62015CC0099
OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL
WATHELET
delivered on 19 November 2015 (
1
)
Case C‑99/15
Christian Liffers
v
Producciones Mandarina SL,
Mediaset España Comunicación SA, formerly Gestevisión Telecinco SA(Request for a preliminary ruling from the
Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court, Spain))
‛Reference for a preliminary ruling — Intellectual property — Audiovisual work — Directive 2004/48/EC — Article 13 — Damages — Amount — Moral prejudice — Method of determination’
I – Introduction
1.
This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights. (
2
)
2.
By its question, the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court, Spain) enquires of the Court as to the extent of compensation that may be claimed by a party injured by an infringement of an intellectual property right, and whether moral prejudice is excluded from such compensation.
II – The legal framework
A – EU law
3.
According to recital 10 of Directive 2004/48, the objective of that directive is ‘to approximate [the] legislative systems [of the Member States] so as to ensure a high, equivalent and homogeneous level of protection in the Internal Market’.
4.
Recital 26 of that directive states that ‘[w]ith a view to compensating for the prejudice suffered as a result of an infringement committed by an infringer who engaged in an activity in the knowledge, or with reasonable grounds for knowing, that it would give rise to such an infringement, the amount of damages awarded to the rightholder should take account of all appropriate aspects, such as loss of earnings incurred by the rightholder, or unfair profits made by the infringer and, where appropriate, any moral prejudice caused to the rightholder. As an alternative, for example where it would be difficult to determine the amount of the actual prejudice suffered, the amount of the damages might be derived from elements such as the royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. The aim is not to introduce an obligation to provide for punitive damages but to allow for compensation based on an objective criterion while taking account of the expenses incurred by the rightholder, such as the costs of identification and research’.
5.
Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/48 provides that ‘measures, procedures and remedies shall also be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse’.
6.
Finally, Article 13 of that directive, entitled ‘Damages’, provides:
‘1.   Member States shall ensure that the competent judicial authorities, on application of the injured party, order the infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in an infringing activity, to pay the rightholder damages appropriate to the actual prejudice suffered by him/her as a result of the infringement.
When the judicial authorities set the damages:
(a)
they shall take into account all appropriate aspects, such as the negative economic consequences, including lost profits, which the injured party has suffered, any unfair profits made by the infringer and, in appropriate cases, elements other than economic factors, such as the moral prejudice caused to the rightholder by the infringement;
or
(b)
as an alternative to (a), they may, in appropriate cases, set the damages as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question.
2.   Where the infringer did not knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engage in infringing activity, Member States may lay down that the judicial authorities may order the recovery of profits or the payment of damages, which may be pre-established.’
B – Spanish law
7.
Article 140 of the recast text concerning the Law on Intellectual Property (Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual), as amended by Law 19/2006 of 5 June 2006 extending the means of protection of intellectual and industrial property rights and establishing procedural rules to facilitate the application of various EU regulations (ley 19/2006, de 5 de junio de 2006, por la que se amplían los medios de tutela de los derechos de propiedad intelectual e industrial y se establecen normas procesales para facilitar la aplicación de diversos reglamentos comunitarios) (BOE No 134 of 6 June 2006, p. 21230) (‘the TRLPI’), provides:
‘1.   The damages owed to the injured rightholder shall include not only the value of the loss that he has suffered, but also that of the loss of earnings incurred as a result of the infringement of his right. The amount of damages may include, where appropriate, the investigation costs incurred in order to obtain reasonable evidence of the commission of the infringement at issue.
2.   The damages for prejudice shall be set, at the option of the injured party, in accordance with one of the following criteria:
(a)
The negative economic consequences, including lost profits suffered by the injured party and profits unfairly obtained by the infringing party through the unlawful use. Where there is moral prejudice, this shall be compensated even if no economic prejudice has been proven. In quantifying this, it is appropriate to consider the circumstances of the infringement, the severity of the injury suffered and the degree of unlawful dissemination of the work.
(b)
The amount which the injured party would have received as payment, if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question.’
III – The facts of the dispute in the main proceedings
8.
Mr Liffers is the director, scriptwriter and producer of the audiovisual work Dos patrias, Cuba y la noche (‘Two Homelands: Cuba and the Night’). This work, which has won several awards at various film festivals, relates six personal and intimate stories concerning various inhabitants of Havana (Cuba).
9.
Producciones Mandarina SL (‘Mandarina’) produced an audiovisual documentary on child prostitution in Cuba, which portrays criminal activities recorded using a hidden camera. Certain passages of the work Dos patrias, Cuba y la noche were included in that documentary, despite the fact that Mr Liffers’ authorisation had not been sought. The documentary was broadcast by the Spanish television channel Telecinco, which is owned by Mediaset España Comunicación SA (‘Mediaset’), and obtained an audience share of 13.4%.
10.
Mr Liffers brought an action before the Juzgado de lo Mercantil de Madrid (Commercial Court, Madrid) against Mandarina and Mediaset, in which he asked that court, inter alia, to order those parties to cease all infringement of his intellectual property rights, and also to order them to pay him EUR 6740, by reason of the infringement of his rights of exploitation, together with an additional sum of EUR 10000 as compensation for the moral prejudice which he claimed to have suffered.
11.
For the purpose of calculating the amount of the damages sought in respect of the infringement of his rights of exploitation of the work, Mr Liffers chose to use the criterion of a ‘hypothetical licence’ or ‘hypothetical royalties’, that is to say, the amount of royalties or fees that would have been payable to him if Mandarina and Mediaset had sought his authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question. To that end, he applied the rates established by the Organisation for the Management of the Rights of Audiovisual Producers (Entidad de Gestión de Derechos de los Productores Audiovisuales). The compensation for moral prejudice was calculated as a lump sum.
12.
Mr Liffers’ action was partly successful before the Juzgado de lo Mercantil de Madrid (Commercial Court, Madrid), which ordered Mandarina and Mediaset, inter alia, to pay him EUR 3370 in respect of the damage caused by that infringement together with EUR 10000 in respect of moral prejudice.
13.
In the appeal brought before it against the decision delivered at first instance, the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid (Provincial Court, Madrid) reduced the damages payable on the basis of a hypothetical licence to EUR 962.33 and set aside, in its entirety, the order requiring Mandarina and Mediaset to pay compensation for the moral prejudice suffered by Mr Liffers. Mr Liffers, it found, had sought compensation calculated on the basis of a hypothetical licence, as provided for by Article 140(2)(b) of the TRLPI. However, according to the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid (Provincial Court, Madrid), this basis of compensation is an alternative to that provided for by Article 140(2)(a), with only the latter permitting compensation for moral prejudice. It was not possible, in its view, to combine the two bases.
14.
In the appeal which Mr Liffers has brought against the judgment of the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid (Provincial Court, Madrid), he disputes the withdrawal of compensation for moral prejudice and asserts that such compensation is payable regardless of the choice made between the bases of compensation provided for by Article 140(2)(a) and (b) of the TRLPI.
15.
The court before which that appeal has been brought, the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court), has expressed doubts as to the proper interpretation of Article 140(2)(b) of the TRLPI, which is intended to transpose heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 into Spanish law.
IV – The request for a preliminary ruling and the proceedings before the Court
16.
By decision of 12 January 2015, received at the Court on 27 February 2015, the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court) accordingly decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court for a preliminary ruling:
‘May Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 be interpreted as meaning that the party injured by an intellectual property infringement who claims damages for pecuniary loss based on the amount of royalties or fees that would be due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question cannot also claim damages for the moral prejudice suffered?’
17.
Written observations have been submitted by Mr Liffers, Mandarina, Mediaset, the Spanish, German, French and Polish Governments and the European Commission. At the conclusion of the written part of the procedure, the Court considered that it had sufficient information to give a ruling without a hearing, in accordance with Article 76(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court.
V – Assessment
18.
By the question which it has referred, the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court) essentially asks whether Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 must be interpreted as permitting a party injured by an intellectual property infringement, who claims damages for pecuniary loss calculated on the basis of the amount of royalties or fees that would be due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question, also to claim compensation for the moral prejudice that that party has suffered.
19.
In accordance with settled case-law of the Court, in interpreting a provision of EU law it is necessary to consider not only its wording, but also the context in which it occurs and the objectives pursued by the rules of which it is part. (
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)
20.
In the present case, the wording of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48, its structure and a purposive interpretation all lead me to the view that this provision should be interpreted as permitting any person injured by an intellectual property infringement to claim compensation for moral prejudice that has been caused, regardless of the method chosen for compensation for the pecuniary loss.
A – The wording of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48
21.
Under the alternative method proposed in heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48, damages are to be ‘set ... as a lump sum on the basis of elements such as at least the amount of royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question’. (
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22.
Without drawing any definite conclusion from this as to whether moral prejudice can be compensated under heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48, it must be observed that the wording of that provision expressly permits factors to be taken into account other than solely the ‘royalties or fees’ which would normally be due. It is clear from the words ‘at least’, used in the English version of the text, that this factor represents a minimum. The same is apparent from the other linguistic versions. (
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)
23.
The words ‘as an alternative’ used to introduce heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 do not affect this reading.
24.
In fact, an analysis of the scheme of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 confirms that, while headings (a) and (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) are formulated as alternative options, this is so in the sense that they are two ways of achieving the same result.
B – Analysis of the scheme of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48
25.
This approach requires the paragraphs which make up an article or, a fortiori, the subparagraphs of a paragraph of an article, to be considered as a whole, the provisions of which cannot be considered in isolation. (
6
) While the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 informs the judicial authorities of the Member States as to how they are to set the damages payable in the event of an infringement of an intellectual property right, the first subparagraph of Article 13(1) expressly states, in the majority of the language versions, that those judicial authorities are to ‘order the infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in an infringing activity, to pay the rightholder damages appropriate to the actual prejudice suffered by him/her as a result of the infringement’. (
7
)
26.
An analysis of the scheme of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 thus shows that the second subparagraph lays down the methods which may be used to achieve the result laid down in the first subparagraph. This result is indeed compensation for the ‘actual prejudice suffered ... as a result of the infringement’. (
8
)
27.
Accordingly, a contextual reading of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 also indicates that moral prejudice may be taken into account in compensating loss which is consequent on the infringement of an intellectual property right. In certain circumstances, ‘the amount of royalties or fees which would have been due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question’ reflects only partly the prejudice actually suffered by the rightholder, and not the prejudice which he/she has actually suffered.
28.
There being no question here of ordering an infringer of an intellectual property right to pay punitive damages, (
9
) it seems to me difficult to dispute the contention that moral prejudice — such as damage to reputation — can in itself be a component of the prejudice actually suffered by the rightholder, provided that it is proven. (
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)
29.
The alternative provided for in heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 thus arranges the criteria for assessing the prejudice suffered and is not intended to alter the scope of compensation for that prejudice.
C – Purposive interpretation of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48
30.
Finally, I note that a contrary interpretation, under which moral prejudice is excluded from the prejudice actually suffered, would also run counter to the objectives pursued by Directive 2004/48.
31.
Recital 10 of Directive 2004/48 sheds light on the aims pursued by the European Union legislature. According to that recital, the directive’s objective is ‘to approximate [the] legislative systems [of the Member States] so as to ensure a high, equivalent and homogeneous level of protection in the Internal Market’.
32.
Pursuant to that objective, Article 3(2) of Directive 2004/48 expressly provides that remedies ‘shall also be effective, proportionate and dissuasive and shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse’. (
11
)
33.
In those circumstances, it would be inconsistent to exclude compensation for moral prejudice from the damages awarded to a holder of an intellectual property right who chooses to seek compensation for pecuniary loss under the lump-sum method provided for in heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48.
34.
Such an exclusion would have the consequence of cancelling out entirely any dissuasive effect of the order made against the infringer, as the latter would be required only to reimburse to the rightholder the sum which he would have been obliged to pay the rightholder if he had respected that right, and that sum may be less than the actual prejudice. Such compensation would not, therefore, be in accordance with the European Union legislature’s wish to ensure a high level of protection for intellectual property.
35.
With such a limitation, the effectiveness of the protection might itself be cast into doubt. This effectiveness, however, is one of the objectives pursued by Directive 2004/48 and must be ensured by the Member States. (
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) As the Commission rightly emphasises in its written observations, if moral prejudice is excluded, the consequences for the infringer would be the same whether he reproduces a work without authorisation or whether he acts in accordance with the law by seeking a licence. (
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VI – Conclusion
36.
Having regard to the wording of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48, to its structure and to the objectives which it pursues, I propose that the Court should answer the question referred by the Tribunal Supremo (Supreme Court) along the following lines:
Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights must be interpreted as permitting a party injured by an intellectual property infringement who claims compensation for pecuniary loss based on the amount of royalties or fees that would be due if the infringer had requested authorisation to use the intellectual property right in question also to claim compensation for the moral prejudice that he has suffered.
(
1
)	Original language: French.
(
2
)	OJ 2004 L 157, p. 45.
(
3
)	See, inter alia, judgments in Yaesu Europe (C‑433/08, EU:C:2009:750, paragraph 24); Brain Products (C‑219/11, EU:C:2012:742, paragraph 13); Koushkaki (C‑84/12, EU:C:2013:862, paragraph 34); and Lanigan (C‑237/15 PPU, EU:C:2015:474, paragraph 35).
(
4
)	Emphasis added.
(
5
)	See, inter alia, in, respectively, the Spanish, Czech, German, Greek, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese and Slovak versions, the terms ‘cuando menos’, ‘alespoň’, ‘mindestens’, ‘τουλάχιστον’, ‘au moins’, ‘per lo meno’, ‘als ten minste’, ‘no mínimo’ and ‘prinajmenšom’.
(
6
)	See, to this effect, judgment in Sodiaal International (C‑383/14, EU:C:2015:541, paragraph 25).
(
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)	Emphasis added. The word ‘actual’ does not appear in the Danish, Estonian, Latvian or Dutch versions of the text of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48. However, according to the settled case-law of the Court, the wording used in one language version of a provision of EU law cannot serve as the sole basis for the interpretation of that provision, or be made to override the other language versions in that regard. Provisions of EU law must be interpreted and applied uniformly in the light of the versions existing in all EU languages. Where there is divergence between the various language versions of an EU legislative text, the provision in question must be interpreted by reference to the purpose and general scheme of the rules of which it forms part (see, to that effect, judgment in Léger, C‑528/13, EU:C:2015:288, paragraph 35 and the case-law cited). In the present case, in addition to the fact that the term ‘actual’ is present in almost all of the language versions, the wording of that provision taken in its entirety (see Title A above) and the purposive interpretation (see Title C below) also lead to acceptance of the interpretation that the prejudice which must be the subject of compensation is indeed the actual prejudice suffered.
(
8
)	Heading (b) of the second subparagraph of Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48.
(
9
)	There appears to be some doctrinal controversy as to whether it is possible to award punitive damages. According to J.-C. Galloux, this notion was abandoned in the final version of Directive 2004/48. However, according to the same author, while the term used by the directive indicates only that the prejudice actually suffered is to be taken as a measure in calculating damages, the calculation need ‘not necessarily be limited to that’ (Galloux, J.-C., ‘La directive relative au respect des droits de propriété intellectuelle’, Revue trimestrielle de droit communautaire, 2004, p. 698). To the same effect, see Benhamou, Y., ‘Compensation of damage for infringements of intellectual property rights in France, under Directive 2004/48/EC and its transposition law — new notions?’, International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 2009, 40(2), p. 125, particularly pp. 140 and 143. By contrast, M. Buydens is highly critical of this approach on the basis of the principle of full compensation, that is, the principle that the whole of the damage is to be compensated, but nothing but the damage (Buydens, M., ‘La réparation des atteintes aux droits de propriété intellectuelle’, in Actualités en droits intellectuels, UB3, Bruylant, 2015, pp. 407 to 434, particularly pp. 408 and 417). According to that author, the use of the adjective ‘actual’ in Article 13(1) of Directive 2004/48 suggests that this principle is enshrined in the directive (op. cit., p. 411).
(
10
)	See, to this effect, Buydens, M., ‘La réparation des atteintes aux droits de propriété intellectuelle’, in Actualités en droits intellectuels, UB3, Bruylant, 2015, pp. 407 to 434, particularly pp. 416 and 429; Borghetti, J.-S., ‘Punitive Damages in France’, in H. Koziol and V. Wilcox (Eds), Punitive Damages: Common Law and Civil Law Perspectives, Tort and Insurance Law, vol. 25, 2009, pp. 55 to 73, particularly No 26), and Gautier, P.‑Y., ‘Fonction normative de la responsabilité: le contrefacteur peut être condamné à verser au créancier une indemnité contractuelle par équivalent’, Recueil Dalloz, 2008, p. 727, particularly No 5.
(
11
)	Emphasis added.
(
12
)	See, to this effect, judgment in L’Oréal and Others (C‑324/09, EU:C:2011:474, paragraph 131).
(
13
)	Paragraph 29 of the Commission’s observations.