasonable notice to the obligee, the court in which the obligor was adjudicated delinquent may order the release or other modification of such lien.

The lien may also be released upon agreement of all persons for whom support and maintenance is ordered under the decree, order or judgment, provided all such persons are sui juris. The clerk shall note the release on the record upon receipt of an affidavit from all the obligees stating that (i) all the obligees are sui juris and (ii) they agreed to the release of the lien on specified real property. Any lien created pursuant to this section shall expire upon the support obligation being paid in full by the obligor. The clerk may release such liens upon receipt of an affidavit of all the obligees that such support obligation has been paid in full, or upon an order or decree of a court of competent jurisdiction.

Code 1950, § 8-388; 1977, c. 617; 1979, c. 496; 1985, c. 529; 1989, c. 8.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17 (JUDGMENTS AND DECREES GENERALLY)
§ 8.01-461. Abstracts of judgments.
An abstract of any judgment shall, upon request to the clerk of the court wherein the judgment is rendered, be granted to any person interested immediately upon its rendition, subject to the future action of the court rendering the same.

Code 1950, § 8-389; 1977, c. 617; 1982, c. 105.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17 (JUDGMENTS AND DECREES GENERALLY)
§ 8.01-462. Jurisdiction of equity to enforce lien of judgment; when it may decree sale.
Jurisdiction to enforce the lien of a judgment shall be in equity. If it appear to the court that the rents and profits of all real estate subject to the lien will not satisfy the judgment in five years, the court may decree such real estate, or any part thereof, to be sold, and the proceeds applied to the discharge of the judgment.

Code 1950, § 8-391; 1977, c. 617.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17 (JUDGMENTS AND DECREES GENERALLY)
§ 8.01-463. Enforcement of lien when judgment does not exceed $25,000.
No bill to enforce a lien pursuant to § 8.01-462 shall be entertained if the real estate is the judgment debtor's primary residence and the amount of the judgment exclusive of interest and costs does not exceed $25,000. However, if the judgment is for assessments levied by a common interest community association pursuant to Chapter 18 (§ 55.1-1800 et seq.), 19 (§ 55.1-1900 et seq.), 21 (55.1-2100 et seq.), or 23 (§ 55.1-2300 et seq.) of Title 55.1, no bill to enforce a lien shall be entertained if the total amount secured by one or more judgments exclusive of interest and costs does not exceed $5,000.

Code 1950, § 8-392; 1977, c. 617; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, cc. 91, 92; 2024, cc. 55, 349.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17 (JUDGMENTS AND DECREES GENERALLY)
§ 8.01-464. Order of liability between alienees of different parts of estate.
When the real estate liable to the lien of a judgment is more than sufficient to satisfy the same, and it, or any part of it, has been aliened, as among the alienees for value, that which was aliened last, shall, in equity, be first liable, and so on with other successive alienations, until the whole judgment is satisfied. And as among alienees who are volunteers under such judgment debtor, the same rule as to the order of liability shall prevail; but as among alienees for value and volunteers, the lands aliened to the latter shall be subjected before the lands aliened to the former are resorted to; and, in either case, any part of such real estate retained by the debtor shall be first liable to the satisfaction of the judgment. An alienee for value, however, from a volunteer shall occupy the same position that he would have occupied had he purchased from the debtor at the time he purchased from the voluntary donee.

Code 1950, § 8-395; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17 (JUDGMENTS AND DECREES GENERALLY)
§ 8.01-465. Chapter embraces recognizances and bonds having force of judgment.
The foregoing sections of this chapter, so far as they relate to the docketing of judgments, the entering of satisfaction thereof, and the liens of judgments and enforcement of such liens, shall be construed as embracing recognizances, and bonds having the force of a judgment.

Code 1950, § 8-398; 1977, c. 617.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.1 (UNIFORM ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.1. Application of chapter.
As used in this chapter "foreign judgment" means any judgment, decree, or order of a court of the United States or of any other court which is entitled to full faith and credit in this state.

1988, c. 539.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.1 (UNIFORM ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.2. Filing and status of foreign judgments.
A copy of any foreign judgment authenticated in accordance with the act of Congress or the statutes of this Commonwealth may be filed in the office of the clerk of any circuit court of any city or county of this Commonwealth upon payment of the fee prescribed in subdivision A 17 of § 17.1-275. The clerk shall treat the foreign judgment in the same manner as a judgment of the circuit court of any city or county of this Commonwealth. A judgment so filed has the same effect and is subject to the same procedures, defenses and proceedings for reopening, vacating, or staying as a judgment of a circuit court of any city or county of this Commonwealth and may be enforced or satisfied in like manner.

1988, c. 539; 1990, c. 738.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.1 (UNIFORM ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.3. Notice of filing.
At the time of the filing of the foreign judgment, the judgment creditor or his lawyer shall make and file with the clerk of court an affidavit setting forth the name and last known post office address of the judgment debtor, and the judgment creditor.

Promptly upon the filing of the foreign judgment and the affidavit, the clerk shall mail notice of the filing of the foreign judgment to the judgment debtor at the address given and shall make a note of the mailing in the docket. The notice shall include the name and post office address of the judgment creditor and the judgment creditor's lawyer, if any, in the Commonwealth. In addition, the judgment creditor may mail a notice of the filing of the judgment to the judgment debtor and may file proof of mailing with the clerk. Lack of mailing notice of filing by the clerk shall not affect the enforcement proceedings if proof of mailing by the judgment creditor has been filed.

1988, c. 539.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.1 (UNIFORM ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.4. Stay of enforcement.
If the judgment debtor shows the circuit court that an appeal from the foreign judgment is pending or will be taken, or that a stay of execution has been granted, the court shall stay enforcement of the foreign judgment until the appeal is concluded, the time for appeal expires, or the stay of execution expires or is vacated, upon proof that the judgment debtor has furnished the security for the satisfaction of the judgment required by the state in which it was rendered.

If the judgment debtor shows the circuit court any ground upon which enforcement of a judgment of any court of this Commonwealth would be stayed, including the ground that an appeal from the foreign judgment is pending or will be taken, or that the time for taking such an appeal has not expired, the court shall stay enforcement of the foreign judgment for an appropriate period until all available appeals are concluded or the time for taking all appeals has expired, upon requiring the same security for satisfaction of the judgment which is required in this Commonwealth, subject to the provisions of subsections J and K of § 8.01-676.1.

1988, c. 539; 2000, c. 100.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.1 (UNIFORM ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.5. Optional procedure.
The right of a judgment creditor to bring an action to enforce his judgment instead of proceeding under this chapter remains unimpaired.

1988, c. 539.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:1. Definitions.
As used in this chapter:

"Foreign country" means a government other than any of the following: the United States; a state, district, commonwealth, territory, or insular possession of the United States; or a government with regard to which the decision in the Commonwealth as to whether to recognize a judgment of that government's courts is initially subject to determination under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution.

"Foreign-country judgment" means a judgment of a court of a foreign country.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:10. Saving clause.
This chapter does not prevent the recognition under principles of comity or otherwise of a foreign-country judgment not within the scope of this chapter.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:11. Effective date.
This chapter applies to all actions commenced on or after July 1, 2014, in which the issue of recognition of a foreign-country judgment is raised.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:2. Applicability.
A. Except as otherwise provided in subsection B, this chapter applies to a foreign-country judgment to the extent that the judgment:

1. Grants or denies recovery of a sum of money; and

2. Under the law of the foreign country where rendered, is final, conclusive, and enforceable.

B. This chapter does not apply to a foreign-country judgment, even if the judgment grants or denies recovery of a sum of money, to the extent that the judgment is:

1. A judgment for taxes;

2. A fine or other penalty; or

3. A judgment for divorce, support, or maintenance, or other judgment rendered in connection with domestic relations.

C. A party seeking recognition of a foreign-country judgment has the burden of establishing that this chapter applies to the foreign-country judgment.

2014, c. 462.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:3. Standards for recognition of foreign-country judgment.
A. Except as otherwise provided in subsections B and C, a court of the Commonwealth shall recognize a foreign-country judgment to which this chapter applies.

B. A court of the Commonwealth shall not recognize a foreign-country judgment if:

1. The judgment was rendered under a judicial system that does not provide impartial tribunals or procedures compatible with the requirements of due process of law;

2. The foreign court did not have personal jurisdiction over the defendant; or

3. The foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter.

C. A court of the Commonwealth need not recognize a foreign-country judgment if:

1. The defendant in the proceeding in the foreign court did not receive notice of the proceeding in sufficient time to enable the defendant to defend;

2. The judgment was obtained by fraud that deprived the losing party of an adequate opportunity to present its case;

3. The judgment or the cause of action on which the judgment is based is repugnant to the public policy of the Commonwealth or of the United States;

4. The judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment;

5. The proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be determined otherwise than by proceedings in that foreign court;

6. In the case of jurisdiction based only on personal service, the foreign court was a seriously inconvenient forum for the trial of the action;

7. The judgment was rendered in circumstances that raise substantial doubt about the integrity of the rendering court with respect to the judgment; or

8. The specific proceeding in the foreign court leading to the judgment was not compatible with the requirements of due process of law.

D. A party resisting recognition of a foreign-country judgment has the burden of establishing that a ground for nonrecognition stated in subsection B or C exists.

2014, c. 462.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:4. Personal jurisdiction.
A. A foreign-country judgment may not be refused recognition for lack of personal jurisdiction if:

1. The defendant was served with process personally in the foreign country;

2. The defendant voluntarily appeared in the proceeding, other than for the purpose of protecting property seized or threatened with seizure in the proceeding or of contesting the jurisdiction of the court over the defendant;

3. The defendant, before the commencement of the proceeding, had agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the foreign court with respect to the subject matter involved;

4. The defendant was domiciled in the foreign country when the proceeding was instituted or was a corporation or other form of business organization that had its principal place of business in, or was organized under the laws of, the foreign country;

5. The defendant had a business office in the foreign country and the proceeding in the foreign court involved a cause of action arising out of business done by the defendant through that office in the foreign country; or

6. The defendant operated a motor vehicle or airplane in the foreign country and the proceeding involved a cause of action arising out of that operation.

B. The list of bases for personal jurisdiction in subsection A is not exclusive. The courts of the Commonwealth may recognize bases of personal jurisdiction other than those listed in subsection A as sufficient to support a foreign-country judgment.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:5. Procedure for recognition of foreign-country judgment.
A. If recognition of a foreign-country judgment is sought as an original matter, the issue of recognition shall be raised by filing an action seeking recognition of the foreign-country judgment.

B. If recognition of a foreign-country judgment is sought in a pending action, the issue of recognition may be raised by counterclaim, cross-claim, or affirmative defense.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:6. Effect of recognition of foreign-country judgment.
If the court in a proceeding under § 8.01-465.13:5 finds that the foreign-country judgment is entitled to recognition under this chapter then, to the extent that the foreign-country judgment grants or denies recovery of a sum of money, the foreign-country judgment is:

1. Conclusive between the parties to the same extent as the judgment of a sister state entitled to full faith and credit in the Commonwealth would be conclusive; and

2. Enforceable in the same manner and to the same extent as a judgment rendered in the Commonwealth.

2014, c. 462.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:7. Stay of proceedings pending appeal of foreign-country judgment.
If a party establishes that an appeal from a foreign-country judgment is pending or will be taken, the court may stay any proceedings with regard to the foreign-country judgment until the appeal is concluded, the time for appeal expires, or the appellant has had sufficient time to prosecute the appeal and has failed to do so.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:8. Statute of limitations.
An action to recognize a foreign-country judgment must be commenced within the earlier of the time during which the foreign-country judgment is effective in the foreign country or 15 years from the date that the foreign-country judgment became effective in the foreign country.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.13:9. Uniformity of interpretation.
In applying and construing this uniform act, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to its subject matter among states that enact it.

2014, c. 462.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.2 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-COUNTRY MONEY JUDGMENTS RECOGNITION ACT)
§ 8.01-465.6. Repealed.
Repealed by Acts 2014, c. 462, cl. 2.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.14. Definitions.
As used in this chapter:

"Action" means a judicial proceeding or arbitration in which a payment in money may be awarded or enforced with respect to a foreign-money claim.

"Bank-offered spot rate" means the spot rate of exchange at which a bank will sell foreign money at a spot rate.

"Conversion date" means the banking day next preceding the date on which money, in accordance with this chapter, is (i) paid to a claimant in an action or distribution proceeding; (ii) paid to the official designated by law to enforce a judgment or award on behalf of a claimant; or (iii) used to recoup, set off, or counterclaim in different moneys in an action or distribution proceeding.

"Distribution proceeding" means a judicial or nonjudicial proceeding for the distribution of a fund in which one or more foreign-money claims are asserted and includes an accounting, an assignment for the benefit of creditors, a foreclosure, the liquidation or rehabilitation of a corporation or other entity, and the distribution of an estate, trust, or other fund.

"Foreign money" means money other than money of the United States of America.

"Foreign-money claim" means a claim upon an obligation to pay, or a claim for recovery of a loss, expressed in or measured by a foreign money.

"Money" means a medium of exchange for the payment of obligations or a store of value authorized or adopted by a government or by intergovernmental agreement.

"Money of the claim" means the money determined as proper pursuant to § 8.01-465.17.

"Person" means an individual, a corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, joint venture, partnership, association, two or more persons having a joint or common interest, or any other legal or commercial entity.

"Rate of exchange" means the rate at which money of one country may be converted into money of another country in a free financial market convenient to or reasonably usable by a person obligated to pay or to state a rate of conversion. If separate rates of exchange apply to different kinds of transactions, the term means the rate applicable to the particular transaction giving rise to the foreign-money claim.

"Spot rate" means the rate of exchange at which foreign money is sold by a bank or other dealer in foreign exchange for immediate or next day availability or for settlement by immediate payment in cash or equivalent, by charge to an account, or by an agreed delayed settlement not exceeding two days.

"State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or a territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.

1991, c. 24.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.15. Scope.
This chapter applies only to a foreign-money claim in an action or distribution proceeding and applies to foreign-money issues even if other law under the conflict-of-laws rules of the Commonwealth applies to other issues in the action or distribution proceeding.

1991, c. 24.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.16. Variation by agreement.
The effect of this chapter may be varied by agreement of the parties made before or after commencement of an action or distribution proceeding or the entry of judgment.

Parties to a transaction may agree upon the money to be used in a transaction giving rise to a foreign-money claim and may agree to use different moneys for different aspects of the transaction. Stating the price in a foreign money for one aspect of a transaction does not alone require the use of that money for other aspects of the transaction.

1991, c. 24.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.17. Determining money of the claim.
The money in which the parties to a transaction have agreed that payment is to be made is the proper money of the claim for payment. If the parties to a transaction have not otherwise agreed, the proper money of the claim is the money (i) regularly used between the parties as a matter of usage or course of dealing; (ii) used at the time of a transaction in international trade, by trade usage or common practice, for valuing or settling transactions in the particular commodity or service involved; or (iii) in which the loss was ultimately felt or will be incurred by the party claimant.

1991, c. 24.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.18. Determining amount of the money of certain contract claims.
A. If an amount contracted to be paid in a foreign money is measured by a specified amount of a different money, the amount to be paid is determined on the conversion date.

B. If an amount contracted to be paid in a foreign money is to be measured by a different money at the rate of exchange prevailing on a date before default, that rate of exchange applies only to payments made within a reasonable time after default, not exceeding thirty days. Thereafter, conversion is made at the bank-offered spot rate on the conversion date.

C. A monetary claim is neither usurious nor unconscionable because the agreement on which it is based provides that the amount of the debtor's obligation to be paid in the debtor's money, when received by the creditor, must equal a special amount of the foreign money of the country of the creditor. If, because of unexcused delay in payment of a judgment or award, the amount received by the creditor does not equal the amount of the foreign money specified in the agreement, the court or arbitrator shall amend the judgment or award accordingly.

1991, c. 24.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.19. Asserting and defending foreign-money claim.
A person may assert a claim in a specified foreign money. If a foreign-money claim is not asserted, the claimant makes the claim in United States dollars.

An opposing party may allege and shall prove that all or part of a claim is in a different money than that asserted by the claimant. A person may assert a defense, setoff, recoupment, or counterclaim in any money without regard to the money of other claims.

The determination of the proper money of the claim is a question of law.

1991, c. 24.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.20. Judgments and awards on foreign-money claims; times of money conversion; form of judgment.
A. A judgment or award on a foreign-money claim must be stated in an amount of the money of the claim. However, assessed costs must be entered in United States dollars. A judgment in substantially the following form complies with this subsection: [IT IS ADJUDGED AND ORDERED, that Defendant (insert name) pay to Plaintiff (insert name) the sum of (insert amount in the foreign money) plus interest on that sum at the rate of (insert rate -- see § 8.01-465.22) percent a year or, at the option of the judgment debtor, the number of United States dollars which will purchase the (insert name of foreign money) with interest due, at a bank-offered spot rate at or near the close of business on the banking day next before the day of payment, together with assessed costs of (insert amount) United States dollars.]

B. A judgment or award on a foreign-money claim is payable in that foreign money or, at the option of the debtor, in the amount of United States dollars which will purchase that foreign money on the conversion date at a bank-offered spot rate.

Each payment in United States dollars must be accepted and credited on a judgment or award on a foreign-money claim in the amount of the foreign money that could be purchased by the dollars at a bank-offered spot rate of exchange at or near the close of business on the conversion date for that payment.

C. A judgment or award made in an action or distribution proceeding on both a defense, setoff, recoupment, or counterclaim and the adverse party's claim, must be netted by converting the money of the smaller into the money of the larger, and by subtracting the smaller from the larger, and shall specify the rates of exchange used.

D. If a contract claim is of the type covered by § 8.01-465.18 A or B, the judgment or award must be entered for the amount of money stated to measure the obligation to be paid in the money specified for payment or, at the option of the debtor, the number of United States dollars which will purchase the computed amount of the money of payment on the conversion date at a bank-offered spot rate.

E. A judgment shall be docketed and indexed in foreign money in the same manner, and has the same effect as a lien, as other judgments. It may be discharged by payment.

1991, c. 24.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.21. Conversions of foreign money in distribution proceeding.
The rate of exchange prevailing at or near the close of business on the day the distribution proceeding is initiated governs all exchanges of foreign money in a distribution proceeding. A foreign-money claimant in a distribution proceeding shall assert its claim in the named foreign money and show the amount of United States dollars resulting from a conversion as of the date the proceeding was initiated.

1991, c. 24.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.22. Prejudgment and judgment interest.
With respect to a foreign-money claim, recovery of prejudgment or preaward interest and the rate of interest to be applied in the action or distribution proceeding are matters of the substantive law governing the right to recovery under the conflict-of-laws rules of the Commonwealth.

However, the court or arbitrator shall increase or decrease the amount of prejudgment or preaward interest otherwise payable in a judgment or award in foreign money to the extent required by the law of the Commonwealth.

A judgment or award on a foreign-money claim bears interest at the rate applicable to judgments of the Commonwealth.

1991, c. 24.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.23. Enforcement of foreign judgments.
If an action is brought to enforce a judgment of another jurisdiction expressed in a foreign money and the judgment is enforceable in the Commonwealth, the enforcing judgment must be entered as provided in § 8.01-465.20, whether or not the foreign judgment confers an option to pay in an equivalent amount of United States dollars.

A foreign judgment may be filed in accordance with Chapter 17.1 (§ 8.01-465.1 et seq.) or Chapter 17.2 (§ 8.01-465.13:1 et seq.).

A satisfaction or partial payment made upon the foreign judgment, on proof thereof, must be credited against the amount of foreign money specified in the judgment, notwithstanding the entry of judgment in the Commonwealth.

A judgment entered on a foreign-money claim only in United States dollars in another state shall be enforced in United States dollars only.

1991, c. 24; 2014, c. 462.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.24. Determining United States dollar value of foreign-money claims for limited purposes.
For the limited purpose of facilitating the enforcement of provisional remedies in an action, (i) the value in United States dollars of assets to be seized or restrained pursuant to a writ of attachment, garnishment, execution, or other legal process, (ii) the amount of United States dollars at issue for assessing costs, or (iii) the amount of United States dollars involved for a surety bond or other court-required undertaking shall be ascertained by a party seeking the process, costs, bond or other undertaking as follows:

1. The amount of the foreign money claimed shall be computed from a bank-offered spot rate prevailing at or near the close of business on the banking day next preceding the filing of (i) a request or application for the issuance of process or for the determination of costs, or (ii) an application for a bond or other court-required undertaking.

2. An affidavit or certificate executed in good faith by the party's counsel or a bank officer shall be filed with each request or application, stating the market quotation used and how it was obtained, and setting forth the calculation. Affected court officials incur no liability, after a filing of the affidavit or certificate, for acting as if the judgment were in the amount of United States dollars stated in the affidavit or certificate.

Computations under this section are for the limited purposes of the section and do not affect computation of the United States dollar equivalent of the money of the judgment for the purpose of payment.

1991, c. 24.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 17.3 (UNIFORM FOREIGN-MONEY CLAIMS ACT)
§ 8.01-465.25. Effect of substitution of currency by issuing authority.
If, after an obligation is expressed or a loss is incurred in a foreign money, the country issuing or adopting that money substitutes a new money in place of that money, the obligation or the loss is treated as if expressed or incurred in the new money at the rate of conversion the issuing country establishes for the payment of like obligations or losses denominated in the former money. If such substitution occurs after a judgment or award is entered on a foreign-money claim, the court or arbitrator shall amend the judgment or award by a like conversion of the former money.

1991, c. 24.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-466. Clerk to issue fieri facias on judgment for money.
On a judgment for money, it shall be the duty of the clerk of the court in which such judgment was rendered, upon request of the judgment creditor, his assignee or his attorney, to issue a writ of fieri facias at the expiration of twenty-one days from the date of the entry of the judgment and place the same in the hands of a proper person to be executed and take his receipt therefor. The writ shall be issued together with the form for requesting a hearing on a claim of exemption from levy as provided in § 8.01-546.1. For good cause the court may order an execution to issue on judgments and decrees at an earlier period.

Code 1950, § 8-399; 1954, c. 620; 1976, c. 354; 1977, c. 617; 1986, c. 341; 1996, cc. 501, 608.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-467. What writs may not issue.
No writ of levari facias, writ of extendi facias, writ of elegit, writ of capias ad satisfaciendum, or writ of distringas shall be issued hereafter.

Code 1950, § 8-400; 1977, c. 617; 1984, c. 94.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-468. Executions against corporations.
Such executions as may issue against a natural person may issue against a corporation.

Code 1950, § 8-401; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-469. Executions on joint judgments.
When a judgment is against several persons jointly, executions thereon may be joint against all of them.

Code 1950, § 8-401; 1977, c. 617.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-470. Writs on judgments for specific property.
On a judgment for the recovery of specific property, a writ of possession for personal property or a writ of eviction for real property may issue for the specific property pursuant to an order of possession entered by a court of competent jurisdiction, which shall conform to the judgment as to the description of the property and the estate, title, and interest recovered, and there may also be issued a writ of fieri facias for the damages or profits and costs. In cases of unlawful entry and detainer and of ejectment, the officer to whom a writ of eviction has been delivered to be executed shall, at least 72 hours before execution, serve notice of intent to execute, including the date and time of execution, as well as the rights afforded to tenants in §§ 55.1-1255 and 55.1-1416, together with a copy of the writ attached, on the defendant in person or, if the party to be served is not found at the specific property for which a writ of eviction has been issued, then service shall be effected by posting a copy of such process at the front door or at such other door as appears to be the main entrance of such property. The execution of the writ of eviction by the sheriff should occur within 15 calendar days from the date the writ of eviction is received by the sheriff, or as soon as practicable thereafter, but in no event later than 30 days from the date the writ of eviction is issued. An order of possession shall remain valid for 180 days from the date granted by the court. If a plaintiff cancels a writ of eviction, such plaintiff may request other writs of eviction during such 180-day period. In cases of unlawful entry and detainer and of ejectment, whenever the officer to whom a writ of eviction has been delivered to be executed finds the premises locked, he may, after declaring at the door the cause of his coming and demanding to have the door opened, employ reasonable and necessary force to break and enter the door and put the plaintiff in possession. The execution of the writ of eviction shall be effective against the tenants named in the writ of eviction and their authorized occupants, guests or invitees, and any trespassers in the premises. And an officer having a writ of possession for specific personal property, if he finds locked or fastened the building or place wherein he has reasonable cause to believe the property specified in the writ is located, may in the daytime, after notice to the defendant, his agent or bailee, break and enter such building or place for the purpose of executing such writ.

Code 1950, § 8-402; 1977, c. 617; 1991, c. 503; 2000, c. 640; 2001, c. 222; 2003, c. 259; 2007, c. 128; 2019, cc. 180, 700.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-471. Time period for issuing writs of eviction in unlawful entry and detainer; when returnable.
Writs of eviction, in case of unlawful entry and detainer, shall be issued within 180 days from the date of judgment for possession and shall be made returnable within 30 days from the date of issuing the writ, and any executed writ shall be returned to the issuing clerk by the sheriff executing such writ. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a writ of eviction not executed within 30 days from the date of issuance shall be vacated as a matter of law without further order of the court that entered the order of possession, and no further action shall be taken by the clerk. No writ shall issue, however, in cases under the Virginia Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (§ 55.1-1200 et seq.) if, following the entry of judgment for possession, the landlord has entered into a new written rental agreement with the tenant, as described in § 55.1-1250. A writ of eviction may be requested by the plaintiff or the plaintiff's attorney or agent.

The Office of the Executive Secretary of the Supreme Court of Virginia shall annually report on or before September 1 to the Chairmen of the House and Senate Committees for Courts of Justice, the Senate Committee on General Laws and Technology, the House Committee on General Laws, and the Virginia Housing Commission on the number of executed writs returned pursuant to this section. The first report shall be made by September 1, 2024, and shall include writs executed between July 1, 2023, and June 30, 2024.

Code 1950, § 8-403; 1977, c. 617; 1999, c. 683; 2003, c. 427; 2006, c. 667; 2013, c. 63; 2019, cc. 180, 700; 2023, cc. 442, 443.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-472. Writs on judgments for personal property.
When the judgment is for personal property, the plaintiff may, at his option, have a fieri facias for the alternative value, instead of a writ of possession, and the damages and costs.

Code 1950, § 8-404; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-473. Judgment for benefit of other person than plaintiff; remedies of such person.
When an execution issues on a judgment, for the benefit, in whole or in part, of any person other than the plaintiff, if the fact appears by the record, the clerk shall, in the execution, or by an endorsement thereon, state the extent of the interest therein of such person; and such person, either in his own name or that of the plaintiff, may, as a party injured, prosecute a suit or motion against the officer.

Code 1950, § 8-405; 1977, c. 617.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-474. What writ of fieri facias to command.
By a writ of fieri facias, the officer shall be commanded to make the money therein mentioned out of the goods and chattels of the person against whom the judgment is.

Code 1950, § 8-406; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-475. Subsequent executions.
Subject to the limitations prescribed by Chapter 17 (§ 8.01-426 et seq.) of this title, a party obtaining an execution may sue out other executions at his own costs, though the return day of a former execution has not arrived; and may sue out other executions at the defendant's costs, when on a former execution there is a return by which it appears that the writ has not been executed, or that it or any part of the amount thereof is not levied, or that property levied on has been discharged by legal process which does not prevent a new execution on the judgment. In no case shall there be more than one satisfaction for the same money or thing.

And the fact that a judgment creditor may have availed himself of the benefit of any other remedies under this chapter, shall not prevent him from issuing, from time to time, without impairing his lien under it, other executions upon his judgment until the same is satisfied.

Code 1950, § 8-407; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-476. New execution after loss of property sold under indemnifying bond.
When property sold under an execution, or its value, is recovered from an obligor on an indemnifying bond given before such sale, or from a purchaser having a right of action on such bond, the person having such execution, or his personal representative, may, by motion, after reasonable notice to the person, or the personal representative of the person, against whom the execution was, obtain a new execution against him, without credit for the amount for which the property was sold under the former execution. Such motion shall be made within the period of time prescribed by § 8.01-255.2.

Code 1950, § 8-408; 1977, c. 617.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-477. When executions may be quashed; how proceedings thereon stayed.
A motion to quash an execution may, after reasonable notice to the adverse party, be heard and decided by the court which issued the execution. Such court, on the application of the plaintiff in the motion, may make an order staying the proceedings on the execution until the motion be heard and determined, the order not to be effectual until bond be given in such penalty and with such condition, and either with or without surety, as the court may prescribe. The clerk from whose office the execution issued, shall take the bond and make as many copies of the order as may be necessary and endorse thereon that the bond required has been given; and a copy shall be served on the plaintiff in the execution and on the officer in whose hands the execution is placed.

Code 1950, § 8-410; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-477.1. Claims of exemption from execution.
The procedures specified in § 8.01-546.2 shall govern further proceedings regarding claims of exemption from levy.

1986, c. 341.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-478. On what property writ of fieri facias levied; when lien commences.
The writ of fieri facias may be levied as well on the current money and bank notes, as on the goods and chattels of the judgment debtor, except such as are exempt from levy under Title 34, and shall bind what is capable of being levied on only from the time it is actually levied by the officer to whom it has been delivered to be executed.

Code 1950, § 8-411; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-479. Time for enforcement.
Property levied on, on or before the return day, may be advertised and sold within a reasonable time thereafter, and the lien given by this section may also be enforced after the return day of the writ by proceedings under § 8.01-506 and following of this chapter, if such proceedings be commenced before that day.

Code 1950, § 8-412; 1977, c. 617; 1984, c. 557.
Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-480. Prior security interest on property levied on.
Tangible personal property subject to a prior security interest, or in which the execution debtor has only an equitable interest, may nevertheless be levied on for the satisfaction of a fieri facias. If the prior security interest is due and payable, the officer levying the fieri facias may sell the property free of such security interest, and apply the proceeds first to the payment of such security interest, and the residue, so far as necessary, to the satisfaction of the fieri facias. In the event the property is to be sold free of such prior security interest, the judgment creditor shall give written notice by certified mail to each secured party of record as hereafter specified, as his name and address shall appear on record, of the proposed sale, or to any secured party of whom the judgment creditor shall have actual knowledge. Such notice shall be given to each secured party who is of record at the State Corporation Commission, at the Department of Motor Vehicles, at the Department of Wildlife Resources, or in the clerk's office in the city or county in Virginia, where the debtor has resided to the knowledge of the judgment creditor at any time during a one-year period prior to the sale. Certification of such notice shall be delivered to the sheriff or other officer conducting the sale pursuant to execution of the judgment, who shall announce that except as to such person so notified, the sale is subject to any prior security interest of record, other than one of record at a place where the debtor may have resided more than one year previously. If such prior security interest is not due and payable at the time of sale, such officer shall sell the property levied on subject to such security interest.

Code 1950, § 8-413; 1977, c. 617; 1979, c. 491; 1990, c. 553; 2020, c. 958.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-481. Territorial extent of lien.
The lien given by this chapter on personal property by levy shall, as to property capable of being levied on, be restricted to the bailiwick of the officer into whose hands the execution is placed to be executed, but as to property not capable of being levied on the lien shall extend throughout the limits of the Commonwealth.

Code 1950, § 8-414; 1977, c. 617.

Code of Virginia — Title 8.01 (Civil Remedies and Procedure), Chapter 18 (EXECUTIONS AND OTHER MEANS OF RECOVERY)
§ 8.01-482. If levy be on coin or currency, how accounted for.
If the levy be on coin or currency (including notes) made a legal tender for the payment of debts, the same shall be accounted for at its par value as so much money made under the execution. If it be upon coin or currency (including notes) not a legal tender for the payment of debts, and the creditor will not take them at their nominal value, they shall be sold and accounted for as any other property taken under execution.

Code 1950, § 8-415; 1977, c. 617.