Commit message: Fully incorporate the code from Python 3.7.2 (#78)

This is a full port, following the recipe in update_process.md. I've also tried to keep the recipe up to date and improved the automation (see tools/script). I haven't cleaned up the commits. As of #77 there are a few tests that sanity-check this (though it's far from a full test suite), and they're run by Travis-CI and AppVeyor.
CVE: CVE-2019-19275
CWE: CWE-125
Vulnerability description: typed_ast 1.3.0 and 1.3.1 has an ast_for_arguments out-of-bounds read. An attacker with the ability to cause a Python interpreter to parse Python source (but not necessarily execute it) may be able to crash the interpreter process. This could be a concern, for example, in a web-based service that parses (but does not execute) Python code. (This issue also affected certain Python 3.8.0-alpha prereleases.)

Project: typed_ast

handle_keywordonly_args(struct compiling *c, const node *n, int start,
                        asdl_seq *kwonlyargs, asdl_seq *kwdefaults)
{
    PyObject *argname;
    node *ch;
    expr_ty expression, annotation;
    arg_ty arg;
    int i = start;
    int j = 0; /* index for kwdefaults and kwonlyargs */

    if (kwonlyargs == NULL) {
        ast_error(c, CHILD(n, start), "named arguments must follow bare *");
        return -1;
    }
    assert(kwdefaults != NULL);
    while (i < NCH(n)) {
        ch = CHILD(n, i);
        switch (TYPE(ch)) {
            case vfpdef:
            case tfpdef:
                if (i + 1 < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i + 1)) == EQUAL) {
                    expression = ast_for_expr(c, CHILD(n, i + 2));
                    if (!expression)
                        goto error;
                    asdl_seq_SET(kwdefaults, j, expression);
                    i += 2; /* '=' and test */
                }
                else { /* setting NULL if no default value exists */
                    asdl_seq_SET(kwdefaults, j, NULL);
                }
                if (NCH(ch) == 3) {
                    /* ch is NAME ':' test */
                    annotation = ast_for_expr(c, CHILD(ch, 2));
                    if (!annotation)
                        goto error;
                }
                else {
                    annotation = NULL;
                }
                ch = CHILD(ch, 0);
                argname = NEW_IDENTIFIER(ch);
                if (!argname)
                    goto error;
                if (forbidden_name(c, argname, ch, 0))
                    goto error;
                arg = arg(argname, annotation, NULL, LINENO(ch), ch->n_col_offset,
                          c->c_arena);
                if (!arg)
                    goto error;
                asdl_seq_SET(kwonlyargs, j++, arg);
                i += 1; /* the name */
                if (i < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == COMMA)
                    i += 1; /* the comma, if present */
                break;
            case TYPE_COMMENT:
                /* arg will be equal to the last argument processed */
                arg->type_comment = NEW_TYPE_COMMENT(ch);
                i += 1;
                break;
            case DOUBLESTAR:
                return i;
            default:
                ast_error(c, ch, "unexpected node");
                goto error;
        }
    }
    return i;
 error:
    return -1;
}

Project: typed_ast

ast_for_arguments(struct compiling *c, const node *n)
{
    /* This function handles both typedargslist (function definition)
       and varargslist (lambda definition).

       parameters: '(' [typedargslist] ')'
       typedargslist: (tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
               '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
             | '**' tfpdef [',']]]
         | '*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' tfpdef [',']]]
         | '**' tfpdef [','])
       tfpdef: NAME [':' test]
       varargslist: (vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' [
               '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
             | '**' vfpdef [',']]]
         | '*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [',' ['**' vfpdef [',']]]
         | '**' vfpdef [',']
       )
       vfpdef: NAME

    */
    int i, j, k, nposargs = 0, nkwonlyargs = 0;
    int nposdefaults = 0, found_default = 0;
    asdl_seq *posargs, *posdefaults, *kwonlyargs, *kwdefaults;
    arg_ty vararg = NULL, kwarg = NULL;
    arg_ty arg;
    node *ch;

    if (TYPE(n) == parameters) {
        if (NCH(n) == 2) /* () as argument list */
            return arguments(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, c->c_arena);
        n = CHILD(n, 1);
    }
    assert(TYPE(n) == typedargslist || TYPE(n) == varargslist);

    /* First count the number of positional args & defaults.  The
       variable i is the loop index for this for loop and the next.
       The next loop picks up where the first leaves off.
    */
    for (i = 0; i < NCH(n); i++) {
        ch = CHILD(n, i);
        if (TYPE(ch) == STAR) {
            /* skip star */
            i++;
            if (i < NCH(n) && /* skip argument following star */
                (TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == tfpdef ||
                 TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == vfpdef)) {
                i++;
            }
            break;
        }
        if (TYPE(ch) == DOUBLESTAR) break;
        if (TYPE(ch) == vfpdef || TYPE(ch) == tfpdef) nposargs++;
        if (TYPE(ch) == EQUAL) nposdefaults++;
    }
    /* count the number of keyword only args &
       defaults for keyword only args */
    for ( ; i < NCH(n); ++i) {
        ch = CHILD(n, i);
        if (TYPE(ch) == DOUBLESTAR) break;
        if (TYPE(ch) == tfpdef || TYPE(ch) == vfpdef) nkwonlyargs++;
    }
    posargs = (nposargs ? _Ta3_asdl_seq_new(nposargs, c->c_arena) : NULL);
    if (!posargs && nposargs)
        return NULL;
    kwonlyargs = (nkwonlyargs ?
                   _Ta3_asdl_seq_new(nkwonlyargs, c->c_arena) : NULL);
    if (!kwonlyargs && nkwonlyargs)
        return NULL;
    posdefaults = (nposdefaults ?
                    _Ta3_asdl_seq_new(nposdefaults, c->c_arena) : NULL);
    if (!posdefaults && nposdefaults)
        return NULL;
    /* The length of kwonlyargs and kwdefaults are same
       since we set NULL as default for keyword only argument w/o default
       - we have sequence data structure, but no dictionary */
    kwdefaults = (nkwonlyargs ?
                   _Ta3_asdl_seq_new(nkwonlyargs, c->c_arena) : NULL);
    if (!kwdefaults && nkwonlyargs)
        return NULL;

    if (nposargs + nkwonlyargs > 255) {
        ast_error(c, n, "more than 255 arguments");
        return NULL;
    }

    /* tfpdef: NAME [':' test]
       vfpdef: NAME
    */
    i = 0;
    j = 0;  /* index for defaults */
    k = 0;  /* index for args */
    while (i < NCH(n)) {
        ch = CHILD(n, i);
        switch (TYPE(ch)) {
            case tfpdef:
            case vfpdef:
                /* XXX Need to worry about checking if TYPE(CHILD(n, i+1)) is
                   anything other than EQUAL or a comma? */
                /* XXX Should NCH(n) check be made a separate check? */
                if (i + 1 < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i + 1)) == EQUAL) {
                    expr_ty expression = ast_for_expr(c, CHILD(n, i + 2));
                    if (!expression)
                        return NULL;
                    assert(posdefaults != NULL);
                    asdl_seq_SET(posdefaults, j++, expression);
                    i += 2;
                    found_default = 1;
                }
                else if (found_default) {
                    ast_error(c, n,
                             "non-default argument follows default argument");
                    return NULL;
                }
                arg = ast_for_arg(c, ch);
                if (!arg)
                    return NULL;
                asdl_seq_SET(posargs, k++, arg);
                i += 1; /* the name */
                if (i < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == COMMA)
                    i += 1; /* the comma, if present */
                break;
            case STAR:
                if (i+1 >= NCH(n) ||
                    (i+2 == NCH(n) && (TYPE(CHILD(n, i+1)) == COMMA
                                       || TYPE(CHILD(n, i+1)) == TYPE_COMMENT))) {
                    ast_error(c, CHILD(n, i),
                        "named arguments must follow bare *");
                    return NULL;
                }
                ch = CHILD(n, i+1);  /* tfpdef or COMMA */
                if (TYPE(ch) == COMMA) {
                    int res = 0;
                    i += 2; /* now follows keyword only arguments */

                    if (i < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == TYPE_COMMENT) {
                        ast_error(c, CHILD(n, i),
                                "bare * has associated type comment");
                        return NULL;
                    }

                    res = handle_keywordonly_args(c, n, i,
                                                  kwonlyargs, kwdefaults);
                    if (res == -1) return NULL;
                    i = res; /* res has new position to process */
                }
                else {
                    vararg = ast_for_arg(c, ch);
                    if (!vararg)
                        return NULL;

                    i += 2; /* the star and the name */
                    if (i < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == COMMA)
                        i += 1; /* the comma, if present */

                    if (i < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == TYPE_COMMENT) {
                        vararg->type_comment = NEW_TYPE_COMMENT(CHILD(n, i));
                        i += 1;
                    }

                    if (i < NCH(n) && (TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == tfpdef
                                    || TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == vfpdef)) {
                        int res = 0;
                        res = handle_keywordonly_args(c, n, i,
                                                      kwonlyargs, kwdefaults);
                        if (res == -1) return NULL;
                        i = res; /* res has new position to process */
                    }
                }
                break;
            case DOUBLESTAR:
                ch = CHILD(n, i+1);  /* tfpdef */
                assert(TYPE(ch) == tfpdef || TYPE(ch) == vfpdef);
                kwarg = ast_for_arg(c, ch);
                if (!kwarg)
                    return NULL;
                i += 2; /* the double star and the name */
                if (i < NCH(n) && TYPE(CHILD(n, i)) == COMMA)
                    i += 1; /* the comma, if present */
                break;
            case TYPE_COMMENT:
                assert(i);

                if (kwarg)
                    arg = kwarg;

                /* arg will be equal to the last argument processed */
                arg->type_comment = NEW_TYPE_COMMENT(ch);
                i += 1;
                break;
            default:
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                             "unexpected node in varargslist: %d @ %d",
                             TYPE(ch), i);
                return NULL;
        }
    }
    return arguments(posargs, vararg, kwonlyargs, kwdefaults, kwarg, posdefaults, c->c_arena);
}